UC-NRLF B 3 543 bbE Four Southern Magazines. A DIJ7ERTATION PRESENTED TO The Faculty of the University of Virginia as a Part of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. BY EDWARD REINHOLD ROGERS. June, 1902. (COPYRIGHTED.) EXCHANGE TABLE OF CONTEXTS. PAGE. Preface 5 Introduction 7 Chapter I, DeBow's Review 20 Chapter TT, The Southern Review 48 Chapter III, The Southern Quarterly Review 61 Chapter TV, The Southern Literary Messenger 92 Appendix, Contributions to DeBow's Review and the Mes- senger, and their known contributions 115 814946 PKEFACE. The four chapters of this brief discussion are limited to four of the principal ante-bellum Southern magazines — namely, De- Bow's Review, of Xow Orleans; The Southern Review, of Charleston. S. ( '. ; The Southern Quarterly Review, also of Charleston. S. C. ; and The Southern Literary Messenger, of "Richmond, Virginia. A larger work was at first anticipated, and much material is now on hand for a more complete histori- cal account of Southern periodical literature as a whole, a work which we hope to finish soon ; hut the scope and indefiniteness of such a task and the difficulties of ihe undertaking- have been found too great to admit of completion at this time. Further- more, it is to ho noted that the magazines here discussed are not in all cases chosen heeanse of their supposed superiority in lite- rary merit to all other Southern magazines, for in that ease at least one should give place to Russell's Magazine, or perhaps to others; hnt they arc selected heeanse they are not only val- uable from a literary standpoint, but are also of earlier origin than others of like merit. Again, in the summary given in the Introduction, no attempt has been made to include denominational, agricultural, or tech- nical publications. Owing to the very great differences in the magazines them- selves, it has been thought, best to adopt different methods of treatment in the discussion of each one; for example, the com- paratively small issue of the Southern Review has made possible a more critical discussion than was found expedient in the ease of such long issues as those of The Messenger and DeBow's Re- view. A further limitation will be found in the Appendix, wherein is contained an alphabetical list of contributors, with their con tributions to The Southern Literary Messenger and to DeBow's 6 PREFACE. Review. The other two magazines arc not included in this list, for the reason that very few of their contributions are signed, and, consequently, it is practically impossible to procure a com- plete or even a helpfully large list of writers. Moreover, let it be noted that the index here given is made from the magazines themselves, and hence does not pretend to the completeness that eonld be obtained were it practicable to use all available outside means of determining the authorship of unsigned articles. It is hoped that this limitation will not altogether prevent the list from being helpful in proportion to the labor of its compilation. The difficulties in the preparation of the work have been great and, in some cases, so insurmountable as to necessitate leaving incomplete important parts of the discussion. The chief of these difficulties have been: The scarcity of sets of the masra- zines, the lack of conveniences and facilities in some of the libraries visited, the poor indexing of the volumes themselves, and the dearth of collected information about Southern periodi- cals. In this latter respect, the statements of such standard reference books as Poole's "Index of Periodical Literature 1 ' are more often inaccurate and misleading than strictly correct. ISTot a few libraries, moreover, have been visited in search of com- plete sets of the magazines, but in none have there been found all the volumes of either The Southern Quarterly or DeBow's Review. For continued kindness and assistance we are greatly indebted to the officials of the library of the University of Virginia, the State Library, in Richmond, Va., the Library of Congress, the Mechanics' Library, in Petersburg, Va. ; the Library of Ran- dolph-Macon College, and the Virginia Historical Society. Especially are our thanks due to Dr. Charles W. Kent and Professor -James A. Harrison for helpful suggestions, and to Mi'. B. I). Minor and Miss Burwell for valuable information about The Southern Literary Messenger and DeBow's Review, respectively. Iv R. R. Richmond. Va., 1902. INTRODUCTION. A great deal has been written about ante-bt Hum conditions in the South, and no little theorizing has been indulged in by writers who have often lacked first-hand knowledge of the sub- ject ; on the other hand, there have been some masterly attempts to give the great sociological question adequate treatment. Nevertheless we still lack a complete and scientifically accurate history of the complexities and contending forces that were active in the Southern States from the beginning of the century to the time of the civil war. We do not propose to enter upon a dis- cussion of this extensive question, except in so far as a prelimi- nary consideration will be helpful to a fuller comprehension of the conditions under which the Southern magazines had their beginning; and as this will necessarily render the discussion of some phases of Southern life and development palpably incom- plete, let it be borne in mind that we seek the relations of the conditions to periodical literature alone, and to general literature only in so far as such a relation has an important influence upon magazine support, contributions and editorship. Obviously, then, the limits of our discussion do not admit of extended his- torical review. Tf we would understand the later years of a people's literature, we must understand the conditions that existed in the earlier years, when formative agencies were most active, and when, con- sequently, the character of later periods was in large measure determined. "For this purpose, then, we shall briefly review the first years of Southern settlement, and endeavor to find in what respects the original conditions of the colonists have influenced and moulded the general literature, and especially the periodical literature of the section. 8 INTRODUCTION. First, let us note what sort of colonists they were who settled in the South and what they sought, for this latter inquiry is vital if we would know what results to expect. Without elabo- rating the colonial history of the Southern part of the country, it is for our purposes sufficient to say that the colonists may he divided into four classes — first, deported criminals, constituting hut an inconsiderable portion of the colonial population; second, fortune seekers, whose generally fulfilled purpose was an early return to Europe, and who may therefore be considered to have exercised only an irregular influence on the genesis of the peo- ple's character, but this influence was neither inconsiderable nor beneficial; third, those who sought permanent homes, and whose chief motive in leaving' the other countries was to find in a newer, wanner and more productive region a less strenuous life of free- dom from toil and governmental restraint; and, fourth, those who sought a refuge from oppression because of religion. Omitting, as unimportant for our consideration, the first of these classes, for not all the States had such settlers, and in none was their in- fluence long formative, we should bear in mind that the second class was far more considerable in its permanent influence. The frequent return of fortune hunters, after a few years of disap- pointment and restlessness in the colonies, was a constant and potent influence against stability, and only too frequently led to dissatisfaction and turbulence among those who remained. The third class undoubtedly includes the great majority of Southern settlers, while a much smaller number would be included in the fourth (dass, the refugees from religious intolerance. In this fact there is the most marked contrast with the New England colonies, where, in point of numbers, the two classes would have to be reversed; and the difference here is surely the cause of other and later differences. While the Massachusetts settler was debating in his town assembly or in the church the great questions of theology, train- ing Ids intellect and practicing his pen by frequent expositions of the laws of punishment and grace, the Southern colonist, iso- INTRODUCTION. 9 Lated from his fellows by miles of uninhabited territory, was leading a life comparatively without exertiou or stimulus to the higher orders of intellectual activity. What if he did read the gay songs of the Restoration, or laugh with Mr. Dryden when the satirist thrust home? That was but appreciation of the creative work of others ; and it was consistent with his easy-going mode of life that he should be content, though merely receptive, while his \ew England neighbor was adding fancy to fancy in the imagination of the "day of doom," or adding to description the white-hot eloquence of a living faith in the terrors of "Sin- ners before an angry God." Thus it is possible to trace the in- fluence of the motive that so often impelled Southern settlers; and it would have Keen a most unaccountable phenomenon had the tendency to creative work been as pronounced in the ease- seeking Southerner as in the more industrious Xew Englander. The sum of the various affecting causes lies in the fact that the latter was vitally interested; the former was not. And, more- over, the object of the Xew Englander's interest was one that demanded literary expression, while the Southerner's practical concern with agriculture tended to no such end; hut these are only evidences of the fundamental and vastly effective differ- ence that lies in the fact that the Southern settler was seeking ease, while the Northern colonist was ready to endure labors of composition because of his moving interest in beliefs and prin- ciples. What, it may he asked, were the causes of so radical a differ- ence in men so nearly related in many ways, as were the colonists of New England and the South \ First of all, the geographical dissimilarity of the two sections. Even before the English poets were lauding Virginia as "earth's only paradise." and writing in correspondingly glowing terms of the more Southern districts, travellers had carried back to the old countries exagge- rated accounts of the mineral and agricultural wealth of the Southern coast, ami rumor was rife with reports of the tropical luxuriance and fertility of the country. The spirit that had seni 10 INTRODUCTION. Spaniards on fruitless quests for El Dorado and the Fountain of Youth was still potent, and many an Englishman set out for the new land in the full expectation of there escaping the necessity for exertion in obtaining a livelihood. The rock-bound and com- paratively sterile coast of Xew England was no lure for such colonists, and so was left an asylum for a more energetic and in- dustrious people. This is no fanciful distinction, but a very real and effective difference, whose importance is apparent if we consider how vast has been the resulting disparity of literary pro- duction. It should be clearly seen, too, that this is not an at- tempt to account for divergence from a common starting point by people of the same class, but an endeavor to show that from the outset there are two very different classes, drawn apart by the varying attractions of two widely dissimilar regions. A second cause of the differing tendencies towards literary activity in the two sections is to be sought in the consideration of the difference in preliminary training. In the old country, as in the new, difference of purposes and interests had been accom- panied by and had caused difference of pursuits, and the set- tlers of New England were, as a whole, better trained for writ- ing than the generality of Southern colonists. A striking evi- dence of this is found in the fact that a far greater proportion of the former than of the latter were college-bred men and students. Unfortunately these influences were not transient in their in- fluence; for not only were they strengthened by the continual advent of new settlers so actuated and conditioned, but because of their wide generality at the beginning of colonization they led to the establishment of a popular disinclination to book writing, which has always exorcised a baneful influence upon Southern letters. Then, too, as the population of the Southern colonies increased there was no corresponding increase in the population of cities, but rather a tendency away from the towns t«> the isolated life of the plantations. In this last fact lies, per- haps, the best explanation of the slow progress made by educa- tion. Although the homes of the plantation barons were near INTRODUCTION. 11 enough for frequent intercourse between them, and although general visiting was perhaps even more frequent than in the far more crowded districts of other sections, the country was not thickly enough settled to support day schools, and the result was that the sons of the wealthy were taught at home by their parents or by tutors, and the sons of the poor were not taught at all. There was, too, the additional disadvantage of thus scattering money that would have been far more effective educationally if it had been combined in the equipment of a college. Further- more, the result of this system was that no finished or even ad- vanced culture could he obtained at home, and consequently those who could afford it received their collegiate training in England or on the continent. Herein is another great draw- hack to educational advancement ; for no people can attain a high grade of culture in reliance upon another nation for the culmina- tion of its educational system. This deficiency in educational advantages, due to the dispersion of plantation life, has been a potent cause of the tardiness with which a Southern literature has been developed. A low average of general education not only diminishes the available material from which writers can rise, but it has a most depressing effect as a preventive of a large reading public, and consequent general demand for literary work. "We have said that this state of affairs was due to plan- tation isolation ; and it may easily be shown that it was not wholly due to indifference on the part of the people. From the very beginning the Southern colonists were careful to provide for education, and, in Virginia, at least fifteen years before Massachusetts raised five hundred pounds for the founding of Harvard College, three times that amount had been collected and plans matured for the establishment of a college, whose com- pletion was prevented by no fault of the colonists. This and similar instances, however, do not establish the fact that the Southern people were constantly attentive to the cause of educa- tion ; on the contrary, closer consideration but serves to make it plain that in the South, prior to the war, interest in general 12 INTRODUCTION. education was at best but spasmodic and unsustained. While it is true that the isolating- tendencies of plantation life were effective to prevent combined activity in the cause of education, we must go further than this if we would account for the slow- ness with which it has been realized that a most important factor in national success is a high average of general education. We must, then, in fairness, admit that there has been a great deal of indifference in the South in this matter of education. Even after interest had sufficiently awakened and the country become thickly enough settled to support schools and small colleges, there arose a most disastrous and short-sighted opposition to the estab- lishment of common or public schools. However strange it may seem, it was not long ago common to rind Southern college-bred men, and even professors, bitterly opposed to the establishment of public schools; and Southern magazines contain frequent arguments against the movement for popular education. The cry of "paternalism" was raised, and a vigorous effort made to create a genera! sentiment of opposition to the ''free schools," "pauper teaching," and "charity instruction." It is undoubt- edly true that a great part of this opposition came from the already established private schools and their friends; but it is one of the tragedies of Southern history that so great a body of people were led into general opposition to a movement that opened the one way to a sound political and literary progress. Another factor whose influence was potent in the South was the institution of slavery. Without going into the discussion of a problem that has already tilled many a book, it seems relevant to our subject to indicate some of the effects of slavery upon the literature of the South. Let ns premise the statement, however, with emphatic dissent from so astounding a proposition ;is that laid down by a recent writer on Southern conditions, who, re- ferring to the attempt (4 certain ante-bellum writers and editors to promote the realization of a distinct literature in the South, calls it an attempt " 'to create a soul under the ribs of death," a Southern literature under the shadow of slaverv." We have re- INTRODUCTION. 13 ferred to this statement as astounding, for it seems nothing less, since it means that its anther has deliberately dismissed from his mind two of the greatest literatures the world has known — namely, those of Greece and Koine, for Sophocles and Virgil accomplished what the gentleman would have us consider the miracle oi literary excellence in the presence of slavery. It is undoubtedly true, however, that in many ways the in- fluence of slavery upon Southern literature was for had. though not so damning as such over-zealous critics would have us believe. In the first place it tended to increase the general avoidance of work, and so helped to strengthen the tendency which we have already noted as em- of the misfortunes of the early Southern settlers, their seeking ease of life. With the re- moval of many or most of the ordinary cares of a wholesomely laboring community came the shirking of other forms of toil; and it is perhaps not too much to say that a secondary effect of slavery was, in part, the unwillingness of most Southern men of culture to undergo the toilsome drudgery of painstaking and self-criticising composition. Another bad effect of slavery upon Southern writers was that it became, at the time when a considerable artistic literary ac- tivity would not have been surprising, the one absorbing theme of interest ; and because of the attack made upon it, it demanded and secured the service of practically every literary man in the South. Tims the time that might have been given to more purely literary activity was given up to almost purely argumen- tative defence of a far-reaching institution ; and the total value of this great mass of writing i- certainly not very great. A third effect of slavery was good : for the paternalism of the system gave a strong stimulus to kindness and benevolence, and the general disposition to helpfulness, no! only towards depen- dents and inferiors, but also, as seen in the chivalry and hospi- tality for which the South was famed, towards equals. No bet- ter proof of the fortunate effect id' this tendency could he found, perhaps, than the fact that a great part of what is best in the 14 INTRODUCTION. permanent literature of the section is dependent for its charm upon one or other of these phases of Southern kindness. Another important condition or influence in the South is that of climate ; for while a Southern climate, or even an enervating Southern climate, is not incompatible with the growth of a great literature, its effect is surely deterrent. Xot only is this seen in the comparative inertia of Southern peoples, but it is also, and more strikingly, apparent in particular cases where, for example, lassitude or exhaustion of energy results directly from excessive heat. It is, of course, a familiar fact that many of the world's greatest literatures have been written in Southern countries, Our point here is not that a hot climate is less favorable than a cold climate for the growth of a literature, for we should scarcely expect from Scandinavia the literary masterpieces of Greece; but it does seem indisputable that, compared with the relatively moderate climate of our Xorthern States, the depressing heat of the average Southern State should he less favorable for literary work. We shall not enter into this physiological question fur- ther than to mention a striking case in illustration — namely, the announcement of the editor of one of the largest reviews in the South, that, the excessive heal had made it impossible to get the magazine printed, though its printing establishment was in one of the largest cities of the South.* Our discussions of Southern conditions has seemed, no doubt, a summary of only the forces that militated against the growth of a considerable literature; and. indeed, it must be admitted that there has been an unfortunate predominance of such in- fluences. Ent there is another side, though a less conspicuous one, for there were some strong influences for good in the con- stitution and environment of the Southern people. First of all should be noted the liberty, which was so strong an element in the life of the early settlers, and of the upper classes in the later years before the war. Here we have a marked contrast to the condition of the early New England settlers, whose life was one *.T. D. B. DeBow's Review, of New Orleans. INTRODUCTION. 15 composite of restriction after restriction. There can be no doubt that the restraint in the Northern section has often been followed by a narrowness of view and limitation of scope that would not have been found in a later Southern literature had not the early advantage in this respect been more than counter- balanced by other disadvantages. A second propitious phase of Southern conditions was the romanticism of the almost feudal constitution of a great part of the population ; a condition which has made the plantation life the groundwork of some of the most artistic conceptions in the range of later fiction and poetry. This is an influence that is more powerful, in retrospect, however, than when it was op- posed, and more than neutralized, by the isolating tendency of plantation life. To come to a more definite consideration of the actual state of literary journalism in the South before the war between the States, we shall briefly review the history of such publications during that time. For that purpose we shall divide our study into periods, as follows : T, the Beginnings of periodical litera- ture, from the earliest publications through 1800 ; IT, the period of the Southern Review, from 1800 through 183:]; III, the period of Awakening, from 1833 through 1850; and TV, the Ante-bellum period, from 1850 through 1860. During the first period there can scarcely be said to have been nnv considerable body of periodical literature in the South ; and, indeed, from the period of Franklin's magazine, in 1741, and its successors, until about l77fi, periodical literature can scarcely be said to have existed south of Philadelphia. By the close of the latter year, however, there were at least two Southern maga- zines that desrve notice, the Carolina Gazette mid the Virginia Gazette. In 1709, Richmond, Va., was supporting, or failing to support, its National Magazine; and, in 1800, Charleston was making the beginning of its long succession of magazines, with the Quiver and the Southern Patriot. These publica- 16 INTRODUCTION. tions scarcely deserve much attention, and, indeed, thev were valuable chiefly as beginnings. Vov the first years of the next period. 1800-1833 inclusive, magazine publication was practically at a standstill; but in 1807, The American Qleanor and Virginia Magazine, of Richmond, Ya., was striving for a circulation as Ions as its cumbersome title. In 1811 Nile's Register made its appear- ance, and began its loiig life in Baltimore. In 1820-'21, Lex- ington, Ky., boasted of a full-fledged, but ungainly, Western Review. Tn 1828 Charleston had two new names on its list of magazines, the first Sou/hern Literary Gazette (not to be con- founded with the later publication of the same name, edited by Ilayne. Richards and Simms) and The Tablet In 1828 began, at Charleston, the magazine whose fame and merit have led ns to give its name to this period, the Son/hern Review, a quarterly edited by the Elliotts and Hugh Swinton Legare. In 1833, Carolina was the home of the Cosmopolitan. If the name of ( laesar's nephew had not been bandied about un- til it has become ridiculous from being applied to all sorts of ages and periods, we might well have called this period, from 1833 to 1850, the Augustan age of Southern literary journalism. Or, as we e;dled ihe preceding period that of the Southern Review, so I liis might be called the period of the Messenger and the Quar- terly two of the greatest of the Southern magazines. The first, the Southern Literary Messenger, began in Richmond. \ a., m 1834. and the Southern Quarterly Review was issued in 1844, first in New Orleans, and then in Charleston. In addition to these, there were the Southern Literary Journal of Charleston, about 1835; in 1837 The United States Magazine and Demo erotic Review, of Washington; The Southern, of Charleston, in 1839; aliont this time, or 1840, The Souther Rose, of Charles ton; in L841, The Magnolia, or Southern Appalachian, ol Sa vannali. (la.: in 1842, The Augusta Mirror (of Augusta, Ga.), a Petersburg, Va., Quarterly Review (edited by Edmund I'lillin). and Scar's New Monthly Magazine; in 1843, The INTRODUCTION. 17 ( 'hicora (of ( iharleston ! ; in 1.S44, or thereabout, the Orion , first in Penfield, Ga.. and afterwards in Charleston, S. ( '. ; in 1845, Simms' Southern and Western Magazine and Review, with its monstrous name, in Charleston; in 1846, Heriot's Monthly Magazine, also in Charleston; in the same year, 1S4<>, DeBow's Commercial Review, in New Orleans, and about this time the Floral Wreath and Ladies' Rook, in Charleston; in 1846 also, Thorpe published his Rio Grande; in L848, the Literary Weekly Gazette was published at Athens, Ga. ; in 1848 also, the Virginia Historical Register ( Maxwell's), in Richmond: and in 1849, the Schoolfellow's Magazine, first at Athens, and then at Charleston. The great number of publications begun in this period, and the fact that among them were at least three (the Quarterly, the Messenger, and DeBow's) of the best the South has produced, make this the great period of its magazine history. These three magazines and others of this time were great factors in the moulding of the destinies and the issues that culminated in the war of the States, and during this period the best writers the South has produced were contributors to one or more of these magazines. To call to mind some of the most important con- tributors of this period gives us a list that exemplifies our state- ment of the (dass of men who wrote for these publications: such men, for example, as Edgar Allan Poe, M. F. Maury, B. B. Minor, Edwin Heriot, William Gilmore Simms, John R. Thompson, Paul Hamilton llavne, Henry Timrod, P. P. Cooke, J. D. B. DeBow, J. ( '. McCabe, George Frederick Holmes, Thomas Dunn English, Beverley Tucker, John Tyler, Henry Tuckerman, John P. Kennedy, W. J. Grayson, (diaries Gayarro. Governor Hammond, and Dr. Cartwright. The last period might also be called the period of Russell's Magazine, which towers over all that were begun between 1850 and 1860, and is, indeed, inferior to no Southern magazine in the quality of its literary articles. Russell's New Magaziiu was begun in 1856. In addition to these were, in 1851, The Magnolia Magazine (Baton Rouge, La.), The American Union 18 INTRODUCTION. (Jackson, Miss.), and The Southern Parlor Magazine (Mobile, Ala.) ; in 1852, The Southern Ladies Booh (New Orleans), the second Southern Literary Gazette (Charleston. S. C), and The Southern Magazine (Mobile, Ala.) ; in 1853, The Miscellany and Review (Memphis, Tenn.), and the United States Review (Washington, D. C.) ; in 1854, The Self -Instructor (Charles- ton, S. C.) ; in 1856, The Home Journal; in 1857, The Southern Citizen (Knoxville, Tenn.) ; in 1859, The Southern Aurora (Baton Rouge, La.), and The Medical and Literary Weekly (Atlanta, Ga.) ; and in I860, The Youth's Monthly Magazine (Nashville, Tenn.), The Southerner (Hopkinsville, Ivy.), Field and Fireside (Georgia), and a Nashville Quarterly Review. Even so imperfect a list as this necessarily is, is sufficient to show that periodical writing' must have played a large part in ante-bellum literary activity, if, indeed, it was not the chief direction that activity took. It may seem strange, then, that no higher artistic literary plane was reached, and no better standard established ; but the deficiencies of temperament and training- were too considerable to be overcome without a longer apprentice- ship to literary craftmanship and purposeful living; and so long- as composition was no more than recreation and trifling to one class, and merely the vehicle of technical or political expression to another, just so long was it inevitable that the products of such authorship should show almost fatal defects. While, then, it is true that the war withered and killed what had become an ex- tensive periodica] literature, and though the recovery has been long, arduous and incomplete, it may yet be that the aufJelarung will be a blessing to Southern, and therefore to American litera- ture. For however hard has been the discipline, and however bitter the chagrin, each year is giving more evidence of freedom from the old handicapping amateurishness and dogmatism and grandiloquence; and newer and fresher ideas are current in the South; better educational systems are being established; and, with the old past buried to political memory, but alive to ro- mance and history, a new and a better literature, periodical and INTRODUCTION. 19 permanent, is building among a people that, by every right of heritage, and every present promise, may look, without shame for the past, to a more glorious future. DeBOW'S COM.MKKCIAL review. Among the men who made Charleston, S. C, a centre of cul- ture and literary work in the Sonth before the war, was J. I). 15. DeBow; for, though a great part of his life was spent in New Orleans, he was born in Charleston, and was closely in touch with the men who constituted the Charleston group before 1850. The history of the magazine which bore his name is so closely connected with the life of DeBow as to be almost a biography of the man who directed it from its beginning almost to its end. The personality which was thus so effective in the history of the magazine should he clearly before us if we would properly understand the purpose, method and results of his work, and consequently we preface our direct study of the magazine itself with a brief summary of the events in the life of the editor be- fore he founded the magazine, in 1846.* James Dunwoody Brownson DeBow was born at Charleston, S. ('., on .Inly 10, 1820. His father. Garret DeBow, moved to South Carolina from Xew Jersey, and died in poverty after an unsuccessful career as a merchant in Charleston. On his mother's side, DeBow was descended from the Nortons, who were among the earliest settlers of the State; and as two of his father's family, John ami -lame- DeBow, fought with the colo- nists in the war of independence, DeBow was certainly of the truest aristocracy a country can have — its founders and de- fenders. Left an orphan and in poverty at an early age, 1 'id low was thrown upon his own resources, and worked seven years in a *(iiyarre, Revived Series, Vol. Ill, pp. 497-8. DEBO-w's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 21 mercantile house, where, in spite of trying conditions, he man- aged to save enough' money to send himself, first to "Cokesbury Institute, in Abbeville District,"* and later to Charleston Col- lege. Before his course at the latter was completed, however, his money gave out; but, by dint of strenuous efforts, he managed to support himself while continuing his studies, and graduated with first honors. We have a glimpse of the manner of man he was at this time, in the words of a class-mate, who says ;t "DeBow went through the course in three years, and took first honor. We called him 'old DeBow' — he was so earnest and untiring in his pursuit of knowledge. After studying most of the night, he came to col- lege in the morning with that famous black cravat of his tied loosely around his neck, his hair dishevelled — his keen black eyes sparkling above that nose — ready for any discussion or in- tellectual tilt." Incomplete as the account is, it gives us an insight info something of the man's peculiarity of mind, manner and appearance — the distinctions id' the individual. DeBow graduated from Charleston College in 1843, at once began the study of law, and in one year was admitted to the bar. He soon discovered his unfitness for this profession, however, and began to devote himself to literary work as a frequent con- tributor to the Southern Quarterly Review, of which he became associate editor in 1844. Believing that there "was not suffi- cient vitality in the Southern Quarterly to carry it through a long series of years," he gave up the editorship in 1845 and moved to New Orleans, there to found a commercial review, which he had first thought of conducting in Charleston. The first number of the Review was that for January, 1846. This number, with those of the five months following, make up the first volume. The plan of issuing six numbers to the vol- * Barnwell, R. S , Vol. II, p. 10. t DeBow, Vol. XX VII p. 573. 22 DEBOW'S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. ume, and so two volumes a year, was generally carried out during- the following years. The title of the first volume is : THE COMMERCIAL REVIEW of the SOUTH and WEST. A Monthly Magazine of Trade, Commerce, Commercial Polity, Agriculture, Manufac- tures, Internal Improvements, and General Literature. "Commerce is King" — Carlyle. J. D. B. DeBow, Editor and Proprietor. Vol. I. New Orleans : 22 Exchange Place. 184-6. Tn this first volume we have the editor's own statement and explanation of his purposes and plans for the Review: "We en- title our work the Commercial Revierv, not that the appellation entirely satisfies us, or that it comes up to an adequate expres- sion of its nature and objects; but that, in the defects of our language, we could not, without a circumlocution, find another phrase which would answer as well. Had we said Practical Review, there would have been, to say the least of it, some in- elegance and no little ambiguity. We establish, to be sure, a commercial work, as much so as Hunt's is one but it is commercial only in the wiriest and most liberal construction of the term. In the ordinary sense of the word, we are more than commercial. For us it shall be to adhere to the West, the South, and the Southwest; to take the highest views in their great, ever-arising, ever-augmenting interests, to advocate their DEBOW'S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 23 true and best policy, to defend their rights and develop their re- sources, to collect, combine and digest in a permanent form, for reference, their important statistics." The editor further points out that his magazine is unique in the South, and that there is, of its kind, "but one in the North." Owing to this fact, and to the importance of the periodical as a means of developing the resources of the country, the editor is sanguine of its final success, and asks general support from advertisers and subscribers. The first volume contained five hundred and forty-four pages, and as its title would indicate, it was prevailingly commercial in tone ; but while the editor emphasizes the fields of manufac- turing and agricultural interests, he is careful to state that literary work, while "the least pretending," is none the less to be a "not unimportant work." This literary department of the Review is, in the first volumes, very much subordinated to purely mercantile and statistical subjects; but it increases in impor- tance almost uniformly, until finally the publication attains a literary character that would be hardly expected in a periodical of its name. Among the principal contributors to Volume I were: I\. W. Alston, J. P. Benjamin, Geo. Eustis, S. F. Glenn, Milton A. llaynes. Dr. McCaulay, and B. ~F. Porter; but the list of con- tributors to the first volume is not long, and the editor himself composed more of its pages than it was necessary for him to write later on, when the position of the magazine was more as- sured and its contributors more numerous. Volume TT, which completed the issue for 1846, is consider- ably smaller than the first volume, and contains only four hun- dred and forty-four pages. This early period of the Review's history was marked by extraordinary efforts on the part of its indefatigable editor. DeBow had left Charleston to begin his new venture "with a diminutive capital and a very slender bag- gage," and the privations he was forced to undergo during the years in which the magazine was becoming established were 24 DEBOW'S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. almost incredible. Writing after DeBow's death, ('has. Gay- arre,* his intimate friend, tells the pitiful story of the editor's sufferings from poverty while he was giving his all to the estab- lishment of his Review: "So limited at first was the patronage granted to the useful work," writes Gayarre, "that Mr. DeBow very soon sunk his small means, and its publication was sus- pended." Fortunately, however, the enterprise was not perma- nently abandoned. Its recommencement was due to the liber- ality of Maunsel White, a wealths' and successful merchant of New Orleans, who generously advanced to Mr. DeBow the money necessary for the establishment of the magazine on a se- cure hasis. Again the Review was issued by its industrious and self-denying founder, whose manner of living Gayarre thus describes: "Many a night he an 1 a friend, who assisted him, toiled until nearly dawn in a small office in Exchange Alley, NTo. •I'l. At that time they both slept in a room which had been given them by J. ( '. Morgan, the well-known bookseller of the epoch." It seems not impossible that ('has. Gayarre was him- self the "friend who assisted him,'' for it is scarcely possible that another could know such details as he mentions. lie tells )is that in this poor room their "only furniture was a mattress," and that their economy was such that they "literally lived on bread alone, with a little butter." The addition of the last phase of the hill of fare, while it detracts from the startling effect of the statement, is an ample commentary upon the faith- fulness of the report. This sad state of affairs for two men of high purpose and culture is a repetition of the old tragedy of the garret-room writer, and is made even more realistically plain when Gayarre tells us that their "daily outlay for the two was twenty cents." Tt is not wonderful that men who were willing to undergo such hardships in the accomplishment of their designs should finally succeed by such strenuous efforts in raising themselves and their magazine out of the poverty that had threatened to de- * DeBow, R 8., Vol. Ill, p. 497. DEBOW S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 25 feat them. Soon the Review began to extend its circulation and influence, and this growth was hastened by the work of travelling agents, whom DeBow sent out to work for the periodical. Of those agents, the most efficient were Foster, "a down Easter." and Price, "a Louisiana backwoodsman." Soon DeBow was enabled to recoup Maunsel White for the outlay lie had made when the publication of the Review was suspended : and from this time on the path of the editor, while not strewn with roses, was at least free from the thorns that had at first threatened its existence. On the title page of Volume II it is stated that in New Orleans the agent of the Review was .1. ( '. Morgan, a hookseller of the place, and that in Charleston, B. F. DeBow represented his brother's publication. The printer of the Review at that time was Joseph Oohn, 31 Poydras Street, New Orleans. The principal contributors to Yolnnio 11 were: K. Abbey, A. W. Ely, Robt. Greenhow, William L. Hodge, F. X. Martin, T. H. McOaleb, B. F. Porter, J. 1, Riddell, W. S. Upton, and Maunsel White. The third volume (January to July, except June) contained five hundred and ninety pages, and was thus the largest volume published up to that time. The commercial character of the publication is still predominant, and there is little of real lite- rary work in the magazine. The principal contributors were: R. Abbey, 11. Bry, J. S. Duke, Dr. Josiah C. Nott, and B. F. Porter. In this volume there was no June number, the issue for July was number six, and the next volume, four, began with September, 1847. This interruption of the publication of the fnagazine marks the struggle which we have mentioned above, and which finally resulted in the establishment of the Review upon a more secure basis. Volume four contained only four numbers, beginning with September and ending with December, 1847. The last number was delayed by the establishment, in its own office, of a printing house for the Review. The printing of the Review continued 26 DEBOW'' S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. to be at 22 Exchange Place, Xcw Orleans, and the city agent was J. C. Morgan. In Charleston, B. F. DeBow, of the business department of his brother's magazine, was succeeded as agent by George Oats ; and the names of agents in Cincinnati and New Fork are given. The Review is "stereotyped by C. Davidson & Co., 33 Gold Street, New York." The volume contained five hundred and sixty-eight pages, and the chief contributors were: II. Bry, \Y. B. Cooper, Horace Greeley, P. W. Gauthier, G. P. Kettell, B. B. Minor, A. B. Meek,- - McCrum, Dr. Nott, G. P. Putnam, B. F. Porter, Geo. Taylor, A. Whitney and R. A. Wilkinson, Volume five (January- June, inclusive), 1848, contains but five numbers, for the issues of May and June were combined to form one double number. In this year, DeBow was appointed "Professor of Political Economy, Commerce and Statistics,'" in the University of Louisiana, Xew Orleans. Gayarre tells us that this was but "a barren honor," for there were no pupils, and little interest in the subjects could be aroused. About this time, too, DeBow was put in charge of the State Bureau of Statistics, and he was also one of the founders of the Louisiana Historical Society. B. F. DeBow, .lames DeBow's younger brother, pub- lished Volume five in Xew Orleans, whither he had come from Charleston. The volume contained five hundred and forty-four pages, and the principal contributors were: R. Abbey, Thos. A tuck, Yalconr Aime, J. P. Benjamin, II. Bry, D. P. Benjamin, J. R Cormick, J. S. Duke, J. C. Dalavigne, Win. Darby, 0. S. Farrar, E. R. Fairbanks, J. P. Kettell, M. F. Maury, J. W. Monette, J. T. Xosbit. J. M. .Miles, ('has. Potter, A. C. Van Kpps, and S. Weller. Volume six (July to December, inclusive), 1848, contained only five numbers, for the issue of October and November were combined to form one double number. An evidence of the in- creased circulation of the Review is seen in the citation of agents in Xew York, Mobile, Boston, St. bonis, and London, in addi- tion to other agencies established before. An innovation in this DE.BOW S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 27 volume i> the establishment of a Literary department more definitely, under the name of the "Editor's Ana Chair." A glance at one of the articles under this heading will give us some notion of our editor when he is not cumbered with his com- merce and figures. "Reader," he begins, "it will not repent the gravest of us, as Horace declares, sometimes to have sported, nee lusisse, etc., or to have thrown away for the nonce, as we do now, tabular statements of crops, commodities and commerce, to enter the field of lighter effort." After this apology for the de- sertion of his dull and dry statistics, he writes of "The Light of Other Days," and "of the faces that come peeping out from be- hind the curtain of the past — the bright eyes and laughing faces that seem to beckon us so witchingly, 'come away, come away, yon are with us no more, and we hear not your gay echoes mingle with ours — yon have the care-worn brow, and your tread is not so light, and the fires burn not so in your eyes now, and the heart leaps not from its confines with such tumultuous swell, and the spirit is tamed — earthward and earthbent.' ' All of which shows us that, with all his natural gifts as "a born statistician," our mercantile and matter-of-fact man of figures had his mo- ments of sighing for the sunny slopes of Parnassus. A closer examination of this article gives us, too, some insight into what had been the hook journeys of the writer; for he quotes, even in so short an article, from a variety of masters: Homer and Demosthenes, in Greek; Cicero ( Pro Archias), in Latin; and, in English, Shakespeare, Pope's translations. Goldsmith, Rogers, Moore, and others. Perhaps in something of the same mood, and from the same cause which moved the science-warped Dar- win, he laments that "the poetry of science is all gone for him." And, indeed, there is enough of freshness of thought ami crisp- ness of style to lead us to think that had DeBow left his facts and figures on their dusty shelves, he might have made for him- self a greater name in the realm of pure literature; and yet there is something in his prose style, that same stilted unnaturalness and cumbersome sentence structure that has done much to mar 28 DEBOw's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. so many of the best productions of Southern letters. But this fault is not always present, and perhaps it might have been over- come if DeBow had given more care to form. One of the most striking characteristics of DeBow's style is his felicity and free- dom of quotation. Not rarely the quotation is just inaccurate enough to convince us of its spontaneity without losing the cor- rectness of the reproduced thought. Such an example we find, for instance, in the quotation from Demosthenes. Tn this volume, the sixth, the editor states that, after being published nearly two years, the success of the magazine has been signal ; that its subscription list i« rapidly increasing, and that it has a "larger circulation than any other Southern work, and the strongest influence." The Review, he says, "has been highly commended by Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, John Quincy Adnnis, and others," and he promises that great improvements are to be begun in Volume seven; such as, "Mercantile Bio- graphies," or lives of prominent merchants ; steel engravings ( "a feature first introduced by us in this country"), wood cuts and maps; and the work is to be enlarged so as to contain one hun- dred and twelve to one hundred and twenty-eight pages in close type, monthly, and to be issued regularly on the first of wwy month. An apology is made for the delay in issuing some of the numbers on the ground that the excessive heat had "interfered with the manual work of printing." Volume six contained four hundred and fifty-eight pages, and the principal contributors were: M. F. Maury, Dr. Evans, J. B. Gribble, Edwin Heriot, S. F. Miller, P. A. Morse, R. S. Me Culloch, -I. Xoyes, R. A. Wilkinson, and W. F. Wilkins. With the last number of Volume six, that for December, is 18, the publication of tin 1 Review was suspended, owing to financial "difficulties," and the next volume, seven, begins with July, lsl'.i. On page 101 of that volume we find the following edi- torial: "Willi the expiration of three years, and after a tempo rarv suspension, we have recommenced the Review upon a tar better basis than ever, with an increased subscription list, with DEBOW S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 29 good publishers, and the removal of prominent difficulties. We never knew the number of our friends. One sends $60 in new subscriptions, another $50 annually." This volume (seven) is called volume one of a "New Scries," l>nt as this commencement of a new series is a frequent occur- rence in the history of the magazine, at least seven being noted, we shall refer to the volume by their whole series numbers, ex- cept those which constitute the "revived," or "after-the-war series." The extensive improvements promised in Volume six do not appear in Volume seven, except that one map is inserted, and the volume extended to five hundred and seventy pages. The chief contributors were: Woods Baker, L. C. Beck, F. W. Capers, J. R. Cockrill, C. M. Emerson, G. E. Fairbanks, Ellwood Fisher, Robt. Groenhow, Governor Hammond. Edwin Ileriot, R. IT. Marr, M. F. Maury, M. II. ^IcGebee, H. B. Price, M. W. Phillips and Solon Robinson. Volume eight (January to June, inclusive), 1850, contains a renewal of the promise made in Volume six, of enlargement and embellishment. On page 500 (No. 5, May, 1850), the editor states that he is "now sole proprietor, as well as editor." "A literary department" is to be added, and shall include "papers upon every subject of letters, science, criticism, foreign and do- mestic affairs, poetry, romance, etc." These improvements are to begin with Volume nine. Volume eight is the largest issued up to that time, and contains live hundred and ninety-two pages. The principal contributors are: J. G. Barnard, Alex. Clayton, T. G. Clemson, Gov. Hammond, Chancellor Harper, Ileriot, H. B. Price and S. Weller. En Volume nine, the introduction of a distinctly literary de- partment gives the Review a new character, though most of the "literary" contributions bear too strong an impression of a striving after effect, ami what might be called amateurishness. The prose is too over-loaded ami consciously oratorical, and the poetry too frequently imitative and defective in form. Among 30 DEBOw's COMMERCIAL REVIEW- the poems there are two by Paul Hamilton Hayne that are scarcely open to this criticism ; the first, entitled "The Scioto River," is in number three of this volume; and the second, "Evening Thoughts," in number five. There are six other poems in this volume, and altogether, twenty-one articles in the Literary Department. Among the prose works, DeBow's essay on "The Beautiful" is worthy of note ; for in spite of its formal defects, it shows a varied learning and refreshing vigor of thought and style. The writer quotes from Waller, Thompson, and, not very accurately, from the Medea of Euripides. Volume nine (July to December, inclusive). 1850, contained six hundred and seventy-eight pages, and the chief contributors were: \V. Adam, Mann Butler, A. W. Ely, Professor Forshey, John Fletcher, Gen. Duff Green, P. II. Hayne, Andre Le Blanc, J. M. Legare, A. Stein, J. A. Turner, S. Weller and Emmanuel Weiss. Volume ten (January to June, 1851, inclusive) contains an index of the first ten volumes of the magzine, a steel engraving, a short story ("Colonel Teedriver, the Regulator"), a poem by Hayne, a humorous article on "The Disadvantages of Water," a historical sketch of the State of Mississippi, a reply to the Edinburgh Review on the slavery question, and a sketch of John Randolph of Roanoke (by the editor). These arc the chief arti- cles of the new literary department of the Review. There is an advance in merit of the prose, but a deficiency of poetry. Vol- ume ten contains six hundred and seventy-eight pages, and the chief contributors were : G. W. R. Bayley, Professor Dew, Chan- cellor Harper, T. I! Ilcwson, P. II. Ilavne, Dr. Josiah Xott and Ed. Thornton. Volume eleven (July to December), 1851, contains six hun- dred and ninety-four pages, and was so much enlarged from the former size of I he magazine as to he considered the first volume 01 a new series. One of the most noteworthy articles in this vol- ume is the "Old Dominion," page 4('».'5. The essay, though not DEBOW'S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 31 long, is an interesting review of the earliest years of the Virginia Colony, and is based upon Charles Campbell's History and other accounts. The principal contributors were: W. \Y. Bowie, S. A. Cartwright, Judge Corrigan, J. M. Chilton, W. C. Duncan, Professor Dew, Professor C. J. Forshey, Win. Gregg, M. B. Hewson, Dr. Kilpatrick, C. E. Lester, M. J. McGehee, D. J. McLeod, George A. Pierce, -I. S. Peacock, II. Smith and II. W. Waller. Volume twelve (January to July), 1852, contains six hun- dred and ninety-eight pages, a department of editorial notices, and a noteworthy article (copied from the Southern Literary Messenger'), by Matthew F. Maury. In this volume the editor continues his policy of including purely literary articles, and among these is some moderately good notion. The biographies of prominent merchants are continued, and steel engravings of their subjects are inserted. The chief contributors were: J. J. Abort. W. M. Burwell, Judge Corrigan, W. C. Duncan, A. \V. Ely, 1). C. Glenn, W. A. Gliddon, V. II. Ivy, G. P. Kettell, .1. A. Lumpkin, M. F. Maury, P. Phillips, W. P. Riddell, A. Stein, W. J. Sasnett, Leonard Wray and S. Weller. Volume thirteen (July t<> December), 1852, contains a con- spectus of a condensed edition of the first ten volumes of the Review, to be published under the title of "Industrial Resources of the South." Perhaps the most noteworthy article in this volume is that on Southern School Books, page 258. The writer makes a strong plea for Southern authorship of Southern text- boohs, and declares the existing custom of using books written in the North and filled with unjust criticisms of Southern institu- tions, a fruitful source of evil. "We do not remember," says he, "a single text-book of the schools printed or published south of Mason and Dixon's line, unless it be Peter Parley's, at Louis ville" — and he loses no opportunity to vent his wrath upon the said Peter Parley. This volume contains six hundred and thirty-two pages, and the chief contributors were: G. W. Bayley, S. A. Cartwright, A. K. Smedes, "L. S. M.," S. A. Cartwright and Hamilton Smith. 32 DEBOw's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. Volume fourteen (January to July), 1853, was called by the editor "Volume One, New Series," but the whole series number was soon resumed. This volume contained three inserted por- traits accompanying - the "Mercantile Biography" series, and numbers six hundred and thirty-two pages. On page 524 we have the announcement that the editor lias been made, "without solicitation," head of the census department at Washington. The appointment was made by President Pierce, and DeBow filled the office for eighteen months — i. e., until December, 1854. While in this responsible position he compiled the octavo volume, "A Statistical View of the United States.'' Iso change was made in the Review, except that the editor's office was in Wash- ington, and he edited the magazine from that place. Speaking for the assurance of his subscribers, the editor is careful to state that the magazine will not be neglected because of his added duties, and he says that he "has always had the assistance of able coadjutors," and that the business department "is well or- ganized under experienced and responsible persons." The prin- cipal contributors to this volume were: B. T. Archer, W. M. Burwell, J. II. Brown, S. A. Cartwright, Major Chase, A. W. Ely, ( '. J. Fox, J. W. Grayson, J. Hamilton, J. H. Lathrop, M. F. Maury, L. McKnight, W. B. Price, Ed. Ruffin, W. G. Sykes, J. F. Tuel and J. R. Tyson. in Volume fifteen (July to December), 1853, the Editorial and Literary departments are diminished in extent, especially in 3STos. 1 and 2. One of the most noticeable articles is an ex- amination of Mrs. Stowe's "Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin." The arraignment of Mrs. Stowe on the ground of misrepresentation is very vigorous, and the author makes it (dear that in so far as the book is based upon fact at all, extraordinary and highly ex- ceptional occurrences have been represented as of general preva- lence. This volume contains six hundred and forty-eight pages, ami its chief contributors were: J. B. Anld, Jesse Chickering, J. G. Dudley. A. W. Ely, Colonel Gardner, Dr. Kilpatrick, Pro- DEBOAV S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 83 fessor Lieber, M. F. Maury, J. W. Moore, J. G. Moore, D. J. McCleod, J. E. Tuel, J. R. Tyson and - Van Eyne. Volume sixteen (January to June), 1854, shows a decided in- crease in the number of Book Notices, but fewer periodicals are reviewed. Since the beginning of the magazine this literary department has been gradually, though not regularly, increasing, and the way has been prepared for the prominence given to other than commercial articles in the next volume. Volume sixteen contains six hundred and fifty-four pages. The chief contributors AA'ere: R. W. F. Allston, F. C. Barker, J. G. Dudley, J. J. Henderson, D. D. Leech, M. F. Maury, J. I. Moore, L. Mclvnight, E. Newton, A. Stein, J. T. Trezevant, J. B. Wilkinson, R. J. Walker and Felix Walker. In Volume seventeen (July to December), 1854, Ave find the editor's promise to increase the size of the work with the next number, for he has given up his census duties, and Avill now de- vote himself to the Review. Number one of this volume is a very short issue. Number of pages in volume seventeen, six hundred and forty-six; chief contributors: W. M. Burwell, R. Dodson, A. W. Ely, E. D. Fenner, Charles Gayarre, A. F. Hop- kins, R. G. Morris, John Perkins, J. Rawle, L. Troost, J. S. Thrasher, W. H. Trescott, S. R. Walker and J. H. Zimmerman. Volume eighteen (January to June), 1855, began a new series, the sixth series so designated ; the series beginning with this number, hoAvever, is really marked by a decided change in the character of the publication. The Literary and Miscel- laneous Department is much extended, and instead of being rele- gated to a feAv pages of fine print at the close of the number, the department now has the prominent place at the beginning of the number. Articles of a lighter nature are more frequent; and essays and fiction occupy much more space than Avas formerly taken from mere facts and figures. One of the most valuable articles of the volume, from a historical and literary standpoint, is a sketch of Southern Periodical Literature before 1855. The size of the volume is now much larger than before, and Volume 34 DEliOWS COMMERCIAL KEVIEW. eighteen contains seven hundred and ninety-four pages. The chief contributors were: N". R. Davis, A. W. Ely, C. G. Forshey, Wm. Gregg,- -Garrett (of Virginia), C. K. Marshall, I). J. McLeod. A. J. Roane, A. Stein and J. W. Scott. Volume nineteen (July-December), 1855, continues the im- provement made with the preceding volume. Though not so large by sixty-two pages, it contains articles of decided literary merit, of which, perhaps, the most pretentious is a Learned arti- cle, the first of a series on "Law." One remarkable feature of the volume is a long and ponderous poem of nearly one hundred and fifty couplets, entitled "The Indian and the Slave." With a rare display of prudence, the contribution is anonymous. Volume nineteen contains seven hundred and thirty-two pages. The principal contributors were: Alann Butler, Dr. Baird, J. Balistier, Dr. B. Dowler, Robert Everest, J. W. Grogram, Chas. Gayarre, Geo. Frederick Holmes, Judge Loring, M. E. Maury, J. \Y. Morse, S. S. Miller, Dr. J. C. Nott, J. D. Orr, J. L. Pey- ton. Francis Poe, John Perkins, Professor Shepard, L. Schade, Wm. Grlmore Sinuns and B. W. Whitner. Volume twenty (January to June), 1850, contains some of the best work, stylistically considered, which the Review con- tains. Among the best, certainly, are the article on the Early History of South Carolina, DeBow's "The Black Pace in North America/' which is a. vigorous defence of slavery, and "Charac- teristics of the Statesman,"''' which is also by DeBow. In the latter article the writer is, for literary excellence, at his best. The nature of his subject gives him good opportunities to em- ploy the assimilations from what must have been a most compre- hensive general reading. He quotes, or refers directly to, a multitude of writers, ancient and modern, especially to Hume's Essays, Butler's Analogy, Xante's Elements of Criticism, Des- Cartes, Uobhes, Leckie, Milton, The I laid and Pope's Transla- tions, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato, Plutarch, Cicero, Sallnst. the Codes of Justinian, More's Utopia, Montesquieu, Grotius, Coke, Bacon, Tlale, Blackstone, Franklin, ( !ousin, Macaulay and DEBOw'g COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 35 John Randolph of Roanoke. In style this essay contains some of the best passages in the Review — witness such a sentence as this: "The nations of the civilized world have been marching tivinlv and steadily toward that perfection in the economy of States which has been set before their eves in the bold concep- tions of those who, Sidney-like, have had the moral hardihood and daring to analyze the constituents of power and work out upon the blackboard of history the great problem of man's mun- dane destiny." The writer finds much to lament in the political and economic conditions of his time. Speaking of the sources of political evils, he maintains that there is "'too great avidity for specula- tion, trade, dollars ami cents; too entire disregard of political education; too sudden fulness and maturity of growth at which statesmen arrive; too many hands at the political bellows, not enough at the plough; too radical a deficiency in moral and re- ligious instruction" — nor has the world yet reached that millen- nial state when the same lament cannot be made. Volume twenty contains seven hundred and fifty pages, and the chief contributors Avere : Thomas Affleck, J. G. Brannard, Win. A. Bradford, Thos. Bland, T). J. Browne, R. G. Barnwell, Thos. Clingman, S. 11. Dickson, Professor "Dew, Wm. Willott, Geo. Elliott, Geo. Fitzhugh, 0. T. M. Garnett, E. L. Gaillard, "Edwin TTeriot, Geo. Frederick Holmes, Ed. Ivenna, R. G. Mor- ris, Francis Roe. A. J. Roane, Robt. Toombs, W. II. Ti-s-tt and D. L. Yulee. With Volume twenty-one (July to December). 1856, we have again the cry of "ISTew Series," the seventh! And there s^eni^ to be little reason for it this time, unless it be the reduction of the yearly volume from about seven hundred and fifty pages to about six hundred and sixty. For one thing this volume is es- pecially noteworthy — namely, the articles on "Southern Author- ship and Text-Books,' 1 by C. K. Marshall, of Mississippi, who was chairman of the Committee on Home Publications of the Southern Commercial Convention of 1855 ; and the reply to this 36 DEBOw's COMMEECIAL REVIEAV. article, an able essay by Edwin Heriot, of Charleston, S. C. It is pitiful to read the laments of Heriot for Southern literary deficiencies ; for he knew only too well the truth of the condition he describes when he writes : "Is it not a notorious fact, that every Southern author, editor or compiler, who has had the temerity to try the experiment of appealing- to that dernier resort, Southern patronage, has been compelled to pay the piper for his patriotism, instead of being paid for his industry ?" Again, and more specifically, he says: "In the Review and Maga- zine department, how generously we continue to patronize Har- per and Blackwood, Godey and Graham, and the quarterlies of the North, while the Southern Quarterly is in the very act of breathing its last gasp, and DeBow's monthly reduced to appeal for its just dues." But, though Heriot laments the state of affairs which seemed peculiarly aggravating to him, who had trod the editor's rough path, still he does not show that the blame should not in large part rest upon the Southern periodicals them- selves, which only too often lacked proper business control and adaptation to popular wants and demands. Volume twenty-one contains six hundred and sixty-two pages. and its chief writers were: W. M. Burwell, Mann Butler, J. M. Cardoza, J. Donnelly, R. S. Elliott, Geo. Fitzhugh, J. B. Floyd, - Grayson, R. L. Gibson-Hewitt, A. B. Hofer, R. M. T. Hunter, Edwin Heriot, Geo. Frederick Holmes, J. Hendley, Gr. P. Kettell, L. X. Keith, J. G. Kohl, J. A. Lyles, A. D. Mann. Francis Poe, A. J. Roane, James Robb, J. W. Scott and John Tyler. Volume twenty-two (January to June), 1857, retains the form reverted to with the preceding volume. A noteworthy article is the appreciative review of the poems of James Barron Hope. With the issuing of this volume, S. C. Martyn left the business staff of the magazine. The volume contains six bun dred and sixty-eight pages, and its chief contributors wore: \Y. C. Barney, P. St. Geo. Cocke, Thos. Clingman, Chas. DeFord, F. Doring, I). T. Dawson, I). D. Deming, Geo. Fitzhugh, Ell- wood Fisher, E. I). Fenner, - Grayson, Geo. Frederick DEBOw's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 37 Holmes, R. M. Johnson, G. D. F. Jamison, G. G. Kohl, I). Lee, and John Tyler. Volume twenty-three (July to December), 1857, was "pub- lished in Washington, D. C, and in Few Orleans." It is no longer stated on the title page that DeBow is Professor of Politi- cal Economy. In the preceding years DeBow had often been a member of commercial and political conventions, and in 1857 he was president of the Knoxville Convention. One of the most notable articles of this volume is that entitled "Aristotle and Calhoun,'' which is a voluminous consideration of the analogies and antitheses between the economics of the two very dissimilar philosophers. The volume contains six hundred and sixty-