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 The Supplementary Participle 
 in Herodotus 
 
 by 
 EDWARD JOSEPH FILBEY 
 
 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of 
 
 the Requirements for the Degree 
 
 of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 University of Wisconsin, 1908 
 
 
 \ 
 
 URBANA, ILLINOIS 
 1917 
 
The Supplementary Participle 
 in Herodotus 
 
 by 
 EDWARD JOSEPH FILBEY 
 
 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of 
 
 the Requirements for the Degree 
 
 of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 University of Wisconsin, 1908 
 
 URBANA, ILLINOIS 
 1917 
 
fftt-oo 7 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bibliography 3 
 
 Chapter I. Introduction 5 
 
 Chapter II. Herodotus' Use of the Supplementary Parti- 
 ciple 8 
 
 Chapter III. Summary-Tables and Conclusion .... 55 
 
 Appendix. List of Abbreviations Employed 71 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 I. EDITIONS OF HERODOTUS. 
 
 Text H. Kallenberg, Leipzic, 1901. 
 
 Annotated edition Heinrich Stein, Berlin, 1889-'93-'94- 
 '96-1901-'02. 
 
 Translation H. F. Gary, London. 
 
 II. GRAMMARS. 
 
 W. W. Goodwin: Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the 
 Greek Verb, Boston, 1893. 
 
 R. Kiihner: Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der Griechischen 
 Sprache, besorgt von B. Gerth, Hannover und Leip- 
 zig, 1904. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In the treatment of the supplementary participle for Attic 
 Greek by various grammarians the statements made relative to 
 the use of this construction by Herodotus convey the impression 
 that Herodotus uses the supplementary participle with consider- 
 ably greater frequency and with more freedom than it is employed 
 by Attic writers. The student of Herodotus also is likely to note 
 the occasional occurrence of this construction after verbs usually 
 followed by the infinitive in Attic Greek. He may observe, 
 further, that in the construction of indirect discourse after cer- 
 tain verbs Herodotus seems to use either the participle or the 
 infinitive, indifferently. The question quite naturally arises, 
 therefore, To what extent does Herodotus' use of the supple- 
 mentary-participle differ from Attic usage? If Attic writers felt 
 that a verb when followed by an infinitive had not the same mean- 
 ing as when followed by a supplementary participle, did Herodo- 
 tus fail to discriminate in his use of the two constructions? 
 To answer this general question, the investigation was begun, 
 the results of which arc recorded in the pages following. 
 
 It was first necessary to ascertain with what verbs Herodo- 
 tus uses the supplementary participle. All passages were then 
 collected in which these verbs are followed by either the supple- 
 mentary participle, the infinitive, or a clause introduced by 
 OKCOS, on, or cbs. From a study of these passages the meaning 
 of each verb with the different constructions was determined. 
 For the principles underlying the distinctions of Attic usage the 
 statements of Goodwin in his Greek Moods and Tenses, and of 
 Kuhner in his Ausfuhrliche Griechische Grammatik, were relied 
 upon. A comparison of the results obtained from the study of 
 the passages in Herodotus, with the principles of Attic usage as 
 stated by Goodwin and by Kuhner, has furnished the answer 
 here presented to the question proposed. 
 
 5 
 
6 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 It will be recalled that the distinction between the three 
 classes of participles, attributive, circumstantial, and supple- 
 mentary, is not so clearly marked that a participle can always 
 be placed definitely in one of three classes. The participles con- 
 cerning which a record is presented in the pages following are 
 those which, after some deliberation, are thought properly to be 
 classed as supplementary. It may easily be that certain of these 
 would better be classed as circumstantial. The inclusion of such 
 will not however invalidate in any way the facts presented con- 
 cerning the use of those participles which are plainly supplemen- 
 tary. 
 
 A problem that presented much difficulty was the determina- 
 tion of the exact meaning of the verb in each passage. Upon the 
 accuracy with which this has been done depends in large measure 
 the value of the whole investigation. The interpretation placed 
 upon the various passages is in each case that which, from a study 
 of the context, has seemed the most reasonable; but it is not 
 asserted that this is in every instance correct. 
 
 In the case of each verb included in the discussion the fol- 
 lowing data are presented: The number of times the verb is 
 followed by each of the three constructions supplementary par- 
 ticiple, infinitive, and finite clause in Herodotus; a division of 
 these constructions, into those of indirect discourse and those not 
 in indirect discourse; the list of all passages in which the verb 
 occurs with any of the three constructions; the reference to 
 Goodwin and to Kuhner for the verb or for the general class in 
 which the verb belongs; any facts of importance regarding the 
 use of the verb by Herodotus; and, if his use of the word is at 
 variance with Attic usage, a full statement of the principles under- 
 lying the latter, and of the particulars in which Herodotus' use 
 of the verb differs from that of the Attic writers. It will be 
 noted that much of this information is statistical. For this 
 reason, figures have regularly been employed instead of words, 
 to represent numbers. Also, such abbreviations have been em- 
 ployed as 'are used by Goodwin, Kuhner, Brugmann, and other 
 grammarians, in lieu of writing out certain \vords which recur 
 from five to fifteen times on a single page. A list of the abbre- 
 viations employed is appended. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 7 
 
 Footnotes have been almost entirely dispensed with. If the 
 information has been considered of sufficient value to warrant its 
 inclusion in the discussion it has been inserted in its proper place 
 in the text. It is believed that the continuity of thought is less 
 interrupted by a parenthesis than by a reference to a distant 
 portion of the page. 
 
 The Attic forms of the verbs have been used except in quo- 
 tations instead of the Ionic forms employed by Herodotus, 
 chiefly for the reason that the verbs are then, when catalogued 
 alphabetically, in the order in which they occur in Liddell & 
 Scott and other lexicons. 
 
 References to the passages are by book, chapter, and line. 
 The lines are numbered as they are found in the text of Kallen- 
 berg. It will be found that the numbering holds also, with but 
 slight variation, for Stein's annotated edition. 
 
 The large number of verbs dealt with one hundred twenty- 
 one has restricted the quotation of illustrative passages to a 
 greater extent than could be desired. Passages of particular 
 importance are however cited in full. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 HERODOTUS' USE OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE 
 
 <rx7eXXco: Followed by a s. p. in 2 passages; by an inf. in 1; 
 by a OTL clause in 2. All the constructions are in indirect discourse. 
 
 With s. p., 6.69.23; 7.37.5. With inf., 8.50.3. With OTL 
 clause, 7.162.5; 9.69.2. G M T. 904; 912; 914.3. Kuhner, 482.2; 
 484.17; 550. 
 
 Goodwin suggests no difference in the meaning of ayyeXKw with 
 the various constructions. Kuhner proposes (484.17) the dis- 
 tinction that ayye\\u with a participle means "announce as a 
 fact"; with an inf., "announce as rumor." An examination of 
 the passages in which the verb occurs in Hdt. shows that ayyeXXu 
 means "announce as a fact" in all except 9.69.2. In the last 
 named passage, in which ayyk\\u is followed by a OTL clause, the 
 announcement is made as " rumor. "- The distinction suggested 
 by K. does not hold true, therefore, for Hdt. With a s. p. ayye\\u 
 has the meaning which he suggests; but not so with an inf. Ap- 
 parently Hdt. uses the different constructions with a77eXXco with- 
 out difference of meaning. 
 
 aiadavojjLai,: Followed by a s. p. in 1 passage. The s. p. is 
 in indirect discourse. 
 
 With s. p. 7.220.5. G M T., 884; 904; 914.1. Kuhner, 482.1; 
 484.4; 550. 
 
 Goodwin suggests no difference in the meaning of the differ- 
 ent constructions of ind. disc, after this verb. Kuhner says 
 (484.4) that aio-0aj>ojuai with the genitive of a ptc. means "per- 
 ceive directly with one's senses"; w. the accusative of a ptc., 
 "note mentally as a fact"; and with an inf., "believe or think." 
 Hdt. uses alaBapo^at in 7.220.5 with the ace. of the s. p., with 
 the meaning "note as a fact." This is therefore in accord with 
 Kuhner 's statement. 
 
 alaxvvoiJiaL: With infinitive in 1 passage. The inf. is not in 
 indirect discourse. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 9 
 
 With inf., 1.82.40. G M T., 881; 903.1. K., 482.3; 484.21; 
 550. 
 
 Both Goodwin (903.1) and Kuhner state that alvxvvoiJiai with 
 a s. p. means "be ashamed of doing (what one does)"; and with 
 an inf., "be ashamed to do (something not yet done)". The 
 statement holds true for the one passage in which Hdt. uses this 
 verb: Othryades was ashamed to return to Sparta, and did not 
 return. 
 
 CLKOVU: With a s. p., 12 times; with an inf., 12; with a OKUS or 
 <bs clause 3. 
 
 With s. p. not in ind. disc., 1.66.14; 1.85.9; 1.141.17; 1.158.5; 
 1.160.1; 4.77.1; 4.183.17; 5.89.14; 5.93.8; 7.169.10; (total, 10). 
 With s. p. in ind. disc., 2.150.18; 7.10.0.12. With inf. in ind. 
 disc., 1.20.2; 2.2.30; 2.150.18; 4.76.23; 6.117.11; 7.55.13; 7.128.4; 
 8.109.7; 8.136.12; 9.84.3; 9.85.18; 9.115.3. With 6*cos or cos 
 clause in ind. disc., 3.115.12; 5.89.16; 7.208.3. G M T., 884; 
 886; 904; 914.1. K., 482.1; 484.1; 550. 
 
 G. states (886) that CLKOVU in Attic Greek regularly takes the 
 genitive of the ptc. when the latter is not in ind. disc., and the 
 accusative of the ptc. of ind. disc. Further (914.1), he suggests 
 that little if any difference of meaning exists between the use of 
 the inf. and that of the s. p. of ind. disc, after d/couco. K. suggests 
 the distinction, that CLKOVO) with the gen. of the ptc. is used of a 
 direct, and with the ace. of the ptc. of an indirect, but certain 
 perception; and that it is used with the inf. to indicate the re- 
 ceipt of information transmitted as mere rumor or ..hearsay. 
 
 In 1.85.9; 1,141.17; 5.93.8, d*ouco with the gen. of the s. p. 
 not in ind. disc, is used of a direct, certain perception. The rule 
 of G. and that of K. both hold good for these three passages, 
 therefore. But in 1.66.14; 1.158.5; 1.160.1; 4.77.1; 4.183.17; 
 5.89.14; 7.169.10, d/couco with the ace. of the s. p. not in ind. 
 disc, is used also, of a direct certain perception. Neither the 
 statement of G. nor that of K. holds, then, for these 7 passages. 
 "In 2.150.18 and in 7.10.0.12 d/co6co with the ace. of the s. p. in 
 ind. disc, expresses the obtaining of information which rests upon 
 hearsay. In the former passage the information is secured di- 
 rectly; in the latter, indirectly. For both these passages G.'s 
 statement holds, but K.'s distinction is upheld fully in neither. 
 With the inf. in each of the 12 passages O.KOVU is used of the 
 
10 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 acquiring of information based upon rumor or tradition. To 
 these passages, therefore, the statements of both G. and K. are 
 applicable. With a cos or OKCOS clause CLKOVU is used in 3.115.12 
 and 5.89.6 of obtaining direct, certain information; in 7.208.3, of 
 obtaining indirect information based on hearsay. 
 
 It is evident that Hdt. uses the various constructions possible 
 with CLKOVU with considerable freedom. This is especially notice- 
 able in the case of the s. p.'s not in ind. disc. In 1.66.14, e. g., 
 occurs the phrase, ravra cos aireveixOtvTa TJKovaav. The same 
 phrase, with little or no variation, is found also in 1. 158.5 ; 1. 160. 1 ; 
 5.89.14; 7.169.10. Yet in 1.141.17 the phrase assumes the form, 
 cos iJKovaav TOVTUV aveveixOkvrwv, with no apparent difference 
 of meaning. 
 
 dAio-KOAicu: With s. p. 11 times. The ptc. is not in indirect 
 discourse. 
 
 With a s. p., 1.112.14; 1.117.8; 1.209.14; 2.93.15; 3.15.17; 
 5.65.7; 6.72.6; 7.102.4; 7.195.1; 7.195.6; 9.37.27. G M T., 883. 
 K., 482.1. 
 
 In each instance the participle with dXio-KOMcu denotes the act 
 or state in which the person was detected. 
 
 avevpiaKo): AVith s. p., 2 times. The participles are in ind. 
 disc. 
 
 With a s. p., 2.151.16; 4.44.15. G M T., 904; cf. 883. K.. 
 482.1. 
 
 In each passage avevpLaKu with the s. p. means ''find out (that 
 something is being or has been done) . ' ' 
 
 avexu: With s. p., 7 times; with inf., 1. The constructions 
 are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With a s. p., 1.80.21; 1.206.5; 2.37.23; 5.19.14; 5.48.2; 6.112.13; 
 8.26.13. With an inf., 7.139.31. G M T., 879; 903.2. K., 482.5; 
 484.23. 
 
 Both G. and K. state that avexu with the s. p. means '' en- 
 dure (something being done or already done)"; and with the inf., 
 "have courage (to do something not yet done)." (G M T. 903.2; 
 K. 484.23.) This distinction holds quite definitely for Hdt. But 
 it should be noted that when avexu preceded by the negative is 
 followed by the s. p. the meaning is but little different from that 
 which is regularly expressed by the use of the inf. Cf., e. g., 
 1.80.21, Ka/Jiri\ov ITTTTOS 0o/3eercu /cat oik avexfTCLL ovre rrjv Lderjv 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 11 
 
 ovre rr^v b^^v ba^paivb^evos. According to the general prin- 
 ciple, the meaning is that a horse cannot endure to continue look- 
 ing upon, and smelling the odor of, a camel. But it may be taken 
 also as equivalent to: "A horse will not bring itself to look upon, 
 and to breathe the odor from, a camel." That is, it will not 
 "venture to do something not yet done" an idea usually ex- 
 pressed by an inf. So too, in 2.37.23, Hdt. says that certain 
 priests will not look at pulse, thinking it unclean. Here also the 
 inf. would scarcely have seemed inappropriate. In 8.26.13, altho 
 the negative is used, the participle appears to have its usual 
 force. In 7.139.31, avexu with the inf. means definitely "have 
 the courage to do." 
 
 aviruu: With s. p. 3 times; with inf. 3. The constructions are 
 not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 2.121.0.7; 4.28.14; 4.125.5. With inf., 2.36.5? 
 4.175.4; 4.180.10. G M T. 879; cf. 885; cf. 903.6. K. 482.6; 
 cf. 484.29. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb specifically as one fol- 
 lowed by both the participial and the infinitive construction. 
 The meaning is distinctly different with the two constructions. 
 With the ptc. di/u?/u means "cease"; with the inf., "allow", or 
 "cause (to do)." In 4.180.10, irplv 8e aveivcu auras Max^flcu, Gary 
 translates avelvai as "cease," in spite of the inf. following. But 
 it should here as elsewhere with the inf. be translated "cause," 
 aurds being the object and not the subject of avelvat. 
 
 avTtxu'- With s. p. 4 times. The ptc. is not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 2.157.5; 5.115.8; 7.108.11; 7.181.5. G M T. 879. 
 K. 482.6. 
 
 'A^rex^ is used in the 4 passages in the general sense of "hold 
 out." In the first two, in which the s. p. is passive, the meaning 
 of avrexu is "survive" or "endure." In 7.108.11 and 7.181.5, in 
 which the s. p. is active, avrkx^ means more nearly "continue." 
 
 dimxpaco: With s. p., 1. The s. p. is not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.127.11. G M T. 879. K. 482.4 and 5. 
 
 The meaning is "hold out," or "prove sufficient." The par- 
 ticiple could be considered as circumstantial instead of supple- 
 mentary. 
 
 a7ra77eAAco : With s. p., 1; with inf. 1; with on or cos clause, 2. 
 All the constructions are those of ind. disc. 
 
12 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 With s. p., 2.121.6.2. With inf., 1.210.10. With 6rt or cbs 
 clause, 1.127.5; 3.64.4. G M T. 904; 912; 914.3. K. 482.2; 
 484.17; 550. 
 
 G. makes no distinction between the use of the inf. and that 
 of the s. p. after this verb. K. states that d77eXXco with the s. p. 
 means "announce as a fact"; and with the inf., "announce as 
 rumor." An examination of the four passages in Hdt. in which 
 d7ra77eXXco occurs reveals no apparent difference of meaning. In 
 each instance the idea seems to be, "announce as a fact." 
 
 airaviaTrj/jn,: With s. p., 1. The ptc. is not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.87.4. G M T. 879. K. 482.6. 
 
 In 9.87.4 Hdt. uses d7rai> 10-777^1 in the sense of "cease," 
 
 With s. p., 12; with inf., 6; with cos clause, 2. 
 
 The ptcs. are in ind. disc., as also are the cos clauses and one of 
 
 the infinitives. Five infinitives are after airodeiKw/jLL meaning 
 
 "appoint." 
 
 With s. p., 2.15.10; 2.16,4; 2.133.22; 2.142.2; 2.143.9; 2.143.17; 
 
 2.144.2; 3.130.11; 5.94.13; 7. 8.7.6; 7.17.2; 7.118.7; (total 12.) 
 
 With inf. in ind. disc., 2.14-4.2. W T ith inf. not in ind. disc., 5.25.4; 
 
 5.29.10; 5.97.18; 5.99.11; 7.154.9. With cbs clause, 5.22.4; 
 
 5.22.10. G M T. 904; 912; 915. K. 482.2; 4.84.15; 550. 
 
 G. says (915.4) that btlnvvni and other verbs signifying "to 
 
 show," besides the s. p. of ind. disc., may take an object inf. in 
 the sense of "to show how." K. says (484.15) that 5eiKw/j.L, 
 d7ro<cuj>co, 677X600, followed by a s. p. mean "demonstrate a fact"; 
 with an inf., "express an opinion, say, indicate, advise." In 
 2.15.10; 2.16.4; 2.133.22, however, Hdt. uses a-n-odeiKw^L with a s. 
 p. to indicate the proving of what should rather be regarded as a 
 hypothesis than as a fact. For example, 2.15.10, a 
 TOUTCO rco Xo7<p XP^^ VOL Aiyi>Trioi<n oik eovffav irporepov 
 "If we accepted this account we should prove that formerly the 
 Egyptians had no land," a hypothesis which Hdt. does not him- 
 self accept, as he proceeds to show. Again, in 5.94.13, Hdt. uses 
 the s. p. with d7ro5ek^u^t when the meaning is "say." With the 
 exception of the 4 passages cited, the statement of K. holds for 
 the s. p.'s after cnro5eiKi>viJ.L in Hdt. The one inf. of ind. disc., 
 however, that Hdt. uses, is employed in the expression of a fact. 
 But the inf. can hardly be considered as dependent directly upon 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 13 
 
 There is a series of related sentences, in the first 
 part of which dTroSei/^u^u is- followed by a s. p. As the thought 
 proceeds, the construction lapses into the infinitive, (2.144.1 to 
 9.) Neither G. nor K. suggests the meaning "appoint" for 
 airodelKw^L with an inf. (It is probable that other instances of 
 this use occur in Hdt., in addition to the 5 passages cited; for the 
 meaning is sufficiently different from that of anode LKVVHI with the 
 s. p. to have made the overlooking of examples of this construc- 
 tion possible.) 
 
 aTTOKplvu: With s. p. in 1 passage. The s. p. is in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.60.13. G M T. 904. K. 482.1 and 2. 
 
 The verb is used in the passive with the meaning "be dis- 
 tinguished (as being)." Although this verb is not in the list of 
 cither G. or K., the close connection between the idea expressed 
 by the verb and that expressed by the participle seems to war- 
 rant the classification of the ptc. as supplementary. 
 
 aTOKpovo)'. With s. p. in 1 passage. The ptc. is not in ind. 
 disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.61.11. G M T. 880. K. 482.5. 
 
 The verb is used in the sense of "withstand", or "repel". 
 After this verb, as after jue*>co (II. 13.38), the ptc. can properly be 
 classed as supplementary. 8.61.11, (Ge/uoroKXeys . . . e\eye . . . ) 
 ovda/jiovs yap 'E\\rjvuv avrovs kiriovras aTTOKpovatcBai'. "None of 
 the Greeks would be able to repel the attack of the Athenians." 
 
 The verb is not mentioned by G. or K. as followed by a s. p. 
 
 dTroXetTrco: With s. p., 2 times. With inf., 1. The construc- 
 tions are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 2.22.16; 5.92.r;.4. With inf., 7.9.a.8. G M T. 
 879. K. 482.6. 
 
 With the s. p. aTroXeiTrco means "cease" in 2.22.16, and "fail 
 to" in 5.92.77.4. With the inf. the meaning is "fall short of." 
 In 5.92.r?.4 the ptc. might be taken as circumstantial, but should 
 rather be considered as supplementary: 6aa yap Ku^eXos ctTreXiTre 
 KTtivuv re /cat <5ia>Kcoj>, Hepiavdpos a<j>ea aTrereXee: "What Cyp- 
 selus failed to kill and banish i. e., what remained when Cyp- 
 selus stopped killing and banishing, Periandrus killed and ban- 
 ished." 
 
