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GENERAL 
 
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THE CHANGE OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS 
 THE BIBLE. By Joseph Henry Thayer, 
 Professor of Criticism and Interpretation of the 
 New Testament in the Divinity School of Har- 
 vard University. 8vo, paper, 25 cents ; cloth, 50 
 cents. 
 
 Professor Thayer's little book is peculiarly timely, being 
 full of suggestion in reference to matters just now in con- 
 troversy, notably in the Presbyterian church. Its scholarly 
 character and reverent spirit commend it to all thoughtful 
 and candid minds. — The Nation (New York). 
 
 The spirit of the book is reverent, its scholarship is ex- 
 pert, and its conclusions are not easy to be refuted. — The 
 Congregationalist {Boston). 
 
 Professor Thayer presents in a very reverent spirit many 
 truths which ministers at least should ponder. — Zion's 
 Herald {Boston). 
 
 HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY, 
 
 Boston and New York. 
 
BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 ain %bt^m^ 
 
 TO WHICH IS APPENDED A LIST OF BOOKS FOR 
 STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT 
 
 BY 
 
 JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, D. D., Litt. D. 
 
 BUSSEY PROFESSOR OF NEW TeStAMENT .CRITICISM AND INTERPRETATION 
 IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
 
 BOSTON AND NEW YORK 
 HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 
 
 1893 
 
.-^ 
 
 A/ 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 
 Copyright, 1890 and 1893, 
 Bt JOSEPH HENRY THAYER. 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. 
 Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co. 
 
/ 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 The following address on " Books and Their Use, from a 
 Professional Point of View," was given, except a few para- 
 graphs omitted for want of time, before the Harvard Divin- 
 ity School at the opening of the present academic year in 
 September. The purpose for which it was prepared will 
 explain, and if need be apologize for, its colloquial character 
 and the occasional freedom of its comments. 
 
 The List which follows it is a small selection of titles from 
 a very voluminous literature. It has been drawn up, not for 
 the professional bibliographer, but to meet the practical 
 wants of the average theological student. This aim has 
 affected both the selection and its proportions : has led to the 
 mention of some books which, though not of the highest 
 excellence, are peculiarly accessible or especially serviceable; 
 and again, has caused the titles to be multiplied sometimes 
 under the more recondite subjects as well as under the more 
 important. The "Miscellaneous Topics" appended are 
 specimens of subjects treated by my students in private 
 essays or at social evening discussions. 
 
 To economize space, the title of a book, having been once 
 given in full, is generally referred to afterwards in an abbre- 
 viated form, the full title being ascertainable by turning to 
 
 101465 
 
6 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 the page (or pages in the case of more than one book by the 
 same author) designated in the Index by a full-faced numeral. 
 The references have been restricted, for the most part, to 
 books or other separate publications; for discussions in Re- 
 views, the student must consult Poole (see p. 42) and the 
 special Indexes to the several periodicals. 
 
 The outside dimensions of the books are given in centime- 
 tres ; but fractions of the same have been disregarded. The 
 prices named are taken mostly from the publishers' cata- 
 logues; those appended to many of the older foreign books 
 are merely approximate. In adjusting foreign coinage to 
 our currency, the shilling and the mark (100 Pfennige) may 
 be roughly reckoned at twenty-five cents, and the franc at 
 twenty. The cost of importation, however, varies with 
 methods and dealers. Several of the foreign firms (the 
 Messrs. Macmillan, Longman, CasseU, Bagster) have branch 
 houses or special agents in this country. 
 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
 October, 1892. 
 
BOOKS AND THEIR USR 
 
 Almost every one interested in books has been possessed 
 at some time with the desire to gather for himseM a library, 
 — a comparatively harmless kind of possession. It affords 
 diversion, and, like the promiscuous collection of postage- 
 stamps, coins, and the like, may bring to the accumulator 
 not a little incidental instruction. But the engrossing work 
 of life, and the limited resources of most of us, generally 
 hold this disease well in check. 
 
 To be distinguished from the professional collector's greed, 
 however, is the legitimate love of ownership. This is whole- 
 some. Occasionally a student recoils so thoroughly from 
 the sophomoric ambition to own a large library as to pride 
 himseK on getting along without books, doing his own think- 
 ing, as he calls it ; about which much the same sort of fus- 
 tian may be talked as about self-made men. But soon there 
 grows up in a healthy mind quite a different feeling. It is 
 not the book merely, but my edition, my copy, of it which I 
 prize. Part of my intellectual history lies buried in its 
 pages. The very sight of it starts anew impulses and reflec- 
 tions which it originated. Stimulus and assurance come to 
 my wavering soul every time I turn its leaves. One would 
 part with his copy of such a book almost as reluctantly as he 
 would break with an old friend. There are volumes, more- 
 over, about which no tender sentiments gather, but which 
 the most impecunious student would blush not to own, — 
 
8 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 volumes, in the treatment of which he can indulge his prefer- 
 ences ; mark and annotate at will ; humor his taste or help his 
 memory by his own index of their contents, record of criti- 
 cisms which approve themselves to him, and references to 
 other writers who have treated the same topics. To ask a 
 man to lend such a book is like asking to borrow his razor 
 or his coat. 
 
 The ownership of a book is often salutary morally, — by 
 reminding one of unfulfilled purposes ; of fields of learning 
 which he promised himseK to explore, but has never made 
 time to enter ; of scholarly duties he neglects to perform. I 
 have known men whose dusty Hebrew Bible was thus a means 
 of grace to them; and others in whose case this means of 
 grace was so long abused that, like other abused privileges, 
 it resulted in judicial hardening. Good books owned but 
 imused act as intellectual goads ; just as a visit to our univer- 
 sity library will reduce the inflated conceit of wisdom to a 
 hopeful condition of collapse. 
 
 Just what books are to be included in the private library, 
 as it may with strictest propriety be called, every man 
 must, in the end, decide for himself. There are certain 
 books, to be sure, about which there can be no question, — 
 books which are tools, — the Bible, the Dictionary, the Con- 
 cordance, Shakespeare. One would as soon expect to find a 
 carpenter without a hammer or a saw, as a student without 
 such necessary implements of his calling. But apart from 
 the necessary implements of the craft, books may be said to 
 have a relative as well as an intrinsic worth. Men's topics 
 and methods of study vary, and cannot always be foreseen 
 by them, still less by others. I remember once advising a 
 student, who afterwards went as a missionary to Japan, to 
 buy, among other books, "The Englishman's Greek Concor- 
 dance," which cost at that time — before the publication of 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POmT OF VIEW. 9 
 
 Hudson's — some seven or eight dollars. Not long after- 
 wards I received from him an emphatic admonition — for 
 the benefit of other confiding inquirers — on the in judicious- 
 ness of my advice. That he has more than once since asked 
 that advice may possibly indicate some change of judgment 
 on his part, or at any rate that not all my suggestions seemed 
 to him as wide of the mark as this one. But it is undeniably 
 true that a book eminently serviceable to one man, another 
 will find little use for. Accordingly, only general advice 
 about buying can be safely given. It would be interesting to 
 learn how many identical volumes were included in the lists 
 of the "one hundred best books" which some of the jour- 
 nals, with more enterprise than discretion, solicited not long 
 ago from leading literary men. 
 
 1. Nevertheless, with due allowance for personal differ- 
 ences, a few hints may be ventured upon. For instance, it 
 holds true, in general, that the books out of which other 
 books are made are the best books to own, viz., the recognized 
 authorities on the main professional topics, and especially 
 the best encyclopaedias and works of reference. Both these 
 classes of books, however, illustrate the instability of all 
 things human, — the best authority to-day is liable to be 
 superseded to-morrow ; and as for encyclopaedias and works 
 of reference, they have so multiplied of late as to bid fair of 
 themselves well nigh to exhaust a minister's book fund. 
 
 The advantages of a good encyclopaedia, however, are 
 obvious : it is a small library in itself, — a library, moreover, 
 written for the most part by specialists ; and by its copious 
 bibliographical references putting one on the track of the 
 principal works relating to any subject which he may wish to 
 study more in detail. But even some of the best of them are 
 singularly indifferent in certain respects to a student's con- 
 venience. Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible," to be sure, as 
 reedited in this country by Drs. Hackett and Abbot, with its 
 
10 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 copious added literary references and admirable Biblical in- 
 dex, is still superior to any other help of the sort in Christen- 
 dom, — although, alas, it already needs supplementing. The 
 other dictionaries, too, in the same series, viz., the Smith 
 and Cheetham "Dictionary of Christian Antiquities," in 2 
 volumes, the Smith and Wace " Dictionary of Christian Bio- 
 graphy," in 4 volumes, are foundation stones in a library; 
 although a half -indignant surprise is felt at the absence of 
 even an alphabetical list of the articles they contain, the 
 more especially when, as in the case of the " Dictionary of 
 Christian Antiquities," the contents are of a miscellaneous 
 and somewhat capricious choice. Such a general encyclo- 
 paedia, also, as the Britannica, in its 9th edition, is of great 
 value to the professional student by reason of the prominence 
 it gives to Biblical topics, though here again he is surprised 
 and annoyed that old-world traditionalism has adhered to 
 the cumbersome 4to form of the volumes. Passing over to 
 the Continent we meet the 18 volumes of the second edition 
 of the "Real-Encyclopadie," begim by Herzog, unfortunately 
 in its index much inferior to the earlier edition; Kaulen's 
 new edition (now appearing) of " Wetzer und Welte; " Meu- 
 sel's "Kirchliches Handlexicon" (also still incomplete); the 
 "Handlexikon," in 3 volumes, lately published by Perthes; 
 and, to pass to works which restrict themselves to Biblical 
 topics, Schenkel's " Bibel-Lexikon " in 5 volumes; Eiehm's 
 " Handworterbuch des Biblischen Altertums," in 2 volumes, 
 just undergoing revision; the "Biblisches Handworterbuch," 
 in 1 volume, issued by the Calw publishing society. 
 
 In spite of any or all drawbacks, such books are to be 
 coveted ; and most of those named a reaUy economical book- 
 buyer may aspire to own. 
 
 2. But let me follow up my hint by a few more specific 
 suggestions designed to aid in the purchase of Commentaries 
 and other works treating of the Bible. 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 11 
 
 There has come about, indeed, in recent years a marked 
 abatement of scholarly interest in the detailed study of Scrip- 
 ture. Singularly enough, while the scrutiny of the classical 
 texts is growing more and more minute, the interest of the 
 average student in Biblical details is sensibly on the wane. 
 Such things, it is said, may be left to specialists. The 
 preacher's concern is with the gospel of to-day. Even 
 religious journals occasionally go so far as to assert that, 
 since the appearance of our Revised English Bible, the study 
 of the Greek and Hebrew texts is for the ordinary pastor a 
 waste of time. This change in the estimate of Biblical stud- 
 ies is due, no doubt, in part to the doctrinal readjustments 
 going on in the theological wc^ld, and especially to the reac- 
 tion against unwarrantable claims respecting the nature and 
 methods of revelation. But we need not enter into the dis- 
 cussion of its causes here. Suffice it to say that, while I 
 believe that a Christian minister cannot be ignorant of Bibli- 
 cal criticism and philology and long hold the respect of his 
 people as an educated man, I am also sure that it is not ne- 
 cessary for him to be an expert in either; the textual critic 
 and philologist is neither a theologian nor a pastor. 
 
 I will not tell tales, — as I might without going out of 
 school, — I will not tell tales about men who, under the 
 actual work of the ministry, have been so goaded by some 
 over-curious layman or Sunday-school teacher as to feel com- 
 pelled to write back here for information which, while mem- 
 bers of the school, they might have had without the asking. 
 Sooner or later, for one reason or another, I believe you will 
 come — even those of you who now think of the Bible merely 
 as a book to take a motto-text from — to desire occasional 
 help in getting at its meaning. 
 
 One of the most learned men we have had in Cambridge 
 for a generation, — a man who received the doctorate in 
 divinity and held a professorship in this school, although he 
 
12 BOOKS AJSTD THEIR USE 
 
 was a layman and never studied in any theological seminary, 
 
 — got his learning by concentrated study of the Bible. He 
 had held, indeed, a librarian's post in two of the amplest 
 collections of books in this vicinity, and had an expert's 
 acquaintance with the editions of the leading authors in many 
 literatures; but his learning^ those solid acquisitions which 
 led men even to take long journeys to consult him, was 
 acquired by the early and incessant and first-hand study of 
 his New Testament, and the prosecution of the critical, ar- 
 chaeological, literary, historical, researches which that study 
 involved. Not every Biblical student, to be sure, has the 
 aptitude or the opportunity for the exceptional attainments 
 of that exceptional man; indeed, the needs of the average 
 pastor prescribe imperatively other lines of study also. Yet 
 whatever he may or may not know, he must know his Bible, 
 
 — its contents, its history, its uses, — or he knows nothing 
 as he ought to know it. And the eminent example of wide 
 learning to which I have ventured to refer is a complete refu- 
 tation of the notion that concentrated Biblical study will have 
 a narrowing effect. The man of one book becomes of neces- 
 sity the man of many books when that book is the Bihlio- 
 tJieca Divina, — the divine library, — as our Bible was earli- 
 est and most happily called. 
 
 But to my suggestions : — 
 
 a. Invest but sparingly in denominational works. The 
 man who is first a denominationalist and then a Christian is 
 a pretty poor type of the latter; but the principle holds truer 
 yet of books and scholarship. A man under the promptings 
 of a healthy Christian heart may be much better than his 
 creed ; but a printed page is cold-blooded and unrelenting, 
 
 — never becomes for the moment imdenominational through 
 seK-forgetfulness. 
 
 I would not say that no scholarly books bear the imprint 
 of a denominational publishing house. Many works, espe- 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 13 
 
 cially in antiquities and dogmatics, would disprove the asser- 
 tion. But a denominational commentary is another thing. 
 Every Protestant sect professes to find the warrant for its 
 peculiarities, nay, the very reason for its existence, in the 
 sacred volume. A sectarian commentary, accordingly, is in 
 so far discredited on its very face. The denominational sub- 
 sidy, indeed, sometimes insures the publication of books which 
 without such aid might never see the light. Broadus on Mat- 
 thew is an example, — a book, the denominationalism of 
 which is of a mild, tolerant type, and which is probably the 
 best commentary in English on that Gospel. But what we 
 want in a commentary is help in understanding the sacred 
 author. The commentator must make it his single aim to 
 give us the writer's thought, — nothing more, nothing less, 
 nothing other. Hence it sometimes even happens that a 
 commentator who personally repudiates the Biblical writer's 
 thought may aid us more in getting at it, than an inter- 
 preter who feels bound to make it square with his private 
 opinions. Every interpreter has, indeed, his conscious or 
 unconscious bias, — the "personal equation;" but when he 
 superadds to that the avowed advocacy of a particular set of 
 modern opinions, avoid him. 
 
 6. Again. Do not spend much money on the so-called 
 "popular" works. The attention given of late to concerted 
 Biblical study, the rivalry of "schemes" and "plans," to 
 say nothing of publishers, has led to the multiplication of 
 superficial works in the form of so-called "Helps." Some 
 of these deal directly with the text, others are of a more gen- 
 eral character. Such books as Matthew Arnold's "Isaiah 
 xl.-lxvi., with the Shorter Prophecies allied to it," Buch- 
 anan Blake's "How to read the Prophets," and "How to 
 read Isaiah," Farrar's "Messages of the Books," may serve 
 as representatives of the latter class; while the Cambridge 
 Bible for Schools, Ellicott's "English Commentary," Schaff's 
 
14 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 "Popular" or "International Commentary,'* are creditable 
 specimens of the former. 
 
 Now I do not mean to speak slightingly of this kind of 
 books. Many of them contain good work, and are servicea- 
 ble in their way and place. General works like those named 
 are of value in emphasizing the truth that the Bible is not 
 merely one book, but many ; that the right understanding and 
 use of it requires attention to the chronological sequence, the 
 historic and literary relations, of its several parts. Many a 
 young person may get new interest in it, and learn much, 
 from merely such a selection and arrangement of its contents 
 as is given by Professors Bartlett and Peters. Books of the 
 sort are especially in place in a parish library. Specimens 
 of them, as well as of their companion class, the so-called 
 popular commentary, will be found on our shelves. But 
 they are not substantial enough to constitute the bulk of a 
 minister's exegetical library. 
 
 Let me make express exception, however, in favor of one 
 class of books, which otherwise may perhaps be associated 
 with those just named: I mean scholarly translations. A 
 good translation is an epitome of many commentaries, the 
 condensed result of careful exegetical study. Even a slight 
 modification of the old language will often light up obscuri- 
 ties in our current version. Read the Minor Prophets, for 
 example, or still better, the Book of Job, in the Revision. 
 Several of the scholarly modern translations are prized pos- 
 sessions in many a clerical library. Take Noyes's New Tes- 
 tament, for instance, or Darby's, or even Davidson's, in 
 English, and Weizsacker's in German; and for the Old 
 Testament those of De Wette, Zunz, or the new work now 
 appearing under the editorship of Kautzsch, while among 
 French translations those of Arnaud, Oltramare, Stapfer, 
 Reuss may be named. Any minister will find himself repaid 
 by the best works of this class. They are serviceable in 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 16 
 
 giving a vivid bird's-eye view of a Biblical book, if read 
 through, like any other book, at a sitting. They are useful 
 as a preliminary to study and in summing up the results of 
 study. They help a man to correct that loss of the sense 
 of proportion apt to result from prolonged scrutiny of par- 
 ticulars, and which often discourages a beginner and prevents 
 him from seeing the wood for the trees. 
 
 c. Again. Shun encyclopaedic commentaries. The value 
 of a work on exegesis is not measured by its size. It is 
 Lowell, I believe, who somewhere advises a man to read 
 everything into a book which it is capable of holding, — a 
 good rule in the case of poetry, perhaps, but a pestilent prac- 
 tice in reference to Scripture. He is a poor commentator 
 who brings anything into his book which is not connected 
 with the text naturally. The Bible has been put to such 
 varied uses, especially under Protestantism ; has become the 
 perennial source of so many effusions, doctrinal, controver- 
 sial, ethical, devotional, literary, that a commentator who 
 does not possess a sharply defined and scientific conception 
 of his province is in danger of regarding himself as holding 
 a roving commission over the whole realm of religious litera- 
 ture. Just as sundry mediaeval interpreters thought them- 
 selves the more meritorious the more meanings they could 
 find in every passage, and accordingly had their " multiplex 
 senses, " — the literal, the historical, the parabolical, the alle- 
 gorical, the aetiological, and Heaven knows what, — so, even 
 in modern times, certain works have been produced which 
 bring together nearly everything which anybody has associated 
 with Holy Writ. The late Professor Lange, to be sure, the 
 author of one of the best-known and by no means most objec- 
 tionable books of this class, does not call it a commentary, but 
 a "Bibelwerk." You remember that Robert Hall, on hearing 
 a Welshman exclaim, "How I wish Dr. Gill had written in 
 Welsh! " responded, "I wish he had; for then I should never 
 
16 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 have read him." Such a wish is futile in the case of Lange; 
 his work has been reproduced in twenty -five octavo volumes, 
 of some six hundred pages each. Although, like all the pro- 
 ductions of many collaborators, its parts ditf er in merit, it is 
 as a whole a conspicuous — I would I might also say the last — 
 specimen of misdirected labor in the name of exegesis. A 
 man seeking help from it, on a specific point, must often 
 work his way through notes "textual and grammatical, " 
 "exegetical and critical," "doctrinal and ethical," " homileti- 
 cal and practical," till he is glad to put the volume back 
 upon the shelves, and escape without distraction from its 
 "avalanches of impertinencies. " Some of its matter (if I 
 may continue to speak of it as a representative of its class) 
 is worse than useless, — positively injurious. I refer to its 
 aids to preachers in the shape of plans of sermons. That 
 whole section of the work impresses me always as a kind of 
 homiletical junk-shop. A second-hand "skeleton" is one of 
 the least valuable of possessions — to an ordinary man. It 
 is in defiance of nature that he tries to make it his o^vn. Of 
 course I do not mean to deny all interest and value to mate- 
 rial of this sort. It is instructive to a student of homiletics 
 as showing the number and variety of topics which different 
 minds at different times have drawn from the same Scrip- 
 tural passage. The wealth of thought, too, the fertilizing 
 power, hidden in certain choice Biblical sayings, is strikingly 
 illustrated by the very carefully selected homiletic matter 
 given in the commentary by Professor Broadus already men- 
 tioned. But the use of such helps in sermon-writing is par- 
 alyzing. The perpetual use of crutches will transform a well 
 man into a cripple. 
 
 I would not have you infer that no commentary is worth 
 buying which does not restrict itself to the bare philological 
 and exegetical demands of the text. This is notoriously not 
 the case. Some of the most valuable and standard works 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 17 
 
 — Tholuck's "Sermon on the Mount," for instance — are 
 not constructed on the principle of utmost self-restraint. 
 
 So certain recent commentaries by princely expositors — 
 notably those on some of the Pauline Epistles by the late 
 Bishop Lightfoot, those on the Hebrews and the writings of 
 St. John by his friend and successor, Bishop Westcott — 
 contain extended discussions, in the form of "Excursuses" 
 or "Detached Notes," of topics incidentally started by the 
 Biblical author, but which one would hardly expect to find 
 elaborately discussed in a commentary: for instance, the 
 dissertations on Essenism, on the fictitious correspondence 
 between St. Paul and Seneca, on the Celtic origin of the 
 Galatians, in the volumes by Lightfoot; or those on the 
 relations between Christianity and art, on pre-Christian 
 sacrifices and priesthood, etc., in those by Westcott. 
 
 The "Bible Commentary," too, or "Speaker's Commen- 
 tary," as it is commonly called, in its disquisitions on Lep- 
 rosy, the Relations between the Israelites and Egypt, etc., 
 gives the results of considerable research in summary form. 
 There is much matter of the sort, also, in the two volumes of 
 this work devoted to the Apocryphal books; which, indeed, 
 with Professor Bissell's earlier work, are almost the only 
 resource of the student in English relative to those books. 
 In fact, even Lange, as reedited in this country, contains 
 some noteworthy discussions (like that by Dr. Schaff on 
 Eomans v. 12-21), which it would be ungrateful to seem 
 to slight. Nor will it do to depreciate the service rendered 
 by those commentators who trace out the history of interpre- 
 tation, as Hupfeld, for example, has done in his work on the 
 Psalms ; though this has more value, of course, for the special 
 inquirer than for the general student. Accordingly, the 
 imperfect summaries of such information imbedded by Meyer 
 in his exposition have been wisely reduced to footnotes by 
 his present editor, Professor Weiss. I merely mean to 
 
18 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 guard you against the fallacy of supposing that the more 
 inclusive and the more comprehensive a vs^ork on the Bible 
 is, the more valuable. A work is appearing at present (which, 
 however, I have not examined) that claims to be enriched 
 with the spoils of three thousand publications, and for the 
 dissemination of which a special firm has been incorporated. 
 It boasts that it " is not merely comprehensive, but . . . all- 
 inclusive." That it abounds in edifying reading I would not 
 question. But — I sincerely hope no one of you has taken 
 the agency of it for Cambridge. 
 
 It is a kind of corollary from what has been said to add 
 that there are few works on the entire Bible, or, indeed, 
 either of the Testaments, by any single expositor, which are 
 of eminent or equal merit throughout. Even in the case of 
 expositors of rare insight like Calvin (whose notes on the 
 Psalms Professor Hupfeld used to recommend to his classes), 
 an enterprising book-buyer will be apt to content himself 
 with the ownership of that work and the commentary on the 
 Eomans. Bengal's volume of seed thoughts, Reuss on the 
 Old Testament and the New, are exceptions which prove the 
 rule. In modern times we have favorite commentaries on the 
 entire New Testament by De Wette and Alford. But the 
 latter, notwithstanding the great improvement it underwent 
 in its successive editions, discloses in spots the diverse merits 
 of the several German commentators of which its notes were 
 often a free reproduction; while De Wette's work, in the 
 portion devoted to the Gospels, is so stunted by the waver- 
 ing and discrediting critical theories current when it was 
 written, that his compact, strong treatment of the Epistles 
 — the Eomans, for instance — seems like the work of an- 
 other man. The " Hand-Book " which goes under the name 
 of Meyer elicited, even during his lifetime, the cooperation 
 of three collaborators before reaching its completion ; and its 
 ever-improving reproduction has enlisted the labor of eight 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 19 
 
 additional expositors. Even when a mere summary of the 
 best exegetical results is all that is professedly attempted, — 
 as, for example, in the case of the new " Hand-Commentar " 
 (4 volumes), — such workmen as Holtzmann and Lipsius, 
 having at their command the labors of a lifetime, associate 
 two younger workmen with them. 
 
 d. But another class of works on the Bible which it is 
 prudent to buy with reserve consists of those which under- 
 take to rearrange and combine the Biblical books into an 
 organic whole. 
 
 Our Bible, as has been intimated already, is, in both its 
 divisions, a miscellaneous aggregation of writings by differ- 
 ent authors, put together without. much regard to the date or 
 the circumstances of their origin. One of the tasks of Bib- 
 lical scholarship is to transform this somewhat promiscuous 
 collection of materials into an organism, to detect the mutual 
 relations of the several parts of this body of literature, and 
 the law of growth under which they originated. 
 
 In the case of the New Testament, as you know, Baur was 
 one of the first to address himseK resolutely to this task; 
 and his attempted solution of the problem constitutes the 
 theory of early Christianity which bears his name. That 
 theory, though containing important elements of truth, soon 
 showed itself to be inadequate. Even his pupils, one and 
 another of them, tried their hands at modifications and sub- 
 stitutes. The problem still waits for an accepted solution. 
 Hence books which propose or, as is far oftener the ease, 
 assume solutions are to be built into a private library with 
 caution. They are immensely interesting, for they treat 
 matters prominent in every Biblical student's thoughts. 
 Works on Biblical theology, as they are, rather than on 
 exegesis, they contain (from Neander's "Planting and Train- 
 ing," etc., down to the most recent books by Weizsacker and 
 Pfleiderer) much that is suggestive exegetically. They often 
 
20 BOOKS AND THEIB USE 
 
 put old texts in a new light. But they are better to read, I 
 think, than to own. The very fact that they are dominated 
 by a theory foredooms them in all probability to serious re-ad- 
 justment. They take up into themselves altogether too much 
 of those little systems that have their day and cease to be. 
 One does not have to live very long to outlive books which 
 in their time were thought to contain the last word on these 
 debated Biblical topics, — the "Zas^" word, but, unfortu- 
 nately, not the final word. One danger from them lies in 
 their very popularity, which is due to the natural desire to 
 settle long-standing problems. Caution is the more obliga- 
 tory, because those who look to you for instruction are al- 
 ready exercised about these matters, and asking eager ques- 
 tions which as yet cannot be positively answered. It is hard 
 to hold uncertain matters in suspense ; but it is only doing 
 harm, and making work, to build on doubtful speculations 
 as though they were facts. 
 
