IIH ' ■PL Willi: ,, lilll GIFT OF Latin Der>t. 7TFf GA*w> ~^L^J+J //.fa W <^W */j ^r/D.*a Tl^t/ COIC& ^~ — Mi I'^^i^JUjlTS x ^tOxJUQ f 4-€UWo hAjiWJa q f Vt°' **^- >/,*&, ^^ A ' / T ^^^<; ■ajLa-u^ i C^M^^^j ^^ ■/. EXERCISES LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION: WITH REFERENCES TO THE GRAMMARS OF ALLEN AND GREENOUGH, HALE AND BUCK, BENNETT, GILDERSLEEVE, AND HARKNESS. BY ELISHA JONES, A.M., AUTHOR QF "FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN ' AND OF "EXERCISES IN GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION." REVISED BY '»•' JOSEPH H. DRAKE,, , Fn , .K./ NIOR PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. CHICAGO : SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY. 1906. Copyright, 1879, BY S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. Copyright, 1897, BY SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY. ROBT. O. LAW CO. i PRINTERS AND BINDERS, CHICtSO 715 IW /HA' A) PREFACE. The aim of this little manual is simply to illustrate such con- structions as are most frequently met with in the Commentaries of Caesar, the Orations of Cicero, and similar prose. It does not pretend to teach how to turn all kinds of English into Latin ; this could not he expected of so elementary a treatise, and, per- haps, our present systems and methods of preparatory instruc- tion do not demand it : but it designs to give the student such an introduction to the more important principles of Latin syn- / tax, such an acquaintance with the more usual idioms of the language, as shall lead him towards a fuller understanding and appreciation of the great classic prose-writers of ancient Rome. Wh;h this end in view, most of the Examples and Vocabularies have been selected from the works mentioned above, and the plan is for the first twenty Lessons to accompany the reading of the Commentaries, and the second twenty the reading of the Orations ; though it is hoped that they will not be found out of place in those preparatory schools where other prose is read. The Exercises are so constructed that, in translation, the style I of Caesar and Cicero may be imitated. The treatment of the Moods and Tenses is introduced before that of the Cases, in the belief that the learner should have as extended practice as pos- sible in those difficult subjects. On page 54 a table, based upon 858494 jy PREFACF a similar table in Roby's Grammar, is given, which is intended to show at a glance the changes necessarily made in the Moods and Tenses when direct Discourse passes into Indirect. In the Notes and Questions an attempt has been made to furnish the beginner all needed assistance through references to the gram- mar and by means of suggestions rather than by direct informa- tion. The principles of syntax referred to and illustrated in each Lesson are, for the most part, reviewed in several of the succeeding Exercises that they may become well fixed in the learner's memory. To make this drill- work still more thorough, there are added, for general review and examination, supple- mentary Exercises, which are to be recited without previous preparation, and which may enable the teacher to ascertain whether the scholarship of his pupils is well grounded and inde- pendent or otherwise. Great pains have been taken to make the General Vocabulary complete ; to make it answer questions likely to arise respecting the use of the words employed in the Exer- cises : deficient Vocabularies are a source of great perplexity and discouragement to beginners. It is believed that these Lessons, if well mastered, will afford sufficient preparation, in the writing of Latin, for admission to any of our American colleges. The following plan of instruction in Prose Composition, pur- sued with marked success in many, if not most, of our best preparatory schools, is offered for the benefit of inexperienced teachers. The learner is required to fix in mind the principles of syntax to which the References direct his attention ; to com- mit to memory the Examples and Vocabularies ; and to bring to the recitation-room the Exercises carefully translated and writ- ten out. These Exercises are copied upon the blackboard, criti- cised, and corrected when necessary, by both pupils and teacher ; PREFACE. y the corrected Exercises are then transferred to a blank book and committed to memory for oral review. The accomplishment of all this will be somewhat difficult when the class is very small and the time short : but the writing upon the blackboard, to- gether with the criticisms and corrections before the whole class, should not be omitted ; that which is seen as well as heard is much better remembered than that which only enters the ear. With many obligations for suggestions from different sources, this book is sent forth in the hope that it may aid somewhat in overcoming the difficulties of Latin syntax, and that its faults may meet with that kindly criticism which has been so gener- ously awarded to its predecessors. ELISHA JONES. University of Michigan, July, 1879. NOTE TO REVISED EDITION. In this revision the vowels that are long by nature have been marked, and all unmarked vowels are to be considered short. Lewis's "Elementary Latin Dictionary" has been followed. The grammar references have been changed to conform with the latest editions of the more widely used grammars. Exercises based on passages from Caesar and Cicero have been inserted in place of the "Exercises for General Review and Examination," and an Index has been added. Thanks are due. to Professor Harold W. Johnston, editor in chief of the Inter-Collegiate Latin Series, and to Professor John C. Rolfe and Mr. Lewis Reichle, of the University of Michigan, for useful suggestions. JOSEPH H. DRAKE. University of Michigan, June, 1897. REVISION OF GRAMMAR REFERENCES. The references have been changed so as to conform to the last edition of the Allen and Greenough Grammar and of the Harkness Grammar, and references to the Hale and Buck Grammar have been inserted. JOSEPH H. DRAKE. University of Michigan, July, 1905. CONTENTS. PAGE. ABBREVIATIONS. . xii Arrangement of Words and Clauses in Latin Prose : Usual Order ; How to produce Emphasis ; Position of Certain Words ; Arrangement of Clauses 3 LESSON I. — Agreement: Apposition; Predicate Word; Relative Pronouns; Relative Clause made Emphatic ,3 LESSON II. — Agreement {Continued) : Finite Verb ; Adjectives ; Adjectives with Nouns of different Genders ; Adjectives as Nouns ; Adjectives with the force of Adverbs ; Adjectives designating a Certain Part ... 6 LESSON III. — Use of Pronouns : Personal; Possessive; Reflexive 8 LESSON TV. — Use of Pronouns {Continued) : Demonstrative ; Indefinite ; Relative . . . • .10 LESSON V.— Commands and Exhortations; Prohibitions; Wishes; Voca- tive 13 LESSON VI. — Tenses of the Indicative : Historical Present ; Present with dum, while ; Present with iam, iam diu, iam diiduin, iam pridem; Imperfect; Future ; Perfect ; Pluperfect ; Future Perfect . . .15 LESSON VII. — Sequence of Tenses ; Final Clauses : Sequence of Tenses; Exceptions; Adverbial Use of Final Clauses ; Adjective Use of Final Clauses . . . .18 LESSON VIII. —Final Clauses {Continued) : Substantive Use of Final Clauses ; wt omitted ... 21 Vlll CONTENTS. Sub LESSON IX. — Consecutive Clauses : Adverbial and Adjective Uses of Consecutive Clauses ; Sub stantive Use of Consecutive Clauses . LESSON X. — Peculiar Uses of Relative Clauses. JUNCTIVE WITH QuiN AND QUOMINUS .... LESSON XI. — Conditional Sentences LESSON XII. — Conditional Sentences (Continued) : Supposition contrary to Reality ; Use of quam si, ac si, etc Conditional Relative Clauses; Use of modo, diim, duin modo LESSON XIII. — Concessive Clauses . LESSON XIV. — Causal Clauses. — Attraction LESSON XV.— Temporal Clauses: With postquam, ubi, ut, simftilac ; With antequam, prius quam ; With cum ; With dum, donee, quoad LESSON XVI. — Direct and Indirect Questions : How to Ask a Question ; Double Questions ; Answers ; Indi- rect Questions ; Rhetorical Questions .... LESSON XVII.— The Infinitive: Subject of the Infinitive ; Infinitive as Subject ; Infinitive with out Subject- Accusative as Object or Complement . LESSON XVIII. — The Infinitive {Continued) : Infinitive witli Subject- Accusative as Object ; Tenses of the In finitive ; Predicate after Infinitive ; Historical Infinitive LESSON XIX. — Indirect Discourse . LESSON XX. — Indirect Discourse (Continued) : Table showing the Changes made in Moods and Tenses Direct Discourse becomes Indirect .... LESSON XXI. — The Genitive : Subjective Genitive with Nouns; Limited Word omitted; Sub jective Genitive with Verbs. LESSON XXII. — The Genitive (Continued) : Objective Genitive; Constructions used instead of Objective Genitive ; Partitive Genitive ; Constructions used instead when CONTENTS. IX of Partitive Genitive ; When the Partitive Genitive is not to be used 59 LESSON XXIII. — The Genitive {Continued) : Genitive of Quality ; Genitive with Adjectives ... 62 LESSON XXIV. — The Genitive (Continued) : With Verbs of Memory ; With Verbs of Emotion ; With Verbs of Judicial Action ; With Verbs of Plenty and Want ; With refert and interest . 04 LESSON XXV. — The Dative Case : With Transitive Verbs ; Double Construction ; With Intransi- tive Verbs ; Dative or Accusative according to Signification ; When " to " and " for " are to be rendered by ad and pro . 67 LESSON XXVI. — The Dative (Continued) : With Compounds ; Of the Possessor ; Of the Agent; How In- transitive Verbs are used in the Passive .... 69 LESSON XXVII.— The Dative (Continued): Two Datives; With Adjectives; Other Constructions with Adjectives ; Of Reference 72 LESSON XXVIII. — The Accusative : Direct Object ; With Verbs which in English require a Prepo- sition ; With Compounds ; Cognate 75 LESSON XXIX. — The Accusative (Continued) : Two Accusatives of the same Person or Thing ; Two Accusa- tives — Person and Thing; Two Accusatives with Compound Verbs ; Limit of Motion 77 LESSON XXX. —The Accusative (Continued): Adverbial ; Of Specification ; In Exclamations ; Of Time and Space 80 LESSON XXXI. — The Ablative : Of Separation ; Of Source ; Of Cause ; Of Agent ... 82 LESSON XXXII. — The Ablative (Continued): Of Manner ; Of Accompaniment ; Of Means and Instrument ; With certain Deponents ; With certain Adjectives . . 85 LESSON XXXIII. — The Ablative (Continued) : With Comparatives ; Construction with plus, etc. ; Measure of Difference ; Ablative of Quality ...... 87 A CONTENTS. LESSON XXXIV. — The Ablative {Continued) : Of Price ; Of Specification ; Of Time ; Ablative Absolute . 90 LESSON XXXV. — Expressions of Time : Time When or Within Which ; Time How Long or During Which ; Use of Prepositions in Expressions of Time ; Time Before or After an Event 92 LESSON XXXVI. — Place: Place Erom Which ; Place To Which ; Place At or In Which ; Place By, Through, or Over Which ; Words used like Names of Towns ; Ablative of Place At, In, or On Which ; How to express Towards a Place, etc 95 LESSON XXXVII. — Use of Participles : Tenses ; Different Uses . . . . . . . 9S LESSON XXXVIII. — The Gerund and Gerundive . . 101 LESSON XXXIX. — The Gerund and Gerundive (Con- tinned) . 103 LESSON XL. — The Periphrastic Conjugations. — The Supine 105 EXERCISES BASED ON PASSAGES EROM CAESAR AND CICERO 109 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 125 INDEX 151 EXERCISES LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. ABBREVIATIONS. A. & G Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. H. & B Hale and Buck Latin Grammar. Grammar B Bennett's Latin Grammar. G Gildersleeve's (Lodge) Latin Grammar. H. . . . .... Harkness's Latin Grammar, revised edi, tion. aft after. cf confer, compare. decl declension. Ex Example. f. feminine. fr from. gram grammar. indecl. . . . indeclinable. intr. . , intransitive. lit literal, literally. Ln Lesson. m masculine. n neuter. pi plural. prep preposition. pron pronoun. Ref. Reference. N. B. A reference, without any mark of punctuation immediately follow- ing it, is not to be noticed. sc scilicet, understand. tr transitive. Vy Vocabulary. w with. EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS AND CLAUSES IN LATIN PROSE. 1. Usual Order, f A. & G. 595; 596:Jh. & B. 620; 622; 623, a: B. 348: G. 674, 1, 2, Remark; 675-682: H. 664, 1-4. 2. How to produce Emphasis. (A. & G. 597|Note: H. & B. 621: B. 349: G. 672, 1, 2, (a): H. 665, 1-4. 3. Position of Certain Words, f A. & G. 598, a-c; 599, a-fjH. & B. 624, 1-16: B. 350, 1-12: G. 676, Remark 1; 677, Remark 2; 679: H. 671-680. 4. Arrangement of Clauses. U. & G. 601, a-ejH. & B. 624. 10, 11; 629, 1, 2: B. 351, 1-6: G. 684; 685: H. 681-685. LESSON I. AGREEMENT. REFERENCES.* 1, 2. Apposition. ( A. & G. 281; 282, c!) H. & B. 317, 2; 3.19, I.: B. 169, 1-3: G. 320; 321: H. 393. ♦The numbers of the References correspond with the numbers of the Examples: e. g 1, 2. Appo3ition is illustrated by Examples 1 and 2. 4 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 3, 4. Predicate Word. (X. & G. 283; 284:] H. & B. 317, 3, 3J9, II.: E. 167; 168: G. 325: H. 393, Note 2. 5-8. Relative Pronoun3. (A. & G. 305, a; 306; 307, a-d:)H. & B. 322; 323, 1, 2; 325, a; S26, 1: B. 250, 1, 3; 251, 5: G. 614, 3, (a), (6); 615; 616: H. 396, 2; 398, 1, 2; 399, 6. 9. Relative Clause made Emphatic, (k & G. 308, a-d:)K. & B. 284, 5: B. 251, 4, a); G. 620: H. 399, 3. EXAMPLES. 1. To the town of Geneva, ad oppidum Gendvam. 2. We saw Caesar when boys, or when we were boys, puerl Cae- sarem vidimus. 3. Divico was elected chief, Divico princepz creatus est. 4. Who had come as ambassadors to Caesar, qui legcitl ad Caesa- rem venerant. 5. With the legion, which he had with him, and the soldiers who had assembled, legione. quam secum habSbat, militibusque, qui convenerant. 6. Glory, which is the fruit of valor, gloria, qui est fructus virtutis. 7. Let them be separated from us by a wall, which I have often said, muro, id J quod saepe dixi, discernantur a nobis. 8. Towns and villages which they had burned, oppida vicosque, quos incenderant. 9. TJiat part, which had brought disaster, suffered punishment, quae pars calamitatem intulerat, ea poenas persolvit. VOCABULARY I. across, trans, prep. w. ace. into, in, on, in, prep. w. ace. aft. always, semper, adv. verbs of motion; w. abl. aft, ambassador,»envoy, legatus, -I, m. verbs of rest. and, et, -que, ac or atque. 2 river, flumen, fluminis, n. capital, caput, capitis, n. see, vide6\ -ere, vldi, visum. come, veniS, -ire, veni, ventum. send, mitto, -ere, misi, missum. desire, wish, volo. velle, volul. soldier, miles, mllitis, m. elect, creS, -5re, -5vi, -Stum. through, per, prep. w. ace. flow into, InfluS, -ere, -fluarf, to, towards, ad, prep. w. ace, -fluxum. with, oum, prep. w. abl. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 5 EXERCISE I. 1. Caesar 3 sent soldiers into the city of Rome. 3 2. Sol- diers came into the city of Rome to 4 Quintus Metellus, the praetor. 3. Caesar when he was a hoy came to Quintus Metellus, the praetor. 4. Caesar and Cicero were eleoted consuls. 5. Metellus had come as an am- bassador to Caesar. 6. The Gauls came as ambassadors through the cities of Rome and Lavinium. 7. The Moselle is a river which flows into 5 the Rhine. 8. Me- tellus, whom we saw when boys, will be elected consul. 9. Cicero was elected consul, which 6 he had always desired. 10. Caesar will send across the Rhine the sol- diers who have come as ambassadors. 11. Caesar sent that legion, which 7 he had with him, across the river Rhine. 12. Metellus sent 'those soldiers, whom he had with him, into the city of Rome. 13. He sent soldiers into the city of Rome, which 8 is the capital of Italy. Notes and Questions. 1 id is an appositive with the clause muro discernantur a nobis and antecedent of quod. 2 What difference in the use of et, -que. ac or atque ? See A. & G. 324, a, 6: H. &B. 307, I, a, b, 2, a: B. 341, l.a)-c): G. 475-477: H. 657,1, Note, 2. 3 Words not given in the special vocabularies may be found in the General Vocabulary. In rendering the Exercises into Latin, imitate care- fully the Examples. 4 To following a verb of motion and preceding the name of a person must be rendered by the preposition ad. 5 Into ; although Influere may have a direct object, Caesar repeats the preposition in. 6 Which; what is its antecedent ? 7 Make the relative clause emphatic by placing it first and the antece- dent noun in it : see Example 9. 8 Which; see Example 6. >. ( A. & G. 316; 317, a-e:jH. & B. 328, 1, 2; 1-4; 255, 1-5: G, 285, Exception 1; 287, 6 LATIH PROSE COMPOSITION. LESSON II. AGREEMENT (continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. Finite Verb. 329, 1-3: B. 254, Remarks (a), (6): H. 388, 1; 392, 1-5. 4, 5. Adjective. £a. & G. 285, 1; 286, a, 6^H. & B. 320: B. 234, 1, 2; 235, A: G. 289-291, 1, 2: H. 394, 1-5. 6-8. Adjective with Nouns of Different Genders. QA. & G. 287, 1-4, a:jH. & B. 323, 1, 2, a: B. 235, B: G. 286, 1-3:H. 395, 1, 2, Note. 9. Adjectives as Nouns YA & G. 288; 289, a-d) H.&B.249, 1, 2; 260, 1,2: B. 236; 237: G 204, Notes 1-4: H. 494, 1; 495, 1, 2. 10-12. ^Adjectives with the force of Adverbs. ^A. & G. 290:) H. & B. 245: B. 239: G. 325, Remark 6: H. 497, 1>3. 13. Adjectives designating a Certain Part. (\. & G. 293:} H. & B. 244: B. 241, 1: G. 291, Remark 2: H. 497, 4. EXAMPLES. !. You and I did this, haeo ego et tu fecimus. 2. Neither agriculture nor the practice of war is interrupted, neque agriculture nee usus belli intermittitur. 3. A daughter and one of the sons were taken, filia atque unus 5 filils mptus est. 1 4. Genuine friendships are everlasting, verae 2 amicitiae sunt sempi- teniae.* 5. It is perilous to cross, transire perlculfmim est. 6. All lands and seas, omnes agrl et maria, or agri et maria omnia. 7. Father and mother are dead, pater et mSter mortul sunt. 8. Labor and pleasure are very* unlike, labor voluptasque dissi- millima. 9. The brave, fortSs ; the fair, pulchrae ; into winter-quarters, in hiberna. 10. Caesar was the first to send, or Caesar was the first who sent, Caesar primus 4 mlsit. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION". 7 11. They came unwillingly, or they were unwilling to come, invltl venerunt. 12. They assembled in very great numbers, frequentissimi con vene- runt. 13. On the top of the hill, in summo colle ; into the middle of the city, in mediam urbeni. VOCABULARY 2. alone, solus, -a, -urn, middle, middle of, medius, -a, cross, transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. -um. form, draw up, Instruo, -ere, neither . . . nor, neque . . . ne- -struxi, -structum. que ; nee . . . nee. frequent, frequens, gen. frequen- out of, ex, prep. w. all. tis ; see Ex. 12. top of, summus, -a, -um. glad, laetus, -a, -um. unwilling, invitus, -a, -um. last, last part of, extremus, -a, winter-quarters, hiberna, -6mm, -um. n. pi. ; properly an adj. w. cas meantime, in the meantime, in- tra understood. terim, adv. EXERCISE 2. 1. You 5 and Metellus came unwillingly. 2. Caesar and I 5 were glad to come. 3. Neither the consul nor the praetor will lead (his 6 ) soldiers across the Moselle. 4. The consul and the praetor sent 12 soldiers into the city of Eome. 5. This boy and girl are attentive and industrious. 6. It is perilous for the Germans 8 to cross the river Rhine and come into France. 7. The brave and the fair come in very 3 great numbers to America. 9 8. Caesar was frequently in Gaul. 9. The Sequani came alone into the middle of the city. 10. Caesar will be unwilling to send the envoy into the middle of the city. 11. The consul led his soldiers out of camp in the last part of winter. 10 12. Caesar was the first to lead Roman 11 soldiers across the river Rhine. 13. On the top of a hill the consul formed a triple line of the legions, which he had enlisted in Gaul. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 Captus est agrees with urnis and is understood with filia. 2 Which is an attributive and which a predicate adjective ? * Very tinlike ; the positive with very is often rendered into Latin by the superlative ; valda (eery) dissimilia would be more emphatic. 4 The adverb, prlmum, would imply that Caesar first performed the act of sending and afterwards some other act. 5 In Latin the first person stands before the second ; the second before the third : e. g. ego et tu ; tu et Caesar. 6 Words enclosed in parentheses are to be omitted in translation. 7 Sent ; see Example 3 and Note 1. 8 For the Germans ; render by the Accusative. 9 To America ; translate with in and the Accusative. 1} In the last part of winter; Is a preposition necessary in the Latin equivalent? What use of the Ablative? 11 The adjective, Romanus, should always follow its noun. w See Kef. 1-3. LESSON III. USE OF PRONOUNS. REFERENCES. 1, 2. Personal, f A. & G. 295, a-cjtl. & B. 254, a, b; 255; 257: B. 242, 1-3: G. 304, 1-3: H. 500, 4. 3-7. Possessive. ^A. & G. 302, a-e.%. & B. 254; 256; 258; 339, b: B. 243, 1-3: G. 312: H. 501; 446, 3. 8-12. Reflexive (Reflective). Ca. & G. 299, o; 300, 1, 2, 6; 301, /:^H. & B. 260, a, b; 261 ; 262, 1, 2; 265; 266: B. 244, 1-5: G. 309, 1-4: H. 502, 1; 503, 1,4; 504. EXAMPLES. 1. 7 am consul, ego sum consul. 2. Who of us ? Quia nostrum ? 3. Caesar !ed out hi* troops. Caesar copias suds Sduxit. 4. Gaul is my province, provincia men est Gallia. 5. Ariovistns led his troops across the Rhone, Ariovistus copias trans Rhodanum duxit. LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 9 6. The Gauls made an attack on our men, Galli in nostros im petum fecerunt. 7. Their own province, sua ipsorum provincia. 8. They surrendered themselves and their possessions to Caesar, se juaque Caesari dediderunt. 9. The king demanded that Caesar send an envoy to him, rex postulavit ut Caesar legatum ad se mitteret. 10. Our soldiers having encouraged one another, nostri cohor- tati inter se. 11. All differ from one another, omnes inter se differunt. 12. They give hostages to one another, obsides inter sese dant. VOCABULARY 3. amusing, delectans, -antis. from, out of, e, ex ; from, from attack, impetus, -us, m. near, S, ab ; prepositions w. abl. betake one's self, se conferre ; lead out, -§duco, -ere, -duxi, confero, conferre, contuli, -ductum. conlatum. march, iter, itineris, n. ; to march, bring on, infero, inferre, intuli, iter facere ; facio, facere,feci, inlatum. factum chief, leading, princeps, -ipis, on, upon, in ; see Vy. 1, under adj. into, encourage, cohortor, -ari, -atus parts, from all parts, undique sum. adv. entrust, commendo, -are, -avl, state, civitas, -atis,/. -atum. surrender, dedo, -ere, dedr^" 1 fire, set fire to, burn, incendo, deditum. -ere, -cendi, -censum. vigorously, acriter, adv. EXERCISE 3. 1. You are that consul who was the first 1 to lead Ro- man soldiers across the river Moselle. 2. Who of you 2 has sent envoys to the king ? 3. We shall lead out our troops from camp and make an attack on the enemy 4. The Gauls have betaken themselves into their own" province. 