THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SOUTHERN PACIFIC OCEAN, 
 
 PERFORMED 
 
 '- IN THE YEARS I796, 1797, 1798, 
 
 IN THE 
 
 SHIP DUFF, 
 
 COMMANDED BY 
 
 CAPTAIN JAMES WILSON. 
 
 COMPILED FROM 
 
 JOURNALS OF THE OFFICERS AND THE MISSIONARIES; 
 
 AND ILLUSTKATED WITH 
 
 i^ajjs, €\)Rvts, anil Oietos, 
 
 Drawn by Mr. William Wilson, and engraved by the mod eminent Artifts. 
 
 WITH A 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS; 
 
 AND AN 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 INCLUDING DETAILS NEVJEIl BEFORE PUBLISHED, OF THE 
 
 NATURAL AND CIVIL STATE OF OTAHEITE; 
 
 'by a committee APPOINTED FOR, THE. PURPOSE BY THE DIRECTORS OF THE 
 
 MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 
 
 PUBLISHED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE SOCIETY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY S. GOSNEJLL, 
 
 " FOR T.' CHAPMAN, N" 151, FLEET STREET. 
 
 1799.
 
 enteitti at stationers JDaU,
 
 510 
 
 PRINTS. 
 
 General Map 
 
 Harbour of Rio Janeiro 
 
 Miffionary Settlement at Matava' 
 
 View of Taloo Harbour 
 
 Ifland of Tongataboo 
 
 Gambier'slflands 
 
 Marqucfas Iflands 
 
 Ifland of Otaheite 
 
 Great Moral of Oberea 
 
 Moral and Ark of the Eatooa at 
 
 Fiatookas of Futtafaihe 
 
 Feejee Iflands 
 
 Duff's Group . • 
 
 Attahooroo 
 
 to face 
 
 Page 
 • 1 
 
 3° 
 77 
 83 
 97 
 
 128 
 
 185 
 207 
 
 21 1 
 284 
 287 
 296 
 
 LG283i 
 
 US S.;V3
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page, 
 iv, 
 
 Xii, 
 
 ib. 
 
 xiii, 
 
 xiii, 
 
 xxiii, 
 
 li. 
 
 Ix, 
 
 Ixx, 
 
 xcviii, 
 
 »!>. 
 
 5«. 
 
 54. 
 
 58, 
 
 7J, 
 IC8, 
 
 ib. 
 "3. 
 ■if) 
 '5'. 
 >6o, 
 
 >?o. 
 '7'. 
 
 Line from 
 
 bottom. 
 
 33. 
 
 unit , on the loth of the fame 
 month. 
 
 12, /or is, rtaj, arc. 
 
 I, /or Oamm, reaJ, Oammo. 
 
 '3, Z^'' thirteen, r^aJ, many. 
 
 22, /or t6th, r<".i.y, 14th. 
 
 29, o«r;/ the r«ft, confiding of. 
 
 2, /or ubftitute, rcaJ, fubftitute. 
 
 15, omit end. 
 
 12, /or thcfc, rroi, the Feje. 
 
 4, /or tranfcendant, rmd, trartfcendent. 
 22, ii/frr thus, aJJ, , fays a mifiionary. 
 
 8, after (hore, aJJ, , fays Mr.'Wilfon. 
 XI, /or f, ffijt/, of. 
 
 • 3. I9> y<"' Ohaitapcha, riad, Mataiai. 
 
 20, a/tir Gaulton, add^^ (a probationer). 
 
 5, /or tile, rlaJ, title. 
 12, yi/- i h, ready with. 
 
 20, /or we, riad, the brethren. 
 
 17, yv in the,, r^.«/, this. 
 
 7, yir communiaie, riad, communicate. 
 15, /or cut, read, hut. 
 
 9, yir Lock, read. Cock. 
 
 8, yiraflembed, «<ii/, affcmbled. 
 10, /or Whyooa, read, Whydooa. 
 29, after pilfer, add, from. 
 
 24, a/ter life, ai/</, , fays \V. Puekey. 
 
 Page. 
 
 196, 
 
 Line from 
 bottom. 
 28 C"id el/e-wherej , for Pytouah, riaa, 
 Whydooa. 
 
 , ' > /or Sinnet, read, Skinner. 
 ^+> J 
 
 /or throughont, read, throughout. 
 
 for 1 8 th, read, 15th. 
 
 ;::f^o1:: }«'"'. roo-sse. 
 
 after Dooatonga, add, (as Futtafaihe i» 
 entitled). 
 
 a/ter the, add, fouth- 
 
 after July ift, add, (at Aheefo). 
 /or iWooe, read, Moorce. 
 
 after 12th, add, (at Ardco). 
 
 after 14th, add, (at Aheefo). 
 /or third, read, fourth. 
 
 a/ter 26th, add, (at Ardeo). 
 
 flA<-r 3cth, add, (at Aheefo). 
 
 omit others. 
 
 after fay, add, any. 
 >>• 180" 30', read, iSi" 13'. 
 yir Maitland, read, Direflion. 
 for everal, read, feveral. 
 /or Warto, re.id, Warro. 
 /or Shievo, read, Heevo. 
 /or Morris, read, Maurice. 
 /or wrinkles, read, winkles- 
 
 ii3. 
 
 >£. 
 
 230. 
 
 7, 
 
 245. 
 
 27. 
 
 255. 
 
 25. 
 
 251. 
 
 13, 
 
 ib. 
 
 7. 
 
 =59, 
 260, 
 
 29, 
 
 20, 
 
 ib. 
 
 . 2, 
 
 261, 
 
 20, 
 
 .262, 
 
 265. 
 ib. 
 
 .24. 
 28, 
 18, 
 
 270, 
 . ib. 
 
 30. 
 16, 
 
 288, 
 
 32. 
 
 • ib. 
 
 •>2, 
 
 298, 
 
 2. 
 
 J04. 
 ib. 
 
 6. 
 5. 
 
 343. 
 
 23,
 
 TO THE 
 
 KING. 
 
 SIRE, 
 
 1 O whom can the Miflionary Society 
 fo properly dedicate thefe firll-fruits of their labours as 
 to Your Majesty, by whofe order the voyages of 
 difcovery were firft undertaken, which have brought 
 into view the numerous iflands difperfed over the Pacific 
 Ocean ? The reports made concerning them attracted 
 the gener^^ attention of European nations ; and Your 
 Majesty's fubjefts felt themfelves peculiarly interefled, 
 whether their views led them to confider thefe difcoveries 
 as tending to enlarge the bounds of fcience, or as opening 
 a field of commercial fpeculation. A nobler objeft, 
 Sire, has engaged the attention of the Miffionary Society, 
 who, believing CHRISTIANITY to be the greateiV 
 blefiing ever imparted to mankind, defired to communi- 
 cate that ineftimable gift, with all its happy efi'e^ts, to 
 thefe unenlio-htened re2:ions. 
 
 a 2
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 On landing among thcfe iflanders, our compaffions 
 were more powerfully excited to find their population 
 greatly diminiflicd, and, through the prevalence of vice, 
 tending to utter extinftion. On this account we con- 
 ceivc it to be our duty to make the moft vigorous efforts, 
 in dependence on the bleffing of Almighty God, for the 
 amelioration of their wretched eftate. 
 
 Perfuaded of Your Majesty's gracious approbation 
 of our labours, and encouraged by the moft aufpicious 
 commencements, we have determined on renewed ex- 
 ertions. Whatever beneficial confequences may refult 
 from the attempt, we fliall be happy to afcribe them, 
 under GOD, to Your Majesty's government as their 
 origin ; and we embrace this public occalion of offering 
 the dutiful homage of 
 
 Your Majesty's 
 
 Moft refpeftful and loyal fubjeds, " 
 THE DIRECTORS OF THE MISSIONARY SOCIETY.
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 JL HE impatience of our brethren to gratify the curiofity of the 
 pubhc, muft plead our excufe that the following papers are arranged 
 in a lefs lucid order than we could have wifhed. In colle<fting from 
 the public and private journals, wt have defired to preferve the lan- 
 guage of the relator, which, if not the moft polifhed, may not- 
 withftanding be the moft affedling. The body of the journal is 
 the compofition of Mr. William Wilfon, from the Captain's papers, 
 his own, and the Miffionaries' reports. As there was a neceflity of 
 filling up fome chapters from the journals of the Millionaries them- 
 felves, there will fometimes be obferved a change of perfons, accord- 
 ing as individuals, or the body, are introduced fpeaking. It is hoped 
 that our readers will pardon this defeat, and that whatever perplexity 
 it may occafion will be removed by referring to the lift of £/-/-a/^. 
 It was deemed improper to alter cuftomary maritime phrafes for the 
 fake of grammatical accuracy. We ftiall be truly happy, if the in- 
 formation here detailed fliall produce fonie powerful impreftion on 
 the minds of our countrymen ; intereft them more tenderly in 
 behalf of the wretched heathen ; and excite fuitable efforts to repair 
 the miferies which Europeans have in part occafioned, as well as to 
 refcue from deftrudlion of body and foul a gentle race of fellow-men, 
 who have, toward our own nation efpecially, expreflcd the moft 
 affcdionate attachment.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PrELIMINART discourse ------ Page i 
 
 Hijiorical Account of Otaheite -------- vii 
 
 IJlands confie^ed with Otaheite -------- xxxvi 
 
 TongataboOy and the IJlands conneBed with it - - - - xlvi 
 
 Ohittahoo, and the other IJlands called the Marqucjas - Ixxiii 
 
 Instructions to Captain Wilfon --__--_ Ixxxix 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 Introdu5lion — Appointment of MiJJionaries and Ship's Crew i 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Embarkation, Departure from the River — Stay at Portjmouth 8 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Voyage from Portfnouth to St. Jago — Occitrrences there -■ l8 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Run to Rio Janeiro — Reception, and Obfervations _- - - 26 
 
 a
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Departure from Rio Janeiro — Arrival at Otaheitc - - Page 39 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Occurrences on landing at Otaheite, and during the frji Vifit to that 
 JJland - 56 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ^hort Voyage to Eimeo, and Return to Otaheite . - - - 83 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Divifion of the Mijfionaries — Voyage to Tonga taboo - _ - 92 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Occurrences during the firjl Vijit to Tongataboo - - _ - 57 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Voyage to the Marquefas — Difcoveries made - - --- 113 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Occurrences at the Marquefas - - -------128 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Return from the Marquefas to Otaheite— -TraufaEiions during our 
 Aifence - ---_--._--»>_-- 14^
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 TranfaSlions during our Stay at Otaheite — Survey to a/certain the 
 Population of the IJlund - ----___ Page 179 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Tranfa^ions at Otaheite to our fnal Departure - - - - 216 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Return toTongataboo — Occurrences during our Abfence - - 227 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Defcription of Tongataboo - - -----.«_ 273 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Tranfa5lions at Tongataboo during the Ship's Stay - - - 382 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Pajfagefrom Tongataboo to China - ------- 286 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Occurrences at China, and Voyage ho?ne - - ----jn
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Introduction - ---------- Page 319 
 
 Sect. I. Face of the Country at Otaheite - - - - 320 
 
 II. Government— Ranks in Society— Property - 325 
 
 III. Inhabitants — Men, Women, Children — Abodes t^^S 
 
 IV. Deities of Otaheite 344 
 
 V. Priejihood and Sacrifices - - - - - - 348 
 
 VI. Singular Cujioms - - ' 352 
 
 VII. AmufcmejUs _--- 367 
 
 VIII. Cookery - 37 
 
 IX. Birds - - - 381 
 
 X. Fijhery Z^Z 
 
 XI. Trees and Shrubs -- 388 
 
 XII. Canoes 397 
 
 XIII. Difeafes - - 403 
 
 XIV. Comparative State - ------- 406 
 
 Articles of Faith drawn up by the Miffionaries - - - - 410 
 
 ^ 
 
 2
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE; 
 
 CONTAINING A 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ISLANDS WHERE MISSIONARIES HAVE SETTLED, 
 
 AND OP OTHERS WITH WHICH THEY ARE CONNECTED. 
 
 J- HE relation which geographical knowledge bears to miflionary 
 exertion is as obvious as it is important. If fincere and enlightened 
 Chriftians had been attentive to the magnitude, the population, and 
 the moral and religious ftate of the countries which are ftill dcftitutc 
 of the gofpel, it feems impoffible that they fliould ever have remitted 
 their labours for the converfion of the heathen. A deficiency of 
 information upon thefe interefting fubjeds is not merely to be la- 
 mented as an occafion of fatal negligence j it is alfo to be guarded 
 againft as a caufe of error, and of failure, in the condudt of miflionary 
 efforts. If thefe are excited only by cafual difcovcries of the wretched 
 condition in which fome detached parts of the heathen world exift, 
 other nations are liable to be difrcgarded, which, in a variety of 
 refpeds, might be preferable objedls of evangelical miffions. 
 
 For the reafons which determined the Miflionary Society at Lon- 
 cfon to commence its operations with a voyage to the Pacific CX:can, 
 we refer the reader to a well-known Memoir, which was publicly 
 delivered when the Society was formed in September 1795, and is 
 annexed to an impreflion of the Sermons that were preached on 
 the occafion. That decifion having been made, the utmoll diligence 
 was ufed to colledl into a difl:in6t and comprchenfive view, the in- 
 formation that was fcattered through numerous priiitcd volumes, oi- 
 
 b
 
 ii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 was attainable bv means of manufcript and verbal communications, 
 rcfpcding thofc iflands which it appeared pradlicable to vifit in the 
 projedled voyage. An cxtenfivc compilation of this nature was put 
 into the hands of the mifTionaries ; and feveral maps were conftrudled, 
 to illultrate the geographical details, as well as to aflifl the intended 
 navigation ; the materials from which thefe were formed having till 
 then remained unconne<fted, or been exhibited only upon a minute 
 general fcalc. 
 
 By an abridgment of the accounts thus compiled, it is attempted, 
 in this preliminary difcourfe, to gratify perfons who may wifh for a 
 compendium of the principal information to be derived from former 
 voyages refpeding the three iflands to which our miffionaries have 
 happily gained accefs. Thefe places are defcribed in the fame order 
 in which they were vifited by Captain Wilfon ; and to the account 
 ot each is fubjoined a brief defcription of other iflands with which 
 a habitual intercourfe is maintained from thence ; and to which we 
 may therefore hope the ufefulnefs of our brethren will gradually be 
 extended *. A few general remarks upon the Pacific Ocean, and 
 the countries fituated within its limits, appear neceffary both to in- 
 troduce and to conclude the whole. 
 
 This ocean, which covers almoft half the globe, was unknown 
 to Europeans at the commencement of the fixteenth century, having 
 been firfl: feen from the ifthmus that conneds the continents 
 called North and South America, on the 25th of September 151 J, 
 by a Spaniard named Bafcx) Nunez de Balboa. Its weftern boundary 
 had been approached by the Portuguefe only two years earlier, 
 Francifco Serrano having difcovered the Molucca iflands immediately 
 after the conqueft of Malacca by the celebrated Albuquerque. To 
 
 * The general chart of Captain Wilfon's track is necefTarily upon too fmall a fcale to afford 
 a fuitable reprefentation of thefe iflands ; but they are all delineated, an inch to a degree, in one 
 of the above-n-.entioned maps, which has been publifhed for the benefit of die Miffionary So- 
 ciety, and is fold by Mr. Faden, Charing Crofs, and Rlr. Chapman, Fleet Street, price los. 6^ 
 plain, or 15s. coloured.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. m 
 
 ftlmulate exertion, and to preclude contention in the rival dilcovcrcrs 
 from Spain and Portugal, Pope Alexander the Sixth configned to the 
 dominion of thefe two nations all heathen countries that fhould be 
 difcovered by them ; and allotted to each one half of the globe, com- 
 mencing from the weftcrn limits of Brazil in South America, of 
 which province the Portuguefc had previoufly obtained polTclIion. 
 The imperfc*iT:ion of geographical fcience at that time left it doubtful 
 to isi'hick of thefe hemifpheres the Moluccas belonged ; and the pre- 
 cious fpices peculiar to thofe fmall iflands rendered the dccifion im- 
 portant. To afcertain this was the purpofe of the firft voyage 
 acrofs the Pacific Ocean. It was planned and executed by Hernando 
 de Magalhancs, who had ferved under Albuquerque at Malacca; 
 but having been ill rewarded by the court of Portugal, he withdrew 
 to Spain, from whence he failed with five fhips under his command 
 on the 2ift of September 1519. He wintered in South America, 
 and, in the Ocftober following, difcovered the flrait which has 
 fince borne his name. He entered the great South Sea on the zSth 
 of November 1520; and having advanced northward to the tropic 
 of Capricorn, proceeded in a north-weft courfe with fuch eafe and 
 rapidity, that he judged the vaft ocean he was traverfing worthy to 
 be called the Pacific. It is well known, that the prevailing winds 
 between the tropics follow the path of the fun, where they are not 
 diverted from it by heights of land ; and the incomparable breadth 
 of this ocean aflfords an uninterrupted palTage to thofe earterly currents 
 of air, which, on account of the advantages that navigators derive 
 from their regularity, are called the trade winds. Magalhanes 
 having crofted the equator too foon to meet with the fertile iflands 
 of the fouthern tropic, found no place of refreftiment till the 6th of 
 March 1 52 1, when he difcovered a range of fmall iflands in the 
 longitude of 146 degrees eaft from Greenwich, and extending from 
 13 to 20i degrees of north latitude. He named them Ladrones, on 
 account of the thicvifla difpofition of the natives, which has fince 
 been found univerfal in the Pacific Ocean. Proceeding wcftward 
 
 b a
 
 iv TRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 he difcovcrcfl, on the loth of the fame month, one of the iflands 
 which have fince been called the Philippines. They form the northern- 
 moft part of the grand archipelago which borders the coafl of Afia, 
 extending from 19 degrees north latitude and 122 degrees eafl lon- 
 gitude, fouth-wefi:ward to Malacca, and fouth-eaflward to New 
 Guinea, At a fmall ifland of this group Magalhanes finiflied his 
 courfe, being killed in an encounter with the natives on the 27th of 
 April. Some of his fliips afterward reached the Moluccas, the ob- 
 jcds of their purfuit ; which are fituated amidft more extenfive 
 iflands, in the ifl degree of north latitude, and in 127! degrees eaft 
 longitude. One fhip only of the fquadron, named the Vidory, with 
 a crew of no more than thirty perfons, under the command of Se- 
 baftian Cano, returned by the Eafl: Indies and the Cape of Good 
 Hope to Europe, having accomplifhed the firfl circumnavigation of 
 the world within a period of three years. 
 
 Having, by a fketch of this voyage, paid a tribute to the memory 
 of Magalhanes, who conducted an unequalled enterprife with the 
 utmofl fortitude and fkill, we can only notice fucceeding navigators 
 in connexion with the iflands to be defcribed. In pointing out the 
 fituations of thcfe, their latitude mufl: be underfl:ood to be fouthward 
 from the equator, if not othcrwife exprefled; and their longitude 
 is reckoned cafliward and wefl:ward from the obfervatory at Green- 
 wich toward its anti-meridian. 
 
 The want of a proper guide for the pronunciation of names ufed 
 by the South-Sea iflanders, and the diverfity of modes in which they 
 have been fpclled by writers and compilers of voyages, have long 
 been fubjedls of complaint. The remedy has become difficult in 
 proportion to the extent of the evil. The variety of journals from 
 which cxtra6ts are given in the narrative of Captain Wilfon's voyage, 
 has frufl:rated, in a great meafure, the endeavours that were ufed to 
 adopt an uniform and diftind: orthography throughout the volume. 
 Whether the attempt made for that purpofe, in compiling the pre- 
 fent introductory difcourfe, is more fuccefsful, mufl be left to the
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. v 
 
 decifion of the reader. His attention is rcqucfted to the following 
 rules of pronunciation, in which the genius of the language that is 
 common to the places defcribed, and the eftabliflicd orthography of 
 thofe names which have become mofl familiar, have been reciprocally 
 confulted. 
 
 ift. When a fingle vowel forms or clofes a fyllablc, 
 a is founded as in father ; 
 e as in equal i 
 
 as in open ; 
 
 u . as in duty. 
 
 adly. When two vowels come together, 
 ae has the fame found with the adverb ay ; 
 ai is founded as in fail ; 
 au as in autumn ; 
 
 ei has the found of / long ; for which this improper diphthong 
 has, from the firft, been fubftituted in names that are now 
 become too familiar to be altered, as in Otaheite, Ehneo, 
 Huaheine, Sec. 
 00 is founded as in the adverb too, for a fimilar reafon ; 
 ou as in our ', and 
 
 oe has the fame found with oy in Englifli words, 2,% joy. Sec. 
 All other combinations of vowels are to be pronounced, according 
 
 to the preceding rules, in diftind: fyllables. 
 3dly. When any fingle vowel is followed, in the fame fyllable, 
 by a confonant, it has its fhortefl found ; as in matter, gift, 
 otter, upward. 
 4thly. Every confonant, fingle vowel, or diphthong, uniformly re- 
 tains a diftind: and appropriate found, fubjcdl to the pre- 
 ceding rules. The letters w and y are therefore ufcd only as 
 confonants -, g is always hard ; and th is always founded as in 
 think. The e is never mute. Thus Otaheite is to be pro- 
 nounced fo as to rhyme with the adjedive mighty.
 
 VI 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 5thly. That fyllable on which the ftrongeft cmphafis is to be 
 placed is marked as a long fyllable (fo Tongataboo, Oh'ittahoo) 
 when the words firft occur; but this diftindion, agreeably to 
 Rule 4th, indicates no otlicr change in the Ibund of the vowels 
 over which it is placed. 
 It appears neceflary farther to remark, that, as the diflcrtations 
 which form the Appendix of this volume, contain a copious defcrip- 
 tion of the natural and civil ftate of Otaheite, nothing relative to that 
 ifland is requifitc here, but a hiftory of tranfadlions that occurred 
 previous to the voyage of the Duff. A prior perufiU of the diflerta- 
 tions will therefore be ufeful to thofe of our readers who defire to 
 have in view the circumftances and cftabliflaed cuftoms of the 
 natives, while they purfue the hiftory. It may alfo affift to under- 
 hand the brief defcriptions here given of the other iflands, in which, 
 to avoid tautology, the points wherein they vary from Otaheite are 
 principally infifted on. The concifenefs that was indifpenfable, pre- 
 cluded obfervations which naturally refult from the various fadls that 
 are mentioned in the following account j but we hope that this 
 deficiency will be fupplied by the reflexions of our ferious readers. 
 From a comparifon between the feveral parts of this volume, it will 
 probably be acknowledged, in general, that additional demonfl:ration 
 is afforded to fome very important truths : fuch are — the infufficiency 
 of every natural enjoyment to eftablifli the real welfare of mankind ; 
 the tendency of an unreftrained gratification of appetites and paffions 
 to produce horrid and deftrudtive crimes ; the advantages for which 
 the moft civilized nations are in reality indebted to the gofpel; and 
 the far greater bleflings that are derived from the fame fource by 
 them who enter into the fpirit and power of chriftianity.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. tu 
 
 Hijlorical Account of Otaheite. 
 
 FREQUENT as the intcrcourfe of Europeans with the natives of 
 this ifland has been for the laft thirty years, it is uncertain whether 
 any interview between them had occurred at an earlier period. While 
 the identity of various iilands vifited by modern navigators, with the 
 early difcoveries of the Spaniards, has been indubitably proved, it is 
 barely probable that Otaheite was feen by Pedro Fernandez de Quiros 
 in 1606. He had failed with two fliips from Lima in Peru, to fearch 
 for a continent, which he fuppofed to exift in the neighbourhood of 
 feveral iflands that had been difcovered by him in a voyage performed 
 eleven years before. For this purpofe he proceeded fouthward to the 
 27th degree of latitude; but meeting only with a few Inv iflands, he 
 returned into the latitude of his former difcoveries, and on his way 
 fell in with an ifland, iith February, which, on account of the 
 curve defcribed by its fliores, he named Sagittaria. His fmaller 
 vefTel anchored in a bay on the fouth coafl: ; but the boats were pre- 
 vented landing by the furf which beat upon the reefs. A young 
 man, named Francifco Ponce, fwam with much hazard to a rock> 
 where the iflanders met and carcfTed him j others of the Spaniards, 
 imitating the fpirited example of Ponce, were equally well received. 
 When they fwam back to the boats, they were accompanied by feveral 
 of the natives, who, after having fome prefents made to them, returned, 
 well pleafed, to their comrades on fliore. The next day the Spaniards, 
 having hauled their boats over the reef, landed, without feeing any of 
 the inhabitants ; they proceeded through a thick wood (in which 
 they found a morae, and ere<fted a crucifix) toward a bay upon the 
 oppofite fide of the ifland. They could obtain no fivlh water in a 
 plain which they fearched for it; but refreflied themfclves with the 
 milk of cocoa-nuts, which grew there abundantly. Loaded with 
 this fruit, they returned to the landing-place, in water up to their
 
 viii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 knees, along the meadow, over which the tide had flowed; they 
 re-cnibarkcd however without difficulty, a paflage through the reef 
 having been found for the boats; and a very aged woman, whom 
 they had met in the woods, willingly accompanied them to the fliips, 
 where flie was clothed and fed. When fhe was fent back to ihore, 
 flac diredied the Spaniards to fome of her countrymen, who were oc- 
 cupied with their canoes. The iflanders behaved amicably ; and fome 
 of them, with their chief, ventured to go off with feveral Spaniards in 
 the boat; but being fuddenly alarmed, they leaped into the fca, except 
 the chief, who was detained by force till they reached Quiros's fliip. 
 They could not pcrfuade him to go on board ; and therefore, having 
 made him fome prefents, fent back the boat with him. The few" 
 Spaniards who remained on fhore had been furrounded, and 
 threatened, by more than a hundred of the natives, armed with 
 fpcars and clubs. Upon the fafe return of the chief, a perfedt recon- 
 ciliation took place; and they parted very amicably, . the natives pro- 
 ceeding toward a fmall iflet. They are defcribed as of a mulatto 
 colour, well made, and deftitute of clothing, except the women, 
 who were covered from the waift downward with cloth made of bark. 
 
 Quiros coafted this ifland to the north-weft the following day, and 
 ^at noon obferved the latitude to be 1 7° 40'. This coincides with the 
 weftern fide of Otaheite ; but the filencu of Quiros refpedling the 
 ifland of Eimeo, which would have been in fight from thence, 
 is perfedily vmaccountable, and involves the identity of Otaheite with 
 the Sagittaria of Quiros in much doubt. On the other hand, the 
 place where the Spaniards landed, agrees very well with the ifthmus 
 by which the two peninfulas of Otaheite are conneded. The preceding 
 account will enable our readers to form their own fentiments upon a 
 fubjedl of which different judgments have been adopted by refpedlable 
 geographers. 
 
 Captain Walhs, in his Majefty's fhip Dolphin, difcovered Otaheite 
 on the 19th of June 1767. The veffel being clofe to the fouth-eaft 
 end of the ifland, was furrounded by a great number of canoes, with
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. ix 
 
 more than eight hundred people on board: they, in general, behaved 
 amicably, excepting that they ftole every thuig they could ftizc. 
 Thefe pradlices brought on a flight fkirmifh, but peace was foon ap- 
 parently eftablifhed. Captain Wallis fucceeded in getting to wind- 
 ward of the ifland during the night, and the next day failed along the 
 eaftern coafl. On the following he anchored near the north-eaftern 
 flaore ; and his boats being employed in founding, were attacked by 
 the iflanders, one of whom was killed, and another wounded in the 
 conteft. Traffic was notwithftanding fpeedily reflorcd. The native 
 women ufed the mofl fhamelefs enticements to induce the failors 
 to land, but they had the precaution not to quit their boats ; and fome 
 fmall cafks, which they entrufted to the iflanders to procure frcfli 
 water, were ftolen by them. 
 
 Captain Wallis having weighed anchor on the 23d, difcovered the 
 bay which is formed by the coafl: of Mattavae, the northernmoft diftridl 
 of the ifland. Having doubled its north-eafl:ern cape, flnce called 
 Point Venus, the Dolphin flruck upon a coral rock which is detached 
 from the reef that borders the coafl:. The fhip remained immoveable 
 almoft an hour, and was then unexped:cdly relieved by a breeze which 
 fprung up from the fhore. The natives, in many hundred canoes, 
 waited around to fee the event, which was likely to have been 
 attended with the entire deftrudlion of the crew. They anchored, 
 however, foon afterward in the bay, and the vcflTel was found 
 to have received little damage. The following day, while ^v^arping 
 nearer to the fhore, they were attacked by a multitude of large 
 canoes, and fliowers of heavy ftones were poured in every diredtion 
 upon the fliip. The iflanders renewed the aflkult, even when they 
 had been repulfed by the great gunsj but after repeated experience of 
 their defl:rudive eflPeds, they difperfed, and fled to the mountains. 
 
 The fhip having been moored abreafl of the river of Mattavae, 
 Lieutenant Furneaux landed, and without oppofition eredted a 
 Britifla pendant on the fhore, and formally took pofl^eflion of the ifland 
 in the name of his own fovereign. This is a ceremony which has 
 
 c
 
 X PRELIMINARY DISCQURSE. 
 
 Ixrn continued from the period when it was i'uppofed that the pope 
 had a right to difpofc of all countries inhahitcii by heathens. What- 
 ever idea the iflanders formed of this tranfadion, they did not fuffer 
 the flao- to remain till the following day. Oammo, who at that time 
 governed the larger peninfula of Otaheite in behalf of his fon 
 Temarrc, caufcd it to be taken away during the night; and it was 
 ufed long after as a kind of drefs which conftitutcs the badge of 
 rovaltv. The next morning a party of failors were compelled by the 
 natives to retire from the river, to which they had been fent for frefh 
 water; but the crowd being difperfed by the Ihip's guns, and many of 
 their canoes being demolilhed by way of puniihmcnt, they gave up 
 their attempts at refiftance, and from that time became peaceable and 
 docile. Oammo retired from the fcene, probably left the Englifli 
 fhould revenge upon his perfon the aflaults they had fuftained. His 
 confort Oberca (or Poorea) had been feparated from him after the birth 
 of Temarrc, apparently on account of her reludance to deftroy the 
 child. Her authority was not diminiflaed by their feparation, and 
 Ihe exercifed it in affording the moft hofpitable reception to Captain 
 Wallis and his people, many of whom were much reduced by illnefs. 
 Thefewere ftationed on fliore, and a regular traffic was eftablifhed for 
 frefh provifions. It was, however, foon interrupted, and great in- 
 convenience produced, by the licentious intercourfe of the crew with 
 the female iflanders. This was unlikely to be checked by Oberea, 
 whofe tf haradter for fenfuality exceeded even the ufual flandard 
 at Otaheite. At this time fhe cohabited with Toopaea, who had 
 fled from his native place, Ulietea, and had been appointed chief 
 pricft at. this ifland. He ^celled all the South-Sea iflanders that have 
 been known, for information and fagacity; and difl:inguiflied himfelf 
 very early by his inquifltive difpofition, and his aptnefs to imitate the 
 manners of the Englifh. An elderly man, of inferior rank, named 
 Owhau, likewife rendered himfelf remarkable and ufeful, by his 
 friendly attention to the navigators, and the prudence with which he 
 negotiated between them and his countrymen. Under his guidance
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xi 
 
 Mr. Gore made fome progrefs into the interior of the iiUml; and 
 \vhen provifions beciime fcarce at Mattavae, Owhfiu procured them 
 from other dillrid:s. Ample fupphes having been obtained, and the 
 health of the fliip's company being re-eftabliflicd. Captain Wallis 
 failed on the 27th of July. He requited the hofpitality of Oberca 
 with a variety of prefents ; among which were turkics, a gander and 
 goofe, and a cat; with many iron utenfils, which the natives were 
 eager to obtain, having learned the ufe of them from a neighbouring 
 low ifland, named Tappoohoe, where a Dutch iliip, belonging to 
 Roggevvein's fquadron, had been wrecked forty-five years before. 
 
 Early in April 1768, Otaheite was again vifited by Europeans. 
 M. de Bougainville, in the Boudeufe frigate, accompanied by a ftore- 
 fhip, coafted this ifland to the eaftward, as Wallis had done; but 
 was deterred from doubling Point Venus, by the appearance of the reef 
 which enclofes it. A timid caution, which moft of the French navi- 
 gators have betrayed when at fea, cxpofed M. de Bougainville to the in- 
 convenience of anchoring within a reef on the windward fide of the 
 ifland. He was amicably received by Orette, chief of Hedea, the 
 diftrid where the fliips w ere moored. This perfon's brother, Outooroo, 
 attached himfelf to the commander immediately upon his arrival, and 
 afterward accompanied him to France. The father of thefe young 
 men, Owahou, and fome other principal people of the diftrid, 
 objeded, however, to the fick perfons being landed from the fhips, 
 till an affurance was given that they would not remain many days. 
 
 M. de Bougainville was foon vifited by Tootaha, youngeft brother 
 of Oammo, who prefided over the wefi:ernmofl diflrids of the ifland. 
 He was accompanied by feveral others of the royal family, whofe 
 fuperior flature difliinguiflied them from the reft of the company. It 
 does not appear that Oammo, or Oberea, whofe ufual rcfidence was 
 at the fouthernmoft part of the larger peninfula, vifited Hedea during 
 the flay of the French, which lafted only eight days. It was appa- 
 rently rendered the more pacific, in confequence of the experience the 
 iflanders had derived from Captain Wallis 's vifit, whom they fup- 
 
 c 2
 
 jji PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 pofcd to have come from the fame country as M. de Bougainville. 
 They fupphcd abundance of provifions, and willingly aflifted the 
 working parties from the fhips, but availed themfelves of every op- 
 portunity to pilfer. Senfuality fcems to have been pradrifed with ftiU 
 greater indecency than before, and feveral murders were privately 
 committed by the French failors, notwithftanding the hofpitality 
 with which they were entertained. A woman who had failed from 
 France with the crew, difguifcd in man's apparel, was deteded by 
 the natives upon her landing. Accuflomed to fee the fexes clothed 
 alike, they immediately perceived the difference of her fhape; but 
 they conceived mean ideas of European beauty from her countenance. 
 The French veffcls failed 14th April, after the lofs of feveral an- 
 chors, their cables having been cut afunder by the coral rock. Within 
 a few weeks afterwards M. de Bougainville found that feveral people 
 on board, and Outooroo himfelf, were infeded with the venereal 
 difeafe. Captain Wallis feems to have been peculiarly attentive to 
 the {late of his fliip's company, and politively afferts that they 
 were entirely free from every fymptom of this diforder fix months 
 before, and ftill longer after their vifit at Otaheite. The accounts 
 of the iflanders refpedting their previous knowledge of the complaint 
 are confufed and contradidlory. The prefent exiftence, and the general 
 prevalence of the evil, is but too obvious ; and it concurs with other 
 dreadful effeds of fenfuality, to threaten the entire depopulation of 
 this bea'itiful ifland, if it be not feafonably averted by the happy 
 influence of the gofpel. 
 
 Subfequent to M. de Bougainville's departure, a revolution occurred in 
 the government of Otaheite, the effedts of which proved to be perma- 
 nent and important. The whole ifland at that time acknowledged the 
 fovercignty of Temarre. The fmaller peninfula, called Teiarraboo, 
 was governed by an elderly man named Waheadooa, diftantly related 
 to the king. The larger peninfula has ufually been difl:ributed into 
 three principal governments, each of which included feveral fubor- 
 dinate diftrids : they were then fubjed: to three brothers, Oammo, 
 
 I
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xili 
 
 Tootaha, and Happac ; the latter prefiding over the nortliern and 
 eaftern dillrids, which are colledively named Tcpirrconoo. Tootaha, 
 who poffelTed confiderable talents, and was aduated by a reftlefs am- 
 bition, confpired with Waheadooa to wreft: the government of the 
 ifland from Oammo and Oberca ; and to transfer the royal dignity 
 from their Ion to Otoo, the fon of Happae, during whole minority 
 the condud of pubhc affairs was to be committed to Tootaha. This 
 plot could not elude the penetration of Toopaea ; and he ufed all his 
 intereft with Oberea to fruftrate it in time, by putting Tootaha to 
 death. He did not, however, prevail with her to confent to fo violent 
 a meafure; and when he found the explofion ready to burft, he fled 
 to the interior mountains for his perfonal fafety. Waheadooa, ftimu- 
 lated by the defire of becoming wholly independent of the larger 
 peninfula, paffed the iflhmus with his army, and defeated that which 
 Oammo had collefled to oppofe him. Tootaha, at the fame time, 
 with the forces of Attahooroo and Tettaha, attacked from the weft- 
 ward the diftridt of Pappara, Oammo's refidence ; and carried off, 
 from the great morae at that place to another in Attahooroo, the 
 peculiar enfigns of the regal and facerdotal offices. The grand cere- 
 monies which are attended with human facrifices, were therefore per- 
 formed at the morae of Attahooroo for thirteen years after that event. 
 This diftridl being one of the largeft and moft fertile in the ifland, and 
 conftantly gaining ftrength by affording protedlion to fugitives fro:n 
 other quarters, was too povvei-ful to be fpeedily difpoffeffed of its 
 acquifitions. Tootaha had eftablillied himfelf in the regency, and 
 refided at Oparre, the hereditary diftrid: of the new fovereign Otoo, 
 when Lieutenant Cook, in the Endeavour, anchored in the adjacent 
 bay of Mattavae, 12th April 1769. His objeds were to obfove the 
 approaching tranfit of the planet Venus over the diflc of the fun, and 
 to renew the fearch which Quiros had fet on foot in the laft century, for 
 a continent fuppofed to exifr in the fouthcrn part of the Pacific Ocean. 
 The Endeavour was immediately vifited by crowds of- the natives, 
 among whom Owhau was recognifcd by Mr. Gore and others who had
 
 XIV 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 railed with Wall!?. His afTiftance was again found ufeful in the traffic 
 which commenced, under proper regulations, with his countrymen ; 
 and in appcafing their refentment, when it was excited by the death 
 of one of them, too haftily inflidled in confcquence of their thefts. A 
 Imall fort was eredcd near the northernmoll: point of the illand, 
 which now received the name of Point Venus, on account of the 
 obfcrvations that were naade upon that planet the 3d of June. At the 
 fame time a party was fent to the neighbouring ifland of Eimeo, to 
 obfcrvc the tranfit from thence. Lieutenant Cook afterwards made a 
 furvey of Otahcite, in which he was accompanied by Mr. (now Sir 
 Jt)feph) Banks, who had failed in the Endeavour with a view to 
 the advancement of natural hiftory. They met with Waheadooa and 
 his fon, then about thirteen years of age, at Teiarraboo, and found 
 that pcninfula in a flouriihing condition. Its inhabitants boafted of 
 their military prowcfs and fuccefs j of which they pofTefTed many 
 trophies, and among others, the turkey-cock and the goofe which 
 Captain Wallis had given to Oberea. The Englifli were every 
 where hofpitably treated, excepting the depredations which they 
 fufFered from the thievifli genius of the natives. The fame lewdnefs 
 was perpetrated as on former occafions ; and, to avoid loathfome 
 repetitions, we fhall generally omit to mention it in future. Thefe 
 pradlices at times interrupted the harmony which ufually fubfifted 
 between the navigators and the iflanders ; but it was almofl wholly 
 dcftroyed previous to their feparation. Two marines having deferted 
 from the fliip, Cook ventured to confine Tootaha and feveral other 
 principal perfcns till the deferters {hould be brought back. The natives 
 by way of retaliation feized upon fome Englifhmen ; but being ordered 
 by Tootaha to furrender them and the deferters to the commander, he 
 in return relcafed his royal captives, and their friendfhip was appa- 
 rently renewed. Among the principal acquaintance formed by the 
 Englifli in this voyage, befide thofe already mentioned, were Potatto, 
 a chief of Attahooroo, and Tooboorae Tamaede of Mattavae ; both of 
 whom were deteded in thefts, although among the moft refpediable
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 XV 
 
 perfons in the ifland. Toopiiea, having loft his influence by the 
 revolution, and being defertcd by Oberea for a younger gallant, left 
 Otaheite in the Endeavour, 12th July, and died at Batavia, on the 
 paflage of the fliip to Europe. 
 
 Tootaha had obtained a great quantity of curious and ufcful articlcs' 
 from his European guefts, and he availed himfelf of thefe acquifitions 
 to increafe his influence over the chiefs of the larger pcninlula. He 
 fucceeded in perfuading them to unite their forces againft Teiarraboo, 
 which he \yiflied to reduce to its former ftate of fubjedion. Waheadooa, 
 who fought only to enjoy peaceably the independence he had eftablilhcd, 
 pleaded the fervices he had rendered to Tootaha, as an argument to divert 
 him from his hoftile defigns, which Waheadooa had learned, and was 
 prepared to refift. The military pride and ambition of the regent 
 urged him to perfift in his attempt j and, having equipped a fleet of 
 war canoes, he failed toward the fmaller peninfula, and engaged the 
 naval force of Waheadooa, with nearly equal lofs on each fiile. 
 Tootaha retired, with a determination to try his fucccfs by land. His 
 brother Happae difapproved of this rneafure, and remained at Oparre; 
 but Tootaha obliged Otoo, who always difliked fighting, to accom- 
 pany the army. It engaged that of Waheadooa at the ifthmus, and 
 was totally routed : Tootaha and Tooboorae Tamaede were killed on 
 the fpot ; Orette and many others feverely wounded ; and Otoo 
 efcaped, with a few of his friends, to the fummits of the mountains, 
 where his father and family had taken refuge upon being informed of 
 the defeat. Waheadooa marched diredlly to Mattavae and Oparrc, 
 laying wafte all the country, as is ufual in their wars j but he fent rea- 
 fonable propofals of peace to Happae and Otoo, who readily accepted 
 them. The latter, having then arrived at maturity, affiimed the ad- 
 miniftration of the government, with the affiftance of his father's 
 advice. He had two lifters, one of whom remained unmarried, and 
 being older than he, might have put in a prior claim to the fove- 
 reigrity, but {he waved her right in his favour. Of three brothers, 
 the cideft was ten years younger than Otoo ; he was then a very
 
 XVI 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 adivc and intelligent boy, and has fince become well known under 
 the name of Orapeia : the next brother, Weidooa, was fix years 
 younger than he : theyoungeft, Teppahoo, then an infant, has ever 
 fincc remained in obfcurity, on account of his deficiency of intelled:. 
 
 Waheadooa did not long furvive his triumphs ; and his name and 
 government devolved without oppofition upon his fon. A Spanifli 
 vcfll-1, faid to have been commanded by Don Juan de Langara, vifited 
 Teiarraboo about March 1 773. She remained ten days at anchor in a 
 harbour formed by reefs, at the fouth-eaft end of the ifland, and 
 called by the natives Owhae-oorooa. Four of the Ihip's company 
 were publicly executed there ; and a fifth efcaped the fame fate by 
 flight. He was the fir/l European who became a refident at Otaheite, 
 and was kindly treated by the natives, to whofe manners he entirely 
 conformed. Young Waheadooa made him one of his principal com- 
 panions and counfellors. 
 
 Captain Cook vifited this ifland the following Auguft, in the 
 Refolution, accompanied by Captain Furneaux in the Adventure. 
 Thefe veflels were in much danger near the place where the Spaniards 
 had anchored, the Refolution flriking repeatedly on the adjacent reef. 
 On the 1 7th of Auguft they anchored in a bay on the northern coaft of 
 Teiarraboo, called Oweitapeha, The Englifh were difappointed of ob- 
 taining provifions, as was faid, by the influence of the young chief's 
 Spanifh advifer, who carefully avoided intercourfe with them. They 
 gained intelligence from an iflander named Tooahou, who had attended 
 Cook in part of his furvey during the former vifit. The map of 
 Otaheite, which had then been engraved, being fhewn to this man, 
 he readily comprehended it, and pointed out by name the diftrid:s 
 that were marked upon it. It may be proper here to obferve, that 
 the number and the names of thefe divifions vary at different periods ; 
 a diftrid: being fometimes fubdivided into feveral by the chiefs, in 
 erdcr to diflribute the land among their friends. 
 
 Waheadooa did not vifit his acquaintance, Captain Cook, till the 
 23d, and the latter failed the following day from Oweitapeha ; but
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xvii 
 
 left behind Lieutenant Pickerfgill to purchafe hogs, which the natives 
 were permitted to bring when ahnoft too late. The young chief 
 difcovered fome ingenuity mingled with boyilh weaknefs, and prefided 
 at the market with great propriety. Mr, Pickerfgill proceeded from 
 thence in a boat to Hcdea, where he was kindly entertained by Ortttc, 
 and his brother Taroore. Neither of them made any inquiry after 
 Outooroo, although they fuppofed him to have gone with M. de 
 Bougainville to the fame country from whence Cook came. Toopaea 
 alfo feemed to be nearly forgotten; but Sir Jofeph Banks, and others 
 of the Englifh, who had been moft converfant with the iflanders, 
 were every where inquired after. The boat rejoined the fliips at 
 Hedea, and they proceeded to Mattavae, where they anchored 25th 
 Auguft. 
 
 Otoo, who was on the fhore furrounded by a multitude gazing at 
 the fhips, did not wait to receive the Engliih, but hurried in terror 
 over the hill which divides Mattavae from Oparre, where he refided. 
 Cook vifited him there the next day, and with difficulty prevailed 
 upon him to venture on board the fliips on the following. Thefc 
 diftridls had not recovered from the effects of the war with Teiarraboo, 
 and provifions were fcarce. Potatto in fome meafure fupplicd the 
 deficiency from Attahooroo. Otoo expreffed much regret at the 
 departure of the veffels, which occurred ift September. 
 
 Captain Cook revifited Mattavae 22d April 1774, having in the 
 mean time repeatedly entered the antardlic circle in the fruitlefs fearch 
 after a fouthern continent, which was the principal objed: of this 
 voyage. On his laft departure from Otaheite, he had been accom- 
 panied from the Society Iflands, by a young man of rank and fome 
 abilities, named Hete-hete. By his advice, red feathers had been 
 procured at the Friendly Iflands ; and they were found to be the moft 
 valuable article of trade at Otaheite. The northern diftrids had 
 alfo recovered their ufual profperity fince the former vifit of the 
 Refolution, and at this time fupplied abundantly the wants of the 
 navigators. They found much relief from bilious complaints by the 
 
 d
 
 XVlll 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 life of the eve fruit, which, from its external appearance, has been 
 always culled an apple, although it has a ftone refembling that oi a 
 peach. During the ftay of Captain Cook, which was prolonged in 
 order to repair his Ihip, a fleet of large war canoes aflcmblcd in the 
 bay, for the purpofe of attacking the neighbouring ifland of Eimeo. 
 The chief of that country, Motoofiro, had married a fifler of Otoo, 
 and being expelled by his uncle Maheine, he had taken refuge with 
 his brother-in-law. The weftern diftrids having united with thofe of 
 Tcpirreonoo to maintain the caufe of Motooaro, Towha, who was 
 then chief of Tettaha, was appointed to the command of the com- 
 bined fleet. He pofllfled great courage and talents, was advanced in 
 years, and was highly refpcdled. His diflrid: furnifhed forty-four large 
 canoes toward the fleet; that of Attahooroo one hundred and fixty; 
 and Mattavae, probably in confequence of its late devaftation, only 
 ten. Teiarraboo alfo was expeded to fend a quota for this expedition ; 
 yet both Otoo and Towha, although jealous of each other, entreated 
 Cook to aflift them in attacking that peninfula. The number of 
 fmall canoes employed to tranfport provifions, and defigned to bring 
 back the bodies of thofe who might be killed, equalled that of the 
 larger canoes employed in fighting. From the multitude of people 
 embarked in this fleet. Captain Cook computed that the whole ifland 
 might contain more than two hundred thoufand inhabitants. Sub- 
 fequent navigators have even exceeded this calculation; but it ap- 
 pears that at prefent there is not a tenth part of that number of people 
 in Otaheite. Unlimited fenfuality, with the general contamination,, 
 and infant murders, attendant upon it, have, without doubt, dreadfully 
 diminifhed the population. jj;[ yjji-,,. 
 
 Amidft the confuflon occafioned by fo great a concourfe of the 
 natives, fome daring thefts were committed; and the feverity w^iich 
 was confequently exercifed, alarmed the timidity of Otoo. One of 
 his elder relations, named Te, became ufeful as a meflenger and 
 mediator between the young king and his formidable guefl:s. Oammo 
 and Oberea vifited them from Pappara; and the latter, though greatlj
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xix 
 
 declined in dignity, and advancing in years, dilcovcred no abate- 
 ment of Icwdnefs. Tlic iflanders exhibited a inock fca-fight, and 
 the Englifh feme fireworks, for their mutual entertainment ; and 
 they parted very amicably on the 14th of May. Hete-hete, who 
 had connefted himfelf vt'ith a family at Mattavae, took a paflagc in 
 the fliip to fee his friends at Ulietca. Of various animals which 
 had been left at Otaheite by the Refolution nine months before, the 
 only fpecies likely to multiply were goats and cats. The expedition 
 to Eimeo proved fuccefsful in reftoring Motooaro to a temporary 
 pofTeffion of the fovereignty of that ifland. 
 
 Teiarraboo was fliortly after revifited by the Spaniards, in two 
 fliips from Lima, which anchored in OwcitapCha bay. The com- 
 mander died there, and was buried on fliore, near a crofs which they 
 had erecfled, and infcribed with, " Cbrijlus W//(r//,"and " Carolus 3. 
 •' imperat. 1774." They alfo conftruaed, of materials which they 
 had brought for the purpofe from Peru, a wooden houfe, confiding 
 of two apartments, with loop-holes in the walls, which admitted air, 
 and might be ufed for defence with mufquetry. Two pricfts, with 
 an attendant upon each, remained at this habitation wiien the fliips 
 departed, and were peacefully and refped:fully treated by the natives ; 
 but it does not appear that they had much converfition with them. 
 One of their attendants, however, frequently travelled in the ifland, 
 and became familiar with the language of the inhabitants. He told 
 them many flanderous ftories of the Englifli, and afliired them that 
 his countrymen had fallen in with Cook's veffel and deftroyed it, 
 with the whole crew. 
 
 Four of the iflanders had failed in the Spanifh fhips to Lima, and 
 two of them died there. The furvivors were brought back by the 
 fame vefTels ten months afterward, and the priefl:s and their attendants 
 were taken away. A bull and a ram, with fome goats, dogs, and 
 Spanifla fwine, were landed ; and the houfe and crofs were left ftand- 
 ing, and carefully preferved by the natives. Thofe who had vifitcd 
 Pgru returned wholly to their former courfe of life : one of them 
 
 d 3
 
 XX 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 retained fome common Spanifh phrafcs ; the other had the appearance 
 of being deranged in mind. 
 
 Captain Cook once more revifited Otaheite in the Refokition, ac- 
 companied by Captain Clcrke in the Difcovery, on their way to 
 the north- well coaft of America, in 1777. They anchored at Owei- 
 tapeha on the 1 3th of Auguft, and found Teiarraboo at that time 
 fiibjtdt to a boy twelve years old, brother to the former Waheadooa, 
 who had died almoft two years before. 
 
 When the Refokition and Adventure left Otaheite in 1773, a 
 native of the neighbouring ifland Huaheine, named Omae, had ac- 
 companied Captain Furneaux from the latter place, and proceeded to 
 England in the Adventure, after parting with the Refokition. He 
 returned from thence with Captain Cook on his third voyage. This 
 young man was not of the higher rank among his countrymen, nor 
 were his talents of a fuperior caft. In England great attention was 
 paid to him by fome of the nobility, but it was chiefly directed to his 
 amufement, and tended rather to augment than to diminifh his ha- 
 bitual profligacy. One friend of human kind, Mr. Granville Sharp, 
 took great pains to inflrudl him in reading and writing, and to im- 
 prefs his mind with ideas of morality and religion. Omae was 
 fufceptible of convidlion by familiar arguments on the latter fubjecSls, 
 and had made fuch progrefs by application to the former, that 
 he wrote from the Cape of Good Hope a letter to Dr. Solander (who 
 had accompanied Sir Jofeph Banks in 1769) in Otaheitean words 
 exprcfled by Englifli characters. Having vifited the Friendly Iflands 
 previoufly to his arrival at Otaheite, he had procured a garment richly 
 adorned with red and yellow feathers, which he defigned to prefent to 
 Otoo. This he delivered to young Waheadooa, requefl:ing him to . 
 tranfmit it to Otoo, in the hope of ingratiating himfelf at once with 
 both of the fovereigns in the ifland where he intended to fettle. The 
 prize was, however, top valuable to pafs through the hands of the 
 young chief, who deemed a very fmall part of the feathers fufficient 
 to be fent to the monarch of the larger peninfula.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxi 
 
 The fhips proceeded to Mattavae, and anchored there on the 24th 
 of Augufl: ; a friendly interview immediately took place with Otoo 
 and his family, which remained in the fame ftate as formerly. 
 Captain Cook delivered into his charge an Englilh bull, three cows, 
 a horfe, a mare, and fome Iheep, which had been conveyed from 
 England with very great trouble, in the hope of rendering cffential 
 fervice to thefe hofpitable iflanders. The Spanilh bull had been 
 tranfported from Teiarraboo to Mattavae on the way to Bolabola ; the 
 fovereign of that ifland having fent an emiifary, who pretended to 
 infpiration, to procure the bull from Waheadooa. Captain Cook 
 arriving in time to ftop its progrcfs, committed this animal alfo, which 
 was of a capital breed, to the cuftody of Otoo. Various domeftic 
 fowls were likewife left with him, and garden-feeds planted in fomc 
 ground cleared for the purpofe. Otoo had befides in his poffciTion 
 the gander that had been given ten years before by Captain Wallis to 
 Oberea. This lady had died fince the former vifits of the Refokition. 
 The body of Te, the king's uncle, and minifter of flate, who had 
 then been dead four months, was ftill preferved from putrefadtion. 
 Hete-hete had arrived at Mattavae but a fhort time before his Englilh 
 friends, to whom he fhewed an unabated attachment ; but he declined 
 the ufe of fome clothing which they had brought out as a prefent to 
 him. Omae having adled as imprudently in the difpofal of his 
 property at this place as at Teiarraboo, the defign of eftablilhing him 
 at Otaheite was relinquifhed. 
 
 Intelligence being received from Eimeo, that Maheine had again 
 revolted from Motooaro, and had obliged him to take refuge in the 
 mountains, Otoo earneftly entreated Captain Cook to take an adive 
 part in the quarrel, but he prudently declined to interfere. Human 
 facrifices were offered at Attahooroo to infure fuccefs to the expedition, 
 and Towha and Potatto again conducted the fleet belonging to their 
 diflridts to attack Maheine. They found him, however, fo well 
 prepared to receive them, that, after repeatedly applying to Otoo for 
 reinforcements, without procuring any, they concluded a peace on 
 4
 
 XXII 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 terms which were advantageous to the revoltcrs. There had been a 
 great diverfity of fentimcnts among the chiefs on the fubjcd: of this 
 expedition, and the blame of its unfavourable iffuc was imputed by 
 fome to the haflinefs of Towha, and by others to Otoo's delay in 
 augmenting the fleet. The jealoufy which had always fubfifted 
 between thcfc great men was excited to fuch a degree, that Towha 
 vowed revenge againft Otoo, and was only prevented from executing 
 it by the menaces of Captain Cook. The latter quitted Mattavae on 
 the 29th of September 1777, and for the firft time vifited Eimeo. 
 Some thefts which the natives of that ifland committed, were punifhed 
 by him with unprecedented feverity. He returned no more, being 
 killed at the Sandwich Ulands on the i6th of February 1779. 
 
 Previous to that event Otoo efpoufed Iddea, the elder iifter of 
 Motooaro, with whom he thus became doubly connedted by mar- 
 riage. The firft child fine bore to him was immediately fuftocated, 
 that they might preferve their rank in the arreoe fociety ; but a 
 fecond being born was preferved, and in confequence the title and 
 fovereign dignity of Otoo immediately devolved upon his infant 
 fon. The father retained his former power as regent, and in the 
 condudl of it he was greatly affifted by his intelligent and adlive 
 confort. He has fince been called by various names fucceffively ; but, 
 to avoid confufion, we fliall only ufe that of Pomarre, by which he 
 has been known during the laft fix years. 
 
 Towha feems to have fupprefled his refentment till the ufual length 
 of time between Captain Cook's vifits at Otaheite had elapfed ; he 
 then united the forces of Tettaha and Attahooroo with Maheine 
 againft thofe of Oparre and the eaftern diftrids. The conteft was 
 frequently renewed, and ufually terminated to the advantage of Towha. 
 Pomarrc's U'ar canoes being nearly deftroyed, his adverfaries purfued 
 their fuccefs by land, and laid wafte Oparre and Mattavae. They 
 at length fufFered a fevere check by the death of Maheine, who was 
 killed in battle by the hand of Weidooa, Pomarre's younger brother. 
 This cataftrophe appears to have prevented the renewal of hoftilities
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxiii 
 
 at Otaheite ; but the party of Motooaro was not powerful enough 
 to eftablifh him as the fucccffor of Maheinc, whofc adopted fon, 
 Tareamoodoa, obtained at his death the fovereignty of Eimco. During 
 thefe incurfions mofl: of the cattle that had been left at Oparrc, and 
 had increafed there, were destroyed ; the reft, confifting of Icveral 
 cows and a difablcd bull, were carried in triumph to Eimco, and pre- 
 ferved there. 
 
 Eleven years had nearly paffed without any intercourfe between 
 Europe and Otaheite ; every inftrument of iron had been expended ; 
 and the loathfome difeafe, which, if not derived from Europeans, had 
 certainly been increafed by their licentious condud, had made dread- 
 ful havock among the iflanders of both fexes. At that late period 
 an Englifla velTel arrived at Otaheite, feemingly with as little of 
 deiign on the one part, as of expediation on the other. A fliip 
 called the Lady Penrhyn, on board of which was Lieutenant Walts, 
 who had failed with Cook, was employed in tranfporting convid:s 
 to Port Jackfon, at the firft formation of the fcttlemcnt in New 
 South Wales. Being bound from thence to China for a cargo home- 
 ward, file took a courfe far to the eaftward ; and as the crew was 
 extremely reduced by fclirvy, it was determined to ftop at Otalieite 
 for refrefliments. Upon anchoring at Mattavae on the loth of July 
 1788, Lieutenant Watts was immediately recognifed by Moanna, 
 an elderly chief of that diftrid. Pomarre, who no longer refidcd 
 in that neighbourhood, arrived four days afterward, probably from 
 Teiarraboo, bringing with him a portrait of Captain Cook, which 
 Mr. Webber had painted at his requeft during the laft voyage. 
 Veracity having been thought necdlefs by Europeans in their tranf- 
 adlions with the iflanders, it was judged proper at that time to 
 conceal the death of Captain Cook, and to make prcfcnts in his 
 name to Pomarre. This idle deception proved afterward highly 
 detrimental. 
 
 Iron utenfils were fought by the iflanders with the utmoft avidity; 
 while feme red feathers, which had been brought from Port Jackfon^
 
 xxiv PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 bore no price with them. The ring of an anchor, which M. de 
 Bougainville had loll ten years before at Hcdea, was produced by 
 Pomarrc, who rcqucfted to have it forged into fmall adzes. Tlie ut- 
 moft abundance of animal and vegetable food was fupplied in ex- 
 change for European articles ; and befides the original produdions of 
 the ifland, pumpkins and capficums, cats and goats, were offered 
 for fale. It was obfervcd, that the women of the higher clafs were 
 more cautious than formerly of promifcuous intercourfe, probably 
 in confequence of what they had fuffered from difeafe. Pomarre 
 was importunate with Mr. Watts to affifl: him in punifhing and 
 fubduing the people of Eimeo. He complained greatly of the long 
 abfence of the Englifh, and of the fhortnefs of their prefent ftay, 
 which was only for a fortnight. Hete-hete, who was at Mattavae, 
 begged to be taken to Ulietea ; but Pomarre being unwilling to part 
 with him, he was obliged to remain. 
 
 An event approached which ilTued in an important change of the 
 condition of Otaheite. The information which had been received 
 by the former voyages of the great utility of the bread-fruit, in- 
 duced the merchants and planters of the Britifli Weft Indian iflands 
 to requeft that means might be ufed to tranfplant it thither. For this 
 benevolent purpofe a fhip was commiilioned by his Majefty, which 
 was named the Bounty ; and Lieutenant Bligh, who had failed as 
 mafter with Captain Cook, was appointed to condudl her to Otaheite, 
 where the plants might be moft eafily and abundantly procured. 
 He arrived at Mattavae on the 26th of Odober 1788, hardly more 
 than three months after Lieutenant Watts 's departure. Happae and 
 Orapeia were found there, and the latter was peculiarly anxious to 
 prevent his countrymen from pradlifing their ufual thefts. The 
 frame of Captain Cook's pidture, which had fuffered fome damage 
 by its removals, was brought to be mended ; and on the 28th Po- 
 marre arrived with Iddea from a diftridl of Teiarraboo, where he had 
 taken up his refidence. Weidooa, who had gained great credit by 
 his prowefs in battle, but was exceflively addided to the intoxicating
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxt 
 
 liquor of the ava root, and a chief of Mattavac, named Pocno, 
 were generally of the vifiting parties. A garden was planted near 
 the houfes belonging to the latter and to Moanna. Potatto and 
 Orette, and his kinfmen, renewed their fricndlliip with the Englifli. 
 The young fovereign, who was about fix years old, was only to be 
 accofted from the oppofite fide of a river at Oparre. The Englifli 
 were required to make their fhouldcrs bare when in his prefencc ; 
 but they compromifed this ceremony by uncovering their heads. He 
 was accompanied by a younger brother and a lifter, befidc whom 
 Iddea had alfo a female infant by Pomarrc ; yet flic cohabited 
 openly at that time with one of his fcrvants, and has done lo ever 
 fince. Teppahdo, an uncle of Pomarre, had deftroyed eight chil- 
 dren, in order to preferve his rank as an arreoe. He refided at Tet- 
 taha as chief of that diftridt, Towha being dead. The wife of the 
 latter, Wanno-oora furvived him, and was much refpeded. 
 
 Lieutenant Bligh having made very handfome prefents from the 
 king of Great-Britain to Pomarre, informed him that the mofl: ac- 
 ceptable return would be a large quantity of the young bread-fruit 
 plants, and that he would oblige him by carrying them in his 
 cabin for King George ; which was immediately confcnted to. Po- 
 marre expreffed little concern about the lofs of the cattle, but much 
 dcfire to be revenged upon the people of Eimeo ; and he was gra- 
 tified with two mufkets, a pair of piftols, and a confiderable flock 
 of ammunition. He had not fufficient fortitude to ufe thefe articles 
 himfelf; but Hete-hete, who remained with him, was a good 
 markfman; and although it is not cuftomary for the females of 
 Otaheite to go to battle, Iddea, whofe perfonal flrength and courage 
 were unufually great, had learned to ufe a mufket with fome dexterity. 
 
 Oberreroa, the mother of Pomarre, came from the fmall iflands 
 
 of Tethuroa, and vifited the Bounty with difficulty, being old and 
 
 . corpulent. She feems to have been a native of Ulietea, from whence 
 
 fome of her relations, who were chiefs in that ifland, came to Mat- 
 
 tavae at this time. One of them brought an ewe, which Captaia 
 
 e
 
 3txTi PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 Cook had left at Ulietea, and which was then ahiiofl deflroyed by 
 the man'^-e. Another, who was at that time called Tootaha, feems 
 to be the fame perfon fince known by the name of Manne-manne, 
 the brother of Obcrreroa, and heir apparent to the fovereignty of 
 Ulietea and Otaha, but by office a prieft. Bcfide the Iheep, which 
 lliortly died, a bull was procured from Hedea, and a cow from Tet- 
 taha; and both were committed to the charge of Pomarre, from whom 
 the former had been obtained by a perfon pretending to be infpired. 
 
 On Chriftmas-day the Bounty was removed to a reef harbour on the 
 coaft of Oparre, the bay of Mattavae having become dangerous through 
 the variable and violent winds which are common at that feafon. 
 Nearly eight huildred pots of bread-fruit plants were then taken on 
 board, and upwards of one thoufand plants were afterward added, 
 together with fomc of the eve, eheya, ratta, oraya, tou, and matte trees; 
 and the te, yappe, and pea roots. The length of time employed in 
 colled:ing thefe, was attended with the defertion of feveral among the 
 feamen, who were purfued to Tethuroa by Orapeia, and at length were 
 feized atTettaha. The fhip's cable was cut nearly through, evidently 
 with the defign of letting the fhip drive on fhore in tempefluous weather. 
 This is faid to have been done by Weidooa, on account of an officer 
 to whom he was attached, and who had been put in confinement on 
 board. The thefts of the inhabitants likewife increafed with the delay, 
 but the chiefs exerted themfelves to bring them to punifhment. Some 
 maize had been planted fince the arrival of the Bounty, which 
 ripened before fhe faliled. Captain Cook's pidlure, which had, by 
 Pomarre's requeft, been kept on board the fliip, was then delivered 
 again to him, with the date of the fhip's arrival and departure re- 
 corded upon the back of the pidlure, which has ever fince been 
 pracStifed by commanders of Englifh men of war. The Bounty- 
 was unmoored the 4th of April 1789, having remained at Otaheite 
 more than five months. 
 
 The fituation of Pomarre was evidently at that time neither comfort- 
 able nor fecure. He earneftly defired Captain Bligh to take himfelf
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxvii 
 
 and Iddca to Britain. Hete-hete equally wilhcd to go in the 
 fliip. A coolnefs then fubfiftcd between Pomarrc and Orapcia, 
 which was fuppofed to have arifcn from a difagrcement of their 
 wives. Shortly after the departure of the lliip a revolution took 
 place at Eimeo, by which Motooaro's authority was cftabliihcd. 
 Tareamoodoa took refuge in Attahooroo, and was afterward enter- 
 tained by Temarre at Pappara, where he remained in a private ftation. 
 The Bounty returned to Mattavac on the 6th of June, having in 
 the mean time been feizcd by twenty-five of the crew, who had 
 mutinied, and turned adrift Lieutenant Bligh, and eighteen officers and 
 feamen, in the launch belonging to the fliip. Fletcher Chriftian, the 
 mailer's mate, a young man of refpedable connexions and good 
 talents, was chofen to command the mutineers. He had pcrfuadcd 
 them to go to Toob5uae, a fmall illand ninety leagues to the 
 fouthward of Otahcite; preferring it to the latter, as being Icfs 
 cxpofed to vifits from Europeans. Having found Toobouae defti- 
 tute of animal provifions, he brought the fliip again to Otalicitc, 
 to procure fome ftock for the fettlemcnt which he intended to make. 
 He availed himfelf, for this purpofe, of the fidion which had 
 been hitherto fupported refpeding Captain Cook ; affcrting that they 
 had met with him, and that he had fent the fliip back for all the 
 live ftock that could be fpared, in order to form a fettlcment 
 at a place which Captain Bligh had difcovered in his courfe to- 
 ward the Friendly Iflands. The inhabitants gave credit to his 
 ftory and vied with each other who fliould furnifli moft for the 
 fervice of Captain Cook ; fo that by the i6th of June, four hundred 
 and fixty hogs, fifty goats, and great quantities of fowls, dogs, and 
 cats were coUedled. The bull and cow, which had been committed 
 to the charcre of Pomarre by Captain Bligh, were alfo taken away; 
 but the former died on the paffage. from the falls he received. Eleven 
 female Otaheiteans Hiiled with the mutineers; and it was foon found 
 that thirteen male natives, among whom was Hete-hete, had con- 
 cealed themfelves in the fliip. When informed of the real deftinatioii 
 
 e 2
 
 ,xTiii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 of the vcflel, and of the great improbability there was that they would 
 ever return to their own country, they difcovered no diffatisfadion ; 
 but adhered cheerfully and f^iithfully to the mutineers during their 
 fruitlefs attempts to eftablifh themfelves at Toobouae. 
 
 Subfcquent to the fecond departure of the Bounty from Otaheite, 
 a Swedifli armed veflel, commanded by J. H. Cox, arrived there. 
 Captain Cox was received by Pomarre and Iddea with their ufual 
 hofpitalityj and in return made them prefents, among which were 
 fome more fire-arms and ammunition, a hand-faw, and an union 
 jack. The latter became a fubftitute for Captain Wallis's pendant, 
 as the enfign of royalty. A flarewd and adive fellow, named Brown, 
 a native of England or North America, was left by Captain Cox 
 upon the ifland, in confequence of a quarrel between him and his 
 fhipmates, in which he had maimed one of them. This man at- 
 tached himfelf to Pomarre, with whom he went to refide at a diftridl 
 of Teiarraboo, where the latter had fome private property. He had 
 taken up his abode there, apparently with a view to increafe his po- 
 litical influence, in hope that the fmaller peninfula might at length 
 be brought under the dominion of his fon. 
 
 A majority of the mutineers having determined, contrary to 
 Fletcher Chriftian's inclination, upon returning from Toobouae to 
 Otaheite, the Bounty was anchored a third time at Mattavae, on the 
 22d of September 1789. Sixteen of the fhip's company then landed, 
 with their proportion of the property and arms that were on board. 
 The reft failed fuddenly in the night with Chriftian, and have 
 never fince been heard of. Thirty-five of the iflanders, including men, 
 women, and children, accompanied them. His profeffed defign was 
 to fettle in fome uninhabited ifland, out of the ufual tracks of European 
 fhips. Among the people who remained at Otaheite, were feveral 
 who had not been active in the mutiny j and fome who had wifhed to 
 accompany Captain Bligh in the boat, but were detained by the reft, 
 as they could not conveniently be fpared. They were hofpitably 
 received by their old friends at Mattavae and Oparre, and lands were
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxix 
 
 afTio-ned for their ufe in thefc diftrids, which they preferred to others 
 where they were lefs acquainted. 
 
 The more ingenious and induflrious among them employed 
 themfelves in the conftruiHiion of a fchooner, about the fizc of 
 the pafTage-boats between London and Gravefend. It was difficult 
 to find, and to convey from the mountains, timber fuited to their 
 purpofe ; and ftill more fo, to fubftitute fuch articles as were to be 
 obtained in the country, for the neccffary iron-work, pitch, and 
 rigging. The natives, although they pilfered other things, never 
 ftole their tools, but affifted them occafionally in the laborious parts 
 of their work; and were lefs furprifed at their ikill, than at their 
 perfeverance in fuch an undertaking. It was hardly to be expcded, 
 that the whole of the party who had engaged in it, would adhere 
 to each other till it was completed. One of them, named 
 Churchill, who had been mafter at arms in the (liip, and was 
 very active in the mutiny, accepted an invitation to live with 
 Waheadooa, who was fovereign of Teiarraboo at the time that Cook 
 laft vifited that peninfula. Another, named Thompfon, one of the 
 moft ignorant and brutal of the crew, accompanied him ; but they very 
 fhortly difagreed. Waheadooa died foon afterward, without children; 
 and Churchill, having been his tayo, fucceeded to his property and 
 dignity , according to the eftabliflied cuftom of the country . Thomp- 
 fon was excited by envy of Churchill's preferment, and by revenge 
 for fome tricks he had played him, to take an opportunity of flioot- 
 ing him. The natives rofe to punifli the murder of their new fove- 
 reign, and floned Thompfon to death. A boy of four years old,^ 
 who was nephew of the late Waheadooa, and fon of the chief of 
 Weiooroo, was acknowledged as the fucceflbr of his uncle, whofc 
 name devolved upon him. as it had before done upon Churchill. 
 
 Pomarre was anxious that the reft of the Englidi fliould remain 
 unconnefted with Teiarraboo j but confentcd that fome of them Ihould 
 take up their refidence at Pappara with Temarrc, who continued to 
 be on terms of friendlliip with him. They had all been conftantly
 
 XXX 
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 and plentifully fupplicd with provifions by Pomarre's orders, and he 
 at lenoth requcfted in return their affiftance to attack Eimeo, where 
 another infurredion was formed againft Motooaro. They declined to 
 go thither, but cleaned for him the arms which Captain Bligh and 
 Captain Cox had given him. Hete-hete, who remained at Otaheite 
 when the Bounty failed, and a few other natives who had learned 
 to ufe them, eafily turned the fcale of vidlory againft the in- 
 furgents, and confirmed Motooaro in the peaceable polTeffion of his 
 rights. 
 
 A few months afterwards the weftern diftrids of Attahooroo and 
 Tettaha (where Teppahoo had died, and his fucceffor Tetowha was 
 inimical to Otoo) invaded both Oparre and Pappara, through jea- 
 loufy of the growing power of the royal family. On this occafion 
 the mutineers thought it neceffary, for their own fafety, to arm on the 
 fide of their friends. Their fchooner having at length been launched, 
 rigged, and provided with every thing neceffary, they failed with 
 a fleet of war canoes from the north-eaftern diftrids againft Atta- 
 hooroo ; which was likewife attacked from the quarter of Pappara 
 by Temarre and the Englifh people refiding with him. Potatto, 
 Tetowha, and their adherents, took refuge in the mountains, and in a 
 fhort time obtained peace by fubmitting to Otoo's authority. They alfo 
 furrendered to him the royal maro, which was carried in triumph to the 
 morae at Oparre, after having remained at Attahooroo twenty-one 
 years. Tetowha, who was a young man of remarkable comelinefs, 
 died foon afterwards, and an uncle of Pomarre's was appointed in his 
 ftead, Potatto, througii the interceflion of the Englifli, was allowed 
 to retain his authority in Attahooroo. After paying a vifit to Motoo- 
 aro, with whom fome of them refided from that time, they laid up 
 the fchooner at Mattavae during the tempeftuous feafon, which ufually 
 prevails between November and March. 
 
 Early in 1791 the ceremony took place of invefting Otoo with the 
 royal garment, on which occafion Captain Cox's flag was fent entirely 
 round the ifland in token of the young chief's fupremacy. It was
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxxi 
 
 admitted to pafs through Teiarraboo, from fear of Pomarrc's Enghfli 
 allies, rather than from willingnefs to fubmit to him. He therefore 
 propofed to them to affift his own and Temarre's people, in com- 
 pelling the inhabitants of that peninfula to abfoliite fubmiflion. The 
 chief part of the mutineers having agreed to the propofal, they 
 again launched and provided their fchooncr, failed from Mattavae 
 Sift March, leaving only four of their number there, and reached 
 Pappara on the 24th. In the mean time the Pandora frigate, com- 
 manded by Captain Edwards, which had been lent from England 
 on hearing of the mutiny in the Bounty, arrived at Otaheitc, and 
 anchored at Mattavae on the 23d. The Engliflimen wiio had re- 
 mained there, went on board the fame day, and were immediately 
 put into confinement. Lieutenants Corner and Hay ward, the latter 
 of whom had failed in the Bounty, and accompanied Captain Bligh 
 in the launch, were difpatched with two of the Pandora's boats, to 
 purfue the fchooner. The mutineers had hardly anchored at Pap- 
 para, when a meffenger, whom Hete-hete had fent by land, in- 
 formed them of what had befallen their comrades ; upon which 
 they immediately failed again, with three others who lived at Pap- 
 para, leaving behind only one of their party, and Brown whom 
 they had met there. The former walked all night toward Mattavae, 
 and furrendered himfelf on board the ihip the next day ; when alfo 
 the boats returned thither, not having been able to overtake the 
 fchooner, which had fleered for the fouth-eafternmoft point of the 
 illand. She, however, returned to Pappara on the 27th, and fix of 
 the mutineers went up to the hills within the country ; the other 
 three were kept in confinement that night and the next day by the 
 orders of Temarre, who likewife feized the fchooner. In the night 
 of the 28th they efcaped, by Brov/n's aliifiance, to the weftern coaft, 
 and reached, by daybreak, a boat with which Lieutenant Corner 
 had come from the fhip the preceding day in purfuit of them. He 
 left them, with the boat, in the charge of a petty officer, and 
 afcended the heights, guided by Orapeia, to difcover the retreat of
 
 xxxii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 the reft. Lieutenant Hay ward having proceeded by water to Pappara, 
 and fearched for them in vain, was informed the next forenoon, that 
 they were coming down to Surrender themfelves, which they did, 
 laying down their arms as they approached his party ; and Mr. 
 Hay ward fent information to Lieutenant Corner, who was defcending 
 after them into the valley. 
 
 During the whole time of the mutineers' continuance at Otaheite, 
 Pomarre had remained at Teiarraboo, but upon the arrival of the Pandora 
 he repaired with his family to Oparre. He had then, in addition to Iddea, 
 taken to wife her younger fifter, Weirede ; but was ftill equally 
 influenced by the advice of the former. He readily co-operated with 
 the Britifh officers in their meafures for fecuring the mutineers, and 
 was anxious to prevent bad confequences from the refentment of 
 families with which they had formed connexions. Few of thefe 
 appear to have been highly refpedlable ; but one inflance occurred of a 
 very afFedling nature. A midfhipman, who had been adive in the 
 mutiny, had lived with the daughter of a perfon of property at 
 Mattavae, and fhe had borne a child to him. His imprifonment and 
 removal afflided her to fuch a degree as to bring on a decline that 
 terminated in her death. Her infant was left to the care of a fifter, 
 who cheriflied it with the utmofi: tendernefs. Three daughters and a 
 fon were left by others of the mutineers. 
 
 Notwithftanding the mournful interviews that daily took place 
 on board, between the Engliflimen, who were kept in irons, and 
 the native Xvomen with whom they had lived, the ufual courfe 
 of fcftivity, amufements, and debaucheries, was uninterrupted 
 during the continuance . of the fliip at Otaheite. She failed 
 on the 8th of May, accompanied by the fchooner which the mu- 
 tineers had built, under the command of a petty officer from the 
 Pandora. Brown, who had never been on friendly terms with the 
 mutineers, came away in the fhip j and Hete-hete went in her to 
 Bolabola, his native ifland. Pomarre and his wives were alfo ftill 
 deftrous of quitting the ifland, but their departure was ftrohgl^
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxxiii 
 
 oppofed by Orapeia and other chiefs, whole perfuafions pic- 
 vailed* 
 
 Of the fourteen people who were feizcd at Otahcitc, and taken 
 away in the Pandora, four were drowned when the fliip was caft 
 away on her return j the reft were preferved in boats, and brought 
 to trial in England. Four of them were acquitted, as having had no 
 concern in the mutiny ; and were moftly provided for in Greenwich 
 Hofpital. Another was difcharged, his convidlion not having been 
 legally conduced. Two were pardoned, and have fince been em- 
 ployed in the navy. The remaining three were executed at Spithcad. 
 
 At the clofe of the fame year Captain Vancouver, in a fliip named 
 the Difcovery, and Lieutenant Broughton in the Chatham brig, 
 arrived at Otaheite. The veflels having been feparatcd on their pafT- 
 age, the Chatham firft reached that ifland, which was appointed for 
 their rendezvous. She anchored at Mattavae on the 27th of De- 
 cember 1 79 1, and the Difcovery joined her three days later. Po- 
 marre was then at Eimeo, but returned the following week with 
 Motooaro, who was much reduced in health, and died a fortnight 
 afterward. Another chief of the fame name, who was fovereign of 
 Huaheine, but acknowledged the fupremacy of Otoo, was at Mat- 
 tavae when the fliips arrived, and remained there while they ftaid. 
 Mannemanne, then named Moure, although he had fucceeded 
 Opoone in the fovereignty of Ulietea and Otaha, refided chiefly at 
 Otaheite. The expedition which had been meditated againfl: Teiar- 
 raboo had been carried into effed, and the younger brother of Otoo 
 had been appointed chief of that peninfula. Orapeia refided there 
 as regent for his nephew, and Weidooa at Oparre. Pomarre had 
 fixed his abode at Eimeo, and the inhabitants of that ifland 
 became reconciled and attached to his government, as regent for the 
 daughter of the deceafed Motooaro. Potatto remained likevvife in 
 amity and fubjeftion. Happae was flill capable of adivity, and 
 was then treated with reverence by his three fons, who were alio 
 cordially attached to each other. They all behaved with their ufual 
 
 f
 
 xxxlv PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 hofpitality toward the Englifh ; but they could not diflliade Pomarre 
 from the mofl immoderate ufe of fpirituous Hquors, till his fut- 
 fcrings convinced him of the necellity of temperance. Some thefts, 
 which were evidently encouraged by the chiefs, interrupted the 
 fricndfhip that had prevailed ; and prevented the repetition of a 
 iliiplay of fireworks, with which they had been greatly delighted. 
 The vefTels failed on the 24th of January 1792. 
 
 Shortly afterward a private fhip, named the Matilda, Captain 
 Wcatherhead, touched at Otaheite for refrefhments , having failed 
 from Port Jackfon upon the fouthern whale fifliery. After a fort- 
 night's flay they departed, and on the 25th of February, the Ihip 
 was wrecked upon an extenfive reef in 22° fouth latitude, 1 38°! weft 
 longitude. The captain and crew efcaped in their boats to Otaheite ; 
 but upon landing again at that ifland, the inhabitants plundered them 
 of the articles they had faved from the wreck. This event became an 
 occafion of contention among the iflanders, and a part of the country 
 was in confequence laid wafte by Pomarre. The fhip's company were, 
 in other rcfpedls, well treated. A fmall veflel, called the Prince 
 William Henry, touching at Otaheite on the 26th of March, flayed 
 only three days. Some of the Matilda's people embarked in her, and 
 proceeded to the north- weft coaft of America. 
 
 Captain Bligh having been again fent out, to accomplifh the purpofes 
 of his former voyage which had been fruftrated by the mutiny, 
 arrived at Otaheite on the 7th of April 1792, in a fhip named the 
 Providence, attended by a fmall veflel called the Afliftance, com- 
 manded by Lieutenant Portlock. Pomarre reflded at Oparre whilft 
 the vcffels remained. Peace was reftored between the contending 
 diftrids by Captain Bligh's interference, and human facrifices were 
 offered on the occafion. A fecond coUedion of bread-fruit plants, &c. 
 was made, with which he failed after a ftay of three months. 
 Hetehete, and one of Pomarre's domeftics, accompanied him to the 
 Weft Indies, where the former remained to take care of the plants 1 
 the other came to England, but did not long furvive his arrival.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxxv 
 
 Several of the Matilda's people who chofc to continue upon tlic 
 ifland, attached themfelves to different families, and lived in indo- 
 lence and plenty. 
 
 The Daedalus fforefliip, Captain New, had followed Captain 
 Vancouver from England to Nootka Sound, and was dii patched from 
 thence, with Lieutenant Hanfon on board, to Port Jack fon. In her 
 way thither flie flopped a fortnight at Otahcite, in February 1793. 
 The fhip's company were treated with the utmoft friendfliipj and two 
 of the crew deferted, in order to fettle among the natives. One of 
 them was recovered by the contrivance of Orapeia, who advifed the 
 captain to detain him on board till the man fhould be fent back ; and 
 having aded his part fo well as to accomplifli the purpofe, he then 
 diverted himfelf at the expcnfe of his friends. The other defertcr, 
 who was a Swede, was fuffered to remain at Otaheite, where he was 
 found by Captain Wilfon. Only one of the Matilda's crew chofe to 
 depart with the Daedalus. 
 
 No information refpeiling this ifland having tranfpired between 
 the voyages of the Daedalus and the Duff, we refer to the narrative of 
 the latter for the intervening occurrences. Two private fliips, named 
 the Jenny and the Britannia, were at different periods at Otaheite, but 
 neither the events nor the dates of their vifits are accurately known. 
 It is reported that feveral of the Matilda's crew left the ifland in one 
 of thefe veffels ; and that fome of them ventured acrofs the Pacific 
 Ocean in their boats, one of which is underfl:ood to have reached 
 Timor, 
 
 The numerous detached accounts, from which the preceding nar- 
 rative has been with difficulty compiled, cannot but excite painful 
 fenfations in a ferious mind. While, in fome refped:s, the prudence 
 and humanity of our navigators are confpicuous, how much is it 
 to be lamented, that, in various important views, they appear to 
 have derived from the knowledge of chriflianity no advantage over 
 the heathen world ! More damage than benefit certainly has refulted 
 from their intercourfe. The manners of the natives had become more 
 
 f 2
 
 xxxvi PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 depraved by means of the frequent vifits which occurred during the firfl 
 ten years : and they had, in fome degree, evidently ameliorated during 
 an equal fpace of time, in which the ifland was wholly deferted by 
 Europeans. For ten years pall, nominal Chriftians have almoft con-. 
 Ihintly refided there ; and the rciult appears from the ftate in which 
 the inhabitants were found by Captain Wilfon. It is confolatory to 
 clofe this hiftorical view of Otaheite with the arrival and fettlement of 
 feveral real Chriftians in that ifland, who have devoted their lives to 
 the purpofes of inftruding the natives by their dodrine and example 
 in the purity of the gofpel ; and of imparting to them the moft 
 cflential benefits of civilization, without the vices too often attendant 
 upon it. 
 
 IJJands conneBcdwith Otaheite. 
 
 MOST of the iflands which maintain an intercourfe with Otaheite, 
 have been repeatedly mentioned in the preceding narrative. That which 
 more immediately depends upon it, is 
 
 Tethuroa, confifting of feveral fmall low iflets, enclofed in a 
 reef about ten leagues in circuit ; and fituated a little to the weft ward 
 of north from Point Venus, at the diftance of eight leagues. It is the 
 property of the fovereign of Otaheite, who allows no bread-fruit to 
 be planted upon thefe fpots ; that the people who inhabit them, may 
 be obliged to bring the fifh which abound there, to Oparre, to be ex- 
 changed for bread-fruit. The reef is inacceflible to large canoes, and 
 Pomarre has therefore made ufe of this place as a magazine for his 
 moft valuable articles of property, not being expofed to the depredations 
 of a hoftile fleet. The iflets alfo abound with cocoa-nuts, which 
 flourifh moft upon the loweft places. They are reforted to by the wan- 
 dering fociety of the arreoes, efpecially the women, and by the effemi- 
 nate clafs, with the purpofe of increafing the delicacy of their 
 appearance. The pafTage is often difficult and dangerous. The ftated 
 inhabitants have been reprefented as few ; but the occafional concourfe
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxxvii 
 
 of people is fuch, that in the mofl: variable and tempcftuoiis IcaCoii 
 ot the yciir, one hundred canoes have been feen together upon tliis I'pot. 
 The only illand, befide Tethuroa, that is in abfolute fubjcdtion to 
 Otaheite is M a i T e a , which belongs to the chief of Teiarraboo. It is 
 lituated to the eaft of that peninfula, at the diftance of more than 
 twenty leagues ; and being, though fmall, very lofty, is always 
 obferved by perfons who approach Otaheite from the eaftward. It is 
 not above three miles in circuit, and the north fide is too flecp tor 
 habitations ; but the fouthern fide defcends more gradually, and has a 
 border of low land next the fea. This little ifland is very populous, 
 but lefs civilized than Otaheite, from whence it is vilital by a large 
 war canoe during the variable winds, and pearls are procured in ex- 
 change for the iron work that can be fpared. To the eaftward it is 
 enclofed by a coral reef. It is in latitude 17" 53', weft longitude 
 148° 12'. It is the only high ifland adjacent to the eaftward of 
 Otaheite, and maintains intercourfe with fome of the low iflands 
 toward the north-eaft. 
 
 The ifland neareft to Otaheite is that called, by Captain Cook, 
 EiM EO, but more ufually named Morea by the natives. Its diftance 
 from the weftern coaft of Otaheite is about four leagues. Its extent 
 has been varioufly reprefented, but is probably about ten miles from 
 north to fouth, and half as much in breadth. It differs from 
 Otaheite in having land-locked harbours in feveral parts of its coaft, 
 and in being interfered by fpacious valleys. It has a very narrow 
 border of low land next the fea, from whence the hills rife in fudden 
 acclivities ; but from the harbours on the northern fliore they afcend 
 gradually, and the lower hills appear to be the moft fertile parts. Its 
 hiftory has been interwoven with that of Otaheite, with which it 
 appears to be at prefent amicably and firmly conneded. The natives 
 are ftrongly additled to theft ; and the females have been thought in- 
 ferior in beauty to thofe of any neighbouring ifland. The harbour ot 
 Taloo, on the north coaft, which is thought moft eligible for vtfllls, 
 is fituated in 17° 30' latitude, 150° weft longitude. Eimeo was
 
 xxxviii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 unavoidably fccn by every navigator who has vifited Otaheite. 
 Captain Wallis named it the Dukc-of York's ifland. 
 
 The illand nearefl to the wcftward from Eimeo is Tapooa- 
 manoo, which was dilcovercd on the 28th of July 1767 by Captain 
 Wallis, and called by him, Sir Charles Saunders's ifland. It is fituated 
 in latitude 17° 38', weft longitude 150° 40^. Its greateft extent is 
 from caft to weft, about fix miles. Its centre rifes in a mountain 
 with a double peak ; but the greater part had a fertile appearance, and 
 the lower grounds abounded with cocoa-nut trees. The habitations 
 fecmed to be fmall, and not very numerous. Its government has 
 ufually depended upon that of Huaheine, from whence it is diftant 
 about fourteen leagues, fouth by eaft. It is not known that Europeans 
 ever landed upon it. 
 
 HuAHJiiNE (or Aheine, which fignifies woman) is the eaftern- 
 moft ifland of the group called the Society Iflands by Captain Cook, 
 who difcovered them in July 1769 } and it is twenty-eight leagues to 
 the north-weft of Otaheite, being fituated in latitude 16° 43', 151° 7' 
 weft longitude. It has about feven leagues of circuit, and is divided into 
 two peninfulas by an ifthmus overflowed at high water : in othef 
 parts of the ifland there are alfo fait lakes near the fea. It has a very 
 narrow ftripe of fertile low land next the fliore j and the hills, which 
 are not nearly fo high as thofe of Otaheite, but more ftrongly 
 marked by volcanic fire, are in fome parts entirely cultivated. The 
 produdlions are fimilar to thofe of Otaheite, but earlier in their feafon. 
 The men are generally larger and more robuft : both fexes are lefs 
 timid and lefs curious. They were more daring in their thefts from 
 the Englifli, having never felt the force of their weapons of de- 
 ftrudlion in the manner that the Otaheiteans had done. 
 
 Huaheine was always vifited by Captain Cook on departing 
 from Otaheite. During his firft two voyages, the fovereign power 
 over Huaheine was vefted in a friendly old man named Ore, who adled 
 as regent for a boy named Tairetarea. He was not more than ten years 
 old in 1777, t)ut Ore had then been obliged to refign the government.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xxxlx 
 
 and no one fecming to fucceed him as regent, there was confcqucntly 
 very little authority maintained. It has (ince that time been vifitcd 
 by Lieutenant Watts, Captain Bligh, and Captain Edwards; but 
 no farther information is afforded by their voyages refpedling the go- 
 vernment of the country. In the clofe of 1791, it appears that the 
 chiefs of Huaheine, and of Tapooamanoo, acknowledged the 
 fupremacy of Otoo. The wars of Huaheine have always had a 
 relation to the ifland next to be mentioned. 
 
 Ulietea, or, more properly, Reiadea, is fituated feven leagues 
 W.S.W. from Huaheine. It is wholly furrounded by reefs, inter- 
 fperfed with fmall iilands, and forming feveral harbours. One of 
 thefe, upon the north- weftern coaft, is in latitude 16" 45'!, well: 
 longitude 151° 34'!. It is lefs populous and fertile than Huaheine, 
 although above twice its extent, and more refembling Otaheite in its 
 appearance; but, like the former, it has feveral fait marflics or 
 lagoons. The inhabitants are in general fmaller and darker than 
 thofe of the preceding iflands. Its importance in the clufter to which 
 it belongs, is not now proportionate to its relative magnitude. A few 
 years before Captain Wallis's vifit to Otaheite, it was the mofl 
 eminent of the group, and in flrid: alliance with the adjacent ifland 
 of Otaha, as well as with Huaheine. Its decline appears to have 
 originated in the feceffion of Otaha from this league. The fleets of 
 Huaheine and Ulietea were attacked by the Angle force of Bolabola. 
 The combat was likely to ifllie in favour of the united fleets, when 
 that of Otaha came up to afllfl: Bolabola, and decided the vidlory 
 by a great flaughter of their opponents, who were already ex- 
 haufl:ed. They purfued their advantage with fuch alacrity and 
 fuccefs, that they conquered Huaheine, in an attack upon that 
 ifland two days after their former engagement. Many inhabitants 
 of both the fubjugated iflands took refuge at Otaheite; and 
 having obtained from thence a reinforcement of ten war canoes, 
 they landed at Huaheine in the night, and furprifcd their con- 
 querors; whom they partly defl:royed, and completely drove from
 
 xl PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 that ifland. They could not, however, regain the ground that had 
 been loft at Ulietea. Its former fovereign, Ooroo, was permitted 
 to return to his hereditary diftrid:, Oopoa, at the fouth-eaftern point 
 of the ifland ; but Toopaea and Omae, with many others, were 
 deprived of their pofllfTions, and compelled to feek fupport in other 
 iflands, their property being feized by the vidtorious chiefs. The 
 latter foon quarrelled among themfelves. The people of Otaha 
 claiming an equal fliare of the fpoil, were attacked, and fubdued, 
 by their formidable allies of Bolabola j and a chief from that ifland, 
 named Oreo, was appointed governor of Ulietea by the new fovereign, 
 Opoone. Both thefe perfons were at Ulietea when Captain Cook 
 vifited the ifland in 1 769 ; and Oreo kept the fame power during his 
 latter voyages alfo j but in that of 1777, Ooroo, the former fovereign, 
 had removed to Huaheine; and Ore, who had been regent of that 
 ifland, then refided at Ulietea. 
 
 At the death of Opoone his dominions were divided, and both 
 Ulietea and Otaha fell to the pofllefllon of a brother of Iddea, now 
 known at Otaheite by the name of Mannemanne, who defigned that 
 at his own deceafe the fovereignty of thefe iflands fhould revert to his 
 nephew Otoo. His authority does not, however, appear to have 
 been fufficicnt to fecure the revcrfion, nor even the poffeflion of this 
 dignity; of which he has fince been deprived j either by his temporary 
 fubjcdls, or by their neighbours of Bolabola. 
 
 The people of Ulietea behaved very fubmiffively to Cook upon his 
 firft vifit, apparently in the hope excited by Toopaea, that he would 
 refcue them from the yoke of Bolabola. He was alfo treated with 
 much friendship by Oreo; but the thefts which are cuflomary at 
 thefe iflands could not be prevented by the authority of the latter. 
 The mythology adopted by thefe poor heathens feems to be better 
 iinderftood here than in the other iflands, and even to be regularly 
 taught in its feveral diftridts. Both Toopaea and Mannemanne, 
 after being expelled from Ulietea, aded as chief priefts at Otaheite. 
 
 Otaha is not more than two miles diHant from the northernmofl:
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xli 
 
 point of the preceding ifland ; and no paflage for fliipping has been 
 found through the reef which connedls them. It is about half the 
 iize of Ulietea, which it refembles in its afpcdt, but js ftill lefs fertile or 
 populous. Captain Cook vifited it in 1769 with his boats, in com- 
 pany with Opoone, who then principally refided here. In 1773, 
 Lieutenant Pickerfgill went likewife in a boat entirely round the 
 ifland to procure provifions ; but he was obliged to make reprifals, 
 in order to recover his flock in trade which had been ftolen. The 
 Englifh were treated here with the fame tokens of refpedl that the 
 natives lliew to their, own principal chiefs, in confequence of the 
 account which the latter had received from Toopaea. The clofe 
 vicinity of Ulietea has rendered it unneceffary for any fhip to anchor 
 at Otaha. Captain Edwards examined both thefe iflands on the 10th 
 of May 1 791, in his fearch after Fletcher Chriflian and his com- 
 panions. 
 
 BoLABOLA (more ufually pronounced Borabora) is fituated four 
 leagues N. W. of Otaha, to which it is inferior in extent ; but 
 the reef with which it is furrounded is nearly full of iflets, much 
 larger than thofe which are fcattered among the rocks that enclofe 
 Otaha and Ulietea. It differs from thofe iflands, and from Huaheine, 
 in having but one harbour on its coafl: ; whereas the fliores of the 
 others being ftrongly indented, form like the coafls of Eimeo, 
 numerous places of flielter for fliipping. It is alfo difl;inguifhed by 
 a very lofty double-peaked mountain in its centre, and is more rude 
 and craggy than the refl: of the Society ifles. Its cafl:ern fide has a 
 barren appearance ; the wefl:ern is more fertile : a low border which 
 furrounds the whole, together with the iflands on the reef, are pro- 
 dudlive and populous. Its earlieft inhabitants are faid to have been 
 malefadors banifhed from the neighbouring iflands. Their numbers 
 rapidly increafing, and their military prowefs rifing to great credit, 
 they eftabliflied their authority in both the iflands lafl: mentioned, 
 as well as in the two which are next to be defcribed. Their conquefls 
 acquired them fo much refpedt, that the fuppofed tutelary divinity of 
 
 g
 
 xiii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 Bolabola, named Oora, or Oiaa, had been adopted by the people of 
 Tciarraboo, in preference to two imaginary deities whom they for- 
 merly worfliippcd. The Bolabolan warriors are pundlured in a dif- 
 ferent manner from thofe of the more eaftern iflands. 
 
 Captain Cook did not land at Bolabola upon his firfl or fecond 
 voyage. In 1 777 he was prevented by contrary winds from anchoring 
 in the harbour, which is very fpacious ; and he landed in his boat, 
 to purchafe an anchor which had been loft by M. de Bougainville at 
 Hedea, and had been conveyed from thence to Bolabola for the grati- 
 fication of Opoone. That chief, although then very old and feeble, 
 was ftill univerfally efteemed and feared. The ram which the 
 Spaniards had left at Oweitapeha, had .alfo been fent to this diftant 
 place : Captain Cook therefore prefented Opoone with an ewe to 
 accompany it. That chief having died, probably during the long 
 interval which elapfed between the voyages of Cook and thofe of 
 later navigators, was fucceeded in his government of this and the 
 following iflands by his daughter. She was about twelve years old 
 in 1774, and had then been betrothed to a chief named Boba, who 
 governed Otaha, under Opoone, and was defigned to fucceed him in 
 the fovcreignty. In 1791, when Captain Edwards vifited Bolabola 
 to inquire after the mutineers, a man, faid to be named Tatahoo, 
 had the chief authority. The identity of this perfon with Boba 
 is not rendered unlikely by the difference of names, one title being 
 feldom borne fo long a time by the fame perfon. Thefe four iflands 
 were named by Captain Cook the Society Iflands, on account of 
 the fhort diftances by which they are feparated from each other. The 
 licentious fociety called Arreoe, extends both to this group and to 
 Otaheitc. The members of it wander perpetually in great numbers 
 from one ifland to another, performing dances and plays, and in- 
 dulging in every kind of profligacy. 
 
 The fmall ifland of Maurooa lies about four leagues weft of the 
 northern part of Bolabola, to which it is fubjed:. It is wholly fur- 
 rounded by a reef, and its centre rifcs in a high round hill. Its
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xliii 
 
 produdions and inhabitants are fimilar to thofe of the neighbouring 
 countries ; but it has not any harbour for fliipping. It is fliid that 
 pearls are procured from this ifland by the people of Otahcite. 
 
 Toobiie, confining of fome very fmall low iflets, connedlcd by a 
 reef, lies four or five leagues north of Bolabola ; to which it is 
 fubfervient, in a fimilar manner as Tethuroa, which it rcfemblcs, is 
 to Otaheite. The flated inhabitants are only a few families j but as 
 the coaft abounds with turtle, it is much reforted to, not only by the 
 Society iflanders, but by the natives of a low ifland to the eaftward, 
 called Papda, which has not yet been feen by Europeans. It is 
 afferted that their language is unintelligible to the natives of the 
 Society ifles ; which leads to the fuppofition that fome colony has 
 been formed there of a different race from all the neighbourinor 
 iflanders. Two other fimilar affemblages of iflets and reefs, which 
 lie from thirty to forty leagues more weftward, are known to the 
 Society iflanders by the names Mopeha and Whcnnooa-bora. They 
 were difcovered by Captain Wallis in 1767, who called them Lord 
 Howe's and Scilly iflands. The latter are inhabited, the former are 
 only occafionally frequented. Both of them abound with cocoa-nut 
 trees, turtle, the pearl-oyfter, and all kinds of fifli common to the 
 climate. 
 
 To the eaftward of Otahcite are fcattered numerous other iflands, 
 chiefly of the defcription of thofe laft mentioned, and commonly full 
 of people. Many of them were difcovered by Quiros, Schouten and 
 Le Maire, Roggewein, Byron, Wallis, Carteret, Bougainville, 
 Cook, Edwards, Bligh, Vancouver and Broughton: and fome are 
 now added by Captain Wilfon. The intricacy and difficulty of the 
 navigation has procured them the titles of the Labyrinth, and the 
 Dangerous Archipelago. They have been found difperfed from 14° 
 to 27° of latitude, and as far as 25" eaftward from Otaheite. All 
 the inhabitants appear to be of the fame race with the Society iflanders, 
 but are fome what darker in their complexions, and more ferocious 
 in their manners. Many other iflands, bcfide thofe difcovered by 
 
 g 2
 
 xlir niELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 Europeans, have been defcribcd by the natives of the Society ifles, 
 as lying to the caftward, fouthward, and weftward' of their group; 
 and fcveral of them are rcprefented as lofty, fertile, and extenfive. 
 An illand, called Oheteroa, fituated in latitude 22" 27', 150" 47' weft 
 longitude, was difcovered by Captain Cook 13th Auguft 1769, and 
 recognifcd by Toopaea, who was then on board the Endeavour. The 
 fiime pcrfon laid down the pofitions of feventy-feven iflands, which 
 were known to him either by obfervation or report. Not far from 
 Oheteroa is Toobbuai, already mentioned as the ifland- where Fletcher 
 Chnftian attempted to form a fettlement. It lies in latitude 23° 25^ 
 and 149° 23' weft longitude. Both thefe iflands are populous, al- 
 though neither of them is twenty miles in circuit. The former 
 differs from the Society Iflands only in having no furrounding reef 
 of coral. The latter entirely refembles them in appearance ; but the 
 natives are more fedate and lefs hofpitable. It was firft inhabited 
 within a few paft generations, by fome people who had attempted to 
 go with a canoe from an ifland far to the weftward, toward another 
 with which they had cuftomary intercourfe, but were driven by tem- 
 peftuous weather upon Toobouai. Another canoe, in which was a 
 chief of Ulietea, an anceftor of Iddea, pafting from thence to Ota- 
 heite, was likewife driven upon this ifland fome years later. He 
 was admitted by thofe who had preceded him, to the chief authority 
 at Toobouai ; and he divided the country into three diftridls, which 
 retain the names of Reiadea, Waheine, and Taha, three of the Society 
 ifles. A third canoe alfo drifted hither, with the flceleton of a man 
 in it, which was recognifed by one of the Otaheiteans who accom- 
 panied the mutineers of the Bounty to Toobouai. He had killed this 
 man in one of the fea-fights between Pomarre and Maheine, and was 
 afterward obliged to efcape by fwimming, leaving his canoe, with 
 the corpfe in it, to the direcftion of the winds and waves. Accidents 
 fimilar to tbefe are known to have occurred in feveral other parts of 
 this ocean. An inftance is given by Captain Cook, of a canoe which, 
 likewife in attempting the paflTage between Otaheite and Ulietea, was
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xW 
 
 driven to an iRind aWedfF'ateoo, two -hundred leagues diflant. Of 
 twenty perfons, only four furvived the famine and fatigue which they 
 endured before.they :reached that place, where they were kindly re- 
 ceived. Three of them were found there, and recognifcd by Omac, 
 in 1777, when Captain Cook difcovcrcd the ifland, at leaft twelve 
 years after their arrival. It is fituated in latitude 20" i\ 158" 15' 
 weft longitude. It is fmall, high, and populous. There arc 
 feveral iflands in its neighbourhood, fome of which are fubjcft to 
 Wateoo. All the inhabitants are of the fame race and language with 
 thofe already defcribcd. 
 
 We may hope that the gofpel will be fpread from Otaheite, by 
 means of its ufual intercourfe with other iflands, to thofe of Maitea, 
 Tethuroa, and Eimeo, the four Society ifles, and the fmallcr iflands 
 dependent upon them. All thefe have fomctimes been called the 
 Society ifles ; but the reafon for which fome of them were fo named 
 by Cook does not apply to the reft. There is at the fame time fo 
 ftrong a common refemblance, and fo intimate a connexion among 
 the whole of this group, that it requires to be diftinguiflied by fome 
 colledive title. The name of his prefent Majefty was given to 
 Otaheite by Captain Wallis ; but it has been fuperfeded, as all foreign 
 denominations fhould be, by that which the natives themfelves give 
 to their country. They are not however known to give col/e^/ve 
 titles to the groups of iflands inhabited by them. All thofe which 
 have been defcribed were brought to notice, revifited, enriched with 
 European articles of food and commerce, and at length have received 
 inftrudlion in chriftianity, during the reign of his prefent Majefty : 
 whom may God preferve ! Other aflemblages of iflands in the Pacific 
 Ocean have, for much Icfs important caufes, been named after Spanifli 
 monarchs ; as the Philippine and Caroline iflands. We fliall, there- 
 fore, ufe the liberty, when fpeaking of tlie whole group, to denominate 
 them the Georgian iflands. The dirediion wherein they lie ren- 
 ders the paflTage to windward difficult and precarious ; and the diftindt 
 governments by which they are mutually divided and oppofed, muft
 
 xivi PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 be expedcd to retard, in forne mcafure, the progrefs of the gofpel 
 throu«»h this clufler ; but we truft, through the divine bleffing, that 
 thefc obftacles will be furmounted by the peculiar advantages attending 
 our numerous miffion at the principal ifland, the influence of which 
 over the others has been already greatly increafed by its frequent 
 intercourfe with the Englifli. 
 
 Geographical and hijlorical Account of Tongataboo, and the IJIands 
 ivhich are conneSied zvith it. 
 
 TONGATABOO prefents an afpedl very different from that of ^ 
 
 Otaheite j to the weftward of which it is fituated, at a diftance of four 
 
 hundred and eighty leagues, and of more than three hundred leagues 
 
 from Wateoo, the wefternmofl of the iflands before mentioned. It is 
 
 about twenty leagues in circuit, and nearly triangular in its form. Its 
 
 northern fide is indented by a bay, which communicates with an 
 
 extenfive lagoon within the ifland. The weftern point of this inlet 
 
 was afcertained by Captain Cook to be in latitude ai" 8" i(]f\ and 
 
 1 75" 4' 42" weft longitude. On this fide alfo an extenfive harbour is 
 
 formed by reefs and iflands which cover its whole length. The fliore 
 
 is in this part low and fandy ; but afcends on the other fides of the ifland, 
 
 in a perpendicular coral rock, from feven to ten feet above the fea at 
 
 flood-tide, which rifcs from three feet and a half to four feet and three 
 
 quarters. A reef that lies two miles N. W. by W. from the northernmofl 
 
 point of the ifland forms a road for fhipping; but it is far from being 
 
 fecure, the coral bank, which is the only anchoring-ground, being 
 
 very fteep, and extending only three cables.' length from the fhore. 
 
 The greater part of the coaft round the ifland is guarded by flat rocks 
 
 about two hundred yards wide, and of greater extent toward the 
 
 fouth-eaftern point, near which is the moft elevated part of the 
 
 ifland, about one hundred feet high above the fea. The interior^is 
 
 di\'crfified by many gently rifing grounds. The foil is loofe and
 
 PRELliMINARY DISCOURSE. xlvil 
 
 black to a confidcrable depth, but intermixed with ftrata of rcddilh 
 clay : it is chiefly very fertile, and in many parts highly cultivated ; 
 the plantations, in the midfi: of which the principal houfes are placed, 
 being alfo very neatly enclofcd. The vegetable productions are moftly 
 fimilar to thofe of the places already defcribed, the cocoa-nut being 
 in greater perfediion, the bread-fruit in lefs, than they are at the 
 more lofty iflands. There are feveral plants at Tongataboo that were 
 not known at Otaheite; efpecially fliaddocks, and a new fpccies of 
 the Jefuits' bark, likely to equal that of Peru in medicinal virtue. 
 It is well furnifhed with trees, which grow very luxuriantly. Water 
 is fomewhat fcarce, and moftly brackifh. There were no dogs before 
 they were fupplicd by Europeans. Of other animals there are the 
 fame kinds as at Otaheite, and feveral fpecies of birds not common 
 to that ifland, particularly green parroquets with red feathers on their 
 heads. Some kinds of birds are ufually tamed and fed by the inha- 
 bitants. There are alfo bats in great numbers, and fome of fuch 
 magnitude, that the tips of their wings, when extended, are from 
 three to four feet apart. 
 
 This ifland was difcovered 27th January 1643, ^7 ^^^^ Janfan 
 Tafman, a Dutch navigator. The inhabitants came unarmed on 
 board his fhips, without the leaft apparent dcfign or apprehenfion of 
 mifchief. They exchanged hogs, fowls, and fruits, for European 
 articles, which they alfo pilfered as they found opportunity ; but in 
 other refpedls they behaved in the mofl: courteous and friendly manner. 
 Tafman anchored in the roadftead ; and fent his boats, to fcarch for 
 frefla water, into the bay already defcribed. To the former he gave 
 the name of Van Diemen, and to the latter that of Maria, in honour 
 of the perfon then governor of the Dutch Eaft Indies and his lady. 
 An elderly chief, who feems at that time to have had the fovereign 
 authority, came repeatedly on board, fliewed the mofl profound refped 
 to his vifitors, and was highly gratified by the prefcnts which they 
 made to him. Among thefe was a wooden bowl, probably the fitme 
 that long afterwards was ufed by the fovercigns of Tongataboo as a di-
 
 xlviii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 vining-cup, to convidl pcrfons accufed of crimes ; and the fame 
 homage which is rendered to the fovereign when prefent, was paid 
 during his abfencc to the bowl, as his reprefentative. 
 
 No weapons were feen by Tafman at Tongataboo ; which circum- 
 ftance, as well as their unfufpicious condudl toward Grangers fo for- 
 midably equipped, indicates that they had been accuftomed to a ftate 
 of general peace and fecurity. No quarrel occurred during this inter- 
 view ; and the Dutch, after having obtained abundance of provifions, 
 but very little water, proceeded to the adjacent iflands to the northward. 
 Captain Cook, accompanied by Captain Furneaux, vifited this place 
 in 1773, having previoufly fpent fome days at the neighbouring ifland 
 of Eooa. They anchored in Van Diemen road, Odober 3d ; and the 
 inhabitants, who had met them half way between the iflands, behaved 
 with the fame confidence and kindnefs, that they had fhewn, one hundred 
 and thirty years before, to Tafman, They fell alfo to the fame pradices 
 of pilfering ; for which fome of them who were peculiarly daring 
 were puniflied, without betraying appearances of refentment. Hete- 
 hete and Omae, who were on board the fliips, were at firft perplexed 
 by a difference of dialed ; as thefe iflanders make ufe of the confonants 
 f, k, and hard g, which are unknown at the Georgian iflands : but 
 they foon perceived the identity of the radical language, and became 
 able to convcrfe fluently with the natives. 
 
 A man, named Attago, who had fome authority among his coun- 
 trymen, attached himfelf to Captain Cook, and rendered him efTential 
 fervices. He introduced the Englifli to an elderly chief of fuperior 
 rank, named Toobou, who likewife aded in a friendly manner, 
 although with a degree of referve. A perfon of much higher dignity 
 was alfo met with, named Latoo Libooloo, to whom homage was 
 paid by all ranks, although he appeared very defedive of intelled. 
 He bore the title of Areckee, which was applied to no other perfon 
 except Poulaho, then the Ibvereign chief, and fifth in defcent from 
 the perfon who reigned at the period of Tafman 's vifit. The mother 
 jaf Libooloo, who lived at a diflant ifland of the fame group, was
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. xlix 
 
 elder fiftcr of Poulaho's father; and had this fon, and two daughters, 
 by a man who came from the extenfive neighbouring iflands named 
 Feje. The members of this family were called Tammaha, and ranked 
 above Poulaho himfelf, notwithftanding his polTcflion of the fuprcmc 
 power, either on account of their mother's feniority, or of fomc 
 pre-eminent dignity of their foreign parent. One of the daughters, 
 refided with their mother, the other at Tongataboo. Libooloo had 
 alio an infant fon at Eooa, to whom extreme attention was paid. 
 Poulaho was then abfent from Tons;ataboo. 
 
 It became necelTary to prohibit the purchafe of curiofities from the 
 iflandcrs, in order to obtain adequate fupplics of food : thefc were 
 afterwards abundantly furniflicd. Weapons of a very formidable na- 
 ture were then found among then, although they ufually went un- 
 armed. Their fpears were barbed in a very dangerous manner, and 
 their clubs very curioufly carved. Some of their canoes were exe- 
 cuted in a ftylc far fuperior to thofe of Otaheite, the planks being 
 feather-edged, and lapped over, which prevented the water entering, 
 as it continually does into the others. They had lefs cloth, but more 
 matting than the Georgian iflanders : it was more neatly and beauti- 
 fully made, and was ufed to cover their floors, as well as for drefs. 
 Their bafket-work alfo difcovered much ingenuity, and their cloth was 
 glazed fo as to refift wet. The women were far lefs immodeft ; but 
 the men were more generally addifted to the pepper-root draught, 
 here called kava. The fubmiflion paid to the chiefs, and the diftinc- 
 tion of private property, were much greater here than at Otaheite, An 
 old drunken man, then thought to be a prieft, was refpefted as a perfon 
 of rank ; but fome images, found in the houfe where their dead were 
 interred, were evidently objedts of contempt rather than of worfliip ; 
 and no article of food was depofitcd in thofe places. Many of the 
 people were obferved to have loft their little fingers. Their mode of 
 falutation is by touching their nofes together ; and, unlike the Ota- 
 heiteans, they ufe an expreffion of thankfulnefs for whatever they 
 receive, always lifting it over their heads. They were then little 
 
 h
 
 1 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 acquainted with the vakie of iron, of which the only article found 
 among them was an awl, made from a nail. This had been brought 
 from a diftant ifland, where Captain Wallis had left it ; the articles 
 which Tafman gave them having been expended, and forgotten fince 
 his voyage : the tradition of his vifit had neverthelcfs been preferved, 
 and even its period was afcertained by them. 
 
 Captain Cook revifited Tongataboo in company with Captain 
 Clcrke in 1 777 ; and anchored on the lOth of June in Maria bay, the 
 accefs to whicli through the reef was found difficult. They had fpent a 
 confidcrable time among the more northern iflands that are fubjed: to 
 Ton"-ataboo; and were accompanied from thence by Poulaho, whofe 
 family name was found to be Futtafaihe, by which title his brother, and 
 his fon then under twelve years old, were ufually called. Poulaho was 
 fhort, and extremely corpulent, about forty years old, and in his 
 behaviour fenfible and fedate. His confort was daughter of an elderly 
 chief named Marewage. Her brother Fenou, who was then thirty 
 years of age, filled the office of commander in chief; the mofl fre- 
 quent duties of which appeared to confift in the punifhment of cri- 
 minals. His authority, it was faid, extended to the condudl of the fove- 
 reign himfelf. Both the father and fon were thin and tall. Marewage 
 had alfo another fon, named Tooboueit5a ; and a brother named 
 Toobou, much older than the chief of that name before mentioned. 
 All thefe perfons were highly reverenced by their countrymen; and 
 they vied w ith each other in the profufion of entertainments which 
 they provided for their Englifh guefts, to whom a houfe was affigned 
 at the weftern point of the creek leading into the lagoon. In the 
 neighbourhood was obferved a curious caufeway, built of coral ftone 
 acrofs a morafs, with a kind of circus in its centre, apparently of 
 very ancient conrtrudion. The country immediately around was 
 imcultivated ; and the vaft concourfe of people who came either to 
 perform in the entertainments exhibited to the Englifh, or to be 
 fpedators of them, was produdlive of various inconveniences. 
 Several thefts were committed ; but no adt of violence, except on a
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. li 
 
 goat that Captain Cook had intended to leave there. He prefcatcd a 
 bull and cow, a horfe and mare, a ram and two ewes, with Ibmc 
 goats, to Poulaho and Fcnou, who were the perfons mofl: likely to 
 take care of them. A couple of rabbits, which had been given to the 
 latter, had already bred ; and fomc Otahcitean dogs, which had been 
 left in 1773 with Attago, had multiplied. Some of the animals 
 having previoufly been ftolen from Captain Cook, he had ventured to 
 put the king and feveral chiefs into confinement, till reftitution was 
 made. The natives affembled in arms to releafe them, but by 
 Poulaho's order they defifted ; and the animals being brought back, 
 he and his nobles were fet at liberty, without any diminution of their 
 friendfhip, or even interruption of their entertainments. At the clofe 
 of thefe, fome officers, wandering over the illand, were plundered, 
 both of the articles they had taken for trade, and of their arms. 
 On receiving this intelligence, Poulaho and the other chiefs prudently 
 removed from the neighbourhood, to avoid a fecond captivity ; but 
 they returned upon being afliired that no violence would be ufed, and 
 they caufed the things which had been ftolen to be reftored. Captain 
 Cook then vifited M5oa, a village fituated a league from the bay, 
 upon the banks of the inlet, where the chiefs have places of abode 
 and elegant plantations. The boat and its contents were left unguarded 
 on the bank, by the diredlion of Poulaho, who engaged that nothing 
 would be ftolen. The fliips were found, upon their return, to have 
 been like wife exempt from depredation, through the vigilance and 
 authority of Fenou : but a quarrel took place the following day 
 between a working party and fome of the natives, three of whom 
 were confined and flogged, and a fourth fliot through the neck with 
 a ball by the centry. The poor man narrowly efcaped death, and no 
 meafures were taken for revenge, either by the chiefs or the common 
 people. The king dining on board feemed highly pleafed with the 
 pewter plates ; and being prefented with one, faid that he would 
 ubftitute it for the bowl which had before fuftained the offices 
 of chief juftice and viceroy. At another dinner, which was 
 
 h2
 
 lii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 given on (liore by Captain Cook, he invited, at Poulaho's defirc, 
 Mongoula Kfiipa, the fifter of Latoo Libooloo. The king had 
 been acciiftomed to abftain from eating in her brother's prefencc, 
 without fliewing him any other mark of reverence : but to her he 
 paid the fame homage that he received from his own fubjeds, em- 
 bracing her feet with his hands. 
 
 Captain Cook prolonged his ftay till July 5, to obferve an eclipfe 
 of the fun ; and he was delayed feveral days later for want of a 
 favourable w ind to carry the fhips out of the harbour by a channel 
 that he had difcovered to the eaflward, which was fafcr than the 
 northern paffage whereby they had entered the bay. During this 
 time he revifited Mooa, and was prefent at a curious ceremony called 
 the natche. On the nth of July they, with fome difficulty, cleared 
 the reefs by which the harbour is formed, and proceeded to Eooa. 
 
 It is not known that any other navigator vifited Tongataboo 
 before the laft day of 1787, when M. de la Peroufe pafled it to the 
 weftward without anchoring. He laid to, off the fouthern fhore ; and 
 feven or eight canoes having approached within twenty yards of the 
 French fliips, the natives leaped out of them, and fwam alongfidc 
 with cocoa-nuts in each hand, which they exchanged very honeftly 
 for bits of iron, nails, and fmall hatchets. They foon after went 
 on board with confidence and cheerfulnefs ; and a young man, who 
 ■aflerted that he was the fon of Fenou, received feveral prefents w'ith cries 
 of joy. He prelTed them to land, and promifed abundance of provifions, 
 which their canoes were not capable of bringing off. The iflanders 
 were noify, but had no appearance of ferocity, although they brought 
 fome clubs in their boats. They had all loft two joints of their 
 little fingers. La Peroufe bore away, the evening of the following day, 
 feeing no profped: of obtaining provifions without coming to an 
 anchor. 
 
 Captain Edwards, in the Pandora, paid a vifit almoft equally 
 tranfient to this ifland in the latter end of July 1791, in fearch after 
 tlie mutineers of the Bounty. He obtained provifions, but could
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. liii 
 
 get no water that was not brackifli. It was underflooA-that Fenou 
 had then lately died. 
 
 MefTrs. D'Entrecafteaux and Huon, in the French floops La 
 Recherche and L'Efperance, anchored at Tongataboo on the 3d of 
 March 1793, and were very hofpitably entertained. They ftaid a 
 week, but the detail of their vifit has not tranfpired. 
 
 No other European veffel is known to have touched at this ifland; 
 for the account given by the Europeans who were found here by the 
 Duff, cannot be depended upon. It is not improbable, that Ton- 
 o-ataboo might be vifited by the Spanifli navigators Malefpini and 
 Baftemente, who are faid to have difcovered in this neighbourhood 
 a o-roup of iflands, called the Babacos, about the fame time that the 
 French floops paffed by. 
 
 The intercourfe of Europeans at Tongataboo having been fo much 
 lefs frequent than at Otaheite, it was with fomcwhat lefs confidence 
 that a miffion was attempted at the former than at the la:tter place. 
 The refult will appear from the relation of the voyage, which 
 alfo throws light upon feveral circumftances, for which preceding 
 navigators could not account. The nature of the government of 
 this ifland is not yet wholly developed. Captain Cook was much 
 at a lofs refpedling it, and had fuppofed Fenou to be the fovereign, 
 till he became acquainted with Poulaho. When thcfe two perfonages 
 met, the miftake was immediately corredted : but the dignity and 
 power of the commander in chief, which feem, like the fovereignty, 
 to be hereditary, are fo great, that the apparent fuperiority of one 
 above the other muft depend in a confiderable degree upon the pcr- 
 fonal qualities of thofe who fill thefe Nations. Poulaho being dead, 
 his fon Futtafaihe fucceeded him in the fovereignty ; but he being a 
 voluptuous man, the government is chiefly conduded by Fenou 
 Tooo-ahoue, the prefent commander in chief, who is laid to be 
 nephew of the former. His fuperiority as a warrior and as a man of 
 bufinefs, gives a preponderance to his authority. The influence of 
 the royal family feems alfo to have been diminilhcd by a civil war.
 
 liv PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 which Toogahoue had waged with fuccefs. The government here, 
 as at Otahfitc, is evidently in a great meafure ariftocratical ; but the 
 power of the chiefs is more dcfpotic at Tongataboo, although cx- 
 crcifed with Icfs outrage to private property. The officers of flate 
 here likcwife maintain a kind of general jurifdidlion : while at Ota- 
 heite every thing feems to be decided either by fuperior force, or by 
 arbitration in the feparate diftrifts ; and criminal punifhment is there 
 unknown, except in the feledlion of obnoxious charaders for occa- 
 fional facrifices. The latter fecm to be offered at Tongataboo much 
 lefs frequently, and only upon funereal occafions. Infant murders 
 are here unknown ; as well as infant fucceffion, and the fociety of 
 arreoes, which appear to be principal caufes of that horrid cuftom 
 in the Georgian iflands. The lafcivious pradlices which are almoft 
 univerfal there, feem to be ufually refl:rid:ed here to common profti- 
 tutes of the loweft clafs. Polygamy is eftablilhed, but adultery is 
 puniflied with death. The neceffity of cultivation, and the regard 
 paid to private property, have rendered the people of Tongataboo 
 more ingenious and induftrious : and being feldom at war, they 
 appear to be remarkably free, in general, from habits of fufpicion or 
 revenge. Their mufcular ftrength and activity are great ; although 
 in fize they are much exceeded by the chiefs of Otaheite, and of 
 fome other iflands. Intrepidity and dexterity are ftriking features of 
 their general character; and thefe qualities naturally render thofe 
 individuals who are the moft depraved, peculiarly mifchievous. 
 
 Tongataboo, confidered in jtfelf, is evidently defirable as the feat 
 of a miffion ; but its principal importance arifes from the extenfive 
 and intimate connexion that it has with other iflands. While mofl of 
 thofe which are difperfed over the Pacific Ocean are independent of 
 each other, Tongataboo is the centre of government to a furprifing 
 number. The natives named more than one hundred and fifty of 
 thefe when Captain Cook was laft there; but feveral are uninha- 
 bited, many of them very fmall, and fome were at that time in- 
 dependent of their government, and even hoflile to it. Only fifteen
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Iv 
 
 of thefe are lofty, and few arc fo large as Tongataboo. Captain 
 Cook explored more than fixty of the whole number, and other na- 
 vigators have difcovered many of the remaining iflands of this group. 
 Xhe dired:ion in which it chiefly extends being north and fouth, 
 renders the communication each way pradticable during the trade 
 wind; and moft, if not all the iflands, are regularly vifited by the 
 fovereign or the commander in chief. 
 
 It remains to give fome account of other remarkable iflands, which 
 have been difcovered in this neighbourhood ; and firfl: of fuch as are 
 immediately fubjedl to Tongataboo. 
 
 The ifland of E5o a lies fouth-eafl: of Tongataboo, from whence it 
 is diflant nearly four leagues. Its form approaches to an oval, with 
 its longefl: diameter from north to fouth. Its eaftern fide is placed 
 by Captain Cook in 1 74° 40' weft longitude, and its fouthern ex- 
 tremity in latitude 21° 29'. It is about ten leagues in circuit, and 
 almoft as high as the Ifle of Wight, being perceptible from a diftancc 
 of twelve leagues at fea. The fouth-eailern coaft rifes immediately 
 from the fea with great inequalities j but on the north-weft part are 
 valleys, meadows, and plains, of confiderable extent. From that 
 quarter the ground afcends gradually to the higheft part, which then 
 continues nearly level. The foil on the heights is chiefly compofed 
 of a foft fandy ftone, but in other parts is ufually a reddifti 
 clay, of a great depth. A deep valley, which is two hundred 
 feet above the level of the fea, confifts almoft wholly of coral 
 rock, but is covered with trees. The cultivated plantations chiefly 
 border upon the coafts. There are fprings of fine water in various 
 parts of the ifland, but none of them are conveniently acceflible to 
 Ihipping. The beft anchorage was found upon the north-weft fide, 
 in latitude 21° 10' 30", on a gravelly bank extending two miles from 
 the land, with depths from twenty to thirty fathom. Abreaft of it 
 is a creek, which affords convenient landing for boats at all times of 
 the tide. In its produce and inhabitants this ifland refembles Ton-
 
 Ivi PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 gataboo, except that it is not the ufual refidence of any of the fupe- 
 rior chiefs, although fcveral of them have property at Eooa. It has, 
 notwithftanding, greatly the advantage of Tongataboo, for pleafant- 
 nefs of fituation, as well as for goodnefs of frefh water; and appa- 
 rently mufl: exceed it in falubrity. 
 
 The ifland was difcovered by Tafman, who did not land there j 
 nor does it appear certain that any navigator befide Cook has been 
 upon it. He vifited Eooa in 1773, before he came to Tongataboo; 
 and in 1777, after he left that place. At both times he met with 
 the moft cordial reception, although he could not obtain the fame 
 profufion of fupplies that was lavifhed upon the Englilli by the 
 court of Tongataboo. A perfon named Taoofa, who exercifed the 
 principal authority, entertained them with a public fpedacle of 
 dancing, boxing, wreflling, &c. which, though upon a fmaller 
 fcale than at the feat of government, collecfted together a concourfe of 
 people, and was produdlive, as ufual, of fome diforderly condud:. 
 The peaceable and affedionate behaviour of the people, in general, 
 was fuch as to induce him to name thefe iflands, and the others 
 which he vifited in the fame group. The Friendly Iflands. To 
 the anchorage at Eooa he gave the name of Englilh road. He left 
 a ram and two ewes upon this ifland. 
 
 The third ifland of this group which requires our notice is Ana- 
 MOOKA. It is fituated in latitude 20° 15', 174° 31'' wefl longitude, 
 about eighteen leagues difl:ant from Tongataboo, which it refembles 
 in its afped:. Its form is triangular, and none of its fides ex- 
 ceeds the length of four miles. Its extent is alfo diminifhed by 
 a large fait lagoon, which almofl: cuts off its foufh-eaftern angle 
 from the reft. Its coafts are furrounded by fmall iflets, fand-banks, 
 and reefs. A harbour is formed by thefe on the fouth-weflern fide 
 of the ifland, with anchorage in ten and twelve fathom, the bottom 
 coral fand. It is well flickered, but no frefh water is to be obtained 
 near the fliore. On the north-wefl; fide are two coves, to which
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Jvii 
 
 there are narrow paffages for boats through the reef. Jufl to the 
 "fouthward of thefe is a bank, free from rocks, with twenty and 
 twenty-five fathom depth, one or two miles from fhore. The coaft 
 rifes nearly perpendicular fifteen or twenty feet from the fea, and tlic 
 interior appears level, excepting fome fmall hillocks, arid a moifc 
 confiderablc one toward the centre of the ifland. It is fimilar ^o 
 Tongataboo in foil and produdlions, but is lefs cultivated, even in 
 proportion to its fizc. It is however better furnifhed with water, 
 there being a pond about three quarters of a mile from the landing- 
 place on the north-weft fide, of half a mile in circuit. The water is 
 a little brackifh, but having in part anfwered the purpofes of navi- 
 gators, their vifits to this ifland have been more frequent than to thofc 
 already mentioned j although the diftance from their fliips has ren- 
 dered watering hazardous as well as difficult. 
 
 Tafman anchored here on the 25th of January 1643, ^"^^ "^'^^ 
 treated very kindly by the natives in general, and by a chief, 
 whofe prefence and authority probably rendered this vifit the more 
 tranquil. He gave to the ifland the name of Rotterdam, having 
 called the former two Amfterdam and Middleburg. Captain Cook 
 firft arrived at Anamooka on the 20th of June i -774 in the Refolution, 
 having loft the company of Captain Furneaux in the Adventure, 
 fubfequent to their vifit to Tongataboo the preceding year. He ap- 
 proached Anamooka from the fouth-eaftward, after having doubled 
 the low ifland^ and flioals lying in that direction, to the latitude 
 of 20° 25'. Thefts were more frequently committed here than 
 at the fouthernmoft iflands of the group ; the charadler of the wo- 
 men appeared alfo to be much more licentious, and that of the men 
 more daring. No farther mifchief than plunder was attempted, and 
 this was feverely punifhed by their European guefts. None of the 
 principal people were prefent to reftrain the unruly ; but fome of the 
 natives diftinguifhed themfelves by the goodnefs of their condudl, 
 and moft of them behaved well, except when peculiar temptation 
 inflamed their cupidity for the novelties of which their tifitors were 
 
 i
 
 hui PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 pofllflcd. The chaftifement inflidcd upon the offenders cffedually 
 improved their hehaviour before the departure of the Ihip, which 
 took place on the 29th of June, 
 
 Captain Cook returned to this ifland in 1777, in company with 
 Captain Clcrke ; and anchored in the road on the ift of May. 
 A perfon called Toobou then refided as chief, and another, named 
 Taipa, who alfo aded as principal officer in Poulaho's family, 
 became very ferviccable. He introduced to them Fenou, who re- 
 fortcd hither from Tongataboo on being informed of their arrival. 
 This great man prevailed upon Captain Cook to fail to the iflands 
 called Hapae, in preference to the former, which he meant to have 
 immediately revifited. They accordingly proceeded to Hapae on the 
 14th of the fame month, by which time the two Ihips' companies 
 feemed nearly to have drained Anamooka of provifions ; but on re- 
 turning early in June, the flock was found furprifingly recruited* 
 Thefts had been pradtifed during their former ftay, in a private man- 
 ner, even by fome of the chiefs, till they were compelled to make 
 reftitution; and on the return of the veffels, when all the people of 
 rank were abfent, very little order was obfervcd. Poulaho and 
 Fenou arrived foon afterward, and within three days accompanied 
 the navigators toward Tongataboo. 
 
 Lieutenant Bligh, in the Bounty, anchored at Anamooka on the 
 23d of April 1789. The natives, who immediately came along- 
 lide with yams and cocoa-nuts in their canoes, did not offer to come 
 on board till they had aflced permiffion. The next day he was 
 vifited by Taipa, who was then old and lame, but retained the im- 
 preffion of his intercourfe with the Englifh twelve years before, in 
 Juch a degree that he perfedly underftood their pronunciation of 
 South-Sea words, which no other perfon there was able to do. He 
 informed them that their old principal friends were then living at 
 Tongataboo, and he offered a large houfe for the ufe of the Englifh, 
 fuppofing they would, as formerly, have had a party on fhore. 
 Several things that were flolen were reffored by his influence. Some
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSK. lix 
 
 more daring robberies being committed, and the natives crowding 
 in large canoes from the neii^hbouring iflands, Mr. Bligh thought 
 it neceffary, on the 26th, when the Ihip was under Tail, to confine 
 feveral of the chiefs, in order to recover what had been lolc. Tiiis 
 meafure producing no other effect than extreme diflrcfs in his pri- 
 foners, he difmiffed tiiem with prefcnts, and departed. Pine-apples, 
 which had been planted in the iflands viiited by Captain Cook, 
 were found here at that time in a flourifhing ftate. 
 
 Captain Edwards twice vifited Anamooka in 1791, having ap- 
 pointed this ifland for a place of rendezvous with the fchooner that 
 had attended him from Otaheite, but afterward loft company of the 
 Pandora. He firft anchored here on the 29th of June, and immediately 
 difpatched Lieutenant Hay ward to inquire at the iflands of Hapae and 
 Feje after Fletcher Chriftian and his party, but without fucceis, ex- 
 cepting in their traffic for provilions. The licentioufnefs of the women 
 at Anamooka feems to have been greatly promoted by European pro- 
 fligacy during this viilit ; and inftances of ferocity were manifcfted 
 by the native men, which had till then been unknown ; efpecially 
 in one cafe, where Lieutenant Corner narrowly efcaped being mur- 
 dered. They were, notwithftanding, very attentive to the inftrudiions 
 which the officers gave them on the cultivation of the exotic plants, 
 and tranfplanted the pine-apples immediately on receiving dire(5tions. 
 Poulaho and one of the Toobous, who had met Captain Edwards 
 at Anamooka, failed with him early in July to the neighbouring 
 ifland of Toofoa, whither they were going to colledl tribute. On 
 the 29th of that month he again anchored here, and being ftill 
 difappointed of intelligence about the fchooner, departed the 3d of 
 Auguft. 
 
 No fubfeqvient vifit to this ifland has been made known. The 
 detail already given is more than proportionate to the importance of 
 the place. It is ranked by the natives among the fmaller iflands of 
 their archipelago, which contains thirty-five hirger than this. A 
 difeafe of the leprous kind, which feems to be common to all the 
 
 i 2
 
 Ix- PRELIMINARY 'DISCOURSE. 
 
 ifliinds of this occaft, is laid to prevail more at Anamooka than in 
 anv other part of this group. The venereal difeafe, which was 
 certainly introduced here by the Englifli, has alfo probably made a 
 dreadful progrefs, in confequencc of the unreftrained debauchery 
 pradifed by its lafl vifitors, who are acknowledged to have been 
 greatly infeded when they arrived at this place from Otaheite. Wood 
 being an article procured here by all the fliips, it is neceflary to 
 mention the damage that has been incurred in cutting a tree, called 
 faitanoo by the natives, which is a fpecies of pepper, and yields a 
 milky juice that injures the eyes and fkin of the workmen. 
 
 The ifland mentioned above, named Toofoa, is fituated N.N.W. 
 from Anamooka, at a diftance of t.en leagues : it is obfervable from 
 thence by means of its height, and of a volcano at its fummit, 
 which almofl: conftantly emitted fmoke, and fometimes threw up 
 ftones. Its fhores are fteep, and covered with black fand. The rocks 
 are hollow, and in fome places of a columnar form. The mountain, 
 except in fpots that appear to have been recently burned, is covered 
 with verdure, Ihrubs, and trees. The coaft is about five leagues in 
 circuit. To the north-eaft end of this ifland,' and only two miles 
 diftant, is another of much lefs extent, but of thrice its' height, 
 which is called Kao : it is a mountainous rock, of a conical form. 
 Both thefe were difcovered by Tafman, and have been feen by every 
 fubfequent navigator of this group. Captain Cook pafled between 
 them, and had no foundings in the channel by which they are fe- 
 parated. Each ifland was underflood to be inhabited, but no Eu- 
 ropean had landed upon either, at the time when the mutiny fuddenly 
 occurred in the Bounty, two days after the departure of that veffel from 
 Anamooka. Lieutenant Bligh was forced into a boat, with eighteen 
 of his. people, when ten leagues fouth-weft from Toofoa. Heat- 
 tempted, therefore, to get an immediate fupply of bread-fruit and 
 water at that ifland, which, as he underflood, afforded thofe articles. 
 The next morning, 28th April 1789, they landed in a cove on the 
 north- weft coaft, in latitude 19° 41'. They climbed the heights.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE, 1x1 
 
 but obtained only feme cocoa-nuts and plantains, and a few gallons 
 of water from holes in the rocks. The weather bein? too boiflcrous 
 to proceed, they (heltered themfclves by night in an adjacent cave. 
 On the I ft of May feveral of the inhabitants brotight them a fmall 
 fupply, and retired peaceably in the evening. The next day their num- 
 ber greatly increafed. Some principal perfons alfocame round the north 
 fide of the ifland in canoes, and among them one of the chiefs whom 
 Lieutenant Bligh had threatened to carry from Anamooka, upon an 
 occafion which has already been mentioned. They offered to ac- 
 company him to Tongataboo when the weather ftiould moderate; but 
 fome fymptoms appearing of a defign to obtain by force the articles 
 that he could not afford to barter with them, he determined to depart 
 that evening, as they were not inclined to retire. They had pre- 
 vioufly fold him fome of their weapons, and they now allowed his 
 people to carry their property into the boat ; but they would not 
 fuffer him to embark, and a conteft enfued, in which moft of the 
 Englifh were wounded by ftones, and one of them was killed. The 
 reft efcaped, and bore away toward New Holland ; from whence 
 they reached the Eaft Indies in their boat, enduring extreme hard- 
 fhip, but no farther lofs of lives. 
 