 That I am not over-cautious here appears from a recent 
 case which I may, therefore, be allowed to specify. I allude 
 to a little work on the " Origin and Relations of the First 
 Three Gospels," by Professor J. Estlin Carpenter, which ap- 
 peared early in 1890, and has already gone through several 
 editions, I believe, in its native country. It is a book of 
 great attractiveness, contains some original work and new 
 opinions. Everybody interested in the topic it treats should 
 read it. But strange to say, it is issued for use in Sunday- 
 schools ! Now, it is not a crime, but it is a blunder, to give 
 out with assurance to youthful minds views which have yet 
 to run the gauntlet of criticism, — views resting on the quiet 
 assumption of doubtful matters, the positive assertion of 
 matters of opinion as though they were matters of fact, the 
 autocratic exclusion of materials which fail to harmonize. I 
 am characterizing the hoolc^ notice, not its author, — who is 
 held in highest esteem by those who know him, and who is 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 21 
 
 certainly among the most charming of living English writers 
 on Biblical topics. The characteristics of this book cleave of 
 necessity in some degree to every other of the sort, in the 
 present stage of Biblical science. 
 
 But it is the reactionary effect of such books on their own- 
 ers which chiefly concerns us now. Anybody who has had 
 occasion to watch the changing fashions of criticism can call 
 to mind one person and another who, in the first jubilant 
 exercise, perhaps, of his thinking faculties upon inherited 
 opinions about the Bible, caught up with avidity the view 
 that happened to be the vogue among the so-called "ad- 
 vanced " critics, and still clings to it. You meet him years 
 afterwards and you find him still holding that the Tiibingen 
 "motley 's the only wear." He reminds you of one of those 
 venerable survivals of a bygone style of dress sometimes seen 
 in our streets. For in critical theories the rhymester's advice 
 is as good as respecting fashions in clothes : — 
 
 " Be not the first by whom the new are tried, 
 Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." 
 
 And in the one case, as in the other, the surest way to escape 
 the ludicrousness of appearing with them after they are 
 antiquated is never to lay in a large stock at once. 
 
 e. But once more, and positively. Buy only such com- 
 mentaries as you are not likely soon to outgrow; conse- 
 quently, the most thorough and scholarly extant. Unfortu- 
 nately the majority of these are of foreign origin, though 
 many have been reproduced in English. The punctilious 
 thoroughness of the better works of this class is apt to be dis- 
 couraging at first to an unprofessional mind ; the microscopic 
 minuteness wearisome, the multiplicity of details confusing, 
 the procession of interpretations that never occurred to him 
 distracting; so that, on the first trial, he may lay down the 
 book uncertain not only just what his passage means, but 
 
22 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 even whether anybody can reach a reasonably assured opinion 
 about it. But let him not be impatient. Such a book is a 
 book to grow to. Its very richness is what embarrasses him. 
 It is not to be read through continuously any more than the 
 dictionary. Ordinarily he should not consult it till the need 
 for help is felt, and even then he should first define that need 
 to himself as sharply as possible. A man ought to read his 
 Greek Testament as he does his Shakespeare, letting it speak 
 for itself. If doubtful what the language means, let him try 
 to resolve his doubts unaided. But when he is in perplexity, 
 or when he has formed a provisional opinion and wants to 
 test it, — in a word, when he has a distinct desire for specific 
 information, he wiU seek it with zest. Knowing what he 
 wants, he wiU know when he finds it. He will bless the toil- 
 some critic who, in patiently weighing every construction of 
 which the passage is rationally capable, has considered Ms, 
 though it be to him as yet only a query. The comment, it 
 may be, will reassure him, and increase his confidence in his 
 own scholarship and insight. May be it will humble him, 
 by convicting him of grave thoughtlessness or oversight. In 
 either event it wiU end by exalting him as a student, and 
 exalting itself in his respect and attachment. 
 
 It is not superfluous to say, that a thoroughly satisfactory 
 book must enable its user to get at what it contains with as 
 little outlay of time and patience as possible. Some recent 
 commentaries even are strangely inconsiderate in this respect. 
 The commentary by Holtzmann, Lipsius, and the rest, al- 
 ready mentioned, is an instance. The large, broad, solidly 
 printed page presents a typographical sea which is not allur- 
 ing to plunge into, even with the hope of bringing up a 
 pearl. The preliminary and incidental discussions, again, 
 are printed in such disproportionately fine type that the eye 
 does not readily carry from the end of one line to the begin- 
 ning of the next, and by artificial light soon finds itself too 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 23 
 
 weary to proceed. Typographical devices for the easy and 
 rapid use of books, from the table of contents to the index, 
 our German friends are often singularly indifferent to. In 
 the long run you will find yourself avoiding those books in 
 your library which are difficult to use. The answer to an 
 inquiry you will instinctively seek where it can be found most 
 easily. The chief way in which students can help to secure 
 a reasonable attention to their needs in these matters is by 
 protest, and even by declining to buy books which disregard 
 them. 
 
 I have been speaking about owning books, and in general 
 suggesting reserve. But quite the opposite advice should be 
 given, I think, respecting acquaintance with books. 
 
 Dr. Johnson, I believe, somewhere castigates, in his sturdy 
 fashion, persons who talk familiarly about books while know- 
 ing them only by their titles; just as certain plebeians, in 
 aristocratic lands, give themselves a lofty air by familiar ref- 
 erences in their talk to titled personages. 
 
 Now, of course, pretense is despicable, dishonest. But 
 even as respects persons, it is sometimes convenient to know 
 only so much as the title ; still more so, as respects books. 
 To drop Johnson's simile, in the case of books a superficial 
 knowledge is often of no small value. In literature, as in 
 life, it is convenient to know where to find a thing when you 
 want it. And some of that knowledge may be picked up by 
 reading the backs of books. The arrangement of them in 
 our reading-room facilitates this very thing. A selection 
 of some of the best books in each of the main branches of 
 theological study has been brought together there (as most 
 of you know already) in separate alcoves ; and a man wiU not 
 waste his time by going through those alcoves and looking at 
 the books one by one. However unacquainted with techni- 
 cal topics he may be as yet, he probably will not have read 
 
24 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 the lettering on many books before either the subject of one 
 or the name of its author, will move him to take it down anc 
 inspect it. Perhaps it will relate to something about whicl 
 he has long wanted to know more. Or it will stir hii 
 friendly interest because written by some man whose writingi 
 he knows and likes. Possibly it may strike his attentioi 
 because it treats of a subject he has never heard of before 
 but, even so, it makes a rudimentary addition to his profes 
 sional knowledge. 
 
 I linger on this practice of mousing among books becaus( 
 I am sure it is a useful way of spending an occasional frag 
 ment of time. True, it is pleasant to have our subjects o: 
 study assigned us, and a list of the best books treating o: 
 them made ready to our hand. But that is not the onl^ 
 method of study ; in fact, is not the ordinary method in life 
 There we are often called on to write upon a subject we d( 
 not know much about; and it is half the battle to kno\^ 
 where to find out. Whether our lot is cast in the neighbor 
 hood of large preserves of books or not, — perhaps all th( 
 more if it is not, — it is much to know how to hunt, where 
 the game is likely to lurk, and how to run it down. Wher 
 you have paddled through the quiet little pools of literature 
 in our alcoves, you will feel tempted to navigate the pleasani 
 coasts of our stack-room, from which the more adventurous 
 explorer can push on to the university library, where he musi 
 get his anchor aboard and steer by the stars. 
 
 Let me add, that a student will find his account, I think, 
 in keeping himself tolerably informed respecting the ne^ 
 publications. It would be an unwise use of time, indeed, to 
 read one in a hundred of them, even were they all accessible. 
 The number of new books relating to theology and the Scrip- 
 tures published during 1890 and 1891 is said to exceed a 
 thousand each year in the English language alone. Never- 
 theless, it is often of much service to know promptly of a 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 25 
 
 book's existence. This knowledge can be gathered pretty- 
 well from the published lists in the better periodicals and 
 journals, — such as the " Theologische Literaturzeitung," the 
 " Historisches Jahrbuch," the "Revue de I'Histoire des Reli- 
 gions," the "Critical Review," the "Thinker," the quarterlies, 
 and even current newspapers like the "Critic " and the "Na- 
 tion." Whatever stirs curiosity or meets his personal need, 
 a man can learn more about from such publications as the 
 " Theologischer Jahresbericht," edited by the late Professor 
 Lipsius; the Gottingen "Gelehrte Anzeigen;" Zbckler's 
 "Handbuch der Theologischen Wissenschaften," and its an- 
 nual imitation by certain Chicago professors under the title 
 "Current Discussions in Theology; " or any one of the lead- 
 ing reviews which appends a responsible name to its book 
 notices, — possibly can even get a sight of at one of the larger 
 libraries or bookstores. 
 
 To be sure, the number of serial publications is already- 
 bewildering, and it is not easy to see whereto it will grow. 
 Devices for economizing the time and labor of ordinary read- 
 ers will become a necessity, — a necessity already getting 
 recognition by the establishment of journals devoted to 
 resumes of special departments of literature; for example, 
 Church History, Philology, etc. Meantime he can be con- 
 tent to despatch the leading reviews in such lists as the P. 
 Q. Index of our townsman, Mr. Gr is wold, and for the lighter 
 periodicals to consult the tabulation of them given month by 
 month in the "Review of Reviews." 
 
 Let me pass on and say a word or two about the Use of 
 Books : — 
 
 And first, in the way of research. 
 
 A student without much experience in professional study 
 or libraries usually feels at first much like a child at large in 
 a confectioner's, — he does not know where to begin. He 
 
26 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 can take a lesson from the child in such case, and lay hold 
 of that which lies nearest, in the hope of finding something 
 before long that suits him. But a less childish method is to 
 give a moment first to mental concentration. A library, as I 
 have already intimated in another connection, is like a dic- 
 tionary. If I want to know the meaning of a single word, 
 and will confine my attention to that, I am not much em- 
 barrassed by the fact that the dictionary contains 200,000 
 other words. I must first ask myself what I want to learn, 
 and not allow my attention to be diverted from that. 
 
 Still, here are a hundred books on the subject. I cannot 
 read them all; how shall I make my selection? What is to 
 save me from falling into the power of some foolish or igno- 
 rant or partisan writer, and being put off with views which 
 lack the approval of the wise ? 
 
 a. One safeguard lies in discovering who are the leading 
 writers on your topic. As you run your eye along the mar- 
 gin of one book after another on the subject, you will be 
 pretty sure to see certain names repeated again and again. 
 Writers of various grades and opinions will agree in their 
 recurring references to these names. The references possibly 
 may nearly all be for the purpose of stricture and refutation. 
 Never mind. A book which many writers think worth con- 
 troverting is pretty sure to be worth reading. These refer- 
 ences give you the names, in all probability, of the principal 
 authorities. Drop other books and go for them. They may 
 have written in a foreign tongue, and at a time when authors 
 were wont to pursue a topic through hundreds of folio pages, 
 — in fact, till our easy-going moderns get wearied out and 
 give up the chase. Nevertheless, these are the writers to cul- 
 tivate, if you would save time in the end and have opinions 
 which shall be something more than the echo of echoes, — in 
 a word, get at the grounds on which received opinions rest, 
 and learn enough about the subject to be qualified to weigh 
 them for yourselves. 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 27 
 
 b. Another safeguard against superficial or partial views 
 is to read on both sides of a subject, — read books written by 
 men of opposite antecedents and positions. This is a sugges- 
 tion which many other students besides young and eager ones 
 are apt to disregard. And the consequence is narrowness 
 and bigotry and dogmatic positiveness on matters about 
 which hesitancy is the first step towards wisdom. It is not 
 uncommon for a man, and any one of us may be that man, to 
 turn away from some author with the thought, " Oh, he advo- 
 cates the traditional, or the orthodox, or the rationalistic 
 view. I have made up my mind in the main, and want 
 some able writer to confirm me in my prepossessions." 
 No. We do not state the case to ourselves quite so nakedly 
 as that. That, nevertheless, is our general mental attitude ; 
 and it directs our search and forecasts our results. For the 
 mind, like the eye, " sees what it brings with it the power of 
 seeing." As a seeker of truth, accordingly, it becomes me to 
 remind myself of the maxim, Audi alteram partem ; to make 
 sure that, whatever authors I may neglect, I do not neglect 
 those who advocate the side against which my prepossessions 
 lean. 
 
 This is not only indispensable to a rounded view of a sub- 
 ject, but brings many incidental benefits also. It is capital 
 mental gymnastics to set one's self to framing one's own 
 answer to historic questions, — for instance, the arguments 
 for or against miracles, from Hume's down; the question 
 whether President Edwards does or does not hold to the free- 
 dom of the will ; whether there is or is not validity in the 
 argument from design as set forth by Paley or Martineau. 
 If we have no stomach for the treatises of Athanasius and 
 Augustine, Anselm and Aquinas, Bull and Waterland and 
 Pearson, on such subjects as the trinity, the atonement, and 
 original sin, we shall at least get profit from the histories of 
 those doctrines by Baur and Dorner and Miiller. It will 
 
ZO BOOKS AND THEIB USE 
 
 open our eyes to the fact that wisdom was not born when we 
 were; that some thinking, and not all of it foolish thinking, 
 has been done by former generations. It will save us from 
 making statements of some opinion we reject, which its advo- 
 cates would deem a travesty or an affront to every sound 
 understanding. It will deliver us from mistaking for author- 
 itative formulas of doctrine, the language of newspaper 
 controversialists or the Moody and Sankey hymn-books. 
 
 c. One more hint helpful to a bewildered explorer may be 
 found in the advice not to neglect the latest books. 
 
 Experience teaches us again and again that what is new is 
 not always true, nor the true new. Nevertheless, the world 
 does move, — the world both of theological thought and of 
 historical research. Historic methods in particular are so 
 recent in many of their applications, and many of their pres- 
 ent results are of so provisional and tentative a character, 
 that revision and readjustment must go on probably for a 
 long time to come. An enterprising and truth-loving stu- 
 dent, therefore, will wish to learn what the most recent 
 explorer or speculator of note has advanced. Of course, he 
 must be on his guard, especially if impulsive, against the 
 power of novelty, which seems to be half intoxicating to some 
 minds. He will have to remember that so great is scholarly 
 competition in some countries, notably in Germany, that a 
 young writer has little chance of advancement, or even of 
 getting a hearing, imless he broach some notion never heard 
 of before. If it have a flavor of paradox, so much the bet- 
 ter. The reader, consequently, must continually heed the 
 old Greek caution va<^€ koI fxifivaa-' aTria-Telv. But he must re- 
 member, too, that there are perils on the other side. The 
 mind loves to rest in conclusions once formed, even if at first 
 they were acknowledged to be provisional or hypothetical. 
 This tendency is reinforced in the case of the preacher or 
 the teacher by repetition. They thus get a quite factitious 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 29 
 
 validity. Here is one of the dangers of "professionalism" 
 for us. Hence it comes to pass that many ministers' views 
 date them. You can tell when they studied, even where, by 
 hearing them talk on almost any professional topic. They 
 become landmarks. You always know where to find them ; 
 for they are stranded. To escape this professional peril it is 
 necessary to cultivate a forward-looking mind. A new book 
 shows us that somebody, namely, the author, and probably a 
 cold-blooded publisher with his official advisers besides, 
 thinks he has something fresh to say. If the subject is one 
 that concerns us, particularly one we are investigating, we 
 must lend him our ear. His book may help us even if it 
 disgusts us : a drunken Helot was educative to the youthful 
 Spartan. 
 
 Having spoken of the ownership of books, especially com- 
 mentaries, and the use of books, I may perhaps be asked 
 WHAT books are to be read? 
 
 You will hardly expect me to specify, any more than to 
 attempt to tell you what you ought to eat. And probably, 
 if any of you ever prescribed for yourselves an intellectual 
 bill of fare, it was departed from within a month. There 
 are, indeed, certain standard authors, as there are certain 
 staple articles of food ; and everybody knows what they are 
 in both cases. But how much of them, even, shall be taken, 
 and when, are questions which every one who has reached 
 years of discretion must be left to decide for himself. We 
 should be surprised, to be sure, if a student of economics had 
 never read Smith's "Wealth of Nations; " if a student of 
 philosophy were unacquainted with Bacon and Locke ; if a 
 student of Roman history had never handled Niebuhr and 
 Gibbon ; if one devoted to literature were ignorant of Homer 
 and Dante and Shakespeare. So there are names in the do- 
 main of theology that have become household words. They 
 
30 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 represent not necessarily either results or methods valid for 
 all time; but they are epoch-making, as our German friends 
 say. They hold a permanent place in the history of theo- 
 logical thought, or of the religious life. Butler and Ed- 
 wards, Baxter and Bunyan, Owen and Howe, South and 
 Barrow and Jeremy Taylor, — but I need not attempt to 
 catalogue them. An educated divine who had no acquaint- 
 ance with any of these books would be as exceptional a 
 character as a literary man who had never read a page of 
 Wordsworth or Walter Scott. 
 
 Yet it ought to be said explicitly, and with some em- 
 phasis, that it is no disgrace to a man not to have read 
 very famous books. Art is long. Life is exacting. Du- 
 ties and opportunities vary. Peculiarities of circumstance 
 and even of taste have claims. Hence, the feeling of humil- 
 iation with which we sometimes confess to our associates that 
 certain of their highly prized books are to us names and 
 nothing more, has not always a sufficient reason. There 
 may be in it, indeed, something of the bitterness which comes 
 from broken resolutious and unfulfilled purposes. In so far, 
 it may serve as a wholesome vis a tergo. He is an excep- 
 tional man whose books do not look down reproaches upon 
 him from his library shelves. That helps to make his study 
 a veritable sanctum^ — a place for renewal of vows as well as 
 of work. But, alas for us, if our shortcomings, be they ever 
 so real, tempt us to disingenuousness. A few months ago, 
 one of the weekly newspapers ("Harper's Weekly " for April 
 23, page 304) printed a letter of Lowell's (written nearly 
 forty years ago) in reply to a request for advice as to a course 
 of reading, in which he says : " There is hardly any branch 
 of knowledge in which I have not read something, and I have 
 read a great many out-of-the-way books, yet there are many 
 which almost every one reads which I have never even opened. 
 For example, I have read books on magic and astrology ,^ and 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 31 
 
 yet never looked into a history of England. . . . So, too, I 
 know more of the history of ancient Rome than I do of that 
 of America." And he continues, in words not altogether 
 irrelevant on the present occasion: "Having now proved 
 myseK to be wholly incompetent to give any advice (as is 
 usually, though more unconsciously, the case with advisers), 
 I proceed to give it." 
 
 But, difficult as it may be to tell just what books one ought 
 to read, it is easy to specify some of the aims which ought to 
 direct his reading. For it is hardly necessary to say that a 
 man ought always to have an object in reading. Even re- 
 laxation and entertainment are an object, and a legitimate 
 one ; so they be not sought immoderately or in unwholesome 
 ways. 
 
 a. One leading object with a preacher in his reading is 
 intellectual stimulus. He comes to the act of composition, 
 we will suppose, in a chilled or sterile mood ; has something 
 to say, perhaps, but cannot make a beginning; to will is 
 present with him, but how to perform he finds not. The 
 very gravity of his theme burdens his spirit, and haK para- 
 lyzes the power of expression. From this condition he can 
 often get relief by betaking himself to one of the masterpieces 
 of serious literature, — a passage from Milton, or, still bet- 
 ter, from Burke. By the loud reading of some choice pas- 
 sage, he will catch the contagion of lucid language and mental 
 movement; and shortly come with self-forgetfulness and zest 
 to his task. Fifteen minutes of loud reading of this sort will 
 become to him as helpful a preliminary to taking up his pen 
 as brandy and water was to Byron. It is the warming up 
 which prepares his powers to do their best in the race. Cer- 
 tainly it is a pleasant substitute for the heroic self-sacrifice 
 prescribed in my day by the professor of rhetoric in the col- 
 lege, who told us always to throw away the first two or three 
 
32 BOOKS AND THEIB USE 
 
 pages we wrote, on the ground that our mind had not yet got 
 a-going. 
 
 But loud reading before writing must not be theological, 
 at any rate, not sermons. For it is surprising how the mind 
 will subsidize at such times the thoughts of others to its 
 own uses. And a man about to write a sermon ought not to 
 come under the power of another sermonizer. He will do his 
 best work in his own way. Positively poisonous is another 
 preacher's sermon on the same text or subject; the more per- 
 nicious the greater the sermon. After you have done what 
 you can, it may be helpful — it is sure to be humbling — 
 to see what some master of assemblies has done with the same 
 theme ; but never beforehand. This use of loud reading will 
 bring a man little by little into acquaintance with a consider- 
 able range of English classics. That the style of many of 
 them is quite too elevated for ordinary pulpit address is no 
 drawback ; on the contrary, he is the less likely to get inci- 
 dental harm from them through unconscious imitation. 
 
 h. Another obvious purpose which should shape a minis- 
 ter's reading is to get knowledge of life. Of preeminent 
 value here is biography ; not merely the standard lives (like 
 Boswell's Johnson, and Lockhart's Scott), which hold their 
 conspicuous place in the golden catalogue of English literary 
 worthies, but biographies of men who have moved in secular 
 life, — successful merchants, statesmen, travelers, inventors, 
 generals. He may get familiarity in this way with the ruling 
 motives and methods of men of influence, and some know- 
 ledge of the forces which shape society. 
 
 In the lives of successful preachers and pastors, again, he 
 has a fair substitute, in however isolated a parish, for one of 
 the most precious privileges, to wit, intimate association with 
 men who have accomplished great things; fellowship with 
 noble minds of kindred tastes and occupations. That he 
 can renew and prolong his interviews at will is some com- 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 33 
 
 pensation for the silence of his counselor, who often, never- 
 theless, divulges to the inquisitive reader more than might at 
 first be supposed. In this way a preacher may not only get 
 edifying and congenial companionship and some of that know- 
 ledge of men and things from which it is the stock complaint 
 that his bookish profession shuts him out, but may acquire, 
 further, a trustworthy acquaintance with the opinions and 
 practices prevalent in other Christian commimions which is 
 worth whole libraries of partisan discussions of their truths 
 and errors. To crown all, he will before long have ready to 
 his hand a body of illustrative material incomparably more 
 serviceable than the cyclopaedias of apocryphal newspaper 
 anecdotes which the book agents urge upon him. 
 
 c. Again, a minister should set before him another dis- 
 tinct object in choosing his reading: religious culture, in- 
 dispensable both professionally and personally. 
 
 How many ministers, for instance, can read a hymn well? 
 One grows half contented with the modern practice of omit- 
 ting the public reading of hymns altogether, though for some 
 of us the impressions received from the reading of certain 
 hymns by voices now silent are among the most sacred con- 
 nected with public worship. How many ministers can tell 
 a good hymn when they see it? Hymnology is a distinct 
 branch of poetry, with canons of its own, and the right 
 understanding and effective use of the treasures of sacred 
 song are worthy, not to say obligatory, matters of thought 
 and study. The same holds true in good degree of the litur- 
 gies of the church also. Our old-fashioned Puritan form of 
 public worship seems to some people nowadays to be arid and 
 inadequate. How far is this judgment right? And how 
 shall the deficiency, if it exist, be supplied ? Such questions 
 open a considerable region of professional interest worthy of 
 special thought and research. Admonitory at this point are 
 the crude attempts at liturgical forms framed from time to 
 
34 BOOKS AND TKEIB USE 
 
 time by inexperienced hands. The collection of hymns and 
 prayers accessible to you here, the ripe fruitage of genera- 
 tions of worshipers of many lands in many tongues, is be- 
 lieved to be especially rich and edifying. It may well be 
 made a special subject of exploration and study. 
 
 But, after all, it is in their personal relations to the minis- 
 ter that the prayers and songs of the holy brotherhood of con- 
 secrated souls have their chief value. The demands which the 
 conduct of public worship puts upon him are among the most 
 onerous of his professional life. The summons to give ex- 
 pression to the needs of those who look to him as their reli- 
 gious helper and guide is sometimes almost appalling. The 
 deficiency in professional qualification at this point is some- 
 thing of which, alas, the unfortunate minister is not always 
 the only one who is aware. It is a fearful comment when 
 some mother in Israel in her hour of need declines — and, 
 sad to say, such a case has been known — declines as unedi- 
 fying her pastor's prayers. The devotional mood, the power 
 of fit and sympathetic devotional utterance are, for most of 
 us at least, acquisitions, — the ripe fruits of assiduous reli- 
 gious self -culture. And, incredible as it may now seem to 
 some of you just giving yourselves to sacred studies in the 
 ardor of fresh consecration, the neglect of such culture is 
 a peril to which life in a divinity school brings some special 
 exposure. It is there that the habits are formed which may 
 issue in hollow professionalism in after life. Full alike of 
 profound philosophic truth and of ominous personal sugges- 
 tion is the surprise which exclaimed, "Lord, Lord, have we 
 not prophesied in thy name ? and in thy name have cast out 
 demons? and in thy name done many wonderful works?" 
 
 The passing remark may be made, that many students 
 during their theological course read too much. They do not 
 give themselves time enough to think. They are coming for 
 the first time to the study of the profoundest subjects, — sub- 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POIXT OP VIEW. 35 
 
 jects relative to which they are aware that whatever opinions 
 they may seem to themselves to have are little more than an 
 inheritance, or an assumption, or it may be even a personal 
 whim. It is natural that they should desire to accumulate 
 as large a store of wisdom as possible, before assuming the 
 function of public teacher. But — let me repeat the truism 
 
 — art is long. All the learning of the Christian centuries, 
 and the solution of the problems of life and destiny, cannot 
 be mastered in three years, or even four. And it wiU avert 
 discouragement, as well as foster calmness and mental equi- 
 poise, distinctly to recognize this at the outset. On the other 
 hand, an intelligent mind is in some respects in better condi- 
 tion to gauge aright the problems of theology, and reach un- 
 prejudiced judgments respecting them, before reading than 
 after. It is an eminently profitable practice for a man — 
 after hearing a lecture, for example — to write out freely his 
 own first-hand thoughts on the subject and the lecturer's 
 treatment of it. It will teach him to think, — to know alike 
 his powers and his limitations. It will give him a clear per- 
 ception of just where the difficulties of the topic for his mind 
 lie ; and so will enable him, while reading less, to read more 
 profitably. 
 