5. The enemy will betake themselves to their 10 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. (friends) and make an attack on our (men). 6. I shall surrender myself and all my (possessions) to Caesar. 7. The king demanded that we send 4 you to him as an envoy. 8. The soldiers are very unwilling to go through the middle of their own city. 9. In the last part of your book is a very amusing story. 10. All these nations gave hostages to one another. 11. Our soldiers are crossing the Khine, which 5 is very perilous. 12. We shall march into the towns and villages which the enemy have set fire to. 13. The enemy came in very great numbers and occupied the top of the mountain. 14. The chief (men) will assemble from all parts and entrust themselves and their states to Caesar. 15. Our (soldiers), having en- couraged one another, made a vigorous attack 6 on the Gauls. Notes and Questions. * first ; what would qui prlmum daxistl imply ? See Ln. II., Note 4. 2 of you; which form of the Genitive plural of personal pronouns is used partitiveVy? See A. & G. 295, 6: H. & B. 254, a: B. 242, 2: G. 100, Remark 2; 101, Remark 2: H. 500, 4. 3 ovm ; see Example 7. 4 that we send; see Example 9. 5 vjhich; what is its antecedent and gender? See Ln. I., Ref. 5-8, and Ex. 7. 6 made a vigorous attack ; translate as if it read, made an attack vigor- ously. LESSON IV. USE OF PRONOUNS {continued). 1-8. Demonstrative. 1| A. & G. 296-298:|Jh. & B. 267-273: B. 246-249: G. 305-308; 310; 311, 1, 2: H. 505, 1; 506, 1; 507, 3, 4; 508,3; 509, 1,3,5, LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 11 9-13. Indefinite.}) A. & G. 309; 310, a; 311; 315, a-c:pl. & B. 276, 1-7; 279, 1-3: B. 252, 1-4; 253, 1-3: G. 313-319: H. 512, 1, 2; 513; 515, 1, 2; 516. 14, 15. Relative. J|A. & G. 305; 308, /, A:||H. & B. 281 J 282, 1; 284, 8; 322: B. 250, 1-5; 251, 1-7: H. 510; 396. EXAMPLES. 1. They hastened to that place, ad eum locum contenderunt. 2. They send envoys to him, legatos ad eum mittunt. 3. Caesar grasps his right hand, Caesar eius dextram prendit. 4. They perforin the same (act), idem faciunt. 5. You also, or likewise, said, vos iidem dixistis. 6. Caesar himself hastened to them, Caesar ipse ad eos contendit. 7. You surrendered yourself, tic te ipse dedidisti. 8. They were fighting on the very banks, in ipsls ripis proelia- bantur. 9. Without any danger, sine ullo periculo. 10. He asked that Caesar send some one, rogavit ut Caesar ali- quem mitteret. 11. If any wars should occur, si qua bella inciderint. 12. One man from one ship, another from another, alius alia ex nave. 13. They were carried, some in one direction, some in another, alii aliam in partem ferebantur. 14. When these had betaken themselves into the town, qui cum se in oppidum contulerant. 15. They killed a multitude as great as was the length of the day, tan tarn multitudinem interfecerunt, quantum fuit diei spatium. VOCABULARY 4. any, any one, anybody, anything, hasten, contends, -ere, -tendl, aliquis ; aft. si, nisi, ne, or num, -tentum. quis ; see gram, for declension. party, the one party . . . the other, as much ... as, as great ... as, tan- alteri . . . alter!. tus,-a, -um . . . quantus , -a, -um. reach, capio, capere, cepi, cap- as soon as, simul atque. 1 turn. at once, statim, adv. rescue, eripio, eripere, eripui, direction, pars, partis,/. ereptum. grasp, prehendo (prendo), -ere, right hand, dextra, -ae, /., sc. prehendi. prehensum. manus, 12 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. save, servo, -are, -avi, -atum. some . . .. others, alii . . . alii. singularly, egregie, adv. time, at one and the same time. some, somebody, some one, some- simul, adv. thing, aliquis ; quidam ; see withdraw, se recipere ; recipio, gram, for decl. recipere, recepi, receptum. EXERCISE 4. 1 These went 2 unwillingly, but those were very glad to go. 2 2. By means of 3 these (men) he will rescue himself and save his country. 3. We shall hasten to them our- selves and likewise demand hostages. 4. They betook themselves to Metellus, governor of Africa, and also 4 son- in-law of a king. 5. We also 4 sent envoys to him 5 and betook ourselves into a town singularly fortified by nature.^ 6. We cannot cross this river without some danger. 7. We grasped their right hands and Marcus did the same. 8. We shall send soldiers into their very 6 cities, if they carry on 7 any war with us. 8 9. Our army occupied^ as much of their city as it. was able to occupy. ^10. Some of the Gauls, as soon as they reached the top of the hill, began at once to fortify their 9 camp. 11. Some betook themselves into cities, others into forests and swamps. a^ 12. The one party will withdraw upon a mountain, the other will betake themselves to their baggage and carts. 13. One man came from one city, another from another. 14. At one and the same time, the shouts of those who were coming with the horses were heard, and we were sent, some in one direction and some in another. Noies and Questions. 1 Also written simulatque, simul ac, and simulac. 2 Write the verb hut once, and at the end of the entire sentence. 8 By means of; per with Accusative. * Also; see Ex. 5. 5 to; see Ln. I., Note 4. 6 Very; when used to emphasize n noun, very should he rendered by the proper form of ipse : see Ex. 8. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 13 7 Carry on ; render by the future. 8 With us ; what is the position of cum when used with a personal or relative pronoun? See A. & G. 143, /; 150, d: H. & B. 418, a: B, 142, 4: G. 413, Remark 1: H. 175, 7; 182, 2. 9 Their; how should it be rendered? See Ln. III., Ref. 8-12. >*Kc LESSON V. COMMANDS AND EXHORTATIONS: PROHIBITIONS: WISHES: VOCATIVE. REFERENCES. 1,2. Use of the Imperative . //A. & G. 448/H. & B. 496: B. 281: G. 266-268; 270: H. 560. 3, 4. Subjunctive in Commands and Exhortations. fiA. & G. 439, Note 2:^H. & B. 500; 501, 2, 3: B. 274; 275: G. 263, 1-3: H. 559, 1, 2. 5-7. How to Express a Prohibition. //A. & G. 450 :/h. & B 501,3: B. 276, a-c: G. 271, 2: 272, 2: H. 561, 1, 2. // 8, 9. How to Express a Wish. //A. & G. 441 :^H. & B. 511, 1: B. 279, 1, 2: G. 260; 261: H. 558, 1, 2. . 10. Use of the Vocative. //A. & G. 340-^k. & B. 400: B. 171: G. 201, Remarks 1, 2: H. 402. EXAMPLES. 1. Leap down, soldiers, desilite. milites. 2. Lead out your (associates) ; purify the city, educ tuos ; purga urbem. 3. Let us not go, ne eamua. 4. Let them either go out or keep quiet, aut exeant aut quies- cant. 5. Do not hesitate, noli dubitare, nolite dubitare. 6. Do not do this, you shall not do this, hoc ne feceris. 7. Do not pardon, cave ignoscas. 8. Would that he had led out his forces ! utinam copias suas eduxisset ! 14 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 9. that I were not living ! u tin am ne viverem ! 10. May my fellow-citizens be prosperous ! sint florentes civea VOCABULARY 5. advance, progredior, progredi, happy, beatus, -a, -urn. progressus sum. hesitate, dubito, -are, -avi, assemble, convenio, -ire, -veni, -atum. -ventum. lead out, educo, -ere, eduxi, as soon as possible, quam pri- e due turn. mum, adv. prosperous, florins, gen. floren- begin a battle, proelium com- tis, adj. mitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. put to flight, in fugam do, dare, break up camp, castra moveo, dedi, datum. -ere, movi, motum. right, dexter, dextra, dextrum. face about, wheel about, slgna take, capture, capio, capere, converts, -ere, -verti, -ver- c§pi, captum. sum. wing, cornu, -us, n. ; on the right flee, fugio, fugere, fiigi ; terga wing, a dextro cornu. verto, -ere, verti, versum. EXERCISE 5. 1. Lead out all your troops as soon as possible, general, 1 and take the enemy's camp. 2. Soldiers, break up camp as soon as possible and advance into the enemy's country. 3. Wheel about ; attack the English ; put them to flight. 4. Let us likewise face about as soon as possible and make an attack on the French. 5. Let us not 2 assemble in very great numbers, 3 but let us flee, some in one direc- tion and some in an other. /jrr3. Let the boys and girls be both attentive and industrious. 7. Do not hesitate, sol- diers, to march through the very territory of the Gauls. 8. Do not begin the battle on the right wing, but with- draw at once upon this mountain. 9. You shall 4 not march through our territory. 10. May you and all your friends be happy and prosperous \ h JVL\. Would that our LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 15 soldiers had not fled ! would that they were advancing into the very territory of the enemy I 5 12. that our men hadjirolven up camp ! that they were beginning battle on the left wing ! 13. Let us not surrender our- selves and all our possessions 6 to Caesar. 14. Do not surrender yo ursel ves andCall)your possessions to, Metellus, the consul. 15. that some of the Gauls would surren- der themselves and all their possessions to me ! 5 Notes and Questions. 1 In Latin prose the Vocative usually stands after one or more words of its sentence. 2 Not ; in negative sentences expressing an exhortation or a wish, ne is generally used ; see Examples 3 and 9. 3 Very great numbers; see Ln. II., Ref. 10-12 and Note 3. 4 Shall not march ; see Ex. 6. 6 What kind of a wish is expressed by this sentence ? 6 Possessions ; is it necessary to translate this word ? M^ e>?kc Vn^J-ft* Hrr LESSON VI. ^V TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE. ^ 5fe c< REFERENCES. 1. Historical Present. J A. & G. 469 /H. & B. 491, 1*: B. 259, 3: G. 229: H. 532, 3. 2. Present with dum, while. /A. &. G. 556 :/h. & B. 559: B. 293, I.: G. 229, Remark: H. 533, 4. 3. Present with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam pridem. f A. & G. 466:/H. & B. 484; 485: B. 259, 4: G. 230: H. 533, 1. 4-6. Imperfect. /A. & G. 470; 471, c:/H. & B. 468, 2: B. 260, 1-3: G. 231-233: H. 534, 3; 530, 16 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 7. Future, /k. & G. 472: H. & B. 468, 3: B. 261, 1, 2: G. 242, Remark 1 : H. 536. * ¥ 8, 9. Perfect. /A. & G. 473; 476 :/H. & B. 468, 4: B. 262, A., B.: G. 235-236, Remark 1; 239; 240: H. 537, 1, 2. 10. Pluperfect. /A. & G. 477 :/H. & B. 468, 5: B. 263: G. 241, 1-3, Remark 1: H. 539. 11. Future Perfect /a. & G. 478 :/H. & B. 468, 6: B. 264, a: G. 244, Remarks 2, 3: H. 540. ' EXAMPLES. 1. They send envoys to Caesar with respect to a surrender, lega- tos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt. 2. While he was delaying, fear seized the army, dum mordtur, timor exercitum occupavit. 3. We have been living now a long time in the midst of these perils, iam diu in Ms periculis versdmur. 4. The shouting of those, who were coming, was arising, eorum, qui veniebant, clamor oriebatur. 5. They kept making sallies from the town, ex oppido excur- sion es faciebant. 6. They were vmnt to talk {used to talk) more fearlessly than they fought; fortius loquebantur quam pugnabant. 7. If they are willing to hasten, they will overtake (him), si ac- celerate volent, consequentur. 8. The enemy Jled, hostes terga verterunt. 9. He remembers all, omnia meminit ; men hated him, eum oder ant viri. 10. Who had come as envoys to Caesar, qui legati ad Caesarem venerant. 1 1. When you are reading this, perhaps I shall have met him, cum tu haec legSs, ego ilium fortasse convenero. VOCABULARY 6. because, quod, conj. for the sake of, causa : all. of commend, laudo, -are, -avi, cause; must follow its limiting -atum. gen. delay, moror, -ari, -atus sum. sally, excursio, -onis, /. devastate, vasto, -are, -avi, scatter, rout, fugo, -are, -avi, -Stum. -atum. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 17 supplies, commeatus, -lis, ra. vicinity, in the vicinity of, ad, surrender, deditio, -onis, /. prep, w. ace. take part, versor, -ari, -atus when, cum (quum), conj. sum. while, dum, conj. time, now a long time, for a long winter, pass the winter, hiemo, time, iam diu, iam dudum. -are, -avi, -atum. to-day, hodig, adv. with respect to, de, prep. w. abl EXERCISE 6. 1. The king pitches a camp and sends envoys to the consul with respect to a surrender. 2. While the general was forming 1 a triple line of battle on the top of the hill, the enemy made an attack on him. 3. The governor has been delaying 2 now a long time in the vicinity of this city for the sake of 3 supplies. 4. The Gauls were devas- tating the territory through which they had come ; 5. The Germans used to cross the river Khine with 4 rafts and boatSv^6. The French kept making sallies from the town and attacks on the Germans. 7\ The enemy had now for a long time been making 5 sallies from the town of Geneva. 8. If our men make 6 a sally from the town to-day, they will take the enemy's camp. 9. We likewise were wont to make sallies from the city and take part with our friends in battles. 10. Caesar marched through tbe territory of the Gauls, who at once surrendered themselves and all their possessions to him. 8 / 11. Caesar remembered all that he had ever 7 seen. 12. While our general was delaying in those places for the sake of supplies, ambassadors from a large part of Gaul came to him 8 with respect to peace. 13. He com- mended the legions, which were wintering in the neigh- borhood of Geneva, because they had been the first to march into the enemy's country. 14. When you and I lead 9 our troops across the river Ehine, we shall scatter the Germans, some in one direction and some in another. 18 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 was forming ; see Ref. 2 and Ex. 2. a has been delaying ; see Ref. 3 and Ex. 3. 8 for the sake of; what must be the position of causa 1 See Vy. 4 with rafts; should a preposition be used in the Latin equivalent ? 5 had been making; with iam diu, etc., the Latin employs the imper- fect where the English uses the progressive pluperfect. 6 make ; what tense must be used ? See Ref. 7 and its Ex. 7 ever, in the sense of at any time, must be rendered by umquam ; in the sense of always, by semper. B to him ; how should to him be rendered in Sentence 10, and how in Sentence 12 ? Why ? 9 lead; with what tense should lead be rendered, and why ? See Ref. 11. LESSON VII. SEQUENCE OF TENSES.— FINAL CLAUSES. REFERENCES. 1-7. Sequence of Tenses. A. & G. 482, 1, 2; 483 :/f H. & B. 476; 477, c: B. 267, 1-3: G. 225; 509, 1; 510: H.542; 543; 545, I., II. 8, 9. Exceptions. A. &. G. 485, a, e:/(H.& B. 481; 482, 1, 2: B. 268, 1-3: G. 511, Remarks 1,3: H. 546. 10, 11. Adverbial use of Final Clauses. 1 A. & G. 530; 531, 1 : H. &B. 502, 2: B. 282, 1, a: G. 543; 544,1.; 545,1-3: H.568,7. 12,13. Adjective use of Final Clauses. A. & G. 531, 2, a: H. & B. 502, 2, b: B. 282, 2: G. 630: H. 590. EXAMPLES. 1. He stays \ that he may know, remanet ^ 2. He will stay I to .know, in order remanebit I 3. He has staid f to know, so as remansit j 4. He will have staid J to know. remanserit J LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 19 5. He was staying \ that he might know, remanebat \ 6. He staid Ito know, in order remansit Vutsciret. 7. He had staid J to know,so as to know ; remanserat J 8. I have been waiting that you might see, exspectavi ut vide- retis. 9. He persuades Dumnorix to attempt the same, Dumnorigi, ut idem conaretur, persuadet. 10. He strengthens the forts that he may be able more easily to pre- vent, castella communit, quo facilius prohibere possit. 11. He stopped that he might not lose time (so as not to lose time), constitit ne tempus dlmitteret. 12. He sends forward scouts to select (who are to select) a place, ex- ploratores praemittit qui locum deligant. 13. He sent forward the cavalry to delay (which was to delay) the army, equitatum, qui agmen mordretur, praemisit. VOCABULARY 7. auxiliaries, auxilia, -orum, n.pl. fear, timor, -oris, m. avoid, vito, -are, -avi, -atum. force, band, body, manus, -us,/. bridge, pons, pontis, m. fort, castellum, -i, n. cavalry, equitatus, -us, m. infantry, pedites, -um, m. pi. confer, conloquor, -I, -locutus nation, natio, -onis,/. sum. send forward, praemitto, -ere, cut down, interscindo, -ere, -misi, -missum. -scidi, -scissum. storm, expugno, -are, -avi, easily, facile, adv. -atum. excuse, excuso, -are, -avi, suspicion, suspicio, -onis, /. -atum. terrify, perterreo, -ere,-ui,-itum. y&tfJ& 4J^ fJfvrtl&xA EXERCISE 7. ^r 1. Crassus and Metellus go into Italy that they niavx^A^*^-^** be e lected 1 consuls^ 2. The cavalry delay in the vicinity of the enemy's camp so as to avoid 1 the suspicion of fear. $A 3. The infantry had delayed in the vicinity of the city in ~{}ff$F^ order to avoid the suspicion of fear. 4. The consul was leading a large force of cavalry 2 through the territory of the Allobroges, that he might terrify them. 5. Metellus sent forward his cavalry, which was to terrify the Gauls. i A Z> 20 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITKDnT^^^ 6. These had delayed, that they might avoid the sus- picion of fear. 7. We have been storming the city that the enemy might not 3 make a sally from it. 4 8. Ariovis- tus sends forward his infantry with all his cavalry, which forces are to terrify our men. 9. The Gauls sent ambas- sadors to me when I was consul, who were to confer with me^ with respect to peace. /l0. The consul led with him 6 a large force of infantry that 7 he might more easily storm the fort. /LI. Let the general send forward a part of his 8 infantry to storm the fort and cut down the bridge. 12. Let us march into the enemy's country that he may not winter in ours. 13. Crassus will march into Aqui- tania and Helvetia that auxiliaries may not be sent from those nations into Gaul. 14. While the general was delaying 9 in the vicinity of Geneva for the sake of 10 sup- plies, men from a large part of Helvetia came to him to excuse 1 themselves. Notes and Questions. 1 In English, purpose or design is expressed by that and a verb with may or might ; by in order, so as, who is, ivho was, etc., followed by an infinitive; and very often by an infinitive alone : see Examples. 2 Large force of cavalry ; when a Noun is modified both by an Adjec- tive and a Genitive, the usual order is Adj., Gen., Noun : e. g., tanta rerum commutatio. 8 That not in a. final clause should be rendered by ne. 4 It ; what must be the gender of this word in the Latin ? Why ? 5 What is the position of cum when used with personal and relative pronouns? See Ln. IV., Note 8. 6 Him; with what pronoun should him be rendered? See Ln. III., Rrf. 8-12. 7 That; how may that be rendered when it introduces a final clause containing a comparative ? 8 His; when should his, their be rendered by suus When by the Genitive of is ? 9 was delaying ; see Lx. VI., Ref. 2. 10 What must be the position of causa with respect to its limiting Geni- tive ? See Vy. 6. ii LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 21 LESSON VIII. FINAL CLAUSES (continued). REFERENCES. 1-14. Substantive Use of Final Clauses. A. &G. 563, e; 564: H. & B. 502, 3. a), 4: B. 294: 295, 1-7; 296, 1, 2: G. 544, II.; 546; 550, 1, 2: H. 564, L; 565. 567. 12-14. ut omitted. A. & G. 565, a: B. 295, 8: G. 546, Remark 2: H. 565, 2, 4. EXAMPLES. 1. He advised that the legions unite, monuit ut sese legiones coniungerent. 2. They ask him to choose, ab eo postulant utl 1 deligat. 3. They begged him not to move, ne moveret petierunt. 4. He exhorted them to withstand the attack, cohortatus est utl impetum sustinerent. 5. He commanded that they should not throw hack any weapon, imperavit ne quod telum reicerent. 6. He ordered these to find out, his mandavit ut cOr/voscerent. 7. They persuade their neighbors to set out, persuadent finiti- mis utl proficlscantur. 8. He employs the Senones to find out these things, dat nego- tium Senonibus utl ea cognOscant. 2 9. He feared that he would offend, ne offenderet verebatur. 10. I fear that you are not long lived, ut sis vitalis metuo 11. I fear that I shall not bring it to pass, timeo ne non impe- trem. 12. I desire you to consider, velim existimes. 13. He asks him to make an end, rogat finem faciat. 14. Him he orders to go to the Belgians, huic mandat Belgas adeat. VOCABULARY 8. advance to the attack, make an advise, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. assault, signa Tnfer5, inferre, at all, omnino, adv. intuli, inlatum. beg, peto, -ere, -ivi & -ii, -Itum. 22 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. command, impero, -are, -avi, persuade, persuadeo, -ere, -sua- -atum, w. dat. si, -suasura. employ, negotium do, dare, report, refero, referre, retuli, dedi, datum ; lit. give employ- relatum. merit; w. dat. of person employed remaining, rest of, reliquus, -a, and final da use, defining tJie em- -urn . ployment. throw back, reicio, reicere, exhort, urge, encourage, cohor- reieci, reiectum. tor, -ari, -atus sum. unite, join together, coniungo, fear, vereor, -erl, -itus sum ; -ere, -iunxii, -ifinctum, u\ re- timeo, -ere, -ui ; metuo, -ere, fiexive pronoun. metui. weapon, telum, -I, n. fearlessly, bravely, fortiter, adv. withstand, sustineo, -ere, -tinui, find out, cognosco, -ere, co- -tentum. gnovi, cognitum. EXERCISE 8. 1. The consul advised that for the future we avoid all suspicions of fear. ^{\ The general exhorts both the cav- jtff airy and infantry to advance fearlessly to the attack.^ 3. Crassus advises that the legions unite and make an assault on the enemy. 4. The governor betook himself to his friends 3 and urged them 3 to assemble in as great numbers as possible. 4 5. Caesar betook himself to his men 3 and commanded them not to throw back any weapon at all. y 6. Metellus sent ambassadors to the king, who were to beg 5 him not to cut down the bridge. 7. We shall employ these soldiers to cut down the bridge. 8. They employed us to find out what Ariovistus said 6 and to report to them. 7 9. They persuaded us to pass the winter in their city. 10. We have persuaded not only the boys but also the girls to be more attentive and indus- trious. 11. We fear 8 that father and mother will be unwilling to come. 12. Our general feared that auxil- iaries would come from those nations into Switzerland. 13. We have feared that you and the rest of the boys LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 23 would not be attentive. 14. The general fears that his cavalry will not withstand the attack of the Swiss. 15. Him I desired to go 9 as an ambassador to the French. A~Notes and Questions. ^T^ 1 uti, original form of ut. 2 uti — cognoscant, an appositive with negotium ; what is the literal translation of this sentence ? 3 Is it necessary to render this word ? 4 as possible; the force of a superlative is intensified by prefixing quam : e. g., quam pluriml, as many (men) as possible. 6 who were to beg; which use of the Final Clause ? See Ln. VII., Ref. 12, 13. 6 said; render by the Imperfect Subjunctive. 7 them; what pronoun should be used ? See Ln. III., Ref. 8-12. 