THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 mm 
 
 AND OTHER 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 IN THE EAST OF CORNWALL. 
 
 J. T. BLIGHT. 
 
 Launceston Castle. 
 
 LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO. DUBLIN : HODGES AND SMITH. 
 PENZANCE : F. T. VIBERT. 
 
 1858.
 
 C8I2::, 
 
 TO 
 HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS, 
 
 ALBEET, 
 PEINGE OF WALES, AND DUKE OF CORNWALL, 
 
 THESE 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ANTIQUITIES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Buc!)i} of ffiomtoall, 
 
 ARE, 
 BT THE PERMISSION OF 
 
 HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 
 
 HUMBLY DEDICATED, 
 
 BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S 
 LOYAL, FAITHFUL, AND DEVOTED SERVANT, 
 
 JOHN T. BLIGHT. 
 Penzance, 
 
 September, 1858. 
 
 H:)7,:?>iq
 
 Tintadgel; locally called King Arthur's Castle. 
 
 AIL ! Prince and Duke ! no happier name 
 Than thine, amid our hills can stand, 
 
 To blend Old England's antique fame, 
 With castled Cornwall's rocky land ! 
 
 Thy Plume, our banner of the West, 
 
 The blind Bohemia's faithful crest ! 
 
 II, 
 
 Void was the land in days of yore. 
 Of warrior-deed and minstrel-song : 
 
 The unknown rivers sought the shore, 
 The nameless billows roU'd along : — 
 
 Till Arthur, and the Table-round, 
 
 Made stern Tintadgel storied ground ! 
 
 III. 
 
 Then shone the days of spear and shield : 
 When Cornwall's Duke was England's pride ! 
 
 He won, on Creci's distant field. 
 
 The spurs that gleam'd on Tamar-side : 
 
 The wreath, at dark Poictiers he wore. 
 
 Was heather from our Cornish shore !
 
 Spell of the past, thy knightly name, 
 May -well the thrilling days recall, 
 
 When heroes fought their fields of fame. 
 And minstrels chanted in the hall 
 
 Till the last trophy stood, alone, 
 
 Yon Syrian Cross in Cornish stone ! 
 
 V. 
 
 P>nt lo ! the hills with grass are bright ! 
 
 The valleys flow with rippling corn : 
 Tall cliffs that guard the couch of night, 
 
 Greet with calm smile the lip of morn : 
 And, revelling in his sunnner-caves, 
 Old ocean laughs Avith all his waves !* 
 
 VI. 
 
 Plail ! Heir of Thrones ! beneath thy smile, 
 "We bend, where once our fathers bent : 
 
 And gather, with a shadowy toil, 
 Stones for a nation's monument ! 
 
 Our kindling spell for Hope and Fame, 
 
 Duke of the West ! thy native name ! 
 
 Is Tiot all tlie imagery of this striking; passage drawn from the ear ? 
 
 '^^'^S 
 
 

 
 
 Contente, 
 
 1 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 
 Crosses continued : — 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Wayside Crosses. 
 
 
 Forrabury 
 
 . 13 
 
 
 
 Gerrans Churchyard 
 
 . 48 
 
 Crosses:-^ 
 
 PAGE 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 
 
 Grampound 
 
 . 63 
 
 Agnes, St., Churchyard 
 Blisland ^ 
 
 . 16 
 
 . 24 
 
 Keyne, St., Churchyard 
 
 Laneast 
 
 . 50 
 . 54 
 
 Blisland 
 
 . 45 
 
 Lanherne ... 
 
 . 31 
 
 Blisland, Lavethan 
 
 . 5 
 
 Lanhydrock Churchyard 
 
 . 34 
 
 Blisland, Lavethan 
 
 . 18 
 
 Lanivet Churchyard 
 
 12 
 
 Blisland, Lavethan ... 
 
 . 56 
 
 Lanivet Churchyard 
 
 . 28 
 
 Blisland, Peverell's Cross 
 
 . 25 
 
 Lanivet, Fenton Pits 
 
 . 3 
 
 Blisland, Trewardale 
 
 . 5 
 
 Lanivet, St., Ingongor 
 
 4 
 
 Blisland village 
 
 . 43 
 
 Lanivet, Tremoor Cross 
 
 6 
 
 Boconnoc 
 
 . 11 
 
 Linkinhorne 
 
 20 
 
 Boconnoc, Cross on Druid's Hill . 
 
 22 
 
 Lanteglos by Camelford, Rectory 
 
 
 Bodmin, near Berry-tower 
 
 . 38 
 
 grounds 
 
 . 9 
 
 Bodmin Church, head of Gothic Cros 
 
 s 6o 
 
 Lanteglos by Camelford, Rectory 
 
 
 Callington Churchyard 
 
 62 
 
 grounds 
 
 . 32 
 
 Cardynham 
 
 26 
 
 Lanteglos by Fowey 
 
 61 
 
 Cardynham, Deviock 
 
 39 
 
 Launceston, Churchyard 
 
 64 
 
 Cardynham, Treslay 
 
 40 
 
 Mabyn, St., Tredethy 
 
 60 
 
 Cardynham, Treslay Down 
 
 14 
 
 Mawgan in Pydar, Churchyard 
 
 59 
 
 Clear's, St., Well, Cross by 
 
 . 47 
 
 Mawgan in Pydar, Mawgan Cross . 
 
 53 
 
 Columb, St., Major 
 
 10 
 
 Michael, St., Penkivel 
 
 52 
 
 Columb, St., Major, Churchyard 
 
 . 30 
 
 Minver, St. 
 
 55 
 
 Columb, St., Minor 
 
 54 
 
 Perranzabuloe 
 
 27 
 
 Dennis, St., Churchyard 
 
 21 
 
 Polruan Cross 
 
 57 
 
 Duloe, Persent Cross near 
 
 51 
 
 Roche Churchyard 
 
 19 
 
 Egloshayle 
 
 13 
 
 Sheviock, Crafthole 
 
 65 
 
 Egloshayle Churchyard 
 
 35 
 
 Sheviock, Stump Cross . . . . 
 
 49 
 
 Egloshayle, Washaway .... : 
 
 36 
 
 Stythians 
 
 42 
 
 Enodock, St. ... 
 
 18 
 
 Stythians, Vicarage grounds . . .. 
 
 44 
 
 Ewe, St. 
 
 65 
 
 Temple Moor 
 
 29 
 
 Feock Churchyard 
 
 41 
 
 Tintagel, Bossiney . . . . 
 
 17
 
 Crosses contimtcd : — page 
 
 Tintagel, Vicarage garden . • 56 
 
 Tywardreth, Mcnabilly 1-5 
 
 Tywardreth, Trcgaminion 14 
 
 Wadebridge, White Cross, near .... 7 
 
 Winnow, St., Respryn . . 8 
 
 A List of Crosses to be found in Corn- 
 wall, but not illustrated in this work 66 
 
 Holy-wells, remarks on .... 68 
 
 Austell, St.,Well-Chapel,Menacuddle 94 
 
 Breward, St., Holy-well .... 88 
 
 Cardynham, Holy-well 83 
 
 Cleer, St., Well of 95 
 
 Crantock, Well of St. Carantocus . . 81 
 
 Dominick, St., Holy-well .... 78 
 Dominick, St., Dupath Well or 
 
 Baptistery 97 
 
 Keyne, St., Well of 90 
 
 Laneast, Holy-well . . 85 
 
 Madron Well 100 
 
 Minver, St., Jesus' Well 87 
 
 Morwenstow, St. John's Well .... 82 
 
 Pelynt, St. Nun's Well . . 79 
 
 Rialton Priory, Well at 99 
 
 Roche, Holy-well 86 
 
 Ruan's, St., Well . . 80 
 
 Ancient Chapels, remarks on .... 102 
 
 Bude, Chapel-rock . . 105 
 
 Buryan, St., Chapel of St. Eloy 108 
 
 Michael, St., the Archangel, Penkivel, 
 
 the Church of 104 
 
 Roche Rock and Hermitage . . 106 
 
 Ruins of Temple Church .... 109 
 
 Rialton Priory, St. Columb Minor .. 110 
 
 Rocks at Kilmarth 129 
 
 Bude Breakwater, from a drmcing page 
 by Sir T. D. Acland, Bart Ill 
 
 Germans, St., Church .... 
 
 Minver, St., Chapel of St. Michael 
 FoJits, Piscina;, Church Carvings, S^c. 
 Bodmin Church, Piscina in 
 Crantock Church, Font in .... 
 
 Germans, St., Church, Miserere Seat 
 
 96 
 89 
 
 116 
 
 114 
 
 120 
 118 
 117 
 118 
 
 Morwenstow Church, Bosses in 
 Morwenstow Church, Carving in ... . 
 [Morwenstow Church, Corbels in 
 Morwenstow Church, Font in. Legend 
 
 of St. Morwenna 112 
 
 Morwenstow Church, Piscina in . 115 
 Morwenstow Church, rovapiov or 
 
 Pitchpipe in .... 117 
 
 Morwenstow Church, Stem of carved 
 
 Vine in 122 
 
 Celtic, Druidical, and Roman Remains. 
 Inscribed Stones, remarks on ..124 
 Blisland, Druidic Circle .... 131 
 Cardynham, Inscribed Stone at Well- 
 Town 126 
 
 Cleer, St., " Other half stone " . . 128 
 
 Cleer, St., Trevethy Cromleh 130 
 
 Clements, St., Inscribed Stone .. 125 
 Columb, St., Lower, Cinerary Urn 
 
 found at .... 132 
 
 Fowey, Inscribed Stone, Castledour, 
 near .... 127 
 
 Linkinhorne, Cheesewring 123 
 
 Lanlivery, Fallen Cromleh .... 131 
 
 Lanteglos, Inscribed Stone .. 126 
 
 Villages, Ancient British .... 133 
 
 The notes alluding to vol. 1, found on some pages of this book, refer to " Ancient Crosses, &c. 
 in the West of Cornwall," published in 1856.
 
 r^ 
 
 ^iitroimrtiiHL 
 
 Si 
 
 m^^ 
 
 ^■^^ ItI favourable reception of the Author's attempt to preserve, by 
 
 <?W,;'-iJ^O means of pictorial representation, the Crosses and other Antiquities 
 
 in West Cornwall, has induced him to prepare a similar illustration 
 'y'^^A^C-i^ of those which — though comparatively less numerous — still exist in the 
 
 ^ eastern part of the county. 
 
 ^^^■ly,^ From the wooded banks of the Tamar to the rugged cliffs of the 
 
 western shore, these monuments of primitive Christianity yet remain, — 
 
 ji^ mute, but suggestive objects, — by the village well, in the churchyard, by 
 
 '^-l/.-'X the lonely wayside, on the barren moor, and near the sites of Druidic or 
 
 Patriarchal worship. Connected as they are with the early introduction of the 
 
 Christian faith into this land, they cannot fail to interest the secular as well as 
 
 the ecclesiastical antiquary. 
 
 Introductory remarks relating to the purposes and uses of such monuments having 
 been given in the former volume, it will be unnecessary to repeat them in this place ; 
 it may, however, be added, that Crosses were frequently placed at the meeting of four 
 roads ; *' the cross roads of the idolatrous Cornish, were held sacred by the vulgar, 
 for many ages after the introduction of Christianity ; "* and for this reason, probably, 
 when stone Crosses were erected as symbols of the new religion, they were fixed by 
 the early Christians at places regarded sacred by the heathen. Crosses are also fre- 
 quently to be met with in the vicinity of our ancient religious houses : in the 
 neighbourhood of Bodmin they are particularly numerous, and seem to point to 
 that place as having been a seat of ecclesiastical authority.f In no other portion 
 * Pohchele's Hist, of Cornwall, vol. i., p. 65. 
 
 ■f- •< — the existence of the monastery of Saint Tetrock at Bodmin can be traced back with almost 
 absolute certainty to a period but little short of the reign of King .Ethclstan, when the Cornish 
 bishoprick is supposed to have originated, and traditionally even to a much higher date."— PtY/ZtT's 
 Episcopate of Cornicall, p. 03.
 
 of the county are they equally numerous, except in West Penwith ; indeed, the 
 practice of erecting Crosses seems to have been more generally observed in the 
 western parts of Cornwall, which were reclaimed from paganism by the Irish 
 Missionaries ; — but the inhabitants of the northern coast having been converted by 
 the Welsh Saints, few of these ancient symbols of the Christian religion are found 
 in that part of the county. 
 
 The form of the Cross most prevalent in Cornwall, is a shaft surmounted by a round 
 head, on which a Greek Cross stands in relief. Another form consists of a round head 
 with the extremities of three arms of the cross pattee extending beyond the circular 
 outlines of the head. Supposing the last mentioned variety pierced in the interspaces 
 between the arms of the cross, we have the four-holed cross ; see pp. 28, 29, and 30 : 
 this form is occasionally seen by the road-side, but more frequently in churchyards. 
 Another form is a shaft surmounted by a cross pattee, such as the four-holed variety 
 would appear if deprived of the segments of the ring connecting the arms of the cross ; 
 the only example of the kind met with is in the churchyard, Lanhydrock ; p. 34. 
 
 Crosses of the Latin form are less numerous. 
 
 Some of the Crosses are ornamented either with scroll-work, or with some symbolic 
 device ; thus the Cross in St. Columb churchyard bears the trefoil, a well-known 
 symbol of the Trinity. The fleur-de-lis carved on the Cross at Washaway, near 
 Bodmin (p. 36), is the invariable emblem of the Virgin : this is the only example in 
 the county. The wayside Crosses in the west of Cornwall usually bear on one side a 
 figure, intended to represent the crucified Christ,* this is not found on those in the 
 eastern ])art.| 
 
 The ancient Baptisteries and Holy-wells also form an interesting class of Antiquities 
 in Cornwall. Many springs, which from their principal ingredient, are called chaly- 
 beate, are said to have been recognised as possessing medicinal qualities and peculiar 
 virtues at a very remote period ; the modes of divination practised at these places 
 originated before the introduction of Christianity, and some remnants of these customs 
 
 * In all the monuments where the figure of Christ is given, the head inclines towards the right. 
 " Tliis declination of the head of our Blessed Lord toward the right shoulder, is in strict 
 fulfilment of the unvarjing tradition, that when he said, rfrtXtorai, it is finished, his head was 
 bowed down towards this right shoulder, and the right hand of the Cross, and so in and with that 
 gesture he rendered up his soul. It is in memorial of this well known fact, that so many ancient 
 Churches arc built with a bend of the chancel in that direction, — and this is very evident in 
 Morwenstow Church."— MS., U.S. II. 
 
 t One exffiitidn only to tl.ifs statement has been met with — the Cross by the wayside near 
 Mawgan Chinch, ji. ijIJ.
 
 have been handed down even to the present time ; such superstitions do not, however, 
 apply to all, as many were used only as Baptisteries in connexion with the Churches 
 near which they were situated. 
 
 Many interesting objects of Antiquity are destroyed through ignorance, by the 
 cultivators of the soil, whilst making agricultural improvements, and by the extended 
 operations of mining, — and, as little care is taken to preserve them, it is hoped that 
 this work may be the more acceptable, as in a few years, in all likelihood, many, 
 which are represented on the following pages, will either have been removed from 
 their original sites or totally destroyed. For the purpose of obtaining accurate 
 drawings of those noticed in this volume, the Author travelled through the county in 
 the summer of 1856 ; each object, therefore, is from a sketch made on the spot. He 
 is, however, indebted to a few friends for valuable information relating to these remains, 
 particidarly to Mr. H. A. Crozier, late of Penzance, and to Mr. T. Q. Couch, of 
 Bodmin : to the latter for accurate drawings of Crosses, &c., in the neighbourhood 
 of his residence. 
 
 The legends and poetical illustrations which enrich these pages are the kind con- 
 tributions of a literary friend ; and they scarcely require the initial letters of his 
 name to point out the native hand whose numbers have often awakened the " Echoes 
 of Old Cornwall."
 
 Jtniijiiiiie Crn.a.afH. 
 
 
 )HEEE was a time -vvhen the total territory of the west, between the right-hand 
 bank of the Tamar and the Severn Sea, was one wide, wild, stretch of rocky- 
 moorland ; broken, Avith masses of granite, and flashing, here and there, with 
 a solitary stream. Neither landmarks, nor fences, bounded or severed the bold, 
 free, and untravelled Cornish domain. Wheel-tracks in old Cornwall there were 
 none, but there were strange and narrow paths across the moorlands, which, the 
 forefathers said, in their simplicity, Avere first traced by Angels' feet. These, in 
 truth, were trodden and worn by religious men : by the Pilgrim, as he paced his 
 way towards his chosen and votive bourne : or by the Palmer, whose listless 
 footsteps had neither a fixed Kebla, nor future al)ode. Dimly visible, by the 
 darker hue of the crushed grass, these strait and narrow roads led the traveller along 
 from one Hermitage to another Chapelry, or distant and inhabited Cave : or the 
 byeways turned aside to reach some legendary spring, until at last, far, far away, 
 the winding track stood still upon the shore, where St. Michael of the Mount rebuked 
 the Dragon, from his throne of rock above the seething sea. But what was the 
 Avanderer's guide along the bleak unpeopled surface of the Cornish moor ? The 
 Wayside Cross ! From mound to mound ; from rifted rock to lofty hill ; there stood 
 in solemn stone the trophy of old Syria, above some scene of battle, some Saint's or 
 Warrior's grave, to be the soothing signal of the solitude, the welcome beacon of the 
 Avayfaring man. It Avas a frequent vow among the men of eastern England to make 
 pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Michael of the West ; — 
 
 " Where the great vision of the guarded Mount 
 Looks toward Namancos and Bayona's hold ;" 
 
 and so it Avas that from the fords of the Tamar, to the Archangel's stone, those 
 Crosses of the Wayside, on the lonely heath and the distant hill, became the guides 
 and the guardians ol" their AvcstAvard course. 
 