 Let me add to these miscellaneous remarks a word or 
 two respecting devices for storing away the results of read- 
 ing- 
 
 a. Many persons seem not to know what fly-leaves are 
 bound into a book for. Publishers, alas, understand the 
 matter only too weU when they swell the bulk and cost of 
 the volume for their own ends. But the ordinary reader is 
 wont to leave the blank pages at the beginning and end of 
 his volumes vacuous, when they might be serviceably used : 
 
 — those at the beginning, to record references to noteworthy 
 reviews of the book in hand or summary estimates of it by 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
36 BOOKS AND THEIR USE 
 
 experts ; those at the end to receive references to topics or 
 utterances in it which have for the owner special interest. 
 
 h. Every student will find it worth while, I think, to start 
 a card catalogue in which, arranged alphabetically, he can 
 preserve references to subjects, authors, and the like, which 
 meet his tastes and needs. 
 
 c. And once more. He wiU find it useful to make some 
 similar provision for the preservation of current discussions 
 of current topics. The better journals, day by day, contain 
 not a little which concerns or ought to concern the minister 
 and his work, yet for which at the moment he has perhaps 
 neither time nor thought. I have in mind religious statistics; 
 such problems of applied ethics as usage has made appro- 
 priate for Fast-Day sermons ; questions relating to what may 
 be called administrative religion, about which experts differ; 
 such topics as it is eminently proper we should try to thrash 
 out in our wide-awake fortnightly debate. The latest facts 
 and opinions on such themes have not yet found their way 
 into books. They must be gathered from fugitive publica- 
 tions, even the daily or weekly newspaper. 
 
 That they will be at hand when they are wanted can be 
 insured by cutting them out at once, clapping them into long 
 envelopes labeled across one end with the topic they contain, 
 and then set up endwise in alphabetical order in a lawyer's 
 document case. Such a collection will fill the uses of a scrap- 
 book without demanding half its space or trouble. 
 
 In the heart of London is a circular room, covered by a 
 dome 106 feet high and 140 in diameter, — falling only 
 three feet short of the greatest in the world, that of the 
 Pantheon at Rome. The walls of this room are lined with 
 book-shelves containing more than 60,000 volumes, chiefly 
 works of reference, and in the centre is a raised circular 
 inclosure for the director and attendants. Likening this 
 
FROM A PROFESSIONAL POINT OF VIEW. 37 
 
 central inclosure to the hub of a wheel, its spokes represent 
 long tables, each marked off into spaces some four feet long 
 by two wide, for the accommodation of separate readers, 
 while down the middle of each runs a kind of parapet, screen- 
 ing every reader from his neighbor on the opposite side and 
 furnishing him with a desk and folding shelf if desired. 
 Pens, ink, and a mahogany armchair are provided for every 
 reader gratuitously ; and he not only has free access to the 
 reference books mentioned, and may use them as though they 
 were his own, but by means of slips, can call for any work 
 he finds entered in the series of folio volumes which, in two 
 concentric rows, surround the above-described central in- 
 closure and make up the famous catalogue of the British 
 Museum ; for it is its reading-room, as you will have already 
 discovered, that I am describing. 
 
 Any and every duly accredited adult of either sex has 
 gratuitous access to it, appropriating any unoccupied place 
 at a table, and frequenting it day after day from nine in the 
 morning till seven at night at will. The attendants are bid- 
 den to "afford all the assistance in their power to readers in 
 their pursuits;" and most generously do they fulfill their 
 office. The number of readers resorting to it daily averages 
 between six and seven himdred ; and I was not surprised, on 
 visiting it this summer, to find, without search, four Harvard 
 men among them; for students journey to it from many 
 lands. 
 
 Is not the time drawing near when we can have something 
 like this in America? We have as yet, to be sure, no such 
 magnificent collections as those of the British Museum, em- 
 bracing many treasures quite unique; but the "Notes on 
 Special Collections in American Libraries," recently issued 
 by our university, will show you that the country is not quite 
 so poor in treasures of the sort as might be supposed. Nay, 
 reckoning Cambridge and Boston as one, as we fairly may 
 
38 BOOKS AITD THEIB USE. 
 
 for this purpose, we have in our own neighborhood an accu- 
 mulation probably of more than a million of volumes, after 
 throwing off the fugitive literature of circulating libraries. 
 By a wise system of cooperation, and with care to avoid 
 duplicating expensive purchases, this collection might soon 
 become attractive to distant scholars, were any such liberal 
 provision made for them as that I have described. 
 
 But why speak of this to you? you may ask. Because, as 
 members of that profession which, according to the testi- 
 mony of book-dealers, makes larger purchases of general lit- 
 erature than any other, and which, by its official relations, 
 gets special opportunities for directing the beneficence of 
 those whom Providence has blessed with wealth, some one of 
 you may, perchance, one day have power to hasten the time 
 when similar literary treasures shall be gathered in our land, 
 and access given to them with the like princely generosity. 
 
 At any rate, let me bespeak your perpetual interest in 
 books, — their constant improvement, their wise accumula- 
 tion, their scholarly use. 
 
LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 FOK 
 
 STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, 
 
CONTEJSTTS. 
 
 PA6B 
 
 The Bibliography of Theology 43 
 
 Biblical Philology 45 
 
 The Septuagint : — 
 
 Editions 45 
 
 Character and History 45 
 
 Lexicons -v^. 45 
 
 Concordances T 46 
 
 The Old Testament Apocrypha: — 
 
 Editions and Commentaries ' 46 
 
 Lexicon 46 
 
 Concordances 47 
 
 The New Testament: — 
 
 Its Language 47 
 
 Editions 47 
 
 Harmonies 48 
 
 Lexicons 48 
 
 New Testament Synonyms 49 
 
 New Testament Grammars 49 
 
 Concordances to the Greek Testament 49 
 
 Biblical Archaeology: — 
 
 General Manuals 50 
 
 Bible Dictionaries and Cj-^clopaedias 50 
 
 Biblical Geography 51 
 
 Maps 52 
 
 Atlases 53 
 
 Biblical Natural History 53 
 
 Biblical Ethnography (Manners and Customs) 54 
 
 Biblical Legislation 54 
 
 Jewish Worship 54 
 
 Jewish Philosophy (Parties, etc.) 54 
 
 Jewish Literature, Science, Art • 55 
 
 Biblical (i. e. New Testament) Chronology . t • 55 
 
42 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 New TESTAMiajT "Introductions" , 55 
 
 Origin of the New Testament Writings 5g 
 
 Discussions of the Evidence, etc 57 
 
 Collection of the New Testament Writings (the Canon) ....,,, 59 
 
 Preservation of the New Testament Writings : — 
 
 The Written Text (Textual Criticism, etc.) 60 
 
 The Printed Text 62 
 
 Dissemination of the New Testament Writings : — 
 
 Ancient Versions * . . 62 
 
 Modern Translations 63 
 
 The English Bible : — 
 
 Editions 64 
 
 History 64 
 
 The Revised New Testament of 1881 65 
 
 Interpretation of the New Testament Writings: — 
 
 History 65 
 
 Hermeneutics (The Science) 66 
 
 Exegesis (The Art) : — 
 
 Illustrative Matter from Jewish Sources 66 
 
 Illustrative Matter from Profane Sources 67 
 
 Commentaries : — 
 
 On the Whole New Testament 68 
 
 On Groups of New Testament Books 69 
 
 On Individual Books 70 
 
 On Particular Passages or Topics 74 
 
 Lives of Christ 76 
 
 Lives of the Apostles 77 
 
 New Testament Times: — 
 
 The Heathen and Jewish World '78 
 
 The Heathen World 79 
 
 The Jewish World 79 
 
 New Testament Theology: — 
 
 General Works 80 
 
 Particular Authors and Topics 81 
 
 Miscellaneous Topics 85 
 
 Index to the List 89 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OP THEOLOGY. 
 
 Hagenbach, K. K. : Encyclopadie und Methodologie der Theologischea 
 Wissenschaften. 12te Auflage . . . von E. Kautzsch, revidirt u. s. w. von 
 M. Reiscule. Leipzig. 18b9. pp. xvi. 600. 7 M. 
 
 English translation of an earlier edition — not always satisfactory — by Geobge R. Crocks 
 and John F. Huasi, with additional references to "English and American Literature," and an 
 Appendix (pp. 18) giving a list of works on the relations of religion and science, together with 
 histories of Christian churches iu the United States. New York. 1884. pp. 596, 24 x 16. |3.50. 
 
 Copious extracts are given in R. F. Weidneb, Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology, 
 based on Hagenbach and Krauth. Pt. i. Exegetical Theology (Philadelphia. 1886. pp. 183, 
 21 X 14. $1.26). It briefly characterizes many of the books referred to. 
 
 Cave, A. : Introduction to Theology, etc. (Edinburgh. 1886, 12s.), gives 
 (§§ 30-69) copious lists of books with brief judgments upon them. 
 
 Rabiger, F. J. : Encyclopaedia of Theology. Translated, with additions, 
 etc., by John McPherson. 2 vols. Svo. (i. pp. 430; ii. pp. 431.) Edinburgh. 
 1885. 21». 
 
 Zdckler, Otto, editor. Handbuch der Theologischen Wissenschaften 
 u. s. w. 3d ed. Munich. 1890. 4 vols. 50 M. — Translation announced by 
 Clarks, Edinburgh. 
 
 Current Discussions in Theology. By the professors in the Chicago 
 Theological Seminary. An annual review of the leading publications in 
 theology. 7 vols. 1890 (20 X 14. $1.50 each) have appeared. 
 
 Piinjer, B. : Theologiscber Jahresbericht (by various scholars ; gives 
 good critical notices of books from 1881 on). Continued after the first 
 editor's death by R. A. Lipsius. 
 
 Hurst, John F. : Bibliotheca Theologica : a select and classified bibli- 
 ography of theology and general religious literature. 24 X 16. pp. vii. 417. 
 New York. 1883. $3.00. — Disappointing. 
 
44 LIST OP BOOKS 
 
 Brigga, C. A., has appended a good select " Catalogue of Books of Ref- 
 erence for Biblical Study " to his " Biblical Study," etc. 3d ed. N. Y. 
 1892. $2.50. 
 
 Well selected bibliographical references are scattered through the pages 
 of Schaff's " Companion to the Greek Testament and the English Ver- 
 sion," 4th ed. New York. 1891. pp. xxii., 618, 19 X 13. $2.75. 
 
 Lists of books are appended to the several articles in Hackett and Abbot's 
 edition of Smith's Dictionary of the Bible (4 vols. 1868-1870. $20) ; in 
 Alexander's Kitto's Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature (3 vols, with sup- 
 plement. 3d ed. 1870. $18) ; in McClintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia I 
 (10 vols, with 2 vols, supplement) ; in the Real-Encyclopadie fijr protes- 
 TANTiscHE Theologie und Kirche (2d ed. 18 vols. 1877-1888, 216 M.), by 
 Herzog and Plitt, and finally by Ilauck ; also in Schaff-Herzog, Encyclo- 
 paedia of Religious Knowledge (4 vols. $20) ; in Smith and Cheetham's 
 Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (2 vols. 1875-1880 $15) ; in Smith and 
 Wage's Dictionary of Christian Biograpliy (4 vols. 1877, '80, '82, '87. $24) ;• 
 in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed $120). 
 
 Older (but still serviceable) is: Winer, G. B. Handbuch der theologi- 
 schen Literatur, hauptsachlich der protestantischen, nebst kurzen biogra- 
 phischen Notizen iiber die theologischen Schriftsteller. 3d ed 2 vols. 
 Leipzig. 1838-1840. With " Erstes Erganzungsheft " (giving the literature 
 to end of 1841). Leipzig. 1842. 
 
 Less valuable is : Danz, J. T. L. Universal-Worterbuch der theologischen 
 kirchen- und religionsgeschichtlichen Literatur. Leipzig. 1843. — A biblio- 
 graphical dictionary topically arranged. 
 
 Useful even in biblical study are : Bretschneidek, C. G. Systematische 
 Entwickelung aller in der Dogmatik vorkommenden Begriffe . . . nebst der 
 Literatur (4th ed. Leipzig. 1841. pp. 898, 21 X 13. 10 M.) ; the clear and 
 condensed notes in Hase, K Hutterus Redivivus oder Dogmatik der evang.- 
 luth Kirche. (12th ed. 1883. 18 X 12. M. 5) ; and the bibliography in Grimm, 
 C. L. W. Institutio theologiae dogmaticae evangelicae historico-critica. {2d 
 ed. Jena. 1869. pp. 483., 22 X 16. 6 M.) 
 
 The judicious " Notes on the Literature of Church History " (separately, 30 cts.) appended 
 by Prof. Gf.orge P. Fisher to his History of the Christian Church (New York 1888. S3.50) 
 will sometimes be helpful to the student of the New Testament ; and on special topics Poole's 
 Index to Periodical Literature (3d ed. $15). with quinquennial Supplement, and the Am. 
 Library Association's Index to Miscell. Lit. (1893) may be consulted. 
 
 Stewart, C. J. [A deceased London bookseller.] Biblical Catalogue 
 and Supplement with classified index (no date; but 187-. pp. 406, 19X13. 
 5686 titles). 
 
 There is no good bibliography of theological Uterature in English. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. 45 
 
 BIBLICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 Septuagint : Editions. 
 
 Sivete, Henry Barclay. The Old Testament in Greek, according to the 
 Septuagint. vol. i. Genesis — i v. Kings. Cambr. 1887, 20 X 13, pp. xxvii., 
 827. $2.25. vol. ii. 1 Chron.— Tob. pp. xvi. 879. 1891. vol. iii. in press. 
 
 The best edition. A portion of it, issued separately, is : The Psaluu in Greek, etc. 
 Cambridge. 1889. 2s. M. 
 
 Tischendorf. Vetus Testamentum Graece juxta LXX. interpretes. 2 
 vols. pp. 682, 618, 23 X 15. M. 15. With a valuable supplement (pp. 189) 
 to the 6th (and subsequent) editions by Eberard Nestle; giving (pp. 203, 
 2d ed. Leipzig. 1887) a complete collation of the texts of codd. Vat. and Sin. 
 with the current text. The " supplement " may be had separately. 
 
 Field, F. Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt. 2 vol. £5 5s. 
 
 Bagster and Sons' ed. (London. 1882.) Also with parallel English trans- 
 lation (4th book of Maccabees, etc.). John Wiley and Sons. ^.00. 
 
 Lagarde, Paul de, issued (Gottingen. 1883. pp. xvi., 541, 25 X 19) the 
 First Part, comprising Genesis-Esther, of an edition not likely to be com- 
 pleted; an endeavor to recover Lucian's text. 
 
 The old edition of Lambert Bos (Frankfort. 1709. pp. 1326, 25 X 20) 
 can be picked up cheap ($1.00), and is convenient because it gives (on the 
 basis of the Vat. text) many of the varr. of the Complutensian, Aldine, 
 Alex., as well as of sundry MSS., also Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion. 
 
 Septuagint : General Character and History. 
 
 Schiirer, § 33 I. 
 
 Buhl, F. Canon and Text of 0. T. Edin.1892. pp.259. Is.Qd. §§37- 
 55, esp. § 41 and reff. 
 
 Hatch, Edwin. Essays in Biblical Greek. Oxford. 1889. pp. 293. 
 23 X 15. 10s. Qd. 
 
 SelTvin's Art. in Bible Dictionary, Am. ed. (supplemented by Dr. Abbot). 
 
 Farrar, F. W. Bampton Lectures for 1885 on the History of Interpreta- 
 tion. Lect. iii. p. 116 sqq. 16s. 
 
 Fritzsche, O. F. In Herzog ed. 2, s. v. Bibeliibersetzungen (cf. Schafp- 
 Herzoo, i. 279 sq.). 
 
 Septuagint : Lexicon. 
 
 Schleusner, J. F. Novus Thesaurus, etc. 6 vols. 22 X 14. Leipzig. 1820- 
 1821. $5.00 the set. Reprinted in 3 vols. Glasgow. 1822. —A mere alpha- 
 betic collection of materials. 
 
46 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Concordances. 
 
 Trommius Abr. 2 vols, folio 1718, — Notoriously imperfect, but valua- 
 ble. Out of print, but occasionally procurable at prices ranging from |5.00 
 to $50.00. Will soon be surpassed by — 
 
 Hatch, Edwin,t and Redpath, Henry A : A Concordance to the Septua- 
 gint and the other Greek versions of the Old Testament, including the Ape 
 cryphal Books. Part I. 1892. pp. 232. 34 X 27. 21s. 
 
 Handy Concordance to the Septuagint. Giving various Readings 
 from codd. Vat., Alex., Sin., Ephraem. With an Appendix of words from 
 Okigen's Hexapla, etc. pp. 284. $5.00. (No date, but 1887.) 
 
 Old Testament Apocrypha. 
 
 Fritzsche, 0. F. Libri Apocryphi Veteris Testaraenti Graece . . . acce- 
 dunt libri Vet. Test, pseudepigraphi selecti (namely, Psalms of Solomon, 
 Fourth Book of Esdras, Fifth do., Apocalypse of Baruch, Fragments of the 
 Assumption of Moses). Leipzig. 1871. pp. xxxvi., 760, 22 X 15. 10.50 M. 
 
 Commentary (in continuation of the " Speaker's Commentary ") edited 
 by Henry Wage (by various scholars : Ball, Edersheim, Farrar, Fuller, 
 GifEord, Lupton, Rawlinson). 2 vols. 1888. 24 X 17. 25s. — The best. 
 
 Bissell, E. C. Revised English Translation, with historical Introduction 
 and notes. V»l. xv. of SchafE's Lange's Old Testament ; makes abundant 
 use of the elaborate commentary in German, by Fritzsche, 0. F., and 
 Grimm, C. L. W. 6 parts. 1851-1860. 23 x 14. 27 M. 
 
 Keil, C. F. Commentary on [two] bks. of Maccabees. Leipzig. 1875. 
 pp. 428. 22 X 14. 
 
 Zockler, Otto. Die Apokr. des Alten Test. u. s. w. Miinchen. 1891. 
 pp. 495. 25 X 17. 8 M. Valuable. — See also Volkmar, G. : Einl. in d. 
 Apokr. 3 vols. 1860-67. 13 M.\ Deane, W. J.: Pseudepigrapha, etc. 
 Edin. 1891. 7s. 6c?. ; Thomson, J. E. H. : Books which influenced our 
 Lord, etc. Edin. 1891. 10s. 6c?. ; Ryle, H. E. and James, M. R. : The Psalms 
 of the Pharisees, etc. Cambr. 1891. 15s. 
 
 Old Testament Apocrypha : Lexicon. 
 
 Wahl, C. A. Clavis Librorum Vet. Test. Apocryphorum Philologica. 
 Leipzig. 1853. pp. 509, 27 X 17. 15 M. 
 
 a thorough book; valuable also for the study both of the Septuagint and of the New 
 Testament. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 47 
 
 Concordance. 
 
 See the end of the several articles in Trommius, and especially Hatch. 
 (See p. 46.) 
 
 Meagre Indices "Nominum et Vocabulorum" are given at the end of 
 Fritzsche's edition. (See p. 46.) 
 
 A Concordance to the English version of the Apocrypha (together •with a Concordance to the 
 Psalter contained in the Book ot Common Prayer) is given in the Concordance published by 
 the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge London. 1859. It seems to be a revision 
 of the Concordance appended to the unabridged Cruden. 
 
 New Testament : the Language in general. 
 
 Art. New Testament, Language of the, by Westcott, annotated by 
 Abbot in Hackett and Abbot's Smith, iii. 2139 sqq., and references. 
 
 Art. Greek Language (biblical), by James Donaldson in Alexander's 
 Kitto. '- 
 
 Scha£f : Companion to the Greek Testament, etc., ch. i. 
 
 Hatch : Essays (see p. 45). Cf. Abbott, T. K. : Essays, etc. 1891. 10s. 6rf. 
 
 "Winer : New Testament Grammar, §§ 1-4 ; (Buttmann, do. Pref. and 
 Introd.). (See p. 49.) 
 
 Simcos:, W. H. : The Language of the New Testament. London, (no 
 date, but 1889.) pp. 226, 17 X 11. $.76 ; also The Writers of the New Testa- 
 ment, pp. 190. 
 
 Editions op the New Testament in Greek. 
 
 For a complete bibliography see — 
 
 Reusa, E. : Bibliotheca Novi Test. Graeci. 1872. pp. 314, 23 X 15, 6 M. ; 
 and Dr. Hall's Supplement in Schaff's " Companion," etc. pp. 497-624. 
 
 Tischendorf (editio octava critica maior) vol, L 1869; vol. XL 1872. 
 pp. 2012, 23 X 16, 38 M.; vol. III. Prolegomena ed. C. R. Gregory (additis 
 curis E. Abbot) pars 1. 1884. 10 M. ; pars ii. 1890. 8 60 i/. ; pars iii. in press. 
 
 The best manual edition of Tdf.'s text is that edited (in 1881) by Oskar 
 von Gebhart, — giving the variants of Tregelles and of Westcott and 
 HoRT, etc. Editio quinta, Lipsiae. 1891. pp. xii. 492, 23 X 16. 3 M. 
 
 A very convenient and accurate • pocket ' edition is the " editio stereotypa minor " (Tdf.'fl 
 text with WH's variants in footnotes) by Gebhardt. Leipzig. 1887. pp. viii., 624,16 X 9. 
 
 Westcott and Hort: second (London) impression, Dec. 1881 and 1882. 
 2 vols. (i. text, pp. 680, 20 X 13; ii. Introd. and Appendix, pp. xxxi. 324, 
 188) 10s. Qd. each. Macmillan and Co. 
 
48 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Also manual or " school " edition. 1885. 45. 6c?. Again, Feb. 1887, and 
 with a summary of the 2d vol. of the larger edition appended, Sept. 1889. 
 Pp. 620, 15 X 11, ^s. (Corresponding page for page with the larger edition.) 
 
 Scrivener, F. H. A. : Nov. Test, textus Stephanici, a. d. 1550, cum 
 variis lectionibus editionum Bezae, Elzeviri, Lachmanni, Tischendorfii, 
 Tregellesii, Westcott-Hortii, Versionis Anglicanae Emendatorum. Acce- 
 dunt parallela s. Scripturae loca. pp. xvi. 598, 18 X 12. (Cambridge and 
 London, 1887.) 7s. 6d. — Perhaps the most convenient manual edition. 
 
 Sanday, W. : a reproduction of Bp. Lloyd's edition of Mill's text 
 with parallel references, Eusebian canons, etc., and three Appendices, con- 
 taining the variants of Westcott and Hort, a select list of important read- 
 ings with their support, and sundry readings from the Memphitic, Armenian, 
 and Aethiopic versions. Oxford. 1889. pp. xx., 653, 199, 15 X 11. 6s. Exqui- 
 site typography. The Appendices may also be had separately. 
 
 "The Greek Testament with the Readings adopted by the Revisers of the 
 Authorized Version" (by E. Palmer; Oxford. 1881). pp. viii., 560, 16 X 11. 
 4s. Gd. (Also in pica type with marginal references. 10s. 6d.) 
 
 Weymouth, Richard F. : The Resultant Greek Testament (exhibiting 
 the readings of Steph. (1550), Lchm., Treg., Tdf., Lghtft. and EUic. for the 
 Epp. of Paul, Alf., Weiss for Mt., the Bale edition, WH. and R. V.). London, 
 (no date, but Preface Apr. 1886) pp. xix., 644, 20 X 14. 12s. 6f/. — Carefully 
 prepared. New and cheaper ed. (5s.) 1892. 
 
 Harmonies. 
 
 Robinson's, re-edited on the basis of Tischendorf s text by M. B. Riddle. 
 
 Boston. 1885. $2.00. — The best. 
 
 Gardiner's, on the text of Tischendorf as a basis. Andover. 1871. $3.00. 
 
 Tischendorf: Synopsis Evangelica (with brief notes prefixed in the 
 digest and select various readings at the bottom of the pages). 6th ed. 
 Leipzig. 1891. pp. Ix., 184, 22 X 15. 4 M. 
 
 New Testament Lexicons. 
 
 Thayer's Grimm's WiLKE (New York. 1886; "Corrected Edition," 1889.) 
 15.00. 
 
 Robinson, Edward : any issue (New York) after 1850, (now, Boston.) 
 $4.00. 
 
 Cremer, H. : Bibllsch^Theologisches Worterbuch der neutestamentlichen 
 Gracitat. 6te Auflage (Gotha, 1889). 7te Aufl. begun in 1892. 
 
 A translation of the (Ist edition and of the) 2d edition was published by 
 Clarks (Edinburgh. 1878), 1 vol. 4to. $6.76. A third (English) edition with 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 49 
 
 supplement (also to be had separately $3.25) embracing much matter from 
 the 4th German edition appeared in 1886. pp. 943, 30 X 23. |13.50. 
 
 The older works of Wahl (3d edition of Claris, etc. Leipzig. 1843), Bret- 
 schneider (Lexicon Manuale, etc. Leipzig. 1840. 3d ed.), Schleusner 
 (4th ed. Leipzig. 1819, reprinted at Glasgow in 2 vols. 1824), still retain 
 some value for one making researches. 
 
 New Testament Synonyms. 
 
 Trench, R. C. : Synonyms of the New Testament. 10th ed. London. 1888. 
 pp. 405, 23 X 15. 12s. 
 
 Tittmann, J. A. H. : de Syn. in Nov. Test. lib. 1., ii. 1 vol. Leipzig. 1829- 
 1832. Translation in 2 vols of Edinburgh Biblical Cabinet, 1833-1834. 
 
 Pages 186-237 in Wm. Websteb's '* Syntax and Synonyms of the Greek 
 Testament." London. 1864. 
 
 Pages 405-422 of the " Handbook to the Grammar of the Greek Testa- 
 ment," etc., issued by the London Religious Tract Society (prepared by 
 Samuel G. Green of Rawdon College) ; see below. 
 
 New Testament Grammars. 
 
 Winer, G. B. Revised and authorized translation of the seventh edition 
 of the German (by Lunemann). Andover. 1883. pp. 744, 23 X 15. |4.00. 
 
 More valuable is Modlton's edition (on the basis of the sixth edition of 
 the German) by reason of the editor's copious additions. 9th English ed. 
 Edinburgh. 1877. pp. 848, 23X 15. 15s. 
 
 Buttmann, Alex. Andover. 1873 and often, pp. 474, 23 X 15. $2.75. 
 
 Green, Thomas Sheldon. 2d ed. London. 1862. pp. 244, 20 X 13 (rather 
 meagre and fragmentary, but valuable). Also, by the same author, "Criti- 
 cal Notes on the New Testament, supplementary to his Treatise on the 
 Grammar," etc. London. 1867. 
 
 Green, Samuel G. Handbook (see above) ; includes vocabulary, exer- 
 cises, etc., and is a complete and excellent manual for a beginner. Revised 
 edition. 1886. pp. xl. 564. 7s. Qd. 
 
 Simcoz, W. H. See p. 47 above. 
 
 Concordances to the Greek New Testament. 
 
 Bruder, C. H. Tayneiov rwv K. T. A., sive Concordantiae, etc. 2d star, 
 ed. (Leipzig. 1853) pp. xxxviii. 878, 28X21, and frequently since. Notes 
 many of the various readings, distinguishes noteworthy forms and phrases, 
 etc 4th ed. 1888, with correction of more than 430 typographical errors, the 
 
50 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 addition of 46 new words, the recognition of the readings of Tregelles and 
 Westcott-Hort. — The longer readings in an Appendix. 25 M. 
 