8 Verbs and expressions of fearing in Latin are followed by ne and the Subjunctive if the object is not desired ; by ut or ne non and the Subjunc- tive if it is desired. In such sentences ne equals that, lest ; nt, equal that not : see Examples 9, 10, 11. 9 to go; see Example 12. LESSON IX. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. REFERENCES. 1-3. Adverbial and Adjective Uses of Consecutive Clauses. 1 (A. & G. 537, 1. 2, a!)H. & B. 521, 1, 2: B. 284, 1-3: G. 551, 1, 2; 630: H. 570; 591, 2. Jfc Wr - 4-8. Substantive Use of Consecutive Clauses. Ca. & G. 568; 569, 1, 2^H. & B. 521, 3, a): B. 297, 1-3: G. 553, 1-4: H. 571. EXAMPLES. 1. Such a change was made that our soldiers renewed the battle, tanta commiitatio facta est, ut nostri proelium redinteurdrent. 24 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 2. There are so many that a prison caw no£ hold them, sunt ita multi. ut eos career capere rco?i possit. 3. No one will be so stupid as not to see, or that he will not see, ngmo tarn stultus erit, qui non videat. 4. It happened to be full moon, accidit ut esset luna plena. 5. The result was that they endured not even one attack, factum est, ut ne unum quidem impetum ferrent. (5. They made the departure seem entirely like a flight, fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. 7. They had caused these hedges to furnish protection, efifece- rant ut hae saepes munimenta praeberent. 8. It is a law of war that they who conquer rule, ius est belli ut, qui vicerint imperent. 2 VOCABULARY 9. arise, coorior, -Iri, -ortus sum. not. . . even, ne.. . quidem; the bring to pass, cause, efficio, em"- word to be made emphatic must cere, effeci, effectum. stand between ne" and quidem. defend, defendo, -ere, -fendi, remains, it remains, reliquum -fensum. est ; restat. endure, bear, fero, ferre, tuli, seize, occupo, -are, -avT, -atum. latum. so, tarn, ita, adverbs. happens, the result is, it conies to spiritedly, acriter, adv. pass, fit, fieri, factum est. storm, tempestas, -atis, / * « indeed, at least, quidem, adv. ; such, so great, tantus, -a, -um. stands immediately after the em- such, of such a kind, talis, -e. 4jJQJLXaA^4 phatic word. suddenly, subito, adv. wm m> nobody, no one, nemo; gen. and true, verus, -a, -um. J5^ abl. supplied from null us ; dat. wicked, improbus, -a, -um. - 2*+aa~4\JL *r*auJ ace., nemini, neminem. ,y ' {^*l ~*ZLLZ EXERCISE 9. V^ ^ i 1. Such fear suddenly seized the army that it terrified ^the minds of all. 'fo. Such a storm suddenly arose that b Jif^ At drove our ships, some in one direction and some in ' '. another./^. Our soldiers arc so cowardly thai they will .yJ i w^Jnot 3 advance 4 to the attack. 4. Xo one is so cowardly as 'W$ not to defend himself. 5. The consul made us betake I LATItf PROSE COM ourselves into the middle of the city. 6. We fear that" we shall not make you hear. 7. I brought it to pass that the senate sent me as an ambassador to the French. 8. The result was that the Gauls did not endure even one attack of our men but 5 fled at once. / 9. It happens that the very 6 men, who are making an assault on the Swiss, are very 7 cowardly. /lO. It remains for you to go 8 to the general and beg him not to pitch his camp in our city. y\l. It is a law of war that those, who have been con- Jj- quered, surrender 9 themselves and all their possessions. 12. The storm was so great that nobody 3 came. 13. The consul advised that no one 3 lead his army out of winter- quarters. 14. For a long time I have been exhorting 10 the cavalry to make a spirited assault on the English. . 15. This is indeed true that he exhorted 11 us to withstand ^^ the attack. Notes and Questions. 1 In English a result is expressed by that, so that, and an Indicative ; by as, so as, and an Infinitive ; sometimes by an Infinitive alone. The pre- ceding clause generally contains some word modified by such or so : see Examples and compare Lesson VII., Note 1. 2 ut — imperent is an appositive with ius. 8 that not ; In clauses of result, that not, that no one, that nothing, that never are to be translated respectively by ut non, ut nemo, ut nihil, ut numquam; in clauses of purpose by ne, ne quis, n§ quid, ne umquam. 4 will advance; "The Present Subjunctive corresponds in most cases to the Present and to the simple Future of the Indicative ; but when it is im- portant to distinguish the Future from the Present, the Future Active Parti- ciple, with sim or essem, is resorted to." Roby, 3 507. 5 but; "If a* negative proposition is followed by an affirmative, in which the same thought is expressed or continued, -que, et, or ac, is em- ployed in Latin, where in English we use but." Madvig, 433, Obs. 2. 6 very; see Ln. IV., Note 6. 7 very ; see Ln. II., Note 3. 8 for you to go ; translate as if it read, that you go. 9 that — surrender ; see Ex. 8 and Note 2. 10 have been exhorting ; see Ln. VI., Ref. 3. 11 that he exhorted ; which use of the Consecutive Clause T ^%^ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. LESSON X. PECULIAR USES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES.— SUBJUNC- TIVE WITH QUIN AND QUOMINUS. REFERENCES. 1-9. Relative Clauses. A. & G. 535, a, b, f: H. & B. 521, 1 > a-c: B. 283, 1, 2: G. 631, 1, 2: H. 591, 1-7. ^^ 10-12. Subjunctive with Quin. A. &. G. 558, a: H.& B. 502, pi; 521, 1, 2, 3, b): B. 283, 4; 284, 3; 295, 3: G. 554, 555. 1, 2: V H. 595, 1-3. 13, 14. Subjunctive with Quominus. 1 A. & G. 558, b: H. & <^. B. 502, 3, b): B. 295, 3: G. 547; 549: H. 568, 8. V) EXAMPLES. 1. And not any one has been found who refused to die, neque repertus est quisquam, qui mori recusaret. 2. There was nothing with which to allay hunger, nihil erat, quo famem tolerdrcnt. 3. There is nobody who does not fear you, nemo est qui te non rnetuat. 4. There are some who do not see, sunt qui. non videant. 5. There will be some who will desire, erunt qui velint. 6. What is there which can please you? Quid est quod te de- *" V lectare possit ? 7. I am the only man v:ho could not be induced, unus ego sum qui adduci non potuerim. 8. He will not be a fit man to send, non erit idoneus qui mittatur. 9. The stories are not worth reading, fabulae non dignae sunt quae legantur. 10. I do not doubt that he will inflict punishment, non dubito quin supplicium sumat. 11. There is no doubt that they are the most powerful, non est dubium quin plurimum possint. 12. They could not be restrained from hurling weapons, retineri non poterant quln> tela conicercnt. tcrtMJjC EXERCISE .0. 1. A storm arose which drove 2 our ships, some in one direction and some in another. 2. We have nothing with which to allay our hunger. 3. There was nobody who did not fear that 3 you would come. 4 K xTnere are some who fear that 3 our infantry will noj^be able to withstand the attack. 5. Who is thereJ-nthis city that will not bravely defend 4 himself ? «ra. Divitiacus was the only ^r-t^t^\ man who could not be induced to give his children as hostages. yV7. This is the only general who urged his sol- diers to 'march 5 fearlessly into the enemy's country. 8. This man is not fit to be sent as ambassador to the Germans. 9. The books, which you sent me, 6 are worth reading a second time. 10. We did not doubt that Ario- vistus would inflict very severe punishment on all the 28 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. hostages. 11. There is no doubt that he will inflict severe punishment on all of us. 7 12. We shall not be able to prevent even the Germans 8 from uniting them- selves with the French. 13. Our army could not be restrained from making an attack on the Swiss. 14. The Eomans were not hindered from marching through the territory of the Gauls. 15. The Germans do not refuse to be under our government, but are glad to dwell in our country. -Notes and Questions 1 Some write quominus; others quo minus. "The use of 'quominus' springs from the euphemistic courtesy of the Latin language. It is more polite to say, ' 1 will hinder you so that you shall the less do what you wish,' than to say, 'quin (ut non) facias,' 'so that you shall not do it.' So after recuso the refusal is less point-blank, as far as expression goes, with ' quominus ' than it would be with quin." Moberly's Caesar, page 225, Note P. 18. 2 which drove; the Indicative would simply state the fact that 'the storm drove our ships ' ; the Subjunctive, that ' it was of such force as to drive them ' : which mood should be used ? 8 that; see Ln. VIIL, Note 8. 4 will defend; see Ln. IX., Note 4, last part. 6 to march; see Ln. VIIL, Ref. 1-14. 6 me = to me = ad me. 7 all of us = us all. 8 Germans; what must be the position of Germanos? Why? See Vy. IX., under not — even. —> oWKe LESSON XI. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. REFERENCES. 1-15. A. & O. 512, q; 513. l,i. 514 , A, B; 515 f q; 516, l JL 2.g-jrf:, lC3fK573; 579, a; 580,6: B. 301-303: G. 589-591; 594-596: H. 572; 574; 576. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 29 EXAMPLES. L (If they are fighting, they are) ^ pSgnant) vincunt . ( conquering, ) 2 Clf they were fighting, they J si pQgn abant, vincebant. } were conquering, ) {If they have fought, they havej conquered, [ si pugnaverunt, vicerunt If they fought, they conquered,] ( If they fight (shall fight), they j &i pttgnabuntj vince nt ' ( will conquer, ) 5 ( If they fight(shall have fought), ) rf pagnaverint> vincent . ( they will conquer, ) 6 (If they shall have fought, they) ^ pagnaverint> v i ce rint. ( will have conquered, ) Ilf they should fight, or were to] fight, they would conquer, I ■ , Tfll ° , ', « v... ., si pugnent, vincant. | If they should be fighting, they r would be conquering, J If they should have fought,"] they would have conquered, I If they should fight, they would f " P«S^verint, voerint conquer, j 8. 9. If he has come, he has brought a legion with him, si venit, secum legionem duxit. 10. I shall not make war upon them, if they pay (shall pay) the tax, iis non bellum inferam, si stipendium pendent. 11. If he leaves (shall have left), I shall reward him, si discesse- rit ilium remunerabor. 12. If nobody should follow, I should go with the tenth legion, si nemo sequatur, cum decima legione earn. 13. Unless relief is dispatched (shall be dispatched), I cannot hold out, nisi subsidium summittetur, ego sustinere non possum. 14. Leap down, unless you wish to abandon the standard, desilite, nisi voltis aquilam prodere. 15. But if you prefer that, betake yourself to Caesar, sin id mavis, confer te ad Caesarem. 30 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. VOCABULARY II. alarm, commoveo, -ere, -movi, pay, pen do, -ere, pependi, pen- -motum. sum. depart, discedo, -ere, -cessi, prefer, maid, malle. maluT. -cessum. stay, remaneo, -ere, -mansi, no flight, fuga, -ae, /. sup. give, do, dare, dedi, datum. tax, stipendium, -i, n. if, si ; if however, but if, sin, conj's. tenth, decimus, -a, -urn. make upon, bring upon, infer o, unless, nisi. inferre, intuli, inlatum ; w. write, scribo, -ere, scrips!, scrip- acc. and dat. turn. EXERCISE II. If these boys and girls are atten tive and industriojis, they are happy. <^2. If the flight of the Gauls has alarmed any, they have fled. 3. If the Romans were marching through Gaul, the Gauls were making war upon them. 4. If any of the soldiers were cowardly, the general in- flicted severe punishment upon them. 5. If nobody comes, we shall go with the tenth legion alone. //5. They would not make war upon us, if we shoul d pay the tax. 7. ifliostages should be given, I s_houJd make peace with them. 8 If there should be no doubt that hostages would be given, I s hould be willing to make peace with them. 9. If they should not refuse to be under our government, nothing wau^d prevent us from making peace with them. 10. Do not break up camp, unless you wish to begin a battley^ll. But if you prefer to break up camp, betak e^ yourselves to the vicinity of Geneva. 12. If you were to wheel about, you woul d put the enemy to flight. 13. If you wrote these books your- self, they are worth reading. 14. Tf there is n obody in this city who will bravely defend himself, let us flee. 15. Stay in this place, if you wish to avoid the suspicion of fe'ar. to C-M& yV^\ LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 31 LESSON XII. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES {continued). 1-5. Supposition c o nt r ary t aU teafttfc A^_&_G. 517, Qr r b: H & B. 581: B. 304: G. 597: H. 579, 1. 6. Use of quam si, ac si, etc. A. & G~ 524: B. 307, 1: G. . , Cf 602: H. 584, 1, 2. "TU^u^ , m ^ AX (k-VLfrA^ \MjUs* . 7. Conditional Relative Clauses. A. &_0,_£19.: H. & B. 577: B. 312.2: G. 593, 1: H. 593, 1. 8. Use of modo, dum, dum modo. A. & G. 528: H. & B.529: B. 310, 1., II.: G. 573: H. 587. -£*v£~u7 vJ~ EXAMPLES. 1. If they were fighting, they would be conquering, si piignarent, vincerent. 2. If they had fought, they would have conquered, si pugna- vissent, vicissent. 3. If they could, they would storm the fort, si possent, castel- lum expugnaxent. 4. If they had been able, they would have cut down the bridge, si potuissent, pontem interscidissent. 5. If the troops had come, we should be storming the fort, si copiae vSnissent, castellum expugnaremus. 6. They shudder at the cruelty of the absent Ariovistus as if he were present (i. e., as they would shudder, if he were present), ab- sentis AriovistI crudelitatem, velut si adsit, horrent. 7. Whoever sees this will be compelled to admit that there are gods, or, if any one should see this, he would be compelled to admit that there are gods, haec qui videat, cogatur confiteri deos esse. 8. Let him depart, provided he goes into exile, discedat, dum modo in exsilium eat. VOCABULARY 12. absent, absens, gen. absentis. as if, velut si, quasi. affair, res, rei, /. beset closely, urgueo, -ere, ursi, arrival, adventus, us, m. no sup. { 32 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. by, a, ab, prep. w. abl. present, be present, adsum, ad- cruelty, crudelitas, -atis,/. esse, adfui. district, regio, -onis, /. provided, modo, dum, dum mo- inform any one, aliquem certio- do, co7ij's. rem facio, facere, feci, fac- regard as an enemy, pro hoste turn ; be informed, certior fio, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. fieri, factus sum, seventh, septim^s, -a, -um. in person, coram, adv. shudder at, horreo, -ere, horrui, lead down, deduco, -ere, -duxl, no sup. -ductum. well, bene, adv. on the march, ex itinere ; to be on the march, esse in itinere. EXERCISE 12. 1. If the infantry could cross the river, they would storm the fort on the march. 2. If the Gauls had cut down the bridge, they would not have been able to cross the river. 3. If he had not led down his army out of these districts, I should have regarded him as an enemy. 4. If he were leading down his army out of these districts, we should not regard him as an enemy. )&? Unless he leads 1 down his armv out of these districts, l%hall regard him as an enemy\w3. But if he should lead down his army out of these aistricts, we should not regard him as an enemy. 7. The Sequani used to shudder 2 at the cru- elty of the absent Ariovistus as if 3 he were present in person. $LJ The king makes us shudder at 4 his cruelty as if he were present in person^F 9. If any one 5 should be alarmed by the flight 6 of the Wauls, he would flee?) 10. If the enemy had been informed with respect to out arrival, they would have fled. 11. If we should employ the Gauls to inform 7 us with respect to his 8 arrival, it would be well. 12. If Caesar had employed the Gauls to inform him with respec^ to these afTajr^ it would have been well. ") 13. If the general saw 9 that the legions were closely beset 10 by LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 33 the enemy, he would advise that they join themselves together. 14. If Caesar had seen that the seventh legion was closely beset, he would have advised that the legions unite and attack the enemy. 15. Nothing will prevent us from visiting 11 you, provided we are not sick. y Notes and Quest : ons 1 leads ; what tense should be used ? 2 used to shudder at; see Ln. VI., Ref. 4-< 8 as if; what may be supplied between as and iff 4 shudder at; see Ln. IX., Ref. 4-8, and Ex. 6. 5 If any one; see Ref. 7 and Ex. 7. 6 by the flight; what does this phrase denote ? used in the Latin equivalent ? 7 to inform; what must be its construction? See 1-14, and Ex. 8. 8 his; how is it to be translated ? 9 saw ; what time does this verb refer to, present or pas' tense must be used ? 10 that the legions were closely beset, legiones urguerL 11 from visiting; see Ln. X., Ref. 13, 14. LESSON XIII. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. REFERENCES. 1-6. Use of Moods in Concessive Clauses. A. & G. 527, a-d: H. & B. 554; «556; 532, 2, a; 582, 8; 526: B. 308; 309, 1-6: G. 603-608; 634; 587: H. 585; 586, I., II.; 598. EXAMPLES. 1. I opposed yon, although I saw my own ruin, tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam. 2. Although all perils threaten, I shall endure them, licet peri- cula impendeant omnia, subibo 34 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 3. Although the Suevi had not been able to drive these out, yet they made them tributary to themselves, hos cum Suevi expellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt. 4. Although the battle was fought till evening, nobody could see an enemy in retreat, cum ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aver sum hostem videre nemo potuit. 5. However large it is, it is too little, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum. 6. Even if the zeal of men should fail, the gods would compel, etiam si ho minum studia deficiant, dii cogant. VOCABULARY 13. although, quamquam, cum offend, offendo, -ere, -fendi, -fen- (quum), licet, 1 confs. sum. drive out, expello, -ere. -pull, plan, consilium, -I, n. -pulsum. reprimand, accuso, -are, -avi, fight, pugno, -are, -avi, -atum ; -atum. in passive used imperso7ially ; rout, put to flight, fugo, -are, pugnatur, it is fought, a -avi, -atum. battle is fought, they fight. safely, tuto, adv. harbor, portus, -us, m. sail, navigo, -are, -avi, -atum. however, however much, quam- scout, explorator, -oris, m. vis, conj. severely, graviter, adv. nevertheless, yet, still, tamen, teacher, praeceptor, -oris, m. adv. till late at night, ad multam now, iam, nunc, adv's. noctem. nothing, nihil, indecl. neut. sub- tributary, vectigalis, -e, adj. A stantive. (iT^ EXERCISE 13. 1. Although the Gauls are leading down their troops out of these districts, nevertheless we shall regard them as enemies. 2. Although our men fought bravely till late at night, still they were not able to storm the fort. 3. Although these boys and girls are now attentive and industrious, yet their teacher will severely reprimand them. 4. Although they cannot drive out the Aquitani from their territory, 2 nevertheless they will make them LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 35 tributary to themselves. 3 5. Although the legions were closely beset, the seventh suddenly wheeled about and put the enemy to flight. '(6. Although our troops kept making sallies from the town till late at night, still they did not rout the English. 7. Although Caesar sent for- ward scouts, who were to inform 4 him with respect to the plans of the Gauls, nevertheless they made no report. 6 8. Although he feared that 6 he would offend the mind of Divitiacus, he urged his soldiers to withstand the attack bravely. 9. However much you desire to see us, we shall not visit you. 10. Even if the governor sends 7 men to cut down the bridge f 5. What, pray, hinders you from visiting 5 me ? 6. Has the general whom I saw in the city arrived ? He has. 7. Do you hesitate to surrender yourself and all your property to me ? I do not. 8. Will the French niake peace with the Germans or make war upon them 6 ? S§. The Germans are waiting (to see) whether the French will cross 7 the river Bhine./lO. We shall ask these envoys whether they have come to see 8 us. 11. They inquired of us 9 how great was 10 the size of the island. 12. They can find out neither how great is the size of the island nor what tribes dwell (on it). 13. We are not de- cided (as to) what we shall do or what plan of battle we shall adopt. 14. Our friends asked us whether we would come to visit them or not. 15. When the soldiers found out in how great peril the camp and general were, they advanced to the attack. Notes and Questions. 1 Called also Dubitative or Doubting Questions; also Questions of Appeal. (utrum iturus sis an remansurus. iturusne sis an remansurus. iturus sis an remansurus. iturus sis remansurusne. 8 can; what mood should be used ? Why ? See Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. 4 worth reading ; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9, and Examples. 6 from visiting ; see Ln. X., Ref. 13, 14, and Examples. 6 See Ref. 6. 7 will cross; in Indirect Questions referring to future time, the future active participle with the proper form of esse is generally used ; see Note 2. 8 to see ; what does this denote ? What must be its construction ? 9 of us; quaero is followed by e, ex, or a, ab, and Abl. of person; see Ex. 10. 15 was ; Indirect Questions are subject to the same rules for sequence >f tenses as Final and Consecutive Clauses : see Ln. VII., Ref. 1-7. i tf ** t s ^ 44 * LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. LESSON XVII. THE INFINITIVE. REFERENCES. I, 2. Subject of the Infinitive. A. & G. 397, e: H. & B. 398: B. 184: G. 343, 2: H. 415. 1-5. Infinitive as Subject. A. & G. 452; 454; 455, 1, 2, a: H. & B. 585, a-e; 586: B. 327: G. 422; 535: H. 615, 1; 618, 2. 6-10. Infinitive without Subject-Accusative as Object or Complement. A. & G. 456: H. &. B. 586, a: B. 328: G. 423: H. 607, 1, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. It was reported that horsemen were approaching, niintiatum est equites accgdere. • 2. We ought to measure out corn, nos frumentum metlri oportet. 3. You might have given back the hostages, vobis obsides reddere licuit. 4. It pleased a part to defend the camp, parti placuit castra de- fendere. 5. They begged permission to do that, petieruut uti sibi id facer e lie ere t. 6. Gaul ought to be free, libera debet esse Gallia. 7. He hastens to depart from the city, mSturat ab urbe proficlscl 8. They dared to cross the river, ausi sunt trdnsire flumen. 9 They began to fortify a camp, castra munlre coeperunt. 10. Nobody could see an enemy, hostem videre nemo potuit. How to express can, could, may, might, ought, must. II. I can do this, hoc facere possum. 12. I could do this, hoc facere poteram or potui. 