 G. does not mention dTroXetTrco as being followed by a s. p. 
 K. gives the verb as meaning "cease," when followed by the 
 
14 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 s. p. But he does not mention the use of the inf. construction 
 with this verb. 
 
 aTro(t>aivu: With s. p., 5 times. With cos clause, 1. The con- 
 structions are those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.82.29; 1.129.10; 2.28.20; 6.65.19; 7.99.15. With 
 cbs clause, 5.84.4. G M T. 904; 911; 912; 915.4. K. 482.2; 
 484.15; 550. 
 
 For statements of G. and K. regarding constructions with 
 this verb see under a.irobe'iKvviJ.L. With the s. p. a7ro</>cui>co means 
 "say" or "declare" in 3 passages, 1.82.29; 6.65.19; 7.99.15. Ac- 
 cording to K. (484.15), when airo(j>alvu has this meaning the inf. 
 is the usual construction. In 1.129.10 and 2.28.20, aTro^alvu with 
 the s. p. means "demonstrate a fact." This is in accord with 
 K.'s distinction. In 5.84.4 d7ro<au>co is used with a cbs clause fol- 
 lowing. The meaning is "declare." In 1.91.21, ov av\\a(3ui> de 
 TO pr)6ei> ovd' tTraveipofjievos euvrov alnov airorfxiLveTU '. "Since he did 
 not even make a second inquiry when he did not understand 
 the oracle, let him consider himself responsible," either a s. p. 
 kovro. or an inf. dvaa is to be understood with airo^aLverco. Since 
 it is the expression (or the holding) of an opinion that is indi- 
 cated, the inf. would according to K. be the construction to be 
 expected. But from Hdt.'s use of d7ro</>cui>co elsewhere, and from 
 the frequency with which the s. p. &v is omitted (G. 911; K. 
 483), it is probable that Hdt. would here have written eovra. 
 
 No instance of the inf. after airocfxiLvu is found in Hdt. 
 
 dTToxpdco: With s. p. 3 times. With inf. 7. The construc- 
 tions are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.43.4; 7.148.25; 7.196.10. With inf., in personal 
 construction, 3.138.10; 5.31.15. With inf., in impersonal con- 
 struction, 1.66.5; 1.102.4; 8.14.4; 8.130.16; 9.79.9; (total, 5). 
 GMT. 879; 899; cf. 901; cf. 903.7. K. 482.4; 482.5; cf. 484.22. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. makes specific mention of this verb as ever 
 used with the s. p. Its use, however, is closely akin to that of 
 dp/<eco with the s. p., (G. 899; K. 482.4). In 7.43.4 and 7.196.10, 
 . . airexpi](re . . .TTLVO^VOS, the meaning is "was sufficient for drink- 
 ing." The ptc. might however be considered as circumstantial 
 in these 2 passages. In 7.148.25, dXA' ojucos oxi awoxpo-v Kara TO 
 flUiav r)jeofjLevoi(n: "They would be content with the command 
 of half," the ptc. is clearly supplementary. In 3.138.10 and 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 15 
 
 5.31.15, ciTroxpaco with the inf. means "be sufficient (for doing 
 something)." In the 5 passages in which the verb is used im- 
 personally the meaning is "(to do something) is sufficient." It 
 will be noticed that this distinction of meaning holds also for 
 the use of dTroxpaco with a s. p. ; the verb being used impersonally 
 in 7.148.25, and in the personal construction in 7.43.4 and 
 7.196.10. The conclusion follows therefore that Hdt. uses 
 aTroxpaco with the s. p. and with the inf. without difference of 
 meaning ; but that the usual difference between the personal and the 
 impersonal construction of a verb is retained ; so that when aTroxpaco 
 is used impersonally with either the s. p. or the inf., the meaning of 
 the sentence is "to do something is sufficient"; whereas in the per- 
 sonal construction the meaning is "someone (or something) is 
 sufficient for doing something." K. makes a somewhat similar 
 distinction in the case of dp/ceco (484.2), but implies that the dif- 
 ference of meaning is due in part to the use of as. p., or of an 
 inf. 
 
 In 9.48.23 an inf. is probably to be understood (paxwOai), 
 with dTroxpav. The verb is used in the personal construction. 
 
 apxco: With s.- p., 7 times. With inf. 8. The constructions 
 are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 2.22.20; 3.49.10; 3.108.17; 4.51.3; 4.119.18; 5.51.10; 
 6.75.13; (total 7). With inf., 1.4.3; 1.95.9; 2.51.8; 2.93.22; 
 2.93.23; 5.28.2; 5.30.2; 8.51.2. G M T., 879; 903.4. K. 482.6; 
 484.27. 
 
 G. states (903.4) that apxoAiaiwith the s. p. means (1) "to be 
 first in something, (2) to begin with something, or (3) to be at 
 the beginning (not at the end) ; with the inf., to begin to do some- 
 thing." K.'s statement (484.27) is the same except that (1) is 
 omitted. 
 
 In Hdt. apxco with the s. p. means "be first in" in 2 passages, 
 3.49.10 and 4.119.18. It means "begin with something" in 
 5.51.13 and 6.75.14. It means "be at the beginning" in 2.22.20 
 and 4.51.3. With the inf. apxco means "begin to do" in 5 pas- 
 sages, 2.51.8; 2.93.23; 5.28.2; 5.30.2; 8.51.2. The constructions 
 so far mentioned are evidently in accord with the statements of 
 G. and K. But in 3.108.17 apxco meaning "begin to do" is fol- 
 lowed by the S. p.: eireav 6 VKVUVOS kv ry /njrpt ecbj> apxerat dcaKLveo- 
 And in 3 passages, 1.4.3; 1.95.9; 2.93.23, apxco meaning 
 
16 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 "be first in doing something" is followed by the inf. The gen- 
 eral principles suggested by G. and K. do not apply therefore in 
 the case of these 4 passages. 
 
 From an examination of all the passages in which Hdt. uses 
 this verb it appears that when apxu is followed by a s. p., the 
 verb apxw is emphatic; and when it is followed by an inf., the 
 infinitive has the emphasis. 
 
 do-xdXXco: With s. p. in 2 passages. The participles are not 
 in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 3.152.2; 9.117.2. G M T., 881; (cf. 823; 838; 882). 
 K. 482.3. 
 
 In each passage do-xdXXco means "be vexed," the ptc. denoting 
 the cause of the vexation. As G. states (882), the ptcs. with 
 this verb could be considered as circumstantial. 
 
 a4>LKveo/jLaL: With s. p., 2 times. The ptc. is not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 6.30.7; 9.55.6. [With circumstantial ptc., 4.91.6; 
 5.30.4; 8.117.3; 8.118.2; 8.140.2; 9.27.11; 9.52.9; 9.107.24; (total, 
 8)]. G M T. 895. K. 482.10. 
 
 G. does not include this verb (in 895) along with olxonai, T/KCO, 
 and others of similar meaning. K. mentions the use of a s. p. 
 with a^LKveofjiCLL as poetical (482.10). But in 6.30.7 and 9.55.6 the 
 ptc. seems definitely to "contain the leading idea of the expres- 
 sion," (G. 895) and properly to be classed as supplementary, 
 therefore. Of the 8 circumstantial ptcs. above referred to, those 
 in 4.91.6; 9.27.11; and 9.52.9 nearly approach supplementary 
 participles in sense. 
 
 d(/>opdco: With s. p. in 1 passage. The ptc. is not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.69.11. G M T. 884. K. 482.1. 
 
 The verb means simply "see" in the passage mentioned. 
 
 ax#oAuu: With s. p. in 1 passage. The ptc. is not in ind. 
 disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.98.2. G M T. 881; 882. K. 482.3. 
 
 In 9.98.2, fixQovTo cos eKirefavyoruv, "They were vexed at the 
 escape (of the barbarians)," the ptc. is classed by K. (482.3) as 
 sup. But, as he suggests, the ptc. may be considered as in the 
 gen. abs. construction. 
 
 7i7i>cocr/cw: With s. p., 8 times. With inf. 8. With on or cos 
 clause, 9. All constructions are those of ind. disc, except the 
 infinitives in 4 passages. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 17 
 
 With s. p., 1.97.3; 4.25.8; 4.45.3; 4.53.16; 4.111.7; 7.15.7; 
 8.4.6; 9.33.25; (total 8). With inf., 1.74.19; 1.78.11; 1.157.13; 
 4.110.9; 5.22.5; 6.85.4; 7.143.14; 9.71.13; (total 8). With on or 
 ws clause, 1.207.9; 4.136.1; 5.24.17; 6.69.28; 7.3.16; 7.194.12; 
 8.3.6; 9.47.7; 9.89.6; (total 9). [With ind. quest., 2.121./3.12; 
 4.45.1; 4.45.18; 4.127.12; (total 4).] G M T. 904, 912; 915.3. 
 K. 482.1; 484.5; 550. 
 
 G. states (915.3) that yiyvuaKu with the inf. means (1) "decide 
 or judge," the inf. being in ind. discourse; or (2) "determine or 
 resolve," (with the object inf.); or (3) "learn to," (with the 
 object inf.). K. states (484.5) that yiyvuaKu means "perceive" 
 or "know," with the s. p.; and "judge or determine," with the 
 inf. 
 
 With the s. p., 7t7J>co<7Kco in 7.15.7 means "perceive," in the 
 sense of "conclude." In 4 passages, 1.97.3; 4.111.7; 8.4.6; 
 9.33.25, it means "perceive" by an action of the senses. In 3 
 passages, 4.25.8; 4.45.3; 4.53.16, the meaning is "learn" or 
 "know," the knowledge having been imparted by some person 
 or obtained from an unspecified source. With the inf., ^WVUVK.U 
 in 1.74.19 and 1.157.13 means "determine" (to do something, or 
 that something be done), the infinitive being here the "object 
 infinitive." In 5 passages, 1.78.11; 5.22.5; 6.85.4; 7.143.14; 
 9.71.13, yt,yi>u<TKu with the inf. of ind. disc, means "decide' 1 
 (that something is true) , in the sense of making a formal or public 
 decision as opposed to "coming to a conclusion" only. These 
 5 infs. are in ind. disc. In 4.110.9 JLJVUVKU with the inf. means 
 "know how to." It is evident that the principles stated by G. 
 and by K. hold for all the passages in which Hdt. uses yiyvuvKu 
 with a s. p. or an inf. 
 
 With a OTL or obs clause jiyvuvKw means "perceive" (with the 
 senses) in one passage, 4.136.1; "perceive," (mentally) in six, 
 6.69.28; 7.3.16; 7.194.12; 8.3.6; 9.47.7; 9.89.6; and "know" or 
 "learn" in two, 1.207.9 and 5.24.17. Hdt. therefore expresses 
 by means of a OTL or d>s clause those ideas which he expresses 
 with the s. p., but not those which he expresses by the use of 
 the inf. Whether a s. p. or a clause should follow To^oxr/ao seems 
 to have been only a matter of choice. It may be noted however 
 that the present ptc. is used after yLjvuaKu in 7 of the 8 passages 
 in which the s. p. is employed. Whereas a present tense of the 
 
18 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 optative or the indicative is found in only 3 of the 9 passages in 
 which these moods follow yiyvuvKu. It may also be noted that a 
 ptc. of 7i7*>cb<7Kco is followed by a s. p. in only 3 of the 8 passages 
 in which the s. p. occurs. But in 7 of the 9 passages in which 
 cm or cos with a finite mood occurs it is a ptc. of 717^600-^00 that 
 is followed by this "construction. A desire to obtain variety and 
 to prevent possible ambiguity may therefore have determined to 
 some extent the choice of the author. 
 
 7pd<co: With s. p. in 1 passage. The ptc. is not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 4.36.7. G M T. 883. K. 482.2. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. includes this verb specifically in the list of 
 those verbs followed by a s. p. But Hdt. uses 7pd<co in the sense 
 of "represent" in the passage cited, with a ptc. that may as 
 properly be classed as sup. as the ptc. eXdovra after e-jrolrjcrev in 
 Plat. vSymp. 174.C, quoted by both G. and K. Hdt. 4.36.7, 01 
 'Qtteavbv re peovra ypa^ovcn irepit; rrjv yrjv: "Who represent the 
 ocean as flowing about the land." 
 
 dexoiJiaL: With s. p. in 2 passages. The ptcs. are not in ind. 
 disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.28.7; 9.25.2. G M T. 880. K. 482.5. 
 
 The verb is not mentioned by G. or K. as one followed by a 
 s. p. But in both passages cited Hdt. uses Sexo/zcu in the sense 
 of "await (the attack of)"; while the ptc. "completes the idea 
 expressed by the verb, by stating that to which its action re- 
 lates," (G M T. 877). The ptc. may therefore properly be 
 classed as sup., like the ptc. in Iliad 13.38, "0<f>pa ptvoitv voarrjaovTa 
 avaKTCL. Hdt. 9.25.2, ot de "EXXi^es cos ri]V ITTTVOV ede^avro 
 7rpoa(3a\\ov(ra.v, "When the Greeks had withstood the attack of 
 the cavalry." Similarly in 8.28.7, edeKovro rous QeaaaXovs ecr/3dX- 
 
 \OVTCLS. 
 
 dr)\6s (ct/xt etc.): With s. p. in 1 passage. With cm or cos 
 clause in 8. The constructions are those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., dfi\ov . .Troieo), 6.21.8. With on or cos clause: 
 677X01 eun, 2.61.8; drj\a yiyverai, 2.146.13; drjXov (eon), 7.137.14; 
 6r}Xd tan, 1.4.9; 1.207.17; 3.38.2; 3.83.5; ^Xa Troteco, 2.102.19. 
 G M T. 907; 912. K. 482.2; 550. 
 
 There is no apparent difference of meaning dependent upon 
 the difference in the constructions in 2.102.19, 5ij\a jSouX6//e^os 
 cos elrjaav ava\KLdes, and 6.21.8, 'Adrjvaloi juei> yap drj\ov 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 19 
 
 iroir](Tai> VTrepaxdeadevres rr\ MtX^rou dXcocri rrj re a\\rj . . . ,' the sense 
 in each case being "make clear that." 
 
 <5r7X6to: With s. p. 4 times. With on or cbs clause, 10. The 
 constructions arc those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p. 2.4.15; 2.5.11; 2.44:19; 4.42.5. With on or cbs 
 clause, 1.57.17; 2.9.8; 2.116.5; 2.116.24; 2.117.2; 2.149.9; 3.82.23; 
 4.118.21; 5.78.1; 5.78.6; (total 10). G M T. 904; 912; 915.5. K. 
 482.2; 484.15; 550. 
 
 K. states (484.15,) while distinguishing between the use of 
 677X60; with a s. p. and with the inf., that 677X60; with the s. p. 
 means ".to demonstrate as a fact"; and with the inf., "to express 
 as an opinion, to say, or to indicate." Hdt. does not use an inf. 
 with 677X60?. But K.'s statement holds for each of the 4 pas- 
 sages in which a s. p. follows this verb, a fact being stated in 
 each instance. Of the 10 passages in which a on or cbs clause 
 occurs with 677X60), a statement of a fact is found in all except 
 3. In 2.117.2; 3.82.23; 5.78.1, the clause may be regarded as 
 containing the expression of an opinion. As in the case of other 
 verbs, therefore, a on or cos clause after 677X60) may express the 
 same idea as either the s. p. or the inf. of ind. disc. 
 
 610170): With s. p. in one passage. The s. p. is not in ind. 
 disc. 
 
 With s. p. 1.94.12. G M T. 879. K. 482.15. 
 
 K. (482. 15. c) mentions this verb as sometimes followed by a 
 s. p. In 1.94.12 the ptc. could be taken as circumstantial, with 
 either (3iov or (nTob^v understood as the object of biayeiv. But 
 it is better taken as sup., biayew then having the meaning "con- 
 tinue." 1.94.12, /cat rous Au6oi>s recos jj,tv diayeuv XiTrapeo^ras . . . , 
 "continued to hold out." 
 
 diadeiKw/jLi: With s. p. 2 times. With cbs clause 2. The 
 constructions are those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 3.72.27; 8.118.15. With cbs clause, 1.31.17; 
 9.58.10. G M T. 904; 912; 915.4. K. 482.4; 484.15; 550. 
 
 In both passages in which a s. p. is used, a fact is demon- 
 strated. This is in accord with K.'s statement, (484.15; see 
 under d7ro6ei/o>u/u). In those passages in which a clause follows 
 6ia6e LKW/JLL the clause likewise contains what may be considered 
 as the expression of a fact. In all instances the meaning of the 
 verb is "show." In 3.82.15 an ind. quest, follows 6ia6eucz>u/u. 
 
20 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 <5tareXeco: With s. p. 15 times; not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.32.47; 1.196.30; 2.19.12; 2.22.12; 2.113.12; 
 3.83.14; 4.28.9; 4.162.2; 5.86.16; 6.42.10; 6.117.9; 7.111.3; 7.153.9; 
 7.26.28; 9.73.14; (total 15). G M T. 879. K. 482.15. 
 
 The meaning of StareXeco is "continue" in each of the pas- 
 sages. In 11, the s. p. is the present ptc. of ei^u; and in the re- 
 maining 4, the present ptc. of ex<^. 
 
 <5teet,tu: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.116.21. G M T. 879; cf. 845. K. 482.15. 
 
 This verb is not mentioned by either G. or K. as followed by 
 a s. p. But in 1.116.21; apxbiJievos 5e air' apx^s die^rjie rfi aXrjdelrj 
 Xpco/zez>os , if xptupwos be taken closely with Ste^te in the 
 sense "he held consistently to the truth," the ptc. is to be re- 
 garded as sup. This is evidently the meaning of the passage. 
 ' If however TOV \6yov be understood as object of 5te^te, the ptc. 
 must be considered as circumstantial. (But see on 6teepxo;uai, 
 following.) 
 
 6teepxoMcu : With s. p. 5 times, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.196.16; 4.172.13; 5.92.7.18; 7.18.5; 8.98.11; (total 
 5). (With s. p. understood, 3.11.10.) G M T., 879; cf. 843 and 
 845. K. 482.6; 482.15. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. mentions the use of a s. p. with Sieepxo,ucu. 
 Apparently, however, the ptcs. as used by Hdt. with this verb 
 are to be classed as sup. With a ptc. following, 6teepxojucu means 
 either (1) "go through with (some action)," i. e., "finish (doing 
 something)"; or (2) "do (something a number of times) in suc- 
 cession." The first meaning occurs in 1.196.16; 3.11.10; and 
 7.18.5. Thus, e. g., 1.196.16, cos yap 5r) <5teeX0ot 6 Krjpvt; 
 ras eueiSeorrdras . . . , "when the herald has finished selling 
 In 3.11.10 a ptc. cr^d^res is to be understood with 
 (so Stein, loc. cit.) and the meaning is, "having finished slaying." 
 The second meaning is found in 4.172.13; 5.92.7.18; and 8.98.11. 
 Thus, in 8.98.11, TO 6e evOevrev 77677 /car' aXXoy 5ieepxercu 7rapa5i<56p;ej'a 1 
 the sense is, "The message is given successively from each 
 courier to the next." In each of the 6 passages cited, the ptc. 
 distinctly "completes the idea expressed by the verb" (G M T. 
 877), rather than "defines the circumstances under which the 
 action takes place" (G M T. 832), and may properly therefore be 
 classed as supplementary. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 21 
 
 etyiu: With s. p. in 4 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.122.11; 4.82.8; 5.62.4; 9.34.9. G M T. 895. 
 K. 482.10. 
 
 The imperfect of eZ/u is followed by the present ptc. in 1.122.11, 
 and in the other passages by the future ptc. In each instance 
 the ptc. contains the leading idea of the expression. 
 
 eK/jiavdavu: With s. p. in 1 passage. With on or cos clause 
 in 3. The constructions are those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 5.91.2. With on or cos clause, 3.119.6; 3.134.8; 
 9.7.0.3. G M T. 904; 912. K. 482.1; 484.9; 550. 
 
 In each passage the meaning of eK/jLavOavu is "to learn (a 
 fact) . ' ' There appears to be no difference of meaning correspond- 
 ing to the difference between the two constructions. In 9.7.0.3 
 the on clause is explanatory of ^povrjua, and could not have been 
 replaced by a ptc.: entire e^e/jLadrjre TO fj/JLerepov </>p6^yua (7a</>ecos, 
 on ov8afj,a irpodwaopev rrfv 'EXXdda, .... 
 
 K0a'co: With a s. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 3.71.11. G M T. 904. K. 482.2. 
 
 In the passage cited, eK^aLvco has the usual meaning "show 
 forth," and is followed by the reflexive, 
 
 eXu>uco: With s. p. in 1 passage, possibly 2; not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.71.15. G M T. 879. K. 482.6. 
 