 This unhappy event furnifhes the only inftance of an European 
 being killed at any ifland of this group, notwithftanding the feverity, 
 and even the cruelty, which has frequently been exercifed toward the 
 natives, on account of the thefts committed by them. That their 
 eagernefs to obtain our property is fuch as to endanger a fmall party 
 landing at any of the lefs civilized iflands, is evident, not only from 
 Captain Bligh's experience, but alfo from that of a few people 
 on board the fchooner which had accompanied the Pandora from 
 Otaheite. After parting company, as before mentioned, flie unfor- 
 tunately came to Toofoa inftead of Anamooka, where Cap tin Edwards 
 probably was at the very time. They obtained fome water and 
 provifions from the natives ; but the latter attempted to feize the 
 vefTel, in which there were only nine people. Thefe, however, being
 
 Ixii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 amply provided with fire-arms, fuccefsfully refifted the aflault of 
 numbers vaftly fuperior. Few days could apparently have elapfed 
 after this occurrence, when the Pandora arrived at Toofoa with 
 Poulaho on board. Lieutenant Hay ward, who had been there with 
 Bli<;h, rccolleded fome of their former affailants. They fhunned his 
 notice, and had perhaps more reafon for doing fo than he knew, as 
 at that time he received no intelligence of the fchooner. 
 
 Hapae (fometimes pronounced Habei) has been mentioned as 
 the place to which Captain Cook accompanied Fenou and Taipa at 
 the dcfire of the former, from Anamooka in May 1777. It is 
 reckoned by the natives as one of the more extenfive iflands of their 
 group, but it confifts of four or more low iflets, fix or feven miles 
 each in length, which are joined together by a reef. They are not 
 more than two or three miles broad. That iflet which is mofl culti- 
 vated is called Lefooga, or Lefooka ; and this alone exceeds Anamooka 
 in the number and extent of its plantations. At its fouth-weftern end 
 is an artificial mount fifty feet in diameter at the fummit, which is 
 raifed to the height of forty feet above the reft of the ground. The 
 Refolution and Difcovery anchored abreaft of the reef that connects 
 this ifland with another to the north-eaft which is called Foa, in 
 twenty-four fathom, with a bottom of coral fand. A creek in the 
 (hore of Lefooga, three quarters of a mile from the flaips, afforded 
 convenient landing at all times. Proper meafures having been taken 
 by Fenou and Taipa, an abundant fupply of provifions was obtained, 
 and public diverfions were fplendidly exhibited ; but thefe chiefs were 
 lefs careful to prevent the theft of European articles. They left Captain 
 Cook on the 22d of the fame month, requefting him to wait till 
 they returned from Vavou, which they reprefented to be two days 
 fail in their canoes to the northward of Hapae. Finding it diffidult 
 to obtain fupplies in their abfence, he removed on the 26th, fouth- 
 ward of Letooga, and fearched in vain for a channel between the 
 low iflands. That which lies next to Lefooga, in this diredlion, is 
 called Hoolfieva, and is deftitute of cultivation, being ufed only for
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixiii 
 
 fifhing and catching turtle ; but an artificial mount, fimilar to that in 
 Lefooga, was obferved upon it. Pouhxho met the fliips before their 
 departure, and accompanied them on the 29th, in their paflagc among 
 the fmall iflands and reefs, which obftrud the navigation between 
 Hapae and Anamooka. 
 
 Fran. Ant. Maurelle, a Spanifli difcoverer, was entangled in the fame 
 navigation in March 1781, after having been very hofpitably enter- 
 tained at fome iflands immediately to the northward of Hapae. He found 
 a paflage with a depth of five fathom, between the latter and the iflands 
 to the weftward of it, which had been miffed by Captain Cook. 
 Meeting with frefli obfl:acles among thofe iflands which lie diredlly 
 north of Anamooka, he bore away toward Kao and Toofoa, Wlyle 
 amidft the iflands, he trafficked ■tvith the natives, who came off" to 
 the fhip in their canoes. A perfon who was faid to be the chief over 
 forty-eight iflands, alfo came on board after fending prefents. He 
 promifed the fame public diverfions and contributions with which 
 the Englifli had been entertained, to induce Maurelle to land.. The 
 mofl fouthern point of the ifland, where this man is faid to have 
 refided, is placed in the latitude of 1 9" 39'. The longitudes afTigned 
 by Maurelle are feveral degrees too far to the weflward. He did 
 not fufped the iflands which he named Galvez, Gran Montana, 
 and San Chrifloval, to be thofe called by the natives Hapae, Kao, 
 and Toofoa ; and he left Anamooka and Tongataboo out of fight to 
 the eaflward, but faw the two fmall rocky iflands, Hoonga Tonga 
 and Hoonga Hapae, in latitude 20° 32',, and named them Las 
 Culebras. He difcovered a dangerous reef, extending two leagues, 
 and leaving to the fouthward a channel, three leagues wide, be- 
 tween the reef and thofe iflands. He alfo faw the high uninh.ibited 
 fpot, difcovered and named Pylflaarts ifland by Tafman, in kititude 
 22° 22', 175° 59^ weft longitude. This he called La Sola; 
 
 An ifland, lying in the latitude of 17° 57', 175' 16'' 54" well lon- 
 gitude, was the firfl that Maurelle difcovered in approaching the 
 Friendly Iflands. He fell in with it 26th February 17B1, and named
 
 Klv PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 it Amargura (Bitterncfs), on account of his fevere difappoint- 
 mcnt of obtaining rcfrefhments from it, no landing-place being found 
 even for boats, and the ifland itfelf having a Angular appearance of 
 harrcnncfs. Upon a confiderable mountain within it, not a tree was 
 to be fecn. In July 1791 Captain Edwards coafted the north-wefl 
 fide of this ifland, and obrerved the appearance of a tolerable landing- 
 place in that quarter. That part of the coaft was flat table land, 
 u'ithout eminence or indentation, and from the edge of the fur- 
 face fmoke iffued along its whole extent. He called it Gardner's 
 
 ifland. 
 
 An ifland called by the natives Lattai, in latitude 18° 47' 20''^ 
 174" 48' weft longitude, was difcovered by Maurelle the day after he 
 had pafled the form.er. It confifts chiefly of a vaft conical moun- 
 tain, the fummit of which appeared to be burnt, but the fides were 
 covered with trees j and it is furrounded with a lower border, which 
 is very fertile, and affords frefh water. Many canoes came off, and 
 the people in them, among whom was the chief of the ifland, behaved 
 with much confidence and kindnefs, and fold cocoa-nuts and bananas 
 to the Spaniards. Captain Edwards gave this place the name of 
 Bickerton's ifland. 
 
 Maurelle proceeded toward fome iflands fifteen leagues diftant, 
 
 and lying eaft-north-eaft from the preceding; the appearance of 
 
 which promifed better anchorage, as well as more abundant re- 
 
 frefliments. He was prevented by the wind from reaching them till 
 
 the 4th of March, when, after pafling between fome fmaller elevated 
 
 •iflands on the north- weft of the principal land, he anchored in a 
 
 creek bordered with houfes and plantations. In approaching this 
 
 ftation, the fliip had every day been furrounded by numerous canoes, 
 
 laden with all kinds of provifions, in exchange for which the iflanders 
 
 wanted to have tools, but obtained only clothing, Maurelle having 
 
 ftrangely prohibited the fale of iron. The natives were in general 
 
 tall and robuft. The chief, named Toobou, to whom they paid the 
 
 moft profound refpedl, was advanced in age, and very corpulent.
 
 PRELIMINARr DISCOURSE. Ixv 
 
 He treated Maurelle with the fame profiife hofpitality that Cook had 
 experienced at the more fouthern illands. Water was not, however, to 
 be obtained fufficiently nigh at hand, and that which oozed into a pit 
 dug by the Spaniards proved too brackifh to be ufed. Maurelle there- 
 fore removed to a bay two leagues from the former, and in doing fo 
 loil: two anchors. Here the (hip was perfcdlly flieltcred, and good 
 water was obtained clofc to the fliore. The Spaniards were enter- 
 tained with the ufual public diverfions, and being always on their 
 guard, the intercourfe on Ihorc was not interrupted by any contefl; 
 but the iflanders who canie on board ftole every thing they could 
 feizc. They tore away the chain of the rudder ; and after another had 
 been fubflituted, one of the natives was fliot dead in attempting to 
 take that alfo. Maurelle filled i 9th March, through a channel to the 
 fouth-well:, which, as well as that by which he entered, was found 
 to be perfeftly commodious. He places his anchorage in latitude 
 18° 36'', and he called it El Refugio, or the Refuge. 
 
 The largeft of thefe iflands is nearly equal in extent to Tongataboo, 
 mnd confidcrably higher, although not mountainous. It is highly 
 fertile, and well cultivated, producing the fame fruits and roots as elfe- 
 where in thefe latitudes, and abounding more with the cloth-plant than 
 any of tl^e Friendly Iflands. Maurelle named this group after Don 
 Martin de Mayorga, then viceroy of Mexico; and gives no inti- 
 mation of the names ufed by the inhabitants. 
 
 Peroufe, who, in 1787, approached all the iflands laft dcfcribed, 
 but had no intercourfe with the natives, takes it for granted that 
 they conftitute the country called by Cook Vavaoo, but pronounced 
 Vavou by the Friendly iflanders, and already fpoken of as lying at 
 the diftance of two days fiil from Hapae. But this fpace, according 
 to Captain Cook's calculation, muft exceed two hundred miles, which 
 is more than double the diftancc between Hapae and the iflands ot 
 Mayorga. Captain Edwards alfo explored this clufter in July 1791 , 
 nammg it Howe's iflands, and the anchorage Curtis's found. The 
 lliip was vifited by two pcrfons, called Futtafaihc and Toobou. 
 
 k
 
 Ixvi PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 Captain Bligh, in the Providence, accompanied by Captain Portlock, 
 
 in the Affiftance, when returning with the bread-fruit from Otaheite, 
 
 laid to during the night, 3d Augufl: 1792, off thefe iflands, and 
 
 obtained provifions, but did not land. Two Ihips, which Maiirelle 
 
 underftood to have been here prior to his voyage, might be thofe of 
 
 Cook and Clerke, which the natives had probably feen at Hapae. By 
 
 whatever name thefe iflands ought to be diftinguiflied, they prefent a 
 
 favourable and a confiderable objed: for the attention of our miflionaries. 
 
 The longitude affigned to them by Captain Edwards is 173^ 53' weft. 
 
 Neootabootaboo and Kootahe are feparated by a channel 
 
 only three miles broad, in which is a fmall ifland ; and are fituated in 
 
 latitude 15° 55^ 173° 48' weft longitude. The former is the more ex- 
 
 tenfive, and is reckoned among the larger of the Friendly Iflands. It 
 
 is chiefly low, but has a confiderable hill in its centre. It is divided 
 
 into two unequal parts by a channel, which, at the mouth, is threa 
 
 hundred yards wide. Kootahe is very lofty, of a conical form., 
 
 between two and three miles in diameter, and lies north-eafl: from the 
 
 former. Both are populous, fertile, and poflTeffed of the fame animals 
 
 and vegetables as the iflands before defcribed. They were difcovered 
 
 by Schouten and Lemaire, loth May 1616. Their fliip anchored on 
 
 the north-weft fide of Kootahe, half a mile from the fliore^ in fandy 
 
 ground, with twenty-five fathom ; but they fent a boat to the larger 
 
 ifland to fearch for a better ftation. The natives fwam around the fliipi 
 
 and bartered cocoa-nuts in abundance for nails and beads ; but they 
 
 endeavoured to feize the boat, and one of them was fliot before 
 
 they defifl:ed from the attempt. The chief of Neootabootaboo, who 
 
 had the title of Latoo, came on board ; and having invited the Dutch 
 
 to that ifland, they were proceeding thither, when a thoufand of 
 
 the natives fuddcniy attacked the Ihip from their canoes, but were 
 
 tepulfed with much havoc by the cannon loaded with muflcet-balls.. 
 
 Schouten departed on the 1 3th of the fame month. He gave the names 
 
 of Traitors* and Cocoa iflands to thefe difcoveries, in confequence 
 
 of the reception he met with. Captain Wallis fell in with them
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixvii 
 
 13th Augiift 1767, and called them Keppel's and Bofcawcn's iflands. 
 His boat's crew examined Neootabootaboo, and found a place for 
 anchoring and landing, with frefli water, but inconveniently lituatcd. 
 Captain Wallis exchanged fome nails for fowls, fruits, and one of 
 their clubs, and proceeded the next day to the wcllward. The nails 
 were in Poulaho's poffefTion at Tongataboo, when Cook was there with 
 him. Peroufe faw Kootahe 20th December 1787, and having the 
 next day examined both the iflands, laid to on the following, in a fandy 
 bay upon the weft coaft of the larger divifion of Neootabootaboo. 
 The natives brought off the fineft cocoa-nuts he had ever feen, with 
 other vegetables, as well as fome fowls and a hog : they difcovcred 
 no apprehenfion, and traded very freely. They refembled the more 
 fouthern iflanders in every thing, except that their looks indicated a 
 ferocity, like that which characterizes their northern neighbours. 
 The French did not fuffer them to come on board, but puniflied the 
 moft trifling thefts with feverity ; having been recently exafperated by 
 the murder of Captain de L 'Angle and eleven more perfons, at one 
 of the Navigators' iflands, which lie to the northward of thefe. A 
 rocky bank, two or three leagues north of Kootahe, was found in 
 1 61 6, with fourteen fathom water upon it. 
 
 An ifland was difcovered by Schouten and Lemairc the day after 
 they left the preceding, which they reckoned to be thirty Dutch 
 leagues more to the weft ward. They judged it to be nearly of 
 circular form, and about two leagues from north to fouth ; but they 
 exprefs fome uncertainty as to its extent. It is hilly, and covered 
 with verdure, abounding with cocoa-nut trees, and populous. A 
 large village laid clofe to the fliore. They called it Hope ifland, 
 from the profpedl it afforded them of obtaining refreflimcnts. Of 
 thefe they were neverthelefs dilappointcd, not being able to land for 
 the furf, which every where broke upon the coaft. Sending a boat 
 to found, they found from twenty to forty fathoms, two or three 
 hundred yards from fliore, with rocky bottom ; but there were no 
 foundings a little further out. The natives adlcd as at Kootahe, and 
 
 k 2
 
 Jxviii PRELIMINARY DISCOLiRSE. 
 
 fcveral of them were killed for attcnipting to fcize the boat. They 
 brought off vegetables only. The Dutch proceeded the fame day to 
 the ^veftward. 
 
 Captain Edwards fell in with this ifland 5th Aiigufl: i 791 , wlien he 
 apparently meant to have vifited the former two, but was carried too 
 much to leeward. He places it in latitude 15° 53', 175° 51'' weft 
 longitude. In the account of his voyage, it is fpoken of as having 
 eonfiderable extent, and the houfes as being of much larger conftrudtion 
 than at other iflands of this archipelago. He named it Proby's ifland, 
 but underftood that the natives called it Onoo-afou. 
 
 This name, and the diftance of this ifland from Hapae, accord 
 with the dcfcription given to Cook, of the Vavou of the Friendly 
 iflanders ; to which their term for an inhabited country, Wanoo, may 
 have been prefixed by the natives, as it is to the names of feveral 
 iflands in this ocean. Computing the extent of the ifland by its 
 proportionate diftance from Kootahe, it miifl: be nine or ten Englifh 
 miles in diameter, according to Lemaire's fl:atemcnt. Poulaho aflerted 
 that it affords as good anchorage as Tongataboo, and that it is 
 larger, and has feveral ftreams of frefh water. Vavou is in high 
 tftimation among the Friendly iflanders; and was, in 1777, the 
 refidence of Latoo-libooloo's mother and fifter. A folemn mourning 
 was alfo then celebrated at Tongataboo for a chief who had lately died 
 at Vavou. 
 
 Two more iflands were difcovered by Schouten and Lemaire, the 
 fifth day after leaving that laft defcribed. They deftroyed fome of 
 the natives at their firft interview, but were afterward hofpitably 
 entertained by them, and procured every kind of refrefhment in 
 great abundance. They were vifited by a perfon bearing the title 
 of Latoo, and by another flyled Areekee, who was therefore probably 
 the fovereign of all the Friendly Iflands. He was treated by the 
 other natives with the iitmofl deference. They are reprefented like 
 thofe of the more fouthern iflands in moft circumflances, except 
 in being deftitute of clothing, and the females being deformed, and
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixix 
 
 peculiarly immodcfl. The ifiands arc hilly, fertile, and popu- 
 lous. The extent of them is not defcribed. The fliip anchored in 
 a narrow roadftead, on the fouthern fide of the principal ifland, two 
 or three hundred yards from a flream of frefh water, in a depth of 
 ten fathoms, with fmdy bottom. Clofc on the outfide of the lliip 
 was a bank, dry at low water. They place this anchorage in the 
 latitude of 14° 56' fouth. The iflands were named Hoorn, after the 
 Dutch port, where the vcfTcl had been equipped; and the road was 
 called Concord, after the fliip's name. 
 
 If the Hope ifland of Schouten be Vavou, there feems little room 
 to doubt that Hoorn iflands are the country called Hamoa by the 
 Friendly iflanders, who defcribe it as being two days {nW from Va- 
 vou, to the northward of weft, and agreeing in other refped:s with 
 Schouten's Hoorn iflands. They do not appear to have been vifitcd 
 by any other navigator, except we may conceive them to be the two- 
 iflands where Maurelle obtained refrefhments the 21ft and 22d of 
 April 1781 ; which, therefore, he named Confolation Iflands. The 
 figure and afped: of thofe defcribed by him, and by Schouten and 
 Lemaire, perfeftly accord. Maurelle does not give the latitude in his 
 jiarrative. That upon his chart diflfers from Schouten's by more than 
 half a degree; but an error of that amount is not unlikely to have 
 occurred in Maurelle's reckoning. No other difcovcry corrcfponds 
 with his, any more than with Schouten's iflands. 
 
 Hamoa is reprefented by the natives of Tongataboo as the largefl: 
 ifland of their archipelago ; and Poulaho, who had frequently 
 refided upon it, faid that it furniflied good water and abundant re- 
 frefhments, and afforded harbour for fhips. 
 
 The preceding account includes all the iflands hitherto difcovered 
 which have ufually been united under the fame government.. There 
 are two more groups, containing countries of greater extent than any 
 yet defcribed, with which the Friendly iflanders are known to have 
 communication. To thefe, alfo, our miffionaries may therefore be
 
 hex PRELIiMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 able, throuf'h fhc Lord's blcflino:, to extend their labours from Ton- 
 gataboo. 
 
 The very confiderable cliifter, of which either the whole, or fome 
 part, is called by the natives, Fejb, lies within three days iiiil in a 
 canoe from that ifland. The more northern part of this numerous 
 group was difcovered by Tafman 6th February 1 643, Thefe iflands 
 and reefs are evidently the fame that were explored by the Duff, and 
 amidft which Ihe met with the greatefl danger that attended her 
 voyage. They were named by Tafman Prince William's Ifles, and 
 Heemlkirk's (hoals. They reach northward to the latitude of 15° 2,3'' 
 Captain Bligh fell in with the eaflernmofl: of thefe iflands, in 178" 
 weft longitude, the third day after his efcape from Toofoa in the 
 Bounty's laimch j and he pafled through the midft of them in a north- 
 weftern courfe, which he could not have made in a fliip, there being 
 only four feet depth of water on one of the reefs which he croffed. 
 In this diredlion, he found the group to extend four degrees weftward 
 from the firft iflands ; and he faw feveral that had from thirty to forty 
 leagues of coafl:, and appeared fertile, being pleafingly variegated with 
 hills and valleys. His defencelefs fituation obliged him to avoid 
 intercourfe with the inhabitants. On his return from Otaheite in the 
 Providence, 5th Augufl: 1 792, he paflTed to the north of the firll iflands 
 he had difcovered in 1789, and coafl:ed, upon the fouth fide, fome of 
 thofe which had been difcovered by Tafman. After having croflTed 
 his former track, he doubled the fouthernmoft ifland of the group, 
 in latitude 19° 15', 178° ^^z/? longitude, and proceeded, nth Augufl:, 
 on his voyage, in a courfe to the northward of wefl:. He landed no 
 where, and the iflanders in vain attempted to overtake the fliip with 
 their canoes, apparently with hoft^le defigns. 
 
 The mofl: wefl:ern part of this group was difcovered by Captain 
 Barber, in the fnow Arthur, 26th April 1794, on his paflage from 
 Port Jackfon to the north- wefl: coaft of America. He faw fix of the 
 iflands, the largefl: of w^hich he places in latitude 17° 30', 175° i^
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixsi 
 
 eaft longitude. He anchored in a bay on its wcftc.-n fide, and fomc 
 natives who came off in a canoe were reludlant to come on board, and 
 feemed to be unaccuflomed to trade. The next day a number of canoes 
 attacked the fliip, and two of the crew were wounded by them with 
 arrows. The favages attempted to board, but were repulfcd with the 
 fliip's fwivels and fmall arms. The navigation on this, as on every 
 other fide of the group, was found to be intricate and dangerous. 
 
 It is uncertain whether thefe numerous and extcnlive illands arc 
 connedted together under a diftind: government, or whether they are 
 independent of each other, or mofHy fubjcd: toTongataboo. It is certain 
 that at leaft fome of the principal iflands have been independent of its 
 government, and occafionally hoftile to it. They are alfo of a diftincft 
 race, fpeak a different language, and, befide fpears and clubs, make 
 ufe of bows and arrows in battle. In this they refemble mofl: of 
 the iflanders who inhabit the larger countries to the weflward ; and 
 differ from all who have yet been difcovered to the eaflward of this 
 group. Many of the latter have bows and arrows, but they ufe 
 them, as we do, only in fport ; their miffile weapons in war being no 
 other than fpears and flones. The intercourfe of Feje with Tonga- 
 taboo does not feem to have lafted many generations, but during the 
 prefent century it has been frequent. The Friendly iflanders regarded 
 the people of Feje as fuperior to themfelves, both in military prowefs, 
 and in mechanical ingenuity ; their weapons and clothing being 
 wrought in a more mafterly ftyle, and fome manufadiures, efpccially 
 that of earthen veffels, being carried on at Feje, which are not at-, 
 tempted at Tongataboo. There alfo were dogs at Feje when there 
 were none at the Friendly Iflands, but they have been imported from 
 thence fince the latter group became known to the Englifli. The fla,- 
 ture of the Fejeans is fuperior, their complexions are darker, and their 
 hair approaches to wool. They, moreover, retain the pradice of eating 
 the bodies of enemies whom they have killed, which is now abhorred 
 by all of the lighter race, except the inhabitants of New Zealand, .
 
 Ixxii. PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 It is probable that the Fejcans are of the fiimc race that oc- 
 cupies the niofl: extenfive iflands in this ocean-. Their prevailing- 
 ferocity renders the more weftern countries very dangerous of accefs ; 
 but it may be hoped, that the fuperior civilization of Fejc, and its 
 intcrcourfc with Tongataboo, to which it appears that at leaft fome 
 part of this group has lately been fubjeded, may afford a favourable 
 introdudion of our miffionaries among a nation of great extent, and 
 in the utmofl: need of evangelical inftrudion. The only Euro- 
 peans who are known to have landed at Feje, are Lieutenant 
 Hay ward, and a man who attended him thither, in a large canoe 
 hired at Anamooka, for the purpofe of fearching after Fletcher 
 Chriftian. Their inquiry was fruitlefs, but feems to have been con- 
 duced without danger. 
 
 The other group which has intercourfe w'ith the Friendly 
 Iflands, is that which was named by M. de Bougainville the Na- 
 vigators' Iflands. Thele are only ten in number, but fome 
 of them are remarkable for their extent, fertility, and popula- 
 tion. They are fituated between 169° and 172° 30' weft longitude, 
 and from latitude 13^ 25', to an uncertain extent fouthward. 
 They are all lofty, like the Society Iflands, but are neither fur- 
 rounded with a low border, nor enclofed by reefs. The eafternmoft 
 iflands of the clufter feem to have been firft difcovered by Roggewein 
 and Bauman in 1722. Another, of fuperior magnitude, was added by 
 Bougainville in 1768; and the two wefl:ernmoft iflands, which are 
 the mofl; confiderable, were difcovered by Peroufe in 1787. Each of 
 the latter is more than forty miles in length. All thefe were vifited 
 by Captain Edwards in 1791. Peroufe was informed of three more 
 to the fouthward, named Sheka, Ofl&mo, and Oocra, which he could 
 not fill in with. The native names afligncd to the principal iflands 
 by the two navigators, Peroufe and Edwards, totally differ in every 
 inftance. Pol a and Otewhei are thofe which they rcfpedivcly 
 give to the moft wefliern ifland of the group; Oyolava and Oh a-
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixxiii 
 
 TOO A to the next confiderable ifland; Ma-oona and Otutuela, 
 to that which Bougainville difcovered ; Opoon andTooMANUA, 
 to the eafternmoft ifland. The name of Tootoocla, which is afligned 
 by the people of Tongataboo to one of the larger iflands known to 
 them, agrees with the information received by Captain Edwards. It 
 is notwithftanding difficult to conceive, how Peroufe miflook the 
 name of the very ifland, where the aflfafllnation of the French navi- 
 gators, already mentioned, was perpetrated in December 1787. 
 Some remains of their clothing were feen there by the Pandora's 
 people in July 1791. At Otewhei the latter met with a perfon 
 related to Fenou, commander in chief of the Friendly Iflands. 
 He had lately had a finger cut off on account of the illnefs which 
 ilTued in the death of that chief. This circumfl:ance demonftrates 
 that fome intercourfe fubfiflis between thefe two groups. The 
 inhabitants of both have the fame language, and the fame gene- 
 ral cuflioms, that are common to all the eaftern iflands of this 
 ocean. The natives of the Navigators' Iflands greatly exceed the 
 Friendly iflanders in fl:ature and flrrength, and are marked by a 
 ferocity of afped; and manners unknown at Tongataboo. In fome 
 particular cuflioms they appear alfo to differ confiderably. It is im- 
 probable that they fhould be fubjedt to Tongataboo; but the ac- 
 quaintance they have with its inhabitants may render this important 
 group acceflible with fafety to our brethren, in company with fome of 
 the Friendly Ifland chiefs, by whom they are already highly eflecmcd. 
 
 Ohlttahoo, and other JJlands of the Group called the Marquefas, 
 
 THIS group is known to extend from Si" to lof of latitude, and 
 from i38|"to i40i<' of weft longitude. The inhabited iflands, which 
 have been difcovered in it, are eight in number. They refemble the 
 Navigators' Iflands in their afpedl and their coafts. In moft, if not 
 in all of them, there are bays or coves which afford harbour for 
 Jlaipping; but acccfs to them is often madediflicult by fudden fqualls 
 
 1
 
 Ixxiv PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 of wind which break over the mountains and precipices. The natives- 
 exceed, in general beauty, thofe of the groups aheady defcribed; 
 efpccially the females, who are not disfigured by pundures, although 
 the men are almoft entirely covered with thofe marks. The women 
 appear to be in greater and more general fubjediion at the Marquefas 
 than elfewhere. Both fexes are inferior in perfonal cleanlinefs to 
 the natives of Otaheite and Tongataboo, having lefs convenience for 
 bathing. They ufe lefs clothing; and the chiefs are lefs diftin- 
 guifhed from their fubjedls, except by the profufion of ornaments 
 with which they are fometimes covered. The foil of thefe iflands, 
 for the greater part, is not fo fertile as in any of the preceding 
 groups ; but the inhabitants are, probably in confequence of this 
 deficiency, more ad:ive and vigorous than thofe of Otaheite. The 
 bread-fruit attains here to the higheft perfedlion ; but when it is out 
 of feafon the want of it is feverely felt, at leaft at Ohittahoo, where 
 articles of food to be fubftituted for it are fcarce. The Marquefans 
 refemble the Friendly iflanders in paying a greater deference to age 
 than the Otahciteans, and in being exempt from the pracftice of infant 
 murders, and other evils produced by the arreoe fociety, 
 
 Ohittahoo, which was fele6ted out of the group to be a mif- 
 fionary flation becaufe it was beil: known to Europeans, is much 
 inferior in extent to fome of the neighbouring iflands, being only 
 nine miles long from north to fouth, and about feven leagues in cir- 
 cuit. A narrow ridge of lofty hills runs through its whole length, and 
 is joined by other ridges, which gradually rife from the cliffs upon 
 the coafts. They are divided by deep, narrow, and fertile valleys, 
 adorned with trees, and watered by brooks and cafcades. On the 
 weftern fide are feveral coves. That in which Europeans have ufually 
 anchored, is fituated under the higheft land in the country, in latitude 
 9° 55' 30'', 1 39° 8' 40" weft longitude. It bears fouth 1 5° eaft from 
 the weft end of a larger adjacent ifland, called Ohevahoa. The 
 points that form the harbour (of which that to the fouthward is the 
 higheft) are about a mile afunder, and their diftance from the head 
 of the harbour not much lefs. The depth of water is from thirty-
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixxv 
 
 four to twelve fathoms, and the bottom dean fand. Two fandy 
 coves within the bay are fcparated by a rocky point ; and each has a 
 rivulet and habitations in it. That on the northern beach bears the 
 fame name with the ifland ; the other, which is nearly concealed 
 among the trees, is called Innamci. 
 
 Alvaro Mendana de Neyra difcovered this ifland and the three 
 which lie neareft to it, in July 1595. He named them Las Mar- 
 quesas de Mendo^a, in honour of Mendo9a, Marquis of Canete, 
 then viceroy of Peru, who had difpatched Mendana from thence, with 
 four fliips, for the purpofe of occupying the iflands of Solomon, which 
 had been difcovered by the fame navigator twenty-eight years before. 
 Being very uncertain of the diflance of thofe iflands from Peru, he was 
 proceeding in their latitude to fearch for them, when he difcovered the 
 fouthernmoft ifland of the Marquefas. On the 25th July he fent a 
 boat to examine Ohittahoo, which he called Santa Chriflina, and 
 having found the harbour already defcribed, he named it Port Madre 
 deDios. Manriquez, who commanded the boat, landed, and marched 
 with twenty foldiers, by beat of drum, round the northern village; 
 but the inhabitants did not ftir from their houfes till the party halted, 
 and called to them; when about three hundred men and women 
 peaceably advanced. At the requefl: of the Spaniards they brought 
 feveral kinds of fruit, and fome water contained in cocoa-nut fliells. 
 The women, upon invitation, fat down among the foldiers ; but the 
 men were ordered to keep at a diftance, and to fetch more water in 
 fome jars which had been brought in the boat. They feemed dif- 
 pofed to keep the jars ; upon which Manriquez brutally fired amongfi: 
 them, and broke off their communication for that time. On the 28th, 
 Mendana brought his fquadron to anchor in the harbour ; and mafs 
 being performed on fliore, the natives filently attended to the cere- 
 mony. After taking formal pofleflion of the country in the name 
 of the King of Spain, he endeavoured to efliablifli a friendly inter- 
 courfe with the people, and fowed Indian corn in their prefencc. 
 When he returned on board, he left the command of the party on 
 
 1 a
 
 Ixxvl PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 fhorc to Miinriquez, and a quarrel again foon took place; one of 
 the foldicrs was wounded by a fpear, and many of the natives were 
 killed by the fire-arms, with which they were purfucd while retreat- 
 ing with their women and children to the woods. From thence they 
 vainly attempted to annoy the invaders with lances and ftones, and after 
 fomedays they made overtures of fubmiffion, and brought prefents of 
 fruit to the guards which had been placed at the principal avenues. 
 A familiar intercourfe being renewed, fome of the iflanders and 
 Spaniards formed particular friendfliips ; and a man who became 
 intimate with Mendana's chaplain, went on board with him, dif- 
 covered great docility, and feemed diftrefled when they departed. 
 Having refitted one of his vefTels, and erected fome crofles on the 
 ihore, Mendana failed 5th July ; but terminated his voyage without 
 accompliflaing its objedt, and died at an ifland which he difcovered 
 55" to the weftward of Ohittahoo, 
 
 It does not appear that the Marquefas were again vifited by Euro- 
 peans till 1774, when Captain Cook went in fearch of thefe illands, 
 in order to afcertain their longitude. After meeting with fome danger, 
 in attempting to turn into the harbour of Madre de Dios, he an- 
 chored there 6th April. Several canoes had followed the fhip as fhe 
 pafled the fmall harbours on the fame coaft to the northward, and 
 others came off from fliore as foon as fhe was anchored, A heap of 
 ftones was provided in each canoe ; but the iflanders finding their 
 vifitors peaceable, bartered with them in an amicable manner. This 
 intercourfe was renewed more abundantly the following day, but 
 they betrayed the fame propenfity to theft which every where pre- 
 vails in the Pacific Ocean ; and one of them having feized and got 
 off with an iron flanchion, was haftily fhot through the head by an 
 officer on board the Refolution. Hete-hete, who was then in the 
 Ihip, fhed tears at feeing this ad: of barbarity ; and Captain Cook 
 took much pains to reflore the familiarity which had been interrupted 
 by it. The iflanders affcmbled on fhore, armed with fpears and clubs, 
 and drew up under fome rocks on the north fide of the harbour.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixxvii 
 
 Cook went to meet them with a party under arms ; and Hetc-hcte 
 having explained to them the wiflies of the Englifli, the natives 
 appeared fatisfied, and condudtcd them to a brook, where water was 
 obtained for the (hip. A brifk trade for vegetables was carried on, 
 and fomc hogs were purchafed. The prefcnce of Cook was, how- 
 ever, found necelTary to prefcrve the confidence of the natives, who 
 adted precifely as if the condiid: of the Spaniards, almoft two cen- 
 turies before, had been frefli in their remembrance. The women 
 had been removed from this harbour, but feveral were met with at 
 one to the fouthward of it, who difcovered no rcludlance to the li- 
 centious familiarities of the failors. Hete-hete was foon able to con- 
 verfe fluently with the natives, whofe dialed: differs from that of 
 Otaheite chiefly in not admitting the found of r, and in having, like 
 the Friend! V illanders, the hard confonants unknown at the other 
 group. They paid great attention to the information which he gave 
 them of cufl:oms in which his countrymen differed from them, and 
 efpecially of the mode of producing fire by the fridlion of dry wood. 
 
 A chief, named H5noo, and difl:inguiflied by the title of Heka-ae, 
 came with many attendants to the landing-place, and exchanged pre- 
 fents v/ith Captain Cook ; but could not be perfuaded to accompany 
 him on board. He was decorated with a great variety of orna- 
 ments, and wore a cloak, while the reft of the men had only the 
 maro round their loins. His looks and manner indicated much 
 good-nature and intelligence. The fupplies of provifions feemed to 
 increafe in confequence of his vifit, and no farther conteft occurred ; 
 fome thefts, which were committed, being fuffered by Captain Cook 
 to pafs unnoticed, as his ftay was defigned to be fliort. He failed on 
 the I ith April. 
 
 A French navigator, named Le Marchand, vifited the- Marqucflis 
 about the year 1789. Several veffcls, chiefly American, engaged in 
 the fur trade, have alfo fince touched here for provifions ; and the 
 commander of one of them, named Roberts, built a fmall veffel at 
 Port Madre de Dios, with which he proceeded to the north-weft
 
 Ixxviii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 coaft of America. It is reported that the people of Ohittahoo had 
 pcrfcvered in the prudent meafure of keeping their women at a diftancc 
 from European vifitors ; and that, at this feafon, a conteft was excited 
 on the account, in which the rcfpeftable chief, Honoo, was killed 
 by liis brutal guefts. This circumftance, which there is but too 
 much reafon to believe, may account for the very different condudt 
 obferved relative to the females of Ohittahoo, in fubfequent vifits at 
 this place. 
 
 The Daidalus ftorefliip touched at this ifland on her way from 
 England to join Captain Vancouver, and anchored in Port Madre de 
 Dios, 22d March 1792, in twenty-four fathom. Not being fuffi- 
 ciently Iheltered from the land wind, her cable parted early the next 
 morning ; and while driving out of the bay, the fliip was found to 
 be on fire. In cxtinguifhing it, many pieces of rotten bedding were 
 thrown overboard, and the natives crowded round the fhip to pick 
 them up. When the Daedalus regained her ftation, and had been 
 anchored clofer in fhore, it was obferved that the buoy of the anchor 
 from which they had been driven, had been purloined; but a piece of 
 wood having been left by the natives in its ftead, tied to the buoy- 
 rope, direxSed them to recover the anchor. Lieutenant Hergeft, who 
 failed as agent in the Daedalus, went in the afternoon to the place 
 for obtaining frefh water, which was at the diftance of a mile from 
 the fhip ; and finding the furf violent, he landed with only four 
 men, in order to fill two water-cafks. The buckets ufed for this 
 purpofe were foon ftolen by the iflanders, who crowded round, 
 without any perfon of aiithority to reftrain them. They even fnatched 
 Mr. Hergeft's fowling-piece out of his hand ; and there being but 
 one mulket left among the party, it was judged better to make good 
 their retreat with this, than to employ it vindidively. On retiring 
 to the long-boat, they found that fome of the natives had, by diving, 
 cut away the grapnel, with which it had been fecured. When they 
 regained the boat, they rowed clofe to the fhore, and fired a volley 
 of muflcetoons and fmall arms oyer the heads of the crowd. All
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. , Ixxix 
 
 immediately fled to the woods, except one man, who flood his 
 ground, and threw flones at the boat's crew. This bravado was fuf- 
 fered to pafs iinpunillied, but four cannon fliot were fired from the 
 fhip over the fouthern village, which was not above a quarter of a 
 mile diflant. This happily produced no worfe cffc6l than to terrify 
 the natives, who fled in every dircdlion to the mountains ; and about 
 fun-fet one of them fwam off" with a green bough wrapped in white 
 cloth, which he threw into the fliip. Having thus difcharged his 
 embaflly of peace, he immediately returned on fliore. 
 
 The next day, Mr. Hergefl: repairing to the watering-place with 
 an armed party, was cheerfully afliflcd by the iflanders to fill and 
 roll the cafks, with which they alfo fwam to the boats, and were 
 fuitably rewarded for their labour. They could not fl:ill be reftrained 
 from pilfering on board, and a theodolite belonging to Mr. Gooch, 
 an afl:ronomer, was carried off", but feafonably recovered. 
 
 A chief named Too-6u, who had vifited the fliip when flie firfl: 
 anchored, returned on the 24th with a prefent of provifions ; and 
 two others, fome days afterward, brought the grapnel which had 
 been cut from the boat. They promifed alfo to procure the fowling- 
 piece, but came on board when the fhip was ready to fail, without 
 fulfilling their engagement. Mr. Hergeft having well rewarded 
 them for their former trouble, and being confident that they could 
 have recovered his gun, informed one of them that he fliould carry 
 him away if it was- not fpeedily reft:ored ; and accordingly placed a 
 centinel over him in the cabin. The reft of the natives fled in alarm; 
 but the fowling-piece was obtained in half an hour. The prifoner 
 was then liberated, greatly to his joy; and prefents were made to 
 hirw-, and to another principal perfon who had brought the gun on 
 board. 
 
 The crowd of iflanders having incommoded the fliip's company 
 in their bufinefs, the colours were hoifled, to fignify that they mufl: 
 not come on board. The men fubmitted to this prohibition ; but 
 many of the women pcrfifled in fwimming to the fhip, till mufkets
 
 Ixxx PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 were repeatedly fired over their heads, to deter them. Thefts were fre- 
 quent and daring, and the chiefs feemed to want either authority or in- 
 clination to reprefs them. One man, who had made off from the flaip 
 with a bucket, was fhot unintentionally through the calf of his leg, 
 but no other damage was occafioned. 
 
 A good fupply of vegetables was obtained ; but few hogs could 
 be purchafed, and thofe at a rate unufually dear in the South- 
 Sea iflands. The harbour was accurately furveyed before the Ihip 
 failed, but the fketch given by Captain Cook was found to be fuffi- 
 ciently corred:. 
 
 The Prince William Henry left Otaheite on the 29th March, the 
 fame day that the Daedalus failed from Ohittahoo. She made a 
 diredl north-eaft paflage to this ifland, which is therefore demon- 
 ftrated to be pradicable, although not known to have been performed 
 by any other veffel. Her ftay was very tranfient, and her voyage 
 from Britain to the Sandwich iflands was fo rapid as to be accom- 
 pliflied in four months. 
 
 Captain Brown, in the Butterworth, accompanied by two fmaller 
 private vefTels, anchored in Port Madre de Dios ifl June 1792, and 
 flaid only two days, to take in frefh water. 
 
 The degree in which the manners of the people at Ohittahoo had 
 
 been corrupted, fubfequent to Cook's voyage, was not known when 
 
 the Duff left England ; and the difappointment, occafioned by this 
 
 change, appears to have produced the only inftance that occurred 
 
 among our miffionaries, of fhrinking from the work in which they 
 
 were engaged. If the folitary condition of a very promifing young 
 
 man, who had the fortitude to remain fingly on his poft, fhould tend 
 
 to delay the progrefs of the gofpel at the Marquefas, it is hoped 
 
 that this deficiency will foon be amply fupplied. Obflacles, that 
 
 are to be apprehended from long-eftablifhed cuftoms in the other 
 
 groups, are here apparently not liable to oppofe the truth; and 
 
 we trufl that a foundation has already been laid, on which others 
 
 may build with great advantage.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE, Ixxxi 
 
 To the northward of this ifland, and fcparated by a channel hardly 
 above a league in breadth, is Ohevahoa, which extends fix leagues 
 north-eaftward, and has a circuit of fifteen or fixteen leagues. It is 
 more fleep and craggy, efpccially toward the eaftern pouit. tlian 
 Ohittahoo; but its deep valleys, and the fides of the hills, are, like 
 thofe of the former ifland, clothed with trees and verdure. Mendana, 
 who difcovcrcd it on the Lord's day, named it on that account 
 La Dominica. He failed along the fouthern coaft, as Cook did after- 
 ward, without difcovering any harbour. This deficiency has pre- 
 vanted any farther knowledge of the interior country. It appeared in 
 a much more advantageous light to the former navigator than it did 
 to the latter. The natives have always attended at Port Madre de 
 Dios, when European veffels have lain there; and they refemblc 
 the inhabitants of that place, with whom they maintain friendly 
 
 intercourfe. 
 
 On AT EVA, which was named San Pedro by Mendana, lies about 
 £ve leagues eaftward of Ohittahoo, and as much to the fouth of 
 Ohevahoa. It is about three leagues in circuit, moderately high, and 
 pretty level; with extenfive woods, and pleafant plains. 
 
 The moft fouthern ifland of the group, ten leagues diftant from 
 Onateya, was the firft that Mendana difcovered; and he named it La 
 Magdelana, in allufion to the Romifli feflival on which he fell in 
 with it, July 2 1 , 1 595. He coafted the fouthern (liore the following 
 day and four hundred of the natives came ofF, feme in canoes, feme 
 floaimg and fwimming, to the (l.ips. They offered cocoa-nuts, and 
 other fruits, to the Spaniards, and invited them to land. Forty ot 
 the iflanders, with little perfuafion, went on board Mendana's vefTel, 
 and were prefented with clothing; but they attempted to flcal almoil 
 every thing they faw, which foon produced a contefl. One ot the 
 Spaniards was wounded by them with a flone, and they fuftered fc- 
 v£rdy from the fire-arms. The fquadron continuing under fail, they 
 fent after it a canoe, with fymbols of peace and friendlhip. This 
 ifland was judged to be fix leagues in circuit, and appeared populous 
 
 m
 
 Ixxxii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 and fertile. Captain Cook, who faw it after leaving Ohittahoo, 
 reckoned it to be nearly in latitude lO" 25', 138" 50^ weft longitude. 
 Captain Brown, in the Buttcrworth, 27th May 1792, (fifcovercd a 
 rock refembling a fliip, north-eaftward from the fouth-eaft point of 
 this ifland, at the diftance of five leagues. He did not anchor, but 
 laid to off the fouthcrn coaft till tlic 31ft, and procured cocoa-nuts, 
 plantains, and bread-fruit, for nails, from the canoes which came 
 alongfide, and by his boats from the inhabitants on Ihore. One of his 
 people fpent a night upon the ifland, and fwam off the next morning". 
 The natives are underftood to call this ifland Ohittatoa. • 
 
 The only addition to the difcoveries of Mcndana, which was made 
 by Captain Cook's vifit to the Marquefas, is an ifland called b}'- the 
 inhabitants Tebooa, and by Cook, Hood's ifland. It is fituated in 
 the latitude of 9° 26', and at the diftance of five leagues from the 
 eaftcrnmoft point of Ohevahoa, nearly in the direction of N.N. W. 
 It has a bluff appearance, and is of inferior extent to moft others of 
 the group. 
 
 The fliips, which, at a later period, have proceeded to the north- 
 "ward, after taking refreflaments at Ohittahoo, have made much more 
 important difcoveries in this clufter. It is faid that Captain Le 
 Marchand, in 1789, was the firft who faw feveral iflands at no great 
 diftance to the north-weft of thofe which had fo long before been 
 difcovered. An American named Ingraham next obferved them, and 
 fuppofed them to have been till then unknown, but did not land upon 
 them. The only information refpedling thefe iflands, that has 
 hitherto been publiflied, was obtained during the voyage of the 
 Daedalus ftorefliip, in which they were particularly explored. The 
 pofitions of the newly-difcovered iflands having been very incor- 
 rectly laid down by our countrymen who preceded Captain Wilfon, 
 we refer to his account and chart for their fituations, forms, and 
 extent ; limiting our prefent notice to the circumftances which appear 
 in the vifits that were previoufly made to thefe iflands. 
 
 The fouthernmoft of the new Marquefas, Rooap5a, was called
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixxxiii 
 
 Trevennen's ifland by Lieutenant Hergeft, who examined it 31ft 
 March 1792. In its centre are two rocky eminences of vafl: height, 
 and of fingular figure, with fevcral fmaller peaks adjacent. Near the 
 fouth-eaftern point of the coaft is a rock refcmbling a church with a 
 fpire. Several fmall bays are formed in the fouthern fide, the beft of 
 which is terminated by the fouth-wcftern point of the ifland. It 
 was named Friendly bay, from the conduct of the inhabitants, of 
 whoni more than a hundred peaceably furrounded the fiiip with their 
 canoes, and bartered fruits for beads and other trifles. They feemed 
 to be very numerous on fliore, and the eaftern and fouthern fides of 
 the ifland to be very fertile. The natives exadlly refembled in ap- 
 pearance thofe of the preceding ifles. 
 
 Due north from thence, and eight leagues difl:ant, is NooAHiiv a, 
 called by Mr. Hergefl:, Sir Henry Martin's ifland, which is the mofl: 
 confiderable of the whole group, both for extent and fertility. The 
 fouth-eafl:ern cape, which he named Point Martin, forms, with the 
 coaft to the wefl:ward of it, a deep bay, well flieltered, and bordered 
 by fandy beaches. At the head of the bay was obferved, either a 
 deep cove, or the mouth of a confiderable fl:ream. Two leagues 
 farther wefl:ward is a fine harbour, with a fandy bottom, flioaling 
 from twenty-four fathoms to feven, within a quarter of a mile of the 
 fhore. A flream of excellent water runs into it, and it is well 
 fheltered from all winds. A beautiful plain extends for a mile and 
 a half from the beach. The country is populous, and well cultivated. 
 The people appeared to be lighter than thofe of Ohittahoo, and varied 
 confiderably from them in other refpefts. More than one thoufand 
 five hundred were aflfembled on the lliores of this harbour, which 
 was named Port Anna Maria. They received fome people who 
 landed from the Daedalus very hofpitably, and fent off all kinds of 
 provifions to the Ihip. The weflern fide of the ifland was lefs po- 
 pulous. 
 
 Captain Brown, in the Butterworth, landed at Nooaheva ;^d 
 June 1792, about two months after the Daedalus had been there j 
 
 m 2
 
 Ixxxiv PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 and examined the north-weflern part of the ifland, upon which fide 
 likewife very good harbours were found. The natives alfo behaved 
 friendly and refpedfully, but being Grangers to white people, they 
 were eameft to fee whether their fkin was of the fame colour under 
 their clothing as in their faces. Some peculiar ceremonies feem to 
 prevail here : a woman, who, at the requeft of one of the Englifh, 
 brought him fome frefli water to drink, would not deliver it to him 
 till Ihe had pronounced a long oration. 
 
 Early in February 1793, the Daedalus revifited this ifland on her 
 way from the north-weft coafl: of America to New South Wales, and 
 anchored in Port Anna Maria. A friendly intercourfe was renewed, 
 but it was fuddenly broken off by a quarrel between one of the failors 
 and an iflander who had come on board. The latter having ftruck the 
 Englifhman, was fliot by him after having leaped overboard. Upon 
 this, a great number of war canoes were aflembled, and the fhip 
 was attacked with ftones. Lieutenant Hanfon, who had fucceeded 
 Mr. Hergeft in the Daedalus, was obliged to quit the harbour, 
 after remaining there two nights," and proceeded to obtain needful 
 refrefhments at Otaheite. 
 
 Eaftward from Nooaheva, at the diflance of fix or feven leagues, 
 is RooAHooGA, which was called by Lieutenant Hergeft Riou's 
 ifland. It is high and craggy, efpeciaJly at the weft end, but appears 
 more fertile than the fouthern iflands of the group. At this end is a 
 fhelf of rocks, extending about a quarter of a mile from the fliore, 
 which was named after Captain New of the Daedalus. This part 
 of the ifland is deflitute of any harbour for flipping, but on the 
 fouthern coafl: there are appearances of convenient anchorage in two 
 bays. Above one hundred natives aflembled in canoes round the 
 Daedalus upon her firfl approach to the coafl, and bartered their pro- 
 viflons in a very friendly manner. 
 
 It is probable that this group extends farther, both to the north- 
 weft: and fouth-caft, than has yet been explored. Four uninhabited 
 iflands arc all that have been difeovered befide thofe already defcribed.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixxxv 
 
 Of thefe, two, which are very fmall, are fituated weft by north from 
 Nooaheva, ten or twelve leagues diftant, the other two farther off 
 to the north-weft, in f 53' fouth latitude. The largeft of thefe 
 latter is eight miles long and two broad. Upon its north-weftern fide 
 is a bay, affording good anchorage, frefli water, and cocoa-nuts. 
 That fide of the ifland has in general a fertile appearance, but the 
 eaftern coaft is barren. The fmaller ifland lies near the other toward the 
 north-eaft, and fome rocky iflets are between them. Both the iflands 
 are high, and, though not inhabited, are occafionally vifited. They 
 were called Roberts's ifles, and the two fmall ones before mentioned 
 were named after Lieutenant Hergeji. 
 
 Mendana underftood from the natives of Ohittahoo, that they 
 fometimes vifited, in a hoftile manner, a country toward the fouth, 
 the inhabitants of which were black, and ufed bows and arrows in 
 battle. From Captain Wilfon's particular inquiry on this fubjedl, it 
 appears, that if they had at that time any knowledge of fuch a 
 people, it has fince been wholly loft. It is more probable that the 
 Spaniards mifapprehended what was faid; as that nation of the 
 South-Sea iflanders which correfponds to this defcription, is not. 
 known to extend farther eaftward than Feje, which is two thoufand 
 four hundred miles from the Marquefas. 
 
 wife account that has been given of the numerous iflands con- 
 nedted with thofe already occupied as miffionary ftations, fuffices to 
 illuftrate the extent to which, under the bleffing of our Lord, the 
 gofpel may probably be diffufed, from the three central places to which 
 it has been introduced. Were it poffible here to infert fimilar accounts 
 of all the countries which are fituated between thefe groups and the 
 coafts of Afia and New South Wales, the apparent importance of our 
 efforts would be enhanced beyond what can be conceived from the 
 fpecimen that is now furniflied. It muft not,_^however, be omitted,
 
 bcxxvi PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 that people of the fame race with the natives of the groups we have 
 defcribed, are difperfcd over the hadrone and Caroline iflands, which 
 lie north of the equator, and extend from the 130th to the 175th 
 degree of caft longitude; and they have reached from the latter 
 group, or from fome intermediate places not yet difcovered, to the 
 Sandwich iflands, which are fituated between 155° and 160" weft 
 longitude, and 19" and 22° north latitude. Crofling the equator, 
 probably from the more eaftern of the Caroline iflands, they have 
 fpread over the clufl:ers of which we have given an account, and from 
 the Friendly Iflands have reached the large country of New Zealand, 
 between 34" and 48° fouth latitude, and 166° and 180° eaft longitude; 
 while from Otaheite, or fome of the iflands fouth-eafl: of it, they 
 have made a furprifing ftretch to the folitary fpot called Eajier IJIand, 
 in 27° fouth latitude, and no" weft longitude. The language and 
 cuftoms of this widely fcattered nation have been traced to the coafts 
 of the great Afiatic iflands, Luzon and Borneo, and from thence to the 
 peninfula of Malacca, the Aurea Cherfonefus, beyond which the geo- 
 graphical knowledge of the ancients can hardly be faid to have ex- 
 tended. The aftonifhing migrations of this race feem to have origin- 
 ated, like thofe of the northern Europeans, from defigns of conqueft. 
 Thefe they carried into efFeil on the coafts of the grand Afiatic archi- 
 pelago, driving the black natives of thofe very extenfive iflands to the 
 interior mountains, which they ftill occupy as a diftind and inde- 
 pendent people. But the migrations of the fairer race from the 
 Philippine iflands to the Carolines, and farther eaftwarck^ave 
 almoft to a certainty been occafioned by ftrefs of weather, ^iiich 
 drove their canoes from ifland to ifland, and from one group to 
 another, that had not before been peopled. Frequent incidents of this 
 nature have been afcertained, and fome of them have been fpecified in 
 our account of the iflands connedled with Otaheite. The population 
 of iflands fo widely fcattered, cannot, for the greater part, be other- 
 wife explained, either upon the ground of eftabliflied fad:, or upon 
 that of probable conjed:ure.
 
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. Ixxxvli 
 
 The original inhabitants of the great Afiatic iflands feem, hkewife, 
 before they were driven back from their coafts, to have made very 
 conliderable emigrations, although not to diftances fo remote as thofe 
 to which their fupplanters have been difperfcd. The darker race 
 ■ has fpread over the vaft countries of New Holland and New Guinea^ 
 wirh the adjacent iflands of New Britain, New Ireland, and 
 Louijiade, as well as thofe of Solomon, Santa Cruz*, New Cale- 
 donia, the chief part of the New Hebrides, and the group called Fcje. 
 Like the natives of Africa, whom in perfon they generally refemble, 
 they are divided into numerous tribes, and are diftinguifhed by 
 various languages ; yet there is a ftriking famenefs in the cuftoms 
 even of thofe mofl remotely feparated ; and they all differ efTentially 
 from the nation that occupies the numerous fmaller iflands of this 
 ocean. The former are ufually more favage, and of inferior flature; 
 but fome of their tribes may, in thefe refped:s, be compared, or even 
 preferred, to the leaft civilized colonies of their rivals. A New 
 Zealander can boaft little or no advanta^re over his neio;hbour of New 
 Caledonia ; and a Sandwich iflander mufl: apparently yield the palm 
 to an inhabitant of Feje. The fuperior hofpitality of the Otaheiteans, 
 the Friendly iflanders, and the Marquefans, invited our endeavours to 
 promote their beft intercfls ; and our eledtion of that nation, and of 
 thofe groups, has, through the blefTing of God, been juflified by the 
 trial which we have been enabled to make. 
 
 All the iflands of this ocean prefented frefh ground for miflionarv 
 labour, excepting the Philippines, the Ladrones, and a few of the 
 Carolines, to which the Spaniards had gained prior accefs ; 'Japan, 
 once filled with converts to popery, but now without the fliadow 
 of chriflianity ; and the northern Kurile iflands, which are flatedly 
 
 * The groups named by Mendana the Ifles of Solomon and Santa Cruz, are the fame 
 that, in pages 297, 298, of the following narrative, are called Egmont I Hand, &c. 
 and New Georgia ; thofe names having been given to them by Captain Carteret and 
 Lieutenant Shortland, who imagined that they were new difcoveries. 
 
 J
 
 Ixxxviii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. 
 
 vifited bv a Ruffian clergyman from Kamtfchatha. That peninfula 
 contains the onlv ghmmcring ray of chriftianity that enhghtens 
 ■the Afiatic coajl of the Pacific Ocean, with the fole exception of the 
 Roman CathoHcs fccrctcd in the Chinefe empire. The coaft of 
 Nor/Jb Aiiicrira, from Bchring*s ftraits to California, is involved in 
 more than Egyptian darkncfs. Upon the laft-mentioned peninfula 
 Spain has fcveral milTionary Itations, where benevolent and laborious 
 efforts are made, at leaft to civilize the miferable inhabitants. From 
 thence to the ifland of Chiloe, in South America, it is to be feared 
 that the Spanifh conquefls have led the natives rather to deteft the 
 name of chriftianitv than to comprehend its nature. Crofling this 
 i-mmenfe ocean to Ne-iv South Wales, at a diftance of 1 35 degrees of 
 longitude, wc find the gofpel preached with purity and zeal to a herd 
 of our own countrymen, whofc vices reduce them below the moft 
 abjed: clafs of the heathen world around. May the dodlrine of the 
 crofs triumph there oyer the unparalleled obfiacles it has to furmount ; 
 and may it advance from fliore to fhore, till it covers the hemifphere 
 that is walhed by the Pacific Ocean ! Let him who reads fiiy, 
 ""Amen, Lord Jefus ! Thy kingdom come ! Thy will be done 
 *' in earth, as it is in heaven!" 
 
 p. S. On the general chart that defcribes Captain VVilfon's track, tliofe countries 
 of the Pacific Ocean, which lie within, or foiithward of the tropics, are comprehended 
 under the general name of Australia, after the example of foreign geographers. 
 As they appear to be divided between two diilinft races of inhabitants, one of which 
 almoft wholly poflefles the more extenfive countries fituated in the fouth-weftern part 
 of the ocean, thefe are diftinguifhed from the left by the title of the Greciter Auftralia : 
 the ntunerous fmall idands inhabited by riie fairer race Ijeing included under that of 
 Leffer Auflralia. To the whole group, of which a part was difcovered by Cook, 
 and called by him the Friendly Ifles, the title of United Archipelago is afiigned upon the 
 chart. The propriety of thefe innovations is fubmitted to the judgment of fuch among 
 our xeadsfs as are accuftomed to geographical re-fearches.
 
 LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 TO 
 
 CAPTAIN WILSON, 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE DIRECTORS. 
 
 JL he conftant protedlion with which it has pleafed the Divine 
 Being to favour the concerns of the Miffionary Society, renders it 
 incumbent on us, before we enter on the immediate fubjedl of our 
 addrefs to you, to make a humble and undiffembled acknowledg- 
 ment of the gratitude which is due to Him, and to recognife with 
 thankfulnefs the frequent and manifeft interpofitions of his hand in 
 favour of this inftitution. 
 
 Among many other occurrences which have appeared to us of a. 
 nature peculiarly providential, and which we have considered as the 
 proofs of the condefcending care with which it has pleafed the great 
 Head of the church to regard this undertaking, there has been none 
 that excited more thankfulnefs to his name, or occafioned more 
 univerfal fatisfadion among ourfelves, than the circumftance of your 
 having been inclined to confecrate yourfelf to the fervice of God on this 
 interefting occafion. We truft that the fame Being, from whom the 
 difpolition has proceeded, will impart the grace which is requifite 
 to accomplifli the arduous fervice, and infpire the wifdom which is 
 needful for the execution of its important duties. 
 
 Connedled with us in the diredion of the affairs of the Society, 
 you are fully apprifed of the nature and defign of the expedition you 
 have undertaken to conduit. 
 
 n 
 
 ^
 
 xc INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. 
 
 You arc aware, that it is not only in its nature lingular, and almoft 
 without a precedent, but that it is alfo one of the mofl: honourable 
 and mofl important fervices which can be confided to a human 
 being. The attention of the Chriftian world is very generally excited 
 to the objed:, and devout interceflions are continually afcending like 
 incenfe to heaven for its fuccefs. Should it be favoured with the 
 blcITing of God, it may be the diredt means of imparting divine 
 light and eternal life to great multitudes of immortal beings, and 
 may form an a?ra of diflinguifhed importance in the hiftory of human 
 redemption. In this view of the interefting nature of the bufi- 
 nefs.we are engaged in, it is with peculiar fitisfa(5lion and fin- 
 cere affedlion, that we, the Directors of the inftit-ution, not only 
 invcfl: you with the command of the fhip, and with full and complete 
 authority for the management of its concerns in relation to the voyage ; 
 but alfo commit to your care and fuperintendence, during the fame 
 period, the more important charge of the miffion itfelf, and cfpecially 
 of thofe faithful brethren who accompany you therein. Dear to our 
 Saviour, in whofe name they go forth, thefe apoftolic men will have 
 a ftrong interefl in your affecftions alfo. Having forfaken their friends 
 and their country for the loVe of Chrift, and with the defire of 
 fp reading the honours of his name among the heathen, they will feek 
 in your kind attention an equivalent for the endearing connexions 
 they have relinquifiied; and you will be defirous of extending towards 
 them the wife fuperintendence of a parent, and the affedlionate 
 fympathy of a brother. You will cheer the fpirit that is liable to 
 droop under the preffure of its anxieties, or adminifter the word of 
 admonition to the difciple that is in danger of erring. You will be 
 among them the centre of union, to reconcile their divifions, and 
 confirm their love; the univerfal friend, in whofe bofom they will 
 depofit their diverfified cares. 
 
 As it is needful that you fhould be furnifhed with infirudions, 
 both with refpea: to the voyage itfelf, and alfo with relation to the 
 ellabhfhmentof themifiion, it is our duty to defire, that after having
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. xci 
 
 received your cargo on board an invoice whereof you will be fur- 
 nilhed with, and alio the miflionaries who are to accompany you 
 whofc names and occupations you will have an account of, you will 
 plcafe to proceed with all pofTible difpatch to Portfmouth, in order 
 to join the Eaft India convoy now lying there, to which you are to 
 attach yourfelf, and to ufe every exertion in your power to keep com- 
 pany with it, as far as its courfe and yours are defigned to coincide. 
 
 In cafe the convoy Ihould flop at Tencriffe, you will procure four 
 pipes of the beft wine in hogflieads, for which you will apply to the 
 houfe of Mefl". Paifley and Little, and reimburfe them for the amount 
 by your draft on the treafurcr to the inftitution. You will endea- 
 vour to procure from thence two or three bunches of dried grapes ot 
 the beft kind, in order that the feeds may be planted when you ar- 
 rive at the place of your deftinationj alfo a few pecks, or even 
 quarts, of the beft feed wheat, together with the feeds of fuch tro- 
 pical fruits as you may think it would be advantageous to take with 
 you. You will alfo endeavour to procure one ram flieep and two 
 ewes, to be preferved for the purpofe of breeding; alfo a male and 
 female afs, for the fame purpofe. You will alfo at this place pro- 
 bably have an opportunity of giving your fhip's company and the 
 paflTengers feveral meals of frefh meat and vegetables ; which, as it 
 will promote their health and comfort, we are well perfuaded will 
 not efcape your attention. On taking your departure from Teneriffe, 
 we wifh you to confider the port of Rio de Janeiro on the coaft of 
 Brazil as your next obje(5t. At that place you will be able to lay 
 in a ftock of fugar very cheap, for the ufe of the fhip's company 
 and miflionaries on the voyage, as well as for the latter after they 
 are put on fhore; as alfo tobacco, chocolate, cochineal-plant, and 
 many other vegetable produdlions ufeful for confumption and cul- 
 tivation at the fettlement. Here you will alfo embrace the oppor- 
 tunity to procure a fupply of frefh meat, and other defirable ar- 
 ticles, for the refrefliment of the fliip's company, at a reafonable 
 rate. 
 
 n 2
 
 xcii INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. 
 
 From this port we wiili you to proceed by the way of Cape Horn 
 to the ifland of Otaheite, there to put in execution the diredions 
 which will be hereafter fuggefted, fo fiir as they may appear to you 
 eligible on your arrival. In the mean time, we think it material to 
 provide againft the probability of your meeting with a foul wind in 
 your attempt to double Cape Horn; in which cafe, after having made 
 the firft attempt as clofe in with the land as you think confiftent with 
 the fafcty of the (hip, we recommend you to ftand to the fouthward 
 to the diftance of at leaft four or five degrees ; when, if you ftill 
 find the wind blowing fteadily againft you, rather than lofe much 
 time in attempting to beat againft it, we advife you to bear up and 
 run for the Cape of Good Hope, where you will find thofe refrefli- 
 ments which by that time you will ftand in need of. 
 
 On your arrival in the South Seas, the deftined fcene of your 
 benevolent exertions, the immediate profpedt of the important fervice 
 before you will imprefs your mind with peculiar weight, and you 
 will be anxious to fulfil, to the utmoft of your power, the engage- 
 ment you have undertaken. You will then recolledl, that the fphere 
 of your activity is widely extended, and includes a confiderable 
 number of diflTerent iflands remotely fituated from each other ; you 
 will be reminded of the refolution of the general meeting, which was 
 thus expreffed : 
 
 " That a mifiTion be undertaken to Otaheite, the Friendly Iflands, 
 " the Marquefas, the Sandwich, and the Pelew Iflands, in a fliip 
 *' belonging to the Society, to be commanded by Captain Wilfon, 
 " as far as may be pradicable and expedient." 
 
 This refolution embraces a plan of great extent and importance, 
 and proceeds from the laudable and benevolent defire of introducing 
 the knowledge of Chrift into as many different iflands as pofi[ibIe; 
 you will therefore confider this refolution as the rule of your con- 
 dud:, and keep it in your remembrance in all your proceedings. It 
 is not to be departed from, without folid and important reafons ; for, 
 as the gofpel of Chrift is a blefling beyond the power of calculation
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. xciii 
 
 to eftimatc, the defirablenefs of fending it to as many iflands as 
 pofllble is in proportion to its ineftimable value. We do not mean, 
 however, to encourage you to adopt a fyftem of milTionary enterprife 
 beyond the boundaries of difcretion ; we do not urge you to depart 
 from the principles of prudence and caution, which fo important 
 an occafion requires ; nor by attempting to introduce the advantages 
 of Chriftianity in many places, fo to divide your numbers as to weaken 
 your efforts too much in each, and endanger your fuccefs in all. 
 The refolution is not intended to prevent a wife and difcreet circum- 
 fpedtion. It is indeed defirable to introduce the gofpel into feveral 
 iflands ; but it is neceffary, if poffible, to eftablifh it in one ; for if 
 you concentrate your exertions, and gain a folid eftablifhment in one 
 place, it may become the germ of other miffionary efforts, and be a 
 facred leaven which may gradually fpread its beneficial influence 
 through numerous and diftant iflands of the South Seas. Thus you 
 will perceive, that although the refolution by which you are to endea- 
 vour to regulate your operations is of great extent, and highly de- 
 Urable to be accompliflied, yet that it is limited by the conflderations 
 of pradlicability and expedience; and of thefe you will of neceflity 
 be the beft qualified to judge. 
 
 The queftion refpedling the pradlicability of vifiting fo many dif- 
 tant iflands muft be decided by circumflances which it is impofTiblc 
 for us to anticipate; and even to you, when in the South Seas, a miifion' 
 may appear to be pra(flicable, which you may nevcrthelefs not think it 
 expedient to attempt. For inftance, the Pelew iflands are the laft which, 
 in the order of your voyage, you will have occafion to vifit. The cha- 
 radler of the natives furnifhes a flrong inducement to eftablifli a miffion 
 among them, and the attempt may alfo appear to be pradicable : but 
 would you think it expedient to take a hw mifTionaries from the 
 iflands at a great diflance to windward, at an uncertainty of the re- 
 ception which a miflionary plan might meet with in the former? Sup- 
 pofe that, by a new chief having arifen with lefs favourable difpofitions
 
 xciv INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. 
 
 than the father of Lee Boo, or through any other caufe, you fliould 
 be prevented from leaving our brethren there, with perfecft fatisfad:ion 
 to yourfelf and them, what would be the effedl ? You could not 
 admit of the waflc of time and expenditure of money which it would 
 require to convey them to the iflands where your other miffions may 
 have been eftablilhed, even if your return thither againft the trade 
 wind was prailicablc; and you would probably have no alternative 
 but that of bringing them with you to their native land. The fame 
 reafoning may apply with refpedl to the Sandwich iflands. It is 
 extremely defirable that the blefTuigs of the Chriftian religion 
 fhould be extended to thofe populous regions ; but the indubitable 
 accounts which we have lately received of the actual flate of thofe 
 iflands, do not permit us to recommend the efl:ablifliment of a mifllon 
 among them at prefent. A variety of other conliderations will occur 
 to your mind when you are to decide on what is prad:icable and 
 expedient. If you look over the inventory of the different articles 
 which make up your cargo, fupplied by the liberality of our friends, 
 or furniflied from the funds of the infl:itution, you will pro- 
 bably conclude that they are much more adapted' for the co-opera- 
 tion of a number of individuals in one or two focieties, than for a 
 difl:ribution among more. When you conflder the qualifications of 
 the miflionaries, you will perhaps be inclined to think, that re- 
 maining in one or two bodies, they may form models of civilized fo- 
 ciety, fmall indeed, but tolerably complete. There are fome among 
 them who are adapted to be ufeful by the improved flate of their 
 minds, and their fitnefs for taking the lead in religious fervices ; there 
 are others who are neceflary on account of the fkilfulnefs of their 
 hands, and their knowledge of the ufeful arts : thus there would be 
 among them that mutual dependence and ufefulnefs which is the 
 cement of the focial order. If you fliould feparate them into feveral 
 parties for various miflions, it would occur to you that this order and 
 connexion would be very much broken ; and as every miflion fliould
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. xcv 
 
 contain within itfclf a competent fund both of divine and human 
 knowledge, you might perhaps find it impradticable to arrange our 
 miflionaries into feveral parties, and yet preferve among them thefe 
 indifpenfable requifites. Among our brethren who accompany you, 
 we truft you will find fome who polTefs a confiderable acquaintance 
 with the dodtrines of Chriftianity in their foundation and mutual 
 dependence, and are qualified for the defence and confirmation of the 
 gofpel ; but others of them have not perhaps a view of the fubjecft 
 fufficiently accurate and enlarged to fit them for the office of teachers. 
 They underftand indeed the dodlrines of grace in the mofi: precious 
 fenfe, by experimental convidlion ; and having a general idea of 
 them, may be very ufeful to the heathen by means of their con- 
 verfation as well as their exemplary lives. But in every miffion, 
 however fmall, it is eflential that there fhould be fome whofc 
 minds have acquired a maturity in divine things, and who are 
 fcribes well inftrudled in the kingdom of heaven. This it might be 
 difficult for you to accomplilh, on the plan of eftablifhing a number 
 of different fettlements. 
 
 If from thefe reafons, or others which may arife in your n:iind 
 when you are amidft the fcene of ad ion, you judge that the 
 caufe of Chrift among the heathen will be beft promoted by the 
 efi:ablifhment of fewer miffions, we fhall receive great fatisfaiftion 
 in finding that you are able to vifit more iflands, with a view to 
 the introduction of the gofpel among them at a future period. By 
 means of fome of the Europeans now probably refiding at Otaheite, 
 who may be difpofed to accompany you, your accefs to the un- 
 derftandings of the iflanders will be facilitated; you will eafily 
 communicate to them the beneficial plan you are proje<fling in 
 their favour ; and you may afcertain how far a miffion to any of 
 them may be advifable. This mode of procedure is highly de- 
 firable, as it may throw a confiderable light upon our future 
 path, and affift our judgment refpecfling the defigns of Providence
 
 xL^i INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON- 
 
 toward thcfe iflands. It is the more to be recommended, on ac- 
 count of the great degree of probabihty there is of our revifiting 
 them, foon after the fafe return of our velTcl from her prcfent expe- 
 dition ; as it is evident, that, with the affiftance of a freight home- 
 M'ard, the navigation to thofe feas may be hereafter undertaken at 
 little comparative expenfe, and thus opportunities be afforded of fre- 
 quent intercourfe with them. Submitting thefe confiderations to 
 }our attention, we now think it neceflary to offer you a few more 
 obfervations, derived from the beft information we can obtain, and 
 the befl judgment we can at prefent form on the fubjedt : you will 
 adhere to them or not, as you may find it expedient when you arrive. 
 It is well known that Otaheite is the ifland on which the general 
 expectation has been fixed, as the place where our firft miffion is to 
 be attempted ; and we have no reafon to alter the opinion we at firfl 
 entertained of the eligibility of this fpot : but as our objedl is to in- 
 troduce the gofpel of Chrift among the heathen, all partialities or 
 prediledions to particular places muft be made fubfervient to that end. 
 We conceive you will vifit that iHand before any other, and you 
 will doubtlefs have an early interview with the chiefs. It mull: be 
 left to your own difcretion how far you will then unfold to them 
 tlie occafion of your voyage. You will alfo probably foon be vi- 
 fited by fome Europeans, and will moft likely find means to con- 
 ciliate their confidence, without committing yourfelf to them any 
 further than you may deem prudent. All your difcrimination 
 may be requifite to fix on thofe among them who are beff fuited 
 to become your inftruments ; from them you will learn the pre- 
 fent ftate of this ifiand, and perhaps of thofe adjacent, as to pro- 
 duce, population, difpofition of the natives, and political relations. 
 You will however be on your guard againft mifreprefentation, 
 and by comparing different reports find out the truth. You will 
 alfo guard againft treachery and furprife. You will be cautious 
 whom you admit on board; efpecially you will not allow the
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. xcvit 
 
 females, except the wives of the chiefs, and only a few at a time. 
 Neither would it be prudent to permit too many of the Englilli, if 
 remaining at Otaheite, to be on board at once. You will take an 
 early opportunity of vifiting the fmaller peninfula, as it has been 
 reprefcnted by fome voyagers to be the moft fertile, well cultivated, 
 and abounding with cotton and fugar-cane. Let the fliip run down 
 to the adjacent ifland of Eimeo, examine the harbours of Taloo and 
 Avoitai, converfe with the chiefs, learn the prefent ftate of that ifland, 
 and the difpofition of the inhabitants toward a fettlement of fome 
 of our brethren among them. 
 
 After you have afcertained to your fatisfadion the kind of 
 treatment which the mifTionaries are likely to experience at Otaheite, 
 you will be more capable of judging how to improve the remainder 
 of your voyage, than we are at prefent. To affift you in the di- 
 rection of your farther attempts, we recommend to your attentive 
 perufal the papers which have been committed to you, contain- 
 ing a defcription and hiflorical account of the iflands that are conned:ed 
 with Otaheite, or included in the groups called the Friendly Iflands 
 and the Marquefas. You will compare them on the grounds of 
 immediate advantage and future profpeds. To this fubjed: be- 
 longs the confideration of the fafety of our women, probability of 
 introducing our improvements, fupply of provifions, the produds of 
 the iflands in fugar, cotton, fandal-wood, &c. We are thus par- 
 ticular in fuggefling thefe obfervations to you, becaufe you are much 
 better qualified than we can exped; any of the mifTionaries to be, to 
 decide on the mofl eligible fpots for our fettlement; and it is a circum- 
 ftance of fo much importance as to claim your utmofb attention. You 
 will doubtlefs on this fubje<5l hold very frequent communications 
 with the mifTionaries, and efpecially with the committee,, ftating to 
 them the grounds on which you may prefer one fpot to another : 
 as it would be peculiarly defirable to obtain, if pofHule, a perfcdl 
 unanimity of the whole body as to the place of fettlement ; and the 
 objedions of thofe who may happen to think diffcieatly from your-
 
 xcvlii INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. 
 
 felf, or from the majority of their brethren, fliould be attentively heard 
 and maturely confidered. It is, however, very difficult for fo many 
 perfons perfcdly to coincide on any fubjedl ; and we therefore place 
 the power of decifion in a majority of the committee, provided that 
 you, the prefident, form one of that majority. As we conclude that you 
 pofTcfs a fuperior judgment on this fubjedl to any of them, it appears 
 to us to be a regulation highly conducive to their good, that no 
 fettlement fliould be made without your approbation. For the fake 
 of relieving you from fome part of the refponfibility, we lodge in 
 the fame committee, and fubje<5l to the fame rule, the power of de- 
 ciding whether there fliall be more mifTions than one eftabliflied, and 
 where the fubfequent ones fhall be attempted. To this committee 
 belongs alfo, under the fame reftridiion, the control over the articles, 
 implements, and utenfils, which make up the cargo of the fhip ; 
 and they, with your concurrence, are to decide, when, where, and 
 in what proportions, thofe articles are to be landed. In cafe, how- 
 ever, of feveral miffions being attempted, for the fake of flrid: and 
 impartial juflice we appoint, that two of the committee fliall be taken 
 from thofe who remain at the firfl fettlement, and two others from 
 thofe who are intended to be detached to any other : yourfelf, being 
 the prefident, and perfedly difinterefted, will have the power of 
 adminiftering juflice toward both. It is however intended, that a 
 quantity of articles, fuitable for prefents to the chiefs of iflands which 
 you may vifit in your way to Canton, fliould remain on board, and 
 you muft have the power of deciding what articles, and what quantity 
 of each, fliall be referved for that purpofe. 
 
 To a number of ferious Chriflians, who are, on all occafions, 
 feeking divine diredlion, it will no doubt occur, that the determination 
 of any qucflion refpeding attempts to extend the gofpel is of fuch 
 tranfcendant importance, as to require the mofl folemn invocation of 
 Him who heareth prayer, for the interpofition of his wifdom to guide 
 you in judgment. An unanimity, or nearly fo, of the whole body, 
 pn queftions fo interefling, and v^liich are to be decided after a
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. xcix 
 
 folemn feafon of devotion appointed for that fpecial occafion, would 
 afford confiderable fatisfadlion to our minds, as a favourable intinia- 
 tion of the divine fuperintendence. 
 
 In negotiating with the chiefs, you will explain to them the ad- 
 vantages which will arife to them from our rcfidcnce among them ; __ 
 that it may be the happy effedt of their earncft dcfire, and not of 
 our fblicitation. As an inducement to us to prefer their iiland, they 
 mull give us a full title to the land we may have occafion for, gua- 
 rantee to us the fafety of our property from plunder, the enjoyment 
 of our laws and cuftoms, and the undifturbed exercife of our religion. 
 Inflead of exciting the jealoufy of the chiefs by any importunity on 
 our parts to continue with them, it would be more prudent to fliew 
 a readinefs to leave the ifland, and fix upon fome other, that it may 
 be underflood by them, that our inducements to vifit them have not 
 been to receive advantages, but to confer them. On this principle, 
 as well as for other reafons, we recommend that the land fliould not 
 be purchafed, but required, as the condition of our remaining with 
 them ; and that the prefents we make flaould not be confidered as 
 payments, but as gratuities, the expreilions and pledges of our good 
 will. If you fhould determine to make a fettlement at feveral iflands, 
 you and the committee will decide what number, and which indi- 
 viduals, fliould refide at each. If this fliould be the occafion of dif- 
 putes which you cannot amicably terminate, we recommend your 
 appealing to the decifion of Divine Providence by a folemn and 
 religious ufe of the ancient inftitution of drawing lots; 
 
 We have now finiftied the inftrudions which appeared to us 
 needful to communicate with refpedl to the miflion. The changes 
 which may have taken place in the ftate of the iflands fince the laft 
 accoimts, may make it neceflTary for you to depart from the advice 
 which we have now offered, and refort to expedients more congruous 
 to the circumflances before you, and better fitted to fecure the great 
 objedt. 
 
 On your arrival at Canton, you will addrefs yourfclf to the fadory
 
 c INSTRUCTIONS TO CAPTAIN WILSON. 
 
 of the India Company, and in all refpedls conform to the conditions 
 of the charter, a copy of which you will take with you. You will 
 in particular obferve the neceility of your being there by the month 
 of December, or at lateft in the month of January 1798, that you 
 may receive your cargo on board, and fail for Europe in the early 
 part of the fpring. Thus we fliall cherifh the hope of your fafe 
 return foon after the fucceeding midfummer. In the mean time you 
 will doubtlefs embrace whatever opportunities occur of writing 
 to us either from Rio de Janeiro, or by the firft fliip which fails 
 from Canton ; and let your difpatches be addreffed to Mr. Jofeph 
 Hardcaftle, of London. 
 
 We have now only to commend you to the all-fufficient care and 
 protedlion of Him who holds the winds in his fifl, and the waters 
 in the hollow of his hand. The throne of mercy will be addrefled 
 with unceafing fupplications in behalf of your fafety, and the fuc- 
 cefs of your embaffy. You are accompanied by the affedionate efteem 
 of the excellent of the earth ; and miniftring fpirits, we truft, will 
 receive the welcome charge to convoy you in fafety to the place of 
 your deftination. May they be glad fpedators of the formation 
 of a Chriftian temple in thefe heathen lands, and thus be furnllhed 
 with the fubjedl of a new fong to Him that fitteth upon the throne, 
 and to the Lamb ! 
 
 Signed by order of the Diredors, 
 
 John Love, Secretary,
 
 FIRST 
 
 MISSIONARY VOYAGE, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction. — Appointment of Mijionaries and Ship*s Crew. 
 
 1 HE difcoveries made in the great fouthem fea by the voyages un- 
 dertaken at the command of his prefent majefty, George the Third, 
 excited wonderful attention, and brought, as it were, into light a 
 world till then almoft unknown. Iflands, it maybe faid, innume- 
 rable, were found to cover the bofom of the Pacific Ocean in different 
 groups ; fome of them extenfive, and many full of inhabitants, 
 who difcovered, by the fimilarity of their language and religion, 
 the fame original race ; though how they became difperfed over 
 three or four thoufand fquare miles, with no other veflel than a 
 canoe, is truly marvellous. The preliminary account affords a clear 
 and concife view of former voyages. This intercourfe with Europeans 
 communicated fome advantages, but withal entailed upon them mifcry 
 and difeafes, to which before they had been utter flrangers. The 
 perufal of the accounts of thefe repeated voyages could not but 
 awaken, in fuch countries as our own, various fpeculations, ac- 
 •cording as men were differently affcdled. The merchant confidcred 
 
 B
 
 ft FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 if they would afford any objed: of commerce ; the natiiralifl: eagerly 
 explored the peculiar fubjeft of his refearches ; and the aftronomer 
 fought a Nation, from whence he might obferve the tranfit of Venus 
 over the fun, and deduce from thence ufeful improvement in that 
 celeftial fcience. But when, as Mr. King obferves, thefe iflands 
 were found to produce little which would excite the cupidity of am- 
 bition, or anfvver the fpeculations of the interefted, they werp ready 
 to be abandoned to their primitive oblivion, unlefs occafionally vifited 
 by a flraggling fhip ; and after proving the fuperior advantages of 
 our iron tools, and led to the total negledl of their own, their fitua- 
 tion would have become ftill more deplorable than their original flate. 
 The iron we bartered with them could not be repleniflied, nor re- 
 paired by them, and muft foon become ufelefs ; they would have 
 loft the habit of ufing and making their former tools of bone and 
 ftone ; whilft the ravages of the difeafes which Europeans had pro- 
 bably communicated, threatened to fweep them from the earth with 
 the befom of deftrudtion. Rcfledlions on their unhappy fituation 
 had dropped from the pen of the humane, and pity had often fwelled 
 the bolbm of the compafTionate : a few felt for them, not only as 
 men, but as Chriftians, and wifhed fome mode could be devifed of 
 communicating to them the knowledge of that ineftimable book, 
 compared with which all befide is pompous ignorance, and all the 
 treafures of the earth lighter on the balance than vanity itfelf. The 
 objedt had lain on many a heart, and prayer had gone up on their 
 behalf J a feeble effort was difappointed by the unfaithfulnefs of 
 thofe defigned for the work. 
 
 Yet the idea was not wholly abandoned, though the profpe61: of 
 its accomplifhment was almoft defpaired of: a few of the faith- 
 ful minifters of Chrift, aflbciated on another occafion, feemed, at 
 the fame time, to exprefs a faint wifh that fomething could be 
 done for the heathen. On communicating their thoughts to others 
 of their brethren, they found a cordial difpofition to co-operate ; and 
 the attempt at Sierra Leone, though inftituted with a particular view.
 
 TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. j 
 
 l^rought forth fome letters on mifTions, fuggefting their pradticability, 
 and calling to the attempt. This coincidence of a rifing fpirit of 
 miilionary purfuits, though in its lowert: embryo form, led to con- 
 verfe on the fubjeft, and to confider how the work might be begun : 
 two or three individuals offered to open a fubfcription for the pur- 
 pofe ; and the adive minifters who direded the Evangelical Maga- 
 zine refolved to hazard an advertifement of their defign, and to in- 
 vite the concurrence of their brethren. From thefe fmall beginnings 
 arofe the great increafe ; and the cloud, at firfl no bigger than a man's 
 hand, diffufed itfclf over this land, and poured down its copious 
 ihowers of bleilings on the ifles of the fouthern ocean. AmifTionary 
 fociety was in confequence formed in England, and zealoufly feconded 
 ty our brethren in North Britain. 
 
 Their objedt was fimple and noble; •' to deliver mankind from the 
 *' greateft: poflible portion of mifery which befets them, and to confer 
 " upon them the moft abundant meafure of felicity which our nature 
 " is capable of enjoying." They were confcious this could only be 
 cffeded by the gofpel of the grace of God preached among all natiohs, 
 as far as their opportunities or abilities might extend. For this end 
 their meetings became frequent, and their plans matured for exe- 
 cution. 
 
 After a long and ferious confideration of the fubjeft, they deter- 
 , mined to commence with the iflands of the fouthern ocean, as thefe, 
 for a long time paft, had excited peculiar attention. Their fituation 
 of mental ignorance and moral depravity ftrongly imprefled on our 
 minds the obligation we lay under to endeavour to call them from 
 darknefs into marvellous light. The miferies and difeafes which their 
 intercourfe with Europeans had occafioned, fcemed to upbraid our 
 negleft of repairing, if poflible, thefe injuries; but above all, we 
 longed to fend to them the everlafting gofpel, the firfl and mofl dif- 
 tinguifhed of bleffings which Jehovah has beflowed on the children 
 of rnen. 
 
 B 7,
 
 4 FIRST INirSSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 We were fenfible fome could not underftand our motives, and 
 others would ful'ped: or mifinterpret them; but confcious of the 
 iimplicity and godly fincerity which prompted us to the undertaking, 
 we perfevered undifmayed with difficulties, and, through the good 
 hand of our God over us for good, have fucceeded beyond our moft 
 fanguine exped:ations. 
 
 The various ft-ps in which we have proceeded are now before the 
 public, and fubmitted to the attention of thofe who would meditate 
 on the wondrous maze of Providence, and contemplate the great 
 events that fpring from means apparently the moft inconfiderable. 
 
 On notifying our intentions to the public, we met a fpirit of zeal 
 and liberality highly encouraging j applications manifold were 
 poured in of candidates for the miffion, with fubfcriptions adequate 
 to the undertaking. None but men the moft felcd: for piety were to 
 be admitted. We were defirous to obtain fome poftelTed of literary 
 attainments, but efpecially to procure adepts in fuch ufeful arts and 
 occupations as would make us moft acceptable to the heathen in that 
 ftate of inferior civilization to which they were advanced. A feledl 
 committee of minifters, approved for evangelical principles and 
 ability, was appointed to examine the candidates, as to their views, 
 capacity, and knowledge in the myfteries of godlinefs. Many were 
 rejeded, and only thofe received, who, after repeated and careful at- 
 tention to the fubjecl, by inquiries into their condud and character, 
 had the ftrongeft recommendations from the minifters and conoresra- 
 tions with whom they had been joined in communion, and of whofe 
 intelligence and devotcdnefs to the work we had the fulleft evidence^ 
 Thirty men, fix women, and three children, were approved, and 
 prefented to the directors for the commencement of the miflion.
 
 / 
 
 TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 
 
 List of the Missionaries who embarked on board the Duff, 
 
 at Blackwall. 
 
 NO. NAMES. AGE. 
 
 1 Rev. James Fleet Cover 34 
 
 2 John Eyre 28 
 
 3 —— John Jefferfon 2)^ 
 
 4 Thomas Lewis 3 1 
 
 5 Mr. Henry Bicknell 29 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 • Daniel Bowell 22 
 Benj. Broomhall 20 
 John Buchanan 31 
 James Cooper 28 
 John Cock 23 
 William Crook ai 
 
 • Samuel Clode 35 
 John A. Gillham 22 
 
 • Peter Hodges 29 
 
 • William Henry 23 
 
 • John Harris 39 
 Hudden — 
 
 ■ Samuel Harper 26 
 
 • Rowland HalTelt 27 
 . Seth Kelfo 48 
 
 • Edward Main 24 
 
 ■ Ifaac Nobbs 24 
 
 • Henry Nott 22 
 
 ■ Francis Oakes 25 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Ordained minifter. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. and has attended the hof- 
 pitals and difpenfaries, and 
 underftands printing. 
 
 Houfe carpenter, fawyer, and 
 wheelwright. 
 
 Shopkeeper. 
 
 Buckle and harnefs maker* 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 Shoemaker. 
 
 Carpenter. 
 
 Gentleman's fervant, and fince 
 tinworker. 
 
 Whitefmith and gardener. 
 
 Surgeon. 
 
 Smith and brazier. 
 
 Carpenter and joiner. 
 
 Cooper. 
 
 Butcher. 
 
 Cotton manufadlurer. 
 
 Indian weaver. 
 
 Weaver. 
 
 Taylor (late of the royal artil- 
 lery). 
 
 Hatter. 
 
 Bricklayer. 
 
 Shoemaker.
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 wo. WAMES. 
 
 25 Mr. James Puckey 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 • William Puckey 
 William Smith 
 William Shelly 
 George Veefon 
 James Wilkinfon 
 
 WOMEN. 
 
 31 Mrs. Mary Cover 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 Elizabeth Eyre 
 Elizabeth Haffell 
 Sarah Henry 
 Mary Hodges 
 Hudden 
 
 CHILDREN. 
 
 37 James Cover 
 
 38 Thomas Haflell 
 
 39 Samuel Otoo Haflell 
 
 AGE. OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 25 Carpenter. 
 
 20 Carpenter. 
 
 21 Linen-draper. 
 21 Cabinet-maker. 
 24 Bricklayer. 
 
 27 Carpenter and joiner. 
 
 37 Wife of J. F. Cover. - 
 
 64 Wife of John Eyre. 
 
 29 Wife of "Rowland Haflell. 
 
 23 Wife of Wm. Henry. 
 
 25 Wife of P. Hodges. 
 
 ^ Wife of— Hudden. 
 
 1 2 Son of J. F. Cover. 
 2 Son of Rowland Haflell, 
 J 6 weeks. Do, 
 
 We wiflicd our feledlion of mariners fhould be equally choice, and 
 laboured to procure fuch, and were not a little fuccefsful in this 
 behalf. Captain Wilfon and the firfl: mate, his nephew, were per- 
 fons in every view equal to the undertaking, and as hearty in the 
 work as the mifllonaries themfelves. Many of the failors were men 
 of a like mind ; about half were communicants ; and every man was 
 eager to beg admittance with us, under the profefllon of wifliing to 
 be inftrumental in fo blefled a fervice, and the hope that he (hould 
 gain benefit and edification to his own foul. 
 
 During the firfl: fix weeks that they were detained in harbour, one 
 of our body, who continued with them daily, and often minifliered 
 unto them, declares he never heard the name of God blafphemed, a
 
 TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 7 
 
 paflionate word fpoken, or faw an unbecoming adlion in any one of the 
 mariners, many of whom joined in the exercifes of prayer and praifc 
 with the mofl cordial devotion, and none who were not on duty ever 
 abfented themfelves from the ftated hours of worfhip. Surrounded as 
 we were by king's fliips in the harbour, and often increafed on the 
 quarter-deck by numerous vifitants, this excited no fmall mcafure of 
 furprife and wonder at its novelty. The fongs of Zion were daily heard 
 over the deep.-^The real Chriftian in every fituation of life poflcfles pe- 
 culiar excellence : his religion will never interrupt the difchargc of his 
 duties in fociety ; none will be found fo confcientioufly diligent; divine 
 principle will do more than the moft rigid difcipline. We appeal to 
 fads that muft carry convi(5tion to every candid and unprejudiced 
 mind. 
 
 The preparations being completed, and all the ftores on board, a fo- 
 lemn defignation of the mifTionaries to their office was made, and the 
 evening preceding the embarkation the diredlors met the miffionaries, 
 and celebrated their laft happy communion together, in the fulleft 
 confidence of fhortly meeting again in the prefence of God and of the 
 Lamb, and enjoying eternal fellowfhip with Jefus the mediator, 
 and the fpirits of all juft men made perfedt. 
 
 The profecution of our voyage for the accomplifhment of the be- 
 nevolent and evangelical purpofes of our fociety will be found to con- 
 tain a variety of events, interefting to the navigator, the naturalift, 
 and the politician; but above all, will engage the peculiar attention 
 of thofe who glory in the name of Chriftian, and long to fee, what 
 they fully expe<5t, the coming of the kingdom of the Lord, and of 
 his Chrift, when " the mountain of the Lord's houfe fliall be efta- 
 " bliflied in the top of the mountains, and the nations fhall flow 
 " unto it." — The ory of the univerfal church is, that '* the Lord 
 " would haften it in his time !"
 
 8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Embarkation. — Departure from the River, — Stay at Portfjuouth. 
 
 J. HE preparations being completed, and the miflionades ready for 
 embarkation, the diredors of the fociety were very anxious for the 
 Duff's failing with the Eaft India convoy, which, at this time, lay 
 at Spithead, waiting for a fair wind. They embarked in fight of 
 many fpediators, and accompanied by relations, acquaintances, and 
 feveral of the directors, to whom, as refiding in London, had been 
 committed the care of the outfit of the mifiion. Auguft the loth, 
 1796, at fix in the morning, we weighed anchor, and hoifi:ed our 
 miffionary flag at the mizen top-gallant-mafl: head : three doves ar- 
 gent, on a purple field, bearing olive-branches in their bills. The 
 morning was ferene, and a gentle breeze blew from the W. N. W. ; 
 few veffels were fl:irring on the river ; all was ftill and quiet ; and 
 it feemcd a favourable feafon for pleafing contemplation to thofe 
 whofe hearts, warmed with benevolence to flieir fellow men, and ar- 
 dour for the extenfion of the Redeemer's kingdom, had long earnefi:]y 
 defired to fee a profpedt fo promifing as this their firfl: attempt now 
 afforded. With fatisfadion they beheld thofe, who at a future pe- 
 riod were to adl alone in the caufe, not difpirited at leaving their 
 native country and friends, nor with the thought of what lay before 
 them, but, on the contrary, refigning themfelves into the hands 
 of Him whom they firmly believed able to carry all his purpofes into 
 effed. The hymn, " Jcfus, at thy command — we launch into the 
 " deep," &c. was fung by upwards of an hundred voices, producing 
 a pleafing and folemn fenfation. The failors in the fhips we paffed 
 heard with filent aftonifiiment, and our friends, who lined the banks 
 of the river, waved their hands, and bid us a lafl adieu. 
 2
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTIT-SEA ISLANDS. 9 
 
 . The fpirit which animated the brethren for this undertaking will 
 be bell felt by a Ihort extract or two fronx their journals, all which 
 fpeak the fame language. 
 
 One fays, " When taking a profpedive view of the great work 
 before us, my foul was conflrained to cry out, Who is fufficient 
 for thefe things ? But I was enabled to derive comfort and en- 
 couragement from the confidence, that He who holdeth the winds 
 in his fifl, and the waters in the hollow of his hand, can pre- 
 ferve from every evil. To his providential care I was enabled to 
 furrender myfelf ; determined, through his Divine afliftance, to 
 be devoted to the work of preaching the gofpel of Chrift to the 
 poor benighted inhabitants of the iflands of our deftination." 
 Another writes, " I felt deeply when leaving my native country 
 and dear friends, whom I loved as my life; but loving the Giver 
 of life, I trufl, more than all, I went with tears of joy." 
 At Woolwich a vafl: concourfe of people had colledled on the rtiorc 
 to falute us as we paffed. The breeze frcfhening, we arrived at 
 Gravefend before noon, and employed the remainder of the day in 
 clearing the decks, which were in a very lumbered condition , from 
 the eagernefs of a multitude of kind individuals from the neigh- 
 bouring towns, who, wufliing to contribute to the comfort of the 
 miflionaries, came on board, bringing various articles of rcfrcfliment, 
 and entreating they might be received, till every part of the fhip was 
 crowded to a very great degree. The miflionaries' chefts and ham- 
 mocks were alfo to be arranged and flung, to prepare for paffing the 
 firfl: night of their novel fituation between the decks with as little 
 inconvenience as pofllble. The Rev. Dr. Haweis, the Rev. Mr.Wilks, 
 and the Rev. Mr. Brookfl)ank, directors of the fociety, had come on 
 board at Black wall j the two latter deflgning to go down the Chan- 
 nel with their brethren to Portfmouth, and the former to remain 
 with them till they fhould leave England. Captain Wilfon, Mr. 
 Hardcaflle, and Mr. Fenn, came on board from London, and fet- 
 tled with the crew for their river pay and their bounty. The articles 
 
 c
 
 JO 
 
 }'IRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [1796. 
 
 were agreed to and llgncd, and the fliip cleared at the cuftom- 
 houfe. 
 
 Voc List of the D 
 
 Jamks Wilson, 
 
 1 William Wilfon, 
 
 2 Thomas Codlell, 
 
 3 James I'aleoner, 
 
 4 Thomas Robfon, 
 
 5 Stanton, 
 
 6 John Micklewright, 
 
 7 John Orange, 
 
 S Bctijamin Bond, 
 
 9 Robert Law Con, 
 
 10 William Wells, 
 
 1 1 Mark Yates, 
 
 la Franeis Dad Ion, 
 
 13 James Wilfon, 
 
 14 James Lucas, 
 
 15 John Wells, 
 
 16 Robert Green, 
 
 17 John Stephens, 
 i3 Benjamin Bar, 
 
 19 William Tucker, 
 
 20 Samuel Templeman, 
 
 21 William Brown, 
 
 22 Samuel Hurrt, 
 
 urr's Crew. 
 
 Commander. 
 Chief officer . 
 Second ditto. 
 Third ditto. 
 Gunner. 
 Carpenter. 
 Steward, 
 Sailmakcr. 
 Cook. 
 Seaman. 
 Ditto. 
 Ditto. 
 Ditto. 
 
 Ordinary feaman. 
 Ditto. 
 Ditto. 
 Ditto, 
 Ditto. 
 Ditto, 
 Ditto. 
 Ditto. 
 Apprentice. 
 Boy. 
 
 I ith, A frclh gale fpringing up from the S.E. we juftly appre- 
 hended the Eafl-India fleet would fail ; but as they are often by 
 various caufes detained, we flill refolved to pufli on with all polfible 
 expedition, and after a day of great adivity in fettling all matters, as 
 conveniently as the lime would afford, for our proceeding to fea, at 
 fevcu in the evening we weighed anchor, and turned down into the
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTH^SEA. ISLANDS. ii 
 
 lower Hope. Mr. Henry Cox now took an aftcdipnatc leave, and 
 left us to purfuc our voyage. To this gentleman's ability and un- 
 wearied diligence we mufl ever acknowledge ourfelves indebted, botli 
 in forwarding our departure, by removing many great difficulties, 
 and by his care to provide all things comfortable for thofe who had 
 to perform fo long a voyage. 
 
 I 2th. At eight A.M. we weighed from the Hope Point with a 
 frefli gale at E.S.E. In plying down wc were met by fome kind 
 friends from Sheernefs, bringing with them three flieep, one hog, 
 and fome fowls for fea flock. At two P. M. anchored on Leigh flat ; 
 at nine got under weigh, and at midnight came to a little below the 
 Nore. This day the diredors on board, the Rev. Dr. Haweis, 
 Mr. Wilks, and Mr. Brookfl)ank, affcmbled the miflionaries, and 
 diredicd them to elccSl by ballot four perfons, to conflitutc a tommitlee, 
 agreeably to the printed inflrudtions of the body of dire(ftors. They 
 returned, as the refult of their proceedings, the following names, 
 viz. Rev. James Cover, John Eyre, John Jeffcrfon, and Thomas 
 Lewis, who were confequently admitted to that oflice by the 
 dired:ors. 
 
 Mr. Wilfon, as chief mate, being confidered as prefident in the 
 abfence of Captain Wilfon, who was to join us at Portfmouth, the 
 committee proceeded to eflabliflr the following regulations, viz. 
 
 Refolved,That the Rev. John Jeflferfon flioulil be confidered, as the 
 mifHonaries* fecretary, and William Smith his aflillant. 
 
 Relblved, That the Rev. Thomas Lewis fliould take upon him the 
 ofKce of librarian, and William Smith be his afTiflant. 
 
 Refolved, That John A. Gillham, fiirgeon, fliould be refponfiblc for 
 the medical books and inflrumcnts; but every mifTionary may equally 
 claim to read them under the library regulations. 
 
 Refolved, That John Harris flrould take upon him tlie oflke of 
 mifTionaries* ftcward, and diftribute the provifjons, as delivered to him 
 by the fliip's flew urd, to the difHrent meffes. 
 
 c %
 
 ,1 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1795, 
 
 Refolvcd, That each mefs fliall receive the articles and quantities 
 as under : 
 
 Tea, one pound per month each mefs for tlic men, one pound and 
 a quarter for the women. 
 
 Sugar, two pounds per week each mefs. 
 
 Butter, one pound and a half per week each mefs. 
 
 Cheefe, four pounds per week each mefs. 
 
 13th. Wind N.E. a light breeze. At four A.M. weighed, and 
 ran through the Five Fathom channel. Faffing through the Downs 
 we received the unpleafant information that the fleet had failed from 
 St. Helen's. At one P.M. we rounded the South Foreland, and 
 during the reft of the day had little wind. 
 
 14th. Calms and breezes from the weft ward alternately, fo that 
 we made but little way. It being fabbath-day, the Rev. Dr. Haweis 
 preached in the morning, the Rev. Mr. Brookftjank in the afternoon, 
 and the Rev. Mr.Wilks in the evening, on the quarter-deck. 
 
 15th. Calm until fix in the evening, when a breeze fprung up 
 at N.E. Beachy Head bearing N.W. by W. About nine P.M. 
 one of his Majefty's floops of war hailed and informed us that a 
 French lugger was cruifing fomewhere near j bid us keep a good look- 
 out, and hoift a light if we difcovered her, whilft they ran in nearer 
 the ftnore. Happily we efcaped all attack of the enemy. 
 
 1 6th. At eight A.M. anchored at Spithead. The Eaft-India 
 fleet had failed five days before our arrival. In paffing St. Helen's 
 a fquadron imder the command of Admiral Gardner was juft putting 
 to fca, and in company with them we probably might have gone 
 fafe from the enemy j but in a matter fo important we could not haftily 
 form the refolution : for, uncertain how far they would go in our 
 track, if obliged to feparate from them too foon we fhould run the 
 rilk of being captured ; and not to hazard fo favourable a beginning, 
 was thought a fuificient reafon for us to wait a better opportunity of 
 convoy.
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 13 
 
 At Spitheai we were vifited immediately by the Rev. Mr. Griffin, 
 of Portfca, and other friends of the miflion, who fliewed us all the 
 moft fraternal afFedtion, and furniflied us during our flay with the 
 moft generous fupplies. The Rev. Mr. Eyre, of Homcrton, and 
 others from town, came alfo on board. Captain Wilfon arrived and 
 took the command. 
 
 17th. Mrs. Hudden being affcdled by the fea, as mofl: of us had 
 been at firft, fell into fuch a dejed:ion of mind as engaged us to fend 
 her on fiiore at her requeft : her hufband went with her, though 
 reludlantly ; a man of a meek and quiet fpirit, and might have been 
 a ufeful member of our community ; but the dired:ors thought it by 
 no means right to feparate man and wife. 
 
 Our anxious inquiries after the next convoy led us to the port- 
 admiral ; and Dr. Haweis, with Mr, WiUiam Wilfon, by his di- 
 recftion, went on board the Adamant, Captain Warre, who received us 
 with politenefs, and informed us he fhould fhortly fail with a convoy 
 for Lifbon and Gibraltar, and would readily take us under his pro- 
 tedtion. With this the dired:ors were acquainted, and ordered us to 
 wait the opportunity. 
 
 But the delay began to weary our patience : we all longed for the 
 day of our departure ; and though entertained with the mofl: cordial 
 welcome by the brethren at Portfmoutli and Gofport, we waited the 
 iignal from the Adamant with eager defire. 
 
 Yet the fl:ay was not unprofitable ; the fame gracious Hand which 
 conduced us thither gave us caufc to acknowledge his lovino-- 
 kindnefs ; fome good, we hope, refulted from tlie preaching-- of 
 many of the dired:ors and other brethren who vifited the fhip, and 
 from the miffionaries at Portfea, Gofport, and its vicinity. A fpace 
 was given to thofe who, if they had felt any change of mind, might 
 have departed from the work ; but all became more confirmed and 
 united. 
 
 An ingenious clergyman of Portfmouth kindly furnifhed Dr. 
 Haweis and Mr. Greathecd with a manufcript vocabulary of the
 
 ,^ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 Otaheitean language, and an account of the country, which provi- 
 dentially he had preferved from the mutineers who were feized by 
 the Pandora, and brought to Portfmouth for their trial, which was 
 of unfpeakable fervice to the milTionaries, both for the help which 
 it afforded them to learn before their arrival much of this unknown 
 tongue, and alfq as giving the moft inviting and encouraging de- 
 fcription of the natives, and the cordial reception which they might 
 expedl. 
 
 Here alfo were depofited in peace the remains of Mr. Cover's little 
 boy, who, in the laft ftage of a confumption, earneftly wilhed to 
 accompany his parents, though it was evident to every intelligent 
 medical man that he could have but a few days to live, and was 
 happily releafed before their departure. 
 
 A multitude of friends alfo had this opportunity of teftifying their 
 regard for the miffion, and furniflied us with many things that, in 
 our hafte to depart, had been forgotten, or, during our ftay here, 
 been thought of, for the comfort of the voyage. 
 
 The mifTionaries, during this delay, had, according to the regula- 
 tions eftablifhed, conftantly exercifed themfelves on board in rota- 
 tion, in preaching, prayer, and praife, which many attended j they 
 employed themfelves in reading and writing, efpecially refpe(5ling 
 the objects of their million ; and in one of their aflemblies agreed 
 to tranfmit to the body of the directors the following addrefs : 
 
 " Brethren, 
 •' We, the miflionaries, whom you, under the influences of our 
 " common Saviour, Lord, and Mafter, Jefus Chrift, the only be- 
 " gotten Son of the eternal Jehovah, have been inftrumental in 
 " bringing together, uniting in one body, and every way fur- 
 *' nifhing with all temporal neceffaries for the arduous undertaking 
 *' we have in hand, cannot bid adieu to our native country, and 
 " dear brethren in Chriff, without laying before the diredors 
 *' of the fociety (with the defire the fame may be communicated to
 
 August.] 
 
 TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 
 
 15 
 
 all whom it may concern) our views and feelings upon our prc- 
 fent fituation and future profpedts. 
 
 *' Having, through grace, overcome the difagreeablenefs which 
 we at firft experienced on our embarkation, arifing from our little 
 acquaintance with each other, change in our habitation, and manner 
 of living, we find our minds compofed and refigned, and our 
 hearts more clofely united to each oflier in the bonds of love. 
 " On looking forward to the length of our voyage, and delibe- 
 rating on all the dangers and difficulties which thofe who traverfe 
 the bofom of the mighty deep are expofed to, and frequently meet 
 with, we are by no means difcouraged; but can cheerfully give 
 ourfelves up unto Him, who holdeth the winds in his fift, and 
 the waters in the hollow of his hand. 
 
 *' When we extend our view acrofs the great Atlantic ocean, and 
 contemplate the more extenfive Southern feaj when, in our ima- 
 gination, we conceive ourfelves landed on our deflined iflands, 
 furrounded by multitudes of the inhabitants, earneftly inquiring, 
 ' From whence do you come? and what is your errand?' we 
 anfwer, * From a diftant fhore : the friends of God and human 
 kind } touched with companion at your unhappy ftate, as re- 
 prefented by our countrymen who formerly have vifited you ; 
 moved by the Spirit of our God, we have forfaken relatives and 
 friends, braved florms and tempefts, to teach you the know- 
 ledge of Jefus, whom to know is eternal life.' Though Satan 
 and all the hofl: of hell fliould be ftuno^ with indijrnation and re- 
 fentment at our boldnefs in the Lord, and fire the hearts of their 
 deluded votaries with all the fury and madnefs which brutal igno- 
 rance and favage cruelty are capable of; though our God, in 
 whofe name we go — our Saviour, by whofe rich grace we are 
 redeemed, (hould deliver us up to their rage, and permit our bodies 
 to be afflicted, yea, persecuted unto death ; yet, trufting in the 
 faithfulnefs of the Moft High, the goodnefs of our caufe, the 
 uprightnefs of our intentions, the fervency of our affedlion for
 
 i6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 '* Chrifl: our head, and the ele6t of God, our hearts remain un- 
 " daunted; and being, by Divine mercy, enhfted under the banner 
 " of the great Captain of falvation, we are dellrous to be ' ac- 
 •• counted ^\•orthy to fufFer for his fake,' and to endure hardflaip 
 -" as becomcth good foldiefs of Chrift. 
 
 " Such, honoured brethren, and fathers in Chrifl, are our prefent 
 " feehngs ; which we hope, through your united prayers, and the 
 " fupply of the Spirit of Jefus Chrifl, our Lord and your Lord, our 
 " God and your God, we fliall never, never lofe. 
 
 •• To you, and all who have contributed towards our going forth, 
 •• we render unfeigned thanks; and our prayers are, that the Molt 
 ■" High God may grant you occafion to rejoice in Jefus Chrifl on 
 " our behalf; to whofe grace we humbly and heartily commend 
 •'• you, mofl refpcdfully and affedionately bidding you — Farewell! 
 
 " By order of the miflionaries, 
 
 ** John Jefferson, Secretary. 
 
 " On board the Duff, at Spithead, 
 " the igth-of Auguft 1796." 
 
 After waiting with fome impatience for our departure, the 
 convoy having been detained by delays unknown to us, and, 
 when alTembled, by contrary winds, at lafl the welcome fignal 
 was made September loth : at nine A.M. the commodore and 
 fleet began to weigh, and by ten were all under fail ; we alone were 
 flill at anchor, detained by one of our mifTionaries. Early in the 
 morning a boat had been difpatched on fhore for the time-keeper, and 
 to bring off Mr. John Harris, the abfent perfon ; but after waiting 
 a confidcrable time in vain, the officer was obliged to return without 
 him. We then immediately proceeded after the fleet, which was 
 fleering for the Needles ; but by the time we had reached Cowes 
 the fine S.E. gale failed m, and veering to the weflward, the fignal 
 was made to return; when we came to in our former fit nation, 
 Monkton fort bearing N. by E. Mr. Harris now came on board ; 
 he had been on a vifit to Southampton, and having heard the fleet
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 17 
 
 were failing, hired a boat and followed us ; but it is probable, had 
 the breeze continued, that he would have been left behind. 
 
 We had now anchored, as it proved, for thirteen days more j in 
 which time, and during the whole of our detention, wc received 
 the mofl obliging and unremitting kindneffes from the inhabitants 
 of Portfea, Gofport, Southampton, and other places ; nor were 
 we negleded by our friends in London, many of whom came 
 purpofely to vifit us, and thought themfelves amply repaid by wit- 
 nelTing the univerfal harmony which prevailed in the Ihip : for, 
 though the mifhonaries were moftly llrangers to each other, their 
 behaviour was fuch as gave reafon to hope they would enjoy that 
 peace and cordial good- will among themfelves, fo ejGTentially neceffary 
 to promote fuccefs in the great work in which they were jointly 
 engaged. At laft the wifhed-for hour of departure arrived ; the 
 fignal was made by the Adamant to drop down to St. Helen's. No- 
 thing could exceed the beauty of the fcene ; the day was remark- 
 ably fine ; the convoy moving on different tacks with their canvafs 
 fpread, and paffing the various fhips of war at anchor in the har- 
 bour. This being a ftate holiday, the forts and men of war began 
 their ufual falutes whilft the convoy was under fail, which tended 
 greatly to heighten the grandeur of the fcene. On the turn of the 
 tide they all call anchor, and waited for their final departure in the 
 
 mornmg. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Haweis had been daily on board, had often preached 
 to us, and lately celebrated a fweet and blefled communion with the 
 miiTionaries and mariners ; he now took his forrowful, though joyful 
 leave of us, with an addrefs from Hebrews, iii. i . : his heart ap- 
 peared to be full, yea overflowing with love ; while we parted with 
 many tears, probably to meet no more till we fliould be re-aflembled 
 around the throne of God and of the Lanib.
 
 i8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE • [1796. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Voyage from Port/mouth to St. J ago, and Occurrences there, 
 
 W E now took our final departure from Portfmouth, and launched 
 forth on the great deep. The fignal for failing being given, the 
 mifTionaries came on deck, and every countenance feemed elated with 
 joy at the thought of foon being employed in the great work. 
 
 At five A.M. the commodore and the fleet, confifting of fifty- 
 feven fail of tranfports and Portugal traders, were under way, the 
 Fly floop of war bringing up the rear. At noon we were all in a 
 fair way without the Ifle of Wight j wind eaflerly, thermometer 57, 
 the air cold. 
 
 25th. Proceeding with a fine gale, by eight o'clock on Sunday 
 morning we were off Falmouth, when the commodore made the 
 fignal for the fleet to lie by. A boat from St. Maw's coming along- 
 fide, we difpatched letters to our friends of our fafety and health. 
 About noon a frigate came out of the harbour and joined usj the 
 Fly floop at the fame time hauled her wind to the eaftward : the 
 commodore then made fail, and at fix P. M. the Land's End bore 
 north, diflant five leagues. This was the laft fight of Old England 
 that many on board were ever to have, and they, no doubt, felt much 
 on the occafion, though fenfible it was not for thofe who had parted 
 with country and friends, and taken up the crofs, to look behind : 
 indeed, every man feemed fully fatisfied with his deftination. 
 
 26th. Frefli gales from theN. E. quarter, accompanied with rain» 
 and a large eafl:erly fwell, which caufing the fliip to roll, mofl; of the 
 brethren experienced the fea-ficknefs feverely j but remained, not- 
 Vithftanding, unlhaken in their defire to go on, bearing with Chrif-
 
 October.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 19 
 
 tian fortitude what they knew to be the general attendant on all new 
 travellers by fea. At noon we fell in with an Englifli frigate and a 
 two-decker cruifing, one of which fpoke our commodore. In crofling 
 the Bay of Bifcay we had favourable winds, and being with the 
 fleet, it afforded us an opportunity of feeing, by comparifon v/ith 
 the convoy, how fine a fhip we had got to perform our long voyage; 
 for while others were crowding all fail, we could go a-head under 
 cm- top fails, the men of war carrying the fame fail. This en- 
 couraged a hope alfo, that in cafe of being chafed by an enemy, 
 there might be a probability of effedling our efcape by means of 
 failing. 
 
 On the 29th our fea-fick miflionaries who were recovering, devoted 
 part of the day to learning the Otaheitean language and other ufcful 
 ftudies. A hawk, this day, refled on our rigging, and was caught: a 
 miffionary remarked, *' So might my poor foul, wandering from 
 •' its true home, be loll, if not gracioufly prevented by Divine 
 " mercy." 
 
 On the 30th, being in latitude 44" 50' N. long. 11° 17' W. 
 the commodore made the fignal for the headmoft flaips to lie by; the 
 wind at the time blowing fair for us, the captain thought we might 
 venture to make the befl: of our way, efpecially as the greateft danger 
 was now over, and we could go but little farther without deviating 
 widely from our courfe : hoifling our cnfign, therefore, to fignify 
 our intention, we were anfwered by the commodore, and making 
 all f\il, were followed by a South-Sea whaler and two other veflels. 
 
 The fleet foon difappeared, and the miflionaries held a particular 
 meeting of prayer and thankfgiving : praiflng God for paft mercies, 
 and confidering themfelves now deprived of human protedlion, they 
 gave themfelves up into the hands of the Lord, and committed them- 
 felves to his keeping and care, who hath promifed, '* when ye pafs 
 " through the waters I wall be with you," 
 
 Odlober i ft. The wind continued at N, E. and we failed before 
 it with a pleafant breeze, about fix knots an hour. — How gracious is 
 
 D 3
 
 20 FIRST MISSIONz\RY VOYAGE [1796, 
 
 God in favouring: lis with fuch wind and weather ! we want nothing: 
 but more gratitude and love. 
 
 ad. This being the Lord's day, Mr. JefFerfon preached in the 
 morning, and with his other brethren adminiftered the communion 
 to the captain, miffionaries, and feamen. Surrounded now only with 
 fea and Iky, we feemed to have taken our departure from the abodes 
 of the living, to be nearer the prefence of our heavenly Father; and 
 drinking out of the ever-flowing fprings of his love, fpent the day 
 in prayer and praife. 
 
 3d. The miffionaries in turn kept up the evening and morning 
 devotions, and through the day employed themfelves in ftudy, or 
 thofe occupations they could purfue. The women and children bore 
 the voyage amazingly well ; except a little fea-ficknefs , all was per- 
 fectly pleafing, and not a complaint to be heard. We faw a large 
 fhip, and took care to pafs to windward of her, left llie fhould 
 prove an enemy ; but the difplay of the American flag freed us from 
 that apprehenfion. 
 
 On the 6th a beautiful fun-rifing : we faw the ifland of Madeira, 
 which fhows high, and may be feen in clear weather when diftant 
 feventeen or eighteen leagues. This ifland, lying in the neighbour- 
 hood of Europe, and famous all over the world for its wines, is 
 largely defcribed by different authors ; therefore, had we even op- 
 portunity of making obfervations of our own, to infert them here 
 would be unneceflary. 
 
 Mr. Cover and Mrs. Eyre were ftill affeded with fea-ficknefs ; all 
 the reft were in perfedl health. We paflfed Madeira, intending to 
 touch at St. Jago, the principal of the Cape de Verd iflands, there to 
 replenifii our water, and procure what refrefliments the place could 
 fpeedily fupply. 
 
 The night of the 6th and the following day we had unfettled, 
 fqually weather, the wind veering from N.E. to S. E. and frequent 
 heavy fliowers of rain, with which we filled fome of our water- 
 caflis. On the 8th we came in fight of Palma, one of the Canary
 
 October.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 21 
 
 iflands. On the loth, in lat. 23" N. wc favv a ftrange fail in the 
 S.E. quarter; llie fired a gun to leeward, to fignify flic was a friend; 
 we did the fame : but as we drew nearer to her they took the alarm, 
 and crowding what fail they could, fleered from us. Diflance run 
 this lafl: twenty-four hours one hundred and eighty-five miles. — 
 nth, crofTcd the tropic of Cancer, and had feveral flying-fifli about 
 VIS ; thefe were a novel fight to many on board, and excited much 
 furprife and admiration. 
 
 I 2th. This day had been previoufly appointed for folemn humilia- 
 tion and fafling, begging God to prepare us for our work, and for- 
 give whatever his pure eyes had beheld amifs among us. Mr. 
 Lewis preached in the morning, Mr. Eyre in the evening ; the whole 
 day was fpent in devotion by the miflionaries, and proved a feafon of 
 mercy and refrefhing from the prefence of the Lord. Proceeding flifl 
 to the fouthward, on the 13th, about nine A. M. we faw Sal, which 
 is the northernmoft of the Cape de Verd ifles ; it has a fun-burnt 
 appearance, infomuch that, as we failed along to the eafl: ward, about 
 three miles off fliore, there was not a tree or green fpot to be feen. 
 At four P.M. Bona Vifla came in fight; it is hilly, and might be 
 feen feven or eight leagues oflF, but for a thin white haze which is 
 common to all thefe iflands, and has the efFedt, that when you think 
 the weather clear, you cannot fee the land till within two or three 
 leagues of it. This ifland has a good harbour on its weft fide, where, 
 as we failed along, we faw fome vefTels at anchor. At eight in the 
 evening we took a departure from the S.W. end of Bona Vifla, bear- 
 ing at that time E. S. E. fix miles : then, after running S. S.W. | W. 
 thirty-five miles, jufl as the day dawned we faw the ifle of Mayo, 
 and right a-head, diftant a mile or two, the dangerous rocks which 
 lie off its north end. 
 
 14th. The fea broke upon them with great violence ; had we kept 
 running on, we fhould juft have hit them ; but a courfe S, by W. | W. 
 from the weft fide of Bona Vifla, will take a fhip near to the eaft 
 fide of Mayo, and lead clear of this laft danger. Two Ihips, one
 
 at FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796, 
 
 brig, and a fchooner, were lying in Mayo road, probably for cargoes 
 of fait, abundance of which is yearly fhipped from thefe iflands. 
 
 With pleafant weather, all fails fet, and a fine fair wind, by eleven 
 A.M. we loft fight of Mayo, owing to the before-mentioned hazy 
 atmofphere, for we were at no great diftance from it ; at the fame 
 time we could difccrn St. Jago ojff the deck. At one P. M. pafled 
 the S.E. point, and half an hour after tacked clofe to Green iflandj 
 then made two fiiort tacks, and came to with the fmall bower in 
 eight fathoms, the fouth end of Green ifland bearing W.S.W.f W, 
 and the peaked mountain open about two fails breadth to the eaftward 
 of the flag-ftaff on the fort. 
 
 Thus have we fafely reached the firft port for refrefliment, after a 
 voyage perfedly pleafant, and juft three weeks fince Ave left St. He- 
 len's. The Lord has ihewn us great favour indeed j the wind hath 
 been fo fair, and the weather fo good, that divine fervice hath been 
 regularly and daily condudled without the leaft interruption. — How 
 great are his mercies ! Such poor frefii- water failors as we were, needed 
 thefe gracious commencements, to prepare us for the vaft fpace which 
 yet remained. 
 
 As foon as the fails were furled the captain fent the firft mate with 
 his refpeds to the governor, to requeft leave of him to water and 
 purchafe refrefliments, which he very politely and readily granted. 
 The chief governor refides at St. Jago town inland, and the gentle- 
 man at Port Praya was his deputy. Refpedling live ftock, vegeta- 
 bles, &c. he faid that none could be purchafed this evening; but 
 as the news would quickly fpread that a fhip had arrived in the 
 port, to-morrow early the natives would refort within the walls of 
 the fort, where the market is ufually held ; and as each brings a part 
 of what he pofiefTes, there is generally colledled whatever the ifland 
 affords. This being the cafe, we could only go on with our water- 
 ing, which is here attended with much trouble, having to roll the 
 caflcs a quarter of a mile over a hot foft fand, and take them off 
 through a heavy furf : bcfides, the water, after it is got, is brackifh.
 
 October.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 23 
 
 That for the ufe of the fort is brought on aflcs or camels from a 
 diftance of three or four miles. 
 
 The deputy-governor had long laboured under a dangerous com- 
 plaint, and though for fome time paft in a way of recovering, yet 
 for want of advice and medicines was apprehenfivc of a relapfe. 
 Dr. Gillham being on fhore, the cafe was made known, and his opi- 
 nion and advice agreeing with what had been told the governor before 
 by a furgeon of an Indiaman, gained confidence, and the dodor's 
 fervices were gladly accepted, who prefcribed for the governor and 
 his lady, who was alfo indifpofed j and hevifited fome poor fick na- 
 tives. Their difeafes he chiefly found to be intermittents, difcafes 
 of the liver, and anafarca. He reports the place as very unhealthy, 
 yet was informed of a pcrfon one hundred and ten years old. 
 
 15th. At daylight the pinnace was detached for another turn of 
 water, fome of the miffionaries voluntarily lending their afliftance. 
 On her return the fliip's fteward was fent to trade for live flock, &c. j 
 a few of the mifllonaries accompanied him to procure what things they 
 wanted for their own ufe : old clothes they found to be a ftaple ar- 
 ticle : however, we were in a meafure difappointed, for the market 
 was not as well furnifhed as we expected, owing, as the fort alleged, 
 to but few of the country people being yet apprifed of our arrival ; 
 therefore all we got for the cabin was, one turkey, five fowls, five 
 pigs, a quantity of oranges, and a quarter of a caflc of Madeira 
 wine for the ufe of the miflionaries, which we procured from the 
 captain of an American brig that lay in the port. While we were 
 on flaore the governor treated us with the greatefl refpedl and kind- 
 nefs, and had Dr. Gillham, myfelf, and two of the brethren, to dine 
 with him. In return for his civility. Captain Wilfon fent him a 
 cheefe and fome tea and fugar, articles which he flood in need of, the 
 regular fupplies from Lifbon having not arrived, though paft the 
 ufual time. Our water being completed, at five P. M. a gun was 
 fired from the fliip, a fignal for thofe who were on fliore to repair 
 on board ; hoifled the boats in, got under way, and by fevcn o'clock
 
 34 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 ■were clear of the harbour : thermometer 77°, very fultry. St. Jago is . 
 the mod fruitful and the beft inhabited of all the Cape dc Vcrd 
 iflands, notwithftanding it is very mountainous, and has in it a great 
 deal of barren land. The principal town is named after the ifland, 
 and is fituated in 15° N. lat. ; it Hands againft the fide of two 
 mountains, between which there is a deep valley two hundred yards 
 wide, that runs within a fmall fpace of the fea. In that part of the 
 valley next the fea is a ftraggling ftreet with houfes on each fide, and 
 a rivulet of water in the bottom, emptying itfelf into a fine cove, or 
 fandy bay, where the fea is generally very fmooth, fo that fhips ride 
 there with great fafety. A fmall fort is eredted near the landing- 
 place of this bay, where a guard is conflantly kept, and near it is a 
 battery mounted with a few fmall cannon, but incapable of refilling 
 an enemy. 
 
 Port Praya is a fmall bay, fituated about the middle of the fouth 
 
 fide of the ifland, in lat, 14° 53' N.long. 23°30^ W.j it may be known 
 
 by the fouthernmofl: hill on the ifland lying inland in the diredlion 
 
 of weft: from the port ; the hill is round and peaked at the top. Green 
 
 ifland may alfo be taken as a mark by which to know the harbour ; 
 
 it lies on the weft: fide of the bay, is not very high, and has fteep 
 
 rocky fides. From this ifland to the w^eft point of the bay lie funken 
 
 rocks, upon which the fea continually breaks : the two points which 
 
 form the entrance lie in the diredlion of W. S.W. and E.^.E, half 
 
 a league from each other. It is ufual for Eaft-Indiamen, Guinea 
 
 traders, and others bound to the fouthward, to touch here for re- 
 
 frefliments: " Bullocks," fays Captain Cook, " muft be pur- 
 
 '• chafed with money; the price is twelve Spanifli dollars a-head, 
 
 " weighing between two hundred and fifty and three hundred pounds. 
 
 " Other articles may be got from the natives in exchange for old 
 
 " clothes, &c. ; but the fale of bullocks is granted to a company of 
 
 ** merchants as their peculiar privilege, and they constantly keep an 
 
 *♦ agent refiding on the fpot." This may in general be true, but we 
 
 ^•ould find neither merchants nor agents, confequently got no buj-
 
 October.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 15 
 
 locks ; however, had our flay been longer, it is probable fomc of 
 them would have come to the fort. 
 
 Though our ftay was very fhort, our brethren on fliore were not 
 inattentive to their firfl objed:; we fliall juft mention, in the fim- 
 plicity of the language of the reporter, what paflcd on one occafion : 
 •' I was meditating on the great goodncfs of God to me an un- 
 " worthy creature, and that ' whofoevcr is afraid or afliamed of his 
 " word before men, of him will the Son of Man be afhamed,' when 
 " I met a native black man, who invited me to his houfe. My 
 *' mind was greatly imprcffed with the ignorance and fuperftition I 
 *' faw ; fo I went with him, and found him very friendly : he 
 '* fpoke the Englifli language fufficiently to be underflood ; I in- 
 " quired what religion he was of; he told me he was a Roman Ca- 
 ** tholic. After fpcaking a little of their mode and manner of wor- 
 " fliip, I told him freely I feared he was wrong ; that God could 
 " not be worlhipped through the medium of images, pointing out 
 *' the feveral pafTages of God's word which forbad fuch worfhip ; 
 *' and, bleffed be God, he appeared very much to give way to what 
 ** I faid to him ; and I hope the Lord will convince him by his 
 " Spirit. Before parting from him, I defired him to read over all 
 *' the pafTages I had pointed out to him, for he had an old Bible, 
 ** and could read a little : I begged him to compare the word of 
 " God with the fentiments he had been taught, and to pray to God 
 *• without images fet before him, as they are an abomination to the 
 " Lord ; and there can be but one true way of worfhipping him 
 " through Jefus Chrifl, and him alone. Thus, after a few more 
 " words, we parted, and I hope the labour will not be in vain in 
 ♦* the Lord."
 
 26 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Run to Rio 'Janeiro. — Reception and Ohfcrvations. 
 
 i8th. JlJ-AVING completed the purpofe of our landing at Port 
 Praya, and afrefli taken our departure, at a little diftance off the 
 ifland a fine breeze fprang up, and continued from E.S.E. to E.N. E. 
 with hazy weather ; then gradually declined to calms and light airs 
 alternately. Lat. 9° 30' N. long. 23^ W. at one P. M, we faw a 
 fail to the weft ward, and by five o'clock in the evening, the variable 
 light winds being moft favourable to her, fhe had got within a 
 mile of US; then hoifting Englifia colours, fired a gun to bring us 
 to : we likewife fired and fhewed our colours j and obferving that 
 file had the advantage of failing we bore down to fpeak with her ; 
 but there being hardly any wind, it was dark before we came within 
 hail : their gun-ports, fore and aft, were up, the between decks lighted, 
 and the crew at their quarters. This formidable appearance damped 
 the fpirits of our peaceable paffengers, who were now in fufpenfe 
 whether they fhould go to France or Otaheite j for as fhe was much 
 our fuperior in force, we muft inevitably have fallen into their hands 
 had they been enemies : but on hailing her our apprehenfions va- 
 nifhed ; her name was the Jack Park, of Liverpool, bound to Africa j 
 fhe was a letter of marque, and out of twenty-two veffels flie had 
 examined we only were Englifli. 
 
 The obfervations of the miftionaries, on this occafion, are well 
 worth remarking: " Many fears began to arife in our minds ; but 
 " thanks be to God, we were enabled to caft our care upon Him, 
 • ' and refign ourfelves to his bleffed will ; knowing that whatever 
 •' the Lord in his providence fhould fend us, we truft fhall b^ for his 
 «' own glory— the Lord is better to us than all our fears,"
 
 October.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. ij 
 
 1 9th. " This morning at fun-rifing I was upon deck," faysW. P. 
 " and ftruck with the fcenc prelented to my view. The fca was 
 •' quite calm and ferene, the iky was moll: beautiful, and the fun 
 *' difcovering his diflc out of variegated clouds : I never before faw 
 *' any thing fo delightful. At a diflance were fome water-fpouts 
 " extending from the clouds to the fea, which formed a moft won- 
 *' derful objedl : I thought of the beautiful words of the Pfalmift, 
 *' ' They who go down to the fea in fhips, (Sec. they fee the works 
 " of the Lord, and his wonders in the deep'." 
 
 2 1 ft. A heavy fquall came on when the miffionaries were en- 
 gaged between decks in evening prayer ; and the Ihip heeling on 
 a fudden, the lee fcuttle being open, the water ruflied in like a 
 torrent, and rather alarmed them. " I caught up," fays W. H, " a 
 *' gown of my wife's, the firft thing in the way, and held it in the 
 *' fcuttle- hole till the carpenter went over the Ihip's fide and clofed 
 " it tight. The fquall did not rnntinue long, and we were enabled 
 <* to fing the praifes of our Lord with enlarged hearts." 
 
 22d. A number of fharks were playing round the fhip; wc 
 caught two, each about five feet long ; after being cut into pieces, 
 and the entrails taken out, the heads jumped about the deck for a con- 
 fiderable time. 
 
 27th. The weather became now very unfettlcd, the winds va- 
 riable and fqually, attended with much thunder and lightning ; here 
 we alfo felt the power of a vertical fun, and, apprehenfive of its 
 fickening effedls, put in pracflice thofe methods which eminent 
 voyagers have ufed fo fuccefsfully : we firft waftied between decks 
 quite clean, and when dry fmnigated with tobacco and fulphur : at 
 fix every morning the hammocks were brought upon deck ; and thus 
 the berths, kept as clean as polfible, received the benefit of the frefli 
 air. From the i8th to the 2 2d of the month we failed through a 
 part of the fea which in the night exhibits a brilliant appearance ; 
 all round the fhip, in her wake, and where the fqualls ruffle the fur- 
 fiice, being grandly illuminated. Some aftert this to be occafioned 
 
 E 2
 
 ftS FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 by animalcules which thus glow in the dark, their fhining parts 
 being turned upwards by the turbulence of the waters. On the 27th, 
 in lat. 3° N. and long, 28° W. we got the frefh S. E. trade wind, 
 the falutary effedls of which were gratefully received ; for, fenfible 
 whence our blcfling comes, we had reafon to be thankful, that, after 
 the late weather, fo pernicious to European conftitutions, we were 
 all prefcrved in good health. 
 
 29th. We faw a very remarkable fhoal of porpoifes j they rofe as 
 if difciplined in a ftraight line extending about half a mile, making 
 fo fudden a noife and ruffle in the fea, that at firil: fight we took them 
 to be breakers. About midnight we croffed the equator in long. 
 30° W. i the variation by five fets of azimuths 5° 25' W. 
 
 In thefe latitudes we naturally expedled to meet calms and burning 
 funs, inftead of which we have a delightful breeze, which carries 
 us along about nine knots an hour ; and the fun-beams being broken 
 by clouds and a ha^e, the beat bath not exreedpH what we have often 
 felt in England. — How great is his mercy! 
 
 3 1 ft. At fix A. M. faw the ifland of Fernando de Noronha, 
 bearing W.N. W. nine leagues; then runS.S.W. forty-two miles, 
 and obferved in lat. 4° 31'' S. long, by account 32°i9^W. This 
 ifland, when it bore W.N. W. nine leagues, fhewed in detached 
 hills, the largefl: of which had the appearance of a church fteeple. 
 
 " This ifland," fays Antonio de Ulloa, *' hath two harbours, ca- 
 ** pable of receiving fliips of the greateft burden ; one is on the 
 *• north fide, the other on the north- weft ; the former is, in every 
 *• refped, the principal, both for flicker, capacity, and the good- 
 *' nefs of its bottom ; but both are cxpofed to the north and weft ; 
 *' but thefe winds, particularly the north, are periodical, and of no 
 '* long continuance." 
 
 November I ft. After pafllng this ifland the wind continued at S. E. 
 till in lat. 7" S. it became variable, fhifting almoft every day from 
 about S.S.E. to E. and back by the eaftward to S. When there 
 was northing in the wind, the weather was moft unfettled and
 
 Nov.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 29 
 
 rainy; when in the fouthern quarter we had generally fair weather, 
 though fometimes the fouth-eafters were accompanied with a little 
 
 rain. 
 
 The porter being exhaufted, the captain propofcd to iffue half a 
 pint of Madeira wine to the mifTionaries, which was thankfully 
 accepted. 
 
 2d. Caught two Portuguefe men of war in a bucket ; they are 
 beautiful pink-coloured bladders in the fhape of a curious (hell, and 
 put out innumerable arms like worms about a foot long, which, on 
 being touched, fting like nettles. They rife to the furface, and feud 
 before the wind like little fhips. 
 
 4th. We have to acknowledge the unfpeakable goodnefs f God 
 towards us j it is fix weeks this day fince we left St. Helen's, and 
 we are all in health, ftrength, and adivityj and have enjoyed an 
 uninterrupted favourable wind ever fince we quitted our native fliore. 
 
 6th. Celebrated the communion on the quarter-deck, covered 
 ■with an awning to keep us from the fun — a very comfortable time 
 — enabled to rejoice in the Lord our flrength and righteoufnefs : Oh, 
 may his kingdom fpread far and wide ! 
 
 7th. Met this evening to fend up our united prayers with our 
 brethren in England, for a bleffing on this and all miflionary labours 
 throughout the world : we began at half part four, to correfpond 
 with our brethren at feven o'clock, fuch being the difference of time. 
 
 9th. In lat. 18° 39' S. long. 37" 46' W. we founded on the outer 
 part of the Abrolhos banks in eighteen fathoms ; and while we were 
 running fixteen leagues on a S.W. courfe had irregular foundings, 
 viz. 18, 20, 22, 27, 38, 19, 17, 30, 25, coarfe fand with reddilh 
 ftones. At noon we obferved in lat. 19° 15' S.; our longitude by 
 lunar obfervation of fun and moon 38° 30', by account 38° 21' W. 
 From noon, with irregular foundings of nearly the fame depth, we ran 
 S.S.W. fourteen leagues farther, and could then find no bottom with 
 fifty fathom of line. Here we reckoned ourfelves to be in lat. 1 9°54'' S.
 
 30 riRST MISSIONARY' VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 long. 38= 40' VV. and clear to the fouthward of the Abrolhos banks 
 law Eipirito Santo. Wc then ran S. by W. i W. fifty-one miles, 
 and obfcned in 20° 41' S. long. 39° W. ; afterwards running four- 
 teen hours upon a courfc, made good S.W. | W. one hundred and 
 four miles, wc founded in fifteen fathoms, upon a bank (as we fup- 
 pofc) which lies off Cape Thome. 
 
 I ith. At eight A.M. we faw the fcattered iflands which lie to 
 the northward of Cape Frio. The weather being hazy we had no 
 obfcr\ation. At half paft two Cape Frio bore N. § W. five miles. 
 It now fct in to rain very hard, with briik gales from the N.E. ; in 
 confequence of which we put the fliip under a fnug fail, intending 
 to fpend the night betwixt the Cape and the entrance of Rio de Ja- 
 neiro; ftanding in fliore to thirty fathoms, and off to forty-eight ; 
 a fandy bottom. 12th. At daylight we made fail and ran for the 
 harbour; but the breeze failing, and the tide againft us, it was one 
 o'clock in the afternoon before we reached the entrance. When 
 nearly there, a pilot-boat came alongfide, in which was the head har- 
 bour-mafler, who took charge of the fliip. In running in we gave 
 the fort of Santa Cruz a berth of half a cable's length ; keeping 
 the Ifle dc Cobras, which is flrongly fortified, about two points 
 upon the larboard bow, till the Benedidine monaflery, which is 
 large and white, appeared clear of its north fide ; then hauling up 
 towards the fliipping, we came to with our fmall bower in feven fa- 
 thoms water, and moored with a kedge to the northward, the mo- 
 naflery bearing S.W. by S. and Ifle de Enchados N. by W. As 
 foon as we had anchored, a guard-boat, with the proper officers, 
 came alongfide, in order to prevent fmuggling, and watch that no 
 perfon went from the fhip unaccompanied by a foldier. It is re, 
 marked, that the government in this colony ads towards ftrangers 
 with the moft jealous caution ; the captain, obliged to land when 
 we firfl entered the port, was attended with a military officer frorn 
 fort Santa Cruz, This evening fetting in with heavy rain, thunder.
 