 It
 
 ir ,' 

 
 FENTON riTS, LANIVET. 
 
 Height, 7 feet 4 inches ; hreadth, 2 feet 1 inch. 
 
 There is another Cross by the road-side near the above, and very similar to it, height 2 feet 
 8 inches ; a portion of the shaft has evidently been broken off.
 
 i^- 
 
 J^^ 
 
 w 
 
 ST. INGONGAR, OR INCONGAK, LANIVET. 
 
 This Cross stands by the road-side. — Height, 3 feet 10 inches; breadth, 1 foot 10 inches. 
 
 Another similar to this has been removed from the road above the adjacent farm-house, and now 
 forms part of the garden-hedge. These Crosses, and the two particularized on the preceding 
 page, are within a short distance of each other: their presence would indicate that some 
 religious building once stood in this neighbourhood. Lysons states, "At St. Congar, in this 
 parish, said to have been in ancient times the residence of a hermit, was a chapel and well, 
 dedicated to that saint." — Cortucall, p. 175.
 
 LA.VETIIAN, DLISLAND. 
 
 This Cross originally stood on the Blisland Moor, — removed for preservation. 
 
 TREWAHDALE, BLISLAND. 
 
 Height, 3 feet 7 inches; breadth, 1 foot 10 inches. 
 This Cross now stands on a hedge in the garden grounds at Trewardale ; it formerly stood by the 
 road-side near the entrance to this seat ; a pedestal of a Cross built into the hedge by the way- 
 side probably belonged to it.
 
 TKF.MOOR CROSS 
 
 Stands at the junction of roads near the village of Tremoor, Lanivet. 
 Height, 3 feet 3 inches ; breadth, 2 feet 1 incli.
 
 "WHITE-CKOSS, NEAR "VVADEBRIDGE. 
 
 This has given the name of White-cross to the village in which it stands. 
 
 Height, 4 feet 2 inches ; breadth, 1 foot 8 inches. 
 
 (Reverse, — the same.)
 
 RESPRYN, ST. WINNOW. 
 
 Height, 4 feet; breadth, 2 feet 3 inches. 
 
 There was formerly a chapel at Respryn, dedicated to St. Martin,* to which this Cross 
 may have had some relation. 
 
 The following is from Thomas Q. Couch, Esq. : — " This Cross serves as a boundary-mark, and it 
 is the custom to visit it yearly, dig round it, and throw some earth on its top. There is no 
 doubt that on Perambulation or Rogation day, it was a religious ceremony, and that at certain 
 parts of the parish limits the boundary-stone was a cross, where a litany was read, and an 
 exhortation given. Brand mentions a sermon preached at Blandford Forum, 1570, by William 
 Kethe, minister, in which it is said of the catholics, that they had in Rogation week, their 
 ' Gospells at superstitious Crosses, deck'd like idols.' " — Brand's Pop. Atitiq., vol. 1, p. 199. 
 Bohn's edition. 
 
 • Lysons, p. 328. Vugdale's Monast., vol. 1, p. 586.
 
 RECTORY GROUNDS, LANTEGLOS, NEAR CAMELFORD. 
 
 Height, 5 feet ; breadth, 1 foot 9 inches. 
 Removed from the highway, and placed in its present situation for preservation.
 
 ST. COLUMB MAJOR. 
 
 Height, 5 feet 6 inches ; breadth, 2 feet; 1 foot thick. 
 
 This Cross stands without the clmrch-yard wall at St. Columb ; it evidently bore an inscription, 
 which is now almost entirely obliterated : this stone has recently been used as a gate-post. 
 
 10
 
 \:^si^*' 
 
 BOCONNOC. 
 
 Height, 7 feet. 
 
 This Cross was removed from Lanlivery, and placed on a double hexagonal pedestal by the Hon. 
 G. M. Fortescue. The inscription on it is as follows : — 
 
 " This relick of a rude but pious age was placed here and inscribed with the loved and honoured 
 name of Wm. Wyndham, Lord Grenville, by his grateful nephew G. M. F. MDCCCXL." 
 
 The Cross cut on the reverse side is very similar to the vignette given in the Introduction to 
 vol. 1, p, v. 
 
 11 
 
 #
 
 LANIVET CHURCH-YARI). 
 
 Height, 9 feet ; breadth at base, 1 foot 8 inches. 
 
 Near the base of the shaft, on the reverse side, is carved a Cross with the upper part enclosed 
 in a circle. 
 
 12
 
 1. — EGLOSHAYLE. 
 
 Height about 3 feet 6 inches. 
 
 2. — FORRABURY. 
 
 Outside the Church-yard wall. 
 
 Height, 5 feet 7 inches ; breadth, 1 foot 4 inches. 
 
 (Reverse, — a Greek Cross.) 
 
 13
 
 TREGAMENION, NEAR MENABILLY, TYWARDRETH. 
 
 Height, 2 feet 3 inches; breadth, 1 foot 9 inches. 
 
 y'0■^^- 
 
 
 •^> ! 
 
 
 TRESLEY DOWN, CAKDYNHAM. 
 
 Height, 1 foot 8 inches ; breadth, 1 foot 7 inches. 
 (Reverse,— the same.) 
 
 14
 
 MENAIULLY. 
 
 Height, 3 feet 4 inches; breadth, 2 feet. 
 
 This Cross was removed to Menabilly from the road-side, where it formed a boundary-mark 
 between the parishes of St. Sampsonand Lanlivcry. 
 
 15
 
 
 ST. AGNES CHURCH-YAKD. 
 
 Height, 5 feet ; breadth, 1 foot 8 inches. 
 This Cross was originally used to rest coffins on, previous to their being taken into the church. 
 
 16
 
 ./Tr^ 
 
 NEAK BOSSINNEY, TINTAGEL. 
 
 Height, 4 feet 6 inches ; breadth, 1 foot 8 inches. 
 
 17
 
 ^7-^^ 
 
 ST, ENODOCK CHAPEL-YARU. 
 
 ^''S'$i 
 
 
 LAVETHAN, BLISLAND. 
 
 Removed from the Blisland Moors, and placed in its present situation for preservation. 
 
 18
 
 ROCHE CHURCH-YARD. 
 
 Height, 7 feet 8 inches; breadth, 2 feet 4 inches. 
 (Reverse, — the same.) 
 
 19
 
 LINKINHORNE. 
 
 This Cross, known by the name of the " Longstone," stands on a barren heath near the 
 " Hurlers," a Druidic circle in the parish of Linkinhorne. 
 
 Height, 9 feet 8 inches ; breadth at base, 2 feet. 
 (Reverse, — the same.) 
 
 20
 
 ST. DENNIS CHURCH-YARD. 
 
 Height, 5 feet 10 inches. 
 
 On the opposite face are two circular depressions between the lower angles of the cross. These 
 marks are similar to those on the Cross in the contiguous parish of Roche, p. 19. 
 
 21
 
 DRUID S HILL, BOCONNOC, ST. WINNOW. 
 
 Height of Cross and shaft, 11 feet; height of pedestal, 3 feet 10 inches. 
 The height of this monument, including the steps, is about 18 feet. 
 
 22
 
 On the west side of the pedestal is the following inscription : — 
 
 ON THIS HILL 
 
 ONCE THE SITE OF DRUID IDOLATRY 
 
 AND IN LATER TIMES 
 
 THE SCENE OF CIVIL BLOODSHED 
 
 THIS ANCIENT SYMBOL 
 
 OF THE HOLY RELIGION OF THE REDEEMER 
 
 IS ERECTED 
 
 IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
 
 OF THE BLESSINGS OF A PURE FAITH 
 
 AND OF A PEACEFUL COUNTRY 
 
 MDCCCXLVI 
 
 " The name of the black heath, on which stands this cross, a conspicuous object for miles 
 around, and the numerous barrows in its neighbourhood, show it to have been a high place of 
 Celtic superstition, and at another time to have been witness of some cruel warfare. Here 
 too in later times passed many a hard blow between Royalist and Parliamentarian : — and it is 
 impossible while looking from this reverend monument over the same ground, with all its 
 associations, without being impressed with the same gratitude that prompted the inscription on 
 its pedestal. 
 
 " In a picturesque valley near the house, and near the oak (now blasted) where Gray sat and 
 meditated, is another cross of this variety : both were removed to their present position from 
 Lanlivery."* 
 
 • MS.— Mr. T. Q. Couch. 
 
 23
 
 BLISLAND. 
 
 Height, 2 feet 4 inches; breadth, 2 feet 1 inch. 
 
 This Cross is placed by the road-side a short distance from Blisland village ; it is said to have 
 stood on or near St. Pratt's or St. Prato's Well, which formerly existed in this parish. The 
 shaft of this Cross was much longer. 
 
 (Reverse, — the same.) 
 
 24
 
 PEVEllELL S CROSS, BLISLAND. 
 
 This is now built into a hedge near Pounds Conse, on the road from Bodmin to Temple ; near 
 it is a rugged peak called St. Bellarmin's Tor, on the summit of which are the ruins of a 
 chapel and well. 
 
 25
 
 
 CARDYNHAM. 
 
 These portions of Crosses are built into the chancel-wall of Cardynham church. 
 
 1. — 1 foot 8 inches in diameter. 
 
 2. — Height, 3 feet 2 inches ; breadth, 2 feet. 
 
 26
 
 
 PERKANZABULOE. 
 
 Height, 9 feet ; breadth at base, 1 foot 8 inches. 
 
 This Cross stands on the site of the second church. The lower part of the shaft appears to have 
 been sculptured. 
 
 27
 
 LANIVET CJIURCH-YARD. 
 
 This Cross stands at the western end of the church of Lanivet. The reverse side is ornamented 
 in a similar manner. 
 
 Height, 10 feet 6 inches; breadth at base, 1 foot 7 inches. 
 
 23
 
 WAY-SIDE, TEMPLE MOOH. 
 
 Height, 8 feet ; breadth at base, 2 feet. 
 
 Called the " Four-holed Cross," from the four holes pierced through the head ; the upper part is 
 broken off. This Cross is figured in Lysons' " Cornwall " with scroll work sculptured on the 
 broad side of the shaft: this is now obliterated. 
 
 29
 
 CHURCH-YARD, ST. COLUMB MAJOR. 
 
 Height, 3 feet ; breadth, 2 feet 9 inches. 
 The reverse side is ornamented in a similar manner. 
 
 30
 
 
 LANIIERNE. 
 
 This very remarkable Cross was removed several years since from the Chapel Close of the Barton 
 of Roseworthy, in the parish of Gwinear. On the lower part of the shaft, and on the reverse 
 side (represented in the margin) arc inscriptions which appear to be Saxon. 
 
 31
 
 
 W^' 
 
 ST. BREWARD. 
 
 Removed from the church-yard wall to its present situation on the wall adjoining the parish 
 school. 2 feet diameter. 
 
 7f / 
 
 A ^ 
 
 RECTORY GROUNDS, LA.NTEGLOS, NEAR CAMELFORD. 
 
 Placed in its present situation for preservation. 2 feet diameter. 
 
 32
 
 TUEVILLET, TINTAGEL. 
 
 Height, 1 foot 10 inches ; hreadth, 1 foot 2 inches; 6 inches tliick. 
 
 On the reverse side is a Maltese Cross, with the five bosses. This Cross is now used as a post to 
 the garden-gate at Trevillet : it evidently belonged to some religious building. The celebrated 
 water-fall, called St. Nighton's Kieve, is about a quarter of a mile distant. 
 
 33
 
 
 LANHYDROCK CHURCH-YARD. 
 
 Height, 8 feet 4 inches. 
 
 The reverse side of the shaft is ornamented in a similar manner ; the narrow sides also appear to 
 have been carved, but the design is now nearly obliterated. 
 
 34
 
 EGLOSHAYLE CHURCH-YARD. 
 
 Height, 3 feet. 
 
 35
 
 ^^:^" 
 
 W'ASHAWAY, EGLOSHAYLE. 
 
 This Cross is built into the hedge by the road-side ; the head measures 2 feet 3 inches in diameter : 
 the fleur-de-lis carved on the disk is symbolical of the Virgin. 
 
 Mr. T. Q. Couch supposes this to be the cross referred to by Hals in his account of the parish 
 of Egloshayle:* — 
 
 " Those Peverells are especially memorable here by two crosses of raoor-stone in the high-way set 
 up by them, still extant and called Peverell's Crosses. 
 
 " Not far from them is another moor-stone cross, near Mount Charles, called the Prior's Cross, 
 whereon is cut the figure of a hook and a crook, in memory of that privilege and freedom 
 granted by him to the poor of Bodmin, for gathering, for fire-boote and house-boote, such 
 boughs and branches of oak trees in his contiguous wood of Dunmear, as they could reach to 
 or come at with a hook and a crook, without further damage to the trees thereof. From whence 
 arose the Cornish proverb, concerning filching, purloining, or taking another person's goods, 
 overmuch or indirectly, beyond what is allowed them, &c., ' that they will have it by hook or by 
 crook.' " — D. Gilbert's Hist, of Cormcall, vol. 1, p. 368. 
 
 • Willii'f Current Ifotet, 1850. 
 
 36
 
 NEAR BERUY TOWER, BODMIN. 
 
 Height, 4 feet 4 inches ; breadth, 1 foot 7 inches. 
 
 38
 
 DEVIOCK, CARDYNHAM. 
 
 Height, 5 feet ; breadth, 1 foot 9 inches. 
 
 S9
 
 TllESLAY, CARDYNHAM. 
 
 Height, 5 feet ; breadth, 1 foot 10 inches. 
 This Cross stands on a mound by the road-side. 
 
 40
 
 FEOCK CHURCH-YARD. 
 
 Height, 4 feet 1 inch ; breadth, 1 foot 6 inches. 
 
 41
 
 STYTHIANS. 
 
 This Cross stands by the way-side a little to the north of the Church : it has been taken out of 
 the socket near which it stands. On the reverse side is a plain Latin Cross. 
 
 Height, 6 feet ; breadth, 1 foot 9 inches. 
 
 42
 
 AT BLISLAND VILLAGE. 
 
 Height, 4 feet. 
 (The reverse side is similar.) 
 
 43
 
 STYTHIANS. 
 
 Height, 4 feet; breadth, 1 foot 6 inches. 
 
 The reverse side is similar, but in an unfinished state. This Cross was found buried in the 
 churchyard ; it is now preserved in the Vicarage grounds. 
 
 44
 
 
 BLISLAND. 
 
 This Cross stands in a field near Blisland village. 
 Height, 7 feet 6 inches. 
 
 45
 

 
 ST. CLEER. 
 
 This Cross stands by St. Cleer's well. 
 
 Height, 7 feet 2 inches. 
 
 (A similar Cross is cut on the reverse side.) 
 
 47
 
 
 
 IN THE CHUllCHYARD, GElillANS. 
 
 Height, 6 feet 8 inches ; breadth, 2 feet 1 inch. 
 This Cross was formerly used as a coping stone for the churchyard wall. 
 
 During the recent restoration of Gerrans Church, a tombstone, 6 feet 8 inches long, was found 
 with the face downwards, beneath the Rector's pew. A floriated Cross is carved on it in 
 bas-relief; the form of a chalice, or vestment, also appears to have been cut on the stone, 
 indicating that it was erected to the memory of a Priest. It is now preserved in the chancel. 
 
 48
 
 8HEVI0CK. 
 
 Height, 5 feet 6 inches. 
 
 This Cross, known by the name of " Stump Cross," stands on a mound at the junction of roads 
 near the village of Crafthole, in the parish of Sheviock. 
 
 49
 
 ^^*4*'rxi:r 
 
 IN ST. KEYNE CHURCHYARD. 
 
 Height, 4 feet 6 inches. 
 This Cross stands near the southern entrance to the Church. 
 
 50
 
 PERSENT CROSS, NEAR DULOE. 
 
 51
 
 ST. MICHAEL PENKIVEL. 
 
 This Cross stands by the road-side between Malpas and St. Michael Penkivel. 
 Height, 3 feet 3 inches ; height of base, 1 foot 9 inches. 
 
 52
 
 %.U' 
 
 MAWGAN-CROSS, MAWGAN IN PYDAR. 
 