 The Englishman's Greek Concordance (George V. Wigram 
 signs the Introd. as "proprietor and nursing-father") ; any edition after the 
 third (June, 1860) ; but the 8th ed. (London. 1883) gives a "Concordance of 
 Various Readings " and other important additions. £1. Is. The Ameri- 
 can reprint (of the 1st ed. ?), 1848, is less valuable. 
 
 Hudson's 7th ed. (1885. pp. 746, 19X13. ^2.00) gives the various read- 
 ings of Griesbach, Lachmann, Tischendorf, Tregelles, the Proper 
 Names, etc., but merely refers to the biblical passages (wliich in the " Eng- 
 lishman's Greek," etc. are quoted at length from King James's version). 
 
 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 General Manuals. 
 
 Keil, C. F. Trans, by A. Cdsin " with Alterations and Additions fur- 
 nished by the Author." 2 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh. 21s. 
 
 Raebiger's De Wette. Leipzig. 1864. pp. 442, 23 X 15. 
 
 Eweild, H. : The Antiquities of Israel. Trans, from 3d German edition 
 by H. S. Solly. London. 1876. pp. 386, 23 X 15. 12s. 6rf. 
 
 Saal^chutz, J. L. : 2 parts. Konigsberg. 1855-1856. pp. 366, 524, 
 22X14. 15 Jf. 
 
 Bissell, E. C. : Biblical Antiquities, a Handbook, etc. PhUadelphia. 1888. 
 
 Bible Dictionaries and Cyclopaedias. 
 
 Hackett and Abbot's Smith. 4 vols. 1868-1870. pp. xxx. 3667, 24 X 
 16. $20.00. Indispensable. New ed. of the English original preparing. 
 
 The best abridgment of the original (English edition of) Smith is S. W. Babnth's Comprft* 
 hensJTe Dictionary of the Bible, etc. 1 vol. New York. 1867. 
 
 Alexander's Kitto, 3d ed. (with Supplements and Additions and 
 General Index). 3 vols. Edinburgh. 1870. 26 X 18. $18. 
 
 Herzog : Real-Encyklopadie, u. s. w. 2d ed. 18 vols. 25X17. (Edited 
 by Herzoo^ Plitt, and finally Hauck.) Leipzig. 1877-1888. 216 M. 
 Schenkel : Bibel-Lexikon. 6 vols. 25X16. 1869-1875. (1890. 14 M) 
 
 Riehm : Handworterbuch des Biblischen Altertums fiir gebildete Bibel- 
 leser. 2 vols. 1875-1884. 31 if. New ed. begun in 1892. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. 61 
 
 McClintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia. 10 vols. 1867-1881. (With 
 2 supplementary vols. 1885-1887. 26 X 18.) $5.00 a vol. 
 
 Schaff-Herzog (many valuable articles). 4 vols. New York. $20.00. 
 
 " The Bible Educator," edited by E. H. Plumptre. No date, (1876 ?) 
 Cassell, Fetter and Galpin. 4 vols, bound in two, with Index prefixed. 
 16 X 20. 2is. — Miscellaneous contents. 
 
 Hamburger, J. : Real-Encyclopadie fiir Bibel (vol. i. Strelitz. 1870), 
 und Talmud (vol. ii. Strelitz. 1883.) A Supplement to ii. (pp. 158) in 1884, 
 and to i. (pp. 138) in 1886. — Valuable. 3d ed. begun 1892. 
 
 "Winer, G. B. : Biblisches Realworterbuch (3d ed. Leipzig. 1849. 2 vols. 
 pp. 688, 779, 24 X 16) has by no means outlived its usefulness (especially 
 by reason of its copious references). 
 
 The " Calwer Bibellexikon " (Calw und Stuttgart. 1885) contains 
 especially valuable Old Testament articles by Fkiedbich Delitzsch. 1 
 vol. pp. 1036, 26 X 19. 
 
 Much information, together with abundant (wood-cut) illustrations, will 
 be found in Fillion, M. L. CI., Atlas archeologique de la Bible d'apres les 
 meilleurs documents soit anciens soit modernes et surtout d'apres les decou- 
 vertes les plus recentes, etc. 1883. pp. 60, 4to. with xciii. pages of Plates. 
 
 Information helpful to the Biblical student will often be found also in Smith and Cheetham's 
 Diet of Christ. Antiq. ; in Smith and Wage's Diet of Chris. Biog. (see p. 44) ; and in Lichtkn- 
 BXBGEB, Encyclop^die des Sciences religieuses. 13 vols. 1877-82. 
 
 Biblical Geography. 
 
 H&hricht, R. : Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae. Chronologisches 
 Verzeichniss der auf die Geographic des heiligen Landes bezugl Litteratur 
 von 333-1878 und Versuch einer Cartographic. Berhn. 1890. 24 M. 
 
 Tobler, T.; Bibliographia Geographica Palest. Leip. 1867-75. 
 
 Select lists, with brief critical estimates, are given in McClintock and 
 Strong, vol. vii. p. 580 seq. ; by Geove and Hackett in Smith, vol. iii, 
 p. 2319 seq, ; by Porter in Alexander's Kitto under "Palestine" and 
 " Geography ; " especially by Socin at end of article " Palestine " in the 
 Encyclopaedia Britanuica. 
 
 Names and Places in the Old and New Test, and Apocrypha, with their 
 modern identifications. Lond. Pal. Explor, Fund. 1889. 3s. 6d, 
 
 Tristram, H. B. : The Topography of the Holy Land. Lond. 1874. 
 
 Raumer, Karl von : Palastina. 4te vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage. 
 (6th ed. edited by Furrer announced.) Leip. 1860. pp. 512, 23 X 14. 6 M. 
 
52 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Ritter, Karl : The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic 
 Peninsula. Translated, etc., by W. L. Gage. 4 vols. Edinburgh. 18b6. 
 
 Gu^rin, H. V. : Description geographique, historique et archeologique de 
 la Palestine. 7 vols. 1868-1880, and not yet complete. 
 
 Robinson, Edward : Biblical Researches in Palestine, with Maps, Plans, 
 Notes, etc. 2 vols. Boston. 1856 ; Later Researches. 1 vol. In all 3 vols. 
 24X15. $10.00. Also a Supplement entitled Physical Geography of the 
 Holy Land. 1 vol. Boston. 1865. pp. 399, 24 X 15. $3.50. 
 
 Thomson, W. M. : The Land and the Book. Ist ed. 2 vols. 1860. Pro- 
 fusely illustrated edition, 3 vols. $18.00. 1880-1884. New "Popular Edi- 
 tion," 3 vols. $9.00. Harpers. New York. 
 
 Stanley, A. P. : Sinai and Palestine in connection with their History. 
 London. 14th ed. 1881. 
 
 A convenient Sunday School manual is — 
 
 Barro-ws, E. P.: Sacred Geography and Antiquities. New ed. with 
 App., Maps, etc. Lond. Relig. Tract Soc. 6s. 6c?. 
 
 The Hand-books for modern travellers, namely, — 
 
 Baedeker's (by Socin) Palestine and Syria. In English, 1872. pp. 610, 
 16 X 11. $7.50. 3d German ed. (by L Benzinger). 1891. 12 M. 
 
 Murray's (by Poeter) Syria and Palestine (2 vols. 18 X 13, 24s. ; re- 
 vised ed. 1892) — are valuable, especially for the present state of the country. 
 
 Maps. 
 
 Kiepert's Wandkarte about 6 ft. X 4 ft. (gives biblical, classical, and 
 modern names). Berlin. 1890. $5.90. 
 
 Raaz's Wall Map. A photolithographed relief (with English lettering). 
 
 Carl Zimmermann's Karte von Syrien und Palaestina ; erste Halfte. 
 Palaest. u. die Sinai- Halbinsel, in 15 sheets (Berlin, 1850) to accompany 
 K. Ritter's " Erdkunde." (See p. 15 above.) 
 
 Osborn, H. S.: Wall Map of Palestine (Oxford, Ohio. 1891. 9^ ft. X 6. 
 $10), and Map of St. Paul's Travels (6 ft. X 5. $6). 
 
 But all these have been surpassed by the maps of the (English) Palestine 
 Exploration Fund : especially — 
 
 Palestine from the Surveys for the Com. of the Pal. Expl. Fund and 
 other sources, compiled by Geo. Armstrong and revised by Wilson and 
 Conder. Lond. 1890 (8 ft. X 5^ ft. ; scale -f inch to one mile). Also in 
 sheets. O. T. names, N. T. names, Apocr. names, Josephus names, Talmudic 
 names, Modern names, distinguished. 
 
 Edward Stanford's Map of Palestine. Lond. 1890. 80 inches X 102. $20. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. 53 
 
 Atlases. 
 
 Menke, Theodor. : Bibelatlas in acht Blattern (Gotha. 1868, and subse- 
 quently improved) exhibits the country at various historical epochs, etc. 
 38 X 25. Excellent. 
 
 Riess, R. V. : Bibelatlas in zehn Karten, nebst geographischem Index. 
 2ded. 1887. (English edition of first edition. 1881.) 
 
 Clark, Samuel : Bible Atlas, with Complete Index by George Grove. 
 (Society for promoting Christian Knowledge.) London. 1868. |6.00. 
 
 Smith, Wm. and Grove, Geo. : Atlas of Ancient Geography, BibUcal 
 and Classical. Lond. 1875. 50 X 35. £6 6s. 
 
 Cheap manuals are — 
 
 Kiepert, Henry : Atlas antiquus. 10th ed. Bost. and N. Y. 1892. |2. 
 
 Hurlbut, J. L. : Manual of Biblical Geography. Chicago. No date, 
 pp. 157, 30 X 25. $2.75. 
 
 Osburn, H. S. : Class Book of Biblical History and Manual of Geography. 
 Oxford, Ohio. 1892. 
 
 Biblical Natural History. 
 
 Tristram, H. B. : The Natural History of the Bible. (Society for pro- 
 moting Christian Knowledge.) London. 2d ed. 1868. pp. 518, 20 X 13. 
 7s. 6c?. 
 
 Tristram, H. B. : Flora and Fauna (with hand-colored illustrations, etc.) 
 edited for the Palestine Exploration Fund (1 vol. 3 guineas) is of little ser- 
 vice except to the scientist. 
 
 Groser, W. H. : Trees and Plants mentioned in the Bible. " By-paths 
 of Bible Knowledge " series, X. London. 1888. 18X13. 3s.— Popular. 
 
 Hart, W. C. : Animals of the Bible. — A book of the same series and 
 character as the preceding. 
 
 "Wood, J. G. : Bible Animals. 112 vignettes. 10s. 6d. 
 
 L6"w, Immanuel : Aramaische Pflanzennamen (Leipzig. 1881. pp.490). — 
 A learned handbook (giving the history of biblical plants, eta) of the highest 
 merit. 
 
 Valuable articles on the "Plants of the Bible" (by W. Cakruthers, of 
 the Botanical Department, British Museum) may be found in the "Bible 
 Educator." Cf. p. 51. 
 
 Pillion, M. L. CI. : Atlas d'histoire naturelle de la Bible d'apr^s les monu- 
 ments anciens et les meilleures sources modernes et contemporaines. Pp. 112, 
 with cxii. pages of Plates. 4to. Paris. 1884. 
 
 The best treatment of Biblical precioos stones is in Riehm s. y. Edelsteine. Cf. also EiNa's 
 various works. 
 
54 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Biblical Ethnography, or Manners and Customs. 
 
 The older works like Bush's "Illustrations/' Hackett's, Roberts's, still 
 have some value. 
 
 Merrill, S. : Galilee in the Time of Christ. Boston. Without date, but 
 1881. pp. 159, 18 X 13. 
 
 Edersheim, A. : Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the Days of Christ. 
 London. (Religious Tract Society.) pp. 342, 19 X 14. 6s. 
 
 Delitzsch, Franz : Handwerkerleben zur Zeit Jesu. 3d ed. (best trans- 
 lation by P. C. Croll. Philadelphia. 1883) ; Ein Tag in Capernaum. 3d ed. 
 1886 (a picture from the Galilean ministry of Jesus) ; Jesus und Hillel. 1866. 
 Durch Krankheit zur Genesung (leprosy and the days of Herod Agrippa). 
 
 These little narratives have been more than once translated. 
 
 Van Lennep : Bible Lands ; their modern customs and manners illus- 
 trative of Scripture. New York. 1875. 
 
 Biblical Legislation, etc. : Civil and Political Usages, 
 
 The works on archaeology named above (p. 60 seq.), especially Ewald, Db 
 Wette, Saalschutz, and above all Schuber's History of the Jewish 
 People. § 28. J. D. Michaelis's elaborate Commentaries on the Laws 
 of Moses (translated by Alexander Smith), 4 vols. 1814, are not yet quite 
 superseded. 
 
 Wines, E. C. : Laws of the Ancient Hebrews. New York. 1853. 
 
 Worship. 
 
 General works on archaeology (see p. 50 seq.), especially Keil, Ewaldw 
 
 Schiirer, E. : History of the Jewish People, §§ 22-24 ; cf. § 15, n. ^2. 
 
 Edersheim, A.: The Temple, its Ministry and Services, etc. 2d ed. 
 1874. London. (Religious Tract Society.) pp. 368, 19 X 14. 5s. 
 
 Perrot and Chipiez : Histoire de I'Art dans I'antiquite'. vol. iv. (Paris. 
 1887.) Trans, and edited by F. Gonino. 2 vols. 1890. £1 16s. 
 
 General works on Archaeology (see p. 50 seq.). 
 
 Smith's Bible Dictionary, especially its supplementary references, under 
 Essenes, Pharisees, Sadducees. 
 
 Able articles by Ginsburg in Alexander's Kitto. 
 
 Wellhausen, J. : Die Pharisaer und die Sadducaer. Greifswald. 1874. 
 pp. 164, 22 X 14. — Valuable. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 55 
 
 Montet, Edouard; Les Origines des parties Saduceen et Pharisien et leur 
 histoire jusqu'a la naissance de Jesus-Christ. Paris. 1883. pp. xvi. 334, 
 23 X 15. 
 
 Lightfoot, J. B. : Dissertation on the Essenes in his Comm. on Col. and 
 Philem. Reprinted in " Dissertations on the Apost. Age." 1892. pp.435. 14s. 
 
 Lucius, P. E. : Essenismus in seinem Verhaltniss zum Judenthum. 
 Strassburg. 1881, pp. 132, 3 ili. 
 
 Above all, Schukeb, E. : History of the Jewish People, §§ 26, 30. 
 
 Literature, Science, and Art. 
 
 Schiirer, E.: History of the Jewish People. §§ 25, 32, 33. — Unrivalled. 
 
 Stainer, J. : The Music of the Bible, etc. (reprinted from the "Bible 
 Educator," see p. 51). No date, but 1879. pp. 186, 19 X 13. 
 
 Madden, F. W. : Coins of the Jews, with 279 wood-cuts and a plate of 
 alphabets. Lond. pp. x. 329. 1881. — A reconstruction of his earlier " His- 
 tory of Jewish Coinage," etc. London. 1864. 
 
 Biblical Chronology. 
 
 Lewin, Thomas: Fasti Sacri (from b. c. 70 to a. d. 70). London. 1865. 
 pp. 429, 26 X 18. $7.00. Very convenient. 
 
 Browne, Henry : Ordo Saeclorum : A Treatise on the Chronology of the 
 Holy Scriptures, etc. London. 1844. pp. 704, 23 X 15. 
 
 "Wieseler, Karl; art. " Zeitrechnung neutestamentliche " in Hebzog 1st 
 ed. vol. xxi. pp. 543-570. 
 
 Wieseler: Chronologische Synopse der vier Evangelien, etc. Hamburg. 
 1843. pp. viii., 497, 22 X 14. (Eng. trans, by E. Venables. 1864.) 
 
 "Wieseler: Chronologic des apostolischen Zeitalters bis zum Tode der 
 Apostel Paulus und Petrus. Gottingen. 1848. pp. xiv., 606, 22 X 14. 7 M. 
 
 The thesaurus of De Mas Latrie (Tresor de Chronologic d'Histoire et de 
 Geographic, etc. Paris. 1889. Folio) will be found helpful. 
 
 New Testament "Introductions." 
 
 Holtzmann, H. J. : Lehrbuch d. historisch-kritischen Einleitung in das 
 Neue Testament (a vol. of Mohr's Sammlung Theologischer Lehrbiicher. 
 Freiburg. LB.) 3d ed. 1892. pp. xvi. 508, 24 X 16. 9.60 ilf. — The most 
 recent and complete digest of views. Pages 17 to 74 are devoted to a history 
 of the Text. 
 
66 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 "Weiss, B.: Lehrbuch der Einleitung in das Nene Testament. Berlin. 
 1889. 2d ed. pp. xii. 644, 24 X 16. 11 M. An Appendix treats of textual 
 criticism. — Scholarlj'^ and judicious ; the best. Eng. trans, by A. J. K. 
 Davidson. 2 vols. Lond. 1889. 16s. (Am. reprint by Funk & Wagnalls. 
 §4.00.) 
 
 Reuss, R (i.e. W. E.) : Gesch. d. heiligen Schriften Neuen Testaments. 
 6te Ausgabe. Braunschweig. 1887. pp. 686. The 5th edition translated 
 by Edward L. Houghton with numerous bibliograpliical additions includ- 
 ing English and American works. Boston. 1884. 2 vols. pp. 639, 23 X 16. 
 §5.00. — Somewhat defective respecting recent views and books, but me- 
 thodical and valuable. 
 
 Bleek, Friedrich : Einleitung, etc. 1st and 2d ed. by J. F. Bleek ; 3d 
 (1875) and 4th (1886) by Prof. W. Mangold. Second edition translated 
 by Urwick (2 vols. 24 X 15. Edinburgh. 1869-1870. 21s.) — Clear and can- 
 did and not quite antiquated. 
 
 Hertwig, O. R. : Die Einl. in's Neue Test in Tabellarischer Uebersicht. 
 4th ed. by H. Weingaeten. Berlin. 1872. — A convenient and condensed 
 tabular classification of opinions. 
 
 Davidson, Samuel : An Introduction to the Study of the New Testament 
 in 2 vols. 2d ed. London. 1882. $10.00. — Extreme Tiibingen views, stated 
 almost without references or proof. 
 
 The older work by Davidson in 3 vols. 23 X 15, 1848-1851, contains mat- 
 ter still valuable in relation to the history of opinions. 
 
 Salmon, George : A Historical Introduction to the Study of the Books of 
 the New Testament. London. 6th ed. 1892. pp. xxiv., 625, 20 X 14. 9s. 
 — An antidote to Davidson ; bright, learned, hyper-conservative. 
 
 Gloag, Paton J. : Introduction to the Pauline Epistles. Edinburgh. 1874. 
 pp. 480, 23 X 15. 12s. 
 
 Gloag, Paton J. : Introd. to the Catholic Epistles. Edin. 1887. 10s. Gd. 
 
 Gloag, Paton J. : Introduction to the Johannine Writings. Edin. 1891. 
 
 Farrar, F. W. : The Messages of the Books. 1885. pp. 582, 21 X 15. 
 $2.50. — Popular. 
 
 Origin of the New Testament Writings. 
 
 In addition to the collections of testimonies from early writers given by 
 Nathaniel Labdner (Works, 10 vols. 8vo. 1838; 1st ed. 11 vols. 1788) 
 we have — 
 
 Charteris, A. H. : Canonicity, etc., which reproduces in English (Edin- 
 burgh and London. 1880. pp. 484, 23 X 16) and supersedes 
 
FOB STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 57 
 
 Ejxchhofer, J. : Quellensammlung zur Gesch. des neutestamentlichen 
 Canons bis auf Hieronymus u. s. w. Zurich. 1844. (" Fairly complete but 
 frequently inaccurate." — Westcott.) 
 
 On the Textual Kelations of the Gospels, see — 
 
 Rushbrooke, W. G. : Synopticon ; an Exposition of the Common Mat- 
 ter of the Synoptic Gospels (printed in colors), pp. 241, 37 X 27. Macmillan 
 & Co. 1880. 36s. 
 
 Abbott, E. A., and W. G. Rushbrooke : The Common Tradition of the 
 Synoptic Gospels in the text of the Revised Version, pp. xxxix., 156, 20 X 
 13. Macmillan & Co. 1884. '3s. Qd. 
 
 Holtzmann, H. J. : Die synoptischen Evangelien ihr Ursprung und 
 geschichtlicher Charakter. Leipzig. 1863. pp. xvi., 514, 23X15. 7 M. 
 
 Discussions of the Evidence : In whole or in pari. 
 
 In addition to those to be found in the "Introductions," see — 
 
 Lardner, Nathaniel : The Credibility of the Gospel History (separately ; 
 and also in the first five vols, of his Works (see p. 66) ; see also, in vols, 
 vii. viii. and ix., Jewish Testimonies to the Truth of the Christian Religion, 
 and Testimonies of Ancient Heathen Authors. (Now needing revision.) 
 
 Norton, A. : The Evidences of the Genuineness of the Gospels. 2d ed. 
 3 vols. 22 X 15. Boston. 1846-1848. Still valuable. Abridged ed. 1 vol. 
 Boston. 1867. pp. 584, 20 X 14. 
 
 Supernatural Religion : an Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Reve- 
 lation. 3 vols. 7th ed. London. 1879. On the anonymous author's posi- 
 tions see Sandat, W. : The Gospels in the Second Century, etc. London. 
 1876. pp. xiv., 384, 20 X 14, 10s. 6^.; and especially Lightfoot, J. B. : 
 Essays on the work entitled Supernatural Religion, reprinted from the Con- 
 temporary Rev. 1 vol. 1889. 23 X 15. pp. 324, 10s. 6d. ; cf. " A Reply to 
 Dr. Lightfoot's Essays," by the author of Supernatural Religion. Lon- 
 don. 1889. 1 vol. 23 X 15. pp. 180. 6s.; also the Preface to the 4th (or 
 subsequent) edition of Westcott on the Canon (see p. 59). 
 
 Westcott, B. F. : Introduction to the Study of the Four Gospels. 7th 
 ed. 1888. 19 X 14 ; 10s. Qd. 
 
 Fisher, Geo. P. : The Supernatural Origin of Christianity. 3d ed. 1870. 
 24 X 16. 12.50. 
 
 Cone, Orello ; Gospel- Criticism and Historical Christianity. N. Y. 1891. 
 pp. 365. 20 X 15. $1.75. 
 
 Ebrard, J. H. A. : Wissenschaf tliche Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte. 
 3te Aufl. 1868. (Eng. trans. Edinburgh. 10s. 6d.) 
 
58 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Rcw, C. A. : The Jesus of the Evangelists : his historical character vin- 
 dicated ; or an Examination of the internal Evidence for our Lord's Divine 
 Mission, with reference to modern controversy. 2ded. London. 1880. pp.340. 
 
 Steinmeyer, F. L.: Apologetische Beitrage •• comprising the following — 
 
 I. Die Wunderthaten u. s. w. Berlin. 1866. pp. 254, 22 X 14. 2.26 M. (Eng. trans, 
 Edinb. 1875 pp. 274. 7s. Qd.) ; II Die Leidensgeschichte 2te A.ufl. 1882. 4 M. ; III. Die 
 AuferstehungPgeschichte 1871. 3 M. (II. and III. trans, in 1 vol. Edinb, 10s. 6rf ) ; IV. 
 Die Gesch. der Geburt a 8. w. 1873. 3 M 
 
 Also by the same author, Beitrage zum Verstandniss des Johanneischen Erangeliums (viz. 
 I. d. hohepriest. Gebet 2.25 M. ; II. ch. iv. 2 M. ; III. ch. xi. 1.80 M. ; IV. ch. iii. 
 2 Jif. ; V ch. IX. 1.80 M. ; VI ch. x. 1.80 M). 
 
 Alexander, W. : The Leading Ideas of the Grospels. New edition. 1892. 
 .fl.75. 
 
 Dale, R. W.: The Living Christ and the Four Gospels. Lond. 1890. 
 pp. 299, 20 X 14. 7s. 6rf. 
 
 "Watkins, H. W.: Modern Criticism ... in its relation to the Fourth 
 Gospel Bampton Lect. for 1890. pp. 502. 23 X 15. 15s. 
 
 The Fourth Gospel : Essays by Ezra Abbot, A. P. Peabody, and Bp. 
 Lightfoot. N. Y. 1891. pp. 171. 23 X 15. $1.50. 
 
 Thoma, A. -. Die Genesis des Johannes-Evangeliums, ein Beitrag zu seiner 
 Auslegung, Geschichte uud Kritik. Berlin. 1882. pp. xvi. 879. 14 M. 
 
 Sanday, W. ; The Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth 
 Gospel, considered in reference to the Contents of the Gospel itself. London. 
 1872. 8s. 6c?. 
 
 Abbot, Ezra: The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel; External Evi- 
 dences, pp. 112, 23 X 16. $.75. (In his "Critical Essays." Boston. 1888, and 
 separately.) 
 
 Beyschlag, Willibald: Zur Johanneischen Frage: Beitrage zur Wiir- 
 digung des vierten Evangeliums gegeniiber den AngrifEen der kritischen 
 Schule. (Reprinted, with additions, from the Theol. Studien u. Kritiken 
 for 1874 and 1875.) Gotha. 1876. pp. 260, 22 X15. English translation. 
 
 Luthardt, Chr. Ernst : Der Johanneische Ursprung des vierten Evangeli- 
 ums. Leipzig. 1874. pp. 224, 20 X 13. The English translation by C. R. 
 Gregory (Edinburgh. 1875. 23X15. 7s. 6c?.) contains (pp. 28.3-369) an 
 admirable bibliography brought down to the date of its publication. 
 
 Paley, W. : Horae Paulinae. Innumerable editions — one of the best by 
 T. R. BiRKS. London. 1850. 3s. 
 
 Popular works relating more or less closely to the subject are — 
 
 Christianity and Agnosticism, a Controversy ; consisting of papers 
 by Wace, Huxley, Magee, Mallock, Mrs. Hdmphry Ward. New York. 
 1889. pp. 329, 18 X 12. $.50. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 59 
 
 Fisher, George P. : Manual of Christian Evidences. New York. 1888. 
 pp. 123, 17 X 12. §.75. A larger work is " The Grounds of Theistic and 
 Christian Belief." $2.50. See also " The Nature and Method of Revelation," 
 by the same author. New York. 1890. pp. xiii., 291, 19 X 13. 
 
 Row, C. A. : A Manual of Christian Evidences. London. 1887. A vol. 
 of the " Theological Educator " series. 17 X 10. 2s. 6c?. 
 
 "Wright, G. Fred. : The Logic of Christian Evidences. Andover. 1880. 
 pp. 328, 19 X 13. $1.50. 
 
 Also many of the " Present Day Tracts " (Eeligious Tract Soc. London). 
 
 Collection of the New Testament Writings, i. b. 
 Formation and History of the Canon. 
 
 "Westcott, B. F. : A general Survey of the History of the Canon of the 
 New Testament. 19X14. 6th ed. (With Preface on "Supernatural Religion.") 
 London. 1889. pp. Ivi., 593. 10s. 6c?. — Fair, thorough, satisfactory. 
 