 Nov.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 31 
 
 and lightning, we ran our eledlric cohdudlors to the maft-hcads, a 
 precaution neceflary when within the tropics. 
 
 13th. Being now fafely moored, after a paffage of five thoufand 
 miles, through the mofl malignant climates, it is proper to paufe, 
 while we with grateful hearts adore the goodnefs of God, whofe 
 watchful providence has been confpicuoufly difplayed in our favour ; 
 preferving us in health, and guiding us in fafety to a port where 
 we can procure whatever refrefliments we want for the comfort of 
 the reft of our paflage. Befides thefe motives, an additional caufe 
 for thankfulnefs is, that the hearts of the miflionaries fecm as much 
 as ever devoted to the Redeemer's fervice, and their minds as ardently 
 intent as ever to promote his glory. 
 
 This day being the fabbath, the incumbent duties were obferved 
 in the fame manner as at fea ; the officer of the guard-boat attended, 
 conducting himfelf with much propriety, and at the clofe of the wor- 
 fliip exprefled his approbation. His curiofity, however, was much ex- 
 cited, and he feemed quite at a lofs to know what kind of people we 
 were j but either through modefty,or a fear of offending, declined making 
 any inquiries : afterwards, when more familiar, he faid that he never 
 before faw people behave fo peaceably and foberly on the firft day 
 after their arrival ; the reverfe, fwearing, noife, and drunkennefs, 
 being generally the practice. 
 
 14th. Since the captain was on fhore on our firfl arrival, no in- 
 dividual was allowed to go from the fhip till a further examination 
 by the fuperior officers, whofe vifit we were obliged patiently to 
 wait j and as the time of their coming was uncertain, we employed 
 the day on the neceffary duty of the fhip till about four in the after- 
 noon, when there came, in the mafler-attendant's boat, Ibme mili- 
 tary officers, the chief juftice, a phyfician, the captain of a fliip, 
 and an interpreter. Their bufinefs feemed to be trifling, repeating 
 only the queftions which had been put to the captain at the firfl : 
 however, though their fcrivcner was prefent, what they had now 
 done was not fufficient ; the captain, myfelf, and the fecond officer.
 
 32 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [179^^. 
 
 were ordered to attend at the viceroy's palace, there to anfwer to the 
 fame firing of interrogations, viz. Whence we came ? whither 
 bound ? the nature of our voyage ? and what political r^ews we had 
 to communicate? When the whole was noted, duplicates written, 
 and figncd by us^ we were informed that the papers would be fent 
 to Lifbon, and that fuch fcrutinies were the common pra(ftice of the 
 colony. 
 
 This ceremony being over, we had leave to go on fhore when 
 we pleafed, thcmfelvcs taking care always to put a foldier in the boat 
 before flie put from alongfide ; and as foon as we landed, another 
 picked us up and followed us through the town, abiding clofe by us 
 till we returned again to the boat. From Monday till Saturday we 
 were employed refitting our rigging, watering our fhip, and pro- 
 curing live flock, wine, &c. for fea flore ; feveral forts of feeds and 
 plants were alfo got on board, fuch as it was fuppofed might flourifli 
 and be ufeful at Otaheite. 
 
 On Saturday the 19th, at four in the morning, we unmoored, 
 and with the mafler-attendant on board took the fhip nearer to the 
 harbour's mouth, that we might be in readinefs to embrace the firfl 
 leading breeze to fail. 
 
 About noon the fea wind fet in with a thick fog j in the after- 
 noon both boats were employed to -bring from the fhore a variety of 
 things which were {till unavoidably there. 
 
 20th. At feven in the morning we weighed with a light breeze in our 
 favour; but by the time we got abreafl of fort Santa Cruz it 
 changed againfl us: however, we kept plying to windward, and 
 after we had made a few tacks, the mafler-attendant took his leave. 
 At three P.M. we palled between Razor ifland and Round ifland.whcn 
 a frefh breeze fpringing up, we were very foon out of fight of land. 
 
 The city of Rio de Janeiro is at prefent the capital of Brazil, and, 
 fmce the difcovery of the diamond mines in its vicinity, has been 
 the refidence of the viceroy. It has for its defence cannon planted 
 upon the tops of the eminences, which command its entrance;
 
 ISov.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. jj 
 
 befides three or four regular forts ; but none of thefe, taken fingly, can 
 be efteemed very ftrong, except Santa Cruz and Lozia, as they lie 
 confiderably diftant from each other : therefore, though guns may be 
 feen whatever way you turn your eyes, yet the place is not in reality 
 fo well fortified as it appears to be. 
 
 The inhabitants are a mixture of Portuguefe, mulattoes, and negroes, 
 and their number in the city and fuburbs cannot exceed two hundred 
 thoufand . The churches , monafteries, convents, the viceroy 's palace, the 
 hofpital, and a few private houfes, have a good appearance. The ftreets 
 are narrow, but ftraight and regular. Their windows and the upper 
 part of their doors being latticed with rods laid acrofs each other, and 
 clofe fliut all day, a flranger walking along, and feeing their women 
 and. children peep through thefe gratings , might fuppofe their dwell- 
 ings fo many prifons. 
 
 The government is fo ftridlly cautious, that the inhabitants can have 
 no intercourfe whatever with ftrangers without leave firft obtained 
 from the viceroy : a letter of credit which Captain Wilfon had, ad- 
 dreifed to a refpecflable merchant, afforded one inftance. On receipt 
 of the letter he exprelTed his readinefs to advance what fums the cap- 
 tain might have occafion for, and to affifl: him in any other way; but 
 before he could oblige him, he faid, he muft wait on the viceroy 
 with the letter. 
 
 This capital appears to exceed all popifli places in the parade of 
 religion. At the corner of every flireet is a figure of our Saviour and 
 the Virgin Mary placed in a niche, or kind of cupboard, with a cur- 
 tain and glafs window before it ; in the night, candles are lighted; and 
 here the people ftop to addrefs their devotions, and the whole night 
 long the voice of their chanting to thefe images may be heard. Even 
 the common beggar makes a trade of religion, by carrying a little 
 crucifix at his breaft, which I fuppofe he may buy for a penny ; at 
 this the poorer fort crofs themfelves, and the beggar bleffing them, 
 muft be paid for his benedidlion as well as the pope. 
 
 The eftabliflied port charges paid by all merchant-fhips are, on
 
 ,^ . FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 cntcrino- 3/. 12s., and ^s. 6J. a day while at anchor; befides this, 
 forci'^n vcirds mufl; pay an interpreter commiirion for his bufinefs 
 with government, and on what he purchafes ; however, provifions 
 are very cheap. Rum, which they make in the colony, is of a tole- 
 rable quality ; and ihcir port wine, meliorated by paffing through the 
 tropical climates, is allowed to excel in goodnefs. 
 
 On entering this port, after a long paflage acrofs the Atlantic ocean, 
 the vaftncfs of the profpedl fills the mind with the moll plcafing fen- 
 fations. Paffing the narrow entrance between two lofty hills, the har- 
 bour fuddcnly widening fhews like an extenfive lake, where on differ- 
 ent parts lie many fcattcred iflands. On the left, the city, with the 
 fortifications and whitewafhed walls, prefents itfelf in a ftriking 
 manner, with fliipping at anchor, and boats bringing fupplies from 
 every quarter. Beyond all, to the north- weft, as far as the eye can 
 reach, a range of lofty mountains eredl their rugged tops : in their 
 bofoms, perhaps, thoufands of human beings are doomed, in fearch 
 of gold and diamonds, to fpend their days in mifery. 
 
 *The Obfervations of the Mijfionaries at their Entrance and Stay at 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 
 
 ON approaching the harbour the tops of the mountains were hid 
 in clouds, but the hills near the fhore covered with fruit-trees to their 
 very tops. Several fortified iflands were around us j and on the main 
 we faw a magnificent aquedud: of about fifty arches, extending from 
 one mountain to another. Here we began to obferve marks of their 
 fuperftition, for the crofs was eretTied on the tops of the hills, and on 
 their forts. On the Lord's day, the Portuguefe and Indians, who 
 were pur attendants on board, looked on very attentively, and be- 
 haved very ferioufly, during our worfhip, though unacquainted with 
 • 4
 
 Not.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 55 
 
 the language ; whilft thofe who remained in the boat, though it was 
 Sunday, amufed themfelvcs with cards, 
 
 A large party of us going on fliorc, we had leave to fee the town, 
 accompanied by two officers, who treated us with much civility. 
 On landing we were fhockcd with the fight of a poor (lave worn out 
 with difeafe and labour, advancing with feeble crawl to the water's 
 edge ; and fhortly after beheld a fcene difgufting to humanity, a 
 cargo of human beings expofed for fale, naked, in the market-place; 
 whilft others, in companies of fix or fcven chained together, were 
 traverfing the flreets with burdens : we have feen their mafters flog 
 them like horfes or dogs, fo that our eyes have been filled with tears 
 at the fight. When fhall tliis barbarous traffic come to an end ? 
 
 The ftreets were full of fliops of every kind ; the druggifts' and 
 filverfmiths' made the noblefl appearance. We obferved a large refer- 
 voir of water, with three fountains difcharging into it, very fweet, 
 and convenient for the fliipping. Peruvian bark was IJ-. 5^. per 
 pound, cochineal lOJ". We wilhed to procure fome of the cochi- 
 neal plants, but did not fucceed } but we got various tropical feeds 
 and plants at a hofpitable cottager's, a little diftance from the city. 
 
 The viceroy's garden was beautifully interfperfed with oranges, 
 lemons, limes, and a number of other trees. There we faw a cro- 
 codile fpouting water, furrounded with curious fhell-work ; and in 
 another part, a boy holding a tortoife, from whofe mouth iffiied a co- 
 pious flream. The view of the harbour from one of the terraces is 
 magnificent. The fummer-houfes were adorned with beautiful 
 paintings reprefenting the working the diamond mines, and the 
 making fugar, rum, and other produce of the country. 
 
 We next vifited the palace. The colonel commandant and his lady 
 fhewed us the greatefl politenefs, and his lady was peculiarly atten- 
 tive to our wives ; and forry we were that we could make no acknow- 
 ledgments in return ; efpecially when we faw their rooted fuperfti- 
 tions, beads and crucifixes hung about their necks ; and the crofs 
 and their faints were at the corner of every flreet, and before their 
 
 E 2
 
 jg FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 lioufcs : to thefe they bow and crofs themfelves as they pafs. Indeed 
 they fcem funk in idolatry. The number of their priefts is im- 
 menfe. The town feemed not bigger than Briftol, and can hardly 
 contain more than two hundred thoufand inhabitants. 
 
 Our attention was arrefted by a grand proceffion of priefts, mms, 
 mourners, &c. entering one of their cathedrals, which was hung 
 with black, and blazing with lamps. The prayers w^re chanted, 
 and choruflcs fung, accompanied by a band of mufic. The fight 
 afflidled us ; to behold fuch external pomp of worfhip, and to dif- 
 cover no trace of the pure undefiled religion of Jefus. 
 
 They are very jealous of ftrangers on account of their diamond 
 mines, where fo many miferable Africans are yearly facrificed. We 
 paffed the military hofpital, on a healthy fpot about a mile from the 
 city J but I did not vifit it, fays the furgeon, left I might carry fome 
 infedlion on board. Not far diftant, in a beautiful valley, is the 
 viceroy's magnificent chapel ; and they are now eredling a large cathe- 
 dral near it, where a multitude of flaves were employed ; and to fhare 
 in the merit of the work, they informed us feveral youths of opulent 
 families afilfted, raifing a vaft fuperftrudlure on a fandy foundation. 
 I retired to my cabin in the evening, praying that the Lord would 
 fend hither his precious gofpel with demonftration of his fpirit and 
 power. 
 
 Upon the whole, we had every reafon to be fatisfied with our recep- 
 tion, and embraced the opportunity of a fliip failing for Europe to 
 convey intelligence to our friends. 
 
 Though the following letter addrcffed by the miffionaries to the 
 diredlors has been publiflied, it properly and defervedly claims a part 
 in this narrative j and with it we flaall clofe the tranfaftions at Rio 
 Janeiro.
 
 Nov.] 
 
 TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 37 
 
 " On board the Duff, in the harbour of Rio de Janeiro, 
 " coaft of Brazil, South America, Nov. 1 5, 1796. 
 
 *' Dear and honoured Brethren, 
 "We think it our duty to inform you, we arrived at this place 
 ' on Saturday, i2thinftant, after a pafllioe of feven weeks and one 
 ■ day. We cannot fufficiently acknowledge the great goodnefs of 
 ' Almighty God, in the fignal bleffings we have been favoured with, 
 ' fmce our departure from our country and dear connexions therem. 
 ' We have not experienced one day of real bad weather fince we were 
 '. launched upon the bofom of the great deep : winds and waves, in 
 ' the hands of our God, have been propitious. The fiery heat of the 
 ' fun, in paffing beneath its diredeft rays, hath been kindly checked 
 ' by 'intervening clouds or cooling gales ; fo that we have crolTed 
 ' thus far through the burning zone, without feeling thofe inconve- 
 - niences that we were naturally led to expect. Our vifitations of 
 " ficknefs have been partial and tranfient ; few having been afflidted, 
 ■' and thofe, through divine goodnefs, fpeedily recovered : Mrs. 
 '« Eyre excepted, who, through weaknefs and infirmity incident on 
 " age, has enjoyed but little health fince our departure from England ; 
 " however, from the time of our arrival in this harbour, flie appeai-s 
 " greatly revived. The abundant fupply of every necelTary, fur- 
 '« niflied by our liberal friends, hath not fuffered us to feel the Imalleft 
 ' ' want. Our attention has been chiefly direded to the readmg of the 
 •' accounts of the iflands of the South Sea, and acquiring fome know- 
 " ledge of the Otaheitean language, from the providential means put 
 «' into our hands ; other fludies of a fcientific nature we have not 
 «' been able to pay general application to. The worfliip of the Moft 
 " High has been duly and conftantly attended, without any omiffion 
 " but when neceffity or prudence made it warrantable. Whatever 
 " fpiritual trials we individually have fuflTered, moments of refrclh- 
 " ment from God and our Saviour Jefus Chrift have more than 
 " compenfoted. Harmony and concord continue among us as a body
 
 38 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 " cnfa<Tcd in one common caufe. We look forward to what remains 
 '♦ of our vova"-e and future operations with that concern our pecuhar • 
 " fituation demands. Our infufficiency we feel, and where our 
 •' itrength heth we know. We humbly hope and truft that the hand 
 " of God will continue with us, by his Spirit to diredl us, and by 
 " his power to guard us. We give ourfelves up to God, through 
 " Jcfus Chrifl: our Lord, and defire to lie placid in his arms. 
 
 " Dear brethren, the whole body of miffionaries, as the heart of' 
 " one man, prefent their Chriflian love to the body of dired:ors, the 
 " fociety, and all true lovers of Chrift and his gofpel. We pray the 
 " continuance of an interefl in your fervent prayers for us, and for 
 " our undertaking ; that we may acquit ourfelves as men, faithful 
 " to the caufe in which we are engaged, and be rendered mighty 
 " inflrumcnts in the hands of God for the converfion of the heathens 
 *♦ of the South Sea : fo flaall iniquity ftop its mouth, the wife and 
 '* prudent in their own eyes be afhamed, and the mighty power of 
 " God be difplayed in the eyes of the world, by his choofing the fool- 
 " ifh things of the world to confound the wife, the weak things of 
 " the world to confound the things which are mighty; the bafe 
 " things of the world, and things which are defpifed, and things 
 •' which are not, to bring to nought things that are. 
 
 " We remain, dear and honoured brethren, 
 
 " Your brethren in the gofpel of Jefus Chrift, 
 '* The whole body of miffionaries, 
 
 •* John Jefferson, Secretary."
 
 Nov.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 39 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 t 
 
 Departure from Rio Janeiro^ till our Arrival at Otaheite. 
 
 W E now proceeded on our voyage, in hopes of cffcding it by 
 the way of Cape Horn, which was our original intention. The 
 captain had laid in a frefli ftore of fuch provifions as this place af- 
 forded, with fugar, wine, and whatever might be neccflliry in the 
 long run before us. 
 
 20th. Lord's day. Brothers Eyre and Jcfferfon preached. Wc 
 had but little wind, and drifted out with the tide. In leaving this 
 harbour, and again launching into the deep, we thought on all the 
 mercies of our God, who had dealt fo wonderfully with us, and 
 protected us hitherto in fafety through the pathlefs ocean : we could, 
 with humble dependence, truft him for the future. 
 
 24th. We begin to find it colder as we run to the fouth ; the at- 
 mofphere, day and night, is free from clouds ; the breeze is mode- 
 rate ; we move as on a mill-pond, enjoying all the bleflings of life. 
 O may the goodnefs of the Lord lead us to repentance, watchful- 
 nefs, and unfeigned love of the brethren ! Thefe favourable com- 
 mencements, however, foon changed ; he fhall defcribe who felt 
 them. " 29th. We had a very pleafant day, and this evening I 
 " was delighted to fee the Ihip crowded down with fiils, and going 
 *' fwiftly before the wind with the flarry heavens over us. About 
 " eleven o'clock I was waked out of fleep, and much alarmed with 
 " the noife on deck. I hurried on my clothes and ran up the lad- 
 *• der, and to my great furprife found the Ihip under her bare poles. 
 " The fky, which had been fo ferene and bright, was covered 
 ♦* with black clouds; the lightning came in flallies fo quick and
 
 40 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 ' vivid, as took away my eye-fight for a time. BlefTed be God ! 
 ' it did not lafl more than two hours, when the ftorm abated. 
 ' See what the Lord can do ! ' Let all the earth fear the Lord ; let 
 ' all the inhabitants thereof fland in awe of him. He gathereth 
 ' the waters of the fea together as an heap, he layeth up the 
 ' depths as in his trcafure-houfe. Oh, how great is thy goodnefs, 
 ' which thou hafl laid up for them that fear thee !' 
 
 " Amidfl the roaring of the fea 
 " My foul ftill hangs her all on thee; 
 " Thy conftant love, thy faithful care, 
 " Is all that faves me from defpair." 
 
 After being two months from England, and running fix thoufand 
 miles, this is the firft time we have experienced a contrary wind. 
 
 But to return to Mr. Wilfon's journal. 
 
 During the firft eight days nothing remarkable occurred. On 
 the 29th we obferved in lat. 34° 56' S. long. 49° 30' W. j had a 
 fine breeze wefterly and clear weather : towards the evening it veered 
 to the north, a gentle gale and a fmooth fea : but thefe favourable 
 circumfi:ances we forefaw would be of fliort continuance : to the 
 fouthward black clouds were rifing faft, and flying with great ve- 
 locity over our heads in a direftion quite contrary to the way the 
 wind at prefent blew. This jarring of the elements we confidered 
 as a fure prognoftic of an approaching ftorm ; therefore the captain 
 ordered the fmall fails to be taken in, alfo a fingle reef in the top fails. 
 Still a gentle gale continued as before till near midnight, when we 
 were attacked by a moft violent fquall, with a deluge of rain and 
 fmart thunder and lightning, the combined force of which obliged 
 us to haul our forefail clofe up, and furl every other fail : happily it 
 foon fubfided, but continued not long moderate : a ftron<r srale kt in 
 at louth, and the fea running high all the following day, moft of 
 the mifTionaries were again vifited with the fea-ficknefs.
 
 Dec] to THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 4. 
 
 December ift. The gale moderated, and the fca faUing greatly, 
 a few of the fick recovered ; betwixt decks were cleared and dried, 
 the fliip put in order, and preparations made to encounter fuch ftorms 
 as we might now expect. The cow had fufFered much in the late 
 gale from repeated falls ; and as no hay had been got at Rio Janeiro, 
 on account of the rainy fcafon, the little we brought from home 
 was now expended, therefore no alternative remained but to kill the 
 ' poor lean animal ; this was donq accordingly, but with rcliidiance, 
 as her milk had been very ferviceable to the women and children; wc 
 found her big with calf, which made her more regretted. In the 
 courfe of the night we experienced another fmart gale, which, though 
 not quite fo violent as the laft, was, like it, attended with rain, thun- 
 der, and lightning. 
 
 2d. At daylight we had better weather, and the fea was re- 
 markably fmooth, but very much difcoloured, the caufe of which 
 phenomenon is generally afcribed to the outfet of the tide from the 
 great river of Rio de la Plata : we founded, but found no bottom 
 with one hundred fathom of line. At noon our latitude, by ob- 
 fervation, was 38° 8' S. long. 50" 15^ W. Towards the clofe of 
 the day the flcy again put on a gloomy afpeft, and from a moderate 
 breeze at S. by W. the wind veered to S.W. by W. the gale in- 
 creafing, and the fea rifing very faft. 
 
 3d. In the morning the fea ran exceeding high, and the wind 
 blew a complete ftorm, which reduced us to a clofe- reefed main-top- 
 fail and forefail. Several of our live ftock died, either by the cold 
 or the fpray of the fea, fo that we were in danger of lofing the 
 whole of this invaluable prefervative of health. Not only the greater 
 part of the milTionaries were fea-fick, but fome of our feamen alfo. 
 Mrs. Eyre, already exhaufted by continued illnefs, feemed unable 
 long to fuftain thefe greater trials ; and refpeding thofe who were 
 not fick, they, and likewife the crew, felt the uncomfortable cffed:s 
 of fuch bad weather. Being thus fituated, the captain was appre- 
 
 G
 
 ^a FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 henfive that in perfevering in our endeavours to double Cape Horn, 
 our raw, unfcafoned company of landnnen, women, and children, 
 might fall vidims to the repeated ftorms and colder weather, which 
 we mi"-ht expedl to meet with in the attempt : alfo, after doing our 
 beft, the certainty of getting round, in our circumftances, was 
 doubtful, as in the cafe of Bligh and others, whofe efforts, after 
 long ftruggles, proved in vain. 
 
 Therefore the captain, after deliberately weighing thefe and the 
 conncdled circumflances, rclinquifhed a plan, which to execute 
 required a fhip's crew of hardy failors, unaccompanied by tender 
 women and children, and adopted the refolution of going the eaftern 
 paflagej that is, to pafs a few degrees fouth of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, to fail to the fouthward of the fouth cape of New Holland 
 and New Zealand, keeping in the track of the wefterly winds till 
 near the meridian of Otaheite, and then to fleer to the northward 
 for that ifland. 
 
 At noon we obferved in lat. 39° ^' S. long. 50° W. Immediately 
 afterwards we bore away, fetting what fiiil the fhip could bear ; 
 and this we certainly had good reafon to do, confidering that before 
 wc could reach Otaheite by the ftraightefh courfe, we mufl run not 
 lefs than fourteen thoufand miles j whereas, from our prefent flation, 
 to go by way of Cape Horn, the diftance did not exceed feven thou- 
 fand miles ; and I am perfuaded, that to fome on board the defire 
 to fail round the world was more than a counterpoife to the diffi- 
 culties which might attend our pafTage round that cape. But fince 
 it is proper, that in all cafes felf-gratification ought to give place to 
 the beft-devifed means of obtaining the principal ends of our em- 
 ployment, fo now all were fully fatisfied that the late adopted mea- 
 fures were for the heft. 
 
 The fea running tremendoully high, we were apprehenfive of 
 being pooped by it, or otherwife receiving damage, therefore fhaped 
 our courfe right before it, fleering N.E. by E. and E.N.E. till it
 
 Dec] to THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 43 
 
 gradually became fmoother. In the coiirfe of the firfl; four days wc 
 ran fix hundred and forty miles by our log, and were then detained 
 for a while by eafterly winds. 
 
 But to particularize the various occurrences of fo long a pafTage, 
 where the objedls which prefent themfelves have already been largely 
 treated of by men of ability and fkill in natural hiftory, would 
 afford but little entertainment, and tedious repetitions of winds and 
 weather only tire the patience ; therefore fhall deem it fufficient to 
 notice briefly the progrefs we made from time to time. Our miffionary 
 journals will fill the chafm. 
 
 December 5th. Our religious exercifes have hitherto not been 
 interrupted; we have maintained the regulated daily fervices between 
 decks when we could not affemble on the quarter. This day we 
 met our dear friends in England at their hour of prayer, and fent 
 up our petitions in union with tlieirs to the throne of grace for the 
 fuccefs of all miflionary labours. 
 
 6th. Frefli breezes : ran eight or nine knots an hour. How great 
 are his mercies ! 
 
 8th. A great head fea; faw feveral whales playing around ; fome- 
 times they approached very near, clofe under the ftern, when we 
 could obferve them diftindtly, as they came to the furface to breathe, 
 throwing up the water to a vaft height with a tremendous noife. 
 We were ftruck with awe and folemnity — How wonderful and ma- 
 nifold are thy works, O God ! Heaven, earth, and fea, declare thy 
 glory: " Let every thing which hath breath praife the Lord." 
 
 The climate here, though advancing to the midft of fummer, ap- 
 peared to us cold as in England in the midft of winter. 
 
 The gale ftill blew from the weft with unabated violence : an awful fea 
 running mountains high ; the clouds hanging low, thick, and gloomy; 
 the fhip fcudding before the wind with furprifing eafe and fwiftnefs, 
 and fhipping very little water, confidering the greatnefs of the fea. 
 At thofe times we truly beheld the wonders of the Lord in the great 
 deep. The Ihip fometimes feemed hid between two lofty mountains of 
 
 G 2
 
 44 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 water, and then elevated to the immenfe fummit. Thefe fights of 
 the marvellous works of our God exalted our ideas of his greatnefs 
 and glory, and increafed our joy and praife ; affured that this awful 
 God is our God, and all his divine perfedions engaged in our be- 
 half. We have fometimes fat on the deck with facred pleafure and 
 coinpofure, viewing the towering billows on every fide, fome fol- 
 lowing us with their foaming tops, and feeming to threaten our de- 
 ftrudlion ; but inftcad of doing us any harm, only pufhing us on 
 the fafter to the haven where we would be. We were unable to 
 celebrate the Lord's fupper through the agitation of the veffel, and 
 turned our ufual fervicc into a meeting of prayer between decks ; 
 there confined from the fight of the fun, and the fea making often 
 a way over the fliip, the Lord made up every want by vouchfafing 
 his gracious prefence — we could adopt the language of the poet : 
 
 Thy fhining grace can cheer 
 
 The dungeon where we dwell j 
 'Tis paradife if thou art there. 
 
 If thou depart 'tis hell. 
 
 Though by changing our courfe we fhall lengthen our voyage 
 feven thoufand miles, and have two hundred and eleven degrees of 
 longitude to run, yet the fpeed with which we advance is amazing; 
 in the laft two days, fince Friday at midnight, we have run by the 
 log near five hundred miles. The Lord is fending us about as he 
 did his Ifrael of old, and no doubt for wife ends. Could we have 
 gone round Cape Horn, we might probably have reached the place 
 of our defi:ination much fooner : but we are fliort-fighted creatures, 
 and in the befi: hands ; let his will be done, who knows how mofl 
 fafely to lead us through the deep as through a wildernefs. 
 
 The immenfe fhoals of fifhes around us have often amufed and 
 aftoniflied us ; fome larger marching in great pomp, followed by a 
 train of fmaller, and approaching clofe to the ihip's fides ; the
 
 Dec] to THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 45 
 
 flying-fifli rifing like a flock of birds out of the water, and often 
 falling on board; one fifteen inches long flew dircdlly againft our bell, 
 and was taken : they were very good eating. Thoufands of birds 
 alfo, about the fize of pigeons, flew around us. 
 
 20th. We re-croffed the meridian of London, and began counting 
 our longitude eaftward j and on the 24th that of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, in the latitude or track of 40° 20' S. with a fine gale wefterly 
 driving us along at the rate of eight or nine miles an hour. 
 
 24th. Chriftmas eve: fpent, fiysW. P. a comfortable evening with 
 mymcflmates, brother Shelly, brother Hodges and his wife; had a 
 good cake of our own making, and a very nice dilh of chocolate. My 
 mind was deeply imprelTed with the remembrance of deareft abfent 
 friends, whom I reprefented fitting round their fire-fide, and faying, 
 Ah, poor fouls, where are they now ! 
 
 25th. After a fermon from Ilaiah, ix. 6. the Lord's fupper was 
 adminiflered : bleffed be God, I found it a very comfortable fcafon. 
 
 26th. Fine weather and briflc gales ; we failed two hundred and 
 forty miles the lafl: twenty-four hours. 
 
 29th. Obferved an eclipfe of the fun of about three hours con- 
 tinuance ; three parts being obfcured, it produced a perceptible 
 darknefs. 
 
 The miffionaries were now applying themfelves to the Otaheitean 
 language, the moil: diligent giving pleafing proofs of their defire 
 and aptnefs to acquire it. A part of each day was alfo appropriated 
 to reading the Rev. Mr. Greatheed's account of the South-Sea 
 iflands : this they flyled Miffionary Geography; from thence deriving 
 confiderable knowledge: their minds alfo became more exercifed, and 
 a diflTerence of opinion gradually increafed concerning the propriety 
 of their feparating, and which group appeared the mofl: eligible and 
 fafe to fettle in : fome preferred the Friendly Ifles, others Otaheite. 
 John Harris alone was for the Marouefas ; he had long ago made 
 that choice, and fiill remained unfhaken in his refolution, defiring 
 only to have one or two to accompany him ; and for that purpofe
 
 46 " FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1796. 
 
 vas now ufing his intercfl: with the young men, few of whom as 
 yet Icemed inclined to fettle at the Marquefas. In confequence of 
 the probability of fiich a feparation taking place, a meeting of the 
 \\ hole body of mifTionaries was held, when, after a long converfation, 
 it was moved, " That eight perfons and the chairman (the captain) 
 " be chofen to draw up a code of church government for the future 
 *' condudl of their little fociety, together with certain religious 
 *' principles, to be figned by every individual." — Agreed. The 
 fame day the following perfons were chofen by ballot to compofe the 
 committee: viz. Bowell, Buchanan, Cover, Henry, JefFerfon, Lewis, 
 Main, and Shelly. 
 
 At another meeting it was moved, *' That two days in the week, 
 " Tuefdays and Thurfdays, an hour and half each, be appointed for 
 " the difcuflion of fome do(ftrinal part of God's word. The text 
 " of fcripture to be appointed by a moderator, chofen out of the 
 " body, who fliall publicly c'eclare the text at leaft two days be- 
 " fore the time of difcuflion ; the members to fpeak in rotation, and 
 " not to exceed a quarter of an hour each, and to divide the text under 
 " proper heads, which fliall be committed unto paper, and a copy 
 " of the fame to be delivered to the moderator." — Agreed. Mr. 
 Lewis chofen firfl moderator. The defign of this plan was to im- 
 prove the young men in the method of arranging their thoughts, 
 and to excite them to a more diligent fearch into the fcriptures. It 
 was moved alfo, at the fame meeting, " That MefTrs. Henry and 
 " Kelfo do, in conjundlion with the ordained miniflers, join in the 
 " regular difpenfiition of the word of God." — This was hkewife 
 agreed to. 
 
 Refpcding the health of both mifTionaries and crew, we may all 
 (two or three excepted) fay that we have enjoyed that blefling abun- 
 dantly. Mr. Clode was lately attacked with a fevere fever, and for 
 fome time delirious, but now in a way of recovery ; and Mr. 
 Buchanan, having fuffered continually by fea-ficknefs, was at pre- 
 fent brought very low, and for fome days confined to his bed, by a
 
 TanI to the south-sea islands. 47 
 
 painful coftive complaint, which long refifted the power of "^^dlcine - 
 while his getting worfe every day increafed the concern all on board 
 felt through fear of lofing this humble and devoted miirionary. 
 But' to our great joy, December .9th, at the time when we thought 
 himexpirn^g, he obtained relief, and afterwards gradually recovered. 
 His happy experience of God's love, and joy of hope through all his 
 illnefs. was a fingular comfort and encouragement to all the brethren. 
 
 Tanuary ift, 1797- L^^tle did we apprehend on this day laft year 
 what was the decree of the Lord concerning us. We have now failed 
 twelve thoufand miles. 
 
 Come, my foul, a year is gone, 
 And thyfelf may'ft truly moan ; 
 Small the fruit to God is found. 
 Too much like the barren ground. 
 
 This new year may be my laft. 
 Former years are gone and part ; 
 Come, my foul, arife and pray. 
 Trim thy lamp this new-year's day. 
 
 od We were now making rapid advances towards the defired 
 iiland ; but little remarkable occurred.-The aquatic birds which 
 had daily vifited us in great numbers fince we came mto this fea, 
 feemed now to have left us, fo that for fome days we hardly faw one 
 of any kind. Whales were playing round the fhip, and it is proba- 
 ble that, had they been objeds of our voyage, we might have caught 
 fome of the many we faw. There were feveral of the brethren who 
 took great delight in ftanding with harpoons in their hands, watching 
 opportunities to ftnke the porpoifes that were ufiially iporting under 
 the bows, and one day Mr. Smith had the fuccefs to ftrike one, the 
 blubber of which produced four gallons of good oil ^ ^ .. , 
 
 By the middle of January the committee of eight had nearly finiflied
 
 48 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 the articles of faith and rules of church government. As yet no ferious 
 difference of fentiment had arifen among the miffionaries : one now 
 commenced rcg-arding thofe points of dodrine which have too often, 
 and with too great afperity, divided the church of the living God. 
 It had been the great objed: with the diredors to prevent as much as 
 poflible divcrfity of opinion among the brethren, being confcious on 
 whichever fide the truth might be found in the abflrufer points of 
 theological tenets, that all difputes among the teachers themfelves 
 fhould be guarded with the greateft precaution. 
 
 As the directors held the dodrinal articles of the church of Eng- 
 land in the fenfe ufually termed Calviniftic, and in correfpondence 
 with the opinion of their brethren in Scotland, contained in the Af- 
 fembly's catechifm ; it was an original decifion, that none Ihould be 
 fent out as miffionaries, who did not make a clear and explicit con- 
 fefTion of their faith, agreeable to this rule. We had every reafon 
 to believe that all the miffionaries were of one mind ; but it now ap- 
 peared, on the difcuffion, that two of the thirty had entertained 
 principles diflPerent from the reft, which occafioned fome debate. 
 The general fenfe of the body was, that it would be injurious to the 
 work to continue thofe as fellow-helpers whofe difference of fentiment 
 from their brethren might produce unhappy effedls among the hea- 
 then. However, after a variety of conferences on the fubjed:, con- 
 duced with the greateft calmnefs, the two who had differed from 
 the reft acknowledged that they had received convidion from the 
 arguments of their brethren, admitted the impropriety of their con- 
 dud, and were accordingly reftored to fellowlhip, and as, much 
 honoured and refpeded as ever. We remark this as a moft happy 
 trait of Chriftian confidence; and none have flaewn themfelves more 
 faithful to the caufe, nor has the fmalleft difference fince arifen be- 
 tween them on the fubjed. 
 
 29th. We paffed the meridian of the fouth cape of New Hollandj 
 and on the 14th of February were thirty-two leagues to the fouth- 
 ward of the fouth cape of New Zealand. On the 15th we were nearly
 
 Feb.] to THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 4., 
 
 antipodes to our friends in London. The day following a fea broke 
 againft our ftern, daflaed one of the windows to pieces, and fpoiled 
 feveral books in the cabin. 
 
 17th. We met with as heavy a florm from the caftward as any we 
 had before experienced ; the fea around us ran mountainoufly, and the 
 rain poured heavily upon us for about eight hours. However, as we 
 were all in good health, the effedls of it were but little felt. This 
 was in lat. 31° 30' S. and long. 209" 30' E. 
 
 The fenfations of the miffionaries on this occafion their own journals 
 will beft tell. This was the moft fevere and awful florm we had yet 
 experienced. The fea ran mountains high, but our little and incom- 
 parable bark, with which our God hath blefled us, lay to under 
 her main-ftayfail, and mounted over the waves like a duck with 
 feathers. We were bleffed with a calm and ferene ftate of mind, and 
 enabled to call: our care upon God, which we did in a fweet prayer- 
 meeting between decks. In the evening the wind died away, and 
 the lovely ftars fhewed their faces. Appointed Tuefday next to fign 
 the articles, and obferve a day of public thankfgiving for the fignal 
 and wonderful mercies we had received. 
 
 It is remarkable, that through the voyage the Lord has ufually ient 
 us moderate weather on the fabbath days, fo that our folemnitics have 
 been feldom interrupted. 
 
 2 1 ft. The articles of faith and rules of church government being 
 completed and approved by the whole of the brethren, they, at a 
 meeting this day, figned the fame, and held a day of thanklgiving. 
 A feparation becoming now more and more probable, they began 
 teaching each other the little handicraft arts they were mafters of, 
 fuppofing fuch might be ferviceable when they parted. Dr. Gillhani 
 gave likewife lectures upon a prepared fkeleton of the human body, 
 and inftrutfted them in the ufe of the medicines. 
 
 This afternoon we experienced a remarkable interference of Divine 
 Providence in our favour. The pitch-kettle being placed on the fire 
 by the carpenter whilft calking the decks, the man who was left 
 
 H
 
 50 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 in care of it fuftl-rcd it to boil over : immediately it blazed up with 
 furprifing fury ; he had, however, the prefence of mind to lift it 
 oft' the fire, and prevent the dreaded conflagration. Though the 
 caboufe was fo dry, and the forefail hanging down over it, which 
 muft have inftantly communicated the flames to the rigging, through 
 the goodnefs of God no harm was done, and the fire put out in an 
 inllant. O, the wonders of his care, who hath faid, " he that 
 " touchcth you, toucheth the apple of my eye." 
 
 Ninety-feven days had now palled fince we left Rio Janeiro, and 
 except one veffel which we met with a week after our departure, we had 
 not in all this time feen either fhip or fhorc, and had failed, by our 
 log, thirteen thoufand eight himdred and twenty miles, a greater 
 diflance probably than was ever before run without touching at any 
 place for refrelhment, or feeing land. But at length, tired with 
 beholding only a vacant horizon, and the familiar objeds the fea 
 daily prefented to our view, all began to look with eager expcdation 
 of defcrying a South-Sea ifland ; which, even in the minds of thofe 
 whofe reafon and intelligence informed them better, fancy had fioured 
 as differing from all the lands or iflands on which they had ever fixed 
 their eyes before. However, the time was now arrived when this 
 curiofity was to be in part gratified. About feven in the morning 
 Toobouai was difcovered from the fore-yard by one of the feamen, 
 bearing S. E. by E. eight or nine leagues off, fliewing at this diftance 
 like two feparate iflands, but on our near approach the low land 
 which connedls the hills appeared. The wind at N. E. being unfa- 
 vourable, we fl:ood towards the ifland, but the fun fet before we got 
 fufiiciently near to difcern the natives ; neither did we fee any canoes. 
 The wind at this time fliifting to E. by S. we laid our courfe upon 
 the flarboard tack, and failing along the weftern fide pretty near the 
 fliore, though in the duflc of the evening, faw that a border of low 
 land ran from the flcirts of the hills, and upon it abundance of cocoa- 
 nut and other trees. The fea was breaking violently on the reefs, 
 efpccially to the N. E. where they extend a long way off.
 
 F£B.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 51 
 
 It is now fourteen weeks fincc we lafl faw the land, which was 
 Rio Janeiro, and it mufl be conkfTed, it is very dehghtful to behold ; 
 though we were not in any want of it, neither has our voyage been 
 attended with any inconvenience. The Lord, in providence, has 
 fupplied our neceffitics in a moft wonderful manner. BlefTcd be God, 
 we have not found the want of a drop of good water to quench our 
 thirft, nor bread, &c. to fatisfy our hunger, and here we are all the 
 living monuments of his mercy to praifc him. 
 
 The wind blew frefh from Toobouai, and the intention of our 
 captain was not to go near this ifland; but, for the fake of fome who 
 were defirous of feeing it, we tacked to windward, and towards 
 evening got within a few miles of it : he thought it not prudent to 
 land on account of the natives being prejudiced againft the Englilh 
 through the mutineers of the fhip Bounty, who had deflroyed near 
 a hundred of them. But we truft to vifit them at fome future time, 
 to remove their prejudice with the glad tidings of the gofpel of peace. 
 
 A fine breeze continuing all the night, we faw no more of Toobouai. 
 
 This ifland was difcovered by Captain Cook in the year 1777; 
 and upon it the unhappy Fletcher Chriflian, with his companions, 
 the mutineers of the Bounty, attempted a fettlement in 1789. They 
 had with them fome of the natives of Otaheite, and live ftock of 
 different forts. Notwithftanding the oppofition they met with from 
 the natives on their firft arrival, they warped the fhip through the 
 only opening in the reef; then landing, chofe a fpot of ground, 
 built a fort thereon, and taking their live ftock on fliore, they in- 
 tended, had the natives proved friendly to their flay, to have de- 
 llroyed the Bounty and fixed themfelves there : but their own unruly 
 condudl alienated the natives from them, who withheld their wo- 
 men, which they were ready to feize by violence : they excited the 
 jealoufy of the chiefs by a friendflrip formed with one of them in 
 preference to the reff; they were difunited among themfelves, and 
 many longed for Otaheite : they refolvcd to leave Toobouai, and carry 
 with them all the live ftock which they had brought, the benefit of 
 
 H 2
 
 ^^ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 \\ hich the Toobouaians began to underftand, and were unwilling to 
 fee them again all colledled and removed. This caufcd the firft 
 brawl between the Otaheitean fervants, who were driving in the 
 hogs, and the natives. Infblence and want of gentlenefs and con- 
 ciHation, led to all the bloody confeqiiences which enfiied. The 
 natives were numerous, and fought with great courage, forcing the 
 mutineers to avail themfelves of a rifing ground, where, with their 
 fuperior ikill, the advantage of fire-arms, and the aid of the Ota- 
 heiteans, who fought bravely on this occafion, they at lafl came off 
 vidlorious, with only one or two of themfelves wounded, whilfl: the 
 dead bodies of the Toobouaians covered the fpot, and were afterwards 
 thrown up in three or four heaps. Thus finding that no peaceable 
 iettlemcnt was now to be obtained in this place, they re-fhipped the 
 live flock, abandoned their fort, and taking their friendly chief on 
 board with them, weighed anchor and fleered towards Ohaitapeha 
 bay in the ifland of Otaheite. On their paffage thither, it is faid, 
 Chriftian became very melancholy, confining himfelf to the cabin, 
 and would hardly fpeak a word to any perfon ; lamenting, moll: pro- 
 bably, that the rcfolutions he had formed without deliberation, and 
 executed with rafh hafle, had now involved his own life and thofe 
 of his adherents in mifery. As foon as they anchored in Ohaitapeha 
 bay at Otaheite, thofe who wilhed to ftay there went on fliore ; but 
 nine of the mutineers, and alio fome of the native men and women, 
 remained on board. With thefe, Chriftian cutting the cable in the 
 night, put to fea, and fleering to the N.W. has never been heard of 
 lince. 
 
 Here it may be proper, before we approach the deflined illand, 
 to notice the Heps which the brethren were taking, and what new 
 regulations were made previous to their arrival. Near fcven months 
 wereelapfed fince they embarked at Blackwall, during which time it 
 is reafonable to fuppofe, that, being clofely penned together in a fliip, 
 they were now become well acquainted with each other's tempers 
 and difpofitions, and that a fimilarity in thefe would naturally attradt
 
 Feb.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 53 
 
 peculiar regard and fricndfhip. Several of the brethren having 
 hinted to the captain which group of iflands they preferred, the feniors, 
 who had always declared for Otaheite, requefted that each one fhould 
 be obliged, on a day appointed, to fignify in writing the place to 
 which he wiflied to go, and iign the fame with his name. To this 
 the captain replied, that they might do fo if they pleafcd ; but that 
 he himfelf would adl as clofely agreeable to the dilcretionary inftriic- 
 tions given by the dired:ors as future circumftances would allow. 
 
 By our progrefs to the eaft, the monthly prayer-meeting had been 
 held on Tuefday morning, a quarter before feven, to correfpond with 
 our brethren at home, who met on Monday evening. A fpirit of 
 prayer and fupplication feemed evidently poured out upon us in behalf 
 of the poor heathen ; every heart expanded with love, and glowed 
 with ardent defires to proclaim falvation to them through the blood 
 of the Lamb* 
 
 Having frequently difcufled the fubjed: of the feparation of the bre- 
 thren among the three groups of iflands, the Marquefas, the Society, 
 and Friendly Iflands ; February 27th, being the day appointed, the 
 fociety met, and the bufinefs of the day was opened in the ufual man- 
 Tier, when there appeared for each group as in the following lift : 
 
 OTAHEITE. 
 NO, NO. 
 
 1 Rev. J. F. Cover 10 Mr. Wm. Henry 
 
 2 John Eyre 11 — P. Hodges 
 
 3 John Jefferfon 12 -— R. Haflfell 
 
 4 Thomas Lewis 13 — E. Main 
 
 5 Mr. H. Bicknell 14 — H. Nott 
 
 6 — B. Broomhall 15 — F. Oakes 
 
 7 — J. Cock 16 — J.Puckey 
 
 8 -^ S. Clode 17 — Wm. Puckey 
 
 9 — J. A. Gillham 18 — Wm. Smith; 
 which, with five women and two children, make in all twenty- 
 five for Otaheite.
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 3+ 
 
 TONGA TABOO. SANTA CHRISTINA. 
 
 NO. 
 
 , Mr. B. Bowcll 
 — J, Buchanan 
 
 NO. 
 
 I Mr. J. Harris 
 3 — Wm. Crook 
 
 3 — James Cooper 
 
 4 — S. Harper 
 ^ S. Kelfo 
 
 6 — ]. Nobbs 
 
 7 W. Shelly 
 
 8 G. Veefon 
 
 
 9 — J.Wilkinfon 
 IQ — — Gaulton 
 
 
 The above bufinefs being fettled, the captain intimated to thofe 
 intended for Otaheite, that, as we were drawing near that ifland, it 
 would be proper for them to choofe their committee and prefident. 
 This they accordingly proceeded to do ; Mr. Jefferfon was eled:ed 
 prefident by a great majority, and McfT. Cover, Lewis, Henry, and 
 Broomhall, to compofe the committee. Mr. Cover was appointed 
 fecretary and ftore-keeper, and Lewis librarian. It was then agreed, 
 that the prefident, fecretary, &c. fliould hold their office for fix 
 months, and that the committee fhould go out by rotation, one every 
 three months. Matters being thus fettled, they began to encourage 
 each other to enter without fear upon their work, and by a zealous 
 and fleady perfeverance therein to manifeft themfelves worthy of the 
 high charadlers of miffionaries. 
 
 Our paflage from Toobouai was much longer than we expelled, 
 owing to variable winds from the N.W quarter and very unfettled 
 weather. 
 
 March I ft. From two o'clock in the afternoon till four it rained 
 exceflively hard ; more than a tun of water was caught, which gave 
 the mifTionaries afterwards an opportunity of walliing their linen,
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SE.\ ISLANDS. ^5 
 
 and putting it in order previous to their landing. From four until 
 feven was an interval of fair weather ; but now the clouds gathcrin<i- 
 thick, and wearing a gloomy afpcdt, a mod alarming night com- 
 menced : orders were given to furl every fail except the forefail, and, 
 hauling it clofe, we lay to. The rain began heavier than before, ac- 
 companied, from nine till midnight, with fliarp vivid lightning and 
 awful claps of thunder, which, on account of its nearnefs, fliook 
 the Duff at every clap. The rain, attended with fqualls, continued 
 till three in the morning; then abated. The fea was not high, 
 neither was the wind very violent ; neverthelefs the darknefs and con- 
 flid: of the elements formed a night fo truly difmal, that all on board 
 confcffed they had never witneffed the like before. We therefore, 
 fay the miffionaries, took to the wings of faith, and fled to the God 
 of our mercies ; and when we had fung an hymn, committing our- 
 felves to the protedtion of the Moft High, we retired to reft. The 
 next morning we returned our folemn and grateful thanks for the 
 protedlion of that night. 
 
 After the ftorm nothing material occurred till Saturday morning, 
 March 4th, when we beheld the long- wifhed- for ifland of Otahcitc, 
 but at a great diftance. At noon the extremity of the leffcr peninfula 
 bore from N. by W. to N. | W. twelve or fourteen leagues off: with 
 the wind at N. E. we ftood towards it until ten at niirht, then 
 tacked three or four miles fouth of the reefs off Atahooroo, and 
 ffanding off and on till daylight, fleered to go between the weft end 
 of the ifland and Eimeo. 
 
 The captain has mentioned in converfation what we cannot wifli 
 fliould be omitted, that the conflidls he endured upon this near ap- 
 proach to the place of his deflination are not to be defcribcd ; he felt 
 fomething of that travailing in birth which St. Paul mentions ; and 
 his anxiety refpedling his brethren and their reception was a burden 
 almoft too heavy for him to bear — happily a gracious God quickly 
 delivered him out of all his fears.
 
 36 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE ['797- 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Occurrences on landing at Otaheitc, and during the Jirjl Vijit to that 
 
 IJJand. 
 
 [Sunday, March 5, 1797.] 
 
 1 HE morning was pleaflmt, and with a gentle breeze we had by 
 fevcn o'clock got abrcaft of the diftridt of Atahooroo, whence we 
 faw fcveral canoes putting off and paddling towards us with great 
 fpeed i at the iame time it fell calm, which being in their favour, 
 we foon counted feventy-four canoes around us, many of them 
 double ones, containing about twenty perfons each. Being fo nu- 
 merous, we endeavoured to keep them from crowding on board; 
 but in fpite of all our efforts to prevent it, there were foon not lefs 
 than one hundred of them dancing and capering like frantic perfons 
 about our decks, crying, " Tayo ! tayo!" and a few broken fen- 
 tences of Englifli were often repeated. They had no weapons of any 
 kind among them ; however, to keep them in awe, fome of the 
 great guns were ordered to be hoifled out of the hold, whilft they, 
 as free from the apprehenfion as the intention of mifchief, cheerfully 
 aififled to put them on their carriages. When the firfl ceremonies 
 were over, we began to view our new friends with an eye of in- 
 quiry : their wild diforderly behaviour, flrong fmell of the cocoa- 
 nut oil, together with the tricks of the arreoies, leffened the favour- 
 able opinion we had formed of them j neither could we fee aught 
 of that elegance and beauty in their women for which they have been 
 fo greatly celebrated. This at firft feemed to depreciate them in the 
 eftimation of our brethren ; but the cheerfulnefs, good-nature, and 
 generofity of thefe kind people foon removed the momentary preju-
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 57 
 
 dices. One very old man, Manne Manne, who called hiinfclf a 
 prieft of the Eatooa, was very importunate to be tayo with the cap- 
 tain ; others, pretending to be chiefs, lingled out fuch as had the ap- 
 pearance of officers for their tayos ; but as they neither exercifed 
 authority over the unruly, nor bore the fmalleft mark of diflinftion, 
 we thought proper to decline their propofals till we knew them and 
 the nature of the engagement better. At this they feemed afto- 
 nifhed, but ftill more when they faw our indifference about the hogs, 
 fowls, and fruit, which they had brought in abundance. We en- 
 deavoured to make them underftand, but I think in vain, that this 
 was the day of the Eatooa, and that in it we durft not trade : but 
 their women repulfed, occafioned greater wonder. They continued 
 to go about the decks till the tranfports of their joy gradually fub- 
 fided, when many of them left us of their own accord, and others 
 were driven away by the old man, and one named Mauroa, who 
 now exercifed a little authority. Thofe who remained were chiefly 
 arreoies from Ulietea, in number about forty ; and being brought to 
 order, the brethren propofed having divine fervice upon the quarter- 
 deck. Mr. Cover officiated ; he perhaps was the firft that ever men- 
 tioned with reverence the Saviour's name to thefe poor heathens. 
 Such hymns were feledled as had the mod harmonious tunes ; firft, 
 " O'er the gloomy hills of darknefs j" then, " Blow ye the trum- 
 " pet, blow j" and at the conclufion, " Praife God from whom all 
 •' bleffings flow." The text was from the firfl: epiftle general of John, 
 chap. iii. ver. 23. " God is love." The whole fervice lafl:ed about 
 an hour and a quarter. During fermon and prayer the natives were 
 quiet and thoughtful ; but when the finging ftruck up, they feemed 
 charmed and filled with amazement ; fometimes they would talk 
 and laugh, but a nod of the head brought them to order. Upon the 
 whole, their unweariednefs and quietnefs were afl:onifhing ; and, 
 indeed, all who heard obferved a peculiar folemnity and excellence 
 in Mr. Cover's addrefs on that day. 
 
 I
 
 5S ' FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 \Vc hiul hithcno rcvcived very unfatisfiidory anfwers to our in- 
 quiries after the Matilda's crew ; but at laft favv two of thcni 
 coming in a canoe : thefe were Swedes, dreffed in the teboota and 
 niaro as the natives, and tattowed alfo about the legs and arms : 
 having got on board they were called into the cabin, and gave the 
 following account of themfelves : — The youngcfl, named Andrew 
 Cornelius Lind, about thirty years of age, a native of Stockholm, 
 faid, that after the lofs of the Matilda they took to the boats, and 
 bearing down towards Otahcite, landed on the 6th of March 1792, 
 on the fouth fide of the ifland ; they were immediately plundered 
 of all they had, but afterwards treated kindly by the natives. Since 
 that, the captain and moft of the crew had gone homeward by dif- 
 ferent methods : fix of them decked one of their boats, and fet off 
 towards New Holland ; but it was improbable they wovvki ever 
 reach thither. The other, whofe name is Peter Haggerftein, aged 
 forty, a native of Elfinfors in Swedifli Finland, was left here by 
 Captain New of the Daedalus. They both fpoke tolerably good 
 Englifh, and being well acquainted with the Otaheitcan tongue, we 
 entertained a hope that they would prove of great fervice. 
 
 From them we learnt, that the old man who was fo folicitous to 
 have the captain for a tayo, had formerly been king of Ulietea, was 
 a near relation of the royal family, and of confiderable confequence 
 in the iflands, being chief priefl over Otaheite and Eimeo. Upon 
 this, Manne Manne was invited into the cabin and treated kindly. 
 He now redoubled his importunities to gain the captain for his 
 friend, who dcfired him to wait till to-morrow, when he would con- 
 fider of it. The Swedes further informed us, that the former Otoo 
 had transferred his name and tile of Earee rahie (or king) to his fon, 
 and had now afliimed the name of Pomarre : that in a conteft: about 
 twenty months ago with Temarre, the chief of all the fouth fide of 
 the greater peninfula, Pomarre's party prevailed, and fubjeded his 
 adverfary to a flate of dependance, and foon after Tiaraboo was con~
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 59 
 
 qucrcd ; and thus the whole ifland became fubjedl to hiin, or rather 
 to his foil Otoo, and has remained fo ever fmcc. Motuara, the chief 
 of Eimeo, being dead, Pomarre laid claim to the government of that 
 ifland ; and having only the wieiow of the deceafed to contend witb, 
 was, afterafew Ikirmifhes, acknowledged as chief, or king. Thus 
 was the power of Pomarre and his fon Otoo fo greatly increafed, 
 that none dared any longer to difpute their authority. 
 
 6th. About thirty of the natives, chiefly arreoies, intending to go to 
 Matavai, remained on board all the night, and part of the following- 
 day, till we anchored in the bay; as did the two Swedes ; and flept 
 on the deck. The miflionaries watched; all perfedly quiet. At 
 daybreak the old pricfl awoke, and being impatient to fecure the 
 tayofliip with the captain, awoke him alfo. There was now no 
 refufing him any longer, as even good policy was on his fide; there- 
 fore they exchanged names, and Manne Manne, wrapping a long 
 piece of cloth around the captain, and putting a teboota over his 
 head, requeued for himfelf a mufket, fome fhot and gunpowder : 
 but being told that none of thefe were to fpare, and that he fhould be 
 amply repaid for what friendly offices he might do us, he feemed 
 fatisfied. All the forenoon was employed in working up without 
 the reefs of Oparre ; but gaining little ground, at one P. M. we came 
 to anchor in Matavai bay, Point Venus bearing N. E. by E. and 
 One Tree hill S. f W. diflant from the beach about three quarters of 
 a mile. We had not been long at anchor, when all the arreoies, both 
 men and women, fprung into the water and fwam to the fhore : 
 their place, however, was foon fupplied by others, who furrounded 
 the fliip with hogs, fruit, and other articles : of thefe we took a 
 little for prefent ufe; but the old prieft having promifed to fupply 
 all our wants by next morning, confequently little was done in the 
 trading way. 
 
 Almoft the whole afternoon it rained hard till near four o'clock, 
 when we had fome intervals of fliir weather ; then the captain, 
 Manne Manne, the two Swedes, with brother Cover, Henry, and 
 
 I a
 
 ^^ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 a few more of tlie miflionarics, went on Hiorc in order to examine 
 a large houfc ftanding on the extremity of Point Venus. They called 
 it E Fwharre no Prltane (the Britifli Houfe), and faid it had been 
 built by Pomarre for Captain Bligh, who had faid he fliould come 
 back and refide there. It is a large and fpacious building of an 
 oblong figure, one hundred and eight feet long and forty-eight wide. 
 In the middle are four large wooden pillars about eighteen feet 
 high, on which the ridge-tree is fupported. About three feet within 
 the fides ftand pillars all round, about nine feet long, and fix feet 
 diftant from each other. On the top of thefe a plank is let down, 
 which runs round the whole houfe; from thence to the ridge large 
 poles are fet up, and handfomely bound round with fine matting 
 about eighteen inches afunder : on this the thatch is laid, of palm- 
 tree leaves moft beautifully worked. About one foot from thefe pil- 
 lars, on the outfide, runs a fkreen of bamboo all round, except 
 about twenty feet in the middle on both fides. — Thus hath the Lord 
 appeared to fet before us an open door, which we truft; none Ihall 
 henceforth be able to fhut. 
 
 The chief of the diftridl (an old man named Pyteah) welcomed 
 them to the ifland, faid that the houfe was theirs, and fhould be 
 cleared for their reception the next day. He then fhewed them the 
 pidture of Captain Cook, upon the back of which were written the 
 names of his Majefty's fhips and their commanders who had vifited 
 Matavai fince that great navigator's time. The natives on fhore 
 feemed tranfported with the idea of men coming purpofely from Pre- 
 tane to fettle among them : this fet thofe miffionaries off who were 
 to fix here, in very high fpirits. 
 
 7th. Manne Manne was as good as his word, coming early 
 alongfide with three hogs, fome fowls, bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, and 
 a quantity of their cloth ; the whole intended as a prefent for his 
 tayo, the captain. He made a long oration, defcriptive of all the fhips 
 and captains which had touched at Otaheite, with the names of the 
 gods of Ulietea ; but faid, that Otaheite had none but from him.
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 6i 
 
 acknowledging the Britifli God to be the beft, and that he fhould 
 requcft Otoo to worfhip him, and to order the people to do the fame. 
 
 Soon after Peter the Swede arrived from a diftant part of the ifland 
 with more fruit, and a remarkably large hog, the two fides of which, 
 exclufive of the head and entrails, weighed three himdred and forty 
 pounds ; it had on each fide of its mouth two large tufks ; for ufe it 
 was far too fat for us, and as many fmall pigs were brought in the 
 courfe of the day, but little of it was eaten. 
 
 Manne Manne, the aged high-prieft, had brought five of his 
 wives with him on board, not one of which exceeded fifteen years 
 old, and defired he might fleep in the cabin; and, according to the 
 cuftom of the country, very cordially defired Captain Wilfon, his 
 tayo, to take his choice, and could hardly perfuade himfelf he was 
 ferious in declining the offer ; nor failed the next morning to inquire 
 of them which he had chofen. This brouo;ht on a converfation on 
 the nature of their cuftoms ; the captain explained to the old prieft, 
 how little fuch a ftate of polygamy was fuited to happinefs ; that 
 no woman could be either fo attached, faithful, affectionate, or 
 careful to promote domeflic felicity, as where the heart was fixed 
 on one objedt without a rival. The old prieft did not at all relifh this 
 dodirine, and faid, fuch was not the cuftom of Otaheite ; but the 
 ladies highly approved, and faid the Pritane cuftom was my ty, 
 my ty, very good. 
 
 Manne Manne was riow very defirous for us to go to Eimeo with 
 the fhip, and there land the miftionaries under his proted:ion, making 
 ufe of all his rhetoric to perfuade the captain, and bringing the 
 two Swedes, whom he feems to have much under his command, to 
 prove that Pomarre never ad:cd honourably by the Englifli, or any 
 other, after he had done with their fervices ; that themfelves had 
 affifted him in his wars, had been the principal inftruments of his 
 fuccefs } but, fince his turn was ferved, he would hardly give them 
 a fmall hog. This, and all they urged, might have gained credit 
 with us, as all the late voyagers have related incidents which mark
 
 6i FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 this chief's charadcr with felfiflincfs ; but, on the other fide, it 
 might be inferred, that thefe Swedes, after they had lent their af- 
 
 firtance, might be unrcafonable, and even infolent in their de- 
 mands, and by fuch condiid render it neceflliry for Pomarre to treat 
 them with bare civility only. Therefore, concluding them preju- 
 diccil, and the old priell: only arguing from views of intereft, it 
 was rcfolvcd, that as Otaheite was the mofi: eligible ifland, the fet- 
 tlement fhould firfl: be made there j and the friendfliip and protedtion 
 of Pomarre and his fon Otoo be courted by kindnefs and attachment 
 to hi^ intcrcfl:, to be cxprelTed and fliewn on every occafion ; but 
 never to take any part in their wars, except as mediators. — In the inter- 
 val of fair weather, betwixt daybreak and eight o'clock, we pur- 
 chafed a few things from the canoes alongfide, merely to pleafe them; 
 for the liberality of our friends had left us no other plea. 
 
 The rain beginning again as violent as before, prevented the mif- 
 fionaries landing till near eleven in the forenoon ; when the captain, 
 Mr. JefFerfon (prefident), with a few more of the miflionaries, went 
 on fliore, accompanied by Manne Manne and Peter. The natives 
 had aflfembled upon the beach to the number of four or five hun- 
 dred, and as the boat approached fome ran into the water, and lay- 
 ing hold of her hauled her aground ; then took the captain and 
 milTionaries on their backs, and carried them dry on fhore. They 
 were received by the young king (Otoo) and his wife Tctua, both 
 carried on men's fhoulders ; each took the captain by the hand, and 
 in dumb filence furveyed him attentively, looking in his face and 
 minutely examining every part of his drefs : they beheld the brethren 
 alfo with much the fiime curiofity. The queen opened Mr. Cover's 
 fliirt at the breafl: and fleeves, and feemed aftoniflied at fo clear a 
 fight of the blue veins. That this fliould be the cafe now, after fo 
 many vifits from Europeans, may furprife fome; but let fuch con- 
 fider, that though the oldell and the middle-aged have been fully gra- 
 tified in thefe refpedls, the young ones have as yet feen very little; 
 for there could be but fmall difference between therafelves and the
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 63 
 
 dark complexions of the naked Ihipwrecked failors who had lately 
 taken refuge amongft them. 
 
 The captain now informed the king, through Peter as inter- 
 preter, that our only inducement for leaving Prctane to come and 
 vifit them was to do them good, by inflruding them in the beft 
 and moft ufeful things j and for this end, fome good men of 
 our number intended to fettle among them ; requiring, on their 
 part, the free gift of a piece of land fufficiently ftocked with bread- 
 fruit and cocoa-nut trees, and fo large as to contain a garden and 
 admit of houfes being built upon it ; that this land fhould be their 
 own; that they would not, on any account, intermeddle in their 
 wars, nor employ their arms but for felf-defence ; and at all times 
 fliould live free and unmolefled among them : to which if he con- 
 fented, they would ilay on the iflandj if not, they would go 
 elfewhere. Much pains were taken to make this plain ; but as Otoo 
 appears to be a vacant-looking perfon, I doubt whether he under- 
 ftood the half of it, though he iignificd the large houfe was our 
 own, and we might take what land we pleafed. 
 
 After this, Manne Manne flood up in the middle of the ring, and 
 made a long fpeech, paffing many encomiums on Pretane. When 
 all was over, the king, ftill holding the captain by the hand, led him 
 to the houfe, thence to the beach, and fo on j till, tired, he requefted 
 to return on board. When arrived at the boat, Otoo defircd to hear 
 the mulkcts fired, and, to gratify him, the four they had were dif- 
 charged twice; with which compliment he feemed highly pleafed. 
 
 After dinner Otoo and his wife came off, each in a fmall canoe, 
 with only one man paddling : whilfl: they went feveral times round 
 the Ihip, the queen was frequently baling her canoe with a cocoa-nut 
 iTiell. This may help to form an idea of what a queen is in Otahcitc. 
 They would not venture on board, becaufe whcrcibever they come is 
 deemed facred, none daring to enter there afterwards except their 
 proper domeftics.
 
 g^ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 He appears tall and well made, about feventeen; his queen handfome 
 and finely proportioned, about the fame age, and always carried about, 
 on fhore, on men's Ihoulders. The king appears thoughtful, fpeaks 
 little, but furveys things with attention. The mifTionaries fuppofed 
 fomcthing majcilic in his appearance, but the captain thought him 
 ftupid, and to difcover little capacity. As he paddled round the lliip 
 he was offered the compliment of firing the great guns, but he begged 
 us not, as he was afraid, and the noife would hurt his ears. 
 
 Knowino- there were women and children on board, they expreffed 
 a wifh to fee them, and when they walked to the fhip's fide to fliew 
 thcmfclves, they fet up a cry of admiration and wonder. The fky 
 darkening, they made towards fhore. We had loofed our fails to 
 dry, and before we could furl them there came on fuddenly a fmart 
 fquall from the N. E. attended with heavy rain, lightning, and 
 thunder ; while it lafled, the fhip drove about a cable's length, from 
 thirteen fathoms into ten. 
 
 At a meeting of the committee it was refolved, that, as the houfe 
 was now clear, they fliould land this evening, in order to prepare for 
 the reception of the women ; but the rain continuing, prevented. 
 
 8th. It rained hard all the morning till about nine o'clock, when it 
 
 cleared up, and the mifTionaries went on fhore with their chefls and 
 
 beds, and took pofTclTion of their houfe. By the captain's defire, " I,'* 
 
 fays Mr. Wm. Wilfon, " followed to affift them in planning their 
 
 " fcparate apartments. A vafl concourfe of the natives had gathered 
 
 " on the beach, watching who fhould land in the pinnace; among 
 
 " them were Otoo and his wife, carried upon men's fhoulders, as on 
 
 "" the preceding day. This, I underfland, is always the cuflom 
 
 '• when they go beyond the precindts of their dwelling. The queen 
 
 " ufed the fame freedoms with me as flie had done the day before 
 
 " with Mr. Cover, and, when gratified, put my fhirt neck and 
 
 " fleeves again in order. With one holding each hand, I was led 
 
 *• about for a confiderable time, and might perhaps have been fo
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 6$ 
 
 " moft of the day, had I not intimated that I had bufinefs to do 
 *• within the houfe. He immediately walked with me to the door, 
 " but would not enter, becaufe the houfe would then become facred 
 '• to himfelf, 
 
 " However, before he let me go, he introduced a woman named 
 " Whycridde, the fiftcr of Iddcah, and alfo wife of Pomarrc : her 
 " Otoo wiflied me to take as a tayo. And confidering that I was 
 " but a tranfient vifitor, who knew not how far a refufal might 
 " difoblige him, I confcnted to exchange names, and was imme- 
 " d lately wrapped in cloth ; befides, in the courfe of the day, feveral 
 " hogs, both alive and ready dreffed, were fent meas prefcnts." 
 
 The firft thing we fet about with the houfe was to clofe it quite 
 round with the thicker fort of bamboo, fixing a door on each fide, and 
 by this means to keep the natives from crowding fo much upon us. > 
 The feveral births or apartments were next planned, and partitions of 
 fmaller bamboo begun ; but in confequence of the great diftance the 
 natives had to go up the valley for thefe bamboos, the work went 
 but flowly on i though one man ftripped his own houfe to fupply 
 us. In the arrangement, the married people had a part of one fide 
 to themfelves, and the fingle men the other fide : all thefe apartments 
 were at one end, and chofen by lot. Next to them were marked out 
 a fl:ore-room, library, and a place for the dodlor and his medicines. 
 To enclofe the whole, a partition went from fide to fide, with two 
 lock doors. The remaining fpace was left for a chapel, and into it 
 the outer doors opened. 
 
 Several of the arreoies of Ul.ietea having arrived here about the fame 
 time as we did with the fliip, they with their heivas made much the 
 fame ftir in Matavai as a company of flrolling players often do in the 
 fmall villages of our own country. Probably the hopes of pleafing 
 the Engliih fbrangers was alfo a fpur to their exertion, for either in 
 our fight or our hearing they were engaged the whole day in fome 
 fport or other. In the afternoon they coUedled in great numbers 
 before the door of our houfe, and began a kind of box-fighting or 
 
 K
 
 es FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 wrcftlino-. Fidl; forming a ring, within it flood about a dozen of the 
 Hoiitcft fellows, witli their backs to the crowd and faces towards each 
 other. Then the game began with an adl of defiance or challenge, 
 made by beating heavy flrokes with the fiat hand upon the left arm 
 above the elbow, where this part was quite black with the repeated 
 ftrokes it had received. At lafl one fleps forward to the centre of 
 the circle; another, who thinks himfelf an equal match, advances 
 to meet him; fometimes only a fmart blow or two enfues before they 
 fall back again into their places. At another time, after advancing 
 and gazing at each other for a while, one will fuddenly plump the 
 top of his head into the face of his opponent, and this caufing him 
 to retire in the dumps, fets all the crowd a-laughing. The worft of 
 the game is, when one gets an advantageous hold of his adverfary : 
 a fevere wreflling then takes place, and it is only at the expenfe of 
 flrength, and blood, and hair, that they will fubmittobe parted. 
 
 Manne Manne fent us in three hogs ready drefTed for dinner, with 
 baked bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, &c. He laid them on a large piece 
 of cloth, and invited us to fall to, but not before we had called upon 
 God to blefs it. ' We found it very good, though we had yet neither 
 dilli, fpoon, knife, fork, table, nor chair. Innumerable prefents 
 came in from the various chiefs who were courting our friendfliip ; 
 and we were all drefTed in Otaheite cloth. 
 
 During the day the houfe was crowded with natives, which made 
 it prudent to keep a guard over our property, though there appeared 
 no defign nor attempt at depredation. At the approach of evening we 
 commanded filence ; and, having fung an hymn, Mr. JefFerfon 
 offered up prayer to our Lord : during the fervice the natives behaved 
 very orderly and attentive. At night we requefled them to retire, 
 and return in the morning, which they did in the moft peaceable 
 manner, and we received not the leafl difturbance from them. We 
 then held our ufual daily family worfhip ; and, having fupped on 
 the plenty of provilions which remained, we retired to refl, admiring 
 the wondrous providence of our God. Lord, thou hafl been better
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 67 
 
 to us than all our fears : grant us firmer faith in thy care, that we may 
 be able to truft tlicc more in a future day ! 
 
 How gracioufly has the Lord difplayed his arm for us fince leaving 
 our native ihorcs, in traverfinga tracklefs ocean, and opening a door 
 in thefe heathen lands, we truft, to diffufe his evcrlafting gofpcl here. 
 May the Lord make us burning and fliining lights ! 
 
 The king held all our hands, and fliook them, as did the queen, 
 examining our clothes very minutely, and took particular notice of 
 Mr. Lewis's umbrella, which, on his expanding it to (hew its ufe, 
 they both made figns not to lift it over their heads, left it fliould, 
 according to their cuftoms, become thereby facred to their own ufe. 
 Their attention to us is Angularly engaging. 
 
 9th. This morning the natives came to our houfe before feven 
 o'clock, made a fire, boiled our water, and prepared the bread-fruit 
 and cocoa-nuts. The king and queen vifited us feveral times in the 
 courfe of the day. 
 
 This morning alfo Inna Madua, the widow of OreepTah (brother 
 to Pomarre), lately deceafed, paid us a vifit, accompanied by two 
 chief women. Oreeplah was much attached to the Englifli ; and his 
 widow, fuppofing us forry for his lofs, on entering the cabin burft 
 into tears, and continued this exprcflion of grief till we all fympa- 
 thized with her. However, this did not laft long; for they foon 
 became cheerful, breakfafted, and dined on board, as did Mannc 
 Manne, and towards evening they all went on fhore ; but as no fuit- 
 able prefents were yet got out of the hold, they were defired to renew 
 their vifit the next day, when fome things fliould be in readinefs 
 for them. Thefe, with the tayos of the crew and mifi!ionaries, filled 
 all parts of the fliip with hogs, fruit, and cloth. 
 
 Otoo paddled roimd the fhip in his canoe, as he had done the day 
 before, and calling out for fomething to eat, the captain fent him, 
 in one of our difties, half of a roaft pig, and fome bifcuit, with which 
 he fet off for the fliore, feemingly much plealed. 
 
 K 7,
 
 68 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 Tlic bufincfs of the- lioiifc did not go on tc)-d;iy with miich alacrity, 
 owinp; to the natives flackcning in their officioufnefs, fo that we got 
 but few bamboos ; however, in the afternoon fome were difpatched, 
 taking my word, as an earee of the pahie (an officer of the fhip), 
 that they (hould be rewarded for their trouble ; accordingly in the 
 evening we had as many brought to the houfe as would keep us 
 emplo\ed all the following day. As on board, fo at the houfe, 
 numberlefs prefents were brought, confifting of live hogs, cocoa-nuts, 
 bread-fruit, and cloth, which are their ftaple articles j and befides 
 thefe, more ready-dreffed meat was brought than the brethren and 
 the natives employed could confume. But in the midfl: of this pro- 
 fufion, fome were apprehenfive of its being followed with inconve- 
 nience and embarraffmcnts, and therefore wholly difapproved of 
 making tayos fo foon, 
 
 Whilft the bufinefs was going on afliore, the crew were employed 
 in weighing the anchor, warping farther up the bay, and mooring 
 the fhip with the two bowers. Peter, the Swede, alfo brought his 
 canoe, and fuch things as the mifHonaries firft wanted were difpatched 
 on fhore. Thermometer 761°. 
 
 1 0th. The wind eaflerly, moderate and pleafant weather. The 
 people employed hoifting out of the hold and fending fundries afliore 
 on account of the miflion. 
 
 To-day the captain landed for the purpofe of prefenting fome fhewy 
 drelTes to the young king and his wife. They met him at the beach 
 as ufual. Peter informed him of what was intended, and, fhewing 
 him the box which contained the treafure, defired Otoo to walk towards 
 liis houfe, a temporary fhed they had ereded for the purpofe of being 
 near our people. This was complied with ; and when they came 
 near, the captain, flopping under a tree, ordered them to form a ring, 
 and placing the box in the midft, Otoo was requefled to alight, that 
 the brethren might drefs him; he replied, By and by, and gazed ful- 
 lenly for a confaderable time, till the patience of the captain was pretty
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 69 
 
 well cxhaufted ; repeating the requeft and receiving no anfwer, they 
 iipened the box, and on taking out the drefs for the queen, (lie inftantly 
 alighted from the man's fhoulder, and Otoo followed her example. The 
 fancy cap fitted her exceedingly well, and flie feemcd very proud of it, 
 but it was only by unripping that the other articles could be put upon 
 her or Otoo. The captain told him that the earecs of Prctane thought 
 he was not yet fo ftout a man. DrcfTcd complete in this gaudy attire, 
 the furrounding crowd gazed upon them with admiration. She, true 
 to the foibles of her fex, appeared delighted, but Otoo thought little 
 of them, faying an ax, a mufket, a knife, or pair of fciffars were 
 more valuable : which was faying more for himfelf than we ex- 
 ped:ed, or that he had even fenfe to do. 
 
 Jufl: as the ceremony was ended, Manne Manne appeared before 
 the houfe, and calling the captain to him, clothed him in a 'Taheitean 
 drefs, putting an elegant breaft-plate over all. They then walked 
 towards the Britifh houfe, where they found the work going on very 
 well j and it being paft noon, the old prieft accompanied the captain 
 on board to dinner. 
 
 nth. The crew employed in fending fundries on fliore on account 
 of the miffion. At the houfe they were very bufy fitting up the 
 apartments for the women, whom it was intended to land in the 
 afternoon. The brethren had informed the natives, that next day 
 being the day of the Eatooa, no work would be done, nor any thing 
 received ; therefore, on this account, they brought what provifions 
 might ferve till Monday, but were in reality fufficient to laft a week. 
 
 After dinner the pinnace was manned for the women and children, 
 and by the captain's dcfire I accompanied them on fhorc. Vafl: num- 
 bers of the natives crowded to the beach to gratify their curiofity, all 
 behaving with great rcfpedl and very peaceable. Otoo and his wife 
 kept for a while at a little diflance, feemingly in doubt whether he 
 fliould approach the women ; but thinking it proper to falute him, 
 he was a little encouraged : however, he ft ill kept filence, and all the 
 way as we walked to the houfe, gazed flupidly, like another Cymon.
 
 ^Q FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 Tlic hoiifc was fun-oundcd all the afternoon by the natives, who 
 were much delighted with the two children, and fent often for them 
 and the women to flicw themfclves at the door. In the duflc of the 
 evening they all retired j and this, the brethren remark, they have 
 uniformly done fince they firft landed. Orders being likewife given 
 at the fliip for none of their canoes to come near on the Sunday, they 
 fupplicd us in tlic f^ime plentiful manner as they had done the mif- 
 
 iionarics. 
 
 As Manne Manne had already diftinguiflaed himfelf as a very 
 ufcful man, befidcs bringing feveral hogs, fruit, &c. the captain, 
 to recompenfe him in part, made him a handfome prefent, leaving 
 it to himfelf to enumerate the articles which he mofl needed ; to do 
 this he was at no lofs, having great prefence of mind on fuch occafions j 
 therefore he run off a long lift of thins^s which he wanted for a fmall 
 fchooner which he was building at Eimeo j of thefe fuch as we had 
 to fpare were given to him. 
 
 As yet we have had no reafon to complain of any improper behaviour 
 in the Otaheiteans, men or women. Neither have we loft a fingle 
 article to our knowledge, though many have unavoidably been much 
 expofed. 
 
 The goodnefs and love of God to us fliould be graven on the tables 
 of our hearts. After prayer the brethren retired to reft. 
 
 Before the Otaheiteans departed they were informed no work would 
 be done the next day, and they afked if it would be more devoted to 
 prayer than the other days, and were told it would. 
 
 The Sunday paffed very quietly, not one canoe coming near the 
 fhip ; and on ftiore no interruption was attempted, the natives, with 
 the king and queen, attending, and conducting themfelves in peace 
 and good order. A difcuftion took place among the brethren con- 
 cerning the propriety of fpeaking to the natives upon the important 
 fubjedt of their mifticjn, when it was agreed that the prefident 
 (Mr. Jefferfon) fliould addrefs them through the medium of Andrew 
 ■the Swede as interpreter. Accordingly, at three o'clock in the af-
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 71 
 
 ternoon, they met for this purpofe, feveral of the natives being prc- 
 fent both within and without the houfe ; and as foon as Andrew 
 interpreted the firft fentencc, finding the difcourfe directed to them, 
 they placed themfelves in attentive poftiires. When they undcrflood 
 a httle of what was faid, they put very pertinent queftions ; among 
 others, doubting whether we would beftow aught that could be 
 efteemed a benefit equally on all. They afked, whether the mef- 
 fage of the Britifli God was to the toutous as well as to the king and 
 chiefs ? They were anfwered in the affirmative ; and further, Mr. 
 Jefferfon, pointing to his brethren, told them that they were the 
 meffengers of the only true God ; and that though all men had of- 
 fended him, he was, notwithftanding, a merciful God ; conferring 
 on thofe who believed his word great bleffings in this life, and after 
 death took them to a ftate of eternal happtnefs. Otoo was prefent, 
 but, according to human judgment, his flubborn, unteachable na- 
 ture feems to be the laft that any impreffion can be made upon. We 
 retired to reft, thankful for the occurrences of the day, and for the 
 prornifing profpe6ls before us through the providence of our God. 
 
 13th, Wind eafterly, and pleafant weather. The crew employed 
 in hoifting up goods, and fending various articles on Ihore on account 
 of the miffion ; two of the brethren from each party dividing a large 
 cheft of books. 
 
 The natives had perfedlly underftood that the prohibition was but 
 for yefterday, for early in the morning feveral canoes were alongfide, 
 and in one of them, with our conftant friend Manne Manne, came 
 feveral chiefs and their wives ; but the principal perfon to be intro- 
 duced at this time was the father of Pomarre, Otew, formerly 
 Whappai, who is a very venerable looking man, aged about feventy, 
 his head covered with gray hairs, and his chin with a remarkable 
 white beard: his name had once been Otoo; but, on the birth 
 of his fon, in compliance with the general cuftom, he changed 
 it to Otew. As ufual, he prefented the captain with a piece of cloth 
 and a pig, receiving in return, and on account of his rank, two
 
 7t FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 axes, four pair of fcidars, and four knives, two looking-glafTes and 
 
 two old fliirts, which was all he afked for; and it appears that 
 
 their reqiiefts always include the utmofl bounds of their expedation ; 
 
 fo that to add aught more is quite fuperfluous and unneceflar^. 
 
 When breakfaft was ready, moft of our vifitors went upon deck, 
 
 feemingly through a fenfe of good manners and a fear of offending, 
 
 which we may fuppofe them to have learnt from former vifitors, 
 
 who, for their own fakes, might have taught them t us much ; for 
 
 it certainly would be very uncomfortable to have them crowding at 
 
 meals continually : but Manne Manne had no fcruples, and, as if 
 
 confcious of a right, placed himfelf next his tayo at table, and 
 
 being exceedingly fond of the tea and our bread and butter, played 
 
 rather an epicurean part. In the forenoon Otoo and the queen fcnt 
 
 off to beg leave of the captain to fend him their prefents ; to which 
 
 ceremonial an anfwer was made in the affirmative; and in confe- 
 
 quence thereof we had them prefently alongfide : the king's con- 
 
 lifted of thirteen live hogs, and three ready dreffed ; the queen's was 
 
 onedrefTed, fix alive, and a bale of cloth; themfelves followed in a large 
 
 double canoe, accompanied by Otoo's younger brother, now prince of 
 
 Tiaraboo. They would not come on board, but exprefTed a wifli for 
 
 a great gun to be fired; and, to gratify them, two were cafl loofe; 
 
 Manne Manne took the match, and though almoft blind i h agi, 
 
 he boldly fired them off; with which ad: of his own courage he 
 
 was highly traiifported. Their flay was fhort ; for after they had 
 
 paddled twice or thrice round the fhip, they returned to the fliore. 
 
 About four in the afternoon Pomarre and his wife Iddeah, having 
 juft arrived from Tiaraboo, paid their firfl vifit at the fhip ; befides 
 his ufual attendants a number of others had put themfelves in his 
 train. When alongfide he refufed to come farther till the captain 
 fhewed himfelf; this bein done, he immediately afcended the fide, 
 and coming on to the quarter-deck, wrapped four pieces of cloth 
 round the captain as his own prefent ; then taking that off, repeated 
 the operation with the like quantity in the name of Iddeah. While
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 
 
 73 
 
 he was doing tliis, I thought joy evident in his countenance, and 
 was glad to find in him a pidure of good-nature very different from 
 the morofe figure which rcprefents him in fomc editions of Cook's 
 voyages j and could not help thinking that his prefence, which we 
 now enjoyed, would afford plcafure to thoufands in refined Europe, 
 who have heard fo much of the hofpitality and favour this prince 
 of favages has always fhewn to his vifitors. 
 
 The firft ceremonies over, he told the captain that he would fend 
 provifions and whatever we had occafion for while we ftaid at Ota- 
 heite. When feated in the cabin, he cxprefled his regard for the 
 Englifh, and called King George his friend. On this the interpreter 
 was defired to inform him, that King George loved him, and that 
 the earees of Pretane did the fame ; and that out of regard for him 
 and his people, they had fent this Hiip with fome of the beft men, 
 purpofely to do them good ; and then defired to know, whether he 
 was pleafed that part of our number fliould refide on his ifland. He 
 immediately anfwered in the affirmative, A piece of land for their 
 life was next mentioned to him ; to which, after a few words with 
 his privy counfellor Iddeah, he anfwered, that the whole diflrid; 
 of Matavai fhould be given to the Englifh, to do with it what 
 they pleafed; obferving, that Pyteah, the prefent chief of the dif- 
 tridl, was a good old man ; that it would be for the benefit of our 
 people to permit him to hold his refidence near to their dwelling- 
 houfe ; and that he, according to orders which fliould be given him, 
 would enforce obedience from the natives, and oblige them to bring 
 whatever the Englilh wanted of the produce of the diftridl. 
 
 Thefe moft important matters to us being fettled, as far as they 
 could be for the prefent, the chief thought it was time to inquire 
 after entertainments ; and firft fky-rockets, next the violin and dancing, 
 andlaftly the bagpipe, which he humoroufly defcribed by putting a 
 bundle of cloth under his arm, and twifting his body like a Highland 
 piper. When we told them that we had none of thefe, they feemed 
 rather dejedied j therefore, to revive them, a few tunes were played 
 
 L
 
 -^ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 upon the German flute by Mr. Bowell and one of the feamcn, though it 
 plainly appeared that more lively mufic would have pleafed them better. 
 
 Pomarre uitimating a wifh to fleep on board, it was granted ; he 
 then aiked leave for his wife and fervant, which was alfo complied 
 with. It may be proper to remark here, that Iddeah, though ftill 
 confidered as the wife of Pomarre, has not for a confiderable time 
 cohabited with him, but with one of her toutous (or fervants), by 
 whom fhe has had one child, and is again pregnant; her younger 
 fifter, Why'reede, next cohabited with the chief, but left him 
 through diflike for one of far inferior rank; and his prefent wife is 
 a very flout young woman, but of what condition wc could not 
 learn. However, it is evidently clear, that they hefitate little about 
 mixing with the lower orders of the people ; but if iffue fliould be 
 the confequence of thefe connexions, it is rarely the pride of rank 
 fuffers the poor infants to live an hour after they are born. At fup- 
 per the chief devoured a whole fowl, with the addition of about two 
 pounds of pork, and drank proportionally. 
 
 At the houfe all was peace and quietnefs with the natives, and 
 nothing particular is noticed in the miflionary journal, except a few 
 expreffions of dilTatisfadion concerning their brethren leqving them to 
 go to the Friendly Iflands. 
 
 To-day received as prefents twenty-two live hogs,and five ready dreffed. 
 
 14th. This morning Manne Manne and feveral others came on 
 board, all behaving refpedlfully to Pomarre. The captain, in order 
 to cultivate his friendfhip, made him a prefent of an excellent fingle- 
 cafed metal watch, with which he was very much pleafed ; obferving, 
 that none before ever made him a prefent of the kind. As we knew 
 him quite ignorant how to manage a watch, Peter (the Swede) was 
 direded to wind it upfor him every day. Thermometer 76°. Pomarre, 
 his young wife, Iddeah, and the old prieft, breakfafted and dined with 
 us. The tea juft fuited their taftej and at dinner the two chiefs 
 drank of the wine eagerly. The captain fhewing fome unwillingnefs 
 to indulge Manne Manne to a greater degree, he anfwered to the
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH- SEA ISLANDS. 75 
 
 following purport : — that as he was going on (hore to facrifice a man 
 to the Eatooa, he took it to raife his courage. Expreffing our abhor- 
 rence of fo cruel a defign, he became filent ; and his friend Peter de- 
 fired him never to mention any thing of the kind to us. 
 
 By a letter from Mr. Jefferfon (the prefident), it appears that the 
 apprehenfions of thofe on llaore, both for their pcrfons and property, 
 are much increafed ; alfo their fufpicions of the profclTcd friendfliip 
 of the natives, who, they hear, have formed the dcfign of rufhing 
 upon them and taking all away ; in confequence of which they urge 
 the necefiity of the whole body fettling at this place. But for fuch 
 fufpicions there does not appear the Ihadow of fear; nothing can be 
 more peaceful, kind, and fubmiffive, than the natives, afTifling theni 
 readily in all their preparations. Pomarre and Iddeah, in the after- 
 noon, vifited the houfe, and viewed the improvements made with 
 onder and delight. They partook of a difli of tea with us ; one 
 of his attendants poured the tea from the cup to the faucer, and then 
 held it to his mouth : this is the way at every meal j his dignity 
 will not permit him to feed himfelf. When he had finiflied, he 
 requeued the faucer might be kept for his future ufe, and that no 
 woman might be permitted to touch it. We were furprifcd to fee fo 
 flout a man, perhaps the largeft in the whole ifland, fed like a 
 cuckoo. 
 
 15th. Moderate breezes and pleafant weather; employed on board 
 hoifting up goods, and landing them on account of the milTion. 
 Received ten butts of water by fwimming them off. Thermometer 76". 
 
 On fhore the brethren were bufied making a faw-pit, and fitting 
 up their apartments. Among the remarks of this day they fay, 
 " Several Otaheiteans vifited us as ufual, continuing to bring hogs, 
 " fruit, &c. Pomarre and his attendants were with us at family 
 " worfhip, ; after which the prefident informed him of the nature 
 •' of our miffion, to teach them our God and Saviour; to learn 
 •• them to read the fpeaking book of wifdom, and to inftrud: them in 
 " all ufeful arts j which he applauded, as he had already done at the 
 
 L 2
 
 y6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 " Ihip, and faid it was my ty, my ty, very good ; and added, that 
 " he would fend his fons for inArudion." 
 
 He came not near the Ihip to-day, but returned his watch very 
 much damaged, u hich we fuppofe to be the reafon why he abfented 
 himfelf : no doubt a hatchet would now have been efteemed a prefent 
 of greater worth, though the ghtter of a watch pleafed him more at 
 firfl. 
 
 By another letter from the prefident it appears that the brethren 
 arc ftill more afraid of the natives than before ; and this in confe- 
 quence of being told by the Swedes that an attack upon them is in- 
 tended fhortly to be made : they therefore requeft an addition of arms 
 and ammunition, and farther urge the apparent neceflity of the 
 whole body remaining at Otaheite. The captain wrote a few lines 
 in anfwer, which brought Mr. Jefferfon on board ; when, in a con- 
 ference with the brethren intended for the Friendly Ifles and Mar- 
 quefas, he laid before them the grounds of their fears, and requelled 
 they would join them. To this they faid that they could not give 
 a dired reply, but defired to have till the following day to confider 
 the matter. This feems a mere bugbear and artifice of the Swedes. 
 
 1 6th. The brethren on board having debated the fubjed: of 
 yefterday, and concluding the above-mentioned fears groundlefs, and 
 by no means caufe fufficient for them to confine the whole effort of 
 the fociety to one ifland, and thereby difappoint the hopes of many 
 of its valuable members at home ; they therefore returned their ulti- 
 mate anfwer in the negative. 
 
 This being the day appointed by Pomarre for ceding in form the 
 diftridl of Matavai to the Englifli, the captain landed upon Point 
 Venus ; was there received by the chief, and conduded near to the 
 miffionary houfe. Mofl: of the brethren from the fliip, and all on 
 fhore, were prefent at this ceremony. Peter the Swede took, as 
 ufual, the office of interpreter. " The fcene," fays Mr. Bo well, 
 
 was laid before the door of the miffionary houfe, at fome diftance 
 
 from which a rope was ftretched to keep off the crowd. Pomarre,
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 77 
 
 Iddcah, Otoo, his wife and brothers, went alfo without the 
 rope. Marine Mannc, who alone adled the part of conveyancer, 
 remained within with the captain and brethren. He then dcfircd 
 Peter to tell the captain all that he fhould fay, and began by pre- 
 facing his oration with towa, towa, bear! in order to attradt 
 general attention ; then went on enumerating all the Eatooas of 
 Otaheite, Eimeo, and the Society Iflcs ; next the diflridts and their 
 chiefs in regular order; and laltly the fhips and their commanders, 
 from Wallis, Bougainville, and Cook, down to the Duff and her 
 captain : concluding with the formal furrender of the diflridl of 
 Matavai : obferving, that we might take what houfes, trees, fruit, 
 hogs, &c. we thought proper. This ftrange fpeech was delivered 
 very deliberately by the old priefl, who, while he fpoke, fat in an 
 odd poflure, half bent upon his heels, holding with one hand the 
 rope, and frequently fcratching his head and rubbing his eyes with 
 the other. Thefe peculiarities were caught by his mimicking 
 countrymen, who afterwards turned them into humorous panto- 
 mime," 
 
 A converfation now took place between the captain and Manne 
 Manne, concerning the going to war with his enemies. Manne 
 Manne importuned the captain to affift him againfl: Ulietea, of which 
 he had been king, but was driven from it feveral years ago. Being 
 told that we had no orders to fight, except in our own defence, and 
 that other fhips might come with different inflrudiions, and who 
 might have no objed:ion to join him in fuch enterprifes, he replied, 
 that he might be dead before that might happen. " Well, then," 
 fays the captain, " your fon may ad: in your place, and be reinftated 
 " in your kingdom." To this he anfwered fmartly, " I would 
 " rather fee it done with my own eyes." The brethren obferving his 
 relud:ance to a pofitive denial upon this point, Mr. Cover faid, 
 that they would affifi: to finifh the veffel which he was building ; and 
 when they had learnt the language, would go to Ulietea and talk to 
 the people on the fubjed. This for the prefent fatisfied him, and
 
 y8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 the bufmefs ended; Pomarre, Otoo, and the other chiefs, fhaking 
 hands with the captain and brethren. Thus a door feems opening 
 for the gofpcl at UHetea, whither fomc of the brethren purpofe to go 
 as foon as they liave the language. 
 
 17th. Wind eafterly, with moderate and pleafant weather. Set 
 lip our rigging, and rafted alongfide fifteen butts of water, which 
 completed our flock ; and as we propofed to fail in a day or two, 
 feveral articles were fcnt on flaore to enable the brethren to go on with 
 their work, with a quantity of nails, &c. for trade during our ab- 
 fence ; alfo tea, cheefe, and what elfe we could fpare of that nature. 
 
 None of the chiefs came near us to-day, and but few canoes. The 
 young king and Pomarre paid a vifit at the houfe, when Mr. Jefferfon 
 took occafion to fpeak to him concerning the education of his chil- 
 dren ; reprefenting it as a matter of the greateft importance both to 
 them and the people of Otaheite ; and that he would be highly 
 blameable to negledl the opportunity which their coming afforded. 
 The chief's mind feemed impreffed with the truth of what was faid, 
 and he immediately fpoke to Otoo, who returned a very unfavourable 
 anfvver : " He did not want to learn Englifli." " I have a very bad 
 " opinion of Otoo," fays Mr. Jefferfon. And certainly appearances 
 are much againft him ; however, we may reafonably hope, that the 
 example of our people, and the exhibition of arts which muft appear 
 wonderful in their eyes, may in time excite in his mind a thirfl: after 
 knowledge. They expreffed high delight on the garden engine 
 playing, and calling water on the thatch of the houfe. Thernio- 
 meter 76^°. 
 
 18th. Wind from N.E. toE.S.E. moderate and pleafant wea- 
 ther ; employed clearing the fhip for fea. In the afternoon Pomarre 
 and Iddeah came on board, accompanied by Manne Manne, and 
 Peter to interpret. A prefent of cloth was made the captain, and 
 by a large chell which they had brought with them in the canoe, we 
 could fee what they expedied ; but feigning not to underfland, as 
 they handed it up the fide, the captain inquired of the chief what
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 79 
 
 he meant to do with it. He fcemed greatly perplexed how to anfwer 
 this queflion, till at lafl he faid, that he only wanted the lock re- 
 paired. He was then direded to take it on (hore to the blackfmith; 
 but this embarrafled him more than before j and feeing no other way 
 to free himfelf, he faid with a fmilc, that it was intended to hold 
 the prefent which the captain might be picafcd to make to him and 
 Iddcah ; and requeftcd that it fliould be put into the cabin, to pre- 
 vent his people from feeing what he received. When feated below, 
 he was afked what he would like to havej but feeming at a lofs what 
 to name, the old pricfl:, whofe wits are always ready, helped him 
 out : and firft axes ahowroo, ahowroo, that is, twice ten, or ten for 
 himfelf and ten for Iddeah ; then for each five fliirts, eight looking- 
 glafles, fix pair of fciffars, fix knives, fifty nails, and five combs ; 
 befides thefe, were added to his part, one caft-iron pot, one razor, 
 and a blanket. The whole was put into the cheft, and fccured by 
 the lock, which was very good. He then acknowledged himfelf 
 content ; but going afterwards betwixt decks, where the brethren 
 had feveral things lying loofe, he craved for fomething of all that 
 he faw ; but as they knew how well he had fared in the cabin, 
 they gratified him with very little. I have been thus particular, be- 
 caufe the incidents of this day do, in a meafure, charadterize the chief. 
 
 The brethren intended for the Friendly Ifles, confidering that none 
 of tlic ordained minifters were to accompany them, chofe from their 
 number Mr. Seth Kelfo to be their paftor, and urged to thofe on 
 fhorc the propriety of ordaining him and John Harris previous to 
 their departure. This they very readily confented to, and the next 
 day, being Sunday, was appointed for that purpofe. Thermometer 76°. 
 
 19th. The fame orders being iffued as for lafi: fabbath, but two 
 or three canoes were off in the bay, and feeing that we took no 
 notice of them, they foon returned to the fliore. To-day, at the 
 mifiionary houfe, were ordained Seth Kelfo and John Harris, minif- 
 ters to the places of their refpedive dcflination.
 
 So 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 The tranfadions of this day being fingular, a more full report 
 cannot but give flitisfadion, and tend to encourage greatly our hopes 
 as to the ultimate objcdl of our miflion. 
 
 It having been made known that we intended to addrefs the na- 
 tives this morning, numbers of them aflembled early round our 
 dwcllin<r : amonsr them was Pomarre and his fifter : he had been 
 inquiring a day or two before concerning our fpeaking to them, and 
 fiid, " he had been dreaming about the book which fhould be fent 
 " him from the Eatooa." 
 
 At ten o'clock we called the natives together under the cover of 
 feme fhady trees near our houfe ; and a long form being placed, Po- 
 marre was requefted to feat himfelf on it with the brethren, the reft 
 of the natives ftanding or fitting in a circle round us. Mr. Cover 
 then addrefled them from the words of St. John, " God fo loved the 
 •' world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that they who believe 
 " on him fhould not perifli, but have everlafting life;" the Swede 
 interpreting fentence by fentence as he fpoke. The Otaheiteans were 
 filent and folemnly attentive. After fervice Pomarre took brother 
 Cover by the hand, and pronounced the word of approbation, " My 
 *' ty, my ty." Being afked, " If he had underftood what was 
 " faid?" he replied, " There were no fuch things before in Ota- 
 *' heite ; and they were not to be learned at once, but that he 
 " would wait the coming of (the Eatooa) God." Defiring to know 
 if he might be permitted to attend again, he was told, yes. Being 
 conduded into the houfe, he and his wife dined with us, and 
 departed. 
 
 About three o'clock the ordination folemnity of the brethren 
 Kelfo and Harris took place ; they were fet apart for their work by 
 the impofition of hands of our ordained brethren. Brother Cover 
 preached the ordination fermon, and delivered the charge; brother 
 Jefferfon having made the inquiry of the candidates refpeding their 
 call and objeds, and brothers Lewis and Eyre prayed at the com-
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 8i 
 
 mcnccment and end of the fervicc. The communion clofed the 
 folemnity, which was to iis all a moft refrclhing and comfortable 
 ordinance ; and for the firft time the bread-fruit of Otaheite was 
 ufed as the fymbol of the broken body of our Lord, and received in 
 commemoration of his dying love. 
 
 Manne Manne was prefent during the whole fervice, and very 
 attentive, particularly during the adminiftration of the Lord's fupper ; 
 he placed himfelf in the circle with the brethren, and when they 
 pafTed him he fhifted his fituation farther on, in hopes of partaking 
 v.ith them. 
 
 20th. Pomarre, Iddeah, and all our Saturday's guefts, vifited us 
 again to-day, bringing more cloth and fome fowls for fea ftock. They 
 flaid dinner; the chief, fed by his head man, ate heartily, and 
 drank a large fliare of a bottle of wine, evincing rather a covetous 
 defire for it, as he would hardly allow Manne Manne to have a glafs 
 with him. On the appearance of rain they took their leave, wiftiing 
 us a good voyage, and expreffing a hope of our fpeedy return. 
 
 As Peter the Swede had offered to go with us to the Friendly 
 Iflands, the captain confented, thinking that he might be ferviceable 
 on fome occafions as interpreter. He purpofed taking with him a 
 young woman named Tanno Manno, with whom he had for fome 
 time lived as his wife, a man the mutineers had named Tom, and 
 a boy called Harraway. The two laft Mr, Crook, who had already 
 made great proficiency in the Otaheitean language, thought might 
 be great helps to him. On this account the captain permitted 
 them to go with us alfo. The natives underflood we were now 
 about to leave them for fome months, but the captain's intention was 
 to lie a few days at Eimeo, and, previous to fetting off for the Mar- 
 quefas, to touch again in Matavai bay, when we might probably 
 learn how the natives were likely to behave during our abfencc. 
 Matters being thus fettled, we took with us Mr. William Puckey, 
 by trade a carpenter, to examine Manne Manne 's veflel, and fee 
 whether flie was worthy their afliftancc to finifh her. After dark 
 
 M
 
 !<: FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 Ill the evening a canoe came alongfide from Eimeo ; in her was a 
 8ucde named Jolin, whom we had not feen before ; him his coun- 
 trymen reported to be in a llate of infanity, and by his difcourfe 
 we thought him a little fo. On his' part, he complained much of the 
 treatment which he had received from his fliipmates iince they 
 landed ; and cxprefled a defire to return to Europe. The captain, in 
 anfwer, told him, that at prefent he could not keep him on board ; 
 that he was on the point of failing, and would in a few months 
 return ; in the mean while he might ftay at the miffionary houfe, 
 and if he behaved well he Ihould have a paflage with us : he is a 
 native of Stockholm, about forty years old, and feems much reduced 
 by ficknefs. 
 
 On Mr. Puckey's coming on board, fome converfation pafTed oa 
 the propriety of the brethren's arming themfelves on fliore, and 
 keeping watch night and day ; which thofe on board difapproved. 
 He replied to them very fatisfadorily, that their intention in taking 
 arms was not to injure the natives, muchlefs to plant the gofpel by 
 human power ; but merely as a means ordained of God for the pro- 
 tedlion of their perfons and property during the ab fence of the Ihip.
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SICA ISLANDS. 83 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Short Voyage to Eimeo, and Return. 
 
 -/i-BOUT an hour before daylight we weighed, with a light air from 
 the S. E. which taking us but flowly out of the bay, the natives, 
 perceiving the fails fet, hurried off in their canoes, eager to get a few 
 articles more before we departed. At feven A. M. a frefh gale fpring- 
 ing up from the N. E. attended with thunder and lightning, we left 
 them, and by ten o'clock were off the north-eail: part of Eimeo, when 
 it again fell little wind. We kept running along the edge of the coral 
 reefs towards Taloo harbour, and, at the diftance of half a cable's 
 length off, had irregular foundings, viz. fix, eight, twelve, and four- 
 teen fathoms. The reef appeared to block up the harbour till we 
 WTre nearly abreaft of it, when a good entrance Ihews itfelf. With 
 a light breeze we run clofe up to the fouth-eafl: corner of the harbour, 
 and let go our anchor in ten flithoms water, and moored with the 
 ftream cable to a remarkably large tree which ftands clofe to the 
 water's edge j the Steeple cliff at the head of the harbour bearing 
 S. by E. 
 
 Taloo harbour is on the north fide of the ifland ; the bottom {o 
 clear, that you diftindlly fee the coral, with its beautiful branches. 
 The mouth of the harbour is about a quarter of a mile broad ; the 
 water of an amazing depth : this led into a moft delightful bay, about 
 two miles wide and three deep. This bay is beautifully furrounded with 
 trees j not the leaft agitation of the water is perceivable on the beach, let 
 the wind blow from what quarter it may, it is fo perfectly land-locked. 
 We lay under a mountain ten times as high as our tppgallant-maft, 
 and perpendicular. There is a fine frefh- water river running up fome 
 
 M 3
 
 84 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 miles, which a boat can afcend a mile or two, and fliips water with 
 the greateft eafe. It is the fecureft harbour I ever faw. It has a 
 border of low land, like Otaheite, covered with bread-fruit, cocoa- 
 nut, and other trees; and many of a different kind in the mountains, 
 fome very like lignum vitce ; one fmall ifland is wholly covered .with 
 this wood. Being in queft of a tree of hard wood, we found one, 
 but the axe would not ftand againft it, and we were obliged to ufe the 
 
 hand-faw. 
 
 Here I firft faw a tupapow : the flcfli was quite gone ; the fkin, 
 like parchment flretched over the bones, remained : the natives feemed 
 averfe to our examining it. Two pofts about fix feet long are let into 
 the ground at each end ; on thefe a broad plank is laid, and the corpfe 
 is there extended, wrapped in cloth, to dry, and a fmall fhed, like a 
 boat inverted, placed over it to keep out the rain. 
 
 After dinner, the captain, Mr. Falconer, Wm. Puckey, and Peter, 
 fet off in the pinnace to the place were Manne Manne's veffel was 
 building, and on their return gave but an unfavourable account of 
 her. In length fhe was forty-two feet, but difproportioned in her 
 breadth, by being fuller aft than forward, and the timbers were too 
 fmall for her fize. In this excurfion the captain fhot a wild duck and 
 two fmall birds, and Mr. Falconer caught with the feine about a 
 dozen fifh. All the afternoon the fliip was furrounded by the natives, 
 among whom were feveral women, who expreffed, by their loofe'gef- 
 tures, a great defire to be taken on board, but had the mortification to 
 meet with no encouragement. Several articles were offered to barter, 
 but no hogs, owing to the rahoo (or prohibition) being in force at 
 this time. This rahoo is laid on by the chiefs to repair the defolations 
 their inordinate feaflings make, and is always religioufly obferved by 
 the people. It feems that the whole ifland of Eimeo was at this 
 time under this injundlion, but at Otaheite it is only impofed on a 
 few diftridls at one time, during which none of the refidents dare fell 
 a pig, or kill one for their own ufe. However, they may take hogs 
 from thofe diftrids that are free, and ufe them as they pleafe. A
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 85 
 
 rahoo is alfo frequently laid upon the firti ; at which time poles with 
 a flag at top are ftuck upon the reefs, where they are not fuffered to be 
 taken. It is not improbable that this cuftom might have its origin 
 coeval with the RyR peopling of the iflands, or at Icafl when they 
 pofTelTed few animals, and have been introduced from motives 
 of economy. However this may have been, it is now become 
 fometimes an adl of injuftice and tyranny in the chiefs, whofe 
 impolitic proceedings are extremely deftrudlive to the general weltarc. 
 But of this there will be occafion to fpeak more particularly, when 
 their feveral cuftoms are noticed. At prefent we felt no inconvenience 
 from this law, our decks being already crowded with the hogs we 
 had brought from Matavai : however, had we ftood in need, there 
 were none to be got, for in the abfence of Iddeah and Manne Manne 
 no chief was here of fufficient authority to repeal it. 
 
 22d. Light airs of wind and pleafant weather, with a few flying 
 fhowers of rain. The crew employed painting the fhip, making 
 a new mizen, and putting the rigging in order. 
 
 An affair happened this morning, of which the brethren made fome 
 account : eight of them, by permifllon of the captain, took the jolly- 
 boat to a frefh-water creek at the head of the harbour, with the intent 
 to'wafh their linen, but returned in a fliort time, under a perfuafion 
 that the natives meant to rob them of their bundles, and to do them 
 further mifchief. " We put ofl^," fays Mr. Bowell, " from the 
 " fliip, but took no arms with us j a double canoe, full of men, 
 " alfo two fingle ones, followed us; and when the boat entered 
 " the creek, multitudes of people were feen running along the fliore, 
 " fome with white fticks in their hands: others, with clappers of 
 " pearl oyfter-fhells, were feemingly convening more of their coun- 
 " trymen together; and when w'e landed they were crowding from 
 " all quarters, but flill behaved peaceably ; and thofe who held fpears 
 " fliewed us in what manner they ufed them. Their numbers in- 
 " creafing, we thought it moft prudent to keep our bundles faft.
 
 86 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 •• and return to the fliip ; as the quantity of linen we had brought 
 " was perhaps a temptation too great for them to refift. This refo- 
 " lution we immediately put in practice ; and we were allowed to re- 
 " turn without moleftation." 
 
 Soon after they got on board, a meeting of all the brethren was held 
 in the cabin, to debate on the propriety of taking fire-arms on fliore 
 with them at Tongataboo. Brother Kelfo opened the meeting in the 
 ufual manner; after which the captain, as prefident, informed them 
 of the reafons of being convened ; and, after a long converfation upon 
 the fubjedt, there appeared, on a divifion — for taking mufkets to 
 defend their perfons and property, brothers Harper, Kelfo, Nobs, 
 Shelly, Veefon, and Wilkinfon — againfl it, Bowell, Buchanan, and 
 Cooper. 
 
 Before the meeting broke up there were fome remonftrances ad- 
 drelTed to Meflrs. Harris and Crook, concerning their going to the 
 Marquefas in {o fmall a number; to which they anfwered. That 
 having long fince made that place their choice, they were ftill in the 
 fame mind, nor did they entertain a doubt of meeting with a favour- 
 able reception : and on this account they did not think it neceflary 
 for the Ihip to revifit them, but would rather, if the propofal met 
 with the captain's approbation, that the fhip fliould firft go to the 
 Friendly Ulands, and then proceeding to the Marquefas, a vaft expenfe 
 of time would be faved, and the captain bq enabled to ftay a month 
 or more to fee them fafely fettled. — This propofal was approved and 
 adopted as our future plan. 
 
 About thirty canoes, filled with men and women, kept paddling 
 around us all the day ; a greater number, who had no canoes, but 
 only a log of wood, and fome nothing, diverted themfelves in the water 
 feveral hours together, and if a fmall trinket was thrown in, they 
 would dive fome fathoms after it, and were in general fure to bring 
 it up. 
 
 The night was very dark, and about eleven o'clock the watch faw
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 87 
 
 a naked native {landing in the main chains ; and attempting to feize 
 him, he leaped into the water, and made his efcape, taking with hinx 
 four yards of our eledtric chain. 
 
 23d. Sent the boat to the creek for a turn of water, but \vhcn it 
 came we could not drink it, by reafon of a bitternefs, imbibed pro- 
 bably from the trees and flirubs on its banks ; however, on the 
 weft fide, and not far from the head of the harbour, an excellent 
 fpring of water was found. The natives furrounded us as ycftcrday, 
 but with little to barter. 
 
 24th. Fine pleafant weather. Many natives from different parts 
 of the ifland were to-day viewing the fliip with apparent admi- 
 ration } and perhaps it is no erroneous opinion to fuppofc that 
 there never was a Ihip in thofe parts fo ornamented with figures to 
 attradl their attention. None appeared with arms, but all roguiflily 
 inclined, on which account we would not fuffer one of them to come 
 upon our decks; but, notwithftanding our precautions, they found 
 means to fteal the rudder out of the jolly-boat lying alongfide. While 
 we were at dinner in the cabin a canoe came clofe under the ftern, 
 and a tall fellow, getting up upon the back of the rudder, reached 
 his hand up, and fnatched away a book which lay juft within the 
 cabin windows j he then immediately fell back, and made a plunge in 
 the water. This we heard, and ftarting up, infifted upon their 
 putting the canoe alongfide, but this they refufed to do, and began 
 to fet off towards the flaore, as did all the reft that were near us. 
 Thinking this adtion too daring to be overlooked, and clemency, fo 
 often extended, only an excitement to greater depredations, a few 
 fmall fliot were fired, which made them take to the water, and fkulk 
 behind the canoe. Two of the feamen in our jolly-boat tried in vain 
 to catch the offender, for he, with the dexterity of a wild duck in 
 the water, eluded all their attempts to lay hold of him ; and it was 
 only with the help of the pinnace, and frightening him with a muf- 
 ket, that we caught him at laft. When alongfide, he trembled 
 through fear of being put to death, and ftruggled l.arJ to get into
 
 8$ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 the water again, but making a rope faft round his body, he was 
 hoiftcd on board, and lalhed up to the rigging, in fight of his coun- 
 trymen, who flood ranged along the beach in expedation of feeing 
 him puni/licd. As Peter was on fhore at this time, the dehnquent 
 was kept bound till he returned on board j in the mean while the 
 natives, obfcrving nothing was done to him, came around us as 
 before. When Peter arrived, he was deiired to tell the man in what. 
 light we confidered his offence, and that if he or any other perfon 
 was found doing the like again, they would certainly be fevcrely pu- 
 nifhed ; and that the reafon why we let him go at this time was merely 
 becaufe we had not warned him of the conlequence before. To this 
 he faid, he would not do fo again, and took his leave with joy in his 
 countenance. 
 
 The bad condu6t of the captain's fteward had been often noted ; 
 though the milTionaries were reludlant to complain. This had at 
 laft exhauftcd the patience of the captain, who turned him out of the 
 cabin before the mart. This evening, going on fhore with others to 
 bathe, he fecreted himfelf, having contrived to get fome of his thino-s 
 on fliore unknown to any but the Swede. This caufed us much 
 forrow of mind, as he had made, on coming on board, a profeffion 
 of godlincfs, though his condudl had very little adorned it. We 
 tcarcd that this man, thus leaving the fliip and indulging in all the 
 abominable practices of the heathen, would prove a great reproach 
 and plague to us ; and {o we afterwards found it to be. 
 
 Having now finifhed the painting of the fhip, and put her other- 
 wife in good order, the ftream cable was ordered to be caft off from 
 the tree on (hore, and all things to be in readinefs for proceeding to 
 fca with the land breeze in the morning. Orders were given alfo 
 that a good look-out fliould be kept during this night, as we had 
 feme reafon to apprehend that we fhould be vifited by thieves in the 
 dark; therefore two muikets were placed in readinefs. As we ex- 
 peded, fo it proved j for about one o'clock in the morning, when it 
 was very dark, a man was heard fwimming under the fliip's bows.
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 89 
 
 clofe to the cable, and perhaps with an intent to cut it ; a mufkct 
 was fired, which fet him off with great precipitancy towards the 
 fhore. 
 
 25th. At fix A. M. with a hght air at S. S. E. we weighed and 
 flood out of Taloo harbour, which as we cleared we found the wind 
 more to the eaftward. Several of the natives in their canoes followed 
 us quite out to fea, expreffing a greater defire to trade with us than 
 they had done all the time we lay among them. 
 
 Concerning the people of this ifland we learnt but little, not caring 
 to trufl ourfelves in fmall parties on fhore, for fear they fhould reta- 
 liate on us the vengeance which Captain Cook inflidled upon them 
 for flealing his goats. However, we obfervcd in thofe who came 
 alongfide, that they had not attained to that frank affable behaviour 
 towards flrangers, that the Otaheiteans have in general : neither 
 were they fo fkilful in bartering ; and in every point of civilization 
 feemed far behind that people : which difference I cannot otherwife 
 account for, than by fuppofing them lef^ vifited by flrangers from 
 Ulietea and the other iflands than Otaheite is. For it is certain that 
 the vafl number of arreoies which refort to the latter place do not 
 only, by virtue of their privileges, oblige to the exercife of hofpitality, 
 the parent of many focial qualities, but by their addrefs, knowledge 
 of the iflands, and various talents to pleafe, they contribute to inform 
 the minds and foften the manners of thofe they vifit. In their perfons 
 they differ nothing from the Otaheiteans, except it be in a jewifli 
 caft of countenance, which is here more general ; and a greater pro- 
 portion of their women are of a low flature, but equal in the fym- 
 metry of features. 
 
 We faw but few canoes, and thofe were very indifferent ones both 
 in fize and goodnefs, nor were there any figns of their being pofTefTed 
 of many. 
 
 As for the ifland itfelf, it feems to have fuffered great convulfions 
 cither from earthquakes or other violent caufes. Mofl of the hills
 
 ^0 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 are high, pointed at their tops, with broken rugged fides, particu- 
 larly about Taloo harbour, from the entrance of which they have a 
 very ftrikins; appearance. Tlic low grounds are covered with cocoa- 
 nut, bread-fruit, and other trees, all growing luxuriantly, and without 
 care or culture. They have alio all the roots, &c. in common with 
 the other iflands. And here the cows are that Captain Cook left with 
 them, but they are little attended to, as it is faid that they are wild, and 
 that none of the natives dare approach them : there is no bull. Ws 
 did intend to have landed in purfuit of the cows, and to have taken 
 them to Matavai ; but as all the chiefs were abfent, it was thought 
 prudent to relinquifh the plan for fear of mifchief from the natives. 
 
 Towards evening we faw Tethuroa, low land, about twenty- four 
 miles from Otaheite. It confifts of fix or feven iflets very near each 
 other, not many feet above the level of the fea, covered with cocoa- 
 nuts, but no bread-fruit, which they are not allowed to cultivate; 
 It belongs to the king, but Manne Manne claims it. The natives, 
 about three thoufand, are employed in filhing for the chiefs at Ota- 
 heite, and bring back bread-fruit and other things in exchange, 
 
 26th. About four in the afternoon we tacked the fhip clofe in with 
 One Tree hill, hoiiled our colours, and fired a gun ; upon hearing 
 of which, MefTrs. Cover, Lewis, Henry, Gillham, and others came 
 off in a double canoe, and reported that all was well, that they had 
 now na reafon to entertain apprehenfion of future mifchief from the 
 natives, who, they fay, ufually leave their houfe about fix o'clock in the 
 evening, and revifit them regularly at an early hour in. the morning. 
 The chiefs alfo were behaving extremely well.. Since we left them 
 they had made Manne Manne a chefl, which pleafed him. Pomarre 
 had juft fet off to another diilridl, after promifing to be with them 
 again in a day or two. They were all in good health ; and refpeding 
 provifions, the natives continued to fupply them plentifully with all 
 that the ifland afforded. This pleafing intelligence could not fail to 
 fatisfy us, and alfo to reconcile them to the departure of their brethren^
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 91 
 
 Therefore we took leave of our friends, hoifted in the pinnace, and 
 made fail for the Friendly Iflands, after fending on lliore materials 
 for a flat-bottomed boat, to be built during our abfencc. 
 
 Nothing could have exceeded the kindnefs and attention of the 
 natives J every day they attended our worfliip, and heard fuch addreffes 
 as we were able to make to them through an interpreter. This firft 
 experiment of the flaip's ab fence had removetl all the brethren's fears ; 
 and tlicy faw us quit the harbour only with the tendcrnefs of parting, 
 friends, who hoped again jfhortly to meet and rejoice together; wiflaing 
 their miffionary brethren good fpeed in the feveral places of their defti- 
 nation ; yet not without many tears. 
 
 The wind being frefli to eaft, we filled our topfails, and left them 
 fer aftern. The brethren, who had come off haftily in the canoe, impro- 
 vidently came away without the paddles ; feveral canoes being near, 
 they borrowed two, and fome loofe boards were in the canoe with 
 them ; with thefe they tried to pull her ahead in vain, the wind 
 blowing from that point to which they wanted to go. The crois piece 
 of the canoe, it being a double one, gave way, the lafhing being 
 nearly cut through ; fo they pafTed a rope round the bottom, and fecured 
 it. They were, however, obliged to bear away beyond One Tree 
 hill, and travel home on foot, leaving the canoe and her cargo to the 
 care of the natives, whp were very faithful, and brought her back the 
 next day.
 
 g; FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797.. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Divijion of the MiJJionarics, — Voyage to Tongatahoo. — Occurrences 
 
 there during the frji Vifit. 
 
 VV E mufl now interrupt the account of the tranfad:ions at Ota- 
 heite, to follow our other brethren through the deep; onthefhip's 
 return they fliall be recorded. 
 
 The day following our departure from Matavai we pafled to the 
 fouthward of the Society Iflands, in fight of Huaheine, Ulietea, Otaha, 
 and Bolabola ; then, with a fine fair wind and pleafant weather, 
 fhaped our courfe for Palmerfton's ifland, which we intended to vifit, 
 as it lay dired:ly in our way. Accordingly, on the firft of April, 
 a little before day, we faw it bearing weft, diftant about tw^o leagues ; 
 then running nearer, hoifted out the pinnace and jolly-boat, and 
 attempted landing on the fouth-eafternmoft iflet j but finding it 
 impracfticable there, on account of the furf breaking high on every 
 part of the furrounding reef, we bore down to the next iflet, which 
 is the fouth-wefternmoft, and found it almoft as bad to land upon 
 as that which w^e had left. A fquall of wind and heavy rain coming 
 on, we returned to the fhip, for fear any accident fhould happen to 
 the boats. About eight o'clock the weather cleared up, and we made 
 a fecond attempt, finding that by reafon of the tide of ebb the furf 
 had fallen confiderably ; yet there appeared no place where we could 
 land the boats with fafety. Abundance of cocoa-nut trees covered 
 the iflet, and to get at them was our objed: ; therefore Otaheitean 
 Tom, the third mate, and one of the feamen, taking with them the 
 end of a line, leaped into the water and ventured into the furf, where, 
 with great difficulty, they effedied a footing on the coral rocks which
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 93 
 
 compofc the reef, after getting their legs, arms, and different parts of 
 their bodies, much cut with the Iharp points of the coral. They had 
 flill to walk near a quarter of a mile before they got to the dry beach, 
 fo that the fmall quantity of cocoa-nuts which they could have brought 
 to the boat would not have been a recompence for the trouble of pro- 
 curing them ; but about half-ebb we obferved a fmall opening or 
 gutter in the reef, into which we rowed, and found it deep enough 
 for the boats to pafs clear over to the beach, where we could ftep 
 out dry, and lie within fifty yards of the trees. We now applied 
 ourfelves to the objedl in view, and foon fent both the boats off loaded 
 with cocoa-nuts, keeping the two Otaheiteans on fliore to climb the 
 trees, a tafk which they performed with much more cale than we 
 could. The water had now fallen ib much, that on the return of the 
 boats they were obliged to lie at the outer edge of the reef, in a fmall 
 creek about ten yards wide and twenty long, and covered from the 
 force of the fea by the rocks projefting on each fide. They were 
 again loaded with cocoa-nuts, and grafs for the ufe of the goats ; 
 and it now being late in the evening we returned on board, hoifled 
 the boats in, and made fail, having got in the courfe of the day five 
 hundred and thirty cocoa-nuts. 
 
 Palmerfton's ifland was difcovered by Captain Cook on his fecond 
 voyage : it confifts of a group of fmall iflets, eight or nine in num- 
 ber, connected together by a reef oi coral rocks, and lying in a 
 diredlion nearly circular. The illet we landed upon is not a mile in 
 circuit, and at high water is not more than'-four or five feet above the 
 level of the fea. The foil" is coral fand, with an upper ftratum of 
 blackifh mould produced from rotten vegetables. All the inner area 
 of the iflet is covered with cocoa-nut trees, which decaying and falling 
 fucceffively form a thick underwood : without thefe, near to the 
 beach, are the wharra tree, and others of various forts. We faw 
 vaft numbers of men of war birds, tropic birds, and boobies. Among 
 the trees there was plenty of red crabs, dragging after them a fliell 
 in form of a periwinkle, but larger, being in diameter about two or
 
 54 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 ihrcc inches ; when ihcy run along the ground they only put their 
 claws out, but when \vc touched them, they drew themfelves wholly 
 into their ihell. 
 
 We alfo faw the beautiful fubmarine grotto defcribed in Cook's 
 
 third voyage. " At one part of the reef which bounds the lake 
 
 " within, almoft even with the furface, there is a large bed of coral, 
 
 '* which affords a moft enchanting profpedl. Its bafe, which is 
 
 •' fixed to the fliore, extends fo far that it cannot be feen, fo that it 
 
 " appears to be fufpended in the water. The fea was then unruffled, 
 
 •' and the refulgence of the fun expofed the various forts of coral in 
 
 " the mofl: beautiful order ; feme parts luxuriantly branching into 
 
 •' the water, otfhers appearing in a vaft variety of figures, and the 
 
 *' whole heightened by fpangles of the richeft colours, glowing from 
 
 " a number of large clams interfperfed in every part. Even this 
 
 " delightful fcene was greatly improved by the multitude of fiilies 
 
 " that gently glided along, feemingly with the moft perfed: fecurity; 
 
 " their colours were the moft beautiful that can be imagined, blue, 
 
 " yellow, black, red, &c. far excelling any thing that can be pro- 
 
 -" duced by art." This is the defcription which they give of this 
 
 grotto, and is nothing exaggerated, for it is certainly a great and 
 
 beautiful production of nature. We beheld it with pleafure, and 
 
 with them regretted, that a work fo aftoniftiingly elegant ftiould be 
 
 concealed in a place fo feldom explored by the human eye. 
 
 There are no traces of this ifland having ever been inhabited ; a 
 piece of a canoe lay upa\ the beach, probably the fame as was feen 
 by Cook's people, and which they conjedlure might have drifted 
 from another ifland; but as there are rats upon the ifland, which both 
 they and we faw, hence a query is fuggefted, how or by what means 
 they could come to this place ? They fuppofe it might be in the 
 canoe, which i& not at all likely, becaufe they afford hardly a place 
 of concealment for them ; and if there were men in the canoe, it is 
 very probable that they fuffered much from hunger, therefore it 
 would be abfurd to think they would not fearch their canoe for every
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 95 
 
 hidden morfcl ; or, finding a mt, to fuppofe they would fpaic it. It 
 is doiibtlefs more juft to conclude they were drifted here on fome 
 hollow tree or root, which being before their place of flicker, and torn 
 up by fome tempeft, might be caft upon this fhore. 
 
 On Wednefday the fifth of April we faw Savage ifland, but did 
 not get near it before dark. In pafEng the north end we perceived 
 three lights, and on the wefl: fide fevcn more; by their motion we 
 fuppofcd them to be on the water, and feemingly in canoes a-filhing. 
 The natives of this ifland fliewed a ferocious and hoftile difpofition to 
 Captain Cook and his people in i •7-74, when hedifcovered it; on which 
 account he called it Savage ifland. His account of them fliews the dan- 
 ger of landing among any of thofe iflanderS' who- have not previoufly 
 had intercourfe with Europeans ; alfo the abfolute necefllty, when 
 obliged to land, of being able to repel them by force when attacked. 
 We ought to lay it down as a truth, that neither in places already 
 known, where the inhabitants have ailed conflantly in a hoftile 
 manner, nor yet in new iflands which voyagers may difcover, are the 
 natives to be trufl:ed with the power of their lives ; for in general 
 they are fo tenacious of their territory and of their canoes, fo co- 
 vetous of all we poflfefs, and under a perfuafion that all fl:rangcrs 
 are enemies, that they will, either by force or cunning, aim. at 
 the lives of thofe who are fo unhappy as to place any confidence in 
 them, till fome friendly intercourfe has been eflablilhed. 
 
 We now fliaped our courfe for Tongataboo, and on our pafl^ge 
 thither fuch articles were forted out as it was thought the brethren 
 might with fome fafety take with them on their firfl: landing. On 
 Sunday the 9th, at ten A. M. we faw the land ; and at noon the 
 ifland of Eooa bore S.W. diftant feven or eight leagues. At half 
 pafl: four in the evening we tacked to the eafl:ward, the fmall ifland 
 of Eoo-aije bearing S.S.W..f W. difl:ant three miles, and then hove to 
 for the night, during which we had light winds and conftant rain. 
 At daylight, it continuing flill dark and hazy, we could fee no land 
 until feven A..M. when it ceafed raining, and the weather gradually
 
 5$ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 clearing up, Eoo-aijc bore W. and Eooa S. by W. ; the wind alfo 
 veered in our favour from W. N.VV. to N. by W. and frefliening to 
 a brifk o-alc \vc flood in for the harbour of Tongataboo. The 
 natives of Eooa had obfcrvcd us the preceding day; for a canoe with 
 four men, which muft liave put off from that ifland before dayhght, 
 was now paddling after the Ihip. This circumftance gave us fome 
 plcafure, as it both evinced their defire for our articles, and a confi- 
 dence in us. 
 
 Palling to the northward of Eoo-aije, we fleered W. S.W. to 
 the entrance, then W. by S. and W. up the harbour, followed by 
 the above canoe and feveral others, which put off from the eaftern 
 part of the main ifland and the iflets that lie fcattered upon the reef. 
 One of the large failing kind, with about fixty perfons upon her 
 platform, kept clofe to windward of us, and proved herfelf the 
 Ijetter failer by running ahead with eafe, then flackening their flieet 
 and falling aflern, then running ahead again, and fo on ; the fliip, 
 at the fame time, going fix knots and a half by the log, topgallant- 
 fails and flayfails fet. It appeared evident, that, had they chofen, 
 they could have run at the rate of feven knots and a half or eight 
 knots an hour. 
 
 In failing into the harbour we kept the north reef on board, until 
 we came to the narrow channel which bends to the N.W. which 
 we got through after making two or three fhort tacks with the tide 
 ftrong in our favour; then running a little way further, pafiing 
 Makahaa we hauled to the fouthward, and anchored in nine fathoms, 
 on a bottom of foft fand, about three quarters of a mile from the 
 fmall ifland of Pangimodoo, and moored with a flream anchor and 
 cable to the S.W. Once more, through a gracious Providence, fiife 
 anchored in the haven where we would be.
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SRA ISLANDS. 97 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Occurrences during the Jirjl Vtjlt to Tongataboo. 
 
 Our followers were now all eager to come on board ; but though 
 we were willing to grant them every prudent indulgence, yet they 
 were too numerous to have free accefs : therefore about twenty only 
 were admitted ; and by placing fentrics along each fide of the deck, 
 we fucceeded in keeping the reft off, though very importunate to be 
 on board. The commodities they oftered for barter confiftcd of hogs, 
 bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, yams, fpears, clubs (which none were with- 
 out), and various articles ingenioufly manufadtured ; but their de- 
 mands were fo high that but little was purchafed. Neither the 
 Swedes nor Otaheiteans could underftand what they faid more than 
 ourfelves, which not only increafed the difficulty of trading with 
 fuch fcrupulous dealers, but embarraffed us in no fmall degree to 
 know how to fettle the more important bufinefs of the miffionaries.^ 
 After dinner, a chief named Futtaf aihe was introduced to the cap- 
 tain, as a perfon of great power in Tongataboo ; and indeed fuch 
 he appeared : he was about forty years of age, flout and well pro- 
 portioned, of an open, free countenance, noble demeanour, and a 
 gait ftately, or rather pompous, for by it alone We fhould have 
 taken him for a very great man ; and by the attention with which 
 he furveyed every objed:, he appeared to pofTefs an inquifitive mind. 
 He talked a good deal in the cabin, but all we could colledl from it 
 was, that he was a great chief, and that fome white men were on 
 the ifland, and that he would bring them with him on the following 
 day. After the captain had made him a prefent of ah ax, a looking- 
 glafs, and fome other articles, he took his leave; and was hardly 
 
 o
 
 98 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 from the fliip when two Europeans made their appearance ; they 
 came alongfide without hcfitation, and flipping on board with alacrity, 
 gave us the imfpeakablc plcafure of hearing our own language fpoken 
 by them ; a plcafure which proved at once our neceffity of fuch 
 inftruments, and our great diilance from home j for in their coun- 
 tenance, one of them cfpecially, there was fo much of the villain 
 marked, that in England a well-difpofed perfon would fliun them as 
 he would a fwindler or a pickpocket. However, bad as they ap- 
 peared to be, as they have to ad: a part in future, I fhall infcrt their 
 account of themfelves. One of them, named Benjamin Ambler, 
 fays,' that he was born in the parifh of Shadwell, London ; and that 
 his parents now keep a public-houfe in Cannon Street. He is a bold, 
 talkative, prefuming fellow ; feems to fpeak the language fluently, 
 and fays that he learnt it with great facility. John Connelly is a 
 native of Cork in Ireland, by trade a cooper, and is far lefs talkative 
 than his comrade. Ambler fays that they left London in a fliip 
 called the Otter, in which they failed to America; and there, for the 
 fake of better wages, left her to go in an American veffel bound to the 
 north-weft coaft on the fur trade. On their pafTage outwards they 
 touched at the iflands of St. Paul and Amfterdam, where they made 
 fome ftay, catching feals ; and proceeded thence to the Friendly 
 Iflands, in hopes of procuring refrefliments ; but having nothing but 
 old iron hoops to barter, the natives would not part with their hogs. 
 This induced thefe two, and four more, to leave the fhip ; for their 
 fait provifions were fo ba4 as to be fcarcely eatable, and fo fcanty as 
 forced them upon a fliort allowance ; therefore, dreading their cafe 
 might foon be worfe, they requefted the captain to difcharge them. 
 This he accordingly did, and they landed upon Annamooka, where 
 another American veflel called foon afterwards, and being in Avant 
 of feamen, engaged three of their number. An Irifliman named 
 Morgan remained at Annamooka, and they two had been about thir- 
 teen months at Tongataboo. They are both young men, not ex- 
 ceeding the age of thirty.
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 99 
 
 Ambler informed us that Futtafaihe was a great cliicf, ajid prc- 
 iided over all the eaflern part of the ifland ; but that there was an 
 old man named Tibo Moomooe, of greater power, and generally 
 efteemed as king over the ifland : at prefent, they faid, he was in a 
 bad ftate of health, for which rcafon he could not gratify his defire 
 to come on board when the Ihip firfl came to anchor ; but that he 
 intended, if poffible, to pay us a vifit on the morrow, or day fol- 
 lowing. From their high praifes of this old chief, we underftood 
 that humanity to his people, and hofpitality to flrangers, were pre- 
 dominant traits of his charader. This pleafing account of the chiefs 
 encouraged the captain to mention to Ambler the purpofe of our vifit, 
 the talents and charader of the miflionaries, their intentions of fer- 
 vice and good- will towards the natives, and to point out the certain 
 benefits which the latter would receive, if our people were fuffered 
 to live unmolefted among them ; at the fame time he requefted 
 tlieir opinion of men fettling at this place with fuch views. To 
 this he replied, that the natives would certainly receive them gladly 
 and treat them with kindnefs ; but refpeding property, they could 
 give no affurance of its fafety. Connelly, who feemed to fpeak with 
 the greateft candour, expreffed the danger their lives would be in if 
 encumbered with iron tools, they attempted to defend themfelves 
 from private robbers, which charadler might apply to every man on 
 the ifland when fuch temptations lay in their way. 
 
 As for a houfe, they had no doubt but Tibo Moomooe would 
 give them one, and alfo proted: their perfons ; but were of opinion, 
 that if all the ten lived with one chief they would not be fo well 
 fupplied with provifion as if they were to feparate to different parts 
 of the ifland. This was nearly all that pafTed at this time, or 
 indeed could, until Tibo Moomooe was acquainted therewith ; for 
 which purpofe they now left us, firfl promifing to return in the 
 morning with his anfwer. 
 
 While this was pafling, a large double canoe approached, in 
 which were feveral chiefs, who, either with a view of obliging us, 
 
 o 2
 
 ,00 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 or to fhcw their own arbitrary power, began driving the canoes from 
 the fhip, forcing them to the fliorc as fall as they could paddle ; 
 fomc had part of their crews on board, and could not get fo quickly 
 away, which the chiefs obfcrving, came at a great rate under the 
 Ihip's ftcrn where they lay, ran diredl over one canoe, and, as we 
 thought, would have hurt the people, but by their dexterity in 
 diving and fwimming they efcaped fafe : the others feemed quite in- 
 different to what they had done, and there being now nothing to ob- 
 ftrudl them, nor any farther fport, they came alongfide : one of 
 them, a remarkably flout man, we were informed was admiral, or 
 rather the navigator of their fleets, when they go on expeditions to 
 the other iflands ; another of note was Feenou, who we underftood 
 to be brother to him that was fo attached to Captain Cook. Each 
 of them received a prefent, and in a fhort time returned to the fhore, 
 when the canoes again furrounded us to trade, demanding for half 
 a dozen cocoa-nuts what would purchafe a hundred at Otaheite. On 
 the approach of night they all left us very quietly. 
 
 In the evening the captain and mifTionaries held a meeting, where 
 it was agreed, that, if a favourable anfwer was received from Moomooe, 
 fome of the brethren Ihould land as foon as poffible, to examine the 
 place, view the natives in their habitations, and fee how they were 
 likely to behave to them : after which they could more eafily deter- 
 mine what property it was fafe to take at firft, and alfo the propriety 
 of taking arms. 
 
 During the night heavy rain and fqualls of wind from the N.W.. 
 
 nth. At daylight the large double canoe came alongfide again, 
 and in her feveral of the chiefs who had vifited us on the preceding 
 evening : thefe brought two hogs and a few yams, I fuppofe, in 
 return for the prefent which they had received. They introduced 
 themfelves into the cabin without much ceremony, and fat quietly 
 while we breakfafled : tea they refufed to take, but fome ate bifcuit 
 and butter v/it ti a feemingly good relifli. About ten o'clock in the 
 forenoon Ambler and Connelly came with a prefent of three hogs and
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. loi 
 
 fome yams from Moomooe, informing us that himfclf intended to 
 follow. Accordingly the venerable chief was very foon alongfide, 
 but was long before he durft venture up the ladder, fearing he had 
 not flrength fufficient for the tafk; he at laft however made the trial, 
 but was fo exhaufted thereby, that he was obliged to reft himfclf at 
 the gangway ; thence his attendants led him to the quart(.r-deck ladder, 
 where he again fat down, faying that he would not go before the cap- 
 tain till he was fhaved : and to pleafe him in this, Mr. Karris began 
 the operation, and finiflied it much to the fatisfacftion of this decent 
 chief, who then faluted the captain, and entered the cabin, followed 
 by twenty-two attendant chiefs and fervants : thefe fq.uatted themfelves 
 upon the floor, but the chief was placed in a chair, which he much 
 admired, thought he fat eafy in it, and, requefting it as a prefenf, 
 had it immediately given to him. He attentively furveyed the cabin 
 and its furniture, expreffing his admiration of all he faw, and afking 
 a number of very pertinent queftions : as, of v/hat wood were the 
 frames of the looking-glafTes,. fuppofing apparently the whole to be 
 of a piece with the gilded outiide : the fame of the different coloured 
 painted woods. Nor did they feem to admire the beauty of the whole 
 more than the neatnefs of every part of the workmanfliip. They 
 examined minutely the jointing of the chairs and of the mahogany 
 table, and expreffed no fmall degree of aftonifliment at finding them- 
 felves fo far excelled ; for they cherifli an idea of being fuperior to- 
 all their neighbours. When told that the men we had brought to 
 live among them could teach them thofe arts, and alfo better thin<TS, 
 they feemed quite tranfported. This favourable opportunity the 
 captain improved, by mentioning every circumftance that could raife 
 in their minds an high idea of the miffionaries ; interrogating Moo- 
 mooe as to his willingnefs for them to refide there, and alfo what 
 provifion he would make for them : to which he anfwered, that for 
 the prefent they fhould have a houfe near his own, until one more 
 fuitable could be provided ; they fhould alfo have a piece of land 
 for their ufe ; and he would take care that neither their property nor
 
 ,04 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 pcrfons Hiould be molcftcd : adding, that, if they pleafed, they might 
 go on fliore and examine the hoiife, when, if they did not hke the 
 fituation, he would order it to be removed to any fpot they preferred, 
 for this he could have done in a few hours. 
 