 This Cross is on a hedge at the meeting of four roads, about half-a-mile from Mawgan Church. 
 
 53
 
 
 ^t>^^?<«^^ 
 
 LANEAST. 
 
 This Cross, which appears to be deeply buried, is near the site of the old Parsonage-house. 
 Height above ground, 1 foot 10 inches. 
 
 ST. COLVMB MINOR. 
 
 In a field about half-a-mile from the Church. A Cross of the same form is carved on the reverse side. 
 Height, 3 feet 10 inches ; breadth, 1 foot 3 inches. 
 
 54
 
 CRAFTHOLE, SHEVIOCK. 
 
 Height, 3 feet. 
 
 ST. MINVER. 
 
 In a field on Treglines Farm. 
 Height, 3 feet. 
 
 55
 
 TIXTAGEL. 
 
 Height, 1 foot 6 inches ; breadth, 8 inches. 
 
 This Cross is placed on the hedge in the Vicarage garden : it probably belonged to some religious 
 structure in the neighbourhood, and may have served as a gable cross. 
 
 
 i^» 
 
 LAVETHAN, HLISLAND. 
 
 Removed from the Blisland Moor, and placed in its present site for preservation. 
 
 56
 
 CHURCHYARD, ST. MAWGAN IN PYUAR. 
 
 The accompanying illustration shews the west side of this remarkable Cross, the most elaborate 
 specimen of the kind in Cornwall ; what is intended to be represented by this carving is not very 
 evident ; — an angel, seated on a block in the corner, holds a serpent twining around a pillar, 
 and with its head touching the face of a king. By the king's side is the figure of a queen, 
 kneeling before a lectern. On the eastern face is the Crucifixion; the two remaining sides 
 have each a single figure. 
 
 Height, feet 2 inches; breadth of the head, 1 foot 1 inch. — The shaft is hexagonal. 
 
 59
 
 POLRUAN CKOSS. 
 
 This Cross stands on the brow of the hill overlooking the village of Polruan and Fowey harbour ; 
 it is placed on a platform built over a little stream which falls into a trough at the base. The 
 head of the cross has been broken off, and repaired by an iron bolt driven from the top. 
 
 Height of cross and pedestal, 5 feet 2 inches. 
 
 57
 
 TREDETHY, ST. MABYN. 
 
 Height, 1 foot 10 inches ; breadth, 10 inches. 
 
 On one of the sides here shewn is the Virgin and Child ; on the reverse is carved the Crucifixion, 
 with a figure, very obscure, on either side, supposed to represent the two thieves. Another 
 side contains a figure holding a sword (St. Paul), and the fourth, a single figure, ill-defined. 
 This Cross was probably placed on a shaft ; it was removed to Tredethy from Lancarfe 
 in Helland. Lancarfe was appropriated to the priory of Bodmin. 
 
 60
 
 
 IX THE CHURCHYARD, LANTEGLOS, NEAR FOWEY. 
 
 About twenty years ago this Cross was discovered buried deeply in the trench which runs round 
 the wall of the Church. After lying prostrate in the churchyard for two or three years longer, 
 the Hon. G. M. Fortescue, with good taste, caused it to be erected in its present position near the 
 Church porch. It consists of a hexagonal shaft, diminishing upwards to where at the height of 
 8 feet it is surmounted by an oblong head rising 2 feet above it. On the two broadest sides 
 of the head, in doubly-arched niches, are the Crucifixion, and the Virgin and Child : on the 
 narrowest sides are St. Peter with the key, and a figure holding what appears to be a sword, 
 probably intended for St. Paul. 
 
 61
 
 CHUKCHYARD, CALLINGTON. 
 
 This Cross is much delapidated and worn. The subjects carved on the upper part are, — on the 
 west side, the Crucifixion; south side, Virgin and Child; east side, a Donor, in prayer; north 
 side, a Bishop, erect. 
 
 Height, 8 feet 3 inches. — The shaft is octagonal. 
 
 62
 
 GRAMPOUND. 
 
 This Cross stands in the Market-place, near the ancient Chapel of St. Naunter, at Grampound. 
 The height, including steps and pedestal, is 12 feet 3 inches. 
 
 63
 
 ON THE CHURCHYARD WALL, LAUXCESTON. 
 
 The side here given represents our Lord on the Cross, his Mother on one side, and St. John on 
 
 the other. On the opposite face is sculptured the Virgin and Child, with a figure on either 
 
 side. There is a female figure on the eastern face. The west side has a figure holding a staff 
 
 or sword. 
 
 Height, 1 foot 5 inches ; breadth, 1 foot 2 inches. 
 
 This Cross is much mutilated. 
 
 64
 
 HEAD OF A GOTHIC CUOSS PKESEllVED IN liODMIN CHURCH. 
 
 PORTION OF A CROSS AT ST. EWE. 
 
 From a drawing in the Museum of the Eoyal Cornwall Institution, Truro. 
 
 65
 
 LIST OF CROSSES to be found iu Cornwall, but not engraved 
 ' i^r«ff\*i ^'-^ ^^^^^ Work, many of them being very similar to those given. 
 
 ^-^^i^imm^-^ 
 
 Near the Gaol, Bodmin, is a round-headed Cross of the usual form. 
 
 At Callywith, Cardynhara, near Bodmin. 
 
 In a meadow, at the top of Castle-street, Bodmin, is a round-headed Cross lying 
 
 over a well. 
 At Carminow, near Bodmin, is a fine four-holed Cross partly buried in a ditch. 
 Two Crosses in Luxulyan ; one at Methrose. 
 Two Crosses in Withiel ; one in the Rectory grounds. 
 Round-headed Cross near the Church-town, St. Mabyn. 
 At Swallack, St. Breward. 
 
 Two Crosses in St. Neot ; one near the Vicarage. 
 Near Treveddow, Warleggon. 
 
 Near Carracawn turnpike-gate, St. Germans ; similar to " Stump Cross," p. 49. 
 A low round-headed Cross by the road-side near Trewolder, Lanteglos by Camelford. 
 At Roche. ^ 
 
 At Boconnoc. 
 
 At TreguUow, Gwennap ; removed from Ponsanooth. 
 
 At Repper's Mill, Stythians, a round-headed Cross with a figure of our Lord. 
 Near Trevalis, Stythians. 
 
 A Cross by the road-side between Higher and Lower St. Columb. 
 In the garden of the Rectory, Southhill ; similar to that at Higher Drift, Sancreed, 
 
 vol. i. 
 In St. Juliott's churchyard. 
 In the Rectory grounds, Blisland. 
 
 66
 
 A Cross between Redgate and St. Cleer Church. (See Report of the Royal 
 Institution of Cormvall, 1851.) 
 
 A circular-headed Cross on Tresinney estate, in the parish of Advent. 
 
 There are ancient Crosses by the road-side between the " Four-hole Cross " and 
 Launceston. 
 
 On the highway, near Wadebridge, from Camelford, a Cross with three holes pierced 
 through the head, similar to that at Perran-Zabuloe, p. 27. 
 
 Two Crosses in the parish of Lawannick ; one near the entrance to the Church- 
 town, the other is at Holloway. 
 
 A four-holed Cross in the churchyard of St. Michael, St. Minver. 
 
 ij'' '-' ' ' 
 
 O.N TIIG CIIUUCII-POKCH, MORWENSTOW. 
 
 67
 
 33nlii-iiirll.G. 
 
 " There is something in that ancient superstition, 
 Which, erring as it is, our fancy loves. 
 The Spring that, with its thousand crystal bubbles. 
 Bursts from the bosom of some desert rock 
 In secret solitude, may well be deem'd 
 The haunt of something purer, more refined. 
 And mitrhtier than ourselves." 
 
 0i^ 
 
 I HE spread of Christianity occasioned the dedication of many of the 
 springs, to which miraculous virtues had been ascribed, to Patron 
 Saints ; and over these, small edifices were set up, Avhich were used 
 as Oratories and Baptistries,* or for other religious purposes. 
 Eepresentations of some of the most remarkable of those in Cornwall will be 
 found in the following pages, 
 "ft" As supernatural virtue and sanctity were attributed to springs of water 
 previous to the introduction of Christianity, the early Christians found it ex- 
 pedient, the more readily to make converts, not to abolish these customs, but 
 Availed up the wells to secure them from pollution, and dedicated them to Saintly 
 patrons. " The well had before a spirit ; it now had a guardian saint." f 
 
 In Ireland, some Druidic monuments have crosses cut on them, which are said to 
 have been done by Christians, out of compliance with the popular prejudices ; — that 
 when Druidism fell before the Gospel, the common people, who could not easily be 
 induced to resign their superstitious reverence for these stones, might pay a kind of 
 justifiable adoration to them, when thus appropriated to the uses of Christian memorial, 
 by the sign of the cross. | 
 
 * Baptistries were continued out of the Church until the sixth century, 
 t Pohchele's Hist, of Cornicall, vol. i., p. 65. % Borlase's Antiq., p. 15G. 
 
 68
 
 Although divination by the use of water is traced to remote antiquity, it seems to 
 have been limited neither to time nor country. In some places the colours of the 
 •water, in others, the bubbles it emitted, and occasionally the motions of pins, pebbles, 
 or other substances dropped into it, -were believed to give intelligible responses to the 
 interrogatories of credulous enquirers. 
 
 Dr. Borlase says that the Druids pretended — " From the several waves and eddyes 
 which the sea, or river water exhibited, when put into agitation, after a ritual manner, 
 to foretell with great certainty the event of battles ; a way of Divining, recorded by 
 Plutarch, in his life of Cajsar, and still usual among the vulgar in Cornwall, who go 
 to some noted well, on particular times, and then observe the bubbles that rise, and 
 the aptness of the water to be troubled, or to remain pure, on their throwing in pins 
 or pebbles, and thence conjecture what shall, or shall not befall them."* 
 
 Our Lady of Nant's Well, in the parish of St. Colan, was visited, says Norden, by 
 men and Avomen, and children were brought to " foreknowe of the Ladye of the well, 
 by giuinge an ofFring, and castinge a Palme crosse into the water on Palme-Sunday, 
 Avhat fortune should befall them that yeare ; so blind were people to followe and 
 beleue suche deceyuinge oracles. "f 
 
 In the parish of Gulval, the site of a Well is still pointed out, at which 
 responses were given by the colour of the bubbles which rose. According to 
 Hals, great numbers of credulous people resorted to this Well " to inquire after 
 the life or death of their absent friends : Avhere being arrived, they demanded 
 the question at the well whether such a person, by name, be living in health, 
 sick, or dead ; if the party be living, and in health, the still quiet water of the 
 well-pit, as soon as the question is demanded, will instantly bubble or boil up as 
 a pot, clear crystalline water ; if sick, foul and puddle waters ; if the party be dead, 
 it will neither bubble, boil up, or alter its colour or still motion."! Dr. Borlase says, 
 its oracular waters were consulted concerning goods or cattle lost or stolen. || This 
 spring was called Gulfwell, " The Hebrew brook." 
 
 The Gothic Well at Menacuddle, near St. Austle, an engraving of which will be 
 found on one of the following pages, was also resorted to as a " wishing well." " On 
 approaching the margin, each visitor, if he hoped for good luck through life, was 
 expected to throw a crooked pin into the water, and it was presumed that the other 
 
 * Antiq., p. 13.5. f Description of Cormrall, p. 06. 
 X Dacies Gilbert's Ilist. of Cornwall, vol. ii., p. 121. || Xat. Hist, of Cormrall. 
 
 69
 
 pins Avliich had been deposited there by former devotees might be seen rising from 
 their beds to meet it before it reached the bottom.'"* 
 
 St. Madron's Well was also much frequented for similar purposes. A tradition in 
 connexion with divination at this spring, with an exterior view of the Well-chapel, 
 will be found on a succeeding page. Of this Well, the most celebrated in Cornwall, 
 Norden says " its fame in former agts was greate for the supposed vertue of healinge, 
 which St. Maderne had thereinto infused : and manie votaries made annale pilgrim- 
 ages unto it as they doe euen at this daye, vnto the well of St. Winifrede beyouned 
 Chester, in Denbigheshire, whereunto thowsands doe yearly make resorte : but of 
 late St. Maderne hath denied his or hers (I know not whether) pristine ayde ; and as 
 he is coye of his Cures, so now are men coye of cominge to his coniured Well ; yet 
 soom a daye resorte."f But the renown which had declined was again raised to nearly 
 its former height. Bishop Hall, when on his visitation in Cornwall, saw a cripple, 
 said to have been restored to the use of his limbs, by the water of this well. The 
 learned Bishop thus records the circumstance: — " Of this kind was that (no less than 
 miraculous) cure, which at St. Madernes in Cornwall, was wrought upon a poor cripple, 
 Avhereof (besides the attestation of many hundreds of the neighbours) I took a strict 
 and personal examination, in that last visitation which I either did, or ever shall hold. 
 This man, that for sixteen years together was fain to walk upon his hands, by reason 
 of the close contraction of the sinews of his legs, Avas (upon three monitions in his 
 dream to wash in that well) suddenly so restored to his limbs, that I saw him able 
 both to walk, and to get his own maintenance ; I fovaid here was neither art nor 
 collusion, the thing done, the Author invisible. "| An account of other cures said to 
 be effected at this Well, will be found in Davies Gilbert's History of Cornwall, vol. iv., 
 p. 209. All faith in the efficacy of the water at St. Madron's Well is not yet lost, 
 for on the first Sunday in May, either at sunrise, or very early in the morning, a 
 great number of persons take their children there, that, by immersion in the spring 
 water, they may be strengthened if weak, and cured if diseased. After the visitation 
 of these votaries, small pieces of rags and bandages will be found fastened on the 
 surrounding bushes. At the present time the Irish are in the habit of making 
 pilgrimages to celebrate their " Patterns " (Patron's days) at Holy-wells, and similar 
 customs are observed. Dr. Murray, who visited one of these Wells in the county of 
 
 * Ilichens' and Dreic's Hist, of Cornwall, vol. ii. t Borden's Description of Coriucall, p. 38. 
 X Invisible World, p. 100. Many of the county and local historians have erroneously stated this 
 account to be in Bishop Hall's " Mystcrie of Godlinesse." 
 
 70
 
 Mayo, says, " upon the branches of the little shrubbery by which it was surrounded 
 there were tied pieces of old cloth. These were left behind as mementos of their 
 visits by the poor devotees, who go there to make their stations." — A woman was 
 observed at this well to pull the hair fi'om her head and tie it to a bush on its side ; 
 this was an offering to her patron Saint, that he might be reminded by the sight of 
 this hair, to make intercession for her.* 
 
 Dr. O'Connor says, — " when I pressed a very old man, to state what possible 
 advantage he expected to derive from the singular custom of frequenting, in particular, 
 such old wells as were contiguous to an old blasted oak, or an upright unhewn stone, 
 and what the meaning was of the yet more singular custom of sticking rags on the 
 branches of such tree, and spitting on them ; his answer, and the answer of the oldest 
 men was, that their ancestors always did it ; that it Avas a preservative against Gaesa- 
 Draoidacht, i.e. the sorceries of the Druids ; that their cattle were preserved by it from 
 infectious disorders ; that the daoini maethe, i.e. the fairies, were kept in good humour 
 byit."t 
 
 Moore refers to this custom and says, — " There is scarcely a people throughout 
 the East, among Avhom the primitive practice, of hanging pieces torn from their 
 garments upon the branches of particular trees, has not been found to prevail. The 
 wild-olive of Africa,;}: and the Sacred Tree of the Hindus, bear usually strung upon 
 them this simple sort of offering ; || and more than one observant traveller in the East 
 has been reminded, by this singular custom, of Ireland."§ 
 
 Mr. Hen wood, in referring to some of the pagan rites of the natives of Upper 
 India, says, " Even to the present day numerous small rags may be found fluttering 
 on the shrubs near Madron Well in the early part of May ; votive offerings from 
 parents who still bathe their weakly children in the spring. In many passes of the 
 Sub-Himalayan range, there are trees on which hundreds of similar tokens are dis- 
 played, with what object I have not learnt."^ 
 
 * Kirwan's Letters, No. VII. f Letters of Columbmws. 
 
 X The Argal't. — Travels in Europe and Africa. — By Colonel Keatinge. "A traveller," observes 
 this writer, " will sec precisely the like in the west of Ireland." Mungo Park, too, speaks of the 
 large tree called Neema Tooba, " decorated with innumerable rags and scraps of cloth," and wliich, 
 " nobody now presumed to pass without hanging up something." 
 
 II Sir William Ouselefs Travels through Persia, vol. ii., appendi.x No. 9. Among the trees thus 
 decorated, seen by Sir William in the Vale of Abdui, and elsewhere, he mentions one in the neigh- 
 bourhood of a stone pillar ; bringing to his recollection, he says, various remains which he had seen 
 in Wales and Ireland. 
 
 § History of Ireland, vol. i. U Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1856. 
 