13. I could have done this, hoc facere potui. LA.TIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 45 14. I may do this 15. I might have done this 16. I ought to do this ( mihi hoc facere licet. " 1 hoc faciam licet. ( mihi hoc facere licuit. ' (hoc ■{ 17. I ought to have done this 18. I must do this hoc facerem licuit. hoc facere debeo. me hoc facere oportet. hoc faciam 1 oportet. hoc facere debui. me hoc facere oportuit. hocfacerem 1 oportuit. J me hoc facere necesse est. ' 1 hoc faciam 1 necesse est. VOCABULARY 17. ahle, be able, can, possum, posse, potui. accustomed, be accustomed, be wont, soleo, -ere, solitus sum. attempt, Conor, -ari, -atus sum. begin, incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum ; coepi and coeptus sum, coepisse ; coeptus sum only used w. pass, infin. dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. determine, statuo, -ere, statui, statutum. hasten, make haste, maturo, -are, -avi, -Stum. leave off, cease, desino, -ere, de- sivi or desii, desitum. may, one may, it is allowed, it is permitted, licet, licere, licuit or licitum est. must, one must, it is necessary, it is unavoidable, necesse est ; necesse, an indecl. neut. adj. ought, one ought, it behooves, it is proper, oportet, -ere, opor- tuit ; ought, be under obliga- tion, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. prefer, wish rather, choose rather, maid, malle, malui. report, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. unwilling, be unwilling, not wish, nolo, nolle, nolui. willing, be willing, wish, desire, volo, velle, volui. EXERCISE 17. 1. We begged permission 2 to appoint a council of all Gaul. 2. The Gauls will beg permission to depart as soon as possible. 3. It has been reported that the French are making war upon the Swiss. 4. You ought to have ex- horted the soldiers to fight 3 bravely. 5. Those soldiers IP 46 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. ought not to have prevented the enemy from cutting down 4 the bridge. 6. The French could have crossed the river yesterday but they cannot to-day. 7. You might have gone, if you had been willing 5 to ask. 8. If you do not prefer to surrender yourselves and all your posses- sions, you must flee. 9. When our cavalry had begun 6 to advance, the enemy were fleeing. 1 0. Let us not 7 attempt to begin the battle on the left wing. 11. Our army is accustomed to delay in the vicinity of large towns for the sake of 8 supplies. 12. The infantry did not dare to cross the river, because it was 9 very wide and deep. 13. Do not hesitate 10 to cross the river, although it is wide and deep. *&4 Pompey, since he was unwilling to flee, had determined to fight/7 15. The governor hastened to go back into Italy as soon as possible. 16. Cease to fear that 11 the English will declare war against the Germans. Notes and Questions. * See A. & G. 565, Notes 2 and 3; 569, 2, Note 2: H. & B. 513, 5: B. 295, 8: G. 553, 4, Remark 1: H. 564, II., 1. 2 We begged permission ; see Ex. 5. • 8 to fight; what does this denote and what must be its mood ? * from cutting down; see Ls\ X., Eef. 10, 12. 6 if you had been willing; what kind of a supposition ? see Ln. XII., Ref. 1-5. 6 had begun; see Ln. XV., Ref. 5-7. 7 not; which negative should be used ? See Ln. V., Note 2. 8 for the sake of; what must be the position of causa % See Vy. 6. 9 because it was; in this clause how would quod followed by the Sub- junctive differ in sense from quod followed by the Indicative? See Ln. 11V., Note 5. w Do not hesitate ; how is a prohibition expressed in Latin ? See Ln, t., Ref. 5-7. u fear that; see Ln. VIII., Note 8. LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 47 LESSON XVIII. THE INFINITIVE {continued). REFERENCES. l-6. a Infinitive with Subject-Accusative as Object. A. & G. 459; 581: H. & B. 589: B. 331: G. 527; 532; 533: H. 613, 1-3. l-6. & Tenses of the Infinitive. A. & G. 584, a: II. & B. 593: B. 270, 1-4: G. 530: H. 617-620. 7, 8. Predicate after Infinitive. A. & G. 452, Note 2; 455, a: H. &. B. 318; 585, c: B. 328, 1, 2: G. 535, Remark 3: H. 612, 1-3. 9. Historical Infinitive. A. & G. 463: H. & B. 595: B. 335: G. 647: H. 610. EXAMPLES. l.He 2. He says thinks believes hopes hears jejoices , said thought believed hoped heard rejoiced rhave conquered, that the Gauls-! are conquering, •( l.will conquer, Chad conquered, dicit j> tit at credit sperat audit ..gaudet dixit putavit credidit GallJs Gallos- vicisso. vincere. victiirds (esse or fore ut Galli vin- cant. vicisse. vincere. victuros (esse) or fore ut Galli vin- cerent. •that the Gauls-; were conquering, -; gperavit [would conquer, audivit gavisus . est 3. He ordered the third line to fortify the camp, tertiam aciem castra munire iussit. 4. They do not permit wine to be imported, vinum importari non sinunt. 5. I see that some one is absent, video abesse non neminem. 6. They say that they will not return, negant sese reversuros. 1 7. I wish to be good, vol5 esse bonus or volo me esse bonum 8. I may be good, mihi bono esse licet. 9. Caesar importuned the Aedui, Caesar Aeduos flagita** 48 LATIN PR06E COMPOSITION. VOCABUI accept, accipio, -cipere, -cepi, Hope, spero, -are, -avi, -atum. -ceptum. lieutenant, legatus, -I, m. already, iam, adv. order, iubeo, -ere, iussi,iussum announce, nuntio, -are, -avi, promise, polliceor, -eri, pollici- -atum. tus sum. approach, appropinquo. -are, recover, recuperS, -are, -avi, -avi, -atum. -atum. believe, credo, -ere, credidl, ere- right, ius, iuris, n. ditum. Pterins, condicio, onis,/ f deny, say not, nego, -are, -avi, think, puto, -are, -avi, -atum ; -atum. arbitror, -an, -atus sum. give back, reddo, -ere, reddidi, tower, turris, -is, /. , ace. sing. redditum. turrim. EXERCISE 18. 1. The consul believes that the Gauls will neither send 1 envoys nor accept 1 any 2 terms of peace. 2. He hopes that the Aquitani have recovered their hostages and returned into their own country. 3. Our commander thinks that the Germans are marching into Switzerland in order that auxiliaries may not be sent from that nation into France. 4. The envoys said that they would report 3 these things to their friends and return to Caesar. 5. The lieutenant announced that the Germans were leading 4 a part of their troops across the river^6. They promised that they would either give hostages or surrender themselves and all their possessions to the consul. 7. When the Gauls saw the tower approaching, 5 they sent legates to beg for 6 peace. 8. The consul began to march into those places in which he had heard that there were Germans. 9. He says that he ought not 7 to be hindered in his right by the Koman people. 10. He says that Ariovistus was not hindered from returning into Germany ^fl. The general ordered his lieutenant to lead a part of his troops to the river and LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 49 cut down the bridge. 12. I shall ask whether he prom- ised or not that he would give back the hostages. 13. There is no doubt that he thinks that we could have crossed 8 the river, although it was very deep and wide. Notes and Questions. i In Caesar's Commentaries the Future Active Infinitive is very often written without esse. 2 any; aliquam or ullam ? See Gen. Vy. under "any." 8 would report ; what is its time relative to the time of the principal verb said? What were the exact words of the envoys ? 4 were leading ; what were the lieutenant's words ? What tense of the Infinitive must -be used ? 6 approaching ; translate by the Infinitive. 6 to beg for ; what is denoted by this Infinitive, and with what construc- tion must it be rendered ? See Ln. VII., Note 1. 7 says . . . not ; Latin idiom, denies. 8 could have crossed ; compare Lx. XVII., Ex. 13. LESSON XIX. INDIRECT DISCOURSE. Answer the following questions : What is a Direct Quotation ? An Indirect? Direct Discourse or Oratio Recta? Indirect Dis- course or Oratio Obliqua? In Indirect Discourse, what mood is used in the principal clause of a declarative sentence ? What mood in subordinate clauses ? When Direct Discourse becomes Indirect, what changes are made in the pronouns ? What verbs and expres- sions are followed by the Indirect Discourse ? For the answers consult the Examples and Notes of this Les- son, and the following References: A. & G. 577-580, a-d; 581; 585; 300, 2: H. & B. 533, a; 534, 1, 2; 589: B. 313; 314; 244, II.: G. 508, 2; 648-650; 660, 1-5: H. 641-645. 50 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. EXAMPLES. Examples 1, 3, 5, 7 are Direct Discourse ; 2, 4, 6, 8 are the same changed to Indirect Discourse. 1. He is hopeless with respect to that influence which he possesses, de ea, quam habet, gratia desperat. . 2. Caesar tinds that he is hopeless with respect to that influence which lie possesses, Caesar repperit ilium de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. 3. I have not made war upon the Gauls, but the Gauls upon me, non ego Gallis, sed Galli mini bellum intulerunt. 4.' Ariovistus declared that he had not made war upon the Gauls, but the Gauls upon him, Ariovistus praedicavit non sese Gallis, sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse. 5. I wonder what business the Roman people have in my Gaul, which I have conquered, mini mirum videtur, quid in mea Gallia, quam vici, populo Romano negotl sit. G. Ariovistus answered that he wondered what business .the Roman people had in his Gaul, which he had conquered, Ariovistus re- spondit sibi mirum viderl, quid in sua Gallia, quam vicisset, popul5 Romano negotl esset. 7. Since he makes me this requital, this is what I demand of him, quoniam hanc mini gratiam refert, haec sunt, quae ab eo postulo. 8. He said that since he made him this requital, this was what he demanded of him, dixit quoniam hanc sibi gratiam referret, haec esse quae ab eo postularet. VOCABULARY 19. conquer, vinco,-ere,vTci,victum. manner, in what manner, quem- demand, postulo, -are, -avi, admodum, adv. -atum; I make this demand of multitude, multitudo, -inis,/ him, ab eo hoc postulo. on this side of, cis, prep. w. ace. especially, praesertim, adv. private property, res familiaris. find, reperi5, -ire, repperi and reply, answer, responded, ere, reperi, repertum. respondi. responsum. know, scio, scire, scivi or scii, requital, make requital, giatiam scitum. refer 5, referre, retuli, rela- law, right, ius, iuris, n. turn ; I shall make you this re- LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 51 quital, tibi hanc gratiam true, verus, -a, -um. referam. unoccupied, be unoccupied, vaco, rule over, impero, -are, -avi, -are, -avi, -atum. -atum, w. dat. with, at, near, at the house of, settle, consido, -ere,- sedi, -ses- apud, prep. w. ace. sum. EXERCISE 19. 1. Caesar finds that Dumnorix always has about him- self a large number of cavalry, and that he has increased his private property. 2. The envoy said he knew 4 that those things which we had reported were true. 3. The ambassador reported that all the rest of the Bel- gians were in arms, and that the Germans, who were dwelling on this side of the Khine, had united themselves with them. 4. The king replied that he would not give back the hostages, which he had received, but 5 would make war upon the tribes who dwelt beyond the Alps. 5. Ariovistus answered that it was a law of war, that r those who had conquered should in what manner they -£**' ^wished rule over 6 those whom they had conquered.^^^ V(o\ The general says that since they have made him this requital, he will make tliisjdemand of them, that they at once give back 7 the hostagesy^7. The king thinks that since he has made you this requital, you ought not to de- mand that he give back the hostages. 8. The lieutenant reports that hj^ general will make the Eoraan people this requital, provided they shall make 8 peace wit h him . 9. Caesar replies that no fields, which can be given espe- cially to so great a multitude without wrong, are unoc- cupied in Italy ; but they may settle, if they wish, in the territory of the Gauls, whose ambassadors are with him. /OjL^ Notes and Questions. *— ""^"y^^- ^ — x.5 l "When a statement is directly made, a question directly put, ot a"^!*- supposition directly expressed, the language is said to be direct, ordtio » recta" Itoby. t 52 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. I "When a statement, question, or supposition is reported in a form whieh makes it dependent in construction on some such word as said, the language is said to be oblique or indirect (ordtio obllqua)." Moby. 3 When Direct Discourse becomes Indirect, the forms of ego and mem are usually changed to those of sul, suus, ipse, if they refer to the subject of the verb on which the Indirect Discourse is made dependent; otherwise to those of is or ille. 4 knew ; which tense must be used ? See Ln. XVIII. , Ref. l-6 b . 6 but; "If a negative proposition is followed by an affirmative, in which the same thought is expressed or continued, que, et, or ac, is em- ployed in Latin, where in English we use but" Madvig, 433, Obs. 2. 6 should . . . rule over; what would be the construction in Diree* Discourse ? See Ln. IX.; Ref. 4-8. 7 give back ; construction in Direct Discourse ? See Ln. VIIL, Ref. 1-14. 8 provided they sliall make ; see L\. XII., Ref. 8- s.' 1 ' >>**< LESSON XX. .r*r INDIRECT DISCOURSE (continued). Answer the following questions: When Direct Discourse is made Indirect, what does an Indicative in the apodosis — conclusion — of a conditional sentence become? A Subjunctive of the active voice! A Subjunctive of the passive voice ? What does an Indicative in the protasis — conditional clause — become ? Into what mood is an Im- perative changed? What mood does an interrogative sentence take ? What changes are made in the tenses? For the answers consult the Examples of this lesson, the Table on page 54, and the following References: A. & G. 586-589, 1, 2, a, b: H. & B. 534, 1, 6; 536; 537; 538; 581,6,1; 591, a: B. 315-321: G. 651-656: H. 642; 646, 1, 2; 647, 1-3; 648, L, II., 3. EXAMPLES. 1. Tf he departs I shall reward him, si disceseerit (fut. per} ind.), ego ilium remunerabor. 2. He declares that if he departs, he will reward him, praedicat si diacesserit (per/, subj.), ae" ilium remuneraturum eaae. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 53 3. He declared that if he should depart, he would reward him, praedicavit si discessisset, se ilium remuneraturum esse. 4. If hostages should be given, I should make peace, si obsides dentur, pacem faciam. 5. He answers that if hostages should be given, he would make peace, respondet si ob3ides dentur, pacem se esse facturum. 6. He answered that if hostages should be given, he would make peace, respondit si obsides darentur (dentur), pacem se esse facturum. 7. If hostages had been given, I should have made peace, si obsides dati essent. pacem fecissem. 8. He answers, or he answered, that if hostages had been given, he would have made peace, respondet, or respondit, si obsides dati essent, pacem se fuisse facturum. 9. If I should make peace, hostages would be given, si pacem faciam, obsides dentur. 10. He says that if he should make peace, hostages would be given, dicit, si pacem faciat, futurum esse, or fore, ut obsides dentur. 11. He said that if he should make peace, hostages wduld be given, dixit, si pacem faceret, futurum esse, or fore, ut obsides da- rentur. 12. If I had made peace, hostages would have been given, si pacem fecissem, obsides dati essent. 13. He says, or he said, that if he had made peace, hostages would have been given, dicit, or dixit, si pacem fecisset, futurum fuisse ut obsides darentur. 14. But if you persist, remember, sin perseverabis, reminiscere. 15. He said, but if he should persist, he must remember, dixit sin perseveraret, reminisceretur. 16. Let him engage in the contest when he wishes, cum volet, congrediatur. 17. He answered that he might engage in the contest when he wished, respondit, cum vellet, congrederetur. 18. If I am willing to forget, I cannot lay aside the memory, can 1 ? si oblivisci volo, num memoriam deponere possum ? 19. He answered, if he should be willing to forget, could he lay aside memory ? respondit, si oblivisci vellet, num memoriam deponere posse? 54 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. TABLE showing the Changes made in Moods and Tenses when Direct Discourse becomes Indirect. I. Moods. 1. Principal Clauses : Statements. Direct Discourse. Indirect Discourse. Indicative becomes Infinitive. Active Subjunctive in the apod-\ , (Future Active Participle with osis of a conditional sentence J I esse or fuisse. Passive Subjunctive in the apod- ^k ( fore, or f uturum esse or fuisse, osis of a conditional sentence J 1 with ut and the Subjunctive. 2. Principal Clauses : Questions. Indicative, 1st or 3d person, . becomes Infinitive. Indicative, 2d person, . . . becomes Subjunctive. Subjunctive remains Subjunctive. 3. Principal Clauses : Commands or Prohibitions. Imperative . becomes Subjunctive. Subjunctive remains Subjunctive. 4. Subordinate Clauses of All Kinds. Indicative becomes Subjunctive. Subjunctive remains Subjunctive. II. Tenses. 1. When an Indicative or a Subjunctive of Direct Discourse passes into a Subjunctive of Indirect Discourse. I Present, often Imperfect, when made dependent upon a Principal Tense ; Imperfect, some- times Present, when made dependent upon an Historical Tense. (Perfect, often Pluperfect, when made dependent . I become \ upon a Principal Tense ; Pluperfect, some- Future-Perfect J ^ times Per f ecti after an Historical Tense. Imperfect remains Imperfect. Pluperfect remains Pluperfect. 2. When an Indicative of Direct Discourse passes into an Infinitive of Indirect Discourse. Present remains Present. Future or Future- Perfect . . becomes Future Participle with ease Perfect ] Imperfect I ...... . becomo Perfect. Pluperfect J LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 55 VOCABULARY 20. danger, periculum, -I, n. manner, in no ordinary manner, declare, praedico, -are, -avi, non mediocriter, adv. -atum. pleasing, gratus, -a, -urn. disturb, perturbo, -are, -avi, prepared, paratus, -a, -ura. -atum. reward, remuneror, -ari, -atus entire, totus, -a, -um. sum. forget, obliviscor,-!, oblitus sum. try, experior, -Iri, expertus sum. high-born, nobilis, -e. understand, intellego, -ere, -lexi, kill, interficio, -ficere, -feci, -lectum. -fectum. EXERCISE 20. Translate sentences 1-6 into Indirect Discourse, making 1, 3, 5 dependent upon dicit, and 2, 4, 6, upon dixit. 1. If the Gauls who dwell on this side of the Alps de- part, 1 the Komans will reward them. 2. You are the only ^/t) person who has ever led 2 troops across the Khine. 3. If the Gauls had staid in Italy, there could have been no friendship between them and me. 3 4. If you wish to conquer, wheel about and advance fearlessly into the enemy's country. 5. Can I forget that this is my native V i country and that I am the consul of these people 4 ? fr 6. While Caesar was delaying 5 in the vicinity of Geneva for the sake of supplies, such fear suddenly seized the en- tire army that it disturbed the minds of all in no ordinary manner. 7. He declared that if they wished to try a < second lime, he was prepared to fight a second time. 8. Ariovistus replied, that if he should kill Caesar, he would do a favor 6 to many high-born men among the Roman people. 7 > 9. The king answered, that if we had surrendered our town to him, his private property would have been greatly increased. 10. He said that he under- stood with how great danger you had done 8 that. 11. He says that if we had not come, the enemy would have cut down the bridge. 56 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. . Notes and Questions. 1 depart; which tense should be used in Direct Discourse and which in Indireet ? See Examples 1 and 2. 2 has led; what mood is necessary in Direct Discourse? See Ln. X., Kef. 1-9 and Ex. 7. 3 between them and me; translate as if it read, for me with them. 4 people; is it necessary to translate this word ? 5 was delaying ; what tense would be used in Direct Discourse ? See Ln. VI., Ref. 2. a favor; gratum. 7 among the Roman people ; render by the genitive. 8 you had done; what mood would be necessary in Direct Discourse? See Ln. XVI., Ref. 9-14. LESSON XXI. THE GENITIVE. REFERENCES. 1-3. Subjective Genitive with Nouns. A. «fc G. 343, Note 1; 359, b: H. & B. 339, d: B. 199; 198, 1: G.363, 1: H. 430; 440, 1; 475, 2. 3-6. Limited Word Omitted. A. & G. 343, Note 2: H. & B. 339, e: G. 362, Remark 3: H. 446, 1. 7-12. Subjective Genitive with Verbs. A. & G. 343, c: H. & B. 340: B. 198, 3: G. 366, Remarks 1-3: H. 447. EXAMPLES. 1. The fear of the people, the running together of all the good, the faces and looks of these, timor populi, concursus bonorum omnium, horum ora voltusque. 2. For the sake of aid, auxili causa. 3. Unpopularity caused by severity is very much more to be dreaded than that caused by negligent, is it not? num est vehementiua severitatis invidia quam nequitiae pertimescenda? 4. For the purpose of avoiding suspicion, suspicionis vltandae, sc. causa. 5. Quintus, son of Marcus, Quintus Marci, sc. filius. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 57 6. With respect to my danger and that of the state, de meo perl- culo et rei publicae, sc. periculo. 7. It is the part of wisdom to see, sapientiae est videre. 8. It is the duty of the consul, consulis est. 9. It is your duty to care for the state, vestrum est rei publicae providere. 10. It was foolish to think of peace, erat amentis pacem cogitare. 11. The fifth class consists of murderers, quintum genus est parricidarum. 12. I shall grant that the fault beiongs to Ligarius, confitebor culpam esse Ligari. VOCABULARY 21. avert, drive away, depello, -ere, never, numquam (nunquam), depuli, depulsum. adv. care for, provideo, -Sre, -vldi, retain, hold, teneo, -ere, -ui, ten- -visum, io. dat. turn. criminal, facinorosus, -I, m. separate, seiungo, -ere, -iiinxi, decide, decerno, -ere, -crevi, -iunctum. -cretum. state, res publica, rei publicae,/ desolation, vastitas, -atis,/. troubled, anxious, sollicitus, -a, destruction, exitium, -I, >n. -urn. establish, constituo, -ere, -ui, welfare, prosperity, salus, -utis,/. -utum. whole, on the whole, universus, foolish, stupid, amens,5ren. amen- -a, -urn. tis. wisdom, sapientia, -ae,/. highest, summus, -a, -urn. wise, sapiens, gen. sapientis. house, tectum, -I, n. withdraw, deficio, -ficere, -feci, it is the duty, part of, est w. pred. -fectum ; to withdraw from gen. allegiance to the king, a rege misfortune, calami tas, -atis, /. deficere. EXERCISE 21. 1. Cicero said that Catiline was bringing to destruction and desolation the temples of the immortal gods and lives 1 of all the citizens. /£. Catiline was hindered by Cicero from bringing 2 to destruction and desolation the houses of the cityy 3. Those men who have withdrawn from alle- 58 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. giance to the state ought 3 never to retain the rights of citizens. 4. Cicero said that they who had withdrawn 4 from allegiance to the state had never in the city of Eome retained the rights of citizens. 