 Hdt. uses eXu/uco in 8.71.15 in the sense of Trauo/zcu: /cat e\lwov 
 ovbeva. xpovov oi (Soydrjo-avres epya^o^evoi, "Did not cease from 
 the work." 
 
 In Hdt. 1.67.27, eXiz/uco occurs in conjunction with the ptc. 
 bio.TreiJ.Tro^evovs, but the ptc. is there probably to be taken as circum- 
 stantial rather than as sup., although K. (482.6) evidently con- 
 siders it as sup. 
 
 evopau: With s. p. in 4 passages, in ind. disc. 
 
 W^ith s. p., 1.123.4; 1.170.10; 5.36.12; 8.140.0.5. G M T. 
 904. K. 482.1. 
 
 In each of the 4 passages the s. p. is the future of the verb 
 t/u. In these passages evopaco seems to be equivalent to the 
 simple verb opdco in meaning. The ace. of the s. p. follows evopaw 
 in the first three instances; but in 8.140.0.5 the effect of the 
 preposition in composition with the verb is seen in the use of the 
 dative of the S. p. : 8.140.0.5, evopeu jap v/jilv OVK o'toicri re 
 rbv Travra xpovov iro\e^'eeLV Eep^r/. 
 
22 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 tvrvyxa.vu: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 4.140.15. G M T. 883. K. 482.1. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb as followed by a s. p. 
 But in the passage referred to the ptc. is clearly sup.: 4.140.15, 
 XeXujuei^s rrjs ye(f>vpr]s evTvxbvres, "Finding the bridge broken 
 away." 
 
 ea77eXXco: With inf. in 1 passage. W T ith on clause in 1. 
 The constructions are those of ind. disc. 
 
 With inf., 5.105.2. With on clause, 5.33.13. G M T. 904; 
 912; 914.3. K. 482.2; 484.17; 550. 
 
 In 5.105.2, Aapetco cos e%ayye\dr] 2dp<5is dXoixras e/jLireirpriaOai, 
 "When it was announced to Darius that Sardis had been taken 
 and burned," the announcement seems to have come as a rumor. 
 The principle stated by K. (see under d77eXXco) applies therefore 
 to this use of the inf. The announcement recorded in 5.33.13 
 was stated directly as a -fact. (In 5.92./3.15, TCLVTCL xp^Qkvra.. . 
 ea77eXXerat, "This response, after having been given to Ection, 
 was reported to. . .," the ptc. is to be taken as circumstantial.) 
 
 ee7ru7rajuai: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1. With 
 ws clause in 3. With the exception of the inf. the constructions 
 are those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.190.8. With inf., 7.211.10. With-cbs clause, 
 3.146.8; 6.86.a.24; 7.39.7. G M T. 904; 912; 915. 2.a. K. 482.1; 
 484.7; 550. 
 
 With the s. p. in 1.190.8 and with the cos clauses ee7rioraju<u 
 means "know" (a fact). With the inf. in 7.211.10 the verb 
 means "know how to." These constructions are in accord with 
 the statements of both G. and K. (loc. cit.). In 7.135.17 e&iri- 
 crrajucu takes an articular inf. as its object: TO nev yap dov\os dvai 
 ee7rio-recu, "You know what it is to be a slave." The force of 
 this construction is evidently very different from that with the 
 simple infinitive. 
 
 e7ra77eXXco: With s. p. 3 times, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 2.12U-4; 6.139.9; 7.27.4. G M T. 904; 912; 
 914.3. K. 482.2; 484.17; 550. 
 
 In each of the 3 passages a message is announced as a fact. 
 This usage of the ptc. is in accord with K.'s statement, (484.17; 
 see on d77eXXco). 
 
 errcuVros ylyvo^oa: With s. p. in 3 passages, in ind. disc. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 23 
 
 With s. p., 2.119.10; 6.74.1; 8.128.9. G M T. 907. K. 482.2. 
 
 In each passage the phrase means " become known." In 3 
 other passages a s. p. may be understood: 3.15.17; 7.146.5; 
 8.128.21. The phrase, with a s. p. following, is probably peculiar 
 to Hdt. 
 
 eTi-cuo-xi'j'Ojucu : With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.90.21. G M T. 881; 903.1. K. 482.3; 484.21. 
 
 In 1.90.21, eiraLaxvveTCLL with the s. p. means "be ashamed of 
 (having incited)," i. e., feel shame at something actually done. 
 This usage is therefore in accord with the statements of both G. 
 and K., (G M T. 903.1; K. 484.21; see on aLax^o^ai). 
 
 tTreiyu: With s. p. in 2 passages. With inf. in 1. The con- 
 structions are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.68.0.3; 9.89.13. With inf., 8.68.7.!. G M T. 
 896; cf. 895. K. 482.8; 484.30. 
 
 G. attempts no distinction of meaning between the use of 
 with the s. p. and with the inf. K. states (484.30) that 
 with the s. p. means "hasten in the execution of an 
 act"; and with the inf., "hasten to do something." But in both 
 Hdt. S.68./3.3, r\v y.tv ^ eweLxOfis vav^ax'^v Troieu/zej'os, and 
 8.68.7.1, r}v <5e avTLKa tirtLxOicis vavnaxwaL, the idea is, "Shall a 
 naval battle be fought at all." In the former passage, therefore, 
 eirelycc with the ptc. means "hasten to do," and not "hasten in 
 the doing" as K. would have it. An examination of the whole 
 chapter shows that it is not a question of the speed that shall be 
 used in making preparations for a naval battle ; but that Artemisia 
 is advising Xerxes not to engage at all in battle on the sea with 
 the Greeks. The meaning of tireiyu is apparently exactly the 
 same in the two passages, although followed by a ptc. in the 
 former and by an inf. in the latter. In 9.89.13 the future of a 
 s. p., follows this verb, eirelyoiJLat,. . e\uv es Qprjl^v. Here ap- 
 parently the "march to Thrace" is to be considered as a unit, 
 and the meaning is then, "I am hastening 'to get to Thrace'." 
 If this interpretation is correct, eTreiyco with the ptc. again means 
 "hasten to do something" contrary to the statement of K. 
 The fact that the ptc. is fut. in this passage makes it hardly pos- 
 sible to translate "hastening 'in my march'." (Stein, in his note 
 on the passage, places this construction in the same category as 
 the fut. ptc. with et/u and similar verbs.) 
 
24 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 With s. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.30.7. G M T. 904; 915.4. K. 482.2; 484.15; 
 550. 
 
 In 1.30.7, Hdt. uses eTrLdelKw/ju, with the s. p. in the sense 
 "demonstrate a fact": 26Xco^a depairovres irtpiyyov /card rot's 
 Grjcravpovs K.O.L eiredeiKwaav TVO.VTCL eovra /j.eja\a re KCU 6X/3ta, "Showed 
 that all was abundant and costly." K.'s distinction holds there- 
 fore for the use of this verb by Hdt., (484.15; see on- tfyXoco). 
 The ptc. in the passage cited could be considered as circ., but it 
 is better taken as sup. (So L. & S.) 
 
 e-TriKrjTTTos ei/u: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 3.69.15. G M T., 883. K. 482.1. 
 
 The phrase is used in the sense of "be detected (in an action)" : 
 3.69.15, el. . .e-rrtXajUTrros a^aaaovaa ecrrcu, "If she shall be caught 
 touching." 
 
 eTTurra/zcu: With s. p. 10 times. With inf., 23. With on or 
 cos clause, 22. All the constructions except 8 of the infinitives 
 are in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.32.6; 1.91.12; 1.110.2; 3.67.1; 5.36.13; 5.42.4; 
 7.9.a.2; 8.136.14; 8.144.18; 9.108.6; (total 10). With inf., in ind. 
 disc., 1.122.4; 3.66.10; 3.108.3; 3.134.10; 3.139.19; 5.73.5; 5.74.1; 
 6.139.17; 7.172.13; 8.5.15; 8.25.5; 8.88.8; 8.132.15; 9.27.3; 9.94.10; 
 (total 15). With inf., not in ind. disc., 2.16.4; 3.113.7; 6.44.18; 
 7.135.9; 7.211.10; 8.89.5; 8.89.8; 8.129.8; (total 8). With on or 
 cbs clause, 1.3.4; 1.96.10; 1.122.8; 2.152.8; 2.173.11; 3.1.15; 3.40.7; 
 3.71.5; 5.92.6.7; 6.13.9; 7.11.11; 7.18.8; 7.104.2; 7.150.17; 7.161.8; 
 7.218.15; 8.10.11; 8.97.11; 8.141.9; 8.142.24; 8.143.3; 9.7. a.9; 
 (total 22). G M T. 904; 912; 915.2 (a) and (b); 916. K. 482.1; 
 484.7; 550. 
 
 G. says (915.2) that eTrto-ra/zat takes the inf. in the sense of 
 "know how (to do something)"; and that it sometimes takes the 
 inf. of ind. disc, in the sense of "know or believe. " as it takes the 
 s. p. K. states that eTricrra/zcu with the s. p. means "know (a 
 fact)"; and with the inf., "understand how to (do something)"; 
 also, that with the inf. it may mean "believe firmly, have a con- 
 viction," (484.7). 
 
 In Hdt., eTrto-ra^ai is followed by the s. p., in the sense of 
 "know," in 5 passages, 1.32.6; 1.191.12; 1.110.2; 5.36.13; 7.9.a.2. 
 With the meaning "know how" it takes the inf. not in ind. disc. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 25 
 
 in 8, (see supra, paragraph 2). With the' meaning "firmly be- 
 lieve" it takes the inf. in 4 passages, 3.134.10; 5.73.5; 7.172.13; 
 9.94.10. Thus far all the constructions are in accord with the 
 statements of both G. and K. But eTrto-ra/xat meaning "firmly 
 believe" is followed 4 times by the ptc., in 5.42.4; 8.136.14; 
 8.144.18; 9.108.6. With the meaning "believe," simply, it is fol- 
 lowed by the s. p. in 1 passage, 3.67.1; and by the inf. in 9 pas- 
 sages, 1.122.4; 3.66.10; 3.139.19; 5.74.1; 6.139.17; 8.5.15; 8.25.5; 
 8.88,8; 8.132.15. With the meaning "know" it is followed in 2 
 instances by the inf., in 3.108.3; 9.27.3. In the constructions 
 contained in the last 16 passages mentioned, there is therefore a 
 greater or less variation from the principles of usage stated by 
 K. The statements of G. are sufficiently general to hold for all 
 the passages in which the verb is used by Hdt. 
 
 With a on or cbs clause eTrtcrrajucu means "know" in 9 passages, 
 1.96.10; 2.152.8; 3.1.15; 3.40.7; 3.71.5; 7.18.8; 8.141.9; 8.142.24; 
 <S. 143.3. It means "believe," simply, in 6, 1.3.4; 1.122.8; 5.92.6.7; 
 7.218.15; 8.10.11; 8.97.11. It has the meaning "firmly believe" 
 in 7, 2.173.11; 6.13.9; 7.11.11; 7.104.2; 7.150.17; 7.161.8; 9.7. a.9. 
 It is apparent that a finite clause may follow eTrto-ra^at with the 
 same meanings as those expressed by the use of the inf. or the 
 participial construction. 
 
 kiriTpeirrkov ear 1: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.58.21. G M T. 879. K. 482.5; 484.25. 
 
 Hdt. uses this phrase with a s. p. in the sense of "permit": 
 9.58.21, vvv 5e tKeivoLcri TCLVTO. iroitvai OVK kiriTptTrrea eari, "They 
 must not be permitted to do this." The verb eTrirpeTrco, with 
 this meaning, usually takes an inf., (K. 484.25) but it is not so 
 used by Hdt. 
 
 eTTLTvyxwu'- With s. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.101.19; 8.103.2. G M T. 887; 888. K. 482.15. 
 
 In both passages this verb with the s. p. has the same mean- 
 ing as the simple verb rvyx^co with a s. p., "happen." 
 
 pu/co>: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 5.15.5. G M T., 880. K. 482.5. 
 
 The verb is used, like ctTro/cpoixo, in the sense of "check, or 
 repel (the attack of)." The ptc: used with this verb appears to 
 admit of classification as sup.: 5.15.5, oi ntv 8r) HaLoves r^aav 
 ZTOL/JLOL rov Meyafia^ov arparov eiribvra. epvKeiv, "Were ready to 
 
26 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 check the onset of the army." (Cf. the use of the ptc. after 
 
 in II. 13.38, quoted under dexo/j-aL, and classed as sup. by G.. 880.) 
 
 epxoMcu: With s. p. in 13 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.5.11; 1.194.2; 2.11.3; 2.11.11; 2.35.1; 2.40.5; 
 2.99.3; 3.6.2; 3.80.25; 4.99.5; 6.109.20; 7.49.13; 7.102.10; (total 
 13). GMT. 895. K. 482.10. 
 
 In each of the 13 passages above mentioned the s. p. with 
 epxojucu ''contains the leading idea of the expression." 
 
 In 4 passages, 1.159.3; 5.98.20; 8.135.2; 8.140.0.7, a circ. ptc. 
 is used with this verb, in a sense somewhat similar to that in 
 which the s. p. is used. In each of the 4 passages, however, the 
 emphasis is upon the verb rather than upon the ptc. ; the action 
 expressed by the verb is, or would be, complete without the ptc. ; 
 and the verb epxojuat is used in a literal, local sense. With the 
 s. p., on the other hand, epxo/iat has the meaning "I am going 
 to." i. e., "am about to." It may be noticed further that the 
 s. p. with this verb is in the future tense in each instance, whereas 
 the circ. ptcs. are all present. But this distinction of tense is 
 not vital. 
 
 eupttmo: With s. p., 45. With inf., 5. Of these construc- 
 tions, 23 ptcs. and 4 infs. are in ind. disc., 22 ptcs. and 1 inf. not. 
 
 Withs. p. in ind. disc., 1.5.2; 1.46.17; 1.56.6; 1.68.18; 1.107.11; 
 1.137.6; 1.137.10; 1.139.6; 1.157.7; 2.2.26; 2.31.3; 2.44.9; 2.50.4; 
 3.40.14; 3.95.5; 5.102.7; 6.125.14; 7.8.a.l4; 7.10.6.6; 7.15.15; 
 7.28.8; 7.46.20; 7.194.10; (total 23). With s. p. not in ind. disc., 
 1.124.2; 2.69.9; 3.15.2; 3.35.11; 3.42.14; 3.62.3; 3.112.4; 3.137.3; 
 4.1.13; 4.76.7; 4.113.13; 4.122.2; 5.29.11; 7.114.4; 8.40.8; 8.40.10; 
 8.51.7; 8.117.5; 9.48.16; 9,106.26; 9.114.4; 9.114.5; (total 22). 
 With inf., ind. disc., 1.79.4; 1.125.3; 5.24.5; 7.12.3; (total, 4). 
 With inf., hot in ind. disc., 9.28.15. G M T. 883; 904; 915.6. 
 K. 482.1; 484.16. 
 
 G. makes no distinction of meaning between the use of the 
 s. p. and that of the inf. of ind. disc, after cupicr/ao. He mentions 
 the use of the object inf. after the middle of eupi<7/cco in the sense 
 of "discover how (to do something)." Further he states that 
 cupuTKo/zcu in the sense "procure by asking" may be followed by 
 the object inf., (915.6). K. states (484.16) that evplaKu with the 
 ptc. means ' ' find' ' ; with the inf. , ' ' find, = judge. ' ' He mentions also 
 the use of evp to-Ko/zcu with the inf. in the sense of ' ' obtain (a request) . ' ' 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 27 
 
 In Hdt., eupicr/oo with the s. ps. not in ind. disc., and with all 
 except 7 of those in ind. disc., means "find," simply. With the 
 inf. in 9.28.15, eiipio-Ko/zcu means "obtain (by asking)." With the 
 4 infs. in ind. disc. evpivKu means "conclude," or "judge." It 
 has this meaning also with 7 of the s. ps. in ind. disc., 1.5.2; 
 1.68.18; 1.137.6; 3.40.14; 7.8.a.l4; 7.15.15; 7.194.10. It is evi- 
 dent that in general the principles stated by G. and by K. hold 
 for Hdt.'s use of evpiaKu. But although G. does not distinguish 
 between the inf. and the s. p. of ind. disc., there appears to be 
 usually a difference of meaning such as K. suggests. On the 
 other hand, the distinction suggested by K., while holding for the 
 infs., does not hold for the s. ps. in 7 of the passages in which this 
 construction occurs. Hdt. does not use eupumo meaning "find" in 
 the simplest sense with the inf. of ind. disc. But after evpiaKu 
 meaning "come to a conclusion" he seems to use either the s. p. 
 or the inf. indifferently. 
 
 It will be observed that the classification of ptcs. after eupi<mo 
 as "in ind. disc." and "not in ind. disc." is only approximately 
 correct. (Cf. GMT. 883.) Of the 23 placed in the former 
 class, one, 6.125.14, could be considered as not in indirect disc. 
 And of the 22 placed in the latter class, 7 could be considered as in 
 ind. disc., 3.15. 2; 3.35. 11; 4.113.13; 4.122. 2; 5. 29.11; 7. 114.4; 8.117.5. 
 
 In 1.44.10 and 5.29.9 a s. p. is to be understood with cupicmo. 
 ( In 3 passages, 2.44.15; 6.118.5; 9.80.4, the object of ei>pi07oo is 
 modified by a ptc. that is to be taken as attributive.) 
 
 e<j>6vpL(7Ku: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.109.14. G M T. 883. K: 482.1. 
 
 In the passage mentioned tfavpLcrKu with the ptc. means 
 "find" or "detect." This is in accord with the statements of 
 both G. and K. 
 
 e^opdco: With s. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.10.8; 1.110.18. G M T. 884. K. 482.1. 
 
 The verb means "catch sight of" in 1.10.8, and "look upon" 
 in 1.110.18. 
 
 ex& ad^v: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.39.13. G M T. 881. K. 482.4. 
 
 In 9.39.13 this phrase is used with a s. p. in the sense of "be 
 satisfied with," or "have enough of": cos 5e adrjv elxov KreLvovres, 
 "When they had enough of slaughter." 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 : With s. p. 8 times, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.56.2; 2.68.26; 3.21.6; 3.32.8; 3.34.23; 8.10.13; 
 9.42.19; 9.46.20; (total 8). G M T. 881; 900. K. 482.3; 423.18.g; 
 550. 
 
 In all the passages except 8.10.13 and 9.46.20 the participle 
 completes the idea expressed by ^bo^ai by denoting the cause of 
 the pleasure felt. In the two passages referred to, the ptc. is in 
 agreement with a dative dependent upon ei/u and ylyvo^ai re- 
 spectively: 8.10.13, oaoLaL 5e Kal fjdo/JievoLai, f/v TO yivb{j.evov, "As 
 many as were pleased by what was taking place." 9.46.20, KCU 
 ydo/jLevoiaL rjiJilv ol \6yoL jeyovaac, "We are pleased with the pro- 
 posal." In these passages the cause of the pleasure is denoted 
 by the subject of the sentence. 
 
 riKu: With s. p. 4 times, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 6.23.15; 6.108.35; 7.141.9; 8.80.7. G M T. 895. 
 K. 482.10. 
 
 In the 4 passages mentioned the ptc. may be taken to "con- 
 tain the leading idea of the expression," (G M T. 895). But the 
 exact relative importance of the ptc. and the verb is impossible 
 to determine, and the classification of the ptcs. in these passages 
 as sup. is far from final. Of the 4 participles, those in 7.141.9 
 and 8.80.7 may quite certainly be taken as sup., owing to the 
 importance -of the idea expressed by the ptc. : 7. 141.9, aldeadels rds 
 iKtrripLas raade rets rot riKo^ev (frepovres, "Respect the supplicatory 
 branches which we 'have brought with us'." 8.80.7, av 8e ewel 
 irep iJKeLs XPWTO- cnrayyeXXwv, "Since you have brought good news." 
 
 In 2 other passages, 7.57.6; 8.140.4, T/KW is followed by a 
 ptc. But in each case the ptc. is clearly circumstantial. 
 
 0au/zd^co: With s. p. in 2 passages. Not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 5.92.77.29; 9.53.11. G M T. 881. K. 482.2. 
 
 In 5.92.r/.29 the s. p. agrees with the object of flaujudfto; in 
 9.53.11, with the subject. In each instance the s. p. denotes the 
 cause of the surprise felt. 
 
 In 1.155.10, 6avjjia.u is followed by an d clause which con- 
 tains not a true supposition but a statement of fact, and is there- 
 fore equivalent to a clause introduced by on. The thought 
 could have equally well been expressed by the use of a s. p.: 
 1.155.10, dufjLcifa el /-tot dTreo-rdcrt, "I am surprised at their re- 
 volting." 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 29 
 
 Hdt. does not use the inf. with this verb, although an inf. is 
 sometimes found in Attic Greek. 
 
 fledojucu: With s. p. 4 times, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1. 10.5 ; 1.68.4; 7.56. 1 ; 8.69. 13. G M T. 884. K. 482. 1. 
 
