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 I SECOND LATIN READER. 
 
 SkLKCTIOXS from TDK WinTlXCS OF 
 
 1 JUSTINUS, CAESAR, CICERO, 
 AND PHAEDRUS. 
 
 J|f With Notes, Vocabulary, and References to 
 Ahn-Henn's Latin Gra3IMAR. 
 
 I 
 
 
 i! 
 
 
 NEW YOllK : 
 
 E. STEIGER k 00 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/ahnhennssecondlaOOahnfrich 
 
Steiger's Latin Series. 
 
 AHN-HENN'S 
 
 SECOND LATIN READER. 
 
 Selections from the Writings of 
 
 JUSTINUS, CAESAR, , OIOER.Q, 
 AND PHAEDEtJS. ; .' . 
 
 With NoTES, YoCABULARY, and REFERENCES TO 
 
 Ahn-Henn's Latin Grammar, 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 E. STEIGER k CO 
 
 1882. 
 
REQUEST. 
 
 The undersigned, in their efforts to secure the greatest 
 possible correctness in their educational publications, will feel 
 obliged for the suggestion of improvements. 
 
 E, Steiger & Co,, FuUishers. 
 
 Copyright, 1882, by E. Steiger & Co. 
 
 IN MEMORIAM 
 
 Pnsa of 
 E, Steiger & Co., N. F. 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 This Second Latin Header is intended to be used in connec- 
 tion with Ahn-Henn's IViird Latin Book. It comprises Selections 
 from Justin, Caesar, Cicero and Phaedrus, Notes with references 
 to the Grammar, and a very full and accurate Vocabulary. 
 
 Though strictly classical in all important respects, the First 
 Latin Reader, which omits the more difficult constructions and 
 parenthetical clauses of the original author, is, of course, but a prep- 
 aration for what ought to be the next step in the learner's progress 
 — the perusal of the undiminished text of classic authors appro- 
 priate for early tuition. The books used for this purpose should at 
 first be as easy as possible, and they are all the better if their con- 
 tents are cut up into short extracts complete in themselves. With 
 this in view, the selections have been made for the Second Latin 
 Reader, To the specimens of the simple narrative style of Caesar 
 and Cicero it is impossible to take any exception, while Justin 
 whose history was, at one time, extensively in use on account of his 
 purity and propriety of diction, is sufficiently easy to begin with. 
 The fables selected from Phaedrus are such as have become familiar 
 to many, in English, and this previous acquaintance has a wondrous 
 effect of smoothing the learner's way through the difficulties which 
 he encounters when first set to read Latin poetry. 
 
 In preparing the Notes the editor has endeavored to give such 
 assistance as may help a pupil in making out his text, and to point 
 out the usages and idioms of grammar so as to enable him to 
 answer the questions of an intelligent instructor. At this stage it 
 is, of course, a careful study of the Notes that must be strongly in- 
 sisted upon. It is likewise essential to consult the passages in the 
 Grammar to which the numerous references are made. 
 
 -The Vocabulary may seem too elaborate, but in reality it is not 
 60. In a book for beginners, every thing should be as clear as 
 
 III 
 
 •-/rdioomj 
 
— IV — 
 
 possible, and written in such a way that a pupil of fair abilities 
 should be able to make it out without the assistance of a master. Ac- 
 cordingly every word occurring in the text, should have its English 
 equivalent given in the Vocabulary. The special references, how- 
 ever, by page and line (as in the Vocabulary to the First Header) 
 have been discarded, since the pupil must now be able to get for 
 himself the particular shade of meaning which a word has in the 
 given context. 
 
 In the preparation of the Readers as well, as of all the other 
 books of this series it has been the author's constant endeavor to 
 facilitate the thorough study of the Latin language and to make it, 
 at the same time, so practical that when a pupil has mastered these 
 two Readers he will be able to read authors of average difficulty 
 (Caesar, Cicero, etc.) at sight and thus be fully prepared for the 
 study of Latin at College. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 M. JUSTINIANUS JUSTINUS. 
 
 Text. Notes. 
 
 1. The Assyrians 1 53 
 
 2. Astyages and Cyrus 2 55 
 
 3. The Athenians. Battle of Marathon 5 60 
 
 4. Xerxes. Third Invasion of Greece 9 65 
 
 5. Sparta and Lycurgus 15 74 
 
 6. Sicily, Invasion of the Athenians 16 76 
 
 7. Character of Philip and Alexander 20 81 
 
 8. The death of Alexander 21 83 
 
 9. The earliest history of Carthage 23 85 
 
 C. JULIUS CAESAB. 
 
 10. First landing in Britain 28 91 
 
 11. On the habits of the Germans o 31 96 
 
 M. TULLIUS CICERO. 
 
 12. Solon ;« 99 
 
 13. Leonidas 34 101 
 
 14. Themistocles 34 101 
 
 15. Alexander the Great 35 103 
 
 16. Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse 36 104 
 
 17. Socrates 39 107 
 
 18. Demosthenes 42 110 
 
 19. The best sauce 43 112 
 
 20. Burial service at Athens 44 112 
 
 21. Aratus of Sicyon 45 113 
 
 S2. A remarkable dream * 46 114 
 
— VI — 
 
 PHAEDKUS. 
 
 Text. Notes. 
 
 23 Tlie wolf and the lamb 47 115 
 
 24. Tlie frogs and their Mug 47 116 
 
 25. The wolf and the crane 48 116 
 
 26. The ass and the lion in partnership 49 117 
 
 27. The fox and the crow 49 117 
 
 28. The aged lion 49 118 
 
 29. The Ute and the doves 50 118 
 
 30. The two mules 50 119 
 
 31. TJie dog and the wolf 51 119 
 
 32. The fox and the sour grapes 52 120 
 
 33. The ungrateful snake 52 120 
 
 34. TJie discontented stag 52 120 
 
 Vocabulary 121 
 
M. JUSTINIANUS JTJSTINUS. 
 
 1. TJve Assyrians. 
 
 I. Principio rerum gentium nationumque impermm penes 
 reges erat, quos ad fastigmm hujus majestatis non ambitio po- 
 pularis, sed spectata inter bonos moderatio provehebat. Po- s 
 pulus nullis legibus tenebatur: arbitria principum pro legibus 
 erant. Fines imperii tueri magis quam proferre mos erat: 
 intra suam culque patriam regna finiebantur. Primus omnium 
 Ninus, rex Assyriorum, veterem et quasi avitum gentibus mo- 
 rem nova imperii cupiditate mutavit. Hie primus intulitio 
 bella finitimis et rudes adhuc resistendi populos termmos 
 usque Libyae perdomiiit. Magnitudinem quaesltae domina- 
 tionis continua possessione firmavit. Domitis igitur proximis 
 cum accessione virium fortior ad alios transTret et proxTma 
 quaeque victoria instrumentum sequentis esset, totius orientis is 
 populos subcgit. Postremum bellum illi fuit cum Zoroastre, 
 rege Bactrianorum, qui primus dicitur artes magicas invenisse 
 et mundi principTa siderumque motus diligentissime spectasse. 
 Hoc occlso et ipse decessit, relicto adhuc impubere filio Ninya 
 et uxore Semiramide. 20 
 
 II. Haec Babyloniam condidit murumque urbi cocto latere 
 circumdedit, liarenae vice bitumme inter strato, quae materia 
 in illis locis passim invenltur et e terra exaestuat. Multa et 
 alia praeclara hujus reglnae fuere: siquidem non contenta 
 regni termmos tueri, AethiopTam quoque imperio adjecit. Sed 25 
 et Indis bellum intiilit, quos praeter illam et Alexandrum 
 Magnum nemo intravit. Postremo a filio interfecta est, duo 
 
et XXX annos post Ninum regno potlta. Mius ejus Ninya 
 contentus elaborate a parentibus imperio belli studia deposuit 
 et veluti sexum cum matre rautasset, raro a viris visus in 
 femitito'm turba ^onaenuit. Posteri quoque ejus id exemplum 
 5 secuti. reg.ponsa .gantibus per internuntios dabant. Imperium 
 A'Ssjril," Mq^ai • poi5tea. Syri dicti sunt, mille trecentos annos 
 tenuere. 
 
 III. Postremus apud eos regnavit Sardanapallus, vir mu- 
 liere corriiptior. Ad hunc videndum (quod nemini ante eum 
 10 permissum fuerat) praefectus ipslus Medis praepositus, nomine 
 Arbactus, cum admitti aegre obtinuisset, invenit eum inter 
 feminarum greges purpuras colo nentem et muliebri habitu 
 pensa inter virgines partientem. Quibus visis indignatus, 
 tali feminae tot viros tractantes ferrum et arma habentes pa- 
 is rere, progressus ad socios quid viderit refert: negat se ei 
 parere posse, qui se feminam malit esse quam virum. Fit 
 igitur conjuratio; bellum Sardanapallo infertur. Quo ille au- 
 dlto non ut vir regnum defensurus, sed, ut metu mortis mu- 
 lieres solent, primo latebras circumspicit, mox deinde cum 
 20 paucis et inconpositis in bellum progreditur. Yictus in regiam 
 se recepit, ubi exstructa incensaque pyra et se et divitias suas 
 in incendium mittit, hoc solo imitatus virum. Post hunc rex 
 constituitur interfector ejus Arbactus, qui praefectus Medorum 
 fuerat. Is imperium ab Assyriis ad Medos transfert. 
 
 25 2. Astyages and Cyrus. 
 
 I. Post multos deinde reges per ordmem successionis re- 
 gnum ad Astyagem descendit. Hie per somnum vidit ex filia, 
 quam unicam habebat, vitem enatam, cujus palmite omnis 
 Asia obumbraretur. Consulti harioli ex eadem filia nepotem 
 
 80 ei futurum, cujus magnitudo praenuntietur, regnlque ei amis- 
 sionem portendi responderunt. Hoc response exterrTtus neque 
 claro viro neque civi filiam Ruam, ne paterna maternaque 
 
— 3 — 
 
 nobilitas nepoti aminos extolleret, sed ex gente obsctira turn 
 temporis Persarum Cambysi, mediocri viro, in matrimonmm 
 tradidit. Ne sic quidem somnii metu deposito filiam, cum 
 puerum peperisset, ad se arcessit, ut sub avi oculis nepos 
 necaretur. Infans datur occidendus Harpago, regis arcano- 5 
 rum participi. Is veritus, si ad filiam mortuo rege venisset 
 imperium, quia nullum Astyages filTum habebat, ne ilia necati 
 infantis ultionem, quam a patre non potuisset, a ministro 
 exigeret, pastori regii pecoris puerum exponendum tradit. 
 
 II. Forte eodem tempore et ipsi pastori natus filius erat, 10 
 Ejus igitur uxor audita regis infantis expositione summis pre- 
 cTbus rogat, ut sibi puer ostenderetur. Cujus precibus fati- 
 gatus pastor, reversus in silvam, invenit juxta infantem canem 
 feminam parvulo ubera praebentem et a feris alitil)usque de- 
 fendentem. Motus et ipse misericordia, qua motam etiamis 
 canem viderat, puerum defert ad stabula, eadem cane anxie 
 prosequente. Quem ubi in manum mulier accepit, veluti ad 
 notam adlusit, tantusque in illo vigor et dulcis quidam blan- 
 dientis infantis risus appariiit, ut pastorem ultro rogaret, 
 permitteret sibi puerum nutrire. Atque ita permutata sorte 20 
 parvulorum hie pro filio pastoris educatur, ille pro nepote regis 
 cxpomtur. Nutrici postea nomen Spaco fuit, quia canem 
 Persae sic vocant. v 
 
 III. Puer deinde cum inter pastores esset, Cyri nomen 
 accepit. Mox rex inter ludentes sortQ, delectus cum per lasci- 25 
 viam contumaces flagellis cecidisset, a parentibus puerorum 
 querella regi delata, indignantibus a servo regio ingenuos ho- 
 mines servilibus verberibus adfectos: ille arcesslto puero et 
 interrogato, cum nihil mutato vultu fecisse se ut regem respon- 
 disset, admiratus constantiam in memoriam somnii responsiquc so 
 revocatur. Atque ita cum et vultus similitude et exposition! s 
 tempora et pastoris confessio convenlrent, nepotem agnovit. 
 Et quoniam defunctus sibi somnio videretur agitato inter 
 
_ 4 -- 
 
 pastores regno, ammum minaccm in illo fregit. Ceterum Har- 
 pago amlco suo infestus in ultidnem servati ncpotis filium ejus 
 interfecit epulandumque patri tradidit. Sed Harpagus ad 
 praesens tempus dissimulate dolorc odium regis in vindictae 
 
 5 0ccasionem distulit. 
 
 lY. Interjccto deindc tempore cum adolcvisset Cyrus, do- 
 lore orbitatis admonitus scribit ei, ut ablegatus ab avo in 
 Persas fuerit; ut occTdi eum parvulum avus jusserit; ut bene- 
 ficio suo servatus sit; ut regem offenderit; ut filium amiserit. 
 
 10 ITortatur, exercTtum paret ct pronam ad regnum viam ingre- 
 diatur, Medorum transitionem pollicitus. Epistula quia palam 
 ferri nequlbat, regis custodibus omnes aditus obsidentibus, 
 exinterato lepori inseritur lepusque in Persas Cyro ferendus 
 fido servo traditur; addita retia, ut sub specie venatoris dolus 
 
 15 lateret. 
 
 Y. Lectis ille epistulis eadem somnTo adgredi jussus est, 
 sed praemonitus, ut quem primum postero die obvium habuis- 
 set, socTum coeptis adsumeret. Antelucano igitur tempore ruri 
 iter ingressus obvium habuit servum de ergastulo cujusdam 
 
 2oMedi, nomine Soebaren. IIujus requislta origine ut in Persis 
 genltum audlvit, demptis conpedibus adsumptoque comite 
 Persepolim rcgreditur. Ibi convocato popiilo jubet omnes 
 praesto cam securibus esse et silvam viae circumdatam ex- 
 ciderc. Quod cum streniie fecissent, eosdem postero die appa- 
 
 25ratis epulis invltat; dein cum alacriores ipso convivTo factos 
 videret, rogat: si condicTo ponatur, utrius vitae sortem legant, 
 hesterni laboris an praesentTum epularum? Praesentium ut 
 adclamavere omnes, ait licsterno similem labori omnem vitam 
 acturos, quoad Mcdis pareant: se secutos, liodiernis epulis. 
 
 soLaetis omnibus bcUum Medis infert. 
 
 YI. Astyages meriti sui in Harpago oblTtus summam belli 
 eidem committit: qui exercitum acceptum statim Cyro per 
 deditionem tradidit regisque crudelitatem perfidia defectionis 
 
— 5 — 
 
 ulciscitur. Quod ubi Astyages audivit, contractis undique 
 anxiliis ipse in Fersas proficiscitur: et repetlto alacrms certa- 
 mine pugnantibus suis partem exercTtus de tergo ponit et 
 tergiversantes ferro agi in hostcs jubet ac denuntiat suis^ ni 
 vincerent, non minus fortes post terga inventuros quam a fron- 5 
 tibus viros: proinde videant, fugientibus haec an ilia pugnan- 
 tibus acies rumpenda sit. Ingens post necessitatem pugnandi 
 animus exercitui ejus accessit; pulsataque cum Persarum acTcs 
 paulatim cedcret, matres et uxores eorum obviam occurrunt; 
 Grant in proelium revertantur. Hac repressi castigatione in 10 
 proelTum redeunt et facta inpressione quos fugiebant , fugere 
 conpellunt. In eo proelTo Astyages capitur; cui Cyrus nihil 
 alTud quam regnum abstiilit ncpotemque in illo magis quam 
 victorem egit, eumque ducem genti Hyrcanorum praeposuit; 
 nam in Medos reverti ipso noluit. Hie finis imperii Medorum 15 
 fuit; regnaverunt annis CCCL. 
 
 3. The Athenians. Battle of Marathon. 
 I. Ante Deucalionis tempora Athenienses regem habuere 
 Cecropem, quem, ut omnis antiquitas fabulosa est, biformem 
 tradidere. Huic successit Cranaus, cujus filia Atthis nomen 20 
 regioni dedit. Post hunc Amphictyon regnavit, qui primus 
 Minervae urbem sacravit et nomen civitati Athenas dedit. 
 Hujus temporibus aquarum inluvTes majorem partem populo- 
 rum Graeciae absumpsit. Superfuerunt, quos refugia montium 
 receperunt, aut ad regem Thessaliae Deucalionem ratibus25 
 evecti sunt, a quo propterea genus hommum conditum dicitur. 
 Per ordinem deinde successionis regnum ad Erechtlieum de- 
 scendit, sub quo frumenti satTo est EleusTne a Triptolemo re- 
 perta, in cujus muneris honorem noctes initiorum sacratae. 
 Teniiit et Aegeus Athenis regnum, post Aegeum patrem The- 30 
 SGiis ac deinceps Thesei films, Demophoon, qui auxilium Grae- 
 cis adversus Trojanos tulit, regnum possedit. 
 
— 6 — 
 
 II. Erant inter Athenienses et Dorienses simultatium 
 veteres offensae, quas vindicaturi bello Dorienses de eventu 
 proelii oracula consuluerunt. Responsum, superiores fore, ni 
 regem Atheniensium occidissent. Cum ventum esset in bel- 
 
 5 lum, militibus ante omnia custodia regis praecipitur. Athe- 
 niensibus eo tempore rex Codrus erat, qui et responso dei et 
 praeceptis hostium cognitis permutato regis habitu pannosus, 
 sarmenta collo gerens castra hostium ingreditur: ibi in turba 
 obsistentTum a milite, quern falce astu convulneraverat, inter- 
 
 loficitur. Cognito regis corpore Dorienses sine proelio disce- 
 dunt. Atque ita Athenienses virtute ducis pro salute patriae 
 morti se offerentis bello liberantur. 
 
 III. Post Codrum nemo Athenis regnavit, quod memoriae 
 nominis ejus tributum est. AdministratTo rei publTcae annua 
 
 15 magistratibus permissa. Sed civitati nullae tunc leges erant, 
 quia libido regum pro legibus habebatur. Legitur itaque 
 Solon, vir justitiae insignis, qui velut novam civitatem legibus 
 conderct: qui tanto temperamento inter plebem senatumque 
 egit (cum, si quid pro altero ordine tulisset, alteri displicitu- 
 
 20 rum videretur), ut ab utrisque parem gratiam traheret. 
 
 lY. Hujus viri inter mult a egregia illud memorabile fuit. 
 Inter Athenienses et Megarenses de proprietate Salamlnis in- 
 sulae prope usque interitum armis dimicatum fuerat. Post 
 multas clades capitale esse apud Athenienses coepit, si quis 
 
 25 legem de vindicanda insula tulisset. SoUicTtus igitur Solon, 
 ne aut tacendo parum rei publTcae consuleret aut censendo 
 offenderet sibi, subitam dementiam simulat, cujus venia non 
 dicturus modo prohibita, sed et facturus erat. Deformis hr- 
 bitu more vaecordTum in publicum evolat factoque concursu 
 
 3ohominum, quo magis consilium dissimularet, insolitis sibi vcr- 
 sTbus suadere populo coepit, quod vetabatur, omniumque ani- 
 mos ita cepit, ut extemplo bellum adversus Megarenses decer- 
 neretur insulaque devictis hostibus Atheniensium fieret. 
 
Y. Interea Megarenses memores inlati Atheniensibus 
 belli et veriti, ne frustra arma movisse viderentur, matronas 
 Atheniensmm in Elcusiniis sacris noctu oppressuri naves con- 
 scendunt. Qua re cognita dux Atheniensmm Pisistratus ju- 
 ventutem in insidiis locat, jussis matronis solTto clamore ac 5 
 strepitu etiam in accessu hostium, no intellectos se sentiant, 
 sacra celebrare: cgressosque navTbus Megarenses inopinantes^ 
 adgressus delevit ac protmus classe captlva intermixtis muli- 
 eribus, ut speciem captarum matronarum praeberent, Megara 
 contendit. Illi cum et navium formam et petltam praedamio 
 cognoscerent, obvii ad portum procedunt, quibus caesis Pisi- 
 stratus paulum a capienda urbe afiiit. Ita Dorienses suis 
 dolis hosti victoriam dedere. 
 
 YI. Sed Pisistratus, quasi sibi, non patriae vicisset, ty- 
 rannidem per dolum occiipat: quippc voluntariis verberibusis 
 domi adfectus laceratoque corpore in publicum progreditur, 
 advocata continue vulnera popido ostendit, de crudelitate 
 principum, e quibus haec se passum simulabat, queritur; ad- 
 duntur vocibus lacrimae et invidiosa oratione multitudo cre- 
 dula acccnditur: amore plebis invTsum se senatui simiilat:2o 
 obtinet ad custodiam corporis sui satellitum auxilium, per quos 
 occupata tyrannide per annos XXXIII regnavit. 
 
 YII. Post hujus mortem Hipparchus, alter ex filTis inter- 
 ficitur, alter, Hippias nomine, cum imperium paternum tene- 
 ret, interfectorem fratris conprehendi jubet, qui cum per 25 
 tormenta conscTos caedis nominare cogeretur, omnes amTcos 
 tyranni nominavit, quibus interfectis quaerenti tyranno, an 
 adhuc aliqui conscTi essent, neminem ait superesse, quem 
 amplius mori gestiat, quam ipsum tyrannum. Qua voce ejus- 
 dem so tyranni victorem ostendit. Hujus virtute cum admo- 30 
 nita civitas libertatis esset, tandem Hippias regno pulsus in 
 exsilTum agitur, qui profectus in Persas ducem se Dareo infe- 
 renti Atheniensibus bcllum adversus patriam suam oflfert. 
 
— 8 — 
 
 YIII. Athenienses igitur audlto Darei adventu auxilmm 
 a Lacedaemoniis, socia turn civitate, petiverunt, quos ubi 
 viderunt quadridui teneri religione, non expectato, instructis 
 decern milibus civium et Plataeensibus auxiliaribus mille ad- 
 
 6 versus sescenta milTa hostmm in campis Marathomis in proe- 
 1mm egrediuntur. Miltiades et dux belli erat et auctor non 
 exspectandi auxilTi: quern tanta fiducia ceperat, ut plus prae- 
 sidii in celeritate quam in sociis duceret. Magna igitur in 
 pugnam euntibus animorum alacritas fuit, adeo ut, cum mille 
 
 lopassus inter duas acies essent, citato cursu ante j actum sagit- 
 tarum ad hostem venlrent. Nee audacTae ejus evcntus deiuit: 
 pugnatum est enim tanta virtute, ut hinc viros, inde pecudes 
 putares. Yicti Persae in naves confugerunt, ex quibus multae 
 suppressae, multae captae sunt. In eo proelio tanta virtus 
 
 issingulorum fuit, ut, cujus laus prima esset, difficile judicium 
 videretur. 
 
 IX. Inter ccteros tamen Themistoclis adulescentis gloria 
 emicuit, in quo jam indoles futurae imperatoriae dignitatis 
 apparuit. Cynegiri quoque milTtis Atheniensis gloria magnis 
 
 2oscriptorum laudibus celebrata est, qui post proclii innumeras 
 caedes cum fugientcs hostes ad naves egisset, onustam navem 
 dextra manu tenuit nee prius dimlsit quam manum amitteret: 
 tum quoque amputata dextera navem sinistra conprehendit, 
 quam et ipsam cum amisisset, ad postremum morsu navem de- 
 
 25tinuit. Tantam in eo virttitem fuisse, ut non tot caedibus 
 fatigatus, non duabus m ambus amissis victus, truncus ad po- 
 stremum et velut rabida fera dentibus dimicaret. Ducenta milia 
 Persae seu proelio sive naufragio amisere. Cecidit et Hippias, 
 tyrannus Atheniensis, auctor et concitor ejus belli, dis patriae 
 
 30 ultoribus poenas repetentibus. 
 
Jf. Xerxes. Third invasion of Greece. 
 
 I. Interca et Dareus, cum bellum restauraret, in ipso 
 apparatu decedit, relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante re- 
 gnum susceptis. Ex his Ariaemenes maximus natu aetatis pri- 
 vilegio regnum sibi vindicabat, quod jus et ordo nascendi et 5 
 natura ipsa gentibus dedit. Porro Xerxes controversiam non 
 de ordine, sed de nascendi felicitate refer ebat: nam Ariaeme- 
 nem primum quidem Dareo, sed private provenisse: se regi 
 primum natum. Itaque fratres suos, qui ante geniti essent, 
 privatum patrimomum, quod eo tempore Dareus habuisset, 10 
 non regnum vindicare sibi posse: se esse, quern primum in 
 regno jam rex pater sustulerit. Hue accedere, quod Ariae- 
 menes non patre tantum, sed et matre privatae adhuc for- 
 tunae, avo quoque materno private procreatus sit: se vero et 
 matre reglna natum et patrem non nisi regem vidisse: avumi5 
 quoque maternum Cyrum se regem habuisse, non lieredem, sed 
 conditorem tanti regni: et si in aequo jure utrumque fratrcm 
 pater reliquisset, materno tamcn so jure et avito vincere. 
 
 II. Hoc certamen concordi ammo ad patruum suum Arta- 
 phernen veliiti ad domesticum judicem deferunt, qui domi2o 
 cognita causa Xerxem praeposuit: adeoque fraterna contentTo 
 fuit, ut nee victor insultaret nee victus doleret ipsoque litis 
 tempore munera invicem mitterent, jucunda quoque inter se 
 non solum, sed credula convivia haberent, judicium quoque 
 ipsum sine arbitris, sine convicio esset. Tanto moderatius turn 25 
 fratres inter se maxima regna dividebant, quam nunc cxigua 
 patrimonia partiuntur. Xerxes igitur bellum a patre coeptum 
 adversus Graeciam quinquennium instruxit. 
 
 III. Quod ubi primum didicit Demaratus, rex Lacedae- 
 moniorum, qui apud Xerxen exsulabat, amicior patriae post 30 
 fugam quam regi post beneficTa, ne inopinato bello opprime- 
 rentur, omnia in tabellis ligneis magistratibus perscrlbit eas- 
 demque cera superinducit delTta, ne aut scriptura sine tegmine 
 
— 10 ~ 
 
 indicium daret aut recens cera dolum proderet: fido deinde 
 servo perferendas tradit, jusso magistratibus Spartanorum 
 tradere. Quibus perlatis Lacedaemone quaestioni res diu fuit, 
 quod neque scriptum aliquid viderent nee frustra missas suspi- 
 5 carentur, tantoque rem majorem, quanto esset occultior, puta- 
 bant. Haerentibus in conjectura viris soror regis Leonidae 
 consilium scribentis invenit. Erasa igitur cera belli consilia 
 deteguntur. 
 
 IV. Jam Xerxes septingenta milia de regno armaverat et 
 10 trec^nta milia de auxiliis, ut non inmerito proditum sit, flu- 
 
 mina ab exercitu ejus siccata Graeciamque omnem vix capere 
 exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves quoque deciens centum milium 
 numero habuisse dicitur. Huic tanto agmini dux defuit. Ce- 
 terum si regem spectes, divitias, non ducem laudes: quarum 
 
 istanta copTa in regno ejus fuit, ut, cum flumina multitudine 
 consumerentur, opes tamen regiae superessent. Ipse autem 
 primus in fuga, postremus in proelio semper visus est; in peri- 
 culis timidus: sicubi metus abcsset, inflatus; denique ante ex- 
 perimentum belli fiducia virTum veluti natilrae ipsTus dommus • 
 
 20 et montes in planum deducebat et convexa vallium aequabat 
 et quaedam maria pontibus sternebat, quaedam ad navigatio- 
 nis commodum per conpendium ducebat. 
 
 V. Cujus introTtus in GraecTam quam terribilis, tam turpis 
 ac foedus discessus fuit. Namque cum Leonidas, rex Sparta- 
 
 25norum cum IIII milibus militum angustias Thermopylarum 
 occupasset, Xerxes contemptu paucitatis eos pugnam capessere 
 jubet, quorum cognati Marathonia pugna interfecti fuerant: 
 qui dum ulcisci suos quaerunt, principium cladis fuere; succe- 
 dente dein inutili turba major caedes editur. Triduo ibi cum 
 
 3odolore et indignatione Persarum dimicatum: quarta die cum 
 nuntiatum esset Leonidae, a XX milibus hostium summum ca- 
 ctimen teneri, tum hortatur socTos, recedant et se ad meliora 
 patriae tempora reservent: sibi cum Spartanis fortunam 
 
— 11 — 
 
 experiendam: plura se patriae quam vitae debere: ceteros ad 
 praesidia Graeciae servandos. 
 
 YI. Audlto regis imperio discessere ceteri, soli Lacedae- 
 monii remanserunt. Initio hujus belli sciscitantibus Delphis 
 oracula responsum fuerat, aut regi Spartanorum aut urbi 5 
 cadendum. Et idcirco rex Leonidas, cum in bellum proficis- 
 ceretur, ita sues firmaverat, ut ire se parato ad moriendum 
 animo scirent. Angustias propterea occupaverat, ut cum 
 paucis aut majore gloria vinceret aut minore damno rei publi- 
 cae caderet. Dimissis igitur sociis hortatur Spartanos, memi- 10 
 nerint qualitercumque proeliatis cadendum esse; caverent, ne 
 fortius mansisse quam dimicasse viderentur; nee expectan- 
 dum, ut ab hoste circumvenirentur, sed dum nox occasionem 
 daret, securis et laetis superveniendum: nusquam victores 
 honestius quam in castris hostium perituros. 15 
 
 YII. Nihil erat difficile persuadere persuasis mori: statim 
 arma capiunt et sescenti viri castra quingentorum milium in- 
 rumpunt statimque regis praetorium petunt, aut cum illo aut, 
 si ipsi oppressi essent, in ipslus potissimum sede morittiri. 
 Tumultus totis castris oritur. Spartani, postquam regem non 20 
 inveniunt, per omnia castra victores vagantur; caedunt ster- 
 nuntque omnia, ut qui sciunt, se pugnarc non spe victoriae, 
 sed in mortis ultionem. Proelium a principle noctis in majo- 
 rem partem diei tractum. Ad postremum non victi, sed vin- 
 cendo fatigati inter ingentes stratorum hostium catervas occi- 25 
 derunt. Xerxes duobus vulneribus terrestri proelio acceptis 
 experiri maris fortunam statuit. 
 
 YIII. Sed Atheniensium dux Themistocles cum animad- 
 vertisset lonas, propter quos bellum Persarum susceperunt, in 
 auxilium regis classe venisse, sollicitare eos in partes suasso 
 statuit, et cum colloquendi copiam non baberet, symbolos pro- 
 pone' et saxis proscribi curat: ''Quae vos, lones, dementia 
 tenet? Quod facinus agitatis ? Bellum inferre olim conditoribus 
 
— 12 — 
 
 vestris, nuper etiam vindicTbus cogitatis? An ideo moenia 
 vestra condidimus, ut essent qui nostra delerent? Quid si 
 non haec Dareo prius et nunc Xerxi belli causa nobiscum 
 foret, quod vos rebellantes non destituimus ? Quin vos in haec 
 
 5 castra vestra ex ista obsidione transitis ? Aut si hoc parum 
 tutum est, at yos commisso proelio ite cessim, inhibete remis 
 et a bello discedite." 
 
 IX. Ante navalis proelii congressionem miserat Xerxes 
 nil milia militum armatorum Delphos ad templum Apollmis 
 
 10 diripiendum, prorsus quasi non cum Graecis tantum, sed et 
 cum dis inmortalTbus bellum gereret: quae manus tota imbribus 
 et fulminibus dcleta est, ut intellegeret, quam nullae essent 
 hominum adversum dcos yircs. Post haec Thespias et Pla- 
 taeas et Athenas vacuas homimbus incendit, et quoniam ferro 
 
 15 in homines non poterat, in aedificia igne grassatur. Namque 
 Athcnienses post pugnam Marathoniam praemonente Themi- 
 stocle, victoriam illam de Persis non finem, sed causam majoris 
 belli fore, CC naves fabricavcrunt. Adventante igitur Xerxe 
 (consulentibus Delphis oraciilum responsum fuerat, salutem 
 
 20 muris ligneis tuerentur) Themistocles, navium pracsidium de- 
 monstratum ratus, persuadct omnibus, patriam municipes esse, 
 non moenia, civitatemque non in aedificiis, sed in civibus po- 
 sitam: itaque melius salutem navibus quam urbi commissures; 
 hujus sententiae etiam deum auctorem esse. 
 
 25 X. Probato consilio conjuges liberosque cum pretiosissimis 
 rebus abditis insulis relicta urbe demandant; ipsi naves ar- 
 mati conscendunt. Exemplum Atheniensium et aliae urbes 
 imitatae. Itaque cum adunata omnis sociorum classis et in- 
 tenta in bellum navale esset angustiasque Salamimi freti, ne 
 
 30 circumveniri a multitudme posset, occupassent, dissensio inter 
 civitatum principes oritur: qui cum deserto bello ad sua tu- 
 enda dilabi vellent, timens Themistocles, ne discessu sociorum 
 vires minuerentur, per servum fidum Xerxi nuntiat, uno in 
 
— 13 — 
 
 loco eum contractam Graeciam capere facillime posse. Quod 
 si civitates, quae jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, uiajore labore 
 ei singulas consectandas. Hoc dolo impellit regem signum 
 pugnae dare. Graeci quoque adventu hostium occupati proe- 
 ITum collatis viribus capessunt. 5 
 
 XI. Interea rex velut spectator pugnae cum parte navTum 
 in litore remanet. Artemisia autem, reglna Halicarnasi, quae 
 in auxilium Xerxi venerat, inter primes duces bellum acerrime 
 ciebat, ut in viro muliebrem timorem, ita in muliere virllem 
 audacTam cerneres. Cum anceps proelium esset, lones juxta 10 
 praeceptum Themistoclis pugnae se paulatim subtrahere coe- 
 perunt: quorum defectio animos ceterorum fregit. Itaque 
 circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Persae et mox proelio victi 
 in fugam vertuntur. In qua trepidatione multae captae naves, 
 multae mersae; plures tamen non minus saevitiam regis quamis 
 hostem timentes domum dilabuntur. 
 
 XII. Hac clade perculsum et dubmm consilii Xerxem 
 Mardonius adgreditur. Hortatur ut in regnum abeat, ne quid 
 seditionis moveat fama adversi belli et in majus, sicuti mos 
 est, omnia extoUens: sibi CCC milia armatorum lecta ex omni-20 
 bus copTis relinquat, qua manu aut cum gloria ejus perdomi- 
 turum se Graeciam aut, si alitor eventus fuerit, sine ejusdem 
 infamia hostibus cessurum. Probate consilio Mardonio exer- 
 citus traditur: reliquas copTas rex ipse deducere in regnum 
 parat. Sed Graeci audita regis fuga consilium ineunt pontis 25 
 interrumpendi, quem ille Abydi veluti victor maris fecerat, ut 
 intercliisus reditu aut cum exercitu deleretur aut desperatione 
 rerum pacem victus petere cogeretur. 
 
 XIII. Sed Themistocles timens, ne interclusi hostes despe- 
 rationem in virtutem verterent et iter, quod alitor non pateret, 30 
 ferro patefacerent: satis multos hostes in GraecTa remanere 
 dictitans, nee augeri numerum retinendo oportere, cum vin- 
 cere consilio ceteros non posset, eundem servum ad Xerxem 
 
— 14 — 
 
 mittit certioremque consilii facit et occupare transitum matu- 
 rata fuga jubet. Ille perculsus nuntio tradit ducibus milites 
 perducendos: ipse cum paucis Abydum contendit. Ubi cum 
 solutum pontem hibernis tempestatibus offendisset, piscatoria 
 
 5 scapha trepTdus trajecit. Erat res spectaculo digna et aesti- 
 matione sortis humanae rerum varietate miranda, in exiguo 
 latcntem videre navigio quem paulo ante vix aequor omne ca- 
 piebat, carentem omni etiam servorum ministerio, cujus exer- 
 citus propter multitudinemterris graves erant. Nee pedestribus 
 
 locopiis, quas ducTlDus adsignaverat, felicius iter fuit, siquidem 
 cotidiano labori (neque enim ulla est metuentibus quies) etiam 
 fames accesserat. Multorum deinde dierum inopTa contraxerat 
 et pestem, tantaque foeditas morientium fuit, ut viae cadaveri- 
 bus implerentur alitesque et bostiae escae inlecebris sollici- 
 
 15 tatae exercitum sequerentur. 
 
 XIY. Interim MardonTus in GraecTa Olynthum expugnat. 
 Athenienses quoque in spem pacis amicitiamque regis sollici- 
 tat, spondens incensae eorum urbis etiam in majus restitutio- 
 nem. Postquam nullo pretio libertatem his venalem videt, 
 
 20 incensis quae aedificare coeperant, copTas in Boeotiam trans- 
 fert. Eo et Graecorum exercitus, qui centum milium fuit, 
 secutus est ibique proelium commissum. Sed fortuna regis 
 cum duce mutata non est. Kam victus MardonTus veluti ex 
 naufragio cum paucis profTigit. Castra referta regalis opu- 
 
 25lentiae capta. Unde primum Graecos divlso inter se auro 
 Persico divitiarum luxuria cepit. 
 
 XY. Eodem forte die, quo Mardomi copiae deletae sunt, 
 etiam navali proelio in Asia sub monte Mycale adversus Per- 
 sas dimicatum est. Ibi ante congressionem, cum classes ex 
 
 30 adverse starent, fama ad utrumque exercitum venit, vicisse 
 Graecos et Mardomi copTas occidione cecidisse. Tantam 
 famae velocitatem fuisse, ut, cum matutlno tempore proelium 
 in Boeotia commissum sit, meridianis horis in Asiam per tot 
 
— 15 — 
 
 mam et tantum spatii tarn brevi horarum momento de victoria 
 nuntiatum sit. Confecto bello, cum de praemiis civitatmm 
 ageretur, omnium judicio Atheniensium virtus ceteris praelata. 
 Inter duces quoque Themistoclcs princeps civitatum testimomo 
 judicatus gloriam patriae suae auxifc. 5 
 
 5. Sparta and Lycurgus. 
 
 I. GraecTa omnis ducibus Lacedaemoniis et Atheniensibus 
 in duas divTsa partes ab externis bellis velut in viscera sua 
 arma convertit. Fiunt igitur de uno popiilo duo corpora, et 
 eorundem castrorum homines in duos hostiles exercitus divi- 10 
 duntur. Hinc Lacedaemomi communia quondam civitatmm 
 auxilTa ad vires suas trahere: inde Athenienses et vetustate 
 gentis et gestis rebus inlustres propriis viribus confidebant. 
 Atque ita duo potentissTmi Graeciae populi institiitis Solonis et 
 Lycurgi legibus pares ex aemulatione virium in bellum ruebant. 15 
 
 II. Namque Lycurgus, cum fratri suo Polydectae, Sparta- 
 norum regi, successisset regnumque sibi vindicare potuisset, 
 Charillo, filio ejus, qui natus postiimus erat, cum ad aetatem 
 adultam pervenisset, regnum summa fide restituit, ut intelle- 
 gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatis jura quam2o 
 omnes opes valerent. Medio igitur tempore, dum infans con- 
 valescit tutelamque ejus administrat, non habentibus Spartanis 
 leges instituit, non inventione earum magis quam exemplo 
 clarior: siquTdem nihil lege ulla in alios sanxit. cujus non ipse 
 primus in se documentum daret. Popiilum in obsequTa prin- 25 
 cipum, principes ad justitiam imperiorum firmavit. Parsimo- 
 niam omnibus suasit, existimans laborem militiae adsidua 
 frugalitatis consuetudme faciliorem fore. Emi singula non pe- 
 cunia, sed compensatione mercium jussit. Auri argentlque 
 usum ut omnium scelerum materiam sustiilit. 30 
 
 III. Administrationem rei publicae per ordines divTsit: 
 regibus potestatem bellorum, magistratibus judicia et anniios 
 
— 16 — 
 
 successores, senatui custodiam legum, populo sublegendi sena- 
 tum vel creandi quos vellet magistratus potestatem permlsit. 
 Fundos omnium aequaliter inter omnes divlsit, ut aequata pa- 
 trimonia neminem potentiorem altero redderent. Convivari 
 
 5 omnes publice jussit, ne cujus divitiae vel luxuria in occulto 
 essent. Juvcmbus non amplius una veste uti toto anno per- 
 missum, nee qucmquam cultTus quam alteram progredi nee 
 epulari opulentTus, ne imitatio in luxuriam verteretur. Pueros 
 puberes non in forum, sed in agrum deduci praecepit, ut 
 
 10 primos annos non in luxuria, sed in opere et in laboribus age- 
 rent. Nihil eos somni causa substernere et vitam sine pul- 
 mento degere neque prius in urbem redire, quam viri facti 
 essent, statuit. 
 
 IV. Virgines sine dote nubere jussit, ut uxores eligerentur, 
 
 15 non pecuniae, severiusque matrimonia sua viri coercerent, 
 cum nuUis frenis dotis tenerentur. Maximum honorem non 
 divTtum et potentTum, sed pro gradu aetatis senum esse voluit, 
 nee sane usquam terrarum locum honoratiorem senectus habet. 
 Haec quoniam primo solutis antea moribus duravidebat esse, 
 
 20 auctorem eorum Apollinem Delphicum fingit et inde se ea ex 
 praecepto numinis detulisse, ut consuescendi taedium metus 
 religionis vincat. Dein ut aeternitatem legTbus suis daret, 
 jure jurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legTbus muta- 
 turos, priusquam reverteretur, et simulat se ad oraculum Del- 
 
 25phTcum proficisci, consul turum quid addendum mutandumque 
 legTbus videretur. ProficiscTtur autem Cretam ibique perpe- 
 tiium exsilTum egit abjicTque in mare ossa sua morTcns jussit, 
 ne relatis Lacedaemonem solutos se Spartani religioue juris 
 jurandi in dissolvendis legTbus arbitrarentur. 
 
 30 6. Sicily. InvasioTi of the Athenians. 
 
 I. SicilTam ferunt angustis quondam faucTbus ItalTae ad- 
 haesisse diremptamque velut a corpore majore impetu superi 
 
- IT — 
 
 maris, quod toto undarum onere illuc vehitur. Est autem terra 
 ipsa tenuis ac fragllis et cavernis quibusdam fistillisque ita 
 penetrabilis, ut ventorum tota ferme flatibus pateat; nee non 
 et ignibus generandis nutriendisque soli ipsTus naturalis mate- 
 ria: quippe intrinsecus stratum sulphure et bitumine traditur: 5 
 quae res facit, ut spiritu cum igne in materia luctante fre- 
 quenter et compluribus locis nunc flammas, nunc vaporem, 
 nunc fumum eructet. Et ubi acrior per spiramenta caverna- 
 rum ventus incubuit, harenarum moles egeruntur. Proximum 
 ItalTae promuntorium RegTum dicitur, ideo quia Graece 'ab-10 
 rupta' hoc nomine pronuntiantur. 
 
 II. Nee mirum, si fabulosa est loci hujus antiquTtas, in 
 quem res tot coiere mirae: primum quod nusquam latius tor- 
 rens fretum, nee solum citato impetu, verum etiam saevo; ne- 
 que experientibus modo terribile, verum etiam procul visentT- 15 
 bus. Undarum porro in se concurrentium tanta pugna est, ut 
 alias veliiti terga dantes in imum desidere, alias quasi victrlces 
 in sublime ferri videas; nunc hie fremitum ferventis aestus, 
 nunc illic gemitum in voragmem desidentis exaudias. Acce- 
 dunt vicini et perpetiii Aetnae mentis ignes et insularum2o 
 AeolTdum, veluti ipsis in undis alatur incendium: neque enim 
 in tam angustis terminis alitor durare tot saeculis tantus ignis 
 potuisset, nisi humoris nutrimentis aleretur. 
 
 III. Hinc igitur fabulae Scyllam et Charjbdin peperere; 
 hinc latratus auditus; hinc monstri credita simulacra, dum na-25 
 vigantes magnis verticTbus pelagi desidentis exterriti latrare 
 putant undas, quas sorbentis aestus vorago conlidit. Eadem 
 causa etiam Aetnae mentis perpetuos ignes facit. Nam aqua- 
 rum ille concursus raptum secum spiritum in imum fundum 
 trahit atque ibi suffocatum tam diu tenet, donee per spira- 30 
 menta terrae diffQsus nutrimenta ignis incendat. Jam ipsa 
 Italiae SicilTaeque vicinitas, jam promuntoriorum altitudo ipsa 
 ita similis est, ut quantum nunc admiration! s, tantum antlquis 
 
— 18 — 
 
 terroris dederit, credentibus, coeimtibus in se promuntoriis 
 ac rursum discedentibus solida intercipi absumlque navigia. 
 Neque hoc ab antlquis in dulcedinem fabiilae Gonpositum, sed 
 metu et adrairatione transeuntmm. Ea est enim procul inspi- 
 
 scientibus natura loci, ut sinum maris, non transitum putes: 
 quo cum accesseris, discedere ac sejungi promuntoria, quae 
 ante juncta fuerant, arbitrere. 
 
 lY. Siciliae primo Trinacriae nomen fuit; postea Sicania 
 cognominata est. Haec a principio patria Cyclopum fuit, qui- 
 
 10 bus exstinctis Cocalus regnum insiilae occupavit. Post quem 
 singulae civitates in tyrannorum impermm concesserunt, quo- 
 rum nulla terra feracTor fuit. Horum ex numero Anaxilaus 
 justitia cum ceterorum crudelitate ccrtabat, cujus moderationis 
 liaud mediocrem fructum tulit: quippe decedens cum filTos par- 
 
 isvulos reliquisset tutelamque eorum Micytho, spectatae fidei 
 servo, commisisset, tantus amor memoriae ejus apud omnes 
 fuit, ut parere servo quam deserere regis filios mallent prin- 
 cipesque civitatis obliti dignitatis suae regni majestatem ad- 
 ministrari per servum paterentur. Impermm Siciliae etiam 
 
 20 Carthaginienses temptavere, diuque varia victoria cum tyran- 
 nis dimicatum. Ad postremum amisso amilcare imperatore 
 cum exercTtu aliquantisper quievere victi. 
 
 V. Medio tempore cum Reglni discordia laborarent civi- 
 tasque per dissensionem divlsa in duas partes esset, veterani 
 
 25 ex altera parte ab Himera in auxilium vocati, pulsis civitate 
 contra quos implorati fuerant et mox caesis quibus tulerant 
 auxilium, urbem cum conjugibus et liberis sociorum occupa- 
 vere, ausi facmus nuUi tyranno comparandum, ut Reglnis 
 melius fuerit vinci quam vicisse. Nam sive victoribus captivi- 
 
 30 tatis jure servissent sive amissa patria exsulare eos necesse 
 fuisset, non tamen inter aras et patrios lares trucidati crude- 
 lissimis tyrannis patriam cum conjugibus ac liberis praedam 
 reliquissent. 
 
— 19 — 
 
 yi. Catinienses quoque, cum Syracusanos graves pate- 
 rentur diffisi viribus suis auxilium ab Atheniensibus petivere: 
 qui seu studio majoris imperii, quod AsTam Graeciamque peni- 
 tus occupaverant, seu metu factae pridem a Syracusanis clas- 
 sis, no Lacedaemomis illae vires accederent, Lamponiuin ducein 5 
 cum classe in Siciliam misere, ut sub specie ferendi Catinien- 
 sibus auxilii temptarent Siciliae imperium. Et quoniam prima 
 initia frequenter caesis hostibus prospera fuerant, majore de- 
 nuo classe et robustiore exercTtu Lachete et Chariade ducTbus 
 Siciliam petivere: sed Catinienses sive metu AtheniensTum 10 
 sive taedio belli pacem cum Syracusanis remissis AtheniensTum 
 auxiliis fecerant. 
 
 YII. Interjecto deinde tempore, cum fides pacis a Syracu- 
 sanis non servaretur, deniio legatos Athenas mittunt, qui sor- 
 dida veste, capillo barbaque promissis et omni squaloris habitu 15 
 ad misericordiam commovendam adquislto contionem deformes 
 adeunt: adduntur precTbus lacrimae, et ita misericordem po- 
 pulum supplices movent, ut damnarentur duces, qui ab his 
 auxilia deduxerant. Classis igitur ingens decernitur: creantur 
 duces NicTas et Alcibiades et Lamachus, tantisque viribus Si- 20 
 cilia repetitur, ut ipsis terrori essent, in quorum auxilia mitte- 
 bantur. Brevi post tempore revocato ad reatum Alcibiade 
 duo proelia pedestria secunda NicTas et Lamachus facTunt; 
 munitionibus deinde circumdatis hostes etiam marlnis com- 
 meatibus in urbe clauses intercludunt. 25 
 
 YIII. Quibus rebus fracti Syracusani auxilium a Lacedae- 
 momis petiverunt. Ab his mittitur Gylippus solus, sed qui 
 instar omnium auxiliorum erat. Is audlto genere belli jam 
 inclinato statu auxiliis partim in Graecia, partim in Sicilia 
 contractis opportuna bello loca occupat. Duo bus deinde proe- 30 
 liis victus, congressus tertio occlso Lamacho et hostes in 
 fugam compulit et socios obsidione liberavit. Sed cum Athe- 
 nienses a bello terrestri in navale se transtulissent, Gylippus 
 
— 20 — 
 
 classem Lacedaemonc cum auxiliis arccssit. Quo cogQito et 
 ipsi Atlienieuses in locum amissi duels Dcmoslhenen et Eurj- 
 raedonta cum supplemento copiarum mittunt. Pelopomiesii 
 quoque communi civitatium decreto ingentia Syracusanis au- 
 
 5 xilia miserc, et quasi Graeciae bellum in Siciliam translatum 
 esset, ita ex utraque parte summis viribus dimicabatur. 
 
 IX. Prima igitur congressione navalis certammis Athe- 
 nienses vincuntur, castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata 
 pecunia amittunt. Super haec mala cum etiam terrestri 
 
 10 proelio victi essent, tunc Demosthenes censere cocpit, ut abl- 
 rent Sicilia, dum res quamvis adflictae nondum tamen perditae 
 forent: neque in bello male auspicato amplTus perseverandum: 
 esse domi graviora et forsTtan inl'eliciora bella, in quae servare 
 hos urbis apparatus oporteret. Nicias sen pudore male actae 
 
 isrei sen metu destitutae spei civium seu impellente fato manere 
 contendit. Reparatur igitur navale bellum et animi a prioris 
 forLunae procella ad spem certaminis revocantur: sed inscitia 
 ducum inter angustias maris tuentes se Syracusanos adgressi 
 facile vincuntur. Eurymedon dux in prima acie fortissimo 
 
 -odimieans primus cadit: XXX naves, quibus praefuerat, incen- 
 duntur. Demosthenes et NicTas et ipsi victi exercitum in terra 
 deponunt, tutiorem fugam rati itinere terrestri. Ab his relictas 
 centum XXX naves Gylippus invasit: ipsos deinde insequitur: 
 fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. Demosthenes amisso 
 
 25exercitu a captivitate gladio et voluntaria morte se vindicat: 
 XicTas autem ne Demosthenis quidem exemplo ut sibi consu- 
 leret admonitus cladem suorum auxit dedecore captivitatis. 
 
 7. Character of Philip and Alexander. 
 
 I. Decessit Philippus XL et septem annorum, cum annis 
 
 30 XXY regnasset. Fuit rex armorum quam conviviorum appara- 
 
 tibus studiosTor, cui maxime opus erant instrumenta bellorum: 
 
 divitiarum quaestus quam custodia soUertior. Itaque inter 
 
— 21 — 
 
 cotidianas rapmas semper inops erat. Misericordia in eo et 
 perfidia pari jure dilectae. Nulla apud eum turpis ratio vin- 
 cendi. Blandus pariter et insidiosus, alloquio qui plura pro- 
 mitteret quam praestaret; in seria et jocos artifex. Amicitias 
 utilitate, non fide colebat. Gratiam fingere in odio, instruere 5 
 inter concordantes odia, apud utrumque gratiam quaerere 
 soUemnis illi consuetudo. Inter liacc eloquentia et insignis 
 oratio, acummis et sollertiae plena, ut nee ornatui facilTtas nee 
 facilitati inventionum deesset ornatus. 
 
 II. Huic Alexander films successit et virtute et vitiis patre 10 
 major. Itaque vincendi ratio utrlque diversa. Hie aperta 
 vi, ille artibus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudcre hostibus, 
 hie palam fusis. PrudentTor ille consilio, hie animo magni- 
 ficentior. Iram pater dissimulare, plerumque etiam vincere: 
 hie ubi exarsisset, nee dilatio ultionis nee modus erat. Yini 15 
 nimis uterquc avidus : sed ebrietatis diversa vitia. Patri mos 
 erat etiam de convivTo in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, 
 periculis se temere ofi'erre: Alexander non in hostem, sed in 
 sues saeviebat. Quam ob rem saepe Philippum vulneratum 
 proelia remisere : hie amicorum interfector convivio frequenter 20 
 excessit. Regnare ille eum amicis nolebat, hie in amicos regna 
 exercebat. Amari pater malle, hie metui. Litterarum cultus 
 utrlque simTlis. Sollertiae pater majoris, hie fidei. Verbis atque 
 oratione Philippus, hie rebus moderatior. Parcendi victis filTo 
 animus et promptior et honestior. Frugalitati pater, luxuriae 25 
 films magis deditus erat, Quibus artibus orbis imperii funda- 
 menta pater jecit, operis totlus gloriam films consummavit. 
 
 8. The death of Alexander. 
 I. Quarto die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens 
 agnoscere se fatum domus majorum suorum ait: nam plerosqueao 
 Aeacidarum intra tricesimum annum defunctos. Tumultuantes 
 deinde milites insidiisque perire regem suspieantes ipse sedavit 
 
— 22 — 
 
 eosque omnes, cum prolatus in editissimum urbis locum esset, 
 ad conspectum suum admlsit osculandamque dextram suam 
 fleutibus porrexit. Cum lacrimarent omnes, ipse non sine 
 lacrimis tantum, verum sine ullo tristioris mentis argumento 
 
 5fuitj ut quosdam impatientms dolentes consolaretur, quibus- 
 dam mandata ad parentes eorum daret: adeo sicut in hostem, 
 ita et in mortem invictus animus fuit. Dimissis militibus cir- 
 cumstantes amicos percontatur, videanturne similem sibi 
 reperturi regem? Tacentibus cunctis tum ipse, se hoc quidem 
 
 10 nescire, at illud scire vaticinarique se ac paene oculis videre 
 dixit, quantum sit in hoc certamine sanguinis fusura Mace- 
 donia, quantis caedibus, quo cruore mortuo sibi parentatura. 
 Ad postremum corpus suum in Ammonis templum condi jubet. 
 
 II. Cum deficere eum amlci viderent, quaerunt, quem im- 
 i5perTi faciat heredem. Respondit: dignissTmum. Tanta illi 
 
 magnitudo animi fuit, ut, cum Herciilem filium, cum fratrem 
 Aridaeum, cum Roxanen uxorem relinqueret, oblltus necessi- 
 tudinum dignissTmum nuncuparet heredem: prorsus quasi 
 nefas esset viro forti alTum quam virum fortem succedere, aut 
 
 20 tanti regni opes aliis quam probatis relinqui. Hac voce veliiti 
 bellicum inter amicos cecinisset aut malum discordiae misisset, 
 ita omnes in aemulationem consurgunt et ambitione vulgi taci- 
 tum favorem militum quaerunt. Sexto die praeclusa voce 
 exemptum digito aniilum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscen- 
 
 25 tem amicorum dissensionem sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nun- 
 cupatus heres, judicio tamen electus videbatur. 
 
 III. Decessit Alexander mense Junto annos tres et XXX 
 natus, vir supra humanam potentiam magnitudme animi prae- 
 ditus. Prodigia magnitudmis ejus ipso ortu nonnuUa apparuere. 
 
 30 Nam eo die, quo natus est, duae aquTlae tota die perpetes 
 supra culmen domus patris ejus sederunt, omen duplicis im- . 
 peril Europae Asiaeque praeferentes. Eodem quoque die 
 nuntium pater ejus duarum victoriarum accepit: altera belli 
 
— 23 — 
 
 Illynci, altera certammis Olympici, in quod quadrigarum 
 currus miserat: quod omen universarum terrarum victoriam 
 infanti portendebat. Puer acemmis litterarum studiis erudltus 
 fuit. Exacta pueritia per quinquennium sub Aristotele doc- 
 tore, inclitissimo omnium philosophorum, crevit. Accepto s 
 deinde imperio regem se terrarum omnium ac mundi appellari 
 jussit tantamque fiducTam sui militibus fecit, ut illo praesente 
 nullius hostis arma nee inermes timerent. Itaque cum nullo 
 hostium umquam congressus est, quern non vicerit; nullam 
 urbem obsedit, quam non expugnaverit; nullam gentem adiit, lo 
 quam non calcaverit. Yictus demque ad postremum est non 
 virtute hostlli sed insidiis suorum et fraude civlli. 
 
 lY. Exstincto in ipso aetatis ac victoriarum flore Alexan- 
 dro Magno triste apud omnes tota Babylone silentTum fuit. 
 Sed nee devictae gentes fidem nuntto habuerunt, quod ut in- is 
 victum regem ita immortalem esse crediderant, recordantes 
 quotiens praesenti morte ereptus esset, quam saepe pro amisso 
 repente se non sospitem tantum suis, verum etiam victorem 
 obtulisset. Ut vero mortis ejus fides adfuit, omnes barbarae 
 gentes paulo ante ab eo devictae non ut hostem, sed ut paren- 20 
 tern luxerunt. Mater quoque Darei regis, quam amisso filio a 
 fastigio tantae majestatis in captivitatem redacta indulgentia 
 victoris in earn diem vitae non paenituerat, audita morte Ale- 
 xandri mortem sibi ipsa consclvit, non quod hostem filTo prae- 
 ferret, sed quod pietatem filii in eo, quem ut hostem timuerat, 25 
 experta esset. Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem ac 
 tantae majestatis regem, verum ut hostem amissum gaudebant 
 et severitatem nimiam et adsidua belli periciila exsecrantes. 
 