5. The orator saw ^ that the senators were troubled not only with respect to their danger and that 5 of the state, but also, if that should \ be averted, 6 with respect to hjs. /6. It is the duty of the \ senate to care for the highest welfare of the state. 7. Do "\Jnot doubt 7 Uiat it is 8 yjmr duty 9 to care for the statg. 18. It is the part of wisdom to see that the misfortunes 1 of many citizens cannot be separated from that 5 of the stateN 9. The consul says that the fifth class consists of crin/mals. 10. Cicero said that the colonies which Sulla haa established in Etruria consisted on the whole of very good citizens and very brave men. 11. There is no doubt that it was foolish 10 to think of peace when the enemy was already in the city. 12. It will be wise 10 to delay in the vicinity of this town for the sake of aid. 13. The consul said that the s enate ought fearlessly to decide with respect to its own highest welfare and that of the Roman people. 14. Let uHsEtT once carefully and fearlessly de- cide 11 with respect not only to our own welfare, but also to that of the Roman people. Notes and Questions. 1 lives; the Latin often has a noun in the singular number where the English requires the plural. ' 2 from bringing ; what constructions mny depend upon verbs of hinder- ing? See Lx. X., Bef. 10-12 and 13, 14. 8 ought; see Ln. XVII., Examples 16, 17. 4 had withdrawn; what mood must be used in a subordinate clause of Indirect Discourse ? See Ln. XIX. 6 that; see Ref. 3-6 and Ex. 6. 6 should be averted; Pluperf. Subj. ' Do not doubt; how is a prohibition expressed in Latin ? See Ln. V., Ref. 6-7. 6A1U && W^^Ttyi 8 that it is; what construction usually depends upon a negative clause expressing or implying doubt ? See Ln. X., Ref. 10-12. a your duty ; instead of the predicate Genitive of a personal pronoun, the Nominative or Accusative of the possessive is generally used : see Ex. 9. 10 With adjectives of one ending, the Genitive masculine, instead of the Nominative or Accusative neuter, is generally used in a predicate after esse to avoid ambiguity ; e. g., it is wise, sapientis est (it is of a wise man). 11 Let us . . . decide; see Ln. V., Ref. 3, 4. ^ >HK< LESSON XXII. THE GENITIVE {continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. Objective Genitive. A. & G. 347; 348: H. & B. 354; B. 200: G. 363, 2: H. 440, 2. 4, 5, 12. Constructions used instead of Objective Genitive. A. & G. 348, a, c: H. & B. 354, a: B. 200, 1: H. 440, 2, Note 1 6-8. Partitive Genitive. A. & G. 346, a, 1-4: H. & B. 346: B. 201, 1-3: G. 367-372: H. 440, 5; 441; 442. 9. Constructions used instead of Partitive Genitive. A. & G. 346, c, d: H. & B. 346, a, b, e: B. 201, 1, a: G. 372, Remark 2: H. 444, 1. 10. When the Partitive Genitive is not to be used. A. & G. 346, e: H. & B. 346, Footnote 1: G. 370, Remark 2: H. 442, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. The destruction of the commonwealth, perniciem rei pub- licae. 2. From dangers to the commonwealth, a rei publicae peri- culis. 3. A leader in the war, dux belli ; preparation for war, com- paratio belli. 4. By the love of the gods for you, deorum erga vos amore. 60 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 5. With danger to himself, suo periculo. 6. Which of us do you think knows not what plan you adopted 1 quid consill ceperis quern nostrum Ignorare arbitraris ? 7. There is no one who does not contribute as much good-will as he can, est nemo, qui lion tantum, quantum potest, conferat voluntatis. 8. No one of these, horum nemo ; sufficient garrison, satis praesidi ; some place, aliquid loci ; one of whom, quorum alter ; where in the world are we, ubinam gentium sumus ? the bravest of the soldiers, militum fortissimi. 9. One of the sons, unus e filiis. 10. The welfare of all of us, salutem omnium nostrum. 11. There is not one slave, servus est nemo. 12. With respect to the destruction of all of us, de nostro om- nium 1 interitu. VOCABULARY 22. as much . . . as, tantus . . . quan- former, vetus, gen. veteris. tus. garrison, protection, praesidium, bestow, impertio, -ire, ivi or -ii, -I, n. -ltum ; w. ace. of direct object plot, cogito, -are, -avi, -atum. and dat. of indirect. preparation, comparatio,-6nis,/. contribute, devote, confero, con- renown, gloria, -ae,/. ferre, contuli, conlatum. save, conservq, -are, -avi, -atum. due, be due, dgbeor, -Sri, debi- sufficiently, sufficient, satis, adv. tus sum. surely, profecto, adv. endeavor to bring about, molior, the one . . . the other, alter . . . -Iri, -Itus sum. alter. forgetting, forgetfulness, obllvio, -onis, /. EXERCISE 22 1. Do not doubt that the leader of the enemy is in the senate, endeavoring to bring about the destruction of the commonwealth. 2. No one can prevent the commander of that camp from endeavoring to bring about 2 the destruc- tion of the commonwealth. 3. There were in that most dignified council of the earth, those who were plotting 3 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 61 with respect to the destruction of all 1 of us. 4. Provided my destruction is separated 4 from dangers to the common- wealth, I shall not be unwilling to die. 5 5. The city has been saved by the highest love of the immortal gods for you, but with danger to me. 6. All of us desire to know who will be 6 leaders in this war. 7. There was not one slave who did not contribute to the common welfare 7 as much good- will as he dared and as he could. 8. Cicero said that he would bestow 8 upon Lucullus- as iMch praise as was due to a brave man and great commander^). There is no doubt that the general devoted all the remaining time, not to forgetting the former war, but to preparation for a new.S 10. Who of us 9 does not know what pro- tection the city has ? 10 11. There is no one of these who does not know 11 that the city has sufficient garrison. 12. There will surely be some place for my renown amid the praises for this man. 13. Two kings were captured, of whom one had slaughtered the bravest of our soldiers, the other had murdered one of my sons. Notes and Questions. 1 omnium; "A possessive in any case may have a genitive in appo- sition." A. & G. 2 from endeavoring to bring about ; see Ln. X., Ref. 10-12. 8 were plotting ; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. 4 is separated; see Ln. XII., Ref. 8. 5 I shall not be unwilling to die; see Ln. II., Ref. 10-12. 6 will be ; how should it be expressed ? See Ln. XVI., Note 7. 7 to the common welfare ; ad w. ace. . 8 would bestow; what mood and tense must be used ? See Ln. XVIII., Ref. 1-6*. 9 of us; see Ln. III., Note 2. 10 has; see Ln. XVI., Ref. 9-14. 11 does not know; see Ln. X., Ref. 10-12. 63 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. / LESSON XXIII. THE GENITIVE {continued). REFERENCES. 1-5. Genitive of Quality. A. & G. 345, a, 6; 417: H. & B. 355; 356, 1: B. 203, 1-5: G. 365, Remarks 1, 2; 380, 1, 2: EL 440,3; 448, 1; 478, 2. 6-12. Genitive with Adjectives. A. & G. 349, a: H. & B. 354: B. 204, 1-3: G. 374; 375: H. 450; 451, 1-3. EXAMPLES. 1. In a contest of such a kind, in eius modi certamine. 2. Rocks of great weight, magni ponderis saxa. 3. All which is of such a character, quae sunt omnia eius modi. 4. The depth of the river was about three feet, fluminis erat altitudo circiter pedum trium. 5. It is worth while for me, est mihi tantl. 6. Mindful of you, memorem vestri. 7. Unacquainted with affairs, ignarus rerum. 8. Very skilful in wars, bellorum peritissimus. 9. Like the truth, veri simile. 10. Peculiar to Caesar, proprium Caesaris. 11. Not sharing in renown, expers gloriae. 12. He is made participant in the public council, fit public! c5n sili particeps. VOCABULARY 23. anxiety, sollicitudo, -inis,/. exile, exsilium (exilium), -I, n. beyond, more than, praeter,prejt). fond,loving,amans,^ai. amantis. w. ace. full, plenus, -a, -um. decide, adjust, diiudico, -are, greedy, avidus, -a, -um. -avl, -atum. help, succurro, -ere, -curri, -cur- eager for, appetens, gen. ap- sum, w. dat. petentis. like, similis, -e. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 63 massacre, internecio, -onis, /. submit to, endure, subeo, -ire, -ii, narrow, small, parvus, -a, -um. -itum, w. ace. of such a kind, of such a charac- the other, ceterus, -a, -um ; pi. ter, eius modi ; often written the rest. eiusmodi. unacquainted with, ignorant, Igna- on account of, prop ter, prep.w. ace. rus, -a, -um. participant, particeps, gen. par- unfortunate, miser, misera, mi- ticipis. serum. «""" rouse, incite, inflammo, -are, unpopularity, invidia, -ae, /. -avi, -atum. zeal, studium, -i, n, \h^ skilful, practically acquainted . T • ^V with, peritus, -a, -um. yj y\JL/ ^\ ^ __j^ V, EXERCISE 23. 1. The soldiers could not be prevented from hurling rocks of great weight. 2. Would that all my fellow-citi- zens were 1 men of great valor. 3. The depth of the river which we crossed was said to be about nine feet. 4. All of us seem to be of so narrow a mind that we think 2 all things will perish at one and the same time with our- selves. 5. That war was of such a kind thatlt ought to have roused your minds to the highest zeaAJvo. All those quarrels were of such a character that they were decided by a massacre of citizens. 7. It is worth while for me to submit to unpopularity, provided Catiline goes 3 into exile. 8. It would be worth while for me to submit to unpopu- larity, if only Catiline would go into exile. 4 9. The Bo- mans more than the other nations were always eager for glory and greedy for praise. 10. No one can be found so like you that he will not go into exile. #11. There is no doubt that all of us are very fond of leisure. 12. Since no one is unacquainted with trouble, all ought to know how to help the unfortunate. 13. It is said that Caesar 5 was practically acquainted with the arts not only of peace, but also of war. 14. This man hopes to be made 6 participant 64 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. in the council of his nation. 15. When we were waging war, we were full of anxiety on account of love for our country. 7 Notes and Questions. 1 would . . . were ; what mood and what tenses are used to express a wish that cannot be fulfilled ? See Ln. V., Ref. 8, 9. 2 that we think; what must be the construction of this clause? Is it used adverbially or substantively ? See Ln. IX. 3 goes; what mood is necessary after dum modo 1 ? 4 What kind of a supposition is expressed by this sentence ? To what time does it refer ? What mood and tense must be used ? 6 It is said that Caesar ; the Latin prefers the personal construction : Caesar is said. 6 to be made ; fore ut flat. f for our country ; see Ln. XXI I., Ref. 1-3. LESSON XXIV. THE GENITIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. With Verbs of Memory. A. & G. 350 a, b: H. & B. 350: B. 206: G. 376: H. 454, 1. 4-8. With Verbs of Emotion. A. & G. 354 a-c: H. &B. 352 1,2: B. 209, 1, 2: G. 377: H. 457. 9, 10. With Verbs of Judicial Action. A. & G. 352: H. & B. 342; 343: B. 208, 1, 2: G. 378: H. 456. 11. With Verbs of Plenty and Want. A. & G. 356: H. & B. 347: B. 212, 1, 2: G. 405, Note 2: H. 458, 2. 12-14. With rcfcrt and interest. A. & G. 355: H. & B. 345: B. 210; 211: G. 3S1; 382: H. 449, 1-4. 6<) • LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION/ EXAMPLES. 1. I remember your constancy, memini constantiae tuae. 2. Forget murder, obliviscere caedis. 3. He was reminding us of bis extreme poverty, admonebat nos egestatis. 4. Pity such labors, miserere laborum tantorum. 5. We pity them, eorum nos miseret. 6. Do not pity your brothers, cave te fratrum misereat. 7. The Athenians repented of the act, factl Athenienses pae- nituit. 8. Of what should I be ashamed ? me quid pudeat? 9. He was accused of treason, accusatus est proditionis. 10. He was condemned for treason in his absence, absens pro- ditionis damnatus est. 11. I need your counsel, indigeo tui consili. 12. It is of great importance to Cicero, magni Ciceronis interest. 13. It matters little to me what you say, parvi raea refert quid dicas. 14. Who is there to whom it is important that this law remain ? quis est cuius intersit istam legem manere ? VOCABULARY 24. absent, in one's absence, absens, need, indigeo, -ere, -ui, no sup. gen. absentis. negligence, nequitia, -ae, /. accuse, accuso, -are, -avi, -atum. old, senex, gen. senis. ashamed, something causes one to pity, misereor, -eri, miseritus be ashamed, pudet, pudere, sum; miseret, miserere, mi- puduit or puditum est ; I am seruit, impers. ashamed, me pudet. poor, pauper, gen. pauperis. condemn, damno, -are, -avi, remember, memini, -isse. -atum. remind, admonish, admone5, ere inactivity, inertia, -ae, /, -ui, -itum. it is of importance, it concerns, it repent, paenitet, paenitere, pae- matters, interest, -esse, -fuit ; nituit. re-fert, -ferre, -tulit. sound, sanus, -a, -urn. kindness, beneficium, -!, n. treason, proditio, -onis,/, military affairs, res militaris . 66 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. EXERCISE 24. 1. Do not forget me and that I am your consul. 2. We ought to forget others' 1 faults, but remember our own. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man. 4. It is of great importance to a general to be practically acquainted with military affairs and to have brave soldiers. 5. It is of little importance to me whether he comes to visit 2 you or not. 3 *6. I fear that he will remind me of my negligence and inactivity. 7. There is no doubt that we have been accused of treason in our absence. 8. Cicero said that he condemned himself for inactivity and negligence. 9. All of us hope that you will not be condemned 4 for treason. 10:. The consul says that he will never repent 5 of his acts. 11. Magistrates were not ashamed to come into this place, since our ancestors had adorned 6 it with the spoils of fleets. 12. Of •what should we be ashamed 7 when we have done all welcan? 8 13. All ought to pity those who do not pity themselves. 14. There is no doubt that every one needs a sound mind and a sound body. 15. If Caesar should re- pent 9 of his kindness, this man would be condemned for treason. Notes and Questions. 1 others' ; render with the possessive adjective alienus, a, urn. 2 to visit; see Ln. VII., Ref. 10-11. 3 or r iwt ; how should it be expressed in an indirect question ? See Vy. 16. 4 will not be condemned; "The future infinitive is often expressed by fore (futurum esse) ut with the subjunctive — necessarily where there is no supine stem." A. & G. 6 will . . . repent ; see Note iJ had adorned; see Ln. XIV., Ref. 1-5, and Ex. 5. 7 sliould we be ashamed; see Ln. XVI., Ref. 15. 8 all we can ; the relative is rarely omitted in Latin. 9 If . . ' sliould repent ; what kind of a supposition ? LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 67 LESSON XXV. THE DATIVE CASE. REFERENCES. 1-3. With Transitive Verbs. A. & G. 362: H. & B. 365: B. 187,1.: G. 345: H. 424. 4, 5. Double Construction. A. & G. 364: H. & B. 365, a, b: B 187, I., a: G. 348: H. 426, 6. 6-11. With Intransitive Verbs. A. & G. 366; 367: H. &. B. 362, I.-IIL: B. 187, II.: G. 346: H. 426, 1, 2. 12, 13. Dative or Accusative according to Signification. A. &G. 367, c: H. & B. 367: G 346, Note 2: H 426, 4. B. 175, 2, b. 14, 15. When "to" and "for" are to be rendered by ad and pro. A. & G. 363, 1; 379, Note: H. & B. 377, 1; 366, d:.G. 345, Remark 2: H. 424, 2. B. 358, 1, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. To you our country stretches out her hands, vobis manus tendit patria. 2. No destruction will be prepared for the city, nulla pernicies moenibus comparabitur. 3. Death, with which they threaten me, mors, quam mihi minitantur. 4. He presented books to me, libros mihi donavit 5. You presented your clerk with a ring, scribam tuum anulo donas ti. 6. If this has happened to no one, si hoc contigit nemini. 7. Nor could I persuade myself, nee mihi persuadere poteram. 8. It was necessary to obey the senate, parere senatui necesse erat. 9. Cease to spare me, mihi parcere desinite. 10. They chose to serve the Roman people rather than to rule over others, servire populo Romano quam imperare alils malue- runt. 68 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 11. We seem to do enough for the republic, satisfacere rei pu blicae videmur. 12. If you consult me, or if you ask my advice, si me consulis. 13. Consult for yourselves, or consult your interests, consulite vobis. 14. I wrote a letter to Pompey, litteras ad Pompeium scrips!. 15. They used to speak for liberty, pro libertate loquebantur. VOCABULARY 25. angry, be angry, irascor, -I, iratus obey, pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum. sum. pardon, ignosco, -ere, ignovi. choose rather, prefer, malo, malle, ignotum. nialui. please, placeo, ere, -ui, -itum. consult, ask advice of, consulo, pray, beseech, quaeso, -ere, -ivi of -ere, consului, consultum, w. -ii, -itum. ace; w. dat. t consult for, con- present, dono, -are, -avi, -atum. suit the interests of. rule over, command, impero, -are, crime, scelus, sceleris, n. -avi, atum. decree of the senate, senatus satisfy, do enough, satisfacio. co "^ltum. -facere, -feci, -factum, drive Out, gicio, eicere, eieci, serve, servio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, eiectum. -itum. except, praeter, prep. w. ace. threaten, minitor, -ari, -atus for, in behalf of, pro, prep. w. abl. * sum. happen, contingit, pf. contigit. truth, verum, -i, n. intrust, commendo. -are, -avi, write, scribo, -ere, scripsi, scrip- atum- turn. EXERCISE 25. 1. Our country intrusts to you the temples of her gods and the lives of her citizens. 2. They threatened my brother with the severest punishment that they might drive him out into exile. 3. If this should happen to me, I should choose to go into exile rather than to obey the decree of the senate. 4. They could not persuade them- selves to go 1 into exile. 5. These men are angry with me because 1 have driven out 2 their brother into exile. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 69 6. Our ancestors chose to rule over themselves rather than to serve a king. 7. The decree of the senate pleased me so very much that I wrote 3 a letter to my brother with respect to it. 8. Pardon me, I pray, if I speak the truth freely. 9. May the gods pardon 4 all your crimes, the sen- ate cannot. 10. A}1 exhorted me to consult 5 for my own life and welfarey^ii.. You ought to consult for the inter- ests of those men in their absence, since they are your fellow-citizens. 12. Let the consul ask the advice of the senate (as to) whether he ought 6 to drive out this man into exile or not. 13. Our orators speak more fearlessly than they fight for their country. 14. He presented his son with many books, worthy to be read 7 a second time. 15. They thought that they would satisfy the city, if they should avoid the suspicion of fear. Notes and Questions. 1 to go; see Ln. VIII., Ref. 1-14. 2 because I have driven out; what moods may be used after quod and with what difference in signification ? See Ln. XIV., Kef. 1-5, and Note 5. 8 that I wrote; what is expressed by this clause ? What must be its construction? See Ln. IX., Ref. 1-3. 4 May . . . pardon; see Ln. V., Ref. 8, 9. 6 to consult ; see Note 1 . 6 whether he ought ; what kind of a question ? What must be its mood ? 7 worthy to be read; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. -OO^JOO- LESSON XXVI. THE DATIVE {continued). REFERENCES. 1-7. With Compounds. A. & G. 370, c: H. & B. 376: B. 187, III.: G. 347: H. 429. ?0 LATIN t>ROSfi COMPOSITION. 8-11. Of the Possessors. A. & G. 373, a: H. & B. 374: B. 190, 1: G. 349, Remark 5: H. 430. 12. Of the Agent. A. & G. 374; 375: H. & B. 373, 1, 2: B. 189, 1, 2: G.354: H. 431 13, 14. How Intransitive Verbs are used in the Passive. A. & G. 372: H. & B. 364, 2: B. 187, II., b: G. 217: H. 426, 3. EXAMPLES. 1. I withstood you by my own efforts, per me tibi obstiti. 2. This day you will prefer to the greatest manifestations of joy for you, hunc tu. diem tuis maximis gratulationibus antepones. 3. The senate would have laid violent hands on me, mihi senatus vim et manus intulisset. 4. He met me, se mihi obvium tulit. 5. I went to meet you, ego tibi obviam ivi. 6. Take this fear from me, hunc mihi timorem eripe. 7. We wrested the sword from his hands, ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus. 8. The gates have no keeper, nullus est portis custos. 9. Marcellus has me as witness, Marcello sum testis. 10. They said that Cethegus had had a dispute with the rest, Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt. 11. His name is Caesar, ei Caesari nomen est, or ei nomen Caesar est, or ei nomen Caesaris est. 12. I see that war has been undertaken by me, mihi bellum sus- ceptum esse video. 13. When they wished no one to be pardoned, cum ignosci nemini vellent. 14. I am envied, you are envied, he is envied, mihi invidetur, tibi invidetur, ei invidetur. VOCABULARY 26. controversy, dispute, controver- force, vis, vis, /.; by force, per sia, -ae, /. vim. disturbance, tumultus, -us, m. fruitful, fertilis, -e. effort, by his own efforts, per se. lay violent hands on, vim et envy, invideo, -§re, -vidi, -visum. manus infero, luferre, in- fertile, opimus, -a, -um. tuli, inlatum. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. pr meet, s§ obvium ferre ; go to rage, madness, furor, -oris, m. meet, obviam (or obvius, -a, surpass, antecello, -ere, no perf. -um) eo, ire, ivi, itum. nor sup. neighbors, finitimi, -orum, m. pi. take from, eripio, eripere, eripui, prefer, anteponS, -ere, -posui, ereptum. -positum. very much, vehementer, adv. protection, praesidium, -1, n. withstand, thwart, obsto, -are, provision, make provision, pro- obstiti, obstatum. video, -ere, -vidi, -visum. witness, testis, is, ra. and f. EXERCISE 26. 1. We withstood your villany and rage by our own ef- forts. 2. Do not hesitate 1 to thwart this man's villanies and madness by your own efforts. 3. They would choose 2 to lay violent hands 3 on this man rather than to bring war upon their country. 4. WVpjeiej;this day to all the spoils tof war^that we have been able to take. 5. Our fields are so fertile and fruitful that they surpass the fields of our neighbors. Jr6. They nifet us in a forest when we were making 4 a journey through Switzerland. 7. If you come to visit me, I shall go to meet you. 8. They took this money from us by fo rce that they might make war I . /upon their countJfy: 9. We have very many books which \ /are not worth reading 5 at all. 10. If we had had 6 this^dis- Jj/ «ute with-tha-rest, we should not have pardoned tliem^ /X^' The king would be very much envied, if the Bomaris ^ should present 6 him this city. 7 12. This man said that his name was Marcellus and that he should make a jour- ney into Italy. 13. You have me as witness that Catiline could 8 not persuade you to make war upon your country. 14. Cicero said that provision had been made by him that the city might have sufficient protection without any dis- turbance. 