 In each of the 4 passages 0edotat is used with a s. p. in the 
 sense of "look upon, watch." 
 
 In 1.8.13 and 1.8.15 the s. p. eovaav is to be understood. 
 
 IKO.VOS ei/u: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1 (prob- 
 ably more). The constructions are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.161.9. With inf., 3.45.14. G M T. 889. K. 
 482.4; 484.22. 
 
 With a s. p. LKCLVOS means "sufficient"; with an inf., "able." 
 The use of this word with a ptc. is not a common construction. 
 
 Hdt., 7.161.9, tTU(TTa(jievoL(TL cos 6 AO.KUV LKCLVOS TOL e/ueXXe taeudai 
 /ecu virep dju</>orepa;f> cnroKoyevfJievos, "Would be sufficient to speak 
 in behalf of us both." 
 
 The construction with an infinitive is a common one, and it 
 is probable that other instances exist of its occurrence in Hdt. 
 besides in the passage mentioned. 
 
 KaOriyeo/jia.!,: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.8. a.2. G M T. 879. K. 482.6. 
 
 In Hdt. 7. 8. a. 2, Kadrjyeo/jiaL with the s. p. is used in the sense "be 
 first (to do something)": our' auros KaT?77?7<70jU(u vb^ov rovde kv 
 VIJLLV rifleis, "I shall not be the first to introduce this custom 
 among you." 
 
 In 7.183.14, ro 5e ep/jia. cr(f>L KCLTrjyrjaaTO ebv tv iropco judXiora 
 IldjUjUGoi' 2/cupios, the ptc. ebv is probably to be taken as circum- 
 stantial, and the sentence to be translated, "Pammon the Scyrian 
 pointed out the rock to them, which was almost in their course." 
 If, however, KaO^ykoiJLa.1 may be followed by a ptc. in ind. disc., 
 the ptc. in this passage may be considered as sup., and the sen- 
 tence be taken to mean: "Pammon pointed out to them 'that 
 the rock was' almost in their course." The earlier meaning 
 seems however to be the correct one. 
 
 Kadopau: With s. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7,8.7-7; 9.59.5. G M T. 884. K. 482.1. 
 
 Hdt. uses Kadopaco with a s. p. in 7.8.7.7 in the sense "look 
 down upon"; in 9.59.5, in the sense "catch sight of," "see," 
 (= opdw, nearly). 
 
30 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 KO.IJIVU: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 3.16.8. G M T. 881. K. 482.5. 
 
 The verb KCL^VCO is not used with an inf. as is airoKa/ju>u occa- 
 sionally. With the s. p. KO.JJLVCO means "be weary (of doing some- 
 thing)." Thus, in 3.16.8, ravra eKa/mov TroLevvres, "They were 
 weary of doing this." 
 
 KCLTapaivu: With s. p. in 4 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.90.15; 1.116.22; 1.118.5; 9.94.5. G M T. 879; 
 895. K. 482.6; 482.10. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb as one followed by a 
 s. p. Nor is there, in the classification made by either, a division 
 in which a verb with the meaning of KaTa(3aLvu definitely belongs. 
 Yet in the 4 passages mentioned the ptc. after Kara^aLvco is clearly 
 sup. With the s. p. Karafiaivu means "come to do," or "end by 
 doing." In each passage the s. p. is a verb of "saying." E. g., 
 1.118.5, KaTefiaive \eyuv ws TrepLeari re 6 irals, "He ended by say- 
 ing that the child was alive." 
 
 KaradelKvu/jiL: With s. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. With inf. 
 in 1 passage, not in ind. disc.- 
 
 With s. p., 7.215.9. With inf., 1.171.14. G M T. 904; 915.4. 
 K. 482.2; 484.15. 
 
 With the s. p. in 7.215.9, KaraSet/o'u/u means "prove (a fact)," 
 (cf. L. & S.): KarededeKTo eovaa ovdev XP^O""?, "It had been 
 proved to be of no value." 
 
 With the inf. in 1.171.14 the verb means "show how (to do 
 something) . ' ' 
 
 Both usages are in accord with the statements of G. and of 
 K., (I.e. supra; cf. also under cnrodeiKvviJLL). 
 
 In 4.42.8, a s. p. is to be understood with Karabk^avros. 
 
 KaraAa;u/3dKo : With s. p. in 9 passages. With inf. in 16. The 
 constructions are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.46.7; 3.10.3; 3.128.3; 7.146.10; 7.146.11; 7.230.4; 
 8.6.9; 8.114.7; 9.56.2; (total 9). With inf., 2.152.7; 2.152.16; 
 2.162.3; 3.65.3; 3.75.11; 3.118.2; 3.149. 4; 4.33.20; 4.105.3; 6.38.8; 
 6.103.4; 6.103.12; 7.155.3; 8.55.6; 9.75.5; 9.105.4; (total 16).- 
 G M T. 879; 883. K. 482.1; 473.4. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. specifically mentions this verb as followed 
 by both the s. p. and the inf., nor makes a distinction between 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 31 
 
 the meaning of the two constructions. (Each construction is, 
 however, mentioned, though separately.) 
 
 In Hdt., with the s. p. in 1.46.7 and 3.128.3, KaTaXanpavu means 
 "check," or "stop." It is not mentioned as ever having this 
 meaning with the s. p., by G. or K. In 3. 10.3; 7.146.10; 7.146.11; 
 and 7.230.4, with the s. p., it means "find." In 8.6.9; 8.114.7; 
 and 9.56.2, with the s. p., the meaning is again "find," but rather 
 in the sense of "come upon"; so that the ptc. here approaches 
 the circ. ptc. in use, though it may still be classed as sup. (In 
 4.11.19; 6.29.9; 9.119.5, and perhaps in a few other -passages, the 
 ptc. is clearly circ.) With the inf. in 2.162.3, /caraXa^d^co means 
 "prevent." The difference of meaning between its use with the 
 inf. in this passage, and its use with the s. p. in 1.46.7 and 3.128.3 
 (cf. supra), is therefore similar to that suggested by G. (903.5) 
 aid K. (484.28) for TTCIIKO with the inf. and the ptc. respectively. 
 In 12 passages, KaraXa/jL^ava) with the inf. is used impersonally 
 with the meaning "it happened (that)," or "it befell (someone 
 to)": 2.152.7; 2.152.16; 3.118.2; 4.33.20; 4.105.3; 6.38.8; 6.103.4; 
 6.103.12; 7.155.3; 8.55.6; 9.75.5; 9.105.4. (In six of these pas- 
 sages the infinitive is a7ro6avelv.) In 3.65.3 and 3.75. 11 KaraXajjipavu 
 with the inf. practically means "force." In both passages, how- 
 ever, the verb is used in a sense differing but little from that 
 which it has in the 13 passages above mentioned; 3.149.4 is note- 
 worthy. It has a personal subject, explained by an infinitive: 
 vovaov 77 /JLLV Kare\a(3e voarjaaL. "befell." 
 
 Kara/jiavdavu: With s. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 4.164.21. G M T. 904; 912. K. 482.1; 484.9; 
 550. 
 
 In 4.164.21 the verb is used in the sense "discover (that)," 
 according to L. & S.: KCU /JLLV Bap/catoi re avdpes . . . KaTa.fj.a66v res 
 ayopa^ovra KTeivowi, "And some Barcaeans, having discovered 
 that he frequented the market, slew him." The verb could how- 
 ever be taken to mean "perceive," with the ptc. not in ind. disc.: 
 "Perceiving him in the market-place." 
 
 KarapKeu : With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p. in 1.32.42. G M T. 899. K. 482.4; 484.22. 
 'G. says (899) that dp/ceco, "to be sufficient," is sometimes used 
 in a personal construction with the ptc. where an impersonal con- 
 struction with the inf. might be expected. K. also (cf. 484.22) 
 
32 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 apparently sees little difference of meaning between the two 
 constructions, and translates dp/ceco with the ptc., "It is enough 
 (that I do)"; and with the infinitive used impersonally, "It suf- 
 fices (to do something)." 
 
 But in 1.32.42 Karap/ceco is used in the personal construction 
 with a s. p. in a sense distinctly different from that expressed by 
 the impersonal^ infinitive: uawep x^P'n ou6e/ua KarapKeei iravra 
 ecouT?? Traptxovcra, "Just as no land suffices (i. e., has sufficient 
 natural resources) to produce everything for itself." This mean- 
 ing could not have been expressed by means of the inf. used im- 
 personally. The statements of both G. and K. are therefore 
 inadequate. 
 
 /cara</>cuj>co : With inf. in 4 passages, in ind. discourse. 
 
 With inf., 1.58.2; 3.53.6; 3.130.4; 6.13.7. G M T. 904; 914.5. 
 K. 482.2; 484.13. 
 
 Both G. and K. suggest the general distinction between the 
 use of the s. p. and the inf. after $cuwjucu, that with the s. p. the 
 verb means "clearly (be or do)"; and with the inf., "seem (to be 
 or do)." The distinction holds for 3 of the 4 passages in which 
 Hdt. uses the inf. with /cara^cuwjucu. But in 6.13.7, a^a 5e Kare- 
 4>alveTO (KpL elvciL abbvara TO. jSacnXeos irp^y^ara vTrep(3d\eadai, the 
 meaning seems to be, "Then too it was clearly impossible for 
 them to overcome the power of the king." If this is the mean- 
 ing of the passage, the ptc. would have been the more usual con- 
 struction. But the meaning may be "seem" in this instance as 
 well as in the 3 other passages. 
 
 /carci(/>pdf co : With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p. in 4.76.17. G M T. 884. K. 482.1. 
 
 The verb means "perceive" in the passage mentioned. 
 4.76.17, KaTa<t>paa6els OLVTOV ravra iroLevvra, "Having perceived 
 him doing this." 
 
 KdTTjXoTeco : With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p. in 1.84.16. G M T. 919. K. 482.1; 488.1. a.5. 
 
 In 1.84.16 the ptc., preceded by cos, seems to be sup., although 
 its construction approaches very near the use of the circ. ptc.: 
 Kar^Xoyrjae TOVTO cos kbv a/jLaxov re /ecu CLTTOTO^LOV, "He took no 
 account of this, as being unassailable and precipitous." The 
 meaning is almost, "thought of as being," or "thought . . to be," 
 a meaning usually expressed by means of a sup. ptc. (or an inf.). 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 33 
 
 \a./j,@avu: With s. p. in 7 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.27.14; 2.89.7; 3.29.10; 6.52.35; 6.137.25; 7.233.14; 
 9.99.9. G M T. 883. K. 482.1. 
 
 This verb, with the meaning "find" or "detect" may be fol- 
 lowed by the S. p. Thus, 3.29.10, rov av Xd/3co<7t bpra^ovra. KTeivtLV, 
 "To kill whomsoever they should find keeping festival." In 
 9.39.9; 9.119.1 and 9.119.7 the ptc. is circ., although the use of 
 the ptc. in these passages is quite similar to that in the 7 pas- 
 sages above mentioned. But in these 3 passages the meaning of 
 Xa/^dKo is "seize," and after the verb with this meaning the ptc. 
 is clearly to be considered as circ. E. g., 9.119.1, Ol6@aov. . 
 tK<j)vy6i>Ta . . Xaftovres Wvvav nXeiorobpw, "They seized Oeobazus 
 after he had fled and sacrificed him to Plistorus." 
 
 In 1.27.17 and 7.239.12 a s. p. is to be understood. Likewise 
 in 4.11.26 a circ. ptc. is omitted. 
 
 \avOavu: With s. p. in 11 passages. With reversed con- 
 struction in 5. With relative clause following, in 1. The con- 
 structions are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.44.8; 2.173.19; 3.40.1; 3.150.5; 5.86.22; 6.79.8; 
 7.218.2; 8.5.14; 8.25.7; 9.22.15; 9.93.14; (total 11). With re- 
 versed construction, 5.15.8; 8:22.17; 8.75.3; 8.81.2; 9.98.21; (to- 
 tal 5). With rel. clause, 8.106.17. G M T. 887; 893. K. 482.15; 
 482. note 14. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. suggests a difference of meaning between 
 the two constructions in which \av6avu occurs. But an exam- 
 ination of the passages in which the verb is found in Hdt. indi- 
 cates that when \av6ava) is followed by the ptc., it is the action 
 that escapes notice; and that when the construction is reversed 
 and the ptc. of \av6avw is used with a finite verb, the person (or 
 thing) represented by the subject of the verb escapes the notice 
 of someone, and is in consequence able to perform a certain 
 action. E. g., 5.15.8, (ot Hepaai) exofres riyefjiovas rrjv aw odov 
 TpaTTOvraL, \adovres de rovs Hato^as effiriTTTOVcri es TOLS TroXias avrHov, 
 kovaas avdpuv eprj/jLovs. The Paeones are guarding one road, and 
 the Persians pass by them without detection and are therefore 
 able to fall upon the cities of the former when few defenders are 
 in the cities. The ptc. of \avBavw is similarly used in 8.22.17; 
 8.81.2 and 9.98.21. But 8.75.3 is apparently an exception, the 
 reversed construction not involving a difference in meaning. 
 
34 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 In 8.106.17, in which a relative clause follows \avOa.vu, the 
 sense is the same as with the normal construction. 
 
 AiTrapeco: With s. p. in 3 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p. in 3.51.7; 8.144.24; 9.45.16. G M T. 879. K. 
 482.5. 
 
 In each passage AiTrapeco with the s. p. has the meaning "per- 
 severe" or "persist" (in doing something). 
 
 Ao7^"ojucu: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 5 or more. 
 All are in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 3.65.22. With inf., 1.38.10; 2.46.3; 2.145.10; 
 7.176.31; 8.136.17; (total 5). G M T. 910. K. 482.1; 484.12; 
 550. 
 
 G. suggests no difference of meaning between the two con- 
 structions that may follow this verb. K. states (484.12) that 
 \oylofjLaL meaning "reflect, consider, hold as one's opinion, or 
 judge" takes the inf.; and that in Hdt. 3.65.22, ^L^kpbLv rov Kvpov 
 MKeTt, v^lv eovTd \oyl{(rde, the verb approaches the meaning of 
 Iff re, "know." He translates, "Know that you no longer have 
 Smerdis, (or, Think of him as no longer living)." 
 
 In all but one passage, Atrytfojucu with the inf. means "con- 
 sider." In 7.176.31, tiriffLTLeladaL e\oyioi>To, the meaning is 
 "expect." It is probable that other instances of the use of 
 \oylo/j.ai with the inf. occur in Hdt. besides the 5 mentioned. 
 
 jjiavdavu: With s. p. in 36 passages. With inf. in 3 passages. 
 With on or cos clause in 19. With the exception of the infini- 
 tives and one of the participles, all the constructions are those of 
 ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.5.7; 1.9.7; 1.68.6; 1.160.8; 1.191.29; 2.152.22; 
 3.1.24; 3.14.21; 3.69.9; 3.69.25; 3.122.13; 3.123.8; 3.157.10; 
 3.158.10; 4.112.2; 4.136.12; 4.164.12; 4.165.5; 4.166.11; 5.20.19; 
 5.115.3; 6.13.1; 6.17.2; 6.75.1; 6.78.1; 6.88.6; 7.188.12; 7.189.8; 
 7.218.1; 8.38.2; 8.88.5; 9.19.11; 9.33.13; 9.39.4; 9.47.6; 9.76.3; 
 (total 36). With inf., 4.189.14; 9.111.26; 9.116.13. With on 
 or cbs clause, 1.79.2; 1.87.11; 1.167.16; 3.21.7; 3.32.12; 3.43.3; 
 3.52.25; 3.64.5; 3.148.12; 4.3.18; 6.69.13; 7.9. 7 .6; 7.49.11; 7.148.7; 
 8.65.34; 8.93.6; 8.107.12; 8.109.1; 9.77.3; (total 19). G M T. 
 884; 904; 912; 915.1. K. 482.1; 484.9; 550. 
 
 G. and K. agree in stating that with the s. p. or a or L or cos 
 clause navdavu means "learn" or "comprehend" (that something 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 35 
 
 is true); and that with the inf. it means " learn" (to do some- 
 thing). These statements hold for the usage of Hdt., the only 
 possible exception occurring in 8.88.5, where the verb means 
 ''perceive" and the s. p. is not in ind. disc.: X^ercu yap ftaviXea 
 dyeviJLevov /jiadelv TTJV vea e/jifiaXovaav, "It is said that the king, 
 looking on, perceived the ship making the attack." 
 
 No difference of meaning between the use of ij.av6a.vw with a 
 s. p. and with a finite clause is discernable. 
 
 /jLevu: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1 or more. The 
 constructions are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p. in 7.141.20. With inf., 8.56.4. G M T. 880. K. 
 482.5. 
 
 The passage in which the s. p. occurs is a part of the response 
 of an oracle and is in verse: Mrjde av 7' LTnroavvrjv re y.kvtiv Kal 
 ire^ov lovra, "Do not await the advance of the cavalry and in- 
 fantry." .Elsewhere in poetry nevu is sometimes followed by a 
 s. p., e.g. in II. 13.38, (quoted under dexonai). Hdt. does not him- 
 self use 'a s. p. with this verb. The usual construction after /zewo 
 in Hdt. as in other writers is the inf., one example of the use of 
 which occurs in 8.56.4, ovde Kvpudrjpai efjievov TO irpoKei(j,evov 
 7rp777//a, "They did not even wait for the matter in hand to be 
 settled." It is probable that other instances of the use of the 
 inf. occur in Hdt. 
 
 juera/ieXoAtcu : With s. p. in 5 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.130.6; 3.140.24; 4.203.10; 7.54.13; 9.89.18.- 
 G M T. 881. K. 482.3. 
 
 In each of the 5 passages ^ra^eKo/jLaL is used impersonally, 
 and the ptc. is in the dative in agreement with the person who 
 "repented." The personal construction is not used in the case 
 of this verb by Hdt. 
 
 fjuivvu : With s. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 2.121.7.14. G M T. 904. K. 482.2. 
 
 The verb is used in the sense of "report," or "inform." Hdt. 
 does not use the inf. with MVVU, altho this construction is found 
 elsewhere as well as that with the s. p. 
 
 vonifa: With s. p. in one passage, not in ind. disc. With 
 inf. in 66 passages, usually in ind. disc. 
 
 Withs. p., 2.1.7. With inf., 1.4.5; 1.8.3; 1.34.2; 1.48.7; 1.49.6; 
 1.53.7; 1.71.5; 1.131.5; 1.131.6; 1.133.2; 1.135.2; 1.142.8; 1.146.12; 
 
36 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 1.171.25; 1.215.4; 2.2.2; 2.2.5; 2.3.10; 2.25.26; 2.37.23; 2.38.4; 
 2.46.8; 2.52.11; 2.64.6; 2.72.2;2.77.7; 2.104.5; 2.121.e.24; 2.122.3; 
 2.145.1; 2.167.8; 3.16.11; 3.22.9; 3.34.7; 3.38.7; 3.69.11; 3.100.3; 
 3.129.6; 4.3.16; 4.20.4; 4.59.4; 4.59.13; 4.94.2; 4.127.16; 4.191.2; 
 5.82.11; 6.24.4; 6.63.12; 6.84.15; 6.86.8; 6.138.25; 7.8.5.5; 7.10.77.12; 
 7.107.2; 7.120.8; 7.129.26; 7.150.6; 7.151.10; 7.153.20; 7.156.20; 
 8.79.3; 8.87.20; 8.94.22; 8.128.19; 9.53.5; 9.116.18; (total 66).- 
 GMT. 919. K. 482.1; 484.8. 
 
 In 2.1.7 yopt^co followed by cos and a ptc. has the meaning 
 "think of (as)," or "consider (as)": "Ico^as pev KO.L AtoXeas cbs 
 <5o6Xous Trarpcoious eovras kv6fj.ie, "He considered the lonians and 
 the Aeolians as hereditary slaves." K. states (484.8) that vonlfa 
 usually means "know" in the few instances in which it is fol- 
 lowed by the s. p., but this can not be the meaning in the passage 
 cited above. In Hdt. as elsewhere w/ufw usually means "think," 
 or "hold as one's opinion," and is regularly followed by the inf. 
 In a few of the 66 passages above mentioned (e.g. in 4.191.2 and 
 7.120.8) vofjiifa with the inf. has the meaning "be accustomed 
 to"; and the inf. is then not in ind. disc. In 1.171.25 a ptc. fol- 
 lows ?o/u{"a>, but it is to be considered as a predicate nominative 
 after elvcu, and not as a s. p.: von'i^ovvi. . . ecourous elvai avrox- 
 dovas ^Treipcoras KCU. . .^taxpccoyuewus. 
 
 KOjudco: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 4.128.8. G M T. 884. K. 482.1. 
 
 The verb usually has the meaning "distribute," and is very 
 rarely used as in the passage cited with the meaning "see" or 
 "observe," and followed by a s. p.: 4.128.8, pw/iwj/res co^ alra 
 avaipeontvovs, "Observing them in the act of foraging." 
 
 olda: With s. p. in 29 passages. With inf. in 2. With on or 
 cos clause in 7. 
 