 9. ITie earliest history of Carthage. 
 I. Quoniam ad Carthaginiensium mentionem ventum est, 30 
 de origine eorum pauca dicenda sunt, repetltis Tyriorum paulo 
 altius rebus, quorum casus etiam dolendi fuerunt, Tyriorum 
 
— 24 — 
 
 gens condita a Phoenicibus fuit, qui terrae motu vexati relicto 
 patriae solo Assyrium stagnum primo, mox mari proximum 
 litus incoluerunt, condita ibi urbe, quam a piscmm ubertate 
 Sidona appellaverunt: nam piscem Phoenlces sidon vocant. 
 6 Post multos deinde annos a rege Ascaloniorum expugnati, 
 navibus appulsi Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis cou- 
 diderunt. Ibi Persarum bellis diu varieque fatigati victores 
 quidem fuere, sed attrltis viribus a servis suis multitudine 
 abundantibus indigna supplicTa perpessi sunt: qui conspira- 
 
 10 tione facta omnem liberum popiilum cum dominis interficiunt 
 atque ita potiti urbe lares dominorum occupant, rem publTcam 
 invadunt, conjuges ducunt et, quod ipsi non erant, liberos 
 procrcant. 
 
 II. Unus ex tot milTbus servorum fuit, qui miti ingenio 
 
 15 senis domini parvullque filii ejus fortuna moveretur dominos- 
 que non truci feritatc, sed pia misericordiae humanitate respi- 
 ceret. Itaque cum velut occlsos alienasset servisque de statu 
 rei publicae deliberantibus placuisset regem ex corpore sue 
 creari eumque potissimum quasi acceptissimum dis, qui solem 
 
 2oorientem primus vidisset, rem ad Stratonem (hoc enim ei 
 nomen erat) dominum occulte latentem detillit. Ab eo forma- 
 tus, cum medio noctis omnes in unum campum processissent, 
 ceteris in orientem spectanttl^us solus occidentis regionem in- 
 tuebatur. Id primum aliis videri furor, in occidente solis 
 
 25 ortum quaerere. Ubi vero dies adventare coepit editissimis- 
 que culmimbus urbis oriens splendere, spectantibus aliis, ut 
 ipsum solem aspicerent, hie primus omnibus fulgorem solis in 
 summo fastigio civitatis ostendit. Non servTlis ingenii ratio 
 visa; requirentibus auctorem de domino confitetur. 
 
 30 III. Tunc intellectum est, quantum ingeniia servilTbus 
 ingenia praestarent, malitiaque servos, non sapientia vincere. 
 Venia igitur seni filioque data est, et velut numine quodam 
 reservatos arbitrantes regem Stratonem creaverunt. Post 
 
— 25 — 
 
 cujus mortem regnum ad filTum ac deinde ad nepotes transiit. 
 Celebre hoc servorum facinus metuendumque exemplum toto 
 orbe terrarum fuit. Itaque Alexander Magnus, cum interjecto 
 tempore in oriente bellum gereret, velut ultor publicae securi- 
 tatis, expugnata eorum urbe omnes, qui proelio superfuerant, 5 
 ob memoriam veteris caedis crucibus adfixit: genus tantum 
 Stratonis inviolatum servavit regnumque stirpi ejus restituit, 
 ingenuis et innoxiis incolis insiilae attributis, ut exstirpato 
 servlli germme genus urbis ex integro conderetur. 
 
 lY. Hoc igitur modo Tyrii Alexandri auspiciis conditi 10 
 parsimonia et labore quaerendi cito convaluere. Ante cladem 
 dominorum cum et opTbus et multitudme abundarent, miss a in 
 AMcam juventtite Uticam condidere: cum interim Mutto rex 
 Tyri decedit filio Pjgmalione et Elissa filia, insignis formae 
 virgme heredibus institutis. Sed populus Pygmalioni admo- 15 
 dum puero regnum tradidit. Elissa quoque Acerbae avunciilo 
 suo, sacerdoti Herculis, qui honos secundus a rege erat, nubit. 
 Iluic magnae, sed dissimulatae opes erant, aurumque metu 
 regis non tectis, sed terrae crediderat: quam rem etsi homines 
 ignorabant, fama tamen loquebatur. 20 
 
 Y. Qua incensus Pygmalion oblltus juris humani avun- 
 culum suum eundemque generum sine respectu pietatis occldit. 
 Elissa diu fratrem propter scelus aversata ad postremum dissi- 
 mulato odio mitigatoque interim vultu fugam tacito molTtur 
 adsumptis quibusdam principibus in societatem, quibus par 25 
 odium in regem esse eandemque fugiendi cupiditatem arbitra- 
 batur. Tunc fratrem dole adgreditur: fingit se ad eum migrare 
 velle, ne amplius ei cupidae oblivionis mariti domus gravem 
 luctus imagmem renovet neve ultra amara admonitio oculis 
 ejus occurrat. Non invltus Pygmalion verba sororis audlvit 30 
 existimans cum ea et aurum Acerbae ad se venturum. 
 
 YI. Sed Elissa ministros migrationis a rege missos navibus 
 cum ommbus opibus suis prima vespera imponit provectaque 
 
— 26 — 
 
 in altum compellit eos onera harenae pro pecunia involu- 
 cris involuta in mare dejicere. Tunc deflens ipsa lugubrlque 
 voce Acerbam ciet: orat, ut libens opes suas recipTat, 
 quas reliquerat, babeatque inferias, quas habuerat causam 
 
 6 mortis. Tunc ipsos ministros adgreditur: sibi quidem ait 
 optatam olim mortem, sed illis acerbos cruciatus et dira sup- 
 plicia imminere, qui Acerbae opes, quarum spe parricidium 
 rex fecerit, avaritiae tyranni subtraxerint. Hoc metu omnibus 
 injecto comites fugae accepit. Junguntur et senatorum in eam 
 
 lonoctem praeparata agmina atque ita sacris Herculis, cujus 
 sacerdos Acerbas fuerat, repetltis exsilio sedes quaerunt. 
 
 YII. Primus illis appulsus terrae Cyprus insula fuit, ubi 
 sacerdos Jo vis cum conjuge et liberis deorum monitu comitem 
 se Elissae sociumque praebuit, pactus sibi posterisque perpe- 
 
 i5tuum honorem sacerdotii. CondicTo pro manifesto ornine 
 accepta. Virgmes LXXX admodum Cyprias raptas navibus 
 imponi Elissa jubet, ut et juventus matrimoma et urbs subo- 
 lem habere posset. Dum hacc aguntur, Pj-gmalion cognita 
 sororis fuga, cum impio bello fugientem persequi parasset, 
 
 2oaegre precibus matris deorumque minis victus quievit: cui 
 cum inspirati vates canerent, non iraptine incrementa urbis 
 toto orbe auspicatissimae interpellaturum esse, hoc modo spa- 
 tium respirandi fugientibus datum. Itaque Elissa delata in 
 Africae sinum incolas ejus loci adventu peregrinorum mutu- 
 
 25arumque rerum commercTo gaudentes in amicitiam sollicitat: 
 dein empto loco, qui corio bovis tegi posset, in quo fessos 
 longa navigatione socTos, quoad proficisceretur, reficere pos- 
 set, corium in tenuissimas partes secari jubet atque ita majus 
 loci spatium, quam petierat, occupat: unde postea ei loco 
 
 30 Byrsae nomen fuit. 
 
 YIII. Confluentibus deinde vicinis locorum, qui spe lucri 
 multa hospitibus venalia inferebant, sedesque ibi statuentibus 
 ex frequentia hominum velut instar civitatis effectum est. 
 
— 27 — 
 
 XJticensmm quoque legati dona ut consanguineis attulerunt 
 hortatique sunt, urbem sibi conderent, ubi sedes sortiti essent. 
 Sed et Afros detinendi advenas amor cepit. Itaque consen- 
 tientibus omnibus Carthago conditur statuto annuo vectigali 
 pro solo urbis. In primis fundamentis caput bubulura inven- 5 
 turn est, quod auspicium fructuosae quidem, sed laboriosao 
 perpetuoque servae urbis fuit; propter quod in alium locum 
 urbs translata. Ibi quoque equi caput repertum, bellicosum 
 potentemque populum futurum significans, urbi auspicatam 
 sedem dedit. Tunc ad opinionem novae urbis concurrentibus 10 
 gentibus brevi et populus et civitas magna facta. 
 
 IX. Condita est haec urbs LXXII annis ante quam Roma: 
 cujus virtus sicut bello clara fuit, ita rei publicae status variis 
 discordiarum casibus agitatus est. Cum inter cetera mala 
 etiam peste laborarent, cruenta sacrorum religione et scelere 15 
 pro remedio usi sunt: quippe homines ut victimas immolabant 
 et impuberes, quae aetas etiam hostium misericordiam provo- 
 cat, aris admovebant, pacem deorum sanguine eorum expo- 
 scentes, pro quorum vita di rogari maxime solent. 
 
— 28 — 
 
 C. JULIUS CAESAE. 
 
 10. First landing in Britain. 
 
 I. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his locis, 
 quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt hie- 
 
 6 nies, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod omnibus 
 fere GallTcis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia 
 intelligebat: et, si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum deficeret, 
 tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam. 
 adisset, genus hommurn pcrspexisset, loca, portus, aditus 
 
 locognovisset: quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. ]S"eque 
 enim temere praetor mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis 
 ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimam atque eas regiones, 
 quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque evocatis ad se 
 undique mercatoribus neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo, 
 
 15 neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quern 
 usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui 
 essent ad majorum navium multitudmem idonei portus, repe- 
 rlre poterat. 
 
 II. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periciilum faceret, 
 aoidoneura esse arbitratus Gajum Yolusenum cum navi longa 
 
 praemittit. Huic mandat, uti exploratis omnibus rebus ad se 
 quam primum revertatur: ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos 
 proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam tra- 
 jectus. Hue naves undique ex finitimis regionibus et, quam 
 25 superiore aestate ad Yeneticum bellum fecerat, classem jubet 
 con venire. Interim consilio ejus cognito et per mercatores 
 perlato ad Britannos a compluribus ejus insulae civitatibus ad 
 
— 29 — 
 
 eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque ira- 
 perio populi Romrmi obtemperare. Quibus audltis, liberaliter 
 poUicitus hortatusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos 
 domura remittit et cum his una Commium, quern ipse Atreba- 
 tibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus et virtutem et s 
 consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem arbitrabatur, cujus- 
 que auctoritas in iis regionibus magni habebatur, mittit. Huic 
 imperat, quas possit, adeat civitates horteturque ut populi 
 Romani fidem sequantur; seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. 
 Yolusenus perspectis regionibus quantum ei facultatis dariio 
 potiiit, qui'navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet, 
 quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur; quaeque ibi perspexisset 
 renuntiat. 
 
 III. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa 
 moratur, ex magna parte ^lorinorum ad cum legati venerunt, is 
 qui se de superioris temporis consilTo excusarent, quod homi- 
 nes barbari et nostrae consuetudmis impcriti bell am populo 
 Romano Iccissent, seque ea, quae imperasset, facturos pollice- 
 rentur. Hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar accidissc arbitratus, 
 quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, neque belli 20 
 gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem habebat, neque has 
 tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britanniae anteponendas 
 judicabat, magnum iis numerum obsTdum imperat. Quibus 
 adductis eos in fidem recepit. Navibus circiter octoginta 
 onerariis coactis contractisque, quod satis esse ad duas 25 
 transportandas legiones existimabat, quod praeterea navium 
 longarum habebat, quaestori, legatis praefectisquc distribiiit. 
 Hue accedebant octodecim onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco 
 ab milibus passiium octo vento tenebantur, quo minus in eun- 
 dem portum pervenire possent. Has equitibus distribiiit; re- 30 
 liquum exercTtum Quinto TiturTo Sabino et Lucio Aurunculejo 
 Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pages Morinorum, 
 ab quibus ad eum legati non venerant, deducendum dedit. 
 
— 30 — 
 
 Publium Sulpicium Rufum legatum cum eo praesidTo, quod 
 satis esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere jussit. 
 
 lY. His constitutis rebus nactus idoneam ad navigan- 
 dum tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in 
 
 5 ulteriorem portum progredi ct naves conscendere et se sequi 
 jussit: a quibus cum id paulo tardius essct adniinistratum, ipse 
 hora circTter diei quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam atti- 
 git atquc ibi in omnibus collTbus expositas hostium copTas ar- 
 matas conspexit. Cujus loci haec crat natura, atque ita mon- 
 
 10 tibus angustis marc continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in 
 littus telum adjTci posset. Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam 
 idoneum locum arbitratus, dum relTquae naves eo convenirent, 
 ad lioram nonam in ancoris cxspectavit. Interim legatis tri- 
 bunisquc milTtum convocatis et quae ex Yoluseno cognosset, 
 
 15 et quae fieri vellet, ostendit monuitque (ut rei militaris ratio, 
 maxime ut maritimae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque 
 instabTlcm motum haberent), ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res 
 ab iis administrarentur. His dimissis et ventum et aestum 
 uno tempore nactus secundum dato signo et sublatis ancoris 
 
 20 circiter milia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus aperto ac 
 piano littore naves constituit. 
 
 Y. At barbari consilio Romanorum cognito praemisso 
 equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti 
 consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti nostros navibus egredi 
 
 25 prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod 
 naves propter magnitudmcm nisi in alto constitiii non pote- 
 rant, militibus autem ignotis locis, impedltis manibus magno 
 et gravi armorum onerc oppressis simul et de navibus desili- 
 endum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat 
 
 sopugnandum, cum illi aut ex arido aut paululum in aquam 
 progressi omnibus membris expedltis notissTmis locis audac- 
 ter tela conjicerent et equos insuefactos incitarent. Quibus 
 rebus nostri perterriti atque hujus omnino generis pugnae 
 
— 31 — 
 
 imperiti non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in pedestribus 
 uti proelTis consueverant, utebantur. 
 
 YI. Quod ubi Caesar ammum advertit, naves longas, 
 quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum 
 expcditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis c 
 incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui atquc inde 
 fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac subraoveri jussit: 
 quae res magno usiii nostris fuit. Nam et navium figiira et 
 remorum motu et inusitato gen ere tormentor um permoti bar- 
 bari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem retulerunt. Atque lo 
 nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitudmem 
 maris, qui decTmae legionis aquilam ferebat, contestatus deos, 
 ut ea res legioni feliciter evenlret: ^^Desilite", inquit, '^com- 
 militones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere: ego certe 
 meum reipublTcae atque imperatori officTum praestitero". Hoc is 
 cum magna voce dixisset, se ex navi projecit atque in hostes 
 aquilam ferre coepit. Tum nostri cohortati inter se, ne tan- 
 tum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt: hos 
 item ex proximis navibus cum conspexissent, subsectiti hosti- 
 bus appropinquarunt. 20 
 
 11. On the habits of the Germans. 
 I. Gcrmani multum ab consuetudme Gallorum differunt: 
 nam neque druides habent, qui rebus divinis praesint, neque 
 sacrificiis student. Deorum numero eos solos ducunt, quos 
 cernunt et quorum aperte opibus juvantur, Solem et Yulcanum 25 
 et Lunam: reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt. Vita omnis 
 in vcnationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit. Agri- 
 culturae non student; majorque pars victus eorum in lacte, 
 caseo, came consistit: neque quisquam agri modum certum 
 aut fines habet proprTos; sed magistratus ac principes in annos so 
 singulos gentibus cognationibusque hommum, qui una coie- 
 runt, quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt atque anno 
 
— 32 — 
 
 post alio transire cogunt. Ejus rei multas afferunt causas: ne 
 adsidua consuetudine capti studtum belli gerendi agricultura 
 commutent; ne latos fines parare studeant, potentioresque 
 humiliores possessionibus expellant; ne accuratius ad frigora 
 
 6 atque aestus vitandos aedificent; ne qua oriatur pecuniae cu- 
 piditas, qua ex re factiones dissensionesque nascuntur; ut 
 animi aequitate plebem contineant, cum suas quisquc opes cum 
 potentissTmis aequari videat. 
 
 n. Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissimas circum 
 
 10 se vastatis finibus solitudines habere. Hoc proprium virtutis 
 existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere, neque quemquam 
 prope audere consistere: simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur, 
 repentlnae incursionis timore sublato. Cum bellum civitas 
 aut illatum defendit aut infert; magistratus, qui ei bello prae- 
 
 i5sint, ut vitae necisque habeant potestatem, deliguntur. In 
 pace nullus est communis magistratus, sed princTpes regionum 
 atque pagorum inter suos jus dicunt controversiasque minu- 
 unt. Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines 
 cujusque civitatis fiunt, atque ea juventutis exercendae ac de- 
 
 20 sidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant. Atque ubi quis ex 
 principibus in concilTo dixit se ducem fore, qui sequi velint, 
 profiteantur, consurgunt ii, qui et causam et hominem pro- 
 bant, suumque auxilium poUicentur atque ab multitudine col- 
 laudantur: qui ex iis secuti non sunt, in desertorum ac prodi- 
 
 25torum numero ducuntur, omniumque his rerum postea fides 
 derogatur. Hospites violare fas non putant; qui quaque de 
 causa ad eos venerunt, ab injuria prohibent, sanctos habent, 
 hisque omnium domus patent victusque communicatur. 
 
33 — 
 
 M. TULLIUS CICEKO. 
 
 12. Solon. 
 
 I. Prudentissima civitas Atheniensium, dum ea rerum potlta 
 est, fuisse traditur. Ejus civitatis sapientissTmum Solonem di- 
 cunt fuisse, eum qui leges quibus hodie quoque utuntur scripse- 5 
 rit. Cujus imprimis versutum et callidum factum est quod, quo 
 et tutior vita ejus esset et plus aliquando rei publicae prodesset 
 furere se simulaverit. Idem cum interrogaretur, cur nullum 
 supplicium constituisset in eum qui parentem necasset, respon- 
 dit se id neminem facturum putasse. Sapienter fecisse dicitur 10 
 cum de eo nihil sanxerit, quod antea commissum non erat, ne 
 non tam prohibere quam admonere videretur. Idem contincri 
 rem publicam duabus rebus dixit: praemTo et poena. Idem ca- 
 pite sanxit, si qui in seditione non alterlus utrlus partis fuisset. 
 
 II. Honestum illud Solonis est quod ait versiculo quodam: 15 
 ^^senescere se multa in dies addiscentem"; qua voluptate animi 
 nulla certe potest esse major. Prudentibus enim et bene insti- 
 tutis studia doctrlnae pariter cum aetate crescunt. 
 
 Animosior etiam interdum senectus est quam adulescentia 
 et fortior. Hoc illud est quod Pisistrato — cujus orientemso 
 tyranmdem multo ante prospexerat vir prudens in re publica 
 exercitatus — a Soloue rcsponsura est, cum illi quaerenti, qua 
 tandem spe fretus sibi tam audaciter obsisteret, respondisse 
 traditur: Senectute. — Ejusdem Solonis elogium est, quo se 
 negat velle suam mortem dolore amicorum et lamentis vacare: 25 
 Mors mea ne careat lacrTinis; linquamus amicis 
 Maerorem, ut*) celebrent funera cum geinitu. 
 
 *) Maerorem, ut — to he read, maeror' ut. 
 
— 34 — 
 
 13. Leonidas. 
 
 I. Praeclarae sunt mortes imperatoriae. Leonidas, rex 
 Lacedaemoniorum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos quos 
 eduxerat Sparta, cum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut glo- 
 
 5riosa mors, opposuit hostibus. — Idem Leonidas: 'Trandete", 
 inquit, ^'animo forti, Lacedaemonii, hodie apud inferos fortasse 
 cenabimus". — Ibi alacri magnoque animo occiderunt omnes, 
 in quos Simonides: 
 
 ^'Dic, hospes, Spartae nos te vidisse jacentes, 
 
 10 Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obsequTmur". 
 
 II. Fuit haec gens fortis dum Lycurgi leges vigebant. E 
 quibus unus, cum Perses hostis in colloquTo dixisset glorians: 
 ''Solcm prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non vide- 
 bitis", — '^In umbra igitur", inquit, ''pugnabimus". Yiros 
 
 iscommemoro; qualis tandem Lacaena? quae cum filTum in proe- 
 ITum misisset et interfectum audisset: "'Idcirco", inquit, '^ge- 
 nueram, ut esset qui pro patria mortem non dubitaret occum- 
 bere". Esto: fortes et duri Spartiatae; magnam habet vim 
 rei publicae disciplina. 
 
 20 IJf' Tliemistocles. 
 
 I. Tliemistocles post victoriam ejus belli quod cum Persis 
 fait dixit in contione se habere consilium rei publicae salutare, 
 sed id sciri non opus esse: postulavit, ut aliqucm populus 
 daret quocum communicaret. Datus est Aristldes. Huic ille, 
 
 25 classem Lacedaemoniorum quae subducta esset ad Gjtheum 
 clam incendi posse, quo facto frangi Lacedaemoniorum opes 
 necesse esset. Quod Aristldes cum audisset, in contioncm 
 magna exspectatione venit dixitque perutTle esse consilium 
 quod Tliemistocles adfcrret, sed minime honestum. Itaque 
 
 30 Athenicnses, quod honestum non esset, id ne utfle quidem 
 putaverunt totamque eam rem, quam ne audierant quidem, 
 auctore Aristlde repudiaverunt. 
 
— 35 — 
 
 II. Apud Graecos fertur incredibili quadam magnitudine 
 consilii atque ingenii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles: ad 
 quern quidam doctus homo atque in primis erudltus accessisse 
 dicitur eique artem memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur, 
 pollicTtus esse se tradittirum; cum ille quaesisset, quidnam ilia b 
 ars cfficere posset, dixisse ilium doctorem: ut omnia memi- 
 nisset; et ei Themistoclem respondisse, gratms sibi ilium esse 
 facturum, si se oblivisci quae vellet quam si meminisse do- 
 cuisset. 
 
 III. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod som- lo 
 num capere non posset: quaerentibus respondebat, Miltiadis 
 tropaeis se e somno suscitari. 
 
 Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in jurgTo respondisse, 
 cum ille dixisset non eum sua, sed patriae gloria splendorem 
 adsecutum: ^'Nec hercule", inquit, ^'si ego Seriphius essem, 15 
 nee tu, si Atheniensis esses, clarus umquam fuisses". 
 
 Idem cum consuleretur utrum bono viro pauperi an minus 
 probato diviti filiam collocaret: '^Ego vero", inquit, ''male 
 virum, qui pecunia egeat, quam pecumam, quae viro". 
 
 15. Alexander the Great. 20 
 
 I. Qua nocte templum- Ephesiae Dianae deflagravit, eadem 
 constat ex Olympiade natum esse Alexandrum; atque ubi 
 lucere coepisset, clamitasse Magos pestem ac pernicTem Asiae 
 proxima nocte natam. Concinne Timaeus in historia adjunxit, 
 minime id esse mirandum quod Diana, cum Olympiadi adesse 25 
 voluisset, abfuisset domo, 
 
 II. Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille 
 Alexander secum habuisse dicitur I Atque is tamen, cum in 
 Sigeo ad A chillis tumiilum adstitisset: *^0 fortunate", inquit, 
 '^adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem invene-30 
 risi" Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus 
 qui corpus ejus contexerat nomen etiam obruisset. 
 
— 36 — 
 
 III. Cum Ptolemaeus familiaris Alexandri in proelio telo 
 venenato ictus esset eoque vulnere summo cum dolore morere- 
 tur, rex adsidens somno est consopltus. Tum secundum quie- 
 tem visus ei dicTtur draco is, quem mater OlympTas alebat, 
 
 6 radiculam ore ferre et simul dicere quo ilia loco nasceretur — 
 neque is longe aberat ab eo loco, — ejus autem esse vim tan- 
 tam ut Ptolemaeum facile sanaret. Cum Alexander experrec- 
 tus narrasset amicis somnium, emisisse qui illam radiculam 
 quaererent: qua inventa, et Ptolemaeus sanatus dicitur et 
 
 lomulti milites qui erant eodem genere teli vulnerati. 
 
 lY. Est profecto quiddam etiam in barbaris gentibus prae- 
 sentiens atque divlnans, siquTdem ad mortem proficiscens 
 Calanus Indus, — indoctus et barbarus, in radicTbus Caucasi 
 natus, — cum inscenderet in rogum ardentem quo sua volun- 
 
 letate vivus combureretur: '^0 praeclarum discessum", inquit, 
 *'e vita, cum, ut Herculi contTgit, mortali corpore cremato in 
 lucem animus excessSritI" Cumque Alexander eum rogaret, 
 si quid vellet ut dicSret: '^Optime", inquit, ^'propediem te vi- 
 debo". Quod ita contTgit. Nam Babylone paucis post diebus 
 
 20 Alexander est mortiius. 
 
 16. Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse. 
 I. Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fuit 
 Dionysius, cum quinque et viginti natus annos dominatum 
 occupavisset. Qua pulchritudine urbem, qui bus autem opibus 
 
 25praedTtam servitute oppressam teniiit civitatemi Atqui de 
 hoc homine a bonis auctoribus sic scriptum accepimus, sum- 
 mam fuisse ejus in victu temperantiam in rebusque gerundis 
 virum acrem et industrium, eundem tamen maleficum natura 
 et injustum. Ex quo omnibus bene veritatem intuentibus 
 
 sovideri necesse est miserrimum. Ea enim ipsa quae concu- 
 pierat ne tum quidem, cum omnia se posse censebat, conse- 
 
 ' quebatur. 
 
— 3t - 
 
 II. Qui cum esset bonis parentibus atque honesto loco 
 natus, — etsi id quidem alms alio modo tradidit, — abun- 
 daretque acqualium familiaritatibus et consuetudme propin- 
 quorum, credebat eorum nemmi, sod eis, quos ex familiis 
 locupletium servos delegerat, quibus nomen servitutis ipse 5 
 detraxerat, et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris corporis 
 custodiam committebat. Ita propter injustam dominatus cupi- 
 ditatem in carcerem quodam modo ipse se incluserat. Quin 
 etiam ne tonsori colMm committeret, tondere filTas suas docuit. 
 Ita sordido atque ancillari artificio regiae virgmes ut tonstri- 10 
 culae tondebant barbam et capillum patris. Et tamen ab eis 
 ipsis, cum jam essent adultae, ferrum removit instituitque ut 
 candentibus juglandium putaminibus barbam sibi et capillum 
 adurerent. 
 
 III. Cumque duas uxores haberet, Aristomachen civemis 
 suam, Doridem autem Locrensem, sic ad eas ventitabat ut 
 omnia specularetur et perscrutaretur ante. Et cum fossam 
 latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset ej usque fossae transitum 
 ponticiilo ligneo conjunxisset, eum ipsum, cum forem cubiciili 
 clauserat, detorquebat. Idemque cum in communibus sug-20 
 gestis consistere non auderet, contionari ex turri alta solebat. 
 Atque is cum pila ludere vellet, — studiose enim id factitabat, 
 — tunicamque poneret, adulescentiilo quem amabat tradidisse 
 gladium dicitur. Hie cum quidam familiaris jocans dixisset: 
 '^Huic quidein certe vitam tuam committis", adrisissetque 25 
 adulescens, utrumque jussit interfici: alterum quia viam de- 
 monstravisset interimendi sui, alterum quia dictum id risu 
 approbavisset. Atque eo facto sic doluit, nihil ut tulerit gra- 
 vius in vita: quem enim vehementer amarat occiderat. Sic 
 distrahuntur in contrarias partes impotentmm cupiditates. 30 
 
 ly. Quamquam hie quidem tjrannus ipse judicavit quam 
 esset beatus. Nam cum quidam ex ejus adsentatorilnis, Da- 
 mocles, commemoraret in sermone copTas ejus, opes, majestatem 
 
— 38 ~ 
 
 dominatus, rerum abundantiam, magnificentiam aedium re- 
 giarum, negaretque unquam beatiorem quemquam fuisse: 
 ^'Yisne igitur", inquit, ''o Damocle, quoniam te haec vita 
 delectat, ipse eandem degustare et fortunam experiri meam?" 
 
 5 Cum se ille cupere dixisset, collocari jussit hommem in aureo 
 lecto strato pulchemmo textlli stragulo, magnificis operibus 
 picto, abacosque complures ornavit argento auroque caelato. 
 Turn ad mensam eximia forma pueros delectos jussit consistere 
 eosque nutum illius intucntes diligenter tninistrare. Aderant 
 
 lounguenta, coronae; incendcbantur odores; mensae conquisitis- 
 sTmis epulis exstruebantur. 
 
 Y. Fortunatus sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio 
 apparatu fulgentem gladium e lacunar! saeta equina aptum 
 demitti jussit, ut impenderet illius beati cervicibus. Itaque 
 
 15 nee pulchros illos ministratores aspiciebat nee plenum artis 
 argentum nee manum porrigebat in mensam; jam ipsae de- 
 fluebant coronae: deniquc exoravit tyrannum, ut abire liceret, 
 quod jam beatus nollet esse. Satisne videtur declarasse Di- 
 onysius, nihil esse ei beatum cui semper alTqui terror im- 
 
 20 pendeat ? 
 
 YI. Damonem et Phintiam Pythagoreos ferunt hoc ammo 
 inter so fuisse ut, cum eorura alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem 
 necis destinavisset et is qui morti addictus esset paucos sibi 
 dies commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas factus 
 
 25 sit alter ejus sistendi, ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum 
 esset ipsi. Qui cum ad diem se recepisset, admiratus eorum 
 fidem tyrannus petlvit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium adscri- 
 berent. 
 
 YII. Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinac Locris expila- 
 
 3ovisset, navigabat Syractisas; isque cum secundissimo vento 
 cursum teneret, ridens: ^'Yidetisne", inquit, '^amlci, quam 
 bona a dis immortalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur?" Idque 
 homo acutus cum bene planeque percepisset, in eadem sententia 
 
— 39 — 
 
 perseverabat: qui cum ad Peloponnesum classem appulis- 
 set et in fanum venisset Jovis Olympii, aureum ei detraxit 
 amiculum grandi pondere, quo Jovem ornarat e manubiis 
 Carthaginiensium tyrannus Gelo, atque in eo etiam cavillatus 
 est, aestate grave esse aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum, 5 
 elque laneum pallium injecit, cum id esse aptum ad omne anni 
 tempus diceret. Idemque AesculapTi Epidauri barbam auream 
 demi jussit; neque enim convenire barbatum esse filTum, cum 
 in omnibus fanis pater imberbis esset. 
 
 YIII. Idem mensas argenteas de omnibus delubris jussit 10 
 auferri, in quibus quod more veteris GraecTae inscriptum esset 
 ''Bonorum Deorum", uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. 
 Idem Yictoriolas aureas et pateras et coronas, quae simula- 
 crorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione 
 tollebat eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat: esse enim 15 
 stultitiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab eis porrigentibus et 
 dantibus nolle sumere. Eumdemque ferunt haec quae dixi 
 sublata de fanis in forum protulisse et per praeconem vendi- 
 disse exactaque pecunia edixisse ut, quod quisque a sacris 
 haberet, id ante diem certam in suum quidque fanum referret. 20 
 Ita ad impietatem in deos in liommes adjunxit injuriam. 
 
 17. Socrates. 
 I. De Socrate accepTmus et ab ipso in libris Socraticorum 
 saepe dicitur, esse divlnum quiddam (quod daemonium appcl- 
 lat) cui semper ipse paruerit, numquam impellenti, saepe 25 
 revocanti. Et Socrates quidem — quo quem auctorem me- 
 liorem quaerimus? — Xenophonti consulenti sequereturno 
 Cyrum, postea quam exposuit quae ipsi videbantur: ^^Et no- 
 strum quidem", inquit, '^lumanum est consilium, sod de rebus 
 et obscuris et incertis ad ApollTnem censeo referendum"; ad 30 
 quem etiam Athenienses publico de majoribus rebus semper 
 rettulerunt. — Scriptum est item, cum Critonis sui familiaris 
 
— 40 — 
 
 oculum adligatum vidisset, quaesivisse quid esset; cum autem 
 ille respondisset in agro ambulanti ramulum adductum, ut 
 remissus esset in oculum suum recidisse, turn Socrates : ' 'Non 
 enim paruisti mihi revocanti, cum uterer qua soleo praesagi- 
 
 stione divina". — Idem etiam Socrates, cum apud Delium male 
 pugnatum esset Lachete praetore fugeretque cum ipso Lachete, 
 ut ventum est in trivium, eadem qua ceteri fugere noliiit. 
 Quibus quaerentlbus cur non eadem via pergeret, deterreri se 
 a deo dixit. Tum quidem ei qui alia via fugerant in bostium 
 
 10 equitatum inciderunt. 
 
 II. Memoriam Plato, Socratem sccutus magistrum, recor- 
 dationem esse vult superioris vitae. Nam in illo libro qui 
 inscribitur Meno pusionem quemdam Socrates interrogat quae- 
 dam de dimensione quadrati. Ad ea sic ille respondit ut 
 
 ispuer, et tamen ita facTles interrogationes sunt ut gradatim 
 respondens eodem pervemat quo si geometrTca didicisset. Ex 
 quo effici vult Socrates, ut discerc nihil alTud sit nisi recordari. 
 
 III. Socrates, cum esset ex eo quaesTtum Archelaum, 
 Perdiccae filium, qui tum fortunatissTmus liaberetur, nonne 
 
 2obeatum putaret: '^Haud scio", inquit, ''numquam enim cum 
 eo collocutus sum". — ^^Ain tu? An tu aliter id scire non 
 potes?" — ^'Nullo niodo". — ^'Tu igitur ne de Persarum qui- 
 dem rege magno potes dicere beatusne sit?" — 'An ego 
 possim, cum ignorem quam sit doctus, quam vir bonus?" — 
 
 25 ''Quid? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam putas?" — "Ita prorsus 
 existimo: bonos beatos, improbos miseros". — ''Miser ergo 
 Arclielaus?" — "Certe, si injustus". 
 
 lY. Socrates, cum omnium sapientissTmus esset sanctis- 
 simeque vixisset, ita in judicTo capitis pro so ipse dixit, ut non 
 
 30 supplex aut reus, sed magister aut dommus videretur judicum. 
 Quin etiam cum ei scriptam orationem disertissimus orator 
 Lysias attulisset, quam si ei videretur edisceret, ut ea pro so 
 in judicTo uteretur, non invltus legit et commode scriptam esse 
 
„ 41 — 
 
 dixit; '^sed", inquit, ''ut si mihi calceos Sicyonios attulisses, 
 non uterer, quamvis essent hablles et apti ad pedem, quia non 
 essent virlles: sic illam orationem disertam sibi et oratoriam 
 videri, fortem et virllcm non videri". Ergo ille quoque dam- 
 natus est; iieque solum primis sententiis, quibus tantum sta- 5 
 tuebant judices, damnarent an absolverent, sed etiam illis quas 
 iterura legibus ferre debebant. Erat enim Athenis rco daranato, 
 si fraus non capitalis esset, quasi poenae aestimatio; et sen- 
 tentia cum judicibus daretur, interrogabatur reus, quam quasi 
 aestimationem commeruisse se maxime confiteretur. Quod 10 
 cum interrogatus Socrates esset, respondit sese meruisse ut 
 amplissTmis honoribus et praemiis decoraretur et ut ei victus 
 cotidianus in Prytaneo publice praeberetur, qui honos apud 
 Graecos maximus habetur. Cujus responso judices sic exar- 
 serunt, ut capitis hominem innocentissTmum condemnarent. 15 
 
 Y. Est apud Platonem Socrates, cum esset in custodia 
 publica, dicens Critoni suo familiari sibi post tertium diem 
 esse moriendum: vidisse sc in somnis pulcliritudine eximia 
 femmam, quae se nomine appellans diceret Homericum quem- 
 dam ejus modi versum: 20 
 
 'Tertia te Plithlae tempestas laeta locabit." 
 Quod ut est dictum, sic scribitur contigisse. 
 
 YI. Et supremo vitae die de animi immortalitate multa 
 disseruit et paucis ante diebus, cum facile posset educi e cu- 
 stodia, noluit et tum paene in manu jam mortiferum illud25 
 tenens pociilum locutus ita est, ut non ad mortem trudi, verum 
 in caelum videretur adscendere. Ita enim censebat itaque 
 disseruit: duas esse vias duplicesque cursus animorum e cor- 
 pore excedentium. Nam qui se humanis vitiis contaminavis- 
 sent et se totos libidimbus dedissent, quibus caecati velso 
 domesticis vitiis atque flagitiis se inquinavissent vel re publica 
 yiolanda fraudes inexpiabfles concepissent, eis devium quod- 
 dam iter esse, seclusum a concilio deorum; qui autem se 
 
— 42 — 
 
 integros castosque servavissent qui ij usque fuisset minima cum 
 corporibus contagio seseque ab eis semper sevocavissent 
 essentque in corporibus liumanis vitam imitati deorum, eis ad 
 illos, a quibus essent profecti, reditum facTlem patera. Itaque 
 
 5 commemorate ut cycni, qui non sine causa Apollmi dicati sint 
 sed quod ab eo divinationem habere videantur qua providentes 
 quid in morte boni sit cum cantu et voluptate moriantur, — 
 sic omnibus bonis et doctis esse faciendum. 
 
 VII. His et talibus fere verbis cum de immortalitate ani- 
 
 10 morum disputavisset et jam moriendi tempus urgeret, rogatus 
 a Critone quem ad modum sepeliri vellet: '^Multam Ycro", 
 inquit, '^operam, amici, frustra consumpsi. Critoni enim 
 nostro non persuasi me hinc avolaturum neque mei quidquam 
 relicturum. Yerum tamen, Crito, si me adsequi potueris aut 
 
 15 sicubi nactus eris, ut tibi videbitur, sepellto. Sed, mihi crede, 
 nemo me vestrum, cum hinc excessero, consequetur. " Prae- 
 clare id quidcm, qui et amlco pcrmiserit et se ostenderit de 
 hoc toto genere nihil laborare. 
 
 18. Demosthenes. 
 
 20 I. In Atheniense Demosthene tantum studium fuisse tan- 
 tusque labor dicTtur, ut primum impedimenta naturae dili- 
 gentia industriaque superaret; cumque ita balbus esset, ut 
 ejus ipsius artis cui studeret primam literam non posset dicere, 
 perfecit meditando, ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur. 
 
 25Deinde cum spiritus ejus esset angustior, tantum. continenda 
 anima in dicendo est adsecutus, ut una continuatione ver- 
 borum, id quod- ejus scripta declarant, binae ei contentiones 
 vocis et remissiones continerentur; qui etiam, ut memoriae 
 proditum est, conjectis in os calculis, summa voce versus 
 
 somultos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuescebat; neque is con- 
 sistens in loco, sed inambulans atque adscensu ingrediens 
 arduo. 
 
In Phalericum portum descenderc ibique ad fluctum ajunt 
 declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum maris adsues- 
 ceret voce vincere. 
 
 II. Demosthenes illo susnrro delectari se dicebat aquam 
 ferentis mulierculae, nt mos in Graecia est, insusurrantisque 5 
 alteri: ^'Hic est ille Demosthenes ! " — Quid hoc Icvius? At 
 quantus orator ! 
 
 Sine actione summus orator esse in numero nullo potest, 
 raediocris hac instructus summos saepe superare. Huic pri- 
 mas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, cum rogaretur quid in di- 10 
 cendo esset primum; huic secundas, huic tertias. Quo mihi 
 melius ctiam illud ab Aeschme dictum videri solet; qui cum 
 propter ignomimam judicii cessisset Athenis et se Rhodum 
 contulisset, rogatus a Rhodiis legisse fertur orationem illam 
 egregiam quam in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat; 15 
 qua perlecta petltum est ab eo postridie, ut legeret illam etiam 
 quae erat contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita. Quam 
 cum suavissTma et maxima voce legisset admirantibus om- 
 nibus: ^'Quanto", inquit, ''magis miraremmi si audissetis 
 ipsum!" — Ex quo satis significavit quantum esset in actione, 20 
 qui orationem eamdem aliam fore putarit actore mutato. 
 
 19. The test sawce. 
 Parvo cultu natura contenta est. — Dareus in fuga cum 
 aquam turbidam et cadaveribus inquinatam bibisset, negavit 
 umquam se bibisse jucundTus; numquam scilicet sitlens bi-25 
 berat. Nee esuriens Ptolemaeus ederat; cui cum peragranti 
 Aegyptum comitibus non consecutis cibarius in casa panis 
 datus esset, nihil visum est illo pane jucundius. Socratem 
 ferunt, cum usque ad vesperum contentius ambularct quae- 
 situmque esset ex eo, qua re id faceret, respondisse se quo 30 
 melius cenaret opsonare ambulando famem. — Quid? victum 
 Lacedaemoniorum in phiditiis nonne videmus? Ubi cum 
 
~ 44 ~ 
 
 tyrannus cenavisset DionjsTus, negavit sc jure illo nigro, quod 
 cenae caput erat, dclectatum. Turn is qui ilia coxerat: '^Mi- 
 nime mirum; condimenta enim defuerunt". — *^Quae tandem?" 
 inquit ille. — ''Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotara, 
 
 5 fames, sitis. His enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epiilae con- 
 diuntur". — Atque hoc non ex hominum more solum, sed 
 etiam ex bestiis intellegi potest: quae, ut quidquid objectum 
 est quod modo a natura non sit alienum, eo contentae non 
 quaerunt amplius. Civitates quaedam universae, more doctae, 
 
 10 parsimonia delectantur, ut de Lacedaemoniis paullo ante di- 
 ximus. Persarum a Xenophonte victus exponitur, quos negat 
 ad panem adhibere quidquam praeter nasturtium. 
 
 ^0. Burial service at Mhens. 
 Athenis jam ille mos a Cecrope, ut ajunt, permansit cor- 
 
 15 pus terra humandi, quod cum proxTmi fecerant obductaque 
 terra erat, frugibus obserebatur, ut sinus et gremium quasi 
 matris mortuo tribueretur, solum autem frugibus expiatum, ut 
 vivis redderetur. Sequebantur epulae quas inlbant propinqui 
 coronati, apud quos de mortui laude cum quidquid veri erat 
 
 20 praedicatum, — nam mentlri nefas habebatur, — justa con- 
 fecta erant. Postea cum, ut scribit Phalereus, sumptuosa 
 fieri funera et lamentabilTa coepissent, Solonis lege sublata 
 sunt: de sepulcris autem nihil est apud Solonem amplTus quam 
 " ne quis ea deleat neve alienum inferat", poenaque est ''si 
 
 25 quis bustum, aut nionumentum ", inquit, "aut columnam vio- 
 larit, dejecerit, fregerit". Sed post aliquanto propter has 
 amplitu dines sepulcrorum, quas in Ceramlco yidemus, lege 
 sanctum est ' ' ne quis sepulcrum faceret operosius quam quod 
 decem homines efiecerint triduo". Neque id opere tectorio 
 
 30 exornari, nee Hermas hos, quos vocant licebat imponi, nee de 
 mortui laude nisi in publicis sepulturis nee ab alio nisi qui 
 publice ad eam rem constitutus esset dici licebat. Sublata 
 
— 45 — 
 
 etiam erat celebritas virorum ac mulierum, quo lamentatio 
 minuerctur: auget enim luctum concur sus hommum. 
 
 Sed ait rursus idem Demetrius increbruisse earn funerum 
 sepulcrorumque magnificentiam, quae nunc fere Romae est. 
 Quam consuetudmem lege minuit ipse. Fuit enim hie vir, ut 5 
 scitis, non solum eruditissimuS; sed etiam civis tuendae civi- 
 tatis peritissTmus. Iste igitur sumptum minuit non solum 
 poena^ sed etiam tempore: ante lucem enim jussit efferri. 
 Sepulcris autem novis finlvit modum. Nam super terrae tu- 
 mulum noluit quidquam statui nisi columellam tribus cubitis 10 
 non altiorem aut mensam aut labellum; et huic procurationi 
 certum magistratum praefecerat. 
 
 21. Aratus of Sicyon. 
 Aratus SicyonTus jure laudatur qui, cum ejus civitas quin- 
 quaginta annos a tyrannis teneretur, profectus Argis Sicyonem 15 
 clandestlno introitu urbe est potltus, cumque tyrannum Ni- 
 coclem improvTso oppressisset, sescentos exsules qui locuple- 
 tissimi fuerant ejus civitatis restituit remque publicam adventu 
 suo liberavit. Sed cum magnam animadverteret in bonis et 
 possessionibus difficultatem, quod et eos, quos ipse restituerat, 20 
 quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum esse arbi- 
 trabatur, et quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non 
 nimis aequum putabat, propterea quod tam longo spatio multa 
 hereditatibus, multa emptionibus, multa dotibus tenebantur 
 sine injuria: judicavit neque illis adimi nee his non satis fieri 25 
 quorum ilia fuerant oportere. Cum igitur statuisset opus esse 
 ad cam rem constituendam pecunia, Alexandriam se proficisci 
 velle dixit remque integram ad reditumsuum jussit esse; isque 
 celeriter ad Ptolemaeum suum hospitem venit, qui tum regna- 
 bat alter post Alexandriam conditam. Cui cum exposuisset 30 
 patriam se liberare velle causamque docuisset, a rege opulento 
 vir summus facile impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adjuvaretur. 
 
— 46 — 
 
 Quam cum Sicyonem attulisset adhibuit sibi in consilium 
 quindecim principes, cum quibus causas cognovit et eorum qui 
 aliena tenebant, et eorum qui sua amiserant; perfecitque 
 aestimandis possessionibus ut persuaderet aliis ut pecuniam 
 6 accipere mallent, possessionibus cederent, aliis ut commodTus 
 putarent numerari sibi quod tanti esset quam suum recuperare. 
 Ita perfectum est, ut omnes concordia constituta sine querella 
 discederent. virum magnum dignumque, qui in re publica 
 nostra natus esset I 
 
 10 22. A remarhable dream, 
 
 Clarum admodum sommnTum commemoratur. — Cum duo 
 quidam Arcades familiares iter una facerent et Megaram ve- 
 nissent, alterum ad cauponem devertisse, ad hospTtem alterum. 
 Qui ut cenati quiescerent, concubia nocte visum esse in somnis 
 
 15 ei qui erat in hospitio ilium alterum orare ut subvenlret, quod 
 sibi a caupone interitus pararetur; eum prime perterritum 
 somnio surrexisse: dein cum se collegisset idqiie visum pro 
 nihilo habendum esse duxisset, recubuisse; tum ei dormienti 
 eumdem ilium visum esse rogare ut, quomam sibi vivo non 
 
 20 subvenisset mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur, se inter- 
 fectum in plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum et supra stcrcus 
 injectum; petere ut mane ad portam adesset, prius quam plau- 
 strum ex oppido exiret. Hoc vero eum somnio commotum 
 mane bubulco praesto ad portam fuisse, quaesisse ex eo quid 
 
 25 esset in plaustro: ilium perterritum fugisse, mortuum eriitum 
 esse, cauponem re patefacta poenas dedisse. 
 
— 41 
 
 PHAEDRUS. 
 
 23. The luolf and the lamh. 
 
 Ad viwum*) eundem lupus et agnus veneraut 
 Siti compulsi ; superior stabat lupus 
 
 Longequ(? inferior agnus. Tunc fauce improba 6 
 
 Latro incitatus jurgii causam intulit. 
 Cur, inquit, turbulentam fecisti mihi 
 Aquam bibenti ? Laniger contra timens: 
 Qui possum, quaeso facere, quod quereris, lupe ? 
 A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor. lo 
 
 Kepulsus ille veritatis viribus: 
 Ante hos sex menses male, ait, dixisti mihi. 
 Eespondit agnus: equidem natus non eram. 
 Pater hercle tuus ibi, inquit, male dixit mihi. 
 Atque ita correptum lacerat injusta nece. 15 
 
 Haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula, 
 Qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt. 
 
 2-4' The frogs and their king. 
 
 Ath^nae cum florerent aequis legibus, 
 Procax libertas civitatem miscuit 20 
 
 Frenumque solvit pristinum licentia. 
 Hie conspiratis factionum partibus 
 Arcem tyrannus occupat Pisistratus. 
 Cum tristem servitutem flerent Attici, 
 
 (Non quia crudelis ille, sed quoniam grave 25 
 
 Omne insuetis onus) et coepiss6nt queri, 
 Aesopus talem tum fabellam rettulit. 
 
 Banae vagantes liberis paludibus 
 Clamore magno r^gem petiere a Jove, 
 
 *) Syllables printed in ItoXics are suppressed by Elision. {887,) 
 
^ 48 — 
 
 Qui dissolutos mores vi compesceret. 
 Pat^r deorum risit atque illis dedit 
 Parviim tigillum, missum quod subit6 vadi 
 Motu sonoque terruit pavidiim genus. 
 
 5 Hoc mersum limo cum jac6ret diiitius, 
 
 Forte una tacite profert e stagno caput 
 Et explorato rege cunctas evocat. 
 Illae timore posito certatiwi adnatant 
 Lignumque supra turba petulans insilit. 
 
 10 Quod cum inquinassent omni conturaelia, 
 
 Alium rogantes regem misery ad Jovem, 
 Iniitilis quoniam 6sset qui fuerat datus. 
 Turn misit illis hydrum, qui dente aspero 
 Corripere coepit singulas. Frustra necem 
 
 16 Fugilant inertes, vocem praecludit metus. 
 
 Furtim igitur dant Merciirio mandata ad Jovem, 
 Adflictis ut succurrat. Tunc contra deus: 
 Quia noluistis vestrum ferre, inquit, bonum, 
 Malum perferte. — Vos quoque, o cives, ait, 
 
 20 Hoc sustinete, majus ne veniat malum. 
 
 25. The ivolf and the crane. 
 Qui pretium meriti ab Improbis desiderat, 
 Bis peccat: primum qu6nia?7i indignos adjuvatj 
 Impune abire deinde quia jam non potest. 
 
 26 Os devoratum fauce cum baererdt lupi, 
 
 Magno dolore victus coepit singulos 
 micere pretio, ut Illud extraberent malum. 
 Tandem persuasa est jure jurando gruis, 
 Gulaeque credens colli longitudinem, 
 
 30 Periculosam fecit medicinam lupo. 
 
 A quo cum pactum flagitaret praemium: 
 Ingrata es, inquit, ore quae e nostro caput 
 Incolume abstuleris ^t mercedem postules. 
 
— 49 — 
 
 26. The ass and the lion in partnership, 
 
 Yirtiitis expers verbis jactans gloriam 
 Ignotos fallit, notis est derisui. 
 
 Venari asello comite cum vell^t leo, 
 Cont^xit ilium frutice et admonuit simul, 6 
 
 Ut insueta voce terreret feras, 
 Fugientes ipse exciperet. Hie auritulus 
 Clamorem subito totis tollit viribus, 
 Novoque turbat bestias miraculo. 
 
 Quae diim paventes exitus notos petunt, lo 
 
 Leonis adfligimtur liorrendo impetu. 
 Qui postquam caede fessus est, asin um evocat 
 Jub^tque vocem pr^mere. Tunc ille insolens: 
 Quails videtur opera tibi vocis meae ? 
 
 Insignis, inquit, sic ut, nisi nossem tuum 16 
 
 Animum genusque, simili fugissem metu. 
 
 27. The fox and the crow. 
 
 Qui 86 laudari gaiidet verbis subdolis, 
 Sera dat poenas turpes poenit^ntia. 
 
 Cum de fenestra corvus raptum caseum 20 
 
 Comesse vellet, celsa residens arbore, 
 Yulpes hunc vidit, delude sic coeplt loqui: 
 qui tuarum, corve, pennarum est niter ! 
 Quantum decoris corpore et vultu geris ! 
 Si vocem liaberes, nulla prior ales foret. 26 
 
 At ille stultus, dum vult vocem ost^ndere, 
 Emisit ore caseum, quem cel^riter 
 Dolosa vulpes avidis rapuit dentibus. 
 Turn d^mwm ingemuit corvi deceptiis stupor. 
 
 28. Tl%e aged lion, 9o 
 
 Quicumque amisit dignitatem pristinam, 
 Ignavis etiam jocus est in casii gravi. 
 
 Def^ctus annis et desertus viribus 
 Leo cum jac6ret spiritum extremiim traliens, 
 
— 50 — 
 
 A-per fulmineis ad eum venit d^ntibus 
 Et vindicavit ictu Yeterem injiiriam. 
 Infestis taurus mox confodit cornibus 
 Hostile corpus. Asinus, ut vidit fcrum 
 6 Impime laedi, calcibus frontem extudit. 
 
 At ille exspirans: Fortes indigne tuli 
 Milii insultare: te, naturae dedecus, 
 Quod ferre cogor, c^rte bis videor mori. 
 
 £9. The hite and the cloves. 
 
 10 Qui se committit homini tutandwm improbo, 
 
 Auxilia dum requirit, exitii^m invenit. 
 
 Coliimbae saepe ciim fugissent miluum 
 Et celeritate pennae vitassent necem , 
 Consilium raptor vertit ad fallaciam 
 
 16 Et genus inerme tali decepit dolo: 
 
 Quare sollicitum potius aevum diicitis, 
 Quam regem me crcatis icLo foedere, 
 Qui vos ab omni tutas praeste^i injuria ? 
 Illae credentes tradunt scsc miluo; 
 
 20 Qui regnwm adeptus coepit vesci singulas 
 
 Et exercere imperium saevis iinguibus. 
 Tunc d6 relicuis una: Merito plectimur. 
 
 30. The two mules, 
 Mali gravati sarcinis ibant duo: 
 
 25 TJni'is ferebat fiscos cum pecimia, 
 
 Alter tumentes miilto saccos hordeo. 
 Ille onere dives celsa cervice 6minet 
 Clarlimque collo jactat tintinnabulum , 
 Corals quieto sequitur et placido gradu. 
 
 30 Subito latrones 6x insidiis advolant 
 
 Int^rque caedem ferro mulum sauciant, 
 Diripiunt nummos, neglegunt vile hordeum. 
 Spoliatus igitur casus cum fleret sues: 
 
— 61 — 
 
 Equidem, inquit alter, me contemptum gaudeo, 
 Nam nil amisi nee sum laesus vulnere. 
 
 Hoc argumento tuta est hominum tenuitas; 
 Magnae periclo sunt opes obnoxiae. 
 
 31. The dog and the wolf, 5 
 
 Quam diilcis sit libertas, breviter proloquan 
 Cani perpasto macie confectus lupus 
 Forte occucurrit. D6in salntatuon invicem 
 Ut restiterunt: Unde sic, quaeso, nites? 
 Aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis ? tb 
 
 Ego, qui sum longe fortior, pereo fame. 
 Canis simpliciter: eadem est condicio tibi, 
 Praestare domino si par officium potes. 
 Quod ? inquit ille. Gustos ut sis liminis, 
 A furibus tuearis et noctii domum. 15 
 
 Ego vero sum paratus: nunc patiOr nivcs 
 Imbresque in silvis asperam vitam trahens: 
 Quanto est facilius mihi sub tecto vivere, 
 Et otiosum largo satiari cibo ? 
 
 Veni ergo mecum. Dum procedunt, aspicit 20 
 
 Lupus a catena coilum detritiim cani. 
 Unde hoc, amice ? Nihil est. Die, quaeso, tamen. 
 Quia videor acer, alligant me interdiu. 
 Luce lit quiesca77i et vigilem, nox cum venerit: 
 Crepusculo solutus, qua visum est, vagor. 25 
 
 Adfertur ultro panis; de mensa sua 
 Dat ossa dominus; frusta jactant familia 
 Et, quod fastidit quisque, pulmentarium. 
 Sic sine labore venter impletiir mens. 
 
 Age, abire siquo est animus, est lic^ntia ? 30 
 
 Non plane est, inquit. Friiere, quae laudas, canis: 
 Regnare nolo, liber at non sim mihi. 
 
— 62 -- 
 
 32. The fox and the sour grapes. 
 Fame coacta viilpes alta in vinea 
 Uvam appetebat siimmis saliens viribus, 
 Quam tangere ut non potuit, discedens ait: 
 5 Nondiim matura est; nolo acerbam sumere. 
 
 Qui facere quae non possunt verbis elevant, 
 Adscribere hoc debebunt exempliira sibi. 
 
 33. The ungrateful snahe. 
 Qui fert malis auxilium, post tempiis dolet. 
 10 Gel II rigentem quidam colubram siistulit 
 
 Siniique fovit, contra Be ipse mis^ricors; 
 Namque lit refecta est, necuit hominem protinus. 
 Ilanc alia cum rogaret causam facinoris, 
 Respondit: Nequis discat prodesse improbis. 
 
 15 34' The discontented stag. 
 
 Laudatis utiliora, quae contempseris, 
 Saepe inveniri haec adserit narratio. 
 
 Ad fontem cervus, cum bibisset, restitit 
 Et in liquore vidit eflBgi^m suam. 
 
 20 Ibi diim ramosa mirans laudat cornua 
 
 Cruriimque nimiam tenuitatem vitiiperat, 
 Yenantum subito vocibus cont^rritus 
 Per campum fugere coepit et cursu levi 
 Canes elusit. Silva turn excepit ferum, 
 
 25 In qua retentis impeditus cornibus 
 
 Lacerari coepit morsibus saevis canum. 
 Tunc moriens vocem banc edidisse dicitur: 
 O me infelicem ! qui nunc demum int^llego, 
 Utilia mihi quam fiierint, quae desp^xeram, 
 
 30 Et, quae laudaram, quantum luctus habiierint 
 
NOTES. 
 
 M. JUSTINIANUS JUSTINUS. 
 
 Justin, of whose personal history nothing is Is:nown, is supposed 
 to have lived at Rome in the third century after Christ. He is the 
 author of a work entitled: HiMoriarum Philippicarum Libri 
 XLIV, founded on a lost work of Trogus Pompejus^ a historian of 
 the Augustan age. Justin seems to have compiled selections from 
 it, and his history contains a great variety of information that would 
 not otherwise have been preserved. His style is clear and some- 
 times elegant, and the greater part of his vocabulary may be found 
 in Livy. He has some peculiarities in diction and construction which 
 are not in accordance with those standards of prose, Caesar and 
 Cicero, but they will hardly injure the Latinity of beginners. 
 
 1. TJie Assyrians. 
 
 Page 
 
 3 principio rerum, Abl. of time when. 672.*) — penes reges, in the 1. 
 hands of the kings. 
 