 7:1
 
 " Hundreds of votive rags and bandages," says Crofton Crokcr, "arc nailed against 
 (tlie cross) and hung upon it, by those whose faith has made them whole." Hanway, 
 speaking of a similar Oriental custom, says that the rags were left " in a fond ex- 
 pectation of leaving their diseases also on the same spot."* St. Madron's Wellf is 
 the only one in Cornwall, where the practice of leaving these votive offerings is known 
 to be still observed. I 
 
 To each of the Cornish Holy-wells, supposed to possess miraculous virtues, was 
 ascribed the power of curing some one disease : thus, St. Nunn's Well,|| in the parish 
 of Alternun, Avas deemed eificacious in the cure of insanity. " St. Nunne, in some 
 accounts called Naunita or Nannites, and in others Novita, is (as Leland tells us) 
 said to have been the daughter of an Earl of Cornwall, and mother of St. David, the 
 famous Archbishop of Menevia, from him called St. David's. "§ 
 
 Davies Gilbert says, — " About a mile from the cathedral of St. David's are the 
 remains of a chapel, near a consecrated pool or well, dedicated to St. Nun, where 
 trifling oblations are said to be still made. This coincidence of the two pools is 
 curious, although I do not find that the water at Menevia has the virtue of curing 
 insanity. "§ The manner of houssening as practised at Alternun, has been preserved 
 by Carew, who gives the following account : — " The water running from St. Nun's 
 well fell into a square and inclosed walled plot, which might be filled at what depth 
 they listed. Upon this was the frantic person set to stand, his back towards the pool ; 
 and from thence, with a sudden blow in the breast, tumbled headlong into the pond ; 
 where a strong fellow, provided for the nonce, took him, and tossed him up and down, 
 alongst and athwart the water, till the patient by foregoing his strength, had some- 
 what forgot his fury. Then was he conveyed to the church and certain masses sung 
 
 * Travels in Persia, vol. i. 
 
 t A view and plan of the Well-chapel will be found in vol. i. of this work. 
 
 X The same custom prevails in Scotland : votaries visiting St. Fillan's Well, " leave behind, as 
 
 tokens of their confidence and gratitude, some rags of linen or wollen cloth." — Old Statistical 
 
 Account of Scotland, vol. xi., p. 181. For an account of similar practices, see also Sullivan's 
 
 Cumberland and Westmorland. 
 
 II "The site of the parsonage was formerly occupied by a religious house, dedicated to St. Nun, 
 whence originated the name of the Church and parish. The altar of St. Nun was long held in 
 peculiar veneration by the country people. Among the early interments in this Church, or rather 
 we may suppose a former one, which occupied the same ground, was that of St. Nonnet, or St. Nun, 
 mother of St. David, who, according to her legend (quoted by William of Worcester) was born 
 here." — C. S. Gilbcrfs Hist, of Cormcall, vol. ii. 
 
 § History of Cornwall, vol. i.
 
 over him ; upon which liandling, if his right wits returned, St. Nun had the thanks ; 
 but if there appeared small ammendment, he w\is bowssened again and again, Avhile 
 there remained in him any hope of life or recovery."* 
 
 Dr. Borlase says, — " This custom was practised probably in some other parts of 
 this county, as well as at Alternun : for at the foot of St. Agnes's holy-well (a place 
 formerly of great resort) I think the remains of such a pool are still to be discovered, 
 though the sea has demolished the walls. The Cornish calls this immersion Boussening, 
 from Beuzt or Bidh>/zi, in the Cornu-British and Armoric, signifying to dip or drown. 
 Belgice Buy sen (says Lye's Junius in Bouse) wide Anglice Bowse potare, largiter 
 hibere. This may seem to the generality so very impotent a remedy, that people 
 might easily be persuaded to look upon any cure that ensued as the miraculous cifect 
 of the holy water, and the interposition of St. Nun ; but if we recollect that madness 
 is no other than a raging fever, that interrupts for a while, and dissipates all con- 
 gruity betwixt ideas and things, we may soon satisfy ourselves, that without any 
 miracle, so violent an exercise of the body in the cold water was no contemptible 
 prescription, something very like this method in parallel cases having been approved 
 of and practised by the greatest physicians."f There is also a Well dedicated to St. 
 Nun, in the parish of Pelynt, of which an illustration will be found on a following 
 page. 
 
 Carew says, — " Scarlet Well, near Bodmin, was once much frequented, and is said 
 to be much heavier than other water, and will keep without alteration of scent or 
 taste, most part of a year ; representing many colours like that of a rainbow." This 
 Well attracted such a multitude, on account of the reputed efficacy of the water in 
 various diseases, that its walls were taken down, and it was filled up, to prevent the 
 intrusion of the people. It was arched over ; and had in front a little image of a 
 saint carved in stone. | 
 
 " There is a well called Saint's Well, near Polperro, the reputation of its virtues," 
 says Mr. Thomas Q. Couch, || " have survived the entire destruction of the edifice 
 
 * A Well, situated between Crianlarich and Tyndrum, in Scotland, was supposed to possess 
 similar power in curing insanity. " The ceremony was performed, after sunset, on the first day of 
 the quarter, O.S., and before sunrise next morning. The dipped persons were instructed to take 
 three stones from the bottom of the pool, and walking three times round each of three cairns on 
 the bank, throw a stone into each. They were next conveyed to the ruins of St. Fillan's Chapel, 
 and in a corner called St. Fillan's Bed they were laid on their back, and left tied all night. If next 
 morning they were found loose, the cure was deemed perfect, and thanks returned to the Saint." — 
 JS'CMi Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. x., p. 1088. 
 
 t Nat. nist., p. 302. J Polwhcle's Hist, of Cornwall, vol. i., p. 58. 1| Notes and Queries, vol. x. 
 
 73
 
 Avliich enclosed the spring ; for it is still resorted to by those afflicted with inflamed 
 eyes and other ailments, and, if * ceremonies due ' are done aright, with great benefit. 
 It must be visited on three mornings before sunrise, fasting; a relic of a veritable 
 ceremony, as witnesseth Chaucer's Pardoner : — 
 
 ' If that the goode man that the beest oweth, 
 Wol every wike, er that the cok him croweth, 
 Fastynge, drynke of this well a draught, 
 As thilke holy Jew our eldres taught, 
 His beestes, and his stoor schal multiplie.' " 
 
 Str Piran's Well, near Lambourne, in the parish of Perran-Zabuloe,* was also 
 supposed to possess great healing virtues ; a small chapel was erected over it. 
 
 A Well in Sancreed was formerly held in great repute, from remarkable cures 
 having been effected by use of its waters : there was a chapel adjoining it dedicated 
 to St. Euinus, commonly called Chapel Uny. Dr. Borlase gives an account of a visit 
 which he paid to this well. He found two women there, who had come from a neigh- 
 bouring parish, busily employed in bathing a child, and they informed him that people 
 who had a mind to receive any benefit from St. Euny's Well, must come and Avash 
 upon the three first Wednesdays in May.f Arched stones which formed parts of the 
 building over this well, may still be seen on the spot. This spring rises at the foot 
 of the hill called Carn Brea, on the summit of which was an ancient chapel. It is 
 a remarkable coincidence that there should also be a well dedicated to St. Euinus, 
 about sixty yards from the church of Redruth, | at the foot of Carn Brea hill ; and 
 Avithin the recollection of persons now living a stone cross stood near it. The peculiar 
 A'irtue ascribed to this Avell Avas that Avhoever should be baptized by its Avater Avould 
 be preserved from being ignominiously hanged. || The like efficacy Avas ascribed to 
 
 * There were several chapels in this parish, which according to tradition were oratories in which 
 St. Piran celebrated divine service. Brown Willis says that St. Piran is the same person as St. 
 Keryan, to whom a church in Exeter was dedicated, and who came from Ireland into the West of 
 Britain in the year 460, and lies buried at Bodmin. — " At Piran we meet with a little chapel, 
 dedicated to S. Piranus, an Irish Saint, who was buried here. The legend magnifies his sanctity, 
 by attributing incredible miracles to him, viz. : feeding ten Irish kings and their armies eight days 
 with the flesh of three cows only, and raising not only men from the dead, but hogs." — Magna 
 Brittann, p. 319. Carcw sa.ys, — "Peran, who (if my author the Legend lye not) after that (like 
 another Johannes dc tcmboribus) he had lived two hundred years with perfect health, took his last 
 rest in a Cornish parish, which therethrough he endowed with his name." 
 
 t Natural Ilistory of Cornwall, p. 32. 
 
 + Though this parish has been immcmorially called Redruth, its real dedicatory name is St. Uny. 
 
 II Mr. Garby. MSS. 
 
 71
 
 a Avell in Liidgvan, in which parish also was the Well of Colurian, formerly held in 
 great esteem.* 
 
 Holy "Well, in the parish of St. Cutlibert, Avas also famous for the supposed 
 healing qualities of its waters. 
 
 To Jesus' Well, in the parish of St. Minver, children are brought to cure them of 
 hooping-cough. A view of this well is given on a succeeding page. 
 
 St. Neot's AVell, one of the most celebrated in Cornwall, was held in peculiar 
 veneration ; its Legend is preserved in the painted windows of the parish church, f 
 The original Baptistry was destroyed ; another has been recently built over the well. 
 
 IMany an interesting monument of antiquity has been preserved from destruction 
 by the tradition connected with it : as some still believe that mischief will befall the 
 destroyers of the ancient remains, which are so numerous in the county. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Q. Couch has given the following legend in connexion with St. Nun's 
 Well in Pelynt,;]: previously alluded to. " An old farmer once set his eyes upon the 
 
 * Mr. Hichens, in a Paper to the Society of Antiquaries observes, that " it is singular that, in 
 speaking of this ■well, and its virtues, Dr. Borlase, although he notices its efficacy in diseases of the 
 eye, does not remark that its name is pure Greek, KoWvpiov, meaning a medicine for the eyes." 
 
 t Near the monastery which this saint built here, was a never-failing spring, in which, says the 
 Legend, he observed three fishes, but would not presume to touch them, until it was revealed to him 
 why they were placed there. An angel was accordingly sent to inform him that they were for his 
 sustenance, provided he took one only at a time, and if he observed this condition, he was assured, 
 that on his next return to the well he would always find three fishes, as at first. Now St. Neot had 
 a zealous and faithful servant called Barius, long attached to his service ; his master being very ill 
 and unable for some days to partake of food, this aff'ectionate domestic being alarmed at the saint's 
 long abstinence, bethought him of the fish in the well, which he might cook in different ways ; 
 forthwith he went to the spring, and with little difficulty caught two of them, one he boiled and the 
 other he fried ; satisfied with his performance, and trusting to meet the commendation of his master, 
 with much complacency he served them up on one dish. On beholding this, the good saint became 
 greatly alarmed, and enquired with trepidation, whence the fish came. Barius with honest sim- 
 plicity, told him he had taken them from the well, and had dressed them in different ways, hopiiig 
 that if one did not suit his sickly palate, the other might. Then said St. Neot, " why hast thou done 
 this ? how in opposition to an express command, hast thou presumptuously ventured to take 
 from the well more than one fish at a time ? " The indignant saint then commanded his servant 
 instantly to take the fish back and throw them into the spring, whilst he himself fell prostrate in 
 prayer. Barius tremblingly complied, took the fish and cast them into the water, and was much 
 surprised to see these fish, which he had taken such pains to cook, disport themselves as lively and 
 active in the well as if nothing had happened to them : overjoyed and astonished, he soon returned 
 and told all this to his master, who then ordered him to go again and catch one fish only ; this the 
 good Barius did, dressed and served it up: the saint no sooner tasted of this than he was miracu- 
 lously restored to perfect health. Other wonderful accounts of St. Neot will be found in the county 
 Histories. 
 
 X Notes and Queries, vol. x. 
 
 75
 
 granite basin and coveted it ; for it was not wrong in his eyes to convert the holy- 
 font to the base uses of the pig's sty ; and accordingly he drove his oxen and wain 
 to the gateway above, for the purpose of removing it. Taking his beasts to the 
 entrance of the well, he essayed to drag the trough from its ancient bed. For a lono- 
 time it resisted the efforts of the oxen, but at length they succeeded in starting it, and 
 dragged it slowly up the hill side to where the wain was standing. Here, however, 
 it burst away from the chains which held it, and rolling back again to the well, made 
 a sharp turn and regained its old position, where it has remained ever since. Nor 
 will any one again attempt its removal, seeing that the farmer, who was previously 
 well to do in the world, never prospered from that day forward. Some people say, 
 indeed, that retribi;tion overtook him on the spot, the oxen falling dead, and the 
 owner being struck lame and speechless." 
 
 There is a similar tale relative to the pulling down of a cromlech at Lanyon, in 
 Madron. A farmer thought that one of its supporters would be useful in a building 
 which he was erecting, he therefore dug around it, and with his horses pulled it out 
 of its place, thereby causing the cover-stone to fall on one side to the ground, in 
 which position, indeed, it now lies. From that time, continues the tradition, nothing 
 went well with him ; his cattle died, his crops failed, and thus he became a sad 
 warning to his neighbours. 
 
 The little Cross, in the grounds at Trevu (see vol. i.), is said to have been 
 several times removed from the foot of the hill, to the road-side, near which it now 
 stands, but was sure to be found the next morning back to its original situation. 
 
 Mr. T. Q. Couch says of St. Cleer's Well, — " I learnt from a native of the parish 
 that some of the stones of the well have been, at various times, carted away to serve 
 meaner purposes, but that they have been, by some mysterious agency, brought back 
 again during the night."* 
 
 Of the ruins of the chapel by St. Uny's Well, C. S. Gilbert says, " the inhabitants 
 have a notion that the removing of the sacred materials would be fatal to their 
 posterity."! 
 
 Though superstition and tradition are thus connected with these Wells, many of 
 the structures over the springs are now fast falling into decay, whilst others are little 
 more than shapeless ruins. The illustrations on the succeeding pages may serve 
 therefore to give some idea of the most interesting of those which still exist, as well 
 as to preserve a memorial of some peculiar customs of a past age. 
 
 * Notes a7id Queries, vol. x. t History of Cornwall, vol. ii., p. 728. 
 
 76
 
 HOLY-WELL, ST. DOMINICK. 
 
 This Well is by the side of the road leading from the farm called Chapel to the Tamar, which 
 flows a few hundred yards below. Lysons refers to Borlase's notes from the Register of the 
 See of Exeter, and says " there were formerly chapels of St. Ethelred and St. Ildract in this 
 parish. The sites are not known, but it is probable that one of them was at a place called 
 Chapel, near the Tamar." There is a niche in the back of the Well, in which a figure of the 
 patron Saint was placed. The trough which now stands near the doorway had no original 
 connexion with the building, but has been recently placed there for watering cattle. 
 
 78
 
 ST. NUN S WELL, I'ELYNT. 
 
 On the western side of the beautiful valley through which flows the Trelawny river, and near 
 Hobb's Park, in the parish of Pelynt, is St. Nun's, or St. Ninnie's Well, Its position was, 
 until very lately, to be discovered by the oak tree matted with ivy, and the thicket of willow 
 and bramble which grew upon its roof. The front of the Well is of a pointed form, and has a 
 rude entrance, about four feet high, and spanned above by a single flat stone, which leads into 
 a grotto with an arched roof. At the farther end of the floor is a round granite basin, with a 
 deeply moulded brim, and ornamented on its circumference with a series of rings, each enclosing 
 a cross or a ball. The water weeps into it from an opening at the back, and escapes again by a 
 hole in the bottom.
 
 This Well and a small Chapel (the site of which is no longer to be traced, though still pointed 
 out bj- the older tenantry) were dedicated, it is supposed, to St. Nonnct, or St. Nun, a female 
 Saint who, according to William of Worcester, was the mother of St. David. In the list of 
 parish Churches, &c., and the saints to whom they were dedicated, given in Oliver's Monasticon, 
 the name is written " S. Nynnina ; " in the Inqnisitiones Konanim, A.D., 1342, it is " S. 
 Neomena ; " whilst in the rate-book of Pope Nicholas IV. it is mentioned as " Capella See 
 Niemyne." 
 
 The people of the neighbourhood know the Well by the names St. Ninnie's, St. Nun's, and 
 Piskie's Well. It is probable that the latter is, after all, the older name, and that the guardian- 
 ship of the spring was usurped at a later period by the saint whose name it occasionally bears. 
 The water was doubtless used for sacramental purposes ; yet its mystic properties, if they were 
 ever supposed to be dispensed by the saint, have been again transferred, in the popular belief, 
 to the piskies. In the basin of the Well may be found a great number of pins, thrown in by 
 those who have visited it out of curiosity, or to avail themselves of the virtues of its waters. 
 I was anxious to know what meaning the peasantry attach to this strange custom, and on 
 askin" a man at work near the spot, w^as told that it was done " to get the good will of the 
 piskies," who after the tribute of a pin not only ceased to mislead them, but rendered fortunate 
 the operations of husbandry. 
 