15. If we should make war upon the state, we should not be envied, 5 but should be condemned for treason. 72 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 do not hesitate; how may a prohibition be expressed ? See Ln. V., Ref. 5-7. 2 would choose; see A. &. G. 445; 446: H. & B. 516; 517, 1: B. 280, 2: G. 257, 1,2: H. 552:554, 1. 8 violent hands; what is Hendiadys ? A. & G. 640: H. & B. 631, 5: B. 374 4: G. 698: H. 751,3. Note 1. * we were making; see A. & G. 546: H. & B. 524: B. 288, 1, B: G. 585" H. 600, II. 5 which are not worth reading at all ; Latin idiom, not at all worthy which (so that they) are read; for the construction see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9 and Ex. 9. 6 What kind of a supposition is expressed in sentence 10 ? What in sentence 11 ? 7 him this city ; what are the different constructions for these words ? See Ln. XXV., Ref. 4, 5. 8 that Catiline could ; Accusative and Infinitive depending upon testis, which has the force of a declarative verb. 8 we should not be envied; see Ref. 13, 14, and Examples. LESSON XXVII. THE DATIVE {continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. Two Datives. A. &. G. 382, 1: H. &. B. 360, b: B. 191, 2- G. 356: H. 433. 4-7. With Adjectives. A. & G. 383; 384: H. & B. 362, 1.-III. : B. 192, 1: G. 359: H. 434, 2. 8, 9. Other Constructions with Adjectives. A. & G. 385, a, 6: H. & B. 363, 3, 4; 364,7,8: B. 192, 2, Note: G. 359, Remarks 1-5: H. 435, 1-4. 10, 11. Of Reference or Interest. A. & G. 376-378: H. & B. 366, a: B. 188: G. 352: H. 432. EXAMPLES. 1. Whose affairs ought to be a care to you, quorum res vobis curae esse debent. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 73 2. Whom have you protected with your fleets ? cui praesidio classibus vestris fuistis ? 3. Who bring you enjoyment, qui vobis fructul sunt. 4. My country is dear to me, patria mini cara est. 5. Most unfriendly to you, inimicissimi vobis. 6. Your good-will is pleasant to me, est mini iucunda vestra voluntas. 7. I think him very like a god, eum simillimum deo iudico. 8. Who are fit for friendship, qui ad amicitiam sunt idonei 9. I thought that it was my duty to keep the army as near as possible to the enemy, esse officium meum putavi exercitum habere quam proximum hostem. 10. The sight of Cethegus hovers before my eyes, versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi. 11. For you alone has the murder of many citizens been un- punished, tibi uni multorum civium neces impunitae fuerunt. VOCABULARY 27. agreeable, gratus -a, -um. safety, salus, -utis, /. ally, socius. -I, m. stand, sto, stare, steti, statum. annoying, molestus, -a, -um. suited, accommodatus, -a, -um cannot but, facere non possum threaten, immineo, -Sre, no per/. quin, w. subj. nor sup. care, cura, -ae, /. unfriendly, inimicus, -a, -um. comitium, comitium, -I, n. voice, vox, vocis. dear, car us, -a, -nm. weapon, telum, -I, n. defendant, reus, -I, m. protection, praesidium, -I, n. ; to enjoyment, fructus, -us, m. protect any one, alicui orae- forbearance, venia, -ae, /. sidio esse. near,prope, adv.; nearest, proxi- mus, -a, -um. EXERCISE 27. 1. If my voice has been a means of safety for any one, 1 surely T ought to be pardoned. 2 2. If the general had protected the city with his troops, he would not have been condemned for treason. 3. I cannot but think that this province has brought great enjoyment to the Roman 74 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. people. 4. We fear that this army will not be 3 a great protection to the Koman people. 5. Their 4 country, tem- ples, and gods w r ere very dear 5 to all the Komans. 6. Cice- ro asked Catiline whether the light could 6 be agreeable tu him, when he knew 7 that there Was no one 8 of the senators who did not know 9 that he had stood 8 in the comitium with a weapon. 7. He said that the commonwealth ought to be a very great care to us. 8. Cicero did not think that many could be found who were fit for friendship. 9. He besought the judges to grant 10 him forbearance, suited to the defendant and not annoying to them. 10. Two kings, most unfriendly not only to you but also to your allies and friends, have now for a long time been threatening 11 entire Asia. 11. It is the general's duty 12 to keep both the in- fantry and cavalry as near as possible to our city. 12. Our ancestors both acquired much territory and waged many wars for us. 13. I can not but think that fear of this man will hover continually before your mind. Notes and Questions. 1 means of safety for any one = for safety to any one. 2 to be pardoned; see Ln. XXVI., Ref. 13, 14. 8 will not be : see Lx. VIII., Note 8. 4 their; see Lx. IV., Ref. 1-8. 5 very dear ; see Lx. II., Ref. 6-8. « could; see Lx. XVI., Ref. 9-14, and Lx. XVII., Ex. 12. 7 when he knew ; cum w. subj. because there is an accessory notion of cause. 8 there was no one ; lie had stood; see Lx. XVIII., Ref. l-6« and 1-6 6 . 9 who did not know ; see Lx. X., Ref. 1-9. 10 to grant ; see Lx. VIII., Ref. 1-14. 11 have . . . been threatening ; see Lx. VI., Ref. 3. 12 It is the generals duty ; see Lx. XXI., Ref. 7-12 and Examples. /■ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 75 LESSON XXVIII. THE ACCUSATIVE. REFERENCES. 1-3. Direct Object. A. & G. 387, a: H. & B. 390: B. 172: G. 330: H. 404. 4-8. With Verbs which in English require a Preposition. A. & G. 388, a: H. & B. 391, 1: B. 175, 2, 6): G. 330, Remark 1 : H. 405, 1. 9-11. With Compounds. A. &G. 388, b: H. & B. 391, 2: B. 175, 2, a), 1), 2): G. 331: H. 406. 12-15. Cognate. A. & G. 390, c: H. & B. 396, 1,2: B. 176, 4: G. 332: H. 409, 1. EXAMPLES. 1. Defend the name and welfare of the Roman people, populi Roman! nomen saliitemque defendite. 2. I hope the gods will requite me as I deserve, spero deos mini ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam. 3. You have thanked me, mihi gratias egistis. 4. Honors, which they despair of, honores, quos desperant. 5. Citizens grieved for my misfortune, elves me urn casum doluerunt. 6. I shudder greatly at the annoyance, vexationem per- horresco. 7. Catiline breathing out crime, Catillnam scelus anhelantem. 8. They do not complain of this as much as they fear it, n5n tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. 9. Citizens who stand about the senate, cives qui circumstant senatum. 10. They crossed the river, flumen trausierunt. 11. They approached me, me adierunt. 12. You seem to have won a victory, victoriam vicisse videria- 13. He has iought battles, pugnavit proelia. 76 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 14. What should I reply 1 or What reply should I make ? quid respondeam ? 15. All have one and the same opinion, omiies sentiunt unum atque idem. as, atque, ac, conj. as much ... as, tarn . . . quam. boldness, audacia, -ae, /. deserve, mereor, -eri, meritus sum. VOCABULARY 28. rampart, vallum, -i, n. requite, gratiam 1 refero, referre, retuli, relatum."**/' s *^-^* >■ shudder greatly at, perhorresco, -ere, perhorrul, no sup. despair of, despero, -are, -avi, stand about, around, circumsto, -atum. ditch, fossa, -ae, /. feel, think, have opinion, sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum. feel thankful, gratiam 1 habeo. go to, approach, adeo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itum. grieve for, doleo, -ere, -ui, -itum. live, vivo, -ere, vixi, no sup. question, quaestio, onis,/. -are, -steti, no sup. surround, put around, circumdo, -are, -dedi, -datum, thank, gratias 1 ago, : ere, egi, actum. the same ... as, idem . . . qui. wretch, sceleratus, -i, m. win a victory, victoriam vinco, -ere, vici, victum. EXERCISE 28. 1. We ought to hope that all the gods will requite 1 us as we deserve. 2. The senate thanked the consul in very- strong terms because he had driven out 2 that wretch into exile. 3. We cannot but think that we ought to surround the city with a rampart and a ditch. 3 4. Let us not stand about the senate, but let us go to the consul and ask his advice. 4 5. They inquired of us 5 whether we despaired of the city's safety. 6. There was not one slave who did not shudder greatly at 6 the boldness of citizens. 7. There is no doubt that the citizens grieved very much for the misfortune of the state. 8. They were not wont to com- plain 7 of this as much as they feared it, that Catiline would go 8 into exile. 9. We did not doubt that you had <* ITOSITION. ^Tl /iff LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION / fought a great battle and won a great victory. 10. What reply should I make to the envoys, if they should ask my advice ? / 11. If they had asked my advice, I should have made the same reply as you made. 12. Since there is no one who does not know 9 that you did^not^grieve for the mi sfortu ne of the commonwealth, what reply will you make ? 13. This is the only question in respect to which all citizens have one and the same opinion. 10 14. While I live 11 I shall feel thankful to you for that which you have done for me. 15. Provided you go to the consul and ask 12 his advice, I shall thank you in strong terms. Notes and Questions. i Observe that gratia is always in the plural with agere ; with referre and habere mostly in the singular ; that they take the Dative of the person whom one thanks, etc. ; and pro with the Ablative of that for which one thanks, etc. a had driven out ; what mood should be used ? See Ln. XIV., Note 5. 3 city . . . ditch; see Ln. XXV., Ref. 4, 5. .'..fjrJi see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. Ref. 4-6, and Ex. 6. 4 ask his advice; see Ln. XXV., Ref. 12, 13, and Examples. 6 of us ; see Ln. XVI. , Note 9. 6 who did not shudder greatly at 7 wont to complain ; see Ln. VI. 8 that Catiline would go ; Accusative and Infinitive, appositive with hoc, y who does not know ; see Note 6. 10 have . . . opinion; see Note 6. 11 while I live; what time is denoted, and what tense must be used? 12 go and ask; see Ln. XII., Ref. 8. >X*c LESSON XXIX. THE ACCUSATIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-4. Two Accusatives of the same Person or Thing. G. 392; 393, a: H. & B. 392, a, b: B. 177, 1, 2: G. 340: H. 1.2. ^ 78 LATIN PBOSE COMPOSITION Opt 5-10. Two Accusatives— Person and Thing. A. & G. 396, a* b: H. & B. 393, a-c: B. 178, 1, 2: G. 339, Remark 2: H. 411, 1-4. 11, 12. Two Accusatives with Compound Verbs. A. & G. 394; 395, Notes 1 and 2: H. & B. 386, a,b: B. 179: G. 331, Re- mark 1: H. 413. Limit of Motion. A. & G. 427, 2: H. & B. 381; 385, 182: G. 337: H. 418, 1-4; 419, 1. EXAMPLES. V 1. The people elected Marius consul, Marium consulem popu- lus creavit. 2. Marius was elected consul by the people, Marius consul a populo creatus est. 3. You have made the Senate firmer, senatum firmiorem fecistis. 4. Jupiter, whom we call the preserver of this city, Iuppiter, quern statorem huius urbis nominamus. 5. The consul asked Silanus his opinion, consul Silanum sen- tentiam rogavit. 6. Silanus, the first to be asked his opinion, Silanus, primus sententiam rogatus. 7. He teaches boys rudiments, pueros elementa docet. 8. I shall teach him to be silent, docebo eum tacere. 9. Let them teach him what sort of a man Roscius was, doceant eum qui vir Roscius merit. 10. I advise them as follows, eos hoc moneo. 11. Whom Caesar had led across the Rhine, quos Caesar tra- duxerat Rhenum. y 12. He ascertained that the Belgians had been led across the Rhine, reperiebat Belgas Rhenum esse traductos. 13. He will betake himself to Marseilles, se Massiliam conferet. 14. Men go into the country, rus homines eunt. 15. He asked the Gauls why they had come to his house, quaesi- vit a Gallis quam ob rem domum suam venissent. VOCABULARY 29. advise, moneo. -ere, -ui, -itum. choose, deligd, -ere, -16gi,-lSctum. call, name, appello, -are, -avi, country, rus, ruris, v. ; rus it -atum: nomino, -are, -avi, country as contrasted with urbs. -atum. faithful, fidelis. -e. M/v-^ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 79 mXXAf nold, teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum. stupid, stultus, -a, -um. home, homeward, domum. suitable, tit, proper, idoneus, -a, Latin, speak Latin, Latine lo- -um. quor, -I, locutus sum. teach, show, doceo, -ere, -ui, doc- opinion, sententia, -ae, /. turn. rudiments, elementa,-6rum,w.^. tried, proved, probatus, -a, -um. set out, proficiscor, -I, profectus sum. EXERCISE 29. 1. The Eoman people could have elected Catiline con- sul, but they wished to condemn him for treason. 2. Marcellus ought to have been elected consul, but the people accused him of treason in his absence. 3. There was no one so stupid as not to see 1 that you had made the senate better. 4. This man, whom we call our friend and ally, is suitable to be sent 2 as ambassador to the Bel- gians. 5. Silanus, the first to be asked his opinion, because he had been elected consul, decided that punishment ought to be inflicted upon those who were held in cus- tody. 6. I should be glad to teach 3 you to speak Latin, if only I could speak Latin myself. 7. He says that I ought to have shown the judges what sort of a man the defendant was. 4 /8. We advise our fellow-citizens as fol- lows : 5 let them not stand about the senate or despair of the commonwealth. V 9. When the general was informed J >u ,v that the Belgians Vad already le^ a part of their troops yJ^Kr across the Bhine, he set out with three legions and came to that part which had not yet crossed the river./ 10. Cati- line's friends reported that he, 6 having been driven out into exile, would betake himself 7 to Marseilles. 11. Let us ask the envoys why they went home and not to Geneva. 12. The gates have no keeper, let us go into the country. 13. He sent money to Ephesus to him 8 whom you chose out of all your friends as the most tried and faithful. 80 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 as not to see; cf. Ln. IX., Note 1. 2 suitable to be sent ; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9, and Ex. 8. 8 J should be glad to teach; see Ln. II., Ref. 10-12. 4 was ; what mood is necessary, and why ? 6 as follows; hoc. 6 he; see Ln. IV., Ref. 1-8. 7 he . . . would betake himself; what would these words be in Direct Discourse? 8 to him f express in Latin, I sent to him ; I gave to him ; I wrote to him. &S* LESSON XXX. THE ACCUSATIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-6. Adverbial. A. & G. 397, a: H. & B. 387, III.; 388, b: B. 176,3: G. 332: H. 416, 2. 7. Of Specification. 1 A. & G. 397, b: H. &. B. 389: B. 180: G. 338: H. 416. 8. In Exclamations. A. &. G. 397, d: H. & B. 399: B. 183: G. 343, 1: H. 421. 9-13. Of Time and Space. A. &. G. 423; 425: H. & B. 387, I., II.: B. 181: G. 335, Remark 1; 336, Remark 4: H. 417. EXAMPLES- 1. Why are you silent ? quid taces ? 2. What reason is there why we should doubt ? quid est quod dubitemus ? 3. You have very great influence, vales plurimum. 4. Have the countenances of these moved you in no respect l nihilne te horum ora moverunt ? 5. I had foretold that they would come at that time, id tempo- ris eos venturos praedixeram. 6. They live for the most part upon milk, maximam partem lacte vivunt. 7. Like a god in countenance and shoulders, 5s humerSsque deo similis. * -r MPOSITION 8. wretched state 1 O condicionem miseram ! 9. You are sixty years old, annos sexaginta. nati 10. More than forty years old, annos natus maior quadraginta. 11. He has had a residence at Rome many years, domicilium Romae multos annos habuit. 12. Throughout these years, per hosce annos. 13. Zama is five days' journey from Carthage, Zama quinque dierum iter a Carthagine abest. about, circiter, adv. acorn, glans, glandis,/. always, semper, adv. band, maims, -us,/. countenance, 6s, oris, n. day, dies, diei, m. dissolve, dimitto, -ere -missum. flesh, caro, carnis,/. have power, influence, valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum ; to have very great influence, plurimum valere. VOCABULARY 30. milk, lac, lactis, n. night-guard, nocturnum prae- sidium. old, natus, -a, -um. pace, passus, -us, m. ; mille pas- sus, a mile, to be feared, pertimescendus, a, -um,fut. pass. part. wait for, praestolor, -arl, -atus sum, w. daU -misi, EXERCISE 30. 1. Why should I urge you, 2 by whom men have already been sent forward to Marseilles, that they may wait for you in the vicinity of that city ? 2. Cicero asked Catiline whether the night-guard of the Palatine had in no respect moved him. ^3. The case itself speaks and that 3 always 4ias very greau influence.\4. What reason is there why JV — I we should hesitate 4 to deJay a few days in the vicinity of - V- J Marseilles for the sake of aid ? 5. It is said that our ,^ -\l ancestors lived for the most part upon acorns and milk. 6. Although Caesar was in the senate at that time, he came home because the senate had been dissolved. 7. There is no doubt that this boy resembles 5 his father in countenance. 8. war greatly to be feared, since «rV%K A^Ki^ 82 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. leader will have 6 this band of wretches ! 9. Ciceio was sixty-four years old when he was murdered. 7 10. I am fifty years old ; how old are you ? I am more than sixty. 11. While the enemy were delaying 8 many days for the sake of supplies, we marched fifty miles into their coun- try. 12. They did not doubt that our army had pro- tected the province 9 of Sicily many years. 13. The consul sent forward scouts, who were to choose 10 a place suitable for a camp, about six hundred paces from the enemy. Notes and Questions. 1 Also called "Greek Accusative," and " Synecdochical Accusative." 2 Why slwuld I urge you? what kind of question? See Ln. XVI., Ref. 15. 8 and tlmt ; quae. 4 we should Iwsitate ; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. 6 resembles = is like. 6 will have ; see Ln. IX., Note 4, last part. 7 ivhen he was murdered; see Ln. XXVI., Note 4. 8 were delaying ; see Ln. VI., Ref. 2. 9 had protected the province ; see Ln. XXVII. , Ref. 1-3. 10 icho were to choose ; see Ln. VII., Note 1. ^HKo* LESSON XXXI THE ABLATIVE. REFERENCES. 1-3. Of Separation. A. & G. 400; 401: H. & B. 408, 1-3: B. 214, 1-3: G. 390; 405; 406: II. 401- 462, 1. 4. Of SourceA Y\Xj: G. 403, 1, AK H. & B\4^3, a, b: B. 215, 1, 2: G. 395: H. 469, 1, 2. NKS^fiV 6-10. Of Cause. A. & G. 404, a: H. £TT444: B. 219, 1, 2A . .j/ G. 408, Remark 2: H. 475. \y** 11. Of Agent. A. & G. 405: H. & B. 406, 1 : B. 216: G. 401- H. 468. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 83 EXAMPLES. 1. Free the republic from fear, libera rem publicam metu. 2. He resigned the magistracy, magistrate se abdicavit. 3. We were without harbors, portubus carebamus. 4. Apollo was born of Jupiter and Latona, Apollo love natus est et Latona. 5. By my order, meo iussu. 6. By a decree of the senate, senatus consults. 7. Exult because of your robbery, exsulta latrocinio. 8. Who shine in purple, qui fulgent purpura. 9. No one is happy who lives in accordance with that law, bea- tus est nemo qui ea lege vivit. 10. While they were pleased with their estates, dum praediis delectantur. 11. He was not driven out by me, a m§ non eiectus est. <^„ VOCABULARY 31. ally, socius, -l, m. free, release, relieye, libero, -are, appoint, constituo, -ere, -ui, -avi, -atum. -utum. harbor, portus, -us, m. born, be born, descended, na- invite, invito, are, -avi, -atum. scor, -I, natus sum. moment, punctum, -I, n. be without, deprived, cared, -ere, order, by order, iussu, all. sing. j -ui, -itum. masc. ^blockade, obsidio, -onis, /. ' pirate, praedo, -onis, m. deprive, privo, -are, -avi, -atum. please, delecto, -are, -avi, -atum. exult, run riot, exsult5,-are,-avi, resign, abdico, -are, -avi, -atum ; -atum. w. ace. of reflexive pron. and find, reperio, -ire, repperi and x abl. of that which one resigns. reperi, repei turn. EXERCISE 31. altnoi Cicero said that if Catiline had staid in the city, >ugh they would have withstood 1 all his plans, never- theless they would never have freed the republic from peril. 2. Let Metellus be considered a distinguished man, since he twice released his city from blockade and the fear of slavery. 3. The senator does not think that those who 84 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. have attempted to deprive us all of life, ought to live a moment of time. 4. If you had compelled the defendant to resign the praetorship, the senate would have thanked you in very strong terms. 5. Two citizens were found who relieved 2 you of this care, and promised that they would murder me in my bed. ^6. We fear that 3 for many years 4 our country will be not only without provinces but also without harbors.N 7. It was said 5 that Caesar was descended from Trojan blood. 8. Caesar did not think that death had been appointed by the immortal gods for the purpose of punishment. 9. He asked the senators how many cities of the allies they supposed had either been taken by the pirates or abandoned because of fear. 10. Let us live in accordance with the laws that we may not 6 go into exile by order of the consul. 11. They asked me why I was so pleased with the dwellings and temples of their city. 12. Let him exult by reason of his crimes, that he may seem not 6 to have been driven out by me to stran- gers but invited to his friends. 13. Do not run riot be- cause of your great crimes, but resign your office at once, go to the temples of the immortal gods, and beg for par- don. 7 $&Jtk Notes and Questions. 1 would have withstood ; what mood is used in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse ? 2 who relieved ; i. e. of such a character that they relieved ; what mood is necessary ? What use of that mood ? 3 that ; how should it be rendered after a verb of fearing ? 4 for many years ; what case is used to express duration of time ? 5 It was said; see Ln. XXIII., Note 5. e that . . . not ; how expressed in a final clause ? See Ln. IX., Note 3 7 beg for "pardon ; translate as if it read, beg tliat they pardon you. W^7 #^. ^ ^y jj^u^ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. . 85 LESSON XXXII. THE ABLATIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1. Of Manner. A. & G. 412: H. & B. 445, 1-3: B. 220: G. 399, Note 1: H. 473, 3. 2,3. Of Accompaniment. A. & G. 413, a: H. & B. 420: B. 222, 1: G. 392, Remark 1: H. 473, 1. 4, 5. Of Means and Instrument. A. & G. 409: H. & B. 423, a: B. 218: G. 401: H. 476. 6-8. With certain Deponents. A. & G. 410: H. & B.429: B. 218, 1: G. 407: H. 477. 9-11. With certain Adjectives. A. & G. 418, 6; 431, a: H. & B. 432; 442: B. 226, 2: G. 397, Note 2; 401, Remark 6: H. 476. 1; 481. EXAMPLES. 1. They think that they will perish with less pain, minore dolore perituros se arbitrantur. 2. He began to follow with all his troops, cum omnibus copils sequi coepit. 3. He was following close after with all his troops, subsequeba- tur omnibus copils. 4. Not yet do I wound those with my voice who ought to be slain with the sword, quos ferro trucidarl oportet, e5s nondum voce volnero. 