 For this purpofc I was fent in the pinnace, with Ambler and four 
 of the miffionaries, and landed about four miles to the weftward 
 of where the Ihip lay. The natives, as the boat approached, crowded 
 the fhore, apparently to gratify their curiofity only, for they all be- 
 haved peaceably, and fuffered us to pais along unmolefted. From 
 the beach we had to walk about half a mile, and when arrived at the 
 place, we found it furrounded by a fence of reeds fix feet high, 
 cnclofing three or four acres of ground : on which ftood five houfes, 
 two large and three fmall : the largeft, intended for the miflionaries, 
 was thirty-fix feet long, twenty broad, roof fifteen feet high in the 
 middle, and floping to the fides till only four feet from the ground, 
 refting upon wood pillars, and open all round : the floor was raifed 
 about a foot, and covered with thick clean matting. On the infide 
 there hung to the crofs beams an anchor, about fix hundred weight : 
 they had made a fliift to cut the ring out with hatchets, and fliared it 
 among the chiefs. It was of Englifh form, and probably the fame 
 Cook loft in 1774, though Ambler informed us they had it from 
 AnnamSoka, where it was left by an American brig. 
 
 From this we pafTed to the other large houfe, which, we were 
 told by Ambler, was facred to the God of Pretane, and in this old 
 Moomooe flceps when indifpofed, in hopes to obtain a cure. On the 
 floor were four large conch-lhells, with which they alarm the country 
 in times of danger : and on the rafters were placed fpears, clubs, 
 bows and arrows, to receive from their imaginary deity fupernatural 
 virtue, to render them fuccefsful againft their enemies. The whole 
 of this enclofure, we undcrftood, was what the natives call an abey, 
 of which there are fcveral j it being their manner of laying out their 
 dwellings, and which is properly the freehold of the chiefs who oc- 
 cupy them.
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 103 
 
 Our bufinefs being done, we returned to the fliip, where we found 
 the natives taking their departure for the fhore. And in this interval 
 of refl from noife and tumult the captain and miffionaries met to 
 confult on what was now bell to be done. The latter had feen the 
 houfe, approved of it, but thought the ground attached thereto too 
 fmall for their purpofes of gardening and agriculture. Befides this 
 objedion, another and greater was, that Moomooe, being an old man, 
 might foon die; in which cafe, efpecially if they were efteemed 
 ufeful, a difpute might arife among the chiefs about whofe property 
 they fliould be, or who fliould be their next protedor ; and were this 
 to happen before they had attained a knowledge of. the language, tliey 
 would not only be in danger of being ftripped of their property, but 
 alfo of lofing their lives. A third objedion was, that the chiefs mod 
 iifually refiding at Aheefo, a place at the weft end of the ifland, and 
 drawing after them the greater part of the inhabitants, would in 
 a great meafure fruftrate their ufefulnefs. Therefore it was only 
 agreed to go to this houfe, if they could do no better; but firft to fend 
 Ambler early in the morning to Feenou Toogahowe, to propofe their 
 refiding with him; and, if he willingly embraced the offer, they would 
 immediately land with fuch part of their property only as they con- 
 iidered it was abfolutely neceffary to take. 
 
 While Moomooe and the crowd of chiefs were in the cabin, they 
 regaled themfelves with a bowl of kava, which, though a delicious 
 treat to them, was fo difgufting to us, that we could not poffibly 
 go to dinner till they had finiflied, when it was near four in the af- 
 ternoon. 
 
 1 2th. By daybreak in the morning the canoes hurried off to the 
 fliip, endeavouring which Ihould get neareft, to trade. Among our 
 vilitors of note the firft was Futtafaihe, who came early, bringing 
 Connelly with him, to fpeak to the captain to place five of the mif- 
 fionaries with him. But for the reafons above mentioned, they would 
 not confent to live on this part of the ifland, nor to feparate, if poflible, 
 till they were better acquainted with the language and people : a
 
 ,c+ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 promifc to vifit him when they were fettled gave him but little fatif- 
 fadion. 
 
 At nine o'clock Ambler came off with Toogahowe, who had already 
 atrrced with the former to take all the brethren under his protedlion, 
 alfo to give them a houfe, and the land attached to it, for their ufe. 
 Toogahowe, by Ambler's account, is the moft powerful chief in the 
 ifland ; is the greatcft warrior, and in confequence thereof is not only 
 a terror to the chiefs of Tongataboo, but likewife to thofe of the 
 adjacent iflands, which he vifited not long ago in a hoflile way, and 
 quickly brought them under fubjed:ion. We were further informed 
 concerning him, that on the death of a certain chief, the widow of the 
 former Poulaho, reliding in Eooa, fent her fervant to poflefs the lands 
 which the deccafed bad occupied, and which now belonged by right 
 to her J but before they arrived, Toogahowe had feized the property, 
 and refufcd to deliver it up. The widow, who had many adherents, 
 proceeded to drive him off by force ; but the attempt failed on her part, 
 and gave Toogahowe a pretext for feizing all her poffeffions, and 
 driving her and her adherents from Tongataboo. Since that he has 
 held his neighbours in a ftate of fear ; infomuch that it is thought 
 when Moom5oe dies he will be formally chofen into his place of 
 great chief, or king of the ifland. He is a ftout man, and may be 
 about forty years of age ; is of a fullen, morofe countenance ; fpeaks 
 very little, but, when angry, bellows forth with a voice like the 
 roaring of a lion. 
 
 As he came near to the fhip the natives readily made way for his 
 canoe, and behaved with fuch great awe in his prefence as tended to 
 confirm the account we had heard, and led us to confider him as the 
 mofl proper pcrfon under whofe protedion we might place the brethren. 
 Ambler, as above mentioned, Iiad already informed him of our defign ; 
 but for the fatisilidion of the mifTionaries, the captain, in their prefence, 
 with Ambler as interpreter, again recited every particular of our inten- 
 tions, and what we required of them ; obferving, that our fole induce- 
 ment to come fo far was to do them good, on which account we did
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. icj 
 
 not think ouiTelves under the Icnfl obligation to them for pcrmittinp^ 
 us to fettle in their country, as was hinted the day before by Moomooc ; 
 but, on the contrary, if they were unwilling to receive our people on 
 the conditions mentioned, or were not dcfirous of their ftay, the cap- 
 tain's determination was, to depart in a friendly manner, without 
 landing a man, Toogahowe feemed to underfland the greater part 
 of what was faid,. and made anfwer, that, if they chofe to land, they 
 might live there as they pleafed, and that nobody fhould hurt them ; 
 and in the afternoon he would fend a double canoe to take their thinsrs 
 on fhore. However, though the chief comprehended what wc 
 deemed fufficient for our prefent purpofe, it would be wrong to 
 fuppofe, after all our pains to make it plain, that he could have a 
 conception of the difinterefted views of the millionarics, nor yet 
 diveft himfelf of the idea of conferring a favour, in receiving and 
 afterwards maintaining them. 
 
 Ambler, with Toogahowe, had not been long on board, when he 
 informed us of a defign, which, if ever put in execution, would 
 probably have ended the voyage, if not our lives, at this place. The 
 plot, he told us, was to attack the fhip, and at that moment every 
 man in eight large double canoes, and in many hundred fingle ones, 
 were apprized of the intention, and prepared to join as foon as the 
 attack commenced. This was alarming intelligence j and though wc 
 fufpedled it a forgery of Ambler's, yet it behoved us to credit it till 
 %ve had by fecret and expeditious means prepared to repel them. 
 Accordingly, the fmall arms were laid in readinefs, and the great 
 guns caft loofe and loaded with grape fhot, and every man at his 
 quarters. We then turned all the natives out of the fliip, except 
 Toogahowe and his attendants, likewife ordered all the canoes from 
 alongflde ; and they, obferving an unufual flir upon the decks, and 
 the guns levelled at them, obeyed rather haftily ; drawing up in a 
 range ahead and aflern of the fliip, where they lay in that manner a 
 confiderable time, feemingly in expecflation of our firing a falute to divert 
 them, as former navigators might perhaps have done. Finding at lall 
 
 JP
 
 ,o6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 that this was not whiit \vc intended, they wanted to come alongfKh;- 
 again ; but only a few fingle ones were Iiiffered to approach ; nor 
 would we ever after permit the double canoes alongfide, nor to make 
 their rope fall to the fhip. 
 
 The truth of Ambler's information we could never learn. As for 
 the canoes Iheering off fo readily, and lying ahead and aftern of the 
 fliip, as if no mifchief had been intended, it is no proof of their 
 innocence, for cunning and indifference is the favage manner of 
 ailing till they are openly detedled. What offends them is often of 
 fo trifling a nature, that, pafhng without our notice, their revenge 
 comes unexpedled. It was faid that Feenou, who came in the large 
 double canoe when we firfl: anchored, was at the head of this plot; 
 and his reafon for it, that he received nothing in return for a pig 
 which he brought us yell:erday, which pig the captain had confi- 
 dered as a compenfiition for what he received on his firft vifit : but 
 Feenou, when we faw him, flatly difowned having ever thought of 
 doing us the leail: mifchief j however, it gave us no fmall fatisfac- 
 tion to fee the canoes difperfe, for they could not contain lefs than 
 three thoufand men, each armed with a formidable club or fpear; fo 
 that, had they made a rulh upon our decks, where were only thirty 
 undifciplined men to oppofe them, they mufl have fucceeded. 
 
 Juft as this affair had fubfided, Moomooe called alongfide with a 
 prefcnt of a few yams for the captain, requeuing in return a glafs of 
 red wine, faying that what he drank the day before had been fer- 
 viceable to him : a bottle was accordingly put into the canoe, and he 
 immediately left us. We were all much prejudiced in favour of this 
 old chief, and beheld with concern that he was hafling fafl to that 
 bourn from whence no traveller returns. 
 
 Futtafaiheand Mytyle, two great chiefs, came down between decks, 
 joined with us in our devotions, and followed all our attitudes in the 
 profoundcf^ filence. They would fain have engaged us to go with 
 them ; but at Ambler's perfuafion, and promife to learn us the lan- 
 guage, we agreed to fix at his houfe.
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH- SEA ISLANDS. 107 
 
 In the afternoon the canoe came for the miffionaries* things, and 
 was immediately loaded; Bowell, Buchanan, Gaulton, Harper, 
 Shelley, Veefon, and Wilkinfon, accompanied by B. Ambler, em- 
 barked in it, and proceeded well ward to a place called Aheefo. A 
 petty chief, named Commabye, was ordered by Toogahowe to go 
 with them and fee that nothing was loft. Kelfo, Cooper, and Nobs, 
 remained on board to prepare the reft of the things. 
 
 I 3th. This morning, finding the natives crowd about us as much 
 as ever, and likely to be troublefome, the ftream anchor was ordered 
 on board, A paftage out of this harbour by the north was a defirable 
 objedl, either in cafe of a ftrong eafterly wind, or an attack from the 
 natives, when by cutting the cable an efcape might be effected : there- 
 fore the captain intended to go in fearch of it ; and accordingly we 
 were under way by nine o'clock, and, with a fine breeze from the 
 caftward and clear vi^eather, ftretchcd over towards the fmall ifland 
 of Faftaa, into fix fathoms, broken ground ; then ftood towards 
 Attataa, founding as we run along in twelve, thirteen, and fourteen 
 fathoms, until within two miles of the latter ifland, where, feeing 
 the canoe coming with fome of the brethren in her, we anchored in 
 twelve fathoms, broken ground. 
 
 About three o'clock in the afternoon flie got alongfide ; three of the 
 miffionaries were on board of her : they faid that Aheefo was farther 
 from the fiiip than they at firft underftood it to be ; and the landing 
 with goods was very bad, by reafon of a flat which runs from the 
 beach about half a mile, and over which they were obliged to wade 
 up to the knees ; and'after they got to the beach, had to go further 
 than a mile to reach the houfe ; difficulties which made the landing 
 of their things fo tedious, that fix hours were fully employed in 
 houfing them fafe : this great trouble was in fome degree lefifencd by 
 the natives. Their perfons were not molefted ; and though it was 
 dark, not a fingle article of their property was loft. It was near one 
 in the morning before all was fafe, and the houfe left to thcmfelves. 
 They then went to reft, refigning their perfons and property into the 
 
 p 2
 
 ,o8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE ^ij^f. 
 
 hands of their God ; and told us, when they came next day, that 
 they never flept founder in their lives. In the morning the natives 
 provided a brcakfifl for them after the manner of the country. At 
 nine o'clock they fet off for the fliip, and, having the wind unfa- 
 vourable, were jufl fix hours on their paffage. Every thing was ia 
 readinefs ; therefore the canoe was immediately difpatched, leaving 
 on board fufficient for another lading. And that they might have 
 whatever was thought for the prefent neceffary, Buclranan and Nobs 
 ftaid on board to fee that fuch things were got in readinefs. 
 
 The cargo brought on fhore was furrounded by a hundred perfons; 
 who alarmed brothers Harper and Kelfo ;• but Mytyle ordered the 
 chefls into a houfe near, and difmilTcd the people, threatening if any 
 man, during the night, approached to ftcal, he fliould be put to 
 death. So we lay down on mats, in perfect fecurity, till waked by 
 Mytyle, at one o'clock in the morning, to partake of an entertain- 
 ment-, which he had provided, of filh, hot yams, cocoa-nuts, &c. 
 
 Before we weighed in the morning a woman of rank paid us a 
 vifit ; fhe was attended by many chiefs, and a vaft number of females, 
 who were all officious in their care of the old lady, whofe amazing 
 corpulence rendered her coming on board rather difficult. After her 
 there came four ftout fellows carrying a bundle of cloth, not quite fo 
 large but that two of them might have carried it with eafe ; this was 
 prefented in form to the captain, who gave her in return fuch things 
 as fully fatisfied her. The fliip being under fail we could not be 
 quite fo attentive to this great perfonage, as, according to their ideas of 
 ceremony, they might expeft ; however, any omiffion of ours they 
 found means to difpenfe with, by regaling themfelves in the cabin 
 over the kava bowl for about two- hours, when flie was told that the 
 fliip had got a confiderable diftance from her houfe : on this they 
 hafted into the canoe, and made fail for the fhore. 
 
 The refpedl paid to this old lady, and to many of her fex in Tonga- 
 taboo, diftinguifhcs them from the fervile condition to which females 
 ase fubjeded in other lavage flates or tribes. Here they polfefs the
 
 April,] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 109 
 
 highell: degrees of rank, and fupport it with a dignity and firmncfs 
 equal to the men. 
 
 Futtaf aihe was on board mofl of the day, and was flill very impor- 
 tunate to have fome of the mifTionaries with him. 
 
 Towards the evening the weather became dark and unfettlcd, the 
 wind alfo variable from the weftward, which, though not dcfirablc 
 to us, was embraced by thofe who long for the night, that they may 
 put their dark defigns in execution. About midnight a canoe with 
 four men was obferved lying ahead of the fliip, evidently for no 
 good purpofe, but, as we fufped:ed, to cut the cable, that the fliip 
 might drive upon the coral reef, which at this time was only a Ihort 
 half mile aftern of us : however, as we had obferved them in time, wc 
 determined to drive them off without firing flaot, and for that purpofe 
 the gunner and his v/atch mates laid a quantity of cocoa-nut huiks 
 upon the forecaftle. Prefently, under cover of a fquall, they dropped 
 under the bow : without making the leaft noife for fear any of 
 them fliould get into the water unfeen, and hurt the cable, a volley 
 of the hufks was poured on their heads, the fudden furprife of 
 which caufed them to leap into the water, fome fwimming one way 
 and fome another, whilft the canoe, totally deferted, drifted aftern : 
 a mulket was alfo fired over their heads, that they might know thofe 
 inftruments of terror were in readinefs by night as well as by day. 
 As it was very dark, we foon lofl: fight of the men, but thinking the 
 canoe would prove the circumftance to the chiefs, and lead to a dif- 
 covery of the offenders, we therefore lowered the jolly-boat down 
 and picked her up. All the while it rained hard and blew frefli, 
 and Ibmetimes we could perceive the white furf breaking on the reef 
 aftern ;- fo that,, had they fuccecded in their defign, which was 
 doubtlefs to cut the cable, then the fhip at leail muft have been 
 loft in confequence of their infatiable defire for her lading. 
 
 14th. This difagreeable night was fucceeded by a morning alto- 
 gether mild and pleafant ; and with a cL^ar flcy and gentle breeze 
 wefterly, we again got under way in fearch of the northern pafiag<%
 
 no FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 if there was a fafe one : and as Captain Cook, on entering in 1777, 
 ftruck on rocks, and defcribes the way they came as dangerous, we 
 explored farther to the weflward. The wind veering to the north, 
 wc had to piv, founding in ten, twelve, fourteen, and fifteen fathoms, 
 broken ground ; an officer at the maft-head looking out for flioals : 
 on one fpot which fliewcd white we had only fix fathoms. As we 
 drew near to the outer reefs an eligible pafTage was obferved, for which 
 we fleered, and went fafe through, leaving only one of all the reefs 
 cxtendinjr from Attataa on our flarboard fide : this reef is of a trian- 
 gular form, and bears from Faffaa N.W. | N. ; and when clofe to it 
 on the inner fide, the north end of Attataa bears W. 35° S. and 
 Mallcnooah E. 9" S. by the^ompafs; and thence through the channel 
 the courfe is about W. N.W. 
 
 Confidering our diflance from the fhore, we exped:ed to have but 
 few vifitors : on the contrary, feveral canoes followed us quite 
 without the reefs ; but, on account of laft night's adventure, none 
 of them were admitted on board, except our conflant friend Futta- 
 faihe, who prefented the captain with a fine turtle : he exprefTed great 
 diiapprobation of his countrymen's behaviour; faid he knew the 
 men, but as they did not belong to the part of the ifland over which 
 he prefided, he could not punifh them. 
 
 Being now without all the flioals, we fleered towards thewefl end, 
 to be nearer to the brethren, and at three in the afternoon the canoe 
 came alongfide ; Shelley and Cooper were in her. They reported 
 all was well ; that themfelves and thofe on fhore were perfedlly con- 
 tent with their fituation, and had abundant reafon to be thankful 
 for the favour which they experienced from the natives. The canoe 
 was completely loaded with the lafl of the things which they had 
 laid together as fufficient for their purpofes till our return j but they 
 afterwards thought a few boards might be of fervice in building a 
 houfe more fuitable than that which they occupied ; as the canoe 
 could not take them, the captain agreed to wait till the next day : 
 however, as they had faws of every kind, there was no abfolute
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. m 
 
 neceffity for the boards ; and the weather being uncertain, we took 
 an afFecftionate leave of the brethren ; promifing, notwithftanding, to 
 wait till the following day if poflible, and for that purpofc made 
 fhort tacks without the reefs for moll of the night. The wind N.N.W. 
 a frefli gale, 
 
 15th. At four in the morning we reefed the topfails, and tacked 
 to the N.E. ; at fix tacked again to the weftward. By this time the 
 wind had increafed to a hard gale, which forced us to relinquifli the 
 deiign of flaying longer : our fituation had now become fo critical, 
 by the wind blowing dired upon the reefs, that our concern was 
 how to clear the illand befl upon either tack : to effeft this, we kept 
 our flretch towards the weflward of the ifland, and expeded to 
 go clear of all danger ; but as we approached within three or four 
 miles of the point, bearing then about three points of the compafs 
 upon our lee bow, we faw heavy breakers ahead. In this cafe, to 
 bear up in hopes of a paffage between the reefs and the point, was 
 rifking a difappbintment which mufl inevitably prove fatal, as we 
 fliould then have no ofHng to return ; therefore we tacked, to try if 
 we could weather the north-eaft reefs, but foon perceived this to be 
 impofTible. The gale had increafed fo much, that we could hardly 
 carry double-reefed topfails, and we found the fhip was driving fall 
 towards the reefs ; fo that by the time we were abreafl of Attataa, we 
 faw plainly that, except we could fetch the paffage we had found out 
 the day before, nothing remained but fhipwreck. Providentially we 
 jufl weathered the reef on the weft fide of the channel by two or three 
 fhips lengths, and running through with aflurance were foon once 
 again in fafety, thankful for fo fignal a deliverance. 
 
 We were now in the harbour, but having no fufhcient reafon to 
 anchor in fo hard a gale, which alfo blew fair for us to proceed to 
 the fouth-eaft on our voyage, we fleered for the eaftern channel out 
 of the harbour, and were once more alarmed with danger; for in 
 running through the narrow paffage betwixt Moonafai and Mak- 
 kahah, by not hauling to the eaftward in time, we nearly ran upon
 
 tI2 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 the rocks. This was occafioned by the flying clouds through which 
 the fun broke at intervals, and formed very delufory appearances 
 upon the water. The captain was aloft looking out, and thought 
 he faw a fhoal on the larboard bow; he called to port the helm, 
 but the appearance vanifliing, he ordered it a-fliarboard. That iiiftant 
 we found ourfelves clofe to the lee reef, and running diredlly for it. 
 The fliip was ftill under the influence of the port helm, therefore 
 we put it hard down that way, and in a few feconds fhe was clofe 
 to the wind on the ftarboard tack, the reef fcarce twenty yards to 
 leeward of her, and about half a cable's length to run before we muft 
 heave her in ftays, and upon her not mifling, her fafety depended. 
 The crew -exerted themfelves, got the mizen fet, and we had the 
 joy to fee her come about on the other tack, check the current upon 
 the lee bow, and foon afterwards clear of danger and in good fea- 
 roomj then fliecring betwixt Eoo-aije and Eooa, we proceeded to 
 make the beft of our way to the Marquefas. Thus, after perils the 
 moft imminent, and providential deliverances the moft evident, we 
 ^\'ere preferved in health for the accomplifliment of the work ap- 
 pointed us to do, and had planted a feed of divine truth which, we 
 hope, will take root and flourifli to the lateft generations.
 
 May.} to THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 1,3 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Voyage to the Marquefas. — Difcoveries made. — TranfaElions at 
 
 Chrijlina. 
 
 XJ-APPILY extricated from the dangers which furroundcd us in 
 Tongataboo harbour, and once more paffed into the open fca, for 
 the firfl five days we had favourable winds, which fliortened our 
 diflance about eight hundred miles ; but afterwards, during mofl of 
 the time that we were to the fouthward of the tropic, we experienced 
 fucceffive gales from the eaflward, with high feas and raw cokf 
 weather. The higheft latitude we flood into was 39" 7^ S. where we 
 expeded to find the winds prevail more weflerly, but there was not 
 the leafl appearance of it ; only we had much worfe weather, and 
 the fhip was fuffering in her fails and rigging : therefore v/e tacked 
 to the northward into a more genial climate, and kept in about the 
 latitude 30" S. embracing every opportunity to get to the eaftward. 
 
 The cold weather affedled our Otaheiteans very much ; the boy 
 Harraway, however, kept up his fpirits j Tanno Manoo alfo behaved 
 very well j fhe had got clear of her fea-ficknefs, and by condudiing 
 herfelf in a modefl, affable, and obliging manner, was kmdly treated 
 by all on board : fhe was alfo of a good natural underftanding, evi- 
 dently fufceptible of improvement, and always ready to communiatej 
 and was of great fer\ace to Mr, Crook and others who were learn- 
 ing the language ; for by her means many of the fliibboleths of the 
 Swedes' pronunciation were corrected, and better explanations given 
 of the words. The captain gave her a warm week-day drcfs, and a 
 fliewy morning gown and petticoat for the Sundays ; and as flie 
 always kept herfelf clean, when drefTcd fhe made a very decent
 
 „4 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [i797-. 
 
 appearance; taking more pains to cover her brealls, and even to 
 keep her feet from being feen, than mofl: of the ladies of England 
 have of late done. Tom was under the greateft apprehenfions, and 
 was fully perfuaded that he (hould die before he again reached Ota- 
 licite : in one of the gales he afkcd the captain if the fliip would 
 not die: indeed, during moll of the paffage he was very low- 
 fpiritcd, and fuffered more than the others from the cold. * We could 
 teach him nothing, and could hardly perfuade him to take any ex- 
 crcife ; while Harraway became a very ufeful boy in the fliip, could 
 iindcrftand almoU: any thing that was faid, and would run to do what 
 he was dcfircd with great readinefs. Crook taught him the alphabet : 
 alfo to read feveral fhort words in the Otaheitean language, of which 
 he printed a few for the purpofe. Thus much I have thought fit 
 to mention concerning them, becaufe I think both Harraway and 
 Tanno Manoo are proofs that the Otaheiteans taken young, and kept 
 from being held up as fhews by us like Omai, and from the infa- 
 tuating diverfions of their own ifland, are capable of receiving in- 
 ftrudion. However, thefe two were rather too old ; they had heard 
 and believed the flories their countrymen are ufed to relate ; and 
 perhaps all reafoning whatever would be impoffible to remove the 
 prejudices inculcated by thofe ftories, till the Spirit of God gives 
 convidiion to the confcience. 
 
 On the 1 9th of May the obferved diftance of the fun and moon 
 gave the longitude 223° 5' E. ; the chronometer, at the fame time, 
 222° 49' E. On the 23d we difcovered land; at eight A. M. the 
 extremities of a low ifland bore from W. 25° S. to W. 32° S. diftant 
 about five leagues ; and a high hummock, at a great difiance, bore 
 W. 3" S.; and another higher W. 2° N. This being a new difcovery, 
 we tacked a little before noon, on purpofe to take a nearer view. 
 Latitude at noon 23° 8' S. long. 225-^ 40' E. There being fcarcely 
 any wind, we made our approach but flowly, fo that night came on 
 before we got near ; therefore we fliortened fail, and lay by till the 
 morning.
 
 May.] to THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 115 
 
 24tli. At daylight we flood towards the land, and as we drew 
 near found it very low and in form of a crefcent, with a lagoon in 
 the middle, into which the fea broke in feveral parts of the fouth-wcll 
 fide though no opening appeared that would admit a boat. We 
 perceived that it was inhabited ; therefore, when withui a mile of 
 the north-eaft fide, we hove the fliip to. and putting two feamen in 
 the jolly-boat, Mr. Wm. Wilfon and Mr. Falconer, with Peter and 
 Otaheitean Tom, who drelTcd himfelf for the occafion in a piece of 
 his own new cloth, rowed towards the fhore, intendmg to land 
 if the natives were friendly ; and as a means of ingratiating our- 
 felves into their favour, took beads, looking-glaiTcs, and iron tools j 
 alfo fome Englifli coin, to leave as a teftimony of our vifit. But on 
 our approach they colleded themfelves in a body to oppofe our land- 
 in- As they walked along the Ihore, the women followed with fpears. 
 the only weapons we faw; thefe they Ihook in a threatening manner, 
 and made figns for us to be gone. Tom flood up, fliewed them his 
 fkin his cloth, and tattou marks ; and fpoke to them in his Ian- 
 ^uaie which they feemed not to underlland. Intent on their fafety 
 only and the defence of the barren fpot they inhabited, they aded 
 as if we were known enemies, viewing us with little curiofity or 
 aflonifhment. Finding that all our mancEUvres to conciliate them 
 had no effed, and that even to approach fufHciently near to give 
 them any thing would expofe us to a flone or a fpear, and perhaps 
 oblige us to fire upon them, we returned to the fhip, and hoifling 
 the boat up, fleered for the higher ifland. which bears from this 
 W.N.W. about nine or ten leagues. _ 
 
 This was named Crefcent ifland, on account of its form^; it is fix 
 or feven miles in circumference, and lies in lat. 23° ^^ S. long. 
 
 ""^The^e were many of the wharra trees upon it, and fome others of a 
 iifelefs kind. The fhore is grey coral fand and flones thrown up by the 
 violence of the fea, forming a wall at the fouth-eaft pomt about 
 twenty or thirty feet above the furface : on this point there were three 
 
 0^3
 
 ii6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 piles of coral ftoncs ; two were built round and fmall, and one fquare, 
 the fides of which might be about twelve feet and fix in height, with 
 a hole at one fide, feemingly to creep in at. 
 
 The natives whom we faw, were twenty-five in number, including 
 three or four women carrying children at their backs ; and thcfe pro- 
 bably were all that are on the ifland. They are of a light copper colour 
 and of middling ftatu re; there is a fimilarity in the accent of their lan- 
 guage to the other iflandcrs with whom we are acquainted, but the 
 dafliing of the fea againfl the flaore prevented Tom from hearing fo 
 diflindlly as to underftand them. 
 
 Some were quite naked, except a piece of cloth round their middle; 
 others had a large piece of cloth thrown over their fhoulders, and 
 reaching half way down the leg : one, who perhaps was the chief, 
 wore a piece of very white cloth round his head in form of a turban. 
 We could not perceive they wore any ornaments. 
 
 Upon what they fubfifted it was difficult to imagine, for they neither 
 have bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, or any fruit-trees whatever j nor could 
 we, with the whole ifland in view, fee one canoe wherewith to fifh ; 
 fo that they mufl either be tranfient vifitors from the high ifland, or 
 if permanent fettlcrs, and in any degree fcnfible of their fituation, 
 mull: be mifcrably wretched indeed. 
 
 It was noon when we left Crefcent ifland, and foon after we had a 
 frefli breeze northerly, attended with fqualls and rain, which lafted 
 about an hour, then cleared up, and gradually decliaed to little wind ; 
 fo that for a wliile v\,'e made but little way. At three P. M. a gale 
 fprung up at E.S.E. and it again became hazy with rain. We 
 diredled our courfe W. N.W. towards an ifland with two high hills 
 that lie contiguous to each other, and are fo lofty as to be difcovered 
 when diftant fourteen or fifteen leagues. Thefe, for diflindlion's 
 fake, were named Duff's mountains.. 
 
 When within three leagues, we faw a- reef ahead, and the fea 
 breaking very high upon it : this obliged us to alter our courfe to 
 N.N.W. which we expeded would lead us clear of every danger
 
 May.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 117 
 
 "vvhich lay on the eaft fide of the ifland ; but in this we were mif- 
 taken j for after running thus about an hour we had a better view, 
 and it appeared that Duff's mountains were part of an ifland about 
 tliree leagues in length, with feveral of confiderable height and 
 extent to the fouth and fouth-eafl of it ; the whole forming a group 
 five or fix leagues long, lying in a direction nearly N.E. by N. and 
 S.W. by S.; and a reef which lies off about three miles from the main 
 ifland, and probably encircles the whole as a defenfive barrier, ex- 
 tended as far each way as we could fee with the eye. Upon this reef 
 were feveral dry fpots, upon which cluflers of trees grew, and ap- 
 peared like fo many fmall low iflands without the higher ones. It 
 was now the dufk of the evening, and we had one of thofe half- 
 drowned fpots ahead, bearing N.W. by N. and others in fight beyond 
 it ; and uncertain what dangers more might lie in our way, it was 
 refolved to fpend the night within the fpace we already knew ; and 
 accordingly we hauled our wind to the N.E. under an eafy fail. The 
 natives on the north end of the ifland had obferved our approach, 
 and they, to alarm their countrymen, as foon as it was dark made a 
 large fire, which at times prefented a very curious phenomenon, ap- 
 pearing like fix or feven detached lights, then prefently joining 
 fhewed as if the fide of a mountain was wholly in a blaze. 
 This light, which they kept burning till near daybreak, proved a 
 real benefit to us as a guide; for the night was very dark, with 
 variable winds and fqualls, and heavy rain. 
 
 At fix in the morning the north part of the iflands bore N.W. 
 difiant two or three leagues ; when, widi a frefh gale from the. N.E. 
 we fleered W. N.W. clofe to the reefs ;, and from this ftation obferved 
 it to trend fouth about five miles, then to the S.W. farther than we 
 could fee : thence we hauled towards the northcrnmofl: part of the 
 reef, where was a fmall iflet, upon which were afTcm-bled about fifty 
 natives armed with fpears ; and as we pafTed the place where they 
 Aood, within a quarter of a mile, we obferved boys taking flones 
 off the beach, and making geftures as if they, would throw
 
 ,,g FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 them at us : the men alfo fhewing marks of a hoftile difpofition, 
 walked along the ftiore to keep abreaft of the fliip, but as we left 
 them fart: they retired behind the trees. Thefe trees feemed to be of 
 the fame worthlefs kind as thofe at Crefcent ifland ; the natives alfo, 
 in colour, flaturc, and drefs, exadly the fame as thofe we faw there. 
 We obftrved no canoes, though it is moft probable they have fome, as 
 thefe people muft have come from the high ifland either in a canoe or 
 by wading, which latter feems imprafticable. The main ifland, and 
 thofe fcattercd about it, are, as before noticed, all high, and the 
 reef keeping the fea quite flill about them, they prefent a view ro- 
 mantic, wild, and barren : the valleys, however, appear covered with 
 trees, but of what kind we could not perceive, though fome faid 
 they could diftinguifli cocoa-nut trees ; and it is certainly likely they 
 fhould have the fruits and roots common to the other iflands, and 
 muft have abundance of fifli. 
 
 The tops of the hills, to about half way down, are chiefly co- 
 vered with fun-burnt grafs ; and in fome places there are fpots of 
 reddifh foil, as on the middle grounds of Otaheite. 
 
 The group was named Gambier's iflands, in compliment to the 
 worthy admiral of that name, who, in his department, countenanced 
 our equipment. Duff's mountains, which lie in the centre, are in 
 lat. 23° \i' S. and in long. 225° E. 
 
 We had now got fufEcient eafting, and were in the way of the 
 trade-winds, therefore kept on our courfe to the northward j all on 
 board in good health, and in no real want of any thing. But as the 
 pafTage from the Friendly Ifles had already been longer than we ex- 
 pedted, the captain thought it neceffary to pufh on for the Marquefas -, 
 and on this account, though we had reafon to fuppofe ourfelves in a 
 dangerous part of the ocean, we run by night as well as day ; only 
 put the fhip under a proper fail for altering our courfe on any fudden 
 emergency. 
 
 26th. Athalfpaft five in the morning, juft as the day broke, 
 we thought we faw low land ahead, and feeming to be very clofe.
 
 May.] ■ TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 1,9 
 
 wore fliip and ftood from it about a quarter of an hour, then tacked 
 towards it again, when the day prefented to our view the imminent 
 danger we had efcaped. For that part which we were running for, 
 and many others, were even with the water's edge, the fea walhing 
 over them into the lagoon ; and it is very probable, that, had the 
 weather been hazy, or the day not fo near, we might have ftruck 
 before we either faw the rocks or heard the fea beat upon them, as it 
 made but little noife. The ifland is in length about feventeen miles 
 from eaft to weft, and in breadth about eight or nine miles : and 
 upon the reef which enclofes the lagoon, there are feveral clumps 
 of trees, but no cocoa-nut or other fruit-trees that we could fee, nor 
 any fign of inhabitants. This ifland, lying in lat. 21" 36' S. by 
 obfervation, and in long. 224° 36' E. by chronometer, is probably 
 the fame called Lord Hood's ifland by Captain Edwards, who dif- 
 covcred it in the Pandora, 17th March 1791. We continued our 
 courfe, and in two or three hours were out of fight of it. In the 
 duflv of the evening of the following day we thought that we faw 
 high land on our lee beam ; but judging that to run down to put the 
 matter out of difpute would be taking us too much to leeward, we 
 left it for fome future navigator to determine. However, if it really 
 be an ifland, it muft lie nearly in latitude 20° 30' S. and about the 
 longitude of 223° 18^ E. 
 
 28th. At noon we obferved in latitude 18° 34'' S. and about three 
 in the afternoon difcovered another low ifland bearing N. E. As it 
 is not laid down in any of the charts, and the wind at N.W. being 
 againft us, we kept our ftretch towards it, and as we drew near found 
 it a lagoon ifland, with patches of trees on different parts around it. 
 On the north-weft end cocoa-nuts were growing, and near them a 
 clump of lofty dark-coloured trees. Two clumps alfo of the fame 
 kind ftood at a little diftance from each other on the fouth-eaft part : 
 thefe laft we named Turk's Cap and Friar's Hood. 
 
 At half paft feven o'clock we tacked within a mile of the north 
 end, then took the topgallant-fails in, hauled the courfes up, and
 
 ,;o FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 during the night made fhort tacks under the topfails. In the morn- 
 ing, the 29th, we found ourfelves farther off than we expeded, 
 owing to the lecwardly current; and the wind changing to N. N.E. 
 with our larboard tacks aboard we ftood in, and at eight o'clock 
 had the fouth point of the ifland bearing E. | N. diftant three miles. 
 Shortly after it fell little wind, and we lowered the jolly-boat down, 
 rowed clofe to the fliore, and tried to effed: a landing, but found it 
 impradticable, on account of the high furf which beat upon the coral 
 jocks. Suppoflng we might find a better place, we rowed along 
 fliore two or three miles, till we came to the fouth-eaft fide, but had the 
 mortification to find it every where the fame, therefore we returned 
 to the Ihip. Obferved at noon in lat. 18° 24^ S. ; the extremes of 
 the ifland from N. I4°W. to N. 56° W. We had feen no figns of 
 inhabitants, and having lofl hopes of finding a landing-place, the 
 captain had determined to leave this ifland and proceed on our voyage 
 as fail as the unfavourable winds we then had would permit. 
 
 •In the courfe of the night we had paffed to windward of the ifland, 
 and at fix in the morning had the north- wefl end bearing S.W. by S. 
 and the fea being then fmooth encouraged a hope of procuring a 
 few cocoa-nuts for our people, and herbage for the goats. There- 
 fore we again fhaped our courfe towards it ; but, before we came 
 near it by four miles, it fell almofl calm; fo that, as the fhip went 
 but flowly down, we hoifted the pinnace out, and I, with the third 
 officer and a boat's crew, with Peter and Tom, fet off in her. 
 When we had got about a mile round the point, all in the boat 
 (except one man and myfelf, who were but indifferent fwimmers) 
 got into the water and effedled a landing, though the furf was 
 very high. From the edge of the reef they had to walk about a 
 furlong, up to the knees in water, over a hard coral flat, before they 
 came to the trees : and while they were gone, I fhot three or four 
 man of war birds, and tried to catch fome of the beautiful fifli which 
 fwam without the furf; but they were too flay of the bait. Sharks 
 cf various fizes were very numerous..
 
 May.] to THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 121 
 
 At noon they oblcrved at the fliip in 18" 14' S. the north-well 
 end bearing S. S. W. i W. a mile and a half; and an hour after, in 
 rounding the point not more than a cable's length off fliorc, founded 
 with ninety fathoms of line, but found no bottom. 
 
 We had already hauled off a few cocoa-nuts ; but this method was 
 fo tedious, that all we could procure by it would not repay the trouble. 
 But juft about this time it was low vv^ater, and the furf fell remark- 
 ably, fo that by putting the boat's Hern to the rocks I ftepped out, 
 without fo much as wetting my feet. This both encouraged thofe 
 on fliore to go on, and being obferved from the fliip, induced them 
 to fend the jolly-boat with more hands to affift us. And now we 
 were in hopes of getting a plentiful fupply without difficulty or dan- 
 ger J ignorant that it was poffible only at low water thus to pafs and 
 repafs. This we were to learn afterwards by unpleafant experience. 
 
 The land at this end of the illand is about three furlongs in 
 breadth j upon it the only cocoa-nut trees grow, and upon that fide 
 next the lagoon, confequently the fartheft off from us. The way 
 to them, by paffmg through the other trees, is alfo very rough and 
 bad ; but by fearching, we found a pleafant road along the fide of a 
 creek, leading from the fea into the lagoon, and fufficient in depth to 
 admit the jolly-boat, when the tide was up. Therefore this was 
 propofed as our plan : to get as many nuts as poffible before four in 
 the afternoon, and then bring the boat in for them. 
 
 Accordingly, by that time we had got about three hundred ; but, 
 contrary to our expeftations, as the tide rofe the furf increafed to fo 
 great a degree as to render it almoft impoffible either to get them or 
 ourfelves fafely through it. However, to put it to the trial, the jolly- 
 boat was brought abreaft of the creek, and by watching an opportunity 
 w-as rowed through the furf, but not without ftriking on the rocks, by 
 w^hich we knew there was no chance for the pinnace to get in. As there 
 were thirteen of us on fhore, the fmall boat was infufficient to carry off 
 the wdiole. To make it ftill worfe, we faw the wind was increafing, 
 jand the flcy become overcaff with dark clouds. Therefore, being 
 
 R
 
 122 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797: 
 
 thus critically fituated, it was adopted as the moft prudent plan, for 
 thole who could fwim but little to make the firll attempt in the jolly- 
 boat, and for the others to flay on fliore all night, and fo fwim off to 
 the boats in the morning. Accordingly, four of our number were 
 pitched upon to make the effort, and they probably would have fuc- 
 ceeded, had not two others, who thought themfelves as bad fwimmers^ 
 as any, jumped in, and thereby making the boat too deep, {\\e 
 grounded on the rocks, where the fea broke, and filling her, it 
 was with difficulty they got back into fmooth water. This failure 
 damped all our fpirits, as we were very anxious to have fome more 
 hands on board to work the fliip, left flie fhould be blown to leeward, 
 and not be able to get up to us again^ Thus urged by necefTity, the 
 third officer, with two men, made a fecond attempt, and fucceeded, 
 but not without being again half filled with water. When clear of 
 the furf, they rowed to the pinnace, and both returned to the fhip, 
 to inform the captain of the difagreeable news of myfelf and nine 
 more, including the two Otaheiteans, being left on the ifland. 
 
 Our fituation on ffiore was extremely uncomfortable and alarming j 
 however, to make the befl of it, after feeing the boats fafe off, we 
 Avalked up to the large clump of trees, and being thinly clothed and 
 quite wet, we endeavoured to make a fire ; but after Otaheitean Tom 
 had tried two hours in vain for a light by fridion, we were reduced 
 to the neccffity of paffing the night without a fire. About ten o'clock 
 It began to rain very hard, and continued till three in the morning, 
 when there was a Ifiort interval of fair weather, and then conflant 
 rain till near noon the next day. To all this we were expofed, for 
 the trees afforded us flicker only till the branches were completely 
 wet, and this was very foon ; fo that I was apprehenfive of fevers at 
 leafl being the confequence of this drenching j but, to lelfen its effed:s, 
 requeued the men to walk about, and keep in motion, which they 
 did, and cheered each other by faying they fometimes faw the fhip's 
 light. 
 ^ 3ifl;. At daybreak the fhip flood clofe in, and the captain, who
 
 May.] to TFIE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 123 
 
 was very anxious for our fafcty, fent the pinnace to try and get us 
 off; but with concern we beheld the furf higher than on the preceding 
 night, which obhged us to remain and wait the opportunity low 
 water might afford, falling out on this day about one o'clock in the 
 afternoon. They accordingly put back to the fliip, and prefently 
 after came again to the edge of the furf, when one man leaped in and 
 got fafe to us with a bottle of brandy, which was of great fervice in 
 raifing the droopi.ig fpirits of the people, who had fpent fo bad a 
 night, and had ftill a difficult tafk to perform. This done, the boat 
 put off again, and about ten o'clock returned with a ftage made of 
 fir deals, with dirccftions from the captain to bring the boat to a' 
 grapnel as clofe to the furf as they could with fafety, and then, 
 after making a ' rope fall: to the ftage, to veer it alhore within our 
 reach, when we were to get upon it and be hauled through the furf, 
 one or two at a time. Mr, Falconer was in the boat, and did as 
 dired:ed ; but the back fweep of the fca prevented the ftage from even 
 entering the furf, fo that we were ftill in the fame fituation as before. 
 Thus difappointed, we walked along the fliore, to try if any better 
 place could be difcovered, the boat following abreaft of us ; but wc 
 found it alike dangerous. At one place two of us tried to fwim off 
 to the ftage, but were wafhed about, and nearly dafhed to pieces 
 againft the rocks, before the reft could help us out. 
 
 Low water was faft approaching, and nothing now remained but 
 a chance of getting off at the place where I ftepped on fhore at the firft. 
 We accordingly returned thither, but w^ere greatly diflicartened to find 
 it as bad as every other place : we refolved, however, to watch till the 
 time of low water was over ; certain that if no opportunity offered 
 then, we muft content ourfelves where we were, and that perhaps 
 for months, as the fliip w^as now driving faft to leeward. Low 
 water at laft came, but the fea was ftill (o rough that Otaheitean 
 Tom, Mr. Crook, and fome more, walked up in dcfpair towards 
 the clump of trees, to try if poffible to procure fome dry wood, with 
 which to get a light and a fire, which they ftood much in need of,* 
 
 R 2
 
 ,24 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 being wet and cold, the wind blowing through their thin clothing. 
 But, to our great joy, they were fcarcely gone, when the fea at inter- 
 vals became Imooth ; one man got off to the ftage, and was hauled 
 to the boat. We inftantly called them to us, and by embracing every 
 opportunity, fwimming to the flage one by one, we at length got all 
 fafe off. On trying to haul the grapnel up, we found it had fallen 
 into the hollows of the coral rocks, which obliged us to cut the rope 
 and leave it behind. Thefe hollows add greatly to the danger of 
 fwimming off to the boats, for if the fca forces up or retires fuddenly, 
 there is a riik of falling into them and being hid under great flakes 
 of the rock. The dread of this, and of drowning in the furf, ba- 
 nifhed from our thoughts the fliarks which fwam thick about the 
 place. We now rowed towards the fliip, which had drifted about 
 four miles to leeward. The captain was overjoyed to fee us, as were 
 all the crew. The boat was hoifted in, and we made fail, fully de- 
 termined never again to venture a landing upon one of thofe low 
 half-drowned iflands, except obliged thereto by want or other abfo- 
 lute neceflity. 
 
 This received the name of Serle's ifland, in compliment to a gen- 
 tleman of that name now in the Tranfport office, and author of 
 Horae Solitariae and other valuable works. The latitude of its centre 
 is 18° 18' S. long. 223° E. i it is in length from S. E. to N.W. feven 
 or eight miles, and in breadth four or five j it has a lagoon in the 
 middle, where we obferved feveral fmall rocks above water. The 
 reef without and the lagoon within abound with fifh, feveral of 
 which were of the moft richly varied and beautiful colours that can 
 be conceived. As Mr. Robfon walked by the fide of the lagoon in 
 the night, he obferved thoufands of young Iharks fwimming clofe 
 to the fhore. Mullet are very plentiful, and when low water left 
 part of the reef dry, feveral fpotted eels iffued from holes, and on our 
 approach reared upon their tails, attempting to defend themfelves with 
 open mouth. The birds were the fame as at the other low iflands ; 
 and befides there was here a bird about the fize and colour of a lark,
 
 May.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 125 
 
 which we had not feen before ; and during the night we heard one 
 whiftle like and equal to a blackbird : indeed, by their various notes, 
 there was reafon to fuppofe this place gave Iheltcr to many diften.nt 
 fpecies, with this peculiar feature, that they fung almoft all the 
 night long, though it rained and was very dark. We fkw fome rats, 
 plenty of the red (fhell) crab, and a kind of land lobfter, which 
 even the Otaheiteans were flrangcrs to. 
 
 The trees are various as at Palmerfton's ifland ; but the cocoa-nuts 
 are fcarce here, and only found on the north- weft end : thofe which 
 form the clumps are peculiar; they grow about fixty feet high, with 
 large trunks from four feet to four or five yards in circumference, 
 dividing about half way up into large branches, with a broad dark 
 green leaf. As the foil is very thin, many of thefe trees had fallen, 
 their branches had taken root, and were again grown up to five or 
 fix trees as large as the old one. The wood appeared to be of no 
 ufe but to burn. Under flielter of this grove there was regularly 
 built a morai of ftones, with one ftone at a little diftance placed 
 upright : we alfo found the remains of two or three huts, and a 
 plain fpace, with only one circular cut near the end. At one place 
 clofe by thefe were flrewed on the ground vaft quantities of clam 
 fhells. All which proved the ifland to have been once inhabited; but 
 whether the perfons had emigrated elfewhere, or become extindt, 
 there was no remaining evidence whereon to form a conjedlure, as the 
 latter is as probable as the former ; for it is likely they would be 
 no more than the crew of one canoe, who, by the number of clam 
 fhells, muft have fubfifted here a confiderable time, perhaps till 
 their canoe was rendered fit to tranfport them to another ifland. It 
 is likely alfo that the cocoa-nut trees, as they grew fo partially and 
 fo near the morai, were of their planting; and by the few of thefe 
 which had fallen in the ufual manner, we fuppofe it could not be 
 more than fifty years fince they were firft planted. 
 
 One circumftance here is very ftriking, which is, that however 
 fmall in number the wretched refugees might have been, a morai.
 
 ,:6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797; 
 
 or place of worfliip, was thought by them indifpenfably necellliry ; 
 it proves, that, however their ideas of fupernatural beings are be- 
 wildered, they ftill univerllilly hold the lame tradition among them : 
 and notwithftanding the inhabitants of different iflands give their 
 peculiar names to their guardian deity, the manner of worfliip being 
 every where the fame, proves the tradition originally to be from one" 
 fource. 
 
 Concerning the formation of thefe low iflands the opinions of men 
 are various ; but whether fuch a mafs of matter grows like a flirub, 
 or be the work of millions of animalcules, is what I mufl: leave to 
 the learned. It appears, however, that in their perfed: flate they, 
 come no nearer to the furface than where the fea breaks upon them. 
 The part of this ifland that we were upon I fuppofe to have rifen 
 about two or three furlongs in breadth, and by the force of the fea 
 againft the outer edge the parts projefting were broken off; thefe, as 
 the fea drove them towards the lagoon, would fl:rike other parts and 
 force them off, and a heavy ftorm coming on would, with irrefiflible 
 violence, drive them up in a ridge at fome diftance from the fea-fide, 
 and near to the edge of the lagoon. This is evidently the cafe here. 
 The firfl: ridge lies within one hundred yards of the lagoon, and 
 about three furlongs from the edge of the reef next the fea. The 
 fecond ridge runs within ten yards of the firfl:, and the furrow be- 
 tween is about ten or twelve feet deep. The other ridges, of which 
 there are many, are nearly about the fame diftance, and the furrows 
 the fame, differing only in proportion as we may fuppofe the ftorms 
 to have done which threw them up : thefe being compofed entirely 
 of large coral ftones, prove this to have been the caufe; and the ridges 
 lying lengthwife in a dirediion about north and fouth, demonftrate 
 that no other than gales from the weftward could have produced 
 this effedl on this fide of the ifland : and it is known, that winds 
 from that quarter, though not exceflively ftrong, raife a more hollow 
 and heavy fwell than any other. At prefcnt, about a furlong from 
 the outer edge of the reef, the ftones, after running over a flat of
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 127 
 
 that breadth, form a fleep wall not Icfs than eight or ten yards above 
 the furface of the fea; but even over this height the flones are driven, 
 and fhooting a confidcrable way in, cover fome of the former ridges, 
 and form a gradual flope. Indeed it is almoft incredible what large lumps 
 of folid coral lie thrown half way up the fteep wall above mentioned. 
 I remarked no other part of the ifland where fuch effedts of ftorms 
 were to be feen ; in fome places more towards the S.E. and where 
 the land was not more than a furlons: in width, it was low and 
 covered with fine white coral fand, mixed with rotten vegetables and 
 leaves of trees that grow upon it : this in general is the kind of foil; 
 even upon the large ftones this rotten matter and the coral fand 
 are blown, and there the trees are more flourifliing and abundant 
 than in other places. 
 
 From this time nothing material occurred until we made the Mar- 
 quefas. One of the Serle's ifland party had a fever for three or four 
 days, but foon got the better of it, and was the only one that fuf- 
 fered from that expedition. As we were trufting wholly to our time- 
 keeper, we found ourfelves, after fo long a paflage, contrary to our 
 expedlation, confiderably to the weflward, when we faw Santa 
 Chriftina on the 4th of June, a little before funrife in the morning, 
 bearing E.N.E. diftant nine leagues. Being thus to leeward of our 
 port, we kept plying till the afternoon of the following day, and 
 look feveral compafs bearings, to afcertain the extent and relative fitua- 
 tion of the iflands.
 
 ,2S FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Occurrences at the Marqucfas-, 
 
 5tln. W HEN we had got within four miles of Refolution bay, wc 
 faw two men paddling towards us in a fmall, wretched canoe, which 
 they kept above water by conllant bailing. Not knowing their in- 
 tention to come on board, nor conceiving them of any ufe if there, 
 we kept all fail fet, and paffed clofe by them with great velocity : 
 this they obferved, and being more anxious to come aboard than we 
 imagined, one of them leaped into the water, caught a rope we 
 hove to him, and expertly hauled himfelf hand over hand to the 
 quarter- gallery, where we took him in quite naked. At firft he 
 looked round the cabin with furprife, but foon recovered himfelf 
 and ran upon deck. He was tattowed from head to foot, infomuch 
 as nearly to hide his natural colour ; he talked very faft, and was 
 tolerably underflood both by Crook and the Otaheiteans : the earneft- 
 nefs which he expreffed was to induce us to tack and pick up his 
 comrade, who he gave us to underfland was his father ; and that if 
 we did not take him in, it would be impoffible for him to reach the 
 ifland in fo wretched a canoe, as the wind blew ftrong. However, 
 to eafe him of his fears, we took the father on board and the canoe 
 in tow, but fhe foon went to pieces and drifted away, which feemed 
 to give them little concern. The wind, as we drew near the land, 
 became variable and fqually, and as we were flretching towards 
 St. Dominica, to avail ourfclves of a favourable flaw, the captain 
 gave orders to ^ack towards the bay. This both the natives oppofed, 
 and made figns, that by keeping on the fame tack until we run far*
 
 JuNfi.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 129 
 
 ther, we fliould then fetch the bay when we tacked. Their advice 
 was taken, and anfwering accordingly, was a proof of no fmall 
 degree of nautical ikill in them. 
 
 We found it very difficult to work up the bay, by rcafon of the 
 heavy gufts of wind from the mountains ; however, by feven o'clock 
 we were clofe up, and let go our fmall bower anchor in fifteen fa- 
 rhoms water j veered out eighty fathom of cable as faft as we could, 
 but before it held we had dragged it into thirty-five fxthoms. Though 
 it was now dark two females fwam off, in hopes, no doubt, of a 
 favourable reception; but finding they could not be admitted, they 
 kept fwimming about the fliip for near half an hour, calling out, in 
 a pitiful tone, Waheine ! waheine ! that is. Woman ! or. We are wo- 
 men ! They then returned to the fhore in the fame manner as they 
 came : our two pilots alfo followed them, but not till they had ufed 
 all their arguments for the captain to allow them to fleep in the fliip ; 
 and, but for the fake of precedent, their requeft would have been 
 granted, as a reward for the implicit confidence they placed in us. 
 
 6th. This morning we began unbending moft of our fails, and 
 ftripping the foremaft, that the rigging might have a thorough over- 
 haul ; one of the flirouds we knew to be broken in the way of the 
 maft-head, and now found another gone on the fame fide ; fo that 
 had we not providentially been on the larboard tack when we expe- 
 rienced the fevereft gales, we mufl: certainly have lofl the foremaft, 
 which we could not replace in any of thefe parts. 
 
 Our firft vifitors from the fhore came early j they were feven beau- 
 tiful young women, fwimming quite naked, except a few green leaves 
 tied round their middle : they kept playing round the fhip for three 
 hours, calling Waheine! until feveral of the native men had got on 
 board ; one of whom being the chief of the ifland, requefted that 
 his fifter might be taken on board, which was complied with : fhe 
 was of a fair complexion, inclining to a healthy yellow, with a 
 tint of red in her cheek, was rather ftout, but pofTefilng luch lym- 
 metry of features, as did all her companions, that as models for the 
 
 8
 
 J 30 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 flatuaryand painter their equals can feldom be found. OurOtaheitean 
 girl, who was tolerably fcur, and had a comely perPon, was notwith- 
 ftanding greatly eclipfed by thefe women, and, I believe, felt her 
 inferiority*^ in no fmall degree; however, fhe was fuperior in the 
 amiablenefs of her manners, and pofleffed more of the foftnefs and 
 tender feelino of the fex : fhe was afhamed to fee a woman upon the 
 deck quite naked, and fupplied her with a complete drefs of new 
 Otaheitean cloth, which fet her off to great advantage, and encou- 
 raged thofe in the water, whofe numbers were now greatly increafed, 
 to importune for admiffion; and out of pity to them, as we faw 
 they would not return, we took them on board: but they were in a 
 meafure difappointed, for they could not all fucceed fo well as the 
 firft in getting clothed ; nor did our mifchievous goats even fuffer 
 them to keep their green leaves, but as they turned to avoid them 
 they were attacked on each fide alternately, and completely flripped 
 
 iraked. 
 
 The chief above noticed is named Tenae, eldeft fon of Honoo, the 
 rei"-ning prince in Captain Cook's time ; he came in a tolerably good 
 canoe, and introduced him,felf by prefenting the captain with a 
 fmooth ftaff about eight feet long, to the head of v/hich a few locks 
 of human hair were neatly plaited ; and befides this, he gave a few 
 head and breaft ornaments. Obferving a mulket on the quarter- 
 deck, he took it with care to the captain, and begged him " to put 
 ♦' ittofleep." He received an axe, a looking-glafs, and neck-chain/ 
 to hang it to, alfo a pair of fciffars; the latter, an article much prized 
 at the Friendly and Society ifles, he was either indifferent abaut, or 
 totally ignorant of their ufe. Two of his brothers, who were pre- 
 fent, expreffed not the leaft defire for any thing ; they all feemed to 
 have a thoughtful caff in their countenance, fuch as men acquire 
 who are ftruggling for fubfiftence and can hardly get it, though they 
 would frequently break out into mad fits of laughter, and talk as 
 faft as their tongues could go, and this the women did as well as the 
 men. It appeared that this was a very fcarce time with them, for
 
 JiTN'E.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. ■ ,3, 
 
 they kept complaining they were hungry and begging for viduuls 
 all the while they were on board ; to fome we gave a little, but they 
 were too numerous for us to fupply all : as for the women, they arc 
 in that ftate of fubjedlion, that, if they got any thing and could not 
 conceal it, the men took it from them. Towards evening thofe who 
 had no canoes, and who were by far the greateft number, leaped all 
 together into the water and fwam on fhore. 
 
 Our intention of fettling two men among them being made known 
 to the chief, he feemed highly delighted with the propofal, and faid 
 that he would give them a houfe and a fhare in all that himfelf had. 
 After this he went on fhore j I followed with Mr. Harris, Mr. Crook, 
 Peter, and Otaheitean Tom. Tenae received us upon the beach, and 
 conducing us a little way dcfired we would flop, as we thought, to 
 gratify the natives, for they formed a ring around us, thofe neareft 
 the centre fitting, to let thofe behind look over their heads : Tenae's 
 fifter not following the example of the refl, he reproved her, which 
 brought tears from her eyes. This fliew continued about a quarter 
 of an hour. Afterwards we proceeded up the valley, accompanied by 
 the chief, his brother, and many of the young natives. The road 
 was very indifferent, by reafon of tree roots that crofs it, and large 
 ftones which lie in the way; and being all up hill, we were pretty well 
 tired by the time we reached the chief's houfe, though we refled 
 thrice, at which times they brought excellent water in cocoa-nut 
 fliells from a rivulet that runs down the valley. The bread-fruit and 
 cocoa-nut trees, with a variety of other forts, afforded a comfortable 
 fhade from the heat of the fun. Tenae conduded us to one of his 
 befl houfes, intimating that it was for the ufe of the brethren, and 
 that they might occupy it as foon as they pleafed. To convey aa 
 idea of what this and all their bcfl-built houfes are like, it is only 
 neceffary to imagine one of our own of one ftory high with a high 
 peaked roof; cut it lengthwife exad:ly down the middle, you would 
 then have two of their houfes, only built of different materials. 
 That we now occupied was twenty-five feet long and fix wide, ten.
 
 '3* 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 feet high in the back part, and but four in front ; at the corners four 
 ftout itakcs are driven into the earth, on which are laid horizontal 
 pieces, and from thefe laft to the ground are bamboos neatly ranged 
 in perpendicular order, about half an inch diftant from each other ,- 
 and without them long blinds made with leaves are hung, which 
 make the infide very clofe and warm : the door is about the middle 
 on the low fide. They do not ufe the leaves of the wharra tree 
 here for roofing, as at Otaheite, but common broad leaves, which 
 they lay fo thick as to keep the water out ; but the greater part of 
 their houfes are miferable hovels. 
 
 The infide furniture confilled of a large floor mat from end to end, 
 feveral large calabaflies, fome fifhing-tackle, and a few fpears j at 
 one end the chief kept his ornaments, which he fhewed to us ; 
 amongft other things, he took out of two bamboo cafes, two bunches 
 of feathers of the tail of the tropic-bird, not lefs than a hundred in 
 each bunch, forming a beautiful and elegant ornament : upon thefe 
 he feemed to place a great value. 
 
 They made no offer of any thing to eat, except a few cocoa-nuts ; 
 nor did I fee that they had any other thing in ufe but thefe and 
 the four mahie. Hogs and fowls were walking about, but in no great 
 plenty j indeed this appeared to be their fcarce feafon ; for when 
 we firft landed one fellow ran to me and fluffed a piece of mahie 
 into my mouth, thinking, no doubt, that at this feafon of fcarcity 
 he was doing me a great kindnefs. However, in other refpedls, 
 Tenae treated us very well, and the people were evidently glad to fee 
 us among them. 
 
 On our return to the fliip, the captain met the two brethren in 
 the cabin, to know their fentiments of this place, and whether they 
 were flill in the fame mind to fettle upon it. Mr. Crook obferved, 
 that he was encouraged by the reception they had met with j thought 
 the chief had behaved exceedingly well, and approved of the houfe 
 afligned them, the place, and the people j and concluded by faying, 
 that though there was not the fame plenty here as at the other illands.
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 133 
 
 he had no objedlions to Ray, as he never before nor fince his en- 
 gagement had comforts in view ; therefore the prefcnt Hate of the 
 ifland was not fo great a difappointmcnt to him. However, appear- 
 ances gave him reafon to think that they had their plentiful feafons 
 here as well as at the other iflands. Mr. Harris delivered his 
 fentiments with hcfitation, as if fear had taken pofleffion of his 
 mind : his opinions were quite contrary to Crook's ; he difapproved 
 of every thing, and judged the fccne before him a folcmn one; and, 
 hi fhort, feemed entirely to have loll his firmnefs and ardour. How- 
 ever, as the kind reception by the chief and his people had obviated 
 every diredl objeilion to them, it was agreed to go on fliore the next 
 day, take their beds with them, and make a trial j after which, if they 
 thought it unfafe to ftay, and afligncd their reafons, they might 
 then return on board, as no compullion was intended. 
 
 7th. It is remarked, that honefty is no virtue of a South-Sea 
 iflander, efpecially when our articles lie expofed to tempt him. The 
 natives here had not hitherto appeared folicitous to barter with us ; 
 but fome of them laft night had found means to lift the glafs cover 
 off one of our beft compaffes, ftole away the card and iieedle, and 
 fitted the cover on as before. We fpoke to the chief and feveral 
 others about it, but found all our endeavours to recover it by mild 
 means ineffedtual ; and, rather than ufe any other, the affair was dropped. 
 However, they feemed to be confcious of having done fomething 
 amifs by their not coming to the fliip till long after breakfaft, when 
 our decks were again crowded with both fexes in the fame naked 
 ftate as on the preceding day. 
 
 In the afternoon Mr. Crook landed with his bed and a few clothes; 
 I accompanied him, to fee how he was received. Mr. Harris declined 
 going, wilhing to flay on board and pack up their things in fmall 
 parcels, for the convenience of carrying them up the valley. The 
 chief's brother departed from the fhip with us, and Tenae himfelf 
 received us at the beach, and treated us with refpedl and kindnefs, 
 as on the day before. We proceeded up the valley, followed by a
 
 ,j4 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 vaft coiicourfe of people, fome of whom carried the baggage, and 
 depofited it in the houfe afligned for the brethren ; but a fliort time 
 after it was removed, and ourfelves condudled to another houfe of 
 larger dimenfions, about a hundred yards diflant from the firft. 
 This houfe flood on a fquare platform raifed with flones, having a 
 wall about fix feet high on the loweft fide (for they are all built on 
 a declivity) ; in the infifie. was a kind of efcutcheon in memory ot 
 Honoo, the chief's father j it was very curioufly wrought with fmall 
 reeds, laid upright, oblique, and horizontal, and about eight feet in 
 height, forming a fide of a pyramid. There was a drum at each 
 end, made like thofe the Otaheiteans ufe, but much longer. Nearly 
 adjoining'-, and upon the fame platform, was another houfe, built on 
 a fmall eminence, leaving a fpace in front, where were placed two 
 rude figures of men carved in wood, nearly the fize of life ; behind 
 thefe, againft the fide of the houfe, were three other efcutcheons, 
 wrought 'in the fame manner as the one above mentioned : that in 
 the middle, which was the higheft, had the figure of a bird upon the 
 top, and the reeds which compofed the whole being ftained of va- 
 rious colours, produced a beautiful and folemn effed:. The houfe 
 had no door or opening of any kind j but as my curiofity was 
 a good deal excited, I opened a hole in the fide of it, to fee what it 
 contained, and beheld a coffin fixed upon two ftakes about a yard 
 from the ground. Juft at this time Tenae came up, and feeing ho 
 was not angry, I again opened the hole and pointed to the coffin : 
 he inftantly cried H5noo ! and repeated it feveral times, by which I 
 knew it was his father, and thought him pleafed to fee me notice 
 the honours he had paid to his memory. The coffin was cylindri- 
 cal, and bound about with various coloured plaiting made of the 
 fibres of the cocoa-nut. This fepulchre. Crook's houfe, the trees, 
 and every thing within the platform, was taboo or facred, and muft 
 not be approached by women. 
 
 I left Otaheitean Tom to bear Crook company the firft night, and 
 then returned on board. In walking down the valley, I obferved
 
 June] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 13^ 
 
 that it was well ftocked with bread-fruit trees, but none of them 
 were ripe ; cocoa-nuts were not fo plentiful : there were plantains, 
 the ahee-nut, and fome other fruits. Thefc are chiefly enclofed by 
 fquare fences of floncs about fix feet high, within which the owner's 
 houfe fl:ands ; but fome of the orchards are fo over-run with weeds, 
 that they mark more the divifion of property than induflry or labour. 
 
 When the boat came for me, they brought as many of the natives 
 as fhe could contain, they availing themfelves of that opportunity 
 to fave the trouble of fwimming. The chief's brother was with me, 
 and wifhed much to go on board; but I refufed to take him, as it was 
 near dark : this hurt him fo much, that he flied tears as he walked 
 away. 
 
 Sth. The weather ftill pleafant, but, as before, heavy gufts of 
 wind and rain from the mountains. 
 
 The natives crowded on board to-day, infomuch that with difficulty 
 we carried on our work at the rigging : the females were more nu- 
 merous, and all in the fame naked ftate as before, which induced 
 our people to beftow upon each a piece of Otaheitean cloth. It is 
 proper to obferve, that thefe women drefs decently on fliore ; but 
 when they have to fwim, as their cloth will not ftand the water, 
 they leave it behind, and cover their nakednefs with a few leaves- 
 only. 
 
 In the forenoon the captain received a letter from Crook, wherein' 
 he exprefles his perfed: fatisfadiion with his new lodgings. As night 
 drew on, he fays, he was left to his repofe ; and after commending 
 himfelf to the care of the Almighty, he went to reft, laying his 
 clothes upon the ground near his hammock ; but to his furprife, when 
 he awoke in the morning, there were none of them to be feen, and 
 he began to think he fhould have a bad report to give after the firft 
 night's trial : but before he had time to launch out into unjuft fur- 
 mifes, the chief came with every article carefully wrapt up in a 
 bundle. Soon after the letter, Tenae, Crook, and the chief's brother, 
 came on board ; they were {hewn into the cabin, and every endeavour
 
 ,3$ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 made to treat them kindly. The captain made Tenae a prefent of 
 an ornamented crown, which delighted him greatly ; he alfo gave 
 him a piece of cloth, a hammer, and fome gimlets ; but what moft 
 took his fancy was a large conch-fhell; for thefe they barter eagerly, 
 pio-s or any other thing ; one of them gave our cook a broad axe for a 
 conch : but it may with truth be laid, that they are in fuch a ftate of 
 nature and ignorance, or rather ftupidity, that notwithftanding many 
 iron tools, &c. have been left among them, they have never yet 
 thou'^ht of employing their powers to learn their ufe : . therefore they 
 fet but little value upon what we have, except they can fleal it, which 
 always enhances the worth of the article. Nails and tools they 
 think nothing of; cats and goats they fought after with fome foli- 
 citude, and got fome of the former ; but of the latter we had only 
 females on board. The conch-fliells they ufe when they go a-vifiting 
 from one valley to another, and as they gain the fummit of the hills, 
 they blow them with aU their might, and take great delight and 
 pride in liftening to the long reverberating echoes. 
 
 Tenae was now more familiar than at his firfl vifit, and furveyed 
 the cabin with a degree of attention, but not with the penetration 
 and difcernment of the Friendly iflanders. Happening to touch the 
 wire of the cabin-bell, he was ftruck with aftonifhment and favage 
 wonder; he rang the bell again and again, and puzzled himfelf a 
 quarter of an hour to find whence the found proceeded. Tenae has 
 a thoughtful caft of countenance, and looks much like the chief 
 and father of a village, and to fee him thus employed raifed our 
 pity, to behold a man on whom nature, perhaps, had beftowed talents 
 capable of exploring her myfleries, thus confounded with a rattle ^ 
 but, alas ! in thefe regions, remote from all the paths of fcience, the 
 talents and virtues of infulated genius lie hid in darknefs, and, like 
 the beauties of the rough marble, want the Ikill of the polifher to 
 bring them -forth. 
 
 It was not a little afFedling alfo to fee our own feamen repairing the 
 ^igg'J^gj attended by a group of the moll beautiful females, who were
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 137 
 
 employed to pafs the ball, or carry the tar- bucket, &cc.; and this they 
 did with the greateft affiduity, often befmcaring themfclvcs with 
 the tar in the execution of their oflicc. No fhip's company, without 
 great reftraints from God's grace, could ever have refiflcd fuch 
 temptations ; and fome would have probably offended, if they had 
 not been overawed by the jealoufy of the officers and by the good 
 condu<5l of their mcflmates. 
 
 In the afternoon Mr. Godfell landed a cheft and feveral parcels for 
 the miffionaries, which were taken fafe up to the houfe. Tom and 
 the boy Harraway (laid on fhore this night, for the purpofe of ren- 
 dering Crook what fervice they could; and in the evening our vifitors 
 left us in good time, as ufual. 
 
 On the 9th the pinnace was fent on fhore again with more things. 
 Crook flill rcfolving to flay, attached himfelf to the place, took to 
 eating the four mahie, and contented himfelf with the food the 
 ifland afforded, which is not of a very delicate kind ; for the mahie 
 being made in fmall quantities here, and cleanlincfs little obferved 
 in the operation, it is not fo good as at Otaheite : but he fays that 
 they always ferve him firfl of the bell they have ; and as he hopes 
 to get pork once or twice a week, and frefli fifh as oft as he pleafes, 
 he thinks he may live contented without cafting an eye to the luxuries 
 of Otaheite. Tenae had adopted him as his fon, an a6t they ever 
 after hold as facred, efleeming him in the fame light as his other 
 children ; this they explained to Crook, who, from the pains pre- 
 vioufly taken to learn the language, underflood almoft all they faid. 
 The chief being -informed that Mr. Harris intended to flay, dcfircd 
 Crook to invite him on fliore ; but he could not be perfuaded, which 
 was certainly doing wrong, as he fhould have embraced every op- 
 portunity of learning the real ftate of the ifland, and thence judge 
 of the pradicability of fettling upon it, before the day came when 
 he mufl either go on fhore or leave Crook alone, without being able 
 to aflign fuch clear reafons as landing in time might enable him to do. 
 
 T
 
 ,38 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 10th. About two o'clock in the morning the moon was totally 
 cclipfed; but the roughncfs of the weather prevented our obferving it 
 \\ith fufficicnt accuracy to be of any ufe. The wind at this time 
 came in very heavy gulls from the mountains, and juft as the eclipfe 
 ended our cable broke ; the beft bower was immediately let go, and 
 brought the fhip up in forty fathoms water at the entrance of the bay. 
 
 nth, Sunday. The natives crowded off as ufual j but on being 
 told that the fliip was taboo for that day, they all fwam back to the 
 fhore. 
 
 1 2th. The chief and his brothers came on board with Otaheiteaa 
 Tom, who informed us that the boy Harraway had left them and 
 gone to the other fide of the ifland ; and as he had faid nothing con- 
 cerning his intention, they thought he meant to remain, for which 
 Tom blamed him very much : but the captain, to try Tom's own 
 regard for his country, which he had conftantly praifed to the Ikies 
 lince we came here, ordered him to put his things into the canoe and 
 go on fhore alfo, affigning as the rcafon, his being privy to Harra- 
 way's elopement. The poor fellow declared his innocence, and with 
 tears in his eyes colleded his trifles and put them into the canoe, and 
 before he went over the fide Ihook hands with all the crew, then put 
 off with a heart ready to break with fobbing and crying : when he 
 was gone a little way, the captain called him back again, but it was 
 fome time before he became reconciled and cheerful. On the other 
 hand, feveral of the Marquefans were continually plaguing the cap- 
 tain to take them to Otaheite. 
 
 13th. While we were at dinner one of the natives ftole a pump- 
 bolt, and was making off with his prize, when Mr. Godfell deteded 
 him, and with the help of the gunner prevented his efcape. The refl 
 all jumped overboard, and made for the fliore. The thief we laflied 
 up by way of punifhment, and fliewing him a loaded muflcet, he 
 fully expedled to be fhot. A man of fome confequence, who had 
 come in the fame canoe, brought the chief's fecond brother, with two
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 13; 
 
 pigs and a plantain-leaf, to intercede for the offender, who was his 
 father ; thefe we refiifcd to accept. It was affedting to fee the fon 
 kifs and embrace his father, and take their lafl: farewell : however, 
 not to prolong the anguifli, we took up and difcharged the miiflvct, 
 and then liberated the culprit. He could not at firit believe that he 
 was not fhot j but when fet free, and prefented to his fon, both of 
 them appeared fo overwhelmed with joy, that they could hardly trufl 
 their own eyes : dumb gratitude and confternation had deprived them 
 of the power of fpeech. We added a folemn warning to them in 
 future againft fuch pradiices, and fent them afliore with the pigs, 
 w^hich we refufed to accept, that they might fee we had no advan- 
 tage in our view. 
 
 14th. This morning the wind blew with fuch violence that we 
 parted from our beft bower ; and as the fliip was ftill unrigged we 
 were under the neceffity of either letting go another anchor, or drifting 
 to fea ; accordingly a fpare anchor which we had in readinefs was 
 let go in fifty fathoms water, and one hundred and forty fathom of 
 cable veered out before the fhip brought up. We were now about 
 a mile and a half without the entrance of the bay, and the wind con- 
 tinuing to blow as hard as ever, we became apprehenfive that the fliip 
 might be drove off the ifland, therefore manned the pinnace, and fet 
 Mr. Harris on Ihore with all his things. The afternoon we employed 
 in putting the rigging in fome order, and bending the fails, as the 
 captain intended to work into the bay the next day if the weather 
 permitted. The latter part of this day we had very heavy rain : but 
 notwithftanding the roughnefs of the weather, and the great diftancc 
 we lay from the head of the bay, feveral of the natives fwam off to the 
 fhip ; but as we were fo very bufy, they were not admitted on board, 
 only to reff in the boats alongfide, and then return : fome took no reft 
 at all, but feeing by the others that the Ihip was tabooed, they fwam 
 back of their own accord; a great exertion, efpecially to the females, 
 as the diftance both ways could not be lefs than five miles, 
 
 T 2
 
 140 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 15th. Early this morning we hove up the anchor, and worked 
 clofe in to the head of the bay, having as much wind as our double- 
 reefed topfails would carry, which makes the working in dangerous, 
 as the wind is fo variable,' that fometimes when the Ihip was clofe to 
 the rocks fhe would hardly come about. We anchored at noon in 
 our former flation, or rather nearer the Ihore, but were drove with- 
 out it again. All the afternoon we were at work fweeping for our 
 fmall bower, and juft as it grew dark we fwept the buoy-rope, and 
 made a nun-buoy faft till the next day. We alfo unbent the fails, 
 that the job at the rigging might be completed. 
 
 On the 1 6th we hoifted the long-boat out and got the anchor on 
 board, but poftponed our fearch for the other till the rigging was put 
 in proper order. On Sunday the 1 8th we again tabooed the fliip : 
 indeed this was the only fuccefsful mode we had of keeping the 
 natives away. On Monday we hauled the feine at the head of the 
 bay, and caught about fix dozen fmall fifh. 
 
 20th. Mr. Harris and Crook came on board, and held a meeting 
 with the captain refpedling their ftay. Mr. Harris complained 
 of the poverty of the place, faid he could not eat the mahie, &c. 
 Crook declared his determination to ftay, even though Mr. Harris 
 fhould leave him. The refult was, that they both went on fhore to 
 make further trial before our departure. Several of the natives on 
 board as ufual. 
 
 On tke 22d a native ftole the cook's axe, and fetting off with his 
 canoe, was near the fliore before it was known ; when he faw the 
 pinnace chafing him, he paddled to the rocks, hauled his canoe up, 
 ran into the buflies, and fo got clear off. They had now become fo 
 adive in ftealing, that the failors had fcarce a knife left among them. 
 To remedy this, as foon as they came in the morning, each man 
 chofe a young lad as his ftovekeeper, who followed his mafter clofely 
 all the day, with his knife, marling-fpike, &c. hung to his neck j 
 and this faved them, for they always proved very faithful.
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 141 
 
 23d. The boats were fent to fweep for the befl bower anchor, 
 and caught hold of it ; but trying to heave it up, the rope broke ; and 
 night approaching, it was left till next day. This evening we obferved 
 the bay to be unufually agitated, for which we could afllgn no caufc, 
 as the wind was eaftcrly, with moderate weather. 
 
 On the 24th, the fiflicrman, whom we hauled in at the quarter- 
 gallery at our firfl: coming, fwam off at break of day, and informed 
 us that Mr. Harris had been on the beach all the night with his chcft, 
 and had been robbed of moft of his things. This affair at firft gained 
 little credit ; for we could not fuppofe him {o imprudent as to bring 
 his property down without fending notice, that a boat might be ready 
 to receive them. But, on difpatching the jolly-boat to know the 
 truth, we found it to be really the cafe. He had come down in the 
 dufk of the evening ; and as none from the fhip were on fhore, the 
 boats being employed at the anchor, and the fhip lying too far from 
 the beach for him to hail, he fpent an uncomfortable night, fitting 
 upon his chefl : about four in the morning the natives, in order 
 to fteal his clothes, drove him off the chefl j and, for fear they fliould 
 hurt his perfon, he fled to the adjacent hills. Mr. Falconer, who 
 went to bring him off, found him in a mofl pitiable plight, and like 
 one out of his fenfes. The furf was fo high that they could not land, 
 and were therefore obliged to haul the cheft and its owner off by 
 means of a rope. The reafons he gave for leaving his partner fo ab- 
 ruptly, befidcs thofe already mentioned, were fuch as he might 
 naturally have exped:ed : Tenae, it feems, wanted to treat them with 
 an excurfion to another valley, to which Crook readily agreed, but 
 Mr. Harris would not confent. The chief feeing this, and defirous 
 of obliging him, not confidering any favour too great, left him 
 'his wife, to be treated as if fhe were his own, till the chief 
 came back again. Mr. Harris told him that he did not want the 
 woman ; however, fhe looked up to him as her hufband, and finding 
 herfelf treated with total negledl, became doubtful of his fexj and 
 acquainted fome of the other females with her fufpicion, who accord-
 
 ,p FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 ingly came in the night, when he flept, and fatisfied themfelves 
 concerning that point, but not in fuch a peaceable way but that they 
 awoke him. Difcovering fo many Grangers, he was greatly terrified ; 
 and, perceiving what they had been doing, was determined to leave 
 a place where the people were fo abandoned and given up to wicked- 
 nefs : a caufe which fliould have excited a contrary rcfolution. 
 
 To-day we put a new tow-line in the boat, and fwept the beft bower 
 anchor with it ; hove it up with the long-boat, and got it once more 
 fafe to the bows ; the rigging was alfo completed, and we began to 
 think of taking our departure. This was intimated to Crook, who 
 ftill remained ftedfaft in his refolution to ftay in the ifland, defiring 
 only fuch implements of hufbandry, and other things, as might faci- 
 litate and extend his ufefulnefs among the people ; obferving, that his 
 happinefs would have been greatly increafed had his devoted fituation 
 been with a friendly and agreeable affiftant, whofe converfation and 
 fympathy might have comforted him in the time of trouble : but fince 
 the Lord had ordered things otherwife, he thought that it better fuited 
 with his character and profefTion, to refign himfelf to God's fatherly 
 care, and reft in his promifes, than to quit a flation where a door of 
 ufefulnefs was fo evidently opened : and fliould his bleffed Saviour 
 make him the honoured inftrument of preparing the way for fome of 
 his more able fervants, he Ihould at lafl have the happinefs to refle(5l 
 that his life was not fpent in vain. 
 
 Crook is a young man of twenty-two, remarkably ferious and 
 fteady, always employed in the improvement of his mind, and applied 
 with great diligence to the attainment of the language. He alfo pof- 
 feffes a very good genius, and I have no doubt will contrive many 
 things to benefit the poor creatures he lives with ; and as the valley 
 is capable of great improvement, I fliould not be furprifed to hear of 
 this and the iflands adjacent becoming very plentiful places by his 
 means. He has various kinds of garden-feeds, implements, medi-? 
 cines, &c. ; an Encyclopedia, and other ufeful books. 
 
 26th. To-day the captain went on fliore for the firll time, anii
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 143 
 
 took with him Mr, Falconer. Their intention was, to afcend to the 
 fumniit of the hills, and view the neighbouring ifles. They landed, 
 and were followed by a crowd of the natives, who were exceedingly 
 glad to behold the captain in their village. After taking a little re- 
 frefhment with Tenae at his hoiife, the chief's fecond brother accom- 
 panied them up the mountains, which are fo fteep, that in many 
 places they were obliged to haul themfelves up by the branches of 
 trees that grow upon them. The captain did not reach the top, 
 but Mr. Falconer did : whence he had a view of Trevenen's ifland 
 to the \ve{\, Riou's and Dominica to the north, to the eaft St. Pedro, 
 and Magdalena to the fouth. The ridge at the fummit of the moun- 
 tain is quite narrow, and every where covered with trees. The chief 
 prefTed him much to fire his mufket againft Trevenen's ifland, and 
 was highly pleafed with his compliance. On their return, Tenae 
 entertained them with a roafled hog, but not being very fat, fome of 
 the by-flanders obferved that it was not good ; which afFc6ted the 
 chief fo much, that he walked afide in a pet, and was not reconciled 
 till the captain faid it was good ; and refufed to eat, except the captain 
 came and fat befide him, which he accordingly did. In the evening 
 they returned on board, followed by Crook and the chief, who came 
 to take leave j accordingly, after feveral articles were put in the canoe; 
 we bad him an aflfed;ionate farewell, and parted. His manly beha- 
 viour at this feafon did him great credit ; the tears gliflened in his eyes, 
 but none fell ; nor did he betray the leaft fign of fear to enter upon 
 his work alone. 
 
 27th. At four in the morning we weighed, and flood out of the 
 bay with a light air eafterly. At feven, hove to for a canoe which 
 was paddling hard after us ; in her was the chief's brother and our 
 old fifherman, who had wept heartily the evening before on parting 
 with us, and partly becaufe the captain would not take him to 
 Otaheite : at prefent they brought a note from Crook, with a letter 
 for his fifler, and requefting fome foap which had been forgot. 
 Accordingly, the quantity before packed up for him was put in the
 
 ,44 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 canoe, and a prcfent of an axe given to each of the meflengers, who 
 preferring- to go to Otahcitc, left us very rekid:antly. We now fliaped 
 our courfc for Trcvcncn's and Sir Henry Martin's iflands, intending to 
 obfcrve tliefr relative fltuation to Santa Chriftina, as we had rcafon 
 to fuppofe them erroneoufly marked in the iketch we had on board. 
 
 Concerning the cuftoms and manners of the people about Refo- 
 lution bay, we learnt but little befides what is already related in our 
 daily tranfadlions ; for, except myfelf for a few hours on the firft 
 two days after our arrival, and the captain and the third mate on the 
 laft day of our flay, no perfon was on fliore from the fhip. But, 
 finding this was likely to be the cafe, I wrote a number of queries 
 to Crook, whofe time being likewife much taken up with his own 
 affairs, he had not leifure to make the necefTary inquiries to anfwer 
 them all. But, from his knowledge of the language, I think that 
 what he fays of a few may be depended upon, and they are as fol- 
 low : 
 
 " Their religious ceremonies refemble thofe of the Society Iflands. 
 " They have a moral in each diflrid:, where the dead are buried be- 
 " neath a pavement of large flones, but with fuch exceptions as in the 
 " cafe of the chief Honoo. They have a multitude of deities. Thofe 
 " mofl frequently mentioned are Opooamanne, Okeeo, Oenamoe, 
 '• Opee-peetye, Onooko, Oetanow, Fatee-aitapoo, Onoetyej but none 
 " who feem fuperior to the reft, though the extent of my inform- 
 " ation is fmall on this head. They only offer hogs in facrifices, 
 *' and never men. 
 
 •* The chief Tenae prefides over four diftrids, Ohitahoo, Taheway, 
 *' and Innamei, all opening into Refolution bay, and Onopoho, the 
 " adjoining valley to the fouthward. He has four brothers : Aeow- 
 " taytay, Natooafeedoo, Oheephee, and Moeneenee ; but none of 
 " them feem inverted with any authority; and Tenae himfelf with 
 •' lefs than the Otaheitean chiefs. 
 
 " There is no regular government, eftablifhed law, or punifhments j 
 " but cuftom is the general rule.
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. 145 
 
 " As to their food and manners, like mofl: uncivilized nations, they 
 have no regular meals, but eat when they are hungry, and here 
 not in a great quantity at a time, this being their fcarcc feafon. 
 When they have a hog, they eat of it five or fix times a-day ; and when 
 without animal food, they ufe the roafted bread-fruit, fifh, mahie, 
 pudding made of it and other vegetables, ahee-nuts, and a pafic 
 made of a root refembling the yam ; and this they do often through 
 the day. The women are not allowed to eat hog, and are proba- 
 bly under other prohibitions as at Otaheite, and fcem much more 
 fervile to the men, and harfhly treated. They are employed in 
 making cloth and matting, but not in cookery, except for them- 
 felves. I have never obferved any of the men, from the chief to 
 the toutou, at work, except a few old perfons making cords and 
 nets. The reft idle about, and bafk in the fun, telling their ftories, 
 and beguiling the time. 
 
 •' The chief is faid to have three wives ; the youngeft is with him 
 here, the others in different parts of the ifland. He has feveral 
 children, fome of which live with him here, and the others with 
 their mothers. Obferving a pregnant woman, I afl<:ed her how 
 many children fhe had ; fhe replied. Three. I wifhed to know if 
 they were by the fame man; (lie faid, Yes. I alked further, if he 
 had any other wife ; flie faid, No. Whence I am led to fuppofe, 
 that, though Tenae has more wives than one, this is not ufual, 
 and may be the privilege of the chief. They feem to be very 
 fond of their- children ; and when I went up the valley I fiw the 
 men often dandling them upon their knees, exacfUy as I have 
 obferved an old grandfather with us in a country village. 
 " Their particular cuftoms I am not yet able to dcfcribe,- but I 
 learn, the fon muft not touch the clothes of the father, and muft 
 walk before him on the road ; and the father muft not touch any 
 thing, nor eat vidiuals which have pafled over the head of the fon. 
 Before the age of puberty, the operation of flitting the prepuce is 
 performed ; and all the men are tattoued, even to the very lips and 
 
 u
 
 ,46 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 '• cyclidi:. Their dilcaks are few; I have indeed hardly obfervcd 
 " the appearance of any ; and they are as yet happily free from that 
 " fatal malady which has made fuch ravages in the Society Iflands." 
 
 Refpeding the perfons, drefs, canoes, &c. of thefe people, we 
 found them exadly as defcribed in Cook's Second Voyage, where he 
 fays, that " for fymmetry of fliape and regular features^ they perhaps 
 " furpafs all other nations. Not a finglc deformed or ill-proportioned 
 " perfon was feen on the ifland ; all were flrong, tall, well-limbed, 
 " and remarkably adtivc. The men are from five feet ten inches high 
 " to fix feet ; their teeth are not fo good, nor are their eyes fo full, 
 " as thofe of many other nations : their hair is of many colours, 
 " but none red; fome have it long, but the moft general cuftom is 
 " to wear it fliort, except a bunch on each fide of the crown, which 
 " they tie in a knot. Their countenances are pleafing, open, and 
 " difplay much vivacity. They are of a tawny complexion, which 
 " is rendered almoft black by the pundtures of the whole body. 
 *• They were entirely naked, except a fmall piece of cloth round their 
 " waifl and loins. Thefe pund:ures were difpofed with the utmoft 
 " regularity, fo that the marks on each leg, arm, and cheek, were 
 " in general fimilar." 
 
 The women are rather of low ftature, though well-proportioned, 
 and their general colour inclining to brown. We obferved that fome 
 -who, on our firfl: arrival, were almoft as fair as Europeans, by coming 
 off to the fhip and expofing themfelves to the fun, became afterwards 
 quite dark-coloured. But a few of thefe were pundured or tattoued. 
 The chief's fifter had fome parallel lines on her arms, others flight 
 pundlures on the infide of their lips, and even upon their eyelids » . 
 They wear a long narrow piece of cloth wrapped two or three times 
 round their waift, and the ends tucked up betweea their thighs : above 
 this is a broad piece of cloth, nearly as large as a fheet, tied at the 
 upper corners : they lay the knot over one fhoulder, and the garment 
 hanging loofe reaches halfway down the leg. 
 
 Their canoes are made of wood and the bark of a foft tree, which
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 147 
 
 " grows near the fea, and is very proper for the piirpofe; tlicir 
 *' length is from fixtecn to twenty feet, and about fixtecn inclus 
 *' broad. The head and flern are formed Out of two fohd pieces ot 
 " wood; the former is curved, and the latter ends in a point, which 
 " projedis horizontally, and is decorated with a rude carved figure, 
 " having a fiiint refemblance to a human face. Some of the canoes 
 '* have a latteen fail, but they arc generally rowed with paddles." 
 However, except the one Tenae had hauled up on the beach, and two 
 or three more, the reft were fo indifferent as hardly to fwim when 
 there was a breeze of wind. 
 
 The only tame fowls are cocks and hens, and their quadrupeds 
 only hogs ; but the woods are inhabited by fmall birds, whofe plu- 
 mage is exceedingly beautiful, and their notes fweetly varied. We 
 left cats and flie-goats,' and were forry we had no he-goat to give 
 them, as they were fo fond of thefe animals, that the chief took them 
 and Crook wherever he went. 
 
 aSth. Before daybreak we faw feveral lights upon Trevenen's 
 ifland ; and as we run along the eaft fide in the morning we obferved 
 two or three fandy bays, whence fertile valleys run towards the cen- 
 tral hills, which lafl are broken and rugged, rifing in feveral places 
 into lofty cones, that give the ifland a very curious appearance. From 
 one of the bays there came off a canoe with four men, who after a 
 length of time came alongfide, and got a few articles from us, for 
 which they had nothing to give in return, but, feeming afraid ot us, 
 put off immediately. Behind the north-eaft point a large double 
 canoe lay, with about twenty men in her: they kept clofe to the rocks; 
 we hove the fliip to for them, but they alfo feemed afraid, and kept 
 aloof. At this time we faw a fingle canoe put off from a fine bay on 
 the north- weft fide ; this canoe was built exactly like thofe at Santa 
 Chriftina, and had the fame kind of latteen fail : they came clofc 
 to the fhip and talked boldly, and when they faw Tanno Manoo 
 upon the deck, one of them ftood up and made fome very laf- 
 civious geftures. We invited them alongfide ; where they at laft 
 
 u z
 
 i4S FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 came, but had loil their courage, for they trembled with fear all the 
 
 while they flaid. From them we got the native names of the iflands, 
 
 as marked in the chart. They wilhed us to anchor in the bay, but 
 
 this we had no defire to do ; fo we made them prefents and took our 
 
 leave. They were flout well-made men, differing nothing from thofe 
 
 about Refblution bay, except in being rather lefs tattoued ; their 
 
 canoes, though built after the fame fafhion, are neater and flronger; 
 
 their houfes alfo, as feen from the fhip, appeared to be fuperior. The 
 
 bay on the north-weft part of the ifland feems eligible for fhipping, 
 
 and may be diftinguifhed by a fmall but high iflet lying off it, and 
 
 a beautiful and regular row of cocoa-nut trees behind a fine white 
 
 fandy beach. 
 
 From the north end of Trevenen's ifland we run N. by E. twent}'- 
 four miles, to within a mile of the fouth-eaft point of Sir Henry 
 Martin's ifland, which point is high and craggy : clofe to the weft- 
 ward of it is Comptroller's bay, large, and fecure from the reigning 
 winds. At the entrance, and near to Craggy point, there lies a fmall rock 
 above water, in appearance like a boat. At the head of the bay we faw 
 fome houfes in a cove, a vaft number of inhabitants affembled upon the 
 beach, and feveral canoes hauled up near them. All the valleys about 
 this bay appeared fertile, many of the hills were covered with trees, 
 and the interior parts feemed more habitable than at any other of 
 the Marquefas. Weftward of Comptroller's bay lies Port Anna 
 Maria, where the Daedalus lay ; and befides thefe, I think it highly 
 probable that there are other good anchoring-places about this ifland. 
 Captain New defcribes the inhabitants of thefe iflands as a handlbme 
 race of people, and extremely hofpitable, which is certainly greatly 
 in favour of thofe who would fettle with miffionary views, efpecially 
 when the fuperior natural advantages of the ifland are taken into the 
 account. It being five o'clock in the afternoon when we got off 
 ^"■^ggy point, we bore up, and, running down the fouth fide, took 
 our departure for Otaheite, anxious to know in what circumftances 
 we might find the brethren whom we had fettled there..
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 149 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Return from the Marquefas to Otaheite, with the TranfaElions which 
 had fajfed during our Abfence. 
 
 29t!i. Having bent our courfe for the Society Iflands, we pro- 
 ceeded on our voyage with a favourable gale. 
 
 July 3d. We fell in with Tiookea, a lagoon ifland, many of which 
 lie fcattered about this part of the ocean, and render the navigation 
 in dark weather dangerous. ' We faw fmoke afcending in various 
 parts, one failing canoe in the lagoon, and two men following us 
 along Ihore. They appeared dark-coloured, had a piece of cloth tied 
 round their middle, and each carried a fpear in his hand. Cook 
 vifited this place on his fecond voyage. A lieutenant and the two 
 Mr. Forfters landed : the iflanders received them by touching nofes, 
 a common mode of falutation all over the South Sea. They found 
 here various plants, particularly a vegetable which the natives bruife 
 and mix with Ihell-fifh : this preparation they throw into the fea. 
 where they perceive a fhoal of fifli, and intoxicating them, they are 
 caught on the furface of the water, without any other trouble than 
 that of taking them out : the name, they fay, which this plant bears 
 among the natives is enow j but here the Mr. Forfters have evidently 
 miftaken the quality of the plant for its name : enow, in the lan- 
 guage of the Society Iflands, means bad, and is doubtlefs in this 
 inftance ufed by the natives to intimate that the plant was noxious or 
 poifonous. But this miftake only (hews how eafy it is to fall into 
 others of a fimilar nature. 
 
 By obfervation at noon we made the centre of Tiookea in latitude 
 
 14° 30' S. and its longitude, by the chronometer, reduced from the
 
 150 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 MarqucHis and afterwards back from Otaheite, to be 146° 22' W. 
 nhich is I' 12' W. of what Mr. Wales makes it. But had we not 
 made Otaheite very exadl by our chronometer, we fliould rather have 
 been filcnt than fuppofed an error in fo good an authority as Mr. 
 Wales. However, to be certain of this point is of confequence, as 
 the longitude of feveral others of the fmall iflands is deduced from 
 it, and this is the ifland a perfon would choofe to make firft in coming 
 from the Marquefas. 
 
 Latitude obferved at noon 14° 29'; the fouth-weft end of Tiookea 
 bearing E, N. E. three miles ; and the extremes of an ifland to lee- 
 ward, called Oura, from W. 3° N. to W. 27" S. 
 
 For the other iflands we faw on our pafTage, fee the chart. 
 
 6th. At feven in the morning we faw the high land of Otaheite; 
 and at noon, being clofe in, we ran between the Dolphin bank and 
 Point Venus reef, and came to anchor in Matavai bay in thirteen 
 fathoms water, and immediately moored fliip. The natives crowded 
 off, all exceedingly glad to fee us ; the brethren followed in a flat- 
 bottomed boat, which they had been defired to build for the purpofe 
 of pafling the fliallow entrance of the river with the goods. The 
 report they gave was pleafing to us all. They had, in general, en- 
 joyed good health. The natives had confliantly obferved the fame re- 
 Ipedful behaviour towards them as at firft, and had never failed a day 
 to lupply them abundantly with all kinds of provifions. Refpeding 
 the purpofes of the miffion, it was a point of which they could not 
 as yet fay any thing more than that appearances were encouraging. 
 From the little experience they had gained of the people, they 
 fuppofed them teachable ; and though rooted in the traditions and 
 prejudices of their ancefliors, they hoped that a knowledge of the 
 language, and perfeverance in their duty, would have a great effed: 
 upon the rifing generation. Their example had already reflirained 
 the natural levity of the natives, and overawed them ; fo that they 
 feldom attempt to ad a heeva within their hearing ; and when they 
 *^me near on the fabbath, they always behave with decency, Thdr
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 151 
 
 drcfs and manners alfo exhibited great improvement on the fide of 
 modefty. 
 
 However, in their own department, there had been fome difference 
 of opinion concerning their interior regulations. Confidcring their 
 fmall number, their committee and the office of prefident had been 
 difTolved ; the office of ftore-keeper, &c. had alfo been changed ; 
 and all public meafures were debated, difapproved, or adopted, by 
 the body ; a majority fettling the matter. But their own journals 
 will give the moil accurate ftatement of their proceedings during our 
 ab fence. 
 
 March 26th. The fliip quitted the bay of Matavai this day, 
 and was foon out of fight. Our brethren who laft departed from the 
 fhip in a canoe had an unpleafant return, by reafon of the wind, 
 and were obliged to land at a diflance, but got to their com- 
 panions in the evening, and received their canoe and its contents fafe 
 the next day. 
 
 27th. Brother Puckey informed the brethren refpediing Eimeo, 
 and the velTel he had gone thither to examine. He advifed, that 
 as Manne Manne and his people had been exceedingly friendly, they 
 fhould launch the veffel, and bring her to Matavai bay to be com- 
 pleted. Puckey and Lock were accordingly appointed to go to Eimeo 
 for this purpofc. A confultation was held refped:ing Mickle- 
 wright ; though all condemned his condud:, the majority prevailed, 
 that, if he profelTed repentance, he fliould be received. Some of 
 the brethren thought he ought to be wholly fcparated from them as 
 a hypocrite. 
 
 .28th. A confiderable prefcnt came from Pomarre and Iddcah of all 
 forts of provifions, affuring. us, when thcfe were expended, they 
 would fend a conflant fupply.
 
 152 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [,797. 
 
 29th. We are daily vifited by the king, queen, Iddeah, and many 
 of the natives. Some of the Otahciteans, whom we have with us 
 as helpers, fpeak many Englifh words, and are eager to be taught the 
 art of reading ; they have already learnt mofl: of the charadlers of the 
 alphabet, though our neceflary avocations have prevented us from 
 paying much attention to this point, or from employing ourfelves in 
 the acquifition of their language. We have provifion in great abun- 
 dance: a gracious Providence evidently favours ourdefign. 
 
 3 1 ft. Vifited by the king and queen ; complained to them of the 
 deflrucflion occafioned by the rats. They fent in immediately four 
 cats. 
 
 April ift. Vifited by the king and queen, and Mawroa the hufband 
 of Pomarre's lifter, a man of good fenfe and great authority : he 
 brought a cheft to be repaired, and requefted Wm. Puckey to be his 
 tayo : he hefitated at firft, but, on the reprefentation of the Swede 
 how much he could fei-ye us, he confented. 
 
 2d. Though multitudes of natives, with the king and queen, 
 attended our worfliip, for want of our interpreter we were unable 
 to addrefs them ; but they looked on filent whilft we preached and 
 adminiftered the Lord's fupper. 
 
 3d. Took three Otaheiteans to affift in our cookery and attend our 
 hogs. The king and queen brought a large prefent of cocoa-nuts to 
 brother Cover and his wife, defiring to become their adopted chil- 
 dren, and promifing to regard them as their father and mothei^/ 
 Pomarre and Iddeah brought a larger in the evening, and begged the^'i 
 to receive the king and queen as their own progeny. The women 
 croffed the river to vifit the garden and the country around ; the king 
 followed them, and paid them every mark of attention, direding them 
 to the beft roads, and ordering his attendants to provide cocoa-nuts 
 for their refrcfhment. It is incredible to fee the quantity of provifions 
 poured in upon us ; we have not lefs than a waggon-load of fruits, 
 btfides the multitudes of hogs and poultry. Surely the Lord hath 
 done this.
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. ,53 
 
 4th. At a quarter part eight o'clock we aflemblcd for our monthly 
 prayer meeting ; were revived with the confideration of the thoufands 
 of God's people who were remembering us, and at the fame throne 
 of grace praying for our fuccefs among the heathen. 
 
 5th. Our daily royal vifitors have taken up their abode of late at 
 Matavai, on purpofe to be near us, Pomarre brought a chair to be 
 repaired, which the captain had given him, with a muflvet and fowling- 
 piece : thefe we excufed ourfelves from repairing, except the chair, 
 till the fmith had fet up his forge; but he left them with us. Their 
 liuts very much refemble a travelling camp of gypfies. 
 
 6th. Early this morning Otoo fent ten men to prepare wood for 
 ere6ting the blackfmith's flaop. Our brethren from Eimeo returned, 
 and made us the pleafing report, that they had been very kindly 
 received by the natives, who never attempted to fleal any of our 
 tools, and were ready to give us every affiftance. Brother J. Puckey, 
 on the Lord's day, had addreffed them by Andrew ; they heard 
 attentively, and faid it was very good ; but it could be of no ufe to 
 them to change their religion, as the brethren would fo foon leave 
 them and carry away the book. We alTured them we would 
 return and teach them again very foon. The natives replied, if any 
 of the chiefs embraced our religion they fliould follow. 
 
 The veflel they had planked up, fo that (he would be fit to come 
 over in a few days. 
 
 Micklewright's conduit was very diftrefling to us j none of our 
 remonflrances could keep him from the natives. 
 
 8th. One of the arreoies, the tayo of brother Henry, came to us 
 with his wife big with child : they were taking their leave of us, in 
 order, during their abfence, to deftroy the infant which fliould be born, 
 according to the ordinance of that diabolical fociety. We thought 
 this a proper opportunity to remonftrate with them againfl this horrid 
 cuftom. The mother felt with tenderncfs, and appeared willing to 
 fpare the infant ; but the brutal chief continued obflinately bent on 
 his purpofe, though he acknowledged it a bloody adt, pleading the 
 
 X
 
 134 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797, 
 
 cftablifhcd cuftom, his lofs of all privileges, and the diflblution of 
 the focicty, if this Ihould become general. We offered to build them 
 a houfe for the pregnant women, and take every child which fliould 
 be born into our immediate care. We threatened him, that fuch 
 an unnatural adl would exclude him from our friendfhip for ever, and 
 more, that the Eatooa, our God, would certainly punifli him. He 
 faid, if he faw the arreoies deftroyed by the Eatooa for it, he would 
 dcfift; and aflced if their forefathers were fuffcring for thefe pradlices. 
 Our brethren f.iiled not to open to him the wrath of God againft all 
 iingodlinefs and unrighteoufnefs of men. On this he walked off 
 dejedted, but not apparently determined to defiil from the evil or 
 danger of his ways. A few days afterwards he came, and promifed, 
 if the child were born alive, he would bring it to us ; and on auother 
 viiit afterwards with his wife, renewed his promife, on forfeiture of 
 our favour. 
 
 Manne Manne returned from Oparre with abundance of clothes 
 and provifion for all the brethren. We took the opportunity to in- 
 form Pomarre, that next day we fhould fpeak to them the parow no 
 t'Eat5oa, the word of God ; and invited tbxm to come, which they 
 promifed. 
 
 9th. Brother Lewis preached from Thou pah not kill, to the king, 
 queen, Manne Manne, and a number of the natives, who heard 
 with ferious attention, and faid, " My ty te parow no Pretane, ima 
 " tipperahai mydide, ima pohhe roa te taata : Good is the word 
 •' of Britain, not to kill children, not to facrifice men." The high- 
 prieft whifpering fomething, we afked him what he faid ; he an- 
 fwered, he told the people to leave off their wicked ways. . 
 
 Pomarre and Iddeah came at noon, and going into the married 
 brethren's apartment, found them converfing with the arreoies on the 
 evil of deflroying infants. Iddeah was particularly addreffed on the 
 fubjeft, as fhe too was pregnant by a toutou who cohabited with her, 
 and was alfo of the arreoie fociety. Pomarre and Iddeah had for 
 feme time ceafed to cohabit j he had taken another wife, and Ihe one
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 155 
 
 of her fervants ; but they lived in the fame ftatc of frlcndfliip, anJ 
 with no lofs of dignity. The brethren endeavoured to convince her 
 of the drcadfuhicfs of murder, in a mother cfpccially. They pro- 
 mifed to receive the child immediately, and it fliould be no trouble to 
 her; but flie was fullen, and made no reply. They then addrcfTed 
 Pomarre, and entreated his interference in fupprefTing fuch adls of 
 mhumanity ; and to give orders that no more human facrifices fhould 
 be offered. He replied, he would ; faid, that Captain Cook told 
 him it fliould not be done j but did not flay long enough to inftrud: 
 them. One of the brethren then faid, that we were come for that 
 exprefs purpofe, and hoped he would hearken to our counfel ; point- 
 ing out all the danger arid difadvantage to themfclvcs ; and warning 
 them, that if they defpifcd our inftrudlions, and continued in their 
 wicked practices, we (hould leave them and go to another ifland, 
 where we could hope for more attention. Pomarre was evidently 
 affed:cd by what was faid, and efpecially could not bear the thought 
 of our leaving him ; and promifed he would ufe all his authority to 
 put an end to thefe prad:ices. He indeed appears of a teachable dif- 
 pofition and open to conviction. Manne Manne came in during this 
 converfation ; and we told him freely, that if he offered any more 
 human facrifices he would utterly forfeit our friendfliip, and muft 
 confider us as his enemies. He replied, he certainly would not. 
 On this we informed him, that our Lord knew his heart, whether 
 he was fincere in his promifes» 
 
 We renewed our attempts with Iddeah, invited her to continue 
 with us, and fuffer our women to take care of her child ; that her 
 example would have the happieft effects upon the nation; and know- 
 ing her eagernefs for European cloth, we promifed her three fliirts, 
 and any other articles, when the fliip arrived ; yea more, that we 
 would report her condudt to Queen Charlotte and the Britifli earec 
 ladies, to whom nothing would more endear her ; and that the next 
 fliip would affuredly bring her very valuable prefents. She faid the 
 child was bafc born; had it bccnPomarre's, it would have lived; but 
 
 X z
 
 ,36 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 thai now they were arreoies — and marched off with her paramour, 
 who fat by and heard with utter indifference. 
 
 In the afternoon we again addrcifed tlie natives through the inter- 
 preter. VV^e afked them if they underftood what we faid ; they an- 
 fwered, Yes, and that it was very good. Among our auditors was 
 Mawroa, the hufband of Pomarre's fifter, widow of Motuaro, the 
 late chief of Eimco. In converfation with us, he faid he was re- 
 folved to throw away the gods that could neither hear, nor fee, nor 
 fpeak, and worfliip the Englifli God. He put feveral queftions to 
 us, particularly, whether it was not lawful for a man to have one 
 wife; we told him, affuredly; it was an ordinance of our God : 
 to which he replied, " My ty, my ty, very good." 
 
 1 0th. A wet day. In the intervals of the (howers went in queff 
 of a iituation for eredling new habitations, the prefent not having the 
 land fo good around them, and being a very fandy foil. We did not 
 fix, but the majority feemed defirous to build on the fpot which the 
 mutineers had chofen, as having the advantages of foil, as well as 
 the eafterly breezes from the mountain ; feveral waterfalls near formed 
 a meandering ftream through the valley ; the foot of the mountains 
 abounded in bread-fruit and cocoa-nut, and the land appeared fuited 
 for cultivation, being cleared of trees which had been burned down 
 by the mutineers ; with an opening to the weft, which let in a beau- 
 tiful view of Matavai bay, and a diftant profpecfl of Eimeo. 
 
 1 2th. This day Iddeah appeared again in public, and Manne 
 Manne communicated to us the affli(flive intelligence that fhe had 
 murdered her new-born babe. It was therefore refolved by the 
 brethren, that no more prefents fhould be received from Iddeah ; and 
 that our marked difapprobation of her condud: ftiould be fhewn 
 whenever fhe came to our houfe. Commenced a weekly ledture; 
 brother Henry fpoke from " The Son of Man is come to feek and 
 " fave that which was loft :" the king and many Otaheiteans were 
 prefent. 
 
 13th. Pomarre and Iddeah came with a vaft prefent of hogs and
 
 Ai'RiL.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 157 
 
 vegetables, which were feparated into four parcels. We afked Pomarrc 
 from whom they came ; we thankfully accepted his, but refufed to 
 touch thofe which Iddcah offered, and afligned our reafons, which 
 Andrew communicated. She was highly offended ; faid flie had a 
 right to do with her children as Ihe pleafed, and fhould obfcrve the 
 cufloms of the country without minding our difpleafure j and walked 
 off with her toutou, leaving the prefent behind : a new chefl which 
 had been made for her, being her own materials, was given her, 
 and fhe carried it off w ith her. Yet her unnatural crime did not 
 utterly pafs unpuniflied ; a dreadful milk abfcefs brought her under 
 the furgeon's knife, and repeated fharp rebukes ; yet her heart ap- 
 peared ftill hardened. She is a bold daring fpirit, and much more 
 warlike than her hufband Pomarre. As we would not receive Iddeah's 
 prefent, we wifhed Manne Manne to diflribute it to the natives, in- 
 ftead of which he carried it off to his own houfe. 
 
 Yet even this is but one among many unnatural crimes which we 
 dare not name, committed daily without the idea of fliame or guilt. 
 In various diflri(fl:s of the ifland there are men who drefs as women ; 
 work with them at the cloth ; are confined to the fame provifions 
 and rule of eating and dreffing ; may not eat with the men, or of 
 their food, but have feparate plantations for their peculiar ufe. 
 
 It is remarkable, that with all thefe horrid vices fo predominant, 
 in our prefence they never fhew an attitude or commit an ad: un- 
 feemlyj indeed they profefs hardly to know what we are, and fufpedl 
 we are not Engliflimen, or like any others they have feen who have 
 ever vifited their ifland. 
 
 It may be worth a remark, that Iddeah had not been abfent from 
 our houfe two days before fhe appeared as if nothing ailed her : with 
 fo little inconvenience do the mofl painful operations of nature affedt 
 thofe of that happy climate. 
 
 14th. Manne Manne brought us more hogs, and one of our fows 
 having farrowed, we had now fifty-nine in the fty ; fo that we 
 may truly fay the good of the land is before us. Brother Jtfferfon
 
 ,38 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [179^. 
 
 addrtflTcd the natives, with the king and queen ; fome of them looked 
 ib fledtaftly at the minifler, as if eager to devour every word that 
 was fpoken. " M}' heart," ll\ys W. Puckey, •' was much engaged 
 " in fecret prayer for thefe poor fouls." 
 
 15th. Wanted plank for the hlackfmith's fliop ; told the king. 
 He faid, " Harry-mie, come along." I thought he had fome ready ; 
 I went w^ith him and fix men j he carried me up the valley, and 
 fearching every houfe took what he liked : many of the people ftoutly 
 rcfifted, but his men would not leave a plank. I told the king, with 
 whom we exercife the moft entire familiarity, that he was a thief. 
 " No," fays he, " it is the cuftom of Otaheite." 
 
 The king was carried on men's flioulders, and through fuch dan- 
 gerous places, that he ran the greatefl: rifk of breaking his bones ; 
 but he muft not alight, as every place his foot touches becomes facred 
 and his own ground. At laft we arrived at a territory of his own ; 
 when alighting, he took a majeftic ftride, and flalking on, " Puckey," 
 fays he, " is this as King George walks?" I told him, Yes. Having 
 gone about three miles I delired to return, though the king would 
 have gone farther, notwithflanding the rain. " He then gave me a 
 hog, and made the people from whom he had taken the plank carry 
 it down to our houfe. 
 
 I waited two hours, but the rain not abating, I puHied homewards; 
 in croffing the river I had like to have been carried away by the 
 ftream, and cried out j one of our fervants immediately plunged in, 
 and brought me fafe to land, though drenched to the flun as I had 
 been the whole day. 
 
 1 6th. This day we thrice addreffcd the natives by our inter- 
 preter, and with their ufual attention j but as foon as they retired, 
 they fell, like children, to their own light amufements. The Lord 
 grant the feed fown may take firmer root in their hearts ! 
 
 17th. Having given in the plan of the flat-bottomed boat which 
 was to be built againfl the captain's return, it was approved. Po- 
 marre, on application, ordered fix men to attend me : I had liberty
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTEI-SEA ISLANDS. 159 
 
 to cut down whatever I chofe, and had not proceeded far before I found 
 an excellent pourow tree, fufficient to build a vefTel of any burden ; 
 it mofl refemblcs afh, but the wood is harder ; it grows crooked, 
 and is very capital for timbers and knees. The natives with mc dc- 
 fired me not to do any thing, but only to mark where and how to 
 cut, and they would do the work. 
 
 1 8th. Not able to work through pain in my back, my tayo and 
 his wife coming, they defircd to chamfer me, which gave me great 
 relief. The fliop being finiflied, and brother Hodges with Haflell at 
 work, the natives crowded round him, but vafUy frightened with 
 the fparks and biffing of the iron in water. Pomarre came, fu- 
 premely delighted with the bellows and forge, and catching the black- 
 fmith in his arms, all dirty as he was, joined nofes with him, and 
 exprefled his high fatisfii6lion. After work they were going to bathe 
 themfelves in the river, when the young king laid hold of an arm 
 of each, and went down with them to bathe. His queen, Tetua, 
 followed, and faid to Haffell, *' Harrc no t'avye. Go into the wa- 
 *' ter:" but they fignified they wiflied llie would leave them firfi: ; 
 on this flie retired : as for herfelf, flae often bathes at noon-day at- 
 tended by twenty men, fcldom ever having any women to wait on 
 her. 
 
 20th. A native ftole a. box for the fake of the nails; wc feizcd 
 and confined him for three hours, and then liberated him, informing 
 him, that,,ffiould any be caught in future, they fhould be more fevercly 
 puniflied. Soon after Pomarre and Manne Manne brought a peace- 
 offering of a pig and plantain-leaf. The leaf we accepted, but we 
 faid we could not receive the pig, having forgiven the offence, 
 
 2 1 ft.. Two of our brethren went with three natives to procure 
 more wood : we went up the valley ; it is about feven miles long and 
 a quarter of a mile broad, with very little defccnt, which makes the 
 river meander llowly through it. It is covered with trees, except a 
 few verdant fpots from whence the wood is cleared. The mountains 
 on both fides are exceedingly high and perpendicular, covered with
 
 ,«o FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 flirubs and trees, where parrots, parroquets, and a kind of grey 
 thrufli which fings delightfully, build their nefts. The natives are 
 numerous and flourifliing j they fee the fun but a few hours in the 
 day, his beams being intercepted by the mountains, and a light cool 
 breeze blows downward continually. They have fine plantations of 
 yava and cloth trees neatly enclofed ; and they have all the other edibles 
 in vaft profufion, but are fo indolent, that they hardly are at the 
 pains to gather them. They eat when they are hungry, and fleep 
 when they pleafe. There were feveral infedled with that horrible 
 difeafe Europeans probably have left them, and fome with their limbs 
 ready to drop off. 
 
 Staying at a houfe till the reft returned, having made my feet fore, 
 the kind inhabitant prefented me his wife ; and though I excufed 
 myfelf from that favour, he inftantly prepared a hog, which was 
 ready as foon as my companions came from the mountain ; whilft 
 our hoft himfelf would wait on his guefts. 
 
 At our return brother Henry was preaching to the natives ; and 
 after fervice Manne Manne obferved, that " we gave them plenty 
 " of the word of God, but not of many other things." 
 
 22d, 23d. Nothing but the ufual fervices : read the articles of 
 religion we had fubfcribed. 
 
 24th. On a meeting of our fociety we agreed to new regulations, 
 abolifhing the committee of five j and as each had his vote in our 
 deliberations, a fecretary only was thought neceffary, and a prefident, 
 to be chofen at each meeting. We drew up rules for every day's work ; 
 the bell to ring at fix ; to be affembed for prayer in half an hour j to 
 labour till ten at our various occupations ; to fpend from ten till 
 three in mental improvement ; from three till night at our ufual 
 employment ; bell to ring at feven for prayer, and the journal to be 
 read. We then proceeded to divide our iron for traffic, and caft lots 
 for the watches . 
 
 27th. Purfuing our various employments, and daily attended by 
 the natives. Five of us went to Eimeo with Manne Manne to finifli
 
 April] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. i6i 
 
 his vcffcl. The brethren at Eimeo were mofl hofpitably entertained ; 
 but Micklewright, the fleward, having warped the Swede, and 
 dilindincd him to us, lie made a variety of excufcs for not inter- 
 preting to the people as ufual. Having an addrefs tranHatcd, brother 
 Cover defired to read it to them, which Maunc Mannc approving, 
 under the fhade of a fprcading tree they fung, " Salvation, O the 
 " joyful found," &c. and after prayer read the addrefs ; at tiie clofc 
 of which Mannc Manne exclaimed, " Very good fellow ! " and on 
 afking the natives if they imderftood what was read, they replied, 
 •' Yes, it was very good." They then croffcd the bay, fully an- 
 fwering Cook's defcription. The face of this ifland is very romantic : 
 the land around it is like the ruins of a flupendous fortification. 
 The diflirid; of Watawy is lefs mountainous and better cultivated 
 than any at Otaheite ; the foil deep and good. We retired to reft on 
 fome Otaheite cloth laid on the boards of the veiTel. Brothers 
 Bicknell and Cock worked at the veffel, whilft Cover, with Andrew, 
 Avith much difficulty was preparing a tranflated addrefs; obliged to 
 omit many fentences for want of words. Set oft' for Otaheite ; flcpt 
 at Popo bay in the canoe, very uncomfortably. The wind in- 
 creafing, we were driven to leeward, and juft made Attahooroo. 
 Earneft to reach our houfe for the fabbath, we fet oft" on foot, and 
 left the canoe with the natives. 
 
 On the way we vifited the tupapow of Orapiah : he is in a fitting 
 pofture, clothed in red clotli, imder a fhed; a native attending day 
 and night, and ofi^ering provilions to the mouth of the dead corpfe, 
 which not being received, he eats them himfelf. We reached home 
 after twelve o'clock, very much fatigued, not having put oft' our 
 clothes fince we left Matavai. 
 
 29th, 30th. Our brethren were adlively employed, fliwing plank 
 for the boat. The natives are vaftly furprifed to fee us cut fo many 
 boards out of one tree, two being the moft they attempt : they arc 
 amazed to obferve the facility with which we work all our tools. 
 Going to the blackfmith's ftiop, I obferved a chief peeping in ; I 
 
 Y
 
 ,62 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 afked him why he went not withui ; he faid he was (mattow) 
 frighted, and angry with the fire for fpitting at him. As foon as the 
 iron hides in the water, or on the anvil, the natives fly. 
 
 Three of the brethren accompanied Pomarre in a journey through 
 the ifland, in order to make obfervations. 
 
 May I ft. The king came with a mufket and four piftols to be 
 repaired and cleaned. On confultation we demurred to the requeft ; 
 but as he had fent a hog and other, things to the fmith, we ordered 
 one of the piftols to be done, and put off the reft for a while, 
 
 2d. Our monthly prayer meeting. We ftiall tranfcribe a paffage 
 from one of the journals on this occafion, which others will feel with 
 fenfations of delight as we do : " O Lord, how greatly haft thou 
 " honoured me, that thoufands of thy dear children fhould be 
 " praying for me, a worm ! Lord, thou haft fet me in a heathen 
 •• land, but a land, if I may fo fpeak, flowing with milk and 
 " honey. O put more grace and gratitude into my poor cold heart, 
 " and grant that I may never with Jefhurun grow fat and kick." 
 
 3d. Employed on the boat. Vifited by the king and queen, 
 who fupply all our wants. Our hogs are increafed to feventy ; and 
 we have entreated them to bring no more. One of our fheep brought 
 a fine young ram lamb, much wanted. 
 
 5th. Held a meeting preparatory to the communion. Brother 
 Lewis, as eldeft minifter, after prayer, examined every one with great 
 fidelity and tendernefs, giving fuch exhortation and reproof as was 
 neceffary. A happy opennefs of mind and melting of heart pre- 
 vailed ; and fymptoms of genuine contrition for any paft impro- 
 prieties towards each other. This was the firft meeting of the kind 
 we had held, and it was truly profitable : we experienced fomething 
 of the healing and refrefhing prefence of God with us. Refolved 
 fuch meeting fhould be monthly. 
 
 7th. Vifited by a chief prieft from Papara, Temarree, who is re- 
 puted equal to Manne Manne. He is called an Eatooa ; fometimes, 
 Taata no t'Eatooa, the man of the Eatooa : he was dreffed in a wrapper
 
 May.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 163 
 
 of Otaheitean cloth, and over it an officer's coat doubled round liim. 
 At his firll approach he appeared timid, and was invited in : he was 
 but jull fcated when the cuckoo clock {truck, and filled him with 
 aftonidiment and terror. Old Pyetca had brought the bird ibme 
 bread-fruit, obferving it mull be ftarved if we never fed it. At 
 breakfaft: we invited Temarree to our repaft ; but he firft held out his 
 hand with a bit of plantain, and looked very folemn, which one of 
 the natives faid was an oftcTing to the Eatooa, and we mufl receive: 
 when we had taken it out of his hand, and laid it under the table, 
 he fat down and made a hearty breakfaft. 
 
 Brother Cover read the tranflated addrefs to all thefe refpecSed 
 guefts, the natives liftening with attention, and particularly the 
 prieft, who feemed to drink in every word, but appeared difpleafed 
 when urged to caft away their falfe gods ; and on hearing the names 
 Jehovah and Jefus, he would turn and whifper. The people were 
 examined by the brethren if they underftood what was laid, and re- 
 peated a confiderable part of what had been delivered, and feemed 
 greatly pleafed. 
 
 9th. Temarree accompanied the king and queen, and ftaid to 
 dine with us. He is, we find, of the royal race, and fon of the 
 famed Oberea. He is the firft chief of the ifland after Pomarre, by 
 whom he has been fubdued, and now lives in friendfliip with him, 
 and has adopted his fon. He is alfo high in efteem as a prieft. His 
 name of Eatooa engaged our converfation. We told him the EatSoa 
 could not die, as he muft. A by-ftanding native faid, " that he 
 " muft be a bad Eatooa indeed; for he had himfelf feen one of his 
 " kind killed with a muflcet ; and that they were no gods who could 
 " be killed," Thefe priefts pretend to great power, as forcerers, to 
 kill and make alive ; and the people are in much awe of them : but we 
 fet their power at nought. 
 
 lath. We received afflidlive intelligence that Micklewright 
 and the Swede had fijxd upon the inhabitants at Eimeo : this grieved 
 
 Y 2
 
 j64 first missionary voyage ,Xi797, 
 
 and alarmed us. We difpatched a letter to our brethren then with 
 Pomarrc, adviiing them of Avhat had happened, and haftening their 
 return. With thefe men we determined to have no more intercourfe. 
 
 13th. The birth-day of little Otoo HalTell ; but this name is (o 
 facrcd here, that every word into which Otoo enters is prohibited, 
 and may only be ufcd in fpeaking of and to the king. 
 
 14th. The tayo of Puckey returned from Oparre, and brought a 
 prefent : it being the Lord's day, he declined accepting it till the next 
 morning. Fewer natives attended the worfliip to-day than ufual. 
 
 15th. Our brethren returned in confequence of our letters, all but 
 brother Main, who ftaid one night with Temarree : he joined us the 
 next day. 
 
 1 6th, The account they give is, that they made the circuit of the 
 greater peninfula, and entered Tiaraboo, which Pomarree reprefented 
 as of very difficult travelling ; fo they returned by the fouth, and 
 were every where kindly received, and moft hofpitably entertained by 
 Temarree, who prevailed on brother Main to be his tayo, and gave 
 him and brother Clode each a double canoe, fliewing them all his 
 llores and fire-arms which he got from the mutineers ; the guns, 
 however, by the policy of the Swedes, are all bent. Pomarre, and 
 the king and queen, would fain have detained them, not meaning 
 themfelves to return to Matavai till the fliip comes. Every evening 
 and morning the king, or fome of the people, reminded them of the 
 parozv, or prayer, and joined with them attentively ; but fometimes 
 the natives were noify and interruptive : however, the brethren daily 
 maintained their worfliip, and on the fabbath retired, and enjoyed 
 fweet communion with God. 
 
 Their Angularity of manners in this part of the illand, which had 
 not been vifited by them, their finging, and afking a bleffing on 
 their meals, excited furprife and laughter, though probably not the 
 laugh of contempt; for every where they were treated fumptuoufly, 
 and fometimes on a table, with plates, in the Englifli fafliion. We
 
 May.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 165 
 
 cannot omit an oblcivation here made by one of the brethren : " Yet 
 " all this kindnefs is not the gofpel : were we as gods among them, 
 *' we fliould be wretched, if they believed not our mefliigc." 
 
 " A prieft, who pretended to great power in witchcraft, pro- 
 " duced a rufli wrapped up in the form of a bird, and flicwcd me," 
 fays one of the miflionaries, " how they worlhippcd their god by 
 " this inftrumcnt, and intimated that it gave the divine rcfponfe as 
 *' our bible. To a curious perfon it would have been a feall to 
 " examine, but my bowels yearned over their ignorance and idolatry. 
 " The fame prieft very kindly anointed my legs, which were much 
 " aftedled, with the juice of an herb, which gave me more relief 
 "before morning than all the applications I had made for three 
 •' weeks before ; fo that they are not dcftitute of fome medical know- 
 " ledge, probably the refult of experience." 
 
 Faffing into Tiaraboo, we vilited Pomarre's youngeft fon at 
 Matowee, his diftridt, the beft cultivated and moft populous wc 
 have feen. We flopped at Wyoteea, as Pomarre laid the next diftrid: 
 was not friendly to him ; but we went ourfelves and returned, and 
 met the fame civilities every where. 
 
 On our return, brother Broomhall, through fatigue, and catching 
 cold, had one day a fliarp feverifh attack. One of the priefts told 
 him this ficknefs was inflicfted upon him by the Otaheite Eatooa, 
 who was angry, and would kill him. Broomhall fiiid he was not at 
 all afraid of their god, who was a bad god, or rather no god ; that 
 our Jehovah fent it, and would remove it the next day. The faying 
 inflantly fpread among the natives ; and brother Broomhall began to 
 fear he had fpoken too haflily and unthinkingly of his fpecdy 
 recovery, and that God might be diflionoured if his illnefs increafed : 
 he therefore looked up earneftly to God in prayer to heal him. The 
 prieft came to him again and again, as he turned in his bed, and 
 afked if he fliould be well to-morrow ? He faid, he trufted his God 
 would reflore him. He had a rcfrefliing night's flcep, and on the 
 morrow found himfelf recovered, and rofe. Many of the natives that
 
 »* 
 
 ,66 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 day qucftioned him if he was well, and feemed aftoniflied at his reco- 
 very. The prieft, among the reft, defired to know if the Pretanee 
 God had lent away the ficknefs ; he faid. Yes ; and took this occa- 
 fion to fpeak to him about their fuperftitions, and urged that the 
 gods which he and his dehided followers worlhipped were no gods ; 
 but the prieft infifted that they had gods, and a great many, and 
 that they prayed to the good ones to keep away the bad ones ; and if 
 he did not blefs the food, the bad gods would enter into the men and 
 kill them. Brother Broomhall replied, that they were under no ap- 
 prehenfion of the bad god entering their food, let him pray as much 
 as he plcafed, he fliould eat without fear; but the prieft faid, he did 
 not wi(h to do him harm, and walked off confounded. This cir- 
 cumftance fhcws we muft cxped: oppofition when we have acquired 
 the language, and go forth among them to teftify that their deeds are 
 evil. O that we may rejoice in being counted worthy-to fuffer for 
 Chrift's name fake ! 
 
 The accounts of former navigators as to the populoufnefs of the 
 country are greatly exaggerated. We think that not a fourth part {o 
 many will be found as Captain Cook fuppofes, perhaps not a tenth. 
 
 In this excurfion we vifited one chief, in whofe houfe were many 
 wooden gods, of different names : the god of the fun, and moon, 
 and ftars, of men, and women, and children, &c. They had each 
 a Iword, axe, or hammer in their hands, which, the prieft faid, 
 was to kill thofe who offended them, unlefs they offered a fa/trifice or 
 atonement for their crime. When they offer any thing, whether men 
 or hogs, or a canoe, they fay, " Take this, and be not angry." — Yet to 
 thefe wooden reprefentatives they feemed to pay little refpedt. 
 
 15th, Held a very profitable meeting, to exprefs the feelings of 
 our minds refpefting the work in which we are engaged. Haffell and 
 Hodges went to feek free fand at Oparre, but found none. Every houfe 
 offered them fowls, if they would ftay the drefling; and at Pomarre's 
 a hog was immediately killed and dreffed ; they got twenty pine-apple 
 plants : and as they returned they were met every where by the people
 
 May.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 167 
 
 with apples, cocoa-nuts, and bread-fruit ; and one man forced upon 
 them a balket containing a roafted fowl and bread-fruit, which they 
 brought home, " I took occafion," fays one of them, " to fpcak 
 " againft their intoxication with yava. They faid it only made them 
 " dance, and tobacco did the fame. I wifli it never had been brought 
 *' here by us." 
 
 19th — 23d, Several fucceeding days are only marked with ordinary 
 occurrences. Happily to-day our fifter Henry increafed our number 
 with a healthy female child, after a fafe and eafy delivery. Thus, 
 inftead of death making inroads among us, and in a climate fo dif- 
 ferent from our native foil, not one of us is debilitated with difeafe. 
 Surely the defire of every heart is to devote all our ftrength to the 
 glory of the great Author of it. 
 
 a7th. The boat goes on briflily, and will foon be finifhed. Two 
 of us went to examine the coral reef before the mouth of the river : 
 on the infide the depth is very irregular ; in fome places the water is 
 two or three fathoms, in others a boat can fcarcely pafs. The bottom 
 is beautiful ; branching trees of coral, with fmall fifh of the moft 
 beautiful and vivid colours fwimming in the midfl of them. Our 
 canoe upfet, but no danger enfued. 
 
 aSth. " This evening, after divine fervice, I walked," fays 
 W. Puckey, " with a native who had been fome time with us ; and 
 *' from the beautiful fcene of creation around us, I took occafion to 
 •' difcourfe of Him who made all thefe things. He faid, The God 
 •* of Pretane made all things there, but not at Otaheite; that one of 
 " their gods reached up, and ftuck the ftars in the Iky ; and that 
 ." Mawwa, a being of enormous ftrength, holds the fun with ropes,. 
 '• fo that he may not go fafler than he pleafes. I endeavoured to 
 " undeceive him refpecling thefe tales of their priefts ; and, pointing 
 •' to the houfe at Oparre, told him they were no gods who were 
 *' placed there, but the work of men's hands ; for there the three 
 '* great gods, Ooroo, Tane, and Taroa are, to whom they only 
 " facrifice in great extremities, whea the prieils fay they are angry.
 
 i68 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 " I alkcd the young man, how they knew they were angry. He laid, 
 " By Ipeaking to us. 1 alked how this was done; he laughing faid, 
 " on thefe occafions, a pricft wrapped himfelf in a bundle of cloth, 
 " rolled up like a ball, and fpoke in a fliarp, llirill, fqueaking voice, 
 " ' I am ano-ry J fetch me hogs, kill a man, and my anger will be ap- 
 " pcafed.' I endeavoured to lliew him the folly and knavery of the 
 " impofture, and regretted my want of words and language to make 
 " myfclf better underftood. May the Lord haften the happy time, 
 " when the power of the gofpel lliall take root in the hearts of thefe 
 " benighted people ! " 
 
 29th. Refolved, without delay, to ered: a building for Mr. Lewis 
 to print a vocabulary and grammar ; and that each i^ember have a 
 copy, and one be fent to the diredors. 
 
 30th. Manne Manne fent his tayo, Mr, Cover, a prefent of a 
 double canoe, three goats, and about twenty fowls ; with thefe came 
 a letter from Andrew, the Swede, direded to Mr. Cover, wherein he 
 cxprefles a defire to have fome of the carpenters fent over to Eimeo, 
 to aflift in finifliing Manne Manne's veffel. We much fufped the 
 truth of what it contains, it is as follows : 
 
 " Sir, 
 " Upon the requeft of your friend Manne Manne, I muft inform 
 " you, that he delires your brethren woul'd come over to us as foon 
 " as polTible ; and if no more than one can be fparcd, that he would 
 *' bring a faw along with him, by means of which we may be able 
 " to proceed in finilhing the veffel, which, at the prefent time, is in 
 " danger of being burnt down to afhes, on account of a fpite that 
 " Pomarre's wife has againft the old man and me, and even your- 
 " felves, for us telling her that Ihe was in the wrong in killing of 
 " her own child. She has ordered the people in almofl: every diltrid 
 " of Eimeo to feize upon the old man, and kill him, and us, and 
 " every one that fliould take his part. We were affaulted the 8th of 
 *' this month by an infurredion of about three hundred men, be-
 
 May.] 
 
 TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 
 
 169 
 
 longing to our own place, that came on purpofe to infult us ; but 
 we being forewarned a few days ago of their intentions, they did 
 not fucceed to their wifli, as the fleward and I were on our guard ; 
 and, as foon as they began to infult the old man, by firing a roiuid 
 or two amongft them they difpcrfed without the lofs of any life, 
 or hurt, except one man that was wounded by me, at the firil 
 onfet, with my cutlafs. They have now afkcd our pardon, and 
 begged peace ; but are ftill very miflruflful of them, as they have 
 removed what little they have to a diHant part ; that we are under 
 the neceflity of keeping a good look-out at night, for fear of them 
 fetting fire to the houfe, which they have threatened to do. So 
 if you cannot fpare any of the brethren to come over, plcafe to 
 fend word by the bearer of this what you think is beft to be done. 
 And, if any one fliould come, I woujld advife them to bring fome- 
 thing of defence with them, as that would greatly add to the fecu- 
 rity of ourfelves, as well as that of the vefTel. 
 " He has likewife fulfilled his promife to you, by fending you a 
 pair of canoes, three goats, and fome fowls. He has alfo fent by 
 the bearer two pieces of red cloth, which he wiflies you to get 
 made into an uniform coat, turned up with black or blue, and to 
 have it done as foon as poffible, fo that the bearers of this may 
 bring it back with him when he returns, which will be fome time 
 in going round to Tiaraboo. 
 
 " For my own part, I am forry I could not come over to you, on 
 account of the old man being afraid to flay by himfelf amongfl 
 thofe troublefome neighbours of ours. We are ftill contented, and 
 will be more comforted by hearing that you and your brctlircn 
 enjoy good health, unity and concord amongft yourfelves, and 
 peace with the natives. I have no more news at prcfent, and 
 therefore remain, with efteem, your friend and wcll-wiflier. 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 " Andrew Cornelius Lind.'
 
 17© FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 At a meeting of the brethren, where this letter was read, it was 
 thought unfafe for any of them to go to Eimeo while there was caufe 
 of apprehension and danger. Neither could they at that time fpare a 
 faw, as they were employed in much neceffary work of their own. 
 But they agreed that the coat for Manne Manne fhould be made with 
 all pollible difpatch. 
 
 We have ftrong intimations given us that Micklewright and the 
 Swede intend to feize Manne Manne's veffel as foon as Ihe is fit for 
 fea, and make for Port Jackfon. 
 
 This afternoon our boat being completed, with the help of the 
 natives, we got her out of the houfe, and launched her into the river. 
 It is twenty-two feet long, fix broad, forty-fix inches at each end ; 
 the bottom feventeen ; height two feet fix inches. Forty natives 
 and two or three brethren jumped in as fhe went off, and rowed 
 down to the fea : fhe moves very fwiftly, confidering her flat bottom, 
 draws only two inches of water, and is about fix tons burden. 
 
 June ift. Held our preparation meeting for the Lord's fupper; 
 brother JefFerfon, leader : a precious and profitable feafon ; great open- 
 nefs of heart. Where any grievance had fubfifted, each acknowledged 
 his fault, and exprefled tender mutual forgivenefs j and much bleffing 
 followed. 
 