 The oak which grew upon the roof had, by its roots, dislodged several stones of the arch, and 
 swaying about in the wind, had shaken down a large mass of masonry in the interior, and the 
 greater part of the front. On its ruinous condition being made known to the Trelawny family, 
 on whose property it is situated, they ordered its restoration, and the walls were replaced after 
 the original plan. The illustration is engraved from a sketch by Mr. T. Q. Couch, to whom 
 the author is also indebted for the accompanying notice of this AVell. 
 
 81'. HU.VN .-i Wi;l,L, NEAR GKAUE CHURCH. 
 
 80
 
 ■WELL OF ST. CARANTOCUS. 
 
 This Well is in the centre of the village of Crantock, near the Church. The building is 5 feet 6 
 inches high, and 4 feet wide at the base. 
 
 81
 
 
 8T. JOHN'S WELL, ON MORWENSTOW GLEBB. 
 
 They dream'd not in Old Hebron, when the sound 
 
 Went through the city, that the promised Son 
 
 Was born to Zachary, and his name was John— 
 
 They little thought that here, in this far ground, 
 
 Beside the Severn Sea, that Hebrew child 
 
 Would be a cherish'd memory of the Wild ! 
 
 Here, where the pulses of the ocean, bound 
 
 Whole centuries away,— while one meek Cell, 
 
 Built by the Fathers o'er a lonely Well, 
 
 Still breathes The Baptist's sweet remembrance round ! 
 
 A Spring of silent waters, with his name 
 
 That from the Angel's voice in music came. 
 
 Here in the The Wilderness so faithful found. 
 
 It freshens to this day the Levite's grassy mound!
 
 noI.Y-WELI., CAKUYXUAM. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile to the nortli of CardMiliain Church, arc the remains of the Holy-well, 
 here depicted. A plot of ground 80 feet lon^. and 42 feet broad, is walled up to the height of 
 the top of the Well, on which, according to tradition, there was a church or chapel, rohvhelc 
 says,* — " In this parish of Cardynham, there were anciently two churches; exclusive of the 
 present, comparatively a modern building. One was Cardynham church, on the site of old 
 
 • Hist, of Cvnin-iill, vol. i., ]i. I3.j 
 
 83
 
 Cardynham eristic ; of this there are no vestiges. For the other ive are conducted to the 
 Holv-"ell, which is walled up and arched with moor-stone, and over which, tradition says, there 
 was a church or chapel. These may be classed, I believe, among the first Christian places of 
 worship." The same author also says, — " The Holy-well at Cardynham was sacred, before the 
 Saints."* 
 
 GROUND PLAN. 
 
 A The Well; the spring rises at the innermost corner, and flowing through the doorway, spreads 
 into a pool as shewn in the illustration. B This probably served as an oratory; it is 14 feet 
 long, and 8 feet 8 inches in breadth, the end and sides are faced with masonry ; the arch-stone 
 of the doorway is in good preservation, it is represented on the preceding page. This chamber 
 is separated from the Well by a wall about 4 feet thick, and 7 or 8 feet in height ; the top is on 
 a level with the soil of the enclosure, which measures from C to D, 80 feet, from C to E, 42 feet. 
 This embankment is now planted with young trees : the doorways are on the south side. The 
 roof of the Well still remains, but that of the oratory has fallen. 
 
 A Cross about 6 feet long forms part of the bridge over a small stream between the Well and 
 the present Church ; still nearer the Well is a pedestal, probably belonging to this Cross, built 
 into the hedge by the road-side. 
 
 • Hist, of Cormcall, vol. i., p. 56. 
 
 84
 
 , »e-":^x%r^^^*t^ '- ' '♦.^ 
 
 HOLY-WELL, LAXEAST, 
 
 This Well is in a little secluded glen, a short distance from the Church of Laneast. It is called 
 " The Jordan," the water being used for baptismal rites : this building was probably raised to 
 protect it from pollution. Some remains of an outer wall still remain in front. The building 
 is 6 feet 8 inches long, and 6 feet wide : the entrance is on the south. 
 
 Ho
 
 HOLY-WELL, ROCHE. 
 
 This Well is situated in a hollow on the north of the public road, and immediately below a 
 group of cottages, to which it has given the name " Holy-well." The structure, now much 
 ruined, is of granite, and measures 5 feet 4 inches in height; the breadth of entrance is 3 feet 
 4 inches. The spring is still in repute, and is frequented by the peasantry, before sunrise, on 
 holy Thursday and the two following Thursdays ; the blessing of the tutelary Saint is bespoken 
 by the offering of pins, sometimes bent before thrown into the water. A granite figure of the 
 patron Saint formerly stood on the roof, but it has been long since thrown down, and was 
 afterwards carried off. A Chapel formerly stood near the well. 
 
 86
 
 JESUS WELL, ST. MINVEK. 
 
 This little structure is in that part of St. Minver called the Lowlands; it stands in a situation 
 so open and exposed that it is sometimes partially covered by drifts of sand which frequently 
 occur on this coast. A little nearer the Padstow river, is the chapel of St. Enodoc, pre- 
 senting a very solitary appearance in this sandy waste. The sand-drifts occasionally rise 
 above the level of the roof; and a pathway is annually opened around the building for the 
 entrance of the clergyman who performs the accustomed services, — thus the ancient rights 
 and privileges are preserved : it is stated that the minister has been sometimes obliged to enter 
 through the roof.* A broken Cross in the chapel-yard is figured at page 18. There is a niche 
 in the back of the Well, in which probably a crucifix was placed. The people of the neigh- 
 bourhood still have faith in the reputed efficacy of the water. 
 
 • Bedding's Itinerary of Cormvall, p. 39. 
 
 CHAPF.I. OF ST. ENODOCK. 
 
 87
 
 HOLY-WELL, ST. BREWAKD. 
 
 The delapidated Well, here figured, stands in a sequestered valley, near Chapel, in St. Breward. 
 The name of the contiguous farm points it out as the site of some religious edifiee ; m eon- 
 firmation of ^vhieh the occupier relates that, in building his present abode from the remams of 
 a former house on the same spot, many stones were used which had the appearance o hav.ng 
 formed portions of the arched door and windows of an ecclesiastical building. The old ^^ ell 
 supplied by a perennial spring, is still visited, on certain stated occasions, by those affl.cted w.th 
 
 8S
 
 inflamed eyes, and other ailments, first throwing in a farthing or a pin, to bespeak tlie favour 
 of the presiding saint. Tlie faith in its healing virtues has much declined ; for, on the particular 
 day of my visit, a search among the mud and gravel at its bottom only discovered a pin or two, 
 though in former times these votive offerings may have furnished no inconsiderable revenue to 
 the adjacent chapelry. This description, and the drawing from which the engraving is made, 
 are by Mr. T. Q. Couch. 
 
 CItAPEL OF 8T. MICHAEL, IN TUB PADISIf OF ST. MINVF.R, 
 
 89
 
 THE ■WELL OF ST. KEYNE. 
 
 Sainl Keyna, the tutelary Saint of this Well, was, according to the early writers, a pious virgin, 
 of British blood royal, being the daughter of Braganus, Prince of Brecknockshire, and lived 
 about the year 490.* She is said to have gone a pilgrimage to St. Michael's Mount, and to 
 
 • Dr. Borlase says, " she probably dwelt in the eastern part of this county, where her church and well are still to 
 be seen, and her festival is celebrated on the 30th of Seplember."—Antiq., p. 351. 
 
 90
 
 have founded a religious establishment there.* By the sanctity of her life, and the wonderful 
 miracles she performed, she was held in great veneration by the people. St. Cadoc, her nephew, 
 making a pilgrimage to the same place, was greatly surprised to find his aunt there ; but he 
 could not persuade her to return to her native country, until she had an admonition from heaven 
 to comply with his request. When St. Cadoc was on his way to the Mount, being thirsty, he 
 struck his staff into the ground, when a spring of pure water arose, t curing all diseased persons 
 who had faith in its efficacy. Pleased with the hospitable manner in which she had been 
 received by the Cornish, St. Keyna, with her blessing, gave them this Well. It is most 
 pleasantly situated in a valley, by the road-side, and about a quarter of a mile from the parish 
 Church, also dedicated to this saint. 
 
 There is nothing remarkable in the appearance of the building over this spring ; but it is singular 
 that trees of such large growth can obtain sufficient nourishment from so small a spot. They 
 are five in number (two oak, two ash, and one elm) ; and were planted by Mr. Rashleigh of 
 Menabilly, about a hundred years ago. One of the oaks is very much decayed, and is sup- 
 ported by a prop, as seen in the accompanying illustration. The trees which formerly grew in 
 the same place are said to have formed by their roots an excellent arch, which was destroyed 
 by their being blown down during a violent storm. 
 
 The water was supposed to possess a virtue very different to that ascribed to any other of the 
 Cornish Wells. Carew's account is as follows: — " Ne.\t I will relate you another of the Cornish 
 natural wonders, viz. St. Kayne's Well ; but lest you make a wonder first at the Saint, before 
 you take notice of the well, you must understand that this was not Kayne the Manqueller, but 
 one of the gentler spirit and milder sex — to wit, a woman. He who caused the spring to be 
 pictured added this rhyme for an exposition : — 
 
 ' In name, in shape, in quality, 
 This Well is very quaint : 
 The name to lot of Kayne befell, 
 No over holy Saint. 
 
 In shape, four trees of divers kinds, 
 
 Withy, Oak, Elm, and Ash, 
 Make with their roots an arched roofe. 
 
 Whose floore this Spring doth wash. 
 
 The quality that man or wife 
 
 Whose chance or choice attains 
 First of this sacred stream to drink 
 
 Thereby the mastery gains.' " 
 
 • Tliis tradition is controverted by Wliitaker, who asserts, that " St. Michael's Mount became renowned for its 
 sanctity, only from the believed ai)i)earunce of Si. Michael upon the summit of it, in or about the year 710." 
 And he says, "any idea of piljjrimages to it, must not only be posterior to this period of its sanctity, but even 
 posterior to the privilege ootictded to pilgrimases by Pope Gregory, in 1070, even posterior to tlie publication of 
 the privilege in all the churches of the kingdom, about the year 1400, when the publication gave birth to 
 jjijgr. mages, and when those grew so popular all over the kingdom, as to make writers, ignorant of their late 
 rise, refer them back to distant ages." 
 
 t There is a similar tradition concerning the Well which was near the ehapel of St. Belarmines; but in this ca«e 
 the Saint struck his statf into the solid rock. See page 25. 
 
 91
 
 " I know not whether it be worth the reporting," says Fuller, " that there is in Cornwall, near 
 the parish of St. Neot's, a well, arched over with the roots of four kinds of trees, withy, oak, 
 elm, and ash, dedicated to St. Kcyne. The reported virtue of the water is this, that whether 
 husband or wife come first to drink thereof, they get the mastery thereby." 
 
 Southey, the poet laureat, spent a few days with the Rector of St. Martin's, and went to see 
 this Well ; it is said he took the hint for fabricating the following verses from Fuller's Worthies. 
 
 " A well there is in the west-country, 
 
 And a clearer one never was seen ; 
 There is not a wife in the west-country 
 
 But has heard of the Well of St. Keyne. 
 
 An oak and an elm-tree stand beside. 
 
 And behind docs an ash-tree grow; 
 And a willow from the bank above 
 
 Droops to the water below. 
 
 A traveller came to the Well of St. Keyne, 
 
 Pleasant it was to his eye. 
 For from cock-crow he had been travelling, 
 
 And there was not a cloud in the sky. 
 
 He drank of the water so cool and clear, 
 
 For thirsty and hot was he ; 
 And he sat down upon the bank, 
 
 Under the willow tree. 
 
 There came a man from the neighb'ring town, 
 
 At the well to fill his pail. 
 On the well-side he rested it. 
 
 And bade the stranger hail. 
 
 ' Now, art thou a bachelor, stranger ? ' quoth he : 
 
 ' For an if thou hast a wife, 
 The happiest draught thou hast drank to day, 
 
 That ever thou didst in thy life. 
 
 ' Or has your good woman, if one you have. 
 
 In Cornwall ever been ? 
 For an if she have, I'll venture my life 
 
 She has drank of the Well of St. Keyne.' 
 
 ' I have left a good woman, who never was here,' 
 
 The stranger he made a reply, 
 But that my draught should be better for that, 
 
 I pray you answer me why.' 
 
 ' St. Keyne,' quoth the countryman, ' many a time 
 
 Drank of this crystal well ; 
 And before the Angel summoned her, 
 
 She laid on the water a spell : — 
 
 92
 
 ' If the husband of this gifted well 
 
 Shall drink before his wife, 
 A happy man thenceforth is he, 
 
 For he shall be master for life. 
 
 ' But if the wife should drink of it first, 
 
 God help the husband then ! ' 
 The stranger stoopt to the Well of St. Keyne, 
 
 And he drank of the water again. 
 
 ' You drank of the well, I warrant, betime,' 
 
 He to the countryman said ; 
 But the countryman smil'd as the stranger spake. 
 
 And sheepishly shook his head. 
 
 ' I hasten'd as soon as the wedding was done. 
 
 And left my wife in the porch ; 
 But I' faith she had been wiser than me. 
 
 For she took a bottle to church.' " 
 
 Nordcn alludes to this Well in his Historical Description of Cornwall, and says it is " a 
 Spring rising vnder a Tree of a most straunge condition, for, beyinge but one bodie, it beareth 
 the braunches of four kindes, Oke, Ashe, Elm, and Withye." 
 
 The Well is now visited more as a curiosity than for faith in the efficacy of the water : the 
 spell laid on it by the good Saint has long since vanished. 
 
 "HIMSELF HATH DONE IT." 
 
 Isaiah xxxviii. 15. 
 
 " TT IMSELF hatli done it " nil. O liow those 
 t -'-'- words 
 
 i Should hush to silence every murmuring 
 5 thought ! 
 
 < Himself hath done it ; lie who loves me best, 
 
 < He who my soul with His own blood hath 
 j boujiht. 
 
 J " Himself hath done it." Can it then be aught 
 ', Than full of wisdom, full of teiulerest love 't 
 
 < Not one unneeded sorrow will He send, 
 
 } To teach this wandering lieart no more to rove. 
 
 ' " Himself hath done it." Yes, although severe 
 i Sfay seem the stroke, and bitter be the cup, ; 
 \ 'Tis His own hand that holds it, and 1 know ■ 
 < He'll give me grace to drink it meekly up. 
 
 ^ " Himself hath done it." O ! no arm but His 
 i Could e'er sustain beneath earth's dreary lot; 
 '< But while I know He's doing all things well, 
 ^ iMy heart His loving-kindness questions not. 
 
 ! "Himself hath done it." He who's search'd 
 
 I me through, 
 
 > bees how I cleave to earth's ensnaring ties ; 
 
 "^ Nonr
 
 
 WELL-CHAPEL, MENACUDDLE, ST. AUSTELL. 
 
 The chapel which formerly stood near this Well was attached to the priory of Tywardreath. It 
 was abolished in the time of Henry Till. The last incumbent, had, in the reign of Edward VI., 
 a pension of £5 per annum allowed him. The length of this building is II feet; its breadth, 
 9 feet; height of the gable end, 11 feet. The doorways, 5 feet 2 inches high, and 2 feet 9 ins. 
 in breadth, are neatly arched, and placed opposite each other, — one on the north, the other on 
 the south side : in the west end is a small window. The spring rises in the east end ; the basin 
 is divided by a block of granite, and the water flows from one division into the other. A similar 
 Well formerly existed at Penrice, in the same parish. 
 
 94
 
 
 THE WELL OF ST. CLEER. 
 
 On tlie descent of the road, a short distance to the cast of the Church of St. Clccr, are the remains 
 of an ancient Well, or Baptistry ; its present condition is represented by the accompanying 
 engraving. C. S. Gilbert says of this Well that "it was formerly enclosed within a small 
 chapel, but some part of the walls are fallen down ; it had two windows, one on each side, and 
 an entrance door formed under two low, round arches. The front is yet tolerably entire, 
 and the roof is overrun with ivy and wild plants. The water, after flowing out of the well, is 
 received into a large bason, formed with blocks of moor-stone ; it is supposed to have been 
 formerly used as a bowsening pool, for the cure of mad people, a practice not altogether laid 
 aside at the present day."* 
 
 • Uist. of Curmvnil, vol. ii., p. 947. 
 
 95
 
 In Hals's account. St. Clare, the titular saint of this Well, is said to have been born of an 
 honourable lineage at the city of Assisum in Italy ; she was the daughter of Phavorino Sciffo, 
 a noble knight, and of Hortulana, his most virtuous wife, and born in the year 1193. St. 
 Francis, who instituted one of the great orders of begging monks and friars, was then alive 
 and at the height of his fame. St. Clare appears to have been his first female disciple, or at 
 least the first raised by him to eminence and power. He placed her at first in a monastery of 
 Benedictine Nuns, and from this station she advanced to be the founder of an order, exercised 
 according to rules dictated by St. Francis ; and the poor Clares constitute a principal branch of 
 the female monastic establishments existing in all catholic countries up to the present time. 
 The lady is said to have died at Rome in 1253. 
 