 Zahn, Theodor : Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kauons. Two vols. 
 (5 Pts.) pp. 968 and 1022 (1888-1892). 23 X 16. 60 M. have appeared. 
 
 See also Harnack, A. : Das Neue Testament urn das Jahr 200. Freiburg. 
 1889. pp. 112,23 X 15. 2 M. (A severe review of Zahn's first volume) ; 
 and the reply by Zahn : Einige Bemerkungen zu Adolf Harnack's Prii- 
 fung u. s. w. Erlangen. 1889. pp. 37. 60 Pfen. 
 
 Credner, C. A.: Gesch. des neutestamentlichen Kanon. Herausgegeben 
 von Dr. G. Volkmar. Berlin. 1860. — Valuable, but carelessly edited. 
 
 Weiss, Einleitung (see p. 66). Holtzmann, Einleltung (see p. 66). 
 pp. 75-204. 
 
 Reuss, E.: Histoire du Canon des Saintes-lfecritures dans Teglise Chr^ti- 
 enne. 2d ed. Strasbourg. 1863. pp. 432, 22 X 14. Translated by David 
 Hunter. Edinburgh. 1884. pp. 640. 15s. 
 
 Loisy, A. : Histoire du Canon du N. T. Paris. 1892. 15/cs. 
 
 Charteris, A. H. .- The New Testament Scriptures, their Claims, History, 
 and Authority ; being the Croall Lectures for 1882. 
 
 Davidson, S. : The Canon of the Bible : its Formation, History, and 
 Fluctuations. 3d revised and enlarged ed. of his (readable but dogmatic) 
 article in the Encyc. Brit 9th ed. London. 1880. pp. 279, 18 X 12. 5s. 
 
 A trustworthy little work for laymen is — 
 
 Westcott, B. F.; The Bible in the Church. 10th ed. Macmillans. 1889. 
 pp. 316, 16 X 11. 4s. 6d. 
 
60 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Preservation of the New Testament Writings. 
 
 1. The Written Text: Textual Criticism, etc. 
 See the general works on Greek palaeography and epigraphy ; such as — 
 
 Gardthausen, V. : Griechische Palaeographie, with 12 tables. Leipzig. 
 1879. pp. 472, 25 X 17. J/. 18.40. (New edition preparing.) — Comprehensive 
 and serviceable. 
 
 Reinach, S. : Traite d'Epigraphie Grecque (Paris. 1885. pp. 560, 25 X 
 16) the second part of which consists of an annotated translation of New- 
 ton's " Essay on Greek Epigraphy." — A thesaurus. 
 
 Hinrichs, G. : Griechische Epigraphik. (Mullek's Handbuch d. Alter- 
 thumswissenschaft vol. i.) Nordlingen. 1886. 6 M. 
 
 Meisterhans, K. : Grammatik der Attischen Inschrif ten. 2d ed. Berlin. 
 1888. M. 6.50. — A thorough little book. 
 
 Berger, P. : Hist, de recriture dans I'antiquite. Paris. 1891. pp. xviii., 
 389. 
 
 Birt, Theodor : Das antike Buchwesen in seinem Yerhaltniss zur Littera- 
 tur. Berlin. 1882. pp.518. 
 
 The older or the more voluminous standard works are — 
 
 Montfaucon, Bern, de : Palaeographia Graeca, etc. fol. Paris. 1708, 
 pp. 574. 
 
 [Tassin, R. P. and Toustain, C. F.] : Nouveau Traite de Diplomatique, 
 etc. 6 vols, folio, 1750-65. 
 
 Silvestre, J. B. : Pale'ographie Universelle. (There is an abridged trans- 
 lation of the text by F. Madden. 2 vols. London. 1849-1850.) 
 
 Palaeographical Society, The : Facsimiles of Manuscripts and Inscrip- 
 tions, edited by E. A. Bond and E. M. Thompson. From 1873 on. A mag- 
 nificent work ; vol. i. (1873-1883) contains many facsimiles of New Testament 
 texts ; vol. ii. 1884 on. 
 
 See the article on Palaeography (by E. M. Thompson) in the Encycl. Brit. 
 9th ed. ; also E. L. Hicks, Manual of Greek Hist. Inscriptions (Oxford, 1882). 
 
 Wattenbach, W. : Anleitung zur griechischen Palaeographie. 2d ed. 
 1877. pp. 64 -f 32 in facsimile MS. 26 X 20. $1.50. Also his Schrifttafeln 
 zur Gesch. der griech. Schrift. Berlin. 1877 ; and Scripturae Graecae Spe- 
 cimina, 1883. 30 Plates. 
 
FOE STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, 61 
 
 Allen, T. W. : Notes on Abbreviations in Greek Manuscripts (with eleven 
 pages orfacsimiles). Oxford. 1889. pp. 51, 25 X 17. 
 
 The following treat specially of the text of the New Testament — 
 
 The Prolegomena to the "Editio Octava Critica Maior" of Tischen- 
 dorf's Greek Testament, forming vol. iii. of that work. The " First Part " 
 (by C. R. Ghegory assisted by Ezra Abbot, Leipzig. 1884. pp. 440. 10 M.) 
 treats of the life and works of Tischendorf, the principles of editing the 
 text, grammatical forms, etc., order of books, etc., history of the text (pub- 
 lished and unpublislied), and a description of the known uncial MSS. ; it is 
 accompanied throughout with copious and trustworthy references to the 
 bibliography. The " Second Part," pp. 441-800. 1890, treats of the cursive 
 MSS. The Third (and last) Part will deal with the ancient versions, quo- 
 tations, etc. 
 
 Scrivener, F. H. A. : A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New 
 Testament. 3d ed. 1883. pp. xxxix., 712, 23 X 15. 16s. See (supplementary 
 and corrective) "Notes on Scrivener's Plain Introduction, etc., chiefly 
 from memoranda of the late Prof. Ezra Abbot," etc. Boston. 1885. pp. 
 66). A new (posthumous) ed. of Scrivener's Introduction is preparing. 
 
 Tregelles, S. P. : in the first part (pp. 402) of the Fourth Vol. of T. H. 
 Horne's "Introduction to the Holy Scriptures," 10th and following editions 
 — also issued separately (1856 sqq.). 
 
 SchaS; P. : A Companion to the Greek Testament and the English Ver- 
 sion. 4th ed. New York. 1891. pp. 62-224. — This work had the benefit 
 of the bibliographical knowledge and vigilant supervision of Ezra Abbot. 
 
 Mitchell, Edward C. : Critical Handbook, etc. London (Religious Tract 
 Society) pp. 151, 20 X 13, and Andover. 1880. 3s. 6rf. 
 
 Hammond, C. E : Outlines of Textual Criticism applied to the New 
 Testament. Oxford. 5th ed. 1891. pp.154. 17X12. 4s. 6rf. — Adry 
 but thorough little manual. 
 
 "Warfield, B. B. : An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New 
 Testament. (A vol. of Nicoll's " Theological Educator" pp. 225, 17 X 11. 
 2s. 6<i.) — A bright, readable book. 
 
 The evidence in Debated Passages will be found discussed in the works 
 of Scrivener, Tregelles, etc. Also in — 
 
 Green, Thos. Sheldon : A Course of developed Criticism on Passages of 
 the New Testament materially affected by Various Readings. Bagsters. 
 London. No date. 
 
 Abbot, Ezra : Critical Essays (Boston. 1888. 23 X 16. $3.50). He discusses 
 (incidentally) the principles, and applies them to disputed passages, with a 
 lucidity and authority unsurpassed. 
 
62 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 "Westcott and Hort's Greek Testament, vol. ii. Appendix, pp. 1-40. 
 
 Sanday, W. : Appendices to the Greek Testament. Londofl. 1889. 
 pp. 199, 15 X 11. 3s. 6d. — A convenient little manual of results. 
 
 Popular books are : — 
 
 Taylor, Isaac : History of the Transmission of Ancient Books to Modern 
 Times. London. 1859. pp. 413, 20 X 13. $2.75. 
 
 Scrivener, F. H. : Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and 
 the ancient MSS. which contain it. Chiefly addressed to those who do not 
 read Greek. Cambridge and London. 1875- pp. 216, 18 X 13. 6s. 
 
 Milligan, Wm. and Roberts, Alex. : The Words of the New Testament 
 as altered by Transmission and ascertained by modern Criticism. Edin- 
 burgh. 1873. pp. 262, 19 X 14. 6s. 
 
 2. The Printed Text. 
 
 See the works of Gregory, Scrivener, Schaff, etc., mentioned p. 61. 
 
 Tregelles, S. P. : An Account of the Printed Text of the Greek New 
 Testament, etc. London. 1854. pp. 274 (with an appended Collation, 
 pp. 94), 23 X 15. $4.00 (?). For accounts of the older edd., trans., etc., 
 see — 
 
 Masch's Le Long's Bibliotheca Sacra, etc. Two Parts (4 vols.) 1778- 
 1790. 25 X 21. $5.00 (?). 
 
 Riiegg, A. : Die neutestamentliche Textkritik seit Lachmann. pp.97. 
 24 X 16. Zurich. 1892. M. 2.40. 
 
 Catalogues with careful descriptions are — 
 
 Reuss, Ed. : Bibliotheca Novi Testamenti Graeci,etc. Brunsvigae. 1872. 
 pp. 314, 23 X 15. $1.75 (?) (Cf. Prof. Hall's supplementary annotations 
 in App. I. to Schaff's Companion, etc., pp. 497-524.) See p. 47. 
 
 Hall, I. H. : American Greek Testaments : a critical bibliography of the 
 Greek New Testament as published in America. Philadelphia. 1883. pp. 
 82, 25 X 16. 
 
 Dissemination op the New Testament Writings. 
 1. Ancient Versions. 
 
 For detailed accounts see "Versions, Ancient," in Smith; also "Bible 
 Versions " in Schaff-Herzog ; Scrivener's " Introduction," etc., ch. iii. ; 
 Schaff's " Companion," etc., ch. iii. 
 
 Especially Gregory's " Prolegomena " to Tischendorp, ch. ix. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. 63 
 
 Trustworthy accounts of some of the older editions of the versions may- 
 be found in Masch's Le Long (see p. 62) ; and Simon, R. : Histoire Cri- 
 tique des Versions du Nouv. Test., etc. Rotterdam. 1690. pp. 639. 25 X 19. 
 
 Passing mention may be made of — 
 
 The Peshitto Syriac New Testament, as issued by the American 
 Bible Society. 1874. pp. 637, 15 X 12. $50. 
 
 A critical ed. of the Syriac Gospels is in preparation by G. H. Gwilliam. 
 
 Heyne, Moritz : F. L. Stamm's Ulfilas, oder die uns erhaltenen Denkma- 
 ler der gothischen Sprache. Text, Worterbuch, und Grammatik. 7th ed. 
 Paderborn. 1878. pp. 476, 21 X 14. $2.50. Very neat is the ed. of E. 
 Bernhardt (1884), followed by a grammar (1885). 
 
 "Wordsworth, John, and White, H. J. : Novum Test. . . . secundum 
 editionem S. Hieronymi. The only critical ed. Two Parts (Mt, Mk., 20s.) 
 have appeared (1889 sq.). A convenient ed, (of the Roman text) by A. C. 
 Pillion, pp. 1366. 23 X 15. Paris. 1887. Useful manuals are Theile 
 and Stier's Nov. Test. Tetraglotton (Gr., Lat, Germ., Eng.) ; especially — 
 
 Tischendorf's Nov. Test. Lat. (from hisTriglott). pp. 930, 14 X 8. SM. 
 
 2. Modern Translations. 
 
 See " Dutch," " English," " French," " German," etc., versions in the Index 
 of Reuss's History, etc. (see p. 56 above), and in Alexander's edition of 
 KiTTo's Cyclopsedia of Biblical Literature (see p. 44) ; cf. also " Versions " 
 in Smith and in Schaff-Herzog. 
 
 Special mention may be made of recent " Revisions," namely, in Dutch : 
 Het Nieuwe Testament, van wegede Algemeene Synode der Nederlandsche 
 Hervormde Kerk op nieuw uit den Grondtekst overgezet, en van inleidingen, 
 inhoudsopgaven, gelijkluidende plaatsen en aanteekeningen voorzien. De 
 Nederlandsche Bijbel-Compagnie. . . . 1868. pp. 575, 28 X 18. $6.00; in 
 German: Die Bibel . . . nach der deutschen Uebersetzung D. Martin 
 Luthers. Im Auftrage der Deutschen evang. Kirchenkonferenz durch- 
 gesehene Ausgabe. Halle. 1892. 21 X 15. 3.25 M. 
 
 Exegetically serviceable is the German translation by De Wette (3d ed. 
 1839), which will be superseded by the transl. by Kautzsch, al., now appear- 
 ing. Valuable is the N. T. by Weizsacker, 5th ed. 1892. M. 3.60. French 
 translations of note are by Rilliet (1862, 2 vols.), Oltramare (1873), Segond 
 (1880), Stapfer (1889). 
 
64 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 3. The English Bible. Editions. 
 The Holy Bible, an exact reprint, page for page, of [the 2d of the two 
 editions (cf. Dr. Gilman in Bibliotheca Sacra for January 1859)] the Auth- 
 orized Version published in the year 1611. Oxford. 1833. $5.25. 
 
 The Cambridge Paragraph Bible, etc., by Rev. F. H. A. Sckivenee. 
 1873. $6.00. — The only critical edition of the Autliorized Version. The very 
 valuable "Critical Introduction" (indispensable for the study of the inter- 
 nal history of our version) has been reprinted separately under the title, 
 "The Authorized Edition of the English Bible (1611), its subsequent 
 Eeprints and modern Representatives, by F. H. A. Scbivenek." Cambridge. 
 1884. pp. 312, 20 X 14. $2.25. 
 
 Bagsters' English Hexapla. 32 X 25. The " historical account " prefixed 
 to the 1st issue, 1841, was written by S. P. Tregelles and is of special 
 value ; superseded in later issues by an inferior account ascribed to Chris- 
 topher Anderson. 
 
 Eminent among manual editions is " The Variorum Bible for Bible 
 Teachers " edited by T. K. Cheynb, S. R. Driver, R. L. Clarke, Alfred 
 Goodwin, W. Sanday ; it gives in the footnotes *' Various Renderings and 
 Readings from the Best Authorities " (more than four score authorities are 
 occasionally cited in the Old Testament, and even a larger number in the 
 New), and with it is incorporated ** The Queen's Printers' Aids to the Stu- 
 dent of the Holy Bible " (summary essays by more than a dozen experts on 
 Biblical natural history, archaeology, chronology, history, etc.) together with 
 Concordances and Maps. London, Edinburgh, and New York. 1880. 20 X 16. 
 
 A new and revised edition of the above, in larger type and with added 
 references, appeared ( without date) in 1889. 24 X 17. In plain leather, $6,00. 
 
 A kindred ed. of the Apocrypha has been edited by C. J. Ball. pp. viii., 
 276. Lond. 1892. 6s. Qd. 
 
 Its History. 
 
 "Westcott, B. F. : A general View of the History of the English Bible. 
 2d ed. London. 1872. pp. 427, 20 X 14. 10s. 6d. New ed. in preparation. 
 
 Eadie, John : The English Bible : an external and critical History of 
 the various English Translations of Scripture, with Remarks on the need 
 of revising the English New Testament. 2 vols. pp. 440, 504, 23 X 15. 
 London. 1876. 28s. — Less scholarly and accurate than Westcott, but 
 interesting and valuable. 
 
 Moulton, W. F. : The History of the English Bible (Cassell, etc. 1878. 
 pp. 232, 19 X 13). Composed of articles which appeared in the " Bible Edu- 
 
FOB STUDENTS OP THE NEWs^fflE^^jaSWP, 65 
 
 cator " (cf. p. 61) ; gives results of original study, particularly comparisons 
 of selected passages in the several versions. 
 
 Dore, J. R. : Old Bibles : an account of the early Versions of the English 
 Bible. 2d ed. London. 1888. pp. 395, 20 X 16. 6s. Hyper-churchly. 
 
 Mombert, J. I. : A Handbook of the English Versions of the Bible, with 
 copious examples illustrating the ancestry and relationship of the several 
 versions, and comparative tables, etc. New York. 1883. pp. 509, 21 X 15. 
 $2.25. 
 
 Invaluable for the study of the English of the Authorized Version is — 
 
 "Wright, W. Aldis : The Bible Word-Book, a Glossary of Archaic Words 
 and Phrases in the Authorized Version of the Bible and the Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer. 2d ed. revised and enlarged. 1884. pp. 680, 19 X 13. 7s. Qd. 
 
 A comparison of the version of 1611 with the revision of 1881 is made 
 easy by — 
 
 The Parallel NeTV Testament, Greek and English (giving the Greek 
 Text followed by the Revisers). Oxford. 1882. pp. 1096, 22 X 15. 12s. 6c?. 
 
 4. The Revised New Testament of 1881. 
 
 The ablest exhibition of the necessity and proper nature of a revision of 
 the Authorized Version is — 
 
 Lightfoot, J. B. : On a Fresh Revision of the English New Testament 
 (1871; 3d ed. 1891. 7s. 6d.) reprinted, together with the similar work of 
 Ellicott (1870) and the earlier work of Trench (1859), in one vol. by 
 ScHAFF. New York. 1873. pp. 618, 21 X 15. $3.00. 
 
 A catalogue of attempts at revision and re-translation is given by E. W. 
 GiLMAN in Amer. Bible Society's " Record," Aug. 1883 on. 
 
 See Schaff's " Companion," etc. ch. viii. 
 
 A very convenient edition of the Revised Version is the so-called " Dia- 
 critical Edition," by Rufus Wendell, which gives at the bottom of the 
 page the variations of the Authorized Version, pp. xx., 886, xiv., 276, 25 
 X 17. $5.00. Concordances to the Revised N. T. : Appleton, N. Y. 1882 ; 
 Scribners. 1883. 
 
 Interpretation of the New Testament Writings. 
 Its History. 
 
 Parrar, F. W. : Bampton Lectures for 1885. pp. 553, 22 X 15. 16s. To 
 it an ill-digested and rather indiscriminate but useful bibliography is ap- 
 pended, pp. 479-491. 
 
66 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Terry, Milton S., devotes Pt. iii., pp. 603-738, of his Hermeneutics (New 
 York. 1883. pp. 781, 24 X 16. $4,00) to a history of interpretation, and gives 
 (pp. 739-752) an alphabetical Bibliography. 
 
 The careful earlier history by H. N. Klausen in his Hermeneutik des 
 N. Ts (aus dera Danischen iibersetzt. Leipzig. 1841), pp. 77-337, is freely 
 reproduced by S. Davidson in his Sacred Hermeneutics (Edinburgh. 1843. 
 pp. 747, 23 X 15) p. 70 sqq. 
 
 Hermeneutics: the Science. 
 
 Besides the work of Terey (see above), which is a ixiya 0i$\iov, one of 
 the most valuable recent books is — 
 
 Immer, A. : Hermeneutik des Neuen Testamentes (Wittenberg. 1873). 
 Indifferently translated (with many crude additions in notes) by Albert 
 H. Newman. Andover. 1877. pp. 395, 21 X 14. $1.75. 
 
 Celldrier, J. E. : Manuel d'Herme'neutique Biblique (Geneva. 1852. 8vo.) 
 is one of the most elaborate (an extended outline of it is given in Weidneb's 
 Theol. EncycL, Pt. i. pp. 123-155). It has been reproduced in a truncated 
 form by Elliott and Harsha. New York. 1881. 
 
 Fairbaim, P. : Hermeneutical Manual or Introduction to the Exegetical 
 Study of the New Testament. Edinburgh. 1858. 10s. Qd. Philadelphia. 
 1859. pp. 526, 21 X 14. Part Second (pp. 205-389) comprises various dis- 
 sertations on The Genealogies, Angels, Names of Christ, etc. ; and Part 
 Third (pp. 393-503) treats of the use made of the Old Testament in the 
 New. 
 
 Much good sense may be found in Herbert Marsh's Lects. on the Grit, 
 and Interp. of the Bible (new ed. Lond. 1838) ; Briggs, C. A., Biblical Study 
 (N. Y. 1883 sq.), ch. x. ; Doedes, J. J. : Hermen. of the N. T. (Edinb. 1867). 
 
 Among older books those of Lutz (2d ed. 1861), Wilke (2 vols. 1843- 
 1844), Schleieemacheb (printed from MS. notes by Lucre, 1838), and 
 even Griesbach (similarly but less satisfactorily reproduced by Steineb, 
 1815), are still worth consulting. 
 
 There is need of a clear, brief, sensible Manual. 
 
 Exegesis : the Art. 
 Illustrative Works. 
 Illustrative matter from Jewish Sources. 
 Lightfoot, John : Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae, etc. Essays and illus- 
 trations on topics and passages chiefly from the historical books. (1675 on. 
 Also translated into English both in his complete works, ed. Pitman, 13 
 vols. 1822-1826 ; and the Horae newly edited by R. Gandell. 1859. 4 vols. 
 £1, Is.) 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 67 
 
 Schoettgen, Christ. : Horae Hebr. et Talmud. On the whole New Tes- 
 tament. 2 vols. Dresden and Leipzig. 1733-1742. pp. 1280, 996; 22 X 18. 
 $20.00(7). Vol. ii. is mainly devoted to the Jewish doctrine respecting the 
 Messiah, and was substantially reproduced in German with the title " Jesus, 
 der walire Messias." 1748. — Often uncritical. 
 
 Meuschen, J. G. : Nov. Test, ex Talmude et antiquitt Hebraeorum 
 illustratum — comprising also essays by Schjbid, Danz, Bhenfebd, etc. 
 1736. pp. 1216, 22 X 18. 
 
 ■Wunsche, Aug. : Neue Beitrage zur Erlauterung der Evangelien aus 
 Talmud und Midrasch. Gottingen. 1878. pp. 566, 23 X 15. 11 M. 
 
 Langen, J. : Das Judenthum in Palastina zur Zeit Christi (1866) gives 
 an exposition of Jewish Theology. 
 
 "Weber, F. : System der altsynagogalen Palastinischen Theologie u. s. w. 
 Leipzig. 1880. pp. xxxiv., 400, 22 X 15. 7 M. — Valuable. 
 
 Bertholdt, L. : De Christologia Judaeorum Jesu apostolorumque aetata. 
 Erlangen. 1811. pp. xx., 228, 19 X 12. §1.00. (?) — Not yet quite superseded. 
 
 Drummond, J. : The Jewish Messiah. London. 1877. pp. 395, 23 X 16. 
 A list of books is appended. 
 
 Riehm, E. : Die Messianische Weissagung, ihre Entstehung, ihr zeit- 
 geschichtlicher Charakter, und ihr Verhaltniss zu der neutestamentlichen 
 Erfullung. 2te Aufl. Gotha. 1885. pp. 233, 22 X 14. 4 M. English trans, 
 of 1st ed. by J. Jefferson. Edinburgh. 1875. 5s. 
 
 Stanton, V. H. : The Jewish and the Christian Messiah. Edinburgh. 
 1886. 23 X 15. pp. 399. 10s. 6c?. — Brief but good bibliography prefixed. 
 
 Dalman, G. H. : Der leidende und sterbende Messias der Synagoge im 
 ersten nachchristlichen Jahrtausend (Schriften des Listitutum Judaicum, 
 No. 4). Berlin, 1888. pp. 100. 2 M. 
 
 See the copious and discriminating references appended to the article 
 " Messiah " in Hackett and Abbot's Smith. 
 
 Drummond, J. : Philo Judaeus, or the Jewish- Alexandrian Philosophy 
 in its Development and Completion. 2 vols. pp. 359, 355, 23 X 16. $6.00. 
 London. 1888. 
 
 From Profane Sources. 
 
 Spiess, Edmund : Logos Spermaticos, etc. (parallels to the New Testa* 
 ment from ancient Greek writers). Leipzig. 1871. pp. Ixiii., 505, 24 X 16. 9M. 
 
 A store of matter illustrative of both language and thought from both 
 Jewish and Gentile writers is to be found in — 
 
 Wetstein, J. J.: Novum Testamentum, etc., 2 vols, folio. 1751-1762. 
 125.00 (1). , 
 
68 list op books 
 
 Commentaries. 
 On the Whole New Testament. 
 
 Meyer, H. A. W. (with associates): Kritisch exegetischer Kommentar 
 iiber das Neue Testament. Since the editor's death its successive editions 
 have been supervised by Prof. B. Weiss. Among recent issues are Mat- 
 THADS-EvANGELiDM. 8te Aufl. pp. Iv., 500. Gottingcn. 1890. 1 M.; 
 Markds u. LuKAS. Ste Aufl. pp. iv.,666. 1892. 9.60 J/. ; Evangelidm 
 DES Johannes, ed. Weiss. 7te Aufl. 1886; Apostelgeschichte. ed. 
 H. H. Wendt. 7te Aufl. 1888. pp. vi., 564. 7.40 M. ; Romekbrief. ed. [ 
 Weiss. 8te Aufl. pp. 667. 1891; Korintherbriefe. ed. C. F. G- 
 Heinrici. 7te Aufl. 1888-90; Philip., Kolos., Philem. ed. A. H. 
 Fbanke, 5te Aufl. 1886; Gal. ed. Sieffert. 7te Aufl. 1886; Ephes. 
 ed. Woldemar Schmidt. 6te Aufl. 1886; Jakobusbrief. 5te Aufl. 
 ed. Beyschlag. 1888. pp. viii., 240. 3.40 M. ; Petbusbriefe und Judas, 
 5te Aufl. E. KiJHL. pp. vi., 442. 1887 ; Hebraerbrief. ed. Lunemann. 
 4te Aufl. 1878. (or ed. Weiss. 1888) ; Briefe des Apostels Johannes. 
 5te Aufl. by Weiss, pp. 211. 1888 ; Briefe an Tim. und Titus, ed. 
 HuTHER. 4te Aufl. 1876. (or 1885. ed. Weiss); Offenbarung. 4te 
 Aufl. '87. 
 
 But a new edition of some part of this Handbook appears almost every 
 three months. The complete set of 17 vols, is offered often by the publish- 
 ers (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht of Gottingen) for 70 M. — Half-bound in 
 leather, 94 AL The American reprint (Funk and Wagnalls, New York) of 
 the English translation (Clarks, Edinburgh) is emended, and enriched (espe- 
 cially the volumes edited by President D wight) with valuable additions. 
 
 DeWette, W, M. L. : Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Neuen 
 Testament (3 vols, re-edited after the author's death by Messner, Bruck- 
 ner, al.) ; is still of value, particularly in the Epistles. 
 
 Alford, Henry: The Greek Testament, etc., for the use of theological 
 students and ministers. 4 vols. (vol. i. 6th ed. £1 8s. ; vol. ii. 6th ed. 
 £1 4s.; vol. iii. 5th ed. 18s.; vol. iv. 4th ed. £1 12s.) 
 