 2d, 3d. Employed in fitting up a printer's fhop. Vifited by a 
 number of ftrangers, and by Why 60a, the younger brother of 
 Pomarre, with his wife, a very elegant woman : fitted up a bedftead 
 for him, with which he was highly gratified. 
 
 4th. Enjoyed the ordinance of the Lord's fupper. A large body 
 of natives affembling round us, we embraced the opportunity of read- 
 ing to them an addrefs, tranflated by the Swede, which they faid 
 they underfiood, expreffed themfelves pleafed, and fpoke of it to one 
 another, 
 
 5th. About fifty people croffed the river, fent from Pomarre with 
 provifions, confifting of three hogs, bread-ft-uit, cocoa-nut, and
 
 Ju.NE.] TO THE SOUTil-SEA ISLANDS. 171 
 
 mountain plantain, which each man carried at the ends of a pole 
 pafTed over his flioukkr. 
 
 6th. The monthly prayer-meeting at nine. How many holy 
 hands are lifted up for us ! 
 
 7th. The natives who live with us pilfer us ; one of them this 
 morning confeiTed, and impeached his companions. They charged 
 principally two perfons w ho had left us : thefe were fcnt for, and one 
 of them being taken, owned the ftcaling of a large axe, and a check 
 Ihirt. He was imprifoned, but the ftolen goods being brought back 
 by his friends, he was releafed with a reprimand ; a cleaver was alfo 
 found at Attahooroo, and brought back. The other thief being at 
 the ifland of Eimeo, the natives fet off in a canoe to take him. In the 
 evening I fpoke to the young man we had difcharged, reminded him 
 of the kindnefs we had fhewn him when ill, and his ingratitude ; he 
 faid, ivith tears in his eyes, he was a taata eno, a very bad man. 
 
 9th. Dr. Gillham having his clothes ftolen while he was bathing, 
 three -or four of us purfued the thief j he fled. Hearing a drum, we 
 hafted to the place, and having intelligence the thief was there, we 
 rufhed in, and feized him finely drefled for dancing ; about a hun- 
 dred fled in a minute; we begged them not to be frightened, as 
 we only wanted the thief, whom we brought off", and chained to a 
 pillar of the houfe ; yet he contrived to go off" with the padlock ; but 
 being purfued, it was recovered, and he was difmiffed. None ever 
 think of refifl:ing ; yet, flrange to tell ! though they will run any 
 rifle to fteal, they fcarcely ever ufe what they get, but lay it up. 
 Pomarre and Otoo have each more articles than any among us, yet 
 they produce none, wear only a piece of cloth round them, and arc 
 ever craving for more. 
 
 nth. Brother Cover baptized the infant daughter of brother 
 Henry, and preached a very judicious difcourfe on baptifm. Many of 
 the natives were prefent, and looked with wonder, as if inquiring, what 
 can thefe things mean ? They all expreflfed great pleafure that a white 
 ■^voman had produced a child among them, and arc exceedingly fond of 
 
 z 2
 
 1 71 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 the infant. Hearing a hccva the other fide of the river, we called to 
 them to defift. Old Pyatca's wife came out, and faid they would do 
 fo no more, as it was the God of Pretane's day, and immediately left 
 off dancing. 
 
 We walked up the valley about a mile, where we have thoughts 
 of credling our new manfions j fat down under a tree : the natives, 
 men, women, and children, flocked around us, and fat down ; we 
 fung an hymn, and went to prayer for the falvation of the heathen, 
 in which themfclves joined in attitude, " O how I antedate the time," 
 fays Puckey, " when I fhall be able to fpeak the language of thefe 
 " poor heathen ! what opportunities fhall I then enjoy ! O for more 
 "' of the primitive zeal of God's faints to declare his truth !" 
 
 1 2th. This day the coat was fent to Eimeo for Manne Mannc 
 by a man from Cornelius Lind, who waited for that purpofe. A 
 letter accompanied it in anfwer to that we had received. 
 
 "Sir, Matavai, June i2fh, 
 
 " Your letter of the 16th ult. I received on the 29th, with a 
 " canoe, three goats, and feveral fowls, as a prefent from my tayo 
 " Manne Manne j for which you will make him my grateful ac- 
 " knowledgments, and affure him it will afford me pleafure Vv^heii 
 " I fhall be able to render him a more fuitable return. Your requeli 
 " that two of the mifHonaries might be fent to afhft in finifhing the 
 *' vefTel, I laid before our body, and it was unanimoufly agreed, that 
 " in the prefent flate of the fociety we could not part with any of 
 •• the brethren, becaufe of the work necefHiry to be done before the 
 " arrival of the Duff, which we expeft in a few days; and all the 
 " time we can fpare will be needed for getting ready our letters for 
 " Europe. 
 
 " With refpedt to the infurredion you mention, of the 8th ult. 
 " various reports have reached our ears, which give us great un- 
 •• eafincfs, as we were informed you had killed two men. Knowing 
 •* neither the caufe which led to the perpetration of fuch an adl, nor
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 173 
 
 " the confcquences which might rcfiilt from it, we were induced to 
 *' recall five of our brethren who were on leave of abfcnce in the 
 " diftrid: of Paparra and Tiaraboo. We hope you gave no caufe to 
 " the natives to commence fuch an alTauIt. If it really originated 
 *' in the breaft of Iddeah from the part you took in reproving her 
 ** for her crime, fear not her difpleafure : the Lord who hateth 
 " iniquity is able to deliver you out of her hand. You aflc our ad- 
 *' vice, what is beft to be done : we really know not how to counfel 
 " you in this refpecft, but hope your pcrfons by this time are out of 
 *' danger of Iddeah's refentment. Should it continue on the caufe 
 " you fiiggeft, we fliould afford you prote(5lion under our roof. 
 
 " By the bearer we fend an uniform coat for Manne Manne, made 
 *' of the cloth fent us, and hope it will give him fatisfadtion. The 
 •* brethren join with me in grateful acknowledgments for all fer- 
 *' vices; and I remain 
 
 •' Your fincere friend, 
 
 " J. F. Cover.' 
 
 >* 
 
 A faft was reported to us this day, which, if true, was fliocking. 
 In one of Captain Cook's vifits he left a great monkey, who was 
 made a chief at Attahooroo ; he had a wife and thirty fervants, and 
 abundance of every thing : they called him Taata ooree harrai, the 
 great man dog. One day the woman feeing him catch the flics and 
 eat them, which they abominate, Ihe ran away into the mountains ; 
 the monkey and his toutous purfued, but being met by Temarre, who 
 was jealous of his authority, he knocked him down with a club, and 
 ■killed him. ' 
 
 One of our brethren this afternoon fitting in his birth writing, a 
 young girl came in, and expreffed her furprife that we behaved fo 
 diflferent to them from what all our countrymen had done. He told 
 her that fuch pradices were wicked, and that if we did fuch things 
 our God would be angry. " Oh," faid (he, " but I will come to 
 " you in the night, and then none can fee us." — He replied, ♦' No-
 
 ,74 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 " thing can be hid from our God; the night to him is as bright as 
 " the day, and there is no darknefs or fliadovv of death where any 
 '* of the workers of wickednefs can hide themfelves. But, if you 
 *' firft put away your evil cufloms, then we fhould love you." 
 
 14th. Vifited by Mawroa, with a vaft fupply of vegetables; 
 three arreoies accompanied him, amazingly fat, and tattoued all over. 
 This focicty is conflantly wandering about from ifland to ifland. 
 They are the finefl: perfons we have feen, are faid to have each two 
 or three wives, which they exchange with each other ; and inhu- 
 manly murder every infant that is born among them. Wherever they 
 go they exercife power to feize what they want from the inhabitants. 
 They fmite their hand on their breaft, and fay, " Harre, give," when- 
 ever they covet any thing, and none dares deny them. They never 
 work J live by plunder ; yet are highly refpecfted, as none but perfons 
 of rank are admitted among them. This makes women fo fcarce, and 
 other horrid vices fo commoji. May God hallen the time of reform- 
 ation ! 
 
 1 6th, The weather has been unfettled for two or three days. In 
 general we have had it delightful and pleafant ; and no hotter than 
 we have felt in England. We have been able to work all day without 
 inconvenience. 
 
 18th. Opened the day as ufual, and enjoyed much of God's pre- 
 fence ; embraced the opportunity to addrefs the natives in a written 
 difcourfe. They affured us that men, women, and children underftood 
 us, and iaid, in Englifh, " Very nice, and very good;" repeating 
 it often, but defired we would put away the Pretane parow, and 
 fpeak to them in their own tongue, which we promifed them to do 
 as foan as we ihould be able. And oh, that He may give us fome 
 of thefe fouls for our hir?, who fent us hither ! We might have a 
 hoft of converts if, like many mifTionaries, we would admit to bap- 
 tifm thofe who confefs our God and religion to be better than their 
 own. But till we fee them created anew in Chrifl: Jefus, and turned 
 truly from daiknefs to light, and from the power of Satan unto God,
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 17^ 
 
 We fliall not admit them to the participation of our Hicred ordi- 
 nances. 
 
 A brother took occafion to fpeak to Tappeoy, one of our affiftants, 
 and explain what Mr. Cover had preached in the morning, and told 
 him he had himfclf left father, and mother, and iifler, and many 
 friends, to inform him about our God and Saviour Jefus Chrift, &c. 
 He liftened with attention, and feemed much affected, fliying. Never 
 Engliflimen there before talked and ad:ed as we did. 
 
 19th. Got up the flag-flaff forty feet high, rigged like a mafl, 
 but had like to have loft my life in procuring it from the mountains, 
 whither we went. The natives climb like fquirrels. I followed 
 them till the rock became perpendicular, and I dreaded, when I 
 looked down, how to defcend again without being dafhed in pieces. 
 I committed myfelf to God, and holding by little pits in the rocks 
 very flippery with rain, defcended trembling ; one hold failing, I muft 
 have gone headlong down the precipice ; indeed, without the help of 
 the natives, I never could have got down at all. I immediately of. 
 fered them all the fifli-hooks and beads about me. One ft ranger 
 only accepted a fifh-hook ; the reft refufed to take any thing from me ; 
 and he who took the hook faid he would go and get the pole we 
 wanted. 
 
 A chief had a hog ready dreffed for us, and faid, any poles we 
 wiflied fhould be fent on Friday. As we came back we found the 
 river much fwollen with rain, and were carried over in many places 
 by the natives. The valley was full of apple-trees loaded with fruit, 
 and hundreds lying on the ground negleded. 
 
 On the 24th feveral natives came from other diftri(fls where the bread- 
 fruit began to be fcarcc, to gather fome from the trees in Matavai ; upon 
 which thofe of the diftrid, confidering the brethren as proprietors, 
 came and complained to them; faying, that, except they prevent :d it, 
 there would be no fruit left. Accordingly two of our body were 
 difpatched to talk with them, and claimed their fole right to all the 
 produce of the trees. The ftrangers promifed to come no more, c«i]y
 
 ,yg FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 begged permiflion to take what they had got, which Was granted i 
 and alfo a canoe lent them, the better to convey the fruit home. 
 
 The old chief, according to promife, brought us the poles, for 
 ■which a knife was given him, and fome red feathers, which greatly 
 delighted him. Went to Oparre in our boat for wood ; hofpitably 
 entertained; vifited the morai, where the great god Ooroo refides, 
 reprefented by an ugly piece of wood ; faw there feveral altars and 
 fkuUs of men who had been facrificed. One of the altars was forty- 
 five feet long, fupported on pillars of the bread-fruit tree about feven 
 feet high; the other about twelve feet fquare, and on the top an 
 arched flied like the tilt of a waggon ; here the wooden god was 
 laid. One Ikull we obferved fplit acrofs, and in the midft of the 
 moral a fait pool with a young turtle. — Oh 1 when Ihall all thefe 
 horrid fcenes be clofed, and Chrift alone be exalted ? 
 
 25th. Service as ufual . The natives are very fond of being drefled ; 
 we have lent clothes to feveral, which at night they honeflly returned; 
 but they have committed fome petty thefts, and we hardly know 
 what to do with them: we areiloth to punifh them, yet impunity 
 emboldens them in depredation. 
 
 A native coming into our apartments, a brother took occafion to 
 fpeak to him about God. He owned the Otaheitean gods were enow, 
 bad, for they ate men, hogs, bread-fruit, &c. which the Pretane 
 God did not, and was " a good fellow," an Englifh term he had 
 picked up. He obferved alfo, that when we fpoke to the Pretane 
 god the good rain comes, and when we do not the good rain goes 
 away, and the hot fun Ihines ; a heavy rain having fallen on two 
 fucceflive fabbaths. 
 
 26th. A great quantity of bread-fruit was brought to-day to make 
 mahie, as the time approaches when ripe fruit will be fcarce in the 
 diftrid for two months. It is truly wonderful to fee how Providence 
 has furniflied this place : as foon as the bread-fruit fails in this 
 diftricl it is ripe in another, fo that we never want. Cocoa-nuts and 
 plantain we have all the year round j as the evee apples get ripe on
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 177 
 
 one tree,, young ones come on in another. Few trees ever lofe their 
 leaves, and are only dcftitute of fruit for about two months. 
 
 ayth. A prefent came from Pomarrc for the two brethren who 
 work at the forge; a pair of good canoes, feven lobflcrs, a number 
 of fine fliells, feven or eight couple of fowls, two large hogs, with 
 a quantity of Otaheitcan cloth j and a mcffage to come to him for 
 more whenever they wanted. 
 
 28th. A looking-glafs was ftolen by a female native from the 
 women's apartment ; we refolved to expel the man and his wife till 
 it was reftored. Held our monthly meeting before the communion 
 in great union of heart. 
 
 'Zgth. Had a neft of fix young rabbits ; if they profpcr, the hills 
 will foon breed them in abundance. Met before the communion ; 
 happy unanimity prevailing among us, and unreftraincd freedom of 
 communication. Paid a vifit to Oparre j moft hofpitably entertained 
 by Mawroa : he appears a fteady friend. About half the beautiful 
 valley in which he lives belongs to him ; went with him a-fifhing 
 with a fmall feine ; caught plenty of falmon-trout. 
 
 30th. Preparing letters for the return of the vefTel, and our ufual 
 employments. 
 
 July ill. Otoo fent a meffage, defiring us to difcharge certain per- 
 fons from the houfe, whom he defcribed as great thieves j at the 
 fame time he nominated others, whom he wifhed to recommend to 
 us in the capacity of fervants. Thefe the brethren knew to be the 
 creatures of Otoo, or, more properly, a part of his mifchievous gang, 
 and faw clearly and without unjufl fufpicion, tliat he wanted them 
 in for no other purpofe than to flieal witli the greater facility; there- 
 fore his motion was rejedled. Though it was true many things 
 had been ftolen, yet we did not think the fervants guilty : but Otoo's 
 having his own men conftantly going about the diftridls ftealing from 
 the poor natives whatever they fee, fufficiently charaderizes them, 
 and would deter our people from keeping any of them about the 
 houfe. 
 
 A A
 
 i^S FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 5th. A grand aflcmbly of arreoies vifited Pyeteah, and began their 
 fports on the other fide of the river ; many came over the river, and 
 heard brother Cover, forming, as ufual, a half-circle before him. 
 
 6th. A great fhout of the natives this morning, " Te pahee, 
 " Tc pahee," brought us out of our houfe, and to our great joy the 
 white fails fhone before us; went many of us on board, and rejoiced 
 with the captain in the pcrfed: heahh and fafety of all the crew.
 
 JcLv.J TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 179 
 
 CHAPTER Xni. 
 
 TranfaBions during our Stay at Otaheitc, and Survey to afccriain 
 the Population of the JJland. 
 
 -I HE tranfadlions of this fecond vifit will defcrve a diftindt confi- 
 deration. The joy of meeting was great, but the ftay of the fliip 
 being no longer neceflary, a fpcedy departure was announced, and 
 every preparation begun : among thefe was the difcharge of the re- 
 maining cargo, and thofe treafures of iron and fteel that were to be 
 now finally divided between the miffionaries at the Friendly and 
 Society Iflands. Accordingly, on the 6th of July, Mr. Harris being 
 landed with his property, in the evening the captain went on fliorc ; 
 when a meeting was held, where the public journal was read, and 
 various matters were difcufTed concerning the proceedings of the fo- 
 ciety, and how they fliould divide the things in the (liip between 
 fhem and the party at Tongataboo ; when it was agreed to choofe 
 two brethren to ad in their behalf, and two for themfelvcs, under 
 the infpe<3:ion of the captain. 
 
 7th. This morning the four miffionaries appointed to divide the 
 goods began their work ; the captain fuperintended, and Mr, Jef- 
 ferfon adled as fecretary, taking an account of the various articles 
 which each party received. This bufinefs, it was forefeen, would 
 coft much time and trouble ; but as no other method could be devifed 
 of giving all parties fatisfadlion, the captain promifed to ftay till tiie 
 firft of Auguft, which would alfo give the brethren time to finifla 
 their letters. The captain obferves with pleafiire, that the two bre- 
 thren appointed to reprefent their brethren at Tongataboo were moft 
 attentive to their intereft, and rather a larger fhare was allotted them 
 than if two of themfelves had been prefent. 
 
 A A 2
 
 ,So FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 An Invitation was fent to the wives of the mifllonarles, who, 
 flo^recably thereto, dined and fpent the day on board : they expreffed 
 much plcafure on finding us all in good health and fpirits, and left 
 us in the evening highly delighted with their vifit. As for the natives, 
 they crowded on board, few coming empty-handed : many of them 
 were in the Englifh drefles which had been given them by the bre- 
 thren ; and feveral of them fpoke many phrafes of broken Englifh, 
 fuch as, " Welcome again; Glad to fee you. Captain Wilfon." 
 
 8th. Iddcah fent a meflenger this morning to know if fhe might 
 come to our houfe. On confultation, we agreed that brother Cover 
 Ihould go and fpeak with her j and that if flie expreffed any concern 
 for her cruelty to her infant, and affured us flie would no more of- 
 fend us with fuch condud, we (hould be glad to receive her. In this 
 fhe acquiefced, though we have no great profpedl of a change : flie 
 came, however, under fuch profeffions, and drank tea with Mrs. 
 Cover J and continuing with us till dark, returned much pleafed with 
 her reception. 
 
 9th. To-day being Sunday, not one canoe was feen off in the bay, 
 and the whole diftritl appeared remarkably quiet. Mr. Cover and 
 Lewis came on board to ad: as chaplains for the day : the former 
 preached in the forenoon from the fecond epiftle of Peter, chap. iii. 
 ver. 18. j the latter in the afternoon from Philippians, chap. i. ver. 28. 
 
 1 0th. Andrew the Swede came from Eimeo, and prefented the 
 captain with a fine turtle. Mawr5a, a kind friend to us and the 
 miffionaries, brought a hog and a great quantity of bread-fruit ; his 
 wife, named Aowh, was with him j fhe was formerly the wife of 
 Motuara, chief of Eimeo, is the real fifter of Pomarre, and mother 
 of Tetua the prefent queen, Otoo's wife : fhe is a very intelligent 
 woman, and Mawr5a himfelf is better acquainted with the iflands 
 than any man we have converfed with. Aowh informed us, that 
 in the family of which fhe was a branch, the reigning prince had 
 been called Otoo; which name paffed to their firll-born, whether male 
 or female, the inftant it was born ; the cuflom obliging the father ever
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. j8x 
 
 after to take fome other name. I mentioned before, that the grand- 
 father of the prefent Otoo changed his to Otcy, his father to that of 
 Teina, and next to that of Pomarre, and fo on ; for having loft their 
 royalty by the birth of their child, they may change their names as 
 oft as they pleafe, but cannot before. Otey was the fiither of Po- 
 marre, Oreepiah (lately deceafed), Pytouah, chief of Wapiawno, 
 and Aowh. Pytouah is an arrcoie of the firft rank, has a rough, 
 difgufting look, and is much addicfted^to ava drinking ; he was amongfl; 
 our vifitors of this day, and received a prefent : they were exceedingly 
 glad to fee us, and exprcfled much attachment. 
 
 It has already been noticed, that fome of the brethren had made 
 a tour of the ifland, and fuppofed the number of inhabitants on both 
 peninfulas to be about fifty thoufand : this fum, though lefs than a 
 quarter of what Captain Cook calculated them at, was ftill thought 
 by us as greatly exceeding the population. Therefore Captain Wilfon 
 agreed with Peter to accompany me in a circuit of the ifland, and to 
 try fome method of eftimating the number of people in each difl:ridt. 
 On Tuefday the 1 1 th we accordingly fet off, having firfl: engaged a 
 man to convey us acrofs the numerous rivulets which we muft necef- 
 farily pafs, and two others to carry my linen and -what things 
 Peter wanted. It was about noon when we landed near One Tree hill, 
 and began the journey eaftward through the interior of Matavai, 
 where the land is far from being clear of underwood ; for the befl 
 roads are unpleafant by reafon of the long grafs, which bears a bur 
 called by the natives peeree-peeree, and adhering to the flockings 
 becomes painful : the flies were alfo very troublcfome. The bread- 
 fruit and cocoa-nut trees abounded in perfedlion, and afforded an ex- 
 cellent fliade from the heat of the fun. In this diflridt there are alfo 
 the wild cotton trees, fome of which were in bloom, but being of a 
 very inferior kind made no luxuriant fliew ; fome fpots were planted 
 with ava and fugar-cane, and in fome places the latter was growing 
 wild. 
 
 The river of Matavai receives its fupplies from the lofty moun-
 
 i82 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 tains which hereabouts form the interior of- the ifland ; then running 
 a winding courfe down the valley, and through the low grounds of 
 the diftrid:, paffes tiofe by the miffionary houfe, and difembogues at 
 the extremity of Point Venus, At the entrance from the fea it is 
 fo Ihallow, that no veflel drawing above two or three feet water can 
 enter it ; nor can they proceed farther up than a quarter of a mile. 
 When we came to its banks, Peter fliewed me the fpot where he 
 difplayed his firft feats in their wars, and which ultimately ended fo 
 much in favour of Pomarre and his fon Otoo. I defired him to 
 give me fomc account of them. He immediately complied ; but 
 dvv^elt {o much upon his own performances, as rendered it difficult 
 for me to feparate the effentials of the llory from his frivolous 
 boafting. 
 
 The firft war, he fliid, happened in 1 793, when he had been but 
 five months upon the ifland. It feems, that a chief named Whanno 
 had fucceeded in wrefting the diflridt of Whapiawno from Pytouah ; 
 and confcious that hy this ufurpation he would offend Pomarre, 
 he prepared to attack him firfl:, but did not condudt his plans 
 with fo much fecrecy as to prevent his defigns coming to the know- 
 ledge of Pomarre. The latter, though not a warlike chief, prepared 
 to oppofe Whanno with all his ftrength. Peter and Andrew were 
 engaged, with the Jew, who was a good markfman. Whanno had 
 to affift him almoft every chief on the north-eafl fide of the large 
 peninfula. When all was ready, the latter chief fent word to Po- 
 marre of what he intended ; and a day or two after entered Matavai 
 with all his men. Iddeah was at that time on fome bufinefs at the 
 eaftern part of the diftricfl, and nearly fell into their hands ; they 
 chafed her to the river, where Pomarre's party ftood ready to receive 
 them. Iddeah got fafe over, and placed herfelf in the front of the 
 men J when one of the enemy, bolder than the reft, ran acrofs the 
 flream, and aimed a ftroke at her; and would, but for Peter, who ftood 
 clofe by, have effe(fted her death : he running to her aid, and feeing 
 the man lift his club, wrefted it out of his hands, chafed him back
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH- SEA ISLANDS. 183 
 
 through the river ; and more of the party coming up, the man was 
 killed. The body of Whanno's troops had retired a little back ; but 
 one flculking behind a tree was fhot. This threw all the reft of 
 Whanno's men into a panic; they precipitately fled, and in great 
 confufion : two more were flain in the chafe, from which Po- 
 marre returned vidor. This fecured to him the diftrids of Matavai, 
 Oparre, and Tettaha, all he feems then to have been pofTcflld of. 
 Five or fix days after this he muftered his men, now fluihed with 
 fucccfs, and proceeded to Whapiawno. Whanno and his men were 
 afraid; a running fight took place, one woman was killed, but the 
 warriors fled to the mountains. However, in three days they came 
 down and renewed the combat, and were now feverely beaten, no 
 lefs than twenty-five of their number being flain; which, confidering 
 their fhynefs to clofe in battle fince the introdudlionof a few muflccts, 
 was certainly a great number. This vidtory entirely cruflied Whanno, 
 and by it all the northern fide of the peninfula, from Matavai to the 
 ift;hmus, became fubjed; to Pomarre and his fon Otoo. Still they 
 had powerful enemies who were meditating a gram! attack upon 
 them ; thefe were Wyheatua, king of Tiaraboo, and Temarrc, chief 
 over all the diftrids on the fouth fide from the ifthmus down to 
 Attahooroo: over the latter diftrid: was young Towha, who wilhed to 
 remain neuter, but was forced by Pomarre to join his party, though 
 he was more inclined to favour Temarre, and was afterwards charged 
 with having fecretly concerted matters fo as to gain him the battle. 
 Temarre encouraged his men by telling them that he had mulkets, 
 powder, ball, and white men, as well as his adverfary ; and that 
 themfelves were more numerous than Otoo's party. The whites he 
 had were Connor, an Irifliman, and James Butcher, a Scotchman, 
 both of the Matilda's crew. Accordingly, about a month after the 
 battle of Whapiawno, thefe powerful adverfaries met in the diftrid 
 of Attahooroo ; but being afraid of each other in no fmall degree, the 
 firft day was fpent and nothing done. In all their movements they 
 furrounded the white men, trufting more in them than ever an Aliatic
 
 ,34 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 did in his elephant. On the fecond day the onfet began ; but in a 
 fliort time Towha's men, who were in front, ran away, and all 
 Pomarre's followed their example ; which was afterwards charged on 
 Towha, as his preconcerted fcheme : Peter, Andrew, and the Jew, 
 however, flood their ground, and fliot four men. Butcher and 
 Connor were obliged to run for their lives, and Oammo, the father 
 of Temarre, was killed by a muflcet fliot. Thefe advantages brought 
 their party back to aflill: them ; all their adverfaries fled, and a com- 
 plete vidory was gained for Pomarre, whom they found at a great 
 diflance from the fight, quite overcome with fear, and lying flat on 
 the ground, held fafl: by the roots of a tree. When they acquainted 
 him with their fuccefs he would hardly believe it, but continued to 
 lie like one out of his fenfes : fo little courage did this chief of the 
 vidorious army pofTefs. The routed party fled to the remoter diftrids ; 
 fome took refuge in the hills ; one man in particular got up a very 
 dangerous precipice, and threw large Hones on his enemies below, 
 and kept his flation till he knew their rage had fubfided. The con- 
 fequence of this battle was, that Temarre became fubjedl to the 
 vidlors ; was obliged to give to Otoo the great moral at Pappara : alfo 
 every other privilege of the fupreme chief. A houfe was built by 
 Otoo in all his diftridis, where fome of his fervants conflantly refide, 
 and he occafionally vifits : they reprefent his fovereignty, and none 
 dare to pafs them without flripping, the fame as to himfelf. How- 
 ever, notwithftanding thefe things, the power of Temarre was flill 
 very great ; he was left in pofleffion of all his diftridls, and exercifes 
 the office of chief prieft of the Eatooa on that fide of the ifland. 
 
 Towha being charged with treachery, was flripped of his diftrieft, 
 and obliged to live as a private man in Pappara. Wyheatua had fled 
 to Tiaraboo, where in a fliort time after he was defeated, and re- 
 duced in a like manner as Towha to a private flation, and Otoo's 
 younger brother made prince of his kingdom. 
 
 Pomarre being now in pofTefTion of all Otaheite, thought of re- 
 venging the injury the chief of Eimeo had formerly done by deflroying
 
 Jl'ly.] to the SOUTII-SEA islands. 185 
 
 his canoes and the hoiifcs of Matavai. With this intent he fcnt 
 his party againft that ifland, where his fiftcr Wyrccde Aowh made 
 fome refinance; but fcven of her men being killed, Ihe was obliged 
 to acknowledge the conqueror, and take up her refidencc in Ota- 
 heite. In her flead Iddeah and Manne Manne were made chiefs of 
 the ifland. 
 
 Thus Pomarre (the Otoo of Captain Cook), on whom the fa- 
 vour of the Englifla had drawn many enemies, and who at different 
 times was fo chafed and fl:raitened by them, that, afraid of his 
 life, he has frequently entreated his vifitors to take him off the ifland, 
 had now, at a very good time, extended his power far beyond all 
 former example, and that without either courage or talents for war 
 comparable to his enemies ; fo that I cannot but afcribc it to the pro- 
 vidence of the Almighty, who ordcreth all things after the counfel 
 of his own will, and for the accompli fliment of his glory and gra- 
 cious purpofes. In whatever way thcfe events are viewed, they cer- 
 tainly are much in favour of the mifllon ; for it is clear, that thofe 
 employed in it ca:n proceed in their work with greater fafety than 
 when the natives were continually engaged in war. 
 
 Leaving Matavai river we came to the eaftern part of the diftridl 
 of Matavai, called Teahonoo, over which Wyreedc Aowh prefldes. 
 She and her fecond hufljand, Mawroa, were at Oparre, where they 
 alfo have a dwelling. Their houfe in this place is exceedingly neat 
 and clean ; before it is a platform of gravel ftones carefully levelled 
 and fmooth, and at the front of this a regular row of cocoa-nut 
 trees ; and by the fide of the houfe a fine rivulet of frefli water runs 
 from the hills. The low land hereabouts is not more than a hundred 
 yards wide. Her fervants were bufy preparing a brown dye from 
 the bark of a tree called mohoo, which they broke fmall into a bowl 
 of water, and letting it lie till foftened, they bruifed it till the liquid 
 became of the colour they wanted. \Vc next afcended a high 
 hill called Tappahey, which runs into the fea, and feparates Ma- 
 li B
 
 i36 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 tavai from Whyripoo. The hill is included in the former diftrid:, 
 a 'i^rcat ftone on the eaft fide being fixed on for the boundary of each. 
 
 From Tappahey the fmall diftridt of Whyripoo extends near a 
 mile, the fhore flraight, and the low ground about two hundred 
 yards wide ; it has alfo a valley of fmall extent. We walked about 
 half way along it, and flopped for a while at the houfe of Inna 
 Madua, the widow of Oreepiah. She was abfent, but her head 
 fervant Aheinc Eno received me kindly, and would have dreffed 
 feme fifli if I had promifed to wait ; but wanting to go further, I 
 declined his offer. This man having a fhrewd, intelligent coun- 
 tenance, I defired Peter to communicate to him the purpofe of our 
 journey, and to afk how many perfons he thought ufually refided 
 in Whyripoo j afligning for our motive the wifh of the earees of 
 Pretane to render them fervice according to their numbers : when he 
 inflantly fuggefled a mode, which I afterwards adopted. He faid, 
 that in Whyripoo there w^ere four matteynas, and to each matteyna 
 there were ten tees ; and by thefe he eftimated the number of men, 
 women, and children, to be about two hundred and fifty. I defired 
 him to explain what a matteyna was, and what was a tee. The for- 
 mer, he faid, was a principal houfe, diflinguiflaed either by a degree 
 of rank in its ancient or prefent owner, or by a portion of land being 
 attached to it j and fometimes on account of its central fituation to a 
 tew other houfes : that the matteyna fets up a tee (or image) at the 
 moral, which entitles it to the liberty of worfliipping there; and 
 the other houfes in the department of the matteyna claim a part in 
 the fame privilege, and are thence called tees : that in fome matteynas 
 there are eight or nine perfons in the family, in others but two or 
 three ; and that it frequently happens, that a matteyna or a tee is 
 totally defertcd. Therefore, from this account, and what I after- 
 wards faw of the thin population, I allow but fix perfons to each 
 matteyna, and the fame to a tee, as the latter is often occupied by a 
 larger family than the former, and as both terms do fometimes apply
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 187 
 
 to the famehoufe; confequently, as often as this occurs, there will 
 be an error of fix in excefs. 
 
 According to the above, the number in 
 
 Whyripoo is — — Mat. 4x6= 24 
 
 Tees 40 X 6 = 240 
 
 264 fouls. 
 
 Aheine Eno, the name this man at prefent went by, means a 
 bad woman ; it feems that his miftrefs Inna Madua was a character 
 of this kind, and had got this name from the natives; but not Hking 
 it, transferred the name (though not the odium) to her fervant. This 
 diftridl did belong to Whapiawno, but was lately prefented by Py- 
 touah to his brother's widow. 
 
 The next projedling hill which obftrudled our pafTage is called 
 Row-row-apare ; it divides Whyripoo from Whapiawno : we pafTed 
 it by the fea up to the ancles in water, and then had to walk round 
 a bay about a quarter of a mile wide, when we came to a fine border 
 of low land, which at this part, being the wejfl entrance of the dif- 
 tridl, is about a furlong and a half wide, in length coaftwife a mile 
 and a half, and at the eaft part not quite a furlong wide ; thence to 
 the eaft end of the diflridl the hills run clofe to the fca, and the road 
 lies over rugged fharp rocks. There is a fine valley which opens 
 about a mile eaft of Row-row-apare, abounds with fruit-trees a con- 
 liderable way up, and is inhabited. This is the only valley that 
 runs quite acrofs the ifland; on the oppofite fide it opens into Pap- 
 para, a little weft of the great morai. 
 
 Pytouah refides at the weft part of the low land ; and as it was 
 too late for me to reach another diftridl, I propofed ftaying here for 
 the night. Both himfelf and his wife I knew were at the ftiip, but 
 his head man, or overfeer, very readily drefled a pig ; and after we 
 had dined I took a walk through the diftrid:, and Peter with nrie. 
 The houfes here were all neat and well built, and there was bread- 
 
 8 B 2
 
 ,88 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 fruit in abundance. We flopped at one place where three houfes 
 flood, and inquired of the owner, how many matteynas were in the 
 diftridl; to anfwcr this he took fbme fmall rods, and naming each 
 mattcyna as he counted them into Peter's hand, made the whole 
 number thirty-two, including Whyripoo, for which he counted the 
 fame as I had got before ; therefore, dedudling four, the number is 
 twenty-eight. In fome, he faid, were ten tees, in others nine, 
 eight, and feven; and made the fame obfervations on their being 
 peopled as Aheine Eno had done ; therefore, as I could not get the 
 tees exadly, I counted as under: viz. 
 
 Matt. 
 
 7 of 10 tees =: 70-\ Brought forward 264 
 
 7 of 9 do. = 03 I S38 X 6 = 1428-1 _ , 
 
 7 of 8 do. = 56 r 28 X 6 = 168/ - l^ 
 
 7 of 7 do. = 49J • ,ggg 
 
 tliofe of the valley included, 
 men, women, and children. 
 
 Before we got back to Pytouah's houfe it was dark, and they had 
 all gone to reft but one man, who fhewed me to a new houfe, where, 
 for want of bed or bed-clothes, I flept on the ground, and fpent the 
 night very uncomfortably ; and might have fpent it worfe, had not 
 Peter, towards morning, lent me a blanket, which he had brought as 
 a neceffary article in travelling round Otaheite. 
 
 12th. At daybreak we proceeded on our journey, and pafTmg 
 feveral good houfes, came to the river, which is here three feet deep. 
 My man Charles took me on his fhoulders, and carried me 
 through with great eafe. When we had gone a little farther we came 
 to a very bad road, having to walk over the flones fallen from the. 
 rocky cliffs which projed: here. One place was very dangerous ; it 
 is called Oratatahah. We had to afcend the cliff half way, and pafs 
 along a narrow path where was hardly room to fix the feet. The 
 rock is quite perpendicular; and, had we fallen, it was near twenty 
 fathoms above the fea, which beat violently againfl 'the bafe. Here 
 it is faid Pomarre once fell, but the tide being up at the time, when 
 he found he was going, he threw himfelf well off, and received but 
 
 4
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 189 
 
 little harm. When wc had fafcly paflTcd this fpot, we fat down on 
 the rocks to breakfaft on the remains of Pytouah's pig ; for it is the 
 cuftom here, that whatever their hofpitality provides for ftrangers, 
 the fragments of it are always brought away. About nine o'clock 
 we came to a fteep rock which terminates Whapiawno, and forms 
 the weft point of a fmall bay. The caftern point is called Owhoona. 
 Betwixt the two is a fmall diftridt called Wharoo-my, over which 
 Wyreede Aowh prefides ; it has a valley running up a little diftance; 
 it has but one matteyna and nine tees, equal to fixty perfons. A 
 little further eaft is another fmall diftridl belonging to Manne Manne, 
 called He- wow ; it has two matteynas ; in one there are feven tees, in 
 the other four, which makes the number of inhabitants feventy-cight. 
 Manne Manne, who has feveral of thefe eftates, was at Eimeo, and 
 the care of the place was in the hands of Teboota, his head man, 
 who was at this time carrying on the building of a large houfe for 
 the old prieft. Teboota prefuming on his mafter being tayo to the 
 captain, infifted on my ftaying to refrefh at his houfe, and imme- 
 diately began dreding a couple of fowls and a young pig. In the 
 interim the people ran trom every quarter of the diftricft, in order to 
 gratify their curiofity ; yet when they had all got together and fat 
 down, I could count no more than thirty-five, which is certainly no 
 fign of extraordinary population. After receiving a good dinner from 
 Teboota, and much kind treatment, my followers packed up the 
 fragments, and I paid our generous hoft with a draft on the captain 
 for a pair of fciifars ; and as they have no doubt of the fpecificd value 
 of the paper, and have learnt how to negotiate the notes, he feemed 
 quite rich. What a commencement of civilization I 
 
 We next came to the fmall diftrid: of Hahbawboonea, and pafling 
 a hill called Oteteawno, reached another almoft equally fmall, named 
 Honoowhyah, In the former are one matteyna and eight tees, equal 
 to fifty- four perfons. The latter has three matteynas, containing in' 
 all twenty-eight tecs, and one hundred and eighty-fix inhabitants. 
 The fhore along thefe two diftricHis is a fandy beach, and bending a
 
 ,90 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 little inward makes a curve. The low land on which the houfes are 
 built forms in each place a kind of triangle, the interior corner of 
 each being joined to a valley, formed by fteep hills on each fide, 
 which are covered with trees to their fummits, and running in a 
 winding diredion : they afford a view remarkably wild and romantic. 
 Rivulets of excellent vv'ater run through both diftridls, which, not- 
 withftanding, hardly deferve to be mentioned for fertility. 
 
 Otoo has one of his regal houfes in Honoowhyah, and, in paffing 
 it, my company was obliged to ftrip. Nearly oppofite is a fmall 
 rock, a little way advanced into the fea, facred to the feet of Otoo ; 
 for none befides dares to ftand upon it ; and I think he deferves to 
 ftand the ftatue of Folly, if ever he raifes his own living image there. 
 In walking along, about forty people came with great eagernefs to 
 gaze; had the place been populous, I think more would have come. 
 
 Rounding another hill, we came to thediftrid: of Nahnu Nahnoo : 
 it belongs to Pomarre, and is much like thofe I had lately paffed in 
 appearance and population ; it has three matteynas and eighteen tees, 
 which makes the number of inhabitants one hundred and twenty-fix. 
 
 The next dividing hill is called Peepe-pee ; we walked round it 
 over fharp rocks, which are a kind of bafaltes. A little further eaft- 
 ward there is a gentle flope from the hills towards the beach, and 
 upon this flope are many cocoa-nut and bread-fruit trees, but no 
 houfe or inhabitant. After paffing this we came to the diftrid of 
 Otyayree ; in the middle of it the low land is about a furlong wide, 
 narrowing towards the extremes. The fhore is aflat rock; the coafl: 
 bending out and in. I flopped at a chief's houfe ; his name is Noe 
 Noe; and had the following account : namely, two matteynas and 
 twenty-two tees, equal to one hundred and forty-four inhabitants. 
 This chief had a double canoe jufl finiflied ; it was the largeft I had 
 feen, meafuring in length fifty-eight feet, exclufive of a long board 
 which runs over the fore part ; the ftern was twelve feet high, though 
 a-midftiips only three feet and a half. The two were faftened to- 
 gether in the ufual method by rafters, upon which a platform was
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 191 
 
 made, where a houfe was intended to be placed for the principal per- 
 fons to fit or lleep in ; and this I fuppofe is one of the larger war 
 canoes, though not fuited for expert manoeuvres. 
 
 Having done my bufinefs here, I intended to have gone a few miles 
 farther, but had not proceeded many yards when I met Poppo, the tayo 
 of Dr. Gillham, who entreated me to flay all night at his houfe j 
 which offer I accepted, being rather fatigued with travelling over 
 bad roads all the day. Poppo was very affiduous to entertain me well. 
 A pig was inftantly killed, and a comfortable bed prepared. Here 
 about forty people colledted. The fupper, which was very good, 
 was ferved up with fait water. Before I went to reft I made my 
 kind hoft and his wife each a fmall prefent, and in return they gave 
 me the cloth which compofed my bed, and alfo an upper garment. 
 
 13th. At daylight we renewed our journey. Poppo accompa- 
 nied us to the end of the diftrid, which is at a hill called Annaboo : 
 from hence I firft got a fight of Tiaraboo, but ftill at a confiderable 
 diflance from it. The diftridt we were now come to is called Wah- 
 aw-heinah. The low land is here about a quarter of a mile broad, 
 and the fame in length ; behind are lofty hills, forming two valleys, 
 whence run large rivulets of water, which, after intcrfedmg the 
 low ground in feveral places, unite near the fea, and form a deep and 
 rapid ftream. In fording it my man Charles was up to the middle, 
 fo that in rainy weather it muft be impradlicable to crofs at all. 
 The coaft along the diftrid bends in; the beach is black coral fand, 
 and on it the fea broke violently. 
 
 We flopped at a houfe as large as that of the miflionaries, where 
 were feveral natives, but none poffeffed the intelligence we wanted; 
 therefore one was difpatched to bring a proper perfon, who informed 
 us that in the diflrid were four chiefs, of whom Roorah was prin- 
 cipal ; each is over a matteyna ; two of thefe matteynas have eleven 
 tees each, one fifteen, and one fixteen ; the number of people is ac- 
 cordingly three hundred and forty-two.
 
 ,,^ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 Proccedin'^ thence, the next hill (or cliff) we came to is called Boo- 
 te-a\vinoo, which divides the latter diftrid: from Hedeah, which laft 
 runs quite to the ifthmus. Off this place where we now were, and 
 diftant about a mile from the fliore, there lie two fmall iflets ; the 
 weffernmoft is called Booroo, the other Wharre-arra-roo. From thefc 
 Charles informed me that a reef runs quite down to Matavai : it lies 
 about two miles off fliore, and has in fome places only four and five 
 fathoms water upon it. 
 
 Turning the point of Boo-te-awmoo, the land bends fouthward to- 
 wards the ifthmus. When we had got a little way we flopped at 
 Peter's friend's houfe; he was by trade a fiflierman, who fupplied 
 his neighbours with fifli, and received from them canoes, hogs, 
 fruit, roots, and cloth. He had been on the reefs, and came in 
 \vhile we flaid with fome lobflers and mullet, of which he gave us a 
 part, and I paid him with a pair of fciffars. At this houfe were 
 about twenty perfons collecfted, including the family. We left this 
 place ; and as I walked along the diftridl, I obferved more weeds 
 and underwood than in any part of the road which I had paffed : 
 fome places of confiderablc length had nothing but long overgrown 
 grafs, which obffrud:ed all pafllxge but by the fea-fide. The houfcs 
 were thinly fcattered, and as thinly inhabited ; in moft of them they 
 were building canoes, but none of a large kind. They all had iron 
 tools; the hatchets were taken off the helves, and fixed as adzes. 
 I inquired for 2.Jlone hatchet, which will foon'-be a curiofity to them- 
 felves ; but they had none : alfo how long it took them to build a 
 canoe, with iron tools ; they anfwered, about one moon. I then afked 
 them how long they formerly were in doing it with their ftone 
 hatchets : at this they laugheti heartily, and counted ten moons. 
 When we had reached nearly oppofite to Bougainville's harbour, the 
 natives diredled us to a chief's houfe, where we found Inna Madua, 
 who, fince the death of her hufband, is chief over all Hedeah : 
 though this was not her dwelling-houfe, fhe neverthelefs affumed the 
 command, and ordered a dinner inflantly to be dreffed. In the
 
 July.] 
 
 TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 
 
 '93 
 
 interim the old chief gave us the name of every matteyna in the 
 diflridl, from Boo-te-awmoo to the iflhmus, as follows: 
 
 ALitteynai. 
 
 Rah-ourey 
 
 Mattalieyaboo 
 
 Kaa-oureyenia 
 
 Wattarow 
 
 Atta-toutou 
 
 Atta-mayhowe 
 
 Attetarree 
 
 Do. 
 
 Atte-hourah 
 
 Atte-te-hey 
 
 ad Mattaheyaboo 
 
 Tcis. 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 120 
 
 Alittfeytjjs. 
 
 T«j. 
 
 Maf/fyftJI, 
 
 r«. 
 
 Mattrynai. 
 
 T«.. 
 
 Atte-popu-te 
 
 3 
 
 Nooahiiah 
 
 6 
 
 3d Mattaheyaboo 
 
 6 
 
 Tootahrah 
 
 2 
 
 Toute-tooah 
 
 3 
 
 3d Ali-hotoo-tcyiia 
 
 h 6 
 
 Ah-hotoo-tooahnah 2 
 
 Aree-tye 
 
 3 
 
 Wali-tey 
 
 4 
 
 Ah-hotno-teyiiah 
 
 2 
 
 2d Tahmatta- 
 
 oura 6 
 
 Atte-hooiioo 
 
 2 
 
 Tahmatta-oura 
 
 4 
 
 Atte-oumah 
 
 6 
 
 Atte-io-aree 
 
 2 
 
 Atte-mah 
 
 4 
 
 Arra-whyiiah 
 
 12 
 
 4th Mattaheyaboo 
 
 2 
 
 Arroo-attoniah 
 
 3 
 
 3d Tahniatta- 
 
 3urah 7 
 
 O-hoH'pay 
 
 4 
 
 2d Ah-hotoo-teynah 2 
 
 4th do. 
 
 7 
 
 Atte-towee 
 
 4 
 
 Oroopah 
 
 2 
 
 Atte-houah 
 
 2 
 
 Ottowah 
 
 I? 
 
 Atte- layreynah 
 
 3 
 
 Toe-orah-pah 
 
 -niooah 9 
 
 
 
 Ali-how-atouah 
 
 6 
 
 Atte-eynah 
 
 6 
 
 
 47 
 6 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 282 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I20 
 
 
 198 
 
 
 402 
 
 
 198 
 
 
 
 
 
 402 
 
 
 
 
 
 1002 
 
 
 
 
 42 matteynas x by 6 r: 
 
 252 
 
 
 
 Men, 
 
 women, , 
 
 ind children 
 
 1254 
 
 This may be thought but a fmall number for fo large a diftridl, 
 cfpecially when the magnitude of Captain Cook's and Lieutenant 
 Corner's eftimations is confidered ; but according to the beft of my 
 judgment, after pafling through it, and paying every attention, I 
 think even this fmall number exceeds the truth ; and furely it is no 
 argument in favour of great population, that at this houfe where I 
 got the account, no more than thirty people fhould be colled:ed at 
 any time while I ftaid, including Inna Madua's retinue, and thofe 
 whom eager curiofity brought to fee me. 
 
 When we had dined, Peter informed me that it was too late to 
 proceed, as he knew of no good lodging-houfe but at too great a 
 diftance ; therefore we ftaid where we were for the night. My bed 
 and Peter's was laid at one end of the houfe. Inna Madua prefented 
 me with more cloth for flieeting, and I gave her in return a pair of 
 fciiTars, a looking-glafs, and fome trifles I had purpofely brought to 
 
 c c
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 ['797- 
 
 194 
 
 anfwer fuch occafions. In this houfe was an epitome of their general 
 employments : at one end women were pafting cloth together; fome 
 men were making fmnet and lines, while fome flept, and others were 
 drinking ava : this laft they drink in an unfocial manner, by one, 
 two, or three at a time, and out of a fmall cocoa-nut fliell ; 
 whereas at the Friendly Iflands, one or two hundred form a ring, 
 and from a large bowl they flaare nearly all alike; but it feems to be 
 fo fcarce here, that none except the earees can be flaviflily addided to 
 it. This evening I learnt that, befides the members of the arreoy 
 fociety, it is the common pradice among all ranks to flrangle infants 
 the moment they are born. A perpetrator of this horrid ad: was 
 among thofe whom curiofity drew to vifit us : fhe was a good- 
 looking woman, and efteemed by the natives a great beauty, which I 
 fuppofe to be the inducement that tempted her to murder her child ; 
 for here the number of women bearing no proportion to the men, 
 thofe efteemed handfome are courted with great gifts, and get fo ac- 
 cuftomed to change their hufbands, to go with them from place to 
 place, and run after the diverfions of the ifland, that rather than be 
 debarred thefe pleafures, they ftifle a parent's feelings, and murder 
 their tender offspring. As no odium whatever is attached to this 
 unnatural deed, many hundreds born into the world are never fuffercd 
 to fee the light. When either father or mother are difpofed to fave 
 the child, they fometimes fucceed, but not always ; for if the 
 woman fays fhe will not rear the child, the man in general fubmits 
 to her will : on the other hand, when fhe proves humane, and he is 
 fleady to his cruel purpofe, the infant is often faved, for fhe orders 
 matters fo that fome neighbours fhall interpofe, and if the child is 
 not inftantly put to death, they dare not do it afterwards ; but the 
 mofl infenfible become as fond of their children as any refined people 
 can be. I fhall only notice farther, that both parties do oftener make up 
 their minds to fave the male than the female, which partiality accounts 
 for the difproportion of the fexes, and is none of the leafl caufes of the 
 thin population; for the men that are not wealthy in cloth, hogs, or
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 195 
 
 Englifli articles, wherewith to purchafe a wife, muft go without 
 one; and this leads them to pradlifc the great crime of onanifm to an 
 excefTive degree, and renders them unfit to cohabit with women j 
 but all their vices of this nature are too fliocking to be related. 
 When the arrcoies deftroy their children, they fay it is to retain the 
 privileges of their fociety : but what excufe can thofe make who are 
 not of their number? It is faid of Gelon, king of Syracufe, that 
 having conquered Carthage, he made it the chief article in the treaty 
 of peace, that they Ihould abolifh the cuftom of facrificing their 
 children. And while humanity rcfledls and fhudders at the be- 
 haviour of the Otaheiteans, one can hardly help indulging a wifh that 
 either the fword of a Gelon, or rather the fpirit of the Prince of 
 Peace, were applied to oblige them to relinquifli their abominable and 
 unnatural pracflices. 
 
 14th. About fix in the morning w^e arofe, packed up our things, 
 and proceeded on our journey. Inna Madua accompanied us to her 
 proper dwelling, which lies near a mile farther on. Here I thought I 
 got a fight of an European garden ; the plats of ava-ground were laid 
 out in fuch nice order : each bed formed regular parallelograms, 
 trenched two feet deep, and difpofed with a great degree of tafte ; the 
 whole enclofed with a fence of bamboo. Her houfe, w'hich was 
 full one hundred feet long, flood on the fea fide of the garden. At this 
 place we parted from her, and walked about two miles along an irre- 
 gular coaft, where the low land in moft places is very narrow, and hardly 
 a bread-fruit or cocoa-nut tree to be feen. We then came to another 
 dangerous cliff called Pah-rah-tou-tea. As we pafTed along the fide 
 next the fea, the footing was extremely narrow, and the fight below 
 tremendous. Defcending the oppofitc fi.de, a valley opens, running 
 between lofty hills, with a triangular piece of low land near a fur- 
 long in length, and a river of confidcrable depth and breadth. Clofe 
 to the fea the paffige is narrow ; tliere we forded, and afccndcd a 
 fteep hill, from the fummit of which we had the choice of two roads ; 
 the inner one was much out of our way, and b}' the outer we muft 
 
 c c 2
 
 ,96 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 defcend the cliffs : however, thinking this no worfe than thofe we 
 had pafll-d already, wc took the latter, but prefently came to a moft 
 alarming place, about fix yards wide, where there appeared neither 
 place for hands nor feet. Here I was at firft afraid, and had thoughts 
 of going back; but with the help of the Otaheiteans, who are ufed 
 to this work, I got along fafe. Obferving an old man had fol- 
 lowed us from Inna Madua*s houfe, Peter inquired w hat he wanted ; 
 he anfwered, that Inna's mother had ordered him to follow, and if I 
 gave any thing away in the diflrid:, he was to feize it, and take it 
 to lier. 
 
 When we had got within a fliort mile of the ifthmus, in paffing a 
 tew houfes, an aged woman, mother to the young man who carried 
 my linen, met us, and, to exprefs her joy at feeing her fon, ftruck 
 herfelf feveral times on the head with a lliark's tooth, till the blood 
 flowed plentifully down her breaft and flioulders, whilft the fon 
 beheld it with entire infenfibility, I was not aware of this ad:ion to 
 prevent it, but as fhe continued it w ithout mercy on herfelf, I fpoke 
 to them angrily, and obliged her to defift. The fon feeing that I was 
 not pleafed with what was done, obferved coolly, that it was the 
 ciiftom of Otaheite. When we had gone about a furlong farther we 
 put up for the night, at a houfe which lately belonged to a woman 
 with whom Peter had lived, but fhe was now dead. She had been 
 wife to Richard Sinnet, one of the unfortunate mutineers, who was 
 loft in the Pandora, and by him had two fine girls, who are now 
 about fix or feven years old ; they are of a fair mulatto complexion, 
 and very lively and talkative. Since the mother's death Peter has 
 taken care of them ; they were glad to fee him, and received each a 
 fmall looking-glafs, as did alfo the woman of the houfe. When we 
 had refted a few minutes, Peter informed them that fince the fun 
 was at fuch a height we had not eaten any thing : this being known, 
 it was impoflfible to behold with indifference the joy which thofe kind 
 people expreffed on having an opportunity of entertaining me; they 
 inflantly drelTed a couple of fowls for my dinner, and a pig for the
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 197 
 
 Otaheiteans and Peter; for he pretended, that, being obhged to com- 
 ply with fomc of their cuftoms, he durfl not eat in the houfe where 1 
 was. After enjoying a comfortable meal, as the cool of the evening 
 by that time drew on, I got Peter, who, as well as mylelf, was 
 rather tired with the day's walk, to accompany me to the top of one 
 of the adjacent hills, on each fide of which ran a deep valley. From 
 the centre hills towards the fea, for a little diflance up, the hills 
 abounded with cocoa-nuts and bread-fruit, and the more interior 
 parts with mountain plantain, tarro, and a variety of other things, 
 which they have recourfe to when the low land cannot fupply all 
 their wants. Aflcing Peter what reafons they gave for not cultivating 
 more of thofe articles on the low ground, as it was evident they would 
 grow as well, or better, there, he faid it was on account of the havoc 
 made by the arreoies, and thofe who accompany Otoo in his feaftings 
 lound the ifland ; at which times, though they only ftay two or 
 three days in a difl:ri<5t, they confume and wantonly deftroy all the 
 produce, and often the young plants, leaving nothing for the fettled 
 inhabitants of the place to fubfift on, but what they derive from the 
 moimtains : on this account they fubmit to the trouble of climbing 
 almoft inacceflible places, rather than expofe much of the produce of 
 their labour to thofe privileged robbers. From this hill we alfo had a 
 view of the coral reefs which lie interfperfed along this coaft, fome of 
 them a confiderable diftance off ihore : there are feveral openings, and 
 probably anchorage within moft of them; but I apprehend the 
 ground muft be rocky, and bad for cables. Refpedling the diftridt 
 itfelf, from Boo-te-awinoo to the place where I now was, clofe to the 
 ifthmus, it is little better than a wildernefs of rank weeds and ufelefs 
 trees, and that even in places where the low land might be rendered 
 moft fertile and valuable, though it no where exceeds two furlongs in 
 width.. In fome places where we were obliged to quit the fea-lide, 
 travelling became exceedingly fatiguing, on account of the long 
 grafs, weeds, marfli.es, aitd numerous rivulets of water : in others the 
 jiills project into the fea, and form broken and dangerous precipices.
 
 ,^8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 fome of which I have noticed before. Bcfides this, it merits the nam© 
 of a defolate diftridt, from the few houfes it contains, and its thin po- 
 pulation. However, the place where I now was might be deemed 
 an exception ; it is about a mile long, and a furlong wide ; and is 
 better furnifhed with houfes, inhabitants, and fruit-trees, than any 
 place of equal fize in the diftrid:. 
 
 When we returned to the houfe we found a fervant whom Pomarre 
 had fcnt to meet and condud me to the place in Tiaraboo where 
 himfelf and retinue were preparing for a great feaft ; but as this took 
 me out of the way of my intended route, I fhould not have confented 
 to it, had not Peter frequently mentioned the precipices at the eafl 
 end of the ifland as impafliible by any but the natives ; who, though 
 even accuftomed to it, were frequently daflied to pieces ; and that, 
 without running that rifk, the account I wanted could be equally 
 well ffot from the chiefs of the feveral diftrifts, who would be with 
 Pomarre on the fouth fide of that peninfula. Therefore I agreed to 
 accompany the man acrofs the ifthmus next morning. 
 
 15th. At daybreak we rofe. Peter then afked me whether I durft 
 fleep in a houfe where there was a corpfe ; and fhewed me the Ikull of 
 Richard Sinnet's wife, wrapped in cloth, hanging to the roof of the 
 houfe. It feems that flie died at Eimeo, and was there put upon a 
 tupapow till the body was dried ; the head was then cut off, and 
 brought to this place, where fhe had pofTeffed feveral acres of ground. 
 Departing from hence, we afcended a hill, moderately high on the 
 Otaheite fide, and walked about a mile over a fine piece of land, 
 which flopes gently from the middle clafs of hills to the ifthmus, and 
 is all along covered with a ftratum of rich brown mould, fitter for 
 the purpofes of agriculture than any fpot on the ifland : a few trees 
 are fcattered upon it ; but on large fpaces there is nothing but grafs 
 and fern. The ifthmus feemed covered with trees quite acrofs ; and 
 beyond it, on the Tiaraboo fide, the land for three or four miles ap- 
 peared exaftly like that I was now upon, covered with fern, and 
 level at top, but broken, or rent as it were, into chafms or deep hoi-
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 199 
 
 lows, and rifing with a gradual afcent towards the lofty mountains 
 wliich occupy the middle and eaftern divifions of Tiaraboo. At the 
 fouth fide of the iflhmus, where we dcfccnded to crofs, a cove about 
 fixty yards wide, and of depth fufficicnt to admit a fiiip, runs clofe 
 up to the low neck : it would be an excellent place for a fhip to moor 
 in, if a fafe palTage could be found between the large flakes of coral 
 which lie without it ; and I do not think this impoffible, though, 
 except commerce were brought thither, it would be unneceiTary, 
 
 Befldes this cove, we crofTcd two more fhallow ones, and then 
 entered the firft diftrid: of Tiaraboo, called Toa-howtow. Here the 
 low ground is fo marfliy, that at every flep we fimk almoft knee-deep. 
 It is alfo covered with underwood, but abounding in bread-fruit and 
 cocoa-nuts. Farther eaflward the ground is more dry and hard ; and 
 we fell in with a few houfes, where canoes were building, and the 
 women beating cloth : they informed us that the di{l:ri(fl contained 
 one matteyna and thirteen tees, which make eighty-four inhabitants. 
 The next diftrid: is Wyoo-roo ; the chief's name Vce-vce Roo-rah : 
 it has fix matteynas, containing forty tees, which make two hundred 
 and feventy-fix inhabitants j and with refpedl to the foil, fruits, &c. 
 is exadlly like Toa-howtow : the low land in both is fcarce a furlong 
 wide, and the coaft waving. 
 
 It now began raining hard, which obliged us to flop where was 
 a chief who knew Peter. His canoe was hauled upon the beach, 
 and the little houfe taken off it for him and his wife to fleep in. And 
 this is their common pradlice; fo that wherever they land, if in a 
 large canoe, they always have a houfe in readinefs. While we fat 
 under an adjoining Ihed, and the chief and I were exchanging pre- 
 fents, a boy picked my pocket, but, finding himfelf difcovercd, he 
 dropt the booty ; however, the chief was fo enraged, that he imme- 
 diately went in purfuit of the boy, and intended to punilh him fcverely 
 if he caught him. 
 
 The rain fubfiding, we fet off again for Mattahwey, which was 
 the next diflrid:, and where Pomarre was with his retinue. On oxir
 
 200 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 way we were met by the young king, fon of Pomarrc, and his 
 betrothed wife, both carried upon men's fl-ioulders ; he aflced for an 
 axe, fciiliirs, &c. but I had none to fpare, therefore defired him to 
 fo to the pahie (fliip), ^"d they fliould be given him. He alfo afked 
 Peter feveral queftions concerning the places and people he had feen 
 on his voyage with us. At laft we reached the head-quarters, which 
 were no more than a few canoe-houfes and temporary fheds, the beft 
 of which was occupied by Pomarre; and to it I was conduced. As 
 for himfelf, they fiiid he was at a houfe farther on, bufied with his 
 fervants in preparing cloth, but that a meffenger was gone to inform 
 him of my arrival. Accordingly he came in a fliort time, ex- 
 prefTed much joy on feeing me, and faluted nofes ; he alfo inquired 
 for the captain, and moft on board. When I afked him his reafons 
 for not going to Matavai, he anfwered, that at prefent he could not 
 poffibly go, it being a very bufy time with him, having to colledl 
 canoes, cloth, hogs, &c. to give away among the different chiefs and 
 arreoies, who would attend him to the great feafl at Pappara, which 
 was to take place in a few days, and for which all the ifland was 
 looking up to him. This excufe I had reafon to believe, for public 
 care feemed engraven on his countenance. However, as he could 
 not go himfelf, he had fent his prime minifler Iddeah ) who, I told 
 him, would not receive fo many things as if he had gone himfelf. 
 He faid, he did not mind the things fo much as the captain's friend- 
 ftiip. 
 
 I had defired Peter, that if a mawhoo came in 6ur way, he fhould 
 point him out ; and here there happened to be one in Pomarre 's 
 train. He was dreffed like a woman, and mimicked the voice and 
 every peculiarity of the fex. I afked Pomarre what he was, who 
 anfwered, " Taata, mawhoo," that is, a man, a mawhoo. As I fixed 
 my eyes upon the fellow, he hid his face : this I at firft conflrued 
 into Ihame, but found it afterwards to be a womanifh trick. 
 
 Thefe mawhoos chufe this vile way of life when young : putting 
 en the drefs of a woman, they follow the fame employments, are
 
 Jlly.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS, aoi 
 
 under the fame prohibitions with refpedt to food, &c. and feck tlic 
 courtfliip of men the fame as women do, nay, are more jealous of 
 the men who cohabit with them, and ahvays refufe to flcep with 
 women. We are obhged here to draw a veil over other pradticcs too 
 horrible to mention. Thefc mawhoos, being only fix or eight m 
 number, are kept by the principal chiefs. So depraved are thcfc 
 poor heathens, that even their women do not dcfpife thofe fellows, 
 but form friendflaips with them. This one was tayo to Iddeah. 
 
 And here we are furnifhed with another impediment to population, 
 and may afk how fuch a people can pofTibly have a numerous pro- 
 geny. 
 
 At this place moft of the chiefs of Tiaraboo were aflemblcd ; their 
 canoes were hauled upon-the beach, and before their huts vaft quan- 
 tities of provifions were hung upon flakes driven into the ground ; 
 and more were arriving from the neighbouring diftrids : all which 
 was perhaps no faint image of the ancient Hellcfpont and Grecian 
 camp. 
 
 From the different chiefs I got an account of Tiaraboo, as follows : 
 
 D D
 
 202 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [•797. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xumb. 
 
 Names of Diftrias. 
 
 
 Names ol" Chiefs. 
 
 Matt. 
 
 Tees. 
 13 
 
 ofSouIs. 
 84 
 
 1 Toa-how-towe 
 
 :} 
 
 1 
 
 Vee-ve-roo-rah / 
 
 I 
 
 2 Wyoo-roo . 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 276 ; 
 
 3 Maiiahwey 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mooee 
 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 270 ; 
 
 4 Wy-you-teah 
 
 5 Otoo-boo 
 
 
 
 
 '} 
 
 Pomarre 
 
 15 
 
 137 
 
 912 
 
 6 Taa-hapeah 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 Tee-row-ouah 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 Popootah 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Iddeah 
 
 7 
 
 119 
 
 756 
 
 g Wy-yote 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO Bo-be-ourooah 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 T, rOne of thefe is on^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,1 Eree-meoo f each f.de of the i 
 12 2d Eree-meoo \ p,,,,di„g / 
 
 Tee-ye-a 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 348 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 Havv-bouah . . . .■\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 Atte-toutou . . . . > 
 
 Tee-teah-manoowah 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 408 
 
 15 Orrahayroo . . . .J 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 Attah-roah — is the name of the dif-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 tri£l and valley. The point is V- 
 
 Manne Manne 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 108 
 
 called Ohaitapeha . . .J 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 Owahie — A fmall place in the weft") 
 part of the above bay . . J 
 
 Ditto 
 
 
 
 
 ""■" 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 18 Ah-hoo-e | 
 
 r 
 
 Pomarre and Taata \ 
 Douah-he J 
 
 Mare - taata - hah ~) 
 (fon of Towha) > 
 and Houatooah J 
 
 2 
 
 3+ 
 
 216 
 
 I Ah-noohe J 
 
 4 
 
 47 
 
 306 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 20 Owaheite 
 
 Ore-a-\vhy 
 
 16 
 
 36 
 
 ' 312 
 
 21 Tirra-wow is not inhabited. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Men, women, and children in ' 
 
 Tiara 
 
 boo, 4008 
 
 All the eaft part of Tiaraboo confills of high rugged mountains, 
 which run to the fea-fide, and form fteep cliffs that are extremely- 
 dangerous to pafs : on this account the low land is narrow, and diftri- 
 buted partially ; but from Ohaitapeha bay, on the north fide, and 
 from oppofite to it on the fouth fide, down towards the ifthmus, it runs 
 from half a furlong to a whole one in width, and where valleys are, it 
 is in confequence wider. There were not many cotton-trees to be feen, 
 and thofe few of no value : indeed, no part of this peninfula is com- 
 parable to the diftrids of Matavai, Oparre, and Attahooroo, in the 
 larger peninfula. ■
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 203 
 
 At nkht I Ipread my bed in the fame houfe where Peter, Pomarre, 
 and feveral others lay; but httle reft could be had, as one or other 
 was talking all the night, Pomarre alkcd Peter many fhrewd quef- 
 tions concerning the places and things he had feen on the voyage, 
 and more particularly about the natives of Tongataboo, as the red 
 feathers, and various manufaftures from thence, have given them a 
 high idea of that people. Nothing grows on Otahcite but what they 
 mentioned, to know if they had the fame ; and whether they had 
 good land, good canoes, and fine women. They alfo inquired much 
 about the Marquefas, and fpoke of the people there as being as far 
 inferior to themfelves in civilization as they really are to Europeans. 
 However, they appeared highly delighted with the relation Peter gave 
 them of thefe countries : but when he fpoke of the wonderful things 
 of Europe, they at firft expreffed furprife ; but not being able to form 
 conceptions of the things he related, their pleafure quickly flackened : 
 whereas the people of the Friendly Iflands and Marquefas are in almoft 
 all things fimilar to themfelves ; alike in perfon, manners, and drefs ; 
 are tattoued, have canoes, bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, and plantains, as 
 well as they ; and without thefe articles they admit of no country to 
 be really valuable, though they do not deny our fupcriority in every 
 thing elfe. At this time Pomarre and his retinue particularly regretted 
 their want of Ihips, and knowledge to condud them to foreign coun- 
 tries ; and, addreffing himfclf to me, faid, in a tone of concern, that 
 they were able to go no further than Ulietea or Huaheine ; and that 
 at the rifk of being driven they knew not whither, to perilh : whereas 
 we could fail for many moons, and in the darkeft nights and ftrongeft 
 gales, and after all could come exadlly to Otaheite, Thefe were the 
 very ideas he expreffed. In anfwer to which, I told him, that we 
 once were in the fame predicament, and knew nothing ; but that good 
 men brought the fpcaking paper into our country, and taught us to 
 underftand it, by means of which we learnt to know the true God, 
 to build and condud: fhips, and to make axes, knives, fciOars, and 
 the various things which he faw we polTcflld : alfo that his tayo 
 
 D D a
 
 204 FIRST INIISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 Captain Cook had told the earees of Pretane, that neither the king 
 of Otaheite nor his people underllood the fpeaking paper, nor how to 
 do thefe things. Therefore they had, out of real regard for him, fent 
 the good men at Matavai, to teach him, his children, and people, as 
 we ourfelves were taught ; that, as chief of the ifland and regent for 
 his fon, it behoved him to fend his children and the natives to attend 
 to their inftrudions ; for, if they negleded the prefent opportunity, 
 no more good men would come to them, but they would remain in 
 ignorance for ever. 
 
 I believe he paid as much attention to this as lay in his power, and 
 faid it was my ty (good), and fo went to fleep. 
 
 16th. In the morning it rained very hard, which confined us to 
 our quarters till nine o'clock, when the chief and all his fervants fet 
 off to work at the cloth ; and as I intended to reft all this day, I fol- 
 lowed foon after, and found them bufied on large pieces of cloth, about 
 thirty yards long, and four broad ; they had them ftretched along the 
 ground, and doubling each, by laying others upon them, cemented 
 them with a pafte. Pomarre was as bufy as any. Here I faw the 
 mawhoo alfo, who wrought with equal dexterity as the women. 
 
 At a proper time of day a fine roaft pig was brought for dinner, 
 part of which was given me, the reft went to the chief ; but I ob- 
 ferved thofe around him took fo large a fliare, that himfelf made but 
 a fcanty dinner : and this may be the reafon why his head man 
 brought vid:uals in the dark, on the two nights I ftaid there. It feemed 
 that the hogs were not plentiful here, or they were keeping them till 
 the feaft. 
 
 17th. I rofe to take leave of Pomarre, and informed him of my 
 intention to return to the ftiip by the fouth fide of Otaheite nooe, 
 and would therefore thank him for the ufe of a canoe. He imme- 
 diately ordered one of the beft fingle ones, which Peter was to keep 
 after our arrival at Matavai : he alfo put in it two large hogs, and 
 fent a man to Wyere (the firft diftridl we fhould land at) to prepare 
 another. I had given him a pair of fciflars and what I could fpare :
 
 JuLV.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 205 
 
 and now he begged a piece of cloth, which the chief gave me where 
 we flopped on account of the rain ; having got it, he caft his eye 
 on what I ufed as a bed, as if defirous of that alfo : but obfcrving 
 his difpofition began to work, I bad him farewell, not without fechng 
 on the occafion. He was much affedcd, and faid, if pofTible he 
 would come and fee the captain, and defired me to fpeak a good word 
 for Iddeah, that fhe might receive opys (axes), paoutics (fciflius), &c. 
 
 Leaving this place we paddled to the weftward, and having a 
 ftrong current in our favour were foon paft the ifthmus, and landed 
 in the firil diftrid, called Wyere, over which Maahehanoo (a woman) 
 prefides as chief: to her the fon of Towha is betrothed : they are 
 both young, perhaps fifteen years old ; he has the moft lively, piercing 
 countenance of any youth I faw. 
 
 A perfon named Tootahah, who is alfo defcended from the earees, 
 lived here as guardian to Towha and Maahehanoo ; he feemed well 
 acquainted with many of our cuftoms, and could fpeak feveral Englifli 
 words. Previous to bringing a young hog which they had pre- 
 pared for dinner, Tootahah drove four flakes in the ground, and 
 making a table of boards upon them, he fpread a piece of clean 
 cloth, placed an Englifh plate before me, and tried to apologize 
 for not having a knife and fork, and fuch things as he knew we had 
 on board. Thus, for the firil: time, I dined in ftyle among them. 
 After dinner they put a pig into the canoe, agreeably to the order of 
 Pomarre, and made fomc other prefents, which I repaid as well as 
 I could, and left them. 
 
 This is a very good diflridt ; the low land is of various breadths, 
 as twenty yards, a furlong, and in fome places half a mile. Next 
 to it are hills moderately high, forming valleys of fmall extent ; and 
 beyond are the lofty craggy mountains, which are covered with 
 trees to the fummit. The diflrid: weflward of this is called Wyoo- 
 reede, and anfwers the fame defcription : the hill which feparates 
 them is called Rooamo, where the land bends in ; and a little further 
 a point runs off, and a quarter of a mile without it is the fmall ifland
 
 io6 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [1797- 
 
 Otcarrawah. Another fmall iflet lies about a mile further along the 
 coaft, called Tahmow. 
 
 As it now began to rain hard, we landed to take fhelter in the 
 houfes, which are here, as in other places, but thinly fcattered : when 
 it cleared up, Peter and I walked along the beach, while the toutous 
 paddled the canoe. Foot-paths interfeded the low ground, but it 
 was bad walking on them, on account of the weeds and long grafs 
 being wet with the rain ; and the trees in fome places Handing clofe 
 to the fea, obftrudlcd the way by the beach, and forced us again into 
 the canoe; and juft as it was dark we reached Attemonoo, a fmall 
 diftridl fituate between Wyooreede and Pappara, and there hauled 
 up the canoe. We thence walked to Temarre's houfe at Pappara, and 
 found him quite intoxicated with ava. When they had brought 
 lights I laid my bed down, and being tired with the fatigues of the 
 day, went immediately to reft. 
 
 1 8th. Temarre had rifen early, and gone to a place considerably 
 to the weftward, to worlhip at a moral he had there, but left word 
 to drefs a pig for me. In the interim we applied to an intelligent 
 elderly chief f jr the number of matteynas and tees which we had 
 palTed, who counted them as follows, viz. 
 
 Wyere 
 
 Wyooreede 
 
 Attemonoo 
 
 Matt. 
 13 
 
 Pappara 1 7 
 
 Aha-aheinah 8 
 
 Tees. 
 
 42 
 161 
 
 24 
 
 157 
 105 
 
 Inhabitants 
 
 444 
 
 1044 
 
 156 
 
 1044 
 678 
 
 } 
 
 Chiefs. 
 Maahehanoo. 
 
 Tayredhy, wife of Te- 
 marre. 
 
 Temarre. The above 
 are alfo under him, 
 and he is under Po- 
 marre, or Otoo. 
 
 After waiting till near eleven o'clock for breakfaft, I found, on 
 enquiry, that the hog they were dreffing was fo large as to require 
 three hours more to do it fufficiently j therefore I was obliged to 
 content myfelf without breakfaft, and had but a faint hope of a 
 dinner without Haying all day for it.
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 207 
 
 The great moral of Oberea ftands on a point a little to the caft- 
 ward : thither I went, to have a view of (o great a curiofity. Otoo 
 has one of his reprefentative hoiifes here; and in pafTing it, fome of 
 his fervants, judging whither I was going, followed me, and were 
 very afhduous in explaining every thing to me. This morai is an 
 enormous pile of ftone-work, in form of a pyramid, on a paralle- 
 logram area; it has a flight of ten fleps quite round it, the firft of 
 which, from the ground, is fix feet high, the reft about five feet; 
 it is in length, at the bafe, two hundred and feventy feet, width at 
 ditto ninety-four feet ; at the top it is one hundred and eighty feet 
 long, and about fix wide : the fteps are compofcd partly of regular 
 rows of fquared coral ftones about eighteen inches high, and partly 
 with blueifh-coloured pebble ftones nearly quite round, of a hard 
 texture, all about fix inches diameter, and in their natural unhewn 
 ftate : this is the outfide. The infide, that is to fay, what compofes 
 the folid mafs (for it has no hollow fpace), is compofed of ftones of 
 various kinds and fhapes. It is a wonderful ftrudlure ; and it muft 
 have coft them immenfe time and pains to bring fuch a quantity of 
 ftones together, and particularly to fquare the coral oi the fteps with 
 the tools they had when it was raifed ; for it was before iron came 
 among them : and as they were ignorant of mortar, or cement, it 
 required all the care they have taken to fit the ftones regularly to 
 each other, that it might ftand. When Sir Jofeph Banks faw this 
 place, there was on the centre of the fummit a reprefentation of a 
 bird carved in wood, and clofe by it the figure of a fifh carved in 
 ftone ; but both are now gone, and the ftones of the upper fteps 
 are in many places fallen : the walls of the court have alfo gone 
 much to ruin, and the flat pavement is only in fome places dilcern- 
 ible. The above gentleman, fpeaking of this court, fays, " the py- 
 '* ramid conftitutes one fide of a court, or fquare, the fides of ' 
 •• which were nearly equal ; and the whole was walled in and 
 '* paved with flat ftones : notwithftanding which pavement, feveral 
 " plantains and trees, which the natives call etoa, grew within the
 
 2o8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 " enclofiire." At prefeiit there is within this fquare a houfe, called 
 the houfe of the Eatooa, in which a man conftantly refides. Sir 
 Jofepli further fays, " that at a fmall diflance to the weftward of 
 •' this edifice was another paved fquare, that contained feveral fmall 
 *' flages, called ewattas by the natives, which appeared to be altars 
 " whereon they placed the offerings to their gods ;" and that he af- 
 terwards faw whole hogs placed upon thefe flages or altars. My 
 guide led me to this fpot, which appears alfo to have gone much to 
 ruin : he fliewed me the altar, which is a heap of flones, and how 
 they lay their offering upon it ; he then went a few yards back, and 
 laying hold of an upright ftone, like a grave-ftone, he knelt with 
 one knee, and looking upwards, began to call on the Eatooa, by 
 crying, " Whooo, whooo;" and by afterwards making a whift- 
 ling noife, intimated it to be the way in which the Eatdoa anfwered 
 them. 
 
 The grand moral formerly belonged to Oammo and Oberea, then 
 to their defcendant Temarre, and now, flnce the conqueft, to Otoo. 
 
 It was paft noon when I got back to the houfe, and Temarre had 
 not returned from his worflaip ; and, worfe than'that, there was no 
 profpedt of any thing to eat : therefore I propofed to fet off, when 
 his wife entreated me to flay a while longer. This being com- 
 plied with, they brought the hog fmoking hot, but nearly raw, 
 though it mufl have been covered up at leaft four hours, which 
 was owing to its fize, being large enough to ferve forty men. Thus 
 both I and my companions fuffered by the excefTive kindnefs of our 
 hofl. 
 
 When we had taken our leave, and walked about a mile along the 
 beach, we met Temarre on his -way home, ; and when Peter told 
 him that we had waited purpofely for him, he feemed much afraid 
 left I fhould be angry, and afl^ed if I was not. On fatisfying him 
 that I was not, he then inquired into the caufe of our vifit to Po- 
 marre, in a way that befpokc jealoufy, envy, and fear of that chief. 
 After a little converfation we parted. Temarre is fuppofed to be
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 209 
 
 pofTefled of the Eatooa, and, in conformity to that fuppofition, fpeaks 
 ' in fuch a way that fcarccly any one can undcrftand him. This at firft 
 made me think that he ufed that peculiar language faid to be fpoken 
 by the priefts ; but both the Swedes infill: that the pricfls know no 
 other than the common language, and can always be underftood, 
 except when, for the fake of myfterioufnefs, they utter their i'pccches 
 in a finging tone ; and that even the young girls can make their 
 fongs equally unintelligible. It is alfo faid of this chief, that he 
 is now meditating revenge on Pomarre, on account of the death of 
 his father and his own defeat ; and in hope of obtaining fuccefs he 
 has chofen Mr. Main for his tayo, whom he has heard fpoken of as 
 a military man, and to whom he has made feveral great prefents. 
 
 We flopped at Pappara for the night in the houfe of my tayo Wy- 
 reede : as I had not fecn her fince my late arrival, flie exprefled much 
 joy on the occafion, ordered a pig to be inftantly drefled, and made 
 me a prefent of feveral things; among others, a quantity of human 
 hair made into fine finnet. Here were a number of arreoies with 
 their feparate wives, who, by the attachment they fliewed for their 
 hufbands, feemed to difcountenance the alTertion of promifcuous con- 
 nexion, with which they are charged. Their great numbers maeie 
 the houfe, which was one hundred and forty feet long, appear like a 
 little- village, where each claimed the place on which his mat was 
 fpread; and almoft all were employed in making mats, finnet, &c. As 
 foon as it was dark they brought lights, and danced and fung till 
 near midnight, and perhaps would have continued all the night, had 
 I not begged my tayo to caufe them to defill: ; for the drums appear 
 not to difturb their fteep ; but, when tired with dancing, they lie down, 
 and a frefli party rifes to the fport : and in this manner the arreoies 
 ufually fpcnd their nights, and thus they train the youths to the fame 
 irregular living. 
 
 19th. Tiie morning being fine and clear, we walked to the end of 
 the diftricft, and crofiing a little cove, entered on Ahaheinah. The 
 point which, with the cove, fcparates the two dill:ridts, is called 
 
 E E
 
 2,0 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 Abooroo. Pappara is a diftrid: of the middling clafs ; for extent of 
 low land and fertility it is better than the north-eaftern diftrids, or 
 thofe of Tiaraboo ; but inferior to thofe I afterwards came to, viz. 
 Attahooroo and Oparre : however, the low land feems not to be two 
 furlongs in width in any place. Ahaheinah has a ftraight coafl: ; in 
 feveral parts the hills projed: to the fea, leaving a narrow beach or 
 foot-path at their bafe, and where there is low land it is no where 
 above a hundred yards wide. A hill called Weypah-toto feparates it 
 from Mahraw, a fmall divifion of Attahooroo : here Captain Wea- 
 thcrhcad landed in his boats after the lofs of the Matilda, and had 
 his money and clothes taken from him by the natives. 
 
 Attahooroo is divided into two or three departments, over which 
 chiefs fubordinate to Temarre prefide. In the account given me they 
 divided it only into two parts, of which the fouth-eafl contains fifteen 
 matteynas and one hundred and fifty tees, and the north part ten mat- 
 teynas and ninety-three tees, including the valleys. Here the fhore 
 is waving, and forms a fegment of a circle as it bends round to 
 Tettaha. The reef lies a confiderable way off, and within it the 
 water is fmooth and fhallow, and the bottom a fine white fand inter- 
 fperfed with beautiful coral, which makes the rowing over it delight- 
 ful. Here the ifland puts on its moft beautiful appearance. A 
 large border of low ground is covered with cocoa, palms, and 
 bread-fruit. Extenfive valleys run confiderably in-land, and the fides 
 of the hills, which form them, are covered with fruit-trees, and 
 their tops with grafs. The lofty mountains in the higher region are 
 alio covered with trees, or broken into awful precipices ; and by their 
 various fliapes and diftances, and the clouds, which hover over them 
 all the day, add a fublime grandeur to the beauty of the fcene below. 
 
 We landed at a chief's houfe oppofite the great valley, and before 
 dinner fet off with the chief to fee a morai, where it was faid the 
 ark of the Eatooa was depofited, and which had been conjedured by 
 fome vifitors to bear a fimilitude in form to the ark of the covenant. 
 Though it was about noon, in the road we went we felt little of the
 
 July.] TO fllE SOUTH-SEA. ISLANDS. 2n 
 
 heat of the fun : lofty bread-fruit trees afforded their pleafant fliadc ; 
 and, as there was but Httle underwood, we felt no annoyance, except 
 from a few flies. Turmeric and ginger abounded, alfo the wild 
 cotton tree. The morai ftands on the north fide of the valley, about 
 a mile or more from the beach: it is erected on level ground, enclofcd 
 with a fquare w^ooden fence, each fide of which may mcafure thirty 
 or forty yards. About one half of the platform next the interior fide 
 of the fquare is paved, and on this pavement, nearly in the middle, 
 there ftands an altar upon fixteen wooden pillars, each eight feet high; 
 it is forty feet long and feven feet wide : on the top of the pillars the 
 platform for the offerings is laid, with thick matting upon it, which 
 overhanging each fide, forms a deep fringe all around it. Upon this 
 matting are offerings of whole hogs, turtle, large fifli, plantains, 
 young cocoa-nuts, &c. the whole in a ftate of putrefadlion, which 
 fends an offenfive fmell all round the place. A large fpace on one 
 fide of the fence was broken down, and a heap of rough ftones laid 
 in the gap : upon thefe fi:ones, and in a line with the fence, were placed 
 what they call tees j thefe were boards from fix to feven feet high, 
 cut into various fliapes. At a corner near this fi:ood a houfe and 
 two fheds, where men conffantly attended. We entered the houfe, 
 and found at one end the little houfe, or ark of the Eatooa ; it was made 
 exaftly like thofe they fet on their canoes, but fmallcr, being 
 about four feet long, and three in height and breadth. As it 
 contained nothing but a few pieces of cloth, I inquired where they 
 had hid the Eatooa : they anfwered, that it had been taken in the 
 morning to a fmall morai near the water-fide, but that they would 
 immediately bring it, which they did in about half an hour. Though 
 I had not viewed this place without feeling for the poor creatures, 
 yet when they laid their Eatooa on the ground I could hardly reftrain 
 a laugh. It was in fliape exadlly like a failor's hammock laflied up, 
 and compofed of two parts, the larger one jufl: the fize of the houfe, 
 and the leffer, which was laflied upon it, was about half that fize : 
 at the ends were faflened little bunches of red and yellow feathers,' 
 
 E E 2
 
 212 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 the oflferings of the wealthy. They feeing me fmile, laughed heartily 
 thcmfclves, but feemingly only to picafc me; for it was from no idea 
 of the infignificance of their Eat5oa. I told them it was not, could 
 not be a god, becaufe it was nothing but the cloth and finnet which 
 thcmfelvfS had made, and could no j-nore hear, fpeak, nor do them 
 good or harm, than could the cloth they wore. At this they feemed 
 rather perplexed, but ftill affirmed that it was a great Eat5oa ; and 
 when he was angry their trees bore no bread-fruit, and many ills 
 came upon them ; but not a word in reference to a future flate. I 
 wanted much to fee what was in the infide ; but they faid, none but 
 Manne Manne and a few more durft open it. However, they told 
 Peter that it contained nothing but red feathers, a young plantain, 
 and a bunch of young cocoa-nuts before they break the leaf. Several 
 bread-fruit and etoa trees ftand within the fame fquare. 
 
 On our way back we called to fee the body of Orepiah, as pre- 
 fervcd in a tupapow : he had not been many months dead, and was 
 now in a perfectly dry Hate, The man to whom the performance of 
 this operation was entrufted lived cloie by, and came near when he 
 faw us. He feemed quite willing to oblige me; and afked if I 
 would like to fee the body unfhrouded ; for, as it lay, nothing could be 
 feen but the feet. Anfwering in the affirmative, he drew it out 
 upon the uncovered ftage, and took feveral wrappers of cloth off 
 it ; and, laughing all the while, placed the corpfe in a fitting 
 pofture. The body had been opened, but the ikin every where elfe 
 was unbroken, and, adhering clofe to the bones, it appeared like a 
 Skeleton covered with oil-cloth. It had little or no fmell, and would, 
 notwithftanding the heat of the climate, remain fo preferved a con- 
 fiderable time. The method they take for this is, to clear the body 
 of the entrails, brain, &c. ; then wafhing it well, they rub it daily 
 outfide and in with cocoa-nut oil, till the flefli is quite dried up ; 
 after which they leave it to the all-deftroying hand of Time. This 
 tupapow was conftruded by driving four long flakes in the ground, 
 about fix feet afunder, lengthwife, and four in breadth : befides thefe.
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 213 
 
 two others, not (o long by three feet, are driven on a hne, and fix 
 feet from the former four : a ftage is then made at the height of the 
 fliorteft two, and the corpfe being laid at one end, a thatched roof 
 is raifcd iipoa the four higheft flakes, to flielter it from the 
 rain j the vacant part of the flage is to pull it upon, either for 
 rubbing with the oil, or exhibiting it to tlic friends and relations of 
 the deceafed. On the adjoining trees, plantains and bread-fruit hung 
 for the ufe of the dead. I aftced them, where they thought his fpirit, 
 or thinking part, had gone ? At this they fmiled, and fiid, " Harre 
 " po," that is, " Gone to the night." 
 
 A little before dark we reached the further end of Attahooroo^ 
 and put up at a little place which Manne Manne had given to Peter, 
 who ordered what he pleafed, and had it immediately; and here 
 we left the canoe, as it blew too frelli to row it againft the eafterly 
 wind. In the morning we rofe early: a couple of fowls were ready 
 drefled, on which we breakfafted, and fet off with a hope of reaching 
 the fliip, if nothing occurred to prevent it. 
 
 We entered Tettaha by afcending a hill called Opeyhowe. The 
 diftrid; almofl; throughont is hilly, affording but little low land ; 
 neverthelefs it is well inhabited, which may be owing to its fituation, 
 lying between the two befl difl:ri(5ts on the ifland ; though I ap- 
 prehend even its own produce is fuflicient for the people who live 
 upon it. It has tw^elve matteynas and one hundred and thirty tees. 
 Pomarre is the chief. The befl grove of cocoa-nut trees here- 
 abouts, and a great number of bread-fruit, are laid to have been 
 planted by him and Iddeah when they were young. We palTed one 
 fpot where Pomarre had lately a houfe, which contained a vaft 
 quantity of his flores, and had been malicioufly fet on fire and burnt 
 to the ground. At a place called Weyto-weyte, which terminates 
 the diftrid, there is a houfe three hundred and ninety-feven feet in 
 length, and forty-eight wide : twenty wooden pillars, each twenty- 
 one feet high, fupport the middle of the roof; and one hundred-and 
 twenty-four, each ten feet high, fupport the fides or eaves of the
 
 214 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 ['797- 
 
 roof: the rafters upon which the roof is laid are about fix inches 
 thick, and placed twenty inches apart : a wooden wall, or fence, 
 enclofcs the wiiole. ' Here, it is faid, they on great occafions hold 
 fcafts for days together, when they almofi: deftroy all the hogs on the 
 illand. The next diftrid: is Oparre, which is well ftored with pro- 
 vifions and inhabitants, having fixtcen matteynas and one hundred 
 and ninety-nine tees, including two valleys. It has alfo a morai, but 
 it is faid to be inferior to that in Attahooroo j therefore, as it rained, 
 I did not go to fee it. Being forced to take flielter in a houfe, I faw 
 there a man, one of whofe legs was fwelled to a fize little lefs than a 
 man's body ; the other leg was of its natural fize, and the perfon 
 cheerful, and bufied in making a mat. One of Otoo's boat-houfes 
 was adjoining ; it contained a war canoe fixty feet long, which is a 
 little larger than that at Otyearee; and thefe two, and one from 
 Ulietea of a different conftrudion, were the only large ones I faw in 
 the courfe of my journey, though I faw feveral of a middling fize, 
 yet not fo many as I expecfled. 
 
 The lafl difficulty was to get over Taharray, or One Tree hill, as 
 the rain had made the afcent very flippery. From thence we w^alked 
 along the beach to the miffionary houfe, and got our clofing account 
 from Pyteah. Matavai has twenty-feven matteynas and one hun- 
 dred and ten tees, which makes eight hundred and twenty-two in- 
 habitants. Therefore the population is as follows ;
 
 July.] 
 
 TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 
 
 ^'5 
 
 Diftrifls. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Wi.yripoo 
 
 Wl)ap;awno 
 
 Wharoomy 
 
 Hewow . 
 
 Hahbahboonea 
 
 Honoowhyah 
 
 Nahnu Nahnoo 
 
 8 Ot-yayree 
 
 9 Wha-ah-heinah 
 
 10 Hedeah 
 
 1 1 Part of Terrawow on this 
 
 the ifthmus uninhabited. 
 
 12 Wy-eree 
 
 13 Wyooreede 
 
 14 Attemonoo 
 
 15 Pappara 
 
 16 Ahaheinah 
 
 17 Attahooroo 
 
 18 Tettaha . 
 
 19 Oparre . 
 
 20 Matavai 
 
 fide 
 
 Prcfiding Chiefs. 
 
 Inna Madua 
 
 Wytouah 
 
 Wyreede Aowh 
 
 Manne Manne 
 
 Otoo . . 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Pomarre 
 
 Noe Noe 
 
 Roorah and three more 
 
 Inna Madua . , 
 
 Maahe-hanoo (female) 
 
 Tayreede (wife of Temarre) 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto : 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Pomarre 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Miffionaries 
 
 Matt. 
 
 Tecs. 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 238 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 ji 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 42 
 
 167 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 »3 
 
 161 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 'Z 
 
 157 
 
 8 
 
 105 
 
 25 
 
 243 
 
 12 
 
 130 
 
 lb 
 
 199 
 
 27 
 
 no 
 
 Total of men, women, and children, in Otaheite 
 Ditto in Tiaraboo .... 
 
 Total on the whole ifland 
 
 Numb. 
 of 5c)uls 
 
 264 
 
 1596 
 60 
 78 
 
 54 
 186 
 126 
 144 
 342 
 1254 
 
 444 
 1044 
 
 156 
 
 1044 
 678 
 
 1608 
 852 
 
 1290 
 822 
 
 12,042 
 4,008 
 
 16,050
 
 .,6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 TranfaElions at Otaheite till their Departure, 
 
 J. HE intention of writing thefe pages being chiefly to preferve the 
 circumftances of a voyage which from its nature and objed: is in- 
 terefting to many, I fliall with this view notice what occurrences 
 pafTed at the fliip during my abfence, alfo in the fubfequent days of 
 our ftay ; and then take' leave of Otaheite, without faying more on 
 their cuftoms and manners than what lies interfperfed in the journal 
 already detailed, as all former navigators have enlarged on this fub- 
 je<fl ; and if errors can now be corredled, it will .certainly be beil 
 done from the letters of the miffionaries, whofe refidence among the 
 natives for five rnonths gave them greatly the advantage over us at 
 the fhip. 
 
 July 1 2th. It being the Rev. Mr. Lewis's turn to attend the boat 
 employed in landing the goods, he expreffed a fear that the divifion 
 of them, after the departure of the fliip, would occafion fome 
 uneafinefs. In the courfe of the day Mr. Cover and Henry waited 
 upon the captain, and fpoke to the fame effed:, giving it as their 
 opinion, that, to prevent any thing difagreeable happening, the moft 
 prudent way would be for them to make a divifion immediately ; but 
 this being only a propofal, the adoption of which the captain left en- 
 tirely to themfelves, it was no more fpoken of. Mrs. Hodges and 
 Mrs. Henry alfo vifited us to-day ; and in the evening they all went 
 on fliore in the pinnace. Landed the goods, and received from our 
 friends the natives a plentiful fupply of fruit, &c. 
 
 13th. To-day the captain and fix of the mifi!ionaries examined 
 the diflria: of Matavai for the purpofe of finding the mofk eligible
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 2,7 
 
 fpot on which to build a houfe ; but as there were feveral equally 
 eligible, no preference was given as yet to any. 
 
 14th. The weather I'erencand plcafant. Information was brought 
 to the fhip, that the young king had come to Matavai ; but a report 
 fpreading that he had facrificed a man, the miflionaries exprcfled their 
 marked difapprobation of the horrid adl, which fo terrified him, that 
 he was fetting off for Pappara, when the captain landed, and flopped 
 him as he and his queen ran along the beach. On being afl<.ed why 
 he was going away fo foon, he anfwered, that, as the mifHonaries 
 were angry, he fuppofed the captain was fo too. The captain told 
 him that it would be very wrong to facrifice a man : he denied the 
 fad:. The captain entreated him to commit no fuch cruelty, and be- 
 fought him to return, promifing that he would fend him a canoe, 
 which he had brought purpofely from Tongataboo. This both recon- 
 ciled and pleafed him : he accordingly took up his refidencc in 
 Matavai. Had he gone off in fear, there was no knowing what 
 the confequences might "be, as he had only to lay the rahooe on the 
 diflridls, to cut off all our fupplies j a circumftance which, though 
 not experienced by us, has been feverely felt by fome of their vifitors. 
 
 15th. Pleafant weather. The captain and the four appointed 
 miflionaries employed in dividing the goods ; the feamen hoifling out 
 of the hold, and putting the Otaheitean divifion into the brethren's 
 boat. In the forenoon Otoo and his wife came alongfide; the 
 Friendly Ifland canoe was given to him,, and after he had furveyed it 
 near two hours, he got into it, and went on fhore fcemingly much 
 pleafed. About four in the afternoon, Sam (the little cabin-boy) 
 ran from the fhip, fuppofed to have gone out at the cabin- window. 
 This boy being of a dwarfifh fize, was apprehenfive of falling into 
 want in his own country ; therefore he preferred fettling where 
 nakednefs was no hardfhip, and the vegetable diet at leafl of the 
 ifland could always be procured at eafe. He left behind him a few 
 incoherent lines mentioning his defign, wherein helikewife fliys, that 
 
 r F
 
 2,8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 if he can do the miflionaries no good, he will do them no harm. 
 About the fixme time the captain had his dre{Iing-box with all his 
 fliavino- iitenfils ftolen out of the cabin, and at firft fuppofed the boy 
 concerned in the theft, but it afterwards proved he was innocent. 
 Thermometer 71°. Received from Mawroa, and his wife Wyreede 
 Aovvh, two fmall pigs, with fruit, &c. alfo prefents from feveral 
 others. 
 
 1 6th. The day fine and pleafant. Mr. JefFerfon and Eyre chap- 
 lains for the day on board ; the former in the forenoon, the latter in 
 the afternoon. 
 
 17th. Fine weather. Landed fome goods, and received by the 
 return of the flat-bottomed boat two loads of ftone ballafl:. Iddeah 
 having come to Matavai, fent to the fhip to know whether the cap- 
 tain was angry with her. The meflenger was told that he was not ; 
 and as a token thereof, a plantain leaf was fent her. She then came 
 on board, bringing with her two large hogs and two bundles of 
 cloth : one of each was her own prefent, the other that of Pomarre. 
 When feated in the cabin, flie was afked the reafon why flie killed 
 her child : in anfwer to which Ihe faid, that the man with whom 
 fhe cohabited was a low man; had the child been Pomarre's, flie 
 would have fpared it ; but fince it was the cuftom of the earees 
 to murder all bafe-born children, fhe had only adled agreeably thereto. 
 The father of the child was fitting by her, without feeming in the 
 leaft angry; however, herfelf feemed rather hurt at the home 
 queflions that were put to her, and the converfation was turned. 
 She then informed the captain of the reafons of Pomarre's abfence, 
 which being abfolutely neceffary, he had fent her to fee that his 
 friend the captain wanted for nothing the ifland could afford; 
 though, perhaps, the truer reafon was, that he might lofe nothing 
 by his abfence that could be got from the fhip. When flie had re- 
 ceived feveral prefents, the evening drawing on, flie fet off to fee her 
 fon Otoo, but was hardly gone when he made his appearance in a
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 219 
 
 large double canoe, whooping and hallooing to the feamen by name, 
 and after playing a number of foolifla tricks, fet off to the Ihore. 
 Thermometer 71°. 
 
 1 8th. The weather pleafant. No natives on board, or canoes about 
 the iliip ; the reafon of which novelty we fuppofe to be fome di- 
 verfions given by Iddeah. Landed fome goods, and received two 
 boat-loads of ftone ballaft, Docflor Gillham was in the boat to-day, 
 and informed the captain of his defire to return with him. In the 
 afternoon one of the natives brought back the boy Sam, and received 
 for this fervice anew fliirt; Mrs. Hodges accompanied them, to plead 
 for the fugitive. The carpenter employed calking the fliip's top- 
 fides, which the powerful effc(5l of the tropical climate had rendered 
 leaky. Thermometer 72°. 
 
 19th. The weather fqually, with rain. The young king (Otoo) 
 fent a prefent of two hogs and fome cloth. One of his I'ervants alfo 
 brought the captain's drefling-box ; they had traced the thief to 
 Oparre, where they found the box complete, but the offender had 
 efcaped to the mountains. By the meffenger an axe was fent to Otoo. 
 Iddeah, and the bafe fellow fhe cohabits with, dined on board, and 
 before flie left us, received all the red feathers we had, and likewifea 
 red uniform coat for Pomarre ; with which valuable prefents fhe was 
 highly delighted. Received two boat-loads of ftone. In the evening 
 a chief brought twenty fowls, for which he received an axe. Whilft 
 at dinner a native requefted the fhip's harpoon, to ftrike a large cavally 
 he had obferved : this he performed with great dexterity ; but the 
 wounded fifh having difengaged the harpoon, the man dived after it, 
 and brought up the cavally in his arms, weighing forty-five pounds, 
 for which the captain rewarded him, and fent the fifh on fliore to the 
 miffionaries. 
 
 20th. The weather fqually, with heavy rain. Few of the natives 
 on board, occafioned partly by the weather, and partly by a fhooting- 
 match with bow and arrow, which Otoo had at Oparre. Received 
 
 F F 2
 
 220 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 three boats of ballaft. Thermometer 72^. To-day I returned from 
 making a tour of the ifland. 
 
 2 1 It, Weather as ycfterday : the winds during the latter part 
 fqually from the N. W. with heavy rain; which fo fwelled the river 
 of Matavai, that we with difficulty got one boat-load of ballaft. 
 
 Early in the morning Mawroa and his wife, who are our mofl 
 conftant vifitors, came, and brought with them a pig, bread-fruit, 
 cocoa-nuts, &c. : with them came alfo three women, who, they faid, 
 were relations; they likewife brought each of them a prefent. One 
 of them was full feventy years old, and fo infirm, and exhaufted with 
 the fatigue of getting on board, that {he laid herfelf down on the 
 cabin floor, apparently about to expire ; but recovering a little, fhe 
 ftaid on board all the day, and went fafe away in the evening. 
 Iddeah was among this day's vifitors, and, in fhort, the cabin was 
 quite crowded with them; which would often be uncomfortable, 
 were they not careful to fupply us with a plentiful table. Ther- 
 mometer 72°. 
 
 22d. Wind eafterly ; moderate and fine weather. Loofed fails to 
 dry, &c. After breakfail the mifllonaries came off, but without 
 Hones, not being able to get them for the fwell of the river. Sent on 
 flrore a quantity of rod, bolt, and bar iron. To-day the captain gave 
 Peter, the Swede, two fpades and fome other articles, as he propofed 
 creeling a houfe neai" to the miflionaries . My tayo Wyreede fent me 
 a large hog, as fhe had frequently done before. 
 
 23d. Fine pleafant weather, and a light air of wind eaflerly. 
 Five or fix failing canoes went out of the bay towards Tethuroa. 
 Thefe are the only canoes of the failing kind that we obferved on the 
 ifland, though fometimes they will ered: a temporary mafl to run 
 before the wind. Service on board by brothers Henry and Broomhall. 
 
 24th. Three of the company made an excurfion for two days, 
 with Peter the Swede, through Matavai, Oparre, Tettaha, and 
 Attahooroo, at which lall diftrid they flept. Every where they
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. azi 
 
 were received with profufe hofpitality, and had nine pigs roaftcd to 
 entertain them at different places. 
 
 Moderate and pleafant weather, with a few fhowcrs of rain. Landed 
 fundries, and received fome ballaft. Our vilitors were Iddeah and 
 my tayo Wyreede, with their hufbands ; their prefents amounted to 
 three hogs and a large quantity of bread-fruit. The young king 
 came off in his Tongataboo canoe, and paddled feveral times round 
 the fhip. The captain gave him an uniform coat of handfome fcarlet, 
 and entreated him to put it on, which he in a fullen fit, with favage 
 obflinacy, refufed to do. 
 
 During the night we had much rain, thunder, and lightning. 
 
 25th. The firfl: part of this day moderate and fair weather. In 
 the afternoon the wind veered to the weflward, and blew frefli, with 
 heavy rain for about an hourj then cleared up, and fell calm: and 
 thus it generally happens when wefterly, from which quarter it feldom 
 blows hard or long. The wives of the miflionaries dined and drank 
 tea on board. Thermometer 71!°. 
 
 26th. Gentle breezes and pleafant weather. The captain and 
 miflionaries employed in dividing the goods. Received one boat-load 
 of ballaft. The natives on board diverting themfelves by leaping off 
 the topfail-yard into the water. Thermometer 73". 
 
 27th. Variable winds and pleafant weather. Received one boat- 
 load of ftones. 
 
 In the dufk of the evening, one of our feamen, William Tucker, 
 made his efcape from the fhip. Wc had been apprized of his inten- 
 tion to Itay on the ifland, knew that moft of his clothes "were on fliore, 
 and had thoughts of fecuring him when we were about to depart, 
 not thinking he would go till near the laft day. When we found 
 him gone, the boat was inftantly manned, to purfue and fearch for him. 
 I and the third mate went on this fervice : we landed at Point Venus, 
 informed the miffionaries, raid the old chipf Pytcah, of what had 
 happened, and employed them alfo in the fearch, which proved in 
 vain ; for after examining every houfe in the diflridt we were obliged
 
 222 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [1797. 
 
 to return as we went. The two Swedes (Peter and Andrew) had 
 been abfcnt all the evening, which gave us reafon to fuppoie them 
 concerned in tlie affair ; for juft as we returned to the milfionary 
 houfe, they came in quite wet, faying that they had been a-fifliing, 
 an employment we knew they never went upon at nights ; befides, 
 their very looks condemned them. All that we could further do 
 in this bufmefs was, to go to the huts of Otoo and Iddeah, and defire 
 them to fend men in purfuit of Tucker, which they promifed to do. 
 And to crown the difagreeablenefs of this day, juft before we fet 
 off Avith the boat, the ram which we brought from England came 
 into the houfe, and died; fuppofed to have received fome mjury from 
 the natives, as he v/as a little mifchievous among them. However, 
 there are ftill good hopes of a breed, as one of the ewes had a fine 
 ram, which was now grown up. 
 
 28th. Pleafant weather. This morning, when Andrew the Swede 
 came on board, he was immediately put in confinement ; it appearing 
 evident that he had enticed Tucker from the Ihip, and was endea- 
 vouring to form a party which might prove dangerous to the mif- 
 fionaries : therefore the captain refolved on taking him off the illand. 
 
 Peter came on board alfo, and turning king's evidence, informed 
 us that a native named Matemoo had concealed Tucker in a thicket 
 of Matavai. 
 
 Iddeah was on board at the time, to whom we applied for help, 
 which fhe promifing, landed, and fent off a band of Otoo's men to 
 fearch the thicket, afiifted by a number of the miffionaries, with 
 myfelf and the gunner ; but all in vain : he was not to be found this 
 day. We heard that he had taken the road to Oparre, and intended 
 for Attahooroo ; and in confequence of this information. Smith, 
 Main, and Clode armed themfelves, and fet off in purfuit of him ; as 
 the captain intended at all events to have him, that mifchief to the 
 brethren might be prevented, and likewife defertions be thereby dif- 
 couraged. Thermometer 72°. 
 
 29th. Moderate breezes eafterly, and pleafant weather. The
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 223 
 
 captain and the four brethren employed dividing the goods, &c. No 
 further account of Tucker. At noon the three miflionarics returned 
 from a fruitlefs purfuit, much fatigued. Many of our friends the 
 natives on board to-day. Thermometer 73". 
 
 30th. Pleafant weather. Mr. Jcfferfon and Lewis chaplains for 
 the day. 
 
 About ten at night a native paddled off, calling out as he approached 
 the fhip, " All's well." His bufinefs, it fcemed, was to communi- 
 cate fomething concerning Tucker ; but he was fo ftupified with ava, 
 that he could not articulate a word. The coming of another canoe 
 explained the matter. In this laft were three of the milTionaries, Id- 
 deah, two of Otoo's fervants, and Tucker, bound, who curfed Otoo 
 heartily for his treachery. It appears that Otoo had been privy to 
 the whole affair, and had himfelf daily fed Tucker. But the cap- 
 tain having dropt an expreffion, in Iddeah's hearing, that if the 
 fugitive was not found he would take Otoo on board ; it fo terrified 
 him, that he fent a man to inform Tucker that he wanted him, and 
 contrived to have fome of the miffionaries in ambufli near the beach, 
 who feized him as he came along, and put him into the canoe, but 
 not without a great ftruggle, and many curfes. When we had got 
 him on board, he was put in confinement, till we fliould leave the 
 ifland. As for Iddeah, Ihe was at this time tremblnig ; and being 
 afked the reafon of it, Ihe faid, it was for fear Andrew fhould be 
 let loofe, for he was a bloody-minded man, and would wreak his 
 vengeance on her, and the other natives to whom the captain had 
 fhewn favour ; and that he thought very little of running his knife 
 into them. 
 
 31ft. Fine pleafant weather. Manne Manne, who was fo atten- 
 tive and friendly on our firfl vilit, did not till this morning fend his 
 refpedts and a prefent to his tayo the captain, and that himfelf would 
 be with us in a day or two. Iddeah and fevcral others came with 
 the ufual prefents of hogs, fruit, &c.
 
 224 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [.797. 
 
 Augiift I ft. Light breezes and pkal^xnt weather. Bought two 
 he-goats to carry to the Friendly Iflands ; and received feveral prefents 
 from the natives. In the evening Manne Manne arrived at Matavai 
 in the vefTel he had juft built at Eimeo, and brought her alongfide for 
 the captain to view her : confidering her as their firfl elTay, flie is a 
 wonderful performance. This day at noon we fired a gun, and loofed 
 the fore-topfail, as a fignal for failing; and received Dr. Gillham and 
 all his baggage on board. 
 
 2d, The firft part fhowers of rain, the middle and latter part fair 
 and pleafant weather ; the wind wefterly all the afternoon, Iddeah 
 prefented the captain with a complete mourning drefs j and all the 
 other natives brought fomething with them. 
 
 To-day the divifion of the goods was finifhed, having been a long 
 employment. 
 
 3d. Pleafant weather, the wind variable. Sent on flaore an addi- 
 tion of fmall arms, ammunition, &c. which makes their flock as 
 follows : two fwivels, eight mufkets, one blunderbufs, nine piftols, 
 and nine fwords ; fifty-fix gun-flints, befides thofe in ufe; powder, 
 ball, drum and fife. 
 
 The natives were now crowding the fhip more than ever, and 
 many of them were very importunate to go to Pretane. Mawroa and 
 his wife my tayo Wyreede, Manne Manne, Iddeah, and the tayos of 
 the crew, laid us in a large fea-fi:ock of hogs, fowls, and fruit ; and 
 in return for their kindnefs received fuch things as were, to them 
 ufeful and gratifying, Manne Manne was very urgent for fails, 
 rope, anchor, &c. for his vefifel, none of which articles we had to 
 fpare : on which account, though the captain gave him his own 
 cocked hat and a variety of articles, he was ftill difcontented ; fay- 
 ing, " Several people told me that you wanted Manne Manne, and 
 •* now I am come, you give me nothing." An obfcrvation fimilar 
 to this he once made to the millionaries : " You give me," fays he, 
 " much parow (talk) and much prayers to the Eatooa, but very few
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 225 
 
 " axes, knives, fciffars, or cloth." The cafe is, that whatever he 
 receives he inimediately diftributes among his friends and dependants ; 
 fo that of all the numerous prefents he had received, he had nothing 
 t\ow to flaew, except a glazed hat, a pair of breeches, and an old 
 black coat, which he had fringed with red feathers. And this pro- 
 digal behaviour he excufes, by faying that, were he not to do fo, he 
 fliould never be a king, nor even remain a chief of any confcquence. 
 
 Unmoored the fliip, and got all things clear and in readincfs for 
 failing on the following day. Mrs. Henry, Hodges, and HalTJl, 
 with feveral of the miffionaries, came off to take leave of the captain, 
 officers, and crew, Mr. Clode, unfettled in his mind, wffhcd td 
 go to the Friendly Iflands : and, as the brethren left him at liberty to 
 go or ftay, determining to go, fome unwrought iron and other articles 
 were taken on board again for his ufe ; but in the evening he changed 
 his mind again, and refolved to ftay. 
 
 4th. Light airs of wind. At eight A. M. we weighed anchor, 
 and ftood out of Matavai bay ; the wind variable and baffling. Great 
 numbers of natives crowded on board, to take leave of their refpedlive 
 friends, and fee what they would further bellow ; for they poffefs 
 generofity and felfiflinefs in an almoft equal degree. Some at parting 
 with their tayos at one end of the fliip wept bitterly, but by only 
 walking the length of the deck they became as cheerful as ever ; and 
 when taxed with diffimulation, they laughing obferved, that it was 
 the parow or cuftom of Otaheite to weep and cut themfelves on fuch 
 occafions, but the latter they omitted becaufe we had told them it 
 was bad. But as all their paffions or fits are extremely lliort-lived, 
 efpecially that of grief, their prefent behaviour was only confiflent 
 with their general character and difpolition. 
 
 After hoifling the pinnace in we ftood off and on, waiting the 
 packets of letters, which were brought off at noon by Cover, Henry, 
 and feveral others who had not taken leave. After fuch convcrlation 
 as the occafion fuggeflcd, we tookan affediionate farewell, and parted, 
 perhaps never to behold each other again in this lite. 
 
 G G
 
 226 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 It was the purpofe of the mifllonaries, as foon as the fliip failed, to 
 change their abode to a more ehgible fpot, and to furround their pre- 
 mifes with a ftrong wall, fufficient to protcd them from any danger, 
 though, while they are united, none is to be apprehended, as they 
 have fufficient force to defend themfelves againft the whole ifland. 
 As foon as this is done, they purpofe building a veflel of one hundred 
 or one hundred and fifty tons, capable of vifiting all the iflands 
 around them ; for which they have materials of every kind, plenty 
 of timber, and able workmen. 
 
 We hope they will have widely diffufed the glad tidings of falva- 
 tion, with which they are fent, by the time we may again vifit them.
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. aay 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Return to Tongataboo. — Occurrences during our Abfence. 
 
 xd AV I N G pafTed at a confiderable diftance fouthward of the 
 Society Ifles on our former voyage, we now fhaped a diredl courfc 
 for them ; and by noon on the 5th of Aiiguft were but a httle way off 
 Huaheinc, its extremities bearing from N. E. by N. to N. W. As 
 we rounded the fouth end a few canoes came off, in one of which 
 was a chief, with the ufual peace-offering, viz. a young pig and a 
 green branch. They came on board without helitation, and talked 
 with nearly the fame freedom as the Otaheiteans. A few hatchets, 
 knives, and looking-glaffes were diftributed among them ; after 
 which, feeing that we difregarded their entreaties to anchor, they 
 went into their canoe and paddled away. 
 
 When to leeward of the illand, more canoes came alongfide : in one 
 of them was Connor, the Irifhman, one of the Matilda's crew. To 
 our aftonillimei^t, he had forgotten his native tongue, being able to 
 recolleft only a few words : and if he began a fentence in Englifh, he 
 was obliged to finifh it in the language of the iflands. Both he and 
 the natives begged hard for us to enter Owharre harbour ; but find- 
 ing that we were determined to make no flay, he aflced the captain 
 if he would take him home ; which was readily agreed to, as we 
 had reafon, from the condudl of his fhipmates at Otaheite, to fup- 
 pofe that fuch as he would prove a hindrance to the miffion. He 
 then begged the captain to give him time to take leave of his wife 
 and child ; which was alfo promifcd him : for that purpofe, we 
 hauled our wind towards the entrance of Owharre harbour; and when 
 off there. Dr. Gillham and I went on Ihore with him in the canoe, 
 
 G G 2
 
 2jS first missionary voyage [1797. 
 
 and, landing, walked towards his hoiife through a crowd of natives, 
 which he cautioned us to beware of, left, for the fake of our clothes, 
 they fhould fall upon us and do us mifchief : he alfo requefted we 
 might not go far from him. When he made known his intention, 
 fomc of the women wept, and his wife was much caft down, though 
 he treated her with much indifference ; indeed, he had faid that he 
 did not care what became of her. But when he took the child in 
 his arms, a moft beautiful infant about eight or nine months old, the 
 tears gliftened in his eyes, and, exprefling his forrow, he feemed divided 
 in his mind, whether to ftay in a fituation where, by reafon of their 
 wars, he faid, his life was continually in jeopardy, or extricate himfelf, 
 and leave his beloved daughter to the mercy of favages. However, 
 as he ftill intended the latter, he embarked in the canoe, and his wife 
 and child accompanied us. In the way, we afked her if fhe woidd 
 part with her child ; her reply was, " No, not for any thing." As 
 feveral natives and chiefs had colledled on board, it was fome time 
 before Connor's bufinefs could be fettled ; which alfo gave him time 
 to confider more deliberately what to do. And, as he never let the 
 child out of his arms, his affeftion preponderated, and he told the 
 captain that he found it impoffible for him to leave it ; which we 
 were all glad to hear for the infant's fake. A few ufeful articles 
 were then prefented to him, and we immediately wore Ihip and made 
 fail, whilft they returned to the fhore. 
 
 He fays, that the wars here are far more deftrudlive than at 
 Otaheite, where they will not ftand to fight ; here they are more 
 courageous, and both by pradlice and necefiity are become far more 
 fkilful. He relates, that about two or three months before our vifit, 
 the people of Huaheine (whom he is obliged to affift, or ftarve) 
 went againft the ifland of Ulietea ; and in the firft battle, after many 
 falling on both fides, the latter was defeated, and forced to fly for 
 fafety to Borabora, leaving the Huaheine men mafters of the ifland; 
 but in a fliort time fome of the vidlorious band longing after their 
 wives, returned to Huaheine; of which their enemies no fooner
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 229 
 
 heard, than they came upon them with a fupcriority of numbers, 
 killed about fifty of their beft warriors, and it was with great diffi- 
 culty that Connor and a few more got to their canoes, in which, by 
 hard paddling, they efcaped from the purfuit of their enemies. 
 Connor fliewed the mark of a wound on the back, which had been 
 deep, but was now healed ; by which I fuppofed it more than three 
 months fince this affair happened. He fays, and I believe truly, that 
 there is no end to their wars ; and that to have been once beaten was 
 confidered as a fufficient caufe for entering on frefli wars ; for, not- 
 withftanding their late misfortunes, they were preparing for another 
 attack. 
 
 Connor had not been more than five years among the iflands, in 
 which time he proves, that a man may, in all points, become a 
 heathen, and even forget his own language ; though he had fpent 
 part of that time with his fhipmates. He had alfo forgotten what 
 time had elapfed fince the wreck of the fliip , but fuppofed it to be 
 eight years, which was three years too much. Perhaps fomething 
 might be faid in excufe for him ; he never could read ; but had he 
 pofTefTed only a fmall fliare of literature, it is likely abftradt or fpe- 
 culative ideas would fometimes have arifen in his mind, to exprefs 
 which, words of his native language conncdled with fuch ideas would 
 naturally and of neceffity recur, that of the iilands being too penu- 
 rious. Add to this, that the remotenefs of his fituation from home 
 might caufe him to give up all thoughts of ever returning to his na- 
 tive country, and to think no more of cultivating or retaining thofe 
 qualities he had occafion for there. 
 
 From Huaheine we fleered to go to the northward of Otaha ; but 
 as it ; was nearly calm we made little way ; and next day at noon 
 were no farther than between Otaha and Borabora, when we obferved 
 in 16" 28'' S. A few canoes came off from both iflands ; but as it 
 was Sunday, agreeably to the rule we had invariably followed, we 
 had no intercourfe with theni; except giving a' few knives and 
 hatchets, for which we took nothing in return. Neverthclefs, as w«
 
 230 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 lay becalmed, they hung about the fliip moil of the day ; and when 
 leaving us, promiled to return on the morrow, 
 
 7th. In tlie evening the wind came from the weflward, and 
 rtrttching on the larboard tack, we faw the fmall ifland of Toubai ; 
 which at midnight bore W.N.W. and Mouroa W. by S. j and in 
 the courfe of the forenoon we palTed between the two, and north of 
 the latter, the wind at the time from S. W. by S. fqually, with 
 thick weather and conflant rain ; which continuing, we hauled the 
 fortfail up, and run under an eafy fail for the night; and next 
 morning at daylight faw Howe's iflandoff the deck, bearing S. by W. 
 
 8th. Obferved at noon in latitude 16" 45^ S. ; at the fame time faw 
 the land bearing north, and fuppofed it to be the Scilly iflands, dif- 
 covered by Wallis. We now fliaped a courfe for Palmerfton's iflands, 
 where we had fome bufinefs to do ; and on the morning of the 
 1 2th came in fight of them. Hoifling the pinnace out, we landed 
 at the fame iflet which we had formerly been upon, but by a better 
 pafTage than before. This lies a little more to the northward. On 
 this day we finiflred what we intended ; got about fix hundred cocoa- 
 nuts for the fliip's ufe, and planted (which was our main bufinefs) 
 thirty-four bread-fruit trees, eighteen plantain and feveral evee apple- 
 trees, of which there were none before on the ifland : and if they 
 flourifli, as there is fcarce a doubt but they will, the benefit of them 
 may be found by fome poor caft-away iflanders, or needy navigator. 
 At this time the tropic-birds were fitting on their eggs, and fo very 
 tame, that, had we pleafed, we might have caught many hundreds of 
 them. 
 
 1 8th. Hazy weather prevented our feeing Savage ifland. On the 
 17th we came in fight of E5oa, and next day moored fliip in the 
 harbour of Tongataboo in nine fithoms and a half, on a bottom of 
 fine black fand, Makkahah ifland bearing N.N.E. f E. and Attataa 
 N.W. I W. 
 
 Before we had anchored, George Veefon, one of the miffionaries, 
 came off, and informed us that the brethren were all well, Ifaac
 
 April] TO THE SOUTFI-SEA ISLANDS. 231 
 
 Nobs excepted ; and that, for reafons judged mod prudent, they hatl 
 feparated into fmall parties, and were now with different chiefs. 
 Bowell and Harper were together with a chief named Vaarjee, who 
 refides at a place called Ardeo, Vcefon with Mulicemar, a chief of 
 the diftrid: of Ahoge, thirty miles from Aheefo, and Cooper with 
 Mooree at Ahoge : the reft are ftill at Aheefo. But before I notice 
 our proceeding > in the fhip, it may be neceiTary to infert a few extrads 
 from the journal of the miffionaries, written linceour departure. 
 
 April 15th. We were vifited by T5ogahowe, and many others j 
 we informed them of our want of more land and timber, which he 
 inftantly faid we ftiould have ; he would fend a perfon to fliew it us, 
 and when ready it fhould be brought home for us. We were dif- 
 appointed in not being able to viiit the fhip once more, and fend 
 letters to our brethren at Otaheite. 
 
 Sunday i6th. About feven o'clock we had a prayer meeting, 
 when brother Kelfo and Shelly engaged. As we had fitted up one 
 of our cuckoo clocks, the ftriking of it excited great furprife and 
 attention among the natives, who confidered it as a fpirit, on which 
 account they would not touch it, and fuppofcd, if they ftole any 
 thing, the bird fpirit would deted: them, which was not without its 
 ufe. In the forenoon brother Buchanan preached from Jer. xxxii. 27. 
 Several of the natives were prefent, and behaved very quietly : in the 
 afternoon brother Kelfo, from 2 Theff. iii. i . John Connelly (the Irilh- 
 man) paid us a vifit, accompanied by a brother of Feenou Towago, 
 a chief who lay fick at Noogollifva ; who having heard that Ambler 
 had a day or two ago emptied a cocoa-nut into a Japan pint pot, in 
 order to drink the milk, fent his brother about fixtecn miles to beg fuch 
 a one of us ; for without it, he was afraid he ihould not get well 
 again. This requeft we inflantly complied with, and made a pro-
 
 23"- 
 
 m 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 ife to vifit him as foon as pofTible. FuttafSihe fent a meffiige by 
 Connelly, entreating us to vifit him at Moba ; but this we could not 
 comply with till we knew more of the language. Several of us 
 \\cnt out to look for the Hiip, but faw nothing of her. Our patron, 
 Toogahowe, made us a prefent to-day of three pieces of land ; two 
 uncultivated of about an acre each, and one about the fame fize well 
 ftocked with yams and banana-trees : thefe, with the enclofure 
 where our houfe ftands, make about five acres. In the evening he 
 fent us three baked hogs, a large quantity of yams, and a bundle of 
 
 cloth. 
 
 17th. Two of the brethren went to look for the fliip, but without 
 fuccefs. We fent Toogahowe a prefent of earthen-ware, two gimlets, 
 and a few nails. Soon after he fent a meffenger, requefting us to go 
 and fmg to him before he fet off for Noogollifva ; but as he was at 
 this time furrounded by fome hundreds who were drinking their 
 morning kava, we declined going, and returned anfwer, that finging 
 5vas a part of our worfhip, and we did not make a pradtice of doing 
 it at other times ; which anfwer fatisfied him. He made inquiries 
 concerning our clock ; but faid, he would not have fuch a fpirit in 
 his houfe. Brother Harper made him a prefent of three fhawls ; and 
 foon after he fent us a hog and fome yams. Some of our number were 
 employed in ftubbing up old bread-fruit trees, and otherwife preparing 
 our home enclofure for garden- feeds : the fecretary, Bowell, writing 
 a vocabulary of the language. In the afternoon the mother-in-law 
 of Ambler, with her two daughters, came to fee us ; her hufband is 
 commander in chief of the fleet of T5ogahowe, and the mofi: fkilful 
 failor on the ifland. She informed us, that if we fent to her when 
 in want of provifions, flie would readily fupply us. Glory to God, 
 we are not likely to know any want ; he gives us enough and to 
 fpare. 
 
 18th. After family worlhip we refumed our different employments. 
 Several forts of feeds were fown, and more land prepared, A chief, 
 named Cofawer, brought us a hog and fome yams, and kindly in- 
 
 1
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 233 
 
 formed us, that whenever any of us went near his rcfidence, wc 
 fliould be welcome to what his plantation afforded. To-day Ambler 
 left us to pay a vifit to Moomooe, being firft equipped by us with 
 a fuit of clothes. Cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, &c. brought us by feveral 
 people during the day. 
 
 19th. B. Ambler returned again this morning, and informed us, 
 that the old king Moomooe exprefTcd fome furprife that none of us 
 had vifited him fince our landing, nor fent him a prefent. A fer\'ant 
 from Feenou Towago accompanied Ambler; his mafter had fent him 
 to beg a fork, a plate, an oil lamp, and fome red water (port wine). 
 Some of them, it appears, had fpread abroad, that the Pappa Langa 
 Tongatas (which is the name we go by) had in their polTellion fome 
 fmall things that gave better light than the nuts ftuck on the fplinters 
 of the cocoa-nut, which they ufed ; and this had induced Towago 
 to fend for one. 
 
 In the time of relaxation from the bufinefs of the garden we met, 
 and confidered the propriety of fome of our body going to vifit 
 Moomdoe and Futtaf aihe ; when it was refolved that brothers Kelfo 
 and Buchanan fhould on Monday next accompany Ambler, and 
 carry to each a prefent. 
 
 20th. Early this morning John Connelly took his leave to return 
 to Futtaf aihe, with whom he refides ; with him went the fervant of 
 Towago with the fpecified prefents for his mafter. Our friend 
 Mytyle came, and requefted one of us to fhave him ; which done, 
 he'fet off for Eooa, of which ifland he is the fupreme chief. 
 
 Our clock excites wondrous attention. Every tool we make ufe of 
 attradls the notice of the fpediators, with which we are commonly 
 furrounded. Many of them will mutter out bitter regret and re- 
 fledlions on their own country, becaufe fo ignorant of the ingenious 
 arts with which we are acquainted. A poor obje(5l, with ulcers 
 round her wrifts of long ftanding, applied to us ; and in about two 
 months we happily were able to cure her. 
 
 H H
 
 aj4 
 
 Dc firing to 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 prepare a forge, we endeavoured to form moulds for 
 
 brick : and to procure lime, we attempted to burn fliells, which 
 abound ; but found no con\'enicnt mode : we were able, however, to 
 obtain fomc from the natives, who ufe it to change the colour of 
 their hair, and dive for the flone in deep water, which they afterwards 
 burn. We Hiall no doubt, in time, be furniftied with thefe things 
 fufficient to fupply our wants. 
 
 21 ft. We were vifitcd to-day by feveral, who brought fmall pre- 
 fcnts of fruit, &c. Leboolo, a petty chief, came in the afternoon. 
 This man is accounted the firft fpearman in the country, on whicli 
 account Toogahowe has made him his chief warrior. 
 
 2 2d. In the courfe of this week we have dug and planted about a 
 fixth part of our home plantation ; feveral old trees have been taken 
 up, and an enclofure made for our hogs. Every employment we 
 engage in excites the attention of the natives, who are frequently fo 
 troublefome, that we are neceffitated to drive them away. Found the 
 mufquitoes very unpleafant j fome confined with fore feet, attended 
 with ffreat itchinfr. 
 
 Sunday 23d. As ufual we had a prayer meeting this morning. 
 About eight o'clock John Connelly paid us a vifit, bringing a fine 
 hog and fome yams from Futtafaihe, who had alfo commiffioned 
 him to make us an offer of any iflet we fhould choofe among thofc 
 which lie fcattered about Tongataboo, as feveral of them are his. Fifli 
 are in great plenty at thefe iflets, and during the hungry feafon will 
 be peculiarly ufcful to us. At half paft ten brother Buchanan dif- 
 courfed from John, i. : before he concluded, an old chief, named 
 Attar, came with fome kava and a bunch of bananas ; lie and 
 his attendants fat quietly till the fervice was over ; after which, being 
 told the day was facred, he apologized for difturbing us, and took 
 leave. In the afternoon brother Kelfo preached from Luke, xxii. 
 An inftance of a religious nature occurred to-day — the admiral of 
 the fleet fet fail for Feejee in a large double canoe to fetch a fpirit (an
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. ajs 
 
 idol), as they term it, to cure old Mooniooe, who lies at the point 
 of death ; and long before the canoe returns, which cannot be in lefs 
 than two months, he muft be departed, and part the fpirit's charm. 
 Oh may the time be haftened when they (hall turn from thefe vanities 
 to ferve the living God ! 
 
 24th. Early this morning brothers Kelfo and Buchanan went 
 with John Connelly to pay a vifit to Futtafaihe and Moomooe at 
 Noogollifva. The weather proving very warm, little work was 
 done without doors. A fifter of Feenou Towago, named Onoadaier, 
 came to fee us, and in the afternoon fhe fent us fome hoti, Hoti is 
 a difli very much in requeft among the chiefs, and is made in the 
 following manner : they firfl pour cocoa-nut milk into a wooden 
 bowl, then fcrape out the kernel with a flicU j gee root is bruifcd into 
 the milk, and remains till the latter has imbibed a delicious fwcetncfs 
 from it ; the root is then taken out of the milk, and the kernel mixed 
 up with it, which we found a very rich mefs. Harper vifited 
 Moomooe's fiatooka,. about half a mile from the miffionary houfe at 
 Bunghye, a beautiful folitary place furrounded by toa and other trees, 
 on which hung vaft multitudes of bats as big as crows, called by 
 the natives beaker. Here he faw two houfes ; in one there was a 
 quantity of fpears and warlike implements, facred to the Odooa, or 
 fpirit; in the other an image of a goddefs, called Fyega ; to whom 
 they pray for a favourable fcafon for making cloth. 
 
 25th. Onoadaier paid us another vifit this morning, and made 
 us a mefs of hoti j which being done in our own houfe, gave us an 
 opportunity of noticing the great cleanlinefs which they obferve in 
 their cookery. In the afternoon we were vifited by a young chief 
 from Leefooka, called by Captain Cook, Leefooga; it is one ot the 
 Hapae, or Harby iflands. His name is Foonogge, and he is one of the 
 finefl made men we have yet feen. As Ambler has been frequently 
 with him, he has learnt feveral Englilli words, which the young 
 man fpeaks very plain. He indeed difcovcred a furprifmg facility 
 to learn any word or letter which we fpoke, or pointed out to him. 
 
 H H 2
 
 236 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [i797. 
 
 26th. During the night we had copious fliowers of rain, and the 
 wind blew frelli. About eight o'clock a chief brought us a pig and 
 twenty fine yams ; in return for which we gave him a few articles 
 of earthen-ware. A fhort time after we received a fimilar prefent. 
 About ten o'clock brothers Buchanan and Kelfo returned from 
 Noogollifva, bringing with them fugar-cane, drefled filh, pork, and 
 
 yams. 
 
 The following is a brief narration of their excurfion : " At half pall 
 fix we took our departure from Goloobaloo, and after wading about 
 three quarters of a mile upon the beach got into a canoe, in which 
 were three of Futtafaihe's fervants to convey us to Noogollifva : 
 wind and tide being againfl: us, we landed about five miles from our 
 journey's end, and walking about an hour we came to the refidence 
 of Feenou Toogahowe, who, furrounded by a circle of attendants, 
 was taking his morning's kava. When we had gone through the 
 iifual falutations, and made him a prefent, we proceeded to fee his 
 father, and found him removed to a new habitation, which was not 
 quite finifhcd ; but twelve or fourteen men being at work upon it, 
 they completed it foon after our arrival. Poor Moomooe feemed 
 dangeroufly ill, and was furrounded by feveral of his wives, the 
 oldefl of whom is devoted to be flrangled at his death. He feemed 
 very well pleafed with the prefent we made him ; a piece of foap 
 was a part of it, which when he faw, he exprefled a wifh to be 
 fhaved, and was much gratified when it was done. Soon after this 
 we were furnifhed with a mefs of fifh, yams, &c. 
 
 About ten o'clock we went to Futtaf aihe, whom we found giving 
 orders to get a large double canoe into a boat-houfe, fituated about 
 twenty yards from high-water mark. He received us with great, 
 affability and good-nature, bidding us welcome, and apologized for 
 the meannefs of the habitation, alfo for the fmallnefs of the prefents 
 he had fent us ; the reafon of which, he faid, was our living at fo' 
 great a diftance from him. He received the prefent we made him 
 with much good-humour, and without the avidity fo remarkable in
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 237 
 
 many others. When we had partaken of the refrcfhments he had 
 provided, he took us to the beach, and flievvcd us fcveral iflands, any 
 of which, he faid, were at our fervice; but he advifed againft going 
 to examine them this afternoon, on account of the roughncfs of the 
 weather. Therefore, having a httle time on our hands, we vifited 
 feveral other chiefs ; and being at laft fcnt for by Toogahowe, we 
 immediately waited upon him in company with Connelly, and found 
 upon our arrival, that Moomooe had fent us a large baked hog and 
 fome yams. The hog was inftantly cut up with a fplinter of bam- 
 boo, and, together with the yams, divided among the chiefs who 
 were prefent ; and when we had fpcnt a proper time here we returned 
 again to Futtaf aihe, who had got a fowl ready dreffed for us : and 
 thus it was wherever we went, plentiful provifion was made. When 
 we had fupped we retired to reft, but were rather diflurbed by fome 
 old women, who were employed the whole night in beating the legs 
 of Futtafaihe. Next morning we rofe before daylight, intending to 
 vifit the iflands and make choice of one of them, but were de- 
 tained for fome time by a mifunderftanding of Futtaf aihe's orders. 
 However, as the chief had been fent for to pay his laft vifit to 
 Moomooe, fuppofed to be dying, by Connelly's exertions we em- 
 barked in two canoes, with three natives in each to paddle us. After 
 fome time we landed at a place called Hollifva, where we were 
 fhewn a well, which they informed us was dug by Captain Cook : 
 it is the largeft and deepeft we have feen in the country, but the water 
 is bad, and the land contiguous to it much encumbered with un- 
 derwood. Thence croiTmg a creek, we came to an ifland called 
 Noogonoogo : here we breakfafted upon fifli and baked plantains at 
 the firft houfe we came tO; after which we made a tour round the 
 ifland, and found it, like that at Hollifva, abounding with under- 
 wood ; but it had' a few plantations in good order, which feemed to 
 have coft the natives much labour, on which account we refufcd to 
 accept of it.
 
 438 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 We therefore embarked again, and crofled to another, called Mak- 
 kahah: this we found well ftored with cocoa-nuts, plantains, bread- 
 fruit, and fugar-cane, alfo good frefh water. Upon the beach we 
 found a curious coral rock, much refembling the ftump of an old 
 tree, about five feet high and four thick; it was full of holes, in 
 which were a great number of w^ater-fnakes. The natives forbad 
 us to hurt them, and would fcarce fuffer them to be touched, faying 
 they were agees; which led us to fuppofe they were facred animals. 
 Thefe fnakes were about thirty inches long : the body, from head to tail, 
 is in circles of black and white alternately, each about half an inch 
 broad ; along the top of the back is a beautiful ultramarine blue. 
 Though not venomous, the natives reprefent them as dangerous, and 
 fay they will kill a man by twilling round his neck and biting a hole 
 in his throat. We next examined another fmall ifland, called Faffaa, 
 where was plenty of bread-fruit, but little of any thing elfe j there- 
 fore, on our return, we made choice of Makkahah, and the few na- 
 tives, about thirty in number, became our tenants j from whom we 
 could afterwards draw whatever we w^anted of the produce, or de- 
 mand their fiih, if we chofe it ; or improve the ifland, by making 
 what alterations in it we pleafed. We found Futtafaihe ftill with 
 Moomooe ; he expreffed his approbation of our choice in a very 
 obliging manner, and informed us farther, that he had fet three men to 
 fit cordage to a fingle failing canoe, which he intended for our ufe. 
 Moomooe was now incapable of turning himfelf, and appeared to be 
 haftening fall to diffolution j neverthelefs he defired us to fend him 
 a cuckoo clock, and a few of our number to fing pfalms for 
 him. We were greatly fliocked with the behaviour of Toogahowe, 
 who two days ago had caufed a young man (his own younger 
 brother) to be llrangled, that his father might recover. The vidim 
 he had buried within a few yards of the houfe where we were, and 
 he now came to mourn over him, which he did by fitting upon the 
 grave with his elbows upon his knees, and covering his face with
 
 April.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 239 
 
 his hands remained a long time in filence, and then departed very 
 thoughtful. After fupper Futtafaihe went to fit up with Moomooc, 
 and we retired to reft ; and early next morning embarking in a canoe, 
 got home about nine o'clock." 
 
 27th. It had rained hard during the night, which prevented us 
 from working in the day. A prefent of a turtle and fome yams came 
 from Noogollifva in Moomooe's name : this is efteemed a valuable 
 prefent in this country. Several of our garden-feeds have now made 
 their appearance, and look exceedingly well ; but the rats and mice are 
 very deftrucflive : our crops of peas have fallen a prey to their ravages, 
 and we are afraid the beans will Ihare the fame fate, except we find 
 fome means to deftroy or drive away thefe vermin. A blind chief 
 vifited us to-day. 
 