 With s. p., 1.5.12; 1.131.1; 1.40.5; 2.12.12; 2.17.5; 2.23.3; 
 2.122.8; 2.150.8; 3.61.7; 3.72.6; 3.72.12; 3.115.8; 3.146.10; 4.15.2; 
 4.33.25; 4.34.1; 4.46.5; 4.76.19; 5.92.r/.28; 5.92.r?.33; 7.26.9; 
 7.50.19; 7.159.7; 7.175.8; 7.214.9; 9.21.11; 9.43.3; 9.43.11; 9.84.4; 
 (total 29). W. inf., 4.25.2; 5.106.18. With on or cos clause, 
 1.193.42; 3.69.15; 3.71.22; 4.155.11; 5.105.7; 6.17.4; 8.78.2; 
 (total 7). G M T. 904; 912; 915.2. K. 482.1; 484.7; 550. 
 
 G. says (915.2) that olda regularly has the s. p. in ind. disc., 
 but takes the inf. in the sense of "know how" (to do anything); 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 37 
 
 also that in the sense of "know" or "believe" olda sometimes 
 takes the inf. in ind. disc. K.'s statement is substantially the 
 same (484.7). 
 
 In Hdt. olda means "know" in each passage in which the 
 s. p. or a finite clause follows the verb. In 4.25.2, olda with the 
 inf. means "know how (to)." In 1.20.1 the inf. could be con- 
 strued with olda, and is so taken by Stein, (cf . his note on 5. 106. 18) . 
 But from the infrequency with which this construction occurs, 
 the inf. can better be taken with aKovaas in this passage: 1.20.1, 
 Ae\4>uv olda 700 ourco aKovaas yeve&dai, "I have this informa- 
 tion, having heard from the Delphians that it happened thus." 
 In 5.106.18 the inf. (if it is not to be bracketed as Stein thinks) 
 is in ind. disc, after laBi. (Moore- Allen on Eurip. Med. 593, 
 says that the inf. of ind. disc, is used only after this form of olda.) 
 5.106.1cS, IffOi avrov 7r' etouroD fiaXofjievov ireiroL-riKtvaL: "Be as- 
 sured that he has done this on his own initiative." The princi- 
 ples stated by G. and by K. apparently hold for all the passages 
 in which Hdt. uses this verb. 
 
 It is evident that all the constructions after olda except one 
 of the infs. are in ind. disc. 
 
 olxo/daL'. With s. p. 37 times, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.1.20; 1.48.2; 1.68.29; 1.111.18; 1.157.4; 1.168.3; 
 1.189.9; 2.29.7; 2.115.20; 2.119.12; 2.121.6.26; 2.137.5; 2.139.3; 
 3.48.22; 3.131.3; 4.10.12; 4.145.7; 4.155.23; 4.160.10; 4.165.6; 
 5.47.4; 5.75.17; 6.96.4; 6.97.2; 6.97.7; 7.164.14; 7.170.9; 7.197.13; 
 7.218.14; 7.222.2; 7.228.3; 7.229.12; 8.94.4; 8.126.12; 8.135.17; 
 9.118.4; 9.122.18; (total 37). G M T. 895. K. 482. 15.e. 
 
 In the 37 passages mentioned the ptc. with oi'xoAtcu contains 
 the leading idea of the expression. In 4 other passages, 2.118.10; 
 4.11.4; 6.33.9 and 7.15.11 the idea expressed by olxov-ai appears 
 to be equal in importance to that expressed by the ptc., and the 
 ptc. can therefore better be classed as circ. E. g., 4.11.4, oi'xeo-flcu 
 diafiavras irora^ov 'Apdea eirl yrjv ri]V KtjUjuepo?*', "Having crossed 
 the river Araxes, they entered the territory of the Cimmerians." 
 
 opdco: With s. p. in 174 passages. With on or cos clause 
 in 5. Of the s. p.'s, 139 are not in ind. disc., and 35 are in ind. 
 disc. Of the clauses, onlv 1 is clearly in ind. disc. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 With s. p., in ind. disc., (35) : 
 
 1. 11.3 
 
 3. 12.18 
 
 4. 9.20 
 
 6. 13.5 
 
 7.209.9 
 
 1. 11.17 
 
 3. 35.6 
 
 4.166.4 
 
 6. 13.11 
 
 7.236.4 
 
 1.112.3 
 
 3. 72.2 
 
 5. 20.6 
 
 6. 61.16 
 
 8. 10.6 
 
 1.185.5 
 
 3.128.14 
 
 5. 29.3 
 
 6. 61.28 
 
 9. 33.17 
 
 1.190.9 
 
 3.128.18 
 
 5. 40.3 
 
 6. 62.7 
 
 9. 34.10 
 
 1.191.6 
 
 3.139.14 
 
 5. 75.14 
 
 7. 47.13 
 
 9. 58.9 
 
 2.167.3 
 
 3.147.1 
 
 6. 1.8 
 
 7.116.3 
 
 9.103.8. 
 
 With 
 
 s. p., not in ind. 
 
 disc., (139): 
 
 
 
 1. 9.15 
 
 2.106.4 
 
 4. 31.7 
 
 6.137.9 
 
 8. 94.5 
 
 1. 22.2 
 
 2.121.7.3 
 
 4. 36.5 
 
 7. 8.0.4 
 
 8. 97.10 
 
 1. 30.21 
 
 2.121.7.8 
 
 4. 76.11 
 
 7. 18.8 
 
 8.100.3 
 
 1. 74.13 
 
 2.121.5.11 
 
 4. 76.19 
 
 7. 44.7 
 
 8.108.1 
 
 1. 80.7 
 
 2.150.5 
 
 4. 78.23 
 
 7. 45:1 
 
 8.129.3 
 
 1. 82.15 
 
 2.152.20 
 
 4. 79.22 
 
 7. 54.3 
 
 9. 18.8 
 
 1. 84.18 
 
 2.156.6 
 
 4. 98.5 
 
 7.128.1 
 
 9. 19.4 
 
 1. 85.14 
 
 2.162.22 
 
 4.122.6 
 
 7.139.17 
 
 9. 22.17 
 
 1. 85.16 
 
 2.162.27 
 
 4.125.13 
 
 7.147.11 
 
 9. 23.1 
 
 1. 87.3 
 
 3. 13.5 
 
 4.130.2 
 
 7.160.1 
 
 9. 37.20 
 
 1. 88.5 
 
 3. 14.11 
 
 4.134.16 
 
 7.167.1 
 
 9. 45.9 
 
 1.111.15 
 
 3. 14.20 
 
 4.195.9 
 
 7.194.17 
 
 9. 46.16 
 
 1.111.23 
 
 3. 14.36 
 
 5. 29.6 
 
 7.208.12 
 
 9. 48.10 
 
 .112.11 
 
 3. 27.5 
 
 5. 59.1 
 
 7.211.12 
 
 9. 51.15 
 
 .117.7 
 
 3. 32.10 
 
 5. 91.3 
 
 7.218.7 
 
 9. 53.2 
 
 .123.5 
 
 3. 35.15 
 
 5. 91.77.28 
 
 7.233.4 
 
 9. 55.2 
 
 .141.9 
 
 3. 52.8 
 
 6. 14.14 
 
 8. 4.2 
 
 9. 58.8 
 
 .155.25 
 
 3. 66.2 
 
 6. 15.7 
 
 8. 6.8 
 
 9. 59.6 
 
 .197.6 
 
 3. 78.3 
 
 6. 16.9 
 
 8. 10.1 
 
 9. 66.13 
 
 1.197.8 
 
 3. 78.31 
 
 6. 35.8 
 
 8. 10.10 
 
 9. 66.15 
 
 1.206.6 
 
 3.145.6 
 
 6. 69.8 
 
 8. 37.4 
 
 9. 76.8 
 
 1.207.5 
 
 3.145.15 
 
 6. 69.12 
 
 8. 53.10 
 
 9. 82.4 
 
 1.209.3 
 
 3.155.1 
 
 6. 75.9 
 
 8. 55.9 
 
 9. 82.10 
 
 1.209.18 
 
 3.157.1 
 
 6. 86.a.22 
 
 8. 65.6 
 
 9. 98.9 
 
 2. 12.2 
 
 4. 3.16 
 
 6.112.5 
 
 8. 75.19 
 
 9. 99.4 
 
 2. 38.3 
 
 4. 3.17 
 
 6.112.8 
 
 8. 78.4 
 
 9.103.11 
 
 2. 44.4 
 
 4. 9.7 
 
 6.119.6 
 
 8. 87.20 
 
 9.113.3. 
 
 2. 64.7 
 
 4. 9.21 
 
 6.129.20 
 
 8. 90.14 
 
 
 With 
 
 on or cos clause, (5) : 2 
 
 131.11; 7. 
 
 lO.e.l; 7.10.e.3; 
 
 7.135.9; 
 
 8.88.6. G M T 
 
 , 884; 904; 912. K. 482 
 
 1; 484.2; 550, 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 39 
 
 Of the 35 s. p.'s classed as in ind. disc., 19 are certainly in 
 ind. disc. ; but the remaining 16 are not necessarily to be so con- 
 sidered. The 16 are in 1.112.3; 1.185.5; 1.190.9; 1.191.6; 2.167.3; 
 3.12.18; 3.128.14; 3.128.18; 3.139.14; 4.166.4; 5.75.14; 7.236.4; 
 8.10.6; 9.33.17; 9.34.10; 9.103.8. With 20 of the 35 s. p.'s that 
 may be considered as in ind. disc., opdco means ''see." With the 
 other 15 it means "realize," "recognize," or "know"; for the 
 perception is distinctly mental, rather than visual. It is to be 
 observed however that in those passages in which opdco with the 
 s. p. of ind. disc, apparently means simply "see," it may be con- 
 sidered as meaning "know, or become aware, (from seeing)." 
 For a construction in ind. disc, contains the expression of a fact; 
 and a fact is grasped by the mind, even though the eye or some 
 other sense organ has been instrumental in the acquirement of 
 the knowledge. The 15 passages in which opdco with the s. p. 
 means definitely "realize" or "know" are: 1.11.3; 1.11.17; 
 1.185.5; 1.190.9; 2.167.3; 3.12.18; 3.35.16; 3.72.2; 3.128.14; 
 3.128.18; 3.139.14; 3.147.1; 7.209.9; 9.33.17; 9.34.10. 
 
 Only 1 or i clause was found after opdco in 2.131.11. It is 
 in ind. disc. Four clauses are introduced by cos, all of which 
 are in ind. disc. It is evident that Hdt. uses almost exclusively 
 the s. p. after 6pdco to express ind. disc. 
 
 The s. p. coi> is omitted in 4 passages, not already mentioned, 
 namely, 2.121:0.3; 3.12.19; 5.18.9; 9.68.3. 
 
 TTdVTolos ylyvo/jLaL'. With s. p. in 2 passages. With inf. in 1. 
 The constructions are not those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.10.7-5; 9.109.11. With inf., 3.124.6. G M T. 
 896. K. 482.8; 484.30. 
 
 G. states (896) that this phrase in the sense of "be urgent" 
 is followed by the s. p. K. suggests (484.30) that the phrase 
 when followed by the s. p. means "exert one's self to the utmost 
 in the accomplishment of something"; and that with the inf. the 
 meaning is "exert one's self to the utmost in order that some- 
 thing may take place." The principle as thus stated holds for 
 Hdt., upon whose use of the phrase K.'s distinction is probably 
 based, inasmuch as the phrase is seldom if ever found elsewhere 
 with a s. p. However, it may be urged that some ptc. such as 
 deo/jievr] is to be supplied in 3.124.6, where the inf. occurs after 
 this phrase: TravroLrj eyivero JUT) aTrodrj/JiTJffqi TOP HoXvKparea. The 
 
40 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 meaning of the passage would then be, "She was urgent in en- 
 treating Polycrates not to go away"; whereas, if no ptc. be sup- 
 plied, the meaning is "She used every means to prevent Polycrates 
 from going away." L. & S. favor supplying the ptc., but it 
 appears to be hardly necessary. 
 
 Traixo: With s. p. in 17 passages. With inf. in 2. No s. p. 
 or inf. is- in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p. in 1.133.9; 1.133.11; 1.141.10; 1.155.4; 1.206.2; 
 2.158.24; 3.53.14; 4.42.9; 5.23.16; 5.92.^.32; 7.10.77.2; 7.107.4; 
 8.112.1; 8.125.7; 8.142.1; 9.87.2; 9.93.25; (total 17). With inf., 
 5.67.4; 7.54.7. G M T. 879; 903.5. K. 482.6; 484.28. 
 
 G. vStates that Trauco with the ptc. means to "stop (what is 
 going on)"; and with the inf., to "prevent (a future act)." K. 
 similarly gives the respective meanings as "stop" and "prevent." 
 
 With all but one of the s. ps. the middle of -rraixo is used, with 
 the meaning "cease." In 5.23.16 the active of Trauco is used, with 
 the transitive meaning "stop (something being done)." 
 
 In 5.67.4, KXtLadevrjs yap 'Ap7toi<n TroXe/jLrjaas TOVTO fjiev pa^udovs 
 ewavcre kv 2uuo>n ayuv'tfeadai ruv 'O/jnjpeicov tir'euv e'iveKa, iravco 
 with the inf. seems to mean "stop" rather than "prevent," 
 although the latter interpretation is placed upon the passage by 
 G. (903.5) and K. (484.28). From the context it must be in- 
 ferred that the contests referred to were being regularly carried 
 on. The effect of the action of Cleisthenes was then to "put a 
 'stop to" the practice. This however involved the "preventing" 
 of the recurrence of the contests in the future. Evidently Cleis- 
 thenes did not stop an act in the midst of its occurrence. He 
 stopped a series of acts, thereby preventing a recurrence of the 
 individual acts. 
 
 Again in 7.54.7, TTCUXO is followed by an inf.: He 
 ^ ffvvrvx'i-a-v roiavrriv yevecrdaL, 77 IJLLV 
 rrjv ^vpwwrjv irporepov tf eirl Tepfjiaai, rolcn eKeivrjs yevrjTai. 
 G. (576) and K. (484.28) each refer to this passage as an instance of 
 the use of the inf. after -rrauco meaning "prevent." But Trauco 
 may mean here either "stop" or "prevent." The question of 
 chief importance is, after what verb is the clause following irporepov 
 ij to be taken? It cannot of course follow KaTaaTptyaadai, and 
 must therefore depend upon either yevkaOai or Trauo-et. Kallen- 
 berg and Stein each place a comma after yevtadai and none after 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 41 
 
 which would seem to indicate that both consider the 
 clause after irpbrepov i) as following -rravaeL. Furthermore, Stein's 
 note on the syntax of yevrjTai shows clearly that he construes the 
 clause thus. If this construction be assumed as correct, the 
 sentence seems to mean: "Xerxes prayed that no such mis- 
 fortune might befall him, as would interrupt (i. e., stop) his re- 
 duction of Europe before he should arrive at its farthest bounds.'' 
 It can hardly mean, as G. and K. each imply (1. c.) : "Xerxes 
 prayed that no such accident might befall him as would pre- 
 vent him from subduing Europe, until he had reached its- utmost 
 limits." For the fact that the clause after irpbrepov ij is used at 
 all implies that Xerxes had no fear of being checked before he 
 had subdued at least a part of Europe. Rather is he anxious 
 lest while in the act of bringing Europe under his control he may 
 be interrupted and hence stopped in his career of conquest before 
 he ha? arrived at the limits of the continent. But if, after sub- 
 duing a part of the continent, he should then be effectually 
 checked, he would be stopped in the act of carrying out his plan, 
 and not prevented from executing at least a part of it. The acci- 
 dent would prevent the completion of his plan; but to stop any 
 action effectively is to prevent its continuance. 
 
 On the other hand, an explanation is possible in support of 
 the meaning "prevent." If the clause after irpbrtpov r) be taken 
 closely with wdefjiiav avvrvxi-^ yeveadac, the thought of Xerxes' 
 prayer may then be, "That no misfortune might befall him before 
 he should get to the. farthest limits of Europe, that would pre- 
 vent the accomplishment of his plan, namely, the subjugation of 
 (all) Europe." The subjunctive after irporepov r/, with which 
 Stein finds difficulty, would then be satisfactorily accounted for 
 by the negative idea contained in ^be^lav awrvxiyv. The aorist 
 infinitive Ko.raarp'&l/oiffdo,i would then have its proper force, ex- 
 pressing a single definite act, if the "subjugation of all Europe" 
 be thought of as Xerxes' purpose. (Cf. 7.8.7.) 
 
 Of the two explanations, the latter seems to be better supported 
 by the Greek. Xerxes, looking forward to the time when his purpose 
 should be achieved, prays, "May nothing happen ai any moment 
 before I get to the farthest bounds of the continent that shall defeat 
 my aim." For him, in this instance, to fail at all was to fail alto- 
 gether to be wholly "prevented" from accomplishing his design. 
 
42 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 The principles stated by G. and by K. relative to the use of 
 the ptc. and the inf. with vrauw apparently hold for Hdt.'s usage, 
 with the possible exception of one passage, 5.67.4. The use of 
 the inf. may there be explained by the fact that if the ptc. had 
 been used the sentence might have seemed to mean that Cleis- 
 thenes interrupted contests that were actually in progress rather 
 than that he interrupted the series. (So Stein.) 
 
 "Of 7 examples of Tra.veii> (airo-jraveLv) with infin., 5 (including 
 Hdt. 5.67) refer to the stoppage of repeated acts; not in the actual 
 performance (which would require the ptc., probably), iraveiv 
 thus differs from /ccoXuco in that it means stop something that has 
 been previously done and is to be prevented in its repetition. 
 KtoXuco would imply nothing as to previous action. The other two 
 passages are Hdt. 7.54 and Plato Rep. 416c. In the latter, Traiw 
 with elvaL is used of checking a condition that has existed, and 
 preventing its being so in the future. I should not venture to 
 differentiate from the participle. In Hdt. 7.54 we have the pre- 
 vention of the completion (there may be emphasis on the Kara- of 
 KaTavTp&I/aa6cLL) of an act that takes a long time. It is perhaps 
 the special meaning of Karaarpe^aadai that would make the use 
 of the present ptc. here peculiar. The ptc. would perhaps mean: 
 'check him as he was getting all Europe subdued'." A. G. 
 Laird. 
 
 Treipdco: With s. p. in 15 passages. With inf. in 32. No inf. 
 or ptc. is in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.77.4; 1.84.6;* 2.73.13; 4.125.16; 5.91.24; 5.92.^.32; 
 6.5.8; 6.9.17; 6.50.4; 7.9.a.5; 7.139.8; 7.148.7; 7.172.18; 9.26.9; 
 9.53.18; (total 15). With inf., 1.76.13; 1.189.6; 1.189.8; 1.193.34; 
 1.207.26; 4.3.7; 4.119.16; 4.127.12; 4.139.6; 4.203.11; 5.16.4; 
 5.20.24; 5.36.22; 5.62.10; 5.71.5; 5.72.6; 5.85.5; 6.62.12; 6.84.9; 
 6.138.19; 7.176.22; 8.57.11; 8.77.2; 8.89.11; 8.97.7; 8.100.17; 
 8.107.3; 8.108.15; 8.143.7; 9.27.37; 9.33.15; 9.47.5; (total 32).- 
 G M T. 896. K. 482.8; 484.30. 
 
 G. suggests no distinction of meaning for the use of this verb 
 with the s. p. and with the inf. K. states (484.30) that with the 
 s. p. Tretpdo/zat means "try one's skill at something"; and with the 
 inf., "attempt to do something." 
 
 An examination of the passages in which Hdt. uses this verb 
 shows that there is no definitely retained distinction between the 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 43 
 
 use of the s. p. and that of the inf. Some passages about half 
 of the total number would seem to indicate that in Hdt. Tretpdojueu 
 with the s. p. means "try doing something," i. e., actually begin 
 the action which it is desired to accomplish; and that with the 
 inf. Tretpdojuai means "strive toward" a certain end an end which 
 will either be fully attained, or not be attained; i. e., it will not 
 be partly reached. This distinction, in the main, corresponds 
 with that suggested by K. Thus, with the ptc., in 1.84.6, avrjp. . . 
 e/reipdra irpofffiaivuv, the meaning is that the person attempted 
 to ascend the rock, and began the ascent. In 1.76.13 the inf. is 
 used: Trends KrjpvKas es rovs "Icoz'as, eTretpdro a(f>eas CLTTO Kpotcrou 
 air KIT avai'. Cyrus attempted to "bring about the revolt" of the 
 lonians from Croesus, but there is no indication that any part 
 of his purpose was attained. The distinction does not however 
 depend upon whether the action as a whole is successful . Thus 
 ill 5.36.22, tdoKte av\\aiJL@aveiv ireLpdaOaL rovs . . . aTparrjjovs, al- 
 though the inf. is used the generals were seized as had been plan- 
 ned. In 6.5.8. |8tr; eTretpdro KCLTLWV 6 'loTicuos, the action was 
 unsuccessful as a whole, although the ptc. is used. The distinc- 
 tion suggested may be said to hold for 6 of the 15 passages in 
 which the s. p. occurs: 1.77.4; 1.84.6; 2.73.13; 6.50.4; 7.9.a.5; 
 7.139.8. In the other 9, the distinction could still be made, but 
 cannot be insisted upon. Of the 32 passages in which the inf. 
 is found, the distinction holds for 18. In 6 of the remaining 14 
 the distinction is doubtful: 1.189.6; 1.189.8; 6.62.12; 8.89.11; 
 8.97.7; 8.100.17. For the remaining 8 passages the distinction 
 does not hold: 1.207.26; 4.139.6; 5.20.24; 5.36.22; 8.57.11; 8.77.2; 
 8.108.15; 9.47.5 It will be noticed that the distinction suggested 
 holds definitely for only 24 of the 47 passages in which Hdt. 
 uses Tretpdco. Hdt. employs the deponent forms of this verb in 
 all passages but 1, in 6.84.9. It is there followed by an inf. In 
 4.139.6 a circ. ptc. intervenes between Tretpdco and the inf. 
 