 Holtzman, H. J., Lipsius, R. A., Schmiedel, P. W., Soden, H. von : 
 Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament. 4 vols. 25X17. 1891. 27.50 3/. 
 Second ed. appearing. Aims to give a clear and brief summary of exegeti- 
 cal results. 
 
 Of a more general and popular character are — 
 
 The New Testament Commentary for English Readers by various 
 Writers. Edited by Bishop Ellicott. 3 vols. London and New York. 
 1878 on. 28X21. $12.00 (?). 
 
 The Cambridge Bible for Schools, by J. J. S. Perowne, as general 
 editor. Cambr. and Lend. 17 X 12. Eng. text. Each book separately. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. 69 
 
 The Popular Commentary, edited by Philip Schaff. 4 vols. New 
 York and Edinburgh. 1879 on. 26 X 18. Also in parts. 
 
 On Groups op New Testament Books. 
 
 Gospels. 
 
 Keil, C. F. : Matthew, 1 vol. 1877. pp. 621, 23 X 15. 11 M. ; Mark and 
 Luke, 1 vol. 1879. pp. 501. 8 M. ; John, 1 vol. 1881. pp. 604. 11 M. 
 
 McClellan, J. B. : The New Testament, etc. (vol. i. [as yet alone]. Lon- 
 don. 1875. pp. xciii., 763, 23 X 15. $10.00) ; contains valuable material in 
 its marginal notes and appended dissertations. 
 
 Bleek, F (posthumously) : Synoptische Erklarung der drei ersten Evan- 
 gelien. 2 vols. 1862. pp. 540, 524, 23 X 15. 18 M. — Somewhat antiquated 
 and meagre, yet exhibits the author's characteristic candor and good sense. 
 
 Fritzsche, C. F. A. ; Quatuor N. T. Evangelia recensuit et cum com- 
 mentariis perpetuis edidit. Only two vols. (Matthew. Leipzig. 1826. pp. 
 xxiv., 872, 21 X 14, and Mark. Leipzig. 1830. xlviii, 805) appeared ; still 
 valuable for their philology. (Can be picked up at 6 M.) 
 
 Epistles. 
 
 Lightfoot, J. B.: Galatians (10th ed. 1890. 12s.), Philippians (9tli ed. 
 1886. 12s.), Colossians and Philemon (9th ed. 1890. 12s.). 
 
 Ellicott, C. J.: Galatians (8s.) ; Ephesians (8s.) ; Philippians, Colossians, 
 and Philemon (10s. Qd.) ; I and 2 Thessalonians (7s. 6d.); Pastoral Epistles 
 (10s. 6d.) ; 1 Corinthians (16s.). All reprinted at Andover, at from $1.25 to 
 $1.75 a vol. 
 
 Oltramare, H. : Comm. (in French) on Rom. 2 vols. 1881-2. pp.530, 
 627, 15 X 23 ; on Col., Eph., and Philem. 3 vols. 1892. pp. 466, 417, 467. 
 (19 /rcs.l). 
 
 Beet, Joseph Agar : Romans (6th ed. London. 1887. 7s. 6c/.), Corin- 
 thians (5th ed. 16s. 6rf.), Galatians (3d ed. 5s.), on Eph., Philip., Col., and 
 Philem. (1891. 7s. 6c?.), — designed mainly for English readers, but 
 scholarly, candid, sensible. 
 
 The Pastoral Epistles. 
 
 Weiss, B.: in Meter (see p. 68) pp. 400, 23 X 15. — An independent 
 work. 
 
 Holtzmann, H. J. : Die Pastoralbrief e u. s. w. Leipzig. 1880. pp. xii., 
 504, 24 X 16. 8 M. —Elaborate. 
 
 Epistles of Peter and Jude. 
 
 Keil, C. F. : Leipzig. 1883. pp. 337, 23 X 14. 7 If. 
 
 Epistles of Peter, 
 
 Usteri, J. M. : Comm. (1887 sq.) 
 
70 
 
 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Epistles of John. 
 "Westcott, B. F. : 2d ed. revised. London. 1886. 23 X 15. 12s. 6d. Meteb, 
 as re-edited by Weiss. 1888. (See p. 68.) 
 
 On Individual Books (or Writers). 
 N. B. The commentaries upon individual books are by no means always 
 superior to those forming part of works upon the whole New Testament, 
 such as Meyer's (p. 68). 
 
 Writings of John : 
 
 Liicke, F. : * Coramentar iiber die Schrif ten des Evangelisten Johannes 
 (Gospel, 2 vols. 3d ed. 1840-1843 ; Epistles, 3d ed. edited by E. Bertheau, 
 1 vol. 1856, 6 M.) ; also Versuch einer vollstandigen Einleitung in die OfEenba- 
 rung des Johannes, oder AUgenieine Untersuchungen iiber die apokalyptische 
 Litteratur iiberhaupt und die Apokalypse des Johannes ins besondere. 2d 
 ed. 2 vols. Bonn. 1852. 16 M. 
 
 Matthew. 
 
 Broadus, J. A. : (American Baptist Publishing Society; without date, 
 but in 1887). — Especially valuable. 
 
 Morison, James : 7th ed. London. 1890. 14s. — Learned and racy. 
 
 Meyer's Matthew has undergone complete reconstruction by Weiss in 
 the 8th ed. (See p. 68.) 
 
 Mark. 
 
 Morison, James : 6th ed. London. 1889. pp. Ixxx., 546. 23 X 15. 12s. 
 
 Alexander, Jos. Addison : 3d ed. New York. 1863. pp. xxiii., 444. 20 
 X 14. — On the English text, but valuable. 
 
 Luke. 
 
 Godet, F. : in French, troisieme edition. Neuchatel. 1888-1889. pp. vii., 
 623, 625. 2 vols. 22 X 14. English translation of the 2d edition by E. W. 
 Shaldbrs. Edinburgh. 4th ed. 1881. 21s. 
 
 Hahn, G. L. : Band i. Breslau. 1892. 8 M. 
 
 Farrar, Frederic W. : 1880. pp. 392, 17 X 12. 4s. 6d. (Eng. text; seep. 68). 
 
 John. 
 
 Godet, F. : 3d French ed. 1881-1885. 3 vols. English translation with 
 additions by Timothy D wight (Funk and Wagnalls. 1886. 2 vols.). 
 
 Westcott, B. F. : in the " Speaker's Commentary." Also separately. 
 10s. 6d. ^ 
 
 Luthardt, C. E. : 2d ed. 2 vols. 1875-6. Eng. trans. 3 vols. Edin. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 71 
 
 Cf. Lucre (on p. 70), Steinmeter (on p. 58). 
 
 Plummer, A.: The Gospel according to S. John, with Maps, Notes, 
 and Introduction. 1882. pp. Ixiv., 380, 17 X 12. 6s. (A volume of the " Cam- 
 bridge Greek Testament for Schools.") 
 
 Acts. 
 
 Hackett, H. B. : " New Edition," etc. Boston. 1863. Posthumous edi- 
 tion edited by Alvah Hovet (in consultation with Ezba Abbot). Phila- 
 delphia. 1882. pp. 345. 
 
 Schmidt, Karl : Die Apostelgeschichte unter dem Hauptgesichtspunkte 
 ihrer Glaubwiirdigkeit kritisch-exegetisch bearbeitet. Bd. I. Erlangen. 
 1882. pp. 537. 8 M. 
 
 Lumby, J. Rawson : 1882. 4s. 6d. (A volume of the " Cambridge Bible 
 for Schools," see p. 68.) On the English text. 
 
 Spitta, F. : Die Apostelgeschichte, ihre Quellen u. s. w. Halle, pp. xi. 380. 
 8 M. 
 
 Romans. 
 
 Pritzsche, C. F. A. : in Latin. 3 vols. 1836-1843. Published at 21 M., 
 but can be picked up at 6 If. ; valuable for philology mainly. 
 
 Godet, F. : 2e edition. 2 vols. Neuchatel. 1890. 21 X 14. 10 francs 
 each. English translation of 1st ed. Edinburgh. 1881. 2 vols. 21s. 
 
 Vaughan, C. J. : St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, with Notes. (West- 
 COTT and Hort's text.) 7th ed. London. 1890. 20 X U. 7s. 6</. Brief, 
 but compact and clear ; esp. valuable for its parallels from Bib. Greek. 
 
 Otto, V. W. : Kommentar u. s. w. 2 vols. pp. 463, 602. Glauchau. 
 1886. 18 3f. 
 
 Corinthians. 
 
 Heinrici, C. F. Georg: Das erste Sendschreiben. Berlin. 1880; Das 
 zweite Sendschreiben. Berlin. 1887. pp. 606, 23 X 15. Each 10 M. 
 
 Grodet, F. : On the First Epistle. English translation. Edinburgh. 2 vols. 
 21s. 
 
 Edwards, Thos. Chas. : On the First Epistle. 2d ed. 1886. (New York. 
 Armstrong and Son.) 14s. 
 
 Stanley, A. P. : The Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians, with criti- 
 cal Notes and Dissertations. London. (Murray.) 5th ed. 1882. pp. 598, 23 
 X15. 18s. 
 
 Robertson, F. W. : Expository Lectures. Am. ed. Boston. 1870. pp. 425. 
 
 Galatians. 
 "Wieseler, Karl : Commentar iiber den Brief Pauli an die Galater mit 
 besonderer Riicksicht auf die Lehre und Geschichte des Apostels ; mit einem 
 
72 LIST OP BOOKS 
 
 chronologischen xind einem textkritischen Excurse. Gottingen. 1859. pp. 612, 
 22 X 14. 8 M. 
 
 Philippi, F. A. : Erklarung des Briefes Pauli an die Galater. (Posthu- 
 mous, edited by his son F. Philippi.) Giitersloh. 1884. pp. 214, 20 X 14. 
 3.50 M. 
 
 Ephesians, 
 
 Macpherson, John : Edin. 1892. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Klopper, Alb.: Gottingen. 1891. pp. 201, 15 X 22. 4.50 M. 
 
 Bleek, Fr. : Vorlesungen u. Kol., Philem. u. Eph. 1865. pp. 308. 4.60 M. 
 
 Harless, G. C. Adolph v. : Commentar iiber den Brief Pauli an die 
 Ephesier. 2te Aufl. Stuttgart. 1858. pp. 574, 21 X 14. 8 M. 
 
 Eadie, John : Dr. Eadie's Commentaries, though elaborate, are neither 
 quite exact philologically nor dispassionate doctrinally. 
 
 Philippians. 
 
 "Weiss, B. : Der Philipperbrief, ausgelegt und die Geschichte seiner Aus- 
 legung kritisch dargestellt. Berlin, 1859. 5.40 M. 
 
 Soden, H. v. : Der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Philipper. Freiburg. 
 1889. pp. vii., 98. 1 M. 
 
 Eadie, John : Commentary on the Greek Text of the Epistle of Paul to 
 the Philippians. 2d ed. 1886. pp. 296. (See under " Ephesians.") 
 
 Colossians. 
 
 Klopper, Alb. : Der Brief an d. Colosser kritisch untersucht und in 
 seinem Verhaltnisse zum Paulinischen LehrbegrifE exegetisch imd biblisch- 
 theologisch erortert. Berlin. 1882. pp. 553. 10 M. 
 
 Eadie, John : 2d ed. 1884. pp. 302. (See under " Ephesians.") 
 Thessalonians. 
 
 Schmid, P. : Der erste Thessalonischerbrief neu erklart. . . . Nebst einem 
 Excurs iiber den zweiten gleichnamigen Brief. Berlin. 1885. 
 
 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon. 
 
 Both KoELLiNG, H. (der erste Brief Pauli an Tim. u. s. w. 1882 sq., an 
 elaborate work) and Lemme, L. (das echte Ermahnungsschreiben des Paulus 
 an Tim. 1882. pp. 88) defend the Pauline authorship — the latter, however, 
 with grave qualifications. Cf. Hesse, F. H. (1889, 6 i/.) ; Knoke, K. (2 Pta. 
 1887-89.) 
 
 ffebrews. 
 
 Weiss, Bemhard : Kritisch Exegetisches Handbuch uber den Brief an 
 die Hebraer. Gottingen. 1888. pp. 369, 22 X 15. Issued as an alternate 
 with Lunemann's in Meter ; see p. 68 above. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. 73 
 
 Weatcott, B. F. : The Greek Text with Notes and Essays. 2d ed. 1892. 
 pp. Ixxxiv., 504, 23 X 14. 14s. — Various and valuable discussions. 
 
 Vaughan, C. J. : pp. 340. 1890. 7s. &d. Akin to his Romans, q. v. 
 
 Kurtz, J. H. : Mitau. 1869. pp. 436, 22 X 14. 8 M. 
 
 Keil, Carl Friedrich : Commentar iiber den Brief an die Hebraer. Leip- 
 zig. 1885. pp. 420, 23 X 15. 8 M. (See p. 69 above.) 
 
 Bleak, Friedrich : Der Brief an die Hebraer erlautert durch Einleitung, 
 Uebersetzung und fortlaufenden Commentar. Berlin. (Einleitung. 1828. 
 pp. 480 ; Commentar, vol. i. 1836. pp. 592 ; vol. ii. 1840. pp. 1052. Procurable 
 at times for 10 M. or less. A thesaurus.) A briefer and later exposition hy 
 Bleek was edited (posthumously) by K. A. Windbath. Elberfeld. 1868. 
 pp. 512. 23 X 15. 8 M. 
 
 Delitzsch, Franz : Commentar zum Briefe an die Hebraer, mit archao- 
 logischen und dogmatischen Excursen iiber das Opfer und die Versohnung. 
 Leipzig. 1857. pp. 770. English translation by T. L. Kingsbuby. 2 vols. 
 Edmburgh. 1868-1870. 21s. 
 
 Davidson, A. B. ("Handbook Series," 2s. 6d.) — Cf. Bibl. Theol. 
 p. 83 below. 
 
 James. 
 
 Mayor, Joseph B. : The Ep. of St. James. Grk. text, with Introd., Notes, 
 and Comments. Macmillans. 1892. pp. ccxx. 248, 23 X 15. 10s. 
 Plumptare, E. H. : pp. 107. Is. 6d. (On the English text See p. 68.) 
 
 Peter. 
 
 Usteri, J. M. : Wissensch. u. Prakt Com. in d. ersten Petrusbrief. 1887- 
 1889. 2 vols. Zurich. 
 
 Johnstone, Robert: The First Epistle of Peter: Revised Text, with 
 Introduction and Commentary. Edinburgh. 1888. pp. 417. 10s. 6c?. 
 
 Spitta, Fr. : Der zweite Brief des Petrus u. der Brief des Judas. Eine 
 geschichtliche Untersuchung. Halle. 1885. 9 M. — Defensive. 
 
 Epistles of John. 
 (See Westcott on p. 70; Ltj'cke on p. 70.) 
 
 Haupt. Erich : Der erste Brief des Johannes. Beitrag zu bibl. Theol. 
 1869. English translation by W. B. Pope. Edinburgh. 1879. pp. 385. 10s. 6d, 
 
 Jude. 
 See p. 69. Spitta (see Peter). 
 
 Revelation. 
 Kliefoth, Th. : Die Offenbarung des Johannes. Three "parts" or vols. 
 Leipzig. 1874. pp. 272, 221, 354, 23 X 15. 16 M. 
 
74 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Bleek, Friedr. : Vorlesungen uber die Apokalypse. Herausgegeben von 
 Th. Hossbach. Berlin. 1862. pp. 386, 21 X 14. 6 M. English translation 
 (Theological Translation Fund; edited by S. Davidson. London. 1874. 
 10s. Qd. 
 
 Elliot, C. B. : Horae Apocalypticae. A commentary on the Apocalypse, 
 critical and historical. 6th ed. 4 vols. London. 1862. 
 
 Spitta : Die Offenbarung des Johannes untersucht. 1889. 12 M. 
 
 Stuart, Moses : Commentary on the Apocalypse. 2 vols. Andover. 1845. 
 24X15. — Elaborate. 
 
 Desprez, Philip S. : John or the Apocalypse of the New Testament. 
 London. 1870. pp. 293. 
 
 Milligan, William: The Revelation of St. John. London. 1886. pp.343. 7s. 
 
 Expository lectures on this book which deserve attention have been written 
 by F. D. Maurice (London. 10s. 6c?.), and C. J. Vadghan (3d ed. 2 vols. 
 London. 9s.). 
 
 See LiJCKE above under "John," p. 70. 
 . N. B. On recent theories respecting the unity and Jewish origin of the 
 book, see — on Vischer's : Gebhardt und Harnack, Texte und Untersuch- 
 ungen u. s. w. Bd. ii. Heft 3. Leipzig. 1886. pp. 1S7. 5 M. ; Weizsacker, Das 
 apostolische Zeitalter. pp. 504-509; Pfleiderer, Das Urchristenthum, 
 p. 318 sq. Per contra, Beyschlag in Studien und Kritiken for 1888. pp. 102 
 -138; Revue de Thistoire des Religions, for January 1889; the Expositor 
 for June 1887, March 1889, etc. ; Salmon's Introd., Lect. xiv. end ; esp. 
 HiLGENFELD in his Zeitschrift for 1890. pp. 385-468. For a good re'sume, 
 see Holtzmann in the " Hand-Commentar," iv. 256 sq. and his " Einleitung," 
 ed. 3, p. 411 sq. ; also E. C. Moore in Journ. of Bibl. Literature, 1891, i. 
 
 On particular Passages or Topics: (seep. 81 sq.). 
 
 Only discussions so extended as to form a volume by themselves are 
 enumerated. 
 
 Tholuck, August : Die Bergrede Christi. 5te verbesserte Auflage. Gotha. 
 1872. pp. 406. English transl. of 4th ed. by Brown. Edinburgh. 1860. 
 10s. 6d. — Exhaustive ; abounds in references and quotations. 
 
 Trench, R. C. : The Sermon on the Mount. An Exposition drawn from 
 the writings of St. Augustine, etc. 4th ed. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Steinmeyer, F. L. : Die Rede des Herm auf dem Berge : ein Beitrag 
 zur Losurig ihrer Probleme. Berlin. 1885. pp. 156, 22 X 16. 2.25 M. 
 
 Kamphausen, A. H. H. : Das Gebet des Herm erklart. pp. 146. 1866. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 75 
 
 Trench, R. C. : Notes on the Miracles of our Lord. 13th Am. ed. revised 
 and with the notes translated. 1887. D. Appleton & Co. New York. $1.60. 
 Enghsh (12th ed.) 12s. 
 
 Bnice, A. B. : The Miraculous Element in the Gospels (The "Ely Lec- 
 tures"). New York, no date. pp. 391, 22 X 15. $2.50. 
 
 Trench, R. C. : Notes on the Parables of our Lord. 14th ed. London, 
 pp. 500. 12s. American editions by D. Appleton & Co. pp. 425. 1855 (?) sq. 
 
 Tbench's works are still a thesaurus of references and materials. 
 
 Jtilicher, A. : Die Gleichnisreden Jesu. 1888. pp. vi., 296, 24 X 16. Frei- 
 burg. 6.60 M. — Valuable ; but of a general and preliminary character. 
 
 Steinmeyer, F. L. : Die Parabeln des Herrn. Berlin. 1884. pp. iv., 183, 
 23X15. 2.60 31. 
 
 Bruce, A. B. : The Parabolic Teaching of Christ. A systematic and 
 critical Study of the Parables of our Lord. Third edition, with new pref- 
 ace. London. 1889. 12s. ;: 
 
 Goebel, S. : Die Parabeln Jesu methodisch ausgelegt. Gotha. 1884. 
 pp. viii., 232. 10 M. English translation by Banks. Edinburgh. 1883. 
 10s. 6c/. 
 
 Moris on, James : A critical Exposition of the Third Chapter of Paul's 
 Epistle to the Romans. A Monograph. London and Glasgow, 1866. pp. 422. 
 12s. 6d. — One of the most elaborate pieces of recent Biblical exposition. 
 
 Morison, James : Exposition of the Ninth Chapter of the Epistle to the 
 Romans. A new edition, re-written, to which is added an exposition of the 
 Tenth Chapter. London. 1888. pp. 257. 
 
 Dietzsch, A. : Adam und Christus. Rom. v. 12-21. Bonn. 1871. pp. 
 214, 23 X 14. 3 M. 
 
 Weber, V. : Gesch. der Exegese d. 9ten Kap. d. Romerbriefes bis . . . 
 Chrys. u. August. Wiirzburg. 1889. pp. 197, 22 X 15. 1.70 M. 
 
 Beyschlag, Willibald : Die Panlinische Theodicee Romer ix,-xi. Ein 
 Beitrag zur biblischen Theologie. 1868. 
 
 Trench, R. C. : Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in 
 Asia. Revelation ii., iii. 3d ed. revised. London, pp. 243, 23 X 15. 85. 6d. 
 
 EXEGETICAL MISCELLANIES. 
 
 Field, F. : Otium Norvicense, Pars tertia. Notes on Select Passages of 
 the Greek Testament, chiefly with reference to recent English Versions. 
 Oxford. 1881. pp. 155, 24 X 18. — Valuable. 
 
76 list op books 
 
 Lives of Christ. 
 
 Hase, Karl : Das Leben Jesu. Lehrbuch zunachst iiir akademische Vor- 
 lesungen. 5te verbesserte Aufl. Leipzig. 1865. pp. 284. A storehouse of 
 references to earlier writers ; indispensable for the investigation of details. 
 (Reproduced — but shorn of its bibliography — by James Fbeeman Clarke. 
 Boston. 1860.) Also recast, with selected references, in his Geschichte 
 Jesu, §§ 1-21. Leipzig. 1876. pp. 612, 23 X 15. 8 M. 
 
 Weiss, Bemhard : Das Leben Jesu. 8d ed. 2 vols. 1889. 18 M. English 
 trans, (poor) of first edition by M. G. Hope. 3 vols. 1884. 31s. 6d. — 
 Founded on his theory of the mutual relations of the Gospels (as set forth in 
 his Marcus-evangelium, 1872; Matthausevangelium, 1876). 
 
 Beyschlag, Willibald : Das Leben Jesu. Erster untersuchender Theil. 
 Halle. 1885 ; zweiter darstellender TheiL 1886. 2te Aufl. 1888. 18 M. — 
 Pictorial, but wavering in its critical views. 
 
 Keim, Tbeodor : Geschichte Jesu von Nazara in ihrer Verkettung mit 
 dem Gesammtleben seines Volkes, frei untersucht und ausfiihrlich erzahlt. 
 3Bde. 22X15. Zurich. 1867-1872. English translation (Theological Trans- 
 lation Fund.) 6 vols. 1876-1881. 10s. 6c?. each. — Affluent in learning; truth- 
 fully described by its title. 
 
 Edersheim, Alfred : The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 2 vols. 
 24 X 17. 4th ed. London and New York. 1887. §6.00. — With special use of 
 illustrative matter from Jewish sources ; yet to be used with caution. (An 
 abridgment in 1 vol. 1890.) 
 
 Geikie, Cunningham : The Life and Words of Christ. 1877. 26 X 19. 
 $8.00. 2 vols. — With valuable marginal bibliographical references. 
 Farrar, F. W. : Life of Christ. 2 vols. Cheap ed. (1892.) $L 
 
 Andre-ws, Samuel J. : The Life of our Lord upon the Earth, considered 
 in its Historical, Chronological, and Geographical Relations. Revised ed. 
 N. Y. 1891. pp. xxvii., 651. 22 X 16. $2.50. 
 
 Critiques of recent works may be found in G. Uhlhorn, Das Leben Jesu 
 u. 8. w. 4te Aufl. Stuttg. 1892. 2 M. ; and C. E. Luthabdt, Die modemen 
 Darstellungen des Lebens Jesu. 2te Aufl. 1864. Cf. "Miscellaneous 
 Topics," p. 86 sq. 
 
 John the Baptist. 
 
 K5hler, H. : Johannes der Taufer. Kritisch-theolog. Studie. Halle. 1884. 
 pp. iii., 180. 3.60 M. 
 
 Breest, E. : Johannes der Taufer. Biblische Studie. Leipzig. 1881. pp. v., 
 140. 2.50 M. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 77 
 
 Reynolds, H. R. : John tlie Baptist. The Congregational Union Lec- 
 ture for 1874. London. 1874. pp. xxxvii., 548, 22 X 16. $5.00. 3d ed. 6s. 
 
 More popular works : Houghton, R. C. (New York. 1889. fl.50.) ; 
 Stmminoton (London. 1882). 
 
 The Apostles. 
 Bruce, A. B. : The Training of the Twelve ; or, Passages out of the 
 Gospels exhibiting the Disciples of Jesus under Discipline for the Apostle- 
 ship. 4th ed. revised and improved. Edinburgh. 1888. 10s. Qd. 
 
 Reuan, E. : Les Apotres. English translation. New York. 1866. Cheap 
 edition. London. 1889. Is. 
 
 John. * 
 
 Macdonald, James M. : The Life and writings of St. John (edited with 
 an Introduction by J. S. Howson). New York. 1877. pp. xxxvi., 436, 24 X 
 17. $5.00. 
 Cf . p. 68. ^ ^ 
 
 Paul. 
 
 Conybeare, W. J. and Howson, J. S. : The Life and Epistles of St. 
 Paul. 2 vols. (Numerous editions; the fullest is the revised edition. Long- 
 mans. 1876. $6.00.) It led the way among English works in reproducing 
 the Epistles in their historic setting. Cheap edition. (1892.) 3s. 6c?. 
 
 Less learned works by Howson are The Character of St. Paul (Hulsean 
 Lectures for 1862) ; Scenes from the Life of St. Paul (Boston. 1867) ; The 
 Metaphors of St. Paul (London. 1868). The last named work, together 
 with another of a practical character on The Companions of St. Paul 
 (London. 1870), were republished in this country in one volume (with an 
 Introduction by Prof. H. B. Hackett) in 1872. 
 
 Farrar, F. W. : The Life and Work of St. Paul. 2 vols. London and 
 New York. 1879. pp. 678, 668, 22 X 15. 
 
 Lewin, Thomas : The Life and Epistles of St. Paul. 4th ed. revised. 
 London. 1878. 2 vols. 24X29. $12.00. — Abounds with views, maps, plans, 
 coins, etc. 
 
 Baur, F. C. : Paulus der Apostel Jesu Christi. Sein Leben und Wirken, 
 seine Briefe und seine Lehre. Ein Beitrag zu einer kritischen Geschichte 
 des Urchristenthums. 2te Aufl. nach dem Tode des Verfassers besorgt von 
 Dr. Eduahd Zellek. 2 vols. Leipzig. 1866-1867. pp. 490, 377, 23 X 15. 13 M. 
 English translation by Allen Menzies (Theological Translation Fund 
 Library). London. 2 vols. 1873-1874. 21s. 
 
 Renan, Ernest : Saint Paul. Paris. 1869. pp. 572. 22 X 15. (Forming 
 the third volume of his " Histoire des Origines du Christianisme.") English 
 translation. 
 