 28th. Weather ftill wet. Great numbers of people are daily 
 coming into our neighbourhood, bringing cloth, hogs, yams, &c. 
 to be difpofed of at the funeral of Moomooe, whofe death is hourly 
 expeded. Temporary huts are conftruding in every convenient 
 place near to Bunghye, which was the ufual refidence of the king 
 (Moomooe), and where his fiatooka is, which ftands about half a 
 mile from our houfe. A young woman arrived at our houfe this 
 morning, and gave an affeding account of the fate of one of 
 Moomooe's fons. The youth, it feems, lived at fome diftance from 
 Noogollifva, where the father lies fick, and by order of whom he was 
 fcnt for, under pretence of having his little fingers cut off, a cuftom 
 common here, and done with a view to appeafe the anger of the 
 Odooa, that the fick perfon m.ay recover, but, in fadl, that he might 
 be ftrangled. Upon the arrival of Colelallo he was faluted in a 
 cordial manner by his elder brother Toogahowe, and foon after went 
 to fee his father, whofe attendants feized upon him with a view to 
 ftrangle him inftantly, when he, guefTing their intention, fail, if 
 they would ufe gentler means he would fubmit to his father's will ; 
 but they continuing their violence, he by a great exertion beat them 
 off. Three feejee men were then called, and thefe bemg joined by a
 
 2^0 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 filler of the unfortunate Colelallo, they accompliflied his death. 
 Alas, how dreadful the darknefs that envelopes the minds of thofe 
 poor heathens ! The prince of darknefs has imprefled the idea on 
 them, that the ftrength of the perfon ftrangled will be transferred 
 into the fick, and recover him. Oh, when ihall the happy period 
 come when they Hiall fay, What have we to do any more with idols ? 
 29th. Foonogge paid us a vifit this morning, and after him came 
 our friend Mytyle, who informed us that Moom5oe had departed 
 this life about four o'clock this morning. The people who paffed 
 from Noogollifva, with their faces bruifed, and blood running down 
 their cheeks, were numerous : inllead of cloth they wore matting 
 round them, and a twig of the chefnut-tree about their necks j this, 
 it feems, is their mourning drefs. About one o'clock Toogahowc 
 arrived; and foon after Ambler, accompanied by brother Bowell, went 
 to fee him. He was fitting in a fmall neat houfe, giving orders to 
 feveral chiefs who fat around him, concerning the procuring the vafl 
 fupplies of hogs, &c. that will be confumed at the funeral. About 
 three o'clock the body of the deceafed king was carried paft our houfe, 
 at a fmall diftance from the beach ; it was laid on a kind of bier made 
 of the boughs of trees, and fupported by about, twenty men : feveral 
 relatives of the deceafed preceded the corpfe in their mourning drefTes, as 
 above; fome of them had cut their heads with fhark's teeth, and the 
 blood was running in dreams down their faces. Behind the corpfe 
 was a multitude of people of both fexes. A female chief called 
 Fefene Duatonga, who is very corpulent, was carried on a kind of 
 frame made of two long bamboos, between which fhe fat on a piece 
 of matting, and was borne by four men. Near her Futtafaihe 
 walked ; and next them two women, who were devoted to be 
 ftrangled at the funeral : one was weeping, but the other appeared 
 little concerned; they both were wives of the deceafed. Some of us 
 followed them to the fiatooka, near which they depofited the body 
 for the prefent, in a houfe carried thither for the purpofe, and which 
 was hung round with black cloth. This fiatooka is fituated on a
 
 May.] To the SOUTII-SEA. ISLANDS. a+i 
 
 fpot of ground about" four acres. A mount rifes with a gentle flopc 
 about feven feet, and is about one hundred and twenty yards in cir- 
 cumference at the bafe ; upon the top ftands a houfe neatly made, 
 which is about thirty feet long, and half that in width. The roof 
 is thatched, and the fides and ends left open. In the middle of this 
 houfe is the grave, the fides, ends, and bottom of which are of coral 
 ftone, with a cover of the fame : the floor of the houfe is of fmall 
 ftones. The etoa and other trees grow round the fiatooka. 
 
 To the left of the tomb, and without the enclofure, fat about four 
 hundred people : the major part of them were men, for whom yava 
 was brewing. Oppofite to thefe were placed five large roafted hogs, 
 twenty baflcets of roafted yams, and about one hundred pieces of mai 
 (or mahie), the four pafte. A few paces from the provifions fat feven 
 or eight men, who were tabooed, and exempt from cutting themfelves. 
 One of thefe gave orders concerning the difpofal of the hogs, yams, 
 and yava ; all that drank of the latter were mentioned by name, by a 
 perfon appointed to that office by Fefene Duatonga, who now feemed 
 to have the management of the funeral. They did not forget us; 
 but in dealing out the liquor fent us each a part, which wc gave to 
 the natives who fat by us. Perfons of both fexes feated themfelves in 
 different parts of the ground, beating their faces dreadfully; and after 
 having emptied two bowls of yava, difperfed. 
 
 30th. During the night great numbers of people were pafTing and 
 repaffing. Preaching by brothers Buchanan and Kelfo. Many of 
 the natives crowded round our gate, and a few were admitted. Pre- 
 parations for the funeral were carried on with unremitting diligence 
 by the natives. 
 
 May I ft. Three roafted hogs were fent us this morning, one 
 from Fefene Duatonga, one from Toogahowe, and the other from 
 Feenou Lucalullo. Jn return we fent a prefent to Toogahovve only ; it 
 confifted of a cooper's adze, an auger, a gouge, three gimlets, a 
 plane, two chifTels, &c. Several ftrangers came to gratify their cu- 
 rio/ity during the day, great numbers of whom ftood without the 
 
 I I
 
 „4i FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 fence, noticing all our adions, Fiittafaihe paid us a vifit this morning 
 for the firfl time fmce we have been on fliore ; one of the brethren 
 (havcd him, and whihl he was doing it the natives were afraid any of 
 the hair fliould fall to the ground, in which cafe not one of them 
 would dare to cat under the roof again; however, no accident of that 
 kind happened. Great preparations are making at Bunghye for the 
 funeral; people flocking from all quarters with hogs, fruit, cloth, 
 fpears, and clubs. 
 
 2d, The crowd in our neighbourhood is prodigious, and alarming 
 to us ; and we are informed they are likely to make a flay of two or 
 three months, in which time He alone who reigns on high knows 
 what exceffes they may run into towards us. 
 
 As the funeral was to take place to-day, brother Bowell went with 
 Ambler to Bunghye to fee the ceremony, and found about four thou- 
 fand perfons fitting round the place where the fiatooka flands. A few 
 minutes after our arrival we heard a great fhouting and blowing of 
 conch-fhells at a fmall diftance ; foon after about an hundred men ap- 
 peared, armed with clubs and fpears, and rufliing into the area, 
 beg^an to cut and manele themfelves in a mofl dreadful manner : 
 many fl:ruck their heads violently with their clubs ; and the blows, 
 which might be heard thirty or forty yards off, they repeated till the 
 blood ran down in flreams. Others who had fpears, thruft them 
 through their thighs, arms, and cheeks, all the while calling on 
 the deceafed in a mofl affedling manner. A native of Feejee, who 
 had been a fervant of the deceafed, appeared quite frantic ; he entered 
 the area with fire in his hand, and having previoufly oiled his hair, 
 fet it on fire, and ran about with it all on flame. When they had 
 fatisfied themfelves with this manner of torment, they fat down, beat 
 their faces with their fifls, and then retired. A fecond party went 
 through the fame cruelties ; and after them a third entered, fhouting 
 and blowing the fliells ; four of the foremofl held flones which they 
 ufed to knock out their teeth; thofe who blew the fliells cut their 
 heads with them in a Ihocking manner. A man that had a fpear run
 
 May.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 243 
 
 it through his arm juft above the elbow, and with it flicking fafl ran 
 about the area for feme time. Another, who feemed to be a principal 
 chief, ailed as if quite bereft of his fenfcs ; he ran to every corner of 
 the area, and at each ftation beat his head with a club till the blood 
 flowed down his fhoulders. After this brother Bowell, fliockcd, and 
 unable to bear the fcene any longer, returned home. Futtaf aihe alfo 
 came to our dwelling, and flayed about two hours. At two o'clock 
 in the afternoon four of us went to the fiatooka, where the natives of 
 both fexes were ftill at the dreadful work of cutting and mangling 
 themfelves. We had not been long there before we heard at a 
 diftance, low but expreflive founds of the deepeft forrow and lament- 
 ation : this was a party of about one hundred and forty women 
 marching in fingle file, bearing each a bafket of fand ; eighty men 
 followed in the fame manner, with each two bafliets of coral fand, 
 and fung, as they marched, words importing, *' This is a blcfling to 
 " the dead;" and were anfwered in refponfes by the women. 
 Another company of women brought a large quantity of cloth, and 
 anfwered in their turn to the above refponfes. Thus thefe three bands 
 walked towards the tomb, filling or covering that part of the mount 
 between the houfe and the place where the corpfe lay, and the grave, 
 with fine mats and cloth j after which, fevcn men blew conch-lhells, 
 whilfl others fung in a doleful flrain exprefTive of the moft heart-felt 
 grief. The corpfe was now conveyed to the grave upon a large bale 
 of black cloth, with which, and fine mats, they covered it. The 
 bearers, as they went, walked ftooping low, and carrying the bale in 
 their hands. Whilfl thefe fervices were performing, a company of 
 men and women came into the area, and cut themfelves dreadfully. 
 After them another file of females, nineteen in number, brought 
 each a bag of their mofl valuable articles j and twenty-one more had 
 each a fine mat in their hands, all of which they depofitcd in the 
 tomb, being, as they call it, a prefent for the dead ; and immediately 
 after came a prefent from Toogahowe, confifling of thirty-five bales 
 of cloth, each bale carried by four men on a frame. After the pre- 
 
 I I 3
 
 2^^ FIRST jSIISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 fcnts another party of niournsrs entered the area, fixtecn of whom had' 
 recently cut their little fingers off: thefe were followed by another 
 party with clubs and fpears, who beat themfelves as before defcribed, 
 and disfigured their faces with cocoa-nut hulks fixed on the knuckles 
 of both hands. We noticed that thofe who had held offices, or were 
 related to the dcccafcd, were the mofl cruel to themfelves ; fome of 
 whom thrult two, three, and even four fpears into their arms, and fo 
 danced round the area, and fome broke the ends of the fpears in their 
 flcfh. The grave was covered with a hewn ftone about eight feet 
 long, four broad, and one thick : this ftone they had fufpended with 
 two large ropes, which went round two flrong piles drove into the 
 ground at the end of the houfe, and thence led to the area, where 
 about two hundred men held by them ; and whilft they lowered 
 it flowly, women and children wept aloud, or fung words importing, 
 *' My father, my father ! the befl of chiefs, &c." More cloth w-as 
 then brought to be put into the tomb ; and another party entered, and 
 abufed themfelves as before. After thefe paroxyfms of grief they fat 
 awhile in filence ; and when they had pulled the rope clear off the 
 flone which covered the grave, thofe on the mount gave a great fhout, 
 which was anfwered by a general tearing of the leaves from the necks 
 of all prefent; after which they difperfed. 
 
 3d. Several flrangers vifited us this morning, many of whom 
 are chiefs of confiderable influence : from them we receiA^ed a few 
 fmall prefents. The dreadful work of cutting and manghng was 
 again renewed to-day with frefli vigour by the natives ; but on re- 
 fledion we did not think proper to go, and countenance by our pre- 
 fcnce the cruel cufloms of this poor deluded people. Except being 
 crowded by natives round our enclofure, nothing material occurred on 
 the two following days ; but to prevent mifchief as much as in us 
 lay, we watched at nights, two at a time, though, thank God, we 
 have not as yet been molefled ; and our friend Toogahowe has threat- 
 ened with death any man that fhould be detcded in robbing us. 
 
 4th. Ambler, who had received from us various articles of
 
 jsiay.] to the south-sea islands. 245 
 
 wearing appard, and a box to fecure them, pretended to be robbed by 
 the natives, and contrived to have the empty box brought back ; but 
 v/e fufpc'died the cheat. He beat one of the women he lived with in- 
 humanly, who ran away, and the friends of the other carried her off; 
 yet though this fellow was fo wicked, he rendered us confiderable 
 fervice by inftrudling us in the language, as alfo did a young chief 
 named Fynogge. 
 
 6th. Took a walk to Mooco, a fine elevated fpot near the beach, 
 ^^•ith houfes and enclofures, belonging to Fejnoa Towago, who lay 
 Tick. V/e {laid with him about four hours. He made us a prefent of a 
 fine American dog, an animal of which we flood in need. We re- 
 ceived alfo a prefent from a great chief of the Harby iflands. 
 
 On our way we obferved the country, and the manner of fencing 
 and cultivating their lands. It is in general level, laid out in fields 
 or fmaller enclofures, called abbeys, and fome ftill lefs, which fur- 
 round the houfes, called Iad5res, Their fences are reed, fet in a 
 trench, plaited clofe, and faftened to flakes on the infide, which 
 ftrike root and grow : they contain banana-trees, or yams, fet in 
 rows three feet afunder, which were now ripe; between the rows the 
 3'ava root was cultivated, or the talloo, another efculent root; but 
 they left the uncultivated parts very foul, and overgrown with weeds 
 and grafs. Their mode of working is to fquat down on their hams, 
 and hoe the ground with an inftrument of hard wood, about five feet 
 long, narrow, with fharp edges, and pointed; with this alfo they 
 dig it up. 
 
 In the evening Benjamin Ambler made ufe of very improper language 
 to the brethren, and defired them to quit the abbey, and to fow no more 
 feeds. On this we applied to our friend and patron Toogahowe; 
 Mytyle, who has rendered us fo many kind offices, accompanied us, 
 Toogahowe received us very cordially, faid he loved us and all our 
 brethren, and immediately gave us a pig and twenty fine yams ; and 
 when he had heard our complaint was very angry, and fent im- 
 mediately for Ambler, who came,, and notwithftanding his cndca-
 
 246 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 vours to palliate what he had faid, he received a fevere reproof from 
 the chief, who told him that he had no right to our houfe, nor any 
 thint? about us, and dcfired he would let us alone in future. 
 
 7th. This forenoon Futtafaihe, accompanied by two of his 
 tuckongers (or counfellors), came, and ftaid about an hour with us, 
 then took their leave. 
 
 About ten A. M. brother Buchanan preached from Heb. xii. i. ; 
 in the afternoon brother Kelfo from Cant. i. and afterwards ad- 
 miniflered the Lord's fupper. As few of the natives were permitted 
 within the enclofure, we were enabled to wait on the God of our fal- 
 vation without diftrad:ion. 
 
 8th. Our friend Toogahowe, attended by a numerous retinue, ' 
 brought us two pieces of cloth, and a fpade which we had given him 
 the week before j he now wanted it cut in pieces, to make fmall iron 
 tools ; this was done, and as the grindftone had been fitted up, they 
 were alfo fharpened for him : having fome yava root by us, we gave it 
 to him, fothat while the bufinefs of the fpade was going on, they re- 
 galed themfelves over a bowl, and afterwards departed much pleafed. 
 Futtafaihe came to-day likewife, and brought with him a fine turtle. 
 More than twenty large double canoes arrived from the Harby iflands, 
 carrying upwards of fifty perfons each : in one of them was Morgan 
 Bryan, an Irifhman, the former flaipmate of Ambler and Connelly : 
 he had heard of our arrival fo early as about the time the Iliip failed. 
 As foon as he landed he came and flaid fome time, but during our 
 interview gave fuch fpecimens of depravity as excited a wifli for him 
 never more to come under our roof. A writine-book forgotten at ' 
 Feenou Toogahowe's his wife firft denied, and then produced ftripped 
 of moft of the leaves. 
 
 9th. Several chiefs came to fee us this morning, and brought tools 
 to be fharpened. Morgan came again to fee us, and to our grief we 
 are likely to have much of his company. Provifions in abundance 
 are ftill brought to Bunghye from all parts of the country. Strangers 
 likewife are vifiting the fiatooka of Moomooe, where they continue the
 
 May.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 247 
 
 cruel mourning ceremony, but not fo much now as a few days ago. 
 Morgan, who had in the morning requcfted iron tools of us, which 
 we did not think proper to give, took the liberty, in concert with 
 Ambler, to upbraid us, and to ufe fuch language as much hurt our 
 minds. Ambler well knew that our ftock of tools was much reduced, 
 yet he did not fcruple to fay, that, unlefs we complied with his rc- 
 quefl:, he would, before ten days elapfed, adopt means to fatisfy hini- 
 felf ; and with this threat walked off. May He who has faid, " Be 
 " not difmayed, I am thy God," protedt us with his almighty 
 power from the machinations of thofe wicked men ! 
 
 loth. About five A. M. brother Kelfo being on watch difcovered 
 a man creeping through the fence ; he immediately ftruck the thief, 
 and repeated his blows till the man ran off. Mytyle being acquainted 
 with it, was very forry the fellow was not killed. A fifter of 
 Toogahowe's, named Feenou Allawallo, fent us a fine hog and 
 eight balkets of yams, and feveral of her family followed, and ftaid 
 moft of the afternoon, which was rainy. In the evening Toogahowe 
 came himfelf, with a chief from Harby ; before he departed he re- 
 ceived a coverlid from one of the brethren, with which he was highly 
 gratified. 
 
 nth. John Connelly informs us, that while the chiefs fat over 
 the yava bowl this morning, he overheard them laying plans to em- 
 brace the firft opportunity to deprive us of all our poffcffions, but that 
 they waited the return of the fliip, when they hoped we fhould receive 
 more articles. The truth of this report we have no reafon to doubt, 
 as we know there is not a man on the ifland but would tell us upon 
 inquiry, that they are " matde monucka," that is to fliy, " dying 
 •' in love for our things." This information gave us no fmall un- 
 eafinefs, and led us to inquire what fleps were proper to be taken at 
 this critical juncture, and which was the path of duty. We knew 
 not the way of proceeding they might take to effed: their purpofe ; 
 but as favages generally work themfelves up to fury on occafions of 
 enterprife, we had but little hope that they would regard our lives.-
 
 j^3 nilST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 After debating the iubjcdl, we concluded the fafefl: plan ^^•ould be, to 
 fcparatc, and, going two together, put ourfelves under the protedlion 
 of the greatelt chiefs, and place our property alfo under their care ; by 
 wliich means we might fccurc our perfons, and, at leafl, fave our 
 books ; but that we might have one place whereat to meet and com- 
 mune together, it was judged proper that four of our mimber Iliould 
 remain with Toogahowe. 
 
 In the afternoon brothers Bowcll and Veefon, accompanied by 
 Connelly, went in qucit of Toogahowe, who feemed to difcover 
 little concern when he heard of our circumftanccs ; but wifhed that 
 he might have his fliare of the property, if we did feparate. Ort 
 this we invited him to our habitation, and opened every box to his 
 view, from every one of which he took fomething, by way of tithe, 
 and departed fatisficd. 
 
 I 2th. The night paffed quietly, and but few of the natives came 
 near our fence ; however, the alarm of yeflerday was by no means 
 quelled. Toogahowe wifhed for us all to remain with him, the mo- 
 tives for which we could eaiily fee through ; it appearing evident that 
 he hoped to receive fomething confiderable on the return of the fhip. 
 But the more we weighed the fubjecfl, the more were we perfuaded 
 of the impropriety of remaining together. We had witnelTed a great 
 wafte of provifions at the recent ceremonies, and which, by the 
 daily influx of ftrangers, was likely to continue j this we were cer- 
 tain would be feverely felt in the fcarce feafon, which was fafl ap- 
 proaching. We had many articles in our poffeffion which would 
 engage their affeiflion and friendfhip. Except we feparated, we were 
 likely to be the principal fuflferers, it being much eaiier for a chief 
 to provide for two or four than for ten j befides, we had hopes of 
 acquiring the language with greater facility. We therefore waited 
 again upon Toogahowe, and acquainted him with our refolution : 
 he feemed willing we fhould do as we pleafcd ; but only feemed fo, 
 for we knew he was inwardly vexed about it. A chief named Mu- 
 licemar was fpoken to, who agreed to take any two of our number.
 
 May.] to THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 249 
 
 We next addrefled Feenou Allawallo ; flie is accounted the grcatefl 
 chief of her family, is the fiftcr of Toogahowe and mother of Feenou 
 Towago. She faid tliat fhe would gladly take two of us, but that 
 her brother was averfe to our leaving him : that, as we had landed 
 under his proted:ion, he wiflied us to remain fo; and that he would 
 account the chief his enemy who attempted to entice us from him. 
 On this account fhe advifed us only to vifit the chiefs at their houfes, 
 where we m'ght make our flay long or fliort, and fo return again ; and 
 that at her houfe we fhould be always welcome. This advice we at 
 prefent adopted, and we rcfolved to wait as we were. 
 
 A great heiva or mai was performed at the fiatooka of Moomooe ; 
 firfl by women in their befl garments and finefl mats : pieces of our 
 cloth or filk were added as ornaments ; the perfumed cocoa-nut oil 
 dropping from their hair. Two drums, and a vocal concert of men 
 /itting round, accompanied the women, who alfo fung and danced, 
 performing different evolutions in a moft graceful manner. An old 
 chief at intervals called out, " Fyfogce," or, Encore j and fometimcs 
 " Marea," or. Well done. 
 
 Great preparations were made this morning for what they call a 
 mai, which was intended to be celebrated in the evening by women. 
 Upwards of one hundred and thirty hogs were roafted, and, with 
 three hundred baikets of yams, were diflributed by Toogahowe. 
 Seven hogs and as many bafkets of yams were fent us by different 
 perfons. Our vilitors of rank were numerous. 
 
 As they are always in fearch for iron, a thief contrived to fleal 
 our wafh-tub, took the hoops off, and concealed the flaves in the 
 grafs. Thus we were deprived of the only utenfil we polfefled of 
 this kind. 
 
 14th. Divine fervice by brother Buchanan, from Heb. xii. 2.: 
 afternoon, by brother Kelfo, from Rom. vi. 23. 
 
 To-day Toogahowe was veiled with the name and authority of 
 Dugonagaboola, in the room of his father, Moomooe, deccafcd. His 
 name was now changed from Feenou Toogahowe to that of Talliata- 
 
 K K
 
 250 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [•797- 
 
 boo, the god of their f:imily ; and we undcrftand that none of his 
 fubjcds mufl: in future addrefs liim hy his former name, on pain of 
 
 death. 
 
 15th. Vaharta, a chief, vifited us, and brought us a hog, twenty 
 
 yams, &c. 
 
 1 6th to the 2ifl:. On Monday night we had a fevere tempeft, 
 with copious fhowers of rain. Strangers ftill arc coming from the 
 Harby iflands and Vavao ; many of whom, as they arrive, go to 
 the fiatooka, ami pay their tribute of refped to the deceafed, by cruel 
 inflidions on their own bodies. The fcenes of joy and mourn- 
 ing now occupy their whole time : at prefent the diverlions of the 
 women prevail ; and in a few days the men will commence theirs. 
 Thofe who come from diftant parts of this ifland are returning home, 
 on account of the difficulty of getting food at Bunghye. The diver- 
 fions and ceremonies, we fuppofe, will yet laft fome weeks, in which 
 time we cannot exped to make much improvement in our land. 
 
 On Sunday the 21ft, brother Buchanan difcourfed from his former 
 text; brother Kelfo, from Col. ii. 12. 
 
 22d. Prepared a piece of ground for turnips, which thrive better 
 than any other feeds. Set fome peas and beans ; thofe we firfl planted 
 were in blow in about two months. The peas were chiefly deftroyed 
 by the rats, which abound here. Walked over the weftern part of 
 the ifland, not more than a mile acrofs. The fhore rocky ; a heavy 
 furf upon it. Obferved the natives amufing themfelves with fwim- 
 ming in the furf, and carried on the top of the wave ; this fport 
 they call faneefo. 
 
 The men have begun their diverfions at Moomooe's fiatooka, and 
 praftife morning and evening in different parties, under different 
 chiefs. Next Sunday is fixed for the cartonga lahie, or great 
 toomai i after which, we are informed, niany of the people will dif- 
 perfe, of which we fhall be heartily glad. 
 
 28th. The great toomai was performed by men dreffed in their 
 fincft robes, and mats ornamented with feathers, beads, fhells, &c. ;
 
 May.] to THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 251 
 
 the drums called tarraffe founding, accompanied by a chorus of per- 
 formers finging, and holding in their hands an inftrumcnt like a 
 paddle, called dobochc, about two feet and a half long, with a Ihort 
 handle ; making curious flourilhes, with correfponding motions, and 
 different attitudes ; thofe around them joining in the chorus. They 
 began in three lines, and fliiifted by various evolutions, till thofe in 
 the rear became the front, moving in exad: time, and with a graceful 
 ftep. Some of our number make a practice of viliting one or other 
 of the great chiefs every day, by whom we are treated with much 
 affedion, and they offer us any thing in their poflclTion. They take 
 great pains, and difplay much ingenuity, in endeavouring to make 
 us underftand their language. Through the week we have had a 
 moft liberal fxipply of provifions fent us, and have eleven hogs in 
 our fty, more than we well know how to feed. Maintained our ufual 
 worship ; brother Buchanan fpoke from Heb. xij. 2. Kelfo from 
 Col. ii. 13. 
 
 29th. Two of our brethren being invited by Futtafaihe to Mooa, 
 they fet off, and overtook him in about two miles, having refted 
 with his party to take their morning draught of kava : they purfued 
 their journey in company. The Dooatonga being unwell was carried 
 by four porters, on a kind of litter. They proceeded not in the direct 
 road by the beach, but turned to the right inland, and flopped at the 
 largefl houfe they had feen in the ifland, being one hundred and 
 eighteen feet by fifty-fix, and neatly thatched ; it is called Naffoola, 
 and is about fix miles from ours. Here they refled about three hours, 
 during which they took a turn to Lego, as they call the weftern part 
 of the ifland, faw much land cultivated for yams, but more negledled 
 and overgrown with weeds. There were vaft groves of cocoa-nuts, 
 which grew on the bare rocks, even to the edge of the cliffs. 
 Below was i^ delightful fpring gufliing out of a rocky cavern, into 
 which, at high water, the fea flows. In the evening they went to 
 Togamaloolo, a beautiful fpot at a little diflancc from the road, where 
 
 K K 2 
 
 t
 
 2^2 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 they flcpt. Before the hoiife was a large green area, and on each fide 
 a fiatooka containing three tombs. 
 
 30th. Reached Mooa, the refidence of Futtafaihe j they found 
 the abbeys and laddres of this village in a very ruinous condition, 
 and the fences much out of repair. Here are feveral houfes, which 
 Connelly faid were f pints' houfes, where they found logs of wood, 
 flones, and bundles of rags, which were confidered as fpirits, being 
 brought from the Feejee iflands. Thefe places are falling down, 
 but fo facred, they muft not be touched to repair them. Futtafaihe is 
 very fuperftitious, and himfelf efteemed as an odooa or godj he is alfo 
 much devoted to pleafure, fmging, and dancing ; has feveral wives, 
 the firft women of the country ; one, the daughter of Moomooe, 
 called Dooboumaofer : Ihe has features and a complexion very like a 
 European, as flie feldom goes out of the houfe, or expofes herfelf 
 to the fun and air. 
 
 The lands about Mooa are ill cultivated, and overgrown with grafs 
 and trafh ; though there are many beautiful abbeys planted with a 
 variety of trees and flowering fhrubs of the moft delicious fragrance. 
 
 3 1 ft. Very rainy and tempeftuous. When it cleared up they 
 walked out to fee the abbeys, canoes, &c. The 'fiatookas are remark- 
 able. There lie the Futtafaihes for many generations, fome vaft and 
 ruinous, which is the cafe with the largefl: ; the houfe on the top 
 of it is fallen, and the area and tomb itfelf overgrown with wood and 
 weeds. Poulaho, the father of the prefent king, is faid to have died 
 and been interred at Vavao. 
 
 The hiftory, if Ambler's report is to be received, is this : that 
 Poulaho, but more efpecially his wife Mahoofe, of the Doubou fa- 
 mily, were tyrannical in their government, difpoffeffing the chiefs 
 arbitrarily, and rendering themfelves odious. Toogahowe was then 
 chief at Eooa. Her majefty, after Poulaho's deceafe, difmiffed hirri 
 from his poft, and nominated another. This he refented, and refufed 
 to fubmit ; and told the meflenger he was a tooa, and not an agee.
 
 Jl'ne.] to the south-sea islands. 253 
 
 or chief, elfe he would have challenged him to finglc combat j but 
 now he had only to depart with his train, or he would put him to 
 death. The wind blew a ftorm, but he hafled back to his miftrefs, 
 who inquired the reafon of his return in fuch a gale : he related his 
 reception ; and flie replied, " T5ogahowe has a mind to be killed, 
 " I will punifh his infolence." Toogahowe meantime convened the 
 other chiefs, and urged them to join him in fupport of their privi- 
 leges. The conflidt proved in their favour, and the queen was 
 driven to Aheefo, and took flicker at a houfe near ours at Attaboo. 
 Here flie fat with a garland- of leaves about her neck, and a gooter- 
 koo in her mouth, which fignified, I crave mercy. T5ogahowe 
 was going to difpatch her with his tooca-tooca, or fpear, but was 
 withheld by his followers ; and fhe was fuffered to efcape to the 
 Harby iflands, where flie now lives in exile. Toogahowe, vidto- 
 rious, exercifed great cruelties on his enemies, tying fome to trees 
 and burning them alive, and making great devaftations at the Harby 
 iflands. In a fight with the people of Vavao, his canoe outfailed 
 the. reft, and he fought them alone with fuch fury as gained the 
 vidlory, and raifed the fame of his military prowefs to the higheft 
 pitch ; fo that he is univerfally dreaded and obeyed. Our mifllon- 
 aries were witnefl^es to fome of Toogahowe's flivage conduct. One 
 man who difpleafed him had his hand cut off on the fpot ; and another 
 was tied up with his arms extended, and two women were ordered with 
 lighted fticks to burn him under the arm-pits. Our brethren inter- 
 ceded for him, and happily refcued him from this cruel punifliment. 
 
 June I ft. The brethren returned in a failing canoe to Aheefo. Fut- 
 tafaihe made them a prefent of a hog and twenty yams, and accom- 
 panied them to a fmall ifland in the bay called Makkahah, which he 
 had given them. 
 
 At Aheefo found feveral chiefs returning to their homes ; one of 
 them, named Moore, invited Cooper and Gaulton to accompany him 
 to Ahoge on a vifit, which they accepted. Several of the chiefs 
 have given us prefling invitations to refide with them, and have of-
 
 2^4 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 fered us houfes, and whatever we can defire ; fo that, whenever we 
 feparate, there is no fear of wanting an afylum. 
 
 4th. Spent the Lord's day as ufual : partook of the holy com- 
 munion. 
 
 5th. Bowell and Harper paid a vifit to Vaarjee, a chief of great 
 influence in the diftridl of Ardeo : he informed us of fome of the 
 villanies of Morgan and Ambler, refped:ing feveral things they had 
 ftolen from us ; and we met fome women dreffed in the ftolen things. 
 
 6th. Vaarjee led us a walk acrofs the country to his family 
 fiatooka. Below the cliff are caverns on which the furf beats, and 
 the water giiflies back with fiuprifing violence. 
 
 7th. Bowell and Harper returned from Ardeo, highly pleafed 
 with the treatment they had received. Vaarjee inquired earneftly of 
 Mr, Bowell, if we had any who could affifl women in difficult la- 
 bours. Two of his fervants attended them with a large mat to 
 fleep on, and to affure us of hogs and yams whenever we wanted 
 -them, and an invitation to come to him whenever we pleafed. He 
 •lives about ten miles from us. His land is the beft cultivated we 
 have feen •; he has -the largeft diftridt of any chief at Tonga ; and is 
 ■not obliged to furnifh Dugonagaboola with his produce. He em- 
 :ploys a. great number of fervants in different occupations and labours. 
 At our return we found the materials ready, and laid at our gate, which 
 Toogahowe had promiled to enlarge our dwelling. A mattock which 
 ■we fometimes ufed took his fancy, and was given him. Mytyle 
 ebjedling to another eredlion within the abbey, we fet it up in an 
 adjoining field, which we propofed to clear and cultivate. 
 
 1 0th. Heard that Feenou Lukolallo was ill, and not likely to live. 
 A pair of pantaloons were flolen. Mytyle had ingratiated himfelf 
 with us, by his readinefs to teach us the language, and was a very 
 intelligent man, but we were forry to detedl him in feveral petty 
 thefts, 
 
 nth. Spent -the Lord's day in our ufual manner. Futtafaihc 
 vifited us, and wiflied we would lliave him. We excufed ourfelves
 
 June.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 255 
 
 from doing it, as we never did any manual labour on the odooa day. 
 Our gracious Father has given us great acceptance in the fight of this 
 people, who exprefs much furprife at obl'erving how different our 
 manners are from thofe of our countrymen, whole time is fpent in 
 idlenefs and profligacy. One of them has four wives, another three, 
 and the other two. With fuch men it is impoffible for us to maintain 
 any fellowfhip, and their envy and enmity we bitterly experience. 
 
 1 2th. This morning Lukolallo died; and Fenogge, a young 
 chief, informed us that Morgan and Ambler had been very indiif- 
 trious of late to irritate the minds of the natives againft us, telling 
 them that we were only tooas (mean people), and that they were 
 agees (chiefs), and fons of the king of England. They had alfo 
 recommended to them to attack and plunder us. After this we did 
 not think proper to flay in the houfe where we were, but to remove 
 to one larger, which ftood in the enclofure next to Dugonagaboola, to 
 which the chief readily confented, and all things except our hogs 
 were taken thither this evening. However, next day when we went 
 to fetch them we found the fly broken, and but one remainins; ; 
 two were near the fly, and after the fl:ri(5lefl: fearch we found only 
 another : thus our flock was reduced from nine to four. 
 
 14th. Ambler and Morgan having heard that we fufpedied them 
 of having driven off our hogs, came to our houfe, and began to abufc 
 us ; and Morgan even kicked one of our number. Seeing them 
 determined to proceed further, a fcufflc enfued ; Morgan again llruck 
 with his club the perfon he had before kicked j but the blow did no 
 great injury. They then defifted, finding themfclves overpowered, 
 but not from uttering the mofl: horrid execrations both on us and alfo 
 on themfelves if they did not prove bitter enemies, and murder us 
 before morning. 
 
 In the evening we again met to confider further the propriety of 
 remaining together; when it was obferved, befides the reafon formerly 
 given, that we made lefs progrefs in the language than we fhould if
 
 256 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [1797- 
 
 \\c had only natives to converfe with. After much converfation, 
 there appeared, on a divifion, eight for parting, againft it two. It 
 was then agreed, that a divifion of the public property ihould take 
 place. On acquainting Dugonagaboola with what we had done, he 
 confented, and pronnifcd to come to our houfe on the 17th, and re- 
 ceive a prefcnt which we had provided for him. 
 
 15th. A divifion of the public property took place. Morgan and 
 Ambler came again to-day, but more peaceably difpofed. On the 
 1 6th Connelly came and aded his part. He wanted a clock for 
 Futtafaihe, and infilled upon having it, faying that it had been pro- 
 mifed before. But we could not think of complying with fuch pre- 
 fumptuous demands, efpecially as we knew no fuch promife had ever 
 been made; therefore he went away much difpleafed. Next day he 
 came again, and received the fame anfwer. He then fwore he would 
 do us all the harm he could, and that he would murder the firft of 
 us he could get into his power. Thus we experience perils among 
 the heathen, but more from our own countrymen. 
 
 Sunday i8th. Buchanan preached from Pfalm Ixxiii. i, 2, 3. 
 Kelfo, from Heb. iv. 10. 
 
 20th. Our vifitors are not half fo numerous now as they have 
 been, owing in part to a funeral ceremony about three miles from our 
 habitation. This morning Mytyle fent his fervants with one of 
 our loft hogs. Vaarjee's funeral fervices ending, he told us he fhould 
 return in two nights ; and, if we were ready to go with him, would 
 fend his fervants to remove our luggage ; to which we agreed, and 
 went to Attaboo to fee our garden ; only a few cabbage-plants had 
 come up, which we tranfplanted. But Vaarjee being unexpededly 
 detained four or five nights longer, we returned to our houfe at 
 Bunghye. Thither in the evening two chiefs brought a fine lad, 
 with his hands tied together with finnet, and wanted to barter 
 (fuccatow) him for an axe. We inquired what the lad had done, if 
 he was enow, a bad boy ; they faid, No, lille doono dofee, allofy
 
 June] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 257 
 
 fakow, Good for roafting yams atid running errands. But \vc told 
 them we were tabooed from all fuch iniquitous practices as felling 
 our fellow-creatures ; on which they carried him away. 
 
 24th. Went to vifit the fiatooka of Fcenou Lukolallo near the 
 fea at Valoo : it is on a fine plain fliadcd with toa and other trees. 
 Several people fat round the grave, which was covered with black 
 cloth, and remarkably clean anJ neat ; we fat down to converfe with 
 them, and improve the opportunity for their inftrudlion. They 
 fhewed us two logs of wood rudely carved in a human fhape, which 
 they faid were odooas brought from Feejee. We told them thcfe 
 could not be fpirits, but mere pieces of wood fit only for the fire. 
 Nor did they feem, by the manner in which they toflcd them about, 
 to have any idea of their fandlity. We have not yet found tb.at they 
 have priefls, or any ftated ceremonial worlhip, but poflefs many 
 fupeiftitious notions about fpirits ; and that by flrangling fome rela- 
 tions of the chief when he is fick, the deity will be appeafed, and 
 he will recover. 
 
 25th. Divine fervice as ufual. Buchanan, i ThefT. v. 9. Kelfo, 
 Eph. iv. 9. 
 
 27th. Shelly and Nobbs accompanied Vaharlo to his houfe at 
 Ahoge. This chief has fhewn a peculiar attachment to us. Vaarjec 
 called on us in confequence of a meifage to him from Dugonagaboola, 
 who did not chufe we fliould leave him, or rather remove with our 
 effedls to another chief. However, on making him a prefent he con- 
 fented, alTured us of his cordial regard, and that whenever we came 
 to Aheefo we fhould have a welcome reception with him. 
 
 28th. About a quarter paft three o'clock in the morning we 
 were much alarmed by a fliock of an earthquake, which lafled 
 about a minute, during which time the earth kept a continual trem- 
 bling ; it was fenfibly felt by us all. Our confternation on this oc- 
 cafion was much increafed by the natives around us, who feemed quite 
 panic-flruck, and fet up loud cries ; and the furf on the beach made 
 
 L L
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [1797- 
 
 25« 
 
 a greater noife than we ever heard before. This we confidered as a 
 wonderful exertion of divine power, and a fign at which we beheld 
 thofe who dwell at the uttermoU parts of the earth trejnble. May 
 the time haftcn when they flaall learn to know and love Him of whom 
 they are afraid ! Early in the morning we were vifited by fome of 
 the natives, to whom we mentioned the earthquake ; the impreflion it 
 made upon them feemed to be but momentary ; they imputed it to the 
 odooa (or fpirit), of which they feem to have very confufed notions, 
 afcribing every thing to it which exceeds their comprehenfion, and 
 of which they know not the immediate caufe. Ambler fays that it 
 is the fourth fliock they have had fmce he landed here about eighteen 
 months ago. To-day brothers Bowell and Harper took their depar- 
 ture from us, and went to refide with Vaarjee, a principal chief at 
 Ardeo, about ten miles diflant. 
 
 29th. Bowell and Harper embarked with Vaarjee and his mother 
 Duatonga Fefene, who feems the lirft woman in the ifland, and 
 was going to Mooa. They landed at a fmall ifland in the bay, where 
 they flept the firft night. 
 
 Nobbs and Shelly returned from Ahoge, where they had felt 
 the earthquake as fenfibly as we had done, and attended with much 
 the fame circumftances. They report that they were treated with 
 the greateft kindnefs, not only by their friend, but by all with whom 
 they had any intercourfe ; as a proof whereof, they brought two hogs, 
 two hundred yams, and fix bunches of cocoa-nuts. 
 
 30th. Finding Bowell and Harper reading a book, their friend 
 Vaarjee inquired what it faid ; they endeavoured to make him com- 
 prehend the facred fubjedl of which it treated, which he feemed to 
 underftand, and mentioned to his mother, who was fitting by. They 
 embarked at eight o'clock ; the wind being againft them, they beat 
 lip to Mooa, and were entertained for the night by Kaneer, a friend 
 of this chief. The next day, the 31ft, they arrived at Ardeo. Spent 
 the evening in learning the language ; their friend Vaarjee being an
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 259 
 
 excellent tutor, and improving every occurrence to make them ac 
 quainted with the meaning of words, and the names of thmgs, in 
 
 the cleareft manner. 
 
 July I ft. Dugonagaboola fent for brother Shelly, to inform hmi of his 
 intended departure to Mooa on Monday next ; and as he was appro 
 henfive that we might run fliort of provifions in his abfence, he 
 advifed us to accompany him thither, and oftered to put our property 
 into a place of fafety till his return, which he propofes in about two 
 moons, or months ; but as we exped the ftiip much fooner, we thought 
 it inexpedient to accept this favour. We could not, however, fuffi- 
 ciently admire the goodnefs of God, who hath the hearts of all men 
 in his keeping, thus to incline this man to fuch a provident care over 
 us, notwithftanding the pains our adverlaries have taken to mccnfc 
 
 him againft us. 
 
 Sunday ad. Brother Buchanan preached in the mornmg from 
 1 Theff. V. 9. ; brother Kclfo, afternoon, from Matt, xxvii. 35. and 
 afterwards difpenfed the Lord's fupper. 
 
 3d. Brother Veefon went to refide with Mulicemar, in the diftnd 
 of Ahoge. We now begin to fee fomething of the defigns of Pro- 
 vidence^'in cafting us at our firft landing into the midft of fuch con- 
 fufion and diforder as then filled us with apprehenfion for our fafety ; 
 he at that time not only made daily difplays of his almighty power, 
 and gracious care, in proteding us from every threatening danger, 
 but, by colleding a vaft concourfe of ftrangers from every quarter, 
 both of Tongataboo and the adjacent iflands, and givmg us favour 
 in their fight, feems already to have opened a door for us to every 
 part of this extenfive group. We have received prefling mvitat.ons 
 to feveral of the neighbouring ifiands, which nothing but a want of 
 the language has prevented us from accepting. But we hope by a 
 diligent application to remove that obftacle : fo that we now look for 
 opportunities of promoting the glorious defign in which we are en- 
 gaged, which at firft we little expcded. " The Lord's way is in 
 
 t L 2
 
 26o FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 " the fea, and his path in the great waters, and his footfteps are not 
 *' known." 
 
 4th. At feven in the morning, being nearly anfwerable to the 
 time when we expedt our friends in London to be engaged in the 
 like exercife, we held our monthly prayer-meeting, and encouraged 
 ourfelves with the thought that many of the Lord's people were ear- 
 ncftly befeeching at a throne of grace in our behalf ; and truft it will 
 be no fmall comfort to them to know, that he has gracioully heard, 
 and feems to be giving anfwers of peace, by continually bellowing 
 on us a rich fupply of every needful blelTmg. 
 
 In the afternoon we received a letter from brothers Bowcll and 
 Harper, acquainting us with their welfare. 
 
 7th. We were vifited by the wife and daughter of Mooe, a chief 
 who refides at Ahoge, and to whom brothers Gaulton and Cooper had 
 paid a vifit fome time ago. He at that time had given them a large 
 houfe and plantation, to induce them to refide with him, to which 
 they confentedj but, being iince prevented, his impatience excited 
 him to fend this meflage for them. They brought a hog and a large 
 quantity of yams. 
 
 This evening we felt another fhock of an earthquake, but it was 
 neither fo fenfible nor of fo long duration as the former. 
 
 8th. Brother Harper came to fee us, and fays that they are very 
 comfortable at Ardeo with Vaarjee, who is anxious to indulge them 
 to the utmoft of his power, and has afhgned them apartments wholly 
 to themfclves, and is very ready and ufeful in inftruding them in the 
 language. 
 
 Sunday the 9th, brother Buchanan preached from i Theff. v. 9. j 
 brother Kelfo, from Gen. xxii. i. 
 
 lOth. Brother Harper returned home this evening to Ardeo, ac- 
 companied by brother Wilkinfon. 
 
 12th. Laid out the grafs-plot before our houfe, with brother 
 Wilkinfon's help, in the European ftyle, with the garden; which
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 261 
 
 we began to cultivate. Taught Vaarjee's men the method of digging 
 the ground with fpades, and planted fome pine-apples. Vifited a chief 
 called T5oboocovaloo, a relation of our friend j were eiitertained with 
 great hofpitality, and received from him a fine fow in pij , and three- 
 fcore yams, for which, in return, wc gave him two or throe tools, 
 and fome earthen plates. On the Lord's day having told Tooboo- 
 covaloo that we did no work, and fpent the whole in the worfliip of 
 God, he afked with much humour, whether we might cat on that 
 day ; and having informed him, he very kindly fent us a baked hog, 
 on which w^e dined together : he gave us alfo a very fine myrtle and 
 other fhrubs, with pine-apples for our garden, which we planted. 
 Received alfo a parcel of garden-feeds and a fpadc from Bunghye. 
 
 14th. After conflant and heavy rain, which laflcd from morning 
 until night w^ith little intermiflion, we were vifited with the heavieft 
 ftorm of thunder and lightning which we have had fince our arrival 
 on the ifland ; however, fuch weather feems not fo frequent here as 
 might be exped:ed from the fituation of the country. 
 
 15th. The rain ftill continued very heavy all day. In the evening 
 brother Wilkinfon returned home, having been kindly entertained by 
 our brethren at Ardeo. On his return he loft his way, and was ex- 
 pofed to fome danger j but the Lord, who keeps all our goings, 
 gracioufly preferved him. 
 
 1 6th, Sunday. Brother Buchanan difcourfed from Ifaiali, 
 liv. 13. During the intervals of worlhip we heard a hideous outcry 
 of the natives towards Bunghye, and were afterwards informed that it 
 was occafioned by a number of men jufl: arrived from Vavao, who 
 had repaired to Moom5oe's tomb, to evince their afFedlion and refpedl 
 by the fame cruel ceremonies as had been obferved at his funeral. O 
 that the falvation of Ilracl were come forth out of Zion ! When God 
 brings back the captivity of this people, how will our hearts rejoice to 
 hear thefe horrid bowlings changed into fongs of praife to Him who 
 has redeemed his people from death, and ranfomed them from the
 
 26i. FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 power of the grave ! In the afternoon brother Kelfo preached from 
 Dcut. xxxii. 2. 
 
 17th. We were favoured with a vifit from brother Veefon, and a 
 fon of Mulicemar; they brought a fine hog and yams with them 
 from that chief, and informed us of the death of Tamaifuma on the 
 1 3th inftant : he was a chief of great repute for perfonal courage ; 
 and this circumftance our adverfaries feem to improve to fome pur- 
 pofe againft us, by making the natives beheve that our God, in 
 anfwer to our prayers, kills them. This being the third chief that 
 has died iince our arrival, makes them fay they never died fo fall 
 before; and imputing all to the fame caufe, they fay, that if we con- 
 tinue praying and finging, there will not be a chief left alive. This 
 idea, which could only originate from the father of lies, working in 
 thefe children of difobedicnce, feems calculated to create us fome 
 trouble; but ftill it is an unfpeakable comfort to refledl, that it fliall 
 prevail no farther than is confiftent with the holy, wife, and gracious 
 defign of our heavenly Father, who, we doubt not, will make his 
 ftrength perfeifl in our weaknefs, fo that we may boldly fay, " The 
 " Lord is our helper, we will not fear what man can do unto us." 
 
 On the 1 8th the fame idea was mentioned to us by different per- 
 fons ; it feems to gain ground with them very fall:, and our endea- 
 vours to perfuade them to the contrary are fruitlefs at prefent. In the 
 forenoon brother Veefon took his leave; and on Saturday the 22d, 
 brother Bowell paid us a vifit. In the beginning of the week he had 
 been at Mooa, where the greateft part of the inhabitants are at prefent 
 affembled for the celebration of the annual natche. There he found 
 the minds of the people had received the fame dangerous imprefllon, 
 and that our countrymen were the fole authors and propagators of it*; 
 the Lord, however, has gracioufly over-ruled it, fo that it has in fome 
 degree brought the mifchief they intended us upon their own heads. 
 When it was firft mentioned to brother Bowell, Vaarjee was prefent, 
 and was much difpleafed with the perfon who fpoke of it. Ambler
 
 July.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 263 
 
 had alfo endeavoured to poifon the mind of Dugonagaboola, who 
 heard him with great indignation, and hifled him out of his prefcnce. 
 A few days after, this fellow quarrelled with one of the chief's car- 
 penters, whom he kicked on the breall, and abufed him otherwife in 
 a fliocking manner: on this he complained to his maftcr, and 
 Ambler, inftead of making any acknowledgments for his condud;, 
 thought proper to juflify it in the moft provoking manner ; upon 
 which he ordered him from his prelence, threatening his life if he 
 ever Ihewed his face there more : fince that we hear he has gone to 
 Futtafaihe; fo that Morgan, Connelly, and he, arc all together, 
 and, we have no doubt, will be aftive in plotting farther mifchief: 
 thus their machinations were dcftroyed without our interference. 
 How true is it, that the wrath of man fliall praife God, and the re- 
 mainder of wrath he will reftrain, and that no weapon formed againft 
 his people fliall profper ! 
 
 23d. Brother Buchanan preached in the morning from Ifaiah, 
 liv. 13. Kelfo, from Deut. xxxii. 2.; after which brother Bowcll 
 took his leave. 
 
 On the 26th, brother Shelly, who has had the care of our few me- 
 dicines fince brother Harper left us, went to fee a woman who, with 
 others, had eaten fome fifh of a poifonous nature, which was likely to 
 be, to her in particular, attended with bad confequences : an emetic 
 was adminiflered, which removed the caufe of the diforder, and 
 reftored the poor woman to health. According to the cuftom of the 
 country, he received his fee before he returned : this was a roaAed 
 hog, which is generally killed as foon as the dodor arrives, who is ex- 
 peded to wait till it is fufficiently roafted ; it is then given to him : 
 but this being the firfl inflance of the kind, like an inexperienced be- 
 ginner who knew not the profits of his trade, he divided it chiefly 
 betwixt the poor woman and her friends. It would be a valuable ac- 
 quifition to this country, and might be a means of facilitating our 
 work, to have a good ftock of medicines, and aflcilful perfon to apply 
 them. The diforders which have principally come under our ob-
 
 264 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 fervation arc, a dyfcntery, of which the perfon is recovered; a dropfy, 
 of which we have feen but one cafe ; a diforder among the children, 
 which fpreads all over them like the fmall-pox, and feems of as 
 loathfome but more inveterate nature ; for we found one in this con- 
 dition at our firft landing feveral months ago, and there feems no al- 
 teration upon him as yet ; its long continuance is probably owing to 
 improper treatment : we know not whether it be infeftious. What 
 feems moft general is an ulcerous fore, to which they are very fub- 
 jedt. In one family of our acquaintance there are no lefs than four 
 perfons much affeded by it : the poor man has loft the ufe of his 
 limbs entirely, fo that he is not able to ftand upright, and many 
 parts of his body are afFed.ed ; and what renders his cafe truly 
 pitiable, his wife is in little better condition j a great part of her 
 breafts is already confumed, and one leg and arm are very bad. Two 
 of their fervants are nearly in as bad a ftate as themfelves ; they have 
 often applied to us for aftiftance, which could we afford them, would 
 certainly raife us ftill higher in their efteem ; but at prefent we have 
 neither proper medicines, nor fkill to effcft any thing this way. 
 In fome cafes we have feen old women apply the juice of the bread- 
 fruit, tied up in leaves, and made hot, with which they rubbed the 
 wound ; 'but it feemed to produce no good cffe(5t. As they have not 
 the leaft idea of phylic, whatever diforder they are attacked with has 
 its full courfe, and often proves fatal. 
 
 24th, The principal wife of Futtafaihe was delivered of her firft 
 child, the fon and heir of his dominions j on which occafion very 
 confiderable prefents were made. 
 
 25th. The great enudee, or natche, defcribed by Cook, was held 
 at Mooa. Men in proceffion carried a yam, fufpended on a pole ; 
 others, armed with ipears, cried aloud to this effed:, " Take care to 
 " keep the road clear;" and all palTcngers ftood at a confiderable 
 diftance. Ambler aifured us this was a thankfgiving to the odooa 
 for the late ripe yams. We were invited to join the proceffion, but 
 did not chufe to make our flioulders bare, which was required, and
 
 AuGVST.] TO Tim SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 265 
 
 to wear the jecjee, a wreath of the leaves of a flirub called jcc, around 
 our waift. Particular honour is paid to Futtafaihe on this occafion. 
 The fame ceremonies are repeated at the leafon of early ripe yams. 
 The ceremonial clofes with an amufement called fatarga, like cudgel- 
 playing, being fingle combat with the limbs of the cocoa-nut tree. 
 
 26th. Vaarjee afTifted us with all his people at our abbey in levelling 
 the ground, and laying out and planting our garden. 
 
 27th. Our chief took a fecond wife, a daughter of Tooboocavallo. 
 She was accompanied by large bales of anaddoo, or cloth, of Ton- 
 gataboo. In the afternoon he went to finifh the funeral ceremonies 
 for his brother, in celebrating the games ufual on that occafion. His 
 bride remained at home. We felt this afternoon a fenfible fliock of an 
 earthquake at Ardeo ; and, as ufual, the natives fcreamed. Thefc 
 (hocks are common, and fometimes, they informed us, fo violent as 
 to fhake down their trees and houfes. 
 
 30th. Brother Buchanan difcourfed from 2 Tim. ii. 3.; brother 
 Kelfo, from Exodus, xxxiii. 18. 
 
 On Monday brothers Gaul ton and Shelly went upon a vifit to 
 Dugonagaboola at Mooa ; and in the afternoon Moorce (a chief) ar- 
 rived from Ahoge, and brought with him two canoes, in order to 
 convey brother Cooper home. This he had promifed fomc time ago; 
 but the fear that Dugonagaboola would be aftronted at his taking any 
 of us from under his care, had till now deterred him. 
 
 Augufi: I ft. Early this morning Cooper and his friend Moorce 
 took their departure : he is now the fourth of our number that hath 
 left us. What end the Lord may have in view by thus fcattering us 
 about, we know not; but hope that it will tend to the advanccinent of 
 his glory, by a more general diftufion of the gofpcl over this be- 
 nighted ifland. About funfet we had another fliock of an earthquake, 
 which Lifted about a minute and a half, and was felt over the whole 
 ifland. Ambler, we hear, is again in our neighbourhood. 
 
 On the 3d, brothers Gaulton and Shelly returned from Mooa. 
 where they had met with brother Veefon, who was in health and high 
 
 M M
 
 c66 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 favour with his friend ; having lodged one night with him, they re- 
 ceived a warm rcmonflrance for it next day from Dugonagaboola, 
 who aflurcd them of a welcome at his houfe, and expected they 
 would make ufe of no other. After inquiring into our ftate at home, 
 and how wc fared in his abfence, he informed them of what our vil- 
 Janous countrymen had faid againfl: us, and exprefled his abhorrence 
 of them on account of it. On their way home they called at Ardeo, 
 where our brethren were well, and defired the whole body might meet 
 once a month for divine dircdiion, and mutual counfel and encou- 
 Tagcmcnt in our work. 
 
 5th. Brother Bowell arrived in the evening; and on fabbath-day 
 brother Buchanan preached from 2 Tim. ii. 3.; in the afternoon 
 brother Kelfo, from Ifaiah, liii. 5. ; after which he difpenfed the Lord's 
 flipper. It is furely an unfpeakable favour that the Lord thus allows us 
 to hold our folemn feafts in this land, and from time to time is refrefli- 
 jng us with his abundant goodnefs. If we had the happinefs of feeing 
 thefe poor creatures around us imprefled with a fenfe of their lofl and 
 deplorable ftate by nature, and the excellency and fuitablenefs of the 
 Redeemer's character and falvation, which He has wrought, and the 
 gofpel reveals ; if we could but once fee them compelled to come in 
 and partake of our privileges, our joy would be full : however, it be- 
 comes us not to defpife the day of fmall things, but patiently to wait 
 for the falvation of the Lord : He hath fpoken good concerning us, 
 and hath done for us great things, which confirms our hope, that the 
 day is not far diftant when He will make bare his holy arm in the 
 fight of the nations, and thefe ends of the earth fhall fee his falvation. 
 
 7th. Brother Bowell determining to remain with us till our 
 monthly prayer-meeting was over, we the next morning embraced the 
 opportunity of his prefence to hold a meeting of our little body, when 
 it was agreed that we lliould obferve a general meeting the firft Mon- 
 day of every month : in the morning, for prayer and religious con- 
 ference ; and in the afternoon, for colleding matter for the public 
 journal, reporting progrefs in the language, and confulting with
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. ««/ 
 
 each other on the moil: probable means of carrying our dcfigns into 
 cfFed: ; alfo that our abfent brethren fhould be made acquainted with 
 our defign, and invited to join us in it. It was iilfo refolved to hold 
 a weekly prayer-meeting and conference in our refpedive parties ; and 
 that the anniverfary of our embarkation, which is juft at hand, 
 fliould be obferved as a day of public thankfgiving. 
 
 9th. In the evening w^e began our weekly meeting : brother 
 Kelfo opened it with praife and prayer, then read the fccond chapter 
 of the firft of -Peter, and fpoke from a part of it ; after which the 
 other brethren fpoke in rotation. That our attention might he- more 
 particularly fixed on the fubjedl, it was agreed, that, previous to 
 next week, the port-ion of fcripture to be then difcuffcd Hiould be mado 
 known ; accordingly brother Buchanan propofed the fccond chapter 
 of Ephefians. Brother Shelly concluded this prefcnt comfortable op- 
 portunity in the fame manner as it was begun, 
 
 1 0th. The anniverfary of our embarkation completes the firft year 
 of our miffion, and the moft remarkable of our lives, wherein the 
 Lord has, in anfwer to the many prayers of his people, and, we hope, 
 for the accomplifliment of his gracious purpofes, given us numberlefs' 
 manifeftations of his almighty power, his infinite wifdom, and un- 
 changeable love. While upon the mighty waters we were the peculiar 
 objects of his providential care and bounty. His prefence has been 
 with us in paffing through the fire and water ,• and though they often 
 feemed to unite their rage and force againft us, and to threaten our 
 deftrud:ion every moment, they were not permitted to do us any harm. 
 Some of us, when all help feemed to fail, were raifed from the 
 opening grave, to praife him in our little aflembly ; and we w^re all 
 brought in fafety to our defired haven, where his hand has been moft 
 wonderfully " ftretched out ftill," in opening a door of accefs for us by 
 the moft unexpeded and improbable means ; in giving us favour in the 
 fight of the heathen; in preferving us, though defencelcfs and expofed,, 
 from their rage and inadnefs j and in making all things fublcrvient 
 
 M M 3
 
 a6S FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 to his own moft gracious defigns ; in fruftrating the machinations, 
 and carrying headlong the counfcls of our more heathenifla country- 
 men, making them produce the very oppofite effeds from what they 
 intended. Lo ! thefe are a part of his ways j but if we would tell of 
 all the wonderful things he has done for us, they are more than we 
 are able to exprefs. " O that men would therefore praife the Lord 
 " for his goodnefs, and declare his wonderful works to the children 
 *• of men!" 
 
 This day was rendered in fome meafure memorable by the lofs of a 
 large axe, which was fnatched from one of the brethren while he was 
 cuttino- fire- wood : and in the evening fome thieves broke into our 
 dwelling while we ilept, and rifling the firft box they came to, which 
 held nothing but medicines, they had gone off with a quantity of 
 bark, jalap, nitrc, &c. ; but thefe not fuiting their tafte, they left 
 them in the yard, where we found them next morning, fo that they 
 got only a few clothes that lay upon the chefts. 
 
 nth. John Connelly fent to know whether we intended to in- 
 form Captain Wilfon of what had paffed between us and them, ob- 
 fcrving, that, if we did, it would reduce us to the greateft ftraits, as it 
 would both prevent them from receiving thofe things they expeded, 
 and had promifed to the natives ; and alfo effectually hinder their de- 
 parture with him for China. This was accompanied with a hint of 
 what we might expedt, if our condud was not fuitable to their 
 wilhes. In anfwer we faid, that we neither wanted to injure nor to 
 quarrel with them; and if they chofe to go to China, we would be 
 no hindrance to them. 
 
 12th. Dugonagaboola fent us a prefent of provifions, v/hich was 
 very acceptable ; but in the courfe of the day we received the morti- 
 fying intelligence, that he had accepted our large axe with much cor- 
 diality from the perfon who ftole it ; and after fome compliments to 
 his dexterity, had fent him off to Vavao, to be out of the way wheri 
 the Ihip arrived. This adion gave ua an idea of what we might ex-
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 269 
 
 pcdl when our intercft flood in any degree in competition with that 
 of our noble friend; and yet, ftrange as the contradidion feemcd, all 
 our goods were every day in his power if he chofe to plunder us. 
 
 13th. Brother Buchanan preached from 2 Tim. ii. 3. ; and bro- 
 ther Kelfo, from Ifaiah, Iv. 6. The remainder of this week nothing 
 remarkable happened till Saturday the 19th, when one of the natives 
 brought us the reviving news of the fhip's arrival at her former flation. 
 Three of our number, viz. brothers Kelfo, Buchanan, and Gaulton, 
 fet out in queft of a canoe to carry them to her ; but after a fruitlefs 
 endeavour to procure one, Buchanan and Gaulton determined to travel 
 by land, which brother Kelfo declined, flill entertaining a hope of 
 foon procuring a canoe. After travelling about fevcn miles along the 
 beach, they were met by a great number of the natives, one of whom* 
 prcfented them with a note, which brother Bowell had difpatched for 
 their information at Aheefo. This man had brought us fcveral 
 meflages of the fame kind on former occafions ; and underflanding 
 the nature of it better than any of his countrymen, he had endea- 
 voured to explain the ufe of it to thofe who were with him : this ex- 
 cited their curiofity to a degree which induced them to bear him com- 
 pany, in order to fee it delivered, and know thereby whether or not 
 what he faid was true. When they faw the joy which the opening 
 of it gave the brethren, they feemed ftruck with amazement ; and 
 were perplexed in no fmall degree, when they perceived that by 
 means of it they knew as well as themfelves that the Ihip had 
 arrived, and where fhe lay. The whole company, together with 
 the bearer of the note, foon left the brethren, in order to returrv to 
 the fhip, for which they were fo eager, that nothing could induce 
 him to proceed to Aheefo with the note. In the afternoon the two 
 brethren arrived at the fhip, and had the happinefs to find that all on 
 board had frelli ground whereon to ered: an Ebenezer to the Lord, 
 who had gracioufly helped them through many imminent dangers, 
 and preferved them from many evils wherewith they had been fur-
 
 ^70 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 rounded. Surely his goodnefs exceeds all fearch. O for hearty 
 formed to flicw forth his praife ! 
 
 20th. Brother Buchanan preached on board from Pfalm V. 12.^ 
 and brother Bovvellin the afternoon. 
 
 On the 2 1 ft, early, many of the principal chiefs came on board, 
 among whom was Futtafaihe, who, as foon as he faw brother 
 Buchanan, renewed his felicitations for him to go and live with him, 
 at the fame time reminding him of a promife to that purport, given on 
 our firft arrival, alfo of the feveral proofs of his favour fince beftowed ; 
 and, with frelli aflurances of his love and efteem, promifed, on his 
 part, to render every thing as agreeable as was in his power, and to 
 remove every obftacle, if brother Buchanan would but mention them 
 to him : this, however, at prefent he declined to do ; but the chief 
 being well acquainted with the recent villany of Connelly (who has 
 rcfidcd with him ever fince he came to the ifland) and his aiTociates, 
 Ambler and Morgan, aiked if he was unwilling to live with Con- 
 nelly, and being anfwered in the affirmative, he immediately pro- 
 pofed to bind him hand and foot, and bring him on board j but this 
 propofal was at this time rejedted, it being more defirable to Captain 
 Wilfon, and all concerned, that thefe fellows lliould come on board 
 as they had promifed, and depart of their own accord. Brother 
 Buchanan could not help looking upon this as a plain call of Provi- 
 dence, and determined in his own mind to comply with it if he 
 could find another brother willing to accompany him, and if the pro- 
 pofal alfo met with the approbation of Captain Wilfon, and the 
 brethren on board, which it did. Brother Gaulton readily confented 
 to be his partner. When their intention was communicated to 
 Futtafaihe, he exprefled great fatisfadion, and immediately invited 
 them to go on fliore, and chufe a place for their future refidence. In 
 the afternoon brother Shelly arrived from Aheefo, and informed us 
 that the thieves had paid another vifit, and carried off a duck. 
 
 22d. Brother Gaulton went to Aheefo, in order to bring his own
 
 August.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. a 71 
 
 and brother Buchanan's cheft, and other things, to Mooa, where 
 Futtafaihe had given them their choice of a number of beautiful 
 dwelhngs, fituated between his houfe and the lagoon, which runs into 
 that part of the country ; and after chufing one about two hundred 
 yards from his own, they returned on board. 
 
 23d. Connelly having heard of our being at Mooa yefterday with 
 Futtafaihe, thought that our bufinefs had been to take him and his 
 companions on board ; he therefore came to fpeak to the captain con- 
 cerning it, who informed him that he had no dcfirc to proceed after 
 that manner; but if he and the others chofe to fliip as feamen, they 
 fhould have the fame wages and treatment as his own failors had. To 
 this Connelly faid he would return an anfwer in fix days, in which 
 time he would confult with his comrades. 
 
 Fefene Duatonga, the firft woman on the ifland, came on board 
 with her principal lady in waiting : their hair was plaftcrcd up with 
 a compofition which very much refembled the powder and pomatum 
 of a fine-dreffed London belle. Her feet are kiffed in token of 
 homage by all who approach her j and fuch are her ideas of her own 
 dignity, that flie admits no fixed hufband as a companion, but co- 
 habits with thofe of the chiefs whom flie pleafes to feledt, and has 
 feveral children. A fine boy of about twelve years old attended her on 
 board. Several prefents of fciffars were made, which highly pleafed 
 them; and when they left the fliip they jumped overboard, and 
 waflied the fnow-white decoration from their hair before they paddled 
 on fhore with their canoe. Brother Wilkinfon brought off a fine 
 bunch of turnips of their firft crop, which had been almoft wholly 
 deflroyed by the rats. They contrived a trap, in which they caught 
 a great many, which were given to the women at their rcquefl:, and 
 eaten raw as relifliing food. Sent fome cats to the mifTionaries, the 
 firfl which were ever introduced into the ifland. 
 
 26th. The noble lady vifited tlie flaip to-day with two or three fe- 
 male attendants ; and the captain fent her on fliore higlily delighted in 
 an elegant Englifli drcfs which had been referred for fuch an occafion.
 
 ^7* 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [1797- 
 
 Our time this week was chiefly employed in dividing, and carrying 
 to our reCpcdivc places of refidence, the part of the cargo which, in 
 the divifion at Otaheitc, had fallen to our Ihare. In it we found fuch 
 an immenfc quantity of ufeful and neceffary iron tools of all forts, as 
 far exceeded our greatefl expedlation, and filled the natives with 
 aflonifhmcnt. Our warmeft acknowledgments are due, and muft 
 fall infinitely Ihort of our obligations, to the divine Author of all 
 our mercies, who hath put it into the hearts of his people to provide, 
 and of his honoured fervants, the diredors, to bellow on us fo 
 bountiful a fupply of every thing that could be devifed for our com- 
 fort, and the furtherance of the work in which we are engaged ; 
 but efpecially for the wonderful manner in which he has prepared, 
 brought forward, and preferved our dear captain, whom we cannot 
 but efleem as the greatefl teftimony of the divine favour beflowed 
 on our fociety. While on the voyage, the profperity and furtherance 
 of the work feemed to enjirofs his whole attention. To his induljrent 
 care in procuring and allowing us every comfort that could be enjoyed 
 by people in our circumflances, might be imputed that extraordinary 
 degree of health which we enjoyed. His counfel and advice has often 
 guarded us from the intrufion of difcord. His converfation was 
 wholly calculated to ftimulate our zeal. In our abfence he has been 
 mindful of our interefls, and has effedlually prevented every com- 
 plaint. The affability and kindnefs of his condudt among the 
 natives has won him their affedlions : and indeed in ivhat we have 
 reafon to believe is his principal aim, he has fucceeded wonderfully, 
 that is, to adorn the dodtrinc of God our Saviour in all things. 
 May the Lord enable us to do likewife, and fill our hearts with gra- 
 titude to himfelf, and to all the inflruments of his unbounded good- 
 nefs ! May we walk as children of fo many mercies ; and knowing 
 that we are but flewards of thofe gifts of his providence for which we 
 muft ere long give an account, may we be led to devote ourfelves, 
 and all our enjoyments, to his praife and glory, that we may give in 
 cur .account with joy in the day of our Lord Jefus !
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 273 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Def crip t ion of Tongataboo. 
 
 vJUR dear friends and bencfad:ors in the diredlion may juftly look 
 for fome account of this country, where the Lord in his gracious pro- 
 vidence, through their inftrumentality, has placed us ; and we think 
 ourfelves bound, in gratitude to them, to furnifh them with the fulled 
 information in our power : but in this attempt we find ourfelves much 
 at a lofs for want of the Rev. Mr. Grcatheed's manufcript account of 
 thefe iflands, which happened to be left at Otaheite, and which if 
 we had brouo-ht with us, would have been ufeful in direcftins: our at- 
 tention to feveral objed;s which may have efcaped our notice, Not- 
 withftanding the numerous invitations we have received to vifit other 
 iflands of this group, we have not as yet feen it our duty to comply, 
 as, for want of the language, fuch vifits could be no way profitable to 
 the natives, and would have expofed us to {0 many unneceffary 
 temptations. 
 
 Our obfervations mufi: tlierefore be wholly confined to Tongataboo ; 
 the fituation, extent, and produd: of which are already fo well known, 
 that there remains but little to be faid concerning it. Captain Cook's 
 account is in general fo accurate as to render very little addition or cor- 
 redtion neceffary ; however, a fpace of many years which has elapfed 
 fince his laft voyage, has produced fome changes which it may not be 
 improper to communicate. On our arrival we found few of his old 
 friends remaining, and their number has fince been reduced by death j 
 but his name is ftill mentioned with great refped: by many of their 
 fucceflbrs, who recoiled: his favours beftowed upon them when in a 
 
 N N
 
 274 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 ftate of childhood, which they often relate in a manner that bcfpeaks 
 them to be by no means dcftitute of gratitude. 
 
 The government of Tongataboo is fo complex in itfelf, and the 
 natives' account of it fo different, each taking a particular pride in 
 exalting his own chief above others, that it is difficult to come at any 
 certainty concerning it. The following appears to us moft conflftent 
 with the truth. 
 
 This ifland bears an unrivalled fovereignty over the whole group, 
 Feejee not excepted. The inhabitants of Feejee having long ago dif- 
 covered this ifland, frequently invaded and committed great cruelties 
 in it; but in an expedition which the Tonga people made againfl 
 them lately, under the command of Toogahowe, Filatonga, and 
 Cummavie, they completely routed and brought them into fubjedlion, 
 lb that they now pay tribute to Tongataboo on certain occafions, the 
 fiime as the other iflands, of which we faw an inflance at the death af 
 Moomooe. Tongataboo is divided into three large diftridts, viz. 
 Aheefo, at thenorth-weflend, over which Dugonagaboola reigns with 
 abfolute fway. Mooa, the middle diflrid;, is under the fame fub- 
 jedlion to Futtafaihe j and Vaharlo has the fame power over Ahoge, 
 fituate at the fouth-eaftpart, each claiming a right of difpoflil over the 
 lives and property of his own fubjefts, which we have feen exercifed 
 mofl: defpotically. Thefe diftridts are fubdivided into many fmaller 
 ones, which have their refpedtive chiefs prefiding over them, and ex- 
 crcife the fame authority as the fuperior chiefs, to whom they are 
 neverthelefs, in fome cafes, accountable for their condud: ; fo that the 
 whole refembles the ancient feudal fyilem of our anceftors . The go- 
 vernment feems to have been formerly more in the hands of the 
 Futtafaihes than at prefent. Upon the death of the late Poulaho, 
 father of the prefent Futtafaihe, Duatonga being then a minor, 
 the intolerant ambition of his widow, Mahoofe, of the Toubou (or 
 rather Doubou) family, led her to attempt extending her power in fome 
 particulars further than any of her predeceffors had done. This was 
 tamely fubmitted to by all the other chiefs, except Feenou Toogahowe,
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 275 
 
 now Dugonagaboola, fon of Moomooe, and nephew of Fcenou, the 
 celebrated friend of Cook : he at that time reigned over Eooa, and 
 rejecting her propofals, declared war againft her, contrary to the rc- 
 monflrances of all his friends ; he however fucceedcd, drove her en- 
 tirely from this ifland to Vavao, whither he alfo followed, and 
 having reduced her to fubmilTion, left iier there, where Hie ftill re- 
 mains in a ftate of exile. 
 
 The people fully anfwer to the moft fiivourable reprefentations 
 the world has ever received of them ; for furely no appellation 
 was ever better applied than that given to them by our country- 
 men, of which they feem very proud, fmce we made them ac- 
 quainted with it, and very fludious to render themfelvcs more dc- 
 fcrving of it. They pofTefs many excellent qualities, which, were 
 they enlightened with the knowledge of the gofpel, would render 
 them the moft amiable people on earth ; for inllance, their bounty 
 and liberality to ftrangers is very great, and their gcnerofity to one 
 another unequalled. It is no uncommon thing for them to complain 
 they are dying of hunger, and, as foon as they receive a morfel, to divide 
 it among as many as are prefent, the firft receiver generally leaving 
 himfelf the fmalleft fliare, and often none at all. When they kill a 
 hog, or make any mefs for themfelves, there is always a portion fent 
 to their friends, who return the favour as foon as their circumftances 
 will admit; which keeps up a conftant friendly communication among 
 them, and which we have never feen interrupted by any quarrel, 
 during a flay of more than four months. 
 
 Their honefly to one another feems unimpeachable, though we 
 have no reafon to think the accounts of their dilhonefty to flrangers 
 exaggerated. The murder of children, and other horrid pracflices, 
 which prevail among the Otahciteans, are unheard of here. Their 
 ihildren are much indulged, and old age honoured and revered. Fe- 
 cial;; chaftity is not much elleemed among the lower orders, it being 
 ,■1 common pradice with the chiefs, in our vifits to them, to offer 
 fonie of their females to fleep with us j the pradiccs of our aban- 
 
 N N 2
 
 2^6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 doned countrymen making them believe this a favour we could not 
 well do without. Our firft refufal fecmed to excite a furprife, but 
 has cTcnerally prevented a fecond temptation from the fame perfon. 
 Unchaftity among females of rank, and efpecially after marriage, we 
 have heard is puniflied with feverity ; however, we have not as yet 
 known an inftance. 
 
 Their marriages are attended with very little ceremony ; the only 
 one we have feen was that of Vaarjee, with whom brothers Bowell and 
 Harper have been fome time refident. This was condudcd in the fol- 
 lowing manner : A young female having attra6ted his attention, he 
 firft informed his mother that he wifhed to add her to the number of 
 his wives. She immediately communicated this to the damfel's 
 father, and the propofal meeting his approbation, he clothed her in a 
 new garment, and with attendants, and fuch a quantity of baked 
 hogs, yams, yava root, &c. as he could afford, fhe was fent to her 
 intended fpoufe, who being apprifed of her coming, feated himfelf in 
 his houfe, and received her in the fame manner, and with as little 
 emotion, as he would have done any other vifitor : feafting on the 
 provifions, and a good draught of yava, concluded the whole, and 
 the bride was at liberty either to return to her father till again fent for, 
 or to take up her refidence with her hufband, which, in this inftance, 
 fhe preferred. Polygamy is in common pradlice among the chiefs, 
 each of whom takes as many wives as he pleafes ; but they are entire 
 ftrangers to domeftic broils, which may, in a great degree, be owing 
 to the abfolute power each man has over his own family, every woman 
 being fo much at her hufband 's difpofal, as renders her liable to be 
 difcarded on the fmallefl difpleafure. 
 
 Their deities are numerous j and though we have hitherto been able 
 to fay but little to them on this fubjed, we have reafon to think their 
 prejudices are ftrong. Every diftridt has its own deity; and each 
 family of note has one, whom they confider as their peculiar patron. 
 Talliataboo is the god of Aheefo, which being at prefent the moft 
 powerful, he is accounted a great warrior. Futtafaihe prefides over 
 
 4
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 277 
 
 Mooa and Doobludha, Cartow over the diflridl of Ahoge ; each of 
 which deities are on certain occafions reprefentcd by the fcveral chiefs 
 of thofe diftrid:s ; fo that we find their natches and other annual 
 exhibitions are not mere pubhc amufcments, but religious obfcrvances, 
 whereon they think the hves and health of their chiefs, for whom 
 they have great afrediion, entirely depend ; as likewifc the profperity 
 of the country in general : expcd:ing the fucceeding crop will be in 
 proportion to the offerings made at thefe times. They have two 
 natches in the year, one when their yams are fct, to procure the 
 favour of Futtafaihe ; and the other when they gather them in, ex- 
 preffive of their gratitude. The winds they fuppofe to be under the 
 control of a female, called Calla Filatonga, who, they fay, is very 
 powerful, but is little regarded by them, and is therefore fometimes 
 provoked to blow down their cocoa-nut, plantain, bread-fruit, and 
 other trees, and commits fuch ravages as oblige them to bring offer- 
 ings of hogs, yams, and kava, in the moft humble and fubmiffive 
 manner, to a houfe facred to her, where a perfon is appointed to per- 
 fonate her on the occafion, and receive the offering that is made. Thefe 
 florms being very unfrequent, and generally over before appeafing 
 meafures are taken, the reprefentative is in little danger of being 
 detected of falfehood by returning a favourable anfwer. This 
 office of perfonator is only temporary, being always chofen for the 
 occafion. 
 
 We have feen no perfon among them that feems more religious 
 than another, or any thing that could lead us to fuppofe there 
 is any fuch charad:er as a priefl among them. In all the offer- 
 ings they make, each man kills and prefents his own facrifice. Their 
 frequent earthquakes they account for by fuppofing the ifland reffs 
 upon the flioulders of a very powerful deity called Mowee, who has 
 fupported it for fuch a length of time as exceeds their conceptions. 
 This heavy burden often exhaufts his patience, and then he endeavours, 
 but in vain, to fhake it off; which, however, never fails to excite a 
 horrid outcry over the whole country, that lafts for fome time after
 
 278 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 the fhock is over : and we have fometimes feen them endeavour to 
 quell his difcontent, and reduce him to good behaviour, by beating 
 the ground with large flicks. Tongaloer, the god of the fky, and 
 Fenoulonga, of the rain, they fuppofe to be males ; befides thefe, they 
 have a great many others of both fexes, whofe names we cannot enu- 
 merate, over earth, fea, and fky, each ading in their proper fphere, and 
 fometimes counteracting one another, according as intereft or inclination 
 leads them. They alfo acknowledge the exiftence of a great number of 
 ftrange gods, calling them by the general name of Fyga, among whom 
 they rank ours as the greateft; and, when they think it will anfwer their 
 purpofe, they will readily acknowledge him as far wifer, and in every 
 relpc6t better than theirs, having taught us to make fo much better 
 Ihips, tools, cloth, &c. than they have ever been able to do. Be- 
 fides thefe, they imagine every individual to be under the power and 
 control of a fpirit peculiar to himfelf, which they call odooa, who 
 interefls himfelf in all their concerns, but, like Calla Filatonga, is 
 little regarded till angry, when they think he inflidls upon them all 
 the deadly diforders to which they are fubjcd:; and then, to appeafe 
 him, the relations and other connexions of the afflidled perfon, efpe- 
 cially if he be a chief, run into all the inhuman pradices of cutting 
 off their little fingers, beating their faces, and tabooing themfelves 
 from certain kinds of food. Human facrifices feem little in 
 practice : the only vidlims to fuperfl:ition which we have feen are 
 already mentioned in the cafe of Moomooe j though, at our arrival. 
 Ambler informed us, that when a great chief lay fick they often 
 ftrangled their women, to the number of three or four at a time. 
 When the odooa is inexorable, the death of the perfon is inevitable 
 and fure, and the furviving friends feem for a fhort time inconfolable; 
 but their grief is foon changed into the oppofite extreme, and they 
 run into as great extravagances in their feafts as when the forrowful 
 pafiTions prevailed they inflided on themfelves fufferings. 
 
 They believe the immortality of the foul, which at death, they fay, 
 is immediately conveyed in a very large fafi:-failing canoe to a diftant
 
 Skpt.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 279 
 
 country, called Doobludha, which they defcribc as rcfembhng the 
 Mahometan paradife. They call the god of this region of pleafure 
 Higgolayo, and cftecm him as the greateft and moft powerful of all 
 others, the reft being no better than fcrvants to him. This dodrine, 
 however, is wholly confined to the chiefs, for the tooas (or lower 
 order) can give no account whatever ; as they reckon the enjoyments 
 of Doobludha above their capacity, fo they feem never to think of 
 what may become of them after they have ferved the purpofes of this 
 life. We have not been able to learn what ideas they form of the 
 origin of their exiftence, or any other parts of the creation ; when 
 fpoken to on thefe fubjedls they feem quite loft ; this may, how- 
 ever, be owing to the inaccuracy of our expreflions, arifnig from an 
 imperfed: knowledge of the language, which has hitherto prevented 
 us from oppofing any of thofe grofs abfurdities. But we look forward 
 to that happy day when the glorious fun of righteoufnefs will arife, 
 and turn this fliadow of death into the morning. 
 
 The produce of this ifland is already fo well defcribed, that it feems 
 unneccfTary to fay thing of it here. We have been able to add very 
 little to it. Our feeds, which have been fown in different parts, bid 
 fair to do well : this induces us to think any kind of European feeds 
 would thrive here, were it not for the rats, which deftroy them as 
 they appear above ground. Rats, with hogs, dogs, and guanoes, 
 were the only quadrupeds we found here. The cattle left by Capt. 
 Cook have been all deftroyed fome years ago : the horfe and mare 
 having been firft gored by the bull, gave the natives an idea of his 
 furious temper, and put them in terror for themfelves ; therefore, to 
 prevent any bad accident taking place, they deftroyed him, with 
 the cow and three young ones, which, they informed us, were all 
 they had produced, except one young bull which had been previoufly 
 taken to Feejee. Captain Wilfon, in his fecond viiit, has left us 
 eio-ht goats, three cats, and an Englilh do":, of which the natives 
 are very fond, and which we hope will be ufeful in their proper 
 places. The death of a ram at Otaheite prevented us from receiving
 
 J. So FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 any flieep, which we eftccm a great lofs, as there is abundance of 
 excellent food for thofe ufcful animals in the moft negledted parts of 
 this ifland, and they might in time prove a great advantage to the 
 natives, not only by fupplying their deficiency of food, from which 
 many of them fuffer much at prefent, but by leading them into habits 
 of induftry, to which they are Grangers ; for though they are more 
 induflrious than moft of their neighbours fcattered about this fea, far 
 the greater part of their time is fpent in idlenefs. This conjedure 
 receives much ftrength from the earneft defire they exprefs for our 
 ■woollen clothes, efpecially blankets ; which induces us to think, if 
 they had the materials, and the leaft hint how to make ufe of them, 
 they would foon endeavour to manufacture them themfelves. 
 
 The foil is every where prolific, and confifts of a fine rich mould, 
 upon an average about fourteen or fifteen inches deep, free from ftones, 
 except near the beach, where coral rocks appear above the furface. 
 Beneath this mould is a red loam four or five inches thick ; next is a 
 very ftrong blue clay in fmall quantities ; and in fome places has been 
 found a black earth, which emits a very fragrant fmell refembling 
 bergamot, but it foon evaporates when expofed to the air. The air 
 is pure and wholefome, much fliarper in the winter than we expelled 
 to have found it, efpecially when the wind is from the fouthward ; 
 but for want of a thermometer, which happened to be broken, we 
 have never been able to afcertain its true ftate. 
 
 But we muft conclude our prefent account, hoping our next will 
 contain fomething more interefting and encouraging to our dear friends, 
 whofe prayers we earneftly entreat in our behalf; for furely never men 
 in the world ftood more in need of their afliftance in this refped: than 
 we do. Our work is great, our ftrength is fmall, very weaknefs itfelf ; 
 our enemies are crafty and powerful, but none we find fo dangerous as 
 thofe of our own houfe, thofe evil hearts of unbelief that are always 
 ready to draw us from the God of our ftrength, who is the rock of our 
 falvation. But if ' God be for us, who can be againft us ? He bids 
 us fear not : and we have not only the afifurance of his word, but
 
 SEPT.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 281 
 
 alio the tcftimony of his providence, that he is with us, and will 
 never leave us nor forfake us. Well then may we go on in divine 
 ftrength, rejoicing in the profpeds of graiter tribulations than wc 
 have hitherto experienced, or at prefent have in view ; trufting him 
 that in every conflid: which we may be called on to fuftain under 
 the banner of the glorious Captain of our falvation, wc fliall grow 
 ftronger and ftrongcr, and at length be brought off" the field more 
 than conquerors through Him who hath loved us, and given himfelf 
 for us. 
 
 The Duff" is now unmooring. We feel all the anguifli that is con- 
 fequent upon a feparation of iriends who are bound together by fuch 
 endearing ties as fliall endure when thofe of nature fliall be for ever 
 diflblved. Befides our dear captain, we cannot but efteem many of 
 the officers and crew as children of the fame family with ourfelves : 
 all of whom, ourfelves, and all our concerns, both for time and 
 eternity, we defire to refign to the fovereign difpofal of our gracious 
 heavenly Father, and to the word of his grace, which is able to keep 
 us from falling, and give us all an inheritiince among them that are 
 fandified through faith which is in Jefus Chrift. Farewell. May 
 grace, mercy, and peace be multiplied to all who love our Lord Jefus 
 Chriil: in fincerity, and are fceking.tlie. advancement of his kingdom 
 and glory ! Amen. 
 
 Tongataboo Roads, Sept. 6th, 1797. 
 
 -o o
 
 28a FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Tranfa^ions at Tongataboo during the Ship's Stay. 
 
 1 HUS far I have written from the brethren's journal, judging that, 
 though repetitions would unavoidably occur by this plan, the inci- 
 dents related as they happened would enable thofe interefted to form 
 a better idea both of the natives and the real (ituation of the miiTion- 
 aries, than by any other method I was able to purfue; for perhaps 
 from things which I might have palTed over, fome fkilful friend 
 would draw ufeful and interefting inferences. 
 
 And as I have brought it up to the day we left thofe dear fervants 
 of our bleffed Lord, there remains but little to be fiid concerning 
 what pafTed at the fhip j as during this flay, which was twenty days, 
 the whole was fpent in one continued intercourfe of friendfhip and 
 fervice between us and the natives : every day we were vifited by fome 
 or other of them j they laid us in a very large fea-ftore of fine yams, 
 and as many hogs as we were willing to accept ; for the flock of 
 thefe which we had brought from Otaheite was ftill fufHcient to take 
 to fea. Some boars and fows of the larger fize we exchanged with 
 them for others, and had the fatisfadiion to hear that a fow thus 
 exchanged to Vaarjee, Bowell and Harper's chief, had a few days 
 after farrowed nine pigs. For articles of iron they will ven- 
 ture any thing. On our firfl arrival an iron hoop was flolen off the 
 windlafs end ; but as no perfon was fuffered to come on board till we 
 got it again, it was returned next day by Futtafaihe. Several other 
 things of lefs confequence were flolen, but as the captain did not like 
 to break the harmony which fubfifled for the fake of them, they were 
 never recovered. Among other things, the cook's axe was flolen; and
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 283 
 
 to give our friends an idea of the fmall value of a few glittering gui- 
 neas in the eyes of thefe people, when put in competition with a ufeful 
 iron tool, the captain gave the cook ten new guineas to purchafe another 
 axe from the natives; but his endeavours to make fuch a purchafe were 
 vain, they only laughed at him for his offer. Bcfides iron, our cloth and 
 fmall blue and green beads were in high eftimation among them ; and 
 fome of them even defired us to bring fuch on our next vifit. They 
 alfo valued nails, efpecially of the larger fort. But it may be obfei-ved 
 that they are fo fcrupulous in dealing, that they generally ftand for the 
 full value of every thing. 
 
 The captain was never on fliore, and each of us was only permitted 
 one day at Mooa, for pleafure. As we refufcd to have any diverfions 
 adled for our entertainment, left the idea of pleafing might lead 
 them to excefles inexcufable on our part, none of their cuftoms 
 of this nature were witnefTcd by us, but I fuppofe them to be fully 
 defcribcd by Captain Cook. The day before we failed I went to 
 Mooa in the pinnace, accompanied by Mr. Falconer, Mr. Robfon, 
 and my brother James Wilfon. Several hundreds of the natives lined 
 the fhore, part of them entreating us to go firft to Futtafaihe, and 
 the other part for us to vifit Dugonagaboola firft. As I had previoufly 
 promifed the former, we repaired to him, and were received with 
 great ceremony ; and when we had fpent fome time with him we 
 vifited the other chief, whom we found near the beach, feated with 
 about an hundred others round a bowl of kava, part of which 
 they offered to us ; but the gee root only fuited our tafte. This, being 
 what they conclude their morning's repaft with, is fweet as fugar- 
 cane, and greatly refembles if, being only a little more pafty. Both 
 chiefs treated us well; Futtafaihe roafted a large hog for our dinner, 
 after which he accompanied us to the fiatookas of his anccftors : they 
 lie ranged in a line eaftward from his houfe, among a grove of trees, 
 and are many in number, and of different conftrudtions : fome, in a 
 fquare form, were not in the leaft raifed above the level of the com- 
 mon ground j a row of large ftones formed the fides, an^ at each 
 
 002
 
 a84 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 ['797- 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 Ov 
 
 
 5ffeet. 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 'a 
 
 
 
 On 
 
 
 5lfeet. 
 
 CO 
 
 
 .= 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 5|feet. 
 
 rn 
 
 TJ 
 
 Profile ofthe Steps.. 
 
 -^ : 
 
 
 'I- 
 
 
 
 
 corner two high ftones were placed upright at right angles to each 
 other, and in a line with their refpedlive fides : others were fiich as 
 the brethren delcribe that of Moom5oc to be : and a third lort were 
 built fquare like the firft j the largcft of which was at the bafe one 
 hundred and fifty-fix feet -by one hundred and forty ; it had four 
 Heps from the bottom to the 
 
 . J 1 Top. 
 
 top, that run quite round the 
 pile : one flone compofcd the 
 
 height of each ftep, a part of 
 
 it being funk in the ground ; 
 
 and fome of thefe fVones in the 
 
 wall of the lower are immenfely 
 
 large j one, which I meafured, 
 
 was twenty-four feet by twelve, 
 
 and two feet thick ; thefe Futta- 
 
 faihe informed us were brought 
 
 in double canoes from the ifland 
 
 of Lefooga. Thev are coral ftone, and are hewn into a tolerably 
 
 good fhape, both with refped: to the ftraightnefs of their fides and'. 
 
 flatnefs of their furfaces. They are now fo hardened by the weather, 
 
 that the great difficulty we had in breaking a fpecimen of one corner 
 
 made it not eafy to conjefture how the labour of hewing them at firft 
 
 had been efFedied j as, by the marks of antiquity which fome of 
 
 them bear, they mufl: have been built long before Tafman Ihewed the 
 natives an iron tool. Befides the trees which grow on the top and fides 
 of mofi: of them, there are the etooa, and a variety of other trees about 
 them ; and thefe, together with the thoufands of bats which hang 
 on their branches, all contribute to the awful folemnity of thofe fe- 
 pulchral manfions of the ancient chiefs. On our way back Futta- 
 faihe told us that all. the fiatookas we had feen were built by his 
 anceftors, who alfo lay interred in them;- and as there appeared no 
 reafon to doubt the truth of this, it proves that a fupreme power in 
 the government of the ifland muft for many generations have been in.
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 285 
 
 the family of the Futtafuihes : for though there were many fiatookas 
 in the ifland, the brethren, who had fecn moft of them, laid they 
 were not to be compared to thefe for magnitude, either in the pile or 
 the ftones wliich compofc them. 
 
 One of his wives was lying-in at this time, and we were con- 
 dudled to the apartment where Ihe was : it was extremely neat, and the 
 floors were covered with mats. Both herfelf and the child had their 
 fkins coloured with turmeric, which gave them a glittering appear- 
 ance, and they faid this was their cuftom with women in childbed. 
 She had feveral female attendants ; and though Futtafaihe has many 
 other children, all the people feemed elate and glad on this occafion. 
 During our flay we vifited feveral chiefs of both fexes, and received 
 prefcnts from each of them. As the evening approached we took 
 our leave, and returned to the flaip. 
 
 Mooa is a beautiful place, efpecially where Futtafaihe's houfe ftands. 
 Proceeding from the lagoon about a quarter of a mile through fenced 
 lanes, a fpacious fquare green about half a furlong wide opens itfelf; 
 at the farther end of which the dwelling ftands : on the fame green, 
 which is as fmooth as if rolled, a few large fpreading trees grow in 
 an irregular difpofition, which add much beauty to the fcene. On 
 the eaft fide is a neat fence enclofing the long grove where the fiatookas 
 fland } on the weft are the dwellings of different chiefs m their enclo- 
 fures ; and along the north or lower fide of the fquare, the great 
 road runs from one end of the ifland to the other : this road is in 
 general about fix or feven yards wide, but eaftward from the green, 
 and for half a mile, it is not lefs than fixty yards wide. In this part 
 there is a range of trees as large and fpreading as the largefl: Englifh 
 oaks j and as their branches meet at the top, and quite exclude the fun's 
 rays, a pleafant walk is afforded by their fliade. Clofe by thefe, 
 l)rothers Buchanan and Gaulton are fituated.
 
 286 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Pajfage from Tongataboo to China, 
 
 On Thurfday morning, the yth of September, we weighed, and 
 failing from Tongataboo by the northern paffage, paiTed clofe by 
 tlie fmall iflands of Honga Harpy and Honga Tonga ; thefe are 
 both moderately high, and appear fertile: at four P.M. they bore 
 E.S.E. twenty-two miles diftant. After which we fleered N.W. per 
 compafs one hundred and twenty-fix miles, and weft thirty-two 
 miles. Obferved at noon on the 8th in 18" 43^ 8. and fuppofed 
 that a current was fetting us to the weft ward. From noon till half 
 paft five P. M. we fteered W. by S. thirty-nine miles -, then hove to 
 for two iflands, the fouthernmoft of which bore S.W. | S. and the 
 northernmoft \V. by N. diftance from the latter feven leagues. The 
 former had a remarkable flat top, on which account we called it 
 Table ifland. A little before we hove to, the time-keeper gave 
 the longitude of the (hip 182" 5' E. Before dark we could fee 
 other iflands further to the wefl:ward, and fuppofed them either the 
 fame, or very near to thofe. Captain Bligh firft fell in with after 
 leaving Tofoa in the launch. 
 
 We had briflc gales and a hollow fea all the night ; about fix hours 
 we lay with the fhip's head to the northward, then wore to the 
 fouthward till daylight j in which lafl: fpace of time we muft have 
 pafltd clofe to a dangerous reef, named in the chart Providence 
 reef J but as nothing of this kind was in fight before dark, we had 
 no apprehenfion of reefs lying in our way ; and even when the day 
 broke we thought we had a clear fea, and at fix o'clock bore away,
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 287 
 
 and run W. N.W. about half an hour, when we difcovcred feveral 
 iflands befides thofe we had feen on the preceding evening ; and 
 perceived that extenfive reefs furrounded every one of them. In 
 viewing our fituation from aloft it appeared very critical, and occa- 
 lioned the ifland ahead to be called Danger ifland. A little from 
 this ifland S. E. lay three or four fmall iflets, and a coral reef ex- 
 tended about three or four miles S. E. from them. On our ftarboard 
 quarter another reef trended to the N.E. further than we could fee, 
 as the weather was hazy. Thus were we running direftly for Danger 
 ifland, and leaving thofe extenfive reefs upon each quarter, when 
 the fight of many more iflands gave us reafon to fuppofe that to 
 attempt a pafTage through them would be hazardous, if not impradi- 
 cable. We hauled, therefore, our wind, fet what fail the fhip could 
 bear, and tried to work out by the way we came in. The gale in- 
 creafing, and the fea running very high, we had little hopes at firfl: 
 of gaining ground, or that the fliip would ftay in fo heavy a fea. 
 However, fhe never miffed fl:ays but once; the tide likewife ap- 
 peared to be in our favour; for, after making a few tacks, at half 
 paft nine A. M. we paffed to windward of the S. E. reef, and flood 
 towards Table ifland. As we ran along we faw a large fpace to 
 leeward free from reefs, which almofl tempted us to bear away ; but 
 proceeding further, the iflands to the S.W. appeared connedled by 
 them. Therefore we determined to get to the north by the eafl: of 
 them ; though there is no doubt but, in fine weather, a paffage 
 might be found as well here as among thofe through which we 
 afterwards had to thread the needle. All this day and the night 
 was fpent in plying to windward. On the morning ot the 10th 
 paffed Providence reef, which is a fmall fpot, and bears eaft from 
 the fouth end of Danger ifland. We afterwards paffed the north-eafl: 
 reef, where once more we appeared to have a clear fea. Table and 
 Danger iflands, of which we had the neareft view, wore an afpcd 
 of fertility, having the loftiefl: hills covered with trees to their fum- 
 mits. Obferved at noon in latitude 1 8' 23'' S.
 
 288 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1.797. 
 
 ■Gn the 12th at noon we were in latitude 16" 42^ S. and longitude 
 f 80" 30' E. ; hal'f an hour afterwards faw land bearing fouth, for 
 which we hauled up, wilhing to have feme intercourfe with the 
 natives. As we ran to the fouth we had a reef on the weather fidt 
 jufl: in fight from the deck, and a low ifland on our lee beam bearing 
 W. by N. The wind being E. S. E. wc juft weathered a reef lying 
 eaflward from a fmallbut high ifland ; and ftanding a little farther, 
 tacked flaip clofe to the north-eaft reefs of what we called Sir Charles 
 Middleton's ifland, and chofe the ground betv/een this and the before- 
 mentioned reef to fpend the night in, as we had the bearings of 
 ieveral iflands whereby to dired: us clear of the furrounding danger. 
 
 At daybreak on the 13th we bore away, and ran along the north 
 fide of Sir Charles Middleton's ifland. There appeared no opening- 
 through the reef, though one might perhaps be found fomewhere 
 about the ifland, if diligently fought for; but on this fide there is none. 
 As we ran to the windward, compafs bearings were taken of the 
 iflands and reefs, to afcertain their relative fituations ; and to the chart 
 conflrucfted from thefe, with the help of the time-keeper and latitude, 
 we muft refer thofe who may citlier have to fail .this way, or who 
 would improve the geography of this part of the globe. Leaving 
 Middleton's ifland, we fleered wefl: per compafs four or five leagues, 
 and pafled clofe by what we called Maitland ifland. There were 
 natives on the beach with fpears in their hands ; and the ifland, 
 which was moderately high, feemed to abound in the common 
 produce; but, like thofe we had already feen, was quite furrounded by 
 ■a reef. Therefore lliiling thence W.N.W. about fix leagues further, 
 we. came near to the eaft end of another pretty large ifland, called 
 Rofs's ifland, where we faw vafl: numbers of natives alTembled upon 
 the beach, and fmoke among the trees; but they alfo were quite 
 fecure, being, like their neighbours, ftrongly fortified with a fur- 
 rounding reef. Jufl off here we obferv^ed, latitude i6» 48' S. and 
 longitude i8o» 29' per chronometer. Many larger iflands were in 
 fight to leeward, which, from examination of Bligh's narrative^ .\v:e
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 28^ 
 
 fuppofcd to lie N. E. from the large iflands, which he palled when 
 the canoes chafed him. 
 
 From the maft-hcad we obfcrved a reef trending to the N. E. to 
 weather which we hauled our wind to the northward ; and palling 
 it, ftood towards feme fmall iflands, which wc called the Cluftcrs. 
 As night approached, being furrounded with reefs and iflands on all 
 fides, we put the fliip under an eafy fail, and chofe the mofl: clear 
 fpace to make fhort tacks in, till next morning. At fcvcn o'clock a 
 low ifland to windward bore E. by N. and the highefl: of the Clufters 
 bore S.S.W. ; the wind was eafl:erly, and the fta as fmooth as a 
 river. At the above time we flood to the S.E, by S. under the top- 
 fails J and at nine o'clock, no danger appearing, we thought ourfelves 
 fafe ; but we were prefently alarmed by the fhip ftriking upon a 
 coral reef, upon which the lea hardly broke, to give the leaft warning. 
 All hands were upon deck in an inllant, and, as flie fluck fill:, be- 
 came under great apprehensions of being fliipwrecked ; a misfortune 
 which prefented itfelf with a thoufand frightful ideas. We knew 
 that the Feejees were cannibals of a fierce difpofition, and who had 
 never had the leafl: intercourfe with any voyagers ; confequently wc 
 could expedl no favour from fuch. Imagination, quick and fertile 
 on fuch occafions, figured them dancing round us, while we were 
 roaflai on large fij-es. However, it was no time to indulge thoughts 
 of this kind, but to try what could be done to fave the fhip. Judging- 
 it to be a weather reef we were on, the moment flic ft:ruck the fails 
 were hove abixck, and in about five or fix minutes we beheld with 
 joy that flie came aflern, and fliortly after was quite afloat ; when 
 we were again delivered from our fears, and found the fliip, which 
 had kept upright the whole time, feemed to have received no injury. 
 It was not poflible to afcertain at fea what damage had been fuftained, 
 as {he made no water; but on .her coming into dock, we dilcovcred 
 how very wonderfully we had been prelcrvcd. The coral rock on 
 which we llruck was providentially dire(n:ed exactly againft: one of the 
 timbers. The violence of the blow had beat in the copper, deeply 
 
 p jp
 
 2^0 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 ^\-oiinded the plank, and beat it to iliivers. Had the ftroke been 
 between the ribs of the fliip, it muft have gone throiigh, and we 
 had probably never returned to adore the Author of our mercies. 
 Thus the gracious Lord, who ftill guarded us with a fhepherd's care, 
 was pleafed to fhew us the infufficiency of human prudence ; and 
 that, except we are kept by himfelf, " the watckiTian waketh but 
 " in vain." O that he would give us hearts of gratitude and 
 thankfulnefs, in fome meafurc proportioned to his daily mercies ex- 
 tended to us his unworthy creatures ! 
 
 When t)ie day fhewed us the dangers which lay hid on every fide, 
 it appeared wonderful how we had efcaped fo well, and made us 
 very defirous to get clear of them as faft as poffible. With this 
 view we fleered N.N.W. betwixt feveral fmall reefs, not larger in 
 circumference than the Iliip, and with fcarce a wafh of the fea upon 
 them. They feemed to extend on both fides of us, as far as we 
 could fee. When we had palled thefe, and began to bring the 
 iflands aftern, -we thought ourfelves quite clear, and were regret- 
 ting that we could have no intercourfe with the inhabitants ; 
 who, we had no doubt, would have been willing to barter with us, 
 had we found fafe anchorage for the fliip ; for with thefe people the 
 Friendly iflanders carry on a trade with the articles they got from us. 
 At ninfc A.M. another ifland came in fight to the N.W. for which 
 we fhaped our courfe, to try if anchorage could be found near it ; 
 and the weather fide appearing on our approach to be clear of reefs, 
 it gave us hopes that the lee fide would be the fame ; but it proved 
 otherwife. At noon the body of the ifland bore fouth, diftant one 
 mile, and our latitude by obfervation 15° 41' S. longitude per chro- 
 nometer 1 80'' 25'' E. Along this north fide, there being no reef, the 
 fea broke violently againft the cliffs^ which are high, and from the 
 face of them huge fragments have fallen off, and lie fcattered at 
 their bafe. Thefe cliffs, efpecially towards the north-weft end, have a 
 lefs fertile appearance than thofe we had already pafi^ed i but towards 
 the eaft end the ifland wears a better afpedt ; and at this part there
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTM-SEA ISLANDS. 291 
 
 were natives and houfes upon the top of the hill. Probably there is 
 low ground on the fouth-weft fide, where we intended to anchor 1 
 but coming to the north-weft point, we faw a flioal clofe to us, and 
 a large flat ran S.W. off the ifland : upon which we hauled our 
 wind ; and as this was the laft we faw of this dangerous group, it 
 received the name of Farewell iiland. 
 
 Thefe are probably the fame as Tafman got entangled among, and 
 which he calls Prince William's iflands : however, it may be pre- 
 fumed that but part of them have been yet feen by Europeans, as 
 it was evident that many large iflands lay to the S.W. the neareft of 
 which we could but faintly diftinguilh, and fome were at a diftancc 
 from the tracks of Captain Bligh in the launch of the Bounty, and 
 afterwards in the Providence. 
 
 They doubtlefs are connedled with thofe which the people at Ton- 
 gataboo call the Feejees, as they lie in the diredlion pointed out by 
 them. In general they are high, and all we could diftindlly fee 
 appeared fertile : the loftieft hills were woody to their fummits, and 
 on the top of feveral was abundance of cocoa-nut trees, which on 
 fome iflands thrive only on the low ground ; nor is it here as at 
 Otaheite, where the middle region is commonly nothing but fun- 
 burnt grafs J for, from the beach to the top of the hills is one con- 
 tinued grove of trees, and many of them have fruitful flcirts of low 
 land. The valleys of Middleton's ifland appeared delightfully plea- 
 fant, and muft abound in all the fruits and roots common to thefe 
 parts of the world. In fome places we faw fpots of cultivated ground, 
 probably of kava. 
 
 Coral reefs furround every ifland, and thofe which h'e near each 
 other are conneded by them. Though there appeared to us to be no 
 openings through thefe reefs to the refpedlive iflands they enclofc, 
 yet we cannot venture to fay that there is no fuch thing, but think 
 it highly probable that by a more diligent fearch both openings and 
 anchorage might be found. But as the captain propofed making 
 fome flay at the Pclcw iflands, and had to reach China at a fpecified 
 
 r p 3
 
 =52 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797- 
 
 time, we could not with propriety delay longer here in fearch of arr 
 uncertainty. Where we pafTed clofe we faw many inhabitants, and 
 have no doubt but that tlicy are all well peopled ; and they muft 
 be an improved people in the favage ftate, for the natives of the 
 Friendly Iflands, who are unwilling to give place to any, acknow- 
 ledge that the Feejecs excel them in many ingenious works ; that 
 they poflefs larger canoes, and are a brave, fighting people; but 
 abhor them for their dcteftable praftice of eating their unfortunate 
 prifoners. They i\{e bows and arrows in war; and from the black- 
 nefs of their complexion, and the difference of their language and 
 manners, they are evidently a diftind: race from the natives of thofe 
 groups where miflions are now eftablillied. 
 
 1 6th. We obfcrved at noon in latitude 13= 13^ S. and at five P.M. 
 faw the ifland of Rotumah, bearing N.W, by W. The weather 
 being at this time fqually, with rain, we hove to for the night. 
 At daylight next morning we bore away, and at half paft eight 
 o'clock were oppofite the north-eaft end, when feveral canoes came 
 off, containing from three to fix and feven pcrfons each. At firfl 
 they were fhy, and kept aloof; but prefently fome bolder than the 
 reft ventured alongfide, and one with a fowl in his hand, taking hold 
 of a rope, dropped himfelf into the water, and was hauled on board. 
 He made figns that he wanted an axe for the fowl, by which we 
 immediately knew that there mull have been friendly intercourfe be- 
 tween them and Captain Edwards of the Pandora, who difcovered 
 this ifland in Augufl 1791 ; but it is probable that they have been 
 vifitcd by none befides, as they now beheld us with much furprife 
 ?.nd wonder. This day happening to be Sunday, the rule we had 
 conftantly obfer\'ed while in this fea prevented trade between us and 
 thcfe people. However, this man received an axe, a few fifli-hooks, 
 and other things, which made him leap for joy. Three others, en- 
 couraged by his good fortune, ventured after him, and fared equally 
 well ; and it appeared that many more would have come on board, 
 had they an opportunity ; for obferving that we fleered rather from
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. coj. 
 
 theifliind, they pointed towards a bay, as if dcTirous we fliould come 
 to anchor. As we ran down the north fide there appeared a good 
 bay near to the weft end, where, if the anchorage be flife, ihips 
 may ride flieltered from all but northerly winds ; and perhaps a 
 fituation might be found to lie in the fame bay flieltered from thcfc 
 alfo. This bay lies to windward of the higheft bluff hill, on the 
 weft end of the main ifland ; a high illet lies diredly north of this 
 bluff hill, and they bear a great refemblance to each other, being 
 both fteepeft on the north fide. Weftward of this laft lie three 
 more fmall iflets, the largeft of which appeared to be fplit in the- 
 middle, as if broken by an earthquake. 
 
 The main ifland far exceeds in populoufnefs and fertility all that 
 we had feen in this fea ; for in a fpace not more than a mile in 
 length we counted about two hundred houfes next the beach, be- 
 fides what the trees probably concealed from our view ; this was at the 
 eaft end, and there was reafon to think almoft every part of it equally 
 well inhabited. In the fliape and fize of their perfons wc could 
 diftinguifti no difference between them and the Friendly iflaiidcrs, 
 except that we thought them of a lighter colour, and fomc difference 
 in the tattooing, having here the refemblance of birds and fifties, 
 with circles and fpots upon their arms and flioulders : the latter are 
 feemingly intended to reprcfent the heavenly bodies. Two or three of 
 the women whom we faw were tattooed in this laft way : at Tonga- 
 taboo they keep the upper parts clear of all tattooing. The women 
 here wear their hair long, have it dyed of a reddifli colour ; and 
 with a pigment of the fiime, mixed with cocoa-nut oil, they rub 
 their neck and breaft. The men who were on board appeared to 
 have much of the ftirewd, manly fenfe of the above people, and 
 many of their cuftoms. One of them made figns, that in cafes of 
 mourning they cut. their heads with ftiarks' teeth, beat their cheeks 
 till they bled, and wounded themfelves with fpears j but that the 
 women only cut off the little fingers, the men being exempt from it ;
 
 ^g^. FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 w hcrcas at Tongataboo there is hardly man or woman but v.hat lias 
 lolt both. 
 
 Their finglc canoes (for we faw no double ones) were nearly the 
 f^ime in all relpedts as at the Friendly Illands, being of the fame 
 Hiapc, fewed together on the infide, and decorated in the fame manner 
 with ihellsj but, being rather fhorter in proportion to their width, 
 feemed not fo neat and well finiflied. The only weapons we faw 
 were fpears curioiifly carved, and pointed with the bone of the fting 
 ray. The natives expreffed great furprife and curiofity at the fight 
 of our fheep, goats, and cats. Hogs and fowls, they faid, they had 
 in great plenty, which, added to the evidently fuperior fertility of the 
 jfland, and the feeming cheerful and friendly difpofition of the natives, 
 makes this, in our opinion, the moft eligible place for fhips coming 
 from the eaftward, wanting refreshments, to touch at: and with 
 regard to miffionary views, could one or two young men, fuch as 
 Crook, be found willing to devote their lives to the inftrudiion of 
 perhaps five or fix thoufand poor heathen, there can hardly be a 
 place where ^they could fettle with greater advantage, as there is food 
 in abundance J and the ifland lying remote from others, can never 
 be engaged in wars, except what broils may happen among them- 
 felves. Its latitude is i2°3i'S. and longitude 177° E. ; its length, 
 in an eaft and weft diredion, is not above four or five miles. 
 
 From Rotumah we fteered N.W. by W. to W. and W. by S. for 
 eight days ; and as we hove to every night, we had reafon to think 
 that no land lay within four or five leagues on each fide of our track. 
 At eight A. M. on the 25th, we faw land from the maft-head bearing 
 N.W. by N. and immediately fteered for it. The weather being 
 gloomy, with drizzling rain, we had no obfervation for the latitude. 
 About five o'clock in the evening, as we drew near to the land, we 
 found that it confifted of tenor eleven feparate iflands, two or three 
 of which were of confiderable fize, and law a canoe coming towards 
 us, in which were two men; they approached within hail, but would
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 295 
 
 come no nearer ; they ftood up and brandiflied their paddles, and 
 ufing many wild gelhires, hooped and hallooed in a harfh tone, not 
 fcemingly as a menace or deiiance, but the efFcd: of furprife and a 
 mixture of other paflions at {o wonderful a fight, having, in all 
 probability, never beheld a fliip before. They had baikets of fruit 
 in the canoe, and to them they frequently pointed, as if they wanted 
 to barter them ; but if a conjedlure might be allowed, I lliould 
 rather think they meant them as offerings ; for if they really never 
 did fee a fliip before, they could know nothing of our articles, nor 
 their ufe or value. However, whatfoever they intended, fear kept 
 them at a diftance, though we ufed every method to allure them 
 alongfide. Nine canoes more were now coming off, but they alfo 
 ad:ed with the fame caution and fear as the firft, keeping all toge- 
 ther aftern of the fliip. When we had got pretty near to the illand 
 we tacked, and iliould have paffed through among them, had they 
 not perceived their lituation, and paddled to windward. After this 
 they were making towards the largeft of the iflands, \\ hen a heavy 
 fquall of wind and rain coming on, and obliging us to bear before 
 it, we were fo near nmning over fome of them, that the men in one 
 finall canoe jumped overboard and fwam to another. When the 
 fquall was ^over, we faw that they had all got near to the iliore, 
 and that the deferted canoe was not far from us j we therefore flood 
 clofe to her and picked her up, hoping to have an opportimity of 
 returning her the next day. 
 
 This canoe (and they all feemed to be alike) was about twelve or 
 fourteen feet long, and about fifteen inches broad, made of one tree, 
 fharpened at the ends, and a little ornamented on the upper part : 
 the inflrument with which they had hollowed her had left marks 
 as if done with a gouge. 
 
 Having put the fliip under a fniig fail, we flood to the eaftward 
 all the night, and at daybreak found we had drifted confiderably to 
 the fouthv/ard ; but as we ftill expedled to have fome intercourfe with 
 the natives, we fet fail, and plied to windward. About eleven A. M«
 
 296 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 we were pretty near to the largeft ifland, when five canoes ventured 
 off; but adcd with the fame caution as before, taking great care to 
 keep between us and the fliore, to which they paddled after about an 
 hour's flay. Seeing them depart, we flood clofe in with a reef 
 which lies about half a mile from the beach, and feems to extend 
 fome diftance from the wefi end ; and probably the iflands are con- 
 nedted by it. Where we were, we found feven fathoms ; a flat 
 coral bottom. Finding that their fears prevailed over their curiofity, 
 and that we were likely to have no intercourfe with them, we lowered 
 the jolly-boat down, and intended to tow the canoe clofe to the 
 fliorc, and there leave her with a few of our articles in her. But 
 obfcrving that the fliip could not get near enough to aid the boat in 
 cafe of an attack, this defign was relinquiflied, and we immediately 
 bore away. 
 
 The largefl of this group we named Difappointment ifland, and 
 the whole clufler Duff's Group : they are about eleven in number, 
 lying in a direction S.E. and N.W. fourteen or fifteen miles; in 
 the middle are two larger iflands about fix miles in circumference ; 
 betwixt thefe lafl: is a fmall iflet, and to the eaflward are three iflets, 
 two of which are round and high, the other flat and longifli. On 
 the north-wefl: part of the group are five or fix more ; fome of them 
 high. At the eafl: end of one is a remarkable rock in form of an 
 obehflc. The fmall iflands are apparently barren j but the two largeft 
 are entirely covered with wood, among which were feveral cocoa- 
 nut trees ; but, on the whole, they had not the appearance of great 
 fertility. The natives appeared flout and well made, with copper- 
 coloured complexions j their houfes are built clofe to each other, and 
 not difperfed, as we had been accuflcmed to fee them: a horde of their 
 dwellings was on the fouth-wefl fide of Diflippointment ifland. The 
 latitude of the latter is 9° 57' S. and longitude 167° E. 
 
 From Duff's Group we fleered W. by S. thirteen or fourteen 
 leagues, and on the following day obferved in latitude 10'^ 4' S. and 
 were then jull lofing flght of the caflernmoil of the group, bearing
 
 Sept.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 397 
 
 about E. 13° N. when we again faw land in the fouth-weft quarter, 
 and fleered for it, which proved to be Swallow ifland and Volcano 
 ifland ; and further to the S.W. we could difcern Egmont ifland : all 
 thefe were difcovered by Captain Carteret. Bcfides thefe we difcovered 
 a low ifland, which lies about S. S.W. from Volcano ifland, and ftccred 
 to go between the two, latter, but found that a reef ran from the 
 fouth part of the low ifland ; to avoid which we hauled to the 
 fouthward, then bore away ; and fleering W. by S. about five leagues, 
 faw two more low iflands bearing about W. by N. diftant two or 
 three miles. As the moon was jufl: now fetting, and we had reafon 
 to think running in the dark would be extremely dangerous, we hove 
 to with the fhip's head towards Volcano ifland. Captain Carteret, 
 in his Narrative, fays-, that they faw fmoke, but no flame, iflhing from 
 this volcano : but as we pafled it clofe, and even when we were at a 
 diftance, we beheld it emitting a large and bright flame every ten 
 minutes; which was to me and many on board truly gratifying, 
 who had never before beheld £0 grand a phenomenon. The height 
 of this volcano is from the furface of the fea two thoufand feet and 
 upwards ; and its height is to its bafe in the proportion of one to 
 three; its circular form, with flraight fides and an apparently pointed 
 top, gave us reafon to fuppofe that it had received this form by fuc- 
 ceflive eruptions of lava iflliing from the crater, and running down 
 its fides : and perhaps if this ever was what naturalifts call a primitive 
 mountain, it might not originally be very high ; its being furrounded 
 by low iflands, and its fimilar form to any common heap of matter, 
 naturally enough fuggefl: fuch an idea. 
 
 aSth. At fix A.M. we had the wefl: fide of Volcano ifland in 
 one with the wefl: end of Trevanion's ifland, bearing, per compafs, 
 S. 22° E. At the fame time the eaftern extremity of Egmont (or 
 Guernfey) ifland bore S. 43° E. and the extremities of two low iflands 
 north of us from N. 33° W. to N. 20" W. difl:ance of the volcano five 
 miles. Hence I conclude Egmont ifland of far lefs extent than it is 
 faid to be by Captain Carteret. Variation 10° E.
 
 198 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 From fix A. M. till noon we fteered W. by N. by compafs twenty- 
 three miles, and obferved in latitude 10" 2' S. and longitude, cor- 
 re(fled from lunar fights and chronometer, 165' 5^ E.; and at this 
 time the volcano bore E. 29° S. j but we had reafon to think that a 
 confiderable current fet to the northward. From noon we fteered 
 W. N.W. twenty-eight miles, and could juft difcern Volcano ifland 
 through the haze ; probably, had the weather been clearer, we might 
 have feen it farther off; though even now we muft have been diftant 
 from it near twenty leagues. 
 
 On the 29th and 30th we had unfettled weather, with thunder, 
 lightning, and rain. About noon we paffed to the fouthward of 
 Stewart's iflands : they are five in number, of no great extent, and 
 low. They were difcovered by Captain Hunter on his paffage to 
 Batavia, after the lofs of the Sirius ; their longitude we make 
 1 62° 30' E. On the following day we paffed in fight of New 
 Georgia, and faw no more land for feveral days. On the loth of 
 Odober we croffed the equator in longitude i52°E. where we had 
 the winds prevailing generally from E. S. E. to N. E, and frefh 
 breezes. From the line to 6° N. and betwixt the longitudes of 150* 
 and 140°, we found that the current often fet to the eaftward ; and 
 as we run down about ten degrees in the latitude of -7° N. we ex- 
 perienced many calms ; notwithftanding which we all enjoyed an 
 almoft uninterrupted ftate of good health. 
 
 On the 25th we came in fight of a low ifland bearing W. by N. 
 and prefently perceived fome canoes coming towards us. About 
 nine A.M. one came alongfide without the leaft fear or hefitation; 
 by which free behaviour we judged that they had been acquainted 
 with Europeans before; and their frequent mention of " Capitaine" 
 confirmed this conjedure. Thefe firft were followed by feveral 
 more, who exchanged their fifhing-hooks (made of fliells) and lines, 
 and koir rope, &c. for any thing that was given them : and when 
 everal of them were admitted on board, they, for a confiderable 
 time, fhewed no inclination to fteal. However, thofe in the canoes
 
 October.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 299 
 
 gave us reafon to alter the good opinion we had formed of them, by 
 fteaHng the rudder rings ; a thing which the Ikilful Friendly iflandcrs 
 had attempted in vain : and bcfides this, one fellow was caught 
 handing a pump-fpear into his canoe. As we had been accuftomed 
 to fuch matters, we only drove them off the decks for thcfe firft 
 depredations ; but while we fat at dinner in the cabin, wc heard them 
 at work trying to knock off the bolt-head of the rudder rings : upon 
 which the captain fired fome fmall (hot among them, which made 
 them inftantly fheer off. Juft at this time William Tucker and John 
 Connelly were difcovered fwimming clofe under the ftern, with a 
 view to make their efcape to the canoes, and by their (kulking ap- 
 peared afraid of being fired at likewife ; but the captain, enraged at 
 the former for his ingratitude and deceit, and willing to part with 
 the latter, told them, that if they chofe to go they might, for he 
 would not fire at them. Connelly anfwered, " Thank you, Sir;" 
 and they both fwam to the canoes, and were received by the favagcs 
 with great flioutings. Soon after, a breeze fpringing up from the 
 N.E. we refumed our courfe, and left them behind. Connelly wc 
 had brought by force fromTongataboo for threatening the miffionaries. 
 During his ftay on board he had conduciled himfelf quietly, and 
 being put on the fhip's books as an ordinary feaman, feemed to be 
 content in his fituation, till this lad acftion proved his hypocrify. 
 The fame might be faid of Tucker, who being alfo reinftated, had 
 often faid that he was happy that he had been taken again after 
 running from the fhip at Otahcitc ; and perhaps he fpoke his fenti- 
 ments, as there was reafon to believe that Connelly had perfuaded 
 him to this laft refolution. If Connelly was really a Botany bay 
 convidt (as we have fince heard), we may fuppofe him to have been 
 aduated by two motives, the fear of v/ork, and the fear of punilli- 
 mcnt if caught in England ; and as for Tucker, his condud: had 
 long made it evident that he was under the abfolutc rule of his fcn- 
 fual paffions ; which is the more to be lamented for the fake of an 
 excellent mother, of whom he was the only fou. This foot, on
 
 J 
 
 oo FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 which they have chofen to pafs their days, is but a fmall ifland on 
 the bofom of the deep, being not more than two or three miles in 
 circumference, and where the comforts and neceflaries of life feem 
 fo fcarce, that we had reafon to think their whole fubfiftence con- 
 fiftcd only of fifli and roots, cocoa-nut, and perhaps the bread- 
 fruit. 
 
 The natives are not a flout race; their complexion is a dark copper; 
 their dilpofitions lively. We favv no women. Their canoes differ 
 from all we had met before, being raifed high at each end, and 
 painted red: they have outriggers, and fail either end foremofi:. 
 Their fails are made nearly in the fame manner as the fingle failing 
 canoes of the Friendly Iflands. The latitude of the ifland is 7° ^^' N. 
 and longitude 146" 48' E. We named it from the runaway, Tucker's 
 ijland. 
 
 With light airs of wind from the N. E. we proceeded on our courfe 
 to the weflward, leaving Tucker and his companion to refledt upon 
 the unhappy choice they had made; a choice, to all appearance, fo 
 replete with wretchednefs, that we did not imagine a third perfon 
 could be found willing to follow their example : but fuch is the 
 prevalence of habit, and the enervating influence of idlenefs over the 
 mind, that Andrew Cornelius Lind came to the captain, and begged 
 earneflly to be fet on fhore upon the next ifland we fhould difcover. 
 To this requefl not only confent was given, Irut likewife a promife to 
 let him have a feledlion of ufeful articles wherewith to benefit the na- 
 tives, and the better to introduce and give him importance among 
 them. 
 
 26th. When we had got about ten leagues farther weft ward, at 
 midnight we faw another ifland bearing N. and at four A.M. faw two 
 more to the N. W. and as the day broke fliortly after, we counted fix 
 of thefe low iflands, the extreme points bearing from N. W. by N. 
 to N. E.byE. : for the mofl foutherly of thefe we fleered, and foon 
 had a great number of canoes about the fhip, into one of which 
 Andrew, after taking leave of his flaipmates, went, and was received
 
 October.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 301 
 
 with joy by the fiivages. The canoe that took him in foon put off, 
 and, as they paddled away, he flood up and waved his hand, fccm- 
 ingly more elated than deprefled by his change of fituation. The in- 
 dolent life he had led at Otaheite, the unobftrudlcd eafe with which 
 all his fenfual appetites had been gratified there, with his averfion to 
 labour, and the profpedl of its neceffity, which a return to Europe 
 held up to his view, ftrongly urged him to prefer a lazy favage 
 life upon thefe unpromifing iflands to his native Sweden, which he 
 knew to have advantages only for the induftrious. The following are 
 the articles which the captain gave him : viz. two hand-faws, two 
 hatchets, one hammer, ten looking-glalTes, eighteen knives, three 
 hundred deck nails, two razors, and fome trifles befidcs j thcfc, with 
 what he had of his own, particularly a bible, will, no doubt, make 
 him an acquifition to the natives, and may likevvife be the means of 
 rendering fervice to the other two, whom it was our opinion he would 
 endeavour to join. The natives of this group, their canoes, imple- 
 ments, and. eagernefs for iron, &c. were exadlly the fame as at 
 Tucker's ifland. The afternoon fet in gloomy and rainy, which 
 neverthelefs was not a hindrance to the canoes, many of which fol- 
 lowed us quite out of fight of their own ifland ; and as we obfcrved 
 them haul to the northward in a fquall, we coiicluded that they meant 
 to go to fome place in that quarter. 
 
 27th. About ten A. M. we came in fight of another low ifland, 
 bearing S. W, and as we altered our courfe to go to the fouthward of 
 it, when weft of us it fhewed like two diftindl iflands, lying near 
 each other : here alfo many of the natives came off, and trafficked, as 
 the others had done. One thing we had obferved a'; peculiar and re- 
 markable, that hitherto in our range among thefe iflands no females 
 had appeared ; whence we concluded the men either more jealous than 
 their eaftern neighbours, or as placing a higher value on their women; 
 or, perhaps, they had at forrte period fuffered in defending them from 
 licentious vifitors. The latitude of thefe fifter iflands is 7" 14^ N. 
 longitude 144° 50^ E. At four P.M. the latter bore E. byN..
 
 302 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 two leagues. Jiift before dark we faw another ifland to the W. N.W. 
 dillant three or four leagues ; and fleering to go to the fouthward of 
 it, the better to avoid any danger that might lie in the way, at mid- 
 night it bore N. N. E. 
 
 About four A. M. on the 28th, w^e difcovered other iflands, 
 and by means of our night-glafs could difcern the extremes from 
 W.N.W. toN. byW. About this time it fell calm, which con- 
 tinued ; and at daybreak we counted fix, which might, from their 
 fizc, merit the name of iflands ; and feveniflets, or kayes; to the whole 
 of which we gave the name of the Thirteen iflands. At the diftance 
 of one league their extremes bore from N. W. | W. to N. i E. by 
 which their extent may be efl:imated. The latitude of the fouthern 
 part of them is 7° 16^ N. longitude 144° 30'' E. About fixty 
 canoes came oflf at firft, and afterwards fome of our people counted 
 one hundred and fifty in fight, each of which, on an average, con- 
 tained fcven men, which is one thoufand and fifty; and if we add 
 half as many left on fiiore, and double that number for the women 
 and children, the population of this group alone will amount to three 
 thoufand one hundred and fifty fouls, which, according to the ap- 
 pearance of the iflands, m.ufl: often be pinched for food. Here, for 
 the firfl: time, we got a fight of their women, who, to the number 
 of a dozen or more, came off in three canoes : in two they were ac- 
 companied by the men ; the third was occupied by young women 
 only. For a confiderable time they kept aloof, whilfl: their own men 
 feemed to eye them with attention ; but obferving that we did not re- 
 gard them with any particular notice, they were fuffered to approach 
 within a few yards of the fliip, which, as well as ourfelves, they ap- 
 peared to furvey with delight. Some of them were well featured, 
 having neither very thick lips nor broad faces, though inclining 
 to both. Their hair is black and long. In complexion they differ 
 from the men by a fickly kind of whitiflanefs that is mixed with the 
 natural olive. As we law them almoft naked, their greateft ornament 
 And higheft praife was the decency and modefty of their behaviour.
 
 October.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 303 
 
 The o-reater number of the men were naked alfo : fome had a fafh mat 
 wrapped round their middle ; others added an ornamental belt round 
 their body, near the navel: thefe belts are about an inch broad, com- 
 pofed of bits of black and white fhells, bored and ftrung after the 
 manner of beads. Some of them wore a broad conical hat, in form 
 not much unlike that of the Chinefe. Thefe iflands feemed alike in 
 every refped:, no one appearing to afford greater natural advantages 
 than the other, except where the groups derive fomc enjoyments from 
 neighbourhood ; and perhaps more extenfive fhoals and fmooth 
 water afford a covert where the fifh may Ihelter from the ftorm. 
 Thus they may find greater refources than on the ifland that is folitary. 
 However, with refpedt to articles of exchange, they appeared to be 
 equally ftored : of thefe the ftaple is koir rope, thirty fathom of which 
 we could purchafe for a piece of an old iron hoop fix inches long : 
 this rope is in general about an inch thick, and equal, if not fpci-'or, 
 in ftrength to our hemp-made ropes. As they every where exprcffed 
 the moft eager defire for iron, at the above price we might, by 
 delaying a few hours at each ifland, have almoft filled the fliip with 
 it ; and would certainly have done it, had we known what we have 
 fince learnt, that it will frequently fetch a good price in China. Their 
 fifhino:-tackle differs little from what we had feen in the eaftcrn iflands ; 
 but their matting was ftriking and curious, being wove and made in 
 the form of a Spanilli fafh, with a fancy border at each end, wrought 
 in with black threads. The natural colour of thefe faflies is white ; 
 but many of them are dyed of a beautiful yellow with turmeric. It 
 is impoffible to behold thofe neat- wrought fafhes, and their rude ma- 
 nufadurers at the fame time, without wondering, and wifliing to 
 know how they came by the art. It is not improbable that they 
 might have been taught by the Jefuit miflionarics j two of whom 
 were fent by the Spanifh government from Manilla in the year 171OJ 
 but as the fliip that took them thither was driven away by the 
 currents, the Jefuits were never heard of more : however, others were 
 fent, who continued their efforts a few years, till having informed
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 bioi- 
 
 themfclvcs of the general poverty of the iflands, and certain that they 
 never could be of value to the Spanifli monarchy, they quitted them, 
 and fmce that time (about 1720) they have been totally negleded. 
 This makes it the more worthy of remark, that through fo long a 
 period this ufeful art fliould ftill be retained ; and while it refleds 
 credit upon their original teachers, is an encouragement to our mif- 
 fionaries to endeavour all in their power to introduce the mechanic 
 arts, as it proves that their labour will not be in vain. Turtle is 
 amono- the articles of their fubfiftence, as we purchafed one of about 
 twenty pounds weight for a piece of iron hoop about two feet long. 
 
 They manage their canoes with great dexterity, and go from ifland 
 to ifland apparently without fear; from which free intercourfe, and 
 having no weapon, except a fling, among them, we concluded they 
 had but few wars. Their language differs much from all that we 
 had heard before j and except a few words, as, looloo (iron), 
 capitaine, &c. we underftood but little of what they fpoke. Their 
 numerals are as follows : 
 
 Engllfh. 
 
 Carolinas. 
 
 Pclew Iflands. 
 
 One 
 
 Iota 
 
 Tong 
 
 Two 
 
 Rua 
 
 Or 00 
 
 Three 
 
 Toloo 
 
 Othey_ 
 
 Four 
 
 Tia 
 
 Oang 
 
 Five 
 
 Leema 
 
 Aeem 
 
 Six 
 
 Honoo 
 
 Malong 
 
 Seven 
 
 Fizoo 
 
 Oweth 
 
 Eight 
 
 Wartovv 
 
 Tei 
 
 Nine 
 
 Shievo 
 
 Etew 
 
 Ten 
 
 Segga 
 
 Mackoth. 
 
 We now, as it proved, had taken our leave of the Carolinas, for 
 after the Thirteen iflands we faw no more of them. To vifit the Pe- 
 lews being our next objedl, we accordingly lliaped our courfe thither,
 
 Nov.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 305 
 
 but had rather a tedious pafTage of nine days, owing to light and 
 variable winds, 
 
 November 5th. We obferved in latitude 7" 25' N. ; and at funfct, 
 being about two leagues more to the northward, we thought that we 
 faw land in the fouth-wefl: quarter, but could not be certain ot" this by 
 reafon of the dull gloomy weather which at that time prevailed : 
 however, as we judged ourfelves to be at no great dirtance from the 
 iflands, we Ihortened fail, and tacked to the S. E, The fhip now 
 having to contend with a head fea, pitched to fuch a degree, that the 
 fore-topfail yard broke in the flings : as this was of confequence in 
 our prefent fituation, it was immediately lent down, and replaced by a 
 fpare crofs-jack yard, until a proper one could be made. During the 
 night we had fqually and rainy weather, which larted until near eight 
 A. M. on the 6th, when it became more fettled, and we got fight of 
 the land, bearing W. S. W. diftant ten or eleven leagues. As wc 
 were fleering towards it, we were fuddenly alarmed by the cook's 
 caboufe catching lire: every man inftantly exerted himfelf to extin- 
 quifli it ; and happily this was foon efftded ; though, had not 
 the forefail and rigging been wet with rain, the flame blazed fo 
 fiercely, that it is probable the fliip might have been burnt down to the 
 water's edge. This fire was occafioned by the cook melting his fat 
 in a carelefs way. 
 
 At noon we obferved in latitude 7" 31'' N. the extremes of the 
 land bearing from W. 30° N. to W. 25'^ S. diflance about eight 
 leagues. With a brifk gale from the fouthward we continued our 
 courfe until half pall three P. M. when we were within two 
 fhort miles of the reef which extends no great diflance from the 
 fhore of the largefl ifland, called Babelthoup, divided into feveral 
 diflridts, each of which is governed by a feparate chief, acknow- 
 ledging the fupreme authority of Abba Thulle. When we hove to, 
 we were oppofitc to the fouthern part of the diftridl of Artingall. 
 Two hundred perfons, or more, were colleded upon the beach, antl 
 prefently about a dozen canoes were feen upon the water, fomc of 
 
 R R
 
 jo6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 which were under fail, and others paddling; but as the weather 
 at this time wore a moft gloomy afped:, three of them only came 
 far enough off to get alongfide. The natives in thefe had a piece of 
 white cloth tied upon a ftick, which they waved as they drew near; 
 an emblem, as we fuppofed, of peace. They approached without 
 fear or tiic leaft hefitation, and fpoke to us as to a people with whom 
 they had been long acquainted; but their language was quite unin*- 
 telligible; nor could we, even with the help of Captain Henry 
 Wilfon's vocabulary, make them underftand one word, except a few 
 of their proper names; they however kept talking very faft, 
 accompanying their words with violent and fudden geftures of the 
 hands and body, expreffive of their eager defire for us to anchor at a 
 place to the north-weft, towards which they pointed; and one of 
 them, who we afterwards learnt was a rupack, with a clumfy bone 
 on his wrift, came up the fliip's fide in great hafte to enforce the re- 
 queft, and was followed by two more, who were equally folicitous ; 
 but all their entreaties, added to our intention to make fome flay at 
 this celebrated group, were of no avail, as we could fee no place 
 where it was probable that a fhip could fifely anchor, and we had 
 not Lieutenant Macluer's chart on board to guide us. On our 
 mentioning the name of Abba ThuUe, they repeated it feveral times, 
 faying, S'Thulle, S'Thulle, and pointed to the land. The name of 
 Lee Boo- was not fpoken, for they talked fo faft and foconftantly, that 
 we had fcarce any opportunity to afk queftions ; and probably the 
 weather, which now threatened a ftorm, kept him out of their 
 minds. As their comrades in the canoes bawled loudly for thofe 
 on board to rejoin them, the captain prefented a few knives, looking- 
 glaffes, &c. when they haftily, though reludantly, took their leave; 
 but before they paddled off they were at fome pains to fliew their 
 gratitude, by throwing upon our decks with difficulty a couple of 
 cocoa-nuts, which was all they had : they then made for the Hiore. 
 This was all the intercourfe we had with the Pelew iflanders, a 
 circumftance much regretted by us, as it had all along been the
 
 Nov.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 307 
 
 captain's intention to flay here a few days, for tlic purpofc of learning 
 what we could of the inhabitants refpcfting the expediency of fettling 
 a miffion among them ; and to prepare the way for milTionaries, by 
 diftributing fome ufeful articles retained in the fhip for thefe and the 
 Feejee people, from a hope of being favoured at both places with fafe 
 anchorage and friendly intercourfe; but, for the prefent voyage, 
 we concluded every thing of this nature at an end, and proceeded to 
 make the beft of our way to China, cherifliing the hope of there 
 receiving letters from our dear friends in England, to whom we now 
 thought ourfelves drawing near, though ftill at the diftance of many 
 thoufand miles. 
 
 Soon after we bore away, and had fliaped our courfe N. { E. wc 
 fell in with an extenfive reef, trending N. E. about two leagues from 
 the north end of Babelthoup, and difcerned three fmall iflands lying 
 further to the N. enclofed by the above reef. When we had run 
 nearly five leagues, the northernmoft of the three bore S. W, by W. 
 and at this time we reckoned ourfelves paft the north point of the 
 reef; and though very dark, with conftant rain, we continued our 
 courfe for two leagues more, when we faw two other iflands to the 
 N. N. W. and at only a fhort diftance from us, on which account we 
 hauled to the eaflward, and hove to till the moon fhould rife, which 
 it did about eight o'clock, when we refumcd our courfe, and after- 
 wards fell in with no more dangers. 
 