 Trevdeu : With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.220.19, G M T. 881. K. 482.3. 
 
 The s. p. with this verb occurs in an oracular response quoted 
 by Hdt.: 7.220.19, TrevOrjaei (3acri\rj ^Bl^evov, "Will mourn the 
 death of a king." 
 
 TrepojjueKreco : With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.109.3. G M T. 881. K. 482.3; 485. note 3. 
 
44 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 In 8.109.3, OVTOL. . . tKTrcfavyoTuv TrepiT^e/creoj', "They were 
 aggrieved at the escape (of the Persians)," the ptc. may be classed 
 as sup. But K. (482.3) suggests that it may also be considered 
 as a genitive absolute with an omitted noun. The construction 
 is however sufficiently similar to that of s. ps. with such verbs 
 as axOo/jLCLL etc. (cf. 9.98.2) to warrant its classification as sup. 
 
 Treptopdw: With s. p. in 10 passages. With inf. in 6. None 
 is in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.89.7; 2.110.7; 3.65.32; 4.118.9; 6.106.6; 7.168.6; 
 8.75.17; 9.6.9; 9.7.0.7; 9.41.23; (total 10). With inf., 1.24.16; 
 1.191.20; 2.63.25; 3.48.13; 4.113.6; 7.16.a.6; (total 6). G M T. 
 885; 903.6. K.482.5; 484.24. 
 
 G. states (903.6) that Treptopdo; with the s. p. means "see an 
 act done without interfering to stop it"; and "with the less fre- 
 quent inf., 'permit an act to be done without interfering to pre- 
 vent it V He adds that sometimes the same sense is expressed by 
 both the s. p. and the inf. K. makes a statement equivalent to the 
 above, regarding the difference of meaning of the two constructions. 
 
 The distinction suggested by G. and by K. holds for 4 of the 
 10 passages in which the s. p. occurs, and for all the passages in 
 which the inf. is used. But in 6 passages Treptopdco with the s. p. 
 means "permit an act without preventing it": 4.118.9; 6.106.6; 
 7.168.6; 8.75.17; 9.6.9; 9.7.0.7. 
 
 irXrjprjs et/xt: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.146.15. G M T. 881; (cf. 896;'899.) K. 482.4. 
 
 In 7.146.15 the phrase is used in the sense "be satisfied with" 
 (seeing) : tirtav 5e ravra drjev/j-evoi earn 7rXi7pees. G. does not 
 mention this phrase. 
 
 TroXus eT/ceiAicu: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.158.2. G M T. 896. K. 482.8, note. 
 
 This phrase appears to be used in 7.158.2 with a s. p. in. the 
 sense of "be urgent" (in doing something): 7.158.2, FeXco^ 5e 
 TroXXos eveKeLTo \tyuv TOLa.de. G. takes \eyuv as a. s. p., but K. 
 considers it as circ., expressing manner, and translates, "G. drang 
 heftig auf sie ein, indem er folgendes sprach." 
 
 TroXus ei/u: With s. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.98.2; 9.91.1. G M T. 896. K. 482.8. 
 
 The general meaning of this phrase with a s. p. is " (do) em- 
 phatically," or "be earnest (in doing something)." 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 45 
 
 The phrase is used in a somewhat similar manner in another 
 passage, 8.59.4: TroXXos fjv 6 G^io-ro/cXe^s h rots Xoyoiai ola Kapra 
 deonwos. But in this instance the ptc. does not bear a suffi- 
 ciently close relation to ?roXX6s -r\v to warrant its classification 
 as sup. 
 
 irpoj3aivu: With a s. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.134.18; 5.51.11. G M T. 895; (cf. 879). K. 
 482.6; 482.10. 
 
 The ptc. contains the leading idea of the expression in 1.134.18 
 and 5.51.11. In these passages irpo(3aivu means "proceed to."- 
 It has the same meaning in 1.5.13 and 6.75.15, but the ptcs. in 
 these passages are to be considered as circ. For the meaning of 
 the verb is there completed by adverbial phrases, not by the 
 ptcs. : e. g., 6.75.15, tirira.iJ.v<j)v yap Kara /JLrjKOs ras crapKas irpoefiaive 
 
 K. T&V KVTJfJieUV 6S TOVS /JLrjpOVS. 
 
 irpoirwddvo/jLaL: With s. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.147.3. G M T. 904; 914.1. K. 482.1; 484.3; 550. 
 
 In 7.147.3 this verb with a s. p. means "hear (that something 
 is true)." The knowledge is transmitted directly, and as a fact, 
 (not as mere rumor). This is in accord with K.'s distinction 
 (484.3; cf. on cuouco, supra). 
 
 TrpoadexojJiaL: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 5. With 
 cbs clause in 1. All the constructions are those of ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.89.9. With inf., 5.34.2; 6.100.10; 7.156.16; 
 8.130.14; 9.6.2. With cos clause, 9.48.13. 
 
 This verb is used in each instance in the sense of "expect 
 (that something will happen)." No difference of meaning in the 
 use of the verb with the different constructions is apparent. 
 
 TrpoadoKLjjLos ei/jLL'. With s. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.89.16. G M T. 904. K. 482.5. 
 
 The phrase is used in the sense of "be expected (to be doing 
 something)": 9..89.16, avros <5e V/JLLV MapdovLOs KCU 6 arparos avrov 
 OVTOS Kara irodas ejueu t\avvuv 7rpo<r<56/a/>t6s eari., "You are to ex- 
 pect Mardonius and his army following close on my heels. "- 
 The ptc. t\a.vvwv is probably sup., but could be considered as 
 circ. 
 
 irvvd avowal.: With s. p. in 40 passages. With inf. in 40. With 
 on or cos clause in 15. All the constructions except 5 of the 
 s. ps. are in ind. disc. 
 
46 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 With 
 
 vS. p., in ind. dis 
 
 c., (35): 
 
 
 
 1. 27.16 
 
 2. 54.5 
 
 5. 9.4 
 
 7.172.3 
 
 8.141.10 
 
 1. 32.25 
 
 3. 40.5 
 
 5. 15.5 
 
 7.173.23 
 
 9. 12.2 
 
 1. 59.1 
 
 3. 53.22 
 
 5. 15.10 
 
 7.177.5 
 
 9. 58.1 
 
 1. 65.2 
 
 4. 43.32 
 
 6. 23.12 
 
 7.206.4 
 
 9. 77.5 
 
 1.100.7 
 
 4.134.7 
 
 6.100.1 
 
 8. 26.12 
 
 9. 98.1 
 
 1.127.3 
 
 4.144.3 
 
 7. 28.6 . 
 
 8. 40.10 
 
 9.110.1 
 
 1.214.6 
 
 4.166.4 
 
 7.163.8 
 
 8.108.5 
 
 9.113.11. 
 
 With 
 
 s. p., not in ind. 
 
 disc., (5,) 1.54. 
 
 1; 2. 160.9; 4 
 
 120.1; 5. 79.7; 
 
 6.85.1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 With 
 
 inf., (40,): 
 
 
 
 
 1. 62.2 
 
 2. 44.3 
 
 5.104.8 
 
 7.114.5 
 
 7.225.6 
 
 . 69.7 
 
 2.133.20 
 
 5.106.3 
 
 7.114.9 
 
 8. 6.3 
 
 . 70.13 
 
 3.122.15 
 
 5.111.5 
 
 7.121.6 
 
 8. 40.10 
 
 . 86.10 
 
 3.127.7 
 
 5.122.4 
 
 7.128.4 
 
 8. 71.5 
 
 . 97.2 
 
 4.133.7 
 
 6. 41.1 
 
 7.128.9 
 
 8.141.1 
 
 .157.3 
 
 5. 15.1 
 
 6.117.15 
 
 7.147.14 
 
 9. 3.7 
 
 .170.2 
 
 5. 15.5 
 
 6.125.7 
 
 7.159.3 
 
 9. 31.3 
 
 1.196.2 
 
 5. 30.18 
 
 7. 8.7.10 
 
 7.166.30 
 
 9. 96.5. 
 
 With on or cos clause (15), 
 
 1. 96.15 5.121.2 7.157.6 7.226.4 8.112.8 
 
 3.141.4 6. 41.13 7.191.20 8. 50.9 8.136.9 
 
 5. 86.18 6.135.5 7.196.7 8. 57.3 8.144.28. 
 
 G M T., 884; 886; 904; 914.1. K., 482.1; 484.3; 550. 
 
 G. states that Trwdavo^aL is followed by a s. p. not in ind. disc., 
 and also by a s. p. in ind. disc.; that the former ptc. denotes the 
 act perceived or heard of, whereas the latter denotes the fact 
 that the act occurs (884). He states further (886) that irwBdvonai 
 in Attic Greek regularly takes the genitive of the ptc. not in ind. 
 disc., and the accusative of the ptc. of ind. disc. He suggests 
 no distinction of meaning in the use of the different construc- 
 tions of ind. disc. K. (484.3) states that irvvdavo/jiai with the 
 s. p. means to learn or hear as a fact; and with the inf., to learn 
 as rumor or hearsay. 
 
 Of the 5 s. ps. not in ind. disc., those in 2.160.9 and 5.79.7 
 'are in the genitive after irvvOavo^aL, and denote, with their noun, 
 the source of the information gained. In 6.85.1, where the geni- 
 tive is again used, the ptc. denotes something "heard of." But 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 47 
 
 in 1.54.1 and 4.120.1 the accusative with a ptc. is used, denoting 
 the thing heard in each case a reply reported. The usage in 
 these 2 passages is therefore not in accord with the principle 
 stated by G. (886). 
 
 Of the 35 s.ps. in ind. disc, after TrwdavofjLaL there is none for 
 which the distinction of meaning suggested by K. (484.3) can be 
 said definitely not to hold. The information was, or may have 
 been, in each instance learned "as a fact." In over four-fifths 
 of the passages it is impossible to ascertain how definite or reli- 
 able the information acquired was. But in the case of those 
 passages in which the inf. is used, the distinction of meaning 
 seems to hold for only half 20. For 9 of these it quite cer- 
 tainly does not hold, as far as may be judged from the context: 
 5.15.5; 6.125.7; 7.114.5; 7.225.6; 8.40.10; 8.141.1; 9.3.7; 9.31.3; 
 9.96.5. In two of these passages both a ptc. and an inf. follow 
 irvvdavonai, 5.15.5 and 8.40.10. The eleven other passages for 
 which the distinction apparently does not hold are: 1.62.10; 
 1.170.2; 4.133.7; 7.8.7.10; 7.121.6; 6.117.15; 7.128.4; 7.128.9; 
 7.147.14; 8.6.3; 8.71.5. In two of the passages in which a clause 
 follows irvvBavonai, 1.96.15 and 7.191.10, the information ap- 
 pears to have been received as rumor or tradition, but in the 13 
 other passages there is nothing to indicate that the information 
 was not considered reliable. 
 
 crvyyiyvuaKu : With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 10. All 
 are in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 5.91.13. With inf., 1.41.18; 1.89.15; 1.91.30; 
 3.53.2; 4.43.28; 4.126.7; 5.86.7; 6.61.8; 6.92.12; 6.140.9; (total 
 10). G M T. 904; 908. K. 482.1; 484.6. 
 
 G. offers no distinction of meaning in the use of the s. p. and 
 of the inf. after this verb. K. states (484.6) that with the s. p. 
 it means "be conscious or aware"; and with the inf., "confess, 
 admit, or become conscious." 
 
 With the s. p. in 5.91.13, avyyiyvuvKu means "be conscious." 
 With the inf. it means "become conscious" in 1.89.15 and 3.53.2; 
 and "admit" in 1.91.30; 4.43.28; 6.61.8; 6.92.12; 6.140.9. K.'s 
 statement holds therefore for these 8 passages. But in 1.45.18; 
 4.126.7; 5.86.7 the meaning of crvyyiyvuiaKu with the inf. seems 
 to be "be conscious," and the ptc. might therefore have been 
 expected in these passages. 
 
48 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 The inf. is evidently the usual constructon with this verb 
 in Hdt., as in Attic Greek. 
 
 avjKvpeu: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1. Neither 
 is in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.87.16. With inf. 9.90.3. G M T. 889. K. 
 482.15.a-. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. suggests any difference of meaning between 
 the two constructions after this verb, nor is any perceptible in 
 the 2 passages mentioned. In each instance avjKvpeu means 
 "happen." In 8.92.1, two circ. ptcs. are used with the subject 
 of this verb. 
 
 <7i7-t/3au>co: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 5. These 
 are not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.101.7. With inf., 3.50.3; 6.103.6; 7.166.1; 8.88.3; 
 9.101.10; (total 5). G M T. 890. K. 482.9; 477.C. 
 
 The verb means "happen," whether followed by the inf. or 
 the s. p. In 1.32.15 the ptc. is circ. 
 
 O-UJUTTITTTCO: With s. p. in 3 passages. With inf. in 5. None is 
 in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.82.4; 5.36.2; 9.101.1. With inf., 1.131.2; 5.35.6; 
 8.15.5; 8.132.16; 8.141.7; (total 5) G M T. 890. K. 482.9; 
 473.4. 
 
 There is no apparent difference of meaning between the dif- 
 ferent constructions. The last 3 mentioned of the 5 infinitives 
 are introduced by wore. Although Hdt. is the only author who 
 uses the s. p. to any extent with this verb, he, too, evidently 
 prefers the inf. construction. In each instance the meaning is 
 "happen." 
 
 <ru,u0epco: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 21. These 
 are not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.88.11. With inf., 1.19.2; 1.73.16; 1.74.7; 2.79.5; 
 2.111.3; 3.14.24; 3.42.2; 3.71.8; 3.129.2; 3.133.1; 5.33.6; 6.23.1; 
 6.86.a.6; 6.117.4; 7.4.3; 7.10./3.3; 7.117.2; 7.133.9; 8.88.2; 8.90.4; 
 8.104.5; (total, 21). Cf. GMT. 890. K. 482.9; 473.4; 475.4. 
 
 The inf. is evidently the regular construction with this verb. 
 In 8.88.11 the ptc. yevo^va appears to be sup. after avfji&pu, al- 
 though it could be considered as circ. : TO. re yap aXXa, d>s ei'prjrcu, 
 avrfi ffvvrjvtiKe evrvx^ yev6/j.eva, /cat TO TUV e/c rrjs KaAi'f 61/075 
 vtos fjirjdeva aTroauOevTa KaT'fjyopov yeveadcu,, "The other events 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 49 
 
 'chanced to turn out' fortunately for her...." In 8.87.10, TO 
 KCLI (rvvrivtiKe iroirjaao-rj, "Which event turned out to her advan- 
 tage, when she had done it," the ptc. is to be taken as circ., altho 
 it could be considered as sup. 
 
 avvaxQo/jiaL: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 8.142.15. G M T. 881. K. 482.3. 
 
 In 8.142.15 the verb is followed by a s. p. in the dative, in 
 the sense of "be grieved along with" (someone), i. e., "sym- 
 pathize with (someone) in his grief." 
 
 avveKTT ITTTCO : With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1. Neither 
 is in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p. 8.123.8. With inf. 8.49.7. Cf. GMT. 890 K. 
 482.15. 
 
 The sense is in each instance "happened to agree" (in), or 
 (that. . .). 
 
 avvir)jju,: With s. p. in 2 passages. With on clause in 1. 
 All are in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.205.4; 5.92.7.3. With &TI clause, 5.19.9. 
 
 In each of the passages the meaning of avvl^nL is "compre- 
 hend." 
 
 avvoida: With s. p. in 3 passages, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.164.9; 8.113.16; 9.60.16. G M T. 904; 908; 
 912. K. 482.1. 
 
 In 7.164.9 and 8.113.16 avvouda means "know," simply, 
 (=olda). In 9.60.16 the meaning is more nearly "be conscious 
 that." 
 
 reXeirrdaj: With s. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 2.33.15; 7.123.14. GMT. 879. K. 482.6. 
 
 The verb is used in each passage in the sense of "cease (doing 
 something)," or "finish (doing something)." 
 
 rXdco: With s. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1. Neither is 
 in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 5.56.5. With inf., 9.228.14. G M T. 880; 903.2. 
 K. 482.5; 484.23. 
 
 G. states that .rXdco with the ptc. means to "endure (some- 
 thing now going on or already done)"; and with the inf., to 
 "have the courage, or venture, (to do something not yet done)." 
 K. makes a distinction equivalent to that of G. The distinction 
 holds for the 2 passages in which the verb is found in Hdt., 
 
50 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 except that the action that is to be endured (in 5.56.5, where the 
 s. p. is used) is neither "going on or already done." But this 
 is due chiefly to the fact that the whole action is in the future, 
 the main verb being an imperative: 5.56.5, TX^t Aoof arXr/ra 
 jraduv TT\r]OTL dvnu, "Endure as a lion to bear unendurable woe 
 with enduring heart." 
 
 Neither passage is part of Hdt.'s direct history, but each is 
 part of an oracle quoted. 
 
 rpoxafa- With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 9.66.16. G M T. 895. K. 482.10. 
 
 This verb is not mentioned by G. or by K. as one followed by 
 t s. p. But in the passage cited the ptc. may be considered as 
 containing "the leading idea of the expression," like the s. p. 
 with olxofJidL. 9.66.16, dAAd rrjv Tax'^Trjv erpoxafc favywv ovre ks 
 TO %i)\ivov Ttlxos ovre es TO Qr/fiaiuv retxos dAA' es $co/ceas: He 
 fled, running as fast as he could. 
 
 . Tvyxa.vu\ With s. p. in 91 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., (91), 
 
 1. 8.11 2.159.8 5. 22.3 7. 38.10 8.102.3 
 
 1. 29.5 2.162.14 5. 30.5 7. 58.12 8.114.13 
 
 1. 35.16 2.168.5 5. 30.9 7. 61.16 8.137.25 
 
 1. 38.8 3. 14.45 5. 30.21 7.102.17 8.142.24 
 47.5 3. 35.6 5. 33.8 7.104.6 8.144.18 
 
 59.11 3. 69.14 5. 44.5 7.109.12 9. 12.10 
 
 59.12 3. 78.1 5. 51.7 7.151.3 9. 21.1 
 68.9 3. 84.12 5. 86.4 7.167.8 9. 42.18 
 88.7 3.118.7 6. 9.12 7.194.1 9. 49.13 
 
 142.3 3.121.4 6. 28.10 7.205.11 9. 63.1 
 
 149.7 3.121.9 6. 41.9 7.208.11 9. 64.7 
 
 1.176.13 3.122.24 6. 61.12 7.224.2 9. 76.18 
 1.191.29 4. 41.7 6. 65.21 7.225.14 9. 76.20 
 1.202.27 4. 61.5 6. 74.13 8. 65.5 9. 98.14 
 
 2. 57.11 4. 76.14 6. 89.1 8. 68.a.5 9. 98.20 
 2.121./3.2 4.127.10 7. 3.2 8. 75.12 9.106.22 
 
 2.135.14 4.144.5 7. 26.13 8. 87.9 9.107.22 
 2.151.9 4.181.14 7. 38.5 8. 96.3 9.111.16 
 2.155.10 
 
 GM T. 887. K. 482.15. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 51 
 
 In each passage Tvy\a.w has its regular meaning with the 
 s. p., "happen (to do something)." 
 
 vTrapx^: With s. p. in 6 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.192.22; 5.103.5; 6.133.3; 7.8.0.10; 7.144.13; 
 9.78.10; (total 6). G M T. 879. K. 482.6. 
 
 In 4 passages virapxu with the s. p. means "be first (to do 
 something)": 5.103.5; 6.133.3; 7.8.0.10; 9.78.10. In 1.192.22 it 
 means only "happen" (to be), and in 7.144.13 is equivalent to el^l. 
 
 virojjLevu: With s. p. in 5 passages, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 6.33.8; 6.40.7; 7.101.8; 7.101.12; 7.L20.10. G M 
 T. 879; 880; 903.2. K. 482.5; 484.23. 
 