5. Large multitudes of the enemy were destroyed in many battles, magnae hostium copiae multls proeliTs sunt deletae. 6. My voice has performed its duty, mea vox officio functa est. 7. Enjoy fortune and renown, fruere fortuna et gloria. 8. Whose service I make use of, quorum opera utor. 9. You said that you were satisfied with the murder of us who had staid, te nostra, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas. 8? LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 10. Trusting to you I shall defend your right, fretus vobis, ves- trum ius defend am. 11. Prisons worthy the crime of desperate men, custodies dignas scelere hominum pei ditorum. VOCABULARY 32. butcher, slay, trucidS, -are, -avi, pain, dolor, -oris, m. -atum. perform, fungor, -i, functus sum. darkness, tenebrae, -arum, /. pi. satisfied, contentus, -a, -um. deservedly, merito. service, opera, -ae, /. destroy, deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum. sword, gladius, -I, m. guards, custodiae, -arum, /. pi. take possession of, occupo, -are, hide, obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum. -avi, -atum. hostile, infestus, -a, -um. trusting to, fretus, -a, -um. impious, nefarius, -a, -um. use, make use of, employ, utor, justly, iure. uti, usus sum. long since, iam pridem, adv. unjustly, iniuria. night-attack, nocturnus impetus, watches, vigiliae, -arum, /. pi. EXERCISE 32. 1. We took possession of Marseilles by a niglit-attack, before you were able to protect that city with garrisons, guards, and watches. 2. I could not understand why they thought that they would die with less pain in company with many than (they would) if 1 they should die alone. 3. If I were unjustly accused by my fellow-citizens, I should choose 2 to go into exile rather than to be seen by the hostile eyes of all. 4. Let us hasten with all oiu troops to the enemy's camp and take possession of it by a night-attack. 5. The enemy, because they remembered our former victory, 3 could not be prevented from butcher- ing our soldiers with their swords. / 6. I cannot but think that we shall destroy large multitudes of the enemy in many battles. 7. This wretch, who ought long since to have been led to death, has been attempting to lay waste the whole earth with fire and sword. 8. What (reason) is LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 87 there why 4 you should stay longer in this city, when you know that the night with its darkness cannot hide your impious crimes ? 9. You will never repent of having per- formed 5 your duty to your country. 6 10. The senate deservedly and justly thanked the praetors because their service, which I had employed, was fearless and faithful. 7 /ll. We feared that they would not be satisfied with the punishment of you who had .staid 8 in the city. 12. The enemy, trusting to the large number of their troops, attacked us vigorously. Notes and Questions. 1 than . . . if; see Ln. XII., Ref. 6. 2 If I were . . . accused, . . . I should choose; what kind of a supposi- tion ? To what time does it refer ? See Ln. XII., Ref. 1-5. 3 victory ; what case do verbs of memory govern ? * what reason is there why ; see Ln. XXX., Ex. 2, and Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. 5 of 'having performed ; render with the perfect infinitive. 6 to your country ; see Ln. XXII. , Ref. 1-3. 7 because . . .faithful; translate as if it read, because I had employed their fearless and faithful service. 8 had staid; see Ln. XIV., Ref. 6. L-y. LESSON spa MT THE ABLATIVE (continued). fo*r YU^S*5^V REFERENCES. (jt^^ ,K: H. & I A. & G. 406, With Comparatives. 217, 1, 2: G. 398: H. 471. 4-6. Construction with pnTs^Pew^A 416, d: B. 217, 3: G. 296, Remark 4: H. 471, 4 7-9. Measure of Difference. A. & G. 414, B. 223: G. 403: H. 479, 1-3. H. & B. 424: 88 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 10, 11. Of Quality. 1 A. & G. 415, a: H. & B. 443: B. 224: G. 400, Remark 1: H. 473, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. Who (was) more illustrious than Themistocles ? quia clarior Themistocle ? 2. What can be said (that is) more reasonable than this request ? quid hac postulatione did potest aequius ? 3. This evil has spread more widely than we think, latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum. 4. When he had been sick more than a year, cum plus annum aeger fuisset. 5. You are more than sixty years old, amplius annos sexaginta natus es. 6. Catiline had not more than two thousand soldiers, Catilina non amplius duobus milibus militum habuit. 7. My country is much dearer to me than my life, patria mihi vita mea multo est carior. 8. You came a little while ago into the senate, venisti paulo ante in senatum. 9. The less certain the life of man is, the more ought the state to enjoy the life of an eminent man, quo minus certa est hominum vita, hoc magis res publica frui debet summi viri vita. 10. You exhort him to be of good courage, iubes eum bono esse animo. 11. A man of such moderation, vir tanta temperantia. VOCABULARY 33. acquire, consequor, -l, -secutus mild, mitis, -e. sum. praise, laus, laudis. ago, a little while ago, paulo request, demand, postulatio, ante. -onis, /. compassion, misericordia, -ae, / savageries?, atrocitas, -atis,/. evidence, testimonium, -I, n. spread, dissemino, -are, -avl, influence, auctoritas, -atis, /. -atum. just, fair, reasonable, aequus, -a, the . . . the, quanto . . . tanto, -um. quo . . . eo or hoc. kindness, humanitas, -atis,/. widely, late, adv. long, longer, longest, diu, diutius, diutissime, refers to tim>' LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 89 EXERCISE 33. 1. Because the consul 2 was not moved by savageness of heart but by kindness and compassion, he asked the senate who was milder than himself. 2. Who of the Komans was more illustrious than Cicero, who more powerful than Caesar ? 3. What could we have asked that was more just than this request? 4. There is no doubt that this evil has spread more widely than any one supposes. L5. If the Swiss had not had more than five thousand soldiers, we should have put them to flight.S6. This man was con- sidered worthy of the highest praise, because he had often said 3 that his country was much dearer to him than his life. 7. There is no doubt that the men who stand about 4 the senate and whose voices you could have heard 4 a little while ago, are more fearless than you. 8. The more severe the siege was, the more numerous were the letters and messengers that were sent 5 to Caesar. 9. This man is of such kindness and courage that the longer he stays with us the happier we are. fhO. Why ought this man, who is already more than eighty years old, to be led to death by order of the consul? 11. If we did not have less than a thousand infantry, we. should take possession of that city by a night-attack. 12. I have always been of such a mind as to think that nothing could be better than friendship. Jho. Although these wretches are of a better disposition S than part 6 of the soldiers, nevertheless they will be put to death with the ^ sword. 14. Let this general, have ever- lasting fame, 7 because he has twice freed our city from blockade and the fear of slavery. Notes and Questions. i Ablative of Quality ; also called Ablative of Characteristic ; Ablative of Description. 2 consul; put this word in the principal clause. 90 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 3 because lie had often said ; what mood should be used, and why ? 4 stand about . . . could have; should these verbs be rendered by the Subjunctive in accordance with Ref. 6, Ln. XIV. ? 5 the more numerous . . . sent ; translate as if it read, the more numerous letters and messengers were sent to Caesar. e than part ; quam pars is preferable to parte as it avoids a succession of ablatives. 7 have . . . fame ; sit with Ablative of Quality. a»«e ^fifff LESSON XXXIV. THE ABLATIVE (continued). / REFERENCES. 1-5. Of Price. A. & G. 416: H. & B. 427: B. 225: G. 404: H. 478. 6, 7. Of Specification. A. &. G. 418, a: H. & B. 441 : B. 226: G. 397: H. 480. 8-10. Of Time. A. & G. 423: H. & B. 439: B. 230; 231: G. 393: H 486; 487. 11-16. Ablative Absolute. A. &. G. 419, a-c; 420, 1-5: H & B. 421, 1-8: B. 227: G. 409; 410, Remarks 1-3: H. 489, 1-8. EXAMPLES. 1. This man sold his country for gold, vendidit hie auro pa- triam 2. He sold an oration for twenty talents, viginti talentis oratio- nem vendidit. 3. He hired a house at no great price, conduxit non magno domum. 4. No curse has cost the human race more than anger, nulla pestis humano generi pliiris stetit Ira. 5. The judges do not care a straw for the state, iudices rem piiblicam flocci non faciunt. 6. Asia surpasses all lands in fruitfulness, Asia Qbertate omni- bus terris antecellit. 7. A town, Bibrax by name, was eight miles distant, oppidum, nomine Bibrax, aberat milia passuum octo. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 91 8. What did you do last night ? quid proxima nocte egisti ? 9. You were at the house of Laeca that night, fuistl apud Laecam ilia nocte. 10. You will hear within three days, triduo audietis. 11. You do not hesitate to do that when I order it, or at my bid- ding, do you ? num dubitas id imperante me facere ? 12. Since no one hinders we shall carry on war, niillo impediente bellum geremus. 13. By destroying him danger is averted, illo sublato depellitur periculum. 14. In the consulship of Lepidus and Tullus, Lepido et Tullo consulibus. 15. Which have been managed in his absence, quae illo absente gesta sunt. 16. Without stirring up any public commotion, niillo tumultii publice concitato. VOCABULARY 34. commotion, tumultus, -us, m. mercy, misericordia, -ae,/. conspiracy, coniuratio, -onis, /. name, nomen, -inis, n. cost, sto, stare, steti. statum. publicly, publice, adv. enter upon, ingredior, ingredi, sell, vendo, -ere, vendidi, ven- ingressus sum ; w. in and ace. ditum. fruitfulness, productiveness, uber- sesterce, sestertius, -l, m. : a sil- tas, -atis, /. ver coin worth nearly four hire, conduco, -ere, -duxl, -du- cents. ctum. stir up, concito, -are, -avi, -atum. justice, aequitas, -atis,/. variety, varietas, -atis,/. EXERCISE 34. 1. My brother's son fears that he shall not be able to sell his house for twenty thousand sesterces. 2. Last year we could have hired a house in this city for five thousand sesterces. 3. Although the Eomans conquered the Gauls in many battles, 1 nevertheless the victories cost them much blood. 4. This general does not seem to care a straw for the lives of his soldiers. 5. He said that Asia was so fertile and fruitful that it surpassed all lands 2 92 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. both in the productiveness of its fields and variety of its fruits. 6. We think that a city, Marseilles by name, is about ten miles distant. 7. There is no doubt that you surpassed yourself yesterday in justice and mercy. 8. I cannot but think that he has entered upon this war under the guidance of the immortal gods. 9. It happened that in the consulship of Cicero many wretches formed 3 a conspiracy against the republic. 10. I shall attempt to make him resign 4 his praetorship without stirring up any public commotion. 11. Since the enemy did not hinder, we marched through their territory. 12. Within ten days you will hear that he inflicted severe punishment upon his slaves because his wife had been murdered. 13. The state will be freed from great danger by killing this man. 14. I asked the defendant why he was at the house of Marcellus last night, 5 and what he had done the night before. 15. He came in my absence to hire 6 my house. Notes and Questions. 1 in many battles; see Ln. XXXII., Ref. 4, 5. 2 lands; see Ln. XXVI. , Ref. 1-7. 8 formed; see Ln. IX., Ref. 4-8. 4 resign; see Ln. IX., Ex. 6. 5 night ; put the word night in the second clause only. * to hire; what does this infinitive denote ? LESSON XXXV. EXPRESSION OF TIME. REFERENCES. JJ^, ffJ^ 1-3. Time When or Within Which. AJ& G. 423: H. & B. 439: B. 230; 231: G. 393: H. 486; 487. LATIN PROS^ COMPOSITION. lyS^T 93 4,5. Time How Long or During Which. A. & G. 423: H. & B. 387, II.: B. 181: G. 336, Remark 4: H. 417. 6-8. Use of Prepositions in Expressions of Time. A. & G^fl ***** 424, a, e: H. & B. 439, a-c; 387, II., a: B. 181, 2: G. 336, Remark a^p 2; 394, Remark: H. 487, 1, 2; 417, 1. ^yt/ 9-12. Time Before or After an Event. A. & G. 424. /: H. & B. 303, c; 424, Example 2; 387,11., a, 6: B. 357, 1: G. 403, Note 4: H. 488, 1-3. EXAMPLES. 1. He finished the war in the middle of summer, bellum media state confecit. You will hear within three days, triduo audietis. You wished to^kill me at the last consular election, proximis (jfcShitiis consularibus me interficere voluisti. He has had a residence at Rome many years, domicilium Romae multos annos habuit. 5. He has reigned twenty-three years, annum tertium et vice- simum regnat. 6. Throughout these years, per hosce annos. 7. Caesar ordered the gates to be shut, towards evening, sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi iussit. 8. It cannot be suppressed for all time, non in perpetuum com- primi potest. 9. A few days afterwards the senate was freed from danger, liberatus periculo paucis post dlebus senatus. 10. The act was performed three days afterwards, post diem tertium gesta res est. 11. An envoy had been killed a few years before, paucis ante annis legatus interfectus erat. 12. You were quaestor fourteen years ago, quaestor fuisti abhino annos quattuordecim. 13. On the 31st of October, in the consulship of Lepidus and Tul- lus, pridie Kalendas Novembres, Lepido et Tullo consulibus ; vjhich may be aobreviated to prid. Kal. Nov. Lepido et Tullo coss. 14. On the 1st of June all was changed, Kalendis Iuniis miitata omnia. 15. For the 28th of October, in ante diem quintum Kalendas Novembres ; or, in a. d. v. Kal. Nov. i 94 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. VOCABULARY 35. check, restrain, hinder, reprimo, midnight, a little after midnight. -ere, -press!, -pressum. paulo post mediam noctera. decree, decerno, -ere, -crevi, perhaps, fortasse, adv. -cretum. short, brevis, -e. evening, towards evening, sub suppress, comprimo, -ere, -pressi, vesperum. -pressum. finish, conficio, -ficere, -feci, thanksgiving, supplicafcLo, -onis,/ -fectum. time, for all time, in perpetuum following, posterus, -a, -urn. sc. tempus. light, daylight, lux, lucis, f. : a while, for a little while, pauli- little before daylight, paulo sper, adv. ante lucem. yesterday, day before yesterday, memory, within the memory of nudius tertius. man, post hominum memo- riam. EXERCISE 35. 1. If you had carried on the war more vigorously, you would have finished it in the last part of winter. 2. Who can be so stupid as to think 1 that the Gauls will come within five days to attack us ? 3. I heard day before yes- terday that you wished to kill me at the last consular election. 4 Men came on the following day that they might urge 2 us to majch 3 either towards evening or a lit- tle after midnight. \5. If Catiline alone should be killed, 4 the conspiracy would perhaps be checked for a little while, but it would not be suppressed for all timeN 6. He says that this kin^who has^ajj»ady reigned twenty-four years, 5 is much younger than his brother. 7. He has lived many years in this city, and throughout these years no one has been angry with him. 6 8. If this has happened to no one within the memory of man, will you not go tnTTTexile mip- There is no doubt that men can bo found who will relive you of this care and promise to kill 7 me LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 95 in my bed on that very night, a little before daylight. y 10. We cannot but think- that you could have finishes the war many years before. 11. Because so many nations surrendered to him within so short a time, a thanks- giving was decreed for the twenty-sixth of December. 8 12. This wretch promised that for three thousand ses- terces 9 he would kill you on the twenty-fifth of October. 13. Five days afterwards he would have been condemned for treason, if we had not protected him. 14 We had a long controversy with these men three days ago. 15. Would that I could have been present on the first of August! 10 Notes and Questions. 1 as to think; see Ln. IX., Ref. 1-3. 2 that they might urge; see Ln. VII. , Rbf. 12, 13. 3 to march; see Ln. VIII., Ref. 1-14. 4 If '. . . killed; in what two ways may this be expressed? See Ln. XL, Ref. 1-15, and Ln. XXXIV., Ref. 11-16. 5 has reigned . . . years; see Ex. 5. 6 angry with him ; see Lx. XXV., Ref. 6-11. 7 to kill ; verbs signifying hope, promise, undertake, are followed by the Accusative of the Personal Pronoun and the Future Infinitive. 8 for the twenty-sixth of December ; for determining how to write this and similar dates, see A. & G. 630; 631, a-e: H. & B. 660-671: B. 371, 1-7; G. page 491: H. 754-756. 9 for three thousand sesterces; see Ln. XXXIV., Ref. 1-5. 10 of August; sextilis, -e. LESSON XXXVI. PLACE. REFERENCES. 1,2. Place from which. A. & G. 426. 1; 427, 1: H. & B. 451, a: B. 229, 1, 2; G. 391: H. 491, I., 2 f 96 LATIN" PROSE COMPOSITION. 3, 4. Place to which. A. & G. 426, 2; 427, 2: H. & B. 450 b: B. 182, 1, 2: G. 337: H. 418. 5-7. Place at or in which. .A. & G. 426, 3; 427, 3. Ftn. 1 H. & B. 449; 452; 453, 1: B. 228: G. 386; 411: H. 483, 1, 2. 8-10. Place by, through, or over which. A. & G. 429 a: H & B. 426, 6: B. 218, 9: G. 389: H. 420, 1. jJ^*rt>W*V 2, 4, 7. Words used like Names of Towns A. & G. 427 H. & B. 449, a: B. 229, 1, b): G. 337, Remarks 1-3; 391 Remark 2: H. 484, 1, 2. 11, 12. Ablative of Place at, in. or on which. A. &G. 429: H. & B. 449: B. 228: G. 385-389: H. 485, 1. 2. ^(^W*WvV 13-16. How to express towards a Place, etc. A. & G. 428, a: H. & B. 453, 2: B. 182, 3: G. 337, Remark 4: H. 418, 4 t27,a:, \)l EXAMPLES. (^ 1. He set out from Rome, Roma profectus ^at. 2. He set out from home, domo profectus est. 3. He will betake himself to Marseilles, se Massiliam conferet. 4. Men go into the country, rus homines eunt. 5. He had a residence in Rome, domicilium Romae habuit. 6. Themistocles, a very eminent man at Athens, said, Themisto- cles, summus Athenis vir, dixit. 7. Consultations which he had at home, deliberationes quas habebat domi. 8. We shall march through Athens, iter per Athenas faciemus. 9. He set out by the Aurelian way, Aurelia via profectus est 10. The corn, which he had brought up the river Arar, frumento, quod flumine Arare subvexerat. 11. All things have been brought into a state of peace on land an^ sea, omnia sunt terra marique pacata. 12. What poisoner in all Italy ? quis tota Italia venencus ? 13. Towards Rome, in or into the vicinity of Rome, ad Romam 14. Near Rome, ad Romam, apud Romam. 15. From Rome, from near Rome, a Roma. 16. From Rome, out of Rome, e R6ma. i 7 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 97 VOCABULARY 36. annex, join to, adiungo, -ere, safe, tutus, -a, -um. -iunxi, -iunctum. sea, mare, maris, n. carry up, subveho, -ere, -vexi, set out, proficiscor, -I, profec- • -vectum. tus sum. uifficult, difficilis, -e. still, even now, etiam nunc, adv. field, in the field, militiae. strong, firm, firmus, -a. -um. middle, medius, -a, -um. summon, voco, -are, -avi, -atum. nearly, paene, adv. vicissitude, varietas, -atis, /. perform, ger 6, -ere, gessi, gestum. way, road, via, -ae, / EXERCISE 36. 1. Cicero said that Pompey, within forty-nine days 1 after he had set out from Brunclisium, annexed the whole of Cilicia to the government 2 of the Eoman people. 2. He asked whether the consul had already gone from home or 3 was still at Geneva. 3. We answered that he had set out for Athens five days before. 4. Since we had already had a residence at Marseilles for many years, we set out from that city and came to Eome. 5. The orator asked the senate what place on the whole sea had had so strong a garrison throughout those years that it was safe. 6. He says that yesterday, when he had been nearly killed at his own home, he summoned the senate into the temple of Jupiter Stator. 7. This envoy has come to tell how great deeds our general has performed 4 at home and in the field, on land and sea. 8. He says that this war, although it is great and difficult and has been carried on with 5 much vicissitude on land and sea, will be wholly finished 6 by this man in the middle of summer. 9. If we had set out from Eome ten days ago, we should have gone by the Appian Way. 10. We ought to have used the corn, which we had carried up the river Ehine in our ships. 7 11. In the consulship of Metellus we lived in the country, but 98 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. five years afterwards we came to the town of Brundisium. 12. This man came from near Eome, and lias now set out towards Naples. 13. Let us stay in the vicinity of this city until our friends arrive. 8 14. Let us go into the country before our friends come 9 to visit us. 15. What man in all America is so cowardly as not to be willing to die for 10 his country ? Notes and Questions. 1 within forty-nine days ; render as if it read, on the forty -ninth day. $r0 2 to the government ; repeat the preposition ad. 3 or; how should it be rendered in a double question ? 4 has performed ; see Ln. XVI., Ref. 9-14. 5 with; render with in. I cype finished; see Ln. XXIV., Note 4. jsur sh^ps; see Ln. XXXIL, Ref. 4, 5. r. arrive; see Ln. XV., Ref. 8-10. come; see Ln. XV., Ref. 3, 4. how should it be translated? See Ln. XXV., Ref. 14, 15 1-10. Tenses. A. & G. 489; 490, 1, 2; 493, 1/2: IF & B. 600, 1-4; 602, 1, 2; 601, 1: B. 336, 1-5: G. 282; 283: H. 640, 1-5. 1-10. Different Uses. A. & G. 494-49J: H. & B. 604, 1-7: B. 438; 536; 537: H. 636, l^s£37-639 337, 1,2: G. 437; - EXAMPLES. JtL% I summoned to my presence Gabinius, (who was) surmising nothing us yet, Gabinium ad mg, nihil dum suspicantem. vocavi. 2. Shall we put up with Catiline, (who is) longing to lay waste the earth ? Catilinam, orbem terrae vastare cupientem, perfe- rgmus? X&X*J iM$£ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 99 3. His arrival kept back Mithridates (who had been) puffed up by an unusual victory, huius adventus Mithridatem Insolita In- flatum victoria contimiit. 4. Who saved this same city (after it was) founded and enlarged, qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. 5. Having laid waste the fields and set fire to the villages, they hastened towards Caesar's camp, agros depopulate, vicis incensis, ad castra Caesaris contenderunt. 6. After roaming about they came through to the Rhine, vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt. 7. I crossed the Rhine because I had been invited by the Gauls, transii Rhenum arcessitus a Gallis. 8. He assigned to Cassius the burning of the city, attribuit urbem inflammandam 8 Cassio. 9. Pray what would have been the result if (the shops) had been burned ? quid tandem (tabernis) incensis futurum f uit ? 