YD 1^773 -NRLF B M 5514 Oil -ft r BUFFALO FORGE COMPANX BUFFALO, NX U'5A LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Gl FT OF Class \ _____ Mechanical Draft " An application of fans for securing the highest efficiency of fuel and the greatest steaming capacity of boilers." Fiske. THE VILLAGE BLACKSMITH " From the manufacture of his modest equipment mightier things have grown." ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BUFFALO MECHANICAL DRAFT APPARATUS Induced and Forced Applications of Mechanical Draft to Central Power Stations in Street Railway, Electric Light, Steamship Plants and Industrial Works, With Illustrations of Suitable Fan Types r< \ '1 Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, New York, U. S. A. Registered Cable Address, " FORC.K." OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CITIES Branches: New York, Chicago, London Long Distance Telephone Service 1OO3 UNITED STATES UNITED KINGDOM COPYRIGHTED BY BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY BUFFALO, N. Y., U. S. A. P r e f a c e . THE NINETEENTH CENTURY has been pre-eminently the era of economy in production. Increasing compe- tition in all branches of the arts and sciences has inevitably resulted in cheapening the cost of manu- facture, and there is hardly an industry that has not seen the invention of some automatic or semi- automatic labor-saving device by which the work of men's hands has been brought to a minimum. These devices have almost universally taken the form of machines, and the power for running these has necessarily become a most important factor in determining the cost of production. With the growth of manu- facturing centers, water power has become inadequate or not sufficient to be depended upon, and the rise in value of real estate has necessitated the utilization of every available foot of floor space. Any system of figuring costs brings the owner's close attention to the coal pile, and the increasing smoke nuisance has likewise engaged the eye of the public, resulting in the enforcement of smoke ordinances. From all these causes, it is natural that men should look for some improvement in the method of pro- duction as well as utilization of power. The tubular boiler has superseded the original plain tank of boiling water, and the water -tube boiler is a later addition, the object being the more rapid production of steam, and to secure the maximum heating effect from the coal consumed. To this end, various draft-improving and regulating devices have also been put on the market, first as supplementary to, and later as improved substitutes for, the chimney. One of the first of these, and the one which best satisfied all requirements, was the fan. Stating briefly the considerations which have led to the use of the fan for mechanical draft, they are: first cost; economy in operation under any load, light or heavy, within the capacity of the boiler; increased efficiency in steam generated per pound of fuel; close automatic regulation of steam pressure carried on the boiler; and adaptability in form and proportions to use any available space. These desirable points, with additional features, will be considered more in detail in the following pages. This catalogue also contains cuts showing various types of Buffalo Mechanical Draft Fans, and engines for driving them, with illustrations from photographs of installations in operation. The tabulated data also given will be found of service in obtaining general information on the yarious points of application. The services of our engineering department are at all times at the command of prospective customers, who will thus receive the benefit of our experience dating back to the first use of mechanical draft, and the special apparatus which is often required for the economic use of the cheapest fuel in that locality. BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY, BUFFALO, N. Y., U. S. A. 1^0782 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus View of the Manufacturing Plant WORKS OF THE BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY, BUFFALO, N. Y., U. S. A. or Buffalo MechamcaTTCh-aft Apparatus Description of the Manufacturing Plant BUFFALO. With regard to those advantages of location which largely determine the relative commercial and industrial standing of a city, Buffalo is especially favored. Within easy reach of New York and Phila- delphia on the east for foreign shipping, and in close connection on the west with the great consuming centers of this country, its commercial facilities are superb. Twenty-eight railroads, the Erie Canal and the great lake boat lines give Buffalo unsurpassed transportation advantages. Again, the city enjoys a bounteous power supply, for Buffalo is a great distributing center of coal, while the Falls of the Niagara, twenty miles distant, stand perpetually alone in the world for vastness of water power. Falls power, extensively used in Buffalo, is connected with the shops of this company for use as desired. LOCATION OF PLANT. The works of the Buffalo Forge Company are situated less than a mile from the center of the city and occupy the entire block bounded by Broadway, Mortimer, Tousey and Champlain Streets. The Broadway and the Sycamore electric railway lines, of which the former is the more direct, afford ready access to the works from depots and hotels. THE BUILDINGS. The first floor of the five-story southeast building is occupied by the offices of the com- pany; on the second are the draughting rooms and pattern shop, while the three upper floors are devoted to the construction of Buffalo Disc Wheels, "B" Volume Blowers and Exhausters. Adjacent to this building is located the new power house. The Buffalo Mechanical Induced Draft System is arranged in conjunction with the boiler plant to supply the requisite draft, which is automatically regulated for a constant steam pressure sufficiently high for the most rigid tests. Buffalo Direct-connected Tandem Compound Engines furnish current for the shop motors. The center front building is the sheet iron department. In the northeast building is the fan system heater department, where immense quantities of pipe are used annually. Here also is situated the forge shop, equipped with the Buffalo Down-draft Forge System, hence smoke does not pervade the shops. On the top floor of the new six-story building, Buffalo Portable Forges, Hand Blowers and other black- smith tools are built, and on the fifth floor Buffalo Down-draft and Heating Forges. The fourth floor is devoted to the construction of Buffalo Steel Pressure Blowers. The painting, crating and temporary storage of light machines is done on the third floor, where also are located certain shop offices. The second floor provides space for the tool room and finishing of engine parts. On the first floor, and extending into the adjacent central building, are the engine machine shops, furnished with special tools, and thoroughly equipped for engine building. In the adjacent central building is located a thoroughly equipped engine-testing room. In this building, also, the large steel plate heating and ventilating fans are constructed, with facilities for thorough testing. A modern foundry occupies the northwest building, and adjacent thereto are the pattern vaults. A one and a half story gallery type building on an adjacent street, and not shown in the cut, furnishes a warehouse for storage purposes. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Mechanical Draft vs. Natural Draft View of boiler plant equipped with natural draft, showing the chimney required View of boiler plant equipped with forced draft, showing the fan and stack required Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Mechanical Draft vs. Natural Draft The initial cost of mechanical draft apparatus, breeching, fan, engine and stack, is far less than the first cost of a chimney. The expense of operating a mechanical draft plant is below the interest on a smoke stack outlay. With natural draft, over one-fourth the total calorific power of fuel is wasted in forming a draft while the steam used to produce draft by mechanical means never exceeds two per cent, of the steaming capacity and is often as low as one-half of one per cent. With natural draft the temper- ature of the flue gases should not be reduced below six hundred degrees ; and it must be remembered that although the draft intensity and volume of air moved increases with the temperature of the gases, the density decreases at the same time, so that between 600 and 700 F. a temperature is reached at which the weight of air handled is a maximum. Hence, a chimney fixes once for all the maximum power of the boiler plant. With mechanical draft the temperature of the flue gases need not be above the temperature of the outside air, so far as the intensity of draft is concerned. This insures the maximum efficiency of fuel economizers, which utilize the waste heat of gases when installed in mechanical draft plants. The draft may be so regulated, with mechanical draft, that all the carbon of the fuel will be burnt to carbonic acid gas, giving out 14,500 units of heat for each pound of carbon burnt, but with natural draft a portion of the carbon will be burnt to carbon monoxide and only give 4,400 units of heat for each pound of carbon, or 10,100 units of heat more are given out in the mechanical draft plant. The bulk of the products of combustion is greatly reduced in volume and increased in temperature when mechanical draft is used, and therefore the boilers are more efficient than when natural draft is employed, for it is self-evident that the same area of heating surface will be more efficient in abstracting heat units from a small volume of hot gases than from a large volume of much cooler gases. The temperature of combustion in a furnace when mechanical draft is employed is about i ,000 F. above the temperature of combustion when natural draft is used. Mechanical draft insures the highest possible efficiency of combustion, the steaming capacity of boilers is increased to a maximum, and a sudden demand for steam is promptly met, but with natural draft these results cannot be obtained. Mechanical draft is widely employed in the anthracite culm districts and is an indispensable adjunct of mechanical stokers. It is an essential for the proper combustion of sawdust, bagasse, spent tan bark and like fuels, being easily applied to old boilers at a minimum initial expense. Mechanical draft plants are easily installed, are flexible, positive and instantaneous and provide a constant boiler pressure by auto- matically controlling the speed of the fan. It also makes feasible a material increase of capacity without enlarging the boiler plant, burns lower grades of coal, prevents smoke and saves fuel. In a word, mechan- ical draft is the essential factor of advanced boiler practice. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus First Induced Draft Plant in Japan Copyright igo] in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo. N. V. Osaka Water Works, Osaka, Japan. Note size of brick stack superseded by Mechanical Draft Buffalo Mechanical- Draft Apparatus Application of Full Housing Steam Fan for Induced Draft Copyright IQO? in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Induced Draft Plant at the Osaka Water Works, Osaka, Japan Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Boilers Equipped with Duplex Three-quarter Housing Fans Copyright 190? in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Induced Draft Plant at the Watkins Salt Company, Watkins, N. Y. Buffalo Mechanical -Draft Apparatus Conversion of Latent Energy into Available Work LATENT ENERGY of the coal pile is well understood by manufacturers of today and they are close observers of the process which converts this latent force into heat, or thermal energy, viz., combustion; of the apparatus by which this heat energy is transferred to water, viz., the boiler; and finally, of the mechanism where occurs the real transformation of heat into available mechanical energy or work, viz., the engine. THE MEANS of securing the highest efficiency obtainable in this latter process is well established in theory, T, T, and expressed by the Carnot Cycle represented in the formula '-= -, meaning steam must be adiabatically expanded from maximum temperature and pressure to minimum temperature and pressure. The reasons why adiabatic expansion and also maximum and minimum of temperature and pressure are not secured are too numerous and well understood to receive cursory mention. Suffice it to say, that the efficiency of an engine, as determined by the ratio of work in foot pounds obtained from the engine to the heat expressed in foot pounds delivered to the engine, does not exceed fourteen per cent, in the best simple non-condensing engines. HIGHEST FURNACE EFFICIENCY would be obtained when all the heat of combustion was transferred to the water in the boiler. Manifestly, this is impossible because the diffusion of heat takes place simultaneously by three modes, viz., radiation, convection and conduction. The loss of energy occasioned by each, while they are perfectly distinct in their nature, is not easily obtained and need not here be calculated. In practice, the ratio of the heat actually expended in evaporating water to the total calorific equivalent of the fuel burnt in the grate does not in the most modern improved water-tube boilers exceed eighty per cent. COMBUSTION, the step in the transformation that will be dwelt upon more fully, is that chemical action which rapidly unites oxygen with other elements forming various gaseous compounds. This spontaneous pro- cess sets free the energy of fuel in the form of heat and light. The combustible elements usually found in fuels are carbon, hydrogen and sulphur. Various grades of coal contain from seventy to ninety-four per cent, of car- bon (C), from one to ten per cent, of hydrogen (H), from four-tenths of one per cent, to two per cent, of sulphur (S), from one to ten per cent, of water (H 2 O) and from one and one-half per cent, to eighteen per cent, of ash. The heating power of fuels depends upon the proportions of the first two elements and upon the manner in which they are supplied with oxygen, as will be shown later. HEAT PRODUCED BY COMBUSTION of any element or compound is the quantity of heat brought into existence during the complete oxidation or burning of the element or compound to form the masses of the products of oxidation which are represented by their formulae. The heat of formation of a compound, that is, the product of combustion of an elementary substance, may be obtained by burning a known quantity of the element in a water or other suitable calorimeter and calculating the heat developed. 15 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Application of Three-quarter Housing Steam Fan tor Induced Draft Copyright IQOJ in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Induced Draft Plant at the Works of the Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, N. Y. 16 Buffalo Mechanical- Draft Apparatus Conversion of Latent Energy Into Available Work Continued When the elements composing the compound do not unite directly, the heat of formation may be found by obtaining the heat of combustion of each of the elements, for the products of combustion will be the same as those of its constituent elements or of the compounds. The heat may be less after the combination of the elements than before, in which case, it would be evident that heat is absorbed in forming the compound, and must be considered as negative heat, and be taken from the total heat of formation. Methane (CH 4 ), a compound of carbon and hydrogen, gives a fair example of the foregoing principle, which remains the same in more complex cases. The heat of perfect combustion of carbon (C) to CO, equals 96,960 British thermal units, the heat of combustion of hydrogen (H) to 2 (H 2 O) equals 136,720 units, and the heat of combustion of methane (CH 4 ) to CH 4 O 4 equals 211,930 units. Therefore, the heat of formation of methane (CH 4 ) - CCX 4- 2 (HX>) (CH 4 O 4 ) = 96,960 + 136,720 211,930 = 21,750. Regarding the combustion of a pound of fuel as that of a known weight of carbon and hydrogen, the amount of heat evolved during combustion may be determined from the heats of formation. Carbonic acid (CO,) contains twelve parts by weight of carbon to one of oxygen, and the combustion of one pound of carbon gives 14,500 B. T. U. Water (H,O) contains two parts by weight of hydrogen to one of oxygen, and the combustion of one pound of hydrogen gives 62,100 heat units. The heats of formation of these chemical compounds, which are already formed must be taken from the total heat of combustion of the elements. In practice, water is the only such compound taken into consideration. All oxygen given by analysis it is assumed was in the fuel, in com- bination with hydrogen as water, known as "water of formation", because it is not driven off when the fuel is raised to the boiling point of water. Therefore, to determine what is called the calorific power of fuel, first sub- tract one-eighth part by weight of all the oxygen from the hydrogen, and then calculate from the given heats of combustion those of the carbon and remaining hydrogen, and finally subtract the amount of heat required to raise to the state of steam the whole of the water of formation and other water that may be present. Taking the average composition of five samples of coal, as determined by analysis, to be carbon 80.07, hydrogen 5.33, oxygen 8.08, nitrogen 2.12, sulphur .5, and ash 3.7 per cent, by weight and remembering that it requires i.oi of hydrogen to satisfy the 8.08 of oxygen to form 9.09 of water, we have C = 8o.o7, H =4.32 and H 2 O = 9.09. The calorific power of one pound of this coal= 0.8 x 14,500 + 0.043 x 62,100 0.09 x i,n8. = i4,i7o B. T. U. The heat required to raise one pound of water from 60 and evaporate it at atmospheric pressure equals 1,118. B. T. U. Therefore, this coal has a calorific power sufficient to raise 14, 170-=- 1,118 12.67 pounds of water from 60 F. and evaporate same at atmospheric pressure. The amount of heat obtained and water actually evaporated will be much less than the above theoretical amount because of heavy losses which can- not be avoided but are decreased by employing artificial draft. These losses will be enumerated. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Application of a Single Electric Fan with Economizer Copyright iqoj in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Induced Draft Plant of the United Traction Company, Albany, N. Y. 18 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Conversion of Latent Energy into Available Work Continued TEMPERATURE OF THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION depends upon their weights and specific heat. The quan- tity of air supplied to the fuel largely determines the weight of the products of combustion. When one pound of carbon burns to carbonic acid gas, it requires two and two-thirds pounds of oxygen or twelve pounds of ordinary air. One pound of hydrogen gas requires eight of oxygen or thirty-six pounds of ordinary air. In practice, more than the theoretical amount of air is required to effect a total combustion of the fuel. The nature of the draft determines the amount of extra air required. More than twice the theoretic amount is required when the draft is produced by a chimney, viz., twenty-four to thirty-six pounds of air per pound of carbon. This excess of air is required because a chimney does not produce a draft of sufficient intensity to penetrate a heavy bed of coal. The bed of coals must be thin and the larger portion of the air does not aid combustion but mingles with the products of combustion, reducing their temperature. With artificial draft, the amount of air required for perfect combustion is one and one-fourth to one and one-half times the amount required in theory. This decrease in the amount of air required is made possible with the artificial draft because of the heavier bed of fire that it is practicable to use and the closer contact between the air and fuel. Although common coal is a complicated mixture of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, no serious error will be committed by estimating the quantity of air required for its combustion on the supposition that it is pure carbon, as this is done only with the view of showing how the temperature of the products of combustion vary according to the nature of the draft. With artificial draft, one pound of carbon requires 17 pounds of air, and the total weight of the products of combustion will be 17 + 1=18 pounds. With chimney draft, a good average of the air required for the combustion of one pound of carbon would be 29 pounds. Then the products of combustion with natural draft is 29+1 = 30 pounds. In each case the total heat of combustion will be 14,500 units. The specific heat of air at constant pressure is 0.237. I n tne case of natural draft, the products of combustion would have a temperature equal to - =2,039 degrees. On the other hand, with artificial 3 x .237 draft we would have a temperature equal to - =3,636 degrees, or very nearly 1,600 degrees higher Io X . 237 temperature than the chimney draft gave with the same rate of combustion. That this question of initial temperature and weight of the products of combustion assumes an important aspect in the economy of the boiler and furnace will be shown. HIGH RATES OF COMBUSTION, accomplished by increased coal consumption, are not necessarily helpful to best economy. However, a higher efficiency must result when the amount and quality of coal remains the same, and the higher rate of combustion is accomplished by a decrease in the grate surface and a corresponding increase of surface ratio. Attention is here called to curves on page 44. 19 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Horizontal Tandem Fans - Casing and Economizer Partly Removed to Show Damper Copyright IQOJ in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Induced Draft Plant of the United Electric Company of New Jersey, Hoboken, N. J. Buffalo Mechanicai -Draft Apparatus Conversion of Latent Energy into Available Work Continued RADIATION AND CONDUCTION are often causes of heavy heat losses in boiler plants. However, when the boiler is properly surrounded by non-conducting material, such as good brick side walls with four-inch air spaces inclosed and a layer of brick or an asbestos covering over the top of the boilers, it is about 10 per cent, and does not vary enough to claim consideration here. EVAPORATIVE POWER OF COAL, in practice, falls far short of its theoretic value. The ways in which the calorific power of fuel is wasted are various. Anthracite and a very dry coal are extremely brittle when suddenly exposed to high temperatures, and when the bed of fuel is thin the small splinters break off and fall through between the bars of the grate. Again, if the draft be poor and a sudden demand for steam be made upon the boiler plant, it becomes necessary to do considerable stoking, an operation always attended by loss from partially consumed fuel falling through the grate and cooling of the heating surface caused by opening the furnace door and knocking of holes in the thin fire. The greatest waste of fuel, however, usually takes place in the gaseous state. The upper layer of fuel is heated through, in the ordinary coal fire, long before these upper layers become incandescent. During this time the coal is partially distilled, and much of its most valuable constituents are driven off in the gaseous state and escape up the chimney unburnt. When special provision is made to allow warm air to mingle with these gases above the grate, they may be burnt above the bed of the fuel. With artificial draft this is unnecessary, as the temperature of combustion and surplus air, after passing through the heavy bed of fuel, is sufficient to insure combustion of these gases. Very great loss is often caused by an insufficient supply of air to the fuel, for if only enough oxygen be present to burn the carbon into carbonic oxide, the units of heat generated will be 4,400 per pound of carbon instead of 14,500 units of heat generated when carbon is burnt to carbonic acid. A very large quantity of car- bonic oxide may easily escape detection, as it is a perfectly colorless gas. If this gas be mingled with a^sufficient amount of air and again ignited it will burn to carbonic acid, and give out the missing 10,100 units of heat. FORMATION OF SMOKE, which is pure unburnt carbon, is a fruitful source, of waste, and is also a very common one. The large black volumes of smoke seen issuing from stacks is made up of unburnt carbon mingling with the products of combustion which are colorless. The most fruitful smoke-producers are fuels which contain large quantities of hydrocarbons. At a high temperature, these hydrocarbons are driven off in large quantities which arc mixed with the products of combustion above the fuel. These fine particles become cooled when they come in contact with the air, and show themselves in the form of smoke. The higher temperature produced in the furnace by artificial draft insures the complete combustion of these hydrocarbon gases when they come in contact with that portion of the air, which has been raised to a high temperature by being drawn through the heavy bed of fuel, and therefore prevents the smoke nuisance. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Angular Discharge Fans with Double Vertical Enclosed Engine Copyright IQOJ in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Induced Draft Plant of the W. J. Lemp Brewing Company, St. Louis, Mo. Buffalo Mechanicar^ Conversion of Latent Energy into Available Work Continued DRAFT TO FEED THE FURNACE with air often produces the largest waste of fuel. This draft may be produced cither by means of a chimney or by artificial means. It is found that a temperature of 600 degrees F. is best for the ascending gases in the case of the chimney. The temperature of the furnace is only about 2,300 degrees above that of the outside air, therefore about one-fourth the total energy of the fuel is wasted in producing draft with the chimney. This shows how wasteful of energy the chimney is, for in order to produce the necessary draft, twice the allowance of air must be had and these larger volumes of gases are carried off at a very high temperature. With the artificial draft it becomes unnecessary, so far as draft is concerned, that the stack gases have a higher temperature than that of the outside air, insuring highest efficiency of fuel economizers, while the necessary air supply is less by one-half than when a chimney is used. BOILERS CANNOT ABSORB ALL HEAT of the products of combustion because of the nature of the conduction of heat through the boiler plate, which separates the fire and gas from the water. The rate of conduction depends upon three conditions: first, upon the difference in temperature between the sides of the plate, the rate of conduction being more rapid as the differences in the temperatures of the two sides increases; second, upon the thickness of the plate; and third, upon the conductivity of the metal which forms the plate. It is evident that when there is no difference in temperature between the sides of the plate, there can be no transfer of heat through the plate. Thus, the water in a boiler has a temperature of 337.5 degrees when the gauge pressure is 100 pounds; therefore the hot gases coming from the fire can only be reduced to that temperature by the boiler, and must escape to the stack at said temperature. However, it is impossible to retain these gases long enough in contact with the boiler to allow their temperature to become the same as that of the water in the boiler, and for this reason more heat is wasted than has been stated above. To a limited extent, this heat may be saved by the introduction of feed-water heaters at that point of the boiler where the gases are coldest. This arrangement is always employed in modern manufacturing and power plants and often reduces the fuel bill 15 per cent. FROM THE FOREGOING, it is clear how important it is to reduce the air supply to the fuel to the minimum amount consistent with perfect combustion of the fuel. An excess of air reduces the temperature of combustion within the furnace, thus diminishing the rate of conduction through the boiler plates and it also increases the bulk of the gases of combustion, making it more difficult for the heating surface to reduce their temperature to that of the water within the boiler, for it is evident that a given area of heating surface is more efficient in separating the heat from a small volume of hot gases than from a large volume of cool gases. IT is UNDENIABLE that artificial draft is far less wasteful of heat units than natural draft. The accepted way of producing this artificial draft is by means of the fan, and therefore known as Mechanical Draft. 23 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Vertical Tandem Fans with Cylinder Below Shaft Engines Copyright 1901 in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Induced Draft at the Plainfield Gas and Electric Company Plant at Plainfield, N. J. 24 Buffalo MechanicaF Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Mechanical Draft APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL DRAFT assumes three general forms: First, Induced draft by the installation of fans to serve as a chimney. Second, Forced draft by applying fans to force air beneath boiler grates. Third, The combination of induced and forced draft, obtained by fans applied to serve both purposes or by separate fans for each. Many large plants are now installed where this combination is employed, the combined forced and induced draft system being brought about on account of equipping the boilers with any make of stokers, outside of the chain type or those having the open ash pit. Air, under a pressure of one and one-fourth to two ounces, is delivered to the stokers by a forced draft fan, the separate induced draft fan or fans being connected, in the ordinary manner, with the boiler breeching, with or without economizer in connection, and discharge the gases through a steel stack into the atmosphere. Under this class may also be included the method of burning powdered fuel in suspension. The practicability of the system has been thoroughly demonstrated by tests extending over a number of months, but, while the system has shown a marked degree of efficiency, it has seldom been made use of in practice. The selection of the proper type to render the highest economy, primarily depends upon the fuel to be consumed, and the various conditions of the steam plant to be outfitted. It is readily seen, that no single one of these three applications of mechanical draft will give the best results in all cases, but that every boiler plant must be carefully treated individually. CULM HANKS. Officials in control of those in Pennsylvania and other anthracite coal sections are directing attention to the utilization of this accumulation of years. Early use of the primitive steam jet for culm fires soon showed the necessity of a fan to secure unvarying high efficiency. Culm is no exception to better grades of coal, and demands sufficient air for maximum efficiency of combustion. Pioneer mechanical draft plants for burning culm were installed by this house, and after long continued use are, today, forcible examples of the feasibility of deriving from this waste a surprisingly great efficiency compared with higher grades of coal. Complete test records of steam plants, including not only those replete with all accessories to a modern outfit, but a variety of those more limited in equipment, will be cheerfully supplied to intending purchasers. INDUCED DRAFT has become the most common form of mechanical draft in power plants, and is ordinarily- used in conjunction with fuel economizers. The following is an extract from a paper read by Mr. Wm. R. Roney, at the Montreal meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers: "IMPORTANCE OF GOOD DRAFT, natural or artificial, for supplying sufficient oxygen for the economical combustion of fuel has long been recognized by intelligent engineers. The gain, both in efficiency and capacity, obtained by the rapid and energetic combustion of fuel, and the resulting high furnace temperatures is well established. Its importance has been generally conceded only within a few years. To obtain this high fur- nace temperature requires draft sufficiently strong to deliver an abundant supply of oxygen to the furnace. 2 5 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Full-Housing Duplex Fans with Economizer Mechanical Induced Draft at Columbus Street Railway, Columbus, Ohio 26 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Mechanical Draft Continued " MECHANICAL INDUCED DRAFT is by no means a new idea, yet it is only within a few years that the same draft has been much used or installed on a large scale. Previously it had been used, with a few exceptions, for the purpose of improving poor draft by helping out an insufficient or an overloaded chimney. The largest and most successful applications of mechanically induced draft have been made in connection with feed-water heaters designed to utilize the waste heat of the flue gases, and known as fuel economizers. ^This form of feed-water heaters has been manufactured in England for over fifty years. They have, however, been imported for many years, as their value as a fuel-saving device is well established. Their successful operation is so dependent upon good draft that no well-informed engineer would think of installing an economizer without making provision for much better draft than the boilers would require without it. On account of the reducing effect on the draft, caused by lowering the temperature of the gases and retarding their flow by the mechanical interference of the pipes, it cannot be considered good engineering to attach an economizer to a chimney less than 200 feet in height. The best working economizers in connection with chimneys are those where the chimney is considerably over 200 feet high. "Objections urged against tall chimneys, as compared with mechanical draft, when used with econ- omizers, are: First; Excessive cost, both on account of the height required and on account of foundations, which must of necessity be very substantial, and which may involve expensive piling and filling. Second; The space required for foundations, which may be very valuable, especially in large cities, or may be required for other purposes, and which can with difficulty be spared. A chimney 250 feet high will require foundations not less than 30 feet square, and in some cases much more. Third ; A certain minimum temperature of flue gases is required to produce an effective draft and to operate the boilers economically, and this fact limits the amount of economizer heating surface which can be used, and consequently, the fuel saving obtained by use of the economizer. The same fact operates unfavorably at small capacities, which are often unavoidable, when the chimney must be built large enough for future increase of the boiler plant. Fourth ; A chimney once built limits the maximum capacity of the boiler plant, and also is liable to be affected by atmospheric changes which may seriously impair its efficiency. "These objections to tall chimneys, which are so essential to the use of economizers, do not hold with mechanical draft. The first cost of a properly designed mechanical draft plant is very much less than that of a suitable chimney of equal capacity, usually averaging 50 to 60 per cent, less, according to the size of chimney and character of foundations required. The fans and short stack require very little foundations, even less than that of an ordinary boiler setting. The space usually required for extensive chimney foundations can be utilized for economizers, and, by elevating the economizers and fans upon beams and columns, the space underneath them can be used for pumps, condensers, etc. (see page 26). The space thus saved is often of great value. 27 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Duplex Type of Fans Placed Above Boiler Setting Copyright lyoj in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Induced Draft Plant of the Miner-Hillard Milling Company, Miners Mills, Pa. 28 Buffalo Mechanical- Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Mechanical Draft Continued "NATURAL DRAFT REQUIRES that the gases in the chimney be above a certain minimum temperature in order to secure a proper supply of oxygen in the furnace and good combustion of the fuel, whereas with mechanical induced draft, the amount of draft obtainable is entirely independent of the temperature of the flue gases, and when used in combination with a properly proportioned economizer, it is possible to lower their temperature to a point where the draft of even a very tall chimney would be practically destroyed. Mechanical draft possesses great advantages over natural draft in its flexibility and adaptability to both large and small capacities, and in its ability to meet sudden and excessive demands for steam, either by an extra turn of the throttle valve, or by an automatic regulator controlling the steam supply to the fan engine according to the boiler pressure. It is unaffected by atmospheric changes, furnishing the desired amount of draft irrespective of conditions of wind or weather. Operating independently of the amount of heat in the stack, it is possible to obtain a higher tempera- ture of feed water in the economizer, and a lower temperature of escaping gases than could possibly be obtained with a chimney, and, at the same time, provide sufficient draft to maintain rapid and economical combustion of the fuel. A mechanical draft plant properly designed, with duplicate fans and engines of suitable construction, so arranged that one is always in relay, can be made so reliable that the boilers cannot be shut down by an ordinary accident. With the fans properly designed and proportioned to the work, the power required to operate them is so small as to practically have no effect on the economy obtained. "A COMPLETE BOILER HOUSE (illustrated on page 30), showing boilers, stokers, circulating economizer, mechanical draft, feed pumps, and condenser, will be of interest. In this illustration, the economizer is elevated upon columns and beams to provide for utilizing the space under the economizer for feed pumps, condenser, etc. The exhaust fans, of which there are two placed side by side,, are equipped with double direct-connected engines, only one engine showing in the illustration, the other being on the farther side. These fans and engines are of special design, with protected bearings, self-oiling and water-jacketed, to withstand the heat when the economizer is cut for cleaning, and the hot gases pass directly to the fans. They are so proportioned to their work as to handle a maximum amount of gases with a minimum expenditure of power. The arrangement of the econo- mizer pipes and blow-off connections is worth noticing, in that it provides a means of blowing out the sediment which may accumulate in the pipes, and at the same time a complete circulation is maintained in the economizer. "THE FOLLOWING DATA will be of considerable interest, as showing in tabulated form the results obtained by economizers and mechanical draft in a number of plants in regular service. In each case the feed- water was partially heated by exhaust steam heaters, or in hot wells by condensed steam from various sources. " 29 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Duplex Type of Fans with Cross Compound Engines Copyright looj in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Modern Boiler House with Induced Draft and Economizer 3 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Mechanical Draft Continued TESTS OF ECONOMIZER AND MECHANICAL DRAFT PLANTS, SHOWING INITIAL AND FINAL TEMPERATURES OF FLUE GASES AND FEED WATER IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. Testa, Gases Entering Economizer. Gases Leaving Economizer. Water Entering Economizer. Water Leaving Economizer. Gain in Tempera- ture of Water. Fuel Saving, Per Cent. 1 610 340 110 287 167 16.7 2 50.5 212 84 276 192 19.2 3 550 205 185 305 120 12.0 1 522 320 155 300 145 14 5 5 505 320 190 300 110 11.0 6 465 250 180 295 115 11.5 7 490 290 175 280 105 10.5 R 495 190 155 320 165 16.5 '.) 541 255 130 311 181 18.1 Many extensive mechanical draft and fuel economizer plants are now in operation, or in process of construction in various parts of the country. Data from the later outfits show a continued increase in economy over earlier plants. Briefly let us enumerate the chief points attendant upon the use of mechanical and natural draft. CHIMNEY DRAFT. First, Enormous waste of heat from unutilized escaping flue gases. Second, Excessive first cost compared with that of properly designed fans. Third, Variable efficiency, contingent with atmospheric conditions. Fourth, Inability to provide for increased capacity. Fifth, Difficulty of regulating draft for varying requirements. Sixth, Inefficient use of low grades of coal. Seventh, Attendant smoke nuisance using bituminous coal. Practically the only good point the chimney possesses is its comparative freedom from cost of maintenance a minor item, not always absent. MECHANICAL DRAFT. First, Highest utilization of heat from flue gases, made possible by the improved forms of economizers. Second, Low first cost compared with a chimney of usual dimensions for a given battery of boilers. Third, Positive efficiency wholly unaffected by atmospheric conditions at all times. Fourth, Ample provision for large future capacity. Fifth, Perfect regulation of draft for sudden increased or decreased require- ments. Sixth, Complete combustion of low grades of coal attended with great reduction in fuel bills. Seventh, Practical elimination of the smoke nuisance, using a certain mixture of hard and soft coals. Eighth, Increased steam power of boilers, thereby guarding against impaired capacity during temporary repairs to a portion of the boiler plant. Ninth, The small cost of maintenance, an item which is far less than the interest on the increased first cost of a chimney for natural draft. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Horizontal Tandem Arrangement lor Induced Draft Copyright looj in V. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y". Full-Housing Fans of the Three-quarter Type Showing Inlets and Sliding Damper 32 Buffalo Mechanical -Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Mechanical Draft Continued A CAREFUL RESUME of the authentic data published separately will at once clearly verify the above points, and we invite careful investigation of the Buffalo mechanical draft plants from engineers or corporations con- templating increasing or improving existing boiler plants, or the erection of new ones. The foremost consideration is economy, and this, with other features combined, producing the highest available efficiency and superiority, is invariably found in the outfits placed by this house. Original application details, derived from careful tests of extended experience, coupled with the cooperation of manufacturers of the most advanced forms of economizers, have resulted in obtaining results of the highest order. Attention is called to the fallacy of allowing first cost to be the deciding feature in placing contracts for this work. Too many examples today show the error of such purchases, where fans of inadequate size have been installed at reduced initial cost, attended with frequent expense for repairs, and, what is worse, the annoyance of impaired capacity during such periods. The provision for future needs has also thereby been eliminated. That the character of Buffalo fans and engines, and the facilities for producing and installing them for mechanical draft are premier, is clearly shown by the large number in use and the unquestionably superior results obtained therefrom. BUFFALO STEEL PLATE FANS for mechanical draft are special throughout in construction. Duplicate fans are usually employed and so placed that the flue gases may readily pass through either separately or both at the same time, this feature being secured by means of suitable dampers. Reference to the engravings will show several forms of dampers adapted to the various arrangements of fans. The fans are of steel plate, heavily braced with angle and "T" irons, the entire construction being such that the direct heat of the flue gases passing through the fans when the economizer is disabled or at other times will cause no distortion by reason of expan- sion. The fan wheels are invariably overhung, unless otherwise ordered, with the bearings next to the fan provided with special water-cooling boxes suitable for a flow of water at city pressure, without leakage. The various types of single and double engines described in our engine catalogue are employed. An extra pulley is often provided for the driving of scraper gear in connection with economizers or for other purposes. In addition to the various designs of single and double engines herein described, Buffalo Steel Plate Steam Fans for Mechanical Draft are also furnished v/ith double upright enclosed engines, cylinders above the shaft. The varying speed required of these engines may be obtained automatically. Photographs and drawings of such construction will be supplied to prospective customers when desired, and for such cases as the use of this form is especially adapted. In passing, it may be meritioned that this engine is precisely the same as has been furnished by this house for the United States Government torpedo boats and battle ships. Continuous running without cessation is one of the first requirements of such service, and is a factor which commends this style of engine for use in plants where duplicate fans are not installed. 33 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Full-Housing Steam Fan Employed for Forced Draft Copyright IQOJ in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. V. Forced Draft Plant at Goulds Manufacturing Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y. 34 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Forced Draft FORCED DRAFT has been used for years, the original installations being principally for burning refuse materials, and for assisting boiler draft of natural low efficiency. The advancement to popular favor has been of healthy but gradual growth. In the early stage, it was commonly supposed that what would now be called in mechanical draft a high air pressure was absolutely essential to best results. As this type of mechanical draft has developed, it is noticeable that in succeeding representative plants the velocity of air has gradually decreased, until now it is generally recognized that forced draft outfits show the best results where a sufficient air volume is used at the lowest pressure which secures complete combustion. Practice has established the fact that this is more economical than using the same quantity of air at double the velocity, because of less liability to blow holes, less unconsumed particles carried up the stack and less horse power consumed by the fan. As is at once understood, the term "forced draft" used in connection with a steam plant refers to the forc- ing of the air under the grates. The favorite point of introduction into most boilers is through the bridge wall at the rear end of the grates. Where this arrangement is not feasible, however, quite as. efficient results are obtained through side walls, or further in front, using properly arranged dampers with convenient accessories for manipulation. The first blowers supplied for forced draft and those now most widely used in small plants, also where refuse material such as bagasse, etc., is consumed, were the Buffalo "B" Volume Type, described further on, having cast-iron shells, designed for the heaviest service and capable of delivering air at high pressures. A number of special patented grates designed for forced draft, which are largely of the hollow-blast type and require a blower in connection, have been introduced with considerable success. For all advanced forms of these the Buffalo Steel Pressure or " B " Volume Blowers are peculiarly fitted, and are therefore employed by manufacturers and users of such devices. The more complete steam plants of today are equipped with mechanical stokers. In connection with stokers of the underfeed type, which require high air pressure, the Buffalo " B " Blowers have been generally adopted by those seeking durability and results of highest order. For forced draft outfits of more important size, also where coal is burned, either of high or low grades, the Buffalo Steel Plate Fans are generally used, and for this work are rigidly stayed and stiffened. In some cases they are built narrower than the standard type, with a wheel of relatively large diameter, to give high peripheral velocity at moderate speed. DIRECT ADVANTAGES exist in favor of forced draft where certain conditions exist. The chimney of a given steam plant may be capable of handling the boilers excepting under adverse conditions of weather, when a blower properly applied needs only to be started and run during such periods. While the capacity of a chimney, either with forced or natural draft, is limited, the natural efficiency may be materially increased, so that if more boilers have been added than the chimney will properly handle without some assistance, this may be afforded by the proper application of a blower to force air into the ash-pit. 35 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Three-quarter Housing Steam Fan Applied for Forced Draft Copyright tool in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Application to Scotch Marine Boilers at Waterloo Woolen Mills, Waterloo, N. Y. 36 Buffalo Mechanical^ Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Forced Draft Continued FORCED DRAFT is especially valuable in the burning of screenings or low grades of fuel. It is here that direct application of draft to the boiler grates affords immediate and positive results. Throughout the anthracite coal sections, and at shipping points where there is a large accumulation of culm or screenings, many Buffalo Forced Draft plants in operation for years are today forcible examples of economy and efficiency. The pioneer outfits were installed by this house, also all valuable and approved devices relating to application and regulation features since perfected were likewise originated. The smoke nuisance in cities where a portion of hard and soft coal is available, be it in the form of screenings or higher grades, is at once solved by the Buffalo Forced Draft System. The proportion which secures the best and hottest fire is 75 per cent, of anthracite and 25 per cent, of soft coal. With this mixture, smoke is practically eliminated and steam plants thus operated come entirely within the limit of city ordinances. The proportion of this mixture has little to do with the efficiency of a forced draft apparatus, and, intelligently installed, excellent service will be obtained burning entirely anthracite or soft coal, or a mixture of different proportions. OCCASIONALLY OBJECTIONS to forced draft are urged, on the ground that with its use there is an outward leakage of gases and blow holes through boiler fires at different grate intervals. Such results only occur with poor applications and installation details, or with improper firing. The method of introduction of the air to the grates and the appliances therefor, figure conspicuously in the securing of maximum economy and efficiency, and attention is called herewith to the illustrations on page 64 of the various forms of cast-iron dampers patented by this house. Where the air supply to the fan is taken from an air chamber built around or through the smoke breeching and herein is embodied an important saving the temperature of the air supply and consequently the temperature of the furnace is raised while the temperature of the gases in the breeching is reduced. With natural draft this would tend to reduce the velocity in the stack. It is highly desirable that the fan be driven by an individual engine, with the valve controlling the steam supply thereto equipped with the special arrangement for governing the speed of the engine, according to the draft require- ments. In brief, the principle of this consists of automatically supplying more steam to the engine when the boiler pressure lowers and less steam when the steam pressure increases. This has been brought to so fine a point that practically a constant pressure is maintained on the boilers with proper firing. BUFFALO FORCED DRAFT PLANTS have been in successful operation for a period of years with no unusual repairs, and in many cases have shown a net saving of 30 per cent, in fuel bills with a relative gain in efficiency of 10 to 15 per cent., also practically abolishing the smoke nuisance. This exceptional record arises from the fact that before the introduction of the forced draft system the higher grades of coal were burned, while afterward hard coal, such as buckwheat, rice, and soft slack coal were consumed. 37 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Boilers Equipped with Forced Draft and Mechanical Stokers sSKS>i, rv^Tr*!'-^ - *> . .- -V'^S.i.^-'* Copyright IQOJ in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society's Junction Mills Work, Leith 38 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Forced Draft Continued MECHANICAL FORCED DRAFT is now generally adopted for all large and important boats, and also for many of the smaller ones. Induced draft is used occasionally, and is growing in favor; the more common type in marine work, however, is forced draft. The closed stoke-hold system, i. c., blowing the air into an inclosed boiler room, is widely used. Air is also introduced beneath the grates with a special arrangement of air-tight ash-pit doors and dampers, so connected that the draft is shut off when the doors are opened for firing. Owing to the small space available in marine work, direct-attached engines are employed with the fan construction and all other details arranged to occupy minimum space, all installations being special to suit the peculiar conditions of each boat (see illustration of fans built for U. S. Revenue Cutters on page 40). Mechanical draft plants are employed on shipboard to produce very high rates of combustion and an intensity of draft that would require a chimney three or more hundred feet in height. It is impossible to present herewith engravings which would illustrate comprehensively the manner of application of forced draft to marine boilers, but those intending to equip boats, large or small, are requested to send for complete drawings of plants in ships of similar size, which will be cheerfully furnished. They will give very clear ideas as to ordinary arrangements. Correspondence should be accompanied with a statement as to the number and size of boilers, steam pressure carried, space available for fans, and, if possible, a sketch showing desired relative position with reference to the grates of the furnaces. The heat of the boiler and engine rooms of many merchant marines is unbearable, but may be at once relieved by the same fan which is introduced for forced draft, by providing in the application to receive the source of air supply from that portion of the boat. Other parts of the vessel requiring ventilation may be readily accommodated where it is feasible to connect same to the fan by means of galvanized iron conduits. Forced draft was primarily used on shipboard to the end of securing increased speed, and without any reference whatever to economy, increased steaming capacity of boilers, ventilation of the fire-rooms, closets, or other portions of the boat. These points are now considered and usually properly treated in the installation of mechanical draft plants of modern boats. INDUCED DRAFT ON SHIPBOARD is equally as efficient as forced draft in the matter of speed and steaming capacity of boilers, but by reason of the necessity of drawing air to the boiler grates through the fire-room, the other portions of the boat cannot be as readily ventilated with the same fan. The engraving appearing on page 36 clearly illustrates the ordinary arrangement of a forced draft system to a battery of stationary boilers of the marine type, the fan shown being of the three-quarter housing type, and communicating direct to the fires through an underground duct. The illustration on page 34 shows the method of introducing air through the bridge-wall into closed ash pits, while the reproduced photograph on page 38 illustrates the method of introducing air through underground ducts. Either method gives entire satisfaction. 39 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Type of Apparatus Used on U. S. Revenue Cutters Copyright igol in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Fan Employed to Obtain Both Forced Draft and Ship Ventilation. 40 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Fans Applied for Forced Draft Continued CENTRAL HEATING AND LIGHTING STATIONS in the great cities are generally situated where economy of room is of paramount importance. This creates the necessity of obtaining a maximum steaming capacity in a minimum space. Of so great consequence is this point that the cost of the equipment which will show the best results is of little moment. Limitations of space often necessitate. the suspension of fans from ceilings, also special construction, but all such requirements can usually be met to a nicety. It is in certain important work of this nature that the forced system of mechanical draft using Buffalo fans has been employed, obtaining a boiler capacity within a limited space impossible to secure by natural draft under the most favorable conditions, at the same time close economy of fuel. COMBINED INDUCED AND FORCED DRAFT applied to a battery of boilers is somewhat unusual, but the Buffalo Special Steel Plate Fans have been thus employed with excellent results. The combined system being employed because of equipping the boilers with stokers, requiring a closed ash pit. Certain special boilers are designed particularly for induced and forced draft, and to these have applications been made, with the result of obtaining more than a regular amount of steaming capacity within a given space. Ordinary boilers have also been thus outfitted with considerably increased capacity. The combination may be installed in two ways, as follows: First, With two separate fans, one an induction and the other an eduction fan. Second, With a single fan of special construction, having a web or divided wheel and two inlets, one to receive the intake of gases from the boiler stack, and the other to receive fresh air, the amount handled being regulated by an oscillating damper. The former arrangement is necessi- tated for the special boiler construction alluded to, and is also applicable to large steam plants with ordinary water tube or tubular boilers with or without equipments of economizers and burning fuel of low grades. The fan for forcing air under the grates is usually somewhat the smaller of the two. The more simple plants of combined induced and forced draft employ the one fan arrangement, which is built with two inlets and takes in unheated air on one side. Connection, by means of a suitable pipe, is made with the chimney flue or smoke breeching of the boiler to the other side of the fan, thereby taking in the larger part of the flue gases. These are mixed with the fresh air taken in from the other side of the fan as it leaves the outlet and is being delivered to the ash-pit of the furnaces. From thence the air is forced through the grates to the fuel bed. Dampers are used on each side to regulate the proportion of air and flue gases admitted to the fan. Recently published tests of such apparatus using Buffalo Special Steel Plate Fans, show an average temperature of the air discharged under the grates of 235 degrees, and naturally a great gain in efficiency over the same boilers without the device. When using the fan, but not heating the air supply, the increase also demonstrated the value of the outfit. In both cases the smoke reduction was very marked. 41 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Temperature Curves Plate I 1600 3400 1400 3200 TIO /FLUE GASES FORJARTOU :.. RATES OF COM! USTION. 400 25 30 35 40 RATE OF COMBUSTION OR IBS. OF COAL PER SQ. FT. OF ORATE PER HR. Copyright IQOJ in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 4 2 2200 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Economy Effected in Power Plants HIGHEST ECONOMY from boilers, engines, and dynamos, as is well understood by engineers, can be obtained only when they are run under a steady load at their rated capacity. In instances such as the per- formance of ocean steamers and pumping stations when the above conditions exist, the theoretical efficiencies are often closely approached. On the other hand, in plants having very irregular duty as many manufac- tories and electric light and electric railway plants, it is [common to find the amount of coal required per horse-power hour instead of being from two or three pounds as in the above cases, to reach, even with com- pound engines and condensers, from five to as high as seven pounds. CAUSE OF Low EFFICIENCIES. Looking for the cause of these low efficiencies, we find that the entire plant equipment is of necessity designed to meet the higher requirements of power at the peak loads. The efficiencies of the engines, dynamos and boilers at the average and low loads are then much under the normal efficiencies at their rated capacities. Not only is the cost of coal great, but the interest on the cost of the plant and cost of maintenance, relative to the output of power, are correspondingly large. The increase in cost of operation at low average loads, in the case of boilers, is well shown by the curves, Plates III and IV, which are explained further on. It is in such cases that the economic advantage of a highly flexible means of regulating the boiler draft is most strikingly shown. It has been found that by increasing the intensity of combustion, the boiler performance may be greatly increased without materially lowering the efficiency. This, as has been stated, is due to the more perfect utilization of the air supply, and a consequent increased initial temperature, a smaller relative quantity of gas, and therefore a more efficient transfer of heat and a much smaller loss of heat units in the flue gas relative to its temperature. PROBABLE TEMPERATURES that may be obtained and the resultant thermal efficiencies are shown by the curves in Plates I and II, for various surface ratios and rates of combustion. The horizontal spaces, Plate I, represent the rate of combustion in pounds of coal per hour per square foot of grate surface, while the tempera- tures are represented by the vertical spaces. The curve marked "Initial Temperature" shows the maximum temperature of the products of combustion corresponding approximately in practice to a given rate of combus- tion. The curves marked "Probable Final Temperature" shows the approximate final temperature of flue gases which should be obtained when the boiler is in good condition. These curves are given for the usual surface ratios (?'. e., ratio of heating surface to grate surface) between 30 and 60. Both initial and final temperatures are dependent directly upon the relative air supply per pound of coal, which in turn is dependent upon the rate of combustion. Higher rates of combustion, with proper firing, decrease the relative air supply proportionally. In Plate II the curves of thermal efficiencies are shown for the corresponding surface ratios and rates of combustion. The thermal efficiencies are represented by the vertical spaces and the rates of combustion by 43 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Thermal Efficiency Curves Plate II 82 AL EFFICIENCY CURVES. BROKEN L NESARE FOR EOl'AIJPERFORMA HE POR HHOIVEN HEATING SURFACE OBTAINED BY VARYING THE URATL, SURFACE kNDKATE OF COMBUST ON BUFFAL 5 FORGE COMPANY ENGINEERING [DEPARTMENT 70 16 26 30 35 40 RATE OF COMBUSTION OR LBS.OF COAL PER SQ. FT. OF GRATE PER HR. Copyright 1903 in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 44 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Economy Effected in Power Plants Continued the horizontal spaces as in the preceding case. The curves in broken lines marked ".073 H. P. x S.," ".101 H. P. x S.," etc., are for equal performances obtained by varying the surface ratio and the rate of combustion, and indicate that for a given condition, .073 B. H. P. or .101 B. H. P. (etc., as the case may be) multiplied by the total heating surface in square feet is the actual horse-power performance of the boiler under the given conditions. EFFECT OF INCREASED RATE OF COMBUSTION. To show the increase in efficiency that may be obtained by decreasing the amount of grate surface and increasing the rate of combustion correspondingly, for example, take a boiler having a ratio of heating surface to grate surface of 30, which at a rate of combustion of 21 pounds of coal per hour per square foot of grate surface will give a performance of .146 B. H. P. for each square foot of grate surface at a thermal efficiency of 73.6 per cent. Now, if the grate surface be decreased one-half, we will have a surface ratio of 60. To obtain the same performance of heating surface, we must maintain a rate of combustion of 35.9 pounds of coal per hour per square foot of grate, which should give us under average con- ditions an efficiency of 77.9 per cent, or an increase in efficiency of 4.3 per cent. As a more striking illustration, take a boiler with a surface ratio of 30, which should give under proper working conditions a thermal efficiency of 76.5 per cent, at a rate of combustion of 15 pounds of coal per hour per square foot of grate surface, and a performance of .10 B. II. P. per square foot of heating surface. Let the grate surface be decreased to give a surface ratio of 46, then by increasing the rate of combustion to 30, we shall have increased the capacity of the boiler 46 per cent, without having decreased its efficiency. BASIS OF CALCULATION. Curves, Plate III, show the running of cost per hour per horse-power perform- ance for various rates of driving in per cent, of the rated capacity, and are based on the following assumptions : Cost of coal, . . $3.00 per ton at plant. Cost of labor, $2 . 50 per day. Cost of boiler plant, 25.00 per rated horse power. Cost of maintenance (including deterioration), 7^/2 per cent. Interest, 5 per cent. Heat generated per Ib. coal, 12,500 B. T. U. One boiler horse power is taken as equivalent to the evaporation of 34^ pounds of water from and at 212 F. per hour. Although builders' ratings vary, with a ratio of heating surface to grate surface of 45 to i, we may take as an average rating 11.5 square feet of heating surface per rated horse power, which corre- sponds approximately to a rate of combustion of twenty pounds of coal per hour per square foot of grate. It is assumed that the radiation loss is constant for all rates of driving, although this is not strictly accurate, yet the increase in radiation loss with increased rate of driving is relatively so slight that it may be neglected. 45 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Cost Curves Plates III and IV 4L COST iOF STEAM PRPDl] ' REOUIRED U PEB FERFORMftNCE: .40 .60 .80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 PERFORMANCE- PERCRNT OF RATING. 12 14 DAILY OUTPUT. B.U.P.- HOURS PER DAY PER RATED B.H.P. Copyright 1901 in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Economy Effected in Power Plants Continued Under ordinary conditions the radiation loss is about 12 per cent, of the rated performance. It requires, then, to compensate for it, approximately one-half of a pound of coal per hour per rated horse power. From these assumptions the following constant hourly costs per rated horse power are computed: Interest and maintenance $.00033 Labor, .00022 Radiation loss, 00065 Total fixed cost per hour per rated horse power, . . . $.00120 Total fixed hourly cost divided by rate of actual performance to rated performance gives curve marked "Fixed cost per hour per boiler horse-power performance." HIGH RATES OF DRIVING. Knowing approximately the thermal efficiencies at the different rates of driving, we have the means of obtaining the cost, curve "B". We see that although "B" increases with increased performance, it does not increase as rapidly as "A" decreases. As the sum of these two curves we have the curve "C", which shows the total cost per hour per horse-power performance to decrease slightly when the boilers are driven above their rated performance, and to increase very rapidly when driven below this rating, demonstrating the economy of high rates of driving. The curves in Fig. IV shows the cost of the daily work required of the boiler. Estimates are based on 308 working days in the year. The average fixed costs per each working day is the total fixed cost per year divided by 308. In electric light and railway work it would, of course, be for 365 days. If the boiler was worked on an average at its rated performance for ten hours a day its daily output would then be ten horse-power hours per rated horse power. The cost per horse-power hour would be the total daily cost divided by ten. Similarly the costs of other daily outputs are determined. We may see from this curve the considerable advantage of running the plant at an average equal to or above the rated capacity of the boilers. DEFECTS OF CHIMNEY DRAFT. The difficulty in accomplishing this with chimney draft is, in the first place, that 20 pounds of coal per square foot of grate is about the maximum rate of combustion obtainable. Second, to run the engine at all economically at the average loads they must be overloaded at the peaks, with simple engine by changing the point of cut-off to nearly full stroke, and with the larger compound and triple expansion engines by admitting high pressure steam into the low pressure cylinders. In either case the water rate of the engine is greatly increased. Thus, not only are the boilers called upon to supply more engine horse power, but they must also furnish one-fourth to one-third more steam per engine horse power. Fifty per cent, overload on the engine will, therefore, require nearly two times as much steam as at normal running. As every fireman knows, there 47 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Influence of the Temperature of Air Plate V 1.7 eg 100 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 . 0.1 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 500 550 600 650 700 Copyright igoj in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 48 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Economy Effected in Power Plants Continued is always great danger, too, with chimney draft, when the atmospheric conditions are unfavorable, or with slight negligence in firing, that sufficient steam will not be made at the peaks to maintain the pressure. When this happens it becomes impossible to bring the pressure up again, since the engines demand more steam at the lower pressures; and the pressure continues to fall until the plant is brought to a standstill. With ordinary chimney draft it is manifestly impossible, where there are fluctuations of 50 per cent, in the load, to run the boilers on the average loads with a rate of combustion much over ten pounds of coal per square foot of grate, since the maximum rate of twenty pounds is required at the peaks. FLEXIBILITY ESSENTIAL. With mechanical draft the rate of combustion can be easily increased to over 50 pounds of coal per square foot of grate, driving the boiler at more than double its rated capacity with fair economy. Of course, it should be understood, that such high rates of driving are possible, even for short periods, only where the boilers are in the best condition, with ample heating surfaces free from incrustation, and designed to withstand high temperatures. Further, it is imperative that the thickness of bed of fuel be proportioned to the intensity of draught, otherwise no advantage is derived from the increased rate of combustion. The boilers may, therefore, be run at the average loads at a rate equal to or above their rated capacity. Besides, with the better facilities of draft, economizers may be placed in the smoke flues. These greatly aid the boilers in the performance of their work, especially at the peak loads, saves the cost of increased boiler power, and gives considerable economy in fuel as well. A PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION. In such cases as the above, when with mechanical draft we could obtain a daily output of over ten horse-power hours per rated boiler horse power, we could obtain only one-half as much, or only five horse-power hours, with natural draft of ordinary intensity. Now, referring to the cost, curve, Plate IV, we see that the cost of the production of steam per horse-power hour is $.01215, at a daily output of five horse-power hours per rated horse power with natural draft, while with mechanical draft at ten horse-power hours output the cost is only $.00830, giving a difference of $.00385 in cost per horse-power hour. Under these conditions in a boiler plant having an average output of 1,000 horse power, or a total daily output of 10,000 horse-power hours, the saving would be $38.50 per day, or 308 times $38. 50, which equals $11,858 per year saved by using higher intensities of draft. With economizers the saving would be about 12 per cent, greater. The cost of operating the induced draft fans may be figured at i 1 /? per cent, of the total cost of plant operation as a fair average, since from one to one and one-half per cent, of the boiler power is used by the fan engine. On this basis the cost of operating the fans would be one and one-half per cent, of 308 times $83.00, which equals one and one-half per cent, of $24,364, or $365 per year. This gives a net saving of $11,858 less $365 or $11,493 P er year, which is equivalent to a saving of $11.50 per horse power per year. 49 32 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Temperature Diagram Plate VI DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 62 92 122 152 182 212 242 272 302 332 362 392 422 452 482 612 260 240 220 200 180 U Q 2 160 O h Z 140 Ul O CO 12 u 111 Ul Q 80 60 40 20 ---- -:- j 200 180 160 140 Ul 120 3 Ul y. 100 to 111 Ul 80 g III Q 60 40 20 --_ 1 JW4& -TT . . 1 : TfeMP :RATt RE DIAQRAA I ^r FOR CONVERTINl! FROM ONE-SCALI ALSO RELATIVE TEl ilPEf ANY fOll (ATI OTH ME. RES [~~ - ; ' \- X t Uk xl r \ - 1 ^L : j , j x X / trrr x X ; : ";- . i i -/ ^ / / ' , . j X Jy /. ' 1 X / " j ri X X J x X / n 1 '1 BUFFALO FORGE ENGINEERING DEF GON|PAN :> ARTME^ T 1.000 1.061 1.122 1.184 t.245 1.306 1.367 1.429 1.490 1.551 1.612 1.674 1.735 1.796 1.857 1.919 1.980 RELATIVE VOLUME OF AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, THE VOLUME OF AIR AT FREEZING POINT BEING UNITY. Copyright IQOJ in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Economy Effected in Power Plants Continued In addition to the savings just enumerated and tabulated below, the following are worthy of much consideration. With economizer capacity sufficient to heat the feed-water from 65 to 200 the saving in fuel will be 12 per cent. In a 1,000 horse-power plant, this would amount to an additional yearly saving of $2,130 or $2.13 per horse power per year, with fuel costing $17.80 per horse power per year. It is estimated that the first costs of a plant and the cost of maintenance will not be materially increased by the use of economizers, since by heating the feed-water they increase the capacity of the boilers from 8 to 12 per cent. COMPARATIVE COSTS OF BOILER .PLANT OPERATION ON PEAK LOADS, USING NATURAL AND MECHANICAL DRAFT. 1. Cost per boiler horse power hour at one-half rated daily output, $ .01215 2 . " ' full .00830 3. Saving " $ .00385 4. Cost per day of 1,000 horse power at one-half 121.50 5. " " " full 83.00 6. Saving " " on " 38.50 7. Cost " year of " one-half 37,422.00 8. " full 25,564.00 9. Saving 11,858.00 10. Cost of operating induced draft fans one and one-half per cent. 385.00 11. Net economy per 1,000 horse power yearly, with mechanical draft, 11,493.00 12 . i i . 50 13. Per cent, economy, 31 per cent. To CORRESPONDENTS: In order to give specific data concerning projected mechanical draft plants, it is essential that we be furnished with the following details: First, Number of boilers to be served, also the name of the manufacturer of each, and its rated boiler horse power. Second, The width, length and square feet of grate area of each. Third, Kind and quantity of fuel to be burned. Fourth, Steam pressure to be carried. Fifth, Motive power preferred for fan, i. e., steam or electricity, with belted or direct-connected rig. Sixth, Whether automatic regulator for governing speed of fan according to boiler pressure is desired. Seventh, Fully dimensioned sketch showing proposed location of fan relative to the boilers and stack. Eighth, Clear available space above the boiler settings. Ninth, Is stack built or to be built of steel or brick? If already built, give height and area of smallest cross-section, and state whether square or round. Tenth, Do you prefer forced or induced draft? Si Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Horizontal Tandem Full-Housing Fans of Three-quarter Type View showing Lever and Hand Wheel by means of which either Fan may be cut off 5 2 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Arguments in Favor FIRST COST. As a consideration which, though ultimately a secondary one, is first brought to the atten- tion of the interested party, it is well to compare the expense of installation for each one of the three mechanical draft types as against the chimney. An examination of our records, with estimates made from them, confirms various published reports which show that with a boiler plant of average size the cost of a forced draft fan, engine and stack is about 20 per cent, of the outlay required for the construction of a chimney which would take care of a boiler plant of equal boiler horse power. The single fan induced draft plant, which has at its maximum double the capacity of the forced draft fan required for the same boiler horse power, is 30 to 40 per cent., and the double fan outfit, complete with smoke connections, dampers, and a short stack, less than 50 per cent, of the cost for a natural draft equipment. The double fan induced draft set is most complete, and usually installed in connection with economizers to give the greatest possible gain in efficiency. This type is also universal in mechanical draft plants which are required to operate continuously, where any breakdown, however temporary, would be a great inconvenience. The system is designed so that only one fan is operated at a time, being sufficient to carry the entire load alone. An added advantage is, that for short periods, both fans may be used at once, to force the boilers beyond their rated capacity, as may be necessary in electric light or street car service during a crowded season. The photograph, reproduced on page twelve, illustrates well the comparative size of stacks for the two systems, having been taken immediately after remodeling the boiler plant at the Osaka Water Works and also increasing the capacity of the original plant, which was served by the brick stack. The new plant being in operation at the time, the photo illustrates the advantage of induced draft as a means of smoke prevention. In considering the original cost of installation, it may be noted that the chimney requires a heavy, solid foundation, which is in itself no small item. The fan, by virtue of its lightness, requires much less brickwork than a single ordinary boiler setting, and when placed above the boilers, as it frequently is, the cost for erection is a very small per cent, of the foundation required for a chimney. COST OF OPERATION". At first thought it would appear that the chimney has a decided advantage in operating expense, but it will at once be clear that we cannot compare the two directly; we must, on the con- trary, consider the boiler plant as a whole, operating under the respective conditions of natural and mechanical draft. This will include interest, taxes, insurance and other fixed charges, beside the cost for fuel and labor. Assuming that a chimney for a certain plant will cost $10,000, a saving of $8,000, $6,500, or $5,000 can be depended on, according to the type of apparatus installed, the interest on which amounts will go far toward operating the fan. In an installation made by this house, the power used to drive the fan was six-tenths of one per cent, of the total horse power developed, which was 8,000. The fuel burned cost $2.90 per ton. S3 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Duplicate Induced Draft Fans Duplicate Fans with Cylinder below Shaft Engines 54 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Arguments in Favor Continued Estimating the fuel cost per horse power per hour for one year, we find it to be two per cent, of the estimated cost for the chimney originally planned. That is, it would not pay to build the chimney as long as money was worth two per cent, per annum. This does not consider the fact that a much cheaper fuel can be burned than it is possible to use with natural draft, and this with a very small decrease in heating effect, while the coal bill will be reduced fully one-quarter in most localities, nor does it include the increased efficiency of mechanical draft over chimney or natural -draft. Records kept of a number of Buffalo Forced Draft plants show a saving of 30 per cent, in the cost of fuel and at the same time an increase of from 10 to 15 per cent, in evaporative efficiency per pound of coal burned. These savings with mechanical draft are especially large when the boilers are run on a varying load, or in case of uneven firing. With chimney draft, the dampers can control only the volume of air passing through the grates, the intensity remaining unchanged, thus resulting in a waste of fuel; while, on the other hand, any variation in the speed of the fan necessarily alters the force of the draft, as well as the volume of air supplied. Again, since the intensity of natural draft depends on the temperature of the flue gases, it is least when the fire burns low, i. c., when it should be greatest. With mechanical draft, by means of a regulating valve, the speed of the fan and the draft intensity increases as the boiler pressure falls and decreases when the steam pres- sure raises, thus producing the required variation of draft to maintain a practically constant boiler pressure. The intensity of draft necessary to burn hard coal screenings, culm and such cheap fuels can hardly be obtained by natural draft, while the saving in their use is shown by the table given below in which Barrus com- pares the efficiency of various mixtures, with Cumberland coal as a standard. Kind of Coal. Water evaporated from and at 212 by one Ib. of dry coal. Relative efficiency in per cent. Cumberland = 100$. Cost of Coal per ton. Fuel cost of evaporating 1,000 Ibs. of water from and at 212. Relative efficiency in per cent, measured by cost to evaporate 1,000 Ibs. Cumberland = loo. 11.04 100 $3.75 $0.1698 100 9 79 89 4.50 0.2297 74 9 40 85 5.00 0.2260 64 Two parts Pea and Dust, one part 9 38 85 2.58 0.1375 123 Two parts 1'ea and Dust, one part Culm 9.01 82 2.58 0.1432 119 8 86 80 4.00 0.2259 75 Nova Scotia Culm . 8 42 76 2.00 0.1187 156 ss Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Duplicate Induced Draft Fans Duplicate Fans arranged for connection to Economizer and Stack 56 or THf UNIVERSITY or Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Arguments in Favor Continued WHY GREATER EFFICIENCY. The subject of operating cost could not well have been treated without entering on the question of improved efficiency, but the reasons for the latter have been reserved for this para- graph. Leaving aside for a moment the technical study of the process of combustion, because the chemical action of combustion by which the carbon of the fuel is converted into carbonic acid gas is generally under- stood, it will be seen that there is a considerable gain from the fact that the fan, by its automatic regulation, furnishes draft in the amount and at the time needed, thus preventing waste of coal. To effect this change from 10 to 12 pounds of air per pound of fuel is required, according to the grade of coal used. An excess over the requirements is, of course, necessary to insure the thorough oxidation of all the carbon, but this excess need never exceed 50 per cent. With the chimney draft, however, the amount of air often runs up to from 24 to 36 pounds and sometimes even more per pound of coal. This results in a lower temperature over the grates, and a consequent slow combustion, which is the condition of least efficiency. To secure a higher combustion rate and consequent increase in efficiency, thicker fires must be used and a more intense draft, but these conditions can be attained with chimney draft only by a disproportionately large increase in the height of the chimney and its consequent cost. With chimney draft a consumption of twenty-five pounds of coal per square foot of grate surface is seldom reached. With the fan, however, a consumption of 40 pounds per square foot of grate surface is quite common; this figure is almost doubled in marine service where high pressures are employed, and these results are obtained without any large increase in cost of apparatus. By thus increasing the steaming capacity of the plant, the number of boilers may be decreased in the inverse ratio and the initial cost correspondingly decreased. Since in order to secure good chimney draft the flue gases must be at a high temperature, owners are debarred from securing the best results from economizers. Reports of various scientists show that from one- sixth to one-third of the total heat of combustion is wasted in the escaping gases where no economizer is used. Cooling of the gases and resistance offered to their flow by the economizer are no obstacles to the fan, and the losses may, by the combination of mechanical draft and economizers, be reduced to five per cent. The actual fuel loss in the form of unconsumed carbon in the smoke is very small, usually not over one per cent., but the restrictions of city ordinances often make natural draft out of the question on this account. With careless handling, no form of draft will prevent this nuisance, but the supply of a proper amount of air under an intense draft will, in conjunction with good firing, operate to prevent smoke production. The use of mechanical stokers has done much to improve evenness of firing, but the best results cannot be obtained from them without mechanical draft, and the modern forms of underfeed stokers and hollow blast grates are expressly designed to operate in connection with forced draft. 57 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Duplicate Induced Draft Fans Duplicate Fans arranged for Connection to Economizer and Stack 58 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Arguments in Favor Continued CONVENIENCE. Under this head might properly come many points mentioned elsewhere, but there are others more purely ethical, such as the avoidance of wear and tear on the temper on mornings when the draft is sluggish, and the boilers refuse to steam. Atmospheric conditions which may render a chimney useless have absolutely no effect on fan draft. The quality of fuels may vary and require a different intensity of draft. The chimney once built, besides taking up much valuable space, is fixed in its location for life. Mechan- ical draft may be easily arranged so that the apparatus occupies no floor space, and if it is found advisable to remove or change the position of the boilers, no part of the power plant is more easily transported than the fan. LIABILITY TO DAMAGE. To obtain the greatest advantages of Mechanical Draft, the fan or fans should be provided with direct-connected engines on account of the perfect control and regulation thus obtainable, and their entire independence of any outside source of power. Thus the fan may be started before the main engine in the morning and in a very short time get the fires in the right condition to carry the load. It has been argued that there is a greater liability to loss with the use of fans by stoppage in draft from a breakdown in the fan or engine, but an examination of records will disprove this. The construction throughout is of the best and simplest, and the factor of safety employed is many times greater than in most of the machinery equipment of the shops. When the duplex induced draft system is installed, there is no possible shut-down of the plant, since either fan alone is sufficient. Many installations made by this house have been in constant operation for over twelve years, without having cost a penny for repairs. The possibility of loss is often greater with chimney draft than with mechanical draft. During the years 1900 and 1901 especially, the windstorms in various parts of the country played havoc with the stacks, which were laid low, causing much damage to adjoining buildings as well as their own total loss. In many cases these were replaced by the fan with its short stack, and hardly a day passed that we did not receive inquiries from such unfortunate manufacturers or others who dreaded the results of such a catastrophe. VARIOUS APPLICATIONS. With forced draft, sometimes known as the plenum system, the application of air is beneath the grates through a damper in the ash-pit, by which an additional means of regulation is supplied, making each boiler independent of the remainder of the battery. Preferably, the damper is embedded in the bridge wall as shown in the cuts on page 64, the air is directed downward and distributed evenly beneath the grates. In a new plant the bridge wall may be built hollow, with dampers opening directly out of it; when forced draft is applied to existing plants, tile or brick ducts convey the air to the dampers, which are placed in the same position as before. Both of these arrangements are illustrated on page 64. The fan may be set above the boilers connecting by means of a sheet metal duct, or on the floor, in which case it is often of the three-quarter housing type discharging directly into the underground duct. 59 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo "B" Volume Blowers Right-hand Bottom Vertical Discharge, showing usual position on Boiler Settings Right-hand Bottom Horizontal Discharge, used for small Forced Draft Plants 60 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Arguments in Favor Continued BUFFALO "B" VOLUME BLOWERS, having cast-iron shells, and designed for the heaviest service, delivering air at pressures up to six ounces, were first employed for forced draft, and are installed in small plants or where fuel requires high air pressure to insure complete combustion. Various forms of underfeed mechanical stokers, and special grates, mostly of the hollow blast type, are designed to operate in con- nection with forced draft under heavy pressures. The Buffalo "B" Volume Blowers have been adopted by manufacturers and users of such devices for their durability and efficiency. When induced draft is used, the smoke connection from the boilers is brought directly to the inlet of the fan, which usually discharges upward through the short stack, the weight of which it supports. When two fans are used, the connections are made so that by operating a damper, the gases may be passed through either fan. The location and type of apparatus is determined in all cases by convenience. ADVANTAGES OF INDUCED DRAFT. Generally speaking, a comparison of results attainable with the plenum and vacuum systems shows an advantage for the latter, but this cannot be laid down as a rule, since each method has its advantages under certain conditions which may be sufficient to cause its adoption. When mechanical draft is used to help out an overloaded or insufficient chimney, the blower is of the greatest assistance. In burning the lowest grades of fuel, such as hard coal screenings or culm, forced draft is especially desirable. The pioneer outfits for burning culm were designed by this house, and hundreds of the original plants are still in operation and giving the best results. As mentioned before, this system is also applied with most forms of stokers and hollow blast grates for which it is especially adapted. We have shown in the comparison of first costs that induced draft is slightly more expensive than forced, on account of the larger apparatus required for the same boiler horse power. The ratio is not fixed, since the air capacity required of an induced draft fan varies with the absolute temperature of the gases. Roughly it is twice that of the fan for forced draft. Since, however, the density of the gases varies in the inverse ratio of the absolute temperatures, the power required to move them is little greater than with forced draft. Induced draft affords the greatest benefits of economizers, as the system is especially adapted to this end. Other features in favor of the system are in the line of convenience and saving of labor in operation and installation. No changes are necessary in boiler settings, such as introducing dampers or air ducts. The draft being more uniformly distributed over the grates, the fires require less attention to make them burn evenly. There is less deposit of soot in the boiler tubes, on account of the higher velocity of the gases passing through. This makes frequent cleaning unnecessary. Free access may be had to the ash-pit or to the fire-box without blowing out into the room, since pressure is inward rather than outward. For the same reason, there is no deposit of dust and fine ash in the boiler room which may occur with forced draft if the boilers are not air-tight. 61 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Hook Draft Gauge and Fan Engine Speed Regulating Valve Correct Method of Connecting a Fan Engine Speed Regulating Valve Buffalo Improved Hook Draft Gauge Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Hook Draft Gauge and Fan Engine Speed Regulating Valve BUFFALO HOOK DRAFT GAUGE, being constructed entirely of aluminum, brass and glass, will resist corrosion much better than draft gauges usually placed upon the market. It consists essentially of two glass cylinders, one being air tight and connecting by means of a rubber tube to the chamber in which the draft is to be measured. This cylinder communicates through the base with the second cylinder. In the second cylinder is placed a calibrated screw. On the end of this screw is a hook for piercing the surface of the water. When using the instrument it is essential that it remain in a fixed position. It is not necessary to know the quantity of water in these cylinders. The water column is measured as follows: First, lower the hook under the surface of the water; then by means of the screw raise the hook until it touches its reflection on the surface of the water. Then make connection with flue by means of the rubber tube. The column of water will lower in the first cylinder and raise in the second. After the water has reached a balance, again raise the screw until it touches its reflection on the surface of the water as before. The distance through which you raise the screw will be shown on the scale and is one-half the height of a water column corresponding to the pressure of the air. The illustration on opposite page shows the proper method of connecting a fan engine speed regulating valve. The upper pipes should always be run direct to the boiler. Under no circumstances can the small piping to the left be taken from another pipe which is supplying steam to a different point. The larger pipe can be taken off from main steam supply, but this will tend to impair the efficiency of the system and make it much less sensitive than when this pipe communicates direct to the boiler. The lower right-hand pipe leads direct to the fan engine, but the valve should not be placed too close to the engine. The volume of steam in this pipe between the valve and the cylinder of the engine should be double the volume of steam contained in the' cylinder at cut-off. The failure to realize the importance of this steam volume leads to very bad results. The valve should be hung plumb and level with the side marked "Inlet," placed to the left when piping stands as shown by the illustration. After the valve is placed in position, see that it does not bind in the post. The cap can be removed for examining the valve. By moving the weight to the left, the fan will maintain a higher steam pressure in the boiler by working in the following manner: The weight tends to keep the valve open at all times. The steam pressure of the boiler counteracts this action by pressing against a diaphragm in the valve. When the valve is set for a steam pressure of 100 pounds, the pressure on this diaphragm will be sufficient to raise the weight and close the valve, thus shutting off the engine. When the steam pressure in the boiler falls, the pressure on the diaphragm is much less and the weight falls, thus opening the valve and starting the engine, producing a strong draft which will soon cause the pressure in the boiler to raise until it again reaches the required point. 63 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Forced Draft Regulating Dampers Method of Applying Buffalo Dampers to Underground Tile Method^of Applying Dampers to Hollow Bridge Wall 64 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Draft Regulating Dampers BUFFALO DRAFT REGULATING DAMPERS are illustrated in two styles. The type selected in each instance depends upon the mode of conveying the air from the fan to the ash-pit. The two methods most usually employed are well illustrated on the opposite page. The first illustration shows a damper designed to com- municate with a system of underground tile piping leading from the fan to the boiler. The second shows the damper usually employed when the air duct is built in the bridge wall. Either damper is guaranteed to give entire satisfaction. Where it is inconvenient to introduce the air currents through the bridge wall, a damper with a special arrangement of levers is employed. The regulation of the draft is so excellent and so perfectly under the control that many consider it sufficiently adequate for practical economy without the addition of more expensive arrangements, whereby the speed of the fan and engine would be controlled according to the boiler pressure. Whether such automatic regulation be installed or not, these regu- lating dampers are very important and cannot be easily dispensed with. The damper employed with the hollow bridge wall can readily be supplied with any given dimensions. Dimensions of the dampers for under- ground tile are not so readily changed, and it is essential that the dimensions and sizes given below are strictly adhered to when designing a system to employ underground tile piping. Detail drawings showing the best location for the fan air ducts and draft regulating dampers will be furnished, to prospective purchasers, upon application. DIMENSIONS OF DRAFT DAMPERS FOR TILE DUCT. SIZE. A B c D E F G H K L N 12 in. 121 8 7 8* 19} 16* If 2 17* 6* 1 14 " 14- 8 8* 9* 22* 19* If 2 20* 8 1 16 " 16j 8 10 10* 25* 22* ! If 2 23* 9* 1 18 " 24 " 18^ 24j 8 8 10 12| 10* 15* 39} 27* 35} If 2 2 28* 37 9* 12 1 1 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Special Steel Flute Fan Right-hand Full Housing Up Blast Discharge Fan with Motor. 66 iffalo Mechanicar Draft Apparatus Buffalo Special Steel Plate Fan Left-hand Full Housing Down Blast Discharge Fan with Cross Compound Engine. 67 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Special Steel Plate Fan Full Housing Steel Plate Fan with Double Horizontal Engine. 68 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Special Steel Plate Steam Fans BUFFALO SPECIAL STEEL PLATE FANS are used to accomplish results of an unusual nature, and there- fore the design and construction vary with each particular machine. For this reason they are always built to order. No standard list of these fans can be given which would cover all requirements. This house makes fans varying greatly with respect to size and style and in each case they are so proportioned as to especially adapt them to the work which it is desired to perform. A type and size of engine having ample power is selected and one which is well qualified to withstand all that is required of it under the existing conditions. For high pressure and great velocities of air it would be necessary to run steam fans, as ordinarily built, at so high a rate of speed that the life of the engine would be of short duration. Where these conditions exist Buffalo Special Steel Plate Fans are built with narrow wheels, the diameter being much greater than the usual practice. This results in a correspondingly increased pressure of air secured by giving to the wheel a larger peripheral velocity and delivering the air through a comparatively small outlet. Several Special Buffalo Steam Fans are illustrated by the accompanying cuts. The one appearing on the opposite page was built for United States ships. The work required of the fan was to produce forced draft under the boilers, and also to ventilate different portions of the vessel. The condition of the installa- tion which are common for similar work necessitated strong, substantial construction, and the best grade of engine for high speed under continuous use. The arrangement and design of the engines are such that each has ample capacity to drive the fan independently. Both engines may be operated simultaneously, if desired, or the fan may be driven by either alone, thus always having one engine in reserve. The engraving appearing on page 67 is a good illustration of the Buffalo Steel Plate Steam Fan. This fan has a cross-compound vertical engine with the cylinders above the shaft. The bearings are water-cooled and the engine is entirely inclosed and runs in oil. These measures insure a perfectly smooth and easy-run- ning fan with absolutely no danger from overheated bearings. Generally speaking, however, for marine and the other duty requiring continuous operation the double type of engine is to be preferred to the single unless there is an equipment of duplicate plants. In an installation of the latter type a single engine, properly designed and constructed, will render efficient service and require only ordinary attention. Since the practice of applying Buffalo Steel Plate Steam Fans for forced draft, and ventilation has proven so eminently successful in the great ocean vessels, they are now not only being universally employed for all large boats, but are adopted in smaller ones as well. Small steamships can be ventilated and supplied with the forced draft system for their boiler fires as readily and with results equal to those of larger ones. For continuous running and especially for high speed, the double upright inclosed engine direct-connected to the Buffalo Steel Plate Fan embodies the acme of efficiency and durability. 69 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Special Steel Plate Fan Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Fan with Double Horizontal Engine. 70 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Double Horizontal Engines SPECIAL DOUBLE HORIZONTAL ENGINE FANS herewith illustrated and described were originally designed especially for use on vessels of the United States Navy. High speeds, high boiler pressures and continuous operation, incident to the navy requirements, call for unusually strong, substantial fans with engines of the highest grade of construction. Space is too limited to show and describe all of the designs of special fans with horizontal engines which have been built by this house for various requirements. Photo- graphs of other types will be supplied upon request of prospective purchasers. The engraving on the opposite page shows a fan with double horizontal engines, one being placed on either side of the crank shaft, which is extended into the fan and forms a direct-attached machine by reason of the fan wheel being placed on the opposite end of the shaft. But one of the engines is intended for use at a time, the other rod being disconnected and held in reserve in case of an accident, although the design is such that both may be operated simultaneously, if desired. In the construction of this engine, the desirable point of being able to quickly change from the right to the left-hand engine, or the reverse, at the same time keeping a perfect balance, has been embodied. This feature is accomplished in the following manner: The disc is made sufficiently heavy on the side on which the pin is placed to counterbalance the crank and connections when the left-hand engine connected to the crank is in use. Then when the left-hand engine is disconnected and the right-hand engine is connected up, the pocket provided in the disc on the opposite side from the pin is filled with shot and the balance re-established for the right-hand engine when the left-hand engine is held in reserve. The pocket in which the shot is placed is stopped with a threaded plug inserted with a screw-driver and makes a neat finish. It may be filled or emptied in a few seconds time. The crank shaft is of forged steel, of ample proportions, which is a distinguishing feature of Buffalo Steam Fans. Sufficient space is left between the crank and the disc for the eccentric and a bearing of ample wearing proportions. The valves employed are of the piston type, carefully fitted up with cages and snap ring packing. They are attached to the valve stem by a simple, efficient method, which permits of the removal of the valve with the greatest ease. Other general construction details are similar to those found in the Buffalo Center-crank Engines. The illustration shows a large fan in three-quarter steel plate housing, the lower portion of the scroll being brick-work, and is used for blowing a battery of stationary boiler fires. On shipboard, full housing fans are employed, and where a double horizontal engine is desired, a cast-iron supporting base may be furnished, or the lower scroll of fan extend below the floor line. The advantages of double horizontal and upright engines, so designed that each has ample capacity to drive the fan at its maximum speed, with the provision in both types of either engine being used separately or simultaneously are obvious. The cylinders are of large diameter compared with the stroke, with the result of developing large powers at high rotative but moderate piston speed. 7 1 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Special Discharge Fan with Double Double-acting Engine Right-hand Full Housing Special Discharge Fan with Double Cylinder above Shaft Engine. 72 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fan with Double Double-acting Engine DOUBLE DOUBLE-ACTING ENGINES are used with fans where it is important to economize space. They embody the necessary characteristics of being small and compact in proportion to the power developed. The original installation of an engine of this type was upon an important merchant marine. The fans were not installed in duplicate, two being used because the available space was of such nature that a single fan of sufficient size could not be employed. The arrangement provided the desirable feature that in case either were disabled it would be possible to keep conditions normal during the time necessary for repairs. While these engines are double-acting, both cylinders are supplied with steam from one valve. The valve is made of either the piston or slide valve type. The cranks are set at one hundred and eighty degrees apart and both connecting rods and crank shaft are made of forged steel. The connecting rods are made of the marine type at the crank end, and of the wedge type at the crosshead end. The bearings are all babbitted, and where the engine is connected to an induced draft apparatus arrangements are made for water-cooled bearings. A continuous spraying action practically bathes all bearing surfaces in oil, thus reducing frictional losses to a minimum. Where high speed is desirable no other type of engine is so well adapted to the work as the Buffalo Double Vertical Double-acting Engine. The double upright engine fans are unequaled for mechanical or induced draft in power plants and are employed in the largest outfits in operation in this country, usually in conjunction with fuel economizers. In such service, the fans are usually arranged in pairs and are built with overhung wheels, water-cooling boxes and other departures from the regular form, to prevent the journals from heating and the working parts from destruction by the action of the gases produced in fuel combustion. The fan housing also receives special attention, and is thoroughly braced with heavy angle iron frames, which hold it rigid under all strains. Smoke stacks are frequently placed directly on top of the housing, where fans are employed in connection with fuel economizers and the induced draft systems. The lubrication of the Buffalo Double Upright Engine is accomplished in a uniform and positive manner, a result obtained only by the method employed in this and other types of uprights manufactured by this house, fully described in our Engine Catalogue. An honest investigation of every detail of this engine can have no other result than an acknowledgment of unequaled construction and design. Prominent features are a heavy frame with width of base that gives greatest stability, accessibility for packing and repairs by mean of the large dust-proof doors, and large surfaces of all parts subject to wear. Hardened pins are employed wherever possible, and a special composition of metals is used for the cylinders and valve, while every wearing part has ready means for adjustment. Simplicity of construction, and highest grade of material and work- manship (upon which depends durability) could not be combined to greater advantage. 73 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Double Single-acting Engines Left-hand Full Housing Up Blast Discharge Fan with Double Single-acting Engine 74 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Double Single-acting Engines Buffalo Double Single-acting Engines are especially adapted for direct-connection to small sizes of fans upon small steam yachts and boats of average size. In this capacity they have been widely used, and have always given satisfaction. They are usually arranged to serve the double purpose of ventilating as well as producing mechanical draft for the boilers. The full effectiveness of the boilers is always assured. In marine work it is especially desirable to produce the largest amount of steam with the smallest amount of boiler space. Since the introduction of Buffalo Steel Plate Fans to this work the space required for a given boiler capacity has been very materially reduced. By the proper application of these fans to marine boilers, so marked an increase of speed has been noticed that owners of lines, who have observed the benefits derived from an initial fan, are speedily installing them into all of their ships. In steamers equipped with fan ventilation, the old form of ventilating pipes, whose efficiency was very low at best and never reliable, especially under unfavorable conditions of the weather, is entirely dispensed with, and the whole dependence is now placed upon the fan. Marked success has accompanied the fan system of ventilation as applied to fruiting steamers. By keeping the fruit in the hold of the ship supplied with pure, fresh air, the decrease in percentage of decay has often been enough, even on a single trip, to pay for the cost of the installation. Forced draft and ventilation are secured with the same fan. The illustrations on page 74 show to good advantage the simplicity and compactness of design of these direct-connected engines. The engine is entirely inclosed, and the moving parts run in oil. Interior frame pockets constantly filled with oil thoroughly lubricate the main bearings. These engines are made with or without governors as desired, and are built in sizes suitable for fans up to one hundred inches. A close inspection of the illustration will reveal the admirable base provided for the engine. Both cylinders are supplied with steam by the action of the same valve, thus further simplifying the design, and reducing the moving parts to a minimum. The valve is placed between the cylinders and is of the piston type. By means of this arrangement the steam has very little distance to travel through ports. The advantage this type of engine possesses over all other types is the saving in space. This important result is accomplished by doing away with the piston rod, and thereby reducing the height of the engine at least one-third. The connecting rod is coupled directly on to the piston head, and is of the ordinary type with a marine end. It is made of the best quality of cast steel and amply proportioned to withstand all strains that come within the work for which the engines are designed. Another great advantage of this type of engine is its ability to run at high speeds. This property makes it doubly valuable in places where great economy of space is demanded and at the same time a large air capacity. By running one of these engines direct-con- nected to a medium-sized fan the desired result may be easily obtained in spite of the adverse conditions. 75 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fan with Buffalo Center-crank Engine Left-hand Three-quarter Housing Bottom Horizontal Discharge Fan Direct-connected to Buffalo Engine. 7 6 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Center-crank Engines BUFFALO CENTER-CRANK ENGINES are often direct-connected to three-quarter housing fans or belted to the larger sizes of full-housing pulley fans. The foremost aim in producing this design of engine was to secure a type which would develop a large amount of power at high rotation but modern piston speed. With the possibility of entirely inclosed working parts, the engine is thus particularly fitted for most efficient service in the numerous trying situations. While some of the engine features are unusual, no deviation is made from established laws in proportion and design for the sake of novelty. Each detail is wrought with fitness to perform its particular function, so that when assembled the result is a compact and symmetrical machine. As clearly shown by the engravings, the engine may be built wholly or partially inclosed, as desired. The oiling devices are positive and may be supplied in the several forms illustrated, or a common oiling chamber with oil flowing over the reciprocating parts may be used. The engine frame is rectangular, wider at the base than at the bearings. In the smaller sizes, the cylinders are integral with the base, and are so arranged that the piston can be readily removed by withdrawing the bolts of the cylinder head and lower end of connecting rod, whereby the crosshead, cylinder head and piston can be lifted out without removing any other part. The steam chest may be easily examined when desired. The crosshead slides are so fitted with shoes as to enable adjustment for wear. They have special babbitt metal gibs to prevent cutting of slides, and clamp joints for the piston rods, which are bored tapered to receive the hardest wrist pin. The pistons are of the snap ring pattern, the rings of which are of special metal (permitting use for a long time without lubrication). The valve is of the piston type, steam being admitted at center instead of at the ends. The rods have large wearing surfaces, the crank end is lined with babbitt, and the crosshead end has phosphor bronze boxes with wedge adjustment. The crank end adjustment is similar to that of the marine type; the shaft is of forged steel, the cranks being opposite each other. The eccentric strap is lined with genuine babbitt, the bearings, which in their ratio are large, are bolted to the main housing, and lined with a special brand of babbitt metal, also fitted with our improved sight feed lubricator. While every portion is made as compact as possible, yet the arrangement gives ready access to all parts of the engine without disturbing others. The stuffing boxes are provided with nuts which screw on to the glands, and while standard packing is employed, if so ordered and desired, approved metallic packing may be substituted. To prevent corrosion, brass glands are used; the valve rod is of steel, and fitted with hardened pin and clamp joint. The steam chest head has a phosphor bronze bushing to form a guide for the valve rod. The eccentric rod lias means for adjusting valve without removing cover. No rocker or its substitute is used, the object being to reduce the engine details to the fewest possible number a great desideratum in all engines. A hand wheel on the shaft, that the engine may be thrown off the center, is provided. 77 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Center-crank Engines L_ THREE-QUARTER HOUSING RIGHT-HAND TOP HORIZONTAL FANS, DIRECT-CONNECTED TO BUFFALO HORIZONTAL CENTER-CRANK ENGINES. SIZE OF ENGINE, INCHES. SIZE OP FAN, INCHES. A B D E F G H .1 K L II N P 5x6 100 27} 51* 37} W% 481 43f 30 46} 25 \ 6x6 110 30} 56} 41 44J 53} 47} 30 51} 28 6x8 120 3l| 611 44f &%, 58J 52i 50| 36 55 30J 41 15 17} 9 12} 7x8 130 35} 67 48} 52} 63} 56* 50| 36 60} 33 43 15J 17} 9 12} 8x8 140 38 72* 52} 56% 68f 601 50| 36 64} 35J 45 15J 17} 9 12} 8x10 150 40} 77} 56 60f 73} 65} 65 42 69} 37} 52 20J 21} 12} 16} 8x10 160 42f 82f 59} 64% 78i 69f 65 42 74 41} 53 20J 21} 12} 16} 9x10 170 46 87} 63} 68} 83 74 65 42 79} 43 55 20J 21} 12} 16} 10x10 180 48} 92f 67} 72% 87* 78f 65 48 84 45} 57 20 J 21} 12} 16} 10x12 190 51 97} 71 761 92} 82} 82 48 88} 47} 64 22? 24 141 20 11x12 200 53} 1021 74} 80% 87f 87-J 82 51 92} 49f 66 22f 24 14J 20 Dimension "J" refers to exhausters only. Blowers have two inlets each with a diameter equal "J" in the next lower size exhauster. Tables of capacities, pages 114 and 115. All dimensions are in inches. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Center-crank Engines THREE-QUARTER HOUSING BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE FANS, DIRECT-CONNECTED TO BUFFALO HORIZONTAL CENTER-CRANK ENGINE. SIZE OF ENGINE, INCHES. SIZE OF FAN. INCHES. A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R 5x6 100 67} :;;; 27 J 46J 438 4x; 48} 46} 25* 37t 6x6 110 74} 41 30} 50} 47} 53} 52 51 f 28 41} 6x8 120 79| 44} 31? 55J 52i 58f 50f 55J 55 30J 41 15} 17} 9 12} 45 36 7x8 130 87 48i 35 i 60 56i 63J 50f 59J 60} 33 43 15} 17} 9 12} 48 J 36 8x8 140 93} 52} 38 i;i; 60f 688 50f 63} 64} 35J 45 15} 17} 9 12| 52f 36 8x 10 150 99} 56 ID] 69} 65} 73} 65 67 69^ 37J 52 20} 2H 12i 16} 568 40 8x 10 160 105g 59} 42f 73} ii!i; 78J 65 70J 74 41} 53 20} 2li 12i 16} 60J 40 9x 10 170 112i 63i 46 78J 74 83 65 74i 79} 43 55 20} 21i 12J 16} 63J 40 10 x 10 180 118} 67} 48i 83* 78| 87J 65 78} 84 45} 57 20} 21i 12} 16} 67J 40 lOx 12 190 125 71 51 87} 82} 92j 82 82 88J 47} 64 22$ 24 141 20 718 52 11x12 200 131} | 74} 53J 92f 87i 97| 82 85} 92J 49} 66 22* 24 14? 20 75J 52 These steam fans may be supplied with various sizes of horizontal engines, according to the steam pressures under which they are to operate, therefore the engine dimensions above given are necessarily variable. 79 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fan with Buffalo Horizontal Side-crank Engine Right-hand Three-quarter Housing Top Horizontal Discharge Fan Direct-connected to Side-crank Engine. 80 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Horizontal Side-crank Engines STEEL PLATE THREE-FOURTH HOUSING TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE FANS DIRECT-CONNECTED TO BUFFALO HORIZONTAL SIDE-CRANK ENGINES. SIZE OF SIZE OF ENGINE, FAN, A B C D E F G H J K L M N P Q R WEIGHT INCHES. INCHES. 5x6 100 27i 51| 37} 40;Y 6 48J 43f J 30 46} 25} 49J 19| 10 8i 16 37} 30 3460 6x6 110 30} 56} 41 44f 53} 47} 45J 30 51} 28 52f 19* 10 8| 16 41 30 4320 6x8 120 3lf 611 44} 48% 58| 524 55 36 55 30J 56| 21} 11* 9 18} 44} 36 6325 7x8 130 35J 67 48} 52} 63} 56} 55 36 60} 33 59} 21} 11* 9 18} 48} 36 7025 8x8 140 38 72J 52} 56% 68J 60J 55 36 64} 35J 62* 21} 11* 9 18} 52} 36 8382 7x 10 150 40} 77} 56 60f 73} 65} 65 42 69} 37} 68} 25} 11} 12 16 56 42 10456 8x10 160 42f 824 59} 64% 78i 69| 65 42 74 41} 72} 25} 11} 12 16 59} 42 11079 9x 10 170 46 87} 63} 68} 83 74 65 42 79} 43 74 25} 11} 12 16 63} 42 12331 lOx 10 180 48} 92f 67} 72% 87J 78* 65 48 84 45} 77} 25} 11} 12 16 67} 48 13537 lOx 12 190 51 97} 71 76* 92} 82} 81} 48 88} 47} 84 29} 13} 14 19 71 48 16900 11x12 200 53} 102J 74} 80% 97| 87} 81} 51 92} 49| 85J 29} 13} 14 19 74} 51 18900 Size of engine is based upon 80 pounds steam pressure. All dimensions given in inches. Dimension "J " refers to exhausters only. Tables of capacities'given on'pages 114 and 115. 81 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Side-crank Engines THREE-QUARTER HOUSING BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE FANS DIRECT-CONNECTED TO BUFFALO HORIZONTAL SIDE-CRANK ENGINES. SIZE OP SIZE OF ENGINE, INCHES. FAN, INCHES. A B c D E F G H J K L M N o P Q R WEIGHT. 5x6 100 67} 37} 274 46} 43* 48* 45} 48} 46} 254 49* 19ft 10 8} 16 374 30 3460 6x6 110 74} 41 30} 50} 47} 53} 45} 52 51} 28 52ft 19ft 10 8} 16 41} 30 4320 6x8 120 79ft 44$ 31} 55ft 52} 58ft 55 55} 55 30} 56ft 21* lift 9 18* 45 36 6325 7x8 130 87 48* 354 60 564 634 55 594 60} 33 594 21* m 1 9 184 48* 36 7025 8x8 140 93J 52} 38 64ft BO* 68ft 55 63} 64} 35} 62 i 21* ill 9 184 52ft 36 83S2 7x10 150 99} 66 40} 69} 65} 73} 65 67 69* 37* 68* 25* 11 12 16 56ft 42 10-156 8x10 160 105ft 59} 42ft 73* 69ft 78} 65 70} 74 41} 72} 25* 11} 12 16 60} 42 11079 9x10 170 1124 63* 46 784 74 83 65 74* 79} 43 74 25* nf 12 16 63* 42 12331 10x10 180 118| 67} 484 83* 78ft 87* 65 78} 84 45} 77} 25* ii} 12 16 67ft 42 13537 10x12 190 125 71 51 87} 82} 92} 81} 82 884 47} 84 29} 13* 14 19 71ft 48 16900 11x12 200 134} 74* .-,:{', 92ft XT' 97ft 81 J 85} 92} 49ft 85* 29} 134 14 19 75} 48 18900 These fans may be supplied with various sizes of engines, according to the steam pressures under which they are to operate, therefore the engine dimensions above given are necessarily variable. Size of engine given above is based on eighty pounds steam pressure. All dimensions given in inches. 82 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Side-crank Engines THREE-QUARTER HOUSING UP BLAST DISCHARGE FANS DIRECT-CONNECTED TO BUFFALO HORIZONTAL SIDE-CRANK ENGINES. SIZE OF ENGINE, INCHES. SIZE OF FAN, INCHES. A B c D E F G H 30 30 36 36 36 42 42 42 48 48 51 J K L M N o P Q R WEIGHT. 5x6 6x6 6x8 7x8 8x8 7x10 8x10 9x10 10x10 10x12 11x12 1(1(1 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 51* 56} 67 77} 821 874 92* 97} 102; 464 50} 554 60 64| 69} 731 784 834 87} 37} 41 44} 484 52} 56 59} 634 67} 71 74} 43J 47} 524 564 60J 65} 69f 74 78| 82} 87} 454 454 55 55 55 65 65 65 65 81} 81} 40% 44| 48^ 524 56% 60| 64% 68} 72% 76J 274 30} 354 38 40} 42f 46 484 51 534 46} 51} 55 60} 64} 09 i 74 79} 84 884 92} 28 304 33 354 374 41} 43 45} 47} 49f 49J 52f 56f 594 624 68 .\ 72} 74 77} 84 851 19f 191 214 214 214 254 254 254 254 29} 29} 10 10 "I llj 1 13- 11} 11} 11} 134 84 84 9 9 9 12 12 12 12 14 14 16 16 184 184 184 16 16 16 16 19 19 374 41} 45 481 52* 604 67f 71f 754 851 90J 98| 104| 1094 118} 123} 120} 135} 145} 1494 3460 4320 6325 7025 8382 10456 11079 12331 13537 16900 18900 Dimension "J " refers to exhausters only. Blowers have two inlets, each with a diameter equal "J" in the next lower size exhauster. Tables of capacities given on pages 114 and 115. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Full Housing Steel Plate Fan with Buffalo Self-contained Upright Engine Right-hand Top Horizontal Discharge Fan with Vertical Cylinder above Shaft Engine. 84 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Single Upright Engines The Buffalo Single Upright Engine direct-connected to the Steel Plate Fan combines many desirable features in its construction. The first of these fans and engines was built for the U. S. Navy. Briefly, the requirements of that specification were for a speed of 400 revolutions per minute at 160 pounds steam pressure, and of course the same high grade standard with reference to materials and workmanship required upon all Government work. The outfit proved eminently successful, and fulfilled more than was required of it. This type of engine and fan has elsewhere been widely used for steam yachts, coasting vessels, and in fact every conceivable position where the requirements were for high speed, and a small compact arrangement. Many sizes are now built, the illustration on the opposite page being a four and one-half inch by a five-inch cylinder. These engines are built either with closed frames and self-oiling or with open frames, ring-oiling main bearing and ample provision of sight feed oil cups. With a good lubricant, seconded by care in adjust- ment, frictional losses may be reduced to an almost impossible minimum, ensuring cool, smooth running. The engine is of the single double-acting type, furnished with a hand wheel. The ram box and eccentric rod are well proportioned. The whole outfit occupies the least possible space. Perfect lubrication is secured by large and continuous oilers at reciprocating points. The valve is of the balanced piston type. These engines are constructed both for high and low pressure, and are especially designed with reference to speed. There are several tables of outline dimensions of our standard fans on the accompanying pages. A close inspection of these tables will show the remarkable similarity existing in the proportions of all Buffalo Steel Plate Fans, and will also give an idea of the relatively small space required for a given fan output. Before the introduction of this engine, and other small engines herein described, all existing designs were inordinate steam consumers. Steam economy corresponding closely to that obtained in the highest grade power plants is now afforded by Buffalo high-speed engines. As to general structural features, these vertical engines resemble somewhat our horizontal type. The frame cylinder and valve chamber are all cast in one piece and the whole is so designed as to present a neat, graceful appearance. This construction does away with a number of joints and consequently reduces the possibility for the engine to get out of alignment, or become in any way deranged from loose nuts and bolts. The bearings are all arranged with the Buffalo oil-ring device which has given such efficient service in all of the Buffalo Forge Apparatus. A more perfect bearing for rapidly rotating parts does not exist, the oil being constantly carried to the bearing surface by the oil-ring. A glance at the accompanying illustration will reveal the simplicity and compactness of design of this type of engine. Added to the economy of floor space are the advantages of copious lubrication, close regulation and excellent steam economy, thus ensuring efficient service under all conditions. 85 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Full Housing Fans with Cylinder above Shaft Engines FULL HOUSING TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE STEEL PLATE FAN DIRECT-CONNECTED TO VERTICAL CYLINDER ABOVE SHAFT ENGINE. SIZE op ENGINH, INCHES. SIZE OF FAN, INCHES. A B c D E F G H J K L M N o P Q R s T 4x4 40 15 15% 191 20J 27 174 15% 18 19 19 17} 15} 29 8J 184 4x4 45 16i 18 22% 23% 27 l!> r 'm 18 18 21f 20} 184 16} 29 8J 184 4x4 50 18} 20 24J 26 27 21} 20 18 24} 22} 19| 18} 29 sf 184 4x4 55 19} 9 2 26% 28% 27 23% 22 18 26f 24 20 20} 29 sf 184 4x4 60 22} 24% 29f 314 28 25 24% 18 26* 26} 21} 22} 29 8f 194 4x4 70 26 284 34} 36} 37} 30} 284 24 344 30} 234 26} 29 8J 28J 5x5 80 29} 32% 394 41| 37} 34| 32% 24 39i 35 21} 17} 14} 694 31} 30 35J 10 27} 5x5 90 33} 36} 44 46} 44 39 36} 30 43} 38} 23} 194 M', 73 33f 33} 35J 10 34 6x6 100 37} 40% 48* 51| 47 43f 40% 30 46} 43} 26 21 16} 82 37} 37} 44 11 36 6x6 110 41 44J 53} 56} 51 47} 44f 30 51} 47} 28} 33 16} 96} 49* 41} 44 11 40 7x7 120 44} 48% 58 6l| 56 524 48% 36 55 51 30| 354 16} 100} 5ll 45 44 11 45 7x7 130 48} 52} 63} 67 61 56} 52} 36 60} 544 33} 38 16} 106} 54} 48} 44 11 50 8x8 140 52} r>ii; 30 24% 484 22* 18 264 21} 26f 29 84 214 4x4 70 26 36} 32} 30} 37} 284 56} 26} 24 30} 234 344 29 84 284 5x5 80 29} 41| 36J 34f 40 32% 64f 30 24 35 21} 17} 14} 694 314 394 35| 10 30 5x5 90 334 464 41* 39 45 36} 72J 33} 30 38} 23} 194 14} 73 33f 43} 354 10 35 6x6 100 37} 5l| I'll 43| 50 40% 80| 37* 30 434 26 21 164 82 374 46} 44 11 39 6x6 110 41 56} 50} 47} 55 44i 88} 41} 30 47} 284 33 164 964 494 51} 44 11 44 7x7 120 44} 614 55| 52| 60 48% 964 45 36 51 30f 354 164 100} 51f 55 44 11 49 7x7 130 484 67 60 5(U 65 52J 105 48} 36 544 334 38 164 1064 544 60} 44 11 54 8x8 140 52} 724 64f 60* 69 56% 1134 524 36 59f 35f 404 16f lll| 564 64} 524 nif 57| 8x8 150 56 77} 69} 65} 74 60f 121} 56} 36 64J 38 424 16f 1154 58J 694 524 nj 62f 87 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Full Housing Fan with Self-contained Upright Engine Left-hand Bottom Horizontal Discharge Fan with Cylinder Below Shaft Engine. 88 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Self-contained Upright Engines STEEL PLATE STEAM FANS, as will readily be seen, possess marked advantages over belt-driven ones, inasmuch as they may be run at any time, at any speed, and independent of other power. The volume and pressure of air can be changed instantly, and belts and pulleys are also avoided. Under many conditions of applications, the use of pulley fans would involve intricate arrangements in the transmission of power, which are entirely eliminated by the use of a direct-connected engine. As these machines are built both as blowers and exhausters, together with engines adapted for all conditions, the uses for which they are employed are almost unlimited in number. They have been introduced into thousands of situations with pre-eminent success. The vertical cylinder below shaft engines have their crosshead guides cast to a part of the frame. The guides are bored at the same time that the cylinder is bored, so that the alignment is perfect. The main bear- ings are large and well oiled with the Buffalo ring-oiling bearings. The cylinder and valve chest are also cast integral with the frame. They are accurately bored to standard size, while the parts are of ample area and are in addition short and direct, to reduce the clearance to a minimum. The steam chest after boring is fitted with hard iron bushings. Valve bushings which may be cut or worn through long usage can be readily replaced. The whole design is such as to afford absolute rigidity and reliability. In situations requiring the. use of a full housing steam fan, the single upright engine with cylinder below the shaft is ordinarily employed. Large fans for forced draft are usually built three-quarter housed, although they may be furnished in the full housing type with upright engines, either of the single or double form. As clearly illustrated by the accompanying engravings, our line of upright engines, both single and double, is replete with designs suitable for all conditions. Fans up to and including the loo-inch size may be supplied with the direct-connected Buffalo double single-acting upright enclosed engines running in oil, as per the engraving on page 74, and for dusty situations, high speed and continuous service, this form is peculiarly adapted. These engines direct-connected to full housing fans require and are furnished with a handsome sheet- steel sub-base. Many purchasers of steam fans below seventy inches in diameter prefer engines with cylinder above the shaft, and provision is made for this in both single and double types. The original type of Buffalo Steam Fan with single-acting upright engine has been replaced with more modern and efficient engine construction, and improvements, wherever possible, will always be made in the output of these works. Full details of the various designs will be preserved to the end of promptly supplying repairs. In ordering a steam fan, or making inquiries as to prices, always be sure to state hand, the form of discharge and style of engine desired, the steam pressure carried at the boilers, and what work the fan is intended to perform. A drawing, showing the proposed setting position of the fan and all other details, will greatly facilitate the selection of the proper machine for the work. 89 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Upright Cylinder Below Shaft Engine Tr \! 1 RIGHT-HAND BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE FAN. UPRIGHT SELF-CONTAINED CYLINDER BELOW SHAFT ENGINE. SIZE OF ENGINE BASED ON 80 POUNDS STEAM PRESSURE. SI/.K (H- SI/.K Ml- ENGINE. INCHES. FAN. INCHES. A B C D E F G H J K L M N P Q 3x3J 40 15 174 19f 15% 22{ 27 18| 19 12 20J 94 17f 27 9f 3x34 45 184 19% 22% 18 23 27 20% 21| 12{ 23% 104 18 27 10 3x3J 50 184 214 244 20 24j 27 23 24} o z j 13} 26 HI 194 27 11} 4x3i 55 19} 23% 26% 22 25^ 29% 25% 26f P u K K 14f 28% 12 20 2% 27 123 4x34 60 221 25} 29 24% 26 32J 274 26J a x M^ 15f 314 13} 21 5J 27 13} 4Jx5 70 26 30} 34} 284 324 37} 32} 344 >f Q 184 36} 154 254 2} 35 15f 44x5 80 29} 34f 394 32% 34f 43i 36^ 394 20f 4l| 174 27| 84 35 18 44x5 90 334 39 44 36} 36} 484 414 43} 22} 464 19J 29} 134 35 19J 5Jx7 100 37i 43J 48J 40% 39J 53J 46J 46} 254 25} 611 21} 33} 124 41| 20} 64x8 110 41 47} 53} 44f 45 59} 50} 51} 28 27} 56} 23f 364 12} 47 22$ 64x8 120 H : i 52i 58f 48% 46J 64f 55f 55 304 29f 611 254 38| 17f 47 244 64x8 130 484 564 634 52J 48j 70 60 60} 33 314 67 27% 40} 23 47 26J 74x9 140 52} 60J 68| 56% 53 75f 64f 64} 354 344 724 29% 44J 20J 55 28} 74x9 150 56 65} 73} 60f 54J 80} 69} 694 374 36 77} 32% 46} 25} 55 304 All above fans are furnished with Buffalo Self-contained Upright Engines, and the fan wheels are over- hung, excepting in the last six sizes. Different engine sizes are used for low steam pressures. In these cases, the dimensions above will not apply, but will be furnished upon application. Capacities, pages 114 and 115. 90 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Upright Self-contained Engines T UPRIGHT SELF-CONTAINED CYLINDER BELOW SHAFT ENGINES. RIGHT-HAND TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE. SIZE OF ENGINE, INCHES. SIZE OF FAN, INCHES. A B c I) E F G H J K L M N P Q 3x4 40 15 15% 194 l- r >';, 224 27 20| 19 12 174 94 17| 27 91 3x34 45 161 18 22% 18 231 27 23% 21f 12* 19% 101 18 27 10 3x4 50 18J 20 244 20 24f 27 26 24} g j 13} 214 4 191 27 11} 4x34 55 19} 22 26% 22 251 27 28% 26* 14| 23'% 12 20 27 12fl 4x34 60 22} 24% 29J 24% 261 28 314 26J s 15| 25J 13} 21 1 27 13} 44x5 70 26 281 34} 281 324 37} 361 34] 184' 30} 151 254 2} 35 15f 4|x5 80 29} 32% 391 32% 34f 37} 414 301 20f 34} 174 27f 2} 35 18 44x5 90 334 36* 44 361 361 44 464 431 221 39 19| 29} 9 35 191 54 x 7 100 37} 40% 48J 40% 394 47 5l| 461 254 251 43f 21} 33} 8f 41f 20} 64x8 110 41 44J 53} 44J 45 51 56} 51} 28 27} 47} 23f 364 4 47 22| 64x8 120 44} 48% 58f 48% 46J 56 61f 55 30| 29f 52J 25* 38J 9 47 244 64x8 130 484 524 634 524 48} ; 61 67 60} 33 314 564 i 27% 40} 14 47 26f 74x9 140 52} 56% 68J 56% 53 65J 721 64} 35i 34i 60J ; 29% 44f 10J 55 28} 74x9 150 56 60S 73} 60f 54J 70} 771 694 374 36 65} 32% 46} 15} 55 301 All above fans are furnished with Buffalo Self-contained Upright Engines, and the fan wheels are over- hung, excepting in the last six sizes. Different engine sizes are used for boiler pressures lower than eighty pounds. In these cases, the dimensions above will not apply, but will be furnished upon application. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Self-contained Engines Right-hand Down Blast Discharge Blower, with Cylinder below Shaft Engine. 92 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fans with Buffalo Upright Self-contained Engines I j i K J FULL HOUSING DOWN BLAST DISCHARGE FANS, DIRECT-CONNECTED TO SINGLE VERTICAL CYLINDER BELOW SHAFT ENGINES. SIZE OF ENGINE, INCHES. SIZE OF FAN, INCHES. A B c D E F G H J K L M N O P Q 3x34 40 14} 20J 181 181 27 19f 91 19 12 224 94 17j 27 15 3x34 45 16 23% 20% 20% 27 22% 10 21} o 12; 23- 104 18 27 16} 3x34 50 184 26 23 20 27 244 11} 24} id 13 24i ill 194 27 18} 4x 34 55 19} 28% 25% 22 27 26% 12 26| is 14- 25^ 12 20 27 20 4 x 3t 60 22} 314 27} 24% 27 29 13} 26J 11 15 26; 13} 21 27 224 44x5 70 26 36} 32} 284 35 34} 15f 344 O f 18 32J 154 25} 35 26} 44x5 80 29} 411 864 32% 354 394 18 394 20f 34i 174 27j 4 35 30 44x5 90 334 464 414 36} 40 44 19J 43} 22} 36} 191 29- 5 35 33} 54x7 100 37} 51} 46J 40% 444 48J 20} 46} 254 25} 394 21} 33; 34 41f 374 04x8 110 41 56} 50} 441 49 53} 22f 51} 28 27} 45 234 36i 2 47 41} 64x8 120 44} 611 551 48% 534 58f 244 55 304 29f 46J 254 38j f 64 47 45 64x8 130 484 67 60 524 58 634 261 60} 33 314 48} 27% 40} 11 47 481 74x9 140 52} 724 64f 56% 614 68| 28} 64} 354 344 53 29% 44| } 64 55 52J 74x9 150 56 77} 69} 60f 66 73} 304 694 374 36 54J 32% 46} 11 55 56f These steam fans may be supplied with various sizes of horizontal engines, according to the steam pressures under which they are to operate, therefore the engine dimensions above given are necessarily variable. 93 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Fan Left-hand Three-quarter Housing Up Blast Discharge Pulley Fan. 94 or THf UNIVERSITY or - ^ Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Fans BUFFALO THREE-QUARTER HOUSING FANS are built either right or left hand in any of the discharges given for the full housing fans. The more common forms, however, are botton horizontal, top horizontal, and up blast. The last, illustrated by the engraving on page 94, is often used to exhaust smoke and gases from boiler fires. A top horizontal discharge fan is naturally selected when the sheet steel main breeching is run overhead, and underneath the ceiling, from which place it passes through the wall to a brick stack built on the outside. The up blast discharge, alike in three-quarter housing and full housing fans, is peculiarly adapted to support the short sheet steel stacks generally employed with induced draft plants. These fans are used for the same variety of purposes as the full housing type. Extra heavy stock for the shells is employed, rigidly stayed and stiffened by heavy "T" irons placed on the sides of fans, which is shown by the illustration on the opposite page. Complete drawings for foundations and application are furnished with every order. Buffalo Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Fans are furnished with both side-crank and center-crank horizontal engines, as may be purchased, there being some difference in the cost. Attention is also further directed to the very compact and desirable arrangement afforded by the Buffalo Single Upright Engines, when direct-connected to a three-quarter housing fan. The cylinder being above the shaft, and the total height of the engine seldom exceeding the height of the shell, both the floor and head space are reduced to a minimum. A sub-base is not often required and no governor or fly-wheels are used on direct-connected fans and engines. Double Single-acting Engines, likewise equipped, are often used for small three-quarter housing fans. In preference to a single fan, two Buffalo fans of equal capacity are often employed. Less vertical space is consumed, and as the fans when used for mechanical draft are commonly placed on a platform, the adopting of the double arrangement is often the only method of obtaining the required volume without building a special house for the apparatus, which would materially increase the installation cost. Two or more fans may be employed in connection with a common smokestack. In ordering or making inquiries about three-quarter housing steel plate fans, full details of the requirements should be given together with dimensions of the space available. This house also builds a line of blowers, in general appearance and dimensions similar to those in the tables for the regular Buffalo Steel Plate Fans, but especially adapted for the various lines of iron and steel manufacture which require a larger volume of air than can be secured by the largest Buffalo "B" Volume Blowers, and at nearly as great a pressure as these fans are capable of furnishing. To meet the requirements of these conditions and to equal the high standard of durability and quiet running of all Buffalo blowers, extra heavy steel plate is selected, with shafts, wheels and foundation frames of increased stiffness and rigidity. Attention is called to an illustration of such a fan on page 92. 95 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Blowers and Exhausters Tfl -fe rz INSIDE; P T ~j Tt T WITH OVERHUNG PULLEYS. RIGHT-HAND BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE. SIZE IN INCHES. A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R s T 190 138} 51 87} 71 82} 125 92} 1751 5 47} 621 82} 83J 881 531 29} 1221 14 34 200 145f 53i 92| 74} 871 131} 97f 184} 5} 49J 8St 87} 87J 921 551 31 128| 15 36 210 153 56 97 781 914 137J 102i 194 51 51 691 911 961 32} 134} 38 220 1601 58J 1014 82} 5t 143} 107f 203} 5} 72} 95J 1001 331 140f 40 230 167} 61 106} 86 100} 150 112} 2121 6 76} 100} 1041 34} 147 42 240 174f 631 1101 89} 104f 156} 1171 221} 6} 79} 104} 1081 36 153J 44 250 1811 66 115i 931 109 162i 122 231 61 83} 109J 1121 37} 159} 46 260 1884 681 120J 97} 113f 168} 126J 240} 6} 86} 1131 1161 381 165J 48 270 195} 71 124} 101 117} 175 131 2 2491 7 005 1171 120| 39} 1711 50 280 %$ 731 129f 104} 122J 181} 136f 258} 7} 93* 122} 1241 41 177| 52 290 210 76 134 1081 126J 187J 141J 268 71 97J 126} 1281 42} 183} 54 300 2171 781 138f 112} 130J 193} 1464 277} 7} 1001 131* 1321 431 189| 56 310 224} 81 143} 116 135} 200 151} 2861 8 104" 1351 1361 44} 196 58 320 231$ 831 1471 119} 139| 206} 156| 295} SJ 107* 1391 1401 46 202i 60 330 2381 86 152i 1231 144 2121 161 305 81 110| 144} 1441 47} 208} 62 340 245f i 881 1571 127} 148f 218} 165J 314} 8} 114J 148} 1481 481 214f 64 350 252} 91 161} 131 152} 225 170} 3231 9 1171 1531 1521 49} 2201 66 Dimension "O" refers to exhausters only. Blowers have two inlets, each with a diameter equal "O" in the next lower size exhauster. A uniform ratio of proportions, dimensions and capacities exists throughout all sizes of Buffalo fans. All dimensions given in inches. Tables of capacities, pages 114 and 115. Buffalo Mechanical- Draft Apparatus. Three-quarter Housing Steel Plate Blowers and Exhausters THREE-QUARTER HOUSING TYPE WITH OVERHUNG PULLEY. RIGHT-HAND TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE. SI7.RIN lN< HFV A B C D E F G H J K L M N O WEIGHT 50 184 20 244 214 18 15$ 26 24} 144 17$ 184 22} 4 9 520 60 22} 24% 293 25J 20 16'% 314 26J 16J 194 22} 264 5 10 647 70 26 28J 34} 30} 20 20J 36} 344 19} 22 26 30} 5 11 947 80 29} 32% 39| 34f 24 234 41$ 394 21} 24j 29} 35 6 12 1347 90 33J 36} 44 39 28 254 464 43} 23} 264 334 38} 6 14 1896 100 37} 40% 48J 43$ 30 274 51f 46} 254 28J 37} 434 7 16 2384 110 41 44$ 53} 47} 30 30} 56} 51} 28 31$ 41 47} 7 18 2781 120 44} 48% 58$ 52J 36 3l| 6l| 55 304 34 44} 51 8 20 3741 130 48* 524 634 564 36 354 67 60} 33 364 484 54 8 22 4459 140 524 56% 684 60J 36 38 724 64} 35| 39$ 52} 59$ 9 24 5822 150 56 60$ 73} 65} 42 40} 77} 694 374 42J 56 64$ 10 26 7140 160 59} 64'% 78$ 69f 42 42f 82$ 74 41} 454 59} 86J 11 28 8054 170 634 68f 83 74 42 46 874 79} 43 47$ 634 Til 12 30 9207 180 67J 72% 87{ 781 48 484 92f 84 45} 604 67} 75$ 13 32 10326 190 71 76J 92} 82} 48 51 97} 884 47} 52} 71 79$ 14 34 11800 200 74f 80%, 97$ 87 j 51 534 102J 94} 49$ 54} 74} 83J 15 36 13300 The three-quarter housing pulley fans may be furnished right or left hand, of any desired discharge, or to discharge in two or more directions. Dimension "H" in above table refers to exhausters only. Blowers have two inlets, each with a diameter equal "H" in the next lower size of exhauster. 97 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus F.ull Housing Steel Plate Pulley Fan Left-hand Top Horizontal Discharge Pulley Fan. 98 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Standard Full Housing Steel Plate Pulley Fans BUFFALO STEEL PLATE FANS 'are primarily designed to deliver a maximum amount of air with a minimum expenditure of power. Upon the design of scroll of the housing, and the relative proportion of the blast wheel, together with its form, depends, not only the amount of air per horse power a steel plate fan is capable of delivering, but its quietness of operation. Inlets and outlets of a fan play a most important part in the question of economy of power. It will readily be seen, therefore, that it is a matter of vital importance that these details be perfectly in proportion. Whenever the inlets or outlets of a fan are mis- proportioned, i. | -1 RIGHT-HAND BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE WITH OVERHUNG PULLEY. SIZF; IN INCHES. A B c D E F G H J K L M N O WEIGHT 30 Hi 12} 14} lit 15} 16} 13} 141 if. lot Hi ' Hi 15} 3 7 242 35 134 14% 13J 18% 18% 16% 17 ' HI 131 134 174 3 7 300 40 15 174 194* 15% 20J 21f 184 19 .' 12] r 144 15 19 3 8 399 45 16} 22% 18 23% 24% 20% 214. 181 15; 16} 20} 3 8 526 50 55 19} 214" 23% 244 26% 20 22 26 28% 27 29% 23 25% 24} 26J 144 18. 184 19} 22} 24 4 4 9 9 654 734 60 22} 25J 29J 24% 314 32| 274. ill 19: 22} 264 5 10 814 70 26 30} 34} 281 36} 37} 32} 341 19 22' 26 30} 5 11 1158 80 29} 344 39} 32% 411 431 36J 394 21 241 29} 35 6 12 1457 90 334 39 44 36} 464 484 414 43} 23 264 334 38} 6 14 2143 100 37} 48j 48J 40% 514. 53J 461 46} 254 28J 37} 434 7 16 2525 110 41 47} 53} 56} 59} 50} 51} 28 31] 1 41 47} 7 18 3204 120 44} 521 584 48% 61J 644, 55f 55 30| 34 44} 51 8 20 3865 130 484 564 634 524 67 70 60 60} 33 364 484 64} 8 22 4939 140 52} 60J 684 56% 721 75f 643 64} 35J 39f 52} 59f 9 24 6105 150 56 65} 73} 60f 77} 80} 69} 694 374 42j r 56 64t 10 26 7556 Dimension "H" refers to exhausters only. Blowers have two inlets, each with a diameter equal "H" in the next lower size exhauster. Tables of capacities, pages 114 and 115. 101 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Fans, less than Eight Inches in Diameter, with Overhung Blast Wheels Left-hand Top Horizontal Discharge Pulley Fan. Right-hand Up Blast Discharge Pulley Fan. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Steel Plate Pulley Fans The engraving on the opposite page illustrates the type selected for all work where a pulley fan less than eighty inches in diameter, or one with an overhung wheel, is required. This style of fan is applied for a multitude of uses, such as blowing boiler fires, any work requiring comparatively large capacities of air at quite high pressures, and for handling hot air and gases. The construction throughout is very heavy and substantial. For the latter use, water-cooling boxes are provided where desired and so ordered. The wheel being overhung upon the shaft, leaves the inlet entirely unobstructed, and the water-cooling boxes prevent heating of the journals. These fans, while regularly built as exhausters, may also be furnished with two inlets or as a blower. Right or left-hand fans with any angle of discharge may be obtained. While the same general outside appearance as the planing-mill exhausters the wheels are constructed differently, being especially designed to handle large volumes of air with a minimum power expenditure. The boxes are adjustable and rigidly supported, and are of the well-known Buffalo patented oil-ring type. Buffalo Steel Plate Pulley Fans with overhung wheels are also built in the duplex types, i. e., two fans driven by a single pulley between, where especially fitted to a given duty. This double construction results in no gain of pressure over the single type, its chief merits residing in its smaller vertical dimension. The external dimensions of both the single and double exhausters are practically the same as those given in the table for the steel plate fans, and these are sufficiently close for approximate estimates of space required. Fans with overhung wheels in all sizes less than 80 inches are built as shown on the opposite page. Larger sizes are constructed as shown on page 104. Sizes larger than those given in the table can be built to order if desired. Drawings of dimensions in detail will be supplied upon request of prospective customer. The prime feature of the design of these exhausters, upon which letters patent have been obtained, is the ability to change the discharge of the machine by merely unloosening the bolts securing the case to the standard. The shell may then be turned to the desired discharge and again fastened to the standard. A right-hand bottom horizontal discharge, as shown by the engraving, changed to a top horizontal, would then become a left-hand machine. Both the single and double fans are built in the usual variety of discharges, which should be specified in ordering. The single exhausters are furnished either right or left hand. In the majority of applications of large steel plate fans for any service, considerable can be gained in convenience of arrangement and economy of operation by building full-housing fans of the three-quarter housing type with special angular discharges. While it is not wise to depart from our standard fan construc- tion, it is in many cases more convenient and more economical to employ a special angular discharge fan, and in some instances it is the only solution to the problem. These special discharge fans are arranged for driving by belt and pulley or with direct-connected steam engines. 103 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Fan, over Eighty Inches in Diameter, with Overhung Blast Wheel Left-hand Up Blast Discharge Steel Plate Pulley Fan. 104 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Full-Housing Buffalo Steel Plate Blowers and Exhausters RIGHT-HAND UP BLAST DISCHARGE PULLEY FANS WITH OVERHUNG BLAST WHEELS. SIZE IN INCHES. A B G D E F G H J K L M N O P PULLEY FACE DIAM. 30 'iH 12} 14} 13} 15} HJ 15} 14J 14} 10} 12 6} 8} 12 23} 3 6 35 134 14% 17% 16% 18J 131 18% 17 171 121 13} 71 101 14 274 3 7 40 15 174 194 181 22 15% 201 19 18% 14 15} Sf HI 151 30 3 8 45 161 wk 22% 20% 24} 18 23% 21f 20f 15J 17i 9} 12 16} 321 4 9 50 18* 214 24J 23 27 20 26 24} 22i 18 !!)< lOJ 131 18 351 4 10 55 19f 23% 26% 25% 29 22 28% 261 241 19 21} Hi 14i 19} 381 5 11 60 2l>'f 251 294 274 30J 24% 314 261 261 21} 24 121 151 204 40J 6 114 70 26 30} 34} 32} 37} 281 36} 341 27f 22 28 14} 161 23 451 7 12 80 29| 344 39J 36| 431 32% 41f 39J 29i 25 28 161 18 23 47 8 14 90 334 39 44 414 484 36} 464 43} 311 27 28 18} 191 23 481 9 16 100 37} 43| 481 461 531 40% 51| 46} 39} 28i 26 20J 24} 30 59} 10 18 110 41 47} 53} 50} 59} 441 56} 51} 411 31 26 22f 261 30 621 12 20 120 44} 52J 684 551 641 48% 611 55 43 33 26 24} 28 30 624 14 22 130 484 56* 631 60 70 52A 67 60} 45 37 26 261 30 30 661 16 24 Dimension "H" refers to exhausters only. Blowers have two inlets, each with a diameter equal "H" in the next lower size of exhauster. All dimensions are given in inches. Capacities on pages 114 and 115. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Chain-ring Self-oiling Bearings Cross Section through Bearing, showing the Oil Chamber, Chain-ring and end of Shaft. Sectional View of Chain-ring Oiling Bearing, showing the Shaft, Babbitt Lining, Chain-ring and Oil Chamber. 1 06 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Steel Plate Fan Wheels and Chain-ring Bearings BUFFALO CHAIN-RING BEARING is so well illustrated on the accompanying page, that a description of it is hardly necessary. This style of bearing has been employed upon all of the Buffalo Forge Company's apparatus, and has always given efficient service and entire satisfaction. In fact, purchasers often emphasize in their specifications that they want the genuine Buffalo Ring Bearings. In shaft bearings of considerable diameter the chain is more often used than the ring. It has been found by experience and tests that for larger diameter of shaft the chain hugs the shaft and gives slightly better distribution of oil than the ring. As will be readily appreciated, a more positive or perfect bearing for rapidly rotating parts does not exist. It has been employed upon all of our high speed engines, and where these have been installed in marine service where continuous operation at high speed was a necessary feature, the bearings have always stood the test, and have never given trouble with overheating. The device is entirely automatic in action, the oil being constantly carried around the shaft by the ring, as will be seen by reference to the cut; it is thus impossible for the bearings to be without lubrication while there is oil in the chamber. The oil is brought up upon the shaft by the action of the chain or ring, and runs along a slight groove cut in the babbitt bearing. It will be seen from the illustrations that arrangements are made for collecting any oil that may tend to work out of the bearing and return it to the oil chamber. This design makes a most efficient and economical oiling device. The ring operates perfectly quiet until the oil becomes low. When any noise is heard it may be taken as a signal for refilling. The bearings will run without injury for some time after the signal for refilling is noticed. BUFFALO STEEL PLATE BLAST WHEELS are illustrated on pages 108 and 109. Standard and Special Buffalo blast wheels are shown. Standard wheels have three forms of spiders, viz., single, double and triple spiders according to their diameter. These wheels are employed where it is desired to handle a large volume of air or gas at a moderate velocity, as a rule not exceeding one to one and a half ounces per square inch. In mechanical draft installations a special 'design of spider is often necessary. Sometimes the fan wheels are overhung from the engine bearing, and if the wheel be of considerable size the spider is offset so as to bring the hub nearer to the supporting bearing. The spider of standard fan wheels are constructed of heavy angle irons cast into a cast-iron hub. It is a rigid and splendid construction. Instead of using tee- irons in the spider construction of the special wheels, the design now followed, especially in the smaller special wheels, is to make the spider direct from the vane. The steel plate from which the vane is to be made is folded and bent in such a manner that a very strong and neat -looking backbone is formed. This crease or backbone is properly riveted and the hub is so constructed that the spider fits neatly into it. The hub and vane are then securely fastened together with rivets, and the whole wheel when finished presents a very neat appearance and is substantial and efficient. 107 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Steel Plate Fan Wheels Buffalo Standard Three Spider Wheel. Buffalo Standard Two Spider Wheel. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Steel Plate Fan Wheels Buffalo Standard Single Spider Wheel. Buffalo Special Single Spider Wheel. 109 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Effect of Resistance Upon Capacity. Plate VII 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 tew TWIH 1UM PRE - 3SUF H : : 7 | -| g| | ~ *, . ->^-; ~^ 4^ _ L_ -J^SyJ:* ,_ r^N. A m * m T EF :!Q '^ N - t;T ~ : "g^k. _. | , , .... . ^jj^ ..;-::-:- - n --: :^\j ; : .:-:^"sJ : : ';..:... is ^Mj^ij ~r r :.: : j:::: ;.] T7S ^ ; i 1L : LMEiii p^ iV 1 P^ A~ 1 ' I CL'RVE ~ PC," 'rEJjFE&IIC S SHOW THE : R TEEXHACSTEI FTJESISTAJVCEiUFOia CAf AC1TY. 1 ' 1 , ' ! ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ! ' ; '1 ~ iSS Sii V \ - ESISTANCES A( AINSTWHICH'A STANDARD STEEL (WILL WORKifT ANY SPEED AMD?THE3CORRESPOND1N :CAI AC1I tSA NU-T w 3TAI PRESSURE AS DETERMINED iY TEST. ;::tr-:: ;::: f": j::H:V:: ::: "p::: .: TT fs; __oi_L MS i r :: ~T" T" I ! "T ' ' ! _^_! '"' ' j : : : : : rr - .:!:::; gE - ;-;--,- ;:::;;:;- ""; ; ; ^,| : :::: ~ III ..::.; -uilii^ .:^-L:. ^^^i^__^i M ;: : -A ^- \ ^ :' - J \ 5' H ; :: \! ! i " ' : \ ! 1 ^ In; : . \ lil LEiMijpi ;_^ii ^ :iiMMIi_ r.BilFFAL ENGINEE O FORGE.C RING DEP, OMPJANY. 4RTMENT. 1 |-..:.f.^ :: ::^- ! : ;-: :; ' iiiHii]n;| ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 17( PERCENT OF CAPACITY AT MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY. Copyright looi in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Performance of Steel Plate Exhausters THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCE of a steel plate exhauster or other centrifugal fan, having a given rated capacity, is dependent first upon the temperature or density of the air or gases handled, and second, and more par- ticularly, upon the conditions or resistance against which it must operate. At free delivery, the fan will give its maximum capacity, since the resistance against which it works is zero and the velocity pressure is low. As the resistance against which the fan is to operate, such as friction of air piping and heater coils or (in mechanical draft) the friction of the air through the bed of fuel, is increased, we find the capacity is like- wise decreased, while the pressure and also the efficiency of the fan increase rapidly up to the point maximum efficiency. From this point the capacity decreases more rapidly than the pressure increases until we have reached a maximum pressure when the fan has ceased to discharge. Although the conditions under which a fan is required to operate are exceedingly varied, making it impossible to give any general rule or formula for determining size and speed of fan, yet where the conditions are known, it is always possible to select a fan of such size, which, when run at the proper peripheral speed, will give the desired capacity and pressure with a minimum amount of power, that is, a maximum efficiency of operation. The importance of adapting the size and speed of the fan to the best working conditions appeals most clearly and forcibly to the engineer and purchaser, when it is understood that the power consumed by a fan increases in proportion to the cube of the speed, and that there is a great loss in efficiency in running a fan at either above or below its rated capacity. It is ever the aim of our engineering department to secure for our clients the best results by a careful adaptation of our apparatus to working conditions. The curves on page no, show the effect of resistance upon the capacity. The curve marked "Resist- ance Head" shows the static pressure or resistance against which the fan is working. The curve marked ''Total Pressure" shows the total dynamic pressure and is equivalent to the static pressure plus the pressure corresponding to velocity. The horizontal spaces represent the performance of the fan at any peripheral speed, i. e., its capacity under the given conditions relative to its rated capacity as given in tables on pages 1 1 5 at the corresponding peripheral speed. The vertical spaces represent the pressures or heads produced under these conditions in per cent, of the pressure which should be secured at maximum efficiency, or rated pressure at that peripheral speed according to tables on page 115. For example, suppose that a fan run- ning at a certain peripheral speed is delivering 120% of its rated capacity at that speed; on curve marked "Total Pressure," we find the corresponding pressure to be 8iJ^% of the rated pressure at that speed, and the resistance which the fan is overcoming is only 45% of the total pressure which should be secured at maximum efficiency. Under-these conditions the fan consumes 2.22 times as much power per cubic foot of air delivered as would a fan properly proportioned for that pressure and volume. 12000 11000 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Performance of Steel Plate Exhausters. Plate VIII 3.00 2.80 2.60 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 .SO .60 ,40 .20 2.40 2.20 2.00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 PERIPHERAL SPEED, Copyright iqoj in U. S. and United Kingdom by Buffalo Force Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 112 7000 8000 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Performance of Steel Plate Exhausters The curves on page 112 are designed to show performance of any steel plate exhauster, relative to capac- ity and pressure at any peripheral speed, both at free delivery and when operated under conditions of maximum efficiency. It will be noted that the capacity is directly proportional to the peripheral speed, which is the velocity of the outer rim of the blast wheel and is expressed in feet per minute. Further, it may be seen that while the capacity at free delivery is somewhat greater than the capacity at maximum efficiency, the pressure at maximum efficiency is approximately double the pressure at free delivery. The curve exhibiting the free delivery pressure at 65 Fahr. also represent the pressure maintained for any peripheral speed at maximum efficiency at 525 F. or at approximately the temperature of boiler flue gases. The line marked "Inches Water Gauge" serves to convert pressure expressed in inches by the water gauge to ounces pressure and conversant. As an illustration of the use of these curves, let it be required to determine what the peripheral speed of the fan must be in order to give 1.5 inches water gauge, first using air at 65 F., and second, flue gases at approximately 525 F. We find on the line marked inches water gauge, corresponding to 1.5 in the column at the top of the page, a corresponding pressure .86 ounce. The corre- sponding point on the pressure point of maximum efficiency at 65 shows a peripheral speed of 4,700, and the capacity at maximum efficiency corresponding to this peripheral speed is 4,900 cubic feet of air per minute multiplied by a constant depending upon the size of the fan. If this pressure is desired in induced draft, we find that a peripheral speed of 6,400 on the curve pressure at maximum efficiency at 525 F. corresponds approximately to .86 ounce pressure or 1.5 inches water gauge and the capacity per square feet of blast is 6,600 cubic feet air per minute. GREAT ECONOMY OF POWER exists in moving a stated volume of air at a low velocity by a large fan as compared with the movement of the same quantity at a higher pressure by a smaller fan. A number of uses to which blowers are now applied with marked success require a large quantity of air at a comparatively high pressure. To accomplish the same work with one blower, we build a line of special fans. The dimensions and proportions are so varied as to fit them to a nicety for a given service. Where a heavy pressure of blast is called for, the fans are built with a much narrower wheel and with proportionately larger diameter. In ordering steel plate fans, invariably state whether blowers or exhausters are desired, and the hand and discharge required. The hand of a fan is determined by the pulley being on the right or left side of the machine, standing looking into the outlet. Several forms of discharge are clearly shown by the various engravings. GUARANTEE. Buffalo Steel Plate Blowers and Exhausters are guaranteed to be built of the best material and workmanship, in a thoroughly workmanlike manner, to run with minimum power, to be most durable, to be so proportioned as to give the greatest suction and expulsive force obtainable. 113 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Capacity of Steel Plate Fans with Free Inlet and Outlet SPEED OF FANS AND VOLUME OF AIR IN CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE AT 50 F. DISCHARGED INTO ATMOSPHERE WITH FREE INLET AND OUTLET AT VARIOUS PRESSURES IN OUNCES PER SQUARE INCH. SIZE IN INCHES. K Oz. PEES. 2585 VEL. X Oz. PRES. 3653 VEL. Y t Oz. PRES. 4472 VEL. 1 <)/,. I'llKS. 5161 VEL. 1!~ 07.. I'llKS. 6315 VKL. 2 Oz. PRES. 7284 VEL. I!KV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. 30 448 1570 634 2220 775 2720 896 3140 1096 3840 1264 4440 35 387 2130 548 3020 671 3700 775 4260 947 5210 KI'.H 6010 40 341 2800 481 3950 589 4830 686 5630 833 6830 960 7870 45 301 3440 430 4900 526 6000 607 6930 743 8480 957 /. PRKS. V4 Oz. PBEB. 4 Oz. PREB. 1 Oz. PRES. VA Oz. PRES. 2 Oz. PRES. SlZK 2585 VKI,. 3653 VEL. 4472 VEL. 5161 VEL. 6315 HKV. 7284 VEL. INCIIKH REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. 30 448 1059 634 1497 775 1833 896 2116 1096 2580 1264 2986 35 387 1447 584 2041 671 2500 775 2890 947 3475 1091 4080 40 341 1800 481 2625 589 3220 680 3710 833 4470 960 5240 45 301 2327 430 3292 526 4020 607 4640 743 5585 857 6550 50 276 2690 388 3800 475 4060 548 5360 671 6570 774 7570 55 251 3310 355 4680 434 5730 501 6600 613 8090 708 9320 60 230 4190 325 5920 398 7250 459 8320 561 10050 650 11800 70 197 5690 280 8040 342 9840 394 11340 482 13650 557 16010 80 173 7240 245 10210 300 12500 346 14450 423 17400 488 20400 90 154 9180 218 12950 267 15850 308 18300 381 22000 435 25800 100 139 11770 197 16610 240 20350 278 23500 340 28300 392 33200 110 127 14000 179 19750 219 24200 252 27950 309 33600 357 39400 120 116 17150 164 24200 201 29700 | 232 34300 284 41200 328 48300 130 107 19780 152 27900 186 34200 214 39500 262 47600 302 55800 140 100 23210 141 32800 173 40200 199 46400 244 55800 282 65500 150 94 26650 132 37700 162 46150 186 53200 228 65300 263 75100 160 88 30600 121 43250 151 53000 174 61100 214 74900 247 86200 170 82 34100 116 48100 142 59000 164 68100 201 83400 232 96000 180 78 38900 110 55000 135 67400 155 77700 190 95200 220 119500 190 74 44100 104 62300 128 76300 148 88000 180 106000 208 124000 200 70 49500 99 70000 121 85700 140 98900 171 119000 198 139500 210 67 54905 94 77700 115 94980 133 109440 163 134130 188 154710 220 64 , 61200 90 86460 110 105850 127 122060 156 149480 180 172410 230 61 67800 86 95800 105 117390 122 135480 149 165770 172 191200 240 58 74800 83 105700 101 129420 118 149360 143 182760 165 210650 250 56 82100 79 116050 97 142080 112 163960 137 200630 158 231410 260 54 88700 76 126700 93 155310 108 179240 132 212320 152 252970 270 52 97750 74 138100 90 169130 104 195190 127 238830 146 275480 280 50 106100 71 149920 87 183530 100 211810 122 259170 141 298930 290 48 114700 68 161900 84 198470 97 229040 118 280260 136 323640 300 47 123700 66 1 74790 81 213990 94 246950 114 302170 132 348540 310 45 133000 64 188130 78 230170 91 265630 110 325030 128 374910 320 44 142700 62 201900 76 246850 88 284890 107 348590 124 402080 330 43 152800 60 215900 74 264470 85 305220 104 373470 120 430770 340 41 162900 58 230500 72 282000 82 325450 101 398220 116 459330 350 40 173700 57 245500 70 300470 80 346770 98 424300 113 489410 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Standard Steel Plate Cone Wheel Furnished with Pulleys or Buffalo Direct-attached Engines. n6 Buffalo Mechanical Draft Apparatus Standard Steel Plate Cone Fans BUFFALO STEEL PLATE CONE FANS possess distinct advantages over other fans or disc wheels. They obviate back air currents and utilize the centrifugal force of the fan blades, with the result that they have large capacities and are economical of power. They will deliver air against reasonable resistance, often being employed to force air against a resistance of two and one-half ounces. Cone fans are most efficient when used as eduction fans for ventilating a large space and at the same time producing a pressure upon the air in a closed stoke room with the result of obtaining both ventilation and forced draft with the same cone fan. The form of the Buffalo cone wheel was adapted after exhaustive experimenting to determine the most efficient pattern, and as a direct consequence of this the power consumption for moving any given volume of air is a minimum for this style of fan. The circumferential scroll is of heavy steel plate reinforced with wrought iron bands. The wheels are made very rigid and brought to a perfect running balance. Buffalo cone fans are built so that the top will turn to the right or left as one stands facing the inlet, and either to be driven by pulley or by direct-connected fan engine. DIMENSIONS IN INCHES, ALSO SPEEDS AND CAPACITIES IN CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE AT 50 F. DISCHARGED INTO ATMOSPHERE WITH FREE INLET AND OUTLET AT VARIOUS PRESSURES. BiS- . k, i Oz. PRES. i Oz. PRKS. J Oz. PRKB. 1 Oz. PRES. H Oz. PR KB. 2 Oz. PRES. l<5 S * - Hj.3* PULLEY. 2585 VEL. 3653 VEL. 4472 VEL. 5161 VEL. 6315 VEL. 7284 VEL. c - *<- * o* = - 1)1 AM. FACE. asv, VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. REV. VOL. 30 11 7* 22} 8 3 329 3226 465 4559 570 5581 657 6441 804 7881 928 9090 36 12 9 27* 9 4 275 4652 388 6575 475 8049 547 9290 670 11367 773 13111 42 13* 10* 30 9 4 235 6328 332 8942 407 10957 469 12634 574 15459 662 17831 48 15 12 36 j 10 5 205 8272 291 11682 356 14310 410 16515 502 20208 579 23309 54 16 13* 38 J 11 ,5 183 10464 259 14787 316 18102 365 20892 446 25563 515 29485 (ill 17 15 42| 12 6 165 12926 233 18265 285 22360 329 25805 402 31575 ! 464 36420 66 18 16J 17 14 6 1 1(1 15634 211 22093 258 27056 298 31214 365 38193 422 44053 72 20 18 52 18 7 137 18612 194 26301 238 32198 274 37159 335 45468 386 52445 84 23} 21