 G. and K. offer the same distinction of meaning for virotikvw 
 with the s. p. and with the inf. as for rXdco (q. v.). With 4 of the 
 5 s. ps., viropevw means "await" or "withstand" (an attack 
 about to be made). This meaning is somewhat different from 
 that suggested by G., inasmuch as the action endured is in the 
 immediate future rather than in the present. In 7.101.8 the 
 meaning of viro/dtvu with the s. p. seems to be "venture to," 
 a meaning which usually requires the use of the infinitive: vvv 
 ooi> jjioi robe (frpavov, el "EXX^es viro/jLevovaL x^pas /-ioi avraeLpo/jLevoL, 
 "Will venture to lift their hands against me." A slight variation 
 of the same idea occurs in 7.209. 17, where the ptc. is circumstantial : 
 ovdev aXXo Wvos av6 pooirojv TO ere, (3a<n,\ev, virofj-eveei x^Ipas avTaei- 
 "Will withstand you, lifting their hands against you." 
 
 <t>aiv(a: With s. p. in 58 passages. With inf. in 26. The in- 
 finitives and all except 11 of the ptcs. are in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., (58): 
 1. 60.22 2.131.12 4. 68.10 7.154.13 8.120.2 
 
 1. 93.11 2.148.7 4. 97.10 7.166.8 8.134.1 
 
 2. 58.4 3. 35.6 5. 9.4 7.171.7 8.142.14 
 2. 79.9 3. 69.10 6. 9.15 7.173.21 9. 18.14 
 2. 90.3 3. 82.22 6. 52.29 7.174.6 9. 25.8 
 2. 93.15 3.116.2 6. 53.13 7.175.5 9. 65.6 
 2. 97.2 3.134.7 6. 69.14 8. 25.9 9. 80.8 
 2.103.5 3.137.23 6.121.5 8. 37.11 9. 85.13 
 2.104.1 4. 12.4 6.137.22 8. 94.8 9. 89.17 
 2.104.17 4. 45.23 7. 14.3 8. 94.17 9. 98.9 
 2.104.20 4. 50.19 7. 18.23 8.101.6 9.100.4. 
 2.106.3 4. 53.18 7. 97.9 
 
1. 24.17 
 
 1.155.6 
 
 4.119.10 
 
 7. 48.5 
 
 1. 32.23 
 
 1.174.17 
 
 4.134.10 
 
 7. 48.7 
 
 1. 51.12 
 
 2. 10.4 
 
 4.196.10 
 
 7.104.24 
 
 1.120.12 
 
 2.134.7 
 
 5. 10.5 
 
 7.129.30 
 
 1.142.12 
 
 4. 42.5 
 
 5.106.9 
 
 7.137.7 
 
 52 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 With inf. (26), 
 
 7.177.1 
 7.209.3 
 7.209.20 
 7.210.5 
 8. 65.9 
 9.106.10. 
 G M T. 904; 914.5; 884. K. 482.2; 484.13. 
 
 G. states (914.5) that the s. p. is the usual construction after 
 ^cupojucu, but that the inf. is sometimes used; that although in 
 some cases the two constructions cannot be distinguished in 
 sense, the distinction usually holds that <cui>ercu with the s. p. 
 means "he is manifestly (doing something)," and with the inf. 
 "he seems (to be doing something)." K. (484.13) suggests a 
 distinction equivalent to this. 
 
 With the 11 s. ps. not in ind. disc., namely, 2.97.2; 2.106.3; 
 2.131.12; 4.97.10; 7.166.8; 8.25.9; 8.37.11; 9.80.8; 9.85.13; 9.98.9; 
 9.100.4, 4>alvoiJLai means "be seen (doing or being)." With the 
 s. p. in ind. disc, in 1 passage, 4.68.10, it means "be shown (to 
 have done)." In these 12 passages the sense of -^aiw/zat with 
 the s. p. is slightly different from any of the meanings suggested 
 by G. or K. In all but 2 of the remaining 46 passages the 
 meaning seems to be "plainly (be or do)." But in 8 of the 44 
 passages the verb may mean "seem": 2.58.4; 4.12.4; 4.45.23; 
 4.53.18; 5.9.4; 7.173.21; 8.94.8; 9.25.8. In 2 other passages the 
 meaning seems clearly to be "seem": 2.79.9; 3.137.23. 
 
 With 17 of the 26 infs., 0aiw>/*at means "seem." With 6 it 
 appears to mean "plainly (be or do)": 1.27.14; 1.32.23; 1.174.17; 
 4.42.5; 5.10.5; 9.106.10. With 3 of the infs. either meaning is 
 possible in 1.51.12; 4.119.10; 4.134.10. 
 
 A point worthy of notice is that in all except 2 passages of 
 those in which the inf. occurs with 4>alvo^aL a dative also is used 
 with the verb, representing the person to whom the action 
 "seems" to be in progress. On the other hand, the dative is 
 not once used with <cui>ojucu when the s. p. follows. This differ- 
 ence makes it probable that Hdt. had greater regard for the 
 general difference in meaning of the two constructions than 
 would seem to be the case from an examination of the sense of 
 the context in each instance, upon which the statistics already 
 given were based. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 53 
 
 <j)avep6s \ ylyvofjLOii \ With s. p. in 7 passages, in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., after <f)o.vep6s yiyvonai, 8.132.18; after <j>avep6s et/u, 
 3.26.4; 4.12.6; 4.45.1; 5.56.7; 7.18.24; 7.221.6; (total 6). G M T. 
 907. K. 482.2. 
 
 The personal construction occurs in each of the 7 passages. 
 4>avep6s yiyvona.1 with the s. p. means "it becomes evident that. .'." 
 The meaning of <j>avepos et/u with the s. p. is "it is evident that. .." 
 
 0epw jSapecos: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 3.155.1. G M T. 881. K. 482.3. 
 
 The phrase is used in the sense of "be greatly grieved" (at 
 seeing, Id&v). 
 
 (frdavu: With s. p. in 12 passages. With reversed construc- 
 tion in 3. The ptcs. are not in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 3.78.6; 4.136.11; 6.65.9; 6.70.6; 6.91.5; 6.108.12; 
 6.115.5; 6.116.3; 7.162.4; 7.188.13; 9.70.3; 9.113.8; (total 12). 
 With reversed construction, 3.71.23; 7.161.1; 9.46.18. G M T. 
 887; 893; 894. K. 482.15.d and note 12. 
 
 There is apparently no difference in meaning between the 
 regular and the reversed construction with fflavw in Hdt. The 
 meaning in all passages except one is "anticipate" (someone in 
 doing something). In 7. 162 .4 the meaning is (with OVK &v), 
 "You would not act too soon" (in doing something). 
 
 </>0omo: With s. p. in 2 passages. With inf. in 1. With 
 articular inf. in 1. None of the constructions is in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.236.5; 7.237.7. With inf., 8.109.13. With ar- 
 ticular inf., 7.237.7. G M T. 881. K. 482.3; 475.note 2. 
 
 Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb specifically as followed 
 by the s. p., and neither suggests any distinction of meaning, 
 therefore, between its use with the s. p. and with the inf. In 
 Hdt., (f>6oveu with a s. p. in the dative means "envy." With the 
 simple inf. it means "refuse to allow, through envy." With the 
 genitive of the articular infinitive (as with a noun in the geni- 
 tive) the meaning is "envy," and the genitive denotes the ground 
 of the envy felt, as does the s. p. in agreement with the dative 
 when this construction is used. - Between the use of the simple 
 inf. and that of the s. p. with (frdoveu there is also this difference, 
 that the inf. denotes an act not yet begun, whereas the s. p. de- 
 notes an act already in progress (or a state actually existing). 
 
54 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 : With s. p. in 2 passages. With inf. in 2. Of these, 
 one of the infs. is in ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 7.46.4; 9.107.13. W. inf., 3.154.7; 4.113.8. G M 
 T. 884. K. 484.note 2; 475.note 2. 
 
 With the s. p. 0pdfco (middle or passive) means " observe." 
 With the inf. the meaning is "believe" in 3.154.7, and the inf. 
 is in ind. disc. In 4.113.8 the verb means "bid" and is followed 
 by the object inf. The active of 0pd^"w is used in this passage. 
 In 3.154.7 the middle is used, as with the s. ps. The difference 
 between the meaning of the two constructions is not specifically 
 mentioned by G. or by K. in the case of this verb. 
 
 </>uXdrrco: With s. p. 6 times. With inf. 3. These are not in 
 ind. disc. 
 
 With s. p., 1.150.3; 5.12.7; 5.41.10; 5.104.9; 8.9.7; 9.110.5.- 
 G M T. 884. K. 514.note 7; 553.g.; (cf. 482.1 and 482.5). 
 
 Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb as one sometimes fol- 
 lowed by a s. p., nor does either mention a class of verbs in which 
 this would properly belong. But the ptc. with this verb seems 
 quite clearly sup. 
 
 With the s. p. </>uXdrraj means "watch for (an event to hap- 
 pen)." With the inf. the meaning is "take care (to do or not to 
 do something)." E. g., 5.104.9, IJLLV </>uXdas eeX06j>ra, "Having 
 watched for him to come forth." With the inf., 1.108.19, 4>v\- 
 aa<roiJLtda. . jjirjdtv e^ajjiapTelv, "We shall take care to commit no 
 offence." 
 
CHAPTER III 
 SUMMARY TABLES AND CONCLUSION 
 
 The first table contains a list of all verbs included in Chapter 
 II; the number of times each verb is followed by the different 
 constructions supplementary participle, infinitive, and clause; 
 also the general meaning expressed by the verb in Herodotus. 
 The participles and infinitives are each designated as "in indirect 
 discourse" or as "not in indirect discourse." 
 
 TABLE I. Summary of all Verbs 
 
 
 1 
 
 With 
 
 
 
 With 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. p. 
 
 
 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 
 ,j 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 c 
 
 
 *o 
 
 c 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 3 
 
 ,j 
 
 '^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 a77eXXco 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 announce 
 
 aicrdavofjiai 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 perceive 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 be ashamed 
 
 CtKOUCO .... 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 hear 
 
 aKldKO/JLCLL 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 be detected 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 find out 
 
 avex^ 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 endure; venture 
 
 avlrj/jLL 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 
 cease; permit 
 
 CtJ'TCYCO 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 hold out 
 
 CtJ'TlYpOLCU 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 hold out 
 
 d7ra77eXXco 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 announce 
 
 airJavlaTrujLi 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 cease 
 
 CLTTOdeLKVUfJiL 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 show; show how; appoint 
 
 airoKpivco 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (mid.) be distinguished 
 
 dTTOKpOUCO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 repel 
 
 CtTToXetTTCO 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 cease ; fail to ; fall short of 
 
 CL7ro(ba.Lv(j0 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 declare' demonstrate 
 
 dTTOXpdco 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 10 
 
 be sufficient; be content 
 
 apxco 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 15 
 
 be first ; begin 
 
 dcrxdXXco 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 be vexed 
 
 CKblKVeOULCLL . . 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 arrive 
 
 55 
 
56 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 TABLE I. Continued 
 
 
 \; 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 of. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 d 
 
 c 
 
 "cS 
 
 1 
 
 *nt 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 d<fx>odco 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 see 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be vexed 
 
 yiyvcoffKO) 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 perceive; judge; determine 
 
 y po.(f)Ci} 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 represent 
 
 dkxo^o-i 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 2 
 
 await, withstand 
 
 677X6* (eljjii etc.) . . 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 (be) clear (that), etc. 
 
 677X600 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 demonstrate 
 
 6 ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 continue 
 
 6i.ct.6c IKWIJLL .... 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 show 
 
 SictreXeco .... 
 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 continue 
 
 6teei/ii 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 go through, continue 
 
 6ieepxoM at 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 go through with; do in succession 
 
 c ^ t 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 go, come, be about to 
 
 eK/j.a.i>6a.vu 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 learn 
 
 eK<J>alvu 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 show forth 
 
 tXivvii) 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 cease 
 
 e^opdco 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 see 
 
 ci'Tiryxdz'to 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 find 
 
 ea77eXXoo 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 announce 
 
 e&irlo'Ta/ia.i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 l' 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 know; know how 
 
 7ra77eXXco 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 announce 
 
 7rdi.Vros ylyvo/JLcn, 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 become known 
 
 eTraLO-xvvopai . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ...... 
 
 
 1 
 
 be ashamed 
 
 tTrelyw. . 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 3 
 
 hasten 
 
 7Tt6eUWMt 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 demonstrate 
 
 eTTtX^TTTOS eijUl. . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be detected 
 
 eTTurraMCH 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 55 
 
 know; believe; know how 
 
 eTTtrpeTrreo^ effri. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 permit 
 
 eTUTirYYdj'a; 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 happen 
 
 ep^co. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 repel 
 
 epxowat 
 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 be about to 
 
 Up t(7/C60 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 50 
 
 find; learn how; judge; obtain 
 
 (f)V p Iff KtiO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 detect 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 see, look upon 
 
 exw aST?*' 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be satisfied 
 
 ^5o/zat 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 be pleased 
 
 77KCO. 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 arrive 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 TABLE I. Continued 
 
 57 
 
 
 1 
 
 With 
 s. p. 
 
 
 i 
 
 iVith 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 T3 
 
 a 
 
 T3 
 
 C 
 1 
 
 15 
 1 
 
 TJ 
 a 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 With clause. 
 
 I 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 6av/Jta(jo 
 
 66CLOjy.CU 
 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 be surprised 
 look upon 
 
 LKCLVOS eijUL 
 K.a.d'riykojJ.a.L 
 
 
 1 
 ] 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 be sufficient; be able 
 be first 
 
 KaQopau . 
 
 Ka.jJ.VU3 
 
 Ka.Ta.(3aLV(j} 
 
 KarabelliVVlU 
 
 KaraXafJifSclvoj 
 Ka.Ta/J.av6av<j} 
 Karap/ceco 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 9 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 25 
 1 
 1 
 
 look upon, see 
 be weary 
 come to do, end by doing 
 prove; show how 
 stop; find; happen 
 discover 
 suffice 
 
 Kara^aiva) 
 /ca.Td(/>pa.fco 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 (mid.) seem 
 perceive 
 
 KarrjXoYeco 
 \a.^t(3a.v(ji} 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 neglect 
 find 
 
 \avdavo} 
 \L7rapka) 
 \oyl^ofJia.i 
 fiavdavu 
 {Jikvu 
 fjLTa/J.e\o^aL 
 {trjvvu 
 
 von ^ w 
 j>co dco . . . . 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 11 
 3 
 1 
 36 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 64 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 3 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 3 
 6 
 58 
 2 
 5 
 1 
 67 
 1 
 
 escape notice 
 persist 
 consider 
 learn; learn how; perceive 
 await; wait for 
 repent 
 report 
 consider; think; be accustomed 
 see 
 
 oLda 
 oZxo/*cu 
 opdco .... 
 
 29 
 
 IS 
 
 37 
 139 
 
 29 
 37 
 174 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 S 
 
 38 
 37 
 179 
 
 know; know how 
 
 go 
 see realize 
 
 iravTolos y iyvopiai . 
 
 Trauco . . 
 
 
 2 
 17 
 
 2 
 17 
 
 
 1 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 19 
 
 exert one's self 
 stop prevent 
 
 Treipdco 
 TrevOktd 
 
 
 15 
 1 
 
 15 
 1 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 47 
 1 
 
 try 
 mourn 
 
 7repi77//eKra> 
 Treptopdco 
 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 6 
 
 6' 
 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 be aggrieved 
 permit 
 
 7r\rjpr]s el/jii 
 TroXus eyKLpLa.L .... 
 TroXus et/it 
 
 TTDOQaLVU . . 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 be satisfied 
 be urgent 
 be earnest 
 proceed to 
 
58 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 TABLE I. Continued 
 
 
 With 
 
 With 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. p. 
 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^c 
 
 
 j3 
 "o 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 "B 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 *5 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 & 
 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 TTpOTTVvda.VOfJ.aL .... 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 hear 
 
 irpO(jbkxofJLo.i 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 expect 
 
 TTpOadoKL/Jlbs LfJLL . . 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be expected 
 
 TTvvddvofJtaL 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 95 
 
 hear; hear of; learn 
 
 <7vyjLyvu<rKu 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 "" 10 
 
 
 11 
 
 be aware; become aware; admit 
 
 (jfy/cuplco 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 happen 
 
 ffvfiftaivu 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 happen 
 
 (TUjMTTlTTTCO 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 
 8 
 
 happen 
 
 avpfrkpw 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 
 22 
 
 happen 
 
 (7vvdx@ou.aL 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 sympathize with 
 
 CTVVeKTT 17TTCO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 happen to agree 
 
 avvLrj/J.L 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 comprehend 
 
 dvvoLda 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 know; be conscious 
 
 reXeuraco 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 cease; finish 
 
 rXaco 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 endure; venture 
 
 rpoxdfa 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 run 
 
 Tfy Yttt'co 
 
 
 91 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 happen 
 
 UTTGEpYCO 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 be first; happen; be 
 
 VTTOflEVti) 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 withstand; venture 
 
 0*kw ; 
 
 47 
 
 11 
 
 58 
 
 26 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 84 
 
 ok-arly (do); seem (mid.) 
 
 </><u/ep6s I J, t y/ /at 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 become or be evident 
 
 4>lpco /Saplcoi 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be greatly grieved 
 
 </>#*' CO 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 anticipate 
 
 <j>6ovtu 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 envy; begrudge 
 
 (/>pa'f co 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 observe; believe; bid 
 
 ^ XaVrw 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 watch for; take care to 
 
 Total, 121 verbs . 
 
 289 
 
 584 
 
 873 
 
 195 
 
 147342 
 
 116 
 
 1331 
 
 
 From Table I it is seen that with a total of 121 verbs Herod- 
 otus uses the supplementary participle 873 times; the infinitive, 
 342; a finite clause, 116. Of the participles, 289 are, and 584 
 are not, in indirect discourse; the proportion being therefore 
 about as 1:2. Of the infinitives, 195 are, and 147 are not, in 
 indirect discourse. The proportion is therefore about as 4:3. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 59 
 
 To express indirect discourse the participle is used about one and 
 one-half times as often as the infinitive after these 121 verbs, 
 namely 289 times, to 195 for the infinitive. The participle not 
 in indirect discourse is used nearly four times as frequently as 
 the object infinitive 584 to 147. 
 
 The arithmetical results obtained by such a summary as that 
 presented in Table I are however of much less importance than 
 the facts obtained regarding the usage of each individual verb, 
 recorded in Chapter II. The infinitive of indirect discourse, for 
 example, is used by Herodotus after many verbs not included in 
 Table I. The ratio mentioned above as existing between the use 
 of the participle and that of the infinitive to express indirect dis- 
 course after the 121 verbs of Table I, affords no indication of 
 the relative frequency of occurrence of the various constructions 
 of indirect discourse with all verbs used by Herodotus. For the 
 121 verbs given, however, the totals are of some value. And the 
 general conclusion is apparent, that after those verbs with which 
 the supplementary participle is used at all, this is the construc- 
 tion employed in nearly two-thirds of all the passages in which 
 the verbs are followed by any one of the three constructions 
 participle, infinitive, or finite clause. 
 
 The six following tables present a recapitulation by classes 
 of the verbs included in Table I. The classification follows in 
 part that made by Kuhner, 482; is to some extent based upon 
 that of Goodwin, GMT. 878-919; and in part is the result 
 of combining classes or portions of classes suggested by one or 
 the other of these grammarians. The classification is based pri- 
 marily upon the meaning of the verbs. But it will be observed 
 that certain classes contain verbs of quite different although 
 usually of related meaning (e. g. Class 4, Table 5; cf. G M T. 
 879) ; while certain verbs which are placed in a particular division 
 differ but little in meaning from other verbs that are otherwise 
 classified. This is due chiefly to the difficulty of making a sharp 
 distinction between verbs of similar meaning ; but in part also to the 
 fact that certain verbs are used with two or more different meanings 
 by Herodotus, and could therefore be placed in either of two classes. 
 It is believed however that the classification offered is sufficiently 
 definite tc exhibit the extent to which each of the different con- 
 structions is employed by Herodotus after verbs of like signification. 
 
60 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 In the case of each class, reference is made to the correspond- 
 ing classes of Goodwin and of Kiihner. 
 
 Class 1, Table II: Chiefly verbs denoting a mental or sense 
 perception: namely, verbs meaning "hear, see, be seen, watch 
 for, find, detect, learn, comprehend, consider, realize, know."- 
 G M T. 883; 884; 904; 907; 910; 919. K. 482.1. 
 
 TABLE II. Class 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 Vith 
 
 
 i 
 
 Vith 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. p. 
 