 If we admit the few which we faw of the Pelew iflanders to be a 
 fpecimen of the whole, they are, in our opinion, inferior in external 
 appearance to the Marquefans, the Society or Friendly iflanders j 
 they have not the flature and fymmetry of the two firfl:, and fall far 
 fhort of the mufcular, bold, and manly look of the latter. They 
 approach the neareft to their neighbours, the Carolinians, ; for, like 
 them, they are neither a flout nor handfbme race. Among fomc 
 cufloms which they feem to have in common at both places, is that 
 of flitting the ear, through which fome of them put vegetable orna- 
 ments, at-leafl an inch thick. In tattooing at Pelew, their legs and 
 
 R R 3
 
 3o8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 thighs appear as if they had been dipped in a die of bliieifh 
 black, the lame as at the Carolinas j but they mark their bodies alfo 
 Avith figures, hke fingers, or gloves. They appeared before us quite 
 naked, without fceming confcious of Ihame, and fhewed their 
 kindnefs and hofpitality by the earneft invitations they gave us to 
 vifit their habitations. 
 
 From November 7th, when we left the Pelew iflands, till our' 
 arrival on the coaft of China, nothing very interefting occurred." 
 The winds were i'o unfettled, that we experienced hardly any thing 
 like the N. E. monfoon, until within two or three days fail of the 
 Bafhees, the moft fouthern of which we faw the evening of the 17th : 
 they appeared to be very high, and diftant about ten leagues. Having 
 no chart on board upon the accuracy of which we could depend, we 
 kept our wind for the night, ftretching to the northward. At day- 
 break, fuppofing that we could clear the northern rocks, we bore 
 away weft, and with a little alteration of our courfe, failed clofe paft 
 the northernmofl ifle, which lies in the latitude of 21° N. longitude 
 122" 6' E. 
 
 The Bafliees confift of fix or feven iflands ; two to the S. E. arc 
 high ; fome of the others are of moderate height : the mofl northern 
 except one is high and craggy at top ; and between thefe two lie 
 two fmall rocks above water. After paffing this group in about 
 21° 10' N. we fleered W. N. W. i N. twenty-five leagues, then 
 reckoned ourfelves in latitude 21° 42'' N. and longitude 121° E. the 
 fouth point of Formofa bearing at the fame time N. i E. ; we faw the 
 rocks which lie to the S. E, and had a good birth of them as we 
 pafTed. 
 
 20th. We got into foundings, and pafTed feveral Chinefe fifhing- 
 boats. The next day, at feven A. M. being within two or three 
 leagues of the Great Lemma, a pilot came on board : at firft he 
 afked about one hundred dollars to take us to Macao road, but after- 
 wards accepted thirteen, befides giving us two fine fifh. 
 
 2ifl:. At ten A. M. we pafTed between the Grand Lemma and
 
 Nov.} TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 309 
 
 Potoy, and leaving all the iflands, except Lingting, to tlic foutli of 
 us, we failed through with a fine cafterly breeze. At three P. M. 
 came in fight of Macao, and at half pall four anchored in the road, 
 the town bearing W. two leagues. The pilot was then difcharged, 
 and a fignal made for another; and that no time might be delayed, 
 our own boat was lowered down, and an officer difpatched on fliore 
 to bring a proper pilot off, as alfo to learn what European fliips were 
 at Canton ; but to our great mortification we found that not one had 
 as yet arrived, confequently there were no letters for us. Nor was 
 this the only difappointment : the Chinefe had lately refufed to 
 permit any vefTel up to Whampoa, except fuch as brought cargoes 
 thither. One fhip from Port Jackfon had been lying fix weeks in the 
 Typa, at the entrance of the river, and had not as yet obtained leave 
 to proceed upwards; and on our applying to the mandarin at Macao, 
 we were told, that, as we had brought no cargo, no pilot would be 
 fent on board until the Honourable Company's fupercargoes could 
 prevail on the Chinefe government at Canton for a palTport. The 
 boat, however, brought us a variety of refrefhments, of which, 
 though received as very falutary after a long paffagc, we did not fliand 
 in fuch need as many preceding navigators who had neither fliiled the 
 diflance, nor been fo long at fea as ourfelves. We had run from the 
 time of leaving England upwards of thirty-four thoufand miles, and 
 had been out fourteen months, eleven of them at fea ; yet in all this 
 time we had fcarcely experienced any ficknefs, and were at prcfent, 
 to a man, in good health. We never made ufe of antifcorbutics, as 
 malt, fpruce, &c. ; but being a crew fmall in number to what are 
 ufually on board fhips upon voyages of difcovery, we were enabled to 
 lay in a fufficient flock of frefh provifions at one group of iflands, to 
 ferve, with a little oeconomy, till we got to a place to procure more; fo 
 that our failors always had frelli meat at leafl twice a week; and for 
 nearly half of the time that we were in the South Seas they lived en- 
 tirely upon the hogs of the different iflands ; and we may venture to
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [1797. 
 
 310 
 
 fay, that thofe who can be thus highly favoured need not be 
 foHcitous about any other antifcorbutics. On our arrival in port the 
 captain obferves, he was exceedingly fhocked at hearing around him, 
 once more, that great and awful name blafphemed, which, for 
 fourteen months, he had never heard mentioned but with reverence : 
 it was a found as grievous as unufual.
 
 Nov.] 
 
 TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 3»» 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Occurrences at China, and Voyage home. 
 
 22d. Early in the mpmlng Captain Wilfon went in the pinnace 
 to Macao, to endeavour to have theobilaclcs to our going up removed, 
 while the crew were employed painting the Ihip, and putting her 
 otherwife in order ; and in a few hours we had the pkafure to fee her 
 look almoft as fmart as when Ihe left Spithead. Towards evening 
 a ftrong gale came on from the north, and increafed to fuch a degree, 
 that in'the courfe of the night we drove a confiderable way with both 
 anchors ahead. The next morning we were glad to embrace the 
 opportunity of the windward tide to weigh our anchors and run mto 
 the harbour of the Typa, and moored clofe to the Britannia, Captam 
 Dennet, the Ihip we mentioned from Port Jackfon. A chop (or 
 palTport) had this day been fent for that veffel to proceed for Wham- 
 poa, and Captain Wilfon judged it a good opportunity for him to go 
 up in her, fuppofing that by being on the fpot he Ihould the fooner 
 obtain the leave he wanted. 
 
 On the 25th the Britannia left the Typa; and that our {hip might 
 be in readinefs, we began to ftrip the rigging off the maft-heads. 
 which we examined, and found it neceflluy to put new cheeks to the 
 main-maft. The whole of the rigging was thoroughly repaired , and 
 iuft as this work was upon the finifh, the captain arrived on the 9th 
 of December with permiffion for the ihip to go up the river. 
 
 On the lOth we weighed from the Typa. and as we worked out 
 had the pleafure of feeing three large (hips at anchor in the eaftern 
 road : thefe, we hoped, had, what we anxioufly longed for, letters 
 from England ; and fo it proved.
 
 ^,, FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1797. 
 
 On the I 3th \vc moored at Whampoa, where we found fliips of 
 different nations, Swedes, Danes, Americans, and . Enghfli ; of the 
 latter, helonging to tlie Honourable Company, were the Glatton, 
 Canton, Boddam, and Arniflon, befides fome extra fliips. The 
 three former have recently fuffered much by a tiffoon in the China 
 fea, and were returned to refit. The Arniflon had two or three days 
 ago arrived from England, having touched at the Cape of Good 
 Hope ; and by her we learnt the political ftate of our native country. 
 
 Wc now expedled to be three months at leafl before we fliould 
 receive our cargo, and be difpatched home, which we fuppofed would 
 be with a f^eet compofed of Indiamen, juft at this time arrived. But 
 the fupercargoes having determined to difpatch the Glatton, Boddam, 
 and Amazon packet, they ordered an immediate furvey to be made 
 of our Ihip, and the report of the committee appointed for that pur- 
 pofe being, " That the Duff" was in excellent order, and fit to receive 
 *' a cargo," Mr. R. Hall, the head fupcrcargo, told our captain, 
 that if we could take in our lading, and be ready to depart in the 
 courfe of five or fix days, he would difpatch us. This the captain 
 promifmg to perform, teas were immediately fent alongfide. But 
 though the fhip was in every refpedl in very good order, flie was 
 by no means clear for receiving a cargo ; our hold was half full of 
 water-cafks, bread puncheons, tierces of beef, and various articles of 
 flores beyond our confumption, and for which we had as yet found 
 no purchafcrs ; fo that to difpofe of thefe, and to remove them from 
 place to place as we advanced in our lading, gave us more trouble and 
 expended more time than taking in the cargo itfelf. However, by 
 the 3ifl: of December we were completely laden, and in a fhorter 
 time than perhaps ever fliip was before ; and having, by the kindnefs 
 of the fupercargoes, got over the difficulties which the Chinefe are 
 continually throwing in the way, we that fiime day ran down the 
 river, and joined the other fhips at a place called the Second Bar, 
 juft as they were getting under fail. 
 
 The Angularity of our manners at China could not fail to attrad
 
 Jan.] to THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 3(3 
 
 notice; and as all immorality was utterly difcountenanced, not an 
 oath fworn, and aa appearance of unufual devotion maintained, the 
 company we had now joined were pleafed wittily to ncw-chrifteu 
 the Duff, and called her The Ten Commandments. 
 
 January 2d, 1798. We got down to Macao, where we found 
 three Englifli men of war, and feven of the Bombay cotton fliips, 
 at anchor, waiting for us to fail with them. 
 
 The Honourable Company's fliip Glatton, commanded by Charles 
 Drummond, Efq, was appointed to convoy us home, to take the 
 country fliips bound to Bombay under his care ; and the Fox and La 
 Sibylle were to accompany us for a few leagues down the China fea. 
 Every thing relative to the fleet's departure being arranged, and the 
 fhips in readinefs, early on the 5th we put to fca, with a frcfli gale 
 from the north, and found that the Duff was fully competent to keep 
 up with them, though we had been apprehenfive of this, as our 
 Indiamen are remarkable for their faft failing, efpecially when it 
 blows hard. 
 
 Our paffage down the China fea was as favourable as we could 
 have wiflied it to be. Some time in the courfe of the firfl: night the 
 frigates left us, and we faw them no more. 
 
 On the loth we paflTed Pulo Sapata, and, continuing our courfe for 
 the fl:raits of Malacca, at ten A. M. on the 14th we came in fight of 
 the Malay coaft j at the fame time faw a flrange fail ahead. Having 
 heard that an enemy's fquadron was cruifing in the ftraits, we at firfl: 
 thought this might be one of them fent to look out ; and this feemcd 
 the opinion of our commodore, for he made the fignal for the fleet 
 to prepare for acftion, and that one of the fafteft failing fhips fliould 
 chafe. But we foon recognifed her to be a Portugucfe veflx:! 
 which had departed from Macao three days before us. In the 
 afternoon we rounded Cape Romania, and fpokc a fliip from Bengal 
 that was at anchor under the lee of the point, which removed all our 
 fears of an enemy. The ftraits of Malacca are accounted dangerous 
 to navigate in the dark j however, as the wind was lair, our commo- 
 
 s s
 
 „T^ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [179S. 
 
 derc kq-it the fleet running all the night. Next day we had calms, 
 which obliged us to anchor; but a breeze fpringing up at N. E. we 
 foon weighed, and the wind increafmg at midnight, we paffed the 
 Water iflands, and at two A. M. on the i6th came to with the fmall 
 bower in Malacca road, in feven fathoms water, the flagftafF on the 
 citadel bearing N. 64° E. the Outer Water ifland S. 39° E. diftant from 
 the town two or three miles. The reafon of our touching at this place 
 being to fill up uur water, and gain information for the fafety of the 
 fleet, at daybreak in the morning the boats were hoifted out, and moft 
 of the commanders went on fliore, but were difappdinted in the hope 
 of intelligence, as there was none of later date than what we had 
 received at China. As this fpoke only of war, our duty was to pre- 
 pare for all events on the paffage; not that we had fears. The ability 
 and care which we had obferved in our commodore, and the ftrength 
 which would be with us after the Bombay fliips had feparated, gave 
 us confidence. The Glatton mounted forty guns, and the Boddam 
 about thirty, and both Ihips had a few troops on board ; befides, 
 at the Cape of Good Hope or St. Helena we expeded to join others 
 of the Honourable Company's fliips. 
 
 On the 17th we received about four tons of water, which is 
 brought oflf in bulk by fmall vefl"els kept here for the purpofe. We 
 alfo received an addition to our live fl:ock, and could have gone to 
 fea this evening, but that the large fliips had not completed their 
 water ; and one of the fleet which had lain feveral months laden at 
 Whampoa had I'prung a leak, and was obliged to ufe tedious and 
 laborious methods to find the place where the water entered. This 
 they happily found, and it deferves notice as a hint to fliipwrights 
 and to thoie who are more interefted : by ripping the copper oflf the 
 under wales a bolt-hole was found left without the bolt j an adl of 
 negligence which might have proved of the mofl: fatal confequence, 
 had it not been difcovered. 
 
 Malacca in profped: affords little beauty ; the houfes, excepting a 
 few, have a poor and mean look; and the befl:, though convenient,
 
 March.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 315 
 
 are neither large nor fightly. The fortifications which furround the 
 town have originally been llrong, but at prefcnt are thought too 
 weak to ftand the fliock of cannon planted upon them : to make up for 
 this defedl, our countrymen, fmce the place fell into their hands, 
 have strengthened the lines and outworks, fo that they could now make 
 a very good defence. The ftreets within the ramparts crofs each 
 other at right angles, three or four lying eaft and well:, and as many 
 north and fouth. The (hops are fliabby, prefenting for file nothing 
 that is enticing to an European ; and their market has all the appear- 
 ance of a negro market in the Weft Indies. Until the Englifli made a 
 fettlement upon Pulo Pinang, or Prince of Wales's ifland, this city- 
 was the only place of trade in the ftrait ; and, from our earlieft 
 knowledge of India, is mentioned as a place of great importance. 
 They export tin, nutmegs, canes, &c. Provifions were at this time 
 fcarce and dear. The inhabitants are a mixture of Dutch, Malays, 
 and Chinefe : the garrifon at prcfent is Englifh. 
 
 On the 20th we failed with the fleet, and proceeded down the 
 ftrait until we came in fight of Pulo Pinang, when the Bombay fliips 
 left us and fleered for that ifland. Our fleet was now reduced ; con- 
 fifiiing only of the Glatton, Boddam, Amazon, and our own fiiip, 
 
 3ifl', We finiflied the laft of our yams, which had plentifully 
 fupplied us five months. We had a very good pafllxge, with few 
 gales- of wind, and met with no difafter ; nor did we fee a flrange 
 fail to- alarm us until the i6th of March, when in the morninp; we 
 made the Cape land, and fell in with two tranfports from Amboyna, 
 ■which joined us. At night we hove to, and waited for day to run 
 for Table bay, where we were dired:ed to fill up our water, and re- 
 frefli the crew. 
 
 At daybreak on the 17th, after we had born away, one of our 
 boys, going up the main Ihrouds to loofe the main-topgallant-fail, 
 flipped his hold and fell into the fca; the jolly-boat was inllantly low^- 
 ered from the flern, and providentially favcd him jufi: on the point of 
 finki^ig : we got him on board, and though far fpent, after difcharg- 
 
 s s 3.
 
 3i6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [1798. 
 
 ing a quantity of -water, he foon recovered. At three P. M. wc 
 anchored in the bay, where we found a fquadron of men of war 
 under the command of Admiral Chriftian ; two outward-bound Eaft- 
 Indiamcn, \\ith leveral Portugucfc, Danes, Americans, and other 
 VcfTcls. In the evening the health-boat came to examine in what ftate 
 the crew were, and, on finding us all well, gave permiffion for free 
 communication with the fliore. After them the admiral's boat 
 upon guard took account of the fliip, whence fhe came, &c. From 
 fomc of the fhips they imprefled a few men, but took none from us. 
 When they had left the admiral's excellent regulations, which are 
 given to all veffels coming into the bay, they departed. In a few 
 days we had got what water and flock we wanted, but it was not 
 until the ift of April that the fignal for failing was made, and we 
 put to fea, with the addition of the tranfport Bellona to our fleet. 
 The fame day we got out of fight of the Cape, and fliaped our 
 courfe for the ifland of St. Helena, where we arrived on the 15th. 
 Seven Indiamen, befides extra fiiips, and two South-Sea whalers, lay 
 in the bay, all homeward bound. 
 
 On the 1 6th the Albion, an extra fliip, was difpatched for England 
 hy the governor, \\'ith advice of the fleet being on their pafTage. 
 
 On the ifi: of May we failed. Captain Drummond, being the 
 fenior in command, had the charge of the fleet, confifling of twenty 
 fail: during our paflage we faw only two or three flrange fliips. In 
 latitude 20° N. we fell in with a fmall Spanifla vefi!el from Cadiz, 
 bound to Vera Cruz : fhe was made a prize by our commodore. 
 
 On the 23d of June we faw the coafl of Ireland, weft of Kinfale; 
 and on the day following put into Cork harbour for a convoy. The 
 Ethalion, Captain Countefs, was appointed for that purpofe by 
 Admiral Kingfmill ; and, after a detention of eight days by contrary 
 winds, we fet fail, and on the 4th of July faw the coaft of England. 
 On the 8th we pafifed the Downs ; on the 1 1 th came to anchor in 
 tlie river Thames ; and in a few days difcharged our cargo of tea, 
 which was landed in as perfed order as wc received it at China.
 
 TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 317 
 
 THUS have we finiflied a voyage, in which the MifTionary Society, 
 and our Chrillian brethren in connexion with them, were fo deeply 
 interefled. Their prayers have been heard for us, and eminently 
 anfwered : fuccefs beyond our moft fanguine cxpedlations has crowned 
 our endeavours in every place where the miffions have been fettled. 
 We have not loft a fingle individual in all our extended voyage : 
 we have hardly ever had a fick lift : we landed every miffionary 
 in perfedt health : and every feaman returned to England as well 
 as on the day he embarked at Blackwall. We feci our grati- 
 tude rifing high to the Author of all our mercies, and cannot 
 but believe that every man who fliall candidly pcrufe the foregoing 
 flieets will join us in acknowledging the gracious providence that 
 hath fupported us hitherto ; whilft the generous and humane con- 
 ductors of this benevolent undertaking will be animated by the fuccefs 
 which hath attended their firft attempt, to purfue with increafing 
 energy an objed: which appears fo fraught with blcftings to mankind. 
 The way into the fouthern ocean is now open, and the facilities for 
 enlarging the miftionary labours greatly increafed. The fettlements 
 formed will every day continue to widen their circle of influence and 
 ufefulnefs ; and new and vaft countries around them, equally accef- 
 fible, afford an inexhauftible field for the moft vigorous exertions of 
 Chriftian zeal. The more all circumftances are weighed, the more it 
 muft appear that this hath God done : and can we perceive that it is 
 his work, and not at leaft confefs our obligation to further thefe efforts 
 to the utmoft of our power ? It is to be hoped that every objedlion 
 to this bleffed undertaking will be now removed j that the cautious 
 will confefs themfelves fatisfied, and demonftrate their approbation 
 by a more liberal affiftance, becaufe of paft delay ; that the pre- 
 judiced will nobly lay afide their oppofition, and redeem unfavourable 
 fuggeftions by immediate and generous acknowledgments that they 
 knew us not ; and that a miffion to the heathen, planned with much 
 deliberation, inveftigation, and zeal, and executed with eminent fkill, 
 perfeverance, and fuccefs, bears a ftamp of divine benediction upon it.
 
 -,8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE. 
 
 \vhich ought to commend it to every man's confcicnce in the fight of 
 God. How much thankfulncfs, delight, and fatisfadtion, it muft 
 produce in the hearts of thofe who have been nioft adive in the fer- 
 vicc, and fuch eminent benefadtors to mankind, I need not fay : 
 their work itfelf is their firil: and higheft reward. Having finifhed, 
 as one of the inferior wheels in this great machine, the revohition' 
 which received its impuH'e from the main fpring, I am for a while 
 repofing on thefe happy fliores of Britain ; but my prayers will never 
 ceafe for the profperity of Zion, and for the furtherance of the mif- 
 fionary labours, of the commencement of which having been a 
 favoured fpecflator, I cannot but indulge the pleating expecftation of 
 abundant increafe ; and wait, with the multitude of thofe who believe 
 the promifcs will be fulfilled in their feafon, to hear that His king- 
 dom is advancing, who fhall affuredly receive the heathen for his 
 inheritance, and the utmofl parts of the earth for his pofTeffion. The 
 Lord haften it in his time !
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In the following Appendix of mifccllaneous matter refpcdting the 
 couatry, its inhabitants, cuftoms, natural hiftory, &c. fliqulJ any 
 thing be advanced apparently different from the preceding reprefent- 
 ations of former vifitants, it will be proper to remark, that thefe 
 papers have been drawn up from manufcripts attended with every 
 mark of authenticity, and from converfations with a variety of perfons 
 who have been lately on the fpot, and whofe veracity is highly to be 
 refpedled. It mull be obvious to every intelligent perfon in fearch of 
 information, that fome are fl:ruck with one objedl which another 
 overlooks, and that the ilrongefl trait of charadier and manners is 
 often drawn from the fimpleft trifle, which is ready to be difregardcd 
 or not mentioned for its feeming infignificance ; and where the fame 
 thing is noticed, inferences may be drawn by one concerning it, of 
 which another may entertain a different opinion. We hope, however, 
 on the whole, that the body of information here coUedlcd from thefe 
 fources will be found llrongly corroborative of the truth of the fadts 
 in the preceding narrative, and cannot but afford fatisfadlion to the 
 curious and inquifitive into the real flate of men and manners in the 
 ifles of this vafl ocean. We hope, alfo, to be able hereafter to prefent 
 a more explicit and full account, if it plcafes God to crown our 
 prefent expedition with any fimilar fuccefs as the pafi: : and we cannot 
 but flatter ourfelves that the public, on an impartial furvey of what
 
 320 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 has been done, will confider the Miffionary Society as among the 
 real benefactors to mankind, and fupport an undertaking which God 
 has hitherto Angularly blefled ; and which propofes, as its firft objed, 
 the divine glory, and the falvation, temporal and eternal, of thofe whom 
 hitherto no man hath cared for. Names, fedls, and parties, have no 
 place among us — we mean nothing political, partial, or exclufive. 
 One is our maftcr, even Chrift : we defire to know and teach nothing 
 but him crucified ; to interfere in no conteft, to diflurb no government 
 eftabliflied, or introduce any peculiar modes of religious worflaip, 
 but to leave every man to the book of truth for his guide, in the fpirit 
 of meeknefs ; to unite in one centre, Jefus Chrift, the fame yefterday, 
 to-day, and for ever ; and to love one another, out of a pure heart, 
 fervently. Time and better information, it is to be hoped, will dif- 
 fipate every prejudice entertained againft fo benevolent an undertaking.
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. jai 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Country. 
 
 1 HE ifland of Otalicite confifls of two peninfulas connedcd by a 
 low ifthmus about three miles acrofs, covered with trees arid fhrubs, 
 but wholly uncultivated ; though no part of the ifland feems more 
 capable of improvement, and of admitting the plough if cleared 
 from wood. The larger, Otaheite Nooe, is about ninety miles in 
 circumference, and nearly circular ; the lefler, or Tiaraboo, is about 
 thirty miles. They are divided into a variety of dillrid:s, in enu- 
 merating which the former reporters differ, as probably they are 
 fubjedl to changes, and divided and fubdivided by the chiefs among 
 their towhas and relations. I fliall therefore refer to the map, as 
 containing the lateft and moft accurate account. The ifland has a 
 border of low land reaching from the beach to the riflng of the hills, 
 in fome places near a mile, in others hardly a furlong, and in feveral 
 points the mountains abruptly terminate in high cliffs, againft which 
 the fea beats, and form difficult pafliiges from one diftridt to another. 
 The foil of the low lands and of the valleys, which run up from the 
 fea between the mountains, is remarkably fertile, confining of a 
 rich blackifh mould covered with bread-fruit, cocoa-nut, plantains, 
 evee apple, the ydute, or cloth plant, and many others, which will 
 .be hereafter defcribed. The mountains afford a great variety of trees 
 of all forts and fizes, and are, in mofl: places, covered to their very 
 tops with wood, in others with bamboos of great length, and in fome 
 by fern and reed, which at a diflance appear like a fine green lawn. 
 The hills rife very fteep, and fwell into mountains almofl: inacceffible ; 
 but every where produdive of plantains, yams, and a multitude of 
 
 T T
 
 325 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 wild roots growing fpontancoufly, and fometimcs ufed for food. la 
 thefe higher regions only is to be found the precious fandal wood, of 
 two kinds, yellow and dark-coloured ; from whence the natives 
 chiefly draw the perfume for the cocoa-nut oil, with which they 
 anoint themfelves. 
 
 The country exhibits a mountainous afpedl, and rifes very high 
 in the centre ; but it is interfed:ed by narrow valleys, which receive 
 innumerable flreams from the hills, fome of which fall in beau- 
 tiful cafcades, and fill the rivers, which meander through them, 
 amidft the verdant fcenery, to the fea. During the rainy feafons thefe 
 fwell into torrents, and fometimes loofen rocks and trees from the 
 precipices, and carry them down into the valleys, which they over- 
 flow, and occafion much damage. During the greater part of the 
 year thefe valleys afford a pafTage from one fide of the ifland to the 
 other, though always difficult when you afcend the mountains ; but 
 in the rainy feafon this becomes impradlicable, and the communica- 
 tion between one difiridl and another is kept up by canoes, which 
 pafs within the reefs in fmooth water with great facility ; ufing this 
 precaution only, that as the northernmoft part of the ifland has a 
 fleep rocky fhore, and in blowing weather the landing is dangerous, 
 thofe who wifh to go to windward proceed in their canoes weflvvard, 
 where they feldom find the trade wind, and, the fea breeze fets in 
 fron^the wefl:ward; the high land obflruding the eafterly wind, and 
 the ifland of Eimeo lying in a diredlion N. and S. forces a frefh 
 wefterly current up the fouth fide of Otaheite, which wafts the 
 canoes to the ifthmus ; where hauling them acrofs, they are fure of 
 a fair wind home. This is at prefent done on rollers and by ropes ; 
 but a carriage with wheels would wonderfully facilitate the operation : 
 and probably, ere long, a pradicable road will be formed for this 
 purpofe, as has been fuggefted by one of the miffionaries. 
 
 When the trade wind gets far to the fouth, and blows frefli, it 
 generally rains on the fouth fide of the ifland, bringing the clouds 
 from the mountains of Tiaraboo, and emptying their contents at
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 323 
 
 Pappara and the adjacent diftrids. This occafions a great differcnc-c 
 in the bread-fruit feafon between the north and Ibuth fides of the 
 ifland j as on the north the rain is lefs frequent and lefs violent, and 
 the trade wind conilantly blows, except when tlie fun is vertical. 
 Hence the great bread-fruit harvefl commences on the northern fide 
 about November, and continues till the end of January ; whilll on 
 the fouth fide, in fome parts, it begins in January, and continues in 
 different diftridls till November. But though this is the cafe with 
 the general harveft on both fides the ifland, there are fome kinds of 
 bread-fruit, though fcarce, in feafon all the year, efpccially in 
 the diftriift of Attahooroo. The different fpecies of the fame tree 
 amount to thirty. At our arriv^al in March we found plenty ; it con- 
 tinued till we left the ifland in Augufl : they faid it would be fcarce 
 for two months at Matavfu. 
 
 As foon as you begin to afccnd the hills, the foil changes from the 
 rich loam into various veins of red, white, dark, yellow, or blueilli 
 earth, clay, or marl : in the red are found flones refembling cor- 
 nelian or flint ; but being full of veins, though they will ftrike fire 
 with fleel, they break. on a fecond ftroke. The white appears a pipe- 
 clay, or fuller's earth j the dark, a fine fat mould, probably the decayed 
 parts of vegetable fubflances j the yellow is mixed with gravel ; the 
 blue a marly fubftance. Thefe are all found in digging ten or twelve 
 feet, and the under-flratum appears a foft fand-flone of a brownifii 
 colour, intermixed with hard rock. 
 
 The hills alfo afford a blackifli flonc, which feems a lava, in 
 pieces eight or ten feet long, and from four to ten inches thick ; of 
 which they formerly made their ftone tools : it is of a fine grain, 
 though not very hard, nor apt to fplinter j which anfwered befi: the 
 purpofes of the natives, as they could thus bring them more eafily to 
 an edge ; but at every ftroke almoft their adzes required whetting, 
 and two-thirds of their time nearly was employed in this labour. 
 
 The beds of the rivers confift of ftones and gravel ; many of which 
 contain a glaffy fubftance, and will mgit in a ftrong fire ; others arc 
 
 T T 2
 
 3:4 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 more infufible, and many are found like pumice-ftone. In powder 
 the magnet attracts many particles. This, with other high iflands, 
 has evidently a volcanic origin. 
 
 In the diftricft of Matavai there is a lingular clifF, called Peeha ; 
 which one of the miffionaries defcribes as formed of an immenfe 
 number of oblong pieces of ftone, ftrongly cemented together, and 
 hanging in a very romantic manner. The cliff is about eighty or 
 ninety feet high, and twice as broad ; at the bottom runs a river, 
 the largcft in the ifland. This is probably bafaltic. 
 
 The mountains are in fome parts bare and full of precipices, broken 
 as by earthquakes. In the bofom of thofe which bound the diflri<5t 
 of Vyeorede there is a remarkably large frelh- water lake, called 
 Vyeheerea, which the natives fay cannot be founded with any line, 
 and contains eels of a monftrous fize. On the banks of this lake 
 many inhabitants are feated, who have plenty of all forts of provifions, 
 except the bread-fruit, for which they fubftitute the mountain plan- 
 tain. This lake empties itfelf into the valley of Vyeorede. Here 
 alfo they make vaft quantities of a greyifh cloth highly prized, beat 
 from the bark of the mountain floe tree ; and a number of arreoies 
 frequent the place for this purpofe, as they prefer the cloth to any 
 other, and call it oraa. 
 
 The bay of Matavai affords fafe anchorage during eight months 
 of the year, but is dangerous from December to March ; the bottom 
 is a blackifh fand, from fix to eighteen fathom. The channel between 
 the reef and the Dolphin bank, on which the water is thirteen feet 
 only in the fhoaler part, extends not more than half a cable's length, 
 but has twenty-two fathoms of water; yet, in a weakly manned 
 flitp, this pafTage feems preferable to paffing to the weflward of the 
 bank, as it frequently happens that the wind comes off in fqualls 
 from One Tree hill in a fouthern direction, and often falls into a 
 dead calm ; both which may be avoided by keeping the reef clofe 
 aboard, with ten fathoms water, and bringing up where you pleafe, as 
 there is no foul ground to windward of the Dolphin bank, nor any 
 
 ;•
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 325 
 
 rocks but what arc vifible. The funkcn rocks, called Toa, the natives 
 know, and are ready to point out. The only harbour to the wcftward 
 is that of Oparre, called Toa roa, or Long rock. 
 
 Water is convenient and abundant in all parts of the ifland. 
 
 The weather, during our ftay, from March till Auguft, was ferene 
 and pleafant, the thermometer never finking lower than 65°, and 
 feldom higher than 73" j and fo cool at night as to make a blanket 
 welcome. When we came, the weather was a little fqually and 
 rainy, being the end of the rough feafon, which commences fome 
 time in December and lafts till March : during thefc months the 
 wind frequently blows hard from the weft, with rain, and throws a 
 heavy fwell and furf on the fliore into Matavai bay ; the reft of the 
 year the wind blows from the eaft, but with an alternate land and 
 fea breeze around the ifland, which extends its influence about a 
 leagiie from the fliore. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Government. — Ranks in Society. ■'-Properly. 
 
 THE government of Otaheite is monarchical, and hereditary in one 
 family j of this two branches fubfift. Temarre, the fon of Oberea 
 and Oammo, reigned when Wallis firft vifited the ifland : he was 
 then a child, and Oberea his mother was regent. Oammo and flic 
 had quarrelled about faving the child, which he wilhed to defl:roy; 
 whether to retain the fovereignty longer, or fufpedling that the child 
 did not belong to him, the lady not being fparing of her favours 
 to others. On his accefllion, Oammo retired to a private ftation in 
 his own diftridt of Pappara, and left his wife, an adive woman,
 
 356 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 in trufl: ^vith the reins of government for her fon. Oammo was 
 fon of Tcnae, and elder brother of Whappai, who fince has afTumed 
 the name of Otey, Whappai 's i'on Otoo was then a child of fix or 
 fevcn years old. Tootaha, their younger brother, was chief of Atta- 
 hooroo. 
 
 Wars and various changes appear to have preceded the lafl grand 
 revolution, when the partifans of Otoo, with the affiftance of the 
 mutineers, recovered the royal maro from the men of Attahooroo. 
 By one of thefc inteftine wars Temarre, the Tirridirri of Cook, had 
 been previoufly depofed, and Otoo, the prefent Pomarre, advanced 
 to the dignity of earee rahai. But the chiefs of Attahooroo, who, 
 under Tootaha, had been the principals in effedling this revolution, 
 feized the regalia, the royal maro, and the ark of the Eatooa, and 
 carried them off to their own diflridt ; and though incapable of ufing 
 them, as not being of the feed royal, they kept poffeffion of them 
 for the honour of their diftrid ; and having eftabliflied their warlike 
 charader, none dared contend with them. To Attahooroo, therefore, on 
 all great folemnities, were all the other chiefs obliged to repair, and were 
 fometimes infulted or plundered by the way. This occafioned con- 
 tinual difputes ; and the Attahooroo chiefs giving an afylum to all 
 thofe who fled for crimes from other diftridls, they became fuch a 
 terror to the reft, that Temarre, though dethroned and reduced to his 
 private patrimony, as chief of Pappara, joined with Otoo to attack 
 them. 
 
 Tiaraboo alfo had revolted, and fet up Vayheeadooa. A general 
 war commenced; Eimeo leagued with Attahooroo; and Maheine 
 (the uncle of Motuaro, king of that ifland, who had married Otoo's 
 fifter, as Otoo had married his) ufurped the right of his nephew, 
 and forced him to take refuge with his brother-in-law at Oparre, 
 juft at the time Cook arrived in 1774, whofaw the preparations for 
 war, but did not wait its iffue. 
 
 Otoo (now Pomarre), after many conflids, maintained his autho- 
 rity, though not without fuch defeats as fometimes drove him to
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 327 
 
 the mountains, and almoft annihilated his maritime power. The 
 war canoes of Otahcite have nearly difappcared. Otoo having culti- 
 vated the friendlliip of the Europeans, continued to be acknowledged 
 fupreme chief, though holding a precarious dominion, till the fcttle- 
 ment of the mutineers at Matavai. Them he engaged in his intereft ; 
 and as they could incline the balance to whichever fide they pleafed, 
 by their means he vanquiflied Attahooroo, recovered the royal maro, 
 and eftabliflaed his fon's dominion on a more folid bafis than it had 
 ever been before. Motuaro alfo recovered his loft dominion in 
 Eimeo ; and Ilrengthened the government of his nephew by acknow- 
 ledging his fupremacy. Pomarre (the name affumed by the father 
 fince his fon's fucceffion to the title of Otoo) continued, as regent, 
 to manage the affairs of government ; and by the help of his Eu- 
 ropean friends, the leffer as well as the greater peninfula bowed to 
 his dominion, and his flag pafTed with reverence through all the 
 diftridis. Temarrc firft paid it due homage, and it proceeded from 
 him through Tiaraboo. It was a union jack, given by the captain 
 of a veflel which had touched there, and decorated with breaft-plates 
 of pearl and red feathers. This was carried to the great morai, where 
 all the chief people of the diftrid: attended, and received it with cere- 
 monious reverence. 
 
 Pomarre, from king become the firft fubjed: of his fon and regent 
 of the ftate, fupports his fon's dignity with all his weight and in- 
 fluence. Temarre is joined in the flridteft friendlliip with him, and, 
 having no children, adopted Pomarre's daughter, fince dead. Eimeo 
 acknowledged the young king's fovercignty ; and his dominion was 
 no where openly refifled, though in Tiaraboo more than one diflrid: 
 ftill appears difcontented. 
 
 As the ceremony of invefting the young king with the royal maro, 
 like a coronation, is a folernnity which few can witnefs, the following 
 account from a fpedator will be interefling : .": : 
 
 Afifcmbling at the great morai at Oparre, the maro oora, or red 
 fa(h of royalty, recovered from Attahooroo, was laid onthemomi:
 
 J 
 
 28 FIRST INIISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 it is made of net-work, and thrummed with red and )-ellow feathers. 
 The taata orero, the pubhc orator (probably Manne Manne), opened 
 the ceremony with a long fpeech, wliich fet forth the rightful autho- 
 rity of the fon of Pomarre to the royal dignity ; and invefted him 
 with the regal cindure. Motuaro, the chief of Eimeo, who had 
 recovered his authority, firft paid his homage to the young king, who 
 was borne on a man's flioulders, and furrounded by all his chieftains. 
 He brought three human victims from Eimeo in his canoes ; from 
 each of which the priefl, fcooping out an eye, prefented it to the 
 fovereign on a plantain leaf plucked from a young tree in his hand, 
 accompanied with a long ceremonial difcourfe : the bodies were then 
 taken away, and interred in the morai. The fame ceremony was 
 repeated by every chief in rotation, of the feveral diftridls of Otaheite, 
 fome bringing one, and fome two human facrifices, fixed on a long 
 pole ; and buried after the prefentation of the eye. 
 
 The reafon affigned for this horrid oblation was, that the head 
 being reputed flicred, and the eye tlic moft precious part, it was to be 
 prefented to the king as the head and eye of the people. During the 
 prefentation the king holds his mouth open, as if devouring it, whereby 
 they imagine he receives additional wifdom and difcernment ; and 
 that his tutelar deity prefides, to accept the facrifice, and, by the com- 
 munication of the vital principle, to ftrengthen the foul of his royal 
 pupil. Hogs innumerable were ftrangled, and immenfe quantities 
 of cloth prefented. The royal maro, worn only on that day, was 
 depofited in its place at the morai, and the facred canoes, which 
 brought the human facrifices, were hauled up thither. The king 
 and chiefs then departed, to devour the hogs, turtle, fowls, fifh, and 
 vegetables prepared for them in the greatefl profufion, and to drink 
 their intoxicating yava. The feafting and heivas lafted two months ; 
 the hogs killed on the occafion were innumerable, the yava abundant ; 
 and more than one of the chiefs paid for their exceffes with their 
 lives. 
 
 : Otoo, the prefent king, is about feventeen, and very large limbed.
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 3:9 
 
 promifing to be of a fize like his father. Though he is ahfohitc, he 
 lives in the greateft famiharity with the loweft of his fubjedts. He is 
 differently reprefented : fome fay he looks folid, and of a thoughtful 
 afped ; whilft others call him ftupid, and his countenance vacant. 
 His queen, Tetua, daughter of Wyreede, reli<5t of Motuaro, is about 
 his own age, and rather the larger of the two. Her countenance is 
 pleafing and open, but mafculine, and widened by the ufual nmethod 
 of preffure, called touroome. It is confidered as the diftindive mark 
 of their regal dignity, to be every where carried about on men's 
 fhoulders. As their perfons are efteemed facred, before them all muft un- 
 cover below the breaft ; and from this mark of homage their own father 
 and mother are not exempted. They may not enter into any houfe but 
 their own, becaufe, from that moment, it would become raa, or facred, 
 and none but themfelves, or their train, could dwell or eat there; 
 and the land their feet touched would be their property : therefore, 
 though they often came off to the fhip, ate what was handed down to 
 them, and baled the water out of their own canoe, they would never 
 come on board ; and when they daily vifited our miflionary houfe, 
 they never came farther than the door. Yet this had not been the 
 cafe with the father, when king, who freely entered the fliip, and 
 vifited our people on fiiore : perhaps fome ceremony is yet to pafs, 
 when the king comes to a more advanced age, when he will have the 
 fame liberty. 
 
 The king and queen were always attended by a number of men, 
 as carriers, domeftics, or favourites, who were raa, or facred, living 
 without families, and attending only on the royal pair; and a worfe 
 fet of men the whole ifland does not afford for thievery, plunder, and 
 impurity. 
 
 The queen has had as yet no child, nor is it likely flie fliould pro- 
 duce any, as, if the reports our miffionaries have received are true, 
 (he is a perfed: Meffalina, and lives in a promifcuous intercourfe with 
 all her porters. 
 
 u u
 
 330 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Ai-pendix. 
 
 The mode of carrying the king and queen is with their legs 
 hanging down before, fcated on the flioulders, and leaning on the 
 head of their carriers, and very frequently amufing themfelves with 
 picking out the vermin, which there abound. It is the fingular pri- 
 vilege of the queen, that, of all women, fhe alone may eat them; 
 which privilege flie never fails to make ufe of. On their own lands 
 they fometimes condefcend to alight, and walk ; but feldom move far 
 without their porters. Among thefe attendants is to be found one of 
 the fingular curiofities of the ifland, a native of a complexion quite 
 different from his fellows; reddifh, and of a Swedifh caft of counte- 
 nance, and his hair white and fine as flax. There are a few others 
 fomething fimilar, like the white negroes, an anomalous breed. 
 
 The next in rank to the king is his own father, Pomarre, who 
 adls as regent for his fon. He is reprefented as of very amiable 
 manners, and peculiarly attached to us. He is the largeft man on 
 the ifland, being above fix feet four inches high, and fl:rong built. 
 Our talleft men in the fliip hardly reached his flioulders ; and he 
 would \\'eigh againft three or four; yet he is no warrior, and in 
 military prowefs exceeded by his wife Iddeah, a w^oman of a mofl: 
 mafculine appearance and difpofition. They live together in great 
 harmony, though they have ceafed to cohabit. He firft took her 
 younger fifter to wife, and then another woman ; and flie has a fer- 
 vant of her own, by whom fhe has had more children than one, all 
 of whom have been murdered, {he being now a member of the arreoy 
 fociety. 
 
 The next in dignity are the chiefs in the fevcral diflirids ; fome of 
 whom are fuprenle in more than one diftrid:, and exercife in their 
 own territories all regal power, yet ftill fubjedt to Otoo as fovereign 
 paramount, and liable to be called upon for afiifl:ance :. thefe, alfo, 
 have houfes and lands in many diftrids, which, as they cannot 
 bccupy themfelves, they commit to thecare of fuperintendants, called 
 mcduas, or give them to their tayos, who enjoy all the ufufriiits
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 331 
 
 without being called to any account, and (hare them with the chiefs ; 
 when they come to refide themfelves. 
 
 Next to thefe are the towhas, the near relations, or younger 
 brothers, or tayos, of the chiefs : and if there are more chiefs than 
 one, the diftridl is divided into different padtdoos, or pariflies, • and 
 each of thefe have towhas under him. •' * 
 
 The next rank is the rafirra, or gentleman, who has one portion 
 to the towha's three. Thefe fmaller eftates are called rahoc, from the 
 power the ratlrra has to lay a prohibition on his own land, or on any 
 particular fort of provifion, as well as the towha on his portion, and 
 the chief on the whole ; but this power, though fometimes abufed, 
 is ufually employed after a great confumption of provifions, or to 
 accumulate them for fome magnificent feaft. The principal objedls 
 of the rahoe are hogs, though fometimes it extends alfo to other forts 
 af provifions; as when they find the lliell-fifla fcarce on the reefs, 
 the ratlrra can rahoe his portion, which is done by firicking up at the 
 extremities of it two branches of a tree, to which a white cloth is at- 
 tached ; and no perfon dares fifh there whilft thefe remain. When 
 the rahoe is taken off, and the offering of a hog and fifli is made, the 
 place is again free, and a feaft given by the perfon who put on the 
 rahoe: this is called or5aj and befides feafting the guefts, it is ex- 
 pelled that he fliould prefent them with large quantities of cloth ; 
 fome of this is thrown to the populace to fcramble for, which makes 
 fport, the cloth being torn into ribands ; and however fmall, they 
 prefer it to a larger piece, which they might have for afking : thefe 
 narrow flips they wear as favours in honour of the feaft. The young 
 men wreftle, the women dance, and the feaft is often prolonged 
 feveral days. 
 
 When fuch a feaft is made by a chief on taking off the riihoe from ■ 
 a whole diftri(5t, it is called towrSa ; then larger quantities of cloth, 
 live hogs, bamboos of oil, and even canoes, are given to be fcrambled 
 for. At thefe greater entertainments moft of the chiefs of the ifland 
 are prefent, vaft numbers of the arreoies, and all defcriptions of 
 
 u u a
 
 332 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 people. The towroa refemblcs a country fair, to which every one 
 who goes brings home fomething to fliow where he has been, wit^ 
 this difference, that here it cofls them nothing ; and befides the fport 
 of the herroo, they are feafted all the time. Hogs innumerable are 
 dreffed on this occafion j and a ftranger would fuppofe every one ori 
 the ifland had been colledled. The cloth and canoes feldom fall to the 
 fliare of the fame perfon, but are moftly rent in pieces ; and he who 
 gets the largeft piece is the beft man. If feveral of a family feize 
 and carry off the canoe, it is their own j and he who firft catches the 
 hog, carries it home. 
 
 The things appointed for this fport are all brought together in an 
 open fpace. The chief's men hold the hogs faft, till the prieft has 
 made a long prayer on the occafion : at the conclufion of it he throws 
 a young plantain into one of the canoes, which fband in a row, with 
 mafts erected to fpread the cloth, and hang the bambqos of oil; im- 
 mediately on this fignal, the hogs, goats, and fowls, are let loofe, 
 and the young men and women begin the chafe, which continues a 
 confiderable time before all are caught, and affords many a laughable 
 incide;nt : after this, the prefents are given, and the feaft ferved up. 
 Wreftling and dancing occupy a part of every day and night while 
 the feaft continues. 
 
 They have other feafts, held at the ratlrra's morai, called oboo n5e, 
 where they rrieet in fmaller companies, baking a hog, and eating it 
 on the fpot ; and if not cleared the firft day, they muft come the 
 fecond, or the third, as none muft be removed from the morai. 
 The chief of the padtdoo, and the priefts, are always invited on thefe 
 occafions ; and if abfent, a portion is put by for them till they arrive, 
 which they feldom fail to do. If the chief does not come, the priefts 
 are entitled to his portion. At this feaft no woman, nor any of her 
 male attendants, can be prefent, or partake of it. At all thefe they 
 brew plenty of yavaj and they who can get it, drink it greedily. 
 
 When the hog is taken from the oven, the prieft offers a long 
 prayer, and on a plantain-leaf colleds, a fmall portion of all the pro-
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 333 
 
 vifions, with a bit of yava root, placing them on the altar, as 
 an oblation to the Eatooa. The hog is then divided into as many 
 fliares as perfons ; each eats as much as he pleafcs, and puts the re- 
 mainder into a ballcet, covered with leaves, till he returns to finifh his 
 portion. If a ftrangcr pafTes by at the time, he is always invited to 
 partake, provided he declares himfelf raa, or a clean perfon ; if not, 
 he refiifes, nor dare they tell a lie; for fhould the impofition be 
 deteded, death only could expiate the offence. 
 
 The women and their fervants have their feparate feafts alfo, called 
 oehum5o, Thefc are generally of fifli, and not kept on facred ground. 
 Any man who is invited may partake with them. 
 
 The loweft clafs in fociety, after the ratirra, is the rnanahoune ; 
 they cultivate the land, and moft refemble our cottagers : fome are 
 raa, or hallowed j and others common or unclean. Thele hold under 
 the towhas and ratirras, anfwer all their demands to the beft of their 
 ability, make cloth for them, build their houfes, or affift in any 
 laborious work required of them ; yet their vaflalage compels no con- 
 llant fervice or refidence : they may change chiefs, and go to another 
 diftridt. 
 
 The fervants of whatever clafs are called tout 011 ; and fuch as wait' 
 wholly on the women, tiiti ; nor is it uncommon to find young men 
 of the firft families fo debafed ; though by fuch feminine fervice they 
 become excluded from all religious folemnities. 
 
 There yet remains a fet of men of the moft execrable caft, called 
 mahoos, affediing the manners, drefs, geftures, and voice of females, 
 and too horrid to be defer ibed. 
 
 In the fcale of rank, birth enjoys Angular diftindlion. A chief is 
 always a chief; and though expelled from his command, lofing his 
 diftrid:, or having his honours transferred to his child, he continues 
 noble and refpeded ; on the other hand, no acquifition can raife a 
 common man to a higher ftation than that of towha, or ratirra ; yet 
 the meaneft are in no flaviih dependence. The honour and refpedt 
 which they pay their chief, is rather through force of cuftom thaa
 
 334 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 rile fear of punifhment. They are admitted as their companions on 
 all occafions, and treated with perfedl freedom; indeed, in outward 
 appearance they can hardly be diflinguiflied. The king is not averfc 
 to converfe with the loweft of his fubjedls, or to be their vifitor ; and 
 never treats them with hauteur. His retinue is often changing : no 
 man ferves him longer than he pleafes. They have no wages, nor 
 engage for any ftated time, though fome remain in the fame family 
 all their lives ; and thefe ancient domeftics are as much refpecled as 
 their own relations, giving dire6tions to the younger branches, and 
 managing, as flewards, the affairs of the houfehold without control. 
 
 All are friendly and generous, even to a fault; they hardly refufe 
 any thing to each other if importuned. Their prefents are liberal, 
 even to profufion. Poverty never makes a man contemptible ; but to 
 be affluent and covetous is the greateft fliame and reproach. Should 
 any man betray fymptoms of incorrigible avaricioufnefs, and refufe to 
 part with what he has in a time of neceflity, his neighbours would 
 foon deftroy all his property, and put him on a footing with the 
 pooreft, hardly leaving him a houfe to cover his head. They will 
 give their clothes from their back, rather than be called peere peere, 
 or ftingy. 
 
 Refpedling property, they have no writing or records, but memory 
 and landmarks. Every man knows his own; and he would be 
 thought of all charadlers the bafefl, who fliould attempt to infringe 
 on his neighbour, or claim a foot of land that did not belong to him, 
 or his adopted friend ; for the tayo may ufe it during his friend's 
 lifetime, and if he has no child, poffefs it at his death. 
 
 If a man bequeaths his property to another on his death-bed, no 
 perfon difputes the bequeft, as there are always witneffes abundant to 
 the gift, if the heir is not prefent. The landmarks fet by their 
 anceftors, the father points out to the fon or heir; and fhould any 
 difpute arife, through their decay or removal, multitudes know where 
 they flood, and the matter is in general eafily fettled. Indeed it is 
 much the fame in all litigations ; the cafe is referred to a by-ftander,
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 335 
 
 and the party which he declares in the wrong fubmits, and makes the 
 other a pcace-offlring of the plantain-ftalk. Men feldom or never 
 fight in conlequence of any pcrfonal quarrel. If any matter of 
 ferious offence is given, the whole family or diflridt take it up, and 
 go to war with their adverfaries ; but if they chufe not to fight, a 
 peace-offering muft be made, which is never refufed ; if they will 
 fight, the weakeft muft fuffcr; and as all the relations adopt the 
 quarrel, there is fomctimes much bloodfhed, and it frequently leads 
 to a general war. Such broils, indeed, are fometimcs produced by 
 what appears to us a very trifling matter; fuch as fcurrilous words 
 fpoken againft the heir of a large eftate, or even of a fmall one; 
 negledt of proper refped: to a child, and other things as trivial ; for 
 inftance, as the child from the moment of its birth becomes the head 
 of the family, the boundaries of his land are new marked with rude 
 images ; and if this new-born infant be a towha, or ratirra, a number 
 of little flags are fet up in different parts of the boundary ; to thefc 
 all perfons of inferior rank muft uncover themfelves as they pafs, 
 whether by day or by night; and fhould this mark of homage be 
 contemptuoufly negled:ed, the mother flies to the fhark's teeth and 
 cuts herfelf, and the party muft make his peace-offering with the 
 plantain r fhould this be refufed, the father and mother would tear 
 off the clothes from his back, and well drub him into the bargain. 
 The friends and relations on both fides fometimes arm, and fatal 
 confequences follow. Even a chief has been known to be driven 
 from his diftrid: on account of a difpute originating about a poor 
 man's child fuppofed to be affronted by one of the fame rank with 
 himfelf. 
 
 The famous, or rather infamous arreoy focicty, confifting of noble 
 perfons in general, have alfo different ranks among themfelves, 
 like our freemafons, known by the manner of their tattooing. The 
 higheft are called ava' bly areema tatowe ; the next, areema bly ; the 
 third, ahowhoa; the fourth, harrotea; the fifth, e'ote ole; the 
 iixth and feventh, po, and mo, youths training up.
 
 336 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Inhabitants, — Men, Wojnen, and Children. — Abodes. 
 
 THE natural colour of the inhabitants is olive, inclining to copper. 
 Some are very dark, as the fifhermen, who are moft expofed to the lun 
 and fea; but the women, who carefully clothe themfelves, and avoid 
 the fun-beams, are but a fhade or two darker than an European 
 brunette. Their eyes are black and fparkling ; their teeth white and 
 even ; their fkin foft and delicate ; their limbs finely turned ; their 
 hair jetty, perfumed, and ornamented with flowers; but we did not 
 think their features beautiful, as, by continual preffure from infancy, 
 which they call touroome, they widen the face with their hands, 
 diftend the mouth, and flatten the nofe and forehead, which gives 
 them a too mafculine look ; and they are in general large, and wide 
 over the Ihoulders ; we were therefore difappointed in the judgment 
 we had formed from the report of preceding vifitors; and though 
 here and there was to be feen a young perfon who might be efteemed 
 comely, wefawfewwho, in fadl, could be called beauties ; yet they 
 poflefs eminent feminine graces : their faces are never darkened with a 
 fcowl, or covered with a cloud of fullennefs or fufpicion. 
 
 Their manners are affable and engaging; their ftep eafy, firm, and 
 graceful ; their behaviour free and unguarded ; always boundlefs in 
 generofity to each other, and to ftrangers; their tempers mild, gentle, 
 and unaffedted ; flow to take offence, eafily pacified, and feldom 
 retaining refentment or revenge, whatever provocation they may have 
 received. Their arms and hands are very delicately formed; and 
 though they go barefoot, their feet are not coarfe and fpreading. 
 
 As in all warm climates, the women in general here come earlier 
 to puberty, and fade fooner, than in colder and more northern coun-
 
 Appendix] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 337 
 
 tries ; though in fome the features continue Httle changed even to gray 
 hairs ; and what is remarkable, fome arc faid to fade, and revive again, 
 retaining their comeHnefs beyond t'nofe who have not experienced fucli 
 a change. Many, indeed, wdio lead a diflblute life, receive their 
 unmediate punifhment, and are old and hagard at thirty; whilll 
 others, who have lived more decently, or, at leaft, have been lefs 
 profligate, retain all the fprightlinefs and vigour of youth at fifty. 
 
 As wives, in private life, they are affe<flionate, tender, and 
 obedient to their hufbands, and uncommonly fond of their children : 
 they nurfe them with the utmoft care, and are particularly attentive to 
 keep the infant's limbs fupple and ftraight. A cripple is hardly ever 
 feen among them in early life. A ricketty child is never known ; 
 any thing refembling it would refled the higheft difgrace on the 
 mother. If an utter llranger difcovers the lead defed: in a child, he 
 makes no fcruple to blame the mother, and imputes it to her want of 
 fenfe and experience in nurfing : fo that if the child is not born 
 radically defective, which is feldom the cafe, they will mould it 
 into a proper fhape. A perfon knock-kneed, or bow-legged, is 
 fcarcely to be found : in the whole ifland we faw only three hump- 
 backed boys, in three different diftridls. 
 
 The men in general are above our common fize ; but the chiefs a 
 larger race, few of them fliort of fix feet high ; and Pomiirre four or 
 five inches higher, and proportionably bulky. They carry their age 
 well ; and are healthy and vigorous at a very advanced time of life, 
 if not infedled with difeafe : fuch are Otey, the grandfather of Otoo, 
 and Manne Manne, the high-prieft, and others. The exadl amount 
 of their years can only be colledled from circumftanccs, as they keep 
 no regular computation of time ; yet from events which they relate, 
 a pretty accurate calculation may be formed. Many were alive in 
 1791 who remembered the lofs of one of Roggewein's fquadron at an 
 ifland north of Otaheite, in 1722. 
 
 The drefs of both fexes is nearly the flime, excepting that the men 
 wear a narrow piece of cloth, which, pafling round tJie waift, goes 
 
 X X
 
 338 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 between the thighs, and is tucked in before, named the marro, and 
 may be called their breeches. An oblong piece, like a piece of printed 
 calico, not a yard wide, with a hole in the middle to admit the 
 head, hangs down before and behind, with the fides open, falling 
 loofe as low as the knees, and leaving the arms quite uncovered : this 
 is the teboota. A fquare piece of cloth, doubled, of any fize 
 fufficient to pafs once and a half round the waift of the men, and 
 above the breafls of the women, under the taboota, is called paru : 
 this falls down only to the knees of the man, but to the mid-leg, and 
 often to the ankles of the woman ; and is fometimes tucked in at the 
 corner, or confined by a girdle of eloth, plaited hair, or fine matting, 
 called tatdooa. The women, befides, often wear a piece of cloth, 
 ahhoo, fquare, or oblong, folded, which they throw taflily over all, 
 by way of cloak : this is generally of white cloth, and very fine. The 
 other garments are of what colours they fancy mofl. Inflead of the 
 marro, worn by the men, the women have a fmaller paru, beneath 
 the larger, as an under-petticoat. 
 
 When travelling, they ufually tuck up the paru, to prevent its being 
 foiled or dirty. If perfons of rank appear with more than the ordi- 
 nary quantity of cloth around them, this is defigned for a prefentj 
 and they generally honour the perfon for whom it is intended with 
 winding it round him with their own hands. 
 
 The women uncover their flioulders and breafls in the prefence of a 
 chief, or on pafTing the facred ground. Their bonnets refemble the 
 green fhades which our ladies ufe in fummer : they are often changed, 
 as they muil caft them away on paffing the morai ; but they are 
 replaced in a minute by plaiting, or weaving, the leaves of the cocoa- 
 nut ; and for this they prefer the bright yellow leaves to the green 
 ones. The turban drefs and tamou are never worn by the women but 
 at the heivas, and are called taao oopo. Both fexes wear garlands of 
 flowers and feathers, but no wig, or artificial coiffure. The tamou is 
 made from th« hair of their departed relatives, and held in the highefl 
 eflimation : it is feldom compofed of more than fix or nine hairs in-
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 339 
 
 thicknefs, but is often five or fix fathoms long. They fomctimes 
 dtefs with a garland of cocoa-nut fibres, ornamented with bits of pcarl- 
 fhell, and the nails of the thumb and fingers of their dcccafcd 
 relations : thefe they ufe as mourning, and confidcr as very precious 
 relics. The women have no morai, nor appropriate place of worfhip ; 
 nor are they ever prefent at their folemnitics ; neverthelefs they fup- 
 pofe they fliall be admitted to happinefs with the Eatooa, as well as 
 the men. 
 
 In the tattooing of men and women there is a fmall fpot on 
 the infide of each arm, juft above the elbow, which is a mark of 
 diftindiion, and fliews that fuch a perfon may eat or touch his father's 
 and mother's food, without rendering it raa, or facred ; it is a fort 
 of feal, that all the amoas have been performed. This is generally 
 received when the head is made free, which is the laft amoa, except 
 that of friendfhip and marriage. The man who does the tattooing to 
 young or old, is called at the pleafure of the parties, and no conftraint 
 is ever ufed. The young perfons will" not fufFer him to leave oJfF 
 while they can endure the ftroke of the inftrumenf, though they 
 make cries and lamentations as if he was killing them. The 
 girls are always attended by fome female relations, who hold them 
 while ftruggling under the pain of the operation, encouraging them 
 to cry out, which they think helps to alleviate the anguifh. When 
 the pain becomes exceffive, and they fay they can endure no more, 
 they ufe no compulfion. No perfon ever lifts his hand even to flirike 
 a child ; on the contrary, the young girls under the operation will 
 often ftrike thofe who companionate them, and wifh them to fufpend 
 the operation, as they are never efteemed women till the whole is 
 finifhed : this fometimes lafts for a year, or more, by inter\'als, from 
 the commencement of the tattooing. 
 
 No where are' children brought into the world with lefs pain or 
 danger : the women fubmit to little or no confinement within doors, 
 but rife and go about as ufual. The infant prefently crawls, and foori 
 
 X X s
 
 540 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 begins to walk, and almoft as foon to fwim. They run about entirely- 
 naked, and are remarkably healthy and adive. 
 
 They are generally acquainted with the art of converfing by figns, 
 either in public or private, and perfed: mailers of the language of 
 the eyes. 
 
 Their voice and fpeech are foft and harmonious. Their dialc(fl is 
 the Italian of the South Seas, abounding with vowels, and expelling 
 every harfli and guttural foimd from their alphabet : this confifts 
 only of feventeen letters, with which they exprefs themfelves with 
 great facility and precifion. Their pronouns are a ftriking inflance 
 of this : thefe are different according to the number of perfons fpoken 
 of: we, two only — "Ji'e, two out of three in company — "xr, an indefinite 
 number, have each a different pronoun fpecifically marking the per- 
 fons ; and it is the fame in the others, both perfonal and poffeffive; 
 a fingularity perhaps unknowri to any other language. C gj kqs xz 
 they can hardly articulate, or pronounce a word into the compofition 
 of which thefe letters enter. 
 
 In general, the ingenuity of all their works, confidering the tools 
 the}- poffefs, is marvellous. Their cloth, clubs, fifliing implements, 
 canoes, houfes, all difplay great (kill : their mourning dreiles, their 
 war head-drefs and breaft-plates, fhew remarkable tafte : their adjuft- 
 ment of the different parts, the exad: fj'^mmetry, the nicety of the 
 joining, are admirable : and it is ajflonifhing how they can with 
 fuch eafe and quicknefs drill holes in a pearl-fhell with a fliark's 
 tooth, and fo fine as not to admit the point of a common pin. 
 
 The men are excellent judges of the weather from the appearance 
 of the iky and wind, and can often foretel a change fome days 
 before it takes place. When they are going to any diflant ifland, 
 and lofe fight of land, they fteer by fun, moon, and ftars, as true 
 as- we do by compafs. They have names for many of the fixed 
 ftars, and know their time of rifing and fetting with confiderable 
 precifion : and, what is more fingular, their names and the account
 
 AprENDix.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 341 
 
 of them refemblc, in many inftanccs, the Grecian fables : they have 
 the twins, or two children, their Caflor and Pollux, &c. 
 
 Their year confiils of thirteen months. They calculate by the 
 lunations of the moon, and by the fun pafling and repaffing over 
 their heads. They pretend to foretel when the rains will fet in, and 
 whether they will be more or lefs violent than common, and prepare 
 accordingly. They know the fcafons for particular fifh, and get 
 ready ; when the bread-fruit will come in feafon ; and whether the 
 harvcft will be plentiful or fcanty, late or early. The day and night 
 are divided into twelve equal parts, and they guefs pretty exac1:ly 
 what the hour is by the fun and ftars. 
 
 They reckon in numbers from one to ten, then add m, before each 
 number till they reach 20, reckoning onward thus : attahai i , ahooroo 
 10 ; m, attahai 11, &c. ; ta5o 20, attahai, taoo 21 ; and fo onto five, 
 creema taoo, five twenties, or 100. But at calculation they are no 
 adepts. 
 
 They compute dirtances by the time it takes to pafs from one place 
 to another. They mcafure their fifhing-lines by the fathom, or fpan, 
 and found depths of water as accurately as ourfelvcs. 
 
 The common dwellings are about eighteen feet in the ridge-tree, 
 oblong, and roimdcd at the ends . The furniture confifts of a few wooden 
 trays and flools for making their puddings, pofts to hang their baflccts 
 of different forts to ftore fheir provifions, a large cheft on which the 
 mafter and miftrefs of the houfe often fleep, or on the floor fpread 
 with matting and cloth, and covered with the fame ; frequently they 
 employ a canoe-houfe juft fufficient for their length, and too low for 
 them to fland eredl; and fometimes a bedflcad: many in fine weather 
 fleep in the open air. Their pillow is a little wooden ftool, neatly 
 wrought out of one block j and they who have no fuch, take the flool 
 they fit upon in their canoes. Their ufual feat is the ground, crofs- 
 legged J but they have feats with which they are always ready to com- 
 pliment a ftranger. The unmarried women lleep next their parents, and
 
 342 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 occupy one end of the houfe ; the unmarried men the other. The 
 fcr\'ants ufiially fleep in the women's eating-houfe, or near it. 
 
 Their houfes are full of fleas, which harbour in the floor, and are 
 very troublefome; though the natives are much lefs affecSed by them 
 than we are : they fay they were brought to them by the Europeans, 
 One of our mifllonaries writes, he has been obliged to get up at mid- 
 night, and to run into the fea to cool himfelf, and get rid of the 
 fwarm of difagreeable companions. This, among other caufes, has 
 made the call for bedfleads great, as they find the comfort of this 
 mode of fleeping. Their bed-clothes are the garments they wear, if 
 they have no other, which is frequently the cafe with the common 
 people and fervants, who, in that warm climate, little trouble them- 
 felves about clothes or the care of them. 
 
 They have no partitions in their houfes ; but, it may be affirmed, 
 they have in many inftances more refined ideas of decency than our- 
 felves ; and one, long a refident, fcruples not to declare, that he never 
 faw any appetite, hunger and thirft excepted, gratified in public. 
 It is too true, that for the fake of gaining our extraordinary curio- 
 fities, and to pleafe our brutes, they have appeared immodeft in the 
 extreme. Yet they lay the charge wholly at our door, and fay that 
 Englifhmen are aftiamed of nothing, and that we have led them to 
 public adts of indecency never before pradlifed among themfelves. 
 Iron here, more precious than gold, beflrs down every barrier of 
 rellraint : honefly and modefty yield to the force of temptation.
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 343 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Deities of the South Seas. 
 
 THOUGH the world was at firft of one fpeech and one religion, 
 all confefTing Jehovah in triune exiflence, the true tradition began 
 foon to be obfcurcd. On the difperfion of mankind, gods many and 
 lords many were created. The Eafl:, amidft its thoufand deities, ftill 
 preferved fome traces of the triune God. Whoever reads the ingenious 
 Mr. Morris's account of India will receive fmgularly curious inform- 
 ation on this fubje(ft. However abfurd the notions of deity and 
 creation may appear, now retained by the Otaheiteans, the moft 
 polifhed nations of Greece and Rome devoutly embraced equal ab- 
 furdities. It Ihould afford matter of great thankfulnefs, that we have 
 been refcued from the darknefs of idolatry. So far at leaft hath the 
 world been indebted to Chriftianity, that wherever this hath pre- 
 vailed, before it every idol hath mouldered into duft. 
 
 The deities of Otahcite are nearly as numerous as the perfons of 
 the inhabitants. Every family has its fee, or guardian fpirit, whom 
 they fet up, and worfliip at the morai : but they have a great god or 
 gods of a fuperior order, denominated Fw ha now Po, born of night. 
 
 The general name for deity, in all its ramifications, is Eatooa. 
 
 Three are held fupreme ; landing in a height of celeftial dignity 
 that no others can approach unto : and, what is more extraordinary, 
 the names are perfonal appellations : 
 
 1. Tane, te Medooa, 
 
 the Father, 
 
 2. Oromattow, 'Tooa tee te Myde, 
 
 God in the Son. 
 
 3. Taroa, Mannoo te Hooa, 
 
 the Birdf the Spirit. 
 To thefe, the dii majores, they only addrefs their prayers in times
 
 ^^_^ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [AprENoix. 
 
 of greatcfl: diflrcfs, and feafons of peculiar exigency, fuppofing them 
 too exalted to be troubled with matters of lefs moment than the illnefs 
 of a chief, florms, devaftations, war, or any great calamity. Indeed, 
 fear and fufferin"- feem to be more powerful motives to worfliip than 
 gratitude. The houfe of thefe fwhanow po is at Oparre, where the 
 chief earic rahie refidcs. 
 
 The following names of other gods are colledted : Orohho, Otoo, 
 Tamaharro, Tey'erec, Orouhatoo, Oehawhow, Tamma, Toaheite, 
 Vaveah. 
 
 For "cneral worfliip they have an inferior race, a kind of dii 
 penates. Each family has its tee or guardian fpirit : he is fuppofed 
 to be one of their departed relatives, who, for his fuperior excellencies, 
 has been exalted to an eatooa. They fuppofe this fpirit can inflid; 
 ficknefs or remove it, and preferve them from a malignant deity who 
 alfo bears the name tee, and is always employed in mifchief. 
 
 They have a tradition, that once in their anger the great gods 
 broke the whole world into pieces ; and that all the iflands around 
 them are but little parts of what was once vcnooa noe, the great land, 
 of which their own ifland is the eminent part. A curious conver- 
 fation held with Manne Manne, the high pried, and Taata Orero, 
 the orator and oracle of the country for tradition, is as follows in- 
 terpreted by the Swede Andrew : 
 
 In the beginning, Tane took Taroa, and begat Avye, frefli water; 
 Atye, or Te Myde, the fea j alfo Awa, the water-fpout ; Matai, the 
 wind ; Arye, the flcy ; and Po, the night ; then Mahanna, the fun, 
 in the fhape of a man called Oerba Tabooa : when he was bom, all 
 his brethren and fifters turned to earth ; only a daughter was left, by 
 name Townoo ; fhe became the wife of Oeroa Tabooa, by whom fhe 
 conceived thirteen children, who are the thirteen months : i . Papeeree ; 
 2. Ownoonoo; 3. Paroromooa j 4. Paroromoree5 5. Mooreehaj 6. 
 Heaiha; 7. Taoa ; 8. Hoorororera ; 9. Hooreeama ; 10. Teayre j 
 II. Tetai ; 12. Waeaho; 13. Weaha. 
 
 Townoo now returned to earth, and Oeroa Tabooa embraced a 
 rock called Poppoharra Harreha, which conceived a fon named Tetoo-
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA. ISLANDS. 345 
 
 boo amata hatoo ; after which the rock returned to its original flate, 
 and the father of the months himfelf died, and went to duft. The 
 fon he left embraced the fand of the fca, which conceived a fon 
 of the name of Tee, and a daughter called Opeera ; then he alfo 
 died, and returned to the earth. Tee took his filler Opeera to 
 wife, who produced a daughter Oheera, Recne, Moonoa ; the mo- 
 ther died, and the father furvived : in her illnefs fhe entreated her 
 liuiband to cure her, and flie would do the fame for him if he fell 
 fick, and thus they might live for ever; but the hufband refufed, 
 and preferred her daughter, whom, on her deceafe, he took for his 
 "wife. The daughter bore him three fons and three daughters : the 
 fons, Ora, Wanoo, Tytory ; the daughters, Hcnnatoomorrooroo, 
 Henaroa, Noowya. The father and mother dying, the brothers faid. 
 Let us take our lifters to wife, and become many. So men began to 
 multiply upon the earth. 
 
 Refpefting a future flate, they fuppofe no perfon perifhes or becomes 
 extindt. They allow no punifhment after death, but degrees of 
 eminence and felfcity, as men have been here moft pleafing to the deity. 
 They regard the fpirits of their anceflors, male and female, as exalted 
 into eatooas, and their favour to be fecured by prayers and offerings. 
 Every ficknefs and untoward accident they efteem as the hand of 
 judgment for fome offence committed; and therefore, if they have 
 injured any perfon, they fend their peace-offering, and make the 
 matter up : and if fick, fend for the prieft to offer up prayers and 
 facrifices to pacify the offended eatSoa ; giving any thing the priefls 
 alk, as being very reludant to die. But if they find their cafe def- 
 perate, they take leave of their friends, and commend them to the 
 guardian fpirits, exhorting them to be more careful of offending them 
 than they themfelves had been. When the fpirit departs from the 
 body, they have a notion it is fwallowed by the eatooa bird, who 
 frequents their burying-places and morals ; and paffes through him 
 in order to be purified, and be united to the deity. And fuch are 
 
 Y Y
 
 346 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 afterwards employed by him to attend other human beings, and to 
 inflidl punilhment, or remove ficknefs, as fhall be judged requifite. . 
 
 The evil demon named Tee has no power but upon earth ; and this 
 he exercifes by getting into them with their food, and caufing mad- 
 nefs or other difeafes ; but thefe they imagine their tutelar faints, if 
 propitious, can prevent or remove. 
 
 They believe the ftars were the children of the fun and moon, 
 attributing every fubftance to procreative power ; and when the fun 
 and moon are eclipfcd, they fuppofe them in the adl of copula- 
 tion; and pretend to foretel, from their appearance at fuch times, the 
 future events of war, ficknefs, or the like. 
 
 They imagine when a flar fhoots (as we call it), it is the Eatooa : 
 that in the moon there is a vafl: country with trees and fruits : that a 
 bird of Otaheite once flew up thither, and ate of the fruit ; and on 
 his return, dropped fome of the feeds, from which a great tree fprang, 
 of which the bird ftill eats, and of no other. 
 
 With regard to their worfhip, Captain Cook does the Otaheiteans 
 but juftice in faying, they reproach many who bear the name of 
 Chriftian. You fee no inftances of an Otaheitean drawing near the 
 Eatooa with careleffnefs and inattention ; he is all devotion ; he ap- 
 proaches the place of worfliip with reverential awe ; uncovers when 
 he treads on facred ground ; and prays with a fervour that would do 
 honour to a better profeffion. He firmly credits the trad.tion^ of his 
 anceftors. None dares difpute the exiftcnce of deity. They put 
 great confidence in dreams, and fuppofe in fleep the foul leaves the 
 body under the care of the guardian angel, and moves at large through 
 the regions of fpirits. Thus they fay. My foul was fuch a night in 
 fuch a place, and faw fuch a fpirit. When a perfon dies, they fay 
 his foul is fled away, karre po, gone to night. It is fingular, that 
 Pomarre declared to the miffionaries that he had, before their arrival, 
 been dreaming about the f peaking book, which they fhould bring 
 from the Eatooa^
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 347 
 
 They entertain a high idea of the power of fpirits. In the beautiful 
 and romantic view of Taloo harbour the remarkable peaked mountain 
 is faid to be but a part of the original one. Some fpirits from Uhctea 
 had broken off the other half, and were tranfporting it down the bay, 
 in order to carry it away with them, but, being overtaken by the 
 break of day, they were obliged to drop it near the mouth of the 
 harbour, where it now flands confpicuous as a rock ; for, like the 
 elves and fairies of our anceftors, thefe fpirits walk and work by night. 
 
 Their fuperftitious notions of this kind are endlefs ; unhappily, their 
 moft unnatural and cruel cuftoms are connedted with them, and they 
 are tenacious of the worft, fearing the negledl of thefe, though inad- 
 vertently, would bring down the difpleafure of the Eatooa upon them, 
 and expofe them to fickaefs or death. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Priejihood and Sacrifices. 
 
 THE priefls at the Society Iflands are a pretty numerous body ; 
 they are in every diftridl : Manne Manne feems to be the firft among 
 them for knowledge and traditionary information : he is alfo monarch 
 of Ulietea by right, though an exile. Temarre, the chief of Pappara, 
 of the feed royal, is alfo high in the facerdotal office. The priefthood 
 is divided into two orders : the tahowra morai, and the tahowra 
 Eatooa. As tahowra morai, they officiate in all the prayers and oblations 
 made at the morais : thefe prayers are uttered in a chant that cannot be 
 underflood, and was fuppofed to be a peculiar facrcd language ; but 
 that is now thought to be a miftake, and the obfcurity owing to the 
 mere manner of utterance. All the chiefs officiate as pricfts on fome 
 
 Y Y 2
 
 348 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 occafions, praying for their friends when fick, making offerings at 
 the morai, and performing other religious ceremonies. 
 
 The priefts have plenty of employment, being called in on all 
 occafions, births or deaths, feafts or ficknefs ; and are the phyficians 
 as well as clergy of the country. They affeft to poffefs extraordinary- 
 powers, to promote conception or abortion, to inflid: difeafes or re- 
 move them at their pleafure, and are greatly feared on that account. 
 They are fuppofed to be able to pray the evil, fpirit into the food, by 
 rubbing a human fkull with a part of the provifions they eat ; and 
 fometimcs to kill men outright. Thus Orepiah is fuppofed to have 
 died' by Manne Manne's conjuration. They acknowledge that over us 
 they have no power, becaufe they know not the names of our God 
 and our grandfather, which is neceffary. They gave us a fpecimen 
 of their conjurors in one of our vifits to Temjarre. A man prefented 
 himfelf in an old blue coat turned up with red, his head furrounded 
 with numerous feathers, fo as to hide his countenance entirely : he 
 ran up to us with an unintelligible jargon, making a fqueaking 
 noife, and adtions fo wild, that we afked if the man was delirious. 
 The natives not feeing us at all frightened, faid it was Temarre's fon, 
 the Etooa etc, the little god, which killed Omiah and many others. 
 Having with us a great dog, he fell upon the pricfl:, who fled; at 
 which the natives feemed terrified, and faid he would kill us. After 
 a, while, the prieft returned with a club in his hand, driving like a 
 fury all before him, the women and children flirieking, and the 
 natives trembling. On this one of the brethren jumped up to protect 
 the dog, againft whom his rage was directed, and wrefting the club 
 from him, turned up the feathered cap, and difcovered a well-known 
 countenance, who had run away from Matavai after robbing Pyetea. 
 We immediately charged him with the theft ; on this he changed 
 countenance, and Ihewed the greateft terror. The natives interpofing 
 in his behalf, while we were telling them of the man and his im- 
 pofture, he gave us the flip, and fled j fo we faw no more of him. 
 
 He feeras to have been one of thofe called tahowra Etdoa, who
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 349 
 
 affea infpiration. Of thefc, fome pretend to belong to the particuliU 
 deity, others to many : fuch as claim acquaintance with the three 
 fupcrior eatooas are the moft confcquential, and procure high reve- 
 rence from the part they prefume to adl ; indeed they do it with fo 
 much cunnine: and addrefs, that the Swedes whom we found on the 
 ifland, as well as the mariners who preceded them, really believed 
 the appearances fupernatural, and that the devil aftually was the 
 agent. When they are called upon to confult the deity they affume 
 an odd fixntaftic drefs, enriched with red and black feathers ; to which 
 they fay the EatSoa is i'o partial, that on their approach to him thus, 
 he defcends to the earth at their call in one of the (acred birds which 
 frequent the morais and feed on the facrifices. As foon as the bird 
 lights on the morai, the Eatooa quits the bird and enters the prieft. 
 He inftantly begins to ftretch and yawn, and rub his arms, legs, 
 thighs, and body, which begins to be inflated as if the (kin of the 
 abdomen would burft ; his eyes are thrown into various contortions, 
 fometimes flaring wide, then half clofed and linking into fbupor j 
 while, at other times, the whole frame is agitated, and appears to 
 have undergone fome fudden and furprifing change. The fpeech 
 now becomes low, the voice fqueaking and interrupted ; then on a 
 fudden raifed to an aftonifliing degree. He now fpeaks intelligibly, 
 though affeding not to know what he faith, nor the perfons of thofc 
 around him ; but his words are regarded as oracular, and whatever 
 he aflcs for the deity, or himfelf, is never refufed, if it can be pofiibly 
 procured. Of this, however, the ador affefts to have no confciouf- 
 nefsj his colleague and affiflant, neverthelefs, takes care to minute 
 the claims of the deity, and receives them from the perfon on whole 
 account the deity was fo condefcending as thus to appear: thcfe 
 requirements are generally very large. 
 
 When the deity quits the pretended infpired tahowra, he doth it 
 with fuch convulflons and violence as leave him motionlefs on the 
 ground, and exhauftcd j and this is contrived to be at the moment 
 when the facred bird takes his flight from the morai. On coming
 
 350 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Aiu-endix. 
 
 to himfclf he utters a loud flirick, and feems to awake as from a 
 profound fleep, unconfcious of every thing which hath pafled. 
 
 The pricfls who fuperintend the lower orders of the people pro- 
 ceed nearly in the fame manner, with variations only according to 
 their craft and abilities : among thefe are women, who officiate, 
 though not fokly, for their own fex. They think it impoffible that 
 a child fliould come into the world without their afliftance, though, 
 in fadl, they afford them none. People of property, when fick, will 
 fomctimes have half a dozen of thefe priefts and prieftefles praying 
 around them, and making offerings for them j and whichever of thefe 
 happens, in the ellimation of the lick perfon, to be the happy caufe of 
 his recovery, is fure to be well rewarded, and ever after highly 
 refpedled, to whatever clafs of the priefthood he may belong. 
 Whenever a prieft vifits a perfon of confequence he carries a young 
 plantain in his hand ; and before he enters the houfe offers a prayer, 
 flicks a leaf of the plantain in the thatch, and throws the remainder 
 of the tree on the roof. 
 
 Their facrifices and oblations are various and liberal. They offer to 
 their gods all the produdl of their ifland, hogs, dogs, fowls, fifli, and 
 vegetables ; and at every feafl a portion is prefented to the Eat5oa 
 before they prefume to take their own repaft. When a prieft de- 
 nounces the neceffity of a human facrifice, or, as on the inaugu- 
 ration of the king, cuftom requires fuch offerings, the manner of 
 feleding them is by a council of the chief with the ratirras. The 
 occafion is ftated, and the vidim pitched upon ; he is ufually a 
 marked character, who has been guilty of blafphemy, or fome 
 enormous crime, or a flranger who has fled to the diftridl for fhelter 
 from fome other part on account of his ill condud. The decifion 
 of this council is kept a profound fecret, and perhaps the only one 
 which is fo. They watch the opportunity of the night, when the 
 culprit is afleep, and difpatch him, if poffible, with one blow of a 
 Hone on the nape of the neck, to prevent any disfigurement of the 
 body } a bone of him muft not be broken, nor the corpfe mangled
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. - u 
 
 or mutilated. If a man lias been bit and disfigured by a woman, 
 he becomes noa, unclean for ever, and can never be offered in facri- 
 fice. The vidtim is placed in a baiket of cocoa-nut leaves faftencd 
 to a long pole, and carried in a facred canoe to the morai, when the 
 eye is offered to the king with the ceremonies before defcribed. 
 
 If the chief and ratlrras, on the requifition of the pricfts, declare 
 they can find none deferving death in their diftrid:, or refufe to pro- 
 vide a human facrifice, they may fubftitute a hog in his place; and 
 it is reported, as taking off fomething from the horror of the deed, 
 that none are pitched upon whole lives have not been juflly forfeited 
 by their crimes. Where there is no law, nor regular adminiffration 
 of juflice, this mode is fubflituted to difpatch a criminal, whom 
 his friends might refcue; but being thus executed, it is fuppofed 
 the choice was right, and no farther notice is taken : but what a 
 door this opens to partiality, private enmity, and revenge, is too 
 evident and Ihocking. No woman is liable to be offered at the Society 
 Iflands, though they appear the chief vidlims at the Friendly Iflands; 
 nor may they, at Otaheite, be prefent at any of the religious alfem- 
 blies, partake of the offerings at the morai, or tread the confecrated 
 ground, except on a particular occafion ; nor may they eat of any 
 food which has been there, or touched by thofe who officiate at the 
 altar i and all their male attendants are in the fame ffate of unclean- 
 nefs and feclufion. 
 
 The facred ground around the morals affords a fandtuary for crimi- 
 nals. Thither, on any apprehenfion of danger, they flee, efpecially 
 when numerous facrifices are cxped:ed, and cannot thence be taken 
 by force, though they are fometimes feduced to quit their afylum. 
 On the inauguration of Otoo many took refuge in the precincts of 
 the mutineers' habitation, which was held facred as the morai, and 
 where they enjoyed full protedlion. Our habitations will afford as 
 affured exemption ; and the whole diftrid. of Mataviii being ceded to 
 us, no more human facrifices will probably be demanded from us, 
 and fuch an example will have the moft beneficial tendency to abolifh
 
 332 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 the cuftom in other diftrids. If we fliaU be enabled ojily to put an 
 end to a practice fo inhuman, and to induce the pregnant females to 
 prefervc and commit to our nurture the infants devoted to dellrud:ion, 
 we (hall acknowledge this alone would amply reward us for the 
 labours of love in which we are engaged. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Singular Cujloms. 
 
 WHEN a woman takes a hufband, flie immediately provides 
 herfelf with a fliark's tooth, which is fixed with the bread-fruit 
 gum on an inftrument that leaves about a quarter of an inch of the 
 tooth bare, for the purpofe of wounding the head, like a lancet. 
 Some of thefe have two or three teeth, and ftruck forcibly they 
 bring blood in copious ftrcams ; according to the love they bear the 
 party, and the violence of their grief, the ftrokes are repeated on the 
 head ; and this has been known to bring on fever, and termiriate in 
 madnefs. If any accident happens to the hufband, his relations 
 or friends, or their child, the fhark's tooth goes to work; and 
 even if the child only fall down and hurt itfelf, the blood and 
 tears mingle together. As the child, from the moment of his 
 birth, fucceeds to all the honours and dignity of his family, any 
 infult offered to him is felt more deeply by the parents than if 
 offered to themfelves. Should the child die, the houfe is prefently 
 filled with relations, cutting their heads and making the loudefl 
 lamentations. 
 
 On this occafion, in addition to other tokens of grief, the parents 
 vcut their hair fliort on one part of their heads, leaving the reft long.
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 2Si 
 
 Sometimes this is confined to a fquaie patch on the forehead ; at 
 others they leave that, and cut off all the refl: : fometimes a bunch is 
 left over both ears, fometimes over one only; and fometimes one 
 half is clipped quite clofe, and the other left to grow long : and thefc 
 tokens of mourning arc fometimes prolonged for two or three years. 
 
 Their marriages are performed without ceremonies, but various are 
 thofe which fuccced. If a woman be a virgin, the father and mother 
 perform an amooa, or offering, of a hog or fowl, and plantain-tree, 
 to their fon-in-law, before they can touch any of his provifions ; 
 but not if a widow, or feparated from a former hufband. The wife's 
 relations make a prefent of hogs, cloth, &c. to the new-married 
 pair. As they agree, they live either on the hufband or wife's eftate; 
 but if they part, each retains their own. 
 
 The feparation of the women from their hufbands on a particular 
 occafion, Dr. Giilham had once the opportunity of remarking. Going 
 into the hut of his tayo, named Poppo, very early, he obferved him 
 laid alone on the bedftead, and his wife lying on the floor. Inquiring 
 the reafon, Poppo informed him, it was becaufe fhe was at prefent 
 under the Otaheitean feminine infirmity. 
 
 When a woman brings forth a child, a kind of hut is raifcd within 
 the houfe with matting and cloth ; heated flones arc then placed, 
 with fweet herbs and grafs fpread over them ; on thefe water is 
 fprinkled, and fhe is clofe fliut up in the fleam which rifes, till flie 
 is in a proper perfpiration, and can endure the heat no longer ; from 
 this vapour-bath fhe comes out and plunges into the river, and \\'afliing 
 herfelf all over puts on her clothes, and takes the child to the morai. 
 This flie afterwards repeats, and often brings on the ague ; nor could 
 they be perfuaded to defifl from fo prepoilerous a cuflom, fucli being 
 the force of prejudice. 
 
 The child being waflied, is taken with the mother to the family 
 morai ; where, after the father hath made an offering of a young 
 pig or fowl, with a plantain-tree, the navel-firing is feparated, about 
 WW inches being left, by one of the priefiis, who always attends, and 
 
 z z
 
 354 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 is paid for the operation by a hog, or cloth. A temporary houfe is 
 eredled on the facred ground adjoining the morai, and what is cut off 
 from the child is buried at the morai. In this houfe mother and 
 child dwell till the reft of the navcl-ftring drops off, which may be 
 dcpofited in the houfe, or at the morai. During this time of feclufion, 
 which is for a male infant a fortnight, and for a female three weeks, 
 the mother touches no provifions herfelf, but is fed by another; and 
 fliould any perfon touch the child during this time, he muft un- 
 dergo the fame reftridtions till the amdoa is performed, of a young 
 pig, or a fowl, for the mother, which finifhes this feparation for 
 imcleannefs. The child is then removed to another temporary houfe 
 on the facred ground, near the houfe in which the father and mother 
 refide ; but they may not touch the child in the fame clothes in 
 which they eat their provifions. To take off this reftridlion, a fecond 
 amooa muft be performed by the father and uncles, and a third by 
 the mother and aunts ; a fourth, before the child returns to the houfe 
 where the father and uncles eat ; a fifth, on the fame account for the 
 mother and aunts. If the child is a male, thefe are all till he is 
 adopted by a medooa, or godfather, when another amooa is per- 
 formed ; but if a female, two yet remain ; one when Ihe is married, 
 that the father and uncles may eat with her huft)and, and of fuch 
 provifions as he has touched, which otherwife they could not : the 
 next, that the mother and aunts may touch the fon-in-law's pro- 
 vifions, though they may not eat with him. Thefe laft are called 
 f'watatoe. Hogs and cloth are the offering for the males, for the 
 females only fifh. Of thefe rites they are in no wife fparing, and 
 much feftivity attends them. 
 
 If the child touches any thing before thefe rites are performed, it 
 muft be wholly appropriated to their ufe, being raa or facred ; and 
 if any thing touches the child's head before the amSoa is offered, it 
 muft be dcpofited in a confecrated place railed in for that purpofe at 
 the child's houfe ; and if it were the branch of a tree, as fometimes 
 happens in carrying it about, the tree muft be cut down ; and if in 
 
 3
 
 Appendix] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 355 
 
 its fall it injures another tree, fo as to penetrate the bark, that tree 
 alfo mufl; be cut down as unclean and unfit for ufe. 
 
 The head is always regarded as facred, though, after the ceremonies 
 are performed, thefe demands ceafe; but they never carry any thing 
 upon their heads, nor can bear to have them touched without offence; 
 and the cuttings of their hair are buried at the morai. 
 
 Both fexes go naked till they are fix or feven years of age ; about 
 thirteen or fourteen the operation of tattooing the males begins, and 
 earlier for the females. The inftruments employed for tattooing a 
 chief, or head of a family, are always fent to the morai, and deftroyed 
 as foon as the work is completed. The females mark their hands 
 and feet with a number of fmall figures, and their hips with arched 
 lines, guided wholly by fancy as to their number and thicknefs ; but 
 the men tattoo their arms, legs, and thighs, as well as the buttocks ; 
 and a perfon without thefe honourable marks would be as much re- 
 proached and fhunned, as if with us he fnould go about the ftreets 
 naked. At thirteen or fourteen years of age the boys have an opera- 
 tion performed, by flitting up the prepuce with a fhark's tooth, and 
 aflies are fprinkled on the wound ; it is at their own option when 
 they choofe to have it done. The tattoo-men perform the incifion, 
 and receive a pig, or piece of cloth, for their trouble. 
 
 They bathe conftantly three times a day in the frefh water, and 
 always wafh themfelves in it after coming out of the fea j and though 
 men and women are together, there is not the leafl immodefty per- 
 mitted, and they flip through their clothes without any wanton ex- 
 pofures — it would be condemned in a man as much as a woman. In 
 their dances alone is immodefl:y permitted ; there it appears the effedt 
 of national habit or cufliom, as no perfon could ever be prevailed 
 upon to do in any private company what, when they dance in public, 
 is allowed without fcruple. In facfl, though chaftity and modefty 
 are not held in the fame eftimation with them as with us, yet many of 
 their married women are faid to pique themfelves on its ftri(ft obferv- 
 
 z z :a
 
 356 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 ance, and are not to be won at any rate, being only accefllble to the 
 hufband's tayo. 
 
 The fingle young men, who in the heivas indulge indecent geftures, 
 would not dare to do fo at any other time ; and however flrangcly the 
 women ad in public dances, no woman of charadler would admit of im- 
 proper liberties el fewhere. They never uncover their breafts but when they 
 bathe, nor their bofom and fhoulders but in the prefence of the chief. 
 Their ideas, no doubt, of fliame and delicacy are very different from 
 ours ; they are not yet advanced to any fuch ftate of civilization 
 and refinement ; but the woman who failed with the fhip foon be- 
 came as referved in manners and drefs as any European ; and the 
 progrefs made in the ifland by the miffionaries in this refpedt when 
 the fliip returned, was evident and pleafing. 
 
 If a woman has any defeat or deformity, flie carefully conceals it ; 
 and when they go into the water they take with them broad leaves 
 to fupply the place of cloth. Their conftant bathing prevents every 
 difagreeable fmell from perfpiration, and their mouth and teeth being 
 wafhed at every meal, preferves their teeth white and their breath 
 fweet. 
 
 They extradt every hair from the nofe, arm-pits, &c. to prevent 
 its harbouring any dull or foulnefs. Their beards are ufually neatly 
 trimmed with fhells, and their hair fliort or long, according to their 
 fancy. The women, except thofe who affedt to be prophetefTes, 
 wear their hair fhort and decked with flowers, paying the niceft 
 regard to their perfons. They adjuft their brows and eyelafhes, clipping 
 them if too long, and forming the eyebrows into regular arches. Nor 
 are the men lefs attentive to their perfons, and will fit at the glafs 
 drefling with the greateft complacence. A black cocoa-nut fhell filled 
 with water ferved them for a looking-glafs, till we fupplied them 
 with what they fo highly prized. Fifli fcales, or fliells, formed 
 their tweezers, the fhark's teeth their fciffars, and the bamboo their 
 combs. The fragrant oil fupplies the place of pomatum, and powder
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 357 
 
 and civet can hardly furnifli greater beaus. At their heivas they put 
 on their beft, and drefs in the mofl tafty manner fancy can fuggcft. 
 Both fexes have their ears bored for ornaments ; in them they wear 
 pearls, or beads, hanging down about two inches in a plait of hair; 
 fomctimes the hole of the car is ftuck with an odoriferous flower. 
 They have pearls which they value very highly ; and at firft our 
 white beads, which refemble them, were much coveted ; but when 
 they found they were fpoiled with water, they ceafed to be in de- 
 mand. As long as they are able to move, they never neglcd: bathing; 
 the old, who can fcarcely crawl, get down to the river ; nor does 
 any ficknefs or difeafe prevent them ; nothing but utter inability re- 
 trains them from the water. 
 
 They produce fire in the following manner : with their teeth, or 
 a mufcle-lhell, they fliarpen a ftick of porou wood, and fixing a 
 larger piece of the fame under their feet, they with both hands and 
 a quick motion rub a fcore in the board at their feet till the dufl: 
 produced takes fire ; they have dried leaves or grafs ready, into which 
 they fweep this tinder duft, and wrapping it up, wave it in the 
 wind till it kindles into a flame : while they arc rubbing they con- 
 tinue finging, or chanting a hymn or prayer, till the fire is pro- 
 duced, in about two minutes if the wood be completely dry. In 
 wet weather this is a difficult taflc, and therefore they ufually then 
 carry about with them fire, which in the dry weather they need not 
 do. The women are not fuffered to kindle a fire from that made by 
 their hufbands, or any other man, except thofe feminine male aflb- 
 ciates which attend them, and are fubjedt to the fame rules. 
 
 They never fuflfer a fly to touch their food if they can help it ; and 
 Ihould they find one dead in their puddings, or any of their provifions, 
 which fometimes cannot be avoided, they throw it to the hogs. 
 Hence they all carry fly-flaps ; thefe are ufually made of feathers, 
 and fixed to a handle of wood ten or twelve inches long, fometimes 
 carved, fometimes plain. The wing bones of the largeft fowls, 
 when cleaned, are ufed for handles ; and if they have not thefe, they
 
 353 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 fupply their place by a bough from the nearefl tree. Whenever you 
 enter a houfe, or approach a place where provifions are preparing, 
 this is the firfl: thing they offer you. When the provifions are 
 dreffed and hot before you, the boys continue to fan away the flies 
 •with fly-flaps, nothing being more offenfive or difagreeable than that 
 a fly fliould get into their mouths ; and their averfion to touch them 
 with their hands is fuch, that fliould a dead fly be found on any 
 part of their body, they would go inflantly to the river and wafli 
 themfelves. Thefe flies at times are numerous, but not fo venomous 
 as the muflcetoes in the Wefl: Indies : they are of two forts, the 
 common black fly, and a gray one of the fame fize, which fometimes 
 flings fliarply. They have alfo butterflies, butterfly moths, muf- 
 lcetoes, lizards, fcorpions, centipedes, beetles, crickets, grafshoppers, 
 fmall ants, fand-flies, and others ; but neither dangerous nor very 
 troublefome. 
 
 The middle-aged of all clafles generally take a nap at noon, during 
 the heat of the day. To this the yava, among thofe who drink it, 
 does not a little difpofe. The aged, as more watchful, need not this 
 indulgence; and the youth, too lively to fleep during the daylight, 
 find always fome fport or amufement to employ them. 
 
 During the night, if ftrangers lodge with them, they burn the 
 candle-nut, ftuck on flcewers, that they may find their way in and 
 out of the houfe without incommodation from thofe who fleep on 
 the floor, fometimes to the amount of fifty or fixty perfons. Nor 
 was it unufual to get up and have provifions ready in the night ; and 
 fome fit and chat, and tell ftories, with which they are always de- 
 lighted. We obferved that thofe which regarded us, and our European 
 manners and cufloms, lefs interefted them than their own, as their 
 minds were not enlarged to a capacity of comprehending the reports 
 which were made, and thefe too often fabulous. One navigator told 
 them, we had fliips as much larger than his as that was bigger than 
 their fmalleft canoes ; that we had veflels which would reach from 
 Otaheite to Ulietea, about forty-five leagues ; and of fo vaft a height,
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 359 
 
 that a young man going to the topmaft-hcad grew gray before he 
 came down again j that our round tops contained forefts of fruit-trees 
 bigger than the bread-fruit. Pomiirre very earncftly prcfTcd Captain 
 Wilfon to fay if it was true; but though undeceived in this refpedl, 
 they are as much ftaggered at hearing of a houfe of ftone of ten 
 flories, or a bridge over a river of the fame materials, as wide as 
 would fpan the narrow part of their valleys from mountain to moun- 
 tain. Such gigantic ideas exceed the fcopc of their intelled: ; but 
 whatever was related of the Marquefas, or Tongataboo, their inha- 
 bitants, country, manners, trees, canoes, was heard with the greateft 
 avidity, and always drew an audience about the relator, beyond even 
 their favourite national ftories. 
 
 They lay not the leaft reftraint upon their children from the day 
 they are born j being the head of their families, they are indulged in 
 every thing : they have their own amufements, called heiva tama 
 reede ; as they grow up and advance to manhood thefe are generally 
 abandoned ; but none are controlled by any authority, and any one 
 may continue in them if he pleafes. 
 
 Though in fome refpedls they arc not at all delicate, yet in con- 
 fequence of their frequent bathings, in the largeft companies there 
 is nothing offenfive but the heat. Here, as clfcwhere, there are 
 fome who make a trade of beauty, and know too how to make their 
 advantage of it, having a number of pimps and bawds, nominal 
 relations, who agree for and receive the price of proftitution ; but if 
 a perfon is the tayo of the hufband, he muft indulge in no liberties 
 with the fifters or the daughters, becaufe they are confidered as 
 his own fifters or daughters, and inceft is held in abhorrence by 
 them ; nor will any temptation engage them to violate this bond of 
 purity. The wife, however, is excepted, and confidered as common 
 property for the tayo. Lieutenant Corner alfo added, that a tayofliip 
 formed between different fexes put the moft folemn barrier againft 
 all perfonal liberties. Our brethren who are returned, however.
 
 360 FIRST MISSIONA.RY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 think this not to be the cafe ; or that they have, fince his vifit, de- 
 generated. The women of qiiahty allow themfelves greater liberties 
 than their inferiors ; and many of the arreoy women pride themfelves 
 on the number of their admirers, and live in a fearfully promifcuous 
 intercourfe. Few children can be the confequence, and thefe are 
 univerfally murdered the moment they are born. Yet, with all this, 
 many are true and tender wives; their large families prove their 
 facred attachment to the individual with whom they are united ; and 
 our European failors who have cohabited with them have declared, that 
 more faithful and affed:ionate creatures to them and their children 
 could no where be found. The hiftory of Peggy Stewart marks a 
 tendernefs of heart that never will be heard without emotion : flie 
 was daughter of a chief, and taken for his wife by Mr. Stewart, 
 one of the unhappy mutineers. They had lived with the old chief 
 in the moft tender fi:ate of endearment ; a beautiful little girl had 
 been the fruit of their union, and was at the breaft when the Pan- 
 dora arrived, feized the criminals, and fecured them in irons on board 
 the fliip. Frantic with grief, the unhappy Peggy (for fo he had named 
 her) flew with her infant in a canoe to the arms of her hulband. The 
 interview was fo affed;ing and afiliding, that the officers on board were 
 overwhelmed with anguifli, and Stewart himfelf, unable to bear the 
 heart-rending fcene, begged fhe might not be admitted again on board. 
 She was feparated from him by violence, and conveyed on fhore in 
 a ftate of defpair and grief too big for utterance. Withheld from 
 him, and forbidden to come any more on board, fhe funk into the 
 deepefl: dejection ; it preyed on her vitals ; fhe loft all relifli for food 
 and life ; rejoiced no more j pined under a rapid decay of two months, 
 and fell a vidtim to her feelings, dying literally of a broken heart. 
 Her child is yet alive, and the tender object of our care, having 
 been brought up by a fifter, who nurfed it as her own, and has dif- 
 charged all the duties of an affedlionate mother to the orphan infant. 
 They are very fond of dogs, and efpecially thofe with a bufliy
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 361 
 
 tail, the hair of which they employ in their fine brcaft-platcs ; and 
 the women often not only fondle the puppies, but fuckle them at their 
 breafts. 
 
 The women are not permitted to eat with the men, nor may they 
 drink out of the fame cup. Many kinds of food are utterly forbidden 
 them ; and thofe which they may ufe, arc gathered and drcfled 
 by themfelves, or by thofe feminine male afTociates who wait upon 
 them, and live with them. If a man touch their peculiar food, 
 they are obliged to throw it away. No reprefentation of a ^s'oman is 
 permitted at any of their morais. 
 
 But of alii their cuftoms, thofe marked with greatell: horror are 
 the infant murders committed in the arreoy fociety, and of female 
 children, too common out of it j their human facrifices, and their 
 abominable mawhoos : thefe, with the wars fo frequent, and the 
 difeafes which deftroy the very principle of life, threaten to depo- 
 pulate a country, fruitful as the garden of the Hefperides ; and they 
 mull, if our labours do not fucceed, become in the next generation 
 extindt, without fire from heaven. 
 
 A pradlice of a kind fo abominably filthy as fcarce to be credited, 
 was communicated by the Swede, and confirmed by one of the 
 Otaheiteans who was prefent — that there had been a fociety at Otaheitc 
 and Eimeo, who, in their meetings, always ate human excrement, 
 but that it had been fupprcfled by the other natives of Otaheite. 
 
 They have a mode of lulling themfelves to reft : the hufband and 
 wife, when they lie down, take their pipe of three notes, which they 
 blow with their noftrils ; one plays whilft the other chants in unifon 
 with it ; and this they continue alternately till they fall afleep. ^ 
 
 Their generofity is boundlefs, and appears exceflive : the inftances 
 our brethren record are furprifing. Not only cart-loads of provifion 
 more than they could confume were fent in for the whole body, but 
 individuals have received the moft furprifing abundance, without any 
 adequate return even exped:ed or fuggefted. To one of the milfionaries 
 
 3 A
 
 Sl52 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 was given as a prcfent a double canoe, with a travelling houfe, three 
 large pearls, a fine feine, a beautiful feathered breaft-plat|, two large 
 hogs, flmdal wood, cloth, and fine mats in abundance, with various 
 other things ; and fimilar inflances may be obferved in the narrative. 
 
 They have not always regular meals ; but ufually eat as foon as they 
 rife at daybreak. Some are very voracious, efpecially the chiefs. 
 Pomarre hath eaten a couple of fowls, and two pounds, at leaft, of 
 pork, befides other things, at a meal with us on board. The chiefs 
 all live luxurioufly : they only work for their amufement ; have more 
 wives than one amidft the fcarcity of women ; drink daily the yava ; 
 when they fleep are fanned and chafed by their women ; and often 
 lit up great part of the night at their heivas and entertainments. 
 
 They have a very fimilar way of exp refining their joy as well as 
 forrow; for whether a relation dies, or a dear friend returns from a 
 journey, the lliark's tooth inftrument, with which every woman 
 furniflies herfelf at her marriage, is again employed, and the blood 
 flreams down. As our brethren fignified their utter difapprobation of 
 thefe felf-inflidled cruelties, they prevailed with the natives to fufpend 
 for us, at leaft, fuch tokens of delight; and taught them to fhakc 
 hands, or welcome us with fmiles, inftead of ftreams of blood. 
 
 Among the moft uncommon cuftoms, we may add the difhonour 
 and difrefped: paid to old age. The advanced in years are thruft 
 afide, and receive little or no attention. Even the reverend Otey (for- 
 merly Whappai, and called by Vancouver, Taow), with his venerable 
 white beard, the father of Pomarre, and the grandfather of Otoo, was 
 fcarcely noticed by them : they would hardly permit him to enter the 
 ^bin when on board ; and unlefs the captain exprefsly called to him, 
 they kept him alongfide in his canoe. One of our old feamen was often 
 the objed: of their ridicule. In difcourfe, when any thing refufe was 
 mentioned, they called it •' old man." At Tongataboo we noticed 
 the very reverfe : in the prefence of the aged the younger perfons 
 obferved a moft refpcdful filcnce.
 
 x\.ppENDix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 363 
 
 Their mode of falutation is very different from ours : they touch 
 nofes ; and wonder that we can exprcfs afFcdion by wetting one 
 another's faces with our lips. 
 
 In war they pradlife no difciphne, and are under no obhgation to 
 fight longer than they like; and it is much lefs difgraceful to run 
 away from an enemy with whole bones, than to fight and be 
 wounded; for this, they fay, would prove a man rather foolifh than 
 warlike. Except a man has killed an enemy, he is not efleemed a 
 warrior ; and though they dread a fear as diflionourablc, they figlit 
 with a fury bordering on madnefs, as they know the lofs of a battle 
 would be the lofs of all their property, which, though of incon- 
 fiderable value, they are reluftant to be deprived of, not fo much from 
 any covetous defire of pofTefTrng, as from their priding themfelves on 
 their generofity, and baring fomething to give; and this they do 
 with a grace that adds ftill more to the favour. 
 
 When a perfon of eminence dies, even if a child of the fupcrior 
 clafs, he is prefcrved, and not buried, unlefs he died of fome conta- 
 gious or oflfenfive difeafe. They take out the vifcera, and dry the 
 body with cloth, aaointing it within and without with the perfumed 
 oil ; and this is frequently repeated. The perfon who performs this 
 office is counted unclean, and may not touch provifions or feed him- 
 felf for a month. The relatioixs and friends who are abfent, perform 
 their part of the funeral rites at their arrival, each female prefenting a 
 piece of cloth to the corpfe ; and they continue to drefs and decorate 
 the body as if alive, and to furnifli it with provifions, fuppofing that 
 the foul which hovers round receives fatisfad:ion from fuch marks of 
 attention; they therefore not only take care of it thus, but rep^ 
 before it fome of the tender fcenes which happened during their life- 
 time, and wiping the blood which the fhark's teeth has drawn, 
 depofit the cloth on the tupapow, as the proof of their afFecftion. 
 Whilft any ofienfive fmell remains, they furround the corpfe with 
 garlands of flgwsrs, and bring the fweet-fcented oil to anoint it. 
 
 3 A, a
 
 ,64 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 If a chief dies, he is carried round the ifland to the diftridls where 
 he had property, or where his particular friends re fide ; and the 
 funeral ceremony is repeated : after a tour of fome months, he returns 
 to reft at the place of his ufual refidence. Some bodies are preferved 
 like dried parchment; others, when the flefli is mouldered away, 
 after lying on the tupapow, are buried. 
 
 The preferved corpfes are called tupapow mure, and kept above 
 ground ; and thefe, in war, are as liable to be taken prifoners as the 
 living, and are as great a trophy as an enemy flain in battle. The 
 man who takes the body affumes the chieftain's name ; therefore, in 
 time of invafion, thefe are generally the firft things conveyed to the 
 mountains, as a place of fecurity : thither, alfo, they carry Captain 
 Cook's pidure, the lofs of which would be efteemed as afflidive as 
 that of a chief; and the conquerors might lay claim to the diftrid: 
 allotted to him, according to their laws of fucceffion. 
 
 The priefts never pray over the dead, unlefs they die of fome 
 infediious diforder, and then they entreat him to bury the difeafe 
 with him in the grave, and not inflidl it on any other perfon when 
 he is fent back as an eatooa. They throw a plantain-tree into the 
 grave, and bury with him, or burn, all his utenfils, that no perfon 
 may be infedled by them. 
 
 They bury none in the moral, but thofe offered in facrifice, or 
 flain in battle, or the children of chiefs which have been ftrangled at 
 the birth — an adl of atrocious inhumanity too common. When, at 
 laft, after the flefh is confumed above ground, they bury the bones, 
 they often preferve the fkull, as a precious relic, wrapping it in 
 cloth, and keeping it with great care in a frame or box in their 
 houfe, as a teftimony of their affedlion. 
 
 When any friend, or a ftranger, vifits a fiimily, he is received 
 with the moft cordial welcome. The mafter and miftrefs, and 
 perhaps all in the houfe, call out, and repeat it, Mannowwa, welcome; 
 to which the vifitor replies, Harre minay, I am coming : thofe of the
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 365 
 
 houfe anfwer, Yourana t'Eatooa, God blefs you ; to which the reply- 
 is, Tayeeay, here, and then fits down. The occafion of his vifit and 
 his willies are demanded by the mafter of the family, and anfwered 
 with the greateft franknefs. Inftantly preparation is made of a pig, 
 or fowl, to entertain the Granger j and if it is more than can be 
 eaten, it is put into a balket, and fcnt with him home : meantime, 
 whatever he requefts is given, if in the power of the hoft; and if 
 not, he fends round to his friends and neighbours to procure it : this 
 alfo is accompanied with a prcfent of cloth and perfumed oil, or 
 fomething which hath cofi: them labour, as they fay provifions come 
 fpontaneoufly, and are to be made little ftore of; but what is manu- 
 fadlured, or obtained with toil, is beft fuited to be given or received 
 as prefents. If any perfon fneezes, they ufe the fame falutation, 
 God blefs you, yourana t'Eatooa. 
 
 They never return thanks, nor feem to have a word in their language 
 expreilive of that idea. Should they not meet with a cordial welcome, 
 they would fay fo without fcruple to the next perfon they vifited, 
 which would be highly difgraceful to the offender, as their eftabliflied 
 law of hofpitality is to entertain all flrangers j and many make the 
 tour of the ifland for months together, fare to find every where 
 a cordial reception. 
 
 When a chief, or ftranger of rank, vifits them from another ifland, 
 all the men of his own ftation in life prefent their ootdoo, or peace- 
 offering. He is feated in the houfe of ftrangers, feveral being ereded 
 for this very purpofe, vaft and fpacious ; the chiefs of the diftridt 
 affemble round him, with a prieft, who makes a long prayer, or 
 oration ; and having feveral young plantain-trees, he ties a bunch of 
 red feathers to one of them, and with a pig or fowl, lays it at the 
 ftranger's feet, who takes the feathers, and flicks them in his car, or 
 his hair. The priefls of the inferior fecondary chiefs repeat a like 
 offering, and a feafl is immediately provided, with prefents of cloth, 
 hogs, &c. If a ratirra vifits, he will flill find a more numerous body to 
 receive him j and though the feafl may not be as fumptuous, there are
 
 3«; FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 lb many to welcome him of his own rank, that he may ftay a month 
 in a dillridl, and vifit round every day : indeed they are feldom in 
 hafte. Nor are the lower clalTes lefs hofpitable according to their 
 ability ; and every where there is fuch plenty of food and raiment, 
 that fome of them continue wandering over the ifland for many years 
 too-ether, and never find lack of fuftenance. 
 
 From one caufe or another, they frequently change their names ; 
 fo that a pcrfon abfent from them a few years, would be at a lofs to 
 find out thofe with whom he was bell acquainted, unlcfs he met 
 them. The names of places and things are continued, unlefs they 
 happen to confift of fyllables containing the king's name, in which 
 cafe, during his lifetime, they are changed, but at his death the 
 common name is refumed. 
 
 They have an averfion to compare the fize of any food to 
 a perfon's head, and regard this as a fpecies of blafphemy and infult. 
 A hand laid on the head would be a high offence. One of thofe 
 feamen who redded on the ifland, a brute, in outrage of their cuftoms, 
 would carry provifions on his head, and was regarded with horror as 
 a cannibal : they have even different names for the head of a hog, 
 dog, a bird, a fifh. 
 
 If a man eats in a houfe with a woman, he takes one end, and 
 fhe the other, and they fleep in the middle. If a woman has a child, 
 the provifions for it mufl not come in at the fame door with the 
 mother's ; but there is an opening like a window, through which 
 they are received ; and it would be reckoned beaftly in the highefl 
 degree for her to eat whilft fhe is fuckling her child. When they 
 travel, their provifions mufl be carried in feparate canoes. 
 
 The cuflom of uncovering before the chiefs is univerfal. We have 
 introduced, however, it is faid, a mode of evading it : if any man 
 or woman be clothed in a fhirt, or coat, of European cloth, or has a 
 hat of our manufadure, he is not obliged to be unclothed : it fuf^ices 
 if he removes the piece of Otaheite cloth which is over his fhoulders.
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 367 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 Amufements. 
 
 THEIR life is without toil, and every man at liberty to do, go, 
 and adl as he pleafes, without the diftrefs of care, or apprchenfion of 
 want ; and as their Icifure is great, their fports and amufements arc 
 various. 
 
 Of thefe, fwimming in the furf appears to afford tliem fingular 
 delight. At this fport both fexcs are very dexterous ; and the 
 diverfion is reckoned great in proportion as the furf runs highcft, and 
 breaks with the greateft violence : they will continue at it for hours 
 together, till they are tired. Some make ufe of a fmall board, two 
 feet and a half, or more, formed with a fliarp point, like the fore- 
 part of a canoe ; but others ufe none, and depend wholly on their own 
 dexterity. They fwim out beyond where the fwell of the furf 
 begins, which they follow as it rifes, throwing themfclves on the 
 top of the wave, and fleering themfelves with one leg, whilft the 
 other is raifed out of the water, their breafh repofing on the plank, 
 and one hand moving them forward, till the furf begins to gather 
 way : as the rapidity of its motion increafes, they are carried onward 
 with the moft amazing velocity, till the furf is ready to break on the 
 fhore, when, in a moment, they fteer themfelves round with {o quick 
 a movement as to dart head forcmoft through the wave, and rifing on 
 the outlide, fwim back again to the place where the furf firfl begins 
 to fwell, diving all the way through the waves, which arc running 
 furioufly on the fhore. 
 
 In the courfe of this amufement they fomctimes run foul of each 
 other, when many are fwimming together ; thofe who are coming on 
 not being able to flop their motion, and thofe who are moving the
 
 ^68 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 contrary way, unable to keep their fufficient diftance, fo that they 
 are carried together by the ruflaing wave, and hurled neck and heels 
 on fliore before they can difembarrafs themfelves, and get well bruifed 
 on their landing. The women are excellent at this fport ; and Iddeah, 
 the queen mother, is reckoned the moft expert in the whole ifland. 
 The children take the fame diverfion in a weaker furf, learning to 
 fwim as foon as they learn to walk, and feldom meet wuth any acci- 
 dent, except being dallied on the beach ; but hardly ever a perfon is 
 drowned. If a fliark comes in among them, they all furround him, 
 and force him on fhore, if they can but once get him into the furf, 
 thou-rh they ufe no inftruments for the purpofe; and fliould he 
 efcape, they continue their fport, unapprehenlive of danger. This 
 diverfion is mofl common when the wefterly winds prevail, as they 
 are always attended with a heavy fwell, which continues many days 
 after the bad weather is abated. 
 
 Their amufements on fhore are, throwing the fpear, or javelin, 
 fhooting with bows and arrows, wreftling, dancing, and feveral other 
 games ; at all which the women have their turn as well as the men ; 
 but they always play feparately from each other. 
 
 The javelins are from eight to fourteen feet long, and pointed with 
 the fwharra, or palm-tree. Thefe they hurl at a mark fet up at the 
 diftance of thirty or forty yards, with great exadlnefs. They hold the 
 fpear in the right hand, and poife it over the fore-finger of the left. At 
 this game one diftridl often plays againft another, but never for any 
 wager, only the diftridt in which they play provides an entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 Their bows are made 6f porow, and their arrows of fmall bamboos » 
 pointed with toa wood, which they fix on with bread-fruit gum. 
 The bow-ftrings are made of the bark of the roava ; with thefe they 
 fhoot againft each other, not at a mark, but for the greateft diftance. 
 They never ufe this inftrument in war ; and the clothes they wear on 
 this occafion are facred to the game, and never vvorn at any other 
 time. Since they have learned the ufe of nwre deftrudive weapons.
 
 APPENDIX.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 369 
 
 the guns, whicli they have procured Jfrom us, they are faiJ to have' 
 become excellent markfmen. 
 
 They are dexterous wrelHers. When they challenge each other 
 they ftrike the bend of the left arm with the right hand, and if left- 
 handed, reverfe it. The arm being bent, receives the hand on 
 its cavity, and makes a loud report. The man who returns the clap, 
 accepts the challenge, and throws both arms forward, as if to lay- 
 hold of his antagonift. The ring is immediately formed, and they 
 clofe with each other. As foon as the ftruggle ifllies in the fall 
 of either, he filcntly retires, nor incurs any difgrace, and the 
 conqueror goes clapping round the ring. If they wrcftle one diflrid: 
 againft another, the women always wreflle firft, and the men 
 fucceed. At this, Iddeah, the queen-mother, excels ; and when 
 the party is won or loft, the women of the vidorious diftrid ftrike 
 up a dance. Iddeah is ufually miftrefs of the ceremonies, and ap- 
 points the number of falls which fliall be made : the party which 
 gains that number firft, is adjudged the vitflor; and the vanquifhed 
 exprefs not the leaft diffatisfadion. In general, the women bear their 
 foils worfe than the men, and betray moft figns of anger at being 
 vvorfted. 
 
 They frequently exercife at quarter-flafF; and arc very expert 
 at defending their head, and all other parts of their body : this they 
 pradtife from their tendereft age. The fcience of defence is a chief 
 objed J for a wound in war confers no honour, but rather difgrace j 
 therefore they always hide the fear, ifpoiTible, 
 
 They pradife the fling for amufement, as well as employ it 
 in battle, and throw a ftone with great force and tolerable exadnefs. 
 Their flings are made from the plaited fibres of the cocoa-nut huflc, 
 having a broader part to receive the ftone: at one end is a loop for the 
 hand, in order to keep -the fling faft when they difcharge the ftone. 
 Ill charging the fling they hold it round their flioulders, keeping the 
 ftone faft in it with their left thumb, and jumping, fwing tiic fling 
 tliree times round their heads, holding the left hand grafped on the 
 
 3 B
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 3/ ° 
 
 wrill of the right, and thus difcharge the ftone with a force fufficient 
 
 to enter the bark of a tree at two hundred yards diftance ; the flone 
 
 flyinn- at an equal diftance from the ground, hke a bullet, all the 
 
 way. 
 
 Their dances are various. The heiva is performed by men and 
 women in fcparate parties. The women are moft gracefully dreffed, 
 and keep exad time with the mufic during the performance, obferving 
 a regular movement both of hands and feet, though nothing refem- 
 blino- our dances. The heiva is ufually performed by torch-light. 
 The manner is exadlly reprefented in Cook's Voyages. They gene- 
 rally dance under cover; but, by day, before the houfes, unlefs it 
 rains, having large mats fpread on the grafs. The women's drefs 
 is a long white petticoat of fine cloth, with a red border, and a red 
 ftripe about ten inches from the bottom ; a kind of veft, or corflet, 
 made of white or coloured cloth, comes clofe up under the arms, and 
 covers the breafts ; to this they attach two bunches of black feathers 
 at the point of each breaft ; feveral taffels of the fame hang round the 
 waift, and fall as low as the knees. Two or three red or black feathers 
 on each fore-finger fupply the place of rings. On the back, from 
 the fhoulder to the hip, are fixed two large pieces of cloth neatly 
 plaited, like a fan or furbelow, and edged with red. Their heads 
 are ornamented with the tamou, or vaft braids of human hair 
 wrapped round like a turban, and ftuck full of fragrant and beautiful 
 flowers, intermixed with beads and fhark's teeth : our fine writing- 
 paper was alfo fometimes applied in addition to thefe ornaments. 
 
 A mafter of ceremonies direfts the movements of the dancers ; and 
 when the women retire, their places are fupplied by a chorus, who 
 fing with the mufic, or by adtors, who perform pantomimes, feizing 
 the manners of their European vifitors, which they imitate in great 
 perfedlion : not fparing the condudl of their own chiefs, when objects 
 of fatire ; which fcrves as a falutary check and admonition; for if they 
 are faulty, they are fure to be publicly expofed. 
 
 The houfes in which the heivas are performed are open at the ends
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 371 
 
 and in front, the back being fcrecncd by matting of cocoa-nut loaves : 
 round the ends and in front of the houfe there is a low railing of 
 about a foot in height, within which the performers exhibit ; and 
 without, the audience fit or fland : the area before the houfe and the 
 floor are all covered with matting. 
 
 Any number of women may perform at once ; but as the drcfs is 
 very expenfive, feldom more than two or four dance ; and when this 
 is done before the chief, the dreffcs are prefented to him after the 
 heiva is finiflied; and thefe contain thirty or forty yards of cloth, from 
 one to four yards wide. 
 
 The ponnara, or evening dance, is performed by any number of 
 women, of any age or defcription, who chufe to attend at the place 
 appointed, which is ufually the cool fliadc. They are dreflcd in 
 their bell apparel, and their heads decorated with wreaths of flowers. 
 They divide into two equal parts, about twenty yards diftant, and 
 placing themfelves in rows oppofite to each other, a fmall green 
 bread-fruit is brought by way of a football. The leading dancer of one 
 party takes this in her hand, and, ftepping out about midway, drops 
 it before her, and fends it with her foot to the oppofite row, returning 
 to her place ; if the ball efcapes, without being flopped in its courfc 
 before it touches the ground, they ftrike up the dance and fing, beating 
 time with their hands and feet ; this lafts about five minutes, whm 
 they prepare to receive the ball from the other party who have flood 
 ftill : if they catch the ball, they return it again ; if it efcape them, the 
 other party dance in their turn. After thus amufing themfelves and 
 the fpedlators for fome hours, the ball is kicked away, and both 
 parties flrike up together. It is at this time they ufe the lewd gc{» 
 tures defcribed by fome of our voyagers ; but thefe only are pradifcd 
 by the young and wanton, who (fays the reporter) are no more to be 
 taken for the flandard of manners than the ladies in the Strand, or the 
 fea-nymphs at Spithead, would be fpecimens of our fair country- 
 women. 
 
 3B 2
 
 2-J2 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Aiu-lndix. 
 
 SECTION VOL 
 
 Tvovifions and Cookery, 
 
 THE country abounds in every thing necelTary for the fuftc- 
 nance of its inhabitants. They have multitudes of hogs, which breed 
 rapidly, and fome of a very large fort : dogs ai^e highly reliflied ; and 
 rats are numerous and troublefome : common fowls are in great 
 abundance. Thefe, with the birds, conftitute the chief of their animal 
 food. 
 
 We had made an effort to increafe their ftock, but with little fuccefs. 
 The mare only is yet alive at Ulietea, but the horfe is dead. In their 
 wars the cattle were carried to Eimeo; the bull is deftroyed, and the 
 cows grown wild. The breed of flieep periflied. They made attempts 
 to drefs the beef and mutton ; but having no mode but burning them 
 as the hogs, and baking them in their ovens, the hide was tough as 
 leather, and the tafle highly offenfive : this made them negleded and 
 defpifed. The goats have had better fpeed, but are difliked for their 
 fmell and the mifchief they do the cloth plantations, and are fo infe- 
 rior to their hogs and dogs, as never to be eaten by the natives ; they 
 are chiefly driven to the mountains. The cats multiply, and are ufeful. 
 We have lately endeavoured to repair the breed of flieep, and though 
 the beft ram died, there is a profped: of their increafe under our 
 care, unlefs deflroyed by the natives or their dogs. A neft of rabbits 
 has been produced, and they can hardly fail of fpreading. We have 
 ducks alfo, but they have not yet well fucceeded. A bull fent to 
 Eimeo would continue the breed, though the natives dare not ap- 
 proach the cows, which are grown wild on the mountains. The 
 fame fate attended the vegetables, which the former voyagers carried 
 tluther, as the animals. Not having patience to let them ripen, and
 
 ArPENmx] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 373 
 
 taftino- them when green, they defpifcd the grapes, and trod them under 
 foot ; and the pines had hardly a better iffue : but the latter are now 
 cultivated, and, under our care, will foon be a valuable acceffion to 
 their ftock of fruits. The Indian corn would ripen every three 
 months, If they thought it worth their pains. Our brethren w.H 
 probably greatly increafe the number of culinary articles, though the 
 natives have already abundance, and care not for any additions. 
 
 FiHi they take of many forts and in great plenty : and they have 
 fuch a profufion of roots, fruits, and vegetables, as can fcarcely be enu- 
 merated : the greater part growing fpontaneoufly, and needing neither 
 labour nor culture. The prmcipal of thefe is the ooROO, orbread-frmt. 
 This beautiful, ufeful, and highly efteemed vegetable feems pecuhar 
 to the Pacific Ocean, and is in its higheft perfeftion at Otaheite. 
 The tree is of the fize of a middling oak, which in its branching it 
 greatly refembles j the leaves, however, are more like thofe of the 
 fio- tree both in colour and fubftance : they are a foot and a half m 
 length ' of an oblong form, the edges deeply indented, and the ribs 
 yielding, when broken, a white milky juice: from the bark or 
 Lk, a ftrong black gum exudes, which ferves them mftead of 
 pitch for the canoes, and as birdlime to catch the fmaller birds; 
 and which, by tapping, might be produced in great quantities. The 
 tree is of quick growth, fhoots again when cut down, and bears fruit 
 in about four years. This moil plentiful and nutritious food grows 
 as large as a man's two fifts. Its furface is rough like net-work ; the 
 Ikin is thin ; the core but fmall , the intermediate part, which is eaten, 
 white, and very like the confidence of the crumb of a new-baked roll. 
 It is divided like an apple, and the core taken out, and then roaficd in 
 their oven, when its tafte is very fimilar to the crumb of the fineft 
 wheaten bread, with a flight fweetnefs, as from a mixture ot the 
 lerufalem artichoke. Befides furnifl.ing the moft nutritive food, and 
 n the greateft abundance, this tree claims pre-eminence, as aflford.ng 
 from its bark the moft durable clothing ; the wood being excellent 
 for budding, and for their canoes, having the fmgular property of
 
 374 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 not being affcdtcd by the worms ; and the leaves are employed as 
 wrappers for drcfTing their provifions. When the fruit is ripe they 
 gather it in quantities, and form it into a four pafte called mahic, which 
 will keep till the fruit is again in feafon. When gathered for this 
 life, they fcrape off the outward rind, and lay it in heaps to mellow ; 
 a deep pit is then dug in the ground, and carefully lined with large 
 leaves; this cavity is filled with the fruit, and ftrongly thatched down 
 with a ridge like a mufliroom bed ; the whole is preffed clofe with 
 Clones laid over it : there it ferments and lettles : when the fermenta- 
 tion is over, they open the pit, and put up the fermented fruit in frefli 
 leaves, taking out the core, and floring it for ufe, " as we cover up po- 
 tatoes for winter. Some, previous to this procefs, cut out the core, 
 •which makes the colour whiter, but prevents it from keeping fo 
 long. 
 
 At this feafon alfo of the ripe bread-fruit, they make a large oven 
 called oppeeo- The chief, on this occafion, fummons all his tenants 
 and dependants to bring each a certain quantity of the ripe fruit, 
 whi ch on a day appointed, is lodged at his houfe, to the amount 
 of fifteen or twenty hundred weight. They next repair to the hills 
 for wood, and having collected each man his burden, they dig a 
 hole eight or nine feet deep, paving it, and building it up with large 
 pebbles ; this they fill with wood, and fetting it on fire, when burnt 
 out, and the flones thoroughly heated, they fpread the embers on the 
 bottom of the pit with long poles ; thefe they cover with green leaves 
 and the bruifed flalk of the plantain : the pit is filled with the 
 bread-fruit, and covered with flalks and leaves at bottom as on the 
 fides, and hot embers fpread over them ; the oven is then thatched 
 down thickly with grafs and leaves, and the earth that was dug out 
 caft over the whole. After two or three days it- is fit for ufe, when 
 they make an opening, taking out as much as they need, and flopping 
 it again clofe. This parte makes a mofl nutritious fweet pudding, 
 and all the children of the family and their relations feaft on it eagerly. 
 During this feftive feafon they feldom quit the houfe, and continue
 
 AiTENDix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 375 
 
 wrapped up in cloth : and it is fiirprifing to fee them in a month 
 become fo fair and fat, that they can fcarcely breathe : the children 
 afterwards grow amazingly. The baked bread-fruit in this ftatc 
 very much in tafte refembles gingerbread. 
 
 This is repeated each returning feafon ; nor is it confined to the 
 chiefs, as all may procure it who will be at the pains to provide the 
 oven ; for he who has no bread-fruit of his own, or dependants to 
 fupply it, goes round to his neighbours with garlands, like our May- 
 day ones, of a fhrub called pcrepcere ; thefc arc hollow, and capable of 
 containing fufficient bread-fruit for his family : all of his own rank con- 
 tribute to fill them ; and if he has hands fufficient to fcrapc them and 
 fill the pit, each brings his portion ; if not, he leaves word when he 
 means to call on them, and they prepare accordingly. If a chief 
 wants bread-fruit, he fends his garlands round, and they are furc to 
 come home full ; if he fends cocoa-nut leaves, they form them into 
 bafkets for the fame purpofe. But, without fending, he is fure to 
 be fupplicd with bread-fruit, hogs, and fifh, whenever wanted. The 
 hofrs are baked in the fame kind of oven. 
 
 OowHE, or yams. Thefe grow wild in the mountains, from one 
 to fix feet long, arid of different thicknefs. They are very good 
 eating; but being procured at a diftance and with more trouble, in 
 the bread-fruit feafon they are little fought after. Thefe alfo arc 
 baked. 
 
 Tarro. The root is from twelve to fixtecn inches long, and nearly 
 as much in girth. It is cultivated in watered grounds, and the leaves 
 make as good greens as fpinach. They muft be thoroughly dreffed, 
 or they occafion an unplcafant itching in the fundament. 
 
 OoMARRA. Sweet potatoc, Thefc are in great abundance, but 
 very different- from thofe in the Weft Indies and America, being in 
 fhape like the Englifh potatoe, of an orange colour, refembling the 
 tomato, and, like them, growing on the ftalk. They fcem in taftc 
 neareft the Jerufalem artichoke.
 
 376 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 Yappe. a mountain root, larger than the tarro. It requires to 
 be well dreflcd, as the raw juice is acrid, and fets the tongue and lips 
 in a great heat, but when properly prepared is very good food. 
 
 Pee A. A root like potatoes-, and of the nature of cafllida. If 
 dreffed without proper treatment it is bitter, acrid, and unpleafant ; 
 to remedy this, they grate it on coral into a tray, and pour water upon 
 it, which they decant next day, and repeat the ablutions for five or 
 fix days, fiiirring it up ; by this means all the deleterious quality 
 is wafiied away : they then dry it in the fun, and put it up for ufc. 
 It refemblcs fi;arch ; makes, as flour, excellent pudding ; and, mixed 
 with water, forms a pafte for joining and thickening their cloth. 
 
 Ma POOR A is a fpecies of tarro, growing wild in the mountains, 
 and fmaller than what is cultivated. The juice is acrid and hot; but, 
 properly dreflcd as before, is ufed for food or pafte, as the peea. 
 
 DivvE, a common root, growing every where, large as a potatoe, 
 but moft like the turnip-radifli. It is of a fiery pungent tafte, but 
 lofes it by being kept all night in one of their ovens, by which alfo 
 the mapoora becomes edible. 
 
 Tee. a root of no great fize, growing in the mountains, fweetifli, 
 and producing; a juice like molaflfes : when in want of other provi- 
 fions, they dig it up and bake it. The leaves are ufed to line the pits 
 for the mahie J and to thatch the temporary huts, in their excurfions 
 to the higher regions. They make ufe of thefe alfo to fpare better 
 clothes : with one of thefe leaves round their waifts as a maro, and 
 the plantain over their flioulders, they drefs for fifliing, or any dirty 
 work. 
 
 Ehuoye. a kind of fern. It only grows in the mountains i 
 the root when dreflTed is good food. — There is a variety of other roots 
 growing fpontaneoufly, but feldom ufed, except in a fcarcity of 
 bread-fruit, or during any ftay in the mountains : then they dig up 
 and drefs the roots around ihem, to avoid the trouble of carrying 
 provifions. As they are expert at killing birds, with which the hills
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 377 
 
 abound, and at catching fiili, which the lakes and rivulets fuinifli in 
 plenty, they fcldom know want ; though Ibmetimcs they are detained 
 a confiderable time in ftarch of the Ikndal wood, dyes for their cloth, 
 and fwect herbs and flowers for perfuming the cocoa-nut oil. 
 
 E'vEE, improperly called the yellow apple, is as large as a nonpareil, 
 and of a bright golden hue ; but oblong, and different in imcll and 
 tafte from our apples, more rcfembling a peach in flavour, as well as 
 in being a fl:one fruit. It has been compared to a pine-apple or a 
 mango. It grows on a large beautifully fpreading tree, three or four 
 in a bunch ; is propagated by feeds or fuckers, foon produces fruit, 
 and is in feafon a great part of the year. The bark furniflies alfo a 
 tranfparcnt gum, like that on the plum-tree, called tapou, which 
 they ufe as pitch for their canoes. 
 
 E'heyah is a fruit of a red hue, like the European apple in taflc 
 and fubftance, but more watery. It has a great iingularity, of fila- 
 ments hangi^ig from it, which come from the core. This tree is 
 about the fize of a cherry-tree. Thefe two, with another bearing 
 red flowers of an unpleafant fmell, are the only ones which annually 
 filed their leaves ; from the ev«e they begin to fall in September, 
 and by Chriftmas the young leaves and fruit make their appearance j 
 and the apples at Matavai begin to ripen in June, The heyah is ripe 
 in November, and the leaves fall in January. The other trees remain 
 in perpetual verdure, never lofing their leaves altogether, but the 
 young ones fucceed the old as they fall. From thefe cider has been 
 made by the mutineers. 
 
 Next to the bread-fruit in ufefuinefs, and almofl: equal to it, is 
 the HEAREE, or cocoa-nut, which affords both meat, drink, cloth, 
 and oil. The hu(ks are fpun into rope and lafliings for the canoes, 
 and ufed for calking. Of the leaves they make baflcets, bonnets, 
 and temporary houfes ; and of the trunk, fuel. 
 
 The RATA A, or chefnut, is different both in fize and fliape from 
 thofc of Europe. The fruit is flattened more as a bean, about two 
 
 3 c
 
 378 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 inches and a half acrols, but much refenibling a chefnut in tafte, and 
 is roafted like them. 
 
 Shaddocks, tranfplanted from the Friendly Iflands by Britifla navi- 
 gators, and called by the natives ooRoo p app a a, foreign bread-fruit, 
 are in no eftimation. The European vifitors likewife have added 
 pine-apples, lemons, limes, Indian corn, tobacco, ginger, &c. which 
 however feem little valued by the iflanders. 
 
 Of plantains they have fifteen different forts : the maiden, or ay a ; 
 
 ■the horfe plantain, paparoa; the mountain, fa ye, &c. The 
 
 generic name is mayya. The faye grows only on the mountains, 
 
 and differs much from all the other fpecies, the ftalk being of a raven 
 
 or deep purple colour, the leaves larger, and of a deeper green. The 
 
 fruit grows all round the top of the flock, which rifes upright like 
 
 a fugar-loafed cabbage, and clofely wedged in by the fide of each 
 
 other ; when ripe, the fruit is a reddifh brown, and within a'greenifh 
 
 yellow, and has fomething of the fmell of painty if cut when young, it 
 
 rcfembles and fmells like cucumber. Of thefe they make a pudding 
 
 which taftes like goofeberry- fool, called popoe faye. The root is as 
 
 good as yam. Of plantains alfo they make a pudding, called tooparro, 
 
 mixed with tarro and cocoa-nut, very like a cufiard. The cocoa-nut 
 
 is grated on coral, and mixed with its own milk; this is wrung dry 
 
 in a ftringy kind of grafs,. that exprefTes the white juice, and leaves 
 
 the fubflance of the nut behind : into this juice they grate the tarro, 
 
 and mix the ripe plantain, tying the whole up in plantain-leaves made' 
 
 tough by holding them over the fire. Thefe pudding-bags remain all 
 
 night in the oven, and, when taken out, the preparation may be eaten 
 
 hot or cdld, and will keep for many weeks. 
 
 Saypay is another kind of nice pudding made of bread-fruit 
 and cocoa-nut milk in the fame manner ; and often drelTed in fmall 
 quantities, by putting into it heated flones. 
 
 PoE TARRO is made of the fame materials, with the addition of 
 the tender leaves of tarro broken into it.
 
 AppExVdix.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 379 
 
 PoE PEE A is made with the gratings of the pcea into the cxprcircd 
 cocoa-nut juice j and, when well made, rcfembles a iuct dumpling ; 
 though, if the pcea be eaten in any quantity, it fomctimes caufcs a gid- 
 dinefs in the head. 
 
 PopoE is a compound of baked bread-fruit and mahie, beat up 
 together in a tray with a ftone inflrument, and eaten at every meal, 
 mixed with water or cocoa-nut milk j and fomctimes is made of bread- 
 fruit or mahie feparately, according to the feveral taflcs of the perfons. 
 In this Hate it much refembles flummery. With this our new-born 
 infant is daily fupplied by old Madam Pyetea, and thrives greatly. 
 A multitude of inferior roots and fruits are edible, and might be 
 improved by cultivation, but the immenfity of fpontaneous produce 
 renders it unneceffary. 
 
 The cocoa-nut oil is made by grating the full-grown cocoa-nut 
 kernel into a large trough ; after a few days digeftion the oil begins 
 to feparate, which they gently pour off, and mix with it fragrant 
 herbs, flowers, the farina of the bloflbms of the fwharra, or prickly 
 palm, and fandal wood, leaving the whole to macerate three weeks or 
 a month, well ftirring the ingredients every day. When it has 
 acquired a ftrong perfume, the oil is wrung out, and put up into 
 bamboos for ufe, and called manoe. There is a quicker method of 
 extracting the oil, by expofing the nuts broken to the fun ; but the 
 oil thus drawn is always rancid. 
 
 In preparing a hog for the table, they always either drown or 
 flrangle it : the latter is ufually preferred. If the hog is large, they 
 make two or three rounds of ftrong cord about his neck, and with 
 a fl:ick twifl: it till the breath is fl:opped, fluffing the noftrils and 
 fundament with grafs, when the animal qtiickly dies. They wet it 
 all over, and furrounding it with dry leaves or grafs, fuigc oft" the 
 hair, fcraping it with fticks and cocoa-nut fliclls, and a rough ftone, 
 till the flcin is perfedly clean. With a fplit bamboo, or knife, they 
 open the belly, and take out the entrails and coagulated blood, which 
 they divide into cocoa-nut fliells mixed with fomc tat of the caul : 
 
 .3c
 
 3 So FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 to this they put hot floncs, and make a kind of black pudding, by 
 way of whet, whilfl: the hog is baking. The hog being waflied 
 M'ithin, tlic maw cleaned, and the reft of the guts, the whole 
 is placed in the pit, or oven, refting on its belly, and with 
 It bread-fruit, yams, taro, &c, covered thick with plantain-leaves, 
 hot embers, and grafs, with the earth which was dug out heaped 
 upon it till ready ; which, in a hog of moderate fize, requires at 
 leaft two hours ; if the pig is fmall, lefs than half the time will ferve. 
 The leaves arc placed fo carefully, that not a particle of earth reaches 
 the provifions, cither in going in or coming out. In the fame 
 manner they drefs all their other food ,- and they like it well dreffed, 
 except their fifh, which they prefer rav/. Their cookery is fimply 
 baking or broiling, as they have no veffel of their own capable of 
 bearing the fire. However, they lofe nothing of the delicacy of their 
 food in baking ,- and fifia fo dreff^d is preferable to being boiled. 
 
 They make three meals a day ivhen at home, and eat heartil)- ; 
 and nothing pleafes them more than to obferve a ftranger eat with 
 appetite. When at a diftance from their ufual abode, and great mul- 
 titudes are affembled in one diftridt, provifions cannot be furnifhed for 
 all in proper feafon, and they content themfelves with one meal 
 a day ; and when thus completely hungry they may well pafs for 
 voracious with thofe who have their regidar meals, and are fatiated 
 with the plenty around them; befldes, every one endeavours to pro- 
 cure abundance for the ftrano-er, even thoujrh he fhould oo himfclf 
 with a hungry belly. The greatefl: part of their diet is vegetable, 
 and it does not often fall to the lot of inferiors to have a regular 
 fupply of animal food. Whatever the fea produces they eat, affirming 
 that nothing unclean can come from water. 
 
 In eating they fit crofs-legged on the ground, or on leaves : they 
 firft make their offering to the Eatooa (for this even heathens feel 
 their bounden duty), then wafli their hands, and begin fluffing their 
 mouths full of bread-fruit, and dip their fifh or fleila in a cocoa-nut 
 fliell of fait water, which is their falt-cellar. They are ever ready to •
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 381 
 
 divide their provifion wifh thofe who have none. Any place Arrvcs 
 for a dining-room; they often fquat down on the grafs, or under a 
 fliady tree, and always eat feparately, for fear of incommoding each 
 other with their fly-flaps. Green leaves from the ncarcft tree afford 
 them a table-cloth, and before them is a cocoa-nut Ihell of frcfli as 
 well as fait water. 
 
 Befides their hogs and poultry, their dogs are efl-eemed excellcQt 
 food, and much preferred to goat's flefh, being fed wholly on vegeta- 
 bles ; the goats, though numerous, we never faw them touch. Tiicir 
 fowls do not differ from our own ; and in tcndernefs and flavour 
 are nothing inferior. 
 
 They feldom plant bread-fruit trees,, as they fpring again from 
 the roots wherever cut down ; but they make large plantations of 
 cocoa-nuts and plantain : a beautiful grove near One Tree hill A\as 
 fet by the hands of Pomarre and Iddeah. Thefe plantations are ufually 
 the work of the chiefs, whogenerally excel the lower claffes, whether 
 in fports or ingenuity. The noble women are the principal cloth- 
 makers; nor is it the leaft difparagement for a chief to be found in 
 the midfl of his workmen labouring with his own hands ; but it 
 would be reputed a great difgrace not to fliow fuperior fkill. Like 
 the ancient patriarchs, they aflift in preparing and cooking food for. 
 their vifitors.. 
 
 SECTION IX, 
 
 Birds. 
 
 THE number of the feathered tribe is very great. Befide the com- 
 mon tame fowl they have wild ducks, parroquets of various kinds, 
 the. blue and white heron, fly-flapper, woodpecker, doves, boobies.
 
 o 
 
 R2 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 noddies, gulls, pctercls, fand-larks, plover, martin, men-of-war and 
 tropic birds, with a multitude of others unknown to us. The 
 mountains produce a great variety of a larger and fmaller fize, 
 for beauty and for fong j thefe are never feen on the low lands, nor 
 near the fea. 
 
 The tropic-birds build their nefts in holes of .the cliffs; and as 
 their long feathers are held in requcft for their ^^r/Vx and mourning 
 dreffcs, they procure them in the following dangerous manner. From 
 the top of the high cliffs, beaten by the waves beneath, a man is 
 lowered down by a rope, feated acrofs a flick: he fearches all the 
 holes from bottom to top, fwinging from point to point by a ftaff 
 he holds in his hand, and by the ftones which projed:, or the fhrubs 
 which grow there. When he finds a bird on her nefl:, he plucks 
 out her tail feathers, and lets her fly. When he can find no more 
 birds, or is tired of the labour, he gives the flgnal to be drawn up. 
 Dreadful as it may appear to be thus hanging thirty or forty fathom 
 down, and four times as many to the bottom, few accidents ever 
 happen ; though the fport is often continued for many hours 
 together. 
 
 They fet a peculiar value on the fhining black feathers of the men- 
 of-war birds, which being birds of paffage, they watch their ar- 
 rival at the rainy feafon j a float of light wood is then launched into 
 the water, baited with a fmall fifli, as foon as they obferve the bird 
 approaching, whilft they fland ready with a long pole of fixteen or 
 eighteen feet within reach of the float. The moment the bird pounces 
 on the fifh to feize it, they flrike at him with the pole, and feldom 
 fail of bringing him down ; if they mifs their aim, the bird cannot 
 be again tempted to approach. The cock bird is moft valuable, and 
 a large hog will be fometimes exchanged for one. 
 
 The fmaller birds are caught with the bread-fruit gum made into 
 birdlime, and fpread on fticks of bamboo. Thofe who frequent 
 the mountains will often kill them with a ftone thrown by hand. 
 Ufe in .this fport has made them fine markfmen ; they point at the
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 383 
 
 bird with the fore-finger of the left hand, as if taking aim, and 
 feldom fail of bringing him down, if at no great dillancc ; but on 
 the wing they as feldom fucceed. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 Fifiery. 
 
 THEIR fifhing-tackle confifls of feines of all fizes, from five 
 fathoms to fifty, and from one to twelve fathoms deep. They have 
 lines and hooks of all forts. Thefe feines and lines are formed from 
 the bark of a Ihrub called roeva, which feldom grows larger than 
 hemp, and looks like it when drelTed. There are feveral other forts 
 of an inferior quality. They twill the filaments on their thigh 
 with their hands, and wind up the thread into balls, fome of two, 
 fome of three threads ; but they feldom make their lines of more 
 than two threads, even for dolphins ; the three threads being more 
 liable to kink and get foul, when of any confiderable length ; and 
 as they always play the dolphin, are more apt to fnap. Their hooks 
 arc made of pearl-fhells, though they prefer iron, and form a nail 
 into an excellent hook. Our hooks were highly efteemed by them. 
 They have different fizes and different fhapes for the different kinds 
 of filh. Some are made to reprefent the flying-fifli, others for putting 
 on real fifh, or what other bait the fiili will take. 
 
 For the dolphin they fifh in failing canoes, at four or five miles 
 diftance from land. They never put out a line till they difcover a 
 fifli, when they make fure of it, as they bait with flying-fifh pre- 
 pared for that purpofe. When the dolphin is hooked they play him 
 till fpent, when they bring him alongfide by degrees, and lay hold
 
 3^4 FITvST ]M1SST0XARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 on the tail, by which they hft him in, never depending on the hook 
 and Hnc Wlicn they have got to the filhing ground they ply to 
 windward. About fifty or fixty caiioes from Matavai are employed 
 in this fiflrcry during the feafon, which lafts about fix months, as 
 thcfe fifh follow the fun. While the fun is to the north they are 
 fcarce; when he paiTes the line, in great plenty. They fpawn about 
 March, and then the fiHicry ceafes, and the canoes are other wife em- 
 ploA'cd, either in trading to the iflands, or in fitting for the albicorc 
 and bonetta fifirery, which next commences. 
 
 While the dolphin filliery lafis, nimibers of large flying-fifli are 
 caught by the foflowing means : a number of fmall white flicks, fix 
 or eight feet long, are prepared, and weighted with a flone to keep 
 them eredt in the w^ater : to each of thefe they fix a fliort Hne and 
 a hook of bone baited with cocoa-nut kernel. Thefe they cafl out 
 into the fea as they are ftanding ofF at a diftance from each other, 
 and taking them up at their return, generally find a fifli at every 
 hook ; fo that if they have no fuccefs at the dolphin filhery, they 
 do not return empty-handed; and fometimes bring in fharks and 
 other fifli. 
 
 To fifh for AAHYE, or albicore, and the parroa, or bonetta, 
 they have a double canoe; on this a crane is fixed, at the head of 
 which they have two lines made fafl: to a fpreading fork, forming 
 two horns, and at the back a rope. The heel is fixed in a roller 
 on the fore part of the canoe, and all but one man are kept abaft to 
 attend the back rope. The man who flands forwards baits the 
 hook, and when they fee a fifh they lower down the crane till the 
 bait touches the water. The man forwards keeps heaving out water 
 with a fcoop, and now and then cafls out a fmall fifh. The moment 
 an albicore is hooked he gives the figiial, and thofe abaft raife up the 
 crane, and the fifh fwings in to the man, who is ready to feize him. 
 Sometimes the fifli is fo large, and the canoe fo light, that, without 
 much care, the albicore carries it under water ; yet feldom any other 
 danwge enfues than the Jofs of the hook and fifla.
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 385 
 
 The PEER A R A, or fkipjack, .is caught with a long bamboo and 
 line; but from its fize is more eafily lifted in. Moft of the other 
 fifh are taken with feines, which fometimes enclofe turtle, or by 
 hook and line in fmall canoes ; and if they hook a large filh, they 
 ■ftcer the canoe after him till he is fpent, and then lift him in. In 
 this manner they take the cord a a, or cavally, the e aw a, or white 
 falmon, and fcveral of the larger fort. The canoe being light bears 
 little ftrain, and the fifli is foon exhaufled. The marar a, or flying- 
 fifh, are caught in feines of about twelve or fifteen fathoms long, 
 and one and a half deep. With thefe they go out in fmall canoes, 
 and (hoot them round the fifh ; fplafhing the water and rapping the 
 fides of the feine with their paddles till the fifh dart into the net, and 
 mefli themfelvcs. If the weather is calm, and a number of canoes 
 fall in with a fhoal of fifh, they join their nets, and furround them ; 
 then all leap into the water and dive, rifing with a fifh in each hand, 
 befides thofe that are mefhed in the nets. They then haul than 
 in, take out the fifh, and follow the fhoal, proceeding in the fame 
 manner. Thofe who fifh for the dolphin-bait continue out great part 
 of the night, and the darker the better. When thus employed they 
 fometimes meet the fvvord-fifli, who flirikcs through the canoe, and 
 repeats the ftroke in two or three places before the fword fticks faft 
 enough to hold him. They leap overboard immediately with a rope 
 and running noofe, and fecure him ; but mufl inf\antly haflen on 
 fhore, to prevent the canoe from finking. They catch alfo fharks, 
 though not very large, with the fame noofed rope. The fmaller 
 fifli take refuge under the canoe, and as the fhark approaches they 
 are ready to fecure him. Quantities of fine rock-fifli are caught in 
 pots. They are alfo expert at diving after them, and the tot arr a, 
 or hedgehog-fifli, which they feldom catch in any other way. This 
 fifh, when purfued, takes refuge under the coral rock ; thither the 
 diver purfues him, and brings him up with a finger in each eye. 
 They fometimes continue under water an aftonilhing while, chafing 
 
 3 o
 
 386 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 the filh from hole to hole, and rife with one in each hand. The 
 weather muft be calm for good fport, as the leaft ripple on the water 
 darkens the bottom. In dark nights they employ torches to draw 
 the fifh around the canoes, and have lading-nets ready to fcoop them 
 up. When the fifli come into fhoal water to fpawn, they ftrip cocoa- 
 nut leaves from the ftem, and knotting them on a line, fweep with 
 them the reefs and Ihoal places, till they force them near the beach; 
 when, with lade-nets or fmall feines, they take great quantities. 
 
 Belides thefe methods of fifliing, they ufe two or three-pronged 
 forks of toa wood, darting them at a diftance from the beach, and 
 when they ftrike a fifli fwim after it ; others, with many prongs, 
 are hurled amidft a fhoal from their canoes, and fometimes ftrike two 
 or three fifh at once. 
 
 Whales are feldora killed, except now and then young ones which 
 get entangled in the reefs, or are thrown over them by the heavy 
 lurf. When they difcover one in this fituation, they furround him 
 with their canoes, and thruft into him their war fpears ; but often 
 have tloeir canoes dafhed in pieces before they can difpatch him. 
 
 Their fifh are numberlefs, of all fizes, forts, and colours, com- 
 mon to tropical regions ; and many which are peculiar to thofe feas, 
 and for which no Englifh. names are known. Their fifliing-tackle 
 difplays the greateft ingenuity, and can only be exceeded by their 
 art in ufing it ; in this no nation can vie with them. The fiflier- 
 man builds his own canoe, makes his lines and hooks, and bait, 
 and all the- neceffary apparatus. The hooks are ground with coral, 
 from pearl-fhells, bones, the tulks of boars, and fometimes of hard 
 wxx)d ; and of different fhapes and fizes, according to the nature of 
 the fifhery. Some are formed like our artificial flies, and ferve for 
 bait and hook together, and though not bearded feldom lofe the fifh. 
 once hooked ; and notwithflanding the form to us appears moft clumfy 
 and rude, they will fucceed, when we, with our befl hooks, cannot. 
 
 The women who are not of the blood royal, or married to fuch, are
 
 Appendix ] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 387 
 
 forbidden to eat turtle, whale, porpoifc, fliark, albicorc, and dolphin. 
 The turtle not being caught in any great plenty, and regarded as a 
 facrcd fifh, is ufually fent to the chief, and eaten at the morai. 
 
 The fhcll-fifli are abundant ; pearl and fmall common oyftcrs, 
 crabs, cray-fifli, cockles, fomc of an enormous fize, conchs, mufcles, 
 tigers, wrinkles of various kinds, wilks, clams, prawns, flirimps, 
 fea-eggs, and fhells of peculiar beauty ; there are alfo land crabs, 
 but fcldom eaten. 
 
 During the rains they catch great quantities of fmall fry at the 
 mouth of the rivers : they form a large net, or rather a vaft: bag, of 
 the cocoa-nut huflc fewed together, with a wide mouth to receive the 
 ftream, which is held open and fecured by ftones to the bottom. With 
 cocoa-nut leaves ftripped and tied together, called row, they fweep 
 all before them into the bag-net, and catch bufhels at a draught. 
 Sometimes the women take each a bag-net and bafket, forming a line 
 acrofs the river, and hold it to the bottom by their feet, and the mouth 
 open with their hands ; and when they have filled their bafket, go 
 home and drefs them. They feldom return empty-handed, and the 
 queen herfelf and her mother are as often engaged in this work as 
 any others. 
 
 They have alfo the fame methods pradifed with us, of running a 
 dam acrofs the river where it is fhoal, and leaving only fluices open, 
 where the bag-nets are fixed : they go above, and plunge and beat the 
 water, to drive the fifh into the net ; though to this they have feldom 
 recourfe till the waters are low, and the fifh become fcarce. 
 
 When they angle they ftand in the fea up to the fhoulders, ufing 
 a long bamboo fifhing-rod, and catch numbers of fine fifh, parti- 
 cularly the mavoy, or fea-chub, with others of a delicious kind, as 
 the white mullet ; the red are ufually caught in feines, and ufed as 
 bait for the albicorc and bonetta. 
 
 There is a fifli of the conger eel kind which is poifonous, and 
 affects them as fometimes mufcles do us in England, but in a greater 
 degree, producing vafl fwellings in the body, hands, and feet, "and 
 
 3 D 2-
 
 388 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 even depriving the limbs of fenfe and motion : they have, however, 
 found out a medicine which in a few days expels the poifon. An 
 Englifhman ate of this fifh without inconvenience, whilfl a native 
 who devoured what was left was almoft raving mad, his limbs 
 fwollen, inflamed as in the fcarlet fever, with excruciating pain, and 
 his eyes rolling as if they would ftart from their fockets : yet, after 
 ten or twelve days, he recovered, by a preparation of herbs miniflered 
 by a prieft with many prayers. This kind of fifh is about twenty 
 inches long, the fins edged with green, the Ikin of a brownifli hue, 
 and called by the natives piihhe, plrre, rowte. It is caught about the 
 reefs, and fome are not poifonous, though they know not certainly 
 how to diftinguifh the good from the bad. There is alfo a fmall red 
 crab, no bigger than a horfe-bean, fo very deleterious, that it always 
 kills the perfon who eats it. The hootdo, like our coculus indicus, 
 is fometimes ufed by them to intoxicate and poifon the fifhj but 
 this never injures the perfon who feeds upon them. 
 
 SECTION XI. 
 
 Trees and Shrubs. 
 
 THEIR trees exhibit the greateft beauty and variety; two arc 
 particularly remarkable for their flowers and fragrance. The t e a y r e 
 has milk-white flowers, of a delicate fmell, fomething like jafmine: 
 with thefe they adorn their hair, being very fond of perfumes. The 
 tree is large, and covered with flowers j it grows in the low lands, 
 and is cultivated with great care. The other is a native of the 
 mountains, and called booa ; it bears a light yellow flower of An- 
 gular beauty and fcent, with which the women form bandeaus for
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 389 
 
 their hair. They have many other flowers of lefs fragrance. The 
 tobacco planted by Captain Cook is fpread over the ifland, the na- 
 tives being particularly fond of the red blofTom it bears. All forts 
 of fweet-fmelling flowers would be highly prized by them. They 
 have a variety of fvveet herbs, which they employ in perfuming their 
 cloth and their oil; one fort, a kind of mint, they call mabooa. 
 The tomanoo nuts afix^rd alfo a perfume when pounded ; they 
 mix them with water, and fl:eep their cloth in it, and for many days 
 it retains a powerful fcent, but by degrees it is loft. 
 
 YouTE, the morus papyrifera, the cloth-plant, or Chinefe paper 
 mulberry : there are two kinds in ufe, the one called myerre, the 
 other pooRow. This they carefully cultivate, fencing the planta- 
 tions with a ditch, to prevent the hogs and goats from having accefs 
 to them, efpecially the latter, which do much mifchief by barking 
 them, and are therefore tied up, or driven into the mountains. 
 The plants of this tree flioot up like ofiers, and when about ten or 
 twelve feet in height, and three inches in circumference, they are 
 cut down and carefully flripped of their bark : of this their finefl 
 white cloth is made. The rind being taken off", is carried to the 
 water, the outer cuticle fcraped off carefully, and well waflied, till 
 the fap and flime are feparated from it ; they wrap this in plantain- 
 leaves, and leave it for three days to digeft, by which time it becomes 
 clammy and fit for working into cloth. The bark is next fpread 
 of a regular thicknefs on the beam where it is to be beaten, about 
 eight inches wide, and they begin with the grooved beetle to fpread 
 it out to a proper breadth and equal thicknefs in every part. A 
 number of plantain-leaves are laid on the ground, and on thefe the 
 cloth is fpread to bleach in the early morning dew for feveral days, 
 removing it as the fun grows high: when perfedlly bleached, it is 
 dried, and rolled up in bundles for ufe. This cloth is called liooboo 
 and parrawye : if they wifli it to be clouded, they break the outer 
 bark with a ftone, and wrap the flicks in leaves for three or four 
 days before they bark them.
 
 590 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 They mix alfo the inner bark of the tender branches of the bread- 
 fruit tree with the cloth-plant, and prepare it in the fame manner. 
 If a chief, or man of property, has cloth to be made, he fends the 
 mulberry-plants in bundles to his tenants, and they mix them with 
 the bread-fruit branches, and bring home the cloth when prepared. 
 If he needs a piece of very large dimenfions, he tells them when he 
 fhall fet about it : on this day the women of the diftridl affemble with 
 their beetles, each bringing a quantity of materials ; and the ground 
 being covered with plantain-leaves, they place their work in a line, 
 and fet to it all together, beating time to a fong given out by one 
 of their principal helpers ; and when they ftrike up, make a vaft 
 noife, two hundred fometimes being employed on one piece of cloth 
 four fathoms wide, and forty fathoms long. 
 
 Their cloth is made of a variety of colours, black, white, and 
 feveral fhades of crimfon, yellow, gray, and brown. The black is 
 dyed with the fap of the mountain-plantain, or under the roots of 
 fuch cocoa-nut trees as grow in wet and fwampy grounds, where they 
 lay the cloth to foak for a day or two, then dry it, repeating the 
 procefs till it becomes a deep black, when it is waflied in fait water 
 to fix the colour. This is called odwery. The brown is dyed or 
 tanned with the bark of feveral trees, efpecially the toa, which gives 
 a fine bright colour, heightened by the fun. The bark is fcraped 
 with a fliell, and after lying to infufe in water, and wrung out, the 
 cloth is dipped in the infufion, and fpread in the fun to dry, repeating 
 the operation till it becomes a fine bright brown, called heere and 
 powhecre. The yellow is extracted from turmeric or reya, which 
 grows here in ^reat abundance, the country being over-run with it, 
 and capable of furnifhing any quantity, as well as of poohey, ava, or 
 ginger. The gray is the natural colour of the cloth when unbleached ; 
 afcer being half worn it may be dyed brown, and lined with white, 
 by parting two cloths together; this is called h5paa. The red is 
 produced from the mattde berry. 
 
 WJien the brown cloth is worn out they bark the branches of the
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 391 
 
 bread-fruit, and mix the old brown cloth with the new bark, beating 
 them together, which makes a mottled piece : this they dip in a light 
 yellow prepared from the root of a flirub called nono, which gives it 
 a beautiful appearance; they line it alfo with white, and infufing 
 perfumes in the yellow dye, call the cloth opotta potta : they have 
 yet another kind of cloth called marra, made of the mulberry bark, 
 half beaten: this confifts of feveral layers of irregular thicknefs, for 
 upper garments. At this the arreoies are peculiarly expert, though it is 
 reckoned women's work, and requires fkill and nicety in the joining, 
 to prevent the part palled on from ftifFening the cloth : this they paint 
 with a beautiful crimfon called mattde, extradied from a berry 
 growing on a tree of the fame name. The exprefled juice of the 
 berry they mix with the leaves of another tree called tow, and 
 imprint fprigs and leaves on the cloth by wetting them with this 
 juice, and impreffing them on the cloth according to their fancy ._ 
 The berries of the mattde are brown when ripe, of the (ize of a floe; 
 and being gathered, they nip them between the thumb and finger, 
 expreiling a yellow drop or two, which they fprinklc on the leaf of 
 the tow, by hitting one hand againfl the other: two or three drops 
 fuffice for a leaf. When the berries are all nipped, and the leaves 
 wetted, they are worked with the hands in a wooden tray, fprinkling 
 water on them till a beautiful crimfon colour begins to appear, when 
 they exprefs the dye from the leaves, and throw them away. They 
 lay on the colour with a fmall brufli of flringy fibres, made of 
 a rufh called mooo, like a camel's hair pencil. 
 
 There are other trees from which cloth is made, but the procefs is the 
 fame in all. Sometimes they pafte together pieces of different colours, 
 cut into curious fliapes, in which difplay of tafte the arreoies excel. 
 
 The women, with their feminine male affociates, make the cloth ; 
 the men provide the materials. The beam on which the bark is 
 fpread is about twelve feet long, made of a hard wood called marra, 
 fquared to fix or eight inches, and finely fmoothed on the upper fide. 
 The beetles arc formed of toa, about fourteen inches long, and two
 
 J92 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 and a half fquare. The fides are grooved of four different fizes, as 
 the cloth is to be made of a finer or coarfer thread ; the handle is 
 round ; the beetle is called ayey ; the beam, tdootdooa. 
 
 Tdootdooa, a large tree like the chefnut, bears a nut flatter, 
 and very oily. It will not burn well till a little fcorched in the oven, 
 when it is ftrung on the rib of the cocoa-nut leaf, and affords a 
 tolerable light. The bark of the root of this tree alfo affords a light 
 brown dye, and the flock is good fuel. 
 
 The fruit-trees have been mentioned under the article of provifions ; 
 it remains only to defcribe the principal trees on the mountains. 
 
 To A is a large tree, the wood fo exceedingly hard as to be wrought 
 with the greateft difficulty, even with the hardeft iron tool. The beft 
 axe is prefen-tly fpoiled, as if cutting againll: ftone ; yet of this they form 
 their war clubs, fpears, cloth-beaters, and, what is marvellous, with 
 their own miferable tools of ftone and bone. Their clubs are from 
 four to fix feet long ; and their fpears from fourteen to eighteen feet. 
 The bark affords a brown dye. 
 
 ToMANOo, a vafl: fpreading tree: out of this they form their 
 canoes, pillows to fleep, and ftools to fit upon, pudding difhes, and 
 trays, all wrought with infinite labour out of the folid wood. The 
 grain refembles walnut, and will take a high polifh. It bears a feed, 
 or rather nut, which is ufed with other ingredients to perfume their 
 cloth; and is applied externally for wounds, and internally, for the 
 ill effects arifing from eating fome kinds of fifli. 
 
 Mark A, a large tree: the wood hardj and when young, white; 
 when old, brown. It is of a fine grain like box, and ufed for 
 building canoes j it alfo makes paddles for war canoes, cloth beams, 
 axe and adze helves and handles, &c. 
 
 FwH '1 WHY grows to the fize of an oak, its grain refembling the 
 white oak, and is ufed for canoes, cherts, and planks for various 
 ufes. 
 
 Am A I, a clofe-grained wood, refembling mahogany, has a fweet 
 fmell: it bears a pod not unlike the fcarlet bean. The tree is
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 393 
 
 large, and ufed for canoes, and alfo for all tool handles. When 
 planted in the morais, it is there called roava, and its leaves 
 are employed in their religious ceremonies. The fubftitutc and am- 
 baffador of a chief always carries the branch of this tree in his hand, 
 to give weight to the meffage he delivers, this being regarded as an 
 emblem of truth ; and he that bears it is heard and received as if the 
 chief himfelf were prefent. 
 
 TuoY. A large tree, the wood hard, and ufed for common and 
 war canoes, for fmooth planks on which to fcrape the cloth-plant, 
 and many other ufes. 
 
 PooROW refembles our elm, and is employed in building canoes, 
 rafters for houfes, and paddles; the infide bark makes wafliing- 
 mats, ropes, and lines : fome of thefe mats are very fine, and worn 
 in wet weather. 
 
 Eyto. a very large tree, the wood a reddifli brown, like maho^ 
 gany, nearly as hard as toa, and ufed in many parts of the canoes. 
 The bark affords a brown dye for cloth, nets, and lines ; and, though 
 only fleeped in cold water, the colour never wafhes out. 
 
 Terrotaya, a hard white wood, very tough, forms the out- 
 riggers for canoes, railing for houfes, and all fuch kind of fencing, 
 and is preferred on account of its durability. 
 
 Eaje, the yellow and brown fandal wood, grows in the moun- 
 tains, but is fcarce; being precious, its growth might be encouraged 
 by planting, or perhaps a more careful examination will difcover a 
 greater abundance. 
 
 HooTDoo. A large fprcading tree, the wood not hard, em- 
 ployed in building canoes ; bears a large nut, thick in the middle, 
 and tapering at each end. It will intoxicate the fifli, when mixed 
 with bait, fo that they rife to the furface, and may be taken by 
 hand, but is not often ufed. * 
 
 Tow. A low tree, with wide fpreading branches. The wood is 
 white and foft; of this they make fcoops for bailing the canoes. 
 
 3 E
 
 394 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 The leaves, with the mattde berry, form the beautiful fcarlet dye. 
 The flower has a fragrant fmell. 
 
 Mattde is about the fize of a cherry-tree ; the berries are as large 
 as the floe, or wild grape ; when ripe, of a deep brown. The bark 
 makes lines, and thread for feines j it alfo affords a fpecies of cloth, 
 and very fine white matting. 
 
 NoNO, a fmall tree, bears a fruit like four fop. Theinfide bark of 
 the root produces a fine light yellow dye. 
 
 Eawwa. The wild floe tree. The bark, when young, yields 
 the fine gray cloth called oraa, the mofl: ferviceable and valued of all 
 their manufadlures. The branches hang down and take root again, 
 forming a clufter, as a trunk of enormous fize. 
 
 EvAVYE, the filk cotton, grows in great abundance, about the 
 fize of a rofe-treej but the natives never gather the pods, nor make 
 any ufe of it. 
 
 RoA, a fmall fhrub, like hemp; the bark, when cleaned and 
 drefled, anfwers the fame purpofe, and makes, when fpun, the 
 ftrongefl: lines and cords. 
 
 Oh HE, the bamboo, a mofl: ufeful tree, grows in abundance on 
 the hills, rifing to the height of fixty feet, and of confiderable 
 thicknefs, though not very ftrong. They ufe them, when full 
 grown, for veflTels to hold their oil, plain or perfumed, fait water, 
 and any other liquids. They make good fences for houfes : fplit 
 fine, they ferve for carving-knives ; are ufed for fifliing-rods, for 
 hooking down the bread-fruit, for cafes, quivers for arrows, flutes, 
 and a variety of other things. Of the fmaller fort their arrows are 
 made. 
 
 Aeeho, or reed. With thefe, fences are made; they ferve to lay 
 under the thatch and fupport it. They grow very thick on the 
 mountains, and are fometimes fet on fire, to clear the ground. 
 
 The opoRRO, or red Chili pepper, like the tobacco, is fpread 
 over the ifland.
 
 ArPENDix.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 395 
 
 EowTAY is a flirub about the fize of a rofe-tree. It bears a red 
 fragrant flower, with which they deck their hair. Inwardly it is 
 taken as a medicine for fore eyes, a common difordcr among the 
 children. When beat up in popoc, or pudding, it gives a tartiicfs, 
 to many very agreeable. 
 
 FwHARRA. Tlie prickly palm. The leaves are fix feet long, 
 and four inches broad, with fliarp prickles on the edges, and down 
 the rib in the middle. This forms their thatch, the leaves lapping 
 over each other, and fewed on the reed with the llcm of a cocoa-nut 
 leaf. The fliarpened rib of a hog fupplies the place of our thatcher's 
 needle. The feed of this tree is formed by an alTemblage of nuts, of 
 the fliape of pine, of a yellow colour when ripe, and having a 
 fragrant fmell and tafte. The bloflbm, which is of a buff colour, 
 and full of farina, highly perfumed, is a chief ingredient in fccnting 
 the cocoa-nut oil. The tree flourifhes on the moft fandy barren foil : 
 the outfide circle of wood is very hard, and furnifhes points for their 
 javelins ; the infide is foft and fpongy. The roots rife above ground, 
 and fupport theftem like fhores, ftanding thick round the bottom. The 
 leaves furnifli matting for the canoes, and mats for their heivas ; fomc 
 of the latter are ten or twelve fathoms long, and two fathoms wide. 
 
 Paapa. a fpecies of the former, but without its prickles. Of 
 this are made the finer mats, on which they fleep, and fometimes 
 wear them in wet weather, or in the water. 
 
 PiRREPiRRE is a fmall flirub, of a balfamic quality, not unhkc 
 gum ciftus. From the bark the matting of the finefl texture is made 
 for their maro, or faflies. 
 
 Oporro vye noohe. a fine flirub remarkable for its growth. 
 The root, in tafte, not unlike liquorice. The colour white. The 
 flock flioots lip about eighteen inches, and then branches off into 
 a kind of crown : when it dies to the flock, it is renewed by another 
 flioot yearly. 
 
 Bay eay. A running flirub, or vine. From this they form 
 their baflcets to catch ftiell-fifh, and others called purcta. It is ufcd 
 
 3E 2
 
 396 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 in thatching to fix the pahn-leaf to the rafters, for raihng to their 
 houfes, and for lafliings, that are more durable than cord. 
 
 Yava is a flirub, whofe root is peppery and hot : as it furnifhes 
 their only intoxicating beverage, it is cultivated with great care. 
 The preparation is difgufling : feveral women have each a portion 
 given them to chew, of the ftem and root together, which, when 
 mafticated, they fpit into a bowl, into which fome of the leaves of 
 the plant are finely broken ; they add water, or cocoa-nut liquor : 
 the whole is then well flirred, and begins quickly to ferment, when it is 
 flrained or wrung out in the mooo grafs, or cocoa-nut fibres, and drank 
 in cups of folded leaves. It is highly intoxicating, and feems for a 
 while to deprive them of the ufe of their limbs : they lie down and 
 fleep till the effed:s are paiTed off, and during the time have their 
 limbs chafed with their women's hands. A gill of the yava 
 is a fufficient dofe for a man. When they drink it they always 
 eat fomething afterwards, and frequently fall afleep with the pro- 
 vifions in their mouths : when drank after a hearty meal it produces 
 but little effedl. After fome continuance of yava-drinking, the (kin 
 begins to be covered with a whitifh fcurf, like the leprofy , which many 
 regard as a badge of nobility : the eyes grow red and inflamed ; and 
 the foles of the feet parched and cracked into deep chaps, as fome 
 lips in winter. On the difcontinuance of the pra<5lice, however, the 
 fkin foon becomes fmooth and clean, and they grow fat, though few 
 are found who deny themfelves the ufe of it. This vice is confined 
 moftly to the chiefs and their followers ; the common people can 
 ftldom procure fuch an indulgence. 
 
 Toe, or fugar-cane, grows here fpontaneoufly, of a fize equal to 
 any in either Indies, and if cultivated, would be much larger and 
 richer; but the natives make very little ufe of it, except to chew a 
 piece as they are travelling; and when it gets high, they often fet it 
 on fire, to clear the land. 
 
 Hoo ERRo TooMO, the cabbage-tree, grows in the mountains, 
 but to no great fize. The natives feldom eat it. The leaves refcmble
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 
 
 197 
 
 fern, and form a circle round the top of the tree, the cabbage rifing 
 in the middle. The tree is about thirty feet high; the bark rough, 
 and hanging down like the fcalcs of a fifli from top to bottom. 
 
 Among the herbs there is a kind of crefles which furnifhes an 
 agreeable falad. Radiflics, calliloo, and all our culinary vege- 
 tables, are now cultivated ; but the Otaheiteans arc partial to their own 
 produce, and little relifh what we have brought them, regarding 
 them as curiofities, rather than of any utility. 
 
 SECTION XII. 
 
 Canoes. 
 
 THEIR canoes are of different fizes : they are narrow, and have 
 outriggers, or are doubled by lafliing two together. The ivar canoes 
 are always double, from fixty to ninety feet long, about three feet 
 wide, and fix in depth : the ftern rifes from twelve to twenty-four 
 feet high. They are ftrongly fecured by crofs pieces, firmly bound, 
 and extending over both fides, being fifteen or twenty feet in length. 
 The canoes themfelves are from four to fix feet afunder ; on thefe a 
 flage is eredled for the warriors : in the fi:age there are fcuttle-holes 
 for paddling. Each canoe is paddled by fixty or a hundred men ; 
 and the largeft capable of carrying three hundred perfons. On the 
 fore-part a breaftwork of plank is raifed about four feet high ; at this 
 the fpearmen are ported ; behind them the flingers, with piles or 
 bafkets of flones ; and every paddler has this weapon. Tlieir attacks 
 are made with great fury, running on board their advcrlary, and 
 fparing none but thofe who attend the lafliings. The vanquillicd can 
 only fave their lives by jumping into the fca, and fwimmmg to the 
 canoes not clofely engaged. The canoe taken, is carried off by the 
 conquerors if triumph. Such was the fate of great part of Otoo's
 
 398 FIRST jNIISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 fleet, the prcfcnt Pomiirrc, foon after Cook left the ifland, and the 
 lofs hath never fince been repaired : there are not, at prcfent, five 
 large war canoes at Otahcite. Happily the ifland of Eimeo becoming 
 fubjecfl: to his fon's government, and Iddeah and Mannc Mannc, 
 fince the death of Motuaro, having the chief authority there, the 
 king hath little to apprehend from invafion, as he was moll eafily 
 vulnerable from that quarter. 
 
 The war canoes differ from common ones in conftruftion, having 
 high bows, on which are carved rude images of men ; and their 
 flerns run up tapering, fometimes to twenty-four feet, and ornamented 
 with the like figures : the bottom is fharp ; the fides rounding 
 in towards the top in the midfhip frame, like the print of a fpade on 
 a pack of cards. They are built of fhort pieces about fix feet each, 
 except the keel, which feldom exceeds three pieces, of twenty or 
 thirty feet long, and fometimes is formed of two only. The flaort 
 pieces are lafhed together fecurely with finnet made of cocoa-nut 
 fibres j the feams are calked with the fame, and payed with the bread- 
 fruit gum; but a heavy fea opens the feams, and makes them leaky; 
 and they have no methods of clearing the water but by bailing with 
 fcoops, fo that five or fix hands are thus conftantly employed at fea; 
 and in port they are hauled up on dry ground, to prevent their finking. 
 The bread-fruit tree plank is preferred for durability ; for though not 
 a clofe-grained wood, the fait- water worms will not touch it, a pro- 
 perty which few others of their woods poffefs. 
 
 In building the canoes, they ufe fire to burn out the infide of the 
 tree, and fmooth the fides with coral and fand ; but thofe who have 
 iron tools prefer the method of cutting them into fhape, and hollow, 
 as far more expeditious. They prepare their pitch for paying the 
 feams, by wrapping the gum of the bread-fruit tree round candle- 
 nuts ftuck on flcewers of cocoa-nut leaf ribs : thefe being lighted, the 
 pitch drops into a tray of water, and fqueezing out the aqueous par- 
 ticles, they fpread it on the plank edge, and lay the cocoa-nut hulk 
 beaten fine over it; then fmcar it with pitch, and fit on the next
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 399 
 
 plank, prcfTing it powerfully with ropes and levers, and fccuring it in 
 its place with lafhings. 
 
 The war canoes, and thofe facred to the Eatooa, are built by a 
 general levy : the chief ifTues his orders to the towhas, they to the 
 ratlrras, who call upon their tenants, the manahoiinc, for hogs, cloth, 
 oil, &c. to fupport the carpenters who arc font to the work. They 
 firft examine the hills, and pitch on the proper timbers : the ratirra 
 on whofe land it is found, fends men to cut \t down, and hew it in 
 the rough, under the carpenters* dirediion, that it may be the eafier 
 removed, as it is fometimes at a confiderable diftance. When the 
 timbers are colledled, they are laid under the flied where the canoe is to 
 be built : a feafl is then made to cno-ao-e the favourable afTiftance of the 
 
 o o 
 
 Eatooa ; and being very acceptable to the workmen, they hold one before 
 the tree is cut down, another at the commencement of the building, and 
 on making faft every courfe. When the firfl: flrake or bottom is com- 
 pleted, there is a great entertainment and offering, and fo on till the 
 whole is finifhed, when the feftivity is greatefl, and the canoe for 
 the Eatooa drefled out with cloth, breaftplates, and red feathers, and 
 a human vidlim is offered. The offerings for the war canoes are 
 only hogs, &c. which are brought to the morai of the chief in 
 whofe diftri^l it is built j there the priefls ftrangle them as ufual, 
 and clean them, fmearing them over with their own blood, and 
 placing them on the fwhatta, or altar, with young plantain-trees, 
 and long prayers : the entrails and guts are cleaned and eaten at the 
 morai. Sometimes the hogs are drelTed before they are offered on the 
 altar ; there they are left to putrefy, or be eaten by birds which fre- 
 quent thefe places; the heron efpecially, and the woodpecker. 
 Thefe birds are refpeded as facred, and never killed, as it is fuppofcd 
 the deity defccnds in them, when he comes to the morai to infpire the 
 priefl, and give an anfwcr to their prayers. 
 
 The canoe offered to the Eatooa, finely drcffed, is drawn up to the 
 mbrai with all the facrifices and oblations ; there the eye of the dead 
 vidiim is firft offered to the king, with the plantain and prayers, and
 
 400 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 the body interred in the morai. The hogs are killed and offered as 
 before, and the priefts take the cloth and decorations, which arc 
 prcfentcd to the young king. 
 
 Confidering the greatnefs of the work, and the beauty of the 
 execution, it is aftonifliing how, without the knowledge of iron, 
 ^without rule or compafs, with a ftone adze only, the leg or arm 
 bone of a man fharpened for the purpofe of chifel, gouge, and 
 ;gimlet, with coral only and find, they can carve fo neatly and finifli 
 fo fmoothly ; our moft ingenious workmen could not exceed them. 
 To cut with fuch inftruments, out of the hardefl and moft iblid wood 
 to form planks, not more than two out of a tree, and build veflcls 
 capable of carrying three hundred perfons, muft require fuch endlefs 
 labour and perfeverance, as makes it wonderful how they fhould ever 
 be finifhed. 
 
 The war canoes differ in conflrudion, as well as fize, from the 
 fifliing and travelling canoes j thefe latter being low for paddling, 
 flat-fided, and confifling commonly of but one broad plank fixed on 
 the tree hollowed out, with a raifed flern. On the bow a plank 
 projeds about fix or eight feet, on which a platform is laid, and a 
 travelling houfe ered:ed, which can be carried on fhore and ferve for 
 a temporary abode : fometimes only an awning is fpread, and here 
 the paffcngers, or the perfons of mofl dignity, are feated. The flerns 
 are broad, and, according to the nobility of the owner, railed and 
 ornamented, fome to fourteen feet high, of carved work, reprefenting 
 men fupporting each other on their hands, tier upon tier, and fur- 
 mounted by a piece of carved work, of three or four feet round, and 
 hollow, fomething like a Gothic tower. Thefe, according to their 
 bulk, are paddled by from four to twenty men, and can be rowed 
 iingJe, or made double, as occafion requires. 
 
 They have ftill fmaller double canoes, and fingle ones with an 
 outrigger for common ufe. Thofe defigned for failing have fome 
 one maft and fome two, whether the canoe be fingle or double : this 
 mafl is fixed with flirouds and f^ays ; the fails are made of matting
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 401 
 
 long and narrow, and have a kind of fprit laced up and down the 
 after leech, and reaching one third higher than the maft-head, form- 
 ing a bow from the height of the maft upwards, and keeping the 
 weather leech of the fail tight from the maft-head to the fprit-cnd, 
 to which a long pennant made of feathers is ufually faftened ; and 
 the lower part is extended on a bamboo boom, to which the fprit is 
 fecurely laflied ; and here alfo the fheet is made fafb. In the finglc 
 canoe the maft is placed nearly before the midfhips ; in the double 
 the foremaft is raifed in the one, and the mainmafl in the other, at 
 nearly one third each. The war canoes have their marts and fails in 
 the fame manner; on the maft there is a kind of bafket-work like 
 a funnel. The fingle canoes, when rigged for failing, are raifed 
 with a wafliboard of ten or twelve inches above the gunwale ; and on 
 the top of this, oppofite to the outrigger, is a ftage about two feet 
 wide, and running about ten or twelve feet along the fide of the 
 canoe : this is made of planks well laflied to the fpars which fupport 
 them, and to this they bring the flirouds. The outrigger is generally 
 two thirds the length of the canoe ; at the extremity is fixed a float 
 as long as the canoe, and kept in the fame diredlion as the keel by 
 a fmaller outrigger placed near the ftern : but as thefe are not always 
 exactly parallel and nicely adjufted, they impede the velocity of the 
 canoe, which feldom fails above five or fix knots an hour. As they 
 have no method of reducing their fail at the head, being only able 
 to caft it off at the foot, and roll up a part, they are driven to the 
 greateft inconvenience when overtaken by bad weather, and frequently 
 difmafted, overfet, or blown off" the coaft, and heard of no more. 
 When a fquall comes on, they luff the head of the canoe to it ; and 
 if flie is likely to fall off, they jump overboard, and hold her head 
 to windward till the guft of wind is paffed ; then get in, and purfue 
 their courfe. When overfet, their firft care is to lafli every thing 
 faft, and tow the canoe round with the maft-head to windward; 
 and having a line faftened to the fprit-end, they get all hands on the 
 
 3 F
 
 40Z FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 float of the outrigger, and hauling the head of the fail out of the 
 water, fwing off with their whole weight, and the wind getting under 
 the fail rights the canoe : two or three continue in- the water, and hold 
 her head to the wind, and when clear they proceed on their voyage. 
 This accident frequently happens on returning from fifliing ; and fo 
 little danger do they apprehend from being thus overfet four or five 
 miles from land, that they never think of affifting each other; nor do 
 thofe who are in the water call for any help, though fometimes they 
 lofe fo much ground, as to be obliged to run down to Eimeo or Ulietea. 
 Their canoes convey them to the iflands in the neighbourhood of 
 Otaheite. Tethuroah, one of the neareft, is the property of Otoo 
 and his family, diftant about eight leagues north from Point Venus ; 
 it confifls of ten fmall iflets, furrounded by a reef ten leagues in cir- 
 cumference. Thefe can only be approached in calm weather becaufe 
 of the furf, and then only by fmall canoes, which are hauled over 
 the reef : thither the king fends his moft valuable property in time 
 of war or danger. As thefe illets are not approachable by war canoes, 
 they afford an impregnable fortrefs. To prevent the inhabitants 
 fro^.n calling off his authority, Otoo fuffers no bread-fruit or vegetable 
 food of any kind to grow there, but cocoa-nuts and taro-roots for the 
 convenience of the chiefs who go there on a vifit. Thefe iflands 
 abound with fifh, which they bring to Otoo, and load back with 
 provifions. The filh he ufes himfelf, and diftributes to his friends. 
 About forty fail of canoes are thus employed, befides thofe ufed at 
 home in fifhery. The Matavai canoes alfo, when not engaged in 
 the dolphin fifhery, make frequent voyages to Tethuroah, carrying 
 provifions, and bringing back fifh and cocoa-nut oil in exchange; and 
 a fine fifli fauce, called tyeyro, made of cocoa-nut kernel at a proper 
 age grated, and mixed with picked fhrimps. This is put into bafkets 
 to digefl for a day or two, when it refembles curd, acquires an agree- 
 able tartnefs, and is fit for ufe ; mixed with fait water it is an admired 
 fauce, not only for fifli, but for pork and fowls. The cocoa-nut
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 403 
 
 mufl not be fully grown, for it would turn oily and become rancid. 
 The fame fauce is made in great quantities at Otaheitc, and a balkct 
 of it always accompanies a prefent of fifh, or a baked hog. 
 
 Maitea is fubjedl to a chief of Tiaraboo, and about twenty-fcven 
 leagues diftant eaflward. The communication is by a large war 
 canoe, which makes a voyage or two annually, taking advantage of 
 the north-wefterly wind to go thitlier, and of the trade-wind to 
 return. From this ifland they chiefly obtain their pearls and pearl 
 fhells, with difhes and ftools of tammanoo, and other articles. Ta- 
 piohe, famous for pearl, lies farther on in the fame diredlion. In 
 return for what they receive, they carry nails and fuch iron- work as 
 they can fpare j and this palTes in exchange to more diftant iflands. 
 
 SECTION XIII. 
 
 Dift'iifes. 
 
 TILL the Europeans vifitcd them, they had few diforders among 
 them ; their temperate and regular mode of life, the great ufe of 
 vegetables, little animal food, and abfence of all noxious diftillcd 
 fpirits and wines, preferved them in health. The cafe at prefent is 
 wofully altered. 
 
 Their moft common complaints are coughs, colds, and intermittent 
 fevers, partly brought on by the changes of weather, and partly by 
 the mode of bathing, to which they habituate thcmfelves, often 
 reeking with fweat. They fometimes undergo a temporary infinity 
 during the wet feafon, when the fun is vertical, probably from being 
 expofed with their bare heads to his perpendicular beams : this dif- 
 order attacks them ufually when the bread-fruit ripens, and is attended 
 with boils on the ikin, which carry off the diford>;r, and the perfon 
 once recovered is affc6led no more ; though with fomc it continues a 
 
 3 F 3
 
 40+ FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 longer feafon than with others. Theague fometimcs is fatal, as they have 
 no medicine which is effectual for its cure. They are fubjedl to vaft 
 ruptures, occafioned by too great exertions in wrcftling, jumping, 
 and lifting. The glands behind their ears often fwell and fuppurate, 
 leaving large fears like the king's evil ; to thefe they make no ap- 
 plication but wafliing ; and when we would have perfuaded them to 
 lay on a poultice, they objecfled, as they muft not pafs the facred 
 ground with any thing on their heads, or above their flioulders ; 
 and there is no confining them to the houfe as long as they are able 
 to fl:and on their legs. As it is their fixed opinion, that no difcafe 
 affedls them but as a punifliment mflidted by their Eatdoa for fome 
 offence, and never brought on themfelves by intemperance or impru- 
 dence, they truft more to the prayers of their priefts than to any 
 medicine. Nature, however, and their good conftitutions, perform 
 wonderful cures. One man had received a mufl<.et-ball, which pafled 
 through his breaft and fhoulder-blade ; another had his arm broken 
 by a ball ; a third received it as he was ftooping ; it paffed through 
 his thigh, entered his breafl, and came out behind his collar-bone : 
 feveral others were dreadfully fmafhed with ftones ; one had his upper 
 jaw broken inward, with the lofs of fix or feven teeth, and a part 
 of the bone : and yet all recovered furprifingly foon, without any 
 application. All bandages they abominate, and cannot bear the fmell 
 of the drefiings of a wound ,• flying always to the water when any 
 thing of this kind affeds them, and grating fandal wood on the part, 
 to take off the offenfive fetor. If they happen to have a leg broken, 
 it ufually kills them, not fo much from the fradure itfelf, as from 
 their efforts to crawl to the water, from which nothing reflrains 
 them : this often brings on inflammation and mortification, where 
 there could be elfe no danger. Some bear the fears of the jagged 
 ftingray fpear paffing through their bodies, and are recovered. A 
 broken arm is fometimes completely reflored by bamboo fplints, as 
 it admits of their going about with it in a fling. 
 
 Our furgeon, in his vifits to the different parts of the ifland, adds
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 405 
 
 to this catalogue the clephantiafis, which he obiervcd of a mod 
 prodigious kind, one man's leg being fwellcd as big as a youth's 
 body ; yet he continued going about. There is hardly one of the 
 chiefs but is affeded with cuticular difcafcs, and many like lepers 
 from head to foot, occafioncd by drinking the yava ; yet they regard 
 this as an honourable diftinftion, calling it the yava fkin rather than 
 a difeafe. Many have, in the rainy ftafon, confiderable inflamma- 
 tion in their eyes, and their children are often fubjcdt to a tetterous 
 eruption, which continues for a long while. A few have been found 
 affedled with the itch, whether a communicated or an cndcmial difeafe 
 is not certain. But of all plagues that mofl fatal to fociety, the venereal, 
 has been communicated to them, probably by Europeans, and it has 
 fpread grievoufly, one in four being fuppofed afFc6ted w ith it : many 
 moll mifcrable objeds, with foul and horrid ulcers, carious bones, 
 lofs of limbs, and in the lafl ftage of confumption, prefented them- 
 felves. Of thefe was the brother of the high-pricft Manne Manne, 
 worn to a (keleton by the difcharge of a venereal ulcer in his neck, 
 which affeded the organs of refpiration, and left little hopes of re- 
 lief. Many are feparated from their families in a flied or out- 
 houfe, nor fufFered to touch provifion of any kind but what is brought 
 them j their dcareft friends and relatives Ihun them; they arc not 
 permitted to bathe near any perfon in the river ; and though they 
 are not left to ftarve, they are abandoned to rot alive. Many refufed 
 all medicines, and would fubmit to no applications ; others took them 
 with great avidity. The benefit received in many cafes by the 
 mercurial ointment caufed great wonder in the natives ; and in the 
 hands of a fkilful man cannot fail of refcuing many from death and 
 mifcry. This fatal and difgufting difeafe, being moft prevalent, efpe- 
 cially claims our compafTion, though the natives are fo carclefs, and 
 averfe to all confincm.ent, that it is the hardefl: tafk in the world to 
 engage them to follow proper direilions. We are ufing our utmofl 
 efforts to have fome of our brethren under the beft tuition, for the 
 purpofe of attaining medical (kill, efpecially to be acquainted with.
 
 4o6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 tlie propercfl methods of treating this foul plague, and have hope of 
 five or fix who will have fome medical information, and be parti- 
 cularly converfmt with this fubjedl ; and who may be capable of 
 affording effedual relief to fuch as will fubmit to the necefT;\ry 
 regimen. 
 
 They attribute others of their maladies to an European origin, 
 and fuppofe every veflel which hath vilited them has left them fome 
 new difeafes ; among thefe they reckon the dyfentery from Van- 
 couver. 
 
 It was difficult to perfuade them to take medicine, except in fyrups, 
 of which they are fond ; though fome fubmitted to fwallow the 
 bark in cocoa-nut liquor, and got rid of their intermittents. 
 
 SECTION XIV. 
 
 On the comparative State of the IJIands, 
 
 IT may not be unacceptable to pafs in review a few remarks on 
 the comparative ftate of the different iflands where we have begun 
 our mifhonary attempts, as from the manners and character of the 
 people, and the nature of their governments, fome conjecfture may 
 be formed refpedling the hope of fucceeding in our endeavours to 
 civilize and impart to them the bleffings of Chriflianity. 
 
 Hereditary fucceffion appears the eftablifhed cuflom at Otaheite, 
 and Otoo fovereign ; his chieftains, though fupreme in their feveral 
 diflrids, owing him paramount obedience, and apparently at prefent 
 unable to control his authority, and in a flate of general fubjedion. 
 At Tongataboo an oligarchy feems to prevail, at the head of which 
 is a monarch of the Futtafaihe race, to whom all pay homage j yet 
 another perfon, under the title of Dugonagaboola, has the chief 
 power and authority, commanding the army by feaand land: whether
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 407 
 
 this office be hereditary or eledive is not arcertaincd. Toogahovvc, 
 though not the eldeft fon, on the death of Tibo Moomooe, affiimed 
 the government ; his acknowledged warhke charadler probably re- 
 moved every competitor. Befides thcfe, other chiefs fecm pofTeffed 
 of great power. In Ohitahoo, the only ifland of the Marquefas 
 which we vifited, the chief feems poffclTcd of lefs power than was 
 exercifed in both the others. Tongataboo refembles moft the govern- 
 ment of Japan, where the facred majefty is a fort of ftate prifoner to 
 the captain-general ; but at the Friendly Iflands Futtafaihe has great 
 authority, though Dugonagaboola feems as fuperior in command as 
 he acknowledges himfelf inferior in dignity. Thus Tacitus delcribes 
 Germany as polTcffed of a monarch hereditary, propter dignitatem^ 
 and a great general, dux, eledled, propter virtutcm, on account of his 
 courage and military (kill. In thefe iflands llrong traits of the ancient 
 feudal fyftem appear. 
 
 In their perfons, the men of the fuperior rank all feem a larger 
 race than ourfelves, or the common people. At Otaheite they were 
 fofter featured, more full and flefhy ; at Tongataboo more mufcular, 
 and affedting a more ftately gait and fuperiority ; at Ohitahoo, though 
 complaining of hunger, they were fufficiently plump, and much 
 more tattooed all over, and diftinguiflied by drefs and ornaments. 
 
 The women at the Marquefas, for beauty of feature, fymmetry 
 of form, and lightnefs of colour, far exceeded the other iflands. At 
 Otaheite and Tongataboo very few were feen who had pretenfions to 
 beauty ; they were generally large, their features mafculine, their 
 colour deeper, and many very difgufting : yet at Ohitahoo the females 
 appeared in the moft abjedl fubjedion, whilft at Otaheite Ibme en- 
 joyed diftingui filed dignity, without particular prohibitions as to food; 
 and thole who were under reftridlions feemed not fo enflaved, and at 
 liberty to change their hufbands if they pleafed. At Tongataboo 
 fome were held in higheft reverence, and Futtafaihe himfelf paid 
 one elderly woman the fame exprefTion of homage wliich he received 
 from every other chieftain.
 
 4oS FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 In improvements and civil government the people of the Friendly 
 Iflands appear fiipcrior : their canoes are larger, more numerous, 
 and better formed ; their clubs and carvings more curious, their land 
 better cultivated, their roads neatly maintained, and their country 
 generally enclofcd with reed fences ; property alfo appears more pro- 
 ted:ed, and no arbitrary exadlions noticed : while the defpotic rule 
 at Otaheite, in many inftances, and the infolent demands of the 
 arreoy fociety, tend to deflroy all induflry. Refpedl for the chiefs 
 is every where great, but appeared leaft at Ohitahoo. 
 
 In manners, the Society iflanders feem the mofl dilTolute, and the 
 arreoy fociety the fink of lewdnefs and cruelty. In the Friendly Iflands 
 marriage is general, and, except the chiefs, they feem to have only 
 one wife. It is faid at Tongataboo, that adultery is puniflied with 
 death. There, and at the Marquefas, no infant murders are allowed; 
 but, contrariwife, they are fond of their children, and take plcafure 
 in a numerous family. Though at the deceafe of Tibo Moomooe, 
 and during his illnefs, fome cruel and inhuman practices are men- 
 tioned, yet nothing comparable with the horrible human facrifices 
 at Otaheite. In another feature alfo they greatly differ, as old age is 
 as much refpedled at Ohitahoo and Tongataboo as it is negledled at 
 Otaheite. 
 
 In their propenfity to theft they too much refembled each other, 
 though the Friendly iflanders feemed the mofl daring. With re- 
 fpe(5l to the dif^afe which makes the mofl: fatal ravage, the Society 
 iflanders are much the mofl generally infedled ; fewer at Tongataboo ; 
 and at the Marquefas it is happily yet unknown. 
 
 As to native fertility, all the iflands, with prudence and culture, 
 would furnifh abundant fupplies ; but as the natives labour little, and 
 truft to the fpontaneous produdions of the earth chiefly, all fuffer 
 at certain times of the year, when the bread-fruit is out of feafon, 
 a temporary fcarcity. At Ohitahoo it amounted to hunger; the 
 iTiahie was difgufting ; and the very animals were pinched for want of 
 food, though no where did the bread-fruit trees appear more flourifh-
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTII-SEA ISLANDS. 409 
 
 ing. At Tongataboo, the chiefs, to fecurc plenty, changed their 
 abodes to other iflands. At Otahcite the greatefl profufion of native 
 produ(flions appeared, notwithftanding the horrible vvafte committed 
 at their feaftings, and by the arreoy focicty ; and want is fcldom 
 known. The border of low land teems with plenty of bread-fruit, 
 evee, and cocoa-nut. At Ohitahoo there is no low land ; at Ton- 
 gataboo the country is flat and cnclofed, and, though little 
 cultivated, very produdtive. But after vifiting all the other iflands, 
 Captain Wilfon obferves, that he was forcibly ftruck, at his fecond 
 vifit to Otaheite, with the fuperior politencfs of their manners, their 
 Angular cordiality of addrefs, and their vifible improvement during 
 that fmall fpace in the fcale of civilization in drefs as well as beha- 
 viour : and taking into the account its amenity, the falubrity of the 
 climate, the plenty of fine water, fpontaneous productions of the 
 earth, the rich and moft romantically pid.urefque appearances of the 
 country, he felt the juftice of the title given to Otaheite by one of 
 the navigators, as the Queen of Iflands. 
 
 3 G
 
 410 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 ARTICLES OF FAITH, 
 
 OR 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION, 
 
 BRAWN UP BY THE COMMITTEE OF EIGHT PERSONS CHOSEN BY THE BODY 
 OF MISSIONARIES, ON BOARD THE DUKPj AT SEA. 
 
 
 Art. I. Of the Holy Scriptures. 
 J. HE Holy Scripture is contained in the Old and New Teftaments, 
 
 as under : 
 
 Genefis 
 
 I Kings 
 
 Ecclefiaftes ^ 
 
 Obadiah 
 
 Exodus 
 
 2 Kings 
 
 Song of Solomon 
 
 Jonah 
 
 Leviticus 
 
 I Chronicles 
 
 Ifaiah 
 
 Micah 
 
 Numbers 
 
 2 Chronicles 
 
 Jeremiah 
 
 Nahum 
 
 Deuteronomy 
 
 Ezra 
 
 Lamentations 
 
 Habakkuk 
 
 Jofhua 
 
 Nehemiah 
 
 Ezekiel 
 
 Zephaniah 
 
 Judges 
 
 Efther 
 
 Daniel 
 
 Haggai 
 
 Ruth 
 
 Job 
 
 Hofea 
 
 Zechariah 
 
 1 Samuel 
 
 Pfalms 
 
 Joel 
 
 Malachi 
 
 2 Samuel 
 
 Proverbs 
 
 Amos 
 
 
 Matthew 
 
 2 Corinthians 
 
 I Timothy 
 
 2 Peter 
 
 Mark 
 
 Galatians 
 
 2 Timothy 
 
 I John 
 
 Luke 
 
 Ephefians 
 
 Titus 
 
 2 John 
 
 John 
 
 Philippians 
 
 Philemon 
 
 3 John 
 
 The Ads 
 
 Coloffians 
 
 Hebrews 
 
 Jude 
 
 Ep. to Romans 
 
 I ThefHilonians 
 
 Ep. of James 
 
 Revelations 
 
 I Corinthians 2 Theflalonians i Peter
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 4,, 
 
 Such is the revelation of God's purpofe, mind, and will, and given by 
 the infpiration of the Holy Ghoft ; it containeth all things ncccfliiry 
 to be believed concerning God, creation, providence, the fall of man, 
 his recovery, and the final end of all things : therefore the truths 
 contained therein are to be received and believed ; and nothing fliould 
 be believed by any, or enforced upon any, as necclTary to filvation, 
 faith, or prad:ice, but that which it exprefleth, or may be proved 
 thereby. 
 , Art. II. Of God. 
 
 There is but one only living and true God, who is infinite in 
 being and perfeftion, a moft pure Spirit, invifiblc, without body or 
 parts, immutable, immenfe, eternal, incomprchcnfiblc, infinitely juft, 
 almighty, and moft wife; the creator, maker, and former of all crea- 
 tures, the preferver and governor of all things, vifible and invifible; 
 and in the unity of the Godhead there are three perfons, of one 
 fubflance, power, and eternity — God the Father, God the Son, and 
 God the Holy Ghoft. 
 
 A R T . Ill . Of the Fall of Man. 
 
 God having created man in his own image, in knowledge, righte- 
 oufnefs, and true holinefs, with dominion over the creatures, entered 
 into a covenant of life with him, not only for himfcif but for all 
 his pofterity, upon condition of perfed: obedience, forbidding him to 
 eat of the tree of knowledge of good and evil upon the pain of death ; 
 which covenant he brake, being feduced by Satan to eat of the fruit 
 of that tree^ and, having thereby loft the image of God and all com- 
 munion with him, he incurred his wrath and curfe both in this life 
 and in that which is to come ; in which ruin his whole race became 
 neceffi\rily involved, having this his firft tranfgreflion moft juftly 
 imputed to them, and deriving from him a nature wholly corrupted 
 and depraved. 
 
 ■? G 2
 
 412 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 Art. IV. Of Free Will. 
 Man, in his ftate of innocency, had freedom and power to will 
 and to do that which is good and well-pleafing to God ; but yet 
 mutable, fo that he might fall from it. But by his fall into a ftate 
 of fin, he hath wholly loft all ability of will to any fpiritual good 
 accompanying falvation ; fo that as a natural man, being altogether 
 avcrfefrom good, and dead in fin, he is not able, by his ownftrength, 
 to convert himfelf, or to prepare himfelf thereunto. 
 
 When God converts a finner, and tranflates him into a ftate of 
 grace, he freeth him from his natural bondage under fin ; and by his 
 grace alone enables him freely to will and to do that which is fpi- 
 ritually good. 
 
 Art. V. Of Chrijl the Mediator. 
 
 The Son, which is the Word of the Father, co-equal and co-eternal 
 with the Father, the very and eternal God, of one fubftance with 
 the Father, took man's nature in the womb of the blefled Virgin, of 
 her fubftance, fo that two whole and perfed; natures, that is to fay, 
 the Godhead and manhood, were joined together, never to be divided, 
 whereof is one Chrift, very God and very man j who, by his perfed: 
 obedience and facrifice of himfelf, which he, through the Eternal 
 Spirit, once offered up unto God, hath fully fatisfied the juftice of 
 the Father; and not only made reconciliation, but likewife purchafed 
 an everlafting inheritance in the kingdom of heaven for all thofe 
 whom the Father hath given to, or chofen in him. 
 
 Art. VI. Of the Holy Ghojl. 
 The Holy Ghoft, proceeding from the Father and the Son, is of 
 one fubftance, majefty, and glory, with the Father and the Son, very 
 and eternal God; whofe office, in the economy of falvation, is to 
 convince, regenerate, and convert thofe whom the Father gave to 
 Chrift in his eternal nurpofe, and make them partakers of all the 
 benefits of the covenant of grace, both in time and eternity.
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 413 
 
 Art. VII. Of the RefurreBion of Chrijl. 
 Chrift did truly rife again from death, and took again his body, with 
 flcfli, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of man's 
 nature, wherewith he afcended into heaven, and there fitteth making 
 interceffion for all his people until he return to judge all men at the 
 laft day. 
 
 A R T . V I II . Of Predefi nation and Ele^ion . 
 
 Predeftination to life is the everlafting purpofe of God, whereby 
 (before the foundations of the world were laid) he hath decreed, by 
 his counfel fecret to us, to deliver from curfe and damnation thofe 
 whom he hath chofen in Chrift (not for any thing forefeen in them, 
 but according to his eternal purpofe and grace) out of mankind, 
 and to bring them by Chrift to everlafting falvation, as vcflels made 
 to honour. 
 
 Wherefore they which be endued with fo excellent a benefit of 
 God, be called according to God's purpofe by his Spirit working in 
 due feafon; they through grace obey the calling; they be juflified 
 freely ; they be made fons of God by adoption ; they be made like 
 the image of his only begotten Son Jefus Chrift; they walk reli- 
 gioufly in good works ; and at length, by God's mercy, they attain 
 to everlafting felicity. 
 
 Art. IX. Of the J uf if cat ion of Man. 
 Juftification is an ad: of God's free grace, wherein he pardoneth 
 all our fins, and accepteth us as righteous in his fight, only lor 
 the righteoufnefs of Chrift imputed to us, and received by faith 
 
 alone. 
 
 Art. X. Of Good Works. 
 
 Good works are only fuch as God hath commanded in his holy 
 word, and not fuch as, without the warrant thereof, are devifed by 
 men out of blind zeal, or upon any pretence of good intentions : 
 although good works, which are the fruits of fiiith, and follow after
 
 414 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 juflification, cannot put away our fins, and endure the feverity of 
 God's judgments, yet are they pleafing and acceptable to God in 
 Chrifl:, and do Ipring out necelllxrily of a true and lively faith ; in- 
 fomuch that by them a lively faith may be as evidently known as a 
 tree is difcerned bv its fruit. 
 
 Art. XI, Of the Laiv of God. 
 
 The moral law doth for ever bind all, as well juftified perfons as 
 others, to the obedience thereof; and that not only in regard of the 
 matter contained in it, but alfo in refped: of the authority of God the 
 creator who gave it : neither doth Chrift in the gofpel any way dif- 
 folve, but much flrengthen this obligation. 
 
 Although true believers be not under the law as a covenant of 
 works, to be thereby juHified or condemned; yet it is of great ufe 
 to them as well as to others ; in that, as a rule of life, informing 
 them of the will of God and their duty, it direds and binds them 
 to walk accordingly j difcovering alfo the finful pollutions of their 
 nature, hearts, and lives j fo as examining themfelves thereby they 
 may come to further convidlion of, humiliation for, and hatred againft 
 fin ; together with a clearer fight of the need they have of Chrift, and 
 the perfedion of his obedience : it is likewife of ufe to the regene- 
 rate to reflrain their corruption, in that it forbids fin ; and the 
 threatenings of it ferve to fliew what even their fins deferve, and 
 what afflidiions in this life they may expedl for them, although 
 freed from the curfe thereof threatened in the law. 
 
 Art. XII. Of the State of Men after Death, and of the 
 RcfurreBion of the Dead. 
 The bodies of men after death return to dull, and fee corruption j 
 but their fouls (which neither die nor fleep) having an immortal 
 fubftance, immediately return to God who gave them. The fouls of 
 the righteous, being made perfed in holinefs, are received into the 
 highefl heavens, where they behold the face of God in light and
 
 Appendix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 415 
 
 glory, waiting only for the full redemption of their bodies : and the 
 fouls of the wicked are caft into hell, where they remain in torments 
 and utter darknefs, referved to the judgment of the great day. Bcfule 
 thefe two places, for fouls fcparate from their bodies, the Scripture 
 acknowledgeth none. At the lafl: day, fuch as are found alive Ihall 
 not die, but be changed ; and all the dead fliall be raifed up with 
 the felf-fame bodies, and none other, although with different qualities, 
 vv^hich fhall be again united to their fouls for ever. 
 
 The bodies of the unjuft fhall, by the power of Chrifl, be raifed 
 to diflionour ; the bodies of the juft, by his fpirit, unto honour, and 
 be made conformable to his own glorious body. 
 
 Art. XIII. Of the lajl Judgment. 
 God hath appointed a day wherein he will judge the world in 
 righteoufnefs, by Jefus Chrifl, to whom all power and judgment is 
 given of the Father ; in which day not only the apoftate angels fliall 
 be judged, but likewife all perfons that have lived upon earth fliall 
 appear before the tribunal of Chrifl, to give an account of their 
 thoughts, words, and deeds j and to receive according to what they 
 have done in the body, whether good or evil. The end of God's 
 appointing this day is for the manifeflation of the glory of his mercy 
 in the eternal filvation of the eled:, and of his juflice in the damna- 
 tion of the wicked and difobedient ; for then fliall the righteous go 
 into everlalling life, and receive that fulnefs of joy and refrcfhing 
 which fliall come from the prefence of the Lord ; but the wicked 
 who know not God, and obey not the gofpel of Jefus Chrifl, fliall 
 be cafl into everlafling burnings, and be puniflied with eternal de- 
 ftrudlion from the prefence of the Lord, and from the glory of his 
 
 power. 
 
 Art. XIV. Of the Church. 
 
 The catholic or univerfal church, which is invifible, confifls 
 of the whole number of the eledl that have been, are, or fliall be 
 gathered into one, under Chrift the head thereof; and is the fpoufe,
 
 41 6 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 the body, the fulnefs of Him that filleth all in all. The vifible church, 
 ^^■llich is alfo catholic or univerfal under the gofpel (not confined to 
 one nation as before, under the law), confifts of all thofe throughout 
 the world that profefs the true religion, together with their children ; 
 and is the kingdom of the Lord Jefus Chrift, the houfe and family 
 out of which there is no ordinary poffibility of falvation. 
 
 Unto this catholic vifible church Chrift hath given the miniflry, 
 oracles, and ordinances of God, for the gathering and perfedling of 
 the faints, in this life, to the end of the world ; and doth by his 
 own prefence and fpirit, according to his promife, make them eflfedlual 
 thereunto. 
 
 There is no other head of the church but the Lord Jefus Chrift ; 
 neither hath any temporal prince, fecular power, or civil magiftrate, 
 any right to exercife any authority over her ; neither needeth ftie any 
 eftablifliments from them, being founded upon Him who is the rock 
 of ages ; fo that the gates of hell fliall not prevail againft her ; and 
 the Higheft himfelf fhall eftablifli her. 
 
 The vifible church hath, in fubje<5lion to Chrift her head, power 
 to chufe bifliops, or paftors, and deacons, to a6t in their feveral 
 offices. The church likewife hath power to depofe both minifters 
 and deacons, if it be found neceftary for truth and confcience fake; 
 to admit members into church fellowfliip; and, in cafe of mifcondud, 
 to exclude them from her communion ; but if the caufe or reafon 
 of depofing the one or excluding the other is removed, then flie 
 hath power, and ought to re-admit them into the fame church fcl- 
 lowftiip. 
 
 Art. XV. Offbe Oncers of the Church. 
 Chrift, in the riches of his love and care towards his church, hath 
 appointed in it to be of perpetual ftanding ufe, as what will be need- 
 ful to the church throughout all generations to the end of the world ; 
 ift. Paftors or bifhops, that fliould be fettled in different churches, 
 to take a peculiar care of them, to prefide, watch, and rule over them
 
 Ai'VENDix.] TO THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 417 
 
 in the Lord ; and to adminifter ordinances of vvorfhip and difciplinc, 
 as well as to preach the word to them j who are to be folcmnly fct 
 apart to their important office by failing, prayer, and laying on of 
 hands, by one or more perfons who have been rcgiil rly called and 
 ordained to the minifterial office, 2d. Deacons ; unto whole oflicc 
 belongs the adual cxcrcife and application of the bounty and bene- 
 volence of the church unto the poor that are planted therein ; and to 
 provide for the table of the Lord ; and who are to be ordained to their 
 truft by prayer and impofition of hands. 
 
 Art. XVL Of the Ordinance of Buptifm. 
 
 Baptifm is an ordinance of the Lord Jefus Chrift's inftitution in 
 his vifible church, to be continued till the end of time, and is a vifible 
 fign of inward and fpiritual grace, is an initiating ordinance to the 
 fellowfhip and commimion of the church, and is to be adminiftered 
 to believing adults and their children, and them only : the mode of 
 adminiflration to be that of pouring or fprinkling, and is to be 
 done by a minifter of the word of God, lawfully called and ordained 
 thereunto. 
 
 Art. XVI L Of the Ordinance of the hordes Supper. 
 
 The Lord's Supper is an ordinance of the NewTeftamcnt, wherein, 
 by giving and receiving bread and wine, according to the appointment 
 of Jefus Chrili, his death is fhewed forth ; and they that worthily 
 communicate feed upon his body and blood, to their fpiritual nourifli- 
 ment and growth in grace; have their union and communion with 
 him confirmed ; teftify and renew their thankfulncfs and enga:^-cm.ents 
 to God, and their mutual love and fellowfliip with each other, as 
 members of the fame myftical body ; and is to be adminifl^rcd by 
 one who labours in word and doclrine, properly called and ordained 
 thereunto. 
 
 3 "
 
 41 8 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE [Appendix. 
 
 Art. XVIII. Of the SanElification of the Lord's Day. 
 The Lord's day ought to be fo remembered beforehand, as that all 
 worldly bufinefs of our ordinary calling may be fo ordered, and fo 
 timely and feafonably laid afide, as they may not be impediments to 
 the due fandtifying of the day when it comes. The whole day is to be 
 celebrated as holy to the Lord, both in public and private, as being 
 the Chriflian fabbath. To which end it is requifite, that there be a 
 holy ceffation or refting all that day from all unneceflary labours, and 
 an abflaining from all worldly words and thoughts : that all the 
 people meet fo timely for public worfhip, that the whole congregation 
 may be prefent at the beginning, and with one heart folemnly join 
 together in all parts of the public worfliip, and not depart till after 
 the blelTing. 
 
 Art. XIX. Of the Ordinances in a particular Congregation. 
 The ordinances in a fingle congregation are, prayer, thankfgiving, 
 and finging of pfalms or hymns, the word read (although there fol- 
 low no immediate explication of what is read), the word expounded 
 and applied, catechifing, the facraments adminiilered, and difmiffing 
 the people with a blefling. 
 
 A R T . X X . Of Marriage. 
 Marriage is of divine appointment, inftituted by God at the time of 
 man's innocency, for the procreation of children to be brought up in 
 the nurture and admonition of the Lord, and to the praife of his holy 
 name, for a remedy againfl: fin, and to avoid fornication, that fuch 
 perfons as have not the gift of continency might marry, and keep 
 themfelves undefiled. This was praftifed in the Jewifti church, 
 countenanced by Chrift, and recommended by the apoftle as honour- 
 able among all. Therefore marriage is to be between one man and 
 one woman only j and they fuch as are not within the degrees of
 
 Appbndix.] to the SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 419 
 
 Confanguinity or affinity prohibited by the word of God ; and the 
 perfons are to be of years and difcretion, fit to make their own 
 choice, or, upon good grounds, to give their mutual confent. Then 
 the perfons about to enter the flate of marriage are to fignify their 
 intentions to the minifter refiding ncarcfl: to their refpedlive abodes 
 three weeks before their intended confummation of marriage, that he 
 may publicly declare their intentions three fucceffive fabbaths in the 
 congregation, to the end that if there beany lawful objedions againft 
 the perfons entering into that holy ftatc, it may be fet afide j but it 
 no objedlion appears, then the day being appointed (which we advifc 
 not to be the fabbath), and a competent number of witncffes afl'emblcd, 
 the minifter, after a folemn prayer to Cod and a fuitable exhortation, 
 is to proceed as follows: viz. firfl: directing the man to take the 
 woman by the right hand, and fay thefe words, "I, M. do take 
 " thee, N, to be my married wife, and do in the prefence of God and 
 " before this congregation promifc and covenant to be a loving and 
 " faithful hufband unto thee, until God fhall feparate us by death." 
 Then the woman fhall take the man by the right hand, and fay thefe 
 words: " I, A^. do take thee, M. to be my married hufband, and I 
 *' do in the prefence of God and before this congregation promife 
 " and covenant to be a loving, faithful, and obedient wife unto thee, 
 " until God fhall feparate us by death," Then without any further 
 ceremony the minifler fliall in the face of the congregation pronounce 
 them to be hufband and wife, according to God's ordinance ; and 
 fo conclude with prayer. 
 
 A R T . X X 1 . 0/ibc Burial of the Dead. 
 Chrift hath no where in his word commanded any ceremony to be 
 made ufe of over a deceafcd pcrfon, either previous to, or at the 
 interment ; fuch as finging, praying, &c. Therefore it fecms moft 
 confiflent that the dead body be in a decent manner conveyed to the 
 place appointed for public burial, and then immediately committed to 
 the earth. Yet it is the duty of every Chrifliau friend carneftly to 
 
 3 H a
 
 420 
 
 FIRST MISSIONARY VOYAGE. 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 endeavour to improve the bereaving difpenfation, by meditation and 
 conferences fuitable thereto. — And it is Hkewife incumbent upon the 
 pallor of the congregation to endeavour to fpeak a word in fcafon to 
 furvivors, fuitable to the occafion. 
 
 The Foiin of Signature as folloivs : 
 
 We whofe names are underwritten do, in the prefence of God 
 and each other, acknowledge and believe all and every one of the 
 above articles are agreeable to and confonant with the word of God ; 
 and are, through divine afliftance, refolved to promulgate and teach 
 the truths contained therein among the heathen ; and purpofe, by the 
 fame grace, to live conformable thereunto, to the glory of God, until 
 death. 
 
 Daniel Bowell 
 John Buchanan 
 James Fleet Cover 
 John Harris 
 William Henry 
 Thomas Lewis 
 Edward Main 
 William Shelley 
 Henry Bicknell 
 Benjamin Broomhall 
 Samuel Clode 
 John Cock 
 James Cooper 
 William Crook 
 
 John Eyre 
 S. Gaulton 
 Samuel Harper 
 Rowland Haflall 
 Peter Hodges 
 John Jcfferfon 
 S. Kelfo 
 Henry Nott 
 Francis Oakes 
 James Puckey 
 William Puckey 
 William Smith. 
 George Vafon 
 James Wilkinfon 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS
 
 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 
 
 A. 
 
 A. 
 
 lDAM, I W. Efq. Cnitched-frlars 
 Adams, H. Frome 
 Adams, Mr. Is.iiigf«ood 
 Adams, Mr. Rochefler 
 Alderfev, J. Caiionburv-place 
 ALVrlcy, \V. Seward-ftreet 
 Aliindge, M. fen. Chriftchurch 
 Aldridge, M. jun. ditto 
 Aldridge, G. iiri. ditto 
 AUday, J. Carlifle- ftreet 
 Alliott, Rev. R. Nottingham 
 Alnutt, Mr. Cookham 
 Aked, W. Efq. Sheernefs 
 Amos, Mr. Colleirt -green, Briftol 
 Anderfon, A. Philpot-lane 
 Anderfon, R. Sloane-fquare 
 Andrevi-p, Mr. London 
 Anlezark, Rev R. Stockport 
 Annefley, M. Efq. Reading 
 Anfell, Mr. Sheernefs 
 Anfell, G. 
 
 Anfon, VV. J. 28, Aldgate 
 Anthony, INJr. 
 Antonie, Mrs. Hull 
 Antoniel C.ipta:',, Hull 
 Antrobur, J. 48, Wardour-fVreet 
 Appleby, W. Staiihope-ftreet 
 Arch, J. and A. Bookfellers, Lombard -ftreet, 
 
 7 copies 
 Archer, Captain, Bengal 
 Ardin. Mrs. Ti omhaugh-flreet 
 Ariel, VV. Briftol 
 Arkiey, J. Finfbuiy-place ' 
 Amiiger, Mr. 33, Bow- lane 
 Armftrong, J. Staines 
 Arrel, J. Sheernefs 
 
 Arrow fmith, Mr. Charles-ftreet, Soho, 2 copies 
 Arthur, C. Efq. Bath 
 
 Aflivviiis, Mr. Northleach, Gloucefterfliire 
 Aftle, J. Windfor 
 Atkins, T- Market-ftreet, May-fair 
 Atkij-.fon, Rev. T. Ipfwich 
 Atkiiifon, J. Alderfgate-fl-eet 
 Atkinfon, Mr. Weeden 
 Atkinfon, L. Huddersfield 
 Ayfcough, Mr. Cripplegate 
 
 B. 
 
 Backler, Mr. Apothecaries' Hall 
 Badeley, S. 5, Fig-tree-court, Temple 
 
 Bailev, Mifs 
 
 Bailey, T. St. Paul's Church-yard 
 
 Bailev, B. Dravton 
 
 Baiky, \V. Hull 
 
 Baker, J. ¥Jq. Hyde-park 
 
 Ball, \Vm. Printer, Brownlow-ftrcet 
 
 Bail, J. Plymouth 
 
 Ballad, H. 73, Lonibard-ftreet 
 
 Banks, tir f. Pnfulciit of the Royal Society 
 
 Banks, J. Coicheftcr 
 
 Banks, , Efq. King-ftreet 
 
 Baniiler. Mr. fen. Briftol 
 
 Barr, Mrs. Orange-ftrtct 
 
 Barrett, Mr. Bath, a coj>ie» 
 
 Barrett, J. 7, Staining-lane 
 
 Barkley, R. E(q. Park-ftreet, Southwark 
 
 Barnard, G. Frampton, Gloiicefterfliire 
 
 Barnes, T. London 
 
 Bartlett, J. Paradife row, Hackney 
 
 'iartlett, R. Newport-market 
 
 Bateman, \V. Manchefter 
 
 Bateman, T. Manchefter 
 
 Bateman, Mr. Devonfliire-ftreet, Queen-lquare 
 
 Batley, B. i:,fq. Tooting 
 
 Batley, K. Efq Carflialton 
 
 Baxton, T. Efq. Leicefter 
 
 Bayley, E. Rotherhithe 
 
 Bay lie, W. Beaumont-buildings, New-road 
 
 Bayhs, VV. Stonehoufe 
 
 Bavlv, J. Plymouth 
 
 Beale, Mrs. Briftol 
 
 Beaufoy, Rev. Mr. Town-Sutton, Kent 
 
 Beaumont, Sarah, Huddersfield 
 
 Bedder, J. Bafing-lane 
 
 Beedle, [. 43, Eaft-ftreet, Manchefter-fquare 
 
 Becflev, Mrs. Tooting 
 
 Bell, Rev. G. V^'ooler 
 
 Bell, J. G. Uttoxeter 
 
 Bell, ]Mr. Leeds 
 
 Hell, Mrs. Swithin's-lane 
 
 Bellins, Mr. St. Peter's-hill 
 
 Bennett, Mr. Botolph-lane 
 
 Bentley, Mrs. Eflex-ftreet 
 
 Benwell, J. Efq. Batterfea 
 
 Bermen, J. V\'eel(by 
 
 Bernard, P. Efq. Southampton 
 
 Berrage, E. Hull 
 
 Betterton, J. Athorp, Gloucefterfliire 
 
 Bickiey, VV. 2, lierner's- ftreet 
 
 Bicknell, Rev. J. C. VVellford 
 
 Bicknell, T. Plymouth 
 
 Biddulph, Mrs.'Briftol 
 
 Biggerftaff, Mr. ien, Iflington
 
 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 
 
 Bilton, R. Hull 
 
 Binks, T. Durham 
 
 Binnie, A. Moiintflieet 
 
 Bird, J. 91, Bunhill-row 
 
 Bifliop, Rev. W. Glouccfter 
 
 Black, W. yamaica-row, Rotherhithe 
 
 Blackall, \V. 18, Bafuighall-ttreet 
 
 Blackniore, ]\Tr. Rocliefter 
 
 Bhckmore, JNIifs G. Wandfworth 
 
 Blake, W. Gof;)ort 
 
 Blake, J. ditto 
 
 Blake, Captaiti B. Lamb's Conduit-ftrcet 
 
 Blake, G. Botley, Hants 
 
 Bland, J. Gloucefter-ftreet, Qvicen's-fquarc 
 
 Blended, Mr. Sheernefs 
 
 Bloonifield, J. Bilderftoiie 
 
 Blvth, D. Langham 
 
 Bocking, J. Red Lion-ftreet, Holbora 
 
 Boggis, J. 4, Great Prefcott-ftreet 
 
 Bogiie, Rev. D. Gofport 
 
 Bodej y. Dalton 
 
 Bolton", W. Moiniton 
 
 Bonar, , Efq. DivimEy-hall, Edinburgh 
 
 Bon?r, J. Edinburgh 
 
 j3ond. Mif^, Frampton, Gloucefterfliire 
 
 Bodk Society, ^'eftry of Rev. T. Atkinfon 
 
 Booth, Mr. Rochefter 
 
 Bofwell, J. Gofport 
 
 Bourne, T. Melkdiam 
 
 Bourne, G. Efq. Hough 
 
 Boufe, H. 56, Pall-mall 
 
 Bovvden, Rev. J. Tooting 
 
 Bowden, J. Hull 
 
 Bowden, A. Cavvfand 
 
 Bowles, Mr. Briftol 
 
 Bowles and Carrington, St. Paul's Church-yard 
 
 Bowley, George, Bifliopfgate-ftreet 
 
 Bowman, Mr. Stroud, Kent 
 
 Bowman, Mr. Sheffield 
 
 Bowrie, Elizabeth, Edinburgh, 
 
 Bowyer, J. Efiq. Fall-mall, 
 
 Boyden, J. Chatham 
 
 Boys, J. Efq. Aflicomb, near Lewes 
 
 Bradley, Rev. R. Worcefter, 
 
 Bradlv, W. Architeft, Halifax 
 
 Bray,' Rev. W. P. Cawfand 
 
 Brand, W. Bofton, Lincolnfhire 
 
 Brazier, J. Efq. Camberwell 
 
 Brett, y. G. Efq. Fulneck 
 
 Brett, T. Efq Craig's-court, Charing-crofs 
 
 Brett, Mr. Wrenthmn 
 
 Brewer, Sainuel 
 
 Briant, Mr. Loudwater 
 
 Brice, Mrs. Southampton 
 
 Brice, Mifs, ditto 
 
 Bridges, Dr. Bath 
 
 Bright, J. Lieut, of Marines, Plymouth 
 
 2 copies 
 30 copies 
 
 2 copiej 
 
 Bright, T. 1 5, Lombard-ftrcet, Fleet-ftreet 
 
 Brittain, I. Chatham 
 
 Britton, Mr. Currier, Briftol 
 
 Broad, Mr. Rochefier 
 
 Brodbelt, Rev. Mr. Loudwater 
 
 Bromfield, J. Sheernefs 
 
 Brooks, J. Huddersfield 
 
 Brookes, H. Efq. Brighton 
 
 Brookes, J. Portfea 
 
 Brooks, J. Efq. Bedford-fquare 
 
 Brooks, R. 18, Glafshoufe-ftreet, BurUngton- 
 
 gardens 
 Brooklbank, Rev. J. Hoxton 
 Brough, Anthony, Efq. 
 Broughton, J. Tetney 
 Brown, Mrs. Antigua 
 Brown, T. 
 
 Brown, Mr. Brighton 
 Brown, Rev. E. Inrelkeithing 
 Brown, T. Weft-ftreet, Smithfield 
 Brown, G. Efq. Sun-court, Threadneedle-ftreet 
 Brown, Mr. Rochefter 
 Brown, J. 2, St. Mary's-hill 
 Browne, J. Rotherhitiae 
 Browne, W. Briftol 
 Brownfiekl, Rev. J. Whitbv 
 Brownlow, Mr. 68, Fleet-ftreet 
 Bruckfliaw, J. Bradbury, Stockport 
 Bryan, Mr. Newgate-ftreet 
 Bryfon,D. Phillip's ftreet, Tottenham-court-road 
 Buchan, Earl of 
 Buckland, J. Portfea 
 
 Buckler, Rev. Mr. a copies- 
 
 Buckley, J. Huddersfield 
 Bucknell, B. Efq. Richmond-hill, Bath 
 Budden, J. W. Poole 
 Bull, S. Hollis-ftreet, Caveudifli-fquare 
 Bull, J. Wandfworth 
 Bull, Mr. Bath 
 
 Bull, Rev. T. Newport Pagnel 
 Bullen, T. 8, Edward-ftreet, Bethnal-greeii 
 Burckhardt, Rev. Dr. London 
 Burder, Rev. G. Coventry 
 Burder, Rev. S. St. Alban's 
 Burt'ord, J. Peiuonville 
 Burjis, Mifs, Benfon, Bucks 
 Burley, Mr. VN'akcfield 
 Burn, A. Efq. Rochefter 
 Burroughs, Mr. Great Marlow 
 Bury, J. Hope hill, Stockport 
 Butcher, Mr. Spa- fields 
 Butler, W. Kidderminfter 
 Butler, Mrs. 1 7, Fleet-market 
 Butler, y. Efq. Caerleon, 2 copies 
 
 Butterworth, Mr. 43, Fleet-ftreet, 7 copies 
 
 Button, Rev. Mr. Pater-nofter-row 
 Buttrefs, J. Bath
 
 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMP:S. 
 
 Buxton, A. London-ftreet 
 Byle.s, N. Ipfwich 
 By!es, J. ditto 
 
 Cabell, W. 49, Newin^^ton-place 
 
 Caldwell, Rev. Mr. Brighton 
 
 Calver, J. Woodbridge 
 
 Calvert, Mr. Leeds 
 
 Cairns, E. Birmingham 
 
 Campbell,}. Edinburgh, 4 copies 
 
 Campbell, R. St. Marv-le-bone 
 
 Campbell, W. Chertley 
 
 Campigne, Mr. 27, Pleafant-place, Iflington 
 
 Capel, VV. Efq. Stroud 
 
 Capper, J. Gracechurch-ftreet 
 
 Cardale, J. Stourbridge 
 
 Carlin, Mr. Tabernacle, Greenwich 
 
 Carpenter, Mr. Bath 
 
 Carter, W. Honey-lane-market 
 
 Carter, T. 25, Prefcott-ftreet 
 
 Carter, J. Hull 
 
 Cater, R. Bread-ftreet 
 
 Cayzer, G. jun. Plymouth 
 
 Chalmers, C. Efq. Lime-flreet 
 
 Chambers, J. Efq. Dublin 
 
 Champion, Mr. Gravefend 
 
 Chaplin, Mrs. Rochefter 
 
 Chapman, W. Frome 
 
 Chapman, J. Bungay, SutFolk 
 
 Charles, Rev. Mr. Bala 
 
 Chater, Mrs. Charles-ftreet, Long-acre 
 
 Chefliunt College Truflees 
 
 Chew, J. 
 
 Chew, Rev. Mr. Thrapfton 
 
 Churchill, Mrs. Nottingham 
 
 Clapham Reading Society 
 
 Clapham, F. Kighly 
 
 Clark, Mr. Strood, Kent 
 
 Clark, T.J. Havant 
 
 Clark, Mr. Bookfeller, Yarmouth, 2 copies 
 
 Clarke, J. Nevv'port, Ille of Wight 
 
 Clark, J. Efq. Bengal 
 
 Clark, W. 26g, Borough 
 
 Clark, E. ditto 
 
 Clark, Captain J. 
 
 Clavering Book Society 
 
 Cleeve, C. Bafini^ftoke 
 
 Clifton, G. Southwold, Suffolk 
 
 Clogftown, Mrs. Bath 
 
 Coad, Mifs, Clapham 
 
 Cobb, T. Eiq. Margate 
 
 Cock, A. H. 
 
 Colbatch, J. Brighton 
 
 Cole, Mr. Wemefliam 
 
 Cole, R. Ipfwich 
 
 Cole, T. 
 
 Colcott, W. Little Bell-alley 
 
 Coles, H. 
 
 Coles, Mr. 
 
 Coles, J. 
 
 Colgate, Mr. 27, CJouIfton-fquarc, Whitechapel 
 
 Collins, C. Spital-fquarc 
 
 Colli ni, Mr. Hull 
 
 Collinfon, J. Gravel-lane, Southwark 
 
 Commayer, C. St. Thomas's-fquare, Hackney 
 
 Conder, T. Bucklerlbury, ; copies 
 
 Conqueft, Mifs, Chatham 
 
 Conrad, Mr. Benthlain 
 
 Cook, \V. Farnham 
 
 Cook, Mr. Cannon-ftrcet 
 
 Cooke, Rev. J. Maidenhead, 7 copies 
 
 Cooke, J. jun. Rye 
 
 Cooper, Air. St. johirs-ftreet 
 
 Cooper, Mr. 1 1 7, Thames-ftrcet 
 
 Cooper, J. Church- ilrcet, Southwark 
 
 CopelanH, W. Abingdon 
 
 Cornewall, Mrs. Chard-park 
 
 Corlbie, J. London 
 
 Corlhic, J. Foreft-gate, Epping 
 
 Covell, H. Fini-ftrcet-hiU 
 
 Covell, Mifs, Walworth 
 
 Coventry, J. Redcrofs-ftreet, Southwark 
 
 Cowie, J. Efq. Futhe Ghur, India, 3 copies 
 
 Cowie, R. Efq. Highbury, 9 copies 
 
 Cowie, (t. Efq. Bury-court 
 
 Cowie, Mr. V\'alworth 
 
 Cox, Kcv y. H. Farehani ' 3 copies 
 
 Cox, H. London 
 
 Cox, J. Bream's buildings 
 
 Cox, S. London 
 
 Coxon, Mifs J. Howbalk 
 
 Crachnell, Rev. B. Wareham 
 
 Crea, J. Whiltingham 
 
 Crefwell, Mr. Fairfield 
 
 Crew, T. Poole 
 
 Cribben, Mr. Liverpool 
 
 Crouchcr, J. Haymrirket 
 
 Cuff, R. Londoa-briduc Water-works 
 
 Cumming, G. Efq. Godalming 
 
 Curbv, I'+z, Rattliff-highway 
 
 Curling, R. Efq. Torrington-ftrcet 
 
 Curling, J. London 
 
 Curling, j. jun. ditto 
 
 Curling W. ditto 
 
 Curling, E. ditto 
 
 Curling, J. Bermondfey-flreet 
 
 Curtis T. Efq. Hom.rton 
 
 Cutiibert, Ifabella 
 
 D. 
 
 Dadbv, R. Hadleftone 
 Daltoi), Mr. a8, Cheapfide 
 Dalgas, F. Size-lane
 
 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 
 
 Dalrvmple, , Efq. 
 
 Daniord, S. Pitfit-ld-ftreet, Hoxton 
 
 Dnncer, J. 32, Rofamoiid-ftictt, Clerkenwell 
 
 Daniel, S.. Colclieller 
 
 Darby, Mr. Bankfide, Southwark 
 
 Danvell, J. L. Elq. Southampton 
 
 Davis, Mr. Berkley- fqiiarc, Briftol 
 
 Davis, H. Kenfingtoii 
 
 Davis, S. Tooting 
 
 Davidfon, H. Woolwich 
 
 Davidl'on,;. Fifli-ftreet-hill 
 
 DaviCoii, k. Melkington 
 
 Davidfon, W. 28, C^ieen Ann-ftreet Eall 
 
 Davenport, E. i. Rood-lane 
 
 Dawfoit, Rlrs. Jeffries-fqiiare 
 
 Da« fon, P. 38, Goodge-ftreet 
 
 Dawfon, R. High-ftreet, Borough 
 
 Dearling, J. Chichefter 
 
 Dearling, Captain VV. Weymouth 
 
 Deet, Benjamin 
 
 Denhani, Rev. E. Walworth 
 
 Dennett, Captain T. 
 
 Dennant, Rev. J. Halftfworth 
 
 Derry, J. Plymouth 
 
 Dertmar, George 
 
 Devondiire, Mr. Stockwell 
 
 Dickie, T. Bow-lane 
 
 Dickenlbn, J. Hull 
 
 Dickfon, James 
 
 Dilly, C. Bookfelier, Poultry, 1 copies 
 
 Dimfdale, Dr. BiHiop's Stortfr.rd 
 
 DifTenters' Rpa*"-5 society, Great Wigfton 
 
 T>u.).ca, J. Pivmouth 
 
 Dixon, S. Pall'. mall 
 
 Dixon, Captain f. 
 
 Dodd, Captain ]". 
 Dodds, VV. Efo" Gofport 
 
 Donaldfon, R. Hull 
 
 Core, Rev. Mr. Walworth 
 
 Dove, W. Plymouth 
 
 Douglas, Rev. A. Reading 
 
 Douglas, D Efliiigton 
 
 Draper, T. Broker-row, Moorfields, 2 copies 
 
 Draper, S. 20, Colemrm-ftrcet 
 
 Dunn and Biggs, Bookfellers, Nottingham 
 
 Dunthorne, Jofeph, Clapham 
 
 Dunkje) , K." Little Eaftcheap 
 
 Dunkin, J. Jamaica-row, Bermondfey 
 
 Durie, D. Gravel -lane 
 
 Durant, Rev. G. Spital-fquare 
 
 Durant, Mrs. S. Guv's Hofpital 
 
 Duthoit, P. Efq. Highbury-place 
 
 Dyer, J. Efq. Greenwich ' 
 
 Eagland, Mrs. E. Huddersfield 
 EarnQiaw, Mr. Wakefield 
 
 Eaftman, T. Portfea 
 
 Eaft, W. Woburn 
 
 Eaton, R. Three Brlck-ftreet, Piccadilly 
 
 Eddington, J. Earl-flreet, Blackfriars 
 
 Edmonds, Mr. Sheernefs 
 
 Edridge, H. 10, Dutfour's-place 
 
 Edwards, B. Efq. I\J.P. Great George-flreet 
 
 Eggington, G. Hull 
 
 Eggington, J. ditto 
 
 Eleii, , Efq. Banker 
 
 El:ar, Mr. Rocliefter 
 
 Elf -in, Mrs. M. 2, Rowland's-row, Stepney 
 
 Ellarv, IMr. Stroud 
 
 Elliutt, G. Spa-fields 
 
 Elliott, C. Long-acre 
 
 Elliotfon, G. Ciiemift, Southwark 
 
 Ellis, Richard 
 
 Ellis, J. Upper Rathbone-place 
 Englifli. Rev. T, Woburn 
 Erfliine, T. Efq. Sergeant's-inn 
 Er/kine, Captain, Diyburgh Abbey 
 Erfkine, Dr. Edinburgh 
 Erikine, Lady Anne, Spa-fields 
 Erfkine, Mrs. Scotland 
 Etheridge, S. Hoxton-fquare 
 Evans, Rev. R. Appledore 
 Evans, Mifs, Tooting 
 Eviil, George, Bath 
 Ewing, Rev. G. Edinburgh 
 Exall, J. Farnham, Surry 
 Eyre, Rev. John, Hackney 
 Eyre, William, ditto 
 
 Fallowfield, Mr. Scotland-yard 
 
 Farmer, R. Kennington, Surry 
 
 Farncombe, J. Stoneham, Suflex ' 
 
 Farquhar, J. Efq. Kenfington 
 
 Farrar, J. \V'arley 
 
 Farrborough, J. Efq. Sydenham 
 
 FalTett, W. Ludgate-ftreet 
 
 Favell, S. Tooley-ftreet 
 
 Fauldtr, Mr. Bookfeller, Bond-ftreet, 7 copies 
 
 Fawcet, Rev. S. by Rev. J. Saitren 
 
 Fenn, J. Cornhill, 6 copies 
 
 Ferrers, Mr. Petticoat-lane 
 
 Ferrers, Mr. Alds;ate 
 
 Fiekl, Rev. H. STandford 
 
 Field, R. Bankfide 
 
 Filby and Son, Pilgrim-ftreet, Ludgate-hill 
 
 Filling, Mr. 393, bhadwell 
 
 Finley, E. Huil 
 
 Fiflier, Mifs, Stroudwater 
 
 Fiftiwick, Mr. Hull 
 
 Flettter, [. Abingdon 
 
 Fletcher, Mr. Sheernefs 
 
 Flower, R. Hertford
 
 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 
 
 Ford, J. Frome 
 
 Forfyth, W. Efq. Kenfington 
 
 Ford, Rev. George, Southwark 
 
 Ford, Mrs. Dath 
 
 Fofter, Rev. W. W) ke, near Halifax 
 
 Fofter, M. Hull 
 
 Fofter, E. ditto 
 
 Fofter, Captain, ditto 
 
 Foulds, H. Gainsforth-ftreet, Horfleydowa 
 
 Fowler, Rev. J. Shceniefs 
 
 Foyfter, S. Efq. Tottenham-flreet 
 
 Fox, E. Efq. Wadebridge 
 
 Frazer, A. Plymouth 
 
 Freeman, T. London-wall 
 
 Freeman, J. Millbank-ftreet, Weftminfter 
 
 Friar, Captain, Bengal 
 
 Friend at Hull 
 
 Friend, W. Newbery, Berks 
 
 Frofl, Mifs, 24, Aldermanbury 
 
 Gait(kell, W. Rotherliithe 
 
 Gage, Mrs. Bath 
 
 Gambier, Admiral 
 
 Gamon, Mr. Rochefter 
 
 Gardner, Robert, Tower-ftreet, 3 copies 
 
 Gardner, Rev. H. Southwoki, Suffolk 
 
 Gardner, Rev. T. Stratford-upon-Avon 
 
 Gardner, H. Bookfeller, Strand, 3 copies 
 
 Garthorn, Mr. Ems-hill 
 
 Garwood, Mr. 50, Manfel-ftreet 
 
 Garrard, Thomas 
 
 Caviller, G. New-road, St. George's 
 
 George, Mr. Tyler- ftreet, Carnaby-market 
 
 Gibfon, J. Efq. Dublin, 2 copies 
 
 Gibbons, Thomas, M. D. Hadlcy, Suffolk 
 
 Gibbons, J. Efq. Ofweftry 
 
 Gillifpie, jf. Carolina Cotfee-houfe 
 
 Gilder, John, Hull 
 
 Gillet, G. Efq. Guildford-flreet 
 
 Gillet, W. Deptford 
 
 Gilliam, Dr. 7 copies 
 
 Gilbert, T. Chatham 
 
 Giles, W. Peckham 
 
 Gimber, W. Admiralty 
 
 Glover, T. 3, Harris's-place, Oxford-ftreet 
 
 Glover, N. Little Britain 
 
 Glover, M. Uxbridge 
 
 Glafcott, Rev. Mr. Hatherley 
 
 Godfrey, J. 64, Taberiiacle-walk 
 
 Goddard, S. Ipfwich 
 
 GofF, E. Scotland-yard 
 
 Goodere, John, Gofport 
 
 Goodere, James, ditto 
 
 Goodwin, J. jun. 
 
 Goodhart, £. Efq. 
 
 Goodhart, E. jiuu 
 
 Good, Mr. corner of Gov's inn-lane 
 
 Goode, Rev. Mr. Jllingto'u 
 
 Goodwin, Mr. Leek, Staffordfliirc 
 
 Gomicliild, W. jun. Ijjfwich 
 
 Golding, G. by Rev. J. Saltren 
 
 Golding, J. by ditto 
 
 Golding, Rev. Mr. Croydon, 7 copies 
 
 Gordon, A. Efq. 
 
 Gordon, A. London 
 
 Gordon, Captain P. 
 
 Gofiicll, S. Printer, Little Qucen-ftreet, Holbom 
 
 Goflling, R. Shacklewell 
 
 Golller, J. N. Hamburgh 
 
 Govier, H. Ivy-lane, Newgate-ftrect 
 
 Gouger, G. 48, Newgate- (treet 
 
 Graves, E. Sun-tavern-ficlds 
 
 Graves, J. Qucenhithe 
 
 Gray, J. Kingdand 
 
 Green, E. Efq. Lcicefter 
 
 Green, Rev. R. Hull 
 
 Grecnway, J. Efq. Stoke, near Plymouti\ 
 
 Greenway, Captain W. 
 
 Greenwood, J. Kighlcy 
 
 Grellett, F. Efq. Camomile-ftreet 
 
 Gregory, Mr. Shecrnefs 
 
 Gregory, J. Hoxton-fields 
 
 Gregory, Mr. Brigiiton 
 
 Greathced, Rev. S. Newport Pagnel 
 
 Gribble, T. Bank-ftock-oflice 
 
 Griffin, Rev. J. Portfca 
 
 Griflin, Mrs. 
 
 Griffin, Mr. 
 
 Griffith, J. Caermarthen 
 
 Grimfby, W. Stowmarket 
 
 Gripes, J. Kingfland 
 
 Grove, J. Efq. Sloane-ftreet, Chelfea 
 
 Grocock, Mr. Kenfington 
 
 Grundy, T. Horfeferry-road, Weflminfter 
 
 Guellonneau, Mr. Pope's-head-allcy 
 
 Guge, S. Portfea 
 
 Gun, Mr. 24, Aldermanbury 
 
 Grant, C. Efq. India-houfe 
 
 Gwennap, J. jun. Falmotith 
 
 H. 
 
 Haldane, R. Efq. Edinburgh 
 
 Hail, J. Bath 
 
 Halcv, C. Efq. Wigmore-flreet 
 
 Hall,' , Efq. Banker 
 
 Hall, Mr. Attorney 
 
 Hall, Thomas 
 
 Hall, T. Hull 
 
 Halletr, by Rev. J. Saltren 
 
 Halftead Librarv, Effex 
 
 Hale, W. 4, W'ood-ftreet, Spiulfields 
 
 Hamilton, R. Sloane-ftreet 
 
 Hamilton. J. M. D. .Artillery -plate 
 
 3»
 
 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 
 
 Hammond, G. Whitechapel 
 
 Hancifield, J. Lieut. Royal Engineers 
 
 Hanbury, Mr. King-ftreet, Weftminfter 
 
 Hanfon, E. Efq. 
 
 Haiifiar, Mr. Round-court, Strand 
 
 Hardcaftle, Jofeph, Efq. London 
 
 Hardacre, R. Stepney-caufeway 
 
 Hare, J. 24, Park-lane 
 
 Harvy, T. Plymouth 
 
 Hanvood, S. Battisford-hall, Suffolk 
 
 Harper, Hon. Lady F. Park-flreet 
 
 Hartley, Rev. J. Fulneck, Leeds 
 
 Harper, M. Norwich 
 
 Harper, A. Jerufalem CofFee-houfe 
 
 Hnrdie, IMr. Bookfeller, Bolfover-ftreet 
 
 Harvey, Lady C. 
 
 Harvey, W. London 
 
 Harman, INIrs. Bath 
 
 Harris, J. Plymouth 
 
 Harris, W. Manchefler 
 
 Hnnies, Rev. W. Stroudvvater 
 
 Harrifon, T. Fetter-lane 
 
 Hafiie, H. London 
 
 Haliie, F. ditto 
 
 HattoM, Mr. Stroud, Kent 
 
 Haven, R. Efq. Doniland-hall, Colchefter 
 
 HauxH-ell, W. Hull 
 
 Hawes, B. Colchefter 
 
 Hawkes, T- Piccadilly, 8 copies 
 
 Havvkcs, Mifs, Lutterworth 
 
 Havveis, Rev. Dr. Aldwiiikle 
 
 Hayter, T. Gofport 
 
 Haycroft, T. Broadway, Deptford 
 
 Haynian, 1 homas, London 
 
 Hazard, Mr. Bath 
 
 Heaton, C. 14, Millman-ftreet, Bedford-row 
 
 Heath, Rev. R. Rod borough 
 
 Hedger, J. Efq. Weft-fquare 
 
 Heene, Mr. Hoxton-fquare 
 
 Henderfon, J. 61, Broad -flreet 
 
 Hetherington, T. Reading 
 
 Hewfon, J. 
 
 Hicks, Mrs. 
 
 Hide, W. Patriot-fquare, Bethnal-green 
 
 Hill, Rev. Rowland, London 
 
 Hill, W. Manchefter 
 
 Hill, Mr. 5, Delaney-place ■ 
 
 Hill, S. 2, Stone-buildings, Lincoln's-inn 
 
 Hill, |. 
 
 Hi!ls,MifsC. Colchefter 
 Hillock, J. Hull 
 Hirft,J. Huddersfield 
 Hobbs, Rev. Mr. Colchefter 
 Hobbins, S. Yarmouth 
 Hobbert, Mifs, Denmark-hill 
 Hodgfon, Mr. Mark-lane 
 Hodgfon, G. Duck's-foot-Iane 
 
 Hogg, P. Long-lane, Smithfield 
 
 Hogg, Rev. Mr. Thrapftoii 
 
 Holehoufe, C. Borough 
 
 Holt, J. jun. Whitby 
 
 Holman, Francis, London 
 
 Holland, T. Efq. 146, Drury-lane 
 
 Holy, T. Sheffield 
 
 Honeyman, J. Spital-fields 
 
 Hooten, Mr. Falmouth 
 
 Hooper, J. Ramfgate 
 
 Hooper. J. Efq. Greenwich 
 
 Hooper, D. Margate 
 
 Hopps, W. Cannon-ftreet 
 
 Hopkins, Rev. W. Chriftchurch 
 
 Hopkins, R. Chriftchurch 
 
 Horton, J. Lawrence Pountney-lane 
 
 Hovell, T. 6, VVorfhip-frreet 
 
 Houghton, J. Huddersfield 
 
 Hough, S. Efq. Taviftock-ftreet, Bedford-fquare 
 
 Houfton, Mr. Great St. Helen's 
 
 Houghton, J. Efq. Liverpool, 3 copies 
 
 Howfe, Samuel, Bath 
 
 Howard, Mifs E. Bafingftoke 
 
 Howard, J. Stockport 
 
 Howard, J. Old-ftreet 
 
 Howard, T. Shoe-lane 
 
 Hubbard, Z. Melkfliam 
 
 Hufi^am, Chriftopher, London 
 
 Hughes, Rev. Mr. Batterfea . 
 
 Humphreys, Mr. near Briftol 
 
 Humphreys, Rev. Mr. Newington Butts 
 
 Humpage, Mr. Surgeon, Stroud 
 
 Humber, T. Brighton 
 
 Hunt, J. Southwoid, Suffolk 
 
 Hunter, Henry, D. D. Hoxton 
 
 Hutchen, Mr. 25, Coleman-ftreet 
 
 Hutton, Alderman, Dublin 
 
 Hutton, Rev. Mr. Buckingham 
 
 I- J- 
 
 Jack, J. St. Martin's-lane 
 
 Jackfon, H. 32, Paternofter-row 
 
 Jackfon, J. Portfea 
 
 Jackfon, S. 68, Lombard-ftreet 
 
 Jackfon, J. jun. 20, Tottenham-court-road 
 
 James, Mr. Clare-ftreet, Briftol 
 
 James, S. Bankfide, Borough 
 
 James, Sir W. Bart. Blackheath 
 
 Jamifon, J. Cecil-ftreet, Straj\d 
 
 Jarrold^^J. Woodbridge 
 
 Jay, Rev. W. Bath 
 
 JeitVcys, D. Efq. Tooting 
 
 Jefrerfon, Rev. J. Bafingftoke, 2 copies 
 
 Jennings, Mr. Queen-ftreet, Cheapfide 
 
 Jenkins, Mr. Briftol 
 
 Jenkins, Mr. E. Bath
 
 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 
 
 Jerram, Rev. C. Long Sutton, a copies 
 
 Illingworth, J. Frith -llreet, Soho 
 
 Inglis, J. Maik-lane 
 
 lanes, H. ECq. Taviftock-flreet 
 
 Innes, J. Efq. Laytou 
 
 Joad, George, London 
 
 Johnfon, John, Huddersfield 
 
 Johnfon, j. Toxhall, near Woodbridge 
 
 Johnfon, Mr. Wakefield 
 
 Johnfon, Mr. St. Paul's Church-yard, 14 copies 
 
 Johnfon, J. Wakefield 
 
 Johnfton, Mrs. Reading 
 
 Jones, Rev. J. Dock 
 
 Jones, Mr. Charlotte-ftreet, Bloomfbury 
 
 Jones, Mr. Crown-ftreet, Finftiur)'-fquare 
 
 Jones, P. 23, Charlotte-ftreet, Bedford-fquare 
 
 Jones, Rev. Mr. Iwleck 
 
 Jones, W. Bookfeller, Liverpool 
 
 Jones, J. Newgate-ftreet 
 
 Jones, R. Liverpool 
 
 Jones, J. Efq. Hull 
 
 Jones, Sufanna, Mile End 
 
 Jones, T. High-ftreet, Borough 
 
 Irons, Mrs. CHatham 
 
 K. 
 
 Kanmacher, IMr. Apothecarles'-hall 
 
 Keates, Robert 
 
 Kelly, Rev. T. Dublin 
 
 Kemp, G. Kingfland-road 
 
 Kemp, Mr. Poole 
 
 Kendrick, Mrs. Stroiidw.iter 
 
 Kennion, J. Nicholas-lane 
 
 Kerfy, P. Moneydew-hall, Suffolk 
 
 Kidd', Rev. A. C'ottingham 
 
 Kilvington, Mr. Bankfide 
 
 King, P. Efq. 
 
 King, Mr. Sheernefs 
 
 King, P. Efq. Camberwell-green 
 
 King, D. 9, Rodney-buildings, Kent-road 
 
 King, Mrs. 8, George-lane, Eaftcheap 
 
 Kinglburv,'Rev. W. Southampton 
 
 Kinlinde,' Mrs. Bath 
 
 Kincaid, D. Kingfland-road 
 
 Kirkpatrick, J. Ille of Wight 
 
 Kirkpatrick, J. Sutton Aflifield 
 
 Kitchener, Mr. Bury St. Edmond's, 2 copies 
 
 Knight, Rev. J. A. Somers-town 
 
 Knight, J. 12, Great St. Andrew's-flreet 
 
 Knies, A. Efq. 
 
 Knott, Mr. Lombard -ftreet 
 
 Knowles, James, Huddersfield 
 
 Lacy, W. Stroudwater 
 Ladewig, Mr. Rothcftsr 
 
 Lavid, J. Glafgow 
 
 Lake, Rev. J. Kenfington 
 
 Lam, Rev. J. by Rev. J. Saltren 
 
 Lambert, G. Hull , 
 
 Lambert, A. Efq. Leaden hall -ftreet 
 
 Lambert, C. Efq. Bengal 
 
 Lane, W. Wood-ftreet, Cheapfidc 
 
 Langworth, J. Bofton, Lincolnniire 
 
 Langworth, Elizabeth, Bofton 
 
 Langworthy, Mrs. Lambcth-marfli 
 
 Langrton, W. Efq. Highbury-place 
 
 Landfeer, Mr. Queen Anne-ftreet Eaft, 3 copin 
 
 Lafhmore, R. Brighton 
 
 Latrobe, Rev. C. Kirby-ftreet 
 
 Lavington, Rev. S. Biddeford 
 
 Law, C. Bookfeller, Ave Maria-lane 
 
 Lawfon, Mr. Sheernefs 
 
 Lee, E. Highbury 
 
 Lee, J. Borough 
 
 Legge, R. Wind for 
 
 Legg, S. Fleet-ftreet, 7 coplM 
 
 Leggatt, Mrs. W^renthani 
 
 Leigh, Sir E. Bart. Little Harborough 
 
 Lepard, B. Stationer, James-llreet, 7 copi» 
 
 Lefter, Mr. 
 
 Lever, , Efq. Newington-caufeway 
 
 Levett, N. Hull 
 
 Levett, W. ditto 
 
 Lewis, W. Taviftock-ftreet 
 
 Library of Allbciated Congregation, Wooler 
 
 Little, Rev. R. Hanley, Staffordfliire 
 
 Little, T. Efq. Wigmore-ftreet 
 
 Little, T. 32, Edward-ftrett, Portnian-fquarc 
 
 Littler, R. City-road 
 
 Livius, G. Efq. Bedford 
 
 Liverpool Library 
 
 Lloyd, N. Uley 
 
 Lobb, J. W. Efq. Southampton 
 
 Lock, Mrs. A. Plymouth 
 
 Locke, , Efq. Taunton 
 
 Locke, W. Efq. Devizes 
 
 Lomas, J. Colebrook-row, Iflington 
 
 Lomas, W. Manchefter 
 
 Lovell, Mifs, Bilhopfgate- ftreet 
 
 Lowell, Rev. S. Woodbridge 
 
 Lowell, Mifs, Woodbridge 
 
 Lowder, Dr. Bath 
 
 Lucas, J. Efq. Tooting 
 
 Luck, Mr. Carpenters'- hall 
 
 Luckman and Suffield, Coventry 
 
 Ludlow, Mrs. Cannon-court, Briftol 
 
 Ludlow, Mifs, Devizes 
 
 Ludlow Book Society 
 
 Lufon, Captain, Sheernefs 
 
 M. 
 
 Maccleifield, Earl of 
 3 I 2
 
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 Mackie, Captain Aintrevv, i 5, Bing-ftreet 
 
 Mackell, J. Park-lane 
 
 M'Kie, J. Efq. Palgown, Suffolk 
 
 M'Gall, Captain J.. 
 
 M'Melcan, Lieut. Col. Royal Engineers 
 
 M'Dowall, P. p-almoutli 
 
 Maddifon, J. Poft-office 
 
 iNIaggett, J. Bookfeller, Wakefield 
 
 Maftland, J. Efq. Bafinghall-ftreet 
 
 Maitland, R. El'q. King's- arms-yard 
 
 Maitland, J. Efq. ditto 
 
 Maitland, A. Efq. King's- road 
 
 Maltby, T. Efq. Mary-le-bone 
 
 Manii^ J. Moretonhampltead, Devon 
 
 Manchefter, Ifaac 
 
 i\Iang\', N. Efq. Plymouth 
 
 Mangles, J. 20, Change-alley 
 
 Mander, J. Wolverhampton 
 
 Mantell, Rev. G. Weftbury 
 
 Mansfield, J. R. 
 
 Martin, Mr. 78, John's-ftreet 
 
 Martin, A. Efq. Banker 
 
 Marfland, P. Stockport 
 
 Marfliall, S. Sheffield 
 
 Marriatt, W. Hoxton-fquare 
 
 Mather, G. Stockport 
 
 Mather, J. Maiichefler 
 
 Mather, Mrs. 
 
 Matthews, J. Strand, 3 copies 
 
 Mattravers, Mrs. Weftbury 
 
 IMatNvin, Rev. H. Dublin 
 
 Maurice, Rev. W. London- road 
 
 Mayer, Catharine, Leadenhall-ftreet 
 
 Ma'ylefton, Mr. 
 
 Maze, J. Winchefter-ftreet 
 
 Mecham, Mr. King's-arms-yard 
 
 Madgwick, E. Charles-fquare 
 
 Medley, G. Newington-place 
 
 Medley, R. 6, Lambeth-terrace 
 
 Meech, J. Efq. Reading, Berks 
 
 Meech, T. Efq. Cold Harbour, Weflbury 
 
 Meldrum, D. I'ri rice's- ftreet. Bank 
 
 Mells, A. Efq. Finch-lane 
 
 Mendz, Rev. H. Plymouth 
 
 Merfey, Mr. Long-acre 
 
 Meyer, J. Leadenhall-flreet 
 
 Middleton, Mr. i. Chancery -lane 
 
 Middleton, Sir C. Bart. 
 
 Milbourne, A. Southwold, Suffolk 
 
 Miles, J. Foulmere 
 
 Millard, T. J. 
 
 Miller, R. Weymouth 
 
 Minchin, T. Gofport 
 
 Minchin, J. A. Efq. ditto 
 
 Mitchell, John, M. D. near Stockport 
 
 Mitchell, Mrs. Chriftchurch 
 
 Molefworth, Mr. Birmingham 
 
 Montague, Lady 
 
 Monev, Mr. Somers-town 
 
 Mond's, T. W. 
 
 Moody, Rev. J. Warwick 
 
 Moore, Rev. G. Stroud, Kent 
 
 Morfe, Mr. Sheernefs 
 
 Morgan, Mrs. Bell-yard 
 
 Morgan, Mr. Strou J, Kent 
 
 Morefs, G. Portfea 
 
 Moreland, Rlr. 
 
 Morland, W. Old-ftreet 
 
 Morris, J. Manchefter 
 
 Morris, ftlr, Camberwell 
 
 jNIorrifon, Mr. Tottenham-place 
 
 Mount, Mrs. Iflington 
 
 INIoyes, W. Kingfland 
 
 Murray, Rev. A. Nelburgh, N. B. 
 
 Mufgrove, Mr. London 
 
 Mufton, Rev. C. Ayton 
 
 Myers, Mifs, 4, Tooley- ftreet 
 
 N. 
 
 Napier, W. London 
 
 Napier, J. Huddersfield 
 
 Neale,J.Efq. St. Paul's Church-yard, iS copies 
 
 Neale, Mifs, Luton ^ 
 
 Neale, J. Aylelbury 
 
 Nelfon, J. Park- lane 
 
 Newton, Rev. John, London 
 
 Newton, Henry, London 
 
 Newton, Mr. W. Dartford, Kent 
 
 Newman, J. 
 
 Newfon, Mr. W. Wrentham 
 
 Newbald, R. Vauxhall 
 
 Neucombe, Mr. Stroudwater 
 
 NicoU, Rev. W. Edgeware-road 
 
 Nichols, S. Bath 
 
 Nicholfon, J. Plymouth 
 
 Nicklin, Mrs. Hanover-buildings, Southampton 
 
 Nicklin, S. i, Aldgate 
 
 Nightingall, J- Rochefter 
 
 Noble, C. Down-ftreet, Piccadilly 
 
 Nobbs, J. 106, Fenchurch-flreet 
 
 Noeth, Valentine 
 
 Nokes, Mr. Kent-road, Newington 
 
 Norris, Mifs, Eftex-ftreet 
 
 North, J. Efq. Portfea 
 
 Nutter, Mr. Somers-town 
 
 O. 
 
 Ogle, Mr. Bookfeller, Glafgow, 14 copies 
 
 Ogle, J. Bookfeller, Edinburgh, 28 copies 
 
 Oldham, C. Efq. Holborn 
 Orance, W. Plymouth 
 
 Ormerod, Rev. Richard, A. M. Vicar of Ken- 
 lington
 
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 P. 
 
 Pack, J. Hull 
 
 Palmer, J. Air-ftreet, Piccadilly 
 
 Palmer, VV. Efq. 
 
 Parr, W. Plymouth 
 
 Parfons, Rev. E. Leeds 
 
 Parfons, C. Frome 
 
 Parfons, J. Bookfeller, Pater-nofter-row, 2 copies 
 
 Parfons, T. Taunton 
 
 Partridge, Mr. Stroudwater 
 
 Parkes, S. Palace-row, Tottenham-court 
 
 Parker, Mifs E. Coventry 
 
 Particular Bapt. Society Newport Pagnel, a cop. 
 
 Pattifon, J. Coggefliall, Elfe-x 
 
 Paton, J. JNIontrofe 
 
 Paul, J. D. JNIettingham-caftle, SufTolk 
 
 Payne, J. 
 
 Peacock, R. Montagu e-clofe, Southwark 
 
 Pearfon, Mr. Steel-yard, Thames-ftreet 
 
 Pedder, Mr. Copper-plate Printer 
 
 Peifley,G. i3,Chapel-flreet, South Audley-ftreet 
 
 Pellatt, A. Newgate ftreet 
 
 Pember, W. Brunfwick-fquare, Briftol 
 
 Pentycrofs, Rev. T. Wallingford 
 
 Penfold, Mr. Plymouth-dock 
 
 Perram, Mrs. C'heflnmt 
 
 Perkins, Mr. Cawfand 
 
 Perfwant, Mr. Devoiifliire-fqiiare 
 
 Perth Society 
 
 Pewfey, Mr. Newport Pagnel 
 
 Phene, Mr. Ramfay 
 
 Phene, N. Little Moorgate 
 
 Phene, Rev. P. Yarmouth 
 
 Phillips, Charlotte-ftreet, Surry-road 
 
 Phillips, T. Surry-place 
 
 Phillips, N. 74, Lombard-ftreet 
 
 Phipps, L Weftbury Leigh 
 
 Phipps, W. ditto 
 
 Pickin, W. Efq. VVhitmore 
 
 Pidgeon, J. Corfliam 
 
 Piercv, R. Bed worth 
 
 Pinder, S. Falcon-fquare 
 
 Pinhey, R. L. Plymouth-dock 
 
 Pirfon, J- Hemel Hempftead 
 
 Pitkeathlev, R. Taviftock-ftreet, 7 copies 
 
 Plant, INIifs, Finlbury-place 
 
 Piatt, Rev. W. F. Holywell-mount 
 
 Piatt, John, Huddersfield 
 
 Plummer, T. Efq. Peckham 
 
 Polworth, J. Buckingham-gate 
 
 Poiifett, Mr. Hackney 
 
 Poole, Mr. St. Giles's 
 
 Popjov, T- Frome 
 
 Popjoy, N. 9, Caflie-ftreet, Borough ^ 
 
 Popplewell, J. Hull 
 
 Popplewell, Shepherd, HuU 
 
 Porter, Mr. Thrapfton 
 
 Potticar\', Rev. J. Newport, Ifle of Wight 
 
 Powis, Mifs E. Crofs-ftreet, Ncwington-butt* 
 
 Prentice, M. Stowmarket 
 
 Prentice, S. Bungay, Suffolk 
 
 Prefton, T. Miles's-lane 
 
 Prcfton, Mrs. 
 
 Prefcott, Mifs, Old-ftreet-road 
 
 Pretyman, Mr. Towcr-ftreet 
 
 Pricharil, W. Bookfeller, Derby, 3 copies 
 
 Pritt, W. Wood-ftrcet, Cheapfide 
 
 Princep, Mr. Leadcnhall-ftreet 
 
 Prieftley, Rev. W. Deal 
 
 Profit, A. London 
 
 Pullen, E. I i;. Tabernacle-walk 
 
 Purdue, J. Excife-oflice 
 
 Pyrke, J. 404, Strand, a copies 
 
 R. 
 
 Rainier, J. Hackney 
 
 Ralph, J. T. Swithin's-lane 
 
 Ramfden, H. Brook-ftreet, Holborn 
 
 Raney, Captain L 
 
 Rankin, Thomas 
 
 Rathburne, A. Manchefter 
 
 Rawlings, T. Efq. I'adftow 
 
 Rawfon, Mr. Nottingham 
 
 Rav, J. Wcodbridge 
 
 Ray, Rev. J.RL Sudbury 
 
 Ravbout, Mr. 
 
 Reading Society at Kidderminftcr 
 
 Reed, Mary 
 
 Renton, J.Hoxton-fields 
 
 Renard, INIr. 22, Devonfliire-ftreet 
 
 Reynolds, Rev. J. Hoxton-fquare 
 
 Rc'vner,J. Shacklewell, 2 copio 
 
 Rhodes, Mrs. 54, Upper John-ftreet 
 
 Rickworth, Mrs. Kighlcy 
 
 Richards, Rev. J. Hull 
 
 Rider, Mrs. INIary, Reading, 2 copies 
 
 Rino, Mr. Reading 
 
 Rivington,Meir. St. Paul's Church-yard, 7Copies 
 
 Rix, N. Blunderftone 
 
 Robv, Rev. W. Mancheder, 4 copiei 
 
 Robmfon, S. Efq. Surry-ftreet, Blackfnars 
 
 Robinfon, J. Hull 
 
 Robinfon, Rev. J. Lciccftcr, 2 copies 
 
 Roberts, Mr. jun. Spa-fields 
 
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 Roberts, J. W. 
 
 Roberts,]. Efq. Huddersfield 
 
 Roberton, Mr. Wooler 
 
 Roffev, Mrs. Lincoln's-inn- fields 
 
 Roocis, Elizabeth, Abingdon 
 
 Rohleder, Conrad, Charles-ftreet, Mile-end 
 
 Rofs, A. Aberdeen 
 
 Rofb, Mr. Bengal 
 
 Rofs, Mr. Rocheftcr
 
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 Rotton, G. Frome 
 
 Rotluvell, Mr. Manchefter 
 
 Kowes, Mifs, Caernmrthen 
 
 Row, Mr. Kingiland 
 
 Rouell, W. jun. Greenwich 
 
 lliidge, Mr. SiroucI 
 
 Rugg, H. vSt. Paul's Church-yard 
 
 Rult, W. Hull 
 
 Ruirell, R. Kirkcaldy, N. B. 
 
 Ryland, Rev. John, D. D. Briftol 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabine, Rev. J. Uley 
 
 Sabine, W. Jilington 
 
 Sackett, H. Rothcrhithe 
 
 Saddington, T. 147, Miiiories 
 
 Sael, G. Bookfeller, Strand, 7 copies 
 
 Saffray, Rev. Mr. Saliibiiry 
 
 Saint(bury,J. Bear-ftr. Blackfriars-road, 7 copies 
 
 Saltrep, Rev. J. Bridporf, 8 copies 
 
 Sampfon, S. 55, Bread-ftreet 
 
 Sanders, S. Worcefter 
 
 Savill, J. London 
 
 Savage, J. Kingfland 
 
 Savage, S. Bethnal-green-road 
 
 Saunders, J. Plymouth 
 
 Scalcherd, T. Hull 
 
 Scholfield, Mr. 
 
 Schneider, J. H. Bow-lane 
 
 Schneider, J. Holborn 
 
 Schoolbred, J. Efq. Mark-lane 
 
 Scott, S. Bungay 
 
 Scott, Mr. Deptford 
 
 Scott, John, 63, Cornhill 
 
 Scott, J. Efq. Bengal 
 
 Scott, Rev. J. Matlock 
 
 Scott, D. Efq. India-houfe 
 
 Seares, Mrs. Worcefter- ftreet, Southwark 
 
 Sealing, T. Hull 
 
 Sedcoie, Rev. W. Swanage, near Poole 
 
 Self, J. Efq. Trowbridge 
 
 Sell,E.Bankfide 
 
 Sergeant, Mrs. F. Melton Rofs 
 
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 Severn, Benjamin 
 
 Shaw, B. Efq. Lavender-hill, Surry 
 
 Shaw, T. Stoke Newington 
 
 Shaw, Mr. Wilftead-ftreet, Sonners-town 
 
 Shaw, J. Counter-ftreet, Borough 
 
 Sharp, G. Temple 
 
 SherrifF, A. Efq. Leith 
 
 Sheppard, Rev. C. Bath 
 
 Sheppard, J. Efq. Lambeth 
 
 Sheppard, Rev. W. Wrentham 
 
 Shenftone, W. Standyford, Wolverhampton 
 
 Shepherd, S. W. Plymouth 
 
 Shepherd, Mr, Hull 
 
 ShirrefF, R. Efq. Leith 
 Shirreff, A. Pancras-lane 
 Shrubfole, E. Efq. Sheernefs, Kent 
 Shrubfole, VV. Old-ftreet-road 
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 Simkins, J. Frome 
 Simpfon, Mr. Newgate-ftreet 
 Simpfon, Rev. D. Macclesfield 
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 Simpfon, Mr. Broker, RatclifF-highway 
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 Sims, W.jun. 
 Sims, James 
 Sims, Samuel 
 Sims, Jacob 
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 Singer, Mifs, Weftbury Leigh 
 Skinner, W. Efq. Briftol 
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 Slatterie, Rev. J. Chatham 
 Sloper, Rev. Mr. Plymouth 
 Sloper, Rev. R. Devizes 
 Slunn, J. Chriftchurch 
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 Smith, Rev. W. Biddeford 
 Smith, G. Lovel's-court, Pater-nofter-row, 
 
 2 copies 
 Smith, Rev. Mr. Eagle-ftreet 
 Smith, J. 2, Riche's-court, Lime-ftreet 
 Smith, Mr. 8. Colebrook-row, Iflington 
 Smith and Son, Howden, Yorkfliire 
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 Smith, A. Uley 
 
 Smith, J. Efq. Bradford, Wilts 
 Smith, Mr. Pitt-ftreet, St. George's-fields 
 Smith, J. Glafgow 
 Smith, Mr. Newgate-ftreet 
 Smith, T. Margaret- ftreet 
 Smith, W. Green Park-ftreet, Bath 
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 Smith, J. Gutter-lane 
 Smithers, H. Efq. Wandfworth 
 Snowden, John, M. D. Stroud 
 Somerville, Rev. J. Branftou 
 Southern, A. Wiikersfield 
 Southgate, Mifs, 9, Hatton -garden 
 Stagg, ^lifs 
 Stevens, T. Bildeftone 
 Sterne, Mr. Sheernefs, Kent
 
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 Steinjmetz, William 
 
 Stewart, W. Manchefter 
 
 Stewart, R. Manchefter 
 
 Steptoe, P. Thorpe 
 
 Stewart, Dr. Phyfician, Edinburgh, 2 copies 
 
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 Stevenfon, J.jun. 
 
 Stevens, Rev. W. Bingley, Yorkfliire 
 
 Stevens, W. Three Crown-court, Borough 
 
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 Steell, Lieut, G. Madras, India 
 
 Stiff, T. 13, New-ftreet, Covent-garden 
 
 Stokes, Martin, Chriftcliurch 
 
 Stokes, Henry, Hattoa-garden, 9 copies 
 
 Stonham, D. Rye 
 
 Storche, P. John-flreet, Tottenham -court-road 
 
 Strange, J. Bifliopfgate-ftreet 
 
 Strange, W. ditto 
 
 Stuart, C. Efq. M. D. Edinburgh, 2 copies 
 
 Sturgefs, Mr. Sheernefs 
 
 Studd, Mrs. E. Woodbridge 
 
 Studd, Captain Edward 
 
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 Such, Rev. J. Brentwood 
 
 Sunderland, J. Wakefield 
 
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 Sutcliif, Mr. Stroud, Kent 
 
 Symes, J. by Rev. J. Saltren 
 
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 Spencer, J. Taplow 
 
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 U. 
 
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 Underwood, Mr. Butt-lane, Deptford 
 
 Upper Oflbry, Earl of 
 
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 \'andcrkemp, Dr. Hague 
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 Vcnables, W. Woburn, Bucks 
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 W. 
 
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 Wathen, R. Walfall
 
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 Watkins, J. Lamb's Conduit.'ftreet, y copies 
 
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 Watfon, S. ^wanland 
 
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 Waylen, R. jun. Devizes 
 
 Way, J. Efq. Lincoln- inn-fields 
 
 Waymouth, H. Efq. Batterfea 
 
 Webfter, D. London 
 
 Webber, J. Efq. Bnrrow's-buildings 
 
 Webb, J. Printer, Bedford 
 
 Webfter, J. St. John's, Bungay 
 
 W'ede, Mr. 
 
 Wede, J. 
 
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 Wells, N. near Bofton 
 
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 ^^■iIkinfon, IMrs. Snow -hill 
 
 Wickenden, IMr. 78, Cornhill 
 
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 Wilkinfon, W. Tabernacle-row 
 
 Wilkinfon, Rev. Mr. Leicefter, 3 copies 
 
 Wilks, Rev.M. Old-ftreet-road 
 
 Willack, W. KingOand 
 
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 Williams, Rev. E. Rotherham 
 
 Williams, Lieut. Col. Royal Cornifli 
 
 \N'ills, T. Briftol 
 
 Wilmhurft, f. Reading 
 
 V\'ilniot, Mrs. Bath 
 
 Wilmot, B. High-ftreet, Borough 
 
 Wilkins, Rev. J. ^ 
 
 Wilfon, J. Kn'iglitfbridge 
 
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 Wilfon, D. Hull ^' 
 
 Wilfon, R. Hanley 
 
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 Whittingbam, Rev. R. Everton 
 
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 Wollin, Mr, Fetter-lane 
 
 Wood, J. 55, Minories 
 
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 Wood, Mrs. Colchefter 
 
 Wood, S. Efq. Brighton 
 
 Wolfe, Mr. Haymarket 
 
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 Woodham, S. Feltham 
 
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 Wright, Mr. jun. ditto 
 
 Wygram, W. Brighton 
 
 Yockney, S. Bedford-ftreet, Covent-garden 
 Young, J, Bear-fl:reet, Leicefter-fquare 
 Young, T. Falkirk, Scotland 
 
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