 It is proved that the church was rated and endowed in 1294, the Well-chapel may have been 
 erected about the same time, or perhaps both were built between 12o3 and 1294. Hals thus 
 refers to the Well : — " In this parish is yet to be seen a famous chapel well, dedicated to St. 
 Clare, a work of great skill, labour, and cost, though now much decayed, which formerly per- 
 tained to some nunnery of those sort of religious women extant here or at Liskeard." The 
 Cross standing near the Well is given on a larger scale at page 47. 
 
 ST. GEllMA.NS CHURCH. 
 
 96
 
 
 DUPATH WELL, OR BAPTISTRY. 
 
 In a retired and sheltered valley, in the parish of St. Dominick, and about a mile from the town 
 of Callington, is Dupath Well, or Baptistry. The building is of granite, and is still in com- 
 paratively good preservation. It is 12 feet 6 inches in length, and 11 feet 6 inches in breadth; 
 the doorway, which faces west, is 6 feet high : a double-arched window occupies the east end, 
 and there are small openings at the sides. The interior is divided by an arch, and step, which 
 is now embedded, into a double floor. A portion of the front is overrun with ivy; grass and 
 weeds grow in clusters from the chinks on the roof. The water from the spring, unconfined by 
 any regular channel, flows through the doorway, and falls out at the east end, inundating in its 
 course much of the surrounding soil and rugged pathway. The spot has a deserted and 
 
 97
 
 neglected appearance; the gloom and solitude which hang over the place, liarm jiiize with the 
 legend that is linked with the scene, and which is related in the following Cornish Ballad; — 
 
 '' Hear how the noble Siward died ! 
 The Leech hath told the woeful Bride : 
 'Tis vain : his passing hour is nigh, 
 And Death must quench her Warrior's ejc. 
 
 II. 
 
 ' Bring me,' he said, * the steel I wore, 
 When Dupatli Spring was dark with gore : 
 The spear I rais'd for Githa's glove. 
 Those trophies of my Wars and Love ! ' 
 
 III. 
 Upright he sate within the bed, 
 The helm on his unyielding head : 
 Sternly he lean'd upon his spear — 
 He knew his passing hour was near. 
 
 IV. 
 ' Githa, thine hand ! ' — how wild that cry ! 
 How fiercely glar'd his flashing eye ! 
 ' Sound, Herald ! ' was his Shout of Pride, — 
 Hear how the noble Siward died ! 
 
 A Roof must shade that storied Stream, — 
 Her dying Lord's remeniber'd theme, — 
 A daily Vow that Lady said, 
 Where Glory wreathed the Hero dead. 
 
 VI. 
 Gaze, Maiden ! gaze, on Dupath Well ! 
 Time yet hath spar'd that solemn cell: 
 In memory of old Love and Pride, — 
 Hear how the noble Siward died ! " 
 
 /l^ 
 
 98
 
 'J 
 
 
 
 vw^r^'-'^; 
 
 ■\VELI. IN THE COUKT AT RIALTOX PUIORY. 
 
 KICUG IN THE BACK OP TUB WELL. 
 
 99
 
 THE DOOM-WF.LL OF ST. M.M)110N'. 
 
 " Plunge th}- right hand in St. Madron's spring ! 
 If true to its troth be the palm you bring ; 
 But if a false sigil thy fingers bear, 
 Lay them the rather on the burning share." 
 
 Loud laughed King Arthur when as he heard 
 That solemn Friar, and his boding word : 
 And blithely he sware, as a king he may, 
 " We tryst for St. Madron's at break of day ! " 
 
 " Now horse and hattock, both but and ben,"* 
 Was the cry at Laud's, with Tintadgel men ; 
 And forth they pricked upon Roughtorf side 
 As goodly a raid as a King could ride. 
 
 Proud Guenever rode like a Queen of the land, 
 With page and with squire at her bridle hand; 
 And the twice six Knights of the Stony Ring, 
 They girded and guarded their Cornish King. 
 
 Then they halted their steeds at St. Madron's cell, 
 And they stood by the Priest at the cloister'd well — 
 " Now off with your gauntlets." King Arthur he cried, 
 " And glory or shame for our Tamar-side ! " 
 • The old phrase for butlery and hall. t Sounded Rowtor, the o open as in brow. 
 
 100
 
 'Twere sooth to sing how Sir Gawain smiled, 
 When he grasp'd the waters so soft and mild ; 
 How Sir Launcelot dash'd the glistening spray, 
 O'er the rugged beard of the rough Sir Kay. 
 
 Sir Bevis he touched, and he found no fear; 
 'Twas a benitee stoup to Sir Belvidere. 
 How the fountain flash'd o'er King Arthur's Queen, 
 Say, Cornish Dames, for ye guess the scene. 
 
 " Now rede me my riddle, Sir Mordred, I pray, 
 
 My kinsman, mine ancient, my bien-aime; 
 
 Now rede me my riddle, and rede it aright, 
 
 Art thou traitorous Knave, or my trusty Knight ? " 
 
 He plunged his right arm in the Judgment-Well, 
 It bubbled and boiled like a cauldron of hell ! 
 He drew, and he lifted his quivering limb, 
 " Ha ! Sir Judas ! how Madron had sodden him ! " 
 
 Now, let Uter Pendragon do what he can, 
 Still the Tamar river will run as it ran ; 
 Let King and let Kaisar be fond or be fell, 
 Ye may harowe their troth in St. Madron's Well. 
 
 
 MINSTKR CIIORCII. 
 
 Near this Church formerly stood n priory of Black Monks. In this priory, or in 
 the Church, St. Mailrnn was buried, and extraordinary miracles are said to 
 have been wrouglit at her grave. 
 
 101
 
 Slmiriit CljajjflH. 
 
 UINS of ancient Chapels are found in some of the wildest and most un- 
 fretiuented parts of Cornwall ; on desolate moors, in sequestered valleys, 
 on rocky eminences, and on the edges of the lofty and rugged clifTs, where 
 
 fi they must have been exposed to the severest storms, and at times covered 
 
 ■J 
 
 ^^ with the spray from the waves. These little cells were doubtless built by the 
 ;5> recluses who occupied them for the sake of retirement ; and because the 
 i""'*^ wildness of the scenery, and the soothing sounds of the ocean harmonize 
 with tlie feelings which even yet occasionally induce tlie penitent or the 
 devout to dwell alone. The sea-side may, indeed, have been chosen that tlie solitary 
 inmate might be on the spot to succour shipwrecked mariners. A list of the Chapels 
 or Oratories on the coast in the west of Cornwall is given in the first volume. Near 
 the Gurnard's Head in the parish of Zennor are the remains of one ; the altar stone, 
 a flat slab of granite, similar to that at St. Madron's Well, is still preserved, evidently 
 in its original position, at the east end : of the walls, merely the foundations remain: 
 there was a Well close by. Others in equally exposed situations were at Cape 
 Cornwall, St. Loy (p. 108), St. Clement's Isle, and at Godrevy Island on the north 
 coast; on Looe Island on the south coast there was a Chapel dedicated to St. Michael, 
 within the ruins of which a remarkably large hvuuan skeleton was found.* 
 
 The first three illustrations on the following pages represent either the sites or 
 remains of Chapels dedicated to St. Michael, they are all on high places, and this is 
 in accordance with the legend. " Why," says Whitakcr, " this archangel, the certain 
 leader of the good angels against Lucifer and the bad, the probable successor to 
 Lucifer's pre-eminence of place on the expulsion of the latter from heaven, should 
 have been supposed in the various parts of Christendom, to have shown himself 
 
 * Band's East cnicl U'rsl f.ooc, p. 29. 
 102
 
 repeatedly to human eyes on the summits of hills ; I can attribute only to his known 
 elevation of rank, and to a supposed correspondency of a hill as his station with it, — 
 
 A Station, like the herald jNIt'rcury's, 
 
 New-lighted on a heaven-kissing hill. 
 Yet so the fact is. ' The first appearance of St. Michael,' as Worcester informs us, 
 ' was on Mount G.arganus, in the kingdom of Apulia, within the year of Christ 391.' 
 * The second appearance,' he adds, ' was about the year of our Lord 710, on the 
 tomb in Cornwall near to the sea.^ (St, Michael's Mount.) The French aver a third 
 appearance to have been made, on their St. Michael's Mount, in Normandy." 
 
 If we may judge from the great number of Chapels wliich formerly existed, the 
 Christian religion must have been introduced and taken deep root at an early period, 
 and in every part of the county ; for there is scarcely a parish in Cornwall, in which 
 the site of some Chapel, Baptistery, Oratory, or Hermitage is not pointed out. Most 
 of them have been destroyed, and of others but small ruins remain. Some Avere 
 dedicated to British or Irish Saints, whose names are not met with as patrons of 
 any of the parish Churches. 
 
 TIIR ANCIENT CHURCH OP PER U A N-ZA IICLO K. 
 
 103
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL, TENKIVEL. 
 
 In the third stage of this fine old tower is a small Chapel or Oratory. There is a window 
 on the eastern side: the stone Altar is in ruins, but the Piscina still remains. In the aisle 
 of the Church is an elegant monument of marble to the memory of the celebrated Admiral 
 Boscawen, a member of the noble family of "Falmouth," who was a native of this parish. 
 
 104
 
 CHAPEL-ROCK, BUDE. 
 
 On this rock, which is now joined to the main land by the breakwater, there was formerly a 
 Chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity and St. Michael, but no remains of it are now in 
 existence. 
 
 105
 
 ROCHE ROCK AND HERMITAGE. 
 
 This remarkable group of rocks, from which the parish derives its name, rises abruptly from a 
 heathy plain. The little Chapel on the highest crag, formed by the adaptation of masonry to 
 the natural rocks, was dedicated to St. Michael. It consisted of two rooms, one over the other; 
 that on the ground-floor measured 12 feet by 9: there was a window in the east end. The 
 window of the Chapel was larger and more elegant. Steps cut in the rock lead from the 
 Cell to the Chapel. This building is said to have been a Hermitage. Norden gives the follow- 
 ing curious account of this place : — " In this ragged pyle may be obserued flue seueral workes : 
 the firste of nature, whoe, as a mother, begate this stonye substance; nexte of force, where- 
 by the water at the generall floude depryued it of her earth coueringe shelter, leauinge it 
 naked; the therde of arte, which raysed a buylding vpon so craggcd a foundation; fourth, 
 of industrye, in workingc coiicauitye in so obdurate a subiecte ; lastly, of deuotion, wherein 
 
 106
 
 men, in their then wcU-wenninge zeale, would abandon, as it were, the societye of humane 
 creatures, and vndergoe the tedious daylie ascent, and continuance of so cold and so abandoned 
 a place. To this may be added a sixth worke, euen of Time, who, as she is the mother, and 
 ben'etteth, so is she the destroyer of her begotten chyldren; and nothinge that she bringeth 
 forth is permanent."* Polwhele says, " The Hermitage on Roche-rock, was, probably, one of 
 the first in Cornwall. "f 
 
 • Description of Cornrvall, p 02. 
 
 + Hist, of Cornwall, vol. i., p. 6C. 
 
 107
 
 CHAPEL OF ST. ELOY, OR DE LA XOYOX, 
 
 (The French breviate for St. Eligius, Bishop of Xoi/on* A.D. 6-59.) 
 
 Standing on the extreme verge of the cliff, overgrown with ivy and briars, the ruined Oratory at 
 St. Eloy's Cove, in St. Buryan, presented a picturesque and striking aspect, and was to the 
 antiquary an object of deep interest, as a monument of the ancient introduction of the Christian 
 faith and the devotion of our pious ancestors. The remains of several similar structures still 
 survive on the edges of these western cliffs, .and appear to have been the abodes of the Hermit 
 or of the Missionary priest of primitive times; for as it has been said of these forefathers, — 
 
 " They had their lodges in the Wilderness, 
 
 Or built them Cells beside the shadowy sea, 
 
 And there they dwelt with angels, like a dream ! 
 
 So, they unclosed the volume of the Book, 
 
 And filled the fields of the Evangelist, 
 
 With thoughts, as sweet as flowers ! " f 
 This building is mentioned with other ancient Chapels in the first volume of this work ; it has 
 since been destroyed by the tenant of the estate on which it stood, to the regret of all who feel 
 interested in the antiquities of the county." The length of this Chapel or Oratory was 37 feet, 
 its breadth, 14 feet. The Altar-stone remained at the east end until within a few years. The 
 engraving is made from a sketch by H. A. Crozier, Esq. 
 
 • A Saint held in peculiar veneration.— His life is recorded in Butler's Lives of the Saints, and he is thus 
 alluded to by Chaucer: — 
 
 '• Ther was also a Nonne, a Prioresse, 
 
 That of hire srnylinge was ful symple and coy; 
 
 Hire greltest ooth nas but by seynt Eloy; 
 
 Prologue to tlie Canterbury Tales. 
 t Reeds Shaken icith the Wind : The Second Cluster. By the Vicar of Morwenslow. 1844. 
 
 108
 
 
 RUIXS OF TEMPLE CHURCH. 
 
 The district called Temple Moor includes the parish of Temple, and portions of Alternun, St. 
 Breward, Blisland, St, Neot's, and North-hill. It is a barren waste, rising occasionally into 
 hills, sometimes crowned with fantastically shaped groups of granite, — the lower parts are 
 reedy swamps. In one of these hollows are the remains of Temple Church, overspread by an 
 ash tree growing within the walls: this, with a few stunted trees near the adjacent cottage, 
 are the only ones within many miles. This Church belonged to the Preceptory of the Knights 
 Hospitallers at Trebigh, in St. Ive. The Font, here depicted, lies on the floor, overgrown with 
 briars and weeds. 
 
 109
 
 ^^^s^^r^^ 
 
 gj-f i;.-.*;'M';^;#ir^ ^ --*-^^-*^ 
 
 
 .ii#'^ 
 
 REMAINS OF RIALTON PRIORY, ST. COLUMB MINOR. 
 
 Rialton Priory was built in the fifteenth century, by Thomas Vivian, prior of Bodmin. The 
 richly-carved arches leading into the courts have been destroyed within the last twenty years. 
 Part of the ancient building has been recently converted into a farm-house, but the cfFcct is 
 rudely marred by tasteless modern masonry. The vignette represents the fragment of the Font 
 belonging to this Priory ; it is now built into the wall of an out-house on an adjoining farm. 
 
 110
 
 BUDE HKEAKWATER. 
 
 The sole surviving imagery of the pierhead and sea-wall of the Bude breakwater. Huilt 18'2S 
 hurled down by the Atlantic, A.D. 1S38. 
 
 " Thou dost arise 
 And shake him from thee ! " 
 
 Bi/ron. 
 
 From a drawing by Sir Thomas Dyke Achmd, Bart. 
 
 Ill
 
 NORMAN CABLE FOiNT, MORWENSTOW. 
 THE LEGEND OF ST. MORWENNA. A.D. 8o0. 
 
 There dwelt in Wales, in the ninth age, a Celtic King ; Breachan by name : it was from him that 
 the words Brecon and Brecknock received origin : and Gladvvise was his wife and queen. They 
 had — it is the record of Leland the scribe — children twenty and four. Now these were either 
 their own daughters and sons, or they were, according to the usage of those days, the offspring 
 of the nobles of that land, placed for loyal and learned nurture in the palace of the King, and 
 so called the children of his house ! Of these Morwenna was one. She grew up wise, learned, 
 and holy, above her generation ; and it was evermore the strong desire of her soul to bring the 
 barbarous and pagan people, among whom she dwelt, to the Christian Font. Now, so it was, 
 that when as Morwenna had grown up to saintly womanhood, there was a King of Saxon 
 England, and EtheUvolf was his noble name. He, likewise, had many children, and while 
 he entrusted to the famous St. Swithun the guidance of his sons, he besought King Breachan 
 to send Morwenna to become the teacher of the Princess Edith, and the other daughters 
 of his house. She came; she sojourned long; and so she gladdened the King by her grace 
 and goodness, that at last he was fain to give her whatsoever she sought. Now, the piece of 
 
 112
 
 ground, or, the Acre of God, which in those days was wont to be set apart and hallowed for the 
 site of a future Church, was called the Station, or in native speech, the Stowe of the Martyr 
 or Saint who gave name or origin to the Altar-stone. So on a certain day thus said Morwenna 
 to the King : " Largess ! my Lord the King ! Largess for God ! " " Largess ! my daughter ! " 
 answered Eihelwolf : " be it whatsoever it may." Then said Morwenna, " Sir ! there is a stern 
 and stately headland in far Cornwall, rugged and tall, and it looks along the Severn Sea: they 
 call it in that region, HeunaclifF, that is to say, the Raven's Crag : because it hath been, long 
 ages, the haunt and the home of the birds of Elias ! Very often, in wild Wales, have I watched 
 across the waves until the westering sun fell red upon that Cornish rock, and I have said in my 
 vows, ' Alas! and would to God, that a Font might be hewn, and an Altar built, among the 
 stones, by yonder barbarous hill!' Give me then I beseech thee, my Lord, a Station for a 
 Priest in that scenery of my prayer ! that so the saying of the Seer may come to pass.* — ' In 
 the place of dragons, where each lay, there shall be grass, with reeds and rushes.' " Her voice 
 was heard: her entreaty was fulfilled: they set up yonder Font with the carven cable coiled 
 around it in stone, in memory of the Vessel of old anchored in the Galilean Sea. They built 
 an Altar there and linked it with Morwenna's name, the tender and the true ; and so it is, that 
 notwithstanding the lapse of ten whole centuries of English time, at this very day, the bourne 
 of many a pilgrim to the west, is the Station of Morwenna, or in simple and Saxon phrase, — 
 Morwenstow. 
 