 5 spectata inter bonos moderatio, moderation which had been 
 tried among the good. 
 
 6 nullis legibus, by no laws, Abl. of Means. go5. — pro legibus 
 erant, were instead of laws = supplied the place of laws. 
 
 8 intra suam cuique patriam, to each one within his own 
 country; quisque is generally placed after se, suus, qui; the Dative 
 cuique depends on finiebantur; it is used instead of the genitive 
 depending on patriam. — primus omnium; Partitive Genitive. 566. 6. 
 
 9 quasi avitum gentibus morem, a custom as it were hereditary 
 to the nations. 
 
 10 imperii cupiditate, by his ambition for power; Instmmental 
 Abl. 60S. 
 
 *) TJiese references are to paragraphs o/ Ahn-Henn's Latin Grammar. 
 
— 54 — 
 
 Page 
 
 1. 11 rudes resistendi popuios, nations inexperienced in making 
 resistance; adjectives denoting knowledge and their opposites take 
 the Genitive. 567. i; 843. 
 
 12 usque, as far as, with the Ace. termmos, to denote the place 
 whither. — quaesltae dominatiOnis, of the dominion that he had 
 sought for. 
 
 13 continua possessione, Instrumental Abl. eos. — domitis proxl- 
 mis, having subdued the nearest 7ieighbors; Abl. Absol. 837. 
 
 14 accessione virlum is Instrumental Abl. belonging to fortior. — 
 proxima quaeque victoria, evei^y last victot'y. 
 
 16 illi fuit, he had; Dative denoting the j^ossessor. 594. 
 
 17 qui dicitur, who is said; Nom. w. Inf. 821. 
 
 19 hoc occlso, Abl. Absol. 836. — relicto filio Ninya et uxore Se- 
 miramide; Abl. Absol; the Participle rehcto agrees with Ninya, and 
 is understood to Semiramide. 836. 
 
 21 murumque urbi cocto latere circumdedit, she put round the 
 city a wall of baked brick; circumdare takes a dative with an ac- 
 cusative, or an accusative with an ablative. 593. — cocto latere, 
 Abl. of Quality, 6I6. 
 
 22 liargnae vice, instead of sand. — bitumine interstrato, Abl. 
 
 Absol. 836. 
 
 24 praeclara, illustrious deeds; the neuter of the adjective used 
 as a substantive. 702. 
 
 25 imperio adjecit; verbs compounded with ad take the Dative. S92. 
 
 26 quos. .nemo intravit, into ivhose country, .no one penetrated. 
 
 2. 1 duo et XXX annos; time how long is in the Ace. 674. — regno 
 potlta, having held possession of the kingdom; potiri takes the 
 
 Abl. 626. 
 
 2 contentus takes the Abl. 625. — elaborate a parentibus imperio, 
 ivith the dominion acquired by the labors of his parents. 
 
 3 veliiti mutasset, as if he had changed; veluti, conjunction of 
 comparison, takes the Subjunctive. 772. 
 
 6 mille trecentos annos, time how long is in the Ace. 674. 
 
 8 muliere corruptior, more corrupt than a woman; Abl. of Com- 
 parison. 609, 
 
— 55 — 
 
 Page 
 
 9 ad hunc videndum, to see Mm; the Ace. of the Gerund is fre- 2. 
 quently used after ad to denote purpose. 845. 
 
 10 praefectus ipsius Medis praepositus, his oivn prefect ivhom he 
 fiad placed over the Medians. — nomine Arbactus, AM. of Limitation. 608. 
 
 11 invenit eum nentem et partientem, he found him spinning and 
 distribiUlng; verbs of perceivimj take the Ace. with the Present 
 Participle when the object is to be represented as actually seen. S33. 
 
 12 colo nentem, spinning loiih a distaff; colo, Abl. of Means. — 
 muliebri habitu, in a looman's dress; Abl. of Manner. 6i3. 
 
 13 qui bus visis indignatus, heing indignant at what he had seen; 
 the relative used instead of the demonstrative, and the Abl. of Cause 
 depending on indignatus. m4. 
 
 14 tot viros . . par5re, Ace. w. Inf. after indignari, a verb of 
 emotion, sis. 
 
 15 quid viderit refert, he reports what he has seen; the Subjunc- 
 tive viderit in an Indirect Question, soi; refert, Historical Present. 7S2. 
 
 — negat se parere posse, he says he cannot obey; instead of dicere 
 with a negative clause the Latins generally use negare with an 
 affirmative clause. 
 
 16 qui se feminam maht esse quam virum, loho likes better to 
 he a woman than a man; Ace. w. Inf. after a verb of icishing. 8i4. 
 
 — malit is in the Subjunctive depending on the Accus. with Inf. se 
 parere posse. 826. 
 
 17 quo audito, having heard this; Abl. Absol. 
 
 18 regnum defensurus, in defense of his kingdom; the Future 
 Participle denotes either intention or being on the point of. 74i. — 
 metu mortis, from fear of death. 604. 
 
 21 exstructa incensaque pyra, having erected and set on fire a 
 funeral pile; Abl. Absol. 837. 
 
 22 hoc solo, hereby alone; Abl. of Means, eos. 
 
 ^. As ty ages and Cyrus. 
 
 26 per ordinem successionis, in regular succession; per denoting 
 the manner in which a thing is done. 645. 
 
 27 per somnum, during = in his sleep. — ex filia quam unTcam 
 habebat, from the only daughter he had; the adjective unlearn ia 
 the relative clause properly belongs to the antecedent filla. 554. 
 
— 50 — 
 Page 
 
 2. 28 vitem enatara, supply esse; Ace. w. Inf. depending on vidit. 812. 
 
 20 obumbraretur, would he overshadowed; the Subjunctive in a 
 clause depending upon the Ace. w. Inf. 826. — consulti harioli, the 
 soothsayers who had been consulted; Participle equivalent to a 
 relative sentence. 833. — nepotem futurum (esse), Ace. w. Inf. de- 
 pending on responderunt. 
 
 30 praenuntistur; the Subjunctive in a clause depending on an 
 Ace. w. Inf. 833. — regni amissiOnem portendi; Ace. w. Inf. depending 
 on responderunt, which is the predicate to harioli consulti. 
 
 31 hoc responso, Abl. of Means. 
 
 32 ne, lest, that not, takes the Subjunctive extollgret. 756. i. 
 
 3. 1 nepoti animos, to the grandson his mind, i. e. the grandson^s 
 mind; the Dative depends on extolleret. — turn temporis, at that 
 time, 
 
 3 somnii metu deposito, having given up the fear of the dream; 
 Abl. Absol. 837. 
 
 4 sub avi oculis, in the sight of his grandfather. 
 
 5 datur occidendus, is delivered to be killed; the Gerundive is 
 joined with the verbs do, euro, mitto, &c., to express t\\Q purpose 
 or end for which anything is given; the Gerundive agrees with the 
 object of the active form, and with the subject of the passive. 84i. 
 
 6 verltus, ne . . exigeret, fearing that she would exact; after 
 vereor, timeo, &c., ne must be rendered by thai. 76i. — mortiio rege, 
 after the king's death; Abl. Absol. 
 
 7 necati infantis ultiOnem, revenge for the murdered child. 
 
 11 audita regis infantis expositione, having heard of the exposing 
 of the king's child; Abl. Absol., to supply the want of the perfect 
 act. participle. 837. — summis precibus, with every entreaty. Abl. 
 of Means. 605. 
 
 12 ut sibi puer ostenderetur, that the boy might be shown to her = 
 to show her the boy; the regular construction with verbs of urging 
 and demanding is ut or ne with the Subjunctive. 758. — sibi, 1. e. 
 uxOri; for all references to the subject of the leading sentence, the 
 Reflexive sui must be used. 828. — cujus precibus fatigatus, wearied 
 by her entreaties; the Relative for the Demonstrative at the begin- 
 ning of the sentence. 556. — precibus is Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 13 canem feminam, a she-dog; with names of animals, the sexes 
 are distinguished by mas, male, and femina, female. 47. 
 
— 57 — 
 
 Page 
 
 M praebentem et defendentem; the participles depend on in- 3. 
 v5nit, a verb of perceiving^ to represent tlie object as actually 
 seen. 835. 
 
 15 motus misericordia, moved by compassion; the moving cause 
 is often expressed by a participle with the Ablative, such as motus, 
 adductus, &c. 
 
 16 eadem cane anxTe prosequente, Abl. Absol. 
 
 17 quem ubi; the Relative instead of the Demonstrative; ubi, as 
 soon as, takes the Perf. Indie. 737. ii. 
 
 18 tantus ut . . ; a clause of result introduced by ut, so that, is used 
 after tarn, tantus, &c. 759. 
 
 20 permitteret, he might permit her, depends on rogaret, a verb 
 of asking or demanding; the regular construction is ut. 758] but 
 when the idea of wishing, &c. is emphatic, the simple Subjunctive 
 without ut may be employed. — permutata sorte, Abl. Absol. 
 
 22 nomen Space fuit; the name is either in the Dative or in the 
 Nominative. 594. 
 
 •25 rex inter ludentes sorte delectus, having been chosen by lot 
 Mug among the boys lohen 'playing. — per lasciviam, from wanton- 
 ness; per often denotes the manner in which a thing is done. 645. 
 
 27 querella regi delata, a complaint being brought before the 
 king; Abl. Absol. — indignantibus belongs to parentibus and is best 
 rendered by a relative sentence: by the parents who were indignant 
 at. — indignari, a verb of emotion, may be considered as a verb of ■ 
 thinking, and as such takes an Acc; w. Inf. 8i5. — adfectos, scil. esse. 
 Cyrus is the subject of the subordinate clause beginning with mox; 
 the principal clause begins witli ille, i. e., Astyages. 
 
 28 arcessito puero et interrogate, Abl. Absol. 
 
 29 nihil mutate vultu, Abl. Absol.; nihil is here an Adverb, not at 
 all. — fecisse se ut regem, that he had acted like a king; Acc. w. Inf. 
 depending on respondisset; this verb is in the Subjunctive depending 
 on historical cum. 
 
 33 quoniam sibi videretur, since he seemed to him; as a rule, quo- 
 niam takes the Indicative; here the Subjunctive is used to express the 
 opinion of Astyages. — agitato inter pastOres regno, having spent 
 Ms reign among the shepherds. 
 
— 58 — 
 
 Page 
 
 4. 2 infestus, takes the Dative. 598. — in ultionem servati nepOtis, to 
 revenge himself for the rescue of his grandson. 
 
 3 epulandum tradldit, see Note on p. 3. 5. 
 
 4 dissimulato dolore, Abl. Absol. — odium regis, Objective Genitive. 
 S6€. 2. — in vindictae occasionem, to a favorable time for his ven- 
 geance. 
 
 6 doIOre orbitatis, by grief for his bereavement. 
 
 7 ut ablegatus fuerit, hoiv he had been sent away; Indirect Question 
 after scribit, with the verb in the Subjunctive; ut is the comparative 
 particle which would have required the Indicative if not used in 
 indh-ect question. 
 
 10 hortatur, cxercTtum paret, he exhorts him to get ready an 
 army] the regular construction with verbs o^ exhorting is ut; but 
 the simple Subjunctive without ut may also be employed when the 
 wish is emxjhatic; see Note on p. 3. 20. 
 
 13 exinterato lepori inserltur, is put into an eviscerated hare; 
 inserere being compounded with in takes the Dative. 592. — in Per- 
 sas, to Persia; Persae, the Persians, the people for the territory. 
 
 14 addita, sc. sunt. 
 
 16 cadem adgredi jussus est; Norn. w. Inf. after jubCre. 822. 
 
 17 praemonitus, ut. .adsumeret; with verbs of warning, j^z^rj^ose 
 is expressed by ut with the Subjunctive. — quem primum obvlum ha- 
 buisset, whom he should meet first; the Subjunctive is used to 
 express the indirect statement of the dream. — quem is for eum 
 quem. 
 
 18 adsumeret, like verbs oi naming, takes a second Accusative 
 denoting the character. 578. — coeptis, Dat. of Advantage. 587. — 
 ruri, in the country; rus is used like a name of a town. 686. 
 
 20 nomine, by the name, Abl. of Limitation. 6O8. — hujus requislta 
 origme, the Abl. Absol. may be rendered: having inquired after his 
 descent. — ut, as soon as, when, takes the Perf Ind. 737. 11. — in 
 Persis, among the Persians, or in Persia; the people for the 
 territory. 
 
 21 genitum, sc. esse. 
 
 22 Persepolim, to Persepolis; in answer to the question whither? 
 names of towns are put in the Ace. 683. Persepolis being a Greek 
 noun has im in the Ace. 143. 1. — jubet takes the Ace. w. Inf. 8i4. 
 
— 59 — 
 
 Page 
 
 23 silvam viae circumdatam, lit. a wood put around the way = a 4. 
 wood surrounding the way; circumdare has a twofold construc- 
 tion. 593. 
 
 24 quod, at the beginning of a sentence instead of id. — appa- 
 ratis epulis invitat, he invites them to a feast he had prepared for 
 them; the Participle is here best rendered by a relative clause. 833, 
 
 25 factos, sc. esse, Ace. w. Inf. after videret. 
 
 26 si ponatur, the Subjunctive of the Present, because the con- 
 dition is represented as possible. 788. ii. — legant, they would choosey 
 the Subjunctive in Indirect Question, soi. 
 
 27 ut adclamavgre omnes, when all cried out; the Perfect after ut 
 when. 737. IL — adclamavere for adclamaverunt. 334. 
 
 28 ait hesterno similem labori omnem vitam acturos (esse), he 
 says they would spend a whole life in work similar to yesterday's; 
 similis governs the Dative. 598. 
 
 29 quoad pareant; the Subjunctive in a clause dependent upon an 
 Ace. w. Inf. — se secutos; this Participle is equivalent to a conditional 
 clause: if they would follow him. Tohodiernis epulis we must 
 supply similem omnem vitam, a whole life in feasting such as to-day. 
 
 30 laetis omnibus, Abl. Absol; an Adjective may take the place of 
 the Participle. 836. 
 
 31 meriti sui in Harpago oblitus, having forgotten his desert, i. e. 
 what he had deserved of Harpagus; verbs of forgetting take the 
 Genitive. 568. 
 
 33 perfidia defectionis, AW. of Means or Instrument, 603. 
 
 3 pugnantibus suis partem exercitus de tergo ponit, to Jiis fight- 5- 
 ing men he posts a part of his army in the rear, i. e. he posts a 
 part of his army in the rear of the fighting men; the Dative pug- 
 nantibus, depending on the verb ponit, is used instead of the Genitive 
 pugnantium depending on tergo. 
 
 4 ferro agi jubet, Ace. w. Inf, depending on jubet. — sui, his men. 
 
 5 inventuros (esse), Aeo. w. Inf., depending on denuntiat. 
 
 6 proinde videant, accordingly they should see; proinde is used 
 in exhortations only; videant is the Hortatory Subjunctive. 752. — 
 fugientibus haec an ilia pugnantibus acies rumpenda sit; this is 
 an indirect disjunctive question; the interrogative particle is omitted 
 in the first member, and, therefore, ne stands in the second. 803. 
 
— 60 — 
 Pago 
 
 5. The participles fugientibus and pugnantibus depend on rumpenda 
 sit; they are in the Dative to denote the person by whom the line is 
 to be broken and may be rendered when fighting, when fleeing. 
 
 7 ingens pugnandi animus, eager desire to fight. 
 
 8 exercitui accessit, was added to the army = seized the army. 
 
 10 orant revertantur; the Subjunctive without ut is used after verbs 
 of beseeching, for the sake of emphasis; see Note on p. 4. lo. 
 
 u quos fugiebant, fugSre conpellunt, and compelled those to 
 flee from whom they had fled; the pronoun is is often omitted, 
 especially when it would stand in the same case as the Relative. 6S3 
 
 12 cui Cyrus abstulit; the verb auferre, to take away^ takes the 
 indirect object in the Dative, to be translated /rom. 588. 
 
 13 nepOtem agere, to act as his grandson. 
 
 u genti praeposuit, he set him over the nation; praeponSre, 
 being compounded with prae, governs the Dative. 692. 
 
 15 in Medos, to the Medes = to Media; the people for the ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 16 annis CCCL; duration of time is commonly expressed by the 
 Accusative, but occasionally, as here, by the Ablative. 
 
 8. The Athenians. Battle of Marathon. 
 
 19 quem biformem tradidere, whom they represented as being 
 two-shaped; tradfire like a verb of naming takes two Accusatives. 578- 
 — ut omnis antiquitas fabulosa est; ut is here comparative, as; else 
 it would have required the Subjunctive. 
 
 24 superfu6runt, some survived. — quos refugia montium rece- 
 pSrunt, whom the refuges of the mountains took in = who took 
 refuge in the mountains. 
 
 25 aut. .evecti sunt, supply qui? after aut— ratibus, Abl. of Manner, 
 like navibus, &c. 6i4. 
 
 26 a quo genus hominum conditum (esse) dicitur; Nom. w. Inf. S2i. 
 
 28 Eleusine, Abl. of Eleusin, at Eleusis; in answer to the question 
 wher^? 683. 
 
 29 in cujus muneris honorem, and in honor of this gift. — noctes 
 initiorum, the nights of the mysteries. — sacratae, sc. sunt. 
 
 6. 2 vindicaturi bello, being about to take revenge in war. 
 
— 61 — 
 
 Pap« 
 
 3 responsum (sc. eat) superiOres fore; an answer was given that 6. 
 they would have the advantage. — ni occidissent, if they had not 
 killed; the Pluperfect Subjunctive occidissent after the Historical 
 Perfect responsum est in the principal sentence. 
 
 4 cum ventum esset, when they had come; Impersonal Passive. 423. 
 
 6 et responso dei et praeceptis hostiura cognitis, Abl. Absol. to 
 supply the want of the perfect active participle : having learned both 
 tlie answer of the god and the orders of the enemy. 
 
 8 sarmenta collo gcrens, carrying fagots on his shoulders; the 
 Participle is in apposition to Codrus; collo is Instrumental Abl. 605. 
 
 9 falce, with his sickle, Abl. of Means. 605. — astu, Abl. of Manner, 
 craftily, cunningly. 
 
 10 cognito regis corpore, Abl. Absol. to supply the want of the per- 
 fect active participle, having recognized the king's body. 
 
 11 ducis se offerentis, of their leader who offered himself; the 
 participle is here best rendered by a relative sentence. 833. 
 
 12 bello liberantur, are delivered from war; verbs signifying to 
 set free, take the Ablative. 620. Observe the liveliness of the multi- 
 plied historical Presents. 
 
 15 permissa, sc. est. 
 
 17 vir justitiae insignis, a man of distinguished uprightness , 
 Genitive of Quality. 566. 5. — qui velut novam ci vitatem legibus conderet, 
 ivho should found the .state anew, as it were, by the establishment of 
 laws; conderet is here in the Subjunctive, because it denotes a 
 purpose, the relative clause being equivalent in fact to a clause 
 
 with Ut. 792. 
 
 18 qui = et is, and he. — tanto temperamento, luiih so great mod- 
 eration; Abl. of Manner. 6i3. 
 
 19 cum si quid pro altero ordine tulisset, altcri displiciturum vi- 
 deretur, since if he had proposed anything in favor of one order, 
 this would seem to displease the other; the condition is represented 
 as contrary to fact; accordingly the Subjunctive of the Imperfect or 
 Pluperfect is used. 788-, after si, nisi, &c. the prefix all- in aliquis is 
 dropped. 762. 
 
 20 ut. . .traheret, that he drew; clause of result after tanto tem- 
 peramento. 759. 
 
 21 inter multa egregia, among many noble deeds; egreglum, the 
 adjective used as noun. — illud, ilie following. 
 
— 62 — 
 
 Page 
 
 6. 23 armis dimicatum fuerat, fighting had been going on; the pas- 
 sive used impersonally. 
 
 24 capitale esse coepit, it began to be a capital crime = it was 
 pronounced a capital crime. — si quis legem de vindicanda insula 
 tulisset, if anybody should make a motion to claim the island; quis 
 for aliquis. "762. 
 
 25 legem ferre, to introduce a billy to make a motion. — de vindi- 
 canda msilla, on the claiming of the island = to claim the island; 
 de is one of the few prepositions commonly used with the Gerund 
 or Gerundive. — tulisset; the pluperfect subjunctive is used after the 
 historical perfect coepit in the leading clause. 74.3. iii. — sollicitus, 
 anxious, is construed like a verb o{ fearing; accordingly ne must be 
 rendered by that. 7G1. 
 
 26 tacendo. . .censendo, by being silent, by speaking his mind; 
 the Ablative of the Gerund used as AM. of Means. S46. 
 
 27 cujus venia, on which pretext. — non dicturus modo, sed et 
 facturus erat, he intended not only to say but also to do; the 
 active periphrastic conjugation denotes intention. 74i. 
 
 28 prohibita, forbidden things. — deformis habitu, disfigured by 
 his dress. 
 
 29 more vaecordium, after the manner of madmen. 
 
 30 quo magis consilium dissiraularet; quo is usual final con- 
 junction with comparatives. 763. — insolitis sibi versibus, in verses 
 to which he was not accustomed. 
 
 32 ut bellum decerneretur; the subjunctive clause denoting the 
 result. 750. 
 
 33 devictis hostibus, the enemy being defeated. — Athenienslum 
 fieret, came under the dominion of the Athenians. 57i. 
 
 7. 1 memores inlati Atheniensibus belh, mindful of the ivar they' 
 had made on the Athenians; memor takes the Genitive. 567. i. 
 Atheniensibus depends on inlati. 
 
 2 veriti; the perfect participle is often used where we should 
 employ the present; ne, that, after verbs of^ fearing. 76i. 
 
 3 oppressuri, intending to surprise. 74i. 
 
 4 qua re cognita, may be translated by the perfect active par- 
 ticiple with Pisistratus as subject: Pisistratus having learned this 
 circumstance. 837. 
 
— 63 — 
 
 Page 
 
 5 in insidiis locat; verbs of placing take in with the Abl. 689. — 7. 
 jussis matronis. .sacra celebrare, the ladies having been ordered to 
 celebrate the mysteries; after jub6o the Infinitive can be used without 
 
 a subject — sollto clamore ac strepitu, witJi the usual clamor and 
 noise; Abl. of Manner. 6i3. 
 
 6 ne intellectos se sentiant, that they should not become aware 
 of their being observed; ne with the Subjunctive to denote the pur- 
 pose. 756. I. — intellectos se (esse) is Ace. w. Inf. depending on sen- 
 tiant. 
 
 7 egressosque navibus Megarenses, and the Megarenses when 
 they had landed. 
 
 8 classe captlva, Abl. of Means. 605. — intermixtis mulieribus, 
 women being among them. 
 
 9 ut, with the Subjunctive, to denote the purpose. 756. i. — Mo- 
 gara contendit, he Tnade for Megara; in answer to the question 
 whither? names of towns are in the Accusative. 683. 
 
 10 illi, the latter = the Megarenses. — petitam praedam, the ex- 
 pected booty. 
 
 11 quibus caesis, Abl. Absol. 
 
 12 paulum a capienda urbe aftiit, he was not far from taking the 
 city. — suis dolis, Abl. of Means. 605. 
 
 14 quasi, .vicisset; quasi takes tlie Subjunctive. 772. 
 
 15 per dolum, deceitfully; per denoting the manner. 645. — 
 voluntariis verberibus adfectus; having been affected with voluntary 
 flogging; I e. having flogged himself; the verb adficere is often to 
 be translated by a verb corresponding to its Ablative; verberibus 
 adficere, to flog; verberibus voluntariis adfiei, to flog one's self 
 
 16 lacerate corpore, Abl. Absol. 
 
 18 e quibus haec se passum (esse) simulat, from whom he pre- 
 tends, to have suffered this. 
 
 19 vocibus, remarks. — invidiosa oratione, Abl. of Means. 605. 
 
 20 amore plebis, in consequence of the people' s affection for him 
 
 21 per quos occupata tyrannide, having obtained absolute 
 power through them. 
 
 22 per annos XXXIII; the preposition per is used to denote /rom 
 beginning to end. 674. 
 
 24 alter ex fillis, one of his two sons; e, ex is more common than 
 the Partitive Genitive after numerals and the like. 660. 
 
— 64 — 
 
 Page 
 
 7. 24 Hippias nomine, hy the name of Rippias, Abl. of Limitation. oo8. 
 25 qui = et is. 
 
 27 quibus interfectis, and these having been killed; Abl. Absol. — 
 quaerenti tyranno. . .ait, to the tyrant when asking. . .he said. — an 
 adhuc aliqui conscii essent, whether- there were any more accom- 
 plices; the Subjunctive in Indirect Question, soi. 
 
 28 neminem superesse, quern amplius mori gestiat, that no one 
 else was left whom he wished to die; gestiat is in the Subjunctive, 
 being dependent upon the Ace. w. Inf. s^g. 
 
 31 libertatis, the Genitive after a verb of reminding. 568. — regno 
 pulsus, driven fro m the state; Abl. after a verb of removing. 620. 
 
 32 in Persas; the people for the territory. — DarCo inferenti 
 AtheniensTbus belhim, to Bareus w/ien making war on the Athen- 
 ians; clauses introduced by particles of time (as, when^ since, &g.) 
 may be expressed in Latin by a participle without such par- 
 ticle. 833. 
 
 33 adversus patriara belongs to ducem. 
 
 8. 1 auxilTum a LacedaeraonTis petiverunt, they entreated aid from 
 the Lacedaemonians; we always say: petere aliquid ab allquo, sso, 
 
 2 quos ubi viderunt, and when they saw that they; in historical 
 narrative ubi, simidac &c., take the Historical Perfect Indicative. 737. 11. 
 
 3 non expectato, without loaiiing; especially to be noted is the 
 Ablative of a participle without a Substantive; the participle with 
 non is often best rendered by without. 834. — instructis decern mi- 
 libus, having drawn up ten thousand in battle array. 
 
 G auctor non exspectandi auxilii, the source of unexpected as- 
 sistance. 
 
 7 ut. . .duceret, that he deemed; clause of result after tanta 
 fiducia. 7.5». — plus praesidii, more protection; Partitive Gen, after 
 plus. 566. 5. 
 
 8 magna in pugnam euntibus animorum alacritas fuit, when going 
 to battle they were in high spirits, lit. to those going into battle were 
 high spirits; the Dative with esse, to denote possession. 594. 
 
 9 adeo ut, to such a degree that, introducing a clause of result 
 with the Subjunctive. 
 
 10 citato cursu, at full speed. 
 
 12 tanta virtute, Abl. of Manner. 613. — ut..putares, thai you 
 should suppose. 
 
— 65 - 
 
 Pag( 
 
 15 ut viderStur, is a clause of result; cujus lans prima esset, an 8. 
 indirect question depending on difficile judicium. 
 
 20 post proelii innumeras caedes, having slain enemies without 
 number in battle, lit. after number-less slaughters of the battle. 
 
 22 dextra manu, with his right hand; Instrumental Abl. oo5. — 
 priusquam amittfiret; priusquam lias, in narrative, the same con- 
 struction as historical cum. 779. 
 
 24 morsu, with the teeth; Instmmental Abl. 605. 
 
 25 tantam in eo virtutem fuisse, supply dicunt. — tot caedibus 
 fatigatus, wearied with such a carnage, 
 
 26 non duabus manibus amissis victus, not overcome by the loss of 
 both his hands. 
 
 38 seu proelio sive naufragio, either in battle or by shipwreck. 
 
 29 dis patriae ultoribus poenas repetentibus ; the Ablative Abso- 
 lute, expressing the cause: because the gods, the aveiigers of the 
 country, demanded satisfaction. 
 
 Jf. Xerxes. Third invasion of Greece. 
 
 3 relictis multis filiis, having left behind many sons. 9. 
 
 4 susceptis, who were born; suscipere means to take up a neiv- 
 born child; hence in the Pass, to be born. — maximus natu, the 
 oldest; natu, Abl. of Limitation. 608. — aetatis privilegio, by the 
 privilege of age; Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 5 quod jus, a right which, is in the Accusative governed by dedit; 
 ordo nascendi and nattira are taken conjointly as a single idea and 
 have the singular verb dedit. 542. — non de ordine sed de nascendi 
 felicitate, not from priority, but from the lucky circumstance 
 of birth. 
 
 7 The whole passage from nam AriaemSnem down to avTto vin- 
 cere (line 18) is in the oratio obllqua, depending on referebat wliich 
 implies dicens. It will be useful to the pupil to become accustomed 
 to arrange the sentences in the form which they would have in the 
 oratio recta or direct narrative; here it is as follows: "nam Ariae- 
 menes primus quidem Dareo, sed private provenit: ego regi primus 
 natus. Itaque fratres mei, qui ante geiiiti sunt, privatum patrimo- 
 ntum, quod eo tempore Dareus habiiit, non regnum, sibi vindicare 
 possunt, ego sum quern primum in regno jam rex pater sustulit. 
 Hue aceedit, quod Ariaemenes non patre tantum sed et matre pri- 
 vatae adhuc fortunae, avo quoque materno private procreatus estj 
 
— 66 — 
 
 e 
 
 ego vero et matre regina natus et patrem nonnisi regem vidi; avum 
 quoque maternum Cyrum ego regem habiii, non heredem, sed con- 
 ditOrem tanti regni; et si in aequo jure utrumque fratrem reliquerit, 
 materno tamen ego jure et avito vinco." The English word to 
 introduce the indirect discourse is that; sometimes it is well to omit 
 that in translation and lo change the form to direct discourse, in- 
 serting the verb of saying by way of parenthesis. 
 
 8 private, when a piHvate citizen. — provenisse and 
 
 9 natum (esse), Ace. w. Inf. of the Indirect Discourse. When a speech 
 is transferred to the oratio obliqua the following changes of mood 
 take place: 
 
 I. The Indicative in direct statements is changed into the Infini- 
 tive, becoming dependent on some such form as dixit, he said, ex- 
 pressed or imphed, and the Nominative will then be changed to an 
 Accusative; 
 
 II. The Indicative in dependent relative sentences is changed 
 into the Subjunctive; 
 
 III. The Indicative in questions becomes the Subjunctive, being 
 dependent on rogavit, expressed or implied; 
 
 IV. The Imperative becomes the Subjunctive; 
 
 Y. Verbs used by the speaker in the Subjunctive remain in the 
 same mood. 
 
 9 geniti essent, Subjunctive according to Rule II. 
 
 10 habuisset, Subjunctive according to Rule II. 
 
 11 vindicare posse, Infinitive according to Rule I. — se esse, Ace. 
 w. Inf. according to Rule I. 
 
 12 quem sustulSrit, Subjunctive according to Rule II. — tollere has 
 the same meaning as suscipere, above, to take up a child, to bring 
 up. — accedere. Infinitive according to Rule I. 
 
 13 non patre tantum &c. ; the Ablatives patre, matre, avo, are 
 governed by procreatus sit, a verb expressing origin. go4. 
 
 15 patrem nonnisi regem vidisse; regem, as a king, is in apposition 
 to patrem. 
 
 17 si..reliquisset; the condition is represented as contrary to 
 fact, hence the Pluperfect Subj., both in direct and indirect discourse. 
 
 •788. III. 
 
 18 materno tamen se jure et avito vincere, that he hy his mother's 
 and grandfather's right should gain the cause; Ace. w. Inf. according 
 to Rule L 
 
— G7 — 
 
 Page 
 
 19 concordi anlmo, of one mind, unanimously. 9, 
 
 21 cognita causa, having investigated the case. — adeOqae fra- 
 terna contentio fuit, ut. .insultaret. .doleret. .mitt6rent, &c.; Sub- 
 junctives of Consequence after adeo ut. 759. 
 
 22 victor, .victus, the winner.. the loser. 
 
 25 tanto moderatius, so much more moderately; the Ablative tanto 
 is used to denote the degree of difference. 612. 
 
 28 quinquennium, for 5 years; time how long is in the Aoc. 674 
 
 29 quod; the Relative for the Demonstrative. 656. — ubi primum 
 as soon as, takes the Perfect Ind. 737. 11. 
 
 30 apud Xerxen, at the court of Xerxes; apud designates nearness 
 in respect of persons. 630. — amicior patriae; the Dative governed 
 by amicus. 598. 
 
 33 cera delita, with wax which he had smeared over it; Abl. of 
 Means. 605; the participle rendered by a relative clause. 833. — ne, in- 
 troducing a clause of purpose. 756. The ancients wrote with a style 
 on waxen tablets; the writing on wax was rubbed out with the broad 
 end of the style. To avoid discovery Demaratus wrote on wooden 
 tablets and then smeared them over with wax, so that it might seem 
 they had not been used at all. 
 
 1 recens cera, the freshly-written tablet. .^ 
 
 2 perferendas tradit; the Gerundive is joined with the verb tradgre 
 to express the purpose. 84i. — jusso refers to servo, and may be 
 translated by a relative sentence, who had been ordered. 
 
 3 quibus perlatis; the Abl. Absol. may be translated by a clause 
 with when. — Lacedaemone, at Lacedaemon. — quaestiOni res diu 
 fuit, the affair was doubtful for a long time; the Dativo of the object 
 for which is used after esse. 595. 
 
 4 quod neque scriptum aliquid vidSrent nee frustra missas suspi- 
 carentur, because on the one hand they did not see anything 
 loritten, and on the other they supposed that they were not sent to 
 no purpose; quod usually takes the Indicative; but the Subjunctives 
 viderent and suspicarentur are used to express the thought and 
 belief of the Lacedaemonians. "782. — nee is to be resolved into et 
 non, and the negative belongs to frustra; in this way arises the cor- 
 responsive conjunction neque. .et, on the one hand not... and on 
 the other. 857. — missas, sc. esse. Ace. w. Inf. after suspicarentur. 
 
 5 tantoque rem majorem, quanto esset occultior, putabant, and 
 
— 68 — 
 
 Pagft 
 
 10. they considered the afialr to he the more important, the more 
 mysterious it was; the words quaiito. .tanto, signifying hy how 
 much, .by so much^ are usually to be translated by the emphatic the; 
 esset is in the Subjunctive depending on the Aoc. w. Inf. tanto rem 
 majorem esse. 826. 
 
 6 haerentlbus in conjectura viris, while the men were hesitating 
 in the conjecture; Abl. Absol. 
 
 7 erasa cera, having erased the tablet; Abl. Absol. 837. 
 
 10 utproditum sit, that there is a tradition; Subjunctive of result; 
 in clauses of result the verb of the dependent clause has the same 
 tense as it would have if the clause were a principal one. 74S. 
 
 11 siccata, sc. esse, Aco. w. Inf. 
 
 13 nuraero, in answer to the question, in respect of what? Abl. of 
 Limitation. 008. 
 
 14 si regem spectes, laudes; the condition is represented 2iS pos- 
 sible or likely to be realized. 788. ii. 
 
 15 cum, though; Concessive Conjunction with the Subjunctive. 767. 
 
 16 opes tamen reglae superessent, the king^s riches, however, 
 were more than sufficient. 
 
 18 timldus, supply erat. — sicubi metus abesset, wherever there 
 was no cause of fear; the Subjunctive is used to express the thought 
 of Xerxes. 
 
 19 fiducTa virium, from confidence in his power; Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 20 convexa valllum, the hollows between hills. 
 
 21 quaedam maria pontibus sternebat, some seas he made pas- 
 sable by bridges. — ad navigatiOnis commodum, for the promotion 
 of navigation. 
 
 23 cujus; the Relative for the Demonstrative; begin with quam ter- 
 ribihs, as terrible as..; quam. .tam, as. .so. 
 
 26 contemptu paucitatis, from contempt of their small number; 
 Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 27 Marathonia pugna, in the battle of Marathon; in is omitted 
 with an Adjective. 673. 
 
 28 qui = et hi. — suos, their relatives. — succedente inutlli 
 turba, when a useless crowd followed; Abl. Absol. 
 
— 69 — 
 
 Pag© 
 
 29 triduo; duration of time is commonly expressed by the Accusa- lo. 
 live, but occasionally, as here, by the Ablative. — cum dolore et 
 indignatione Persarum, with -— to the grief and indignation of the 
 Persians. 
 
 30 dimicatum, sc. est, Impersonal Pass. 423. triduo dimicatum est, 
 the fight lasted three days. — quarta die; this is the proper usage of 
 the Ablative in relations of time to express when an action is done 
 or completed. 672. 
 
 . 31 summum cacumen, the top of the mountain. 
 
 32 hortatur, rec6dant et se reservent, 7ie exhorts them to retire 
 and save themselves; the regular construction with verbs of ex- 
 horting would be ut; but the simple Subjunctive may also be employed 
 (see Note on 3. 20; 4. 10.). 
 
 33 sibi cum Spartanis. .servandos; this sentence is in the 
 oratio obllqua, depending on hortatur, which implies dicens. 
 
 1 experiendam (esse) ; the Passive Periphrastic conjugation ex- 11. 
 presses necessity; the person by whom is in the Dative. 741. 
 
 2 servandos, sc. esse. 
 
 3 audito regis imperio, having heard the order of the king. 
 
 i sciscitantlbus Delphis oracula responsum fugrat, to them when 
 inquiring for oracles at Delphi the answer had been given. 
 
 5 aut regi aut urbi cadendum, sc. esse, that either the king or the 
 city ought to fall. 741. 
 
 7 parato ad moriendum ammo, with a mind ready to die; para- 
 tus, ready ^ takes ad with the Gerund 844. 
 
 10 dimissis sociis, may be translated by the perfect active par- 
 ticiple with Lycurgus as subject, Lycurgus having dismissed his 
 allies. — hortatur, takes the Hortatory Subjunctive (memingrint, ca- 
 verent), as above. 
 
 11 qualitercunque proeliatis cadendum esse, that in whatever 
 way they might fight they had to die; caverent, ne fortius mansisse 
 quam dimicasse viderentur, they should take care lest it might seem 
 they had shown greater courage in remaining than infighting. 
 
 12 nee exspectandum (esse) ; this sentence is in the oratio obllqua, 
 depending on hortatur, which implies dicens, they ought not to wait 
 (he says). 
 
 13 dum nox occasiOnem daret, while the night offered an op- 
 po7't unity. 
 
~ 10 — 
 
 Page 
 
 11. u securis et laetis superveniendum (esse), they ought to fall 
 suddenly ujjon the careless and exulting enemy. 
 
 15 perituros, sc. esse, would die. 
 
 16 nihil erat diflQcile persuadgre persuasis mori, it was not at all 
 difficult to persuade those who had persuaded themselves to die, 
 i. e., were resolved to die; persuadere governs tlie Dative. S89. 
 
 19 si ipsi oppress! essent, if they should have been oppressed 
 themselves. — morituri, ready to die. 74i. 
 
 20 totis castris; with nouns qualified by totus, the Ablative with- 
 out a preposition is used to denote the place where? 687. — postquam 
 invenlunt; postquam here takes the Historical Present. 
 
 22 ut qui sciunt, like men who know. — spo victoriae, with the 
 hope of victory. 
 
 23 in mortis ultionem, to take vengeance for their death. 
 
 24 tractum, sc. est. — vincendo fatigati, wearied of conquering. 
 
 20 duobus vulneribus acceptis, having received two wounds. — ter- 
 restri proelio, in the battle by land; Abl. of Time. 675. 
 
 29 bellum Persarum, the war with the Persians; Objective Genitive. 
 S66. 2, — in auxilium regis classe venisse, had come with a fleet to 
 the king's assistance; Ace. w. Inf. depending on animadvertisset. 
 
 30 sollicitare in partes suas, to draw over to his side. 
 
 31 colloquendi copTam, opportunity of a conference; the Gerund is 
 frequently used with substantives as a complement. 843. — symbolos 
 proponi et saxis proscribi curat, he had a proclamation issued and 
 written upon the rocks; curare talces the Ace. w. Inf. — symboli, 
 symbols, significant letters} a proclamation is meant. 
 
 12. 2 quid si non haec Dareo prius et nunc Xerxi belli causa nobiscum 
 foret, quod vos rebellantes non destituimus? What cause of ivar 
 would there have been formerly with Dareus and now with Xerxes, 
 if not the fact that we did not forsake you when revolting? 
 
 4 quiu, why not? 
 
 6 commisso proelio, the battle having begun. — inhibere remis, 
 to rovj a ship backwards. 
 
 9 ad templum ApollTnis diripiendum, to destroy the temple of 
 Apollo; ad with Gerund or Gerundive denotes purpose. 845. 
 
 10 quasi, as i/, takes the Subjunctive. 772. 
 
 11 imbribus et fulminibus, Abl. of Means. €os. 
 
— n — 
 
 Page 
 
 12 ut intelleggret; ut with the Subjunctive to express the purpose. 12. 
 756. 1. — quam nullae essent, how insignificant are; the Subjunctive 
 in Indirect Question, soi. 
 
 u vacLias hominibus, empty of men, i. e. deserted. 
 
 16 praemonente Themistocle, Themistocles forewarning them = 
 forewarned by Themistocles. 
 
 18 adventante Xerxe, upon the arrival of Xerxes. 
 
 19 consulentibus Delphis oraculum responsum fuerat, to them 
 consulting the oracle at Delphi the answer had been given (see 
 Note on U. l). — salutem muris ligneis tuerentur, they should secure 
 their safety behind wooden walls. 
 
 20 demonstratum, sc. esse. 
 
 22 non in aedificiis, sed in civibus positam, sc. esse, consisted not 
 in its buildings J but in its citizens. 
 
 23 commissuros, sc. esse. — All these Ace. w. Inf. constructions 
 depend on persuadet. 
 
 25 probate consilio, having approved the plan. 
 
 26 abditis insulis demandant, they send them to sequestered 
 islands for safety. — relicta urbe, having left the city. 
 
 28 imitatae, sc. sunt. 
 
 29 ne circumveniri posset, Subjunctive of purpose. 7S6. i. 
 
 31 deserto bello, may be rendered by the perfect active participle 
 with qui as subject, these having given up war. — ad sua tuenda, to 
 protect their own property; ad, with the Gerundive, expressing 
 
 pU7'pOSe. 845. 
 
 32 timens ne, fearing that; after timeo, ne must be rendered by 
 that. 761. 
 
 33 per servum fidum, by means of a faithful slave; the person con- 
 sidered as means or instrument is expressed by per with the Ace. — 
 uno in loco contractam Graeciam, Greece concentrated at one p)lace. 
 
 1 quod si; in order to indicate the connection with a preceding 13. 
 proposition the relative pronoun quod (which, however, loses its 
 signification as a pronoun) is frequently put before si, so that 
 quodsi maybe regarded as one word. 
 
 2 vellent, dissiparentur. Subjunctives in indirect discourse. 
 
 3 ei singidas consectandas esse, he had to pursue them singly; 
 Ace. w. Inf. depending on nuntiat. — hoc dolo, Abl. of Means, eos. 
 
— 12 — 
 
 Page 
 
 13. i adventu hostium occupati, surprised by the approach of the 
 enemy. 
 
 5 collatis viribus; the Ablative Absol. may be translated with 
 united forces. 
 
 9 ut . . ita cernSres ; transpose : ita ut cerneres, so that you could see, 
 
 10 juxta praeceptum Themistoclis, according to the order of 
 Themistocles. 
 
 13 circumspicientes fugara, looking out for flight. 
 
 15 mersae, sc. sunt. 
 
 17 dubliim consilii, wavering in resolution. 
 
 18 ne quid seditionis; seditiOnis governed by quid which after ne 
 is used instead of allquid; tlie Partitive Genitive is often found after the 
 neuters of adjectives and pronouns, see. 6. 
 
 19 fama adversi belli et in raajus omnia, siciiti mos est, extoUens, 
 the rumor of the defeat exaggerating every thing, as is customary; 
 this is the Subject of the final sentence introduced by ne. 
 
 20 sibi relinquat, Hortatory Subjunctive depending on hortatur. 
 
 21 aut perdomiturum se Graeciam aut cessurum (esse); this Aco. 
 w. Inf. is in oratio obliqua, and depends upon a verb of saying im- 
 plied in hortatur. 
 
 23 probato consilio, the plan being approved. 
 
 25 audita regis fuga, having heard of the. flight of the king. 
 
 27 interclusus reditu, cut off from his retreat; intercludgre, being 
 a verb of separation^ takes the Ablative. 620. — desperatiOne rerum, 
 by the hopelessness of the undertaking. 
 
 29 timens ne, fearing that. lei. — interclusi hostes, the enemy 
 when cut off; the Participle represents a condition. 833. 
 
 30 quod aliter non pateret, which otherwise could not be open; 
 quod = cum id; with the Subjunct. 792. ii. 
 
 32 retinendo, by keeping them back, Abl. of Gerund as Abl. of 
 Means. 846. 
 
 33 cum vincere consilio ceteros non posset, as he could not win 
 over the rest by his opinion. 
 
 14. 1 certiorem consilii facit, he informs him of the plan. — matu- 
 rata fuga, by accelerating his flight 
 
— 73 — 
 
 Page 
 
 2 perculsus niintio, panic-stricken by the news, — trad it milTtes 14. 
 perducendos; the Gerundive is joined with the verb tradere, to ex- 
 press the purpose for which anything is delivered. 84i. 
 
 i soliitura pontem hibernis tempestatibus, the bridge destroyed 
 by winter storms. — oflfendisset, had hit upon. 
 
 5 res spectaculo digna et aestimatione, an event worth seeing 
 and estimating; dignus, worth, talves the Abl. 635. 
 
 6 rerum varietate miranda, by the wonderful fickleness of human 
 affairs; the Ablative depends on aestimatione. 
 
 7 vix capiebat, was hardly able to hold him. 
 
 8 carentem omni etiam servorum ministerio, wanting all service 
 of slaves, i. e., without even a slave to wait upon him. 
 
 9 terris graves, oppressive to the countries; Dative of Advantage 
 or Disadvantage. 387. 
 
 10 felicius iter fuit, Jiad a luckier march; esse with the Dative 
 denotes possession. 694. 
 
 u neque enim, for. 
 
 12 multorum digram inopia, want of necessaries for many days. 
 
 13 ut viae cadaveribus implerentur, Subjunctive of result after 
 tantus. 759. — cadaveribus, Abl. after a verb of filling. 622. 
 
 14 escae inlecebris soUicitatae, refers to alites et bestiae, allured 
 by the bait of food. 
 
 18 etiam in majus restitutionem, rebuilding even on a larger 
 scale. 
 
 19 nuUo pretTo, at no price; Abl. of Price after venalis. 6i7. — 
 videt, Historical Present after postquam. 
 
 20 incensis (supply lis) quae aedificare coeperant, having set on 
 fire what they had begun to build. 
 
 22 comraissum, sc. est. 
 
 24 referta regalis opulentiae, filled to overflowing with kingly 
 wealth; as a rule, refertus takes the Genitive. 567. i. ; but it also takes 
 the Ablative following the analogy of verbs of filling. 623. 
 
 25 unde primum Graecos divitiarura luxuria cepit, since that 
 time the luxury of riches first took possession of the Greeks. — divlso 
 inter se auro Persico, when they had divided among them the 
 Persian gold. 
 
 28 navali proello dimicatum est, a sea-fight took place. 
 
_ 74 — 
 
 Page 
 
 14. 30 vicisse Graecos et Mardonii copias occidiOne occidisse, that the 
 Greeks had won and completely cut down the troops of Mardonius; 
 Graecos is Subject- Accusative and copias Object- Accusative in the Aco. 
 w. Inf. construction. — tantam famae velocitatem fuisse (supply 
 dicunt), the velocity of the report was so great, they say. 
 
 32 matutino tempore, in the morning. — meridianis horis, at 
 noon; time when is in the Abl. 672. 
 
 15. 1 tantum spatii; the Gen. after a neuter pronoun, see. 6. — tam 
 brevi horarum momento, in the short space of a few hours. — de 
 victoria nuntiatum est, icoj^d was brought about the victory. 
 
 2 confecto bello, the icar being terminated. 
 
 3 omnium judicio, i7i the opinion of all. — praelata, sc. est. 
 
 4 princeps civitatum testimonio judicatus, being declared the 
 chief according to the testimonial of the states. 
 
 5. Sparta and Lycurgus. 
 7 ducibus Lacedaemoniis et Atheniensibus, under the leadership 
 of the Lacedaemonians and Athenians; Abl. Absol. 836. 
 
 12 trahgre, Historical Inf. 809. 
 
 13 gestis rebus inlustres, famous by their exploits. — propriis 
 viribus, Abl. depending on confidsbant. 628. 
 
 14 institutis SolOnis et legibus Lycurgi, Abl. of Means, eos. 
 
 15 ex aemulatiOne virium, from jealousy of their power. 
 
 16 cum successisset. . .vindicare potuisset, though he succeeded 
 and could claim; cum, Concessive Conjunction with the Subj. 767. 
 
 19 summa fide, Abl. of Manner without cum. eis. 
 
 20 quanto plus pietatis jura valerent, how much more influence 
 the rights of piety had; Abl. to denote the degree of difference. 612; 
 the Subjunctive in Indirect Question. 801. 
 
 21 medio tempore, in the mean time; time when in the Abl. 672. 
 
 22 non habentibus Spartanis leges institiiit, he enacted laws, the 
 Spartans not having any; leges belongs to instituit and is to be 
 understood to habentibus. 
 
 23 magis..clarior; magis is sometimes used with Comparatives 
 adding to their force. 
 
 25 documentum daret, would give an example; the Subjunctive 
 to express the opinion of Lycurgus. 
 
Pag© 
 
 28 emi singula jussit, he ordered every thing to he bought. 15. 
 
 29 compensatione mercium, by bartering. 
 
 I sublegendi senatum vel creandi quos vellet magistratus po-i6. 
 tcstatem, the power of electing to the senate or to appoint those 
 whom they wished to be their magistrates; the Genitive of the Gerund 
 after potestas; vellent in the Subjunctive to express the opinion of 
 the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 3 aequiita patrimonia, the properties being made equal = the 
 equality of propjerty; a common translation of a participle is an 
 abstract noun. 
 
 4 potentiorem altero, more powerful than the other; Abl. of Com- 
 parison. 609. — redderent takes two Accusatives. 678. 
 
 5 ne cujus; cujus, instead of aliciijus after ne. 762. 
 
 6 non ampllus una veste uti, to use no more than one dress; uti 
 takes the Abl. 626; quam is omitted after ampllus without influence 
 on the construction. 6io. — toto anno, all the year round; duration 
 of time is commonly expressed by the Accusative, but occasionally, 
 as hera, by the Ablative. — permissum, sc. est. 
 
 8 ne. .verteretur; the Subjunctive after ne to denote the _29Mr- 
 pose, 758. 
 
 9 ut..agerent, to pass; Subjunctive of purpose. 756. 
 
 II nihil eos substernere, deggre, &c.; Ace. w. Inf. depending on 
 statuit. 
 
 12 priusquam viri facti essent; the Subjunctive depending on the 
 
 ACO. W. Inf. 826. 
 
 14 ut eligerentur. .coercerent; ut with the Subjunctive to denote 
 purpose. 756. — matrimonia sua, their wives. 
 
 16 nullis frenis, Abl. of Means. 
 
 17 non divitum et potentium esse, should not belong to the rich 
 and powerful; Genitive with esse to denote the predicate. 57i. 
 
 18 nee usquam terrarum, nowhere in the world; Partitive Genitive 
 with Adverbs. 566. 6. 
 
 19 solutis antea morlbus, their manners having been formerly 
 loose. 
 
 20 et inde se detulisse; Ace. w. Inf. depending on fingit. 
 
 21 consuescendi taedlum, the trouble of getting accustomed. 
 
— 76 — 
 
 Page 
 
 16. 22 vincat; in this sentence tlie Present Subjunctive is used after 
 tlie Jiistorical Present in tlie leading clause according to the general 
 rule. 743. 
 
 23 obllgat talies the Ace. w. Inf., nihil eos mutaturos (esse). 
 
 24 priusquam revertergtur; the Subjunctive after priusquam implies 
 intention: before he should i^eturn. 
 
 25 consulturum, referring to se (Lycurgum), denotes j^wrpose; to 
 consult the oracle. — quid addendum mutandumque legibus videre- 
 tur, what seemed icorth changing or adding to his laws; the Sub- 
 junctive in Indirect Question, soi. 
 
 27 morlens, when dying. 833. 
 
 28 ne arbitrarentur, lest they should consider. — relatis Lacedae- 
 monem; supply ossibus, ivhen they were brought back to Lacedaemon. 
 833. — solutos se religiOne, that they were freed from their obliga' 
 Hon; verbs o^ separation take the Abl. G20. 
 
 29 in dissolvendis legibus, in abolishing the laws. 
 
 6. Sicily. Livasiori of the Athenians. 
 
 31 ItalTae adhaesisse, was united with Italy; adhaerSre being 
 compounded with ad takes the Dative. />»?. 
 
 32 diremptamque, sc. esse. — a corpore; Abl. of Separation with 
 preposition after dirimerc. 620. — majOre impetu, Instrumental Abl., by 
 the greater violence. 
 
 17. 1 toto undarum onere, loith the whole burden of its waves. 
 
 3 ut patgat, Subjunctive of result after ita. — tota ferme, nearly 
 the whole of it. — nee non, sc. est, and there is besides; nee non is 
 emphatically affirmative. 
 
 4 ignibus generandis nutriendisque; the Dative of the Grerundive 
 denoting purpose: for producing fire and feeding it. — soli ipsius 
 naturalis materia, natural material of the soil itself; this is the 
 Subject of the sentence. 
 
 5 quippe intrinsecus stratum sulphure et bitumine tradltur, for 
 indeed they say it (the soil) is covered on the inside with sulphur 
 and pitch; Ace. w. Inf. depending on tradltur. 
 
 6 ut..eructet. Subjunctive of purpose. 758. — spiritu cum igne 
 in materia luctante, while the air is fighting with fire in the ma- 
 ierial. 
 
Page 
 
 7 compluribus locis; the Ablative is used without a preposition 17. 
 to denote the place where in the case of loco, locis, when qualified 
 by Adjectives. 687. 
 
 11 nomine, by this word; Abl. of Means. 
 
 12 mirum, supply est. — in quern res tot coi6re mirae, where so 
 many wonderful things' (concur) are to be found. 
 
 13 quod nusquam latius torrens fretum, because the straits are 
 noivhere rolling in a wide stream; torrens is a Participle, and 
 latius an Adverb qualifying the same. 
 
 14 nee solum citato impetu sed etiam saevo, not only ivith 
 rapid motion but even a raging one; Descriptive Abl. gig. 
 
 15 experientibus, for those who experience it. — procul visenti- 
 bus, for those who see it from afar. 
 
 16 ut videas . . exaudias, that you may see, hear; Subjunctive of 
 result after tanta. 
 
 21 veluti, as if takes the Subj. 772. 
 
 22 in tarn angustis terminis, ivithin so narrow limits. — aliter 
 durare potuisset, could have lasted otherwise. — tot saeculis, for so 
 many centuries; time how long is here expressed by the Abl. 
 
 23 nisi, .aleretur; the condition is represented as contrary to fact. 
 788. III. — nutrimentis, Abl. of Means, gos. 
 
 25 hinc latratus audltus, sc. est, from this source comes the 
 barking which is heard. — hinc monstri credita simulacra, sc. sunt, 
 hence the phantoms of the monster are believed (to come). — navi- 
 gantes is Subject to putant, the sailors believe. 
 
 26 magnis verticibus pelagi desidentis exterriti, belongs to 
 navigantes: being terrified by the great whirlpools of the tumbling 
 sea. — latrare undas, Ace. w. Inf depending on putant. 
 
 29 raptum secum spiritum in imum fundum trahit, carries the air 
 ivith it AND d7'aws it to the lowest bottom. It is sometimes con- 
 venient to translate a participle by a co-ordinate sentence. 
 
 30 donee, .incendat, until it sets on fire; donee, until, implying 
 purpose takes the Subjunctive. 778. 
 
 33 ut..ded6rit; Subjunctive of result after ita. 759. — quantum 
 admirationis; the Genitive after a neuter pronoun. 50G. o. 
 
 1 dedgrit; the Perfect Subjunctive in the dependent clause after 18. 
 the Present in the principal clause. — credentibus, sc. antiquis, ivho 
 
- 78 — 
 
 Page 
 
 18. believed. — coeuntibus in se promuntoriis ac rursum discedenLibus, 
 when the promontories dash against each other and separate 
 again. 
 
 2 solida intercipi absumlque navigia; Ace. w. Inf. depending on 
 credentibus. 
 
 3 in duicedinem fabulae conpositum, gotten up for the charm 
 of the story. 
 
 i ea est natura loci, ut putes, arbitrfiris, such is the natural po- 
 sition of the site, that you may take it. .believe. — procul inspicien- 
 tibus, to those looking at it from afar. 
 
 6 quo cum accesseris, for cum eo accesseris. 
 
 7 arbitrere for arbitrCris, depending on ut. 
 
 quibus exstinctis, when they were undone. 
 10 post qucm = post eum. 
 
 13 justitia, Abl. of Means. — cujus moderationis, a moderation of 
 which. 
 
 14 haud mediocris, not common. — decfidens, dying = at his 
 death. 
 
 15 spectatae fidei servo, to a slave of tried honesty; Genitive of 
 Quality. 566. 5. 
 
 17 ut . . mallent . . . paterentur; Subjunctives of result after tan- 
 
 tUS. 759. 
 
 18 obliti dignitatis suae, Genitive with verbs of forgetting. 568. 
 
 20 varla victoria, with varying victory; Abl. of Manner. 6i3. 
 
 21 dimicatum, sc. est. — amisso Hamilcare imperatore cum exer- 
 citu; Abl. Absol., but it may be rendered in English: ajler the loss of 
 their general Hamilcar with his army. 
 
 23 discordia laborarent, were suffering from discord; discordia. 
 Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 25 ab Himera, from Himera; with names of towns the preposi- 
 tions a, ab, and e, ex are sometimes used for the sake of greater 
 exactness. — in auxillum vocati, is best rendered by a relative 
 clause. — pulsis civitate contra quos implorati fuerant, et mox caesis 
 quibus tulerant auxillum; the Abl. Absol. to supply the want of the 
 perfect active participle, having driven from the state those against 
 whom they had been called upon for aid, and having slain those 
 to whom they had brought relief 
 
— Id — 
 
 Page 
 
 28 ausi facinus, daring a crime; the perfect participle is often 18. 
 used where we should employ a Present. — nulli tyranno comparan- 
 dum, not to he comjjared to any tyrant, i. e. to that of any tyrant. 
 
 — ut melius fuerit, that it had been better; clause of result intro- 
 duced by ut. 
 
 29 captivitatis jure, by the right of captivity. 
 
 30 servissent, necesse fuisset, reliquissent, are verbs of an in- 
 complete conditional sentence, the protasis to be supplied from the 
 context would be: "i/ they had been defeated"; the condition being 
 contrai^y to fact, the Pluperfect Subjunctive is the proper tense. 788.iu. 
 
 — amissa patria, with the loss of their country. 
 
 31 inter aras et patrios lares trucidati, having been butchered 
 among the altars and household gods. 
 
 32 patriam praedam reliquissent; relinqugre besides its proper 
 Accusative (patriam) takes another Accusative (praedam) as a 
 secondary OlTject. 578. 
 
 1 cum graves paterentur, .nnce they were indignant at; the 19. 
 Adjective graves is used instead of the Adverb graviter. sso. 
 
 2 diffrsi viribus, distrusting their own strength; diflBdere takes 
 the Dative. ^89. — petivGre = petiverunt; petere allquid ab ali- 
 quo. S80. 
 
 3 qui, and the latter. — studio majoris imperii, with a view to 
 enlarge their dominion; Objective G-enitive. 566. 2. 
 
 4 metu factae pridem a Syracusanis classis, from fear of the fleet 
 which the Syracusans had built long since. 
 
 5 ne, after expressions of fear is that. — Lacedaemoniia acce- 
 derent, might be added to the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 6 sub specie ferendi Catiniensibus auxilii, under the pretext of 
 coming to the aid of the Catinienses; the Genitive of the Gerundive is 
 used with nouns. 843. 
 
 8 frequenter caesis hostibns, the enemy having been frequently 
 defeated or by frequent defeats of the eneiny. 
 
 9 Lachete et ChariSde ducibus, Abl. Abscl. 
 
 10 sive metu sive taedio belli, either from fear or from disgust 
 with the war; Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 11 remissis Atheniensmm copiis, may be taken with Catinienses 
 as subject to supply the want of the perfect active participle, the 
 Catinienses having sent back the forces of the Athenians. 
 
— so- 
 cage 
 
 19. 13 interjecto tempore, some time having intervened. 
 
 14 sordida veste, capillo barbaque promissis, are Ablatives of Means 
 governed by deformes, disfigured by their dirty dress, &c., &c. 
 
 15 omni squaloris habitu ad misericordiam commovendam adqui- 
 sito, having assumed every appearance of squalor to excite com- 
 passion; ad with the Gerundive to express purpose. 845. 
 
 20 Sicilia repetitiir, Sicily is sought again, i. e., they return to 
 Sicily. 
 
 21 ut ipsis terrOri essent, that they were a terror even to those; 
 both ipsis and terrori are governed by essent; with the verbs esse, 
 dare, &c., besides the Dative of the person, another is used to express 
 the purpose, intention, or destination. 595. 
 
 22 brevi post temp6re, after a short time; distance of time how 
 long after ia expressed by the Abl. with post following. 675. — revo- 
 cato Alcibiade, Abl. Absol. 
 
 24 munitionibus circumdatis, having put around fortifications; 
 Abl. Absol. to supply the want of the perf. active participle. — 
 hostes to be joined with in urbe clausos. 
 
 27 sed qui, hut he. 
 
 28 instar omnium auxiliorum, as good as all the auxiliary troops. 
 — audlto genere belli jam inclinato statu, having heard of the kind 
 of war, the situation being already on tJie decline; Abl. Absol. 
 
 29 auxiliis contractis opportana bello loca occupat, he concen- 
 trates troops AND occupies places suitable for war purposes.' 
 
 31 congressus tertio, sc. proelio, engaged in a third. 
 
 20. 1 quo cognito, this circumstance having become known; Abl. 
 Absol. 
 
 i communi civitatium decrgto, by a joint decree of the states, or 
 according to, &c. 
 
 6 quasi, as if, governs the Subjunctive. 772. 
 
 6 ex utraque parte, from both sides. — summis viribus, with 
 might and main. — dimicabatur, Impers. Pass., the fight was con- 
 tinued. 
 
 10 censere coepit, ut ablrent Sicilia, began to believe they should 
 leave Sicily; censere, to believe, is here used as a verb of willing or 
 demanding, and as such it must take ut with the Subjunctive. 758. 
 
 11 dum res quamvis adflictae nondum tamen perditae forent, as 
 long as their affairs, though in a bad state, were not yet utterly lost. 
 
— * 81 — 
 
 ?ago 
 
 12 neque in bello perseverandum (esse), they ought not to persist 20, 
 in ivar, he said; this is the Ace. w. Inf. of the oratio obliqua, depend- 
 ing on censet. 
 
 13 esse domi graviOra bella, Ace. w. Inf. — in quae servare opor- 
 teret, for which it would he proper to save; the Subjunctive in the 
 oratio obliqua. 
 
 14 pudore male actae rei, from shame of his failure; Causal Abl. 
 — metu destitutae spei civlum, frorn fear of the disappointed hope 
 of the citizens. — impellente fato, because fate impelled him; the Abl. 
 Absol, expressing the cause. 833. 
 
 17 inscitia ducum, Causal Abl. 
 
 18 inter angustias maris tuentes se Syracusanos adgressi, having 
 attacked the Syracusans who defended themselves within the nar- 
 row passage of the sea; tuentes is best rendered by a relative 
 clause. 
 
 22 tutiorem fugam rati itinere terrestri, supply esse, supposing 
 the flight would be safer by land; the way by ichich is in the Abl. 
 688. — ab his relictas naves, the ships deserted by them. 
 
 25 a captivitate se vindlcat, he saves himself from captivity; Abl. 
 of Separation. 620. 
 
 26 ne Demosthenis quidem exemplo ut sibi consuleret admonitus, 
 not reminded even by the example of Demosthenes to take care of 
 himself; ut sibi consuleret, clause of purpose after admonitus. 
 
 27 cladem suOrura, the defeat of Ids countrymen. — dedecore, 
 Abl. of Means. 605. 
 
 7. Character of Philip and Alexander. 
 
 29 XL et septem annorum, at the age of 47 years; Gen. of Quality. 
 566. 5. — annis XXV, for 25 years; duration of time is occasionally 
 expressed by the Ablative. 
 
 30 apparatibus studiosior, more fond of jyreparations; studiosus 
 here governs the Dative; this is exceptional, the regular construction 
 is the Gen. 567. 
 
 31 maxime opus erant, were of the utmost necessity; opus est 
 takes the Dative of the person; the thing wanted may be the Subject, 
 as here. 624. 
 
 32 divitiarum quaestus quam custodia sollertior, his acquiring 
 riches was more skilful than his keeping^ i. e. he was more skilful 
 
— 82 — 
 
 Page 
 
 20. in acquiring riches than in keeping them. — inter cotidianas 
 raplnas, in the midst of his daily plunders. 
 
 21. 1 in eo, by him. 
 
 2 pari jure, loith equal right, equally. — dilectae, sc. erant. — 
 ratio vincendi, way to gain victory; the Gen. of the Gerund after a 
 Substantive. 
 
 3 alloquioqui plura promitteret quam praestaret; the Subjunctive 
 here denoting the result; qui for ut is. 79i. in. 
 
 i in serla et jocos artifex, a master in serious matters and 
 joking; in, denoting the object or purpose. 
 
 5 utilitate non fide, on account of utility and not from conscien. 
 tiousness; Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 6 apud utrumque, luith both parties. 
 
 7 inter haec, withal; inter, means during, and hence, under 
 the circumstances described; sup])ly the copula after inter haec. 
 
 8 acumlnis et soliertiae plena; the Gen. governed by plenus. 
 567. 1. — Ut nec ornatui facilitas nee facilitati inventionum. deesset 
 ornatus; so that facility of expression was not wanting to beauty, 
 nor beauty to readiness of invention, i. e., 6*0 tJiai facility of ex- 
 pression was not without beauty of style, or beauty of style ivithout 
 readiness of invention. 
 
 10 et virtute et vitiis, both in virtue and vice; Abl. of Limitation. 
 608. — patre major, Abl. of Comparison. 609. 
 
 11 utrlque di versa, sc. erat; the Dat. with esse to denote posses- 
 sion. si)4. — hic^ this one, the last mentioned; ille, the former. 
 
 12 deceptis gaudfire hostibus. Historical Inf. soo; gaudere takes 
 the Causal Abl. 6(W. 
 
 13 prudentior ille consilio, hie animo magnificentior, the former 
 more prudent in counsel, the latter more elevated in mind; con- 
 silio, animo, Abl. of Limitation. 608. 
 
 14 dissimulare . . vincere. Hist. Inf 809. 
 
 15 vini nimis avidus, too fond of the cup; avidus takes the Gen. 
 
 567. 1. 
 
 16 ebrietatis vitTa, the injurious effects of drunkenness. 
 
 17 de convivio, from or directly after the banquet 
 
 20 convivio excessit, departed from a banquet; verbs of sepa- 
 ration take the Abl. 620. 
 
— 83 — 
 
 Page 
 
 22 malle, Hist. Inf. for malebat. — litterarum cultus utrlqiie similis, 2* 
 Bupply erat: tlie cultivation of science was alike in father and son. 
 
 23" sollertiae pater majOris, liic fid6i (supply majoris), the father 
 was a man of greater skill, the son of greater uprightness; the 
 Genitive of Quality used iwedicatively . 566. 5. — verbis atque oratioue 
 Pbilippus, liic rebus moderatior, in his luords and speech Philip 
 was more moderate^ the other more so in his deeds. 
 
 24 parcendi victis animus, the inclination to spare the conquered; 
 since parcere governs the Dative? the Gerundive could not be used 
 instead of the Gerund. 842. 
 
 26 deditus, given, takes the Dat. 598. — quibus artibus, for iis 
 artibus quibus. 
 
 8. The death of Alexander. 
 31 defunctos (esse), Ace. w. Inf. depending on ait. — tumultuantes 
 milites et . . suspicantes, the soldiers being in confusion and sus- 
 pecting. — regem insidiis perire, Ace. w. Inf. depending on su- 
 spicantes. 
 
 2 osculandam dextram flentibus porrexit, reached to the weep- 22. 
 ing his hand to kiss; the Gerundive is joined with porrigere to denote 
 the purpose. 84i. 
 
 i sine ullo tristiOris mentis argumento, without any sign of 
 deeper affliction. 
 
 6 ut consolaretur, Subjunctive of Result after ut, so that. 
 
 6 In hostem, in mortem, against the enemy, against death, i. e., 
 in face of the enemy, in face of death. 
 
 7 dimissis militibus, Abl. AbsoL 
 
 8 videanturne similem sibi reperturi regem, whether it seemed to 
 them that they ivouldfind another king like him; the Subjunct. vide- 
 antur, in the Indirect Question. 801; repertfiri (esse) is Norn. w. Inf. 
 after videri. 822. 
 
 9 tacentibus cunctis, Abl. AbsoL, while all were silent. — se hoc 
 . . .ociilis videre; Ace. w. Inf. depending on dixit. 
 
 11 quantum sanguinis sit fusiira Macedonia, quantis caedibus pa- 
 rentatura sit, are Indirect Questions depending on oculis videre; 
 quantum sanguinis, Part. Gen. after quantum. 566. &. 
 
 12 quantis caedibus, quo cruore, what slaughter and gore. — 
 mortuo sibi parentatura (sit), it (Macedonia) would offer as a 
 sacrifice for him when dead. 
 
— 84 — 
 
 JPage 
 
 23. 13 corpus suum condi jubet, he ordered his body to he interred, 
 Norn. w. Inf. 821. 
 
 15 tanta illi animi magnitudo fuit, he had such greatness of mind. 
 — lit. . . nuncuparet, Subjunctive of result, after ut. 
 
 16 cum relinqugret, though he left; cum, concessive conjunction 
 with Subjunct. 767. 
 
 18 quasi... esset; quasi, as if, takes the Subjunctive. — nefas est 
 taJies the Ace. w. Inf. 
 
 20 veluti. .cecinisset; veluti, as if, takes the Subjunctive. — am- 
 bitione vulgi, by paying court to the masses; Instrumental Abl. 605. 
 
 23 praeclQsa voce, his voice failing; Abl. Absol. 
 
 24 exemptum diglto anulum tradidit, Jie took the ring from his 
 finger and gave it. — quae res, and this circumstance. 
 
 25 non voce, tamen judicio, not by word of mouth, yet by these 
 'proceedings, i. e., by his last will. 
 
 28 supra humanam potentiam, above human capacity. — magni- 
 tudine animi, Abl. governed by praeditus. 623. 
 
 29 ipso ortu, at his very birth; Abl. denoting time. 673. 
 
 30 tota die, all day long; duration of time is occasionally expres- 
 sed by the Ablative. 
 
 23. 3 puer, when a boy. — acerrimis litterarum studiis eruditus, Abl. 
 of Means with eruditus. 607; instructed in the most acute studies. 
 
 i exacta pueritia, having spent his boyhood. 
 
 5 accepto imperio, Abl. Abs., having received the crown. 
 
 6 se appellari jussit, Aoc. w. Inf. ; appellari takes two Nominatives, 
 but in the Ace. w. Inf. they become Accusatives. 
 
 7 fiduciam sui, confidence in him; Objective Gen. 566. 3. — ut. .ti- 
 merent, Subjunctive of result after tantam fiduciam. .ut. 759. — illo 
 presente, Abl. Abs., in his presence. 
 
 8 cum nuUo hostium, Part. Gen. after nuUus. 566. 6. 
 
 9 quem non vic6rit; qui after a general negative as: nemo, nuUus, 
 takes the Subjunctive. 793. b. 
 
 13 exstincto Alexandre Magno, Alexander the Great having ex- 
 pired. 
 
 14 tota Babylone, in the whole of Babylon; the AW. in answer to 
 the question where ? 683. 
 
— 85 — 
 
 Page 
 
 15 quod, hecausey takes the Indicative (credid6rant).— ut. .sic, 23. 
 as. .so. 
 
 17 quotiens ereptus esset, quam saepe se obtulisset; Indirect 
 Questions with the verb in the Subjunct. after recordantes. — prae- 
 senti morte erei)tus esset, had been delivered from imminent death; 
 the usual construction is aliquem a morte eripere; but here the Abl. 
 is used without a preposition. 620. — pro amisso, instead of being 
 lost. 
 
 19 ut mortis ejus fides adfiiit, when the news of his death proved 
 to be true. 
 
 21 quam indulgentia victoris vitae non poenitugrat, who through 
 the generosity of the conqueror did not regret that she had been 
 spared; paenitet talies the person in the Ace. and the exciting 
 cause in the Gen. 584. — indulgentia victoris is Causal Abl. 604. — 
 amisso filio a fastigio tantae majestatis in captivitatem redacta, 
 having lost her son, and being reduced from the summit of such 
 grandeur to captivity; this is in apposition to mater; to facilitate 
 the translation arrange the sentence as follows: mater quoque Darei 
 regis amisso filio a fastigio tantae majestatis in captivitatem redacta, 
 quam indulgentia, &c. 
 
 24 non quod, not as if takes the Subjunct. 785. 
 
 26 versa vice, reversedly. — non ut civem et regem, verum ut 
 hostem amissum gaudebant; in the first part of the clause we must 
 supply lugebant; they did not mourn for the loss of their citizen 
 and king, but rejoiced as if they had lost an enemy] hostis amissus 
 is the lost enemy or the loss of an enemy; but here it is equivalent 
 to a comparative clause with as if. 
 
 27 gaudebant is here transitive. 575. 
 
 28 exsecrantes, in apposition to Macedones. 
 
 I 
 
 9. The earliest history of Carthage, 
 
 30 ventum est, Impers. Pass. 
 
 31 pauca dicenda sunt, a few remarks ought to be made; the Pass. 
 Periphrastic Conjugation expresses necessity. 74i. — repetltis Tyri- 
 orum paulo altius rebus, Abl. Abs., by beginning a little farther back 
 with the history of the Tyrians, 
 
 32 dolendi, deplorable. 
 
 1 condita est, was founded, i. e., derived its origin. — terrae 24. 
 motu vexati, being harassed by an earthquake. 
 
— 86 — 
 
 Page 
 
 24. 2 mari proximum litus, the Dat. depending on proximus. 598. 
 4, vocant takes two Ace. 578. 
 
 5 expugnati, having been subdued. 
 
 6 navibus appulsi, having landed. — ante annum Trojanae cladis, 
 a year before the fall of Troy; time Jiow long before is expressed by 
 the Abl. or Aoc. 675. 
 
 7 Persarum bellis, at the time of the Persian ivars. 673. 
 
 8 attritis viribus, their forces being impaired. Abl. Abs. — a ser- 
 vis suis multitudine abundantibus, at the hands of their slaves who 
 were very numerous. 
 
 9 conspiratione facta, Abl. Abs., having formed a conspiracy. 
 
 10 libgrum populum, the free population. 
 
 u potiti; the perfect participle of a deponent verb may be used 
 exactly as our perfect active participle. 
 
 11 unus ex tot milibus servorum; e, ex is often used for the Par- 
 titive G-en. — miti ingenio, fortuna. Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 15 moveretur, respicfiret; Subjunctives after unus qui. 793. a. 
 
 16 truci ferocitate, pia. .humanitate; Abl. of Manner. 6i3. 
 
 17 itaque cum velut occlsos alienasset, therefore when he had re- 
 moved them as if they had been Jcilled. — servisque de statu rei- 
 publicae deliberantibus placuisset, and the slaves after deliberating 
 on the state of affairs had resolved; mihi placet, lam of opinion, 
 J resolve. 
 
 18 regem creari, eumque potissimum; Ace. w. Inf. depending on 
 placuisset, that a king should be appointed and in preference to all 
 others he, &c. 
 
 19 acceptissimum dis; Dat. after acceptus. 598. — qui solem orien- 
 tem primus vidisset, who should first have seen the rising sun; the 
 Subjunct. in a clause depending upon the Ace. w. Inf. 
 
 22 medio noctis, at midnight. 
 
 •2A. videri, Historical Inf. 
 
 25 editissimisque culminibus, on the highest roofs. 
 
 26 oriens, sc. sol. — ut ipsum solem aspicerent, to see the sun 
 himself; Subjunctive in a clause of purpose after ut. 
 
 29 visa^ sc. est. — requirentibus . . confitGtur, to those inquiring 
 after, .he confesses. 
 
Qi 
 
 Page 
 
 30 intellectum est, they saw clearly; Impers. Pass. — quantum in- 24. 
 genua servilibus ingenia praestarent, how much freehorn minds 
 excel those of slaves; the Subjunctive is used in Indirect Question, soi. 
 
 33 reservatos (sc. esse), Ace. w. Inf. depending on arbitrantes. — 
 creare takes two Ace. 578. 
 
 2 toto orbe terrarum ; Abl. without the preposition to denote the 25. 
 place where when a noun is qualified by totus. 687. 
 
 6 crucibus adfixit, nailed them to the cross = crucified them; 
 adfigere being compounded with ad takes the Dat. S92. 
 
 8 ingenuis et innoxiis incolis insulae attributis, having assigned 
 the freehorn and innocent inhabitants to the island; Abl. Abs. — ex- 
 Btirpato servlli germine, Abl. Abs., the breed of the slaves being ex- 
 tirpated. — genus urbis, the stock of the city. 
 
 10 hoc modo, Abl. of Manner. 6i3. — Tyrii Alexandri auspicTis con- 
 diti, the Tyrians being established under the auspices of Alexander. 
 
 11 parsimonia et labore quaerendi, by economy and acquisitive 
 disposition, Abl. of Means. 
 
 12 missa in Africam juventute, Abl. Abs. 
 
 13 cum interim Mutto dec5dit, vMle in the meantime Mutto died; 
 this is temporal cum ; accordingly it takes the Indie. 774. 
 
 14 PygmaliOne et Elissa heredibus mstitutis, having appointed 
 Pygmalion and Elissa his heirs; Abl. Abs. — insignis formae virgine, 
 a virgin of great beauty; Gen. of Quality. 566. 5. 
 
 17 qui honos, a dignity which. — nubit, marries, takes the 
 Dat. 589. 
 
 18 huic magnae opes erant, he owned great riches; esse with the 
 Dat. of the possessor. 594. — metu regis, from fear of the king; 
 Causal Abl. 604. 
 
 21 qua, sc. re. — oblitus juris humani, forgetful of human law; 
 verbs of forgetting take the Gen. 568. 
 
 22 eundemque generum, and at the same time his brother-in-law; 
 idem is often equivalent to an adverbial phrase. 7i7. 
 
 23 aversata, having avoided; the perfect participle of a deponent 
 verb may be used exactly as our perfect active participle. — dissi- 
 mulate odio mitigatoque vultu, Abl. Abs.; translate the participle 
 actively. 
 
— 88 — 
 
 Pago 
 
 25. 25 adsumptis quibusdam principibus in societatem, having ad- 
 mitted a few chiefs into her company. — quibus par odium in regem 
 esse; Ace. w. Inf. depending on arbitrabatur. 
 
 27 dolo, Instrumental Abl. — re renovet neve recurrat; clause of 
 purpose with ne and the Subjunctive. 
 
 28 ei cupidae oblivionis, to her desirous of forgetting; cupidae is 
 in apposition to ei, and the Gen. oblivionis depends on cupidae. 
 567. 1. — mariti belongs to domus. 
 
 29 oculic ejus occurrat, should offer itself to her sight; occurrere 
 being compounded with ob takes the Dat. 502. 
 
 31 vcnturum, sc. esse. 
 
 32 a rege missos; the participle is best rendered by a relative 
 clause. 
 
 33 prima vespera; primus is often combined with a Substan- 
 tive in order to denote that part of the thing which the Adjective 
 specifies: prima vespera, at the first appearance of dark. — pro- 
 vectaque in altum, sc. mare, having proceeded out to the deep water. 
 
 26. 1 onera harenae pro pecunia involucris involuta, loads of sand 
 which instead of the money had been packed into the cases; invo- 
 lucris, is Instrumental Abl. 
 
 2 lugubrlque voce; Abl. of Manner without cum, and with a plain- 
 tive voice. 
 
 3 Acerbam ciet, she invokes Acerhas. — libens, the Adjective 
 instead of the Adverb. Soo. 
 
 6 olim, hereafter, one day; here of the future. 
 
 7 qui . . . subtraxerint, who had taken away. — quarum epe parri- 
 cidlum fecerit, from the hope of ichich he (the king) had committed 
 parricide; the Eelative with the Subjunct. in a clause depending 
 upon an Ace. w. Inf. 
 
 8 subtraxerint takes the Dat. avaritiae, to be translated hy from. 
 588. — hoc metu omnibus injecto, this fear having seized upon all. 
 
 9 senatOrum in eam noctem praeparata agmina, the crowds of 
 senators who were ready for this night. 
 
 10 sacris repetitis, having recovered the sacred vessels. 
 
 11 exsillo; the Abl. of Manner is often hardly to be distinguished 
 from that of means. 
 
— 89 — 
 
 Page 
 13 deOrum monitu ; Verbal Abl. of Cause. 604. — comitem se so- 26. 
 ciumque praebuit, offered himself aa comjpanion and ally; prae- 
 bere, takes two Ace. 578. 
 
 u pactus, having stipulated; the perfect participle of a deponent 
 verb may be used exactly as our perfect active participle. 
 
 16 accepta, so. est. — virgines admodum Cyprias, very young 
 Cyprian maidens; raptas navibus imponi jubet, ordered to he car- 
 ried off' AND put on hoard shijo; the Participle is best rendered by 
 a co-ordinate sentence. 
 
 18 dum haec aguntur, while these things are going on. 
 
 19 impio bello, Abl. of Means, with an impious war. 
 
 20 aegre victus quigvit, he was only with difficulty restrained 
 AND kept quiet — precibus matris deorumque minis, Instrum. 
 
 Abl. 605. 
 
 21 canerent, foretold; since the responses of the oracles and 
 prophets were usually sung in verse, canere signifies also to foretell. 
 — urbis toto orbe auspicatissimae, of a city founded under the most 
 favorahle auspices upon the whole earth. 
 
 22 spatium respirandi fugientibus datum, a hreathing space was 
 afforded to the fugitives. 
 
 23 datum, sc. est. — delata in Africae einum, having heen car- 
 ried into a hay of Africa. 
 
 24 adventu and commercio are Causal Abl. depending on gaudentes, 
 rejoicing over. cod. 
 
 25 empto loco, qui corio bovis tegi posset, having hought as much 
 ground as could he covered with the hide of an ox. — qui for ut is, 
 hence the Subjunctive. 
 
 26 in quo. . .reficere posset, where she could refresh; in quo for 
 ut in eo. — fessos longa navigatione socios, her companions weary 
 of the long sea-voyage; fessus takes the Abl. 604. 
 
 27 quoad proficisceretur, until she would depart; quoad, until, 
 implying purpose or futurity takes the Subjunctive. 778. 
 
 31 spe lucri, from hope of profit; Causal Abl. 
 
 33 instar civitatis, an outline of a city. 
 
 2 hortatique sunt, urbem conderent, and exhorted them to huild 27. 
 a city; hortari commonly takes ut with the Subjunctive; it may 
 take the Subjunctive without ut. — ubi sedes sortiti essent, where 
 they had ohtained settlements. 
 
— 90 — 
 
 Page 
 
 27. 3 Afros amor cepit, a desire seized the Africans; detineudi ad- 
 v6nas, depends on amor. — consentientibus omnibus, by consent of 
 all. — statute annuo vectigali, a yearly tax being fixed. 
 
 7 propter quod, and therefore; the relative instead of the de- 
 monstrative with a copulative particle. 
 
 9 auspicatam sedem, a lucky foundation. 
 
 10 ad opinionem novae urbis concurrentlbus gentibus; the Abl. 
 Absr may be here rendered by a sentence with when. 
 
 11 magna facta, sc. est; the predicate agrees with the nearest 
 ,word civitas, and is understood to popiilus. 542. 
 
 13 cujus virtus, and its valor. — rei publicae status, the condition 
 of the state. — variis discordiarum casibus, by various cases of dis- 
 sension; Abl. of Means. 
 
 15 cruenta sacrorum religiOne, bloody sacrifices; Abl. depending 
 on usi sunt. 626. 
 
 18 aris admovebant, brought to the altars; admovfire being com- 
 pounded with ad talies the Dat. 592. — pacem deorum, depends on 
 exposcentes. 58o. 
 
 19 pro quorum vita di rogari maxime solent, for whose life the 
 gods are mostly and commonly supplicated; the verb solere may be 
 conveniently rendered by the adverb commonly or usually. 
 
>- 91 — 
 
 C. JULIUS CAESAR. 
 
 C. Julius Caesar was born at Kome, July 12tli, b. c. 100. By his 
 valor and eloquence he soon acquired the highest reputation, and 
 went through the usual course of political honors which the republic 
 could bestow. Under the title and authority of a perpetual dictator 
 he laid the foundation of the imperial constitution. But this provoked 
 the hate of the liberal party, and on the Ides of March, b. c. 44, he 
 was assassinated in the senate-house by a conspiracy under the lead 
 of Brutus. In estimating the value of Caesar's writings it should be 
 borne in mind that there are — strictly speaking — but two standard 
 authors in the whole of the Roman literature: Caesar and Cicero. 
 
 10. First landing in Britain. p 
 
 3 exigiia parte aestatis reliqua, a small part of the summer being 28. 
 left; Abl. Abs. with an adjective instead of a participle. 836. 
 
 i mattlrae sunt, are early, i. e., set in early. 
 
 5 omnibus fere Gallicis bellis, nearly in all wars with Gaul. 673. 
 — inde, from that quarter. — administrata, sc. esse, Ace. w. Inf. de- 
 pending on intelligebat. 
 
 7 si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum defic^ret, tamen arbitraba- 
 tur. ., if the season should be too late for carrying on war, still he 
 believed; one might have expected the Present deficiat here, the 
 condition being represented as possible. 788. ii. But frequently the 
 Present Subjunctive of a future condition becomes Imperfect by the 
 Sequence of Tenses, deficeret being governed by arbitrabatur. 
 
 8 magno usui, of great advantage; Dai to denote tho purpose or 
 end. 59o. — si modo insulam adisset, if he had only visited the 
 island; the Pluperfects adisset, perspexisset also depend on arbitra- 
 batur; si modo, if only, usually takes the Indicative; here the Sub- 
 junctive is used in oratio obliqua. 
 
 9 loca; only this form is used in the ordinary sense ^^places'\ I9i. 
 
— 92 — 
 
 l*age 
 
 28. 10 quae omnia, all of which. — neque enim to be rendered with 
 quisquam, for no one. 
 
 11 temere, without good 7'eason. — neque quicquam, and noth- 
 ing. — ■ illo, thither, i. e., to Britain. 
 
 13 evoeatis ad se mercatorlbus, hainng called the traders to him. 
 
 14 esset, incolgrent, liaberent; all in the Subjunctive in the indi- 
 rect question after reperire poterat. 
 
 15 quern usum belli haberent, in what way they carried on war. 
 
 16 qui essent . . . idonei portus, what suitable harbors there were. 
 
 17 ad majOrum navium multitudinem idonei, suitable for a great 
 number of larger ships; idoneus takes the Dat. or ad w. Ace. 599. 
 
 19 ad haec cognoscenda; ad with the Gerundive to denote purpose. 
 845. — priusquain pcriculum facerot, b(fore making the trial; prius- 
 quam has in narrative the same construction as historical cum. 779. 
 
 20 idoneum esse arbitratus Gajum YolusCnum, thinking Gains 
 Volusenus a fit person. — cum navi longa, with a galley, a vessel 
 propelled by a large number of oars. 
 
 21 huic mandat, ut revertatur, he orders him to return; verbs of 
 commanding are followed by the Dat. with ut or ne. 758; but jubeo 
 and veto take the Ace. w. Inf. 8i4. 
 
 22 in Morlnos, the people for the territory; the Morini occupied 
 the nearest point to Britain. 
 
 24 quam. .classem, the fleet which; the Antecedent classem incor- 
 porated into the relative sentence. 7i9. 
 
 26 per mercatores; the person corisidered as means or instrument 
 is expressed by per with the Aec. 606. 
 
 29. 1 qui polliceantur; the Subjunctive of purpose after qui. 792. i. 
 obsides dare; after the verbs to promise, to hope, &c., the Lat- 
 ins regularly use the Fut. Inf. with the Ace. of the pronoun expres- 
 sed; but there are many instances of the Pres. Inf. instead of the 
 Future, and also of the omission of the pronoun. 
 
 2 liberaliter pollicitus, having made liberal promises. 
 
 3 ut. .permanerent; ut with Subjunct. after hortari. 758. 
 
 1 magni habebatur, was regarded as of great account, Gen. of 
 Value. 569. — huic imperat, quas possit adeat civitates, Jie orders 
 him to visit what states he could; the Subjunctives adeat, hortetur, 
 nuntiet depend on ut, understood after imperat. 
 
— 93 — 
 
 Page 
 
 9 seque venturum (esse) nuntiet, and fell them that he is coming. 29. 
 
 10 quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui non auderet, so far as 
 opportunity could he given him since he did not venture; the rela- 
 tive pronoun requires the Subjunctive when it denotes the cause; 
 qui = cum is. 792. ii. — quantum facultatis, Partitive Gen. 566. 6. 
 
 12 quaeque perspexisset, what he had investigated; the Sub- 
 junctive is used to express the belief of Volusenus. The historical 
 present renuntiat is here followed by a historical tense, perspexisset, 
 as usual. 
 
 14 in his locis, i. e., in the territory of the Morini. — navium pa- 
 randarum causa; causa with the Gen. of Gerund or Gerundive to denote 
 purpose. 843. 
 
 15 moratur; the conjunction dum, while^ as, is generally joined 
 with the Pres. Indie. 734. 
 
 16 qui se excusarent, to apologize; Subjunctive of Purpose. 792. i. — 
 de superioris temporis consilio, for their conduct of the past season. 
 
 — homines barbari, being barbarians = as they were barbarians. 
 
 17 nostrae consuetudlnis imperitij the Gen. depends on the Adjec- 
 tive imperiti. 567. i. 
 
 18 fecissent; the Subjunctive is used to state the thoughts of 
 another. 827. — seque ea, quae imperasset, facturos pollicerentur; 
 que connects pollicerentur to excusarent in the same construction; 
 the Ago. w. Inf. se factiiros (esse) after a verb of promising. 
 
 20 belli gerendi is to be joined to facultatem. 
 
 21 has tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britanniae anteponen- 
 das esse, that engagements in such trifling affairs should be pre- 
 ferred to his expedition against Britain. Britanniae, the Dative de- 
 pending on anteponendas (592) and equivalent to his expedition 
 against Britain. 
 
 24 navlbus circTter octoginta onerariis coactis contractisque, 
 having brought together and concentrated, about SO ships ofbiu^den; 
 naves onerarlae, ships of burden, opposed to naves longae, galleys, 
 ships of war. 
 
 25 quot satis existimabat, as many as he considered sufUcient. 
 
 — ad duas legiones transportandas, to carry across two legions. 845. 
 
 26 quod praeterea longarum navium habebat, all the galleys he 
 had besides; longarum navium is Partitive Gen. after quod. 56*6. 6. 
 
— 94 -- 
 
 Page 
 
 29. 28 ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo, eight miles from thence; 
 distance how far is put in the AM., commonly without any preposition; 
 here ab is added, esi. 
 
 29 vento tenebantur, quomlnus possent, were prevented by the 
 wind from being able; after verbs of hindrance^ quominus is used 
 with the Subjunctive, where also ne, or if a negative precedes, quin 
 may be used. "764. 
 
 30 equitibus, cavalry. — reliquum exercitum deducendum dedit; 
 the Gerundive is used with the verb dare to express the purpose or 
 end for which any thing is given. 84i. 
 
 30. 3 idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem, favorable weather for 
 sailing; the common construction of idoneus is ad w. the Ace. 844. 
 
 4 tertla fere vigilia, about the third watch; the third watch began 
 at midnight; the Romans divided the night, from sunset to sunrise, 
 into four equal watches. — solvit, supply naves, he loosed the shipSy 
 equivalent to the English expression, he set sail or weighed anchor. 
 
 6 se sequi jussit; se is here Obj. Accusative, he ordered them to 
 follow him. 
 
 6 a quibus cum id; the Relative at the beginning of the sentence 
 instead of a Demonstrative. — paulo tardlus, somewhat too tardily, 
 rather tardily. 705. 
 
 7 hora diei circlter quarta, about the fourth hour of the day, i. e., 
 about 10 o'clock in the morning. 
 
 8 exposltas hostium copias armatas, the forces of the enemy 
 drawn up under arms. 
 
 9 ita montibus angustis mare continebatur, the sea was con- 
 fined by mountains so close to it. 
 
 11 ad egrediendum idoneum locum, a spot suitable for disem- 
 barking. 
 
 12 dum reliquae naves convenlrent; dum, until, takes the Sub- 
 junctive to denote the design in waiting at anchor. 778. 
 
 13 ad horam nonam, until the ninth hour, i. e., three o^clock in 
 the afternoon. 
 
 u et quae ex Voluseno cognosset et quae figri vellet; indirect 
 questions depending upon ostendit. 
 
 15 monuitque (ut rei militaris ratio, maximSque ut maritimae res 
 postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum habgrent) ad 
 nutum et ad tempus omnes res administrarentur, and warned them 
 
— 95 — 
 
 Page 
 that all things should be perfojined by them at a beck and at a 30. 
 moment, as the principles of military discipline, and especially as 
 naval operations required, since they have a rapid and unstable 
 motion, monuit governs the Subjunctive without ut (administra- 
 rentur); ut, in the parenthesis, means as, and would govern the 
 Indicative, if not in oratio obllqua; the relative clause quae..habe- 
 rent is in the Subjunctive to aenote the cause; in such sentences the 
 relative may be strengthened by ut or quippe. 792. 11. 
 
 18 his dimissis, when they were sent to their posts. — et ventum 
 et aestum secundum, both wind and tide favorable; secundum be- 
 longs as well to ventum, as to aestum. 
 
 20 circiter is here an adverb; milTa passuum septem, being the 
 Aco. of ^Distance how far. esi. — aperto ac piano littore, where the 
 shore was open and level; Abl. Absol. 
 
 22 praemisso equitatu et essedariis; the participle agrees with 
 the nearest noun and is to be understood to essedariis. — the ess6- 
 dum was a two-wheeled war chariot, and the essedarlus tJie fighter 
 in a war chariot. 
 
 23 quo genere, a kind of force which, is governed by uti, which 
 depends on consugrunt, for consueverunt, from consuesco. 333. 
 
 24 relTquis copTis subsecuti, having followed with the rest of their 
 troops; the active participle, because subsequi is a Deponent Yerb. 
 — nostros navibus egredi prohibebant, endeavored to prevent our 
 men from disembarking; after verbs of hindering, quominus w. the 
 Subjunct. is generally used. 764] but prohibeo is frequently followed 
 by the Inf. 
 
 26 in alto, in deep water. 
 
 27 militibus is to be taken with desiliendum, consistendum, pug- 
 nandum erat, the soldiers had to leap, to maintain their position, 
 and to fight; the Dative with the Gerund or (Jerundive to denote the 
 person on whom the necessity rests. 596. — • ignotis locis, in places 
 unknown to them; Abl. to denote the place where. — impeditis 
 manibus, loith their hands engaged. 
 
 28 gravi armorum onere oppressis, is in apposition to militibus. 
 
 30 ex arido, from dry ground. 
 
 31 omnibus membris expediti, having the free use of all their 
 limbs; omnibus membris is the Abl. of Limitation. 6O8. — notissimis 
 locis, in places which they knew perfectly; opposed to ignotis locis. 
 
— 96 — 
 
 Page 
 
 30. 32 equos insuefactos, the horses trained to it. 
 
 33 hujus generis puguae imperiti, unskilled in this kind oj 
 battle; pugnae depends on generis, and hujus generis on imperiti. 
 
 567. 1. 
 
 31. 1 non eadem alacritate et studio utebantur, did not show the 
 same alacrity and zeal; Abl. depending on utebantur. 626. 
 
 3 animum advertit, usually in one word, animadvertit; the Perf. 
 Indie, is governed by ubi, as soon as. — naves longas is Subject. Ace. 
 to removed, incitari, constitui; and hostes to propelli and submoveri; 
 all these Passive Infinitives depend on jussit. 
 
 6 ad latus apertum hostlum constitui jussit, ordered them to he 
 stationed on the unprotected flank of the enemy, 
 
 8 niagno usui nostris fuit; both usui and nostris are governed by 
 fuit; with the verb esse, besides the Dative of the p(^rso?2, another is 
 used to denote the purpose^ intention, &c. 595. — navlum figura, 
 remorum motu, &c. permoti; the moving cause is often expressed 
 by a participle, as, permOtus, influenced, induced, with the Abl. 
 
 12 qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, the eagle-bearer of the 
 tenth legion. 
 
 13 ut ea res legioni felictter evenlret, that this undertaking might 
 turn out successfully for the legion; clause of purj)Ose with ut. 
 
 15 meum officium praestitero, / will promptly discharge my 
 duty; the Porf. Fut. is here used to denote the speedy completion of 
 an act. 
 
 17 cohortati inter se, having exhorted each other, i. e., under 
 mutual exhortations. — ne tantum dedecus admitteretur; ne (in a 
 negative sense) is used with the Subjunct. after verbs of exhorting. 
 
 18 hos item ex proximis navibus cum conspexissent; supply mi- 
 lites as subject. 
 
 11. On the hahits of the Germans. 
 
 22 multum a consuetudine Gallorum differunt, differ widely from 
 the custom of the Gauls; verbs compounded with dis nearly always 
 take a or ab with the Abl. 62i. 
 
 23 druides, the ministers of religion among the Gauls and Britons 
 — qui rebus divinis praesint; qui w. the Subjunctive to denote the 
 purpose, for ut ii, to preside over the religious rites. 
 
— 97 — 
 
 Page 
 
 24 sacriflciis studSre, to pay much attention to sacrifices. 31. 
 
 26 reliquos ne fama quidem accepSrunt, of the rest they did not 
 even know by hearsay. 
 
 27 in studiis rei militaris, in military pursuits. 
 
 30 in annos singiilos, for one year at a time; time for how long 
 is expressed by tlie Aco. w. in. 677. 
 
 31 gentibus cognationibusque, to the tribes and families. — qui 
 una coierint, who should have united; or such as had united] Fut. 
 Perf. 
 
 32 quantum et quo loco visum est, as much land and where they 
 see fit. 
 
 1 alio, to a different quainter. — ejus rei multas causas afferunt, 32. 
 they advance many reasons for this practice. — ne adsidua consue- 
 tudine capti, studium belli gerendi agricultura commiitent, that they 
 'might not, enslaved by long continued custom, divert their atten- 
 tion from war to agriculture; this and the following clauses oi pur- 
 pose refer to transTre cogunt. 
 
 3 latos fines parare, to acquire extensive possessions. 
 
 4 possessionibus expellant, drive from their property; after 
 verbs of removing the Abl. of Separation is used, with or without a 
 preposition. 620. — accuratius, with greater care. — ad frigora 
 atque aestus vitandos; ad with the Gerundive expressing purpose, 
 instead of ut w. the Subjunct. — vitandos agrees with aestus, and is to 
 be understood to frigora. 
 
 6 nequa oriatur pecuniae cupiditas; qua for aliqua; indefinite 
 pronoun after ne. 75«. — pecuniae cupiditas is the Object Gen., greedi- 
 ness for money, see. 2. 
 
 7 aequitate animi plebem continSant, that they might control the 
 mass by evenness of temper, i. e., by contentedness. — cum quisque 
 vidgat, since every one saw; causal cum takes the Subjunct. 786. — 
 cum potentissimis for cum opibus potentissimOrum, with those of 
 the mightiest. 
 
 9 quam latissimas solitudines, deserts as extensive as possible. 
 
 10 vastatis finibus, by the desolation of their frontiers. — pro- 
 prium virtutis, a proof of valor. 
 
 11 expulsos agris finitimos cedere, neque quemquam prope 
 audere consistgre, that, or when the neighbors, being driven from 
 their estates^ retire, and nobody dares to stay near them. 
 
— 98 — 
 
 Page 
 
 32. 12 hoc, thereby. 
 
 13 repentinae incursionis timore sublato, tlie fear of a sudden in- 
 cursion being taken away. — cum bellum civitas illatum defendit, 
 when a state repels a war that has been waged upon it. 
 
 u qui ei bello praesint; the Subjunctive clause denoting the pur- 
 pose^ the relative being equivalent to ut hi. 792. i. 
 
 15 ut vitae necisque potestatem habeant, so that they have power 
 of life and death, is a clause of result. — in pace, in time of 
 peace, gis. 
 
 17 inter sues, among their followers. 
 
 18 latrocinia, quae fiunt, robbcjHes which are committed. 
 
 19 juventutis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causa, for the 
 sake of exercising youth and diminishing idleness; the Gen. ot the 
 Gerund or Gerundive with causa is a very common way of expressing 
 design. 843. 
 
 20 ubi quis ex principibus dixit, as soon as some one of the 
 leaders said; ubi takes the Perf. Ind. 737. ii. — ubi, being a relative 
 particle must be followed by quis. — ex principibus; the preposition 
 ex is used instead of the Part. Gen. 
 
 21 qui sequi velint, profiteantur, and that those who wish to follow 
 him may give in their names; Subjunct. in oratio obliqua. 
 
 22 causam, the enterprise. 
 
 25 omniumque iis rerum postSa fides derogatur, and all credit in 
 every thing is after this loithheld from them; verbs of taking away 
 are followed by the Dat., to be translated hy from. 
 
 26 qui quaque de causa, all persons who on any account what- 
 ever. — veneriut, Fut. Perfect. 
 
— 99 — 
 
 M. TULLIUS CICEEO. 
 
 M. Tullins Cicero was born in the year of Rome 647, or about 105 
 years before Christ. His father who was of the equestrian order 
 took great care of his education which was directed particularly witli 
 a view to the bar. In Greece he attended the Athenian orators and 
 philosophers, and improved greatly both in eloquence and knowl- 
 edge. From Athens Tully passed into Asia and after an excursion 
 of two years returned to Italy. In his forty-third year Cicero was 
 proclaimed consul. For his services in suppressing the conspiracy 
 which had been formed by Catiline he was honored with the title of 
 Pater Patriae or Father of his Country. Cicero's death happened 
 on the Yth of December, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, about 
 ten days after the first triumvirate. Tho extracts here given are 
 from Cicero's philosophical writings. 
 
 IS. Solon. 
 
 5 scripserit; the Subjunctive in a relative clause depending on an 33. 
 
 Ace. W. Inf. 826. 
 
 6 quod, .simulaverit; as a rule, quod takes the Indie, but the Sub- 
 junctive is used to express the thought of some other person. 783. — 
 quo tutior esset et prodesset; quo is a favorite final conjunction with 
 Comparatives. 763. 
 
 8 cur. .constituisset; Subjunct. in indirect question. 8oi. — qui 
 necasset; the Subjunctive in a clause depending upon an Ace. w. 
 
 Inf. 826. 
 
 10 sapienter fecisse dicTtur, they say he acted sensibly; Norn. w. 
 Inf. 821. 
 
 11 cum nihil sanxgrit; cum, whereas, since, takes the Subjunct. 786. 
 — cum de eo nihil sanxerit, quod antea commissum non erat, 7iot hav- 
 ing enacted a law against a crime which had not been committed 
 heretofore, — ne non tam prohibere quam admonere videretur, lest it 
 should seem he had not so much forbidden as called attention to it; 
 
-^ 100 — 
 
 Pag© 
 
 33. any verb used as, a verb of willing or demanding may have the 
 construction with ut or ne denoting a purpose. 158. 
 
 u si qui; qui, after si, is an Indefinite Pronoun = aliquis. 762. 
 
 15 honestum illud Solonis est, that is an excellent thing of Solon. 
 
 16 multa in dies addiscentem, while learning much every day. — 
 qua voluptate animi nulla potest esse major, a pleasure of the mind 
 than which there can be certainly none greater; the AM. instead 
 of quam with the same case as the thing compared must be regularly 
 used in the Relative Clause. 6io. 
 
 17 prudentibus et bene institutis; the Dat. of the indirect object, 
 in sensible and well-educated men. 
 
 20 hoc illud est, quod Pisistrato a Solone responsum est, this is 
 the well-known answer Pisistratus got from Solon. 
 
 22 cum illi quaerenti qua tandem spe fretus sibi tam audaciter 
 obsisteret, respondisse traditur: senectute; who as we are told, 
 upon the former inquiring on what hope now he (Solon) relied 
 to oppose him so boldly, replied ^^on old age". — illi quaerenti, viz.: 
 Pisistrato, depends on respondisse. — qua spe fretus; fretus takes 
 the Abl. 635. 
 
 23 obsisteret; the Subjunct. in an indirect question. — respondisse 
 traditur, Norn. w. Inf., he is said to have replied, or, replied, as we are 
 told; sometimes it is well to insert the verb of saying in a paren- 
 thetical clause. 
 
 24 quo se negat velle, kc, in which he says that he does not 
 wish; the verb negare is often conveniently translated to say that 
 not. 
 
 25 dolOre et lamentis vacare; vacare, to be void of, takes the 
 Abl. 622; the same as carere, to be without, in the following line. 
 
 26 Hexameter. Mors mea ne careat f lacrimis; linquamus amicis. 
 
 Pentameter. Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu. 
 This is an Elegiac Distich (oio), consisting of a Hexameter fol- 
 lowed by a Pentameter. In reading, the final syllable of maero- 
 rem is suppressed by Elision. 887. — ne careat, linquamus, let not 
 be without, let us leave; the Subjunct. is used to express an exhor- 
 tation or command; Imperative Subjunct. 752. 
 
 27 ut cel6brent, clause of result; so that they may celebrate. 
 
— 101 - 
 
 Page 
 
 13. Leonidas. 34. 
 
 2 mortes imperatoriae, the death of generals; in Latin the plural 
 of abstract nouns occurs more frequently than in English ; so mortes, 
 because there were several generals. 694. 
 
 6 animo forti, with good cheer; Abl. of Manner. 
 
 7 alacri magnoque animo, with actlvd. hnfV-Jofty courage; Ahl. of 
 ManDer. ...'.. : . •.' . 
 
 8 in quos Simonides, supply a%in ivho,^e hp'riot'SmpT^f^^is/aftys. 
 
 j_ ijM^ 1 1 *^ ! - ;^ [ -i v^l i. vj u I Z u 
 
 9 Hexameter. Die, hospes, Spartae f nos te vidisse jacentes. 
 
 1 b^l _ \j Kj\L \\L yj \j \ L\j yj \ - 
 Pentameter. Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur. 
 This is another Elegiac Distich, the epitaph of the three hundred 
 brave Spartans who defended the Straits of Thermopylae. — nos te 
 vidisse jacentes; nos is Object Ace. and te Subject Ace; the context 
 shows which is the real subject. 
 
 13 prae multitudine, on account of the multitude; prae is fre- 
 quently used in the sense of on account of implying an obstacle. 662. 
 
 15 qualis tandem Lacaena ? ^vhat of that Sjpartan woman ? 
 
 17 ut esset qui non dubitaret, that there should he some one who 
 would not hesitate; non dubito, / do not doubt, taiies quin; 766; 
 with the Inf. it means: I do not hesitate. 
 
 14' ThemistoGles, 
 
 21 beUi quod cum Persis fuit, of the Persian ivar. 
 
 22 consilium rei publicae salutare, a plan which would be service- 
 able to the state. 
 
 23 sed id sciri non opus esse, but it was necessary that it should 
 not be made public. — postulavit ut popiilus aliquem daret, lie de- 
 manded that the people should appoint a person; verbs of demand- 
 ing take ut. 
 
 24 quocum communicaret, to whom he might communicate it; 
 quocum is for ut cum eo; accordingly, the verb is in the Subjunct. 
 792. 1. — huic ille, supply dixit. 
 
 25 quae subducta esset, which was hauled ashore = which had 
 gone into harbor; the Subjunct. in oratio obllqua. 
 
 26 quo facto frangi Lacedaemoniorum opes necesse esset, and 
 thus the power of the Lacedaemonians must of necessity be broken; 
 
— 102 — 
 
 Page 
 
 34. quo facto is Abl. Abs., this being clone = thus; the Subjunctive esset 
 in oratio obliqua. 
 
 27 quod cum audisset, having heard this; the relative pronoun is 
 to be translated by a demonstrative. 
 
 28 magna exspectatione^ amid the great expectation of all; it is 
 properly Abl. Abs. ., 
 
 29 adfer.retj the Snbjunot. in or-atio obliqua. 
 
 36 'quod hon^AuLi'ri&Ti. esset, 'which was not honoralUe; the Sub- 
 junctive is used to express the opinion of Aristides. 
 
 32 auctore Aristlde, Abl. Abs., but it may be rendered, upon the 
 authority of A r ist ides. 
 
 35. 1 fertur, dicitur, is said; Norn. w. Inf. 82i. — incredibili quadam 
 magnitudlne consilii atque ingenii, a man of an almost incredible 
 amount of prudence and capacity; Abl. of Quality. 6is. 
 
 2 ad quem = et ad eum. 
 
 5 se ei traditurum (esse), that he would teach him. 
 
 6 dixisse ilium doctOrem; the author here departs from the former 
 construction of the Norn. w. Inf. and uses the Ace. w. Inf. ; of course we 
 must supply dicitur, it is said; it will greatly simplify the rendering 
 of a passage like this, to drop the form of indirect discourse, in- 
 serting the Yorh of saying in a parenthetical clause: as they say — 
 a certain learned man came to him, &c. 
 
 7 gratius sibi ilium esse facturum, he would do him a greater 
 favor. 
 
 8 si se oblivisci quam meminisse docuisset, if he could teach him 
 to forget rather than to remember. 
 
 10 quod somnum capere non posset, because (as he said) he could 
 not find sleep; quod takes the Subjunct. in oratio obliqua. 
 
 14 non sua sed patriae gloria, not by his own but by his coun- 
 try's glory; Instrumental Abl. 
 
 15 si ego Seriphius essem &c.; the condition is contrary to fact. 
 
 788. III. 
 
 18 collocaret; the Subjunct. in indirect question. 
 
 19 qui pecunia eggatj who has no money = without money; egeo, 
 takes the Abl. 622, 
 
— 103 — 
 
 Page 
 
 15. Alexander the Great. 35. 
 
 21 qua nocte . . . eadem, for eadem nocte qua; the Antecedent 
 incorporated into the relative clause. 719 , begin with constat, it 
 is well known. 
 
 22 ex Olympiade natum; Participles of MrtJi take the Abl. with or 
 without ex. 604. — atque ubi lucSre coepisset; ubi originally takes 
 the Indicative, but here the Subjunct. is used because it depends on 
 an Inf.; Attraction of Mood. 826. 
 
 25 quod Diana . . . abfuisset domo; Subjunct. by Attraction of 
 
 Mood. 826. 
 
 30 qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem inveneris, to have found 
 a proclaimer of your valor in Homer; when qui = cum is, the 
 Subjunct. is employed. 792. 11. 
 
 31 nisi exstitisset;the condition is represented as contrary to fact. 
 
 788. III. 
 
 2 eoque vulnere. .moreretur, came near dying from this wound. 36. 
 
 3 adsidens, sitting up with him. — secundum quigtem, while 
 asleep, in a dream. 
 
 i visus ei dicitur draco radiculam ore ferre et dicere, as they say, 
 the dragon appeared to him carrying a little root in its mouth, and 
 telling him; Norn. w. Inf. ; the verb of saying is best rendered in a 
 parenthetical clause. 
 
 6 quo ilia loco nascergtur, where it grew. 
 
 6 ejus autem vim esse tantam; this Ace. w. Inf. depends on dicere. 
 
 7 ut. . sanaret; clause of result after tantam. 759. 
 
 8 emisisse; translate this Infinitive depending upon dicitur (which 
 must of course be understood) by the Indicative. — qui quaererent, 
 to seek; the subjunctive clause denoting the purpose; qui = ut ii. 
 
 9 Ptolemaeus sanatus dicitur; the predicate sanatus dicitur agrees 
 with Ptolemaeus, and is understood to multi milites. 
 
 11 quiddam praesentiens atque divmans, some touch of presage 
 and divination. 
 
 13 in radicibus Caucasi, at the foot of the Causasus. 
 
 u quo. .combureretur, for ut eo comburergtur; the Relative with 
 the Subjunct. to denote the purpose. 
 
 15 praeclarum discessum; the Ace is used in exclamations. 68S. 
 
— 104 — 
 Page 
 
 36. 17 cumque eum rogaret, si quid vellet, ut dic6ret, and when he 
 asked him^ if 'he wanted to say anything, to do so; rogare takes 
 ut. 758, 
 
 16. Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse. 
 24 qua pulchritudine urbem, quibus autem opibus praeditam servi- 
 ttite oppressam tenuit civitatem, of what beauty was the city pos- 
 sessed, and moreover, how rich was the state which he held 
 oppressed in slavery! pulchritudine and opibus depend on praedi- 
 tam (623), wliich belongs to both urbem and civitatem. 
 
 26 sic scriptum accepimus, we have so received it in writing^ 
 i. e., we are so informed. 
 
 28 eundem tamen, yet at the same time; idem equivalent to an 
 adverbial expression. 7i7. — uatura, from his natural disposition; 
 Abl. of Limitation. 
 
 •29 ex quo, from this, for this reason. — omnibus bene veritatem 
 intuentibus, to all who look well into truth. 
 
 30 videri necesse est miserriraum, he must of necessity appear to 
 he very wretched. — ea quae, those things which. 
 
 31 ne turn quidem, cum omnia se posse censGbat, not even at the 
 time when he believed he could do anything = when he con- 
 sidered himself all-powerful. 
 
 37. 1 cum, though, concessive conjunction with Subjunct. 769. — ho- 
 nesto loco natus, sprung from a decent family; Participles of birth 
 may take the Abl. with or without the preposition e, ex. 
 
 2 alius alio modo, one in one way, and the other in another; 
 alius is used in a peculiar way with other cases of itself, where we 
 use two sentences, with one and another. 729. — abundaret aequa- 
 lium famiharitatibus et conusetudine propinquorum, he had extensive 
 and intimate acquaintance with his equals and ample social inter- 
 course with his relatives; abundare, takes the Abl. 622. 
 
 i ex familiis, from the households; familia, the slaves in a 
 household fnot = family, \. e., wife and children). 
 
 5 quibus . . detraxerat, from whom he had taken away; quibus is 
 the Dat. of the Indirect Object to be rendered hy from. 
 
 7 propter injustam dominatus cupiditatem, in consequence of his 
 iniquitous greed of power. 
 
 10 sordido atque ancillari artificio, Abl. of Manner; by the mean 
 service of a handmaid. 
 
— 105 — 
 
 Page 
 
 11 ab eis ipsis ferrum remOvit, and even from them he removed 37. 
 the iron, i. e., the razor; verbs of removing require the Abl.; with 
 persons the preposition a, ab must be used. 620. 
 
 12 instituit ut, he ordered that. 
 
 13 candentibus juglandium putaminlbus, Instnim. Abl. 
 
 17 cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, having sur. 
 rounded his resting place with a broad ditch; circumdare, takes a 
 Dative with an Ace, or an Ace. with an Abl. 593. 
 
 26 quia demonstravisset. .quia approbavisset; quia, because, of 
 itself is followed by the Indicative; here the Subjunct. is used in 
 oratio obliqua. — viam interimendi sui, the way to kill him. 
 
 28 eo facto sic doliut, he was so sorry for his deed; dolere takes 
 the Causal Abl. 604. — nihil ut tulerit gravius in vita, that nothing 
 lay harder upon him during his whole life; clause of result after 
 
 sic ut. 759. 
 
 29 quem, supply eum. 
 
 30 impotentium cupiditates, the passions of those who are not 
 masters of themselves. 
 
 31 quamquam, notwithstanding. — quam beatus esset; the Sub- 
 junct. in indirect question. 
 