78 LIST OP BOOKS 
 
 Copious references to German works may be found in Woldemar 
 Schmidt's article "Paulus, der Apostel" in Herzog, ed. 2, vol. xi., pp. 
 356-389. 
 
 Forbes, S. Russell : The Footsteps of St. Paul in Rome. An historical 
 Memoir, from the Apostle's landing at Puteoli to his Death, a. d. 62-64. 2d 
 ed. revised and enlarged. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1889. pp. 92, 19 X 13. 
 $1.00. — Contains interesting archaeological matter. 
 
 A set of forty-three illustrative photographs by the same author may be 
 had for 17s. 8c?. 
 
 Smith, James : The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul, etc. 4th ed. 
 London. 1880. pp. 314. 7s. — A standard. 
 
 Cf. Jal, a. : Arch6ologie navale. 2 vols. Paris. 1840. Numerous plates ; Breussing, A. : 
 Die Nautik der Alten. 1886. 10 M. ; ToRR, C : Ancient Ships. Cambr. 1893 ; art. Ifavis in 
 Smith's Diet, of Antt. 3d ed. 
 
 Peter. 
 Rodrigues, Hippolyte : Saint Pierre. Paris. 1871. pp. 363. 
 Green, S. G. : The Apostle Peter, his Life and Letters. London. 1873. 
 Henriot: Saint Pierre, son Apostolat, son pontificat, son episcopat. 
 Histoire, traditions, et legendes. Lille. 1891. pp. xii., 541. 
 
 New Testament Times. 
 1. The Heathen and Jewish World. 
 Fisher, Geo. P. .* The Beginnmgs of Christianity, with a view of the 
 Roman world at the Birth of Christ. New York, 1877. 22 X 15. $2.50. 
 
 Storrs, R. S. : The Divine Origin of Christianity indicated by its histori- 
 cal Effects. New York. 1885. 24 X 17. $3.00. 
 
 Confessedly " an argument" ; but its historic interest much increased by the copious quo- 
 tations in its Appendix, pp. 361-639. 
 
 Dollinger, J. J. I. v. : Heidenthum u. Judenthum. Vorhalle zur Ge- 
 schichte des Christenthums (Regensburg. 1857. pp. 885). English transla- 
 tion " The Gentile and the Jew in the Courts of the Temple of Christ." 
 2 vols. London. 1862. 
 
 Seidel, M. : In the Time of Jesus. New York. 1885. 18 X 13, pp. 188, xxvi. 
 $1.00. A translation of Zur Zeit Jesu. 2te Aufl. Leipzig. 1884. — Brief 
 and popular. • 
 
 Prideaux's "Connection," etc (new ["25th" (Allibone)] edition by 
 J. Talbots Wheeler. 2 vols. London. 1858. pp. 508, 632. 23 X 15. 14s. 
 may be picked up for a dollar or two and), has not yet outlived its 
 usefulness. 
 
for students op the new testament. 79 
 
 2. The Heathen World. 
 
 Friedlander, L. : Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der 
 Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine. 6te Aufl, 1888-90. 44 M. 
 — An invaluable storehouse of facts. 
 
 Mommsen, Theodor : The Provinces of the Roman Empire, from Caesar 
 to Diocletian [the v. vol. of his Hist, of Rome. 3te Aufl. '91. 9 J/.] trans- 
 with the author's sanction and additions by Wm. P. Dickson. 2 vols. New 
 York. 1887. pp. 397, 396, 21 X 14. |6.00. 
 
 Marquardt and Mommsen: Handbuch u. s. w. Pts. xii., xiii. 1885 — 
 on Roman Worship. 
 
 Boissier, G. : La Religion Romaine. 2 vols. — A brilliant book. 
 
 Huidekoper, Frederic : Judaism at Rome b. c. 76 to a. d. 140. 8th ed. 
 1889. pp. 615, 21 X 15. $2.50. — Valuable for its references. 
 
 Hertzberg, G. F. : Geschichte Griechenlands unter der Herrschaft der 
 Romer. Cf. Mahaffy, J. P., Grk. Life and Thought. (1887. $3.50.) and 
 Greek World under Roman Sway ($3.0a). 
 
 Cocker, B. F. : Christianity and Greek Philosophy. N. Y. 1875. Pp. 
 531. 21 X 15. 
 
 Uhlhorn, G. : The Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism. Edited and 
 translated, with the author's sanction, from the Third German Edition, by 
 Egbert C. Smyth and C. J. H. Ropes. New York. 1879. pp.608, 21 X 14. 
 $2.50. — Interesting ; with valuable notes. 
 
 Keim, Th. : Rom und das Christenthum. Eine Darstellung des Kampfes 
 zwischen dem alten und dem neuen Glauben im Romischen Reiche, wahrend 
 der beiden ersten Jahrhunderte unser Zeitrechnung. Aus Th. Keim's hand- 
 schriftlichem Nachlass herausgegeben von H. Zieglek. Berlin. 1881. pp. 
 667, 23 X 15. 10 M. 
 
 Schmidt, C. : La Societe' Civile dans le Monde Romain et sa Transfor- 
 mation par le Christianisme. 1853. English translation by Mrs. Thorpe. 
 2d ed. 1888. pp. 500, 20 X 13. 7s. 6c?. — Copious and valuable references. 
 
 Schmidt, L. : Die Ethik d. alten Griechen. 2 vols. 1882. pp. 400, 494, 
 22 X 15. Very valuable. 
 
 Denis, J. : Histoire des Theories et des Id^es morales dans I'antiquite. 
 2me e'dition. 2 vols. Paris. 1879. pp. 42.3, 453, 22 X 15. 
 
 A series of little books (17 X 12. 2s. each) issued by the (London) Society 
 for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and entitled " The Heathen World and 
 Saint Paul," are readable. So, too, is Farrar, F. W. : Darkness and Dawn, 
 or Scenes in the Days of Nero. 1891. pp. xiv., 594. 
 
 3. The Jewish World. 
 
 Schiirer, E. : Geschichte des Judischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi 
 [the 2d greatly enlarged edition of a work published in 1874 under the (too 
 
80 LIST OP BOOKS 
 
 comprehensive) title Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte]. Two 
 Parts. Leipzig. 1886, 1890. pp. 884, 751, 23 X 16. 38 M. Translated (not 
 quite worthily) in 5 vols. Edinburgh. 1885-1886. 31s. 6d. — Invaluable, both 
 for the fulness and the accuracy of its statements and for its bibliography. 
 
 Stapfer, Edmond : Palestine in the Time of Christ. London. 1886. pp. 
 527, 21 X 14. 9s. Translated from the 8d (revised) edition (1885) of the 
 French original. 5th (revised and corrected) ed. Paris. 1892. pp. 540. 
 
 Hausrath, A. : Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte (especially the Erster 
 Theil, 3d German ed. 1880. p. 515. 10 M.) 4 vols. 1875-79. 39 M. Eng. trans, 
 from the 2d Germ. ed. in the "Theological Translation Fund Library." 
 (London. 1877.) 2 vols. 21s. — Pictorial but somewhat untrustworthy ; in- 
 troduces much Roman history. 
 
 Ewald, H. : The History of Israel Especially vol. vi. Christ and his 
 Times, 16s., and vol. vii. The Apostolic Age, 21s. (The eighth and last 
 vol. (1886) contains a full index ; 8 vols, complete, 118s.) 
 
 Morrison, W. D. : The Jews under Homan Rule. Lond. 1890. pp. 450. 
 5s. 
 
 Stade, Bernh. : Geschichte des Volkes Israel, vol ii. (by Oskae Holtz- 
 MANN. 1888. pp.679.) 
 
 The popular books by Edersheim, Delitzsch, al., mentioned on p. 54, 
 are also in place here. 
 
 The Jewish historians Jost, Graetz, Geiger, Herzfeld, may also be 
 consulted. 
 
 Prominent among ancient " Sources " are the works of Flavius Josephus : 
 new critical ed. by B. Niese is nearly complete, vol. i. (Berlin. 1887) pp. 
 Ixxxiv., 362, 22 X 15, Antiq., bks. i.-v., 14 M. vol. ii. (ibid, 1885, pp. viii. 
 392) Antiq., bks. vi.-x., 12 M. vol. v. (ibid. 1889, pp. xxvii. 99, 5 M.), 
 contra Apionem libri ii. vol. iv. Antiq. xvi.-xx. et Vita (ibid, 1890, pp. x., 
 389), vol, iii. Antiq. xi.-xv. (ibid, pp, Ixvii., 409). A revision of Whiston's 
 translation by A. R. Shilleto with topographical notes by C. W. Wilson, 
 appeared in 1889-90. 5 vols. 3s. 6d. each. (Bohn's Standard Library.) 
 
 Also The Books op Maccabees, as well as the Old Testament Apocry- 
 pha generally ; see p. 46 above. 
 
 New Testament Theology. 
 1. In General. 
 
 Weiss, Bernhard : Lehrbuch der Biblischen Theologie des Neuen Testa- 
 ments. 5th ed. Berlin. 1888. pp. vii., 700, 22 X 16. 11 M (English transla- 
 tion of the 3d ed. 2 vols. Edinburgh. 1882-1883. 21s.) — By far the best. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. 81 
 
 Beyschlag, W. : Neutest. Theol. oder gesch. Darstellung d. Lehren Jesus 
 XL. d. Urchristentums nach d. neutest. Quellen. 2 vols. Halle 1892. 18 M. 
 
 In the Mohr (of Freiburg) series of Theological Text-books a Neutesta- 
 mentiiche Theologie by E. Schurek is announced. 
 
 Earlier works worth consulting are — 
 
 Neander, A. ; History of the Planting and Training of the Christian 
 Church by the Apostles (translation corrected according to the 4th German 
 (1847) ed. by E. G. Robinson). New York. 1865. pp. 547, 25 X 16. |3.50; 
 ScHMiD (ed. Heller, 1868) ; Ritschl, A. : Entstehung der altkathoUschen 
 Kirche, 2d ed. 1857 (valuable); Baur (posthumous, 1864); Immer (1877); 
 Redss, E.: Histoire de la theologie chretienne. 3d ed. 1864. 2 vols. Eng- 
 lish translation, 1874 (with Introduction and Notes by Dale) ; Hofmann, 
 J. C. K. V. : Der Schrif tbeweis. Two Parts in 3 vols. 2d ed. Nordlingen. 
 1857-1860. pp. 678, 555, 731, 22 X 15. 30 M. ; Ewald, H. : Lehre der Bibel 
 von Gott, oder Theologie des alten und neuen Bundes. 4 vols. Leipzig. 
 1871-1876. The first part of this work was translated by Thos. Goadby 
 under the titles "Revelation, its Nature and Record." Edinburgh. 1884. 
 10s. Qd., and " Old and New Testament Theology." 10s. 6d. 
 
 Noteworthy recent works are — Wendt, H. H.: Lehre Jesu (Eng. trans. 
 2 vols. 1892. 21s.) ; Pfleiderer, O. : Urchristenthum. (Berlin. 1887. pp. 
 891,23 X 15) ; Weizsacker: Apostolisches Zeitalter (neubearb. Aufl. 1892, 
 pp. 700, xix., 24 X 16. 16 M.) ; Lechler, G. V. : Das apostolische und das 
 nachapostolische Zeitalter mit Riicksicht auf Unterschied und Einheit in 
 Lehre und Leben dargestellt. 3te Aufl. 1885. Translated by A. J. K. 
 Davidson. 2 vols. Edinburgh, pp. xvi., 366, ix., 390, 20 X 13. I65. 
 
 Here, too, may be mentioned such works as — 
 
 Stanley, A. P. : Sermons and Essays on the Apostolical Age. 2d ed. revised. 
 Oxford and London. 1852. pp. 391, 22 X 15. 
 
 Parrar, F. W. : The Early Days of Christianity. 2 vols. 1883. pp. 557, 
 616, 10 X 15. 10s. — Devoted to the Epistles of Peter, James, Jude, John, and 
 that to the Hebrews. See p. 20. 
 
 Godet, Frederic: Studies on the Epistles. Translated by Annie H. 
 Holmden. 1889. 
 
 2. Particular Authors and Topics. 
 
 Ladd, George T. : The Doctrine of Sacred Scripture. 2 vols. New York. 
 1883. pp. 761, 765, 24 X 16. $7.00. Also by the same author, "What is 
 the Bible?" N. Y. 1888. pp. 497, 20 X 13. More popular. 
 
 Wittichen, C. : Die Idee Gottes als des Vaters, ein Beitrag zur bib- 
 
82 LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 lischen Theologie hauptsachlich der synoptischen Reden Jesu. Gottingen. 
 1865. pp. 86, 21 X 14. Also, Die Idee des Menschen u. s. w. Gott. 1868. 
 pp. 218 ; and Die Idee des Reiches Gottes u. s. w. Gott. 1872. pp. 242. 
 
 Iiiddon, Henry Parry : The Divinity of^ our Lord and Saviour Jesus 
 Christ (The Bampton Lectures for 1866). 13th ed. London, Oxford, and 
 Cambridge. 1889. pp. 598, 19 X 13. 5s. And — 
 
 " An Examination of Canon Liddon's Bampton Lectures on, etc., by A 
 Clergyman of the Church of England." London. 1871. pp. 343, 19 X 13. 
 
 Gess, W. F. : Christi Person und Werk nach Christi Selbstzeugniss und 
 den Zeugnissen der Apostel. 2te Aufl. Basel. 3 vols. 1870-1879. — Freely 
 re-cast by J. A. Reubelt. Andover. 1870. pp. 456, 20X 13. $1.50. 
 
 Smeaton, Geo. : The Doctrine of the Atonement as taught by Christ 
 Himself. 2d ed. Edinburgh. 10s. Qd. 
 
 Smeaton, Geo. : The Doctrine of the Atonement as taught by the 
 Apostles. Edinburgh. 
 
 Beyschlag, Willibald : Die Christologie des Neuen Testaments. Berlin. 
 1866. 
 
 Schmidt, Richard : Die Paulinische Christologie u. s. w. Gottingen. 
 1870. 4.80 M. 
 
 Messner, H. : Die Lehre der Apostel. Leipzig. 1856. pp. x., 427. 8 M. 
 (A condensed translation by S. R. Asbuet in the Bibliotheca Sacra for 
 1869 and 1870.) 
 
 Usteri, Leonhard : Entwickelung des Paulinischen Lehrbegriffes in 
 seinem Verhaltnisse zur biblischen Dogmatik des Neuen Testamentes. 6te 
 Ausgabe. Zurich. 1851. pp. 448. 5 M. 
 
 Pfleiderer, Otto : Der Paulinisraus, u. s. w. 2te Aufl. Leipzig. 1890. 
 pp. 538. 10 M. Eng. trans, of ed. 1. Lond. 1877. 2 vols. 21s. 
 
 Stevens, G. B. : The Pauline Theology. N. Y. 1892. 
 
 Everett, C. C. : The Gospel of St. Paul. Boston. 1893. 
 
 Matheson, G. : Spiritual Developement of St. Paul. 1891. pp. 324. 7s. 
 
 Sabatier, A. : L'Apotre Paul, esquisse d'une histoire de sa pensee. 2me 
 ed. revue et augmentee. Paris. 1881. pp. xxiv., 320, 18 Xl2. Eng. trans. 
 1891. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Clarke, J. F. : The Ideas of the Apostle Paul translated into their Mod- 
 ern Equivalents. Boston. 1884. pp. 436, 19 X 13. $1.50. 
 
 Lipsius, R. A. : Die Paulinische Rechtfertigungslehre unter Beriicksichti- 
 gung einiger verwandten Lehrstiicke nach den vier Hauptbriefen des Apos- 
 tels dargestellt. Mit einem Vorwort von Cabl Theodoe Albset Liebkeb. 
 Leipzig. 1853. pp. 219, 21 X 13, 2 M. 
 
FOR STUDENTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 83 
 
 Preuss, Ed. : Die Rechtfertigung des Sunders vor Gott, aus der heiligen 
 Schrift dargelegt. 2te Aufl. Berlin. 1871. S M. 
 
 Ritschl, A. : Die Christliche Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und Versoh- 
 nung. 3d ed. Bonn. 1888-89. 3 vols. 26 M. 
 
 Gloel, J. : Der Heilige Geist in der Heilsverkiindigung des Paulus. 
 Halle. 1888. 7 M. 
 
 St. John's doctrinal views (Lehrbegriff) are set forth by G. K. 
 L. Th. Frommann (1839. 7.50 J/.), K. R. Kostlin (1843. 6.50 M.), Ad. 
 HiLGENFELD (1849. 5.40 M.), B. Weiss (1862. 4.80 M.), J. J. Lias (1875). 
 
 Franke, A. H. : Das Alte Testament bei Johannes, ein Beitrag zur 
 Erklarung u. Beurtheilung der Johanneischen Schriften. Gottingen. 1885. 
 
 Schmidt, W. G. : Der Lehrgehalt des Jakobusbriefes. Leipzig. 1869. 3 M. 
 
 "Weiss, B. : Der Petrinische Lehrbegriff u. s. w. Berlin. 1855. pp. viii., 
 444. 7 M. 
 
 Riehm, E. K. A. : Der Lehrbegriff des Hebraerbrief es u. s. w. Neue Ausg. 
 1867. pp. 899, 21 X 13. — A thorough book ; but consult the Essays in 
 Westcott's Commentary. (See p. 73.) 
 
 Gebhardt, Hermann : Der Lehrbegriff der Apokalypse. Gotha. 1873. 
 English translation by J. Jefferson. Edinburgh. 1878. 10s. Qd. 
 
 Weber, Ferd. t Vom Zorne Gottes, ein biblisch-theologisches Versuch, 
 mit Proleg. von F. Delitzsch. Erlangen. 1862. pp. xlviii., 368. 4.50 M. 
 
 Boettcher, Frid. : De Inferis rebusque post mortem futuris ex Hebr. et 
 Graecor. opinionibus. vol. i. Hebraica complectens. Dresden. 1846. pp. 320, 
 25 X 16. — Unfinished, but learned and elaborate. Pages 248-277 relate to 
 New Testament times. But see the admirable bibliography of this sub- 
 ject in — 
 
 Abbot, Ezra : Literature of the Doctrine of a Future Life, etc. (especially 
 Section III.). New York. 1867. 
 
 Ernestl, H. F. T. L. : Vom Ursprunge der Siinde nach Paulinischen 
 Lehrgehalte. 2d ed. Wolfenbuttel. 1862. 2 vols. 7.50 M. 
 
 Ernestl, H. F. T. L. : Die Ethik des Apostels Paulus in ihren Grundziigen 
 dargestellt. 8d ed. Braunschweig. 1880. xii., 195, 21 X 13. — Pretty full 
 enumeration of recent works in the Preface. 
 
 Menegoz, Eugene : Le Pe'che et la Redemption d'apres Saint Paul. Paris. 
 1882. pp. 306, 24 X 16. 
 
 MUller, Julius : Die Christliche Lehre von der Siinde. Sechste Aufl. 
 Bremen. 1889. 2 vols, (xviii. 676; xxi. 631), 23 X 14. 20 M. (English trans- 
 
84 LIST OP BOOKS. 
 
 lation of 6th German edition. Edinburgh. 2 rols. 21s.) — Incidentally dis- 
 cusses many New Testament words and passages. 
 
 Ludemann, H. : Die Anthropologic des Apost. Paulus u. s. w. Kiel. 1872. 
 
 "Wendt, H. H. : Die BegrifEe Fleisch und Geist im biblischen Sprachge- 
 brauch untersucht. Gotha. 1878. 3.60 M. 
 
 Dickson, Wm. P. : St. Paul's use of the terms Flesh and Spirit. (The 
 Baird Lect. for 1883.) Glasgow, pp. 458, 19 X 13. 8s. 6d. — The best. 
 
 Everling, 0. : Die Paulinische Angelologie und Damonologie. Gottingen. 
 1888. pp.126. 2.80 M. 
 
 On the Church see Davidson, S. (The Ecclesiastical Polity of the New 
 Testament, etc. 2d ed. 1854), Jacob, G. A. do. (2d ed. 1878), and works in 
 German by Kostlin, H. (Gotha. 1872), Schmidt, H. (Leipzig. 1884), 
 Waiz, K. (Leiden. 1884), Muller (Leipzig. 1885 — with special reference 
 to the ecclesiastical condition disclosed in the Pastoral Epistles) ; also Ban- 
 nerman (1887. 2 vols. 21s.). Compare Loofs, F., Die urchristliche Ge- 
 meindeverfassung (mit specieller Beziehung auf Loening und Harnack) in 
 the Stud, und Krit. 1890. pp. 619-658. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. 85 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. 
 
 Messianic Expectations at the Opening of the Christla.n 
 
 Era. 
 
 ScHUREB, E., Geschichte des Jiidischen Volkes, vol. ii. § 29 ; Westcott, 
 B. F., Introduction to the Study of the Gospels, ch. ii. Also works on 
 p. 67 above, especially Drummond and Stanton ; cf. Sketch of the History 
 of the Literature, etc., in the latter, p. 141 sq., and Westcott, p. 92 sq. ; 
 also Baldenspebgek, W., Selbstbewusstsein Jesu. 2te Aufl. '92. pp. 3-122. 
 
 Date of Christ's Birth, Death, etc. 
 
 Andrews (p. 76 above), pp. 1-5; Keim (ibid.), iii. 457-506 ; McClellan, 
 J. B., The New Testament (vol. i. London. 1875), pp. 390-408; art. "Zeit- 
 rechnung " by K. Wieseler in HerzogI, xxi. 543 sqq. ; also his Chrono- 
 logische Synopse (see p. 56 above), Zockler in Herzog^, vi. 664 sqq. Cf. 
 HoRT in Greek Test., App., p. 77 sq. ; Patbitius, F. X., de Evangeliis 
 (1853), ii. 171 sq. 
 
 Language spoken by Jesus. 
 
 Roberts, A., Greek the language of Christ and His Apostles. London. 
 1888; Neubauer, Ad., in Studia Biblica, i. (Oxford. 1885. 23 X 15. 
 $1.50), Essay iii. ; cf. Schureb, § 22, ii. 2 ; Abbott, T. K., Essays, etc. 
 (Lond. 1891), Essay y. 
 
 The Appellations " Son of Man," " Son of God." 
 
 Gbimm, Lexicon s. vv. (6) vihs rod dvdpdiirov, vlhs tov deov ; Weiss, Biblical 
 Theology, §§ 16, 17 ; Leben Jesu (ed. 1), i. 450 sqq. ; Betschlag, Leben 
 Jesu, i. 237 sq. ; Bbuce, Humiliation of Christ, pp. 475 sq. ; also, The King- 
 dom of God, ch. vii. ; Stanton, Jewish and Christian Messiah, pp. 239-250 ; 
 Baldenspergeb, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu u. s. w. chap. vii. ; Westcott 
 on John, pp. 33-35 ; Nobton's Note on Matt iii. 17 ; Lewis Mateb, in Bibl. 
 Repos. for Jan. 1840 ; Vernon Bartlett in Expositor, Dec. 1892. 
 
 The "Brethren" of Jesus. 
 Gbimm, New Testament Lexicon, s. r. &S€\<j)6s, 1, and reff, there given. 
 
 The Relations op Jesus to the Three Religious Parties 
 OF his Day. 
 
 Cf reff. on p. 64 sq., especially Schubeb ; Keim, Jesu von Nazara, Pt. I., 
 Division ii., Section 4; also his Geschichte Jesu (1875), Pt. L, Division 1., 
 Section 2 ; Edebsheim, Jewish Social Life, chh. xiv., xv. ; Hausrath, A., 
 
86 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. 
 
 Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte, vol. i. (3d ed. 1880), Section Third ; 
 EwALD, Geschichte (English translation v. 365 sqq.) ; Staffer, Bk. II., ch. 
 i.-v. ; cf. ch. xiv. ; Neandek, Life of Jesus Christ (American translation), 
 Bk. II., ch. i. ; Weiss, Leben Jesu, Bk. IV., ch. 8 ; Edersheim, Jesus the 
 Messiah, Bk. III., ch. iL 
 
 Christ's own Conception of his Messiahship. 
 
 Bruce, The Kingdom of God, Lects. i., vi., xv. ; Stanton, The Jewish and 
 the Christian Messiah, Pt. ii. ; Baldensperger, Selbstbewusstsein, Th. ii. ; 
 Stearns in Christianity and Modern Thought (Am. Unit. Assoc. 1872) ; 
 Fisher, Beginnings of Christianity, ch. xiv. ; Neander, Life of Jesus 
 Christ, Bk. IV. Pt. !., chh. i.-iii. ; Pressense, Je'sus-Christ, Bk. II. ch. iv. ; 
 Weiss, Bibl. Theol. § 14 ; Sc.hlottmann, Bibl. Theol. pp. 111-134. 
 
 The Sinlessness of Jesus. 
 
 RefE. in Hase, Leben Jesu, § 30, cf. his Geschichte Jesu (1876), § 30; 
 Smith's Bible Dictionary, p, 1886 *>; Essays by Ullmann, 7th ed. 1863 (Eng- 
 lish translation) ; Dorner, 1862 (translation in Theol. Rev. for 1863) ; cf. 
 Keim, Der geschichtliche Christus. 3d ed. 1866 ; and Geschichte Jesu, 3te 
 Bearbeitung. 1875. p. 364 sqq. ; G. P. Fisher, Grounds of Theistic and Chris- 
 tian Belief, ch. v. ; F. W. Newman, Essay vii. 
 
 Demoniacal Possession. 
 
 Dr. Gannett in " Scripture Interpreter," ii. pp. 255-302 ; Wetstein's note 
 on Matt. iv. 24 (translation in " Christian Disciple," New Series, 1823, v. 35- 
 42) ; Meter on the same passage ; Weiss, Leben Jesu, book iii., ch. 6 ; 
 RoTHE, Dogmatik ; Edersheim, Jesus the Messiah, i. 479 sq. (cf. Appendix 
 xvi. and Index) ; Hase, Leben Jesu, § 48 for older refif. ; A. B, Bruce, 
 The Miraculous Element in the Gospels (Ely Lectures) p. 172 sqq. 
 
 The Nature and Function op the Miracles of Jesus. 
 
 Fisher, Geo. P., Supernatural Origin, etc. (p. 67 above) ch. xi. ; and 
 Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief, ch. vi. ; Steinmeyer (p. 68 
 above) ; Park in B. D. Am. ed. art. Miracles ; Mead, Supernatural Revela- 
 tion (N. Y. 1889) chh. v.-vii. ; Ladd, Doctrine of Sacred Scripture, Part II., 
 ch. iii. ; Weiss, Leben Jesu, bk. i., ch. 12 ; Beyschlag, Leben Jesu, bk. iii., 
 ch. 6; HoLTZMANN, Die Synoptischen Evangelien, § 30; Neander, Life of 
 Jesus Christ, Bk. IV., Pt. ii., ch. 6; Bruce, A. B., The Miraculous Element 
 in the Gospels (New York, no date), especially Lect. vii. sq. ; C. C. Everett 
 in "Christianity and Modern Thought" (Am. Unit. Assoc. 1872). 
 