 • Isaiah, xxxv., v. 7. 
 
 CLIFFS AT MORWENSTOW. 
 
 113
 
 FONT IN CRANTOCK CHURCH. 
 
 This Font, which is considered to be late Norman, is of a form which occurs more frequently in 
 the West of England than other parts, but differs from others in bearing a date, which is cut 
 in bold relief on the side, and has been thus read : — " Anno Domini Millesimo CCCC^lxxiij or 
 ij. (1473-2)." There were small columns at the angles. 
 
 A Collegiate Church existed here before the Conquest, and secular Canons continued from 
 the time of Edward the Confessor until the general dissolution. The Church was dedicated to 
 St. Carantocus, said to have been a disciple of St. Patrick. An alabaster bust of the Virgin, 
 much mutilated, is preserved in this Church. 
 
 114
 
 THE PISCINA IN MORWENSTOW CHURCH. 
 
 The horn of the Hebrew Altar was, both in form and in usage, the primary type of the Christian 
 Piscina. These horns (and there were four), as in the subjoined vignette, were in shape like the 
 crest of a dwarf pillar, with a cup-shaped mouth and a grooved throat to receive and to carry down 
 the superfluous blood and water of the sacrifices into a cistern and channel underneath. Hence 
 came the ecclesiastical custom, that whensoever the chalice or other vessel had been washed, 
 the water was reverently poured into the Piscina, which was usually built into a carven niche of 
 the southward wall. Now, of these Piscinae, two, in Cornwall (both engraved for this volume), 
 survive, in the churches of Morwenstow and Bodmin, and attest the remote antiquity of their 
 origin, by their pillared form. 
 
 /^ 
 
 HEHREW ALTAR. 
 
 Uo
 
 i
 
 ' 
 
 CAUVING IN MOHWENSTOW CHURCH. 
 
 CA Graphic Doctrme of God the Trinity!) 
 The Church, symbolized by the tower, is shewn, assailed by a two-headed monster ; an emblem of 
 the Enemy: and defended by the Holy Spirit ; signified by a dove ; " which proceedeth from the 
 Son !" This work is a broken fragment of the fifteenth century. Another dragon on the left 
 side, once assaulted the pillar: another dove fought against him; which came forth from the 
 mouth of the First Person of the Godhead, under the semblance of the Ancient of Days : — 
 " an aged man," said my informant, " with a flowing beard." 
 
 THE TOVaplOV, OR PITCUPIPE. 
 
 This is an instrument of very remote antiquity. It was used in Greek and Roman oratory, to 
 suggest the rise or the fall of the pleader's voice. It was adopted to fulfil the self-same office 
 in ecclesiastical eloquence : and the voices of S. Augustine and S. Chrysostom were roused or 
 subdued by the rovapiov, in accordance with the size of the structure, or the extent of the 
 audience. It is to be lamented that modern oratory is devoid of such an excellent means of 
 modulation, and that the usage of the pipe above delineated is limited, as in Morwenstow, to 
 rural choirs in remote Churches. 
 
 117
 
 CORBELS IN MOR-\VEXSTO\V CHUKCH. 
 
 There are two kinds of symbolism in Church Architecture, which will often astonish and perplex 
 the unlearned : these are the (/rotcsqyc and the repithive. To the first of these belongs the 
 lolling tongue and the mocking mouth of these two corbels of stone. The interpretation of a 
 face so distorted when it is shewn trithin a Church, is called in antiquity, the Grin of Arius ; 
 and the origin of the name is this. The final developement of every strong and baleful passion 
 in the human countenance, is a fierce and angry laugh. In a picture of the Council of Nicaea, 
 which is said to exist in the Vatican, the baflSed Arius is shewn, among the Doctors, with his 
 features convulsed into a hideous and demoniac spasm of malignant mirth. Hence it became 
 one of the usages, amid the graphic imagery of interior decoration, to depict the heretic as 
 mocking the mysteries, with that glare of derision, and gesture of disdain, which admonish and 
 instruct, by the very name of, the Grin of Arius. 
 
 l^ 
 
 THE SEAL OF SOLOMON. 
 
 This is the Pentacle, or five-pointed Seal of Solomon, wherewith he ruled the Demons: and it 
 was the mythic signal to the armies of the air, lifted by that supernatural king. This sculpture 
 on the precious stone was a double triangle, so intersected as to give out five angular points, 
 the symbolic Fingers of Omnipotence, or the Hand of God. 
 
 118
 
 THE SHIELD OF DAVID, 
 
 Or heraldic bearing, so to speak, of that Prophet-king, shewed six angles ; to indicate, by that 
 added point, the human nature of his Lord-Messiah : the Manhood, taken into God the Trinity, 
 as full partaker of its might. Each of these figures survives as the carvure of a boss in the 
 chancel of Morwenstow Church. 
 
 The Hieroglyphic of the Hand received also sanction and usage, as the ensign of Almighty 
 Power, from those shadowy fingers, which came forth and moved along the wall, with the 
 legendary doom of Belshazzar the King. Thus, the Hand, as the source of Power, became 
 the signal of the gift of Power, from oldest time till now. 
 
 The Grotesque and the Repulsive in Church carving. — There is an interpretation, rendered in 
 the preceding page — the Grin of Arius — of the doctrine conveyed by certain grotesque grimaces 
 in stone. But there is another kind of sculpture which may still more astonish the secular 
 mind, and it is the guilty, the repulsive, and even the obscene. In mediaeval design there are 
 often discovered, scenes of guilt, and images of shame, delineated with stony horror within the 
 very sanctuary : such as men would willingly banish from their language and their very thoughts. 
 Now there must have been strong reasons for the introduction of such loathsome imagery amid 
 the associations of so sacred a scene. There was — Hearken ! It was a graven signal of the 
 inevitable Omniscience of God the Trinity ! Whereas there are attributes of the Godhead, such 
 as Almighty Power, which may be exercised or suspended, by the Godhead itself ; it is the 
 absolute necessity of the Divine Existence, that it must be at all times, universally, and at once, 
 aware of every committed thing. God, so to speak, cannot avoid the immediate and indelible 
 perception of every earthly thought, and word, and deed ! This then is the language of the 
 Church in stone. It is revolting to the eye and to the mind thus to encounter the pictured 
 depravity which glares upon these hallowed walls : but how much more vile to thrust, by 
 perpetrated sin, the shuddering shadows of human iniquity on the conscious and reluctant 
 Omniscience of God the Holy One ! It is the legend of the text,—" When thou wast under 
 the fig-tree I saw thee ! " Or the word of the psalm, — " Thou liast set our misdeeds before 
 thee, and our secret sins in the light of thy countenance ! " 
 
 \^^ 
 
 119
 
 THE MISERERE CHAIR OF ST. GERMANS, WITH ITS LEGENDARY SEAT. 
 
 There had lain for many years in the belfry of St. Germans, an oblong piece of wood, with one 
 carved face, and a pivot at either end. The imagery was a hunter, with game slung over his 
 shoulder, on the stock of a cross-bow, preceded and followed by his hounds. The people used 
 to call it " Dando and his dogs." Seven years agone there was discovered, built into a wall, the 
 chair, which is engraved above, and whereas it was devoid of a seat, the carved wood of the 
 
 120
 
 belfry was found to fit exactly into it, and to turn upon its pivots, for a sitting or a kneeling Rest, 
 so as to constitute together, a Miserere chair. In all likelihood it teas a penitential scdile, 2rith 
 a graven record of the committed and repented sin. At the historic interpretation, we can merely 
 guess. The local legend tells of a wild and lawless hunter, Dando by name : of a stranger who 
 lured him to invade, it may be, the demesne of the Church : of a quarrel, for it was a demon in 
 disguise : of a battle, and the victim drowned in the Lynher river, which flows by the scene. 
 The soul of the wild huntsman, as in German legend, still haunts the place : the heath-hounds 
 are heard at night: and the damsel and her lover at their tryst beneath the tree, are still scared, 
 ever and anon, by " Dando and his dogs." 
 
 The height of the chair is 2 feet 11 inches; the length of the seat is 1 foot 5 inches: it is 
 drawn on a larger scale to shew the carved work more distinctly. 
 
 121
 
 \rSrC VBBBtt tH5J'fflH . 
 
 A STEM OF CARVED VINE, IN MORWENSTOW CHURCH. 
 
 s 
 
 EARKEN ! there is, in old Morwenna's shrine, 
 A lonely Sanctuary of the Saxon days, 
 Rear'd, by the Severn Sea, for prayer and praise. 
 Amid the carved work of the roof — a vine, — 
 Its root is where the eastern sunbeams fall 
 First in the Chancel — then, along the wall. 
 Slowly it travels on — a leafy line : 
 With here and there a cluster ; and anon 
 More and more grapes : until the growth hath gone 
 Thro' arch and aisle ! Hearken ! and heed the sign I 
 See, at the Altar-side, the stedfast root ! 
 Mark well the branches : count the summer-fruit ; 
 So, let a meek and faithful heart be thine, 
 And gather from that Tree a parable divine ! 
 
 122
 
 ^nsriihrii ItniitiL 
 
 HESE are either sacred or monumental, or both. The rock which 
 Jacob raised in memory of his dream was called by him Bethel, 
 i.e., the place of God. He hallowed that stone with oil that the 
 Wi, spot Avhere it stood might be for ever as it were an altar to him and 
 to his race, and the corner stone of future imagery — the type of the 
 Messiah, the anointed Rock of God. Another impulse which led to 
 these memorials in stone is that which is recorded in the 18th chapter 
 of the second book of Samuel, the 18th verse. — "Now Absalom in his 
 lifetime had taken and reared up for himself a pillar, which is in the 
 king's dale : for he said, I have no son to keep my name in remembrance : and he 
 called the pillar after his own name : and it is called unto this day, Absalom's place." 
 
 Rear yonder Rock ! vast, pillar'd, and alone, 
 Like some grim God revealed in awful stone ! 
 There build my place, and bid my memory stand, 
 Throned in mid air, to rule along the land ! 
 
 There, hew my name! where Judah's daughters glide 
 
 To weave their shadowy dance at evening-tide ; 
 
 Lo ! their soft voices thrill the stony shade, 
 
 " Here the Prince Absalom who died in youth is laid ! " 
 
 I have no son : no daughter of my fame 
 
 To breathe mid future hearts their Father's name. 
 
 I live with many men : I die alone : — , 
 
 I go into the ground : rear the surviving stone ! I^ri* 
 
 The Inscribed Stones represented on the following pages are of a period antecedent 
 to the Norman Conquest, and some of them are supposed to have been erected during 
 the time of the Romans. 
 
 1'24
 
 ST. CLEMENT S, NEAR TRURO. 
 
 This stone, which is about 9 feet high, was for some time used as a gate-post. It bears an in- 
 scription, which at full length would read, — Isniocus Vitalis Jilius Torrid. Dr. Borlase says, 
 "'By the purity of the character, I judge it to be one of the most ancient Christian sepulchral 
 monuments in this county." — " This stone has at present a large cross on it in bass relieve, 
 which is singular; and as -the other stones inscrib'd, which cannot be so ancient as this, have 
 no crosses, I question whether the cross may not be of later date than the inscription, and cut 
 on the stone in those times, when it was none of the meanest parts of religion to erect crosses 
 in every churchyard, and at the meeting of highways."* Polwhele, in concluding his remarks 
 on this inscription, observes, — " Vitalis then, the son of Torricus or Toreus, confessedly a 
 Christianized Roman at the close of the present period, was buried at St. Clement's where a 
 Christian church had been formed out of a Pagan temple, or erected on the site of it."t 
 
 • Anliq., ]). 3.50. 
 
 t Hist, oj Curnivall, vol. i., p. 147 
 
 125
 
 'Liy^ "cyvVi,- 
 
 1. — INSCRIBED STONE AT WELL-TOWN, CARDYNHAM. 
 
 This Stone has been used as a gate-post: it is 5 feet 5 inches in height, and 1 foot thick. The 
 inscription is nearly obliterated, the word filiits only being traced with certainty. 
 
 2. — AT LANTEGLOS, NEAR CAMELFORD. 
 
 This stone now props the side wall of an old barn : it is 8 feet 1 inch in length, and 1 foot 4 ins. 
 in breadth; one end is so cut as though originally placed in a socket. The inscription, which 
 appears to be Sa.\on, is much worn on the broader side; that on the narrow side is better pre- 
 served. No account of these stones will be found in any of the histories of Cornwall, and 
 probably no notice of them has been hitherto published. 
 
 126
 
 NEAR CASTLEDOUR, ON THE ROAD TO FOAVEY. 
 
 Height, 8 feet ; breadth at base, 1 foot 10 inches. 
 
 The inscription, one line of which is now nearly obliterated, has been rendered — "CIRVSIUS 
 HIC JACIT CVNOMORI FILiUS." The letter M is inverted, which is not unfrcquent in 
 inscriptions of this period. On the reverse side is carved an PIgyptian Cross, T ; and as may be 
 seen by the above representation, the inscription commences with a cross, which indicates that 
 tliis monument was erected within the present era, and to the memory of a Christian. 
 
 Cur( \v gives a curious account of a " gentleman who was persuaded by some information 
 or imagination that treasure lay hidden under this stone; wherefore in a fair mooneshine night, 
 thither with certaine good fellowes he hyeth to dig up:" he then continues to relate that 
 they were obliged to abandon their enterprise, and seek shelter, on account of a terrible 
 thunderstorm ; " whether this" disturbance, he says, " procedilh from a naturall accident, or a 
 working of the diuell, I will not undertake to define." 
 
 127
 
 NEAR REDGATE, ST. CLEER. 
 
 These stones stand side by side in a pathway-field, between Iledgate and St. Clcer Church. The 
 tallest is rather more than 7 feet high, and has one side sculptured. The other, 4 feet 7 inches 
 high, bears an inscription, and three of its sides are ornamented with Saxon tracery, as shewn 
 in the above engraving. Polwhele says, — " They have no such relation to each other as to 
 warrant the conclusion that they ever contributed to form one monument. One is inscribed; 
 the other, without an inscription, called ' the other half stone,' seems to have been the shaft of 
 a cross; on one of its sides are some ornamental asterisks, but no letters of any kind ; it seems 
 to have been once much larger, as the upper part is broken, and displays part of a mortice. The 
 inscribed stone, nearly square, appears to have been a plinth of a monumental cross, having the 
 words Donicrt rogavit pro anima inscribed upon it, in similar characters to those used about 
 the ninth century." 
 
 128
 
 Shortly after Hals went to see this monument, some miners, imagining that treasure might 
 be concealed beneath, dug to the depth of about 6 feet ;* when they discovered a vault walled 
 around, and arched over with stones, having on the sides two stone seats, not unlike those in 
 churches for auricular confession. The sight of all this filled them with such consternation, that 
 they hastily filled in the pit they had made, and departed, none having the courage to inspect it 
 further. f Doniert is supposed to mean Dungerth, King of Cornwall, who was accidentally 
 drowned in the year 872 or 873. Some translate the inscription, "Pray for the soul of 
 Dungerth ; " others, " Doniert asked for his soul." Dr. Borlase says, — " I rather think that 
 Doniert desired in his life time, that a cross might be erected in the place where he should be 
 interr'd, in order to put people in mind to pray for his soul." 
 
 There are other inscribed stones in the county, similar to those noticed in the preceding pages. 
 Some are figured in Dr. Borlase's Antiquities of Cornwall ; others, however, have been dis- 
 covered since that celebrated antiquary's time. One, worthy of mention, is at Phillack; it was 
 dug up during the recent restoration of the Church, and now stands erect in the churchyard; 
 a portion of the face of the stone is broken away, thus rendering the inscription imperfect. 
 Those upright pillars of rough and unhewn rock, not inscribed, which still stand throughout 
 Cornwall, but more commonly in the western districts, may also be deemed monumental ; such 
 were often erected as memorials of some wonderful and storied event. 
 
 • The Men Scryfa, in .Madron, still lies in a pit, which was dug around it for a similar purpose, 
 t Duties Gilbert's Hist, of Curnirall. 
 
 ROCKS AT KILMARTH. 
 
 129
 
 THE TREVETIIY STONE, ST. CLEEK.* 
 
 This Cromleh stands on an artificial mound raised a few feet above the level of the field. There 
 were seven upright or supporting stones, one of which has fallen inwardly : the tallest of these 
 supporters is 9 feet 9 inches in height; those at the sides being shorter, cause the cover-stone, 
 which is 11 feet in length, and 9 feet 6 inches in breadth, to lie in an inclined position; the 
 height of the part most elevated is 13 feet. This is the only Cromleh now standing in the eastern 
 part of the county; but the remains of others, which have fallen, yet exist: — one of these 
 may still be seen at Coit, near St. Columb, the stones of which are of quartz and schorl, a rock 
 developed in the adjacent tin-formation in slate of the Goss Moors: all the other Cromlehs in 
 Cornwall are of granite. There is in St. Breoek a fallen Cromleh, called " the Giant's Quoit," 
 and another in Lanlivery, represented on the following page. 
 
 • Some interesting remarks on this ancient structure will be found in the Reports of the Penzance Salural Hiitory 
 and Antiquariini Soc'uty.for 1850. 
 
 130
 
 
 FALLEN CROMLECH, NEAR HELMEN TOR, LANLIVERY. 
 
 THE "TRIPPET STONES." 
 
 This remnant of a Druidic circle is on the Manor of Blisland, and consists of nine upright, un- 
 hewn stones, averaging three feet above the soil. Two other large stones are lying partly buried 
 in the circumference of the circle, but it is doubtful whether they ever formed part of it. 
 
 131
 
 CINERARY URN, FOUND AT GLEN DORGAL, LOWER ST. COLUMB rORTH. 
 
 In the Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro. Presented by Francis Rodd, Esq. 
 Trebartha Hall. Engraved from a drawing by Mr. J. Dingley. 
 
 132
 
 REMAINS OF A SUPPOSED AXCIE.VT BRITISH VILLAGE IX GULVAL.* 
 
 The dwelling-places of the ancient Britons are described by historians, as little rcAind hovels, 
 formed by low circular wa'ls or banks of rough stones or earth, on which poles were placed, 
 united to a point at the top, and covered with reeds or straw. 
 
 Supposed remains of these rude structures of our forefathers have been found in several parts 
 of England. Sir R. C. Hoare has described those in Wiltshire ; and the account given of the 
 Hut-circles on Dartmoor, by the late Rev. S. Rowe.f coincides in almost every particular with 
 those at Chysauster, in the parish of Gulval. 
 
 The ancient village at Chysauster (Dwellings on the south) occupies a considerable portion 
 of land to the west of the old fort, Castle-an-dinas, which is situated on the top of the hill. All 
 the dwellings are nearly of the same form and dimensions as that shewn in the plan on the 
 following page. 
 
 • It is remarkable that these extensive remains, although conspicuously situated, should have so long escaped the 
 notice of all local antiquari:in writers. They were first observed by the late G. D. John, Esq , of Penzance, by 
 whom they were pointed out to his friend, H. A. Crozier. Esq., a gentleman well acquainted with raost of the 
 antiquities in the West of England, who, on leaving this country, in 183iJ, kindly presented to the Author of 
 this work his plans and notes, the results of his careful examination of this village; these, in connexion with 
 the Author's sulisi-quent investigations, were submitted in a lecture to the Penzance Institute, in January, 
 18.'iG. Inloruialiou derived from this lecture, and a copy of one of the plans then exhibited, were shortly after 
 forwarded for insertion in the Archaotoyia Ciimbrinsis. 
 
 t Peraiiihulation of Viirtiiwor. 
 
 133
 
 This structure consists of a thick -wall, faced externally with stones, put together without 
 cement, and is internally lined with a wall of smaller stones, the intermediate space being filled 
 with earth and rubbish: it is about 80 feet in length. There is but one entrance (o), 
 and this, as in the others, faces south-east; it is wider by several feet on the outside. This 
 entrance leads into a central space (A), in which there are openings, guarded on either side by 
 pillars or jambs, some of which are 5 feet high, leading into smaller apartments (1, 2, 3, and 4) 
 constructed within the breadth of the main wall : these appear to have been once covered, and 
 some were paved or floored with large slabs of granite. The remnant of the outer wall, on the 
 south side, is 10 feet high, but it has been much damaged, many of the larger stones having 
 been carried away for modern buildings. Several of these ancient dwellings lie contiguous to 
 each other, and are connected by walls and raised banks. 
 
 On the declivity of the hill is a succession of terraces, beautifully levelled, and a vau, an 
 underground passage or chamber, which was originally walled on the sides, flagged below and 
 covered above with large stones laid horizontally : it was about 20 feet long, and o feet broad. 
 This cave was similar to those at Pendeen in St. Just, and at BoUcit in St. Buryan. 
 
 In other parts of this county are ancient remains very similar to those at Chysauster, — at 
 BusuUow, Mulfra, Trewen, Boswarva, and Lanyon, in Madron ; at Brane, Trannack Downs, and 
 Bosprennis, in Sancreed ; and at Caerwen, in Blisland. To the north-west of the Cheesewring, 
 and lying under Kilmarth Tor, on Temple Moor, are very extensive ruins of similar structures. 
 The MSS. of the late indefatigable antiquary and geologist, Richard Thomas, Esq., C.E., contain 
 sketches and descriptions of remains at Carburrow Tor, in Warleggon, which he considered to 
 be the ruins of ancient dwellings. Many of these villages are situated in the vicinity of 
 Cromlchs ;— that at Chysauster, which is the best example in the county, is a little to the east 
 of Mulfra Cromlch ;— that at Busullow is very near the Chim Cromleh ; at Lanyon are two 
 Cromli'hs ; whilst the very interesting hut-circles on Temple Moor are not far from the 
 Trcvethey Cromleh, the Druidical circles, called " the Ilurlcrs," being situated between them. 
 
 \oi
 
 tvj\ uf luli-jiTilirr 
 
 5. 
 
 The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Mount Edgcunibe. 
 The Rt. lion, the Earl of St. Germans, G.C.B. 
 The Right Rev. the Lord liishop of Exeter. 
 
 (2 copies.) 
 The Right Hon. Lord Clinton, Ileanion, 
 
 Satchville. (2 copies.) 
 The Right Hon. Sir Benjamin Hall, Bart., 
 
 M.P., Llanover, South Wales. 
 Lady Hall, 
 
 The Hon. G. M. Fortescue, Boconnoc. 
 Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Baronet, A.M., 
 
 F.R.S., F.G.S., &.C., Killertoti, Devon. 
 
 (2 copies.) 
 Sir Charles Lemon, Baronet, A.M., F.R.S., 
 
 &c., Cardew. (2 copies.) 
 John Allen, Esq., Liskeard. 
 Capt. Alms, R.C.R., Bodmin. 
 Mrs. Richard Barnett, Reading. 
 John Batten, Esq., Penzance. 
 William Bazeley, Esq., St. Ives. 
 D. B. Bedford, Esq., Penzance. 
 J. J. A. Boase, Esq., Alverton Vean, Penzance. 
 Francis Boase, Esq., Petizance. 
 John Hext Boger, Esq., Stonehouse. 
 Edwd. Bolitho, Esq., Trercidden, Penzance. 
 T. S. Bolitho, Esq., Penalverne, ,, 
 
 Wm. Bolitho, Esq., Alverne Hill, „ 
 
 (2 copies.) 
 R. F. Bolitho, Esq., Po7isandane, „ 
 
 (2 copies.) 
 C. B. Bone, Esq., Redruth. 
 Rev. Douglas Boutflower, M.A., Dundry, 
 
 near Bristol. 
 W. Bonville, Esq., Bryn Towy, Caermarthen. 
 S. Borlase, Esq., Castle Horneck, Penzance. 
 
 (8 copies.) 
 Rev. W. Borlase, Zennor. (4 copies.) 
 John Borlase, Esq., Penwarnc. (2 copies.) 
 Walter Borlase, Esq., Larigc/an, I'cnzance. 
 William Henry Box, Esq., M.D., Looc, 
 John Brunt, Esq., 1, St., Tames' -pl^xce, Exeter. 
 Colonel Buck, Hartlaitd Abbey, Devon. 
 1'homas Buckley, Esq., Sicadli^icotc , near 
 
 Burton-on-Trent . 
 Mrs. Marshall Bull, Marlborough Cottage, 
 
 Falmouth. 
 John F. Buller, Esq., Morval,High Sheriff 
 
 of Cornwall. 
 
 JosephCarne,Esq.,F.R.S.,F.G.S.,M.R.LA., 
 
 &c., Penzance. 
 T. Carnsew, Esq., Flexbury Hall, Poughill. 
 George Casebourne, Esq., C.E., Biule. 
 A. Chudleigh, Esq., St. Cohimb Minor. 
 J. G. Cole, Esq., Marazion. 
 Henry Thomas Cole, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, 
 
 4, Brick Court, Temple, London. 
 John Basset Collins, Esq., Bodmin. 
 Rev. C. M. Edward Collins, TrewardaU, 
 
 Blishmd. 
 Mrs. Thomas Coode, Pond-dhu, St. Atutell. 
 Miss Cory, 15, Chester-terrace, Regent's 
 
 Park, London. 
 R. Q. Couch, Esq., Penzartce. 
 Thomas Q. Couch, Esq., Bodmin. 
 William Coulson, Esq., F.S.A., &c., Kencgie. 
 
 (2 copies.) 
 Mr. J. S. Courtney, Penzance. 
 F. Danby, Esq., I'ark House, Exeter. 
 Rev. J. Daubuz, Killiow. 
 Rev. F. W. Drake, Crantock. 
 E. G. Culling Eardley, Esq., F.S.A., &c.. 
 
 Belvedere, Kent. 
 Richard Edmonds, jun., Esq., Penzance. 
 Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, M. A., F. S. A., 
 
 Rectory, Clyst St. George, Devon. 
 John S. Enys, Esq., F.G.S., Enys, Penryn. 
 Rev. Frederick Everest, Laneast. 
 Charles Fox, Esq., Trcbah, Falmouth. 
 Rev. Tobias Furnc.aux, M.A., .SY. Germans. 
 Mrs. Giddy, Penzaiice. 
 Mr. T. W. Gill, Stoic Market. 
 Rev. James Glencross, Luxsfowe, Liskeard. 
 Mrs. Gregory, The Abbey, Penzance. 
 Mrs. Grylls, Ilehlon. (.'5 copies.) 
 Thos. Hancock, Esq., Marlborough Cottage, 
 
 Stoke Newington. 
 E. Gilbert Hamley, Esq., Bodmin. 
 Messrs. Hands\- Welch, fflweZ/bn/. 2 copies. 
 Mr. Arthur Harvey, Penzance. 
 W. G. Harvey. Esq"., 
 Claud C. Hawker, Esq., Boscastle. 
 Rev. R. S Hawker, M.A., Morwcnstoic. 
 Robert Hichens, Esq., London. (2 copies.) 
 Rev. V. Hcdgcland, M.A., Madron. 
 W. Jory Henwood, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., 
 
 &c., Penzance.
 
 J. Arthur Herbert, Esq., Llanarfh, Raglan, 
 
 South Wales. 
 Capt. F. J. Hext, Tremeere, St. Tuchj. 
 Rev. George Hext, St. Veep. (2 copies.) 
 Mr. S. Higgs, jun., Petizance. 
 Rev. F. Hockin, PhUlack. (2 copies.) 
 Miss Hockin, ,, 
 
 David Horndon, Esq., Tredethy. 
 Rev. E. Horton, Littleton House, Wick. 
 J. C. Hotten, Esq., lUX , Piccadilly , London. 
 Rev. W. Houghton, Scnyien. 
 Robert Hunt, Esq., F.R.S., &c., London. 
 Rev. J. L. Irwin, Clifton Villa, Dartmouth. 
 Robert Jago, Esq., Plymouth. 
 Miss Jago, Penzance. (2 copies.) 
 Charles Clement James, Esq., Norwood 
 
 Green, Middlesex. 
 Mr. John James, Penzance. 
 Mr. Jenkin, ,, 
 
 John Johnes. Esq., Dolaucothy, Llandeilo, 
 
 South Wales. 
 Arthur Kelly, Esq., Kelly, Tavistock. 
 Robert W. P. Kerswill, Esq., St. Germans. 
 J. T. Kevern, Esq., Penzance. 
 Mr. Henry King, ,, 
 
 Rev. R. B. Kinsman, M.A., Tintagel. 
 Rev. James Buller KXxson, Vicarage, Pelynt. 
 Rev. T. Leah, M.A., St. Keyne. 
 Rev. C. V. Le Grice, Trercife, Penzance. 
 The Misses Longlands, Penzance. 
 Rev. W. D. Longlands, St, Germans Rectory. 
 H. Longlands, Esq., Balliol College, Oxford. 
 Penzance Public Library. 
 John Maclean, Esq., F.S.A., London. 
 Mr. P. Maddox, Launceston. 
 M. Magor, Esq., Penzance. (2 copies.) 
 Wm. Maskell, Esq., The Castle, Bade. 
 Miss Michell, Penzance. 
 J. Montgomery, Esq., M.D., Penzance. 
 Capt. Morshead, LacetJian, Blisland. 
 H. A. Newell, Esq., London. 
 Miss Nunes, Croydon. 
 J. Nunes, Esq., Foxdown, Parkham. 
 Mr. W. Palmer, PeJizancc. 
 Rev. T. Pascoe, St. Hilary Vicarage. 
 
 (2 copies,) 
 Miss Emma Pascoe, 4, Stranyways-tcrrace, 
 
 Truro. 
 Joseph Pascoe. Esq., Bodmin. 
 Mr. T. Pascoe, Gulval. 
 Mr. J. R. C. Pascoe, Penzance. 
 Richard Pearce, Esq., ,, 
 William Pearce, Esq., Bodmin. 
 Capt. Peard, R.C.R., Lanreath. 
 Edward H. Pedler, Esq., Liskeard. 
 
 Mrs. \V. Peel, Penzance. (2 copies.) 
 
 Mr. W. J. N. Penaluna, Helston. 
 
 Rev. H. Peniieck, Penzance. 
 
 Miss Pitt, „ 
 
 Mr. J. Prockter, ,, 
 
 Wm. Rashleigh, Esq., Menabilly, Foicey. 
 
 Mrs. W. J. Rawlings, Hayle. 
 
 Mr. T. Richards, Penzance. 
 
 Rev. H. Robinson, A.M., Rector of Kilk- 
 
 hampton. 
 E. H. Rodd, Esq., Penzance. 
 Rev. H. T. Rodd, Gwinear. 
 John J. Rogers, Esq., Penrose. 
 John Rogers, Esq., Plymouth. 
 Mr. John Roskruge, Penare, St. Keverne. 
 Wm. Rowe, Esq., Stratton. 
 Mrs. Rouse, Eastaway, Morioenstow, 
 Mr. Henry Runnalls, Penzance. 
 Mrs. Sandilands, Bodmin. (4 copies.) 
 Miss Sandys, St. Minver Hotise. 
 J. Scobell, Esq., Nancealverne, Penzance. 
 Mrs. Searle, Exeter. 
 John James Simpson, Esq., Derby. 
 George Smith, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., &c., 
 
 Trevu, Camborne. (2 copies.) 
 Mrs. Stephens, Treicornan, Wadebridge. 
 Rev. J. H Stockham, Netherexe, Exeter. 
 
 (2 copies.) 
 John Stuart, Esq., Secretary to the Society 
 
 of Antiquaries of Scotland. 
 Mr. Joseph Thomas, Trenarth, Constantinc, 
 Mr. Andrew Thomas, Penzance. 
 John Tremayne, Esq., Heligan, St. Austle. 
 
 (2 copies.) 
 Mr. W. H. Trounson, Penzance. 
 Rev. W. Veale, Trevayler, Penzance. 
 Miss Veale, Exeter. 
 Mr. J. P. Vibert, Penzance. 
 Mrs. Vivian, Cardynham, 
 Mrs. N. Vowler, llexworfhy, Launceston. 
 :\Ir. W. Wade, Redruth. 
 George Walters, Esq., Frame. 
 Mrs. Watson, Bath. 
 Albert Way, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., &c., Sec. 
 
 Archfcological Institute, Wonham Manor, 
 
 Reigate. (2 copies ) 
 George Wightwick, Esq., Portishead, Bristol. 
 Michael Williams, Esq., M.P., Trevince. 
 Mrs. Octavius Williams, Llanelly, Wales. 
 Mr. H. Williams, Penzance. 
 W. Williams, Esq., Tregulloio. 
 Mrs. Willyams, Cartianton. 
 Mr. W Wood, Devonport. 
 Mrs. Yongo, Otfert)ourne. 
 Mr. S. York, Penzance. 
 
 F. T. VIBERT, PRINTER, M.V RKET-PL.YCE, PE.N'ZANCE.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below
 
 CC Blight - 
 
 "JI? Ancient crossesT" 
 CpB6 and other anti- 
 uities in the ^ 
 east of Cornwall 
 
 CC 
 312 
 
 caB6 
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAi nBPJkRyr* 
 
 AA 001 210 760 3