 32 quidam ex ejus adsentatoribus, one of his flatterers; the pre- 
 position ex in a partitive sense. 
 
 2 negaretque unquam beatiOrem quemquam fuisse, and said that 38. 
 tliere had never been any luckier person; negare, to say that not. 
 
 5 in aureo lecto strato pulcherrimo textili stragulo magnificis 
 operibus picto, on a golden couch spread with a very fine textile 
 fabric magnificently embroidered; strato belongs to lecto; pul- 
 cherrimo textili is Instrumental Abl. depending on strato; again, picto 
 belongs to stragulo, and magnificis operibus is the Abl. of Means or 
 Instrument depending on picto. 
 
 8 eximia forma pueros, slaves of great beauty; Abl. of Quality. 
 
 9 nutum illlus intuentes diligenter ministrare, awaiting his beck 
 to attend upon him carefully. — aderant, there were also. 
 
 13 saeta equina aptum, fastened with a horse-hair; aptus is the 
 Participle of apo, -ere, to fasten. 
 
 u ut impenderet, clause of result, so that it hung over. 
 
 15 plenum artis argentum, silver plate richly wrought (lit. full of 
 art) ; plenus takes the Gen. 567. 
 
— 106 — 
 
 Page 
 
 38. 18 quod jam beatus nollet esse, because^ as he said, he did not 
 want any longer to be happy; quod takes the Subjunct. to express 
 the intention of Damocles; jam with the negation in nollet is equiva- 
 lent to no longer. 
 
 19 cui semper aliqui terror impendeat; the Subjunct. in a clause 
 dependent on the Inf. esse. 826. 
 
 21 Damonem et Phintiam ferunt hoc ammo fuisse ut, as they say, 
 Damon and Phintias entertained such sentiments towards each 
 other that; hoc animo is Abl. of Quality. 
 
 24 coramendandorum suorum causa, for the sake of commending 
 his family. — vas factus sit alter ejus sistendi, depends on ut, that 
 the one became bail for the appearance of the other in court; Clause 
 of result. — vas ejus sistendi, bail for his appearing in court. 
 
 25 ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum esset ipsi, that if the 
 former had not returned, the latter should die himself; the Sub- 
 junctives of the Imperf. and Pluperf. are required by the Sequence 
 of Tenses. 
 
 26 ad diem, on the appointed day; ad is used to denote a fixed 
 time. 629. 
 
 27 tyrannus petlvit ut; verbs of demanding take ut. 758. — se 
 refers to tyrannus. 
 
 30 secundissirao vento, with a very favorable wind. 
 
 31 quam bona navigatlo. .detur, what a fine voyage is given; Sub- 
 junct. in indirect question. 
 
 33 homo acutus, the sharp fellow. — bene plan5que percepisset, 
 had learned this full well. 
 
 39. 3 grandi pondere, of great weight; Abl. of Quality. 
 
 5 aestate grave esse, <fec., depends on cavillatus est, which implies 
 dicens. 
 
 6 eique laneum pallium injecit, and put on him a woollen cloak; 
 injicere, takes the Dat. 592. — cum id esse aptum ad omne anni 
 tempus diceret, because, as he said, this was suitable to every 
 season. 
 
 8 neque enim convenire barbatum esse filTum, &c., depending on 
 an implied dicens, for it was also not becoming in a son to have a 
 beard. 
 
 11 in quibus quod, for et quod in iis; the Relative instead of the 
 
— 107 — 
 
 Page 
 
 Demonstrative at the beginning of the sentence; in quibus quod in- 39. 
 scriptum esset: Bonorum Deorum, and because there was an in- 
 scription on them, or, because they bore the inscription ^^Of the good 
 gods''; inscribere, takes in w. the Abl. 689. — inscriptum esset, Im- 
 pers. Pass. 423; the Subjunctive is used in oratio obliqua. 
 
 13 quae simulacrorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, which 
 were held up in the outstretched hands of the images. 
 
 15 esse enim stultitiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab eis porri- 
 gentibus et dantibus nolle sumere, that it was a folly not to take 
 willingly blessings from those whom toe supplicate, when they 
 present and give them; this is a common Latin construction, the re- 
 lative clause standing first; in English this is unusual; precaremur 
 is in the Subjunct. being dependent on the Inf. esse. 
 
 16 porrigentibus et dantibus; the Participles may be translated 
 when they offer and give them. 
 
 17 eumdem, likewise; idem is here equivalent to an adverb. 717. 
 — haec quae dixi sublata de fanis, the above-mentioned objects 
 which he had taken from the temples. 
 
 19 exactaque pecunia, having exacted the money. — edixisse ut; 
 verbs of ordering take ut. 758. — ut quod quisque a sacris haberet, 
 id ante diem certam in suum quidque fanum referret, that before a 
 certain day, each one should bring back what he possessed of the 
 sacred objects, each one to its own temple. — quod quisque a sacris; 
 sometimes a, ab w. the Abl. is used instead of a Genitive. 
 
 21 ad impietatem in deos in homines adjunxit injuriam, he added 
 to impiety towards the gods injustice towards men; words of kindred 
 meaning are put side by side for the sake of emphasis, here in deos 
 in homines. 
 
 17. Socrates. 
 
 23 de Socrate acceplmus, ive have heard of Socrates. 
 
 24 divinum quiddam (quod daemonium appellat), a divine some- 
 thing (which he called demon). 
 
 25 cui semper ipse paruerit, which he himself always obeyed; the 
 Subjunct. in a clause depending upon an Ace. w. Inf. — numquam im- 
 pellenti, saepe revocanti; closely related to cui, which however 
 never impelled but often restrained him. 
 
 26 quo quem auctorem meliorem quaerimus ? The Abl. of Com- 
 parison must be regularly used in relative sentences. 6io; and what 
 better author are we looking for than he? 
 
— 108 — 
 Pag© 
 
 39. 27 Xenophonti consulenti depends on ait. — sequereturne, whether 
 he should follow; Subjunct. in indirect question. 
 
 28 quae sibi videbantur, what seemed proj^er to himself. — et 
 nostrum quidem consilium humanum est, and our understanding 
 is indeed human. 
 
 30 ad Apollmem cens6o referendum, / believe we should refer to 
 Apollo. 
 
 31 de majoribus rebus, about more important affairs. 
 
 32 scriptum est, Impers. Pass., it has been communicated. 
 
 40. 1 oculum adiigatum vidisset, (when) he had seen his eye bound 
 up. — quid esset, what was the matter; Subjunct. in indirect question. 
 
 2 ambulanti ramiilum adductum, ut remissus esset in oculum 
 suum recidisse, that to him while walking a strained twig, when it 
 was slackened, had recoiled into his eye. 
 
 3 turn Socrates, sc. ait. 
 
 4 cum utfirer qua sol6o praesagitione divina, when I availed 
 myself, as usual, of the divine presentiment. 
 
 5 cum apud Delium male pugnatum esset, Impors. Pass., when they 
 had calamitously fought at Delium == after the defeat at Delium. 
 
 1 ut ventum est in trivium, when they had come to a cross road. 
 — eadem qua ceteri (supply via), by the same road as the rest; the 
 way by which is in the Abl. 688. 
 
 8 quibus quaerentibus, when they asked him. 
 
 12 vult, is of opinion. 
 
 13 pusionem quemdam Socrates interrSgat quaedam, Socrates 
 asks an urchin sundry questions; interrogare takes two Ace. 58i. 
 
 16 e5dem perveniat quo (supply perveniret) si geometrica didi- 
 cisset, he reaches the same point which he would reach, had he 
 studied geometry; the condition is contrary to fact, accordingly si 
 with the Imperf. or Pluperf. Subjunct. is employed. 788. iii. — ex quo 
 eflfici vult Socrates, whence Socrates means it to be understood 
 that &c. 
 
 18 cum ex eo esset quaesitum nonne, wJien he was asked 
 whether. 
 
 21 ain tu ? = aisne tu ? do you really mean so ? — an, or; some- 
 times the first part . of an alternative question is omitted, and a^u 
 alone asks a question. 798. 
 
— 109 — 
 
 Page 
 
 23 beatusne sit, whether he is happy; Subjunct. in indirect question. 40. 
 — an ego possim, how could I; Potential Subjunct. 750. 
 
 24 cum ignorem quam sit doctus, quara vir bonus, since I do not 
 know in how far he is a learned and good man. 
 
 25 quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam putas ? why ? do you think 
 a happy life depends upon this? 
 
 26 bonos beatos, improbos miseros, sc. esse. 
 
 32 quam si ei videretur edisceret, to learn it by heart, if it seemed 
 good to him; quam edisceret, ttie Subjunct. after the relative to de- 
 note purpose; quam for ut eam. 792. i. — pro se, in his behalf. 
 
 33 non invltus, not unwillingly, i. e., cheerfully. In Latin as in 
 English an assertion is sometimes made by denying the opposite, 
 and the double negative is often stronger than the opposite po- 
 sitive. 
 
 2 quia non essent; the Subjunct. in oratio obliqua. 41. 
 
 5 quibus tantum statuebant judices, damnarent an absolverent, 
 whereby the judges only decided whether they would condemn or 
 acquit. 
 
 7 legibus, according to the laws; Abl. of Limitation. 608. — ferre 
 (sententiam), to give a vote. — erat reo damnato quasi poenae 
 aestimatio, a condemned culprit had, to some extent, a naming of 
 his own punishment 
 
 8 et sententia cum judicibus darStur, when it came to the jury 
 to pass sentence; ht. when the sentence was given to the jury. 
 
 9 interrogabatur reus quam quasi aestimationem commeruisse se 
 maxime conflteretur, the defendant was asked what punishment he 
 would confess he had properly deserved. 
 
 13 qui honos apud Graecos maximus habetur, an honor which is 
 considered the highest among the Greeks. 
 
 15 capitis condemnarent; verbs of condemning with the Ace. of 
 the person take the G-en. of the punishment. 570. 
 
 16 apud Platonem; apud with the name of an author means in 
 the writings of in. 630. — Socrates est dicens, Socrates is intro- 
 duced saying. 
 
 19 Homericum quemdam ejusmodi versum, some such verse of 
 Homer. 
 
 21 Hexameter. Tertia te Phthiae tempestas laeta locabit; the 
 
— no — 
 
 Page 
 
 41. third happy day will bring you to Phthia; Phthia was the birth- 
 place of Achilles; the meaning of the verse is, just as Achilles there- 
 in says ^^that in three days he will he home in Phthia^ so you will 
 he home in three days^'. 
 
 28 duas esse vias &c.; this whole section down to esse faciendum 
 is in the oratio obllqua. 
 
 31 republica violanda, hy hetraying their country. 
 
 32 eis devium quoddam iter esse, they had some hy-way; Dat. de- 
 noting the possessor. 
 
 42. 1 quibusque fuisset minima cum corporibus contagio, who had 
 had least comiection with their hodies. 
 
 i itaque comraemorat, ut cycni cum cantu et voluptate morian- 
 tur, sic omnibus bonis et doctis esse faciendum, ajid so he mentions 
 that, just as swans die amid song and joy, so all good and learned 
 men ought to do. The oratio obllqua is here resumed after comme- 
 morat; the intermediate clause qui non sine causa Apollini dicati 
 sint, sed quod ab eo divinationem habere videantur qua providentes 
 quid in morte boni sit, belongs to cycni, the swans which are not 
 without reason dedicated to Apollo, hut because they seem to have 
 from him a divination hy which they foresee what a blessing there 
 is in death. 
 
 16 praeclare id quidem, supply dixit. — qui permiserit et osten- 
 derit; the relative qui = cum is, to denote the cause; hence the 
 Subjunct., because he was obliging to his friend and showed that lie 
 himself did not care about the vjhole affair. 
 
 18. Demosthenes. 
 
 22 cumque itabalbus esset, and although he was so stammering 
 he stammered so badly; concessive cum takes the Subjunct. 767. 
 
 23 cui studeret; the clause depends upon the Subjunct. esset, and 
 is, therefore, itself in the Subjunct. — studere takes the Dat. S89. 
 
 24 perfecit meditando, he brought it about by j^ractising. 
 
 25 cum spiritus ejus esset angustior, as Jiis breath was rather 
 short = as he was rather short of breath; tantum continenda anima 
 in dicendo est adsecutus, he made up for it by arresting the cur- 
 rent of air in speaking. 
 
 26 ut una continuatione verborum binae ei contentiones vocis et 
 remissiones continerentur, so that in one continuous outflow of 
 
— Ill — 
 
 words two elevations and two depressions of the voice at a iime^. 
 were contained. 
 
 28 qui etiam; the Relative for the Demonstrative. 
 
 29 summa voce, at the top of his voice. 
 
 30 uno spirita, in one breath. — neque is, and that not; when a 
 quaUty is ascribed with emphasis to an object, is with a copulative 
 particle is used. 7i5. 
 
 31 adscensu ingrediens arduo, walking up a steep ascent. 
 
 6 quid hoc levius ? sc. est; what could be sillier than this? hoc, 43. 
 Abl. of Comparison. 
 
 8 sine actiOne, without action^ i. e., without a good delivery^ or 
 without the proper ornament of voice and gesture. 
 
 9 mediocris hac instructus, a middling one, if provided with it. 
 — primas dare, to give the first place. 
 
 11 quo mihi melius etiam illud ab Aeschine dictum videri solet, 
 and the well-known saying of Aeschines commonly seems to me 
 still better than this; quo is the Abl. of Comparison, for quam id; solet 
 is here best rendered by an Adverb, commonly. 
 
 12 qui cum, the latter when; the Relative instead of a Demon- 
 strative. 
 
 13 propter ignominiam judicii, in consequence of a disgrace in- 
 flicted by the court, Subject. Gen. 
 
 15 quam in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat, which he, 
 as prosecutor of Ctesiphon, had pronounced against Demosthenes. 
 
 17 pro Ctesiphonte, as counsel for Gtesiphon. 
 
 18 admirantibus omnibus, Abl. Absol. 
 
 19 quanto magis miraremini, how much more would you have 
 been surprised; the condition being represented as impossible, the 
 Imperf. or Pluperf. Subjunct. must be employed. 788. in. 
 
 20 ex quo satis significavit, quantum esset in actione, hereby he 
 pointed out well enough how much lay in a good delivery. 
 
 21 qui putarit (putaverit) ; qui = cum is, to denote cause, since 
 he was of opinion. 792. ii. — actore mutato, Abl Abs. representing 
 a condition, the speaker being changed, i. e. when delivered by an- 
 other speaker. 833. 
 
— 112 — 
 
 Page 
 
 43. 19. The best sauce. 
 
 24 negavit se umquam. ., he said he had never. 
 
 25 scilicet, the plain reason was. — sitiens, being thirsty. 
 
 26 esuriens, being hungry. — cui cum peragranti Aegyptum 
 cibarius panis datus esset, when coarse bread had been given to 
 him on his tour through Egypt. 
 
 28 illo pane jucundius, more delicious than that bread; Abl. of 
 Comparison. 
 
 29 contentius, very vigorously; contente (from contendgre), with 
 great exertion. 
 
 30 quo melius cenaret, to have a better supper; quo with the 
 Subjunct. in clauses ofpu7^p)ose, especially with Comparatives. 763. 
 
 31 opsouare ambulando famem, that he was purveying hunger^ 
 i. e. that he was getting up) an appetite by walking; opsonare from 
 Greek b^puvetj [o^pov uvio/iai), to go to market. — ambulando, Abl. 
 of Means. 
 
 32 in phiditiis, in the public meals of the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 44. 4 ad EurOtam, on the banks of the Eurotas. 
 
 7 ut quidquid objectum est; quidquid is used to express em- 
 phatically anything whatever which. 
 
 8 quod modo a natura non sit alienum, provided it is not con- 
 trary to their nature; modo, if only, provided, takes the Subjunct. 
 790. — eo contentae, satisfied with it; contentus takes the Abl. 
 
 9 civitates quaedam universae, there are whole nations which. 
 
 11 quos negat ad panem adhibere quidquam praeter nasturtium, 
 of whom he says that they do not eat anything with their bread but 
 water-cress. 
 
 20. Burial service at Athens. 
 14 a Cecrope, from the time of Cecrops. — mos corpus terra hu- 
 mandi, the custom of burying the body in the earth. 
 
 18 quas inibant propinqui coronati, to which the relatives went 
 decorated with garlands. 
 
 19 apud quos, in whose presence. 
 
 20 justa confecta erant, the customary rites were finished. 
 23 apud SolOnem, in the laws of Solon. 
 
— 113 ~ 
 
 Page 
 
 24 "ne quis ea deleat neve alieaum inferat", let no one destroy^, 
 them or put in a stranger; Imperative Subjunct. — poenaque est, 
 and it is punishable. — si quis bustum violarit, dejecerit, fregerit, 
 if some one should mutilate^ throw down or break a bust. 788. ii. 
 
 26 post aliquanto, shortly after. — propter has amplitudines se- 
 pulcrorum, in consequence of this magnificence of the tombs. 
 
 29 neque id opere tectorio exornari . . . licebat, nor was it allowed 
 to adorn them with stucco; the Ace. w. Inf. constructions depend on 
 licebat. 
 
 30 Hermas hos, quos vocant, the so-called Hermae. 
 
 6 civis tuendae civitatis peritissimus, a citizen well versed 172 45. 
 protecting the state; perltus takes the Gen. 
 
 7 non solum poena, sed etiam tempore, not only by punishment^ 
 but also by time, i. e., not only by establishing punishment, but 
 also by fixing the time. — ante lucem enim jussit efferri, for he or- 
 dered funerals to take place before day-break. 
 
 9 super terrae tumulum, above the sepulchral mound. 
 
 10 noluit quidquam statui, he did not want, i. e. forbade anything 
 to be placed. — tribus cubitis non altiorem, not higher than three 
 cubits. 610. 
 
 11 huic procurationi praefecerat, to this charge he had appointed; 
 praeficere, to set over, appoint, takes the Dat. 592. 
 
 21. Aratus of Sicyon. 
 16 clandestino introitu, Abl. of Means. 
 
 22 quinquaginta annorum possessiones, a holding for fifty years. 
 — non nimis aequum, not very fair. 
 
 24 tenebantur, were held in possession. 
 
 25 judicavit neque illis adimi nee his non satis fieri, quorum ilia 
 fuerant, oportere, he was of opinion that neither the latter should 
 he deprived, nor those who had formerly possessed the property be 
 without indemnification. 
 
 26 quorum ilia fuerant; the Gen. to denote that to which something 
 belongs. 57i. — opus esse takes the Abl. 624. 
 
 27 ad eam rem constituendam, to fix this matter. 
 
 30 altyer refers to Ptolemaeum, hospitem suum, but is here in- 
 corporated into the relative clause, the second who. 
 
— 114 — 
 
 Page 
 
 46. 1 quam, for earn. — adhibere in consilium, to consult one. 
 3 aliena, the property of others. 
 
 i aestimandis possessionibus, hy estimating the properties = hy 
 an estimate of the properties. 
 
 5 possessionibus cederent, to give up their loroperty; posses- 
 sionibus, Abl. of Separation. 620. 
 
 6 quod tanti esset, what luas ivorth so much, i. e., an equivalent. 
 
 7 perfectum est, ut omnes discederent, it was brought about that 
 all came off. 
 
 8 o virum magnum; Ace. in exclamation, sss. — dignumque qui 
 natus esset; after dignus, the Relative takes the Subjunct. 793. c. 
 
 ^^. A rcDiarkahlo dream. 
 11 Cum duo &c.; this whole section is in the oratio obliqua, de- 
 pending on commemoratur. 
 
 14 qui ut cenati quiescCrent, when after supper they retired to 
 rest. — concubia nocte, during Jiis first sleep. 
 
 16 primo perterritum somnio, frightened by this first dream. 
 
 17 idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse duxisset, and had con- 
 cluded that this vision should be regarded as nothing. 
 
 19 quoniam sibi vivo non subvenisset, since he had not assisted 
 him while alive. 
 
 20 mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur, he would not allow 
 his death to go unavenged. — se interfcctum in plaustrum a caupOne 
 esse conjectum, stating that, having been killed by the innkeeper, 
 he had been thrust into a wagon; this oratio oblTqua depends on 
 rogare which implies dicens. , 
 
 22 petere ut mane ad portam adesset, he entreated him to be at 
 the gate early in the morning. — priusquam plaustrum ex oppido 
 exiret, before the wagon could leave the city. 779. 
 
 23 hoc vero cum somnio commotum, the latter thoroughly roused 
 by this dream. 
 
 24 mane bubulco praesto ad portam fuisse, waited at the gate 
 early in the morning for the driver. 
 
 26 re patefacta, the deed being brought to light 
 
115 — 
 
 PHAEDRUS. 
 
 Of Phaedrus, the Latin fabulist ot the Augustan age, scarcely 
 any accounts have been transmitted to us beyond occasional refer- 
 ences, and of his personal history almost nothing is known beyond 
 the fact that he was a slave who was brought from Thrace or Mace- 
 donia to Kome where he was freed by Augustus, as set forth in the 
 title-page of the book: Phaedri, Augusti liberti, fabularum Aeso- 
 jnarum libri quinque^ containing 97 fables in Iambic verse. 
 
 23. The wolf and the lamb. p 
 
 3 Ad Yivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant. — This is the most 47. 
 common form of Iambic verse; it is called Iambic Trimeter or Senarian, 
 and consists of three Iambic dipodies or six Iambic feet. Accord- 
 ingly the formula of the verse is as follows: 
 
 \jL\J— \^1.\J— \^Lkj^ 
 
 In the Iambic Trimeter a Tribrach (u u u) may be substituted for 
 any iambus except the last, as: 
 
 ad rivitm eundem lupus et agnus venerant. 
 Likewise a Spondee (_ _) or its equivalent Anapaest (w \j _) or Dactyl 
 (_ Kj Kj) may be substituted for an Iambus in the odd places (1st, 3d, 
 
 5th foot). 922. 
 
 4 superior, higher^ that is nearer the source of the river. 
 
 6 fauce improba, Abl. of Instrument governed by incitatus; lit. hy 
 his wicked throat; i. e. hy his voracity. 
 
 6 latro, the robber, i. e., the wolf. — jurgii causam Intulit, picked 
 a quarrel. 
 
 7 mihi. .bibenti, for me while drinking = when I was drinking, 
 
 8 laniger, wool-bearing, i. e., the sheep. — contra, in turn. — 
 timens, timidly; the Participle translated adverbially; supply ait. 
 
 9 qui, old Abl. of qui, in what loay, how. — quod quereris, what 
 you complain of. 
 
- 116 - 
 
 Page 
 
 47. 12 male, ait, dixisti mihi, for: ait, maledixisti mihi; male and dixisti 
 form one word; such a separation of a compound word into its parts 
 is called Tmesis. 897. 
 
 15 atque ita correptum lacerat, and so he seizes and tears him 
 in pieces. 
 
 17 fictis causis, by fictitious causes. 
 
 24' The frogs and their king. 
 
 19 acquis legibus, under just laws. 
 
 22 hie conspiratis factionum partibus, some portions of the fac- 
 tions having entered into a conspir^acy. 
 
 25 grave omne insuStis onus est, every burden is heavy when we 
 are not accustomed to it. 
 
 28 liberis paludibus, in their free swamps; Abl of Place. 
 4S. 1 qui compesceret, who should restrain; the relative = ut is, 
 denoting purpose, with the verb following in the Subjunct. 
 
 3 missum quod &c. = quod tigillum missum, and this log when 
 sent down. — vadi belongs to pavidum genus, the timid population 
 of the marshes. 
 
 5 diutlus, somewhat long, a considerable time. 
 
 7 explorato rege, having examined the king. 
 
 8 timore poslto, having dismissed their fear. 
 
 9 lignumque supra, for: et supra lignum. 
 
 10 omni contumelia, with all kind of contumely. 
 
 12 inutilis quoniam esset; the Subjunctive shows that this is what 
 the frogs said. 
 
 17 adflictis ut succurrat, that he should succor the wretched; 
 clause of pmyose. 
 
 20 majus ne veniat malum, lest a greater evil may come; clause 
 of purpose. 
 
 25. The wolf and the crane. 
 '2A^ delude, to be pronounced deinde (two syllables). 
 
 25 OS devoratum fauce cum haereret lupi, when a bone which 
 the wolf had devoured was sticking in his throat. 
 
 26 singulos, supply amicos, his friends one by one. 
 
— 117 - 
 
 Page 
 
 28 persuasa est, was persuaded; this passive use of persuadeo 48. 
 is not common and scarcely in accordance with the rule; verbs which 
 govern a Dative in the Active are used only impersonally in the 
 Passive; the usual construction would be: persuasum est grui. 590. 
 
 29 colli longitudinem, his long neck. See Note on 49. 29. 
 
 30 medicinam fecit lupo, performed the operation on the wolf, 
 
 32 ore quae e nostro caput abstuleris; transpose^ quae e nostro 
 ore, &c. ; the relative quae is here equivalent to cum tu, since you; 
 accordingly it takes the Subjunctive. '792. 11. 
 
 33 et, and yet] et is often used in this sense. 
 
 26. The ass and the lion in partnership, 
 
 2 virtutis expers verbis jactans gloriam, is the subject of the sen- 49. 
 tence, he who is without virtue and boasts of his fame (with words); 
 expers takes the Gen. 567. 1. 
 
 3 ignotos, those who do not know him. — notis est derisiii, is a 
 derision to those who know him; the Dative is used with esse to 
 denote the purpose. 593. 
 
 4 asello comite, Abl, Absol. ; a few substantives having a kind of 
 participial meaning take the construction of Ablative Absolute. 536. 
 
 5 contexit ilium frutice, concealed him behind a shrub; lit. cov- 
 ered him with a shrub. 
 
 7 auritulus; the ass is described by his length of ear. 
 
 10 quae dum = dum eae, sc. bestiae. 
 
 12 qui, this one=the lion. — fessuscaede; fessus takes the Abl. 604. 
 
 13 tunc ille insSlens, supply ait. 
 
 u qualis videtur opera tibi vocis meae ? hoiu does my voice ap- 
 pear to aid you, lit. of what kind appears to you the help of my voice? 
 
 15 insignis sic ut, first rate so that; ut introducing a clause of 
 result with the Subjunct. — nisi nossem, had I not known; nossem 
 for novissem. 333; the condition being represented as contrary to 
 fact requires the Imp. or Pluperf. Subjunct. 788. iii. 
 
 27. TIxe fojo and the crow. 
 18 qui se laudari gaudet, he who takes pleasure in being praised; 
 verbs of emotion may take the Ace. w. Inf. 815. 
 
— 118 — 
 
 Page 
 
 49. 19 sera paenitentia, Abl. Absol. , repentance being too late = when 
 it is too late to repent. — dat turpes poenas, has to pay for it dis- 
 honorably. 
 
 20 de fenestra raptum caseum, a cheese he had stolen from a 
 window. 
 
 21 comesse = comedSre. 4io. — celsa residens arbore, perching 
 on a lofty tree. 
 
 23 qui est nitor, what is the sheen ! 
 
 24 quantum decSris, how much grace; Partitive Gen. after quantum. 
 
 566. 6. 
 
 28 avidis dentibus, with her greedy teeth; Abl. of Means. 605. 
 
 29 ingemuit corvi deceptus stupor, the stupid crow being deceived 
 groaned; the place of the Adjective, incase of a particular stress 
 being laid upon it, is often supplied by a Substantive expressing the 
 quality in the abstract, and the other Substantive is joined to it in 
 the Genitive, as here, corvi stupor for corvus stupidus. 
 
 28. The aged lion. 
 
 32 ignavis etiam jocus est, is the joke even of cowards. 
 
 33 defectus annis et desertus viribus, stricken in years and his 
 strength go7ie; annis is Abl. of Limitation, and viribus Causal Ablative. 
 
 34 spiritum extrgmum ducens, breathing his last. 
 
 50. 3 infestis cornibus, with his dangerous horns. 
 
 4 hostile corpus, the body of his enemy. 
 
 G at ille exspirans, supply ait. — fortes indigne tuli mihi insultare; 
 Ago. w. Inf. after a verb of emotion, sis. 
 
 7 te, naturae dedecus, quod ferre cogor; begin with quod, that I 
 am compelled to endure you, monster of nature; quod is used to 
 introduce an explanatory cause; here it means, the fact that, the 
 circumstance that. 784. 
 
 29. The "kite and the doves. 
 10 qui se committit homini tutandum improbo, he who commits 
 himself for protection to a wicked man; the Gerundive tutandum is 
 used after committere, to denote purpose. 84i. 
 
 14 raptor, the plunderer, i. e. , the kite. 
 
— 119 — 
 
 Pagf 
 
 16 quare sollicitum potius aevum ducitis ? why do you prefer to 50. 
 lead a life of care ? 
 
 17 icto foedere, Abl. Absol, hy making a league; the use of the 
 word icere, to strike, seems to have arisen from the notion of striking 
 down the victim which formed part of the process observed in making 
 treaties. 
 
 is qui vos praestem; qui being equivalent to ut ego takes the 
 Subjunctive. 792. i. 
 
 19 credentes, full of confidence. 
 
 20 qui, this one, for hie, — vesci singidas, supply columbas; vesci 
 commonly takes the Abl. 626; occasionally the Accus. is used, as here. 
 
 21 imperium exercere, to enforce one's power. 
 
 22 de relicuis una (supply inquit), one of the rest said; de is 
 here used in a partitive sense. 
 
 SO. The two mules. 
 
 25 fiscos, money-hags; fiscus was a basket of wicker-work for 
 holding large quantities of money. 
 
 26 tumentes multo saccos hordeo, hags swollen with much grain. 
 
 27 celsa cervice emlnet, is conspicuous hy his lofty neck. 
 
 28 clarumque jactat coUo tintinnabulum, and shakes the tinkling 
 hell on his neck. 
 
 29 quieto et placido gradu, Abl. of Manner. 
 
 31 inter caedem ferro mulum saucTant, while beating him they 
 wound the mule with a sword. 
 
 I me contemptum (supply esse) ; Ace. w. Inf after a verb of emotion. 51. 
 
 3 hoc argumento, hy or according to this argument. 
 
 4 periclo obnoxiae, liable to danger; obnoxias takes the Dat. sos. 
 
 31. The dog and the wolf. 
 8 salutatum ; the Supine (depending on restitgrunt) denotes a pur- 
 pose. 847. 
 
 10 aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis ? or hy what food have 
 you gained so much flesh ? corporis depends on tantum. 566. 6. 
 
 II pereo fame, I perish with hunger, am starving. 
 
 12 canis simpliciter, supply ait. — eadem est condicio tibi, you 
 are in the same condition; Dative to dQnotQ possession. 
 
— 120 -^ 
 
 Page 
 
 51. 15 tuearis et; the conjunction et here joins tuearis and sis; it does 
 not often occur so far on in the sentence; generally it stands first, 
 in poetry often in the second place, but seldom later. 
 
 19 et otiOsum largo satiari cibo; the construction is : me otiosum 
 largo satiari cibo quanto est facilius; Ace. w. Inf. 8ii. 
 
 21 a catena collum detrltum cani, the dog^s neck being galled by 
 the chain. 
 
 22 unde hoc, amice ? sc. inquit. 
 
 25 crepusculo; Abl. of Time. — qua visum est, where I please. 
 27 jactant familia; the Plural with the collective noun familia. 
 
 30 abire si quo est animus, if you have a mind to go somewhere; 
 quo, in the word siquo, is for aliquo. 
 
 31 non plane est, there is no liberty to do so absolutely = / cannot 
 go quite where I please. 
 
 32 liber ut non sim, on condition that I be not free. 
 
 32. Tlxe fox and the sour grapes. 
 62. 3 appetebat, kept aiming at; the Imperfect is used to denote a 
 repeated action. 755. 
 
 6 verbis elevant, they cry down. 
 
 S3. The ungrateful snahe. 
 11 sinfique fovit, warmed it in his bosom. — contra se ipse mise- 
 rlcors, compassionate against his own interest. 
 
 13 hanc, sc. colubram. — alia, sc. colubra. 
 
 u respondit, ne quis, answered, (I did it) lest. 
 
 34' The discontented stag. 
 16 laudatis; Abl. of Comparison for quam laudata; the regular con- 
 struction in prose would be, haec narratio adserit, saepe (ea) quae 
 contempseris utiliOra inveniri quam laudata. 
 
 26 retentis impedltus cornibus, impeded by his entangled horns. 
 
 27 vocem hanc edidisse dicitur, he is said to have exclaimed thus, 
 
 29 utilia mihi fuerint (ea), how useful were to me those things. 
 
 30 quantum luctus habuerint (ea), how much grief they caused 
 me; luctus in the Genitive after quantum, see. 6. 
 
— 121 — 
 
 a, ab, with abl, 
 abacus, -i (m.) 
 
 from, of, by 
 , a sideboard 
 
 YOCABULAET. 
 
 Note. Changeable parts of words are printed in bold-f aced. type, 
 so as to indicate the manner of forming the genitive, the gender endings, 
 and the principal parts of verbs. 
 
 The -, simply added to a noun, indicates that the genitive is like the 
 nominative. 
 
 (m.), (f.), (n.), (pi.) mean: masculine, feminine, neuter, plural, re- 
 spectively. 
 
 The signs of quantity are given, unless the syllable is long by position 
 {26), or contains a diphthong [12). 
 
 ac, atque, and 
 
 accedo,-gre, access!, accessum, 
 to approach; accedit, i^ is added 
 
 accendo, -6re, accendi, accen- 
 sum, to set on fire; rise to fury 
 
 acceptus, -a, -um, acceptable, 
 welcome 
 
 accessid, -onis (f.), an increase 
 
 accessus, -us (m.), an approach 
 
 accido, -ere, accidi, (no sup.), to 
 befall, happen 
 
 accipio, -ere, accepT, acceptum, 
 to receive; to hear; fama acci- 
 pere,to know by hearsay; scrip- 
 turn accipgre, to be informed; 
 pecuniam accipgre, to take the 
 money 
 
 accuratus, -3-, -fim, careful; ac- 
 curatius, with greater care 
 
 ac6r, -ris, -rS, sharp, vigorous; 
 acerrima studia, most acute 
 studies; acerrlme, most vio- 
 lently 
 
 Acerbas, -ae (m.), AcerbaSj 
 Elissa's husband 
 
 acerbus, -3,, -um, sour; painful 
 
 Achilles, -is (m.), Achilles 
 
 acles,-ei (f.), line of battle, battle 
 
 abditus, -a, -um, sequestered 
 abe5,-ire, abii, abitum, to move 
 
 off, to get off 
 abjicTo, -ere, abjgci, abjectiim, 
 
 to throw away 
 ablego, -arg, -avT, -atum, to 
 
 send away 
 abruptus, -a, -um, broken; ab- 
 
 ruptum, -i (n.), a precipice 
 absolve, -ere, absolvi, absolu- 
 
 tum, to acquit 
 absum, abesse, afiu, (no sup), to be 
 
 aivay; to be wanting; paulum, 
 
 non longe abesse, to be not far 
 
 from; domo abesse, to be away 
 
 from home 
 absumo, -ere, absumpsT, absum- 
 
 ptum, to destroy, consume 
 abundantiS-, -ae (f.), abundance 
 abundo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 abound, to be very numerous 
 Abydus, -i (f.), Abydos, a town 
 
 in Mysia,on the narrowest point 
 
 of the Hellespont 
 
— 122 — 
 
 actio, -onis (f.), an action; of 
 an orator, good delivery 
 
 actdr, -oris (ra.), a speaker 
 
 acumen, -inis (n.), keenness 
 
 acutiis,-^, -tim, pointed, sharp; 
 homo aciitus, a sharper 
 
 ad, with ace, at, to, against; 
 towards, hy 
 
 adclamo, -ar€, -avi, -atum, to 
 cry out 
 
 addico, -erC, addixi, addictQm, 
 to sentence 
 
 addisco, -€r6, addidici, (no sup.), 
 to learn further, to learn more 
 
 addo, -6r6, addidi, additum, to 
 add 
 
 adduce, -gr6, adduxi, adduc- 
 tUm, to bring up 
 
 adductiis, -&, -flm, strained 
 
 ad65, so, to that degree 
 
 adSo, -ire, adii, aditfim, to ap- 
 proach; insulam adire, to visit 
 an island; contionem adIre, to 
 go to the assembly 
 
 adfgro, -re, attulT, adlatum, to 
 bring (up, to); causas adferre, 
 to advance reasons 
 
 adficiS, -€re, adfeci, adfectum, 
 to treat,affect; often to be trans- 
 lated by a verb corresponding 
 to its ablative; verberlbus ad- 
 fic6re, to flog; verberibus ser- 
 vilibus adfici, to be flogged by 
 a slave; voluntariis verberibus 
 adfici, to flog one's self 
 
 adflgo, -gre, adflxi, adfixflm, 
 to fasten to, nail to; cruci adfi- 
 ggre, to crucify 
 
 adflicttis,-a, -urn, in a bad state, 
 distressed 
 
 adfllgo, -€r6, adflixi, adflicttim, 
 
 , to strike down, shatter 
 
 adgrediSr, -i, adgressGs sum, to 
 set about; to assail, to ap- 
 proach; to address; dolo ad- 
 grgdi, to take by surprise 
 
 adhaergo, -ere, adhaesi, adhae- 
 stim, to adhere, be united with 
 
 adhlbgo, -er6, -fli, -itum, to 
 employ, use; adhibere in con- 
 silium, to consult some one; ad 
 panem adhibere, to eat with 
 the bread 
 
 adhuc, hitherto, still 
 
 adimo, -gr6, ademi, adempttUn, 
 to take away, deprive 
 
 adlpiscOr, -i, adeptiis sum, to 
 obtain, gain 
 
 aditiis, -us (m.), access; a land- 
 ing place; (pi.) passages (for 
 entrance) 
 
 adjicio, -gr6, adj6ci, adjectGm, 
 to add to; telum adjic6re, to 
 hurl a weapon 
 
 adjungo, -ere, adjunxT, adjunc- 
 tum, to add to 
 
 adjuvo, -are, adjuvT, adjutum, 
 to assist 
 
 adllgatiis, -Sl, -uni, bound up 
 
 adludo, -erg, adlusi, adlusGm, to 
 smile on 
 
 adramistrati5, -onis (f), the ad- 
 ministration 
 
 administro, -arg, -avT, -atiini, 
 to manage, conduct, execute; 
 majestatem administrare, to 
 exercise the supreme power 
 
 admiratiO, -onis (f ), admiration 
 
 admirSr, -ari, -atiis sum, to 
 wonder at, admire 
 
 admitto, -6r€, admisi, admis- 
 stim, to admit; in conspectum 
 admittgre, to admit to one^s 
 presence 
 
123 
 
 admodum, very; admoduni puer, 
 
 very young; with numerals, 
 
 about 
 admoiieo,-ere,-m, -ittim, to re- 
 mind^ suggest^ call attention to 
 admonitiO, -onis (f.), reminding 
 admoveo, -ere, admOvi, adinO- 
 
 tiiin, to bring to 
 adnato, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 swim along 
 adolesco,-ere, ad6l6vi,adultuin, 
 
 to grow up 
 adquiro, -ere, adquisivi, adqui- 
 
 situui, to assume 
 adrideo, -ere, adrisi, adrisum, 
 
 to laugh at 
 adscendo, -ere, adscendi, ad- 
 
 scensum, to ascend 
 adscensus, -us (m.), an ascent 
 adscrIbo,-ere^adscripsi, adscrip- 
 
 tum, to join to; sibi adscribere, 
 
 to apply to one's self 
 adsentator, -oris (m.), a flatterer 
 adsequor, -T, adsecutus sum, to 
 
 attain^ reacJi, gain;isinium ad- 
 
 sequi, to make up for 
 adsero,-ere, adserui,adsertum, 
 
 to relate, assert 
 adsidens, -tis, sitting near a 
 
 person 
 adsiduus, -a, -um, constant 
 adsigno, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 
 allot 
 adspicio, see aspiciO 
 adsto, -are, adstiti, (no sup.), to 
 
 stand near 
 adsuesco, -erS, adsuevi, adsuS- 
 
 tum, to become accustomed 
 adsum,adesse,adfLiI, (no sup.), lobe 
 
 present, stand by; to be there; 
 
 fides mortis ad6rat, the news of 
 
 his death proved to be true 
 
 adsrimo,-SrS, adsumpsi, adsump- 
 
 turn, to assume; in societatem 
 
 adsumere, to admit into one's 
 
 company 
 adulescens, -tis (m.), a youth; 
 
 young 
 adidescentla, -ae (f.), youth 
 adulescentidus, -i (m.), a very 
 
 young man 
 adultus, -3., -um, grown up; ae- 
 
 tas adulta, full age 
 adunatus, -a, -uni, united 
 aduro, -ere, adussi, adustum, 
 
 to singe off 
 ad vena, -ae (m.), a stranger 
 advento, -are, -avi, -atQm, to 
 
 approach; of the day, to dawn 
 adventus, -us (m.), a coming 
 adversum ) ij^ ^^^ .„^j 
 
 adversus ) 
 adversus, -a, -um, unfavorable, 
 
 disastrous; ex adverso stare, 
 
 to face 
 adverto, -ere, adverti, adver- 
 
 simi, to turn towards; anlmum 
 
 advertere, to observe, perceive 
 advoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 summon 
 advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, to fly 
 
 to, to hurry to 
 Aeacides, -ae (m.), an Aeacide, 
 
 a male descendant of Aeacus 
 aedes,-is (f.), atemple; pi. house, 
 
 palace 
 aedificiumi, -i (n.), a building 
 aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 build 
 Aegeus, -ei (m.), Aegeus, Iving 
 
 of Athens, and father of Theseus 
 aegre, with difficulty 
 Aegyptus, -i (f.), Egypt 
 aemulatIO, -onis (f.), emulation 
 
124 
 
 Aeolides, -uiii (f. pi) insulae, the 
 Aeolic islands, now LijMri 
 
 aequalis, -e, equal; subst. a con- 
 temporary 
 
 aequaliter, equally 
 
 aequitas, -atis (f.), evenness; 
 anlmi aequitas, evenness of 
 temper 
 
 aequo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 level, to make equal to; aequata 
 patrimonia, the equality of 
 pjroperty 
 
 aequor, -is (n.), the sea 
 
 aequus, -a, -um, even; fair; 
 aequum jus, the same right; 
 aequae leges, reasonable laws 
 
 Aeschiues, -is (m.), the orator 
 Aeschines, rival to Demosthe- 
 nes 
 
 Aesculapius, -i (m.), Aescula- 
 pius, deified after liis death on 
 account of his great knowledge 
 of medicine 
 
 AesOpiis, -1 (m.), Aesopus, the 
 Greek fabulist 
 
 aestas, -atis (f ), summer 
 
 aestimatIO, -onis (f ), estimating 
 
 aestimo, -are, -avT, -atiim, to 
 estimate 
 
 aestiis,-us (m.), heat; tide, surge 
 
 aetas, -atis (f), age; aetatis 
 privilegium, privilege of sen- 
 iority 
 
 aeternitas, -atis (f.), durability 
 
 Aethiopia, -ae (f.), Ethiopia, a 
 country in Africa 
 
 Aetna, -ae (f ), Aetna, the cele- 
 brated volcano of Sicily 
 
 aevum, -i (n.), an age; soUicI- 
 tum aevum agere, to lead a life 
 full of care 
 
 Af6r, -ri (m.), an African 
 
 aflferO, see adfero 
 
 age, well then 
 
 ager, -ri (m.), afield, land; es- 
 tate; in agrum, into the country 
 
 aggredlor, see adgredior 
 
 aglto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 drive (violently); agitari, to be 
 disturbed; regnum agitare, to 
 spend the reign; facinus agi- 
 tare, to intend a crime 
 
 agmen,-inis {n.), aline of march, 
 an army; agmina senatOr'im, 
 the croiuds of senators 
 
 agnosco, -ere, agnOvi, agnitftm, 
 to recognize 
 
 agnus, -i (m.), a lamb 
 
 ago, -ere, egi, actum, to drive; 
 vitam agere, to spend life; vic- 
 torem agere, to act as a con- 
 queror; inter plebem et sena- 
 tum aggre, to manage between 
 the people and senate; in ex- 
 siliiim agere, to banish; de 
 praemlis agitur, the question 
 is concerning the rewards; 
 primes annos agere, io spend 
 the first years; haec aguntur, 
 these affairs are going on; per- 
 petuum exsilium agere, to live 
 in exile for life 
 
 agrlcultura, -ae (f.), husbandry 
 
 ain' = aisne ? do you mean ? 
 
 ajO, I say 
 
 alacer, -ris, -re, lively, happy; 
 alacrius, more briskly 
 
 alacrltas, -atis (f.), liveliness, 
 alacrity; magna animorum ala- 
 crltas, high spirits 
 
 Alciblades, -is (m.), Alcibiades 
 
 ales, -itis (m. & f.), a bird 
 
 Alexander, -ri (m.), Alexander 
 
 Alexandria, -ae (f.), Alexandria 
 
125 
 
 alieno, -are, -avi, -atiSiii, to 
 
 remove 
 
 alienum, -i (n.), the ^property of 
 others 
 
 aliCnus, -a, -um, belonging to 
 others, strange^ contrary to; ' 
 alienus (as a noun), a stranger 
 
 alio, in another direction^ to a 
 different quarter 
 
 allquando, sometime 
 
 aliquantisper, for some time 
 
 aliquanto post, some time after; 
 shortly 
 
 aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, aliquod, 
 some one, something (or other) 
 
 alitgr, otherwise 
 
 alius, -a, -lid, other (different); 
 nihil aliud, nothing else; alii 
 . . alii, some . . others; alii . . alt- 
 os, one . . another; alius alio 
 modo, some in this way and 
 some in another 
 
 alligo, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 fasten, chain up; also written, 
 adligo 
 
 alloquium, -i(n.), aconversation 
 
 alo, -ere, aim, alitum, to feed; 
 of animals, to keep 
 
 alter, -a, -um, other, second, 
 one of two; alter .. alter, the 
 one . . the other; alteruter, either 
 
 alteriiter, alterutrS, alterutrum 
 or alter titer, altera litra, alte- 
 riim utrum, one of two 
 
 altitudO, -iiiis (f.), height, depth 
 
 altiis, -a, -um, high; altiiin, -i 
 (n.), the deep sea; in alto, in 
 deep water 
 
 amarus, -a, -iim, hitter 
 
 ambitiO, -onis (f.), ambition; 
 ambitio vulgi, paying court to 
 the masses 
 
 ambfilo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 ivalk 
 araicTtia, -ae (f.), friendship 
 araiculuin, -i (n.), a cloak 
 amiciis, -i (m.), a friend; ami- 
 cus, -a, -iim, loyal 
 araissiO, -onis (f.), a loss 
 aniitto, -ere, amisi, a^issum, 
 
 to lose 
 Ammon, -is (m.), Ammon, the 
 supreme divinity of the Ethi- 
 opians 
 amo, -are, -avi, -atum, to love 
 amor, -oris (m.), love; an eager 
 
 desire 
 Amphictyon, -onis (m.), Am- 
 phictyon, a fabulous king of 
 Attica 
 amplitudO, -inis (f.), magnifi- 
 cence 
 amplius, besides, more, fur titer 
 ampliis, -a, -um, splendid 
 amputo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 cut off^ 
 an, or, whether 
 Anaxilaus, -i (m.), Anaxilaus, 
 
 tyrant of Sicily 
 anceps, -ipitis, wavering 
 ancillaris, -e, o/or belonging to 
 
 a handmaid 
 ancora, -ae (f.), an anchor 
 angustiae, -ariim (f. pi.), a nar- 
 row pass, defile; angustiae ma- 
 ris, narrow passages of the sea 
 angustus, -a, -um, narroiu; 
 
 close; of breath, short 
 anima, -ae (f.), breath, current 
 
 of air 
 animadverto, -ere, anlmadverti, 
 animadversum, to observe, not- 
 ice, perceive 
 animostis, -a, -um, spirited 
 
— 126 — 
 
 animus, -i (m.), mind; courage; 
 animo magQificentior, more ele- 
 vated in soul; animos frangere, 
 to break the spirits; animus 
 minax, animosity; hoc animo 
 esse, to entertain such senti- 
 ments^ 
 annus, -i (m.), a year; anni tem- 
 
 pus, a season 
 annuus, -S, -um, for one yea?-, 
 
 yearly 
 ante, with ace, before; adv., before 
 antea (adv.), before, heretofore 
 antelucaniis, -a, -um, that is or 
 takes place befoi^e daybreak; 
 tempore antelucano, before 
 daybreak 
 antepono, -ere, anteposui, ante- 
 
 positum, to prefer 
 antiquitas, -atis (f.), antiquity 
 antlquus, -a, -uiu, ancient 
 anulus, -i (m.), a finger-ring 
 anxTe, anxiously 
 aper, -ri (m.), a wild boar 
 aperte, openly, evidently 
 apertus, -a, -um, open; latus 
 apcrtum, the unprotected flank 
 Apollo, -inis (m.), Apollo 
 apparatus, -us (m.), a prepara- 
 tion; pi. supplies; apparatus 
 armorum, conviviOrum, 'prepa- 
 ration for war, for a banquet; 
 in medio hoc apparatu, in the 
 midst of this magnificence 
 appareo, -ere, -ui, -ittim, to 
 
 appear 
 apparo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 prepare 
 appello,-are,-avT,-atiim,to call 
 appello, -ere, appuli, appulsum, 
 to push ashore,to land; classem 
 appellere, to land 
 
 appeto, -erg, appetivi, app6ti- 
 
 tum, to aim at 
 approbo, -ar6, -avi, -atum, io 
 
 aptprove 
 appropinquo, -are, -avi,-atiim, 
 
 to ajjproach 
 
 appulsus, -us (m.), arriving; 
 appulsus terrae, a landing 
 
 apttis, -a, -iim (from apo, -erg), 
 fastened 
 
 aptus, -a, -um, suitable, fit 
 
 apiid, with ace, by, at, among, 
 with; apud Xerxem, at the 
 court of Xerxes; apud Plato- 
 nem, in Plato; apud quos, in 
 whose pi^esence 
 
 aqua, -ae (f.), water 
 
 aqulia,-ae (f.), an eagle j> a stand- 
 ard 
 
 ara, -ae (f.), an altar 
 
 Arabs, Arabis 
 
 (m.), an Arabian 
 
 Arabiis, -i 
 
 Aratus, -i (m.), Aratus of Sicyon 
 
 Arbactus, -i (m.), Arbactus, an 
 
 Assyrian prefect of Media 
 arbiter, -ri (m.), an umpire; an 
 
 eye-witness 
 arbltrlum, -i (n.), the ivill 
 arbttrSr, -ari, -atus sum, to be- 
 lieve, consider 
 arbor, -oris (f.), a tr^ee 
 arcanum, -i (n.), a secret 
 Areas, -adis (m.), an Arcadian 
 arcesso, -ere, arcessivi, arcessi- 
 
 tum, to summon 
 Archelaus, -i (m.), ArchelauSy 
 king of Macedonia (400 B. C.) 
 ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsiiiu, to 
 
 burn 
 arduus, -a, -um, steep 
 argentgus, -a, -lim, of silver 
 argentum, -i (n.), silver j plate 
 
— 127 
 
 Argi, -oruin (pi. m.), Argos^ the 
 
 capital of Argolis 
 argumentiim, -i (n.), a sign; an 
 
 argument 
 Ariaemgnes, -is (m.), Ariaeme- 
 
 nes, SOQ of Dareus 
 Aridaeusj-i (m.), AridaeuSyhalf- 
 
 brother of Alexander 
 arldus, -a, -um, dry; arldiim, 
 
 -i (n.), dry ground 
 Aristomache, -es (f.), Aristo- 
 
 machej wife of Dionysius 
 Aristoteies, -is (m.), Aristotle 
 arma, -orum (n. pi.), arms 
 armatiis, ~a, -una, armed, in 
 
 arms; subst., an armed man 
 armo,-ar€, -avi, -atGin, to arm 
 ars, -tis (f), an art, accomplish- 
 ment; cunning; ars memoriae, 
 
 the art of remembering 
 Artaphernes, -Is (m.), Artapher- 
 
 nes, brother of Dareus 
 Artemisia, -ae (f.), Artemisia^ 
 
 queen of Halicarnasus 
 artifex, -icis (m.), a master 
 artificlum, -i, (n.), a service 
 arx, -CIS (f.), a citadel 
 AscalOnius, -i (m.), an Ascalon- 
 
 ian, inhabitant of Ascalon 
 aselius, -1 (m.), an ass 
 Asia, -ae (f.), Asia 
 asiniis, -i (m.), an ass 
 asper, -S, -tim, sharp; aspgra 
 
 vita, a life full of hardships 
 aspicio,-ere, aspexX, aspectGin, 
 
 to look at, behold 
 assumo, see adsumo 
 Assyriiis, -i (m.), an Assyrian 
 astus, -us (m.), craft; astu, cun- 
 ningly 
 Astyages, -is (m.), Astyages, last 
 
 king of the Medians 
 
 at, but; for at least 
 
 Athenae, -arum (f. pi.), Athens 
 
 Athgniensis, - (m.), an Athenian 
 
 atque, and 
 
 atqui, nevertheless 
 
 Atrebates,-um (m. pi), the Atre- 
 bates, a people in Gallia Bel- 
 gica 
 
 attero, -ere, attrivi, attritum, 
 to impair 
 
 Atthis, -idis (f.), Atthis, daugh- 
 ter of king Cranaus 
 
 Atticus, -i (m.), an Athenian 
 
 attingo, -6re, attigi, attactum, 
 to touch, reach 
 
 attribuo, -erg, attribui, attribu- 
 tftm, to assign, allot 
 
 auct5r, -oris (m.), an author; 
 auctor auxilii, the source of 
 assistance; auctor belli, the 
 originator of the war; auctor 
 sententiae, the adviser of an 
 opinion; auctore Aristide, 
 upon the advice of Aristides 
 
 auctoritas, -atis (f.), authority, 
 influence 
 
 audacia, -ae (f ), boldness 
 
 audaciter, boldly 
 
 audeo,-ere, ausus sum, to dare, 
 venture 
 
 audio, -ir6, -ivi, -itum, to 
 hear 
 
 auf^ro, -rg, abstiill, ablatum, to 
 take away from, to withdraw 
 
 augeo, -ere, auxi, auctflm, to 
 augment, increase 
 
 aureus, -a, -um, golden 
 
 aurltulus, -i (m.), a long-eared 
 animal, an ass 
 
 auriim, -i (n.), gold 
 
 Aurunculejus, -i (m.), Auruncu- 
 leius 
 
— 128 
 
 auspicatus, -a, -um, lucTcy; au- 
 spicata sedes, lucky founda- 
 tion; male auspicatus, evil he- 
 gun; auspicatissimus, founded 
 under the most favorable aus- 
 pices 
 
 auspicium, -i (n.), an augury; 
 auspiciis, under the guidance 
 
 auspicor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 begin 
 
 aut, or; aut..aut, either.. or 
 
 autgm, but 
 
 auxiliaris, -S, assisting; auxili- 
 ares,-iuin(m.pl.), auxiliaries 
 
 auxilTum, -T (n.), assistance; au- 
 xilium ferre, to bring assist- 
 ance; in auxilium venire, to 
 come to assistance; communia 
 auxilia, common sources of aid; 
 auxilia, auxiliary troops 
 
 avarltiS., -ae (f), avarice 
 
 aversor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 avoid 
 
 avidus, -3,, -tiin, eager, greedy; 
 avidus vini, fond of the cup 
 
 avitiis, -a, -um, derived from a 
 grandfather, ancestral; avitus 
 mos, a hereditary custom 
 
 avolo, -are, -avi, -atiSna, tojly 
 away 
 
 avunculus, -i (m.), an uncle 
 
 avus, -i (m.), a grandfather 
 
 B. 
 
 Babylon, -is (f.), Babylon, the 
 chief city of the Babylo-Assy- 
 rian empire 
 
 Babylonia, -ae (f.), Babylonia, 
 the land named after its capital 
 
 Bactrianus, -i (m.), a Bactrian 
 
 balbus, -a, -um, stammering 
 
 barba, -ae (f.), a bmrd. 
 
 barbartis, -a, -um, barbarous 
 barbatus, -a, -um, bearded 
 beattis, -a, -um, happy 
 bellicosus, -a, -um, warlike 
 bellicum, -I (n.), a signal; belli- 
 
 cum canere, to give the signal 
 for an attack 
 belltim, -i (n.), war 
 b6n6, well; bene plangque, full 
 
 well 
 bgneficiQm, -i (n.), a kindness 
 bestia, -ae (f.), a beast, an ani* 
 
 mal 
 bibo, -erg, bibi, bibitum, to 
 
 drink 
 biformis, -e, two-shaped 
 bini, -ae, -a, two 
 bis, twice 
 bitumen, -inis (n.), mineral 
 
 pjitch 
 blandieus, -tis, flattering 
 blandiis, -a, -um, insinuating 
 Boeotia, -ae (f.), Boeotia 
 bonitas, -atis (f.), goodness 
 bonum, -i (n.), a blessing, good 
 boniis, -a, -um, good; bonus 
 
 auctor, a trusty author 
 bos, bovis (m.), an ox 
 brevis, -e, short; brevi, in a 
 
 short time 
 br6vit6r, in a few words 
 Britannia, -ae (f.). Great Britain 
 Britannus, -i (m.), a Briton 
 bubulcus, -i (m.), a driver 
 bubulus, -a, -um, belonging to 
 
 an ox; caput bubiilum, an ox- 
 head 
 bustum, -1 (n.), a bust 
 Byrsa,-ae (f.), Byrsa, the citadel 
 
 of Carthage 
 
— 129 — 
 
 cacumen, -inis (n.), the top 
 cadaver, -is (n.), a corpse 
 cado,-ere, cecidi, casum, to fall 
 caecatus, -a, -um, blinded 
 caedes,-is (f.), a murder ^slaugh- 
 ter; a heating; caedem edere, 
 
 to bring forth a defeat^ to cause 
 
 a slaughter; inter caedem, in 
 
 the course of heating 
 caedo, -ere, cecldi, caesum, to 
 
 slay; flagellis caedere, to whip, 
 
 scourge 
 caelatus, -a, -um, engraved; ar- 
 
 gentum aurumque caelatum, 
 
 gold and silver x>late 
 caelum, -i (n.), heaven 
 Caesar, -aris (m.), Caesar 
 Calanus, -i (m.), Calanus, name 
 
 of an Indian 
 calceus, -i (m.), a shoe 
 calco, -are, -avi, -a turn, to 
 
 trample upon 
 calculus, -i (m.), a pehhle 
 callidus, -a, -um, cunning j sly 
 calx, -CIS (f.), the heel 
 Cambyses, -is (m.), Camhyses, 
 
 father of Cyrus 
 campus, -i (m.), afield 
 candens, -tis, red-hoi 
 canis, -(f), a dog; canis femina, 
 
 a she-dog 
 cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, to 
 
 sing; of oracles, to foretell; 
 
 bellicum canere, to give the 
 
 signal for an attack 
 cantus, -us (m.), a song 
 capesso, -ere, capessxvi, capes- 
 
 situm, to take to; pugnam, 
 
 proelium capessere, to engage 
 
 in a fight 
 
 capillus, -i (m.), the hair 
 capio, -ere, cepT, cap turn, to 
 take, seize; to hold; to take 
 prisoner; somnum capere, to 
 find sleep; captus, enslaved 
 capitalis, -e, capital; capitale 
 esse coepit, it began to be a 
 capital crime 
 capti vitas, -atis (f.), captivity 
 captivus, -a, -um, captured 
 caput, -itis (n.), the head; judi- 
 cium capitis, trial for life; ca- 
 pitis damnare, to condemn to 
 death; cenae caput, the chief 
 dish of the meal 
 career, -is (m.), a prison 
 careo,-ere,-ui, (no sup.), to want, 
 
 be in want 
 caro, carnis [t), flesh 
 Carthaginiensis, - (m.), a Car- 
 thaginian 
 casa, -ae (f.), a hut 
 caseiis, -i (m.), cheese 
 castigatiO, -onis (f.), reproof 
 castra, -orum (n. pi), a camp 
 castus, -a, -um, guiltless 
 casus, -lis (m.), a fall, calamity; 
 casus gravis, a heavy downfall; 
 casus discordiarum, cases of 
 dissension 
 catena, -ae (f.), a chain 
 caterva, -ae (f ), a heap 
 Catinienses,-ium (m. pi.), the Ca- 
 tinienses, inhabitants of Catina 
 Caucasus, -i (m.), the Caucasus 
 caupO, -onis (m.), an innkeeper; 
 ad caupOnem devertere, to put 
 up at an inn 
 causa, -ae (f.), a cause; causam 
 probare, to approve an enters- 
 prise; causa, w. gen., for the 
 sake of 
 
130 — 
 
 caveo, -erS, cavi, cautum, to he 
 
 on one's guard, hew are 
 caverriS,, -ae (f.), a hollow^ cavity 
 cavillor, -ari, -atus sum, to jest 
 Cecrops, -opis (m.), Cecrops^ 
 
 first king of Athens 
 cGdo, -ere, cessi, cessum, to 
 
 give way, retreat^ retire; pos- 
 sessionlbus cedere, to give up 
 
 one's propei^ty 
 celebcr, -ris, -re, celehrated 
 celebritas, -atis (f.), a great 
 
 numher 
 celebro, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 
 celehrate 
 celer, -is, -e, quick 
 celeritas, -atis (f.), speed, quiclc- 
 celeriter, quickly [ness 
 
 celsus, -a, -um, lofty 
 cenS, -ae (f.), a dinner 
 cenatus, -a, -um, having dined, 
 
 after dinner 
 ceno,-are, -avT, -atiiiii, to dine 
 censeo, -erg, censuT, censQin, 
 
 to express one's opinion; to 
 
 assent; to helieve 
 centum, a hundred 
 cera, -ae (f), wax; a tahlet (^to 
 
 write uponj 
 (Jeramlcus, -i (m.), Ceramicos, 
 
 the pot market 
 cerno,-ere, crgvi, erg turn, to see 
 certamen, -inis (n.), a contest; 
 
 certamina Olympica, the Olym- 
 pic games 
 certatim, emulously, eagerly 
 certe, certainly^ assuredly 
 certo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 contend (cum, against) 
 eertiis, -a, -um, sure, certain; 
 
 certus modus, a fixed measure; 
 
 certiorem facere, to inform 
 
 cervix, -icis (f.), mostly in the 
 
 pi., the neck, nape 
 cervils, -1 (m.), a stag 
 cessim, hackward; cessim ire, to 
 
 stay hehind 
 ceterum, hut 
 (cetgrus), -a, -um, all the other, 
 
 the rest 
 Chariades, -is (m.), Chariades, 
 
 an Athenian general in the 
 
 Peloponnesian war 
 Charillus,-! (m.), Charillus, cous- 
 in of Lycurgus 
 Charybdis, - (f.), Charyhdis, a 
 
 whirlpool between Italy and 
 
 Sicily, and opposite to the rock 
 
 Scylla 
 cibarlus, -S, -um, pertaining to 
 
 food; cibarlus panis, hlack 
 
 hread 
 cibus, -i (m.), food 
 ci6o, -er€, civi, citum, to rouse; 
 
 bellum ciere, to stir up battle; 
 
 Acerbam ciet, she invokes 
 
 Acerbas 
 circa, with ace. , around, ahout 
 circTter, about 
 
 circum, with ace, round ahout 
 circumdo, -are, circumdgdi, cir- 
 
 cumdatum, to surround 
 circumspicio, -ere, circumspexi, 
 
 circumspectum, to look around 
 circumsto, -are, circumsteti, (no 
 
 sup.), to surround 
 circum venio, -ire, circumv6ni, cir- 
 
 cumventiim, to surround 
 cito, quickly, in a short time 
 cito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 quicken; citato cursu, at a 
 
 quick run; citato impetu, witli 
 
 rapid motion 
 civilis, -e, of a citizen, civil 
 
131 
 
 civis, - (m. & f.), a citizen, fellow- 
 citizen 
 
 civitas, -atis (f.), a state; a city 
 
 clades, -is (f.), a defeat 
 
 clam, secretly 
 
 clamito, -ar6, -avi, -attim, to 
 cry out 
 
 clamor, -oris (m.), shouting 
 
 clandestiniis, -3,, -um, clandes- 
 tine, secret 
 
 clams, -a, -lim, famous, of re- 
 nown, remarkable; clarum tin- 
 tinnabiilum, the tinkling hell 
 
 classis, - (f.), ajleet 
 
 claudo, -Sre, clausT, clausum, to 
 shut, close 
 
 Cocalus, -1 (m.), Cocalus, an an- 
 cient king of Sicily 
 
 coctiis, -3,, -tiin, cooked; baked; 
 later coctus, a hrick 
 
 Codrus, -1 (m.), Godrus, the last 
 king of Athens 
 
 coeo, -irS, coii, coitum, to come 
 together; in se coire, to dash 
 against each other; una coire, 
 to unite 
 
 coepi, coepisse, to begin 
 
 coepta,-oruin (n.pl.), an under- 
 taking 
 
 coeptus, -a, -um, begun 
 
 coerceo, -ere, -iSi, -TtQm, to 
 hold together; matrimonia co- 
 ercere, to restrain their wives 
 
 cogito, -arg, -avi, -atfim, to 
 think 
 
 cognati5, -onis (f), kindred; 
 7'elatives 
 
 cognatus, -i (m.), a kinsman 
 
 cognomlno, -are, -avi, -atfim, 
 to surname, name 
 
 cognosco, -6r5, cognovi, cogni- 
 ttim, to know, to learn; to in- 
 
 vestigate; causam cognosc6re, 
 to investigate a case 
 cOgo, -ere, coegi, coactum, to 
 bring together, to compel 
 
 cohortor, 
 exhort 
 
 collaudo, -are. 
 
 -ari, -attis siim, to 
 
 -avi, -atum, to 
 
 praise 
 colligo, -ere, coUSgi, collecttiin, 
 
 to collect 
 collis, - (m.), a hill 
 collocS, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 place; filiam collocare, to give 
 
 one's daughter in marriage 
 coll6quitim,-i {ii.)^a conversation 
 coUoquor, -i, collocutiis sum, to 
 
 parley, confer; to speak to; col- 
 
 loquendi copia, opportunity of 
 
 a conference 
 colliim, -i (n.), the neck 
 colo, -ere, colui, cultum, to till, 
 
 cultivate; amicitiam colore, to 
 
 cultivate friendship 
 colubra, -ae (f ), a snake 
 columbS,; -ae (f ), a dove, pigeon 
 cSlumelia, -ae (f), a pillar 
 columns,, -ae (f.), a column 
 colGs, -i (f.), a distaff 
 comburo, -ere, combussi, com- 
 
 bustum, to burn wholly 
 comgdo, -ere, c6m6di, comSsiim 
 
 (comestum), to eat 
 comds, -itis (m. & f.), o, com- 
 panion 
 commeatfis, -us (m.), provisions 
 commgmoro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to make mention of, to relate 
 commendo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to commend 
 commercitim, -i (n.), trade; com- 
 
 mercium mutuarum rerum, 
 
 trade by exchange of goods 
 
— 132 
 
 commgreo, -er6, -tii, -Itflm, to 
 
 deserve [soldier 
 
 commilito, -onis (m.), a fellow- 
 
 committo, -ere,- commlsi, com- 
 missum, to commit, intrust; 
 salutem committere, to intrust 
 one's safety; proelium commit- 
 tere, to commence a battle; to 
 fight a battle; se committere, 
 to intrust one's self 
 
 CommiQs, -i (m.), Commius 
 
 commode, well 
 
 commodum, -i (n.), interest 
 
 commodQs, -&, -liin, convenient 
 
 commottis, -&, -iiiii, thoroughly 
 roused 
 
 commovfio, -ere, commovi, com- 
 motttm, to move (thoroughly) 
 
 communico, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 to impart; to communicate 
 
 communis, -e, common 
 
 commQto, -are, -avi, -atGm, to 
 change 
 
 compare, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 compare 
 
 compello, -ere, compuli, com- 
 pulsum, to drive; to compel 
 
 compensati5,-onis (f.), exchange, 
 barter 
 
 compesco, -ere, compescui, (no 
 sup.), to restrain 
 
 complures, -a, several 
 
 concede, -ere, concessi, conces- 
 siim, to concede; in imperium 
 concedgre, to consent to the 
 government 
 
 conciliflm, -i (n.), an assembly; 
 a company 
 
 concinne, elegantly 
 
 concipio, -ere, concgpi, concep- 
 tum, to take in; fraudem con- 
 cipere, to commit a crime 
 
 concit5r, -5ris (m.), an exciter 
 concordans, -tis, harmonizing 
 Concordia, -ae (f.), concord, har- 
 
 mony 
 concors, -dis, united in heart; 
 
 concordi ammo, of one mind 
 concubius, -3., -Giii, belonging 
 
 to the time of sleep; concubia 
 
 nocte, in the first sleep 
 concupisco, -gre, concupivT, con- 
 
 cupitum, to covet 
 concurro, -erg, concurri (conctl- 
 
 curri), coucursum, to rush 
 
 together 
 concursus, -fis (m.), a rush, a 
 
 gathering 
 conderano, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to condemn 
 condiciO, -onis (f.), an option^ 
 
 a condition; condicio ponitur, 
 
 a choice is left 
 condlmentiim, -i (n.), a spice 
 condio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to 
 
 season 
 conditor, -oris (m.), a founder 
 condo, -SrS, condidi, conditum, 
 
 to found, build; moenia con- 
 
 dere, to build walls; (of the 
 
 dead) to bury 
 confectus, -a, -um, worn out 
 confSro, -re, contidi, collatiim, 
 
 to bring together, to unite; col- 
 
 latis viribus, with united forces; 
 
 se conlerre, to betake one's selj 
 confessiO, -onis (f.), a confes- 
 sion 
 conficio, -ere, confeci, confec- 
 
 tuni, to end, finish 
 confido, -gre, confisiis sum, to 
 
 trust, confide 
 confiteSr, -eri, confessus sum, 
 
 to confess 
 
133 
 
 conflfio, -ere, confluxi, conflu- 
 
 xum, to flock together 
 confodio, -ere, confodi, confos- 
 
 sum, to stab, pierce 
 confugio, -ere, confugT, (no sup.), 
 
 to take refuge 
 congredior, -T, congressus sum, 
 
 to engage 
 congrossiO, -onis (f.), an attack 
 conjectura, -ae (f.), a conjecture 
 conjTcio, -ere, conjeci, conjec- 
 
 tum, to throw, to thrust into 
 conjungo, -ere, conjunxi, con- 
 
 junctum, to connect 
 conjunx (conjux), conjugis (f.), a 
 
 wife; conjugem ducere, to 
 
 marry 
 conjiiratiO, -onis (f.), a conspir- 
 acy 
 conlido, -6re, conlisi, conllsum, 
 
 to dash together 
 conpello, -ere, conpuli, conpiil- 
 
 sum, to compel 
 conpendium, -i (n.), a short cut 
 conpes, -edis (f.), a fetter 
 conpono, -ere, conposui, conpo- 
 
 situm, to get up 
 conprehendo, -ere, conpreliendi, 
 
 conprehensum, to seize 
 conqulsltus, -a, -um, select, 
 
 choice 
 consangumeus, -i (m.), a kins- 
 man, relative 
 coiiscendo, -ere, conscendi, con- 
 
 scensuin, to mount; navem 
 
 conscendere, to go on hoard 
 
 ship 
 conscisco, -ere, conscivi, consci- 
 
 tum, to procure; mortem sibi 
 
 consciscere, to bring death 
 
 upon one's self 
 cousciiis, -i (m.), an accomplice 
 
 consectSr, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 pursue 
 
 consenesco, -ere, conseniii, (no 
 sup.), to grow old 
 
 consentio, -Ire, consensT, consen- 
 sum, to agree 
 
 consequor, -i , consecutus sum, 
 to obtain, to reach; to follow, 
 overtake 
 
 consero, -ere, conseriiT, conser- 
 tum, to- join; manum conse- 
 rere, to join battle 
 
 consilium,-! (n.), apian, design, 
 deliberation, skill; humanum 
 consilium, human understand- 
 ing; superioris temporis consi- 
 lium, a purpose of former 
 times; magnitudo consilli, 
 amount of prudence 
 
 consisto, -ere, constiti, (no sup.), 
 to stand (still), halt; in flucti- 
 bus consistere, to maintain the 
 position among the waves; 
 consistens in loco, standing 
 still in one place; consistere 
 in, to consist in 
 
 consoler, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 console 
 
 consopio, -Tre, -Tvi, -itum, to 
 lull to sleep; somno consopiri, 
 to fall asleep 
 
 conspectus,-us (m.), sight, view; 
 in conspectum admittere, to ad- 
 mit to one's presence 
 
 conspicio, -ere, conspexT, con- 
 spectum, to see 
 
 consplrati5,-oiiis (f.), a conspir- 
 acy 
 
 conspire, -are,-avi, -atum, to 
 enter into a conspiracy 
 
 constantia, -ae (f.), self -co m- 
 7nand 
 
— 134 — 
 
 constitiio, -6re, constitui, con- 
 titutum, to appoint; rem con- 
 stituere, to arrange an affair, 
 fix a matter; navem constituere, 
 to moor or station a ship; 
 supplicium constitugre, to im- 
 pose a punishment; concor- 
 diam constitu6re, to establish 
 harmony 
 
 consto, -ar6, constiti, (no sup.), 
 to standfast, consist; constat, 
 it is an established fact 
 
 consuesco, -ere, consiievi, con- 
 suetum, to accustom one's self 
 
 consuetude, -iiiis (f.), a custom; 
 consuetudo propinquorum, so- 
 cial intercourse of relatives 
 
 consulo, -ere, consului, consul- 
 turn, to consult; reipublicae 
 consulgre, to consult the inter- 
 est of the state; sibi consulere, 
 to consult one's own interest; 
 to take care of one's self 
 
 consummo, -are, -avT, -atum, 
 to consummate, complete 
 
 consumo, -ere, consumpsi, con- 
 sumptiim, to consume; op6ram 
 consumere, to take pains 
 
 consurgo, -ere, consurrexi, con- 
 surrectuni, to stand up for 
 
 contaglO, -onis (f.), connection 
 
 contamino, -are, -avi, -atfini, 
 to contaminate 
 
 contego, -ere, contexi, contec- 
 tum, to cover up, conceal 
 
 contemno, -er6, contempsT, con- 
 temptum, to despise 
 
 contemptus, -iis (m.), contempt 
 
 contends, -ere, contendT, conten- 
 ttim, to make Jor; to exert 
 one's self; proficisci contendit, 
 lie hastens to start 
 
 contentiO, -onis (f.), a contest; 
 contentio vocis, an elevation of 
 the voice 
 
 contentius, very vigorously 
 
 contentiis, -3,, -uni, contented 
 
 conterritus, -a, -um, alarmed 
 
 contestor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 invoke 
 
 contineo, -ere, -ui, contentum, 
 to contain; plebem, rempubli- 
 cam continere, to control the 
 people; animam contingre, to 
 arrest the current of air; con- 
 tineri (pass.), to be bounded, 
 confined 
 
 contingO, -er6, contigi, contac- 
 tum, to fall to one's lot; con- 
 tingit, it happens 
 
 continuatiO, -onis (f.) , a contin- 
 uous outflow 
 
 contlnuiis, -3», -um, uninter- 
 rupted 
 
 contid, -onis (f.), an assembly 
 
 contiOnSr, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 harangue 
 
 contra, with ace, against; contra 
 Galliam, over against Gaul; 
 contra, adv., just the contrary, 
 on the other side, in return 
 
 contraho, -ere, contraxi, con- 
 tractuHi, to collect, concen- 
 trate; pestem contrahgre, to 
 generate a plague; auxilia con- 
 trahgre, to collect forces; na- 
 ves contrahgre, to concentrate 
 ships 
 
 contrarius, -S., -um, opposite 
 
 contrOversia, -ae (f.), a dispute^ 
 question 
 
 contiimax, -acis, insolent; as a 
 noun, a refractory child 
 
 contumglia, -ae (f.), contumely 
 
135 
 
 convalesce, -erg, convalfii, (no 
 sup.), to gain strength 
 
 convena, -ae (m. & f.), coming 
 together; pL, runaway stran- 
 gers 
 
 convenio, -Tre, conveni, conven- 
 tum, to agree; to come to- 
 gether^ to assemble; convenit, 
 it is becoming 
 
 converto, -ere, convert!, conver- 
 sum, to turn 
 
 convexum, -i (n.), a hollow 
 
 convicium, -i (n.), railing, hard 
 speeches 
 
 convlviiim, -i (n.), a feast, ban- 
 quet 
 
 convlvor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 take meals together 
 
 convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 call together 
 
 convulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 to wound severely 
 
 copia, -ae (f.), abundance; copia 
 colloquendi, opportunity of a 
 conference; copTae, -arum, 
 forces; property 
 
 coquo, -ere, coxT, coctum, to 
 cook 
 
 corium, -1 (n.), a hide 
 
 cornu, -us (n.), a horn; ramosa 
 cornua, antlers 
 
 corona, -ae (f), a wreath 
 
 corono, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 crown 
 
 corrTpio, -ere, corripui, correp- 
 tum, to seize 
 
 corruptus, -a, -um, corrupt 
 
 corpus, -oris (n.), a body 
 
 corvus, -1 (m.), a crow 
 
 cotidianus, -a, -um, daily 
 
 Cotta, -ae (m.), Cottaj a Roman 
 surname 
 
 Cranaus, -i (m.), Granaus, king 
 of Athens 
 
 credens, -tis, full of confidence 
 
 credo, -gre, credidi, creditum, 
 to credit, believe, intrust; ne- 
 mini credgre, to trust no one 
 
 credulus, -a, -um, credulous; 
 convivia credula, trusting ban- 
 quets 
 
 cremo, -arS, -avi, -atum, to 
 burn 
 
 creo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 create; magistratus, duces cre- 
 are, to appoint magistrates, 
 leaders 
 
 crepusculum, -i (n.), twilight 
 
 cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, to 
 grow; to make progress, im- 
 prove 
 
 Creta, -ae (f.), Crete 
 
 Crito, -onis (m.), Crito, a friend 
 of Socrates 
 
 cruciatus, -us (m.), torture 
 
 crudelis, -e, cruel 
 
 crudelitas, -atis (f.), cruelty 
 
 cruenttis, -S, -um, bloody 
 
 crudr, -oris (m.), gore 
 
 crus, -Uris (n.), a leg 
 
 crux, crucis (f.), a cross 
 
 Ctesiphon, -ontis (m.), Ctesi- 
 phon, a friend of Demosthenes 
 
 cubicularis, -e, pertaining to a 
 sleeping chamber; lectus cubi- 
 cularis, a bed 
 
 cubiculum, -i (n.), a chamber 
 
 cubitum, -i (n.), a cubit 
 
 culmen, -inis (n.), a roof 
 
 cultus,-iis (m.), cultivation, care; 
 literarum cultus, the cultiva- 
 tion of science 
 
 cultus, -S,, -urai, cultivated; cul- 
 tius, moi^e elegantly 
 
— 136 
 
 cum, with abl., hjUIi 
 
 cum, conjunction, when^ as; though 
 
 cunctor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 delay, hesitate 
 
 cunctus, -a, -um, all (together) 
 
 cupldltas, -atis (f.), eagerness; 
 ambition; greed; cupiditas fu- 
 giendi, desire to flee; imperii 
 cupiditas, ambition for power; 
 cupiditas pecuniae, eagerness 
 for money; cupiditates impo- 
 tentium, the passions of those 
 who are not master of them- 
 selves 
 
 CLipidus, -si, -um, desirous 
 
 cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupittim, to 
 wish 
 
 cur, why 
 
 euro, -are, -avT, -atum, to take 
 care of care for; to have (a 
 thing done); to order 
 
 curriis, -iis (m.), a chariot 
 
 cursiis,-us (m.), a run, a course; 
 cursum tenere, to hold on one's 
 way; cursus ad EurOtam, run- 
 ning on the banks of the Euro- 
 tas; cursus levis, nimble run- 
 ning 
 
 custodia, -ae (f.), protection, 
 care; custodia corp(3ris, life- 
 guard; custodia divitiarum, the 
 keeping of riches; custodia 
 publica, the public prison 
 
 custos, -odis (m. & f.), a guard 
 
 Cyclopes, -um (m. pi.), the Cy- 
 clops, a gigantic race of Sicily 
 
 cycnus, -i (m.), a swan 
 
 Cyneglriis, -i (m.), Cynegirus, 
 an Athenian who distinguished 
 himself in the battle of Mara- 
 thon 
 
 Cypriiis, -a, -umi, Cyprian 
 
 Cyprus, -i (f.), the island of 
 
 Cyprus 
 Cyrus, -1 (m.), Cyrus, first king 
 
 of Persia 
 
 D. 
 
 daemonium, -T (n.), a demon 
 damno, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 find guilty, condemn 
 damnum, -i (n.), a loss 
 Damocles, -is (m.), Damocles, a 
 
 courtier of the tyrant Diony- 
 
 sius 
 Damon, -ouis (m.), Damon, a- 
 
 Pythagorean in the time of Dio- 
 
 nysius 
 Dareiis, -i (m.), Dareus, the 
 
 name of several Persian kings 
 de, with abl, /rom; 0/ (partitive); 
 
 concerning, about; victoria do 
 
 Persis, a victory over the Per- 
 sians 
 debeo, -ere, -uT, -itum, to owe; 
 
 to be obliged; pass, be owing, 
 
 due 
 dec6do,-ere, decessi, dGcessum, 
 
 to depart, to die 
 decem, ten 
 decerno, -ere, decrevT, decre- 
 
 tum, to decree; classem decer- 
 
 nere, to determine upon the 
 
 building of a fleet 
 deciens centum milia, 1.000.000 
 decimus, -a, -um, the tenth 
 decipio,-ere, decGpi, deceptum, 
 
 to deceive 
 declamo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 declaim 
 declaro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 declare, manifest 
 decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 distinguish, decorate 
 
137 
 
 decretum, -i (n.), a decree 
 
 decurro, -ere, dScurri (decu- 
 curri), decursum, to run down 
 
 decus, -oris (n.), grace 
 
 dedecus, -oris (n.), disgrace; in- 
 famy; naturae dedecus, mon- 
 ster of nature 
 
 dediti5, -onis (f.), a capitulation 
 
 deditus, -a, -um, given 
 
 deduco, -ere, deduxi, deductum, 
 to draw down; coplas dedu- 
 cere, to march the troops; in 
 agrum deducere, to bring into 
 the country; auxilia deduc6re, 
 to withdraw troops \tion 
 
 defecti5,-onis (f.), a revolt^ defec- 
 
 defectus, -a, -um, stricken in 
 
 defendo, -ere, defend!, defen- 
 sum, to protect from; bellum 
 defendere, to repel a war 
 
 defero, -re, detuli, delatum, to 
 bring; deferre ad, to bring be- 
 fore; rem deferre, to make a 
 report; inde deferre, to draw 
 from thence; in Africae sinum 
 delatus, having been carried 
 into a bay of Africa 
 
 deficio, -ere, defeci, defecttiin, 
 to fail; tempus anni deficit, the 
 season is too late 
 
 deflagro, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 burn down 
 
 deflens, -tis, weeping 
 
 defluo, -ere, defluxi, defluxum, 
 to glide down 
 
 deformis, -e, disfigured 
 
 defungor, -i, defunctiis sum, to 
 have done with, to discharge; 
 (morte) defungi, to die 
 
 dego, -ere, degi, (no sup.), to 
 spend (time); vitam degere, 
 to pass one's life 
 
 degusto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 taste 
 dein, deinde, then, after, there- 
 
 upon 
 deinceps, after that 
 dejicio, -ere, dojeci, dejectftm, 
 
 to throw down 
 delatus, -a, -um, having been 
 
 carried 
 delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 delight 
 delectus, -a, -um, selected, choice 
 deleo, -ere, delevi, deletum, to 
 
 destroy, annihilate 
 dellbero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 deliberate 
 deligo, -6re, delegi, delectiim, 
 
 to appoint; to choose, select 
 delitiis, -a, -um, smeared over 
 Delium, -i (n.), Delium, a small 
 
 place in Boeotia 
 Delphi, -orum (m. pi.), Delphi, 
 
 the famous city of the oracle of 
 
 Apollo 
 Delphlciis, -sl, -um, Delphic 
 delubrum,-i {n.),ashrine, temple 
 demando, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 
 intrust; insulae demandare, to 
 
 send to an island for safety 
 Demanittis, -i (m.), Demaratus 
 dementia, -ae (f.), insanity, mad- 
 ness 
 Demetrius, -i (m.), Demetrius, 
 the name of several Greeks 
 demitto -erg, demisi, demissum, 
 
 to let down 
 demo, -ere, dempsi, demptiim, 
 
 to take off, away 
 demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to demonstrate, point out 
 Demophoon, -ontis (m.). Demo- 
 
 phoon, son of Theseus 
 
138 — 
 
 Demosthenes, -Is (m.), Demos- 
 
 theyies, 1. an Athenian general, 
 
 2. the most celebrated of the 
 
 Grecian orators 
 demiim, at last 
 deniqug, in fine 
 dens, -tis (m.), a tooth; tusk 
 denuntiO, -arg, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 give notice 
 denuo, again 
 depono, -ere, depostii, dep6si- 
 
 tum, to give up; in terra de- 
 
 ponere, to put on shore 
 derlsus, -us (m.), derision 
 derogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 withhold; fidem derogare, to 
 
 withhold the credit 
 descendo, -ere, descendl, de- 
 
 scensum, to go down, to come 
 
 down 
 desero,-er6, des6rui, desertum, 
 
 to abandon, forsake; bellum 
 
 deserere, to give up war 
 deserter, -oris (m.), a runaway 
 desertus, -&, -tim, forsaken; de- 
 
 sertus viribus, his strength 
 
 gone 
 desldero, -arS, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 require 
 desTdia, -ae (f.), sloth 
 desido, -gre, desSdi, (no sup.), to 
 
 si7ik, to tumble down 
 desilio, -ire, desiltii, desultum, 
 
 to jump down 
 desperatid, -onis (f.), hopeless- 
 ness 
 despicio, -€re, despexi, despec- 
 
 tum, to despise 
 destine, -arg, -avi, -atGm, to 
 
 destine 
 destituo, -grS, destitui, destita- 
 
 tum, to forsake 
 
 destitvLttLSj-SL^-iiin, disappointed 
 
 dSsum, deesse, defui, (no sup.), to 
 be wanting, to fail 
 
 detSgo, -ere, dgtexi, detectum, 
 to expose 
 
 deterreo, -ere, -uT, -ittim, to 
 deter 
 
 detineo, -erS, detiniii, deten- 
 tum, to keep back 
 
 detorqueo, -erg, detorsT, detor- 
 tum, to turn away 
 
 detraho, -erg, detraxi, detrac- 
 tGm, to take away 
 
 detritus, -a, -um, galled 
 
 Deucalion -onis (ra.),Z)ewcaZi07i, 
 son of Prometheus, famous on 
 account of the deluge 
 
 deiis, -i (m.), God 
 
 deverto, -gre, deverti, dever- 
 sum, to put up 
 
 devinco, -erg, devici, devictiim, 
 to defeat 
 
 deviQs, -S., -tlm, out of the way; 
 iter devium, a by-way 
 
 devoro, -are, -avi, -attim, to 
 devour 
 
 dexter, -3,, -um, right; dextra, 
 sc. manus, the right hand 
 
 Diana, -ae (f.), Diana, the daugh- 
 ter of Jupiter 
 
 dico, -erg, dixi, dictum, to say, 
 call; jus dic6re, to pronounce 
 judgment, to administer jus- 
 tice 
 
 dico, -arg, -avi, -atum, to ded- 
 icate 
 
 dictito, -are, -avi, -attim, to 
 say 
 
 dictiim, -i (n.), a saying 
 
 dies,-ei (m. & f.), a day; in dies, 
 from day to day; ad diem, on 
 the appointed day 
 
139 — 
 
 differo, -re, distuli, dilatum, to 
 defer; differre a, to he different 
 from; multura differre, to differ 
 widely 
 
 difficilTs, -e, difficidt 
 
 dilficiiltas, -atis (f.), a difficulty 
 
 diffisus, -a, -iiin, distruHting 
 
 difFusiis, -a, -iiiii, diffused 
 
 digitus, -i (m.), a finger 
 
 dignitas, -atis (f.), a position, 
 dignity; imperatoria dignitas, 
 generalship 
 
 digniis, -a, -um, worthy, worth 
 
 dllabor, -i, dllapsus sum, to scat- 
 ter 
 
 dilatiO, -onis (f.), a 2)^tting off, 
 postponement 
 
 dlligens, -tis, careful; diligenter, 
 carefully; comp. diligentius, 
 superl. diligentissime 
 
 diligentia, -ae (f.), diligence 
 
 dlligo, -ere, dilexi, dilectum, to 
 esteem, highly; to like 
 
 dimensio, -onTs (f.), a measuring 
 
 dimico, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 fight; dimicatum est, there was 
 a contest 
 
 dimitto, -ere, dimisi, dlmissum, 
 to let go, dismiss 
 
 Dionysiiis,-! (m.), Bionysius, the 
 name of two tyrants of Syracuse 
 
 dIrimo,-ere, dIremT,dirempttitn, 
 to separate 
 
 diripio, -ere, dlripiii, dlreptum, 
 to plunder 
 
 dirtis, -a, -um, fearful 
 
 discedo, -ere, discessi, disces- 
 sum, to depart, to separate; a 
 bello discedere, to lay doivn 
 arms; sine querella discedere, 
 to come off without complaint 
 
 discesstis, -us (m.), a departure 
 
 discipline, -ae (f.), discipline 
 disco, -ere, didici, (no sup.), to 
 
 learn 
 discordia, -ae (f.), disagreement, 
 
 d iscord, d, isse 1 1 s i o n 
 dlsertus, -a, -um, eloquent 
 displiceo, -ere, -uT, -itum, to 
 
 displease 
 dispiito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 discuss 
 dissensiO, -onis (f.), difference of 
 
 opinion 
 dissero, -ere, dissgrui, disser- 
 
 tum, to discoui^se 
 dissimfdo, -are, -avi, -atiim, 
 
 to dissemble; dissimulatus, -a, 
 
 -um, concealed 
 dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 scatter 
 dissolutus, -a, -um, loose 
 dissolve, -ere, dissolvi, dissSlu- 
 
 tum, to abolish (of laws) 
 distraho, -ere, distraxi, distrac- 
 
 tiim, to draw (in diflferent di- 
 rections) 
 distribuo, -ere, distrlbui, distri- 
 
 butum, to divide, distribute 
 dm, for a long time; diutius, 
 
 somewhat long, a considerable 
 
 time 
 diversus, -S, -um, contrary, op. 
 
 posite, different 
 dives, -itis, rich 
 divide, -ere, dIvTsi, divTsum, to 
 
 divide 
 divinatiO, -onis (f), divination 
 dlvino, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 divine; quiddam divlnans, some 
 
 touch of divination 
 divlnfls, -Sl, -um, divine; divi- 
 
 num quiddam, a divine some- 
 thing 
 
140 
 
 divitiae, -arum (f. pL), riches 
 do, -are, dedi, datum, to give; 
 
 terga dare, to tarn the hack; 
 
 senteutiam judicibus dare, to 
 
 charge a jury; se dare, to give 
 
 one's self up; primas dare, to 
 
 give the first place; poeuas 
 
 dare, to suffer punishment; 
 
 veniam dare, to forgive 
 doceo, -ere, docui, doctiim, to 
 
 teach; to show 
 doctor, -oris (m.), a teacher 
 doctus, -a, -iim, learned 
 dociimentum, -i (ii.), a lesson^ an 
 
 example 
 doleiidiis, -a, -um, deplorable 
 doleo, -ere, -ui, (no sup.), to he 
 
 grieved, to lament^ to rue for 
 dolor, -oris (m.), paln^ gvief 
 dolosiis, -a, -um, cuyining 
 dolus, -1 (m.), a trick, wile; per 
 
 dolura, deceitfully 
 doinesticus, -a, -um, belonging 
 
 to a family, domestic, private; 
 
 domesticus judex, a family 
 
 judge 
 doiiiliiatTO, -oms, (f.), dominion 
 domTaatiis, -iis (m.), dominion 
 domTritis, -i (m.), a lord, master 
 domo, -are, domui, domitiim, 
 
 to subdue 
 domus, -iis (f.), a house; domi, 
 
 at home; domum, home; domo, 
 
 f7^om home 
 donee, until 
 
 donum, -i (n.), ci gift, p>'i^6sent 
 Dorienses, -ium (m. pi.), tlte 
 
 Dorians 
 Doris, -idis (f.), Boris, wife of 
 
 Dionysius 
 dormio, -ire, -xvi, -itum, to 
 
 dleep 
 
 dos, dotis (f), a dowry 
 
 draco, -ouis (m.), a dragon, a 
 
 sort of serpent 
 Draco, -ouis (m.), Draco, the 
 
 Athenian lawgiver 
 DrLiides,-um (m. pi.), the Druids, 
 
 priests and wise men of the 
 
 Gauls 
 dubltatiO, -onis (f.), hesitation; 
 
 sine dubitatione, promptly 
 dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 doubt, hesitate 
 dubius, -a, -um, doubtful, un- 
 decided; dubius consilii, wa- 
 
 veriiig in ojjlnion 
 ducenti, -ae -a, two hundred 
 diico, -ere, duxi, ductiim, to 
 
 lead; to deem, to conclude; con- 
 
 jugem ducere, to marry; in 
 
 numero ducere, to count among; 
 
 aevum sollicitum ducere, to lead 
 
 a life of care 
 dulcedo, -iuis (f.), dellghtfulness, 
 
 charm 
 dulcis, -e, sweet 
 dilm, while, as long as; until 
 duo, -ae, -6, two; duodequadra- 
 
 ginta, thirty eight 
 duplex, -icis, double 
 duro, -are, -avi, -atum, to last 
 durus, -a, -um, hard, hardy 
 dux, duds (m.), a leader; ducera 
 
 praeponere, to put in command 
 
 E. 
 
 e, see ex 
 
 ebrietas, -atis (f.), drunkenness 
 
 edico, -ere, edixi, edictum, to 
 
 order 
 edisco, -ere, edidici, (no sup.), to 
 
 learn by heart 
 editus, -a, -um, elevated 
 
— 141 
 
 Scio, -ere, eclT, esum, to eat 
 
 edo, -ere, eclTdi, gditiim, to 
 give out; caedem edere, to 
 brHng forth a defeat; to cause a 
 slaughter; orationem edere, to 
 deliver an oration; vocem 
 edere, to exclaim 
 
 educo, -are, -avT, -atiiin, to 
 hring up 
 
 educo, -ere, eduxT, eductiim, to 
 march out, to lead out 
 
 eflfero, -re, extidi, elatura, to 
 carry out (for burial) ; to bury 
 
 eflficio, ^ere, effeci, effectum, to 
 make, voork out, effect, com- 
 plete; efficitur, it follows, it is 
 understood 
 
 eflflgies, -ei (f.), an image 
 
 egeo, -ere, -ui, (no sup.), to he in j 
 want 
 
 eggro, -ere, egessT, egestum, to 
 bring out (in heaps); to dis- 
 charge 
 
 ego, J 
 
 egredior, -i, egressus sum, logo 
 out,marchout; navibus egredi, 
 to land, to disembark; in proe- 
 liura egredi, to march out to 
 battle 
 
 egregius, -S., -um, excellent; 
 multa egregia, many excellent 
 deeds 
 
 elaboro, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 elaborate, work out 
 
 EleusTnius, -a, -ilm, Eleusinian 
 
 Eleusis, -iiiis (f.), Eleusis, a 
 very ancient city of Attica 
 
 elevo, -are, (no perf), -atiim, to 
 disparage, make light of; ver- 
 bis elevare, to cry doum 
 
 gligo, -ere, 6legi, electum, to 
 choose, pick 
 
 Elissa, -ae (f.), Elissa, another 
 
 name for Dido, the celebrated 
 
 foundress of Carthage 
 eloglum, -i (n.), a saying 
 eloquentia, -ae (f), eloquence 
 61 Lido, -ere, elusi, elusum, to 
 
 baffle 
 emico, -are, emlcQi, emlcatuni, 
 
 to shine forth 
 emineo, -ere, -uT, (no sup.), to be 
 
 conspicuous 
 emitto, -ere, emlsi, emissum^ to 
 
 send forth; to let go 
 emo, -ere, emi, emptiini, to buy 
 cmptiO, -onis (f.), a purchase 
 enascor, -i, enatus sum, to grow 
 
 up 
 60, Ire, Ivi, itum, to go, march 
 CO, to that place, thither 
 Ephgsiiis, -a, -um, Ephesian, 
 
 pertaining to Ephesus in Asia 
 
 Minor 
 Epidauriis, -T (f.), Epidaurus, a 
 
 city in Argolis 
 epistula, -ae (f.), a letter 
 epidae, -arum (f. pi.), a (sump- 
 tuous) feast, a repast; conqui- 
 
 sitisslmae epidae, the choicest 
 
 dishes 
 epillor, -ari, epulatus sum, to 
 
 feast up)on 
 eques, -itis (m.), a horseman; 
 
 equTtes, cavalry 
 equidem, I for my part 
 equiniis, -a, — uni, of a horse; 
 
 saeta equina, a horse-hair 
 equitatus, -us (ra.), cavalry 
 equiis, -T (m.), a horse 
 erado, -ere, erasT, erasiim, to 
 ^ scrape off 
 Erechtheus,-ei [m.),Erechtheus, 
 
 an ancient king of Athens 
 
- 142 -- 
 
 ergastiiliini, -I(n.), a workhouse 
 
 ergo, therefore 
 
 eripio, -ere, eriptiT, ereptflm, 
 to set free, deliver 
 
 eructo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 throw up 
 
 erudio, -ire, -ivT, -itum, to in- 
 struct 
 
 Grudltus, -3., -um, accomplished, 
 learned 
 
 €ru6, -ere, eruT, griituni, to drag 
 
 escS., -ae (f.), food [out 
 
 essgdarliis, -i (m.), a charioteer, 
 one who fights from an essedum 
 
 esto, let it he so; well 
 
 esurlens, -tis, hungry 
 
 6t, and 
 
 gtiam, also, even 
 
 etai, although 
 
 EurOpa, -ae (f.), Europe 
 
 Eurotas, -ae (f.), Eurotas, a 
 river in Laconia 
 
 Eurymgdon, -ontis (m.), Eury- 
 medon, an Athenian general 
 
 evehor, -T, evectus sura, <o ride, 
 sail oat 
 
 6v6nio, -ire, 6veni, Cventum, to 
 turn out, happen 
 
 eventus, -us (m.), an issue, suc- 
 cess 
 
 6v6co, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 summon, call out 
 
 6v61o, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 rush out 
 
 ex (before vowels and conso- 
 nants), 6 (before consonants), w. 
 abl., out of, from out of, on the 
 side of; in accordance with 
 
 exaestuo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 boil up 
 
 exardesco, -ere, exarsi, exar- 
 stim, to be incensed 
 
 exaudio, -ire, --Tvi, ^itttm, to hear 
 
 excedo, -ere, excessi, exces- 
 
 sum, to dejMrt 
 excldo, -ere, excldi, excisumi, 
 
 to extirpate 
 excTpio,-ere,exc6pi, exceptum, 
 
 to catch; to take uj) 
 cxcQso, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 apologize, to plead in defense 
 exemplum, -i (n.), an example 
 exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, to go out, 
 march off; ex urbe exire, to 
 leave the city 
 exerceo, -er6, -ui, -itum, to 
 exercise, practice; regna ex- 
 ercere, to tyrannize; imperlum 
 exerc6re, to enforce the power 
 exercitatus, -&, -um, practised 
 exercltus, -us (m.), an army 
 exigo, -ere, ex6gi, exactum, to 
 exact; pueritiam exigere, to 
 spend one's boyhood 
 cxiguiis, -a, -um, small 
 exiraius,-a,-um, extraordinary 
 eximo, -ere, exemi, exemptum, 
 
 to take from 
 exinteratus,-a, -um, eviscerated 
 existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 believe, suppose 
 exitium, -i (n.), destruction 
 exitiis, -us (m.), an outlet, exit 
 exorno, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 adorn 
 exoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 beg earnestly 
 expeditus, -a, -um, unimpeded^ 
 free; omnibus membrls expe- 
 ditus, having the free use of all 
 one's limbs; motus ad usum 
 expeditior, movement quicker 
 for use, i. e., more easy to be 
 managed 
 
— 143 — 
 
 expello, -er6, expuli, expulsum, 
 to drive out 
 
 expgrlmontuin, -i (n.), a trial, 
 experiment 
 
 expgridr, -iri, expertiis sum, to 
 try, experience 
 
 expeiTectiis,-3;, -tim, awakened 
 
 expers, -tis, having no share in 
 
 expio, -are, -avi, -atum, to ex- 
 piate 
 
 expilo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 plunder 
 
 explore, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 explore, examine 
 
 expOno, -gre, exposui, exposi- 
 tum, to expose, to explain; co- 
 pias expongre, to draw up 
 forces 
 
 exposco, -erg, expoposci, (no 
 sup.), to implore 
 
 expositiO, -onis (f.), an exposing 
 
 expugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 take by storm; to subdue 
 
 exsScrdr, - ari, -atus sum, to 
 curse 
 
 exsilitim, -i (n.), exile 
 
 exsisto, -ere, exstlti, (no sup.), to 
 rise, exist 
 
 exspectatiO, -onis (f.), expecta- 
 tion 
 
 exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 expect, to wait; non exspec- 
 tato, without waiting any 
 longer; non exspectandus, un- 
 expected; exspectare in ancoris, 
 to wait at anchor 
 
 exspiro, -are, -avi, -atum, to die 
 
 exstingiio,-ere, exstinxi, exstinc- 
 tum, to put out, to undo; pass., 
 to die 
 
 exstirpo, -arS, -avi, -atQm, to 
 root out 
 
 exsto, -are, exstiti, (no sup.), to 
 he extant, to exist 
 
 exstruo, -ere, exstruxT, exstruc- 
 tum, to erect; mensae exstru- 
 ebantur, the tables were heaped 
 
 exsul, -is (m.), an exile 
 
 exsiilo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 live in exile 
 
 extemplO, forthwith 
 
 externus, -a, -um, external, 
 foreign 
 
 exterritus, -&, -um, greatly ter- 
 rified 
 
 extollo, -ere, (no perf. & sup.), to 
 elevate; in majus extollere, to 
 exaggerate 
 
 extra, with ace, outside of 
 
 extraho, -ere, extraxi, extrac- 
 tum, to draiv out 
 
 extremus, -S, -um, last 
 
 extundo, -ere, extiidi, extusum, 
 to strike out; frontem extun- 
 d6re, to knock out the brains 
 
 F. 
 
 fabellS, -ae (f.), a short fable, a 
 
 tale 
 fabrico, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 build 
 fabiiia, -ae (f.), a fable, story 
 fabidosiis, -a, -um, fabulous 
 facilis, -e, easy; facile, easily 
 facilitas, -atis (f.), facility, read- 
 iness 
 facillime, very easily 
 f acinus, -oris (n.), a deed; a 
 
 crime 
 facio, -ere, feci, factum, to do, 
 make; certiorem fac6re, to in- 
 form; classem fac6re, to build 
 a fleet; conspirationera fac6re, 
 to form a conspiracy; iter 
 
144 — 
 
 facere, to travel; bellum facere, 
 to wage war; sacra facere, to 
 sacrifice 
 
 factiO, -onis (f.), a faction^ party 
 
 factito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 practice; studiOse factitare, to 
 be fond of 
 
 factum, -i (n.), a deed, action, 
 transaction 
 
 facultas, -atis (f.), opportunity, 
 chance 
 
 fallacia, -ae (f.), deceit, trickery 
 
 fallo, -ere, fefellT, falsum, to 
 deceive 
 
 falx, -CIS (f.), a sicl'Ie 
 
 faraa, -ae (f.), fame, report, 
 rumor; public opinion, re- 
 nown; fama, by hearsay 
 
 fumes, -is (f ), hunger; a famiyie 
 
 familla, -ae (f.), the slaves in a 
 household; the family serv- 
 ants 
 
 familiaris, -e, familiar; (subst.) 
 an intimate friend 
 
 familTiirTtas, -atis (f.), intimacy, 
 fr ien dsh ip; acq u ai n ta nee 
 
 faniiin, -i (ii.), a temple 
 
 fas, indecl. allowable, lawful, right 
 
 fastidio, -ire, -ivi, -ituni, to 
 loathe, despise 
 
 fastlgTum, -i (n.), a top, summit 
 
 fatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 weary; fatigatus, wearied 
 
 fatum, -i, (n.), fate 
 
 faux, -CIS (f ), usually faucCs (pi.), 
 jaiDs; a defile, narroivs; im- 
 proba faux, voracity 
 
 favdr,-oris (m.), favor, goodwill 
 
 fellcitas, -atis (f.), good fortune; 
 nascendi felieitas, a lucky cir- 
 cumstance of birth 
 
 f^lmter^successfully 
 
 felix, -icis, lucky, happy 
 
 fernmd, -ae (f.), a ivife, woman, 
 female; canis fernma, a she- 
 dog 
 
 fenestra, -ae (f.), a window 
 
 fera, -ae (f.), a wild beast 
 
 ferax,-acis, productive, fruitful 
 
 fgrg, almost, nearly 
 
 fgritas, -atis (f ), fierceness 
 
 ferme, about, nearly 
 
 fero, -re, tulT, latum, to carry, 
 bear-, auxilium ferre, to bring 
 assistance; legem ferre, aliquid 
 ferre, to make a motion, pro- 
 pose a law; graviter ferre, to 
 be annoyed, take ill, amiss; in- 
 digne ferre, to take ill; in sub- 
 lime ferri, to be borne high in 
 the air; sententiam ferre, to 
 give one's vote; ferunt, tJiey 
 say; fertur, it is said; fructum 
 ferre, to bear fruit 
 
 ferOcitas, -atis (f.), fierceness 
 
 fermm, -i (n.), i7'on, a sword, a 
 razor 
 
 ferus, -a, -umi, wild; subst. fe- 
 rns, a wild beast, especially a 
 lion 
 
 fervens, -tis, foami7ig 
 
 fessus, -a, -um, weai^y 
 
 fictus, -a, -um, fictitious 
 
 fid el is, -e, faithful 
 
 fides, -ei (f.), (good) faith, faith- 
 fulness; summa fide, conscien- 
 tiously; fides pacis, the promise 
 of peace; spectata fides, tried 
 honesty; fidem servare, to keep 
 a promise; fidem habere, to 
 believe; fides mortis adest, the 
 news of the death proves to be 
 time; fidem populi Romani se- 
 qui, to seek the protection of the 
 
^ 145 
 
 Roman people; in fidem rcci- 
 p6re^ to receive under protec- 
 tion; Mem derogare, to with- 
 hold the credit 
 fiduci^,, -ae (f.), confidence 
 fldiis, -3., -um, faithful, trusty 
 figura, -ae (f.), the form 
 filia, -ae (f.), a daughter 
 fllliis, -i (m.), a son 
 fing6,-ere, finxi, fictum, to feign 
 flnio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to limit 
 finis, - (ra.), a boundary, end 
 flnitimus, -a,-uin, neighboring; 
 
 as subst., a neighbor 
 fio, fieri, factiis sum, to be made 
 or done, to become; to be 
 brought about; certiOrem figri, 
 to be informed 
 firmo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 strengthen, confirm; firmare 
 in or ad, to animate to 
 fiscus, -i (m.), a money-bag 
 fistula, -ae (f.), a pipe; a canyon; 
 
 a passage 
 flagelliiin, -i (n.), a whip, rod 
 flagitium, -1 (n.), a disgrace 
 flagito, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 
 demand 
 flamma, -ae (f ), aflame 
 flatus, -us (m.), a blowing [for 
 fleo, -6re, flevT, fletum, to weep 
 floreo,-ere,-uT, (no sup.), toflour- 
 flOs, floris (m.), a flower [ish 
 fluctus, -lis (m.), a wave, tide 
 flumen, -inis (n.), a river 
 foeditas, -atis (f.), horribleness; 
 foeditas morientmm, the hoirri- 
 ble sight of the dying 
 foediis, -S,, -um, ignominious 
 foediis, -eris (n.), a league; foe- 
 
 dus ic6re, to make a league 
 fons, -tis (m.), a sptring 
 
 forg, Fut. Inf. of sum and fio 
 forem, Subj. Imperf. of sura and fio 
 fdris,- (f.), & fores, -iilin, a door 
 forma, -ae (f.), shape, form, ap- 
 pearance; insignis, eximia for- 
 ma, gi^eat beauty 
 formatus, -a, -uni, informed 
 forsitan, fortasse, perhaps 
 forte, by chance 
 
 fortis, -e, brave, courageous, 
 gallant; fortius, with greater 
 courage 
 fortune, -ae (f.), fortune; fate; 
 fortuna privata, private con- 
 dition 
 fortunattis, -a, -fim, happy 
 forum, -i (n.), a market-place 
 fossS, -ae (f.), a ditch, trench 
 foveo, -ere, fovi, fotum, to 
 
 warm, hug 
 fragilis, -e, brittle, fragile 
 frango, -ere, frggi, fractum, to 
 
 break 
 fratgr, -ris (m.), a brother 
 fraterniis, -a, -urn, brotherly 
 fraus, fraudis {i.), fraud; a crime 
 fremitus, -us (m.), roaring 
 frSniim, -i (n.), a bridle, reins 
 frequenter, often 
 frequently, -ae (f.) , a large num- 
 fretiim, -i (n.), straits \ber 
 
 frgtus, -a, -um, relying 
 frigidus, -a, -iim, cold 
 frigiis, -oris (n.), cold 
 frons, -tis (f.), the forehead; a 
 frontibus, in front; frontem 
 extundere, to knock out the 
 brains 
 fructuOsiis, -&, -um, productive 
 fructtts, -lis (m.), fruit; fructum 
 
 ferre, to bear fruit 
 frugalitas, -atis (f.), frugality 
 
146 — 
 
 fruges, -tim (f. pi.), fruit 
 frumentiiin, -i (n.), corn 
 fruSr, -i, fruitiis (fructQs) sum, 
 
 to enjoy 
 frustra, in vain; without cause 
 frustiim, -i (n,), a piece, morsel 
 friitex, -icis (f.j, a shrub 
 fugS, -ae (f.), Jlight; banishment 
 fugio, -6re, fugi, (no sup.), to flee; 
 
 fugientes, those endeavoring 
 
 to escape 
 fugito, -are, -avi, -atiiiii, to 
 
 flee from 
 fulgens, -tis, glittering 
 fulgdr, -oris (m.), glitter 
 fulmgn, -inis (n.), a thunderbolt 
 fulmineiis, -a, -um, belonging 
 
 to lightning, flashing 
 fumtis, -i (m.), smoke 
 funda, -ae (f.), a sling 
 fundamentiiin, -i (n.), a founda- 
 tion; fundamenta jacgre, to lay 
 
 the foundation 
 fundo,-ere, fudi, f ustim, to rout; 
 
 sanguinem fundere, to shed 
 
 blood 
 fundus, -i (m.), apiece of land; 
 
 fundus imus, the lowest bottom 
 funus, -eris (n.), a funeral 
 fiir, furls (m.), a thief 
 fur o, -ere, (noperf. & sup.), to rage, 
 
 to be mad 
 furdr, -oris (m.), madness 
 furlim, stealthily, secretly 
 fiiturus, -a, -um, future 
 
 G. 
 
 GajQs, -1 (m.), Gaius 
 Gallia, -ae (f ), Gaul 
 Gallicfis, -a, -um, Gallic 
 gaudeo, -erg, gavisQs sum, to 
 rejoice 
 
 G6I0, -onis (m.), Gelo, tyrant of 
 g61u, -us (n.), cold [Sicily 
 
 ggmitiis, -us (m.), groaning 
 g6n6r, -i (m.), a brother-in-law 
 gengro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 produce 
 ggnitus, -a, -iim, born 
 gens, -tis (f), a tribe, a nation 
 ggniis, -eris (n.), a race, kind; 
 genus StratOnis, the family of 
 Strato; genus urbis, the stock 
 of the city 
 geometrica,-oriim (n. pi.), geom- 
 etry 
 Germanus, -i (m.), a German 
 germgn, -inis (n.), a germ 
 ggro, -erg, gessT, gestiim, to 
 carry, wear; bellum gergre, 
 to wage war; res gerundae, 
 public business; res gestae, 
 exploits, achievements 
 gestio, -irg, -ivi, -itumi, to long 
 gigno, -erg, g6nuT, genitum, to 
 beget, to bear; pass. , to be born 
 gladitis, -i (m.), a sword 
 gliscens, -tis, kindling [nown 
 gloria, -ae (f.), glory, fame, re- 
 glorI5r,-arT, -atiis siim, to boast 
 glorlostis, -a, -mn, glorious 
 gradatim, step by step 
 gradiis,-us (m.), a degree; step; 
 GraecS, in Greek [stage 
 
 Graecia, -ae (f ), Greece 
 Graectis, -a, -tim, Cfreek 
 grandis, -e, great, heavy; grandis 
 pecunia, an immense amount 
 of money 
 grassor, -ari, -atiis sum, to rage 
 gratia, -ae (f.), favor, gratitude; 
 gratiamfinggre, to feign friend- 
 ship; gratlam quae r ere, tra- 
 li6re, to seek, to gain favor 
 
— 147 — 
 
 gratiis, -S.,-fim, grateful^ accept- 
 able; gratius facere, to do a 
 greater favor 
 
 gravattis, -a, -tim, loaded 
 
 gravis, -e, heavy^ oppressive; 
 gravis imago, a grievous im- 
 age; graviora bella, severer 
 wars; gravis casus, a heavy 
 downfall; gravem pati, to be in- 
 dignant at, to be greatly em- 
 bittered- against 
 
 graviter, heavily , seriously; gra- 
 viter ferre, to be annoyed 
 
 grgmiGm, -i (n.), the lap 
 
 grex, gregis (f.), a herd; crowd 
 
 gruis, - (f.), a crane 
 
 guia, -ae (f.), the gullet 
 
 Gylipptis, -i(m.), Gylippus, gen- 
 eral of the Spartans in Sicily 
 
 Gytheiim, -i (n.), Gytheum, a 
 seaport in Laconia 
 
 habeo,-erS, -tii, -itflm, to have, 
 hold, possess; to consider, 
 think; haberi pro, to be con- 
 sidered as; fidem habere, to 
 believe; magni habere, to con- 
 sider of great importance; pro 
 nihilo habere, to regard as 
 nothing; obvlum habere, ^o meet 
 
 habilis, -e, easy (of shoes) 
 
 habitus, -us (m.), dress; defor- 
 mis habitu, deformed by his 
 dress; habitus squalOris, the 
 appearance of squalor 
 
 haereo, -ere, haesT, haesum, to 
 stick at; to hesitate 
 
 Halicarnasiis, -i (f.), Halicarna- 
 sus, a city of great antiquity in 
 Asia Minor 
 
 Hamilcar, -§,ris (m.), Hamilcar 
 
 harenS, -ae (f.), sand 
 hariolus, -i (m.), a soothsayer 
 Harpagus, -i (m.), Harpagus, a 
 
 Median nobleman 
 hand, not 
 
 hausttts, -us (m.), a draught 
 hercle, hercule, by Hercules 
 Hercules, -is (m.), Hercules 
 heredltas, -atis (f.), a?i inherit- 
 ance 
 heres, -edis (m. & f.), an heir 
 Hermae, -arum (m. pi.), the 
 
 Hermae 
 hesternus -3,, -um, of yesterday 
 hibernus, -a, -fim, winter- 
 hic, haec, hoc, this; the latter, 
 
 the former 
 hic, adv., here 
 hiems, -emis (f.), winter 
 Himera, -ae (f.), Himera 
 hinc, here, on this side; from 
 
 here, hence 
 Hipparchiis,-! (m.) , Hipparchus, 
 
 & Hippias, -ae (m.), Hippias, 
 
 sons of Pisistratus 
 historia, -ae (f.) history 
 hodle, to-day 
 
 hodiernus, -a, --Qin, io-day\s 
 Homericus, -S, -um, belonging 
 
 to Homer, Homeric 
 Homerus, -i (m.), the Greek poet 
 
 Homer 
 homo, -inis (m.), man, human 
 
 being; pi., people 
 honestus, -a, -um, honorable, 
 
 noble, excellent; honestius , ivith 
 
 more honor 
 honor, -oris (m.), an honor, 
 
 dignity; esteem, regard 
 honoratGs, -a, -lim, respected 
 hOra, -ae (f.), an hour (twelfth 
 
 part of daylight or night, the 
 
^ 148 -~ 
 
 first hour being, say, 6 a. m. or 
 
 p. M.) ; horae meridiaaae, noon 
 hordeiim, -i (n.), grain 
 horrendus, -S, -urn, horrible 
 hortdr, -ari, -atus sum, to ex- 
 
 ho7% urge 
 hospes, -itis (m.), a stranger^ 
 
 guest, friend 
 hospitium, -i (n.), Jiospitality; iu ! 
 
 hospitio, at a friend's 
 hostllis, -e, of an enemy, Jiostile 
 hostis, - (m. & f.), an enemy 
 hue, hither; hue aeeGdit, to this 
 
 is added 
 humauitas, -atis (f.), human 
 
 nature; pia humanitas, kind 
 
 feelings 
 humanus, -3,, -um, human 
 humllis, -e, low; humiliOres, the 
 
 weaker ones 
 humo, -are, -avT, -atflm, to 
 
 bury; terra humare, to inter 
 humdr, -oris (m.), a liquid, 
 
 moisture 
 hydrus, ~i (ra.), a snake 
 Hyrcani, -oruin (m. pi.), the 
 
 Hyrcanians ou the Caspian Sea 
 
 ibl, there 
 
 ico, -ere, ici, ictum, to strike, 
 
 hit; foedus icere, to make a 
 
 league 
 ictus, -us (ra.), a stroke, blow 
 ideireO, therefore 
 Idem, eadem, idem, the same; at 
 
 the same time, likewise 
 ideo, on that account [venient 
 idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, con- 
 igitur, therefore 
 ignavus, -3., -um, coward 
 ignis, - (m.), fire 
 
 ignomlnia, -ae (f.), a disgrace; 
 ignominia judicii, a disgrace 
 ■inflicted by the court; contempt 
 of court 
 
 ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, not 
 to know, be unacquainted with 
 
 ignotus, -3,, -um, unknown; he 
 who does not know 
 
 Ilias, -adis (f.), Iliad 
 
 ill6, ilia, illiid, that; he, she, it; 
 the former; the latter; illud, 
 that well-known saying 
 
 ill6c6brae, -artim (f. pL), attrac- 
 tion 
 
 illle, there 
 
 illicio, -6re, illexi, illectilm, to 
 allure, entice 
 
 illo, illuc, thither 
 
 Illyrictis, -3, -ttm, Ulyrian 
 
 imagO, -inis (f.), an image 
 
 imber, -ris (m.), a shower, 
 storm 
 
 imberbis, -e, beardless 
 
 imltatiO, -onis (f.), imitation 
 
 imitor, -ari, -atus sum, to imi- 
 tate 
 
 immlneo, -ere, (no perf. & sup.), to 
 threaten 
 
 immolo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 sacrifice 
 
 immortalis, -e, immortal 
 
 immortalltas, -atis (f.), immor- 
 tality 
 
 impatientius, beyond endurance 
 
 impedimentiim, -i (n.), hin- 
 drance, ivipediment 
 
 impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itiim, to 
 hinder, impede; manibus im- 
 pedltis, with their hands en- 
 gaged 
 
 impello,-ere, impuli, impulsum, 
 to push on, inMigate, impel 
 
•— 149 — 
 
 impend€o,-er6, (no perf. & sup.), to 
 hang over, to be impending^ 
 to threaten 
 
 imperatdr, -oris (m,), a com- 
 mander, general; emperor 
 
 imperatorius,-a,-um, belonging 
 to a general; dignitas impera- 
 toria, generalship; mors impe- 
 ratoria, a general' s death 
 
 imperltiis,-a, -um, unpractised, 
 unskilled, ignorant 
 
 imperium, -i (n.), dominion, 
 government, empire; imperium 
 paternum, his father's domin- 
 ion; imperium regis, the king's 
 order; justitia imperiOrum, the 
 justice of commands; impe- 
 rium temptare, to make an at- 
 tempt on the government; im- 
 perium orbis, empire of the 
 world; imperium exercere, to 
 enforce the power 
 
 impero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 give commands, to command, 
 order; obsides imperare, to 
 ~- order to famish hostages 
 
 impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 obtain, get 
 
 impetus, -us (m.), violence; an 
 attack; citato impetu, with 
 rapid motion 
 
 impietas, -atis (f.), impiety 
 
 impius, -3,, -um, impious 
 
 impleo,-ere, implevi, impletum, 
 to fill 
 
 implOro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 call upon for aid, to beseech 
 
 impono, -ere, imposuT, imposi- 
 tum, to put in; navibus impo- 
 nere, to put on board 
 
 impotens, -tis, not master of 
 one's self 
 
 impressiO, -onis (f.), an attack 
 imprimis, see inprlmis 
 improbtis, -a, -um, ivicked 
 improvlso, unawares, unexpect' 
 impubgr, -is, under age [edly 
 impune, without punishment 
 imus,-a,-um, the lowest, deepest 
 in, with ace, into, to, towards, for, 
 against; in Ctesiphontem, as 
 prosecutor of Ctesiphon; with 
 abl., in, amongst, in the case of 
 inambulans, -tis, walking 
 incendium, -i (n.), a fire, con- 
 flagration 
 incendo, -ere, incendi, incen- 
 sum, to set on fire, to fire; in- 
 census, -&, -um, burnt out; 
 of the mind, incensed 
 incertus, -a, -um, uncertain, 
 
 doubtful 
 incido, -ere, incidi, incasum, to 
 
 fall into, to chance upon 
 incite, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 urge; naves incitare, to set the 
 s?ii2}S in rapid motion; equum 
 incitare, to spur on a horse 
 inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 incline . 
 inclitus, -a, -um, celebrated, re- 
 nowned 
 incliido, -ere, incliisi, inclusiim, 
 
 to shut up 
 incognitus, -a, -um, unkiiowri 
 incola, -ae (m.), an inhabitant 
 incolo, -ere, incolui, incultum, 
 
 to inhabit 
 incolumis,-e, unhurt, unharmed, 
 
 safe 
 inconpositus, -a, -um, disor- 
 dered 
 increbresco, -ere, increbrui, (no 
 sup.), to gain grouncj 
 
— 150 
 
 incredibilis, -6, passing belief, 
 
 incredible 
 incrgmentum, -i(n.), increase 
 incumbo, -er€, incubiii, incubi- 
 
 tflm, to hasten 
 incursiO, -onTs (f.), anincursion 
 inde, there, thence; from thence; 
 
 hinc . . inde, here . . there 
 indicium, -i (n.), an indication, 
 
 information 
 indignati5,-onis(f.), indigrna^ion 
 indigne ferre, to take ill, to be in- 
 dignant at 
 indignSr, -ari, -attls sum, to be 
 
 indignant at 
 indigniSs, -&, -um, unworthy, 
 
 disgraceful; undeserving 
 indoctus, -S», -tim, untaught 
 indoles, -is (f.), disposition, tal- 
 ent, temper 
 indiibitatus, -Si, -tiin, without 
 
 doubt 
 indulgentia, -ae (f.), indulgence 
 Indus, -1 (ni.), an Indian [try 
 industria,-ae (f.), energy, indus- 
 industrlus, -a, -Gui, industri- 
 ous, active 
 ineo, -ire, inii, initfim, to enter 
 upon; consilium inire, to form 
 apian; epulas inIre, to go to a 
 repast 
 inermis,-e, unarmed, defenseless 
 iners, -tis, silly, simjile 
 inexpiabilis, -e, inexpiable 
 infamiS., -ae (f.), a disgrace, in- 
 famy 
 infans,-tis(m.&f.), an infant, child 
 infelix, -icis, calamitous 
 inferi, -orum (m. pi.), the gods 
 
 below, the lower world 
 inferiae, -arum (f. pi), sacri- 
 Jices (in honor of the dead) 
 
 inferidr,-us, lower, further down 
 
 infero,-r6, intiili, illatum, to bear 
 in, to carry iii or upon, to in- 
 flict; bellum inferre, to make 
 war upon; venalia inferre, to 
 offer for sale; jurgii causam in- 
 ferre, to pick a quarrel 
 
 infestus, -S,, -tim, implacable; 
 dangerous 
 
 inflatiis, -&, -um, puffed up 
 
 ingemisco,-6re,ing6mui, (no sup.), 
 to groan 
 
 inggnitim, -i (n.), mind, talents, 
 character, disposition; inge- 
 nium mite, mild disposition 
 
 ingens,-tis, gig antic, vast, great; 
 ingens pugnandi animus, an 
 eager desire for the combat 
 
 inggnuiis, -S,, -tim, free-born; 
 ingenuus homo, a gentleman; 
 ingenia ingenua, natural diS' 
 position of a freeman 
 
 ingratfis, ~&, -um, ungrateful 
 
 ingrgdidr, -i, ingressus sum, to 
 step in, enter; to march; to 
 walk up 
 
 inhibgo, -ere, -Gi, -itum, to re- 
 strain; inhibere remis, to row 
 a ship backwards 
 
 initium, -i (n.), a beginning; 
 initia (pi.), sacred mysteries 
 
 inlquus, -Sl, -lim, unfair, unjust 
 
 injicio, -ere, injeci, injectiim, 
 to throw into; to throioover; 
 metum injicere, to strike one 
 with fear; pallium injicere, to 
 put on a cloak 
 
 injuria, -ae (f.), a wrong, out- 
 rage, injury; injustice 
 
 injustQs, -3/, -tim, unjust, iniq- 
 uitous, severe 
 
 inlec6brae, see ill6c6brae 
 
— 151 
 
 inlustrls, -e, bright, famous 
 
 inluvies, -ei (f.), an inundation; 
 inluvies aquarum, a deluge 
 
 inmerito, without cause, unde- 
 servedly 
 
 inmortalls, see immortalis 
 
 innocens, -tis, innocent 
 
 innoxius, -3,, -urn, innocent 
 
 innumerus, -a, -um, innumer- 
 able 
 
 inSpia, -ae (f.), want, scarcity 
 
 inopmans, -tis, not expected, 
 unaware 
 
 inopTnatiis, -3., -iiin, unexpected 
 
 mops, -6pis, without means 
 
 inpressiO, -onis (f.), an attach. 
 Written also impressio 
 
 inprlmis, chiefly, especially 
 
 inquam, quoth I, I say 
 
 inquino, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 defile 
 
 inrumpo, -ere, inrupi, inrup- 
 tuin, to rush into, burst into 
 
 inscendo, -ere, inscendi, inscen- 
 sum, to step upon 
 
 inscitia, -ae (f.), unexperience 
 
 inscrlbo, -ere, inscripsi, inscrip- 
 tum, to write on, inscribe 
 
 insequ5r, -i, insecutus sum, to 
 follow up, pursue 
 
 insero, -ere, inseruT, insertfim, 
 to put into 
 
 insidiae, -artini (f. pL), an am- 
 bush, snare 
 
 insidiOsus,-a,-uin, treacherous, 
 insidious 
 
 insignis, -e, prominent, extra- 
 ordinary; insignis oratTo, ex- 
 traordinary style of speech; 
 insignis forma, great beauty 
 
 insTlio, -ire, insiliii, insulttim, 
 to leap upon 
 
 insolens, -tis, insolent, arrogant 
 
 ins6Iitus,-a, -um, unaccustomed, 
 unfamiliar 
 
 inspicio, -ere, inspexi, inspec- 
 tum, to look at 
 
 inspirattis, -a, -um, inspired 
 
 instabilis, -e, unsteady 
 
 instar, indecl., as good as; instar 
 civitatis, an outline of a city 
 
 instituo, -ere, institui, institu- 
 tum, to set up, arrange, in- 
 stitute ; leges instituere, to 
 frame or enact laws; heredem 
 instituere, to appoint one heir 
 
 institutum, -i (n.), an establish- 
 ment; instituta, institutions; 
 institutis uti, to have institu- 
 tions 
 
 institutus, -S,, -tini, educated; 
 bene institutus, well-bred 
 
 instructus, -3,, -um, provided 
 
 instrumentum, -i (n.), a means; 
 instrumenta beilorum, imple- 
 ments of war 
 
 instruo, -ere, instruxi, instruc- 
 tum, to draw up (in battle 
 array); bellum instruere, to 
 make preparations for war; 
 odia instrugre, to occasion 
 hatred 
 
 insu6factiis, -a, -um, trained to 
 
 insuetus, -a, -um, not accus- 
 tomed to, unusual 
 
 insula, -ae (f.), an island [suit 
 
 insulto,-are,-avi, -atum, to in- 
 
 insusurro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 whisper to 
 
 integer, -rS, -riim, unchanged, 
 fresh, virtuous; ex intggro, 
 anew 
 
 intellegOj-ere, intellexi, intellec- 
 tura, to observe, to see clearly 
 
152 — 
 
 intentiis, ~&, -iim, intent 
 
 intgr, with ace, between, among; 
 in the midst of; inter se, among 
 themselves, with one another; 
 inter caedem, i?i the course of 
 heating 
 
 intercipio, -ere, interc6pT, inter- 
 ceptflm, to cut off, intercept 
 
 intercludo, -ere, interclusi, in- 
 terclusum^ to cut off" 
 
 interclusiis, -a, -um, cut off' 
 
 interdlu, in daytime 
 
 interdum, sometimes 
 
 interea, meanwhile [derer 
 
 interfector, -oris (m.), a mur- 
 
 interflcio, -ere, interfeci, inter- 
 fectum, to kill 
 
 interim, meanwhile 
 
 interirao, -erg, intgremi, inter- 
 em ptum, to kill, slay 
 
 interltus, -lis (m.), destruction 
 
 interjicio, -ere, interjeci, inter- 
 jectuin, to cast between; tem- 
 pore interjecto, some time 
 having intervened 
 
 intermisceo, -erg, intermisctii, 
 intermixttim, to intermingle 
 
 internuntlus,-! (m.), a messenger 
 
 interpello, -ar6, -avT, -atum, 
 to hinder 
 
 interrogatiO, -onis (f.), a ques- 
 tion 
 
 interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 to ask, question 
 
 interrumpo, -ere, interrupT, in- 
 terruptflm, to break down 
 
 intersterno, -ere, interstravi, in- 
 terstratum, to lay between 
 
 intra, with ace, within; intra tri- 
 cesimum annum, within thirty 
 and forty 
 
 iatrins6cus, on the inside 
 
 intro, -ar6, ~avi, -atum, to 
 
 penetrate 
 introitQs, -us (m.), an entrance 
 intueor, -eri, intuitus sum, to 
 
 look at, observe; nutum intueri, 
 
 to await the beck 
 inultus, -3,, --Qm, unavenged 
 inusltatiis, -a, -um, unusual, 
 
 novel 
 inutilis, -e, useless 
 invado, -ere, invasT, invasum, 
 
 to attack; naves invadgre, to 
 
 seize the shij^s; rempublicam in- 
 
 vad6re, to seize the government 
 inv6nio, -ire, invGni, inventum, 
 
 to invent, find 
 inventio, -onis (f.), invention; 
 
 (of laws) framing 
 invicem, mutually, each other 
 invictus,-3/, -um, unconquered; 
 
 invincible 
 invIdSo, -ere, invidi, invisum, 
 
 to envy 
 invidiOsus, -§-, -um, spiteful, 
 
 malicious 
 inviolatfts, -&, -um, unhurt 
 invisus, -S,, -umi, hated, detested 
 invito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 invite 
 invIttis,-S;,-tim, unwilling; non 
 
 invitus^ cheerful(ly) 
 involucrum, -i (n.), a case 
 involvo, -ere, involvT, involu- 
 
 tiim, to pack up 
 iones, -um (m. pi.), the lonians 
 ipse, -a, -um, self 
 Ira, -ae (f.), anger 
 IS, ea, id, he, she, it; that; eo mi- 
 nus, the less 
 iste, -a, -ud, that of yours 
 ita, so; non ita, not so, not 60 
 
 very; not quite 
 
— 153 — 
 
 Italia, -ae (f.), Italy 
 
 itaque, and so, consequently^ 
 therefore 
 
 item, just so, likewise 
 
 it6r, itineris (n.), a journey, 
 march, road; iter felicius, a 
 luckier march; iter terrestre, 
 a land journey; iter facere, to 
 
 iterum, again [travel 
 
 jaceo, -ere, -uT, (no sup.), to lie 
 
 (prostrate) 
 jacio,-ere, j5ci, jactum, to hurl, 
 
 throw; of foundations, to lay 
 jacto, -are, -avi, -atuni, to 
 
 throw, toss; to boast; tintinna- 
 
 bulum jactare, to shake the bell; 
 
 frusta jactare, to cast morsels to 
 jactus, -us (m.), a throw, cast 
 jaciiluni, -1 (n.), a javelin 
 jam, already, now, by this time; 
 
 jam non, no more, no longer; 
 
 the translation of jam is often 
 
 inadmissible in English, 
 jocans, -tis, in jest 
 jocus, -i (m.), joking 
 jiibeo, -ere, jussi, jussuiu, to 
 
 bid, order 
 jacundus, -a, -um, pleasant, 
 
 delicious; jucundiiis, more de- 
 
 liciously [man 
 
 judex, -icis (m.), a judge, jury- 
 judicmin, -i (n.), a judgment, 
 
 decision, sentence; a court; ]\i- 
 
 diclo, by discretion; judicium 
 
 capitis, trial for life 
 judico, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 judge; to think, consider 
 juglans, -dis (f), a walnut 
 jungo, -ere, junxi, junctum, to 
 
 join 
 
 JQniiis, -1 (m.), June 
 
 Juppiter, Jo VIS (m.), Jupiter^ the 
 supreme God; Gr. Zevq 
 
 jurgium, -i (n.), a quarrel; in 
 jurgio, in the heat of dispute; 
 jurgli causam inferre, to pick 
 a quarrel 
 
 jus, juris (n.), right, justice, au- 
 thority; jus humanum, human 
 laiu — jus, juris (n.), broth 
 
 jus jurandum, juris jurandi (n.), 
 an oath 
 
 justltia, -ae (f.), justice 
 
 Justus, -a, -um, just; justa, 
 -orum (n.pl.), customary rites 
 
 jiivenis, - (m.), a young man 
 
 juventiis, -titis (f.), youth 
 
 JLivo, -are, jCivi, jutum, to assist 
 
 juxta, with ace, beside, according 
 to; juxta praeceptum, accord- 
 ing to the order 
 
 li. 
 
 labellGm, -i (n.), a small vessel 
 
 labor, -oris (m.), toil, labor, 
 exertion, trouble; labor mili- 
 tlae, the toil of military serv- 
 ice; labor quaerendi, acquisi- 
 tive disposition 
 
 labOrlosus, -a, -um, troubled 
 
 laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 suffer from, to be in distress; 
 nihil laborare, not to care about 
 
 lac, lactls (n.), milk 
 
 Lacaena, -ae (f.), a Spartan 
 woman 
 
 Lacedaemon, -6nis (f), the city 
 of Lacedaemon 
 
 Lacedaemonius, -T (m.), a Lace- 
 daemonian 
 
 lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 lacerate, tear in pieces 
 
— 154 — 
 
 Laches, -etis (m.), Laches^ an 
 
 Athenian general 
 lacrimS., -ae (f.), a tear 
 lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atttm, to 
 
 shed tears, to weep 
 lacunar, -aris (n.), a ceiling 
 laedo, -erg, laesT, laestim, to 
 
 ivjure, insult 
 laetiis> -&, -flm, glad, joyful 
 LamachGs, -i (m.), Lamachus, 
 
 an Athenian general 
 laments, -orum (n. pi.), lamen- 
 tation 
 lamentabilis, -6, attended with 
 
 lamentation 
 lamentatiO, -onis (f.), lamenta- 
 tion 
 Lamponiiis, -i (m.), Lamponius, 
 
 an Athenian general 
 lanetis, -&, -flm, woollen 
 laniggr, -S, -iiin, wool-bearing, 
 
 \. e. a sheep 
 lar, laris (m.), a household god 
 largiis, -3-, -tlin, ample, abun- 
 dant 
 lascivia, -ae (f.), wantonness; 
 per lasciviam, from wanton- 
 ness 
 latebr3>, -ae (f.), a hiding-place 
 lateo, -ere, latiii, (no sup.), to lie 
 
 hid, to he hidden 
 later, -is (m.), a brick 
 latratiis, -us (m.), barking 
 latro, -^nis [m.),a highwayman 
 latro, -are, -avi,-atiiiii, to bark 
 latrocinium, -i (n.), robbery (on 
 
 the highway) 
 latus, -§/, -um, broad, ivide; la- 
 ti fines, extensive possessions; 
 quam latissimae solitudines, 
 deserts as extensive as possible 
 latus, -eris (n.), a side, fiank 
 
 laudo, -arS, ~avi, -attim, to 
 
 praise 
 laus, -dis (f.), praise, glory 
 lectus, -I (m.), a couch 
 lectus, -a, -um, picked 
 legatus, -i (m.), an envoy; in the 
 
 Roman army, a lieutenant 
 IggiO, -onis (f.), a legion (at the 
 time of Caesar consisting of 10 
 cohorts of from 300 to 360 men 
 each) 
 16go,-6r6, l6gT, lectflm, <opicfe, 
 choose, gather; read; vitae sor- 
 tem leggre, to choose a condi- 
 tion of life 
 165, -onis (m.), a lion 
 Lgonldas, -ae (m.), Leonidas, a 
 
 king of Sparta, 1480 
 lepQs, -6ris (m.), a hare 
 16vis, -6, light, silly; levis cur- 
 
 sus, nimble running 
 lex, legis (f.), a law; a condition 
 libens, -tis, willing (ly) 
 libgr, -ri (m.), a book 
 liber, -a, -tim, free 
 liberalitgr, generously 
 libdri, -orum (m. pi.), children 
 libgro, -are, -avi, -atQm, to de- 
 liver 
 llbertas, -atis (f.), freedom 
 libido, -inis (f.), pleasure; libi- 
 
 dines, passions 
 JAhySL, -ae (f.), Libya, Africa 
 licentia, -ae (f.), license; leave 
 licet, -ere, licuit, licitum est, 
 it is left free, one may; it is 
 lawful 
 lignfius, -a, -una, wooden 
 lignum, -i (n.), wood, log 
 llmen, -inis (n.), a threshold 
 limiis, -i (m.), mud [leave 
 
 linquo, -ere, llqui, (no sup.), to 
 
155 — 
 
 liqu6r,-oris [m.], a liquid; water 
 lis, litis (f.), a suit at law 
 littera,-ae (f.),a letter (character 
 
 of the alphabet); pi. litterae, 
 
 letter, epistle; letters, studies, 
 
 science 
 littis, -oris (n.), a shore 
 loco, -are, -avi, -atQin, to 
 
 place, bring 
 Locrensis, - (m.), a Locrian, in- 
 habitant of Locri 
 Locri, -oriiin (m. pL), Locri, a 
 
 city in the territory of the 
 
 Bruttii 
 locuples, -etis, rich, wealthy 
 locus, -1 (m.), a place, position, 
 
 spot; loca, regions; honesto 
 
 loco natus, sprung from decent 
 
 family 
 longg, far, distant, by far 
 longitiidO, -inis (f ), length; colli 
 
 longitudo, a long neck 
 longtis, -S, -urn, long; navis 
 longa, a ship of war, galley 
 16qii6r,-T, locutus sum, to speak, 
 
 talk 
 luceo, -ere, laxi, (no sup.), to 
 
 shine; lucet, the day dawns 
 Lucius,-! (m.), Lucius, a Roman 
 
 name, usually represented by L. 
 lucriim, -i (n.), profit, gain 
 luctor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 
 wrestle, struggle, fight 
 luctlis,-us (m.), mourning, grief 
 ludo, -ere, lusi, lusum, to play, 
 
 sport; pila ludere, to play ball 
 lugeo, -ere, luxi, (no sup.), to 
 
 be in mourning, to bewail 
 lugubris, -e, plaintive 
 luna, -ae (f.), the moon; Luna, 
 
 the moon-goddess 
 lupus, -i (m.), a wolf 
 
 lux, lucis (f), light; ante lucem, 
 
 before daybreak; luce, during 
 
 the day 
 luxuria, -ae (f ), luxury 
 Lycurgus, -i (m.), Lycurgus, the 
 
 lawgiver of the Spartans 
 Lysias, -ae (m.), LysiaSj an 
 
 Athenian orator 
 
 M. 
 
 Mac6do, -onis (m.) , aMacedonian 
 Macedonia, -ae (f.), Macedonia 
 macies, -ei (f.), leanness, thin- 
 ness 
 maerSr, -oris (m.) , grief, mourn- 
 ing 
 Magi, -orum (m. pi.), the Magi, 
 
 priestly caste in Persia 
 magicus, -&, -um, magic 
 magis, more [ter 
 
 magist6r,-ri (m.), a teacher, mas- 
 magistratus, -us (m.), a magis- 
 trate 
 magnificentia-, -ae (f.), magnif- 
 icence 
 magnificus, -S,, -tim, magnif- 
 icent, gi'and 
 magnitudO, -inis (f.), bigness, 
 greatness, size; magnitude ani- 
 mi, magnanimity; magnitudo 
 consilii et ingenii, amount of 
 prudence and capacity 
 magnus, ^a, -um, great, large, 
 big; magni habere, to consider 
 of great importance; magna 
 voce, with a loud voice 
 majestas, -atis (f.), majesty; ma- 
 jestatem administrare, to exer- 
 cise supreme power 
 major, -tis, greater, more im- 
 portant; majores, ancestors; in 
 majus extollerCj to exaggerate 
 
— 166 — 
 
 male, badly; male auspicari, to 
 begin unfortunately; cum male 
 pugnatum esset, after the defeat 
 
 maiedico, -ere, maledixi, male- 
 dictum, to speak evil against^ 
 revile 
 
 maleficus, -a, -Gm, wicked 
 
 malltia, -ae (f.), malice 
 
 malo, malle, malui, (no sup.), to 
 wish rather; to prefer 
 
 malflm, -i (n.), an evil, adver- 
 sity, calamity; malum discor- 
 diae, the seed of discord 
 
 mandatum,-! (n.), a commission 
 
 mando, -are, -avi, -attim, to 
 commit, to order 
 
 mane, (in good time) in the morn- 
 ing, early in the morning 
 
 maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, 
 to remain 
 
 manifestus -S, -um, manifest 
 
 manubiae, -ar.uin (f. pi.), spoils 
 
 manus,-us (f.), the hand; a band 
 (of men); force; manum con- 
 serere, to join battle 
 
 MarathOnitis, -a, -um, Marathon- 
 ian 
 
 MardOnius, -i (m.), Mardonius 
 
 mare, -is (n.), the sea 
 
 marinus, -a, -tim, belonging to 
 the sea, sea-; commeatus mari- 
 nus, provisions by sea 
 
 maritimus,-a,-um, sea-;ora ma- 
 ritima, the seashore; res mari- 
 timae, naval operations 
 
 maritus, -i (m.), a husband 
 
 mater, -ris (f.), a mother 
 
 materia, -ae (f.), material 
 
 maternus, -a, -um, maternal 
 
 matrimonlum, -i (n.), marriage; 
 in matrimonium tradgre, to 
 marry; matrimonia (pi.), wives I 
 
 matrons., —ae (f.), a lady 
 maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 accelerate 
 matiirtis, -S, -Qm, ripe; matura 
 
 hiems, an early winter 
 matutinus, -S., -um, of the morn- 
 ing; matutlnum tempus, the 
 morning hours 
 maxim e, especially; properly 
 maximus, -a,-iim, greatest; ma- 
 ximus natu, oldest; maxima 
 vox, a very loud voice 
 Medi, -orum (m.pl), the Medes; 
 Media,t\iQ country ofthe Medes 
 medlclna, -ae (f.), an operation 
 mediocris, -e, middling, indif- 
 ferent; ordinary; non medio- 
 cris, not common [tice 
 medit6r,-ari,-atus s\im,toprac- 
 medius, -S., -um, middle; medio 
 tempore, in the meantime; me- 
 dio noctis, at midnight 
 Megara, -ae (f.), Megara 
 Megarenses, -ium (m. pi), the 
 
 Megarenses 
 melior, -us, better 
 membrum, -i (n.), a member 
 memini, -isse, to remember 
 memor, -is, mindful 
 memorabilis, -e, remarkable 
 memoria, -ae (f.), memory, rec- 
 ollection; memorla nominis, 
 remembrance of his name; ars 
 memoriae, the art of remember- 
 ing 
 Menapii, -orum (m. pi), the Me- 
 napii, a people of Belgic Gaul 
 Meno, -onis (m.), Menon, a 
 
 dialogue of Plato 
 mens, -tis (f.), the mind, dispo- 
 sition, understanding; tristior 
 mens, deeper affection 
 
157 — 
 
 mensS,, -ae (f.), a table 
 mensis, - (m.), a month 
 mentiO, -onis (f.), a mentioning 
 mentior, -iri, -itus sum, to lie, 
 
 tell a lie 
 mercator, -oris (m.), a merchant 
 merces, -edis (f.), pay^ reward 
 MercLirlus, -i (ra.), Mercurius 
 mereo, -ere, -m, -itum, to de- 
 serve 
 mergo, -ere, mersT, mersum, to 
 
 sink 
 merldianus, -a, -um, midday-; 
 
 horae meridianae, noon 
 merito, deservedly 
 meritum, -i (n.), a merit, desert 
 merx, -cis (f.), ware 
 metuendus, -3-, -um, dreadful, 
 
 shocking 
 metiio, -ere, -i, (no sup.), to fear 
 metiis, -us (m.), fear; metus re- 
 
 ligionis, religious awe 
 MicythuSj-i {m.),Micythus, name 
 
 of a Sicilian 
 migratiO, -onis (f.), a removal 
 migro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 migrate 
 miles, -itis (m.), a soldier 
 mllitia, -ae (f.), military service 
 mille, inded., one thousand 
 MiltTades, -is (m.), Miltiades 
 miluus, -i (ra.), a kite 
 minae, -arum (f. pi.), threats, 
 
 menaces 
 minax, -acis, threatening; ani- 
 mus minax, animosity 
 Minerva, -ae (f.), Minerva 
 minime, by no means, not at all 
 minimus, -a, -um, least 
 minister, -ri (m.), a minister, 
 
 servant 
 ministgrium, -i (n.), a service 
 
 ministrator, -oris (m.), an at- 
 tendant 
 ministro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 attend, wait upon 
 minor, -us, less, smaller 
 minuo, -ere, minuT, miniitum, 
 to weaken, diminish; contro- 
 verslas minuere, to settle dis- 
 putes; desidiam minuere, to re- 
 move sloth 
 minus, less; nihilo minus, 7iot a 
 
 whit the less 
 miraculiim, -i (n.), a miracle, 
 
 wonder 
 mirandus, -a, -um, wonderful 
 miror, -ari, -atus sum, to ad- 
 mire, be surprised, wonder at 
 mirus, -a, -um, wonderful 
 misceo, -ere, miscuT, mixtum, 
 to mix; civitatem miscere, to 
 disturb the state 
 miser, -a, -um, wretched, mis- 
 erable, sad 
 misericordia, -ae (f.), pity, com- 
 passion 
 misgricors, -dis, compassionate 
 mitigo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 soothe 
 mltis, -e, mild 
 
 mitto, -ere, misi, missum, to 
 send, let go, throw; malum dis- 
 cordiae mittere, to sow the seed 
 of discord 
 m6deratid,-onis (f.), moderation 
 moderatus, -5,, -uin, moderate; 
 moderatius, more moderately 
 modo, only 
 
 modus, -i (m.), a measure, man- 
 ner, size; hoc modo, i7i this 
 way; nullo modo, by no means; 
 ejus modi versum, some such 
 verse 
 
158 
 
 moenTS, -Xfiin (n. pi.), (city) 
 walls 
 
 moles, -is (f.), a mass 
 
 mOlior, -iri, -itiis sum, to un- 
 dertake 
 
 momentum, -i (n.), a moment, 
 short space 
 
 moneo, -erg, -uT, -itCiin, to ad- 
 monish, warn 
 
 monitus, -us (m.), an admoni- 
 tion 
 
 mens, -tis (m.), a mountain 
 
 monstrum, -i (n.), a monster 
 
 monumentiiin, -i (n.), a monu- 
 ment 
 
 Morlni, -orGin (m. pi.), the Mo- 
 rini, a people of Gaul 
 
 morior, -i, mortQtis sum, to die; 
 to be in a dying state 
 
 moror, -ari, -attis sum, to de- 
 lay, tarry 
 
 mors, -tis (f.), death 
 
 morsus, -us (m.), a bite; the teeth 
 
 mortalis, -e, mortal 
 
 mortifer, -3,, -um, deadly, fatal 
 
 mortuus, -3., -um, dead 
 
 mOs, moris (m.), custom, way; 
 mores, character, manners, 
 morals 
 
 motus, -us (m.), a motion, move- 
 ment; terrae motus, an earth- 
 quake 
 
 moveo, -erS, movi, motum, to 
 move, affect; arma movere, to 
 take up arms; seditionem mo- 
 v5re, to stir up a sedition; 
 possessionem movSre, to dis- 
 turb a possession 
 
 mox, soon 
 
 muliebris, -e, womanish 
 
 muligr, -is (f.), a woman [an 
 
 muliercuia, -ae (f.), a little wom- 
 
 multitud5,-inis (f.), a large body, 
 great number, crowd, multi- 
 tude 
 
 multiis, -a, -um, many 
 
 mulus, -i (m.), a mule 
 
 mundus, -i (m.), the world 
 
 municeps, -cipis (m. & f.), a 
 citizen 
 
 munltiO, -onis (f.), fortifying, a 
 fortification, intrenchment 
 
 muniis, -€ris (n.), a gift 
 
 muriis, -i (m.), a wall 
 
 muto, -ar6, -avi, -atGm, to 
 change 
 
 mutuiis, -&, -um, mutual; mu- 
 tuarum rerum commercium, 
 trade by exchange of goods 
 
 MuttO, -onis (m.), Mutto, king 
 of Tyre 
 
 Mycale, -es (f.), Mycale, a prom- 
 ontory and city in Ionia 
 
 N. 
 
 nam, namquS, for 
 
 nanciscdr, -i, nactGs sum, to get, 
 to find 
 
 narratio, -onis (f.), a tale 
 
 narro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 relate 
 
 nasc5r,-i, natus sum, to be born, 
 to be produced; to take origin 
 from; of plants, to grow; feli- 
 citas nascendi, the lucky cir- 
 cumstance of birth; ordo na- 
 scendi, priority of birth 
 
 nasturtium, -i (n.), watercress 
 
 natio, -onis (f.), a nation 
 
 natu, in age; maximus natu, 
 oldest 
 
 natura, -ae (f.), nature, natural 
 quality 
 
 naturalis, ^, natural 
 
159 
 
 natiis, -S, -ilin, old (so and so 
 
 many years) ; honesto loco na- 
 tus, sprung from a decent 
 family 
 
 naufragium, -i (n.), shipwreck 
 
 navalis, -e, naval; proelium na- 
 \aXe, a sea fight; bellum navale, 
 a sea war 
 
 navigatIO, -onis (f.), navigation^ 
 a voyage 
 
 navigium,-! (n.), a sailing vessel 
 
 navlgo, -are, -avi, -atum, to sail 
 
 uavis, - (f.), a ship; navis longa, 
 a ship of loar^ a galley; navis 
 oneraria, a ship of burden 
 
 -ne, interrogative particle = ? 
 
 n6, not^ that not, lest; ne quis, lest 
 any one; ne . . quidem, not even 
 
 nee, nor; see neque 
 
 necesse, necessary 
 
 necessitas, -atis (f.), necessity 
 
 necessitiidd, -inis (f.), necessity; 
 pi. relatives 
 
 neco, -are, -avi (necui), -atum, 
 to put to death, kill 
 
 nefas, indecl, wrong 
 
 neglggo, -ere, neglexT, neglec- 
 tuni, to neglect, to pay no 
 heed to 
 
 nego, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- 
 clare that not 
 
 nemo (Gen. nulllus), no one, nobody 
 
 neo, -ere, nevi, netum, to spin 
 
 nepos, -Otis (m.), a grandson 
 
 nequaquam, in no wise 
 
 neque (nee), nor, and not; ne- 
 que. .neque, neither, .nor; nee 
 non, and besides; nee solum . . 
 verum etiam, not only.. but 
 also; neque enim, for; neque 
 modo..sed etiam, not only., 
 but also 
 
 n6qu6o, -ir6, -ivi, -itiim, not 
 
 to be able 
 nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itiim, not to 
 
 know 
 neve, or (that) not, and (that) not 
 nex, necis (f.), murder; death 
 ni, if not 
 Nicias, -ae (m.), Nicias, an 
 
 Athenian general 
 Nicocles, -IS (m.), Nicocles, ty- 
 rant of Sicily 
 niger, -ra, -rum, black 
 nihil, indecl, nothing; not at all; 
 
 pro nihilo habere, to regard as 
 
 nothing 
 nil = nihil 
 nlmis, too much, too; non nimis, 
 
 not very 
 n!mius,-a, -iim, too great, exces- 
 sive 
 Ninus, -i (m.), Ninus, king of 
 
 the Assyrians 
 Ninyas or Ninya, -ae (m.), Nin- 
 
 yas, son of Ninus 
 nisi, unless, except, without, if 
 
 not 
 niteo, -ere, -ui, (no snp.), to be 
 
 sleek ' 
 nitor, -oris (m.), shine, sheen 
 nix, nivis (f.), snow 
 nobilitas, -atis (f.) nobility 
 noctu, by night 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, (no sup), to be 
 
 unwilling, not to want 
 nomen, -inis (n.), a name, a 
 
 word; nomine, by name 
 nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 non, not [name 
 
 nondum, not yet 
 nonng, not? 
 nonnisT, except 
 nonnulli, -ae, -a, some 
 
— 160 — 
 
 nonus, -a, -urn, the ninth 
 nosco, -ere, nOvi, notum, to 
 
 learn to know, become acquaint- 
 ed with 
 noster, -ra, -rum, our; nostri, 
 
 our men 
 nota, -ae (f.), a sign, nod 
 nOtus,-a, -um, known; one who 
 
 knows 
 novus, -S,, -iim, new 
 nox, noctis (f.), the night; media 
 
 nox, midnight 
 nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum, to 
 
 marry (of the woman) 
 nullus, -a, -lim, none, no; quam 
 
 niiUus, Jiow insignificant 
 numeci, -iiiis (n.), deity; divine 
 
 will; numine quodam, by the 
 
 will of the gods 
 numero, -are, -avT, -atiim, to 
 
 pay down 
 numerus, -i (m.), a number, 
 
 amount; in numero nullo esse, 
 
 to be of no consequence 
 nummiis, -i (m.), a coin, money 
 numquam, never, not ever 
 nunc, noiv; nunc.. nunc, now.. 
 
 now 
 nuncupo, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 
 declare 
 nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 bring word, announce 
 nuntlus, -i (m.), neios, message; 
 
 a messenger 
 nuper, (newly), lately, recently 
 nusquam, nowhere 
 nutrlmentum, -i (n.), nourish- 
 ment; of fire, fuel 
 nutrio, -ire, -ivi, -Ttum, to 
 
 bring up; ignem nutrire, to 
 
 feed afire 
 nutrix, -icis (f.), a nurse 
 
 nutus, -us (m.), a nod, beck; 
 
 O. 
 
 6b, with ace, for, on account of; 
 
 quam ob rem, thei^efor^e 
 obduco,-ere,obduxi, obductum, 
 
 to cover over 
 objiciO, -ere, obj6ci, objectum, 
 
 to throw in the way of; to ^ore- 
 
 sent 
 oblige, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 bind 
 obllviO, -onTs (f.), forgetting 
 obllviscor, -i, oblitus sum, to 
 
 forget 
 obnoxliis, -a, -lim, liable 
 obruo, -ere, obrui, obrutumi, to 
 
 cover, bury 
 obscurus, -a, -um, obscure 
 obsequlum, -i (n.), obedience 
 obsequor, -i, obsecutus sum, to 
 
 obey 
 obsero, -ere, obsevi, obsitum, 
 
 to sow, p)lant 
 obses, -idis (m. & f.), a hostage 
 obsldeo, -ere, obsedi, obsessum, 
 
 to beset, besiege 
 obsTdiO, -onis (f.), a siege, block- 
 ade 
 obsisto, -ere, obstltT, obstitum, 
 
 to oppose 
 obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to submit to 
 obtineo, -ere, obtinui, obtent um, 
 
 to hold, obtain 
 obumbro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 overshadow 
 obvTam, in the way; obviam ha- 
 bere, to meet 
 obvius, -&, -um, in the way; 
 
 obvium habGre, to meet 
 
161 
 
 occasiO, -onTs (f.), a favorable 
 timej oppo7'tu7iity, chance 
 
 occidens, -tis (m.), tJie setting 
 sun, West 
 
 occldio, -onis (f.), ct massacre; 
 occidione caedere, to cut down 
 completely 
 
 occido, -ere, occidi, occasum, 
 to fall, set 
 
 occido, -ere, occidi, occlsum, to 
 kill, slay 
 
 occulte, secretly 
 
 occultus,-a,-um, hidden, secret; 
 in occulto esse, to remain 
 hidden 
 
 occumbo, -ere, occubui, occii- 
 bitum, to go down; occum- 
 bere mortem, to die 
 
 occupatiO, -onis (f.), an engage- 
 ment 
 
 occupatus, -a, -uni, surprised 
 
 occiipo, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 take possession of, to occupy; 
 transitum occupare, to antic- 
 ipate the passage 
 
 occurro, -ere, occurri (occii- 
 curri), occursum, to run up 
 to, to meet; obviam occurrere, 
 to run to meet; oculis occur- 
 rere, to offer to the sight 
 
 octodecim, eighteen 
 
 octoginta, eighty 
 
 oculus, -T (m.), the eye; sub ocu- 
 lis, in the sight of 
 
 odium, -1 (n.), hatred; odium 
 regis, hatred for the king 
 
 odor, -oris (m.), perfumery 
 
 offendo,-ere, offendi, offensum, 
 to offend; sibi offendere, to in- 
 jure one's self; pontem offen- 
 dere, to hit upon the bridge 
 
 offensa, -ae (f.), enmity 
 
 offero, -re, obtCilI, oblatum, to 
 offer; se offerre, to offer, pre- 
 sent one's self; periculis so 
 offerre, to oppose one's self to 
 dangers 
 
 offlclum, -i (n.), duty [time 
 
 olim, informer times, once on a 
 
 Olymplas, -adis (f.), Olympian, 
 Alexander's mother 
 
 Olympicus, -a, -tiiii & Olymplus, 
 -a, -um, Olympic 
 
 Olynthus, -i (f.), Olynth, a city 
 of Thrace 
 
 omen, -inis (n.), an omen 
 
 omnino, entirely 
 
 omnis, -e, all, whole 
 
 onerarius, -S., -um, fit for bur- 
 den; navis oneraria, a ship of 
 burden 
 
 onus, -eris (n.), a burden, load 
 
 onustus, -a, -um, loaded; onusta 
 navis, a freighted vessel 
 
 opera, -ae (f.), care, pains, help; 
 operam consumere, to take 
 pains 
 
 operosus, -a, -um, sumptuous, 
 costly 
 
 6plni5, -onis (f.), expectation 
 
 oportet, -ere, -uit, (no sup.), it 
 behooves, one must, ought, is to 
 be 
 
 oppidum, -i (n.), a town 
 
 oppono, -ere, opposuT, oppo- 
 situm, to oppose 
 
 opportune, opportunely 
 
 opportimus, -a, -um, conveni- 
 ent, suitable, timely 
 
 opprimo, -ere, oppress!, oppres- 
 sum, to crush, oppress; to 
 surprise 
 
 (ops), 6pis (f.), help; pi. riches^ 
 power 
 
162 — 
 
 opsone, -arS, -avi, -atum, 
 
 [bipuvEO)), to buy provisions: 
 opsonare famem, to get iqy an 
 appetite 
 
 optatus, -a, -iim, ivished for, 
 desirable 
 
 optimiis, -a, -um, superl. of bo- 
 nus, excellent; optime, very 
 well 
 
 opto, -arg, -a\T, -atfim, to 
 wish 
 
 opulentia, -ae (f.), luealth 
 
 opulentius, more sumptuously 
 
 opulentiis, -S,, -um, wealthy, 
 rich 
 
 opus, -eris (n.), work; opus est, 
 it is needful, wanted; opus tec- 
 tormm, stucco 
 
 Ora, -ae (f.), a coast; era mari- 
 tima, a sea-shore 
 
 oraculum, -T (n.), an oracle 
 
 oratiO, -onis (f.), ci speech, ha- 
 rangue; insignis oratio, extra- 
 ordinary style of speech 
 
 orator, -oris (m.), an orator 
 
 Oratorius, -&, -um, oratorical 
 
 orbis, - (m.), a circle; orbis (ter- 
 rarum), the wide world, the 
 world; impermm orbis, the em- 
 pire of the world 
 
 orbitas, -atis (f.), bereavement 
 
 ordO, -inTs (m.), order, rank, 
 class; ordo successionis, reg- 
 ular succession; ordo nascendi, 
 priority of birth 
 
 oriens, -tis, rising; sc. sol, (m.), 
 rising sun = East 
 
 Qrlgo, -inis (f.), origin 
 
 orior, -iri, ortus sum, to rise, 
 arise 
 
 ornatus, -us (m.), adornment, 
 beauty of style 
 
 orno, -are, -avi, -atfim, to 
 
 adorn 
 
 oro, -are, -avT, -atum, to beg, 
 
 beseech, entreat 
 ortus, -us (m.), a rising, birth 
 OS, oris (n.), the mouth, face 
 OS, ossis (u.), a bone 
 oscidor, -ari, -atus sum, to kiss 
 ostendo, -ere, ostendi, osten- 
 
 stim, to show 
 otiosus, -S-, -um, at leisure 
 
 pacisc5r, -i, pactQs sum, to stip- 
 ulate 
 pactus, -&, -tim, stipulated 
 paene, almost 
 
 paenitenti3», -ae (f.), repentance 
 paenitet, -ere, -uit, (no sup.), to 
 
 be sorry for, repent, regret 
 pagQs, -i (m.), a district 
 palam, openly 
 
 pallitim, -i (n.), a cloak, robe 
 palmgs, -itis (m.), a branch 
 palus, -tidis (f.), a swamp 
 panis, - (m.), bi^ead 
 pannostis, -3., -tim, ragged 
 par, paris, like, equal; same 
 paratus, -3,, -um, ready 
 parco, -ere, peperci, parsiim, 
 
 to spare 
 parens, -tis (m. & f.), a parent 
 parents, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 bring funeral sacrifices, to do 
 honor to the dead 
 pareo,-ere,-ui, (no sup.), to obey 
 pario, -ere, peperi, partum, to 
 
 bear, bring forth 
 pariter, alike, equally 
 paro, -are, -avT, -atiim, to 
 make ready, prepare, get ready 
 for; exercitum parare, to get 
 
— 163 
 
 ready an army; naves parare, 
 to equip ships; latos fines pa- 
 rare, to acquire extensive pos- 
 sessio7is; interitum parare, to 
 bring destruction upon 
 
 parricIdiQin, -i (n.), foul mur- 
 der,the murder of one's relative 
 
 pars, -tis (f.), a partj portion, 
 side; pi. party; in contrarias 
 partes, in opposite directions 
 
 parsimonia, -ae {t), frugality 
 
 particeps, -cipis, sharing , par- 
 taking; Bubst., a sharer 
 
 partim, partly 
 
 partio, -ire, (-ivi) -ii, -itum, 
 to distribute 
 
 parum, but little, too little, not 
 enough 
 
 parvulus, -a, -um, very small; 
 as subst., a little one 
 
 parvus, -a, -um, small 
 
 passim, at different places 
 
 passiis, -us (m.), a pace; mille 
 passuum, lOOO paces, a Roman 
 mile 
 
 pastor, -oris (m.), a herdsman, 
 shepherd 
 
 patefacio, -ere, patefSci, patS- 
 factum, to open; to bring to 
 light 
 
 pateo,-ere, -uT, (no sup.), to stand 
 or be open 
 
 pater, -ris (m.), a father 
 
 patera, -ae (f.), a cup 
 
 paternus, -a, -um, paternal 
 
 patior, -1, passiis sum, to suffer, 
 endure, permit; gravem pati, 
 to be indignant at 
 
 patria, -ae (f.), one's own coun- 
 try, native land 
 
 patrimonilim, -i (n.), an inherit- 
 ance^ property 
 
 patrutis, -i (m.), an uncle 
 
 paucitas, -atis (f.), fewness, 
 small number 
 
 paucus, -a, -um, small; pauci, 
 few, (but) few 
 
 paulatim, little by little, gradually 
 
 paululum, a very little 
 
 paulum, a little; abl. paulo; paulo 
 ante, a short while ago 
 
 pauper, -is, poor 
 
 pavens, -tis, struck with fear 
 
 pavidus, -a, -um, timid 
 
 pax, pacis (f.), peace 
 
 pecco, -are, -avi, -atiim, to do 
 wrong, sin 
 
 pecLinia, -ae (f.), money 
 
 pecus, ~6ris (n.), cattle, sheep 
 
 pecus,-udis (f.), a head of cattle, 
 an animal 
 
 pedester, -ris, -re, on foot, by 
 land; pedestres copiae, land 
 forces; proelium pedestre, 
 battle by land 
 
 pelagus, -i (n.), the sea 
 
 pello, -ere, peptili, pulsiim, to 
 drive, to beat; regno, imperio 
 pellere, to drive from the throne 
 
 Peloponngsius, -i (m.), a Felo- 
 ponnesian 
 
 Peloponnesus, -i (f.), the Pelo- 
 ponnesus 
 
 penes, with ace, with, in posses- 
 sion of 
 
 penetrabilis, -e, penetrable 
 
 pgnitus, entirely, thoroughly 
 
 penna, -ae (f.), a feather; cele- 
 ritas pennae, swiftness of 
 flight 
 
 pensum, -i (n.), a task 
 
 p6r, with ace, through, by means 
 of; during; per ordinem, in 
 order; per somaum,iri his sleep 
 
— 164 
 
 pgragro, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 
 ivander over 
 
 percTpio, -ere, percepT, percep- 
 tum, to receive, hear; to learn 
 
 percontor, -ari, -atiis sum, to 
 aak 
 
 perciilsiis, -&, -uni, panic- 
 stricken 
 
 Perdiccas, -ae (m.), Ferdiccas, 
 one of Alexander's officers 
 
 perdltus, -a, -um, ruined 
 
 perdomc), -are, perdOmui, per- 
 doinituin, to subjugate 
 
 perdiico, -6re, perduxi, perduc- 
 tum, to bring, lead over 
 
 peregrinus, -a, -um, from a- 
 broad, foreign; subst., a for- 
 eigner 
 
 pereo, -ire, -ii, - itum, to perish 
 
 perfero, -re, pertulT, perlatum, 
 to get th7'ough, convey; to en- 
 dure to the end 
 
 perfTcio, -erg, perfecT, perfec- 
 tum, to bring about, accom- 
 plish 
 
 perfldia, -ae (f.), bad faith, per- 
 fidy 
 
 pergo,-ere, perrexi, perrectum, 
 to go on 
 
 perlcliira = perlculum 
 
 periculosiis, -a, -um, dangerous 
 
 perrciilum, -T (n.), a risk, dan- 
 ger; pericidum facere, to make 
 the experiment 
 
 perltiis, -a, -um, experienced, 
 skilled ; peritissimus, well 
 versed 
 
 perlego, -ere, perlegi, perlec- 
 tum, to read to the end 
 
 permaneo, -ere, permansT, per- 
 mansiim, to persevere; mos 
 permanet, the custovi lasts 
 
 permitto, -ere, permisi, permis- 
 sum, to permit, alloiv; admi- 
 nistrationem, potestatem per- 
 mittere, to intrust the adminis- 
 tration, power 
 permotiis, -a, -um, influenced 
 permCito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 interchange 
 pernlcies, -ei (f.), ruin 
 perpastus, -a, -um, well-fed 
 perpes, -etis, continuous 
 perpetior, -i, perpessGs sum, to 
 
 endure 
 perpetuo, forever 
 perpetuus, -3.,-um, continuous; 
 perpetilum exsilium agere, to 
 live in exile for life; perpetuus 
 honor, dignity for life 
 Persa, -ae (m.), a Persian 
 perscrlbo, -ere, perscripsi, per- 
 scriptum, to report (in writ- 
 ing) 
 perscrutor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 
 examine 
 Persepolis, - (f.), Persepolis, cap- 
 ital of the Persians 
 persequor, -i, persecutus sum, 
 
 to pursue 
 Perses, -ae (m.), a Persian 
 persevero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to persevere 
 Persicus, -a, -um, Persian 
 perspicio, -ere, perspexi, per- 
 
 spectum, to explore 
 persuadeo, -ere, persiiasi, per- 
 SLiasum, to 2')ersuade, convince 
 perterritus, -a, -tim, greatly 
 
 frightened, alarmed 
 perutilis, -e, very useful 
 pervenio, -ire, pervSni, perven- 
 tum, to reach; eodem per- 
 venire, to reach the same point 
 
— 165 
 
 pSs, pedis (m.), afoot 
 
 pestis, - (f.), a%)lcigu6 
 
 petltus, -a, -um, sought-for 
 
 peto, -ere, petivi, petitum, to 
 make for; to beg^ seek, ask; 
 petitum est, they asked him; 
 pacem petere, to sue for peace; 
 Siciliam petere, to make for 
 Sicily; praetorium petere, to 
 attack the headquarters; auxi- 
 lium petere, to ask for assist- 
 ance 
 
 petulans, -tis, impudent 
 
 Phalereus, -ei (m.), Phalereus, a 
 ruler of Athens and a famous 
 orator 
 
 Phalericus, -a, -um, Phalerian 
 
 phiditia, -orum (n. pi.), the pub- 
 lic meals of the Lacedaemon- 
 ians 
 
 Philipptis, -1 (m.), Philip, king 
 of Macedon 
 
 philosoplius, -i (m.), a philoso- 
 pher 
 
 Phintias, -ae (m.), Phintias, a 
 Pythagorean 
 
 PhoenTce, -es (f.), Phoenice 
 
 Phoenix,-icis (m.), a Phoenician 
 
 Phthia,-ae (f.), Phthia, the birth- 
 place of Achilles 
 
 pictus, -a, -um, embroidered; 
 magnificis operibus pictus, 
 magnificently embroidered 
 
 pietas, -atis (f.), (filial) duty, 
 affection, piety; pietatis jura, 
 the rights of duty 
 
 piia, -ae (f.), a ball 
 
 pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictum, to 
 paint, embroider 
 
 piscatorius, -a, -um, of fisher- 
 men; scapha piscatoria, a fish- 
 ing boat 
 
 piscis, - (m.), a fish 
 Pisistratus, -i (m.), PisistratuS} 
 
 a tyrant of Athens 
 plus, -a, -um, pious; pia hu« 
 
 manitas, kind feelings 
 placeo, -ere, -uT, -itum, to 
 
 please; mihi placet, / am of 
 
 opinion 
 placldus, -a, -um, gentle 
 plane, absolutely, clea7^ly; bene 
 
 planeque, full ivell 
 planTils, more distinctly 
 planum, -i (n.), a plane 
 planus, -a, -lim, level 
 Plataeae, -arum (f. pi.), Plataea 
 Plataeenses, -ium (m. pi.), the 
 
 Plataeans, inhabitants of Pla- 
 taea 
 Plato, -onis (m.), Plato 
 plaustrum, -i (n.), a wagon 
 plebs, plebis (f.), the common 
 
 people, commonalty 
 plecto, -ere, (no perf.), plexum, 
 
 to punish 
 pleniis, -a, -um, full; plenus 
 
 artis, richly wrought 
 plerlque, pleraeque, pleraque, 
 
 most, the majority, many 
 plerumque, for the greater part, 
 
 geneimlly 
 plures, -a, more; many, several 
 plurimiis, -a, -um, very much 
 plus, pluris, more 
 pociilum, -1 (n.), a cup 
 poena, -ae (f.), punishment; 
 
 poenas repetere, to demand 
 
 satisfaction; poenas dare, to 
 
 suffer punishment 
 poenitentla, -ae (f.), repentance; 
 
 also written paenitentia 
 polliceor, -eri, -itus sum, to 
 
 promise 
 
— 166 — 
 
 Polydectes, -ae (m.), Polydectes, 
 king of Sparta, Lycurgus' 
 brother 
 pondus, -eris (n.), weight 
 pOno, -ere, posui, positum, to 
 put, place; conditio ponitur, a 
 choice is left; tunicam ponere, 
 to take off the tunic; timorem 
 ponere, to dismiss fear'; posi- 
 tum esse, to depend 
 pons, -tis (m.), a bridge 
 pontic ulus, -i (m.), a little bridge 
 popularis, -e, p)opular 
 populuSj-i (m.), a people, nation 
 porrectiis, -3,, -um, outstretched 
 porrlgo, -ere, porrexi, porrec- 
 
 tum, to put out 
 porro, moreover 
 porta, -ae (f.), a gate 
 portendo, -ere, portendi, por- 
 
 tentum, to portend 
 portus, -lis (ra.), a port, harbor 
 posltus, -a, -una, placed; posi- 
 tum esse, to depend on 
 possessi6,-onis (f.), a possession 
 possideo, -ere, possedi, posses- 
 sum, to hold, occupy 
 possum, possg, potiii, (no sup.), 
 can, to be able; omnia posse, to 
 be all-powerful 
 post, w. ace, after, behind 
 postea, after that, afterwards; 
 
 postga quam, after 
 posterus, -a, -um, following, 
 next; poster!, -orum (m. pi), 
 the descendxints, posterity 
 postquam, posteaquam, after 
 postremiis, -S, -um, last; po- 
 stremo, ad postremum, at last 
 postrldig, next day, following day 
 postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 require, demand, claim 
 
 postumus, -a, -um, born after 
 the father^ s death, late-born 
 
 potens, -tis, powerful 
 
 potent! a, -ae (f.), power, capacity 
 
 potestas, -atis (f.), power, com- 
 mand; potestas bellOrum, con- 
 trol of wars; p. vitae necisque, 
 power of life and death 
 
 potiSr, -iri, -itus sum, to get or 
 hold possession of; rerum po- 
 tlri, to gain dominion 
 
 potisslmiim, chiefly; if possible 
 
 potlus, rather 
 
 prae, w. abl, for, on account of; 
 in comparison with 
 
 praebgo, -ere, -uT, -Itiim, to 
 offer; ub6ra praebere, to suckle; 
 speciem praebSre, to famish 
 the appearance; se praebere, 
 to offer one's self 
 
 praeceptum, -T (n.), an order 
 
 praeclpio, -ere, praec6pi, prae- 
 ceptum, to order, enjoin, di- 
 rect 
 
 praeclarS, very well 
 
 praeclarQs, -&, -um, splendid, 
 illustrious; praeclara, illus- 
 trious deeds 
 
 praecludo, -ere, praeclusT, prae- 
 clusum, to shut up; praeclusa 
 voce, his voice failing him 
 
 praeco, -onis (m.), a crier, her- 
 ald, proclaimer 
 
 praeda, -ae (f.), booty, plunder 
 
 praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 declare; to praise, laud 
 
 praeditus, -3,, -um, gifted, en- 
 dowed; possessed of 
 
 praefectus, -i (m.), a prefect 
 
 praefero, -re, praetuli, praela- 
 tum, to prefer; omen prsLefervGj 
 to present an omen 
 
I6t - 
 
 praeficio, -ere, praefgci, prac- 
 fectuni, to put over, to appoint 
 
 praemitto, -ere, praemisi, prae- 
 missuiii, to send ahead 
 
 praemium, -I (n.), a reward 
 
 praemoneo, -ere, -iii, -itum, to 
 forewarn 
 
 praenuntio, -are, -avi, -atiini, 
 to foretell 
 
 praeparattis, -a, -um, ready 
 
 praepono, -ere, praeposui, prae- 
 positum, to place first, prefer; 
 genti praeponere, to set over a 
 tribe; ducem praepongre, to 
 put in command; praepositus, 
 set over 
 
 praesagiens, -tis, presaging; 
 quiddam praesagiens, some 
 touch of presage 
 
 praesagltid, -onis (f.), presaging 
 
 praesens, -tis, present; ad prae- 
 sens tempus, for the moment; 
 praesens mors, imminent death 
 
 praesentiens, -tis, foreboding; 
 quiddam praesentiens, some- 
 thing like foreboding 
 
 praesidium, -i (n.), help, protec- 
 tion; a garrison 
 
 praestO, present, at hand, ready 
 
 praesto, -arg, praestitT, (no sup.), 
 to show, perform; fulfill (a 
 promise); to surpass; officTum 
 praestare, to perform, dis- 
 charge a duty; tutum praestare, 
 to keep safe; praestat,2^ is better 
 
 praesum, praeesse, praeful, (no 
 sup.), to be at the head, to com- 
 mand; rebus divlnis praeesse, 
 to preside over religious rites; 
 bello praeesse, to have the com- 
 mand in war 
 
 praetgr, w. ace, except, beyond 
 
 praeterga, besides 
 
 praetor, -oris (m.), a general, 
 
 leader 
 praetOriiim, -T (n.), the general's 
 
 tent, headquarters 
 prandeo,-ere, prandi, pransum, 
 
 to breakfast 
 preces, -uiu (f. pi.), prayers, 
 
 entreaty; summis precibus, 
 
 with every entreaty 
 precor,-ari, -atiis sum, to pray, 
 
 supplicate 
 premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, 
 
 to press hard; vocem premere, 
 
 to be silent 
 pretiostis, -a, -um, precious, 
 
 costly 
 pretium, -i (n.), a price 
 pridem, long since 
 prlmiis, -a, -tim, first; primo, 
 
 at first; primum, first; in pri- 
 
 mis, especially; primas dare, 
 
 to give the first place 
 princeps, -ipis (m.), a x)rince, 
 
 chief; the first 
 princTpium, -i (n.), a beginning; 
 
 principia, the elements 
 prior, -us, former, previous; 
 
 more excellent 
 pristlnus, -a, -uni, former, pre- 
 vious, original 
 prius, formerly 
 prTusquam, before that, sooner 
 
 than 
 privatiis,-a,-uin, private; subst., 
 
 a private citizen 
 privTlegium, -i (n.), a privilege 
 pro, w. abl., for, instead of, in 
 
 proportion to; in behalf of 
 probatus, -a, -iim, of a2yproved 
 
 goodness; minus probatus, not 
 
 so good 
 
168 — 
 
 pro bo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 approve 
 procax, -acts, shameless 
 procedo, -ere, prOcessi, proces- 
 sum, to go on, proceed; obvi- 
 um procedere, to proceed to 
 meet 
 procelia, -ae (f.), a storm 
 procreo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 bring forth; pass., to he horn 
 procdl, at a disiancey from afar 
 prOcuratiO, -onis (f.), a charge 
 prOcurro, -ere, procurri (procii- 
 curri), prOcursum, to rush 
 forwards 
 prOdlgium, -T (n.), an omen 
 proditor, -oris (m.), a traitor 
 prodo, -gre, prodidi, proditum, 
 to disclose; memoriae prodere, 
 to record; proditum est, it has 
 been recorded, there is a tradi- 
 tion; aquilam prodere, to give 
 up the standard 
 proeli6r,-ari,-atus sum, to fight 
 proellum,-! (n.), a skirmish, hat- 
 tie 
 profecto, really, indeed 
 profero, -re, prOtulI, prolatum, 
 to bring forth, extend; in lo- 
 cum editum proferre, to bring 
 to an elevated spot; artem pro- 
 ferre, to bring out an art; ca- 
 put proferre, to put out one's 
 head; in forum . proferre, to 
 bring into the market 
 proficiscor, -T, profectiis sum, 
 to set out, to proceed, depart; 
 in bellum proficisci, to go to 
 war; proficisci ad mortem, to 
 go to die 
 profiteor, -erf, professiis sum, 
 to profess; give in one's name 
 
 prof ugio, -ere, profugT, profugi- 
 turn, to flee away, escape 
 
 prOgrediSr, -i, progressus sum, 
 to proceed, advance; cultius 
 progredi, to walk along more 
 elegantly 
 
 prShibeo, -ere, -iii, -itum, to 
 keep from, hinder; to forbid; 
 prohibere ab injuria, to protect 
 from injury; pr6hibita,-oruin 
 (n. pi.), forbidden things 
 
 proinde, accordingly, therefore 
 
 prOjIcio, -ere, projeci, projec- 
 tum,to cast forth; se projicSre, 
 to rush 
 
 prOloquor, -i, prolocutiis sum, 
 to speak out 
 
 prOmissus, -3-, -iim, long, flow- 
 ing 
 
 promitto, -ere, prOmisT, promis- 
 sum, to promise 
 
 promptus, -a, -urn, forward, 
 ready 
 
 promuntorliim, -i (n.), a prom- 
 ontory 
 
 pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 to denote, declaim 
 
 proniis, -3,, -um, sloping down 
 
 prope, with ace, near, hard-by; 
 adv. nearly, almost; near, nigh 
 
 propediem, at an early day 
 
 propello, -ere, prOpuli, propul- 
 sum, to repel 
 
 propinquus, -a, -iim, near; pro- 
 pinquus, subst., a relative 
 
 prOpdno, -ere, proposuT, propo- 
 situm, to set before, to issue; 
 proposita fuga, flight put before 
 the eyes 
 
 proprletas, -atis (f.), possession 
 
 proprius, -3, -um, own; pro- 
 prium est, it is the mark 
 
169 — 
 
 propter, w. ace, on account of^ in 
 consequence of 
 
 propterea, on that account 
 
 prorsiis, wholly, absolutely; pre- 
 cisely 
 
 proscrlbo, -ere, proscripsi, pro- 
 scrij)tiini, to write upon 
 
 prOsequor, -i, prOsecCitus sum, 
 to follow 
 
 Proserpina, -ae (f.), Proserpine 
 
 prosper, -a, -iini, favorable 
 
 prospTcio, -ere, prospexi, pro- 
 spectum, to foresee 
 
 prosum, prOdesse, proful,(no8up.), 
 to he useful^to benefit, to do good 
 
 protinus, on the spot, immediately 
 
 prOtraho, -ere, protraxi, prO- 
 tractum, to protract 
 
 provgho, -ere, provexi, provec- 
 tum, to promote; provehi in 
 altum, to proceed to the deep 
 water 
 
 provenio, -Tre, proveni, prOven- 
 tum, to be born 
 
 provideo, -ere, provIdT, prOvI- 
 sum, to foresee 
 
 provoco, -are, -avT, -atum, to 
 call forth 
 
 proximus, -S, -Gm, next; pro- 
 xima quaeque victoria, every 
 preceding victory; proxima 
 nocte, last night; proximi (m. 
 pi), the nearest relatives 
 
 prudens, -tis, foreseeing ^ sen- 
 sible, prudent 
 
 prytaneum, -i (n.), the pryta- 
 neum, or town-hall 
 
 Ptolemaetis, -i (m.), Ptolemy, the 
 name of the kings of Egypt 
 after Alexander the Great 
 
 S£:^Hs}<'/^"^-'^' 
 
 adult 
 
 publicus, -S,, -fim, public; pu- 
 hilee, publicly, at the cost ofiJu 
 state, in behalf of the state; in 
 publico, in the street; in publi- 
 cum, in public 
 Publlfis, -1 (m.), Publius, a 
 
 Roman praenomen 
 pudor, -oris (m.), shame 
 puer, -i (m.), a boy, a slave; ad- 
 
 modum puer, a mere boy 
 pueritia, -ae (f.), boyhood 
 pugna, -ae (f.), a fight, battle 
 pugnans,-tis (m.), a fighting man 
 pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 fight; pugnatum est, the battle 
 was fought 
 pulcher, -rS, -rum, fine 
 pulchritudd,,-5nis (f.), beauty 
 pulmentarium, -i (n.), a dainty 
 pulraentiim, -i (n.), delicate fare 
 pulso, -are, -avi, -atum, to beat 
 purpura, -ae (f.), purple 
 puslO, -onis (m.), an urchin 
 piitamen, -inis (n.), the shell of 
 
 a nut 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 think, consider 
 Pygmalion, -onis (m.), Pygma- 
 lion, king of Tyre 
 pyra, -ae (f.), a funeral pile 
 'Pythsig6rSiS,-SLe {m..), Pythagoras 
 Pythagoreus, -i (m.), a Pythago- 
 \rean 
 Q. 
 quadraginta, forty 
 quadratum, -i (n.), a square 
 quadriduum, -i (n.), a space of 
 
 four days 
 quadrigae, -arum (f. pL), a team 
 of four horses; quadrigarum 
 currus, a chariot drawn by 
 four horses 
 
— ilo — 
 
 quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quae- 
 situm, to ask, seek; gratiam 
 quaerere, to oUain favor; se- 
 des quaerere, to search for 
 settlements; labor quaerendi, 
 acquisitive disposition; quae- 
 situs, sought for 
 
 quaeso, I pray, prithee 
 
 quaestiO, -onis (f.), a question, 
 a subject of inqui7'y ; quaestioni 
 esse, to he doubtful 
 
 quaestfir, -oris (m.), a pay- 
 master, quaestor 
 
 quaestus, -us (m.), gain; quae- 
 stus divitiarum, the way of 
 making riches 
 
 qualiS;-e, (such) as, of which sort 
 
 qualitercunquG, howsoever 
 
 quam, as, how, than; quam . . 
 tarn, as . . so; quam primum, 
 as soon as jjossible; quam w. 
 superl., as. .as possible 
 
 quamquam, although; neverthe- 
 
 quamvls, though [less 
 
 quantus, -a, -tim, how much, 
 as much as 
 
 quare, wherefore, why 
 
 quarttis, -a, -uin, the fourth 
 
 quasi, as if; as it were 
 
 quattiior, four 
 
 -que, and 
 
 quemadmodum, how 
 
 querella, -ae (f.), a complaint 
 
 qu6rdr, -i, questtis sum, to com- 
 plain 
 
 qui, quae, quod, rel., who, which, 
 that; interrog., what (manner 
 of)? qui, qua, quod, indef., any, 
 some — qui, how? 
 
 quia, because 
 
 quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 cumqug, whoever, whatever 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam (quid- 
 dam), someone, a certain; quo- 
 dam modo, in a certain meas- 
 ure; quiddam praesentiens, di- 
 vinans, some touch of presage, 
 divination; divlnum quiddam, 
 a divine something 
 
 quidgm, true, indeed; ne . . qui- 
 dem, not. .even 
 
 quies, -etis (f.), rest, sleep 
 
 quiesco, -ere, qulevi, quietiini, 
 to rest, to be at rest, to keep 
 quiet; to retire to rest 
 
 quietCis, -a, -um, quiet 
 
 (luln, (how not), so as not; why 
 not; quin etlam, yea indeed 
 
 quindecim, fifteen 
 
 quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred 
 
 quinquaginta, fifty 
 
 quinqug, five 
 
 quinquennium, -T (n.), a space of 
 five years 
 
 quintus, -&, -uui, the fifth 
 
 Quinttis,-! (m.), Quintus,^. Roman 
 praenomen 
 
 quippe, namely, for 
 
 quis? — quid? who? what? quid? 
 why? 
 
 quis, qua, quid, indef, some one, 
 any one; ne quis, lest any one, 
 that no one 
 
 quisnam? quidnam? who? what 
 
 quisquam, quidquam, any at all 
 
 quisqug, quaeque, quidque (quod- 
 que), each one 
 
 quisquis, quidquid, whoever, 
 whatever 
 
 quo, whither, to whom, to which 
 
 quo, with compar., that the 
 
 quoad, as long as, until 
 
 quod, that, in that, because; 
 quodsi, if 
 
lYl 
 
 quomodo, how 
 
 quondam, formerly 
 
 quoniam, (noio ihat)^ since, as 
 
 quoque, also [indeed 
 
 quotiens, how often 
 
 K. 
 
 rabidus, -a, -um, savage 
 
 radlcula, -ae (f.), a rootlet, root 
 
 radix, -icis (f.), a root; radices 
 Caucasi, ^/le/oo^ of the Caucasus 
 
 ramOsus, -S, -um, branching; 
 ramOsa cornua, antlers 
 
 ramulus, -i (m.), a little twig 
 
 rana, -ae (f.), a frog 
 
 rapinS., -ae (f.), plunder 
 
 rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum, to 
 carry off, rob, steal; raptiis, 
 -a, -um, carried with, stolen; 
 raptae virgines, the captured 
 virgins 
 
 raptor, -oris (m.), a plunderer 
 
 raro, seldom 
 
 ratio, -onis (f.), reasoning, ac- 
 count; a method, way; ratio 
 rei militaris, the principles of 
 military discipline 
 
 ratis, - (f.), a raft 
 
 reatus,-us {m.),an impeachment 
 
 rebello, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 revolt, rebel 
 
 recedo, -ere, recessi, recessum, 
 to retire 
 
 recens,-tis, fresh; recens tabula, 
 a freshly written tablet 
 
 rScido, -ere, recidi, recasum, to 
 recoil 
 
 rgcipio, -ere, recepl, receptum, 
 to take back; to take in; in 
 fidem recipgre, to take under 
 protection; se recipgre, to with- 
 draw; to come back 
 
 recordatiO, -onis (f.), remember- 
 ing 
 
 recordor, -ari, -attis sum, to 
 remember 
 
 recumbo, -ere, recubiii, r6cu- 
 bituui, to lie down again 
 
 recLipero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 recover 
 
 reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum, 
 to give back; to make, render 
 
 redeo, -ire, -ii, -itflm, to re- 
 turn 
 
 redigo, -ere, redegi, rgdactiim, 
 to bring back, reduce; in capti- 
 vitatem redigere, to reduce to 
 captivity 
 
 reditus, -us (m.), return 
 
 refectus, -a, -umi, revived 
 
 refero, -re, retuli (rettuli), rela- 
 tiim, to bring back, report, 
 relate; controversTam referre, 
 to start a question; ad aliquem 
 referre, to refer to some one; 
 pedem referre, to retreat 
 
 refertus, -a, -um, (choke-)full, 
 full to overflowing 
 
 reficio, -ere, refeci, rSfectum, 
 to repair; to refresh, recover 
 
 rgfugium, -i (n.), a refuge 
 
 regalis, -e, royal, regal 
 
 regia, -ae (f.), the king's palace 
 
 reglna, -ae (f.), a queen 
 
 Regini, -oriim (m. pi.), the Re- 
 gini, inhabitants of Regium 
 
 regi5, -onis (f.), a country, re- 
 gion, province 
 
 Regiiim, -i (n.), Regium, a town 
 on the Sicilian Straits 
 
 regius, -a, -um, of a king^ 
 royal 
 
 regno, -are, -avi, -atum, to he 
 king, to reign 
 
— 172 — 
 
 regniiiii, -i (n.), royal power ^ 
 kingdom^ realm, throne; reg- 
 num agitare,to sjjend the reign; 
 regna exercere, to tyrannize 
 
 regredior, -T, regressus sum, to 
 step hack, to return 
 
 reltgio, -onis (f.), religious feel- 
 ing; divine service; metus re- 
 ligiOnis, religious aive; religio 
 juris jurandi, the obligation of 
 an oath; cruenta sacrOrum re- 
 ligio, bloody sacrifices 
 
 relinquo, -ere, rgllqui, relictum, 
 to leave 
 
 reliquiis, -S, -um, (ivhat is left), 
 remaining, rest 
 
 remaneo, -ere, remansT, reman- 
 siliii, to remain, stay behind 
 
 remediuin, -i (n.), a remedy 
 
 remissio, -onis (f.), a depression 
 
 remitto,-ere, remlsT, remissiim, 
 to send back, to slack 
 
 removeo, -ere, remOvi, remO- 
 tum, to move back, to remove 
 
 rcmus, -i (m.), an oar; inliibCre 
 rem is, to row a ship back- 
 wards; remis incitare, to set in 
 rapid motion luith the oars 
 
 renovo, -are, -avi, -atuin, to 
 renew 
 
 renuntio, -are, -avi, -atQin, to 
 report 
 
 reor, -eri, ratus sum, to think, 
 suppose 
 
 reparo, -are, -avi, -atum, to re- 
 new 
 
 repello, -ere, repuli, repulsum, 
 to drive back, reject 
 
 repente, suddenly 
 
 repentinus, -3,, -um, sudden 
 
 reperio,-ire, repperi, repertuin, 
 to discover, find 
 
 repeto, -ere, repgtivi, r6p6ti- 
 tiSm, to seek again, to dis- 
 cover; poenas repetere, to 
 demand satisfaction; altius re- 
 petere, to begin further back; 
 Siciliam repetere, to return to 
 Sicily; sacra repetere, to re- 
 cover the sacred vessels; cer- 
 tamen repetere, to renew a 
 contest 
 
 reprimo, -ere, repress!, rgpres- 
 sum, to keep back 
 
 repudio, -are, -avi, -attim, to 
 reject 
 
 require, -erg, rgquTsivi, requi- 
 situm, to inquire after; to re- 
 quire 
 
 res, r6I (f.), a thing, an event, a 
 circumstance, an affair, a 
 deed; res gestae, exploits, 
 achievements; res TyriOrum, 
 the history of the Tyrians; res 
 publica, a commonwealth; res 
 male acta, a failure; res mari- 
 timae, naval operations; res 
 militaris, military affairs; res 
 divlnae, religious rites; res 
 gerundae, public business; re- 
 rum abundantia, riches, (res is 
 often to be translated by com- 
 bination, often to be omitted.) 
 
 reservo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 preserve, spare 
 
 resldo, -gre, resgdi, (no sup.), to 
 sit down, to perch 
 
 rSsisto, -ere, restiti, (no sup.), to 
 make resistance, oppose, with- 
 stand; to stand still 
 
 respectus, -us (m.), considera- 
 tion 
 
 respicTo, -ere, respexi, respec- 
 tum, to regard 
 
173 
 
 respiro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 recover breath; spatium respi- 
 randi, a breathing sj^ace 
 respondeo, -er€, respond!, re- 
 sponstiin, to answer; to suit 
 to; respoiisum erat, an ansiver 
 was received 
 responstiin, -i (n.), an answer 
 restaurs, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to renew 
 restituo, -erg, restitui, restitu- 
 
 tum, to restore 
 restitutio, -onis (f.), rebuilding; 
 restitutio etiam in majus, re- 
 building even on a larger scale 
 ret€, -is (n.), a net 
 rgtenttis, -^, -um, entangled 
 retineo, -ere, retinui, reten- 
 
 tum, to keep back 
 reus, -T (m.), a defendant 
 reverto, -ere, reverti, rever- 
 
 sum; reverter, -i, to return 
 revoco, -are, -avi, -atuni, to 
 
 recall 
 rex, regis (m.), a king, sovereign 
 Ehodius, -i (m.), a Rhodian 
 Rhodiis, -i (f.), Rhodes^ an island 
 
 in the Aegean Sea 
 rideo,-ere, risi, risum, to laugh, 
 rlgens, -tis, frozen [smile 
 
 risiis, -lis (m.), laughing 
 rivus, -i (m.), a brook 
 robustiis, -a, -tim, strong 
 rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to re- 
 quest, entreat, ask; summis 
 precibus rogare, to use every 
 entreaty 
 rogtls, -i (m.), a funeral pile 
 Roxane, -es (f.), Roxane, wife of 
 
 Alexander the Great 
 rudis, -e, ignorant, inexperi- 
 enced 
 
 RufGs, -i (m.), Rufus, a Roman 
 
 surname 
 rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, to 
 
 burst, break 
 ruo, -ere, rui, rCituiii, to rush 
 rursum, rursus, again 
 rus, ruris (n.), the country 
 
 S. 
 Sablniis, -i (m.), a Sabine; also 
 
 a Roman surname, Sabinus 
 saccus, -i (m.), a bag 
 sacer,-ra, -rum, sacred; sacra, 
 -orum, sacred objects; sacra 
 Eleusinia, the Eleusinian mys. 
 teries; sacra Herculis, the sa- 
 cred vessels of Hercules; sacra 
 facere, to sacrifice 
 sacerdos,-otis (m. & f.), a x^riest, 
 
 priestess 
 sacerdotium, -i (n.), prie.s'^/iOO(^ 
 sacrificium, -i (n.), a sacrifice 
 sacrllcgus, -i (m.), a sacrilegist 
 sacro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 consecrate 
 saeculum, -i (n.), a century 
 saepe, often 
 
 saeta, -ae (f.), a hair, bristle 
 saevio,-ire, -ivi, -itiim, to rage 
 saevitia, -ae (f.), cruelty 
 saevus, -a, -iim, furious, fierce 
 sagitta, -ae (f.), an arrow 
 Salamlnius, -a, -um, of Salami s 
 Salamis, -iuis (f.), Salamis, an 
 
 island in the Saronic Gulf 
 salio, -ire, salGi, saltiim, to leap 
 salus, -litis (f.), safety; saliiti 
 consulere, to have a care for 
 safety 
 salutaris, -e, advantageous 
 saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 salute, greet 
 
lU — 
 
 sancio, -Tre, sanxi, sancTtum & 
 sanctum, to sanction, enact a 
 law; caplte sancire, to enact 
 capital punishment against; 
 lege sancire, to constitute by 
 law 
 sanctissime, most purely 
 sanctus, -a, -um, inviolable, 
 sane, indeed [sacred 
 
 sanguis, -inis (m.), blood 
 sano, -ar6, -avi, -atum, to heal 
 sapiens, -tis, wise; ady., sapien- 
 
 ter, wisely 
 sapTentia, -ae (f.), wisdom 
 sarcinS., -ae (f.), a package 
 Sarclanapalliis. -i (m.), Sardana- 
 pallus, an effeminate king of 
 Assyria 
 sarmentum, -i (n.), a fagot 
 satclles,-itis (m.), an attendant 
 satiO, -oiiis (f.), aj)lcinting 
 satTo, -are, -avi, -atum, to sat- 
 isfy, fill 
 satis, enough, sufficiently; non 
 satis fieri, to be without iridem- 
 nificaiion 
 saucio, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 wound . 
 saxum, -i (n.), a rock [skiff 
 
 scaphS,, -ae (f.), a light boat, a 
 sceliis, -eris (n.), a crime 
 scilicet, of course 
 scio, -ire, -ivi, -itiim, to know 
 sciscitor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 
 inquire 
 scrlbo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum., 
 to ivrite; scriptus, in writing; 
 scriptum est, it has been com- 
 municated 
 scriptor, -oris (m.), a writer; 
 scriptures rerum suarum, re- 
 porters of his exploits 
 
 scriptum, -T (n.), (t writing 
 scripturS, -ae (f.), a writing 
 Scylla, -ae (f.), Scylla, a rock 
 
 between Italy and Sicily 
 sGclusiis, -a, -um, separated 
 seco, -ar6, secui, sectiim, to cut 
 secundum, w. ace, after, accord- 
 ing to, during 
 secundus, -a, -um, following, 
 
 second; favorable 
 securis, - (f.), an axe 
 s6curitas, -atis (f.), security 
 securus, -a, -um, without care^ 
 
 (feeling) safe 
 sed, but 
 86deo,-ere, s6di, sessum, to sit; 
 
 of birds, to perch 
 sedes, -is (f.), a seat, abode, set- 
 tlement; of a king, throne; au- 
 spicata sedes, a lucky founda- 
 tion 
 sedltio, -onis (f.), a sedition 
 sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, to bring 
 to order; dissensionem sedare, 
 to settle a difference 
 sejungo, -ere, sejunxi, s6junc- 
 
 tum, to disjoin 
 Semlramis,-i<iis (f.), Semiramis, 
 
 queen of Babylon 
 senatus, -us (m.), the senate 
 senectus, -utis (f.), old age 
 senesco, -ere, senui, (no sup.), to 
 
 grow old 
 senex, -Is (m.), an old man; as 
 
 adject., old,, aged 
 sententla, -ae (f.), an opinion, 
 
 a vote, decision 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, to 
 become aware, think, feel; to 
 notice 
 sepglio,-ire, s6p61ivi, sepultflm, 
 to bury 
 
175 
 
 septSm, seven 
 
 septentriones, -iiin (m. pi.), (sev- 
 en stars, Great Bear), North 
 septingenti, -ae, -a, seven liun- 
 septuaginta, seventy [dred 
 
 sepulcrum, -i (n.), a tomb, se- 
 
 pulcre 
 sepultura, -ae (f.), a burial 
 sequens, -tis, following 
 sequor, -T, secutiis sum, to fol- 
 low; fidem populi Romani se- 
 qui, to seek the protection of the 
 Roman people 
 Serlphius, -i (m.), a Seriphian 
 Senphiis, -i (f.), Seriphus, a 
 small island in the Aegean sea 
 sgriiis, -a, -um, serious; seria, 
 
 serious matters 
 sermd, -onis (m.), a speech, talk 
 serus, -a, -um, late, too late 
 servTlis, -e, of a slave, servile; 
 servilibns verberibus adfici, to 
 ^6 flogged by a slave; servllis 
 ingenii ratio, the reasoning of 
 a servile mind 
 servio, -ire, -ivi, -Ttum, to 
 
 serve 
 servitus, -litis (f.), slavery 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 serve, preserve; rescue, save; 
 I fldem servare, to keep a promise 
 servus, -i (m.), a slave; adject., 
 
 slavish, enslaved 
 sescenti, -ae, -a, six hundred 
 sen, or; sen.. sen, either.. or 
 sever itas, -atis (f.), severity 
 severus, -a, -lim, severe; seve- 
 
 rius, more rigidly, carefully 
 sevoco, -are, -avi, -atQm, to 
 sex, six [remove 
 
 sextiis, -3,, -lim, the sixth 
 sexus, -lis (m.), sex 
 
 si, if; si modo, if only; si quidem, 
 
 as far as 
 SIC, so 
 
 SicanTa, -ae (f.), = SicilTa, Sicily 
 sicco, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 drain 
 Sicilia, -ae (f.), Sicily 
 sicubi, wheresoever 
 sicut, sTcuti, as; sicut. .ita, as. .so 
 Sicyon, -onis (f.), Sicyon, a city 
 
 in the Peloponnesus 
 SicyOnius, -i (m.), a Sicyonian 
 Sidon, -onis (f.), Sidon, a Phoe- 
 nician city 
 sidon, fish 
 sidus,-eris (n.), a star, a group 
 
 of stars 
 Sigeum, -i (n.), Sigeum, a town 
 
 in Troas where Achilles was 
 
 buried 
 signifies, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 
 foretoken, to point out 
 signtim, -i (n.), a signal 
 Silentiiim, -i (n.), silence 
 silva, -ae (f.), a wood, forest 
 similis, -e, like, similar 
 similitrid6,-inis (f.), resemblance 
 Simonides, -is (m.), SimonideSj 
 
 a famous lyric poet 
 simpliciter, frankly, openly 
 simul, at the same time 
 Simulacrum, -i (n.), an image, 
 
 a statue; a phantom 
 simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 make believe, feign 
 simultas, -atis (f.), a feud 
 sin, but if 
 
 Sine, w. abl., ivithout 
 singiili,-ae,-a, each, individual, 
 
 single, one by one; singula 
 
 emere, to buy retail 
 sinister, -rS, -riim, left; 
 
176 
 
 sintls,-us (m.), thehosom; a gulfj 
 
 Biquldem, in as much as [hay 
 
 slquO, if somewhere 
 
 sisto, -er6, stiti, statum, to 
 cause a person to appear in 
 court; vas sistendi, bail for his 
 appearing in court 
 
 sitiens, -tis, thirsty 
 
 sitis, - (f.), thirst 
 
 sittis, -a, -tim, situate; situm 
 esse, to depend upon 
 
 siv6, or; sive..sive, either.. or 
 
 societas, -atls (f.), companion- 
 ship 
 
 sociiis, -i (m.), a companion, an 
 ally; socia civitas, a state in 
 alliance 
 
 Socrates, -is (m.), Socrates 
 
 Socratictis, -&, -tim, Socratio 
 
 Soebares, -Is (m.), Soehares, Cy- 
 rus' companion 
 
 sol, soils (m.), the sun; Sol, the 
 sun-god 
 
 soleo, -erg, solitiis sum, to be 
 ivont, accustomed, in the habit, 
 use 
 
 solidtis, -a, -tim, whole, entire 
 
 solitudO, -inis (f.), a desert 
 
 s61itus,-a,-tim, usual, ordinary 
 
 sollemnis, -6, established 
 
 sollers, -tis, ingenious 
 
 sollertia, -ae (f.), skill 
 
 sollicitattis, -S., -um, stirred up, 
 allured 
 
 sollicito, -arS, -avi, -atOm, to 
 induce, stir up; to allure; in 
 amicitiam sollicitare, to urge 
 to friendship; sollicitare in 
 partes suas, to draw over to 
 one's side 
 
 solllcitus, -a, 
 full of cares 
 
 Solon, -onis (m.), Solon, the 
 lawgiver of the Athenians 
 
 solum, -i (n.), the soil, ground 
 
 solum, 072ly 
 
 solus -a, -tim, alone 
 
 soluttis, -S, -tim, relaxed, loose; 
 let loose (of a dog) 
 
 solvo, -6r6, solvT, solutum, to 
 loosen; solvere frenum, to 
 slacken the reins; pontem sol- 
 vere, to destroy a bridge; reli- 
 gione solvere, to free from an 
 obligation; solvere (navem), to 
 weigh anchor, set sail 
 
 somnitiin, -i (n.), a dream 
 
 somntis, -i (m.), sleep 
 
 sontis, -i (m.), a sound, noise 
 
 sorbeo, -erg, --ai, (no sup.), to 
 suck up, swallow 
 
 sordidQs, -S-, -tim , squalid, dirty; 
 sordida veste, by putting on 
 mourning 
 
 s6r5r, -oris (f.), a sister 
 
 sors, -tis (f.), a lot; sors vitae, 
 condition of life 
 
 sortidr, -iri, -ittis sum, to draw 
 lots; in the perfect tenses, to 
 obtain (by lot) 
 
 sospes, -itis, safe and sound 
 
 Spacds, -1 (f.), Spacos, Cyrus' 
 nurse 
 
 Sparta, -ae (f.), Sparta, capital 
 of Laconia 
 
 Spartantis, -T (m.), a Spartan 
 
 Spartiates, -ae (m.), a Spartan 
 
 spatitim, -i (n.), room, space, 
 time; loci spatium, extent of 
 space 
 
 spgcies, -ei (f ), a show, appear- 
 ance; sub specie, under the 
 mask; species navium, the 
 shape of the ships 
 
177 — 
 
 spectacultim, -i (n.), a sight, 
 view; spectaculo dignus, worth 
 seeing 
 
 spectatSr, -5rls (m.), a beholder, 
 spectator 
 
 spectatGs, -3,, -tim, tried 
 
 specto, -arfi, -avi, -atttm, to 
 look at; to observe 
 
 speculor, -ari, -atfls sum, to 
 spy out 
 
 spes, spel (f.), hope 
 
 spTramentflin, -i (n.), an airhole 
 
 spirittis, -us (m.), a breath, a 
 draught, (current of) air; spi- 
 ritum extremum trahere, to 
 breathe one's last 
 
 splendeo, -erg, -tii, (no sup.), to 
 shine 
 
 splenddr, -oris (m.), excellence 
 
 spoliattis, -a, -um, spoiled, 
 stripped 
 
 spondeo, -erg, spSpondT, spon- 
 sum, to promise 
 
 squal5r, -oris (m.), fllthiness, 
 squalor; habitus squaloris, the 
 appearance of squalor 
 
 stabulum, -T (n.), a stable 
 
 stagnuui,-! (n.), a swamp; Assy- 
 rium stagnum. Lake Gene- 
 sareth in Palestine 
 
 statim, immediately 
 
 statuo, -6re, statu!, stattittini, 
 to place; to resolve, decide; se- 
 dem statuSre, to fix one's res- 
 idence; vectigal statuere, to 
 fix a tax 
 
 statiis,-us (m.), a situation, con- 
 dition 
 
 sterctis, -oris (n.), dung 
 
 sterno, -erg, stravi, stratGin, to 
 (strew), cover over, throw down 
 
 stirps, -is (f.), offspring 
 
 st5, -arg, stgti, statum, to 
 stand; ex adverse stare, to face 
 
 stragulum, -i (n.), a fabric 
 
 Straton, -ouis (m.), Siraton, a 
 chief of the Tyrians 
 
 stratiis, -a, -um, prostrate, 
 spread; stratus sulphure, cov- 
 ered with sulphur 
 
 strenue, strenuously 
 
 strepittis, -us (m.), a din, noise 
 
 studeo, -erg, -ui, (no sup.), to 
 pay attention to, to endeavor; 
 arti studere, to devote one^s self 
 to an art; sacrificiis studere, 
 to pay attention to sacrifices; 
 agriculturae non studere, not 
 to care for agriculture 
 
 studiostis, -a, -um, fond; stu- 
 diose, fondly 
 
 studium,-! (n.), zeal; belli studla, 
 zeal for war; studium majOris 
 imperii, endeavor to enlarge 
 the dominion; studium rei mi- 
 litaris, belli gerendi, pursuit 
 of military affairs, of warfare; 
 studia doctrlnae, study and 
 learning 
 
 stultitia, -ae (f ), folly 
 
 stultGs, -a, -um, foolish 
 
 stupor, -oris (m.), stupidity 
 
 SLiadeo, -erg, suasi, suasum, 
 to advise 
 
 suavis, -e, sweet 
 
 sub, with ace. & abl., under; sub 
 oculis, before the eyes; sub 
 monte, at the foot of a moun- 
 tain 
 
 subdolus, -5,, -um, deceitful 
 
 subduco, -grg, subduxT, subduc- 
 tiim, to haul ashore 
 
 subigo, -gre, sub6gi, subactiim, 
 to subjugate 
 
178 
 
 subitO, suddenly 
 
 subTtiis, -§., -um, sudden 
 
 sublego, -ere, sublegi, sublec- 
 
 tiim, to elect 
 subllmis, -e, aloft^ high in the 
 
 air; in sublime, high in the air 
 subministro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to supply 
 submoveo, -ere, submOvi, sub- 
 
 mOtuin, to put out of the way 
 suboles, -is (f.), offspring 
 subsequor, -i, subsecutus sum, 
 
 to follow closely 
 substerno, -ere, substravT, sub- 
 stratum, to lay under 
 subtraho, -ere, subtraxT, sub- 
 
 tractiim, to take away; se sub- 
 
 trahere, to retire 
 subvenio, -ire, subveni, subven- 
 
 tum, to assist 
 succedo, -ere, succcssi, succes- 
 
 sum, to succeed; to folloio^ 
 
 march on 
 successiO, -onis (f.), succession 
 successor, -oris (m.), a successor 
 succurro, -ere, succurri (succu- 
 
 curri), succursiini, to succor 
 sudor, -oris (m.), sweat, perspi- 
 ration 
 suffOco, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 stifle 
 suggesttim, -i (n.), a platform 
 sui, sibl, se, self 
 sulphur, -is (n.), sulphur 
 Sulplcliis, -i (m.), Sulpicius, the 
 
 name of a Koman gens 
 sum, esse, fuT, (no sup.), to he; ca- 
 
 pillo sunt promisso, they luear 
 
 their hair long 
 summus, -S, -um, highest, 
 
 greatest; summls precibus,t(;i^7i 
 
 every entreaty; summa belli, 
 
 the command in chief; summa 
 voce, at the top of one's voice; 
 vir summus, a very nobleman; 
 summis viribus, with the ut- 
 most vigor; summa fide, con- 
 scientiously 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
 to take 
 
 sumptuOsus, -a, -um, expensive 
 
 sumptus, -us (m.), expense 
 
 super, with ace, over, above, be- 
 sides 
 
 siiperinduco, -ere, superinduxi, 
 superinductum, to do over^ to 
 coat 
 
 superior, -us, upper, higher, 
 former; preceding, last; super- 
 iorem esse, to have the advan- 
 tage; superior vita, the former 
 life; superior annus, last year; 
 superius tempus, former time 
 
 supgro, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 subdue, to overcome, to beat 
 
 silpersum, superesse, superful, (no 
 sup.), to be more than sufficient; 
 to remain, survive 
 
 supCriis, -a, -um, on high; mare 
 superum, the upper, i. e. the 
 Adriatic and Ionian sea 
 
 siipervenio, -ire, superveni, su- 
 perventum, to fall upon sud- 
 denly 
 
 supplementiim, -i (n.), a supple- 
 ment; supplementumcopiarum, 
 reinforcements 
 
 supplex, -icis, on one^s knees, 
 suppliant 
 
 supplicTum, -i (n.), punishment 
 
 supprimo, -ere, suppress!, sup= 
 pressum, to sink 
 
 supra, with ace, above, over; adv., 
 over 
 
— 179 — 
 
 suprSmus, -S., -uin, Mgliest, last 
 surgo,-ere, surrexT, surrectum, 
 
 to get lip 
 suscipio, -ere, suscepT, suscep- 
 
 tum, to take up; of a child, to 
 
 hrmg up; susccptus, horn; 
 
 bellum suscipei'e, to undertake 
 
 ivar 
 suscito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 lift up; suscitare e somno, to 
 
 awake 
 suspicor, -ari, -attis sum, to 
 
 suppose 
 sustineo, -ere, sustiniii, susten- 
 
 tiim, to hold up; to hold out 
 susurrus, -T (m.)^ whispering 
 siitis, -a, -iim, his^ her, its own; 
 
 siii, his men; sua, their p)rop- 
 
 erty 
 symbolus,-! (m. ), a sign or mark; 
 
 a symbol 
 Syracusae, -arGm (f. pi), Syra- 
 cuse 
 Syracusantis, -i (ra.), a Syracu- 
 Syrus, -1 (m.), a Syrian [sail 
 
 T. 
 
 tabella, -ae (f.), a tablet 
 
 taceo, -ere, -in, -itum, to be 
 
 silent 
 
 tacTtus, -a, -iiin, silent; tacito, 
 secretly; tacite, silently 
 
 taediiim, -i (n.), trouble; taedi- 
 um belli, disgust ivith war 
 
 talis, -ej such; such like 
 
 tarn, so 
 
 tamen, yet, nevertheless 
 
 tandem, at length; pray 
 
 tango, -ere, tetigi, tactSm, to 
 touch 
 
 tantiilus,-a, -lim, so small, triv- 
 ial, insignificant 
 
 tantum, only 
 
 tanttis, -a, -um, so great, so 
 much; tantus. . .quantus, so 
 much.. as; quod tanti est, an 
 equivalent 
 
 tardus, -a -um, slow; paulo tar- 
 dlus, rather tardily 
 
 tauriis, -T (m.), a bull 
 
 tectorius, -a, -iirn, that serves 
 for covering; opus tectorium, 
 stucco 
 
 tectum, -i (n.), a roof; a house 
 
 tegmen, -inis (n.), a cover 
 
 tego, -6re, texi, tectum, to cov- 
 er, hide 
 
 teliim,-! (n.), a weapon, javelin 
 
 temere, rashly; commonly; with- 
 out good reason 
 
 temperamentum, -i (n.), moder- 
 ation 
 
 temperantia,-ae (f.), moderation 
 
 tempestas, -atis (f.), weather; 
 storm; time; tertia tempestas, 
 the third day 
 
 templum, -i (n.), a temple 
 
 tempto, -are, -avI, -atiim, to 
 make an attempt upon 
 
 tempus, -5ris (n.), time; ad 
 tempus, at the right time; anni 
 tempus, a season; post tempus, 
 hereafter 
 
 teneo, -ere, teniii, tentiim, to 
 hold (in possession) , keep; re- 
 strain; imperlum tengre, to 
 hold the supreme poiver; te- 
 neri, to be bound; tenere quo- 
 minus, to detain fr 0771; portum 
 tenere, to guard the harbor; 
 cursum tenere, to hold on one's 
 way; vento teneri quominus, 
 to be prevented by the wind 
 from 
 
— . 180 
 
 tenuis, -e, thin 
 
 tenuitas, -atis (f.), humble sta- 
 tion; slenderness 
 tergiversor, -ari, -attis sum, 
 
 to turn one's back; tergiver- 
 
 santes, deserters 
 tergtini,-! (n.), iheback; de tergo, 
 
 post terga, in the rear; terga 
 
 dare, to turn the back 
 terminus, -i (m.), a limit, bound 
 terra, -ae (f.), earth, land; uni- 
 
 versae terrae, tJie whole ivorld 
 terreo, -ere, -tii, -itiim, to 
 
 frighten 
 terrester, -ris, -re, by land 
 terribilis, -e, terrible 
 terror, -oris (m.), dir.ad, terror 
 tertiiis, -S, -tim, third 
 testimonium,-! (n.), atestimony, 
 
 evidence 
 textllis, -6, textile [tocles 
 
 Themistocles, -is (m.), Themis- 
 Thermopylae, -arum (f. pi.), 
 
 They^mopyJae, the famous de- 
 file of Oeta, where Leonidas 
 
 fell 
 ThGseiis, -ei (m.), Theseus, king 
 
 of Athens 
 Thespiae, -arum (f. pi.) , Thes- 
 
 piae, a town of Boeotia 
 Thessalia, -ae (f.), Thessaly 
 tiglllum, -T (n.), a little log 
 Timaeus, -i (m.), Timaeus, a 
 
 Greek historian of Sicily 
 timens, -tis, timid(ly) 
 timeo, -ere, -uT, (no sup.), to fear 
 tlmldus, -a, -um, timid 
 timor, -oris (m.), fear 
 tintinnabulum, -T (n.), a bell 
 Titurliis, -i (m.), Titurius, a 
 
 legate of Caesar in the Gallic 
 
 war 
 
 toUo, -6re, sustuli, sublatiim, 
 to take up, to take away; of 
 a child, to bring up; of laws, 
 to abolish; ancoras tollere, to 
 weigh anchor; timorem tollgre, 
 to take away fear; clamorem 
 tollere, to set up a. cry 
 
 tondgo, -erg, totondi, tonsQm, 
 to shave 
 
 tonsor, -oris (m.), a barber 
 
 tonstrlcuia, -ae (f.), a little bar- 
 ber 
 
 tormentum, -i (n.), torture; a 
 missile 
 
 iorvens,-tis,rolling in a stream, 
 rushing 
 
 tot, (indecl.), so many 
 
 totus, -a, -tim, whole; totis viri- 
 bus, with might and main 
 
 tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 handle, treat; bella tractare, 
 to conduct war 
 
 trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum, 
 to hand over, deliver, report, 
 relate; in matrimonium tradere, 
 to marry; epulandum tradere, 
 to set before to feast upon; ex- 
 ercitum tradere, to surrender 
 an army; quern biformem tra- 
 didere, whom they said was 
 two-shaped; traditur,!^ is said; 
 regnum tradere, ^o entrust a 
 kingdom; artem tradere, to 
 teach an art; se tradere, to 
 give one's self up 
 
 traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, to 
 draw, derive; proclium tra- 
 here, to protract a battle; spiri- 
 tum extremum trahere, to 
 breathe one's last; vitam tra- 
 here, to drag one's life; gratiam 
 trahere, to gain favor 
 
181 — 
 
 trajectiis, -us (m.), a crossing, 
 
 passage 
 trajici6,-ere, trajeci, trajectum, 
 
 to cross 
 transeo,-ire,-ii,-ituin, to cross, 
 
 pass by, to pass; transeuntes, 
 
 the passers-by 
 transfero, -re, transtuli, transla- 
 
 tum, to transfer, to bring over; 
 
 se transferre, to betake one's 
 
 self; se transferre a bello ter- 
 
 restri in navale, to pass from 
 
 war by land to war by sea 
 transition -onis (f.), desertion 
 transitiis, -us (m.), a crossing, 
 
 passage 
 transporto, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 to transport, carry across 
 trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred 
 trepidatio, -onis (f.), confusion 
 trepldiis, -a, -um, restless 
 tres, trta, three 
 tribuntis, -i (m.), a tribune; tri- 
 
 bunus milltum, a military trib- 
 une 
 tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributiim, 
 
 to attribute, give 
 trlduGm, -i (n.), a space of three 
 trlginta, thirty [days 
 
 Trinacria, -ae (f.), Trinacria, 
 
 old name of the island of Sicily 
 TriptSlemus, -i (m.), Triptole- 
 
 mus, king of Eleusis, inventor 
 
 of agriculture 
 tristis,-e, sad, gloomy, disheart- 
 
 ening; tristior mens, deeper 
 
 affection 
 trivium, -i (n.), a cross road 
 TrOjanus, -i (m.), a Trojan 
 tropaeum, -T (n.), a trophy 
 trucido, -are, -avi, -atuni, to 
 
 butcher i slay 
 
 triido, -ere, trusi, trusiim, to 
 
 drive 
 trunciis, -i (m.), the trunk 
 trux, triicis, fierce, wild 
 tu, thou 
 tueor, -eri, (tuitus, tutus) tu- 
 
 tatus sum, to protect 
 turn, then; turn temporis, at that 
 
 time 
 tumens, -tis, swollen 
 tumultiior, -ari, -atus sum, to 
 
 be in confusion 
 tumultus, -us (m.), a tumuli, 
 
 confusion 
 tumulus, -1 (m.), a mound 
 tunc, then, at that time 
 tunica, -ae (f), a shirt, tunic 
 turba, -ae (f), a crowd 
 turbidus, -a, -um, muddy 
 turbo, -are, -avi, -atiini, to 
 
 disturb 
 turbulentus, -a, -lim, muddy 
 turpis, -e, shameful, disgraceful, 
 
 dishonorable 
 turris, - (f.), a tower 
 tutela, -ae (f.), guardianship 
 tutor, -ari, -atus sum, to pro- 
 tutus, -S,, -um, safe [tect 
 
 tiius, -a, -lim, thy 
 tyrannis, -idis (f.), absolute 
 
 power, tyranny 
 tyrannus, -i (m.), a tyrant 
 TyrTiis, -i (m.), a Tyrian 
 T5"rus, -i (f.), Tyre, a commer- 
 cial city of the Phoenicians 
 
 U. 
 
 uber, -IS (n.), a dug; ubera prae- 
 
 bere, to suckle 
 ubertas, -atis (f.), abundance 
 ubi, where; when, as; ubi pri- 
 
 mum, as soon as 
 
182 — 
 
 ulciscor, -1, ultus sum, to avenge 
 
 ulliis, -a, -tim, any; in negative 
 and conditional clauses 
 
 ulteridr, -lis, remoter 
 
 ultiO, -onis (f.), avenge; in ulti- 
 onem, to avenge one's self 
 
 ult6r, -oris (m.), an avenger 
 
 ultra, w. ace, beyond; &i.Y., further 
 
 ultro, of one/s own accor^d 
 
 umbrS,, -ae (f.), a shade 
 
 umquam, ever 
 
 una, together 
 
 unda, -ae (f.), a wave 
 
 unde, whence 
 
 undiqug, from all quarters 
 
 unguent lim, -i (n.), a perfume, 
 ointment 
 
 unguis, - (ra.), a claw^ talon 
 
 uniciis, -a, -um, only, sole 
 
 iiniversiis, -S, -um, whole, all 
 together 
 
 linus, -a, -iiiii, one, sole, only 
 
 urbs, -is (f.), a city 
 
 urgeo, -ere, ursi, ursiim, to 
 urge, press hard 
 
 usquam, anywhere; usque terra- 
 rum, anywhere in the world 
 
 usque, as far as, to 
 
 usiis, -us (m.), use, usefulness; 
 Usui esse, to he of service or 
 advantage; usus belli, experi- 
 ence in war 
 
 lit, uti, how, as, when, that; after 
 verbs of wishing and willing, 
 to; after verbs of fearing, that 
 not; sic ut, so as to; ut . . ita, 
 as. .so 
 
 fiter, -ra, -rum, which of two 
 
 uterqug, utraque, utrumqug, ei- 
 ther, both; utrique, both par- 
 ties; ex utraque parte, on both 
 sides 
 
 Utica, -ae (f ), Ulica, a very old 
 town in Africa 
 
 Uticensis, - (m.), an inhabitant 
 of Utica 
 
 titilis, -e, useful 
 
 utilitas, -atis (f ), utility 
 
 utor, -i, usus sum, to use, make 
 use, enjoy, have; legibus uti, 
 to obey the laws; alacritate 
 uti, to show alacrity; institutis 
 uti, to have institutions 
 
 utrum . . an, whether. . or 
 
 uva, -ae (f,), a grape 
 
 uxor, -oris (f.), a wife 
 
 V. 
 
 vaco, -are, -avT, -atiim, to be 
 
 without 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um, empty, want- 
 ing something; vacuus homi- 
 nibus, deserted 
 
 vadum,-i (n.), a ford; the depths 
 
 vaecors, -dis, insane; subst., a 
 madman 
 
 vagor, -ari, -at lis sum, to roam 
 about 
 
 val€o, -erS, -ui, -itum, to be 
 strong, p)owerful; plus val6re, 
 to have more influence 
 
 vallis, - (f.), a valley 
 
 vapor, -oris (m.), vapor 
 
 varle, in various ways 
 
 varietas, -atis (f.), changeable- 
 ness, fickleness, variety 
 
 varlus,-a, -um, varHous, varied 
 
 vas, vadis (m.), bail 
 
 vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- 
 vastate, lay waste 
 
 vates, -is (m.), a prophet 
 
 vaticinor, -ari, -at us sum, to 
 predict, prophecy 
 
 vectigai, -alis (n.), a tax 
 
183 
 
 vShemens, -tis, violent 
 vfihementer, very much 
 vgho, -6re, vexi, vectum, to 
 
 carry; pass., to be carried^ 
 
 borne; to ride, drive, sail 
 velocitas, -atis (f.), speed 
 velut, veliitl, as if, as it were 
 venalis, -e, for sale 
 venans, -tis, & venator, -oris 
 
 (m.), a hunter 
 v5nati6, -Onis, (f.), hunting 
 vSnator, -oris (m.), a hunter 
 venatus, -us, (m.), hunting 
 vendo, -ere, vendidi, venditum, 
 
 to sell 
 vgnenatiis, -a, -um, poisoned 
 Yenetictis, -S, -um, Venetian 
 venia,, -ae (f.), permission, par- 
 don, pretext; veniam dare, to 
 
 forgive 
 venio, -Tre, veni ventum, to 
 
 come; ventum est, they came 
 venOr, -ari, -atus sum, to hunt 
 venter, -ris (m.), the belly 
 ventito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 keep coming; to be wont to 
 
 come 
 ventus, -i (m.), the wind 
 verber, -is (n.), a scourge 
 verbum, -i (n.), a word; verbis 
 
 elevare, to cry down 
 vere, truly 
 vereor, -eri, veritus sum, to 
 
 fear 
 vergo, -ere, (no perf. & sup.), to 
 
 incline, to lie 
 Veritas, -atis (f.), truth 
 vero, truly, indeed; but 
 versiculus, -i (m.), a little verse 
 versus, -us (m.), a verse 
 versutus, -a, -um, clever 
 vertex, -Icis (m.), a whirlpool 
 
 verto, -ere, verti, verstim, to 
 turn; in fugam verti, turn to 
 flight; versa vice, reversedly 
 vSrum, (true), but 
 vescor,-!, (no perf.), to feed on, eat 
 vesper, -i (m.), vespera, -ae (t.), 
 evening; prima vespera, at the 
 first appearance of dark 
 vester, -ra, -rum, your 
 vestis, - (f.), a garment [bid 
 veto, -are, vetui, vetitum, tofor- 
 veteranus, -i (m.), a veteran 
 vetus, -eris, old; former 
 vetustas, -atis (f.), antiquity 
 vexatus, -a, -um, harassed 
 via, -ae (f.), a road 
 vice, turn; instead of; versa vice, 
 
 reversedly 
 vicinitas, -atis (f.), vicinity 
 viclnus, -a, -um, neighboring; 
 
 subst., a neighbor 
 victim^, -ae (f.), a victim 
 victor, -oris (m.), victrix, -icis 
 (f.), a conqueror, winner; vic- 
 torious, triumphant 
 victoria, -ae (f.), victory 
 Yictorioia, -ae (f.), a little statue 
 
 of Victory 
 victus,-a,-um, overcome; subst, 
 
 a loser 
 victus,-us {m.), sustenance, food; 
 
 living 
 video, -ere, vidi, vlsiim, to see; 
 videri, to seem, appear; mi hi 
 videtur, it seems (good) to me 
 vigeo, -ere, -uT, (no sup.), to be 
 
 in force 
 vigilla, -ae (f.), watch; tertia vi- 
 gilia, at the beginning of the 
 third watch 
 vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 watch, to be wakeful 
 
— 184 
 
 vigintT, twenty 
 
 vigor, -oris (m.), liveliness 
 
 vilis, -e, vile 
 
 vinco, -ere, vicT, victum, to de- 
 feat, overcome J to win a vic- 
 tory; in a lawsuit, to gain the 
 cause; pass., vinci, to he re- 
 strained; consilio vincgre, to 
 icin over by one's opinion 
 
 vin(lex,-icls (ra. & f.), a protector 
 
 vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 take revenge, avenge; to de- 
 liver, to claim; regnura vindi- 
 care, to claim the kingdom; 
 se vindicare a captivitate, to de- 
 liver one's self from captivity 
 
 vindicta, -ae (f.), vengeance 
 
 vine3,, -ae (f.), a vine-trellis 
 
 vinuiii, -1 (n.), wine; vini avidus, 
 fond of the cup 
 
 vi6io,-are, -avi, -atiim, to offer 
 violence, to violate; to mutilate; 
 respublica violanda, betraying 
 one's country 
 
 vTr, -i (m.), a man 
 
 Virgo, -inis (f.), a virgin, maid- 
 en; virgo regia, a royal prin- 
 cess 
 
 virilis, -6, manly, suitable to a 
 man 
 
 virtus, -utis (f.), bravery, valor, 
 virtue 
 
 VIS, - (f.), strength, power, force, 
 violence; summis virlbus, vnth 
 the utmost vigor 
 
 viscgra, -flm (n. pi.), entrails, 
 vitals 
 
 viso, -ere, visi, vlsiiin, to go to 
 see, to look 
 
 visum, -i (n.), a vision 
 
 Vita, -ae (f.), life 
 
 vltis, - (f.), a vine 
 
 vitiiiin, -i (n.), a vice; vitia ebri- 
 
 etatis, the injurious effects of 
 
 drunkenness 
 
 VI to, -are, -avi, -atum, to avoid 
 
 vitiipero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 
 find fault with 
 vivo, -erg, vixi, victum, to live 
 vivus, -a, -um, living, alive 
 vix, hardly 
 
 voco, -are, -avi, -attim, to call 
 volo, velle, voliii, (no sup.), to be 
 willing, wish, want; to mean, 
 be of opinion 
 voluntas, -atis (f.), will 
 voluntariiis, -a,-um, voluntary; 
 
 voluntaria mors, suicide 
 voluptas, -atis (f.), pleasure 
 Voluseniis, -i (m.), Volusenus 
 voragO, -inis (f.), a whirlpool 
 vOs, you 
 
 vox, vocTs (f.), a voice, word, re- 
 mark; voce, by word of mouth; 
 magna voce, with a loud voice; 
 vocem edere, to exclaim; vocem 
 premere, to be silent [fire 
 
 Vulcanus,-! (m.), Vulcan, god of 
 vulgus, -i (n.), the rabble, masses 
 vulnero, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
 
 wound 
 vulnus, -€ris (n.), a wound 
 vulpes, -is (f.), a fox 
 vultus,-us (m.), the countenance 
 
 X. 
 
 Xenophon, -ontis (m.), Xeno- 
 phon, a Grecian historian 
 
 Xerxes, -is (m.), Xerxes, king 
 of Persia 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zoroastres, -is (m.), Zoroaster ^ 
 the lawgiver of the Medes 
 
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