 
 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 
 -d 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 
 d 
 
 g 
 
 
 d 
 
 c 
 
 
 "u 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 & 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 's 
 
 "B 
 
 fi 
 
 +> 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 aivddvojJ.a.1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 perceive 
 
 CLKOVU 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 hear 
 
 a\LffKOfJL(U 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 be detected 
 
 CLVCVp 10"KCO 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 find out 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 see 
 
 'Yiyv&ffKW 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 perceive; judge; determine 
 
 tKfJLavddvu 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 learn 
 
 tvopdv 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 see 
 
 tvTvvydvu 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 find 
 
 t&TriffTafJLai 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 know; know how 
 
 Trdi(TTOs yiyvouaL. 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 become known 
 
 7rtX777rr6s ettu . 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be detected 
 
 eiTLO'TQ.fJt.OLL 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 55 
 
 know; believe; know how 
 
 VpicTK<jO 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 50 
 
 find; learn how; judge; obtain 
 
 kd)Vp iff Kit) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 detect 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 see; look upon 
 
 0edofJ.cn. 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 look upon 
 
 KQ-BoodbJ 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 look upon; see 
 
 KCLTaXan&dvu 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 
 25 
 
 stop; find; happen 
 
 KaTo.fJ.av6dvu 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 discover 
 
 K CL T OLfbpCL ("CO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 perceive 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 think of little account, neglect 
 
 \a(J.8dv(j} 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 find 
 
 \oy L^ojJ.ai 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 consider 
 
 fjiavOdvu 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 58 
 
 learn; learn how; perceive 
 
 J>O/j(l^CO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 2 
 
 66 
 
 
 67 
 
 consider; think; be accustomed 
 
 KO/WZCO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 see 
 
 olda 
 
 29 
 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 38 
 
 know; know how 
 
 opaco 
 
 35 
 
 !l39 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 179 
 
 see; realize 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 TABLE II. Continued 
 
 61 
 
 
 With 
 
 With 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. p. 
 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 VERB. 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 
 -d 
 
 c 
 
 
 d 
 
 'g 
 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 
 .j 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 'cS 
 
 c 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 H 
 
 P 
 
 
 .H 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 
 TTpOTTVvOdvOlJUU 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 hear 
 
 Trpoadexo^ai 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 expect 
 
 irpoadoKL/J.6s eort . . 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be expected 
 
 irwddvoucLL 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 95 
 
 hear; hear of; learn 
 
 (njyyiyv&o'KLK) 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 11 
 
 be aware; become aware; admit 
 
 <Jl)Vlf]tJ.L 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 comprehend 
 
 avvoida 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 know; be conscious - 
 
 </>pe^co 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 observe; rjelieve; bid 
 
 0uXarrco 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 watch for; take care to 
 
 Total, 38 verbs . . 
 
 200 
 
 2281428 
 
 161 
 
 40 
 
 201 
 
 88 
 
 717 
 
 
 It is evident from Table II that the verbs of Class 1 are fol- 
 lowed by the supplementary participle in more than twice as 
 many passages as by the infinitive 428 to 201. Of the parti- 
 ciples, somewhat less than half are in indirect discourse, 200 to 
 228, and of the infinitives four-fifths are in indirect discourse. 
 More participles than infinitives, however, are used to express 
 indirect discourse 200 to .161. Herodotus uses 38 verbs of this 
 class. 
 
62 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 Class 2, Table III. Verbs having the general signification 
 "to impart information": namely, verbs meaning "announce, 
 declare, represent, show, seem, clearly be." G M T. 883; 904; 
 907; 912; 914. K. 482.2. 
 
 TABLE III. Class 2 
 
 
 
 Wit? 
 
 
 
 Witt 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. p. 
 
 
 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 
 'O 
 
 
 
 tr 
 
 
 lause. 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 v 
 
 c 
 
 .S 
 
 ^_- 
 
 d 
 
 c 
 
 ^_- 
 
 o 
 
 ^: 
 
 
 
 s: 
 
 "o 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 c 
 
 "o 
 
 "o 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 d77lXXco 77 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 announce 
 
 o.7ra77lXXco 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 announce 
 
 dirodeLKW/ii 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 show; show how; appoint 
 
 airoKp ivo) 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (mi'd.) be distinguished 
 
 a.TTOc/xui'co 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 declare; demonstrate 
 
 7pa'0to 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 represent 
 
 77X65 (ei/u, etc.) . . 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 (be) clear (that), etc. 
 
 677X60? 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 demonstrate 
 
 bia.belKW(J.i 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 show 
 
 eK<t>aivco. 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 show forth 
 
 e^ayyk\\(jo 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 announce 
 
 7ra77XXco 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 announce 
 
 eTTiSe iKvvfJ.i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 demonstrate 
 
 KCLTddeiKW/JLl 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 prove; show how 
 
 KCLTO.cbo.ivii} 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 (mid.) seem 
 
 (LYIVVCti 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 report 
 
 
 47 
 
 11 
 
 58 
 
 26 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 84 
 
 (mid.) clearly (do); seem 
 
 chavtpos 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yiyvofiai, ei/u. . 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 become or be evident 
 
 Total, 18 verbs . . 
 
 89 
 
 12 
 
 101 
 
 34; 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 28 
 
 169 
 
 
 From Table III it is seen that after the 18 verbs of Class 2 
 the participle is used in 101 passages and the infinitive in 40. 
 Nearly nine-tenths of the participles and seven-eighths of the 
 infinitives are in indirect discourse. The ratio of participles in 
 indirect discourse to infinitives in indirect discourse is about 8:3. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 Class 3, Table IV. Verbs denoting a state of the feelings: 
 namely, verbs signifying "be ashamed, vexed, satisfied, pleased, 
 surprised, weary, grieved; repent, mourn, envy." G M T. 881; 
 900. K. 482.3; 482.4. 
 
 TABLE IV. Class 3 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 With 
 
 
 
 With 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 s. p. 
 
 
 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 
 -d 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 
 d 
 
 e 
 
 _. 
 
 d 
 
 _c 
 
 __; 
 
 73 
 
 ^j 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 fl 
 
 "o 
 
 1 
 
 $ 
 
 i 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 be ashamed 
 
 d aXAoo 
 
 
 ? 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 be vexed 
 
 avdoua.L 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be vexed 
 
 tirCLLffXVVO/JLCLL 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 be ashamed 
 
 ex^ o.drjv 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 be satisfied 
 
 ij5o!ji.a.L 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 be pleased 
 
 davj^dfa 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 be surprised 
 
 KatJLVU 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be weary 
 
 fjLCTCL/J.k\OlJ.a.L 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 repent 
 
 Tre^cco 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 mourn 
 
 7Tepl77^KTCO . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be aggrieved 
 
 TrA^pr/s eL/Jil 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be satisfied 
 
 (TVVCl')(dotJ.O.i 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 sympathize with 
 
 0pw /3aplcos 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be greatly grieved 
 
 * 6ovk " 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 envy; begrudge 
 
 Total, 15 verbs. . 
 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 It is evident from Table IV that of the 15 verbs of Class 3 
 only 2 are followed by the infinitive. None of the constructions 
 is in indirect discourse. 
 
 Class 4, Table V. Verbs meaning ''begin, continue, endure, 
 suffice, venture, persist, be earnest, hasten, try, cease, stop, repel, 
 await, permit." G M T. 879; 880; 885; 896; 899. K. 482.4; 
 482.5; 482.6; 482.8. It will be noticed that although the verbs 
 of this, class are apparently of various signification, all have to 
 do with one's interest or part in some action, i. e., in general, 
 with beginning an action, continuing or interfering with it, etc. 
 
64 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 TABLE V. Class 4 
 
 
 With 
 
 With 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. p. 
 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 
 TJ 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 
 d 
 
 'g 
 
 
 -d 
 
 _c 
 
 
 'o 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 $ 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 h 
 
 
 (XI/cYCO 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 endure; venture 
 
 GLVLTIttl 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 
 cease ; permit 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 hold out 
 
 GLVTLY 0GC60 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 hold out 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 cease 
 
 CLTTOKpOVCO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 repel 
 
 CLTToXe 17TCO 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 cease; fail to; fall short of 
 
 CLTTOYpCUO 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 10 
 
 be sufficient; be content 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 15 
 
 be first ; begin 
 
 bkxojJ-at. 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 await; withstand 
 
 didyu 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 continue 
 
 5tareXlco 
 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 continue 
 
 ?'/;.. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 go through; continue 
 
 5iecpxo/*at 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 go through with; do in succession 
 
 e\LVV(j} 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 cease 
 
 eTreryco 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 hasten 
 
 TTLTpTTTOV CO"T I . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 permit 
 
 CpUKCO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 repel 
 
 LKCLVOS LfJ.L 
 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 be sufficient; be able 
 
 KadrryeofJiai 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be first 
 
 /carap/csco 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 suffice 
 
 XtTrapIco 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 persist 
 
 ..i. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 await; wait for 
 
 iravTolos yiyvojutai. 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 exert one's self 
 
 Trauco . . 
 
 
 17 17 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 19 
 
 stop; prevent 
 
 
 
 15 15 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 47 
 
 try 
 
 Treptopotco 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 16 
 
 permit 
 
 TroXus eyKeijUciL .... 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be urgent 
 
 TroXus ei/i 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 be earnest 
 
 reXeiirdco 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 cease; finish 
 
 rXaco 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 endure; venture 
 
 uwdpxu 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 be first; happen; be 
 
 VTTOtlcVtt) 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 withstand; venture 
 
 
 Total, 33 verbs. . 
 
 
 126 
 
 126 
 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 
 191 
 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 According to Table V, none of the constructions after the 
 verbs of Class 4 is in indirect discourse. The supplementary 
 participle is used by Herodotus in nearly twice as many passages 
 as the infinitive after these verbs 126 to 65. 
 
 Class 5, Table VI. Verbs meaning "happen, anticipate, es- 
 cape notice." The participle with these verbs usually but not 
 always contains the leading idea of the expression. G M T. 
 887; 889; 890; 893; 894. K. 482.9; 482.15. 
 
 TABLE VI. Class 5 
 
 
 With 
 
 With 
 
 
 s. p. 
 
 inf. 
 
 VERB. 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 -d 
 
 
 ause. 
 
 
 ME. 
 
 
 d 
 
 _'c 
 
 
 d 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ,0 
 
 rt 
 P 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 'i 
 
 1 
 
 
 kiriTWyx^oivfj} 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 happen 
 
 \avQdv(j} 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 escape notice 
 
 avyKvpsm 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 happen' 
 
 av/ifSo. ivoo 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 happen 
 
 criy/TTiTTTCO 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 8 
 
 happen 
 
 avtxfrepu 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 
 22 
 
 happen 
 
 aVVeKTTiTTTIjO 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 happen to agree 
 
 rvyxdvu 
 
 
 91 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 happen 
 
 $ ddvw 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 anticipate 
 
 Total, 9 verbs. . . 
 
 
 123 
 
 123 
 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 
 156 
 
 
 It is apparent from Table VI that the constructions after 
 verbs of Class 5 are not in indirect discourse; also that the parti- 
 ciple is the favorite construction after verbs of this class, the 
 ratio of participles to infinitives standing about 4 to 1. It should 
 be noted, however, that the ratio does not hold for individual 
 verbs. Three verbs, crvfiflalva), avfnrlTTToo, and cru/^lpoo, are used 
 more frequently by Herodotus with the infinitive than with .the 
 participle. 
 
66 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 Class 6, Table VII. Verbs meaning "come, go, proceed to." 
 G M T. 895. K. 482.10. The participle contains the leading 
 idea of the expression. 
 
 TABLE VII. Class 6 
 
 
 
 With 
 s. p. 
 
 
 
 With 
 inf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VERB. 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 n 
 
 d 
 
 .a 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 t3 
 c 
 
 "d 
 .S 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 "c5 
 
 1 
 
 With clause. 
 
 3 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 a.(j)LKvko/JiaL 
 elfJLt, 
 epxoftai 
 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 4 
 13 
 
 arrive 
 be about to 
 
 T/KCO 
 
 KaTaflalvb} 
 oi'xojKat 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 have come 
 come to do; end by doirg 
 
 irpo(3aivo} 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 & U 
 
 rpoxdfa. . 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 8 verbs. . 
 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 After verbs of the general meaning "come" and "go," the 
 participle only is used by Herodotus, according to Table VII. 
 The participle, not in indirect discourse, occurs in 67 passages 
 after verbs of this class. 
 
 Conclusion. As has already been suggested (p. 59), the facts 
 derivable from the summary tables are inferior in value to the 
 information recorded in Chapter II regarding the use of each of 
 the verbs. It will have been noticed that of the 121 verbs in- 
 cluded in Chapter II, a large majority are followed by the same 
 constructions in Herodotus as in Attic Greek. In the case of 22 
 verbs, however, the usage of Herodotus appears to differ in some 
 degree from the Attic usage as stated by Goodwin or by Kuhner. 
 Such verbs are: ayysXKw, d/couco, d^tr///t, aTrcryYiAAco, aTrodeiKvvjU.1, 
 oLTroXetTroo. a.Tro(f)a.Lvco f apxco, a0itft>o//cu, Ste^lpxo/iat, eireiyoo, kirlara- 
 fJ.a.i, eupumo, /cara/3at^co, /carap/clco, \avddvu, Trauco, 7reipao//cu, 
 irwddvofJiaL, avyyiyvtcaKu, <j)6oveu, 4>v\drTO}. A detailed state- 
 ment of the use of each of these verbs by Herodotus has been given 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 67 
 
 in Chapter II. The main points in which the usage of Herodotus 
 is not in conformity with the principles of Attic Greek may here 
 be briefly summarized. 
 
 The distinction of meaning existing for Attic Greek, according 
 to Kiihner, between the use of the participle and that of the in- 
 finitive after <x77lXAa> does not hold for the one passage in which 
 Herodotus uses the infinitive after this verb. As far as can be 
 determined from the one passage, he apparently employs the two 
 constructions without difference of meaning. 
 
 After CLKOVCO the accusative of the supplementary participle 
 not in indirect discourse is used of a direct, certain perception in 
 7 passages. According to both Goodwin and Kiihner the geni- 
 tive of the participle would have been used in Attic Greek. In 
 2 other passages the participle is used where the infinitive would, 
 according to K., have been regular. 
 
 The verb av irj/u is followed in Hdt. by either the ptc. or the 
 inf., but with distinctly different meanings. Neither G. nor K. 
 mentions this fact for Attic Greek, or suggests any difference of 
 meaning in the two constructions. 
 
 'A7ra77\Xco is used once with a participle and once with an 
 infinitive without apparent difference of meaning contrary to 
 the principle stated by K. 
 
 After airodelKwfjLL the participle is used in 4 passages in which 
 the infinitive would be expected, and one infinitive is used where 
 according to K. the regular construction would have been a 
 participle. 
 
 'ATroXeiTrco is used by Hdt. with either a participle or an infini- 
 tive. Neither G. nor K. mentions this fact for Attic Greek. 
 
 'A7ro</>cuj>co is used 3 times with a participle in a sense for which 
 the infinitive would regularly be employed, according to K. 
 
 Hdt. uses the participle irregularly for the infinitive after apx^ 
 in one passage, and the infinitive 3 times instead of the participle, 
 according to K. 
 
 ' ' AfaKveofJiai is twice followed by a supplementary participle. 
 K. mentions this only as a poetical usage. 
 
 Aielpxo/*eu is followed by a supplementary participle in 5 
 passages. Neither G. nor K. has a class in which this verb ex- 
 actly belongs. The construction may therefore not be found in 
 Attic Greek. 
 
68 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 Hdt. uses the participle and the infinitive after eireiya) ap- 
 parently without difference of meaning. K. makes a distinction 
 for Attic Greek usage. 
 
 After e7rt(7Ta//.cu the participle is used irregularly 5 times, and 
 the infinitive 11 times, according to K.'s statement of Attic usage. 
 
 Seven of the participles after evpiaKu are used in passages in 
 which the infinitive would have been regular according to K. 
 
 The verb KarajScuwo is used 4 times with a participle. No men- 
 tion of this construction as an Attic usage is made by G. or by K. 
 
 Hdt. uses KCLTCLPKSU in a sense different from that mentioned 
 by G. and by K. for Attic Greek. 
 
 There is apparently a difference of meaning between the regu- 
 lar and the reversed construction of the verb \avddvtc in Hdt., 
 altho none is mentioned by G. or K. 
 
 In one, possibly two, passages, Hdt. uses Travon with the infini- 
 tive with the meaning "stop" rather than "prevent," the latter 
 being the regular meaning with the infinitive, according to both 
 G. and K. But see Chapter II, Trauco. 
 
 In 8 of the 32 passages in which the infinitive occurs after 
 Treipaco the distinction given by K. for Attic Greek docs not 
 
 apply. 
 
 Uw6dvo/j.aL is twice used with the accusative of the participle 
 of indirect discourse. This construction would be irregular in 
 Attic, according to G. In 9 passages the infinitive is used irregu- 
 larly instead of the participle according to K.'s statement of the 
 distinction in Attic Greek. 
 
 With avyyLyvuaKw the infinitive is used three times where the 
 participle would be regular according to K. 
 
 No mention is made by G. or by K. of the use of the infini- 
 tive and the participle after 4>dovku, but each construction is found 
 in Hdt. 
 
 In the classification of supplementary participles according to 
 the signification of the governing verb, as made by G. or by K., 
 there is no class in which the participle after ^uXdrrco exactly 
 belongs. The participle after verbs of this meaning is appar- 
 ently a poetic rather than an Attic usage. 
 
 It will be noticed that in the case of a considerable number of 
 the verbs just mentioned the apparent difference between Herod- 
 otus' usage and that of Attic Greek is due rather to an inexact 
 
Sl'PPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 69 
 
 or more properly, an over-exact statement of Goodwin or 
 Kuhner of the conditions under which the participle or the in- 
 finitive is used by Attic writers, than to a real peculiarity of the 
 style of Herodotus. It is possible that in several instances a 
 distinction in the use of the two constructions suggested by G. 
 or by K. is meant only as a general one and that it is not in- 
 tended that the distinction be understood to apply rigidly to the 
 usage of Attic writers in every instance in which a verb is used. 
 If this be true, it will be seen that Herodotus' use of the various 
 constructions differs very little from the usage of Attic Greek. 
 
 In connection with the differences mentioned in the case of 
 the 22 verbs just summarized it may be noted that Goodwin's 
 statement regarding Herodotus' use of certain verbs, in G M T. 
 896, is somewhat misleading. He says: "H. uses the parti- 
 ciple with Tretpo^Mcu, to try, and with TroXXos et/u or yivonaL, TroXXos 
 eyKeL/iat., and TTUVTOLOS yivoiion,, to be urgent; rarely with e 
 to press on." In 897 he says: "The participle with 
 TroXus eyKei/tai, and eyicei t uai alone, occurs occasionally in Attic 
 Greek." The use of the words "rarely" in 896 and "occasion- 
 ally" in 897 would seem to indicate that the supplementary par- 
 ticiple is the regular construction in Herodotus after the verbs 
 and phrases mentioned in 896; and that this construction, except 
 with eireiyo/iai, is of frequent occurrence. As has been shown in 
 Chapter II, (and in Table I of this chapter,) Treipao/mi is followed 
 only 15 times by the participle, but 32 times by the infinitive. 
 The infinitive is therefore the more usual construction in Hdt. as 
 in other Greek. IIoXus elfu occurs only twice with the parti- 
 ! ciple; TroXus ylyvonai apparently does not occur at all in Hdt. 
 with a supplementary participle; TroXus eyKeipai occurs once only 
 with this construction; Travrolos -yiyvofiai occurs twice with the 
 supplementary participle and once with the infinitive; eireiyo/JLcu,, 
 twice with the participle and once with the infinitive. 
 
 Finally, it should be noted that the somewhat general impres- 
 sion that Herodotus uses the supplementary participle much more 
 frequently than do the Attic writers, is not well-founded. An 
 examination of his usage with the 22 verbs lately mentioned 
 shows that he employs the infinitive instead of the participle 39 
 times, and the participle for the infinitive only 22 times. His 
 use of the participle with 7reipao/u and a few other verbs not fre- 
 
70 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
 
 quently followed by the participle in Attic Greek would bring the 
 latter total up to about 40 or 45. But against his use of the 
 participle with these verbs must be placed his somewhat excep- 
 tional use of the infinitive after e7rurra/*cu (cf. GMT. 915.2.b). 
 The conclusion must follow, therefore, that although Herodotus 
 uses the supplementary participle somewhat more freely than 
 Attic writers, not always preserving the distinction in the use of 
 the participle and of the infinitive, his variation from Attic usage 
 favors the infinitive nearly or quite as often as the supplemen- 
 tary participle. 
 
APPENDIX 
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED 
 
 circ. circumstantial 
 
 G. Goodwin 
 
 GMT. Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses 
 
 i. d. (only in tables) indirect discourse 
 
 ind. disc, indirect discourse 
 
 inf(s). infinitive(s) 
 
 K. Kuhner; also Kuhner's Ausfuhrliche Grammatik 
 
 Kail. Kallenberg 
 
 ptc(s). participle(s) 
 
 s. p(s). supplementary participle(s) 
 
 sup. supplementary 
 
 71 
 
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