 The Resurrection of Christ. 
 
 'Rett, in Hase, Leben Jesu, § 116, and especially Ezra Abbot, Litera- 
 ture of the Doctrine of a Future Life, Nos. 3133-3181 ; Steinmeyer, Apol. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. 87 
 
 Beitr. III. (see p. 68 above) ; William Milligan, The Resurrection of our 
 Lord (London. 1884. 28x14. $1.25); especially Beyschlag, Die Aufersteh- 
 ung Christi und ihre neueste Bestreitung (Berlin. 1865. 14x10. $.50), and 
 his Leben Jesu, bk. iii. ch. 9 ; Steude in Studien u. Kritiken for 1887. pp. 
 203-295 ; " Present Day Tracts," vol. 1. and vol. viii. ; Mead, Supernatural 
 Revelation (1889), Lect. vii. 
 
 The *Parousia.* 
 
 WoLDEMAB Schmidt in Herzog^, xvii., 93-99 ; Weiffenbach, W., Der 
 Wiederkunftsgedanke Jesu (1873. 22x14, pp. 434); Desprez, The Apoca- 
 lypse, pp. 208-253 ; Jowett in Notes's Theol. Essays, pp. 393 sqq. ; Eders- 
 HEiM, Jesus the Messiah, bk. v., ch. 6; Bruce, The Kingdom of God, 
 ch. xii. ; Ladd in the New Englander for Apr. 1874 ; Briggs in Presby t 
 Rev. for Apr. 1888 ; Norton, A., Statement of Reasons, etc. pp. 273-284, 
 and App. Note B ; Baub, N. T. Theol. p. 105 sq. ; reff. in Base's Leben 
 Jesu, § 101. 
 
 The * Kingdom op Heaven.' 
 
 ReflF. in Grimm's Lex. s. v. $a<n\f(a, p. 98» ; Wittichen (see p. 82) ; Toy, 
 Judaism and Christianity, ch. vi. ; Keim, iii. 48-92 ; Edersheim, Jesus the 
 Messiah, index s. v. ; Row, C. A., Revelation and Modern Theology con- 
 trasted (London. 1883. pp. 478,23 X 15), especially chh. ix.-xiii. ; Candlish, 
 J. S., Cunningham Lects. tenth series (Edinburgh. 1884); Bruce, A. B., 
 The Kingdom of God, etc. ; Wendt, H. H., Die Lehre Jesu, 1. (see p. 81). 
 
 The New Testament Apocrypha. 
 
 Critical editions by Tischendorf, Thilo (vol. i. — all published — pp. 
 896, 22 X 13. Leipzig. 1832. Valuable notes), Lipsius (Apocr. Acts, etc. 
 4 vols. 1883-90. 50if. ; exhaustive. English translation of Tischendorf's 
 text by Alex. Roberts and James Donaldson as vol. xvi. of " Ante-Nicene 
 Christian Library." (Edinburgh. 1870.) Re-edited by Prof. M. B. Riddle 
 in vol. viii. of the Christian Literature Company's reprint ; see the copious 
 BibUography appended to this edition, p. 95 sqq. ; Hofmann, R., Das Leben 
 Jesu nach den Apokryphen im Zusammenhange aus den Quellen erzS,hlt u. 
 wissenschaf tlich untersucht. (Leipzig. 1851). pp. 484, 22 X 14 ; Pick, B., 
 The Life of Jesus according to extra-canonical Sources. New York. 1887. 
 pp. 189, 19 X 11. $-50 ; especially Zahn, Th., Gesch. des neutest. Kanons, 
 n. ii. pp. 621-910 ; Holtzmann, Einleitung, ed. 3, p. 485 sq. and reff. 
 
 On isolated words and works ascribed to Jesus, see Westcott, Introd. 
 App. C. ; Schaff, Hist, of the Christian Church, i. 162 sqq. ; especially 
 Rbsch, a., " Agrapha " in Gbbhabdt u. Habnack's Texte u. s. w. 1889. 
 
88 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. 
 
 The use made of the Old Testament by the Writers op 
 
 THE New. 
 
 Tot, C. H., Quotations in the New Testament (New York. 1884, 24X16) ; 
 he gives a select bibliography pp. xxxvii.-xliii.; Fairbairn, Herra. Manual, 
 Part Third, p. 393 sq. ; Tholuck, A., Das Alte Testament im Neuen Tes- 
 tament. 6te Aufl. 2ter. Abdruck. Gotha. 1872. (Originally an Appendix to 
 his Com. on Hebrews; also given in the 10th vol. of his collected Works.); 
 Delitzsch, Franz, Messianic Prophecies (translation of MS. Lectures by 
 S. I. CuRTiss. Edinburgh. 1880, 23x15. $1.50); posthumously appeared 
 (1890) his Messianische Weissagungen in geschichtlicher Folge. (§1.35); 
 recent works on (Messianic) Prophecy by Riehm (see p. 31 above), Orelh 
 (translated 1885), Briggs (New York. 1886), Edersheim, Kdenen 
 (translated). See also articles by Staerk in Ztschr. f. wissensch. Theol. 1892. 
 
 The Ethical Eelations op the New Testament to the Old. 
 
 See the Commentaries on Matt. v. 17 ; for example, Bleek, Synopt. 
 Erklarung u. s. w. i. p. 251 sq. ; Neander, Life of Jesus Christ, Bk. IV., 
 Pt. i., ch. 2; Weiss, Leben Jesu, Bk. IV., ch. 4 and ch. 10; cf. Whately, 
 R., Essays on Some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St. Paul, etc.. 
 Essay v. ; Norton, Genuineness of the Gospels, vol. ii.. Note D, Section 
 vii. ; RiTSCHL, A., Entstehung d. altkath. Kirche (2te Aufl. 1857) pp. 27- 
 62; Hase, §61. 
 
 The * Apologetic * (or * Evidential ') Value of the four 
 CHIEF Epistles of Paul (and of the Apocalypse). 
 
 Leathes, Stanley, The Boyle Lects. for 1869; Schaff, P., History of 
 the Christian Church, i. 213 sq. ; Row, The Jesus of the Evangelists (2d ed. 
 pp. 340. 1880), ch. xvii. ; Stanton, The Jewish and the Christian Messiah, 
 p. 155 sq.; articles in the Expositor for 1876, 1877, 1881; J. S. Howson, 
 " Present Day Tract," No. 24 ; F. Godet, same series. No. 55. Above all, 
 Knowling, R. J. : Witness of the Epistles (Lond. 1892). pp. 451. 15s. 
 
THE INDEX. 
 
 Abbot, Ezra, 58, 61, 71, 83, 86. 
 Abbott, E. A. (and Rushbrooke), 57. 
 Abbott, T. K., 47, 85. 
 Alexander, Joseph Addison, 70. 
 Alexander's Kitto, 44, 50, 63. 
 Alexander, W., 58. 
 Alford, Henry, 68. 
 Allen, T. W., 61. 
 Anderson, Christopher, 64. 
 Andrews, S. J., 76, 85. 
 Apocrypha, of the N. T., 87. 
 Apocrypha, of the O. T., 46, 64, 80. 
 Asbury, S. R., 82. 
 
 Baedeker, 52. 
 
 Baldensperger, W., 85, 86. 
 
 Ball, C. J., 64. 
 
 Bannerman, 84. 
 
 Barrows, E. P., 52. 
 
 Bartlett, V., 85. 
 
 Baur, F. C, 77, 81, 87. 
 
 Beet, J. A., 69. 
 
 Berger, P., 60. 
 
 Bernhardt, E., 63. 
 
 Bertholdt, L,, 67. 
 
 Beyschlag, Willibald, 58, 68, 73, 75, 
 
 76, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87. 
 Bible Educator, The, 51. 
 Birt, Theodor, 60. 
 Bissell, E. C, 46, 50. 
 Bleek, F., 56, 69, 72, 73, 74, 88. 
 Boettcher, F., 83. 
 Boissier, G., 79. 
 Bos, Lambert, 45. 
 Breest, E., 76. 
 
 Bretschneider, C. G., 44, 49. 
 
 Breussing, A., 78. 
 
 Briggs, C. A., 44, 66, 87, 88. 
 
 Broadus, J. A., 70. 
 
 Browne, Henry, 55. 
 
 Bruce, A. B., 75, 77, 85, 86, 87. 
 
 Bruder, C. H., 49. 
 
 Buhl, F., 45. 
 
 Buttmann, Alex., 47, 49. 
 
 " Calwer Bibellexikon," 51. 
 
 " Cambridge Bible for Schools," 68. 
 
 " Cambridge Paragraph Bible," 64. 
 
 Candlish, J. S., 87. 
 
 Carruthers, W., 53. 
 
 Cave, A., 43. 
 
 Celle'rier, J. E., 66. 
 
 Charteris, A. H., 56, 59. 
 
 Cheetham, see Smith, Wm. 
 
 Cheyne, T. K., 64. 
 
 Chipiez (and Perrot), 54. 
 
 Clark, Sam., 53. 
 
 Clarke, J. F., 82. 
 
 Clarke, R. L., 64. 
 
 Cocker, B. F., 79. 
 
 Cone, Orello, 57. 
 
 Conybeare and Howson, 77. 
 
 Credner, C. A., 59. 
 
 Cremer, H., 48. 
 
 Crooks and Hurst, 43. 
 
 Curtiss, S. I., 88. 
 
 Dale, R. W., 58. 
 Dalman, G. H., 67. 
 Danz, J. T. L., 44. 
 
90 
 
 THE INDEX. 
 
 Davidson, A. B., 73. 
 
 Davidson, A. J. K., 81. 
 
 Davidson, S., 56, 59, 66, 84. 
 
 Deane, W. J., 46. 
 
 Delitzsch, Franz, 54, 73, 80, 88. 
 
 De Mas Latrie, 55. 
 
 Denis, J., 79. 
 
 Desprez, Philip S., 74, 87. 
 
 De Wette, W. M. L., 63, 68. 
 
 Dickson, Wm. P., 84. 
 
 Dietzsch, A., 75. 
 
 " Diplomatique, nouveau traite de/' 
 
 60. 
 Doedes, J. J., 66. 
 DoIIinger, J. J. I. v., 78. 
 Donaldson, James, 47, 87. 
 Dore, J. R., 65. 
 Dorner, I. A., 86. 
 Driver, S. R., 64. 
 Drummond, J., 67, 85. 
 Dutch *' revision," 63. 
 Dwight, T., 70. 
 
 Eadie, John, 64, 72. 
 
 Ebrard, J. H. A., 57. 
 
 Edersheim, A., 54, 76, 80, 85, 86, 87, 
 
 88. 
 Edwards, T. C, 71. 
 Ellicott, C. J., 65, 68, 69. 
 Elliot, C. B., 74. 
 Elliott and Harsha, 66. 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 44, 51, 60. 
 Emesti, H. F. T. L., 83. 
 Everett, C. C, 82, 86. 
 Everling, O., 84. 
 Ewald, H., 50, 80, 81, 86. 
 
 Fairbaim, P., 66, 88. 
 
 Farrar, F. W., 45, 56, 65, 70, 77, 79, 
 
 81. 
 Field, F., 45, 75. 
 Fillion, A. C, 63. 
 Fillion, M. L. CI, 53. 
 Fisher, Geo. P., 44, 57, 59, 78, 86. 
 Forbes, S. Russell, 78. . 
 Franke, A. H., 68. 
 
 French translations of N. T., 63. 
 Friedlander, L., 79. 
 Fritzsche, C. F. A., 69, 71. 
 Fritzsche, 0. F., 45, 46. 
 Frommann, G. K. L. T., 83. 
 
 Gannett, E. S., 86. 
 
 Gardiner, F., 48. 
 
 Gardthausen, V., 60. 
 
 Gebhardt, Hermann, 83. 
 
 Gebhardt, O. v., 47. 
 
 Gebhardt and Harnack, 87. 
 
 Geiger, A., 80. 
 
 Geikie, C, 76. 
 
 German translations of N. T., 63. 
 
 Gess, W. F., 82. 
 
 Gilman, Edward W., 64, 65. 
 
 Gloag, Paton J., 56. 
 
 Gloei, J., 83. 
 
 Goadby, Thos., 81. 
 
 Godet, F., 70. 71, 81, 88. 
 
 Goebel, S., 75. 
 
 Goodwin, A., 64. 
 
 Graetz, H., 80. 
 
 Green, Samuel G., 49, 78. 
 
 Green, Thomas S., 49, 61. 
 
 Gregory, C. R., 61, 62. 
 
 Griesbach, J. J., 66. 
 
 Grimm, C. L. W., 44, 85, 87. 
 
 Groser, W. H., 53. 
 
 Grove, Geo., 51. 
 
 Gue'rin, H. V., 52. 
 
 Gwilliam, G. H., 63. 
 
 Hackett, H. B., 51, 71, 77. 
 
 Hackett, H. B., and Abbot's Smith, 
 
 44, 50, 67. 
 Hagenbach, K. R., 43. 
 Hahn, G. L., 70. 
 Hall, Isaac H., 47, 62. 
 Hamburger, J., 51. 
 Hammond, C. E., 61. 
 Harless, G. C. A. von, 72. 
 Harnack, A., 59. 
 Harsha (and Elliott), 66. 
 Hart, H. C, 53. 
 
THE INDEX. 
 
 91 
 
 Ease, K, 44, 76, 86, 87, 88. 
 
 Hatch, Edwin, 45, 47. 
 
 Hatch and Redpath, 46. 
 
 Haupt, Erich, 73. 
 
 Hausrath, A., 80, 85. 
 
 "Heathen world and St. Paul," 79. 
 
 Henriot, 78. 
 
 Heinrici, C. F. G., 68, 71. 
 
 Hertwig, O. R., 56. 
 
 Hertzberg, G. F., 79. 
 
 Herzfeld, L., 80. 
 
 Herzog's Real-Encyclopadie, 44, 50, 
 
 78. 
 Hesse, F. H., 72. 
 Heyne, Moritz, 63. 
 Hicks, E. L., 60. 
 Hilgenfeld, Ad., 74, 83. 
 Hinrichs, G., 60. 
 Hofmann, J. C. K. v., 81. 
 Hofmann, R., 87. 
 Holtzmann, H. J., 55, 57, 59, 68, 69, 
 
 74, 86, 87. 
 Hort, F. J. A., see Westcott and 
 
 Hort. 
 Houghton, R. C, 77. 
 Hovey, Alvah, 71. 
 Howson, J. S., 77, 88. (See Cony- 
 
 beare and Howson.) 
 Hudson, C F., 50. 
 Huidekoper, F., 79. 
 Hunter, D., 59. 
 Hurlbut, J. L., 53. 
 Hurst, J. F., 4^. 
 Huther, J. E., 68, 73. 
 Huxley, T. H., 58. 
 
 Immer, A., 66, 81. 
 
 Jacob, G. A., 84. 
 
 Jal, A., 78. 
 
 James, M. R., (and Ryle), 46. 
 
 Johnstone, Robert, 73. 
 
 Josephus, 80. 
 
 Jost, J. M., 80. 
 
 Jowett, B., 87. 
 
 Jiilicher, A., 75. 
 
 Eamphausen, A. H. H., 74. 
 
 Kautzsch, E., 63. 
 
 Keil, C. F., 46, 50, 69, 73. 
 
 Keim, Theodor, 76, 79, 85, 86. 
 
 Kiepert, H., 52, 53. 
 
 Kirchhofer, J., 57. 
 
 Kitto, see under Alexander. 
 
 Klausen, H. N., 66. 
 
 Klieforth, Th., 73. 
 
 Klopper, Alb., 72. 
 
 Knoke, K., 72. 
 
 Knowling, R. J., 88. 
 
 Koehler, H., 72, 76. 
 
 Kostlin, H., 84. 
 
 Kostlin, K. R., 83. 
 
 Kuhl, E., 68. 
 
 Kuenen, Abraham, 88. 
 
 Kurtz, J. H., 73. 
 
 Lachmann, Carl, 50. 
 
 Ladd, Geo. T., 81, 86, 87. 
 
 Lagarde, Paul de, 45. 
 
 Langen, J., 67. 
 
 Lardner, Nathaniel, 56, 67. 
 
 Leathes, Stanley, 88. 
 
 Lechler, G. V., 81. 
 
 Le Long, see Masch. 
 
 Lemme, L., 72. 
 
 Lewin, Thomas, 55, 77. 
 
 Lichtenberger, 51. 
 
 Liddon, H. P., 82. 
 
 Lightfoot, John, 66. 
 
 Lightfoot, J. B., 55, 57, 58, 65, 
 
 69. 
 Lipsius, R. A., 43, 68, 82, 87. 
 Low, Immanuel, 53. 
 Loisy, A., 59. 
 Loofs, F., 84. 
 Lucius, P. E., 65. 
 Lucke, F., 70. 
 Ludemann, H., 84. 
 Liinemann, G., 68. 
 Luraby, J. Rawson, 71. 
 Luthardt, C. E., 58, 70, 76. 
 Luther's version revised, 63. 
 Lutz, J. L. S., 66. 
 
92 
 
 THE INDEX. 
 
 McCleUan,J. B.,69,85. 
 
 McClintock and Strong, 44, 51. 
 
 Macdonald, J. M., 77. 
 
 Macpherson, John, 72. 
 
 Madden, F. W., 55. 
 
 Magee, W. C, 58. 
 
 Mahaffy, J. P., 79. 
 
 Mallock, W. H., 58. 
 
 Marquardt and Mommsen, 79. 
 
 Marsh, Herbert, 66. 
 
 Maseh's Le Long, 62, 63. 
 
 Matheson, G., 82. 
 
 Maurice, F. D., 74. 
 
 Mayer, Lewis, 85. 
 
 Mayor, Joseph B., 73. 
 
 Mead, C. M., 86, 87. 
 
 Meisterhans, K., 60. 
 
 Menegoz, Eugene, 83. 
 
 Menke, Theodor, 53. 
 
 Merrill, Selah. 54. 
 
 Messner, H., 82. 
 
 Meuschen, J. G., 67. 
 
 Meyer, H. A. W., 68, 86. 
 
 Michaelis, J. D., 54. 
 
 Milligan, W., 74, 87. 
 
 Milligan, W. (and Roberts, Alex.), 
 
 62. 
 Mitchell, E. C, 61. 
 Mombert, J. I., 65. 
 Mommsen, Theodor, 79. 
 Montet, E., 55. 
 Montfaucon, Bern, de, 60. 
 Moore, E. C, 74. 
 Mori son, James, 70, 75. 
 Morrison, W. D., 80. 
 Moulton, W. F., 49, 64. 
 Miiller, Julius, 83. 
 Murray, see Porter, Smith and 
 
 Grove. 
 
 Neander, A., 81, 86, 88. 
 
 Neubauer, Ad., 85. 
 
 "New Testament Commentary for 
 
 English Readers," 68. 
 Newman, Albert H., 66. 
 Newman. F. W.. 86. 
 
 Niese, B., 80. 
 
 Norton, A., 57, 85, 87, 88. 
 
 Noyes, Geo. R., 87. 
 
 Oltramare, Hugues, 63, 69. 
 Orelli, C. v., 88. 
 Osborn, H. S., 52, 53. 
 Otto, V. W., 71. 
 
 " Palaeographical Society," C. v. 60. 
 
 " Palestine Exploration Society," 52. 
 
 Paley, W., 58. 
 
 Palmer, E., 48. 
 
 " Parallel New Testament," 65. 
 
 Park, E. A., 86. 
 
 Patritius, F. X., 85. 
 
 Peabody, A. P., 58. 
 
 Perowne, J. J. S., 68. 
 
 Perrot and Chipiez, 54. 
 
 Peshitto, the, 63. 
 
 Pfleiderer, O., 74, 81, 82. 
 
 Philippi, F. A., 72. 
 
 Pick, B., 87. 
 
 Plummer, A,, 71. 
 
 Plumptre, E. H., 51, 73. 
 
 Poole's Index, 44. 
 
 " Popular Commentary," the, 69. 
 
 Porter, J. L. (in Murray), 62. 
 
 Pressense', E. D., 86. 
 
 Preuss, Edward, 83. 
 
 Prideaux, H., 78. 
 
 Punjer, B., 43. 
 
 Raaz, 52. 
 
 Rabiger, F. J., 43, 50. 
 
 Raumer, Karl von, 51. 
 
 Reinach, S., 60. 
 
 Renan, E., 77. 
 
 Resch, A., 87. 
 
 Reubelt, J. A,, 82. 
 
 Reuss, E. (W. E.), 47, 56, 69, 62, 63, 
 
 81. 
 Reynolds, H. R., 77. 
 Riddle, M. B., 48, 87. 
 Riehm, E. K. A., 50, 67, 83, 88. 
 Riess, R. v., 53. 
 
THE INDEX. 
 
 93 
 
 RiUiet, 63. 
 
 Ritschl, A., 81, 83, 88. 
 
 Ritter, Karl, 52. 
 
 Roberts, A., 85. 
 
 Roberts, A. (and Donaldson, J.), 87. 
 
 Roberts, Alex, (and Milligan), 74. 
 
 Robertson, F. W., 71. 
 
 Robinson, Edward, 48, 52. 
 
 Rodrigues, H., 78. 
 
 Rohriuht, R., 51. 
 
 Rothe, R., 86. 
 
 Row, C. A., 58, 59, 87, 88. 
 
 Ruegg, A., 62. 
 
 Rushbrooke, W. G., 57. 
 
 Ryle, H. E, and James, M. R., 46. 
 
 Saalschiitz, J. L., 50. 
 
 Sabatier, A., 82. 
 
 Salmon, Geo., 56, 74. 
 
 Sanday, W., 48, 57, 58, 62, 64. 
 
 Schaff, P., 44, 47, 61, 65, 69, 87, 88. 
 
 Schaff-Herzog, 44, 51, 63. 
 
 Schenkel, D., 50. 
 
 Schleiermacher, F. E. D., 66. 
 
 Schleusner, J. F., 45, 49. 
 
 Schlottmann, K., 86. 
 
 Schmid, P., 72, 81. 
 
 Schmidt, C, 79. 
 
 Schmidt, H., 84. 
 
 Schmidt, Karl, 71. 
 
 Schmidt, L., 79. 
 
 Schmidt, R., 82. 
 
 Schmidt, Woldemar, 68, 78, 87. 
 
 Schmiedel, P. W., 68. 
 
 Schoettgen, Christ., 67. 
 
 Schurer, E., 45, 54, 55, 79, 81, 85. 
 
 Scrivener, F. H. A., 48, 61, 62, 64. 
 
 Segond, Louis, 63, 
 
 Seidel, M., 78. 
 
 Shilleto, A. R., 80. 
 
 Sieffert, F., 68. 
 
 Silvestre, J. B., 60. 
 
 Simcox, W. H., 47, 49. 
 
 Simon, R., 63. 
 
 Smeaton, Geo., 82. 
 
 Smith, James, 78. 
 
 Smith, Wm., 44, 62, 63, 78, 86. 
 
 Smith and Cheetham, 44, 51. 
 
 Smith and Grove, 53. 
 
 Smith and Wace, 44, 51. 
 
 Soden, H. von, 68, 72. 
 
 Spiess, E., 67. 
 
 Spitta, F., 71, 73, 74. 
 
 Stade, B., 80. 
 
 Staerk, 88. 
 
 Stainer, J., 55. 
 
 Staram, F. L., 63. 
 
 Stanley, A. P., 52, 71, 81. 
 
 Stanton, V. H., 67, 85, 86, 88. 
 
 Stapfer, Edmond, 63, 80, 86. 
 
 Stearns, O., 86. 
 
 Steinmeyer, F. L., 58, 74, 75, 8 
 
 Steude, 87. 
 
 Stevens, G. B., 82. 
 
 Stewart, C. J., 44. 
 
 Storrs, R. S., 78. 
 
 Stuart, Moses, 74. 
 
 " Supernatural Religion," 67. 
 
 Swete, H. B., 45. 
 
 Symmington, 77. 
 
 Syriac New Testament, 63. 
 
 Taylor, Isaac, 62. 
 
 Terry, Milton S., 66. 
 
 Thayer, J. H., 48. 
 
 Theile and Stier, 63. 
 
 Thilo, J. C, 87. 
 
 Tholuck, A., 74, 88. 
 
 Thoma, A., 58. 
 
 Thompson, E. M., 60. 
 
 Thomson, J. E. H., 46. 
 
 Thomson, W. M., 52. 
 
 Tischendorf, 45, 47, 48, 61, 63, 87. 
 
 Tittmann, J. A. H., 49. 
 
 Tobler, Titus, 51. 
 
 Torr, C, 78. 
 
 Toy, C. H., 87, 88. 
 
 Tregelles, S. P., 47, 61, 62, 64. 
 
 Trench, R. C, 49, 65, 74, 76. 
 
 Tristram, H. B., 51, 53. 
 
 Trommius, A., 46. 
 
94 
 
 THE INDEX. 
 
 Uhlhorn, G., 76, 79. 
 Ullmann, K., 86. 
 Usteri, J. M., 69, 73. 
 Usteri, Leonhard, 82. 
 
 Van Lennep, 54. 
 " Variorum Bible," 64. 
 Vaughan, C. J., 71, 73, 74. 
 Vischer, Eberhard, 74. 
 Volkmar, G., 46. 
 
 Wace, Henry, (see Smith and Wace), 
 
 58. 
 Wahl, C. A., 46, 49. 
 Waiz, K., 84. 
 Ward, Mrs. Humphry, 58. 
 Warfield, B. B., 61. 
 Watkins, H. W., 58. 
 Wattenbach, W., 60. 
 Weber, F., 67, 83. 
 Weber, V., 75. 
 Webster, William, 49. 
 WeifEenbach, W., 87. 
 Weiss, B., 56, 59, 68, 69, 72, 76, 80, 
 
 83, 85, 86, 88. 
 Weizsacker, Carl, 63, 74, 81. 
 
 Wellhausen, J., 54. 
 Wendell, Rufus, 65. 
 Wendt, H. H., 68, 81, 84, 87. 
 Westcott, B. F., 47, 57, 59, 64, 70, 73, 
 
 83, 85, 87. 
 Westcott (and Hort), 47, 62, 71, 85. 
 Wetstein, J. J., 67, 86. 
 Weymouth, R. F., 48. 
 Whately, R., 88. 
 Wheeler, J. Talboys, 78. 
 Wieseler, K., 55, 71, 85. 
 Wilke, C. G., 66. 
 Windrath, K. A., 73. 
 Winer, G. B., 44, 47, 49, 51. 
 Wines, E. C, 54. 
 Wittichen, C, 81, 87. 
 Wood, J. G., 53. 
 Wordsworth, John, and White, H. J., 
 
 63. 
 Wright, G. Frederick, 69. 
 Wright, W. Aldis, 65. 
 Wiinsche, Aug., 67. 
 
 Zahn, Theodor, 59, 87. 
 Zimmermann, Carl, 52. 
 Zockler, 0., 43, 46, 85. 
 
n \m, 
 
 ^/Ol 
 
 101465