10. After, or since, the founding of the city, post urbem condi- tam. VOCABULARY 37. alarm, commoveo, -ere, -movi, lay waste, vast5, -are, -avi,-atum. -motum. learn, cognosco, -ere, cognovi, attack, aggredior, aggredi, ag- cognitum. gressus sum. long, long for, desire eagerly, cut down, occido, -ere, -cidi, -ci- cupio, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -Itum. sum. new, novus, -a, -um. earth, orbis terrarum or terrae ; put up with, bear with, endure, orbis, -is, m. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. hither, citerior, citerius. set fire to, burn, incendo, -ere, invite, send for, arcesso, -ere, incendi, incensum. arcessivi, arcessitum. sight, conspectus, -us, m. keep back, restrain, contineo, take away, removeo, -ere, -movi. ere, -tinui, -tentum. -motum. EXERCISE 37. 1. Ought we, the consuls, to put up with these men, who are longing to lay waste the whole earth ? 2. After setting fire to many villages 1 they hastened towards Eome 100 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. by the Appian way. 3. The king said that he crossed the Rhine because he had been invited by the Gauls. 4. Cae- sar, having been alarmed by these letters, enlisted two new legions in hither Gaul. 5. He summoned to his presence 2 the generals who knew nothing as yet 3 with re- spect to the affair. 6. The general kept back his soldiers in camp who had been greatly alarmed by the arrival of the enemy. 7. He assigned to Catiline all the citizens to be robbed and butchered. 8. Pray, what would you have done if all the villages had been burned ? 4 9. The lieu- tenant, after taking away the horses out of sight and ex- horting the cavalry to fight bravely, began the battle on the left wing. 10. The consul ordered his troops after they had been led 6 out of camp to wheel about and ad- vance to the attack. 11. The enemy having attacked our army on the march, cut down a large number of the infantry. 12. Since the founding of the city this is the only case that has been met with 6 in which all patriotic citizens agreed. 7 13. After learning these facts we hast- ened into the vicinity of Marseilles. 14. Although I have been invited I shall not cross the Rhine. 15. Since the consul has learned these facts, he will invite the conspira- tors into the country and set fire to all their houses. Notes and Questions. 1 after setting fire to villages ; Latin verbs, except deponents, have no perfect active participle ; hence the necessity for the ablative absolute which is used to supply this want. 2 to his presence ; see Ex. 1. 8 nothing as yet; nihil dum. 4 if . . . burned ; render by the ablative absolute. 6 after they had been led ; translate as if it read, having been led. 6 this . . . met with ; translate as if it read, this case alone has been met 7 agreed; see I,N. X., Ref. 1-9. 8 See Gildersleeve, 279 Kem. ; 431. '. ~~ ' LATBT PROSE COMPOSITiOJT.: ; : ', ,' Jtttj*' SSON xxxvip ' TO GERUNDIVE. „ 01 THE GE] ND AND GERUNDIVE. IEFERENCES. l-8> A. & G. 501-503; 504, a-c: H. & B. 609-614; 616: B. 338, 1] 339, 5, 6: G. 425-428, Remark 1: H. 621-625; 626, 1-3, 5. EXAMPLES. 1. Practice in speaking, dicendi exercitatio. 2. Night made an end of besieging, flnem oppugnandi nox fecit. 3. Opportunity for hurling javelins, spatium pila coniciendi. 4. They went out for the purpose of plundering, praedandi causa egress! sunt. 5. He gave the signal for beginning battle, proell committendi signum dedit. 6. For the purpose of killing the consuls, consilium interfici- endorum causa. 7. This most strongly fortified place for holding the senate, hie munitissimus habendi senatus locus. 8. For the purpose of saving themselves, sui conservandi causa. VOCABULARY 38. besiege, oppugno, -are, -avi, observe, cognosco, -ere, cognovi, -atum. cognitum. encourage, consolor, -ari, -atus practice, exercitatio. -onis, f. sum. prepare, paro, -are, -avi, -atum. give up, abandon, abicio, -icere, privilege, power, potestas, -atis,/. -ieci, -iectum. save, conservo, -are, -avi, -atum. keep, asservo, -are, avi, -atum. style, genus, -eris, n. leading men, chief men, princi- suffer, permit, patior, pati, pas pes, -um, m. pi. sus sum. lessen, levo, -are, -avi, -atum. unusual, inusitatus, -a, -um. threats, minae, -arum, /. pi. violence, vis, vis, /. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. < , ; EXERCISE 38. 1. After encouraging the defendant, I asked him to make an end of entreating. 2. The orator asked the judges to suffer 1 him to make 1 use of an unusual style of speaking. 3. Have you not often observed how great 2 influence this orator exerts 3 from this very place by rea- son of copiousness in speaking? 4. Would that I had 4 the privilege of coming into this place ! 5. If this wretch should give up his plan of making war, it would be said 5 that he had been driven out into exile with violence and threats. 6. For the purpose of avoiding suspicion, you dared to ask 6 the consul to keep 6 you at his home. 7. Never, fellow-citizens, for the purpose of lessening my unpopularity, have I asked you not to lay violent hands upon these conspirators. 8. I asked whether citizens were fleeing from Eome for the purpose of saving themselves or of checking your designs. 9. Let him, if he wislfes, make use of arms for the purpose of defending himself 10. Give the signal foiJieginning battle, if you wish us to advance to the attack. Nil. We fear that this man will prepare a band for the purpose of killing the consuls and leading men of the state. * 12. There is no doubt that this orator has had great practice in speaking. 13. If you had had greater practice in fighting, you would not have fled for the purpose of saving yourself. 14. When night had made an end of besieging, a man of very great influence 7 among his friends came to beg for peace. 15. Who is so stupid as to think that citizens have fled from the city for the purpose of saving themselves ? Notes and Questions. 1 to suffer . . . to make ; should each of these Infinitives be rendered! with an Infinitive ? « how great; quantum; see Ln. XXX., Ref. 1-6. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 103 ^ 8 exert influence; valeo, -ere, -ul, -itum; what mood mus * Would that 1 had ; see Ln. XXVI., Eef. 8-1$ and Ln * it would be said; see Ln. XXII I., Note 5 6 to ask . . . to keep ; see Note 1 7 of very great influence; see Ln. XXXIII. .IJef, T$ 11* ust be vi^afj^ij^^X^jr i. V.,Ref.8,9( THE^JeRUND' ANIf GERUNDIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-9. A. & G. 505, a; 506, Note 2; 507: H. & B. 612, II.-IV.; 613, 1, 2, a), 6): B. 338, 2-5; 339,_2-4, 7: G. 429-433^ H. 627-630. £ EXAMPLES. ( a t ^ZT 1 djUl^X/) 1. The consul gives attention to appeasingnthe gods, consul pla- candis dis dat operam. 2. For making a camp, ad castra facienda. 3. One of whom could furnish subjects for writing, quorum alter res ad scribendum adhibere poterat. 4. He invited Gauls for the purpose of overturning the founda- tions of our government, ad evertenda fundamehta rei publicae Gallos arcessit. 5. He assigned to Cassius the city to be set on fire, or the firing of the city, attribuit urbem Inflammandam Cassio. 6. They have strengthened the conspiracy by not believing, con- iurationem non credendo corroboraverunt. 7. By badly managing their business, male gerendo negotio. 8. In punishing Lentulus, in Lentulo puniendo. 9. With respect to choosing a commander, de imperatore de- ligendo. VOCABULARY 39. choose, deligo, -ere, -legi, -lee- debt,aesalienum,aerisaliSni,n. turn, desire, voluntas, -atis, /. confer, consign, mando, -are, draw, portray, exprimo, -ere, -avi, -atum. -press!, -pressum. 104 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. fall into, incido, -ere, incidi, no manage, gero,-ere,gessi, gestum. sup. portraiture, imago, -inis,/. historian, rerum auctor, rerum provoke, lacesso, -ere, -Ivi or -ii scriptor. or -i, -itum. invested, occupatus, -a, -um. revenue, vectigal, -alia, n. lie in wait, insidior, -ari, -atus silent, keep silent, taceo, -ere, -ui, sum. -itum. look at, intueor, -eri, intuitus strengthen, corroboro, -are, -avi, sum. -atum. maintain, retineo, -ere, -tinui, stake, is at stake, agitur. -ten turn torch, fax, facis, /. EXERCISE 39. 1. You ought to give attention to tilling your fields. 2 He sent men to promise 1 a large number of ships for transporting the army. 3. This king, having been pro- voked, thought that an opportunity was offered him 2 for taking our city./fC I fear that they will not cease 3 to lie in wait for the consul at his own home and to prepare torches for firing the city. 5. How many portraitures of distinguished men, drawn not only to be looked at 4 but also to be imitated, 4 do you think historians have left us ? 5 6. We could have overcome 6 you, not by fighting but by keeping silent. 7. You ought not to strengthen this con- spiracy by not believing. 8. It remains for me to speak 7 briefly with respect to choosing a commander. 9. I have 8 as much influence 9 as you have given me by conferring honors. 10. The orator said that he had as much capa- bility as an almost daily practice in speaking had been able to bring him. 11. Our property is at stake, invested in farming your revenues. 12. By badly managing their business these men have fallen into great debt. 13. There is no one who thinks 10 that there can be any cruelty in punishing the consul. Li LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 105 Notes and Questions. 1 to promise; see Ln. VII., Ref. 12, 13. 2 him; see Ln. III., Ref. 8-12, and Ln. XXVI., Ref. 1-7. 3 will not cease; see Ln. VII I., Note 8. 4 to' be looked at . . . to be imitated ; render with ad and the Gerund^^ * us; see Ln. XXV., Ref. 1-3. 6 we could have overcome; see Ln. XVII. , Ex. 13. 7 for me to speak; see Ln. IX., Ref. 4-8. 8 I have, etc. When the thing possessed is a quality of the possessor, the possessor is usually put in the Ablative with in, and the thing possessed in the Nominative with est: e.g. I have wisdom, in me est sapientia; I have as much natural ability, as, etc., ingeni in me tantnm est, quan- tum, etc. a influence; see Ln. XXII., Ref. 6-8. 10 who thinks; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. LESSON XL. THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS.— THE SUPINE. REFERENCES. gd^J^ 1-3. First Periphrastic Conjugation. A. & G. 195; 517, d: H. &. B. 162; 468, 7; 581, a, b: B. 115; 270, 3; 304, 3, o: G. 129; 246; 247: H. 236; 525, 1; 531. JUu^^^tC 4-9. Second Periphrastic Conjugation. A. & G. 196; 500, 2r 3: H. & B. 162; 611, 3, Ftn. 3: B. 115; 337, 7, b): G. 129; 251 H. 237; 621, 1, 2. 5, i. Dative of Agent. A. & G. 374, a: H. & B. 373, 1, a: B 189: G. 355: H. 431. 16, velle, volui. win a victory, victoriam vinco, -ere, vici, victum. WING ZEALOUS. 149 wing, cornu, -us, n. ; on the right wing, a dextro cornu. winter, hiems, hiemis, /. ; pass the winter, hiemd, -are, -avi, -atum; winter-quarters, hiber- na, -drum, n. pL, sc. castra. wisdom, sapientia, -ae,/. wise, sapiens, gen. sapientis. wish, desire, be willing, volo, velle, volul. with, in company with, cum, prep. w. abl. ; with, near to, at the house of, apud, prep. w. ace. : with respect to, de, prep. iv. abl. withdraw, deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum ; to withdraw from al- legiance to the king, a rege deficere ; withdraw, betake one's self, se recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum. without, sine, prep. w. abl. ; be without, careo, -ere, -ul, -itum, to. abl. withstand, obsto, -stare, -stiti, no sup., w. dat. ; sustineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, w. ace. : to with- stand an attack, impetum sus- tinere. witness, testis, m. and f. worthy, dignus, -a, -um ; it is worth while, tanti est, see Ln. XXIII., Ref. 1-5. would that, see Ln. V., Ref. 8, 9. wound, volnus (vulnus), -eris, n. ; to wound, volnero (vulnero), -are, -avi, -atum. wretch, sceleratus, -i, m. write, scribo, -ere, scripsi, scrip- turn. wrong, iniuria, -ae,/. Y. year, annus, -i, m. yesterday, hesterno die ; day before yesterday, niidius ter- tius (nunc dies tertius). yet, tamen, adv. young, iuvenis, -e. your, tuus, -a, -um, when address- ing one person ; vester, vestra, vestrum, when addressing more than one. z. zeal, studium, -I, n. zealous, studiosus, -a, -um. \MasJ I INDEX. The Roman numerals refer to Lessons, the Arabic to grammar references Ablative, xxxi. -xxxiv. absolute, xxxiv., 11-16. of accompaniment, xxxii., 2, 3. of agent, xxxi., 11. of cause, xxxi., 5-10. of characteristic, xxxiii., Note 1. of description, xxxiii., Note 1. of manner, xxxii., 1. of means and instrument, xxxii., 4,5. of measure of difference, xxxiii.j 7-9. of place at or in which, xxxvi., 11, 12. of place from which, xxxvi., 1,2. of price, xxxiv., 1-5. of quality, xxxiii., 10, 11. of separation, xxxi., 1-3. of source, xxxi., 4. of specification, xxxiv., 6, 7. of the way by which, xxxvi., 8-10. of time, xxxiv., 8-10 ; xxxv., 1-3. with certain adjectives, xxxii.. 9-11. with certain deponents, xxxii. 6-8. with comparatives, xxxiii., 1-3 Absolute, ablative, xxxiv., 11-16. Accompaniment, ablative of, xxxii. 2,3. Accusative, xxviii.-xxx. adverbial, xxx., 1-6. Accusative, cognate, xxviii., 12-15 dative or, xxv., 12, 13. Greek, xxx., Note 1. in exclamation, xxx., 8. infinitive with subject, xviii., 1-6. infinitive without subject, xvii., 6-10. of direct object, xxviii., 1-3. of limit of motion, xxix., 13-15. of place to which, xxxvi., 3, 4. of specification, xxx., 7. of time, xxxv., 4, 5. of time and space, xxx., 9-13. per with, xxxvi., 8-10. synecdochical, xxx., Note 1. Accusatives, two of same person or thing, xxix., 1-4. two — person and thing, xxix. , 5-10. two with compound verbs, xxix., 11, 12. with compounds, xxviii., 9-11. with verbs which in English re- quire a preposition, xxviii., 4-8. Adjective, agreement of the, ii., 4, 5. consecutive use of adj. clauses, ix., 1-3. use of final clauses, vii., 12, 13. Adjectives, ablative with certain, xxxii., 9-11. as nouns, ii., 9. constructions with, xxvii., 8, 9. dative with, xxvii., 4-7. y 152 INDEX. Adjectives, designating a certain part, ii., 13. genitive with, xxiii., 6-12. with force of adverbs, ii., 10- 12. with nouns of different genders, ii., 6-8. Adverbial accusative, xxx., 1-6. consecutive use of adv. clauses, ix., 1-3. use of final clauses, vii., 10, 11. Adverbs, adjectives with force of, ii. ■ 10-12. ad, when to be rendered by "to," xxv., 14, 15. Agent, ablative of, xxxi., 11. dative of, xxvi., 12 ; xl., 5-7. Agreement, i., ii. Answers, xvi., 7, 8. antequam, temporal clauses with, xv., 3, 4. Apposition, i., 1-, 2. Arrangement of words and clauses, p. 3. Attraction, xiv., 6. Causal clauses, xiv., 1-5. Cause, ablative of, xxxi. , 5-] 0. Characteristic, ablative of, xxxiii., Note 1. Cognate accusative, xxviii., 12-15. Commands, etc., subjunctive in, v., 3,4. Comparatives, ablative with, xxxiii., 1-3. Complement, infinitive without ac- cusative as, xvii., 6-10. Compounds, accusative with, xxviii., 9-11. dative with, xxvi., 1-7. Compound verbs, two accusatives with, xxix., 5-10. Concessive clauses, use of moods in, xiii., 1-6. Conditional relative clauses, xii., 7. sentences, xi., xii. Conjugations, the periphrastic, xl. Consecutive clauses, ix. adverbial and adjective uses of, ix., 1-3. substantive use of, ix., 4-8. cum (quum), temporal clatises with, xv., 5-7. Dates, how to write, xxxv., Note 8. Dative, xxv. -xx vii. double construction, xxv., 4, 5. of reference or interest, xxvii., 10, 11. of the agent, xxvi., 12 ; xl., 5, 7. of the possessor, xxvi., 8-11. or accusative, xxv., 12, 13. with adjectives, xxvii., 4-7. with compounds, xxvi., 1-7. with intransitive verbs, xxv., 6-11. with passive intransitive verbs, xxvi., 13, 14. transitive verbs, xxv., 1-3. Datives, two, xxvii., 1-3. Deponents, ablative with certain, xxxii., 6-8. Description, ablative of, xxxiii., Note 1. Difference, ablative of measure of, xxxiii., 7-9. Direct object, accusative of, xxviii., 1-3. questions, xvi. Discourse, indirect, xix., xx. donee, temporal clauses with, xv., 8-10. dum, present with, vi., 2. dum modo, nse of, xii., 8. temporal clauses with, xv., 8- 10. Emotion, verbs of, with genitive, xxiv., 4-8. Emphasis, how to produce, p. 3, 2. Emphatic, relative clause made, i., 9, Exclamations, accusative in, xxx., 8. Exhortations, etc., v. subjunctive in, v., 3, 4. INDEX. 153 Final clauses, vii., viii. adjective use of, viii., 12, 13. adverbial use of, vii., 10, 11. substantive use of, viii., 1- 14. Finite verbs, ii., 1-3. " for," when rendered by pro, xxv., 14, 15. Future, vi., 7. perfect, vi., 11. Genders, adjective with nouns of different, ii., 6-8. Genitive, xxi.-xxiv. objective, xxii., 1-3. partitive, xxii., 6-8. partitive, constructions used in- stead of, xxii., 9. partitive, when not used, xxii., 10. of quality, xxiii., 1-5. subjective with nouns, xxi., 1-3. subjective with verbs, xxi., 7- 12. with adjectives, xxiii., 6-12. with interest, xxiv., 12-14. with refert, xxiv., 12-14. with verbs of emotion, xxiv., 4-8. with verbs of judicial action, xxiv., 9, 10. with verbs of memory, xxiv., 1-3. with verbs of plenty and want, xxiv., 11. Gerund, the, xxxviii., xxxix. Gerundive, the, xxxviii., xxxix. Greek accusative, xxx., Note 1. Historical infinitive, xviii., 9. present, vi., 1. iam, present with, vi., 3. Imperative, use of the, v., 1, 2. Imperfect, vi., 4-6. Indicative, tenses of the, vi. Indirect discourse, xix., xx. question, xvi. Infinitive, xvii., xviii. as subject, xvii., 1-5. historical, xviii., 9. predicate after, xviii., 7, 8. subject of, xvii.,' 1, 2. tenses of, xviii., l-6 b . without subject accusative, xvii., 6-10. with subject accusative as ob- ject, xviii., l-6\ Instrument, ablative of, xxxii., 4, 5. Interest, dative of, xxvii., 10, 11. interest, genitive with, xxiv., 12- 14. Intransitive, passive verbs, dative with, xxvi. , 13, 14. verbs, dative with, xxv., 6-11. Judicial action, genitive with verbs of, xxiv., 9, 10. Limit of motion, accusative of, xxix., 13-15. Locative, xxxvi., 5-7. Manner, ablative of, xxxii., 1. Means, ablative of, xxxii., 4, 5. Measure of difference, ablative of, x xxiii., 7-9. Memory, verbs of, with genitive, xxiv., 1-3. modo, dum, dum modo, use of, xii., 8. Moods, table showing changes in. p. 54. use of in concessive clauses, xiii., 1-6. Motion, accusative of limit of, xxix., 13-15. Nouns, adjectives as, ii., 9. objective genitive with, xxi., 1-3. Object, accusative of direct, xxviii., 1-3. infinitive without subject accu- sative as, xvii., 6-10. infinitive with subject accusa- tive as, xviii., 1-6*. 154 INDEX. Objective constructions used instead of, xxii., 4, 5, 12. Objective genitive, xxii., 1-3. oratio obliqua, xix. oratio recta, xix. Order, usual, p. 3, 1. Part, adjectives designating a cer- tain, ii., 13. Participles, use of, xxxvii. Partitive genitive, xxii., 6-8. constructions used instead of, xxii., 9. when not used, xxii., 10. Passive, intransitive verbs, dative with, xxvi., 13, 14. Perfect, v., 8, 9. future, vi., 11. Periphrastic conjugations, the, xl. Place at or in which, xxxvi., 5-7. ablative of at, in, or on which, xxxvi. , 11, 12. by, through, or over which, xxxvi., 8-10. from which, xxxvi., 1, 2. toward a, xxxvi., 13-16. to which, xxxvi., 3, 4. Plenty, genitive with verbs of, xxiv., 11. Pluperfect, vi., 10. plus, construction with, xxxiii., 4-6. Position of certain words, p. 3, 3. Possessor, dative of, xxvi., 8-11. postquam, temporal clause with, xv., 1, 2. Predicate after infinitive, xviii., 7, 8. word, i., 3, 4. Prepositions in expressions of time, xxxv., 6-8. Present, historical, vi., 1. with dum, vi., 2. with iam, etc., vi., 3. Price, ablative of, xxxiv., 1-5. priusquam, temporal clauses with, xv., 3, 4. pro, when to be rendered by for, xxv., 14, 15. Prohibition, how to express, v., 5-7. Pronouns, demonstrative, iv., 1-8. indefinite, iv., 9-13. personal, iii., 1, 2. possessive, iii., 3-7. reflexive (reflective), iii., 8-12. relative, i., 5-8 ; iv., 14, 15. use of, iii., iv. Quality, ablative of, xxxiii., 10, 11. genitive of, xxiii., 1-5. Questions, direct and indirect, xvi. double, xvi., 6. how to ask a, xvi., 1-5. indirect, xvi., 9-14. rhetorical, xvi., 15. quam si, ac si, use of, xii., 6. quin, subjunctive with, x., 10-12. quoad, temporal clauses with, xv., 8-10. quominus, subjunctive with, x., 13, 14. Reality, supposition contrary to, xii., 1-5. Reference, dative of, xxvii., 10, 11. re-fert, genitive with, xxiv., 12-14. Relative clauses made emphatic, i., 9. conditional, xii., 7. peculiar uses of, x., 1-9. Relative pronoun, i., 5-8; iv., 14, 15. Rhetorical questions, xvi., 15. Separation, ablative of, xxxi., 1-3. Sequence of tenses, vii., 1-7. si, use of quam si, ut si, xii. , 6. simulac, temporal clause with, xv., 1, 2. Source, ablative of, xxxi., 4. Space, accusative of, xxx., 9-13. S]>ecification, accusative of, xxx., 7. ablative of, xxxiv., 6, 7. Subject accusative, infinitive with, as object, xviii., 1-6V infinitive without, xvii., 6-10. of the infinitive, xvii., 1, 2. INDEX. 155 Subjective genitive with nouns, xxi., 1-3. verb, xxi., 7-12. Subjunctive in commands, v., 3, 4. with quln, x., 10-12. with quominus, x., 13, 14. Substantive use of consecutive clauses, ix., 4-8. final clauses, viii., 1-14. Supine in u, xl., 12. in urn, xl., 10, 11. Supposition contrary to reality, xii., 1-5. Synecdochical accusative, xxx., Note 1. Temporal clauses, xv. Tenses of the indicative, vi. of the infinitive, xviii., l-6 a . of participles, xxxvii., 1-10. sequence of, vii., 1-7. table showing changes in, p. 54. Time, ablative of, xxxiv., 8-10; xxxv., 1-3. Time, accusative of, xxx., 9-13 ; xxxv., 4, 5. before or after an event, xxxv., 9-12. expressions of, xxxv. prepositions in expressions of, xxxv., 6-8. ** to," when to be rendered by ad, xxv., 14, 15. Toward a place, how to express, xxxvi., 13-16. Towns, words used like names of, xxxvi., 2, 4, 7. Transitive verbs, dative with, xxv., 1-3. u, supine in, xl., 12. ubi, temporal clauses with, xv., 1, 2. urn, supine in, xl., 10, 11. ut omitted in final clauses, viii., 12-14. ut, temporal clauses with, xv., 1, 2. Verb, finite, ii., 1-3. Verbs, dative with intransitive, xxv., 6-11. dative with passive, intransi- tive, xxvi., 13, 14. dative with transitive, xxv., 1-3. of emotion, genitive with, xxi v., 4-8. of judicial action, genitive with, xxiv., 9, 10. of memory, genitive with, xxiv., 1-3. of plenty and want, genitive with, xxiv., 11. subjective genitive with, xxi., 7-12. two accusatives with com- pound, xxix., 11, 12. Vocative, use of the, v., 10. Want, genitive with verbs of, xxiv., 11. Way by which, ablative of, xxxvi., 8-10. Wish, how to express a, v./ 8, 9. Word, predicate, i., 3, 4. Words, position of certain, p. 3, 3. Zfr^tL** *L4TyUL*-J~<* ^JJ^^Cti I^W-wXjS'0 IfZ^^r 0x^OL4<2Lcy y~--X4> i-t^y^JU f&- C^^r kjl^J^ f*-****- ■■■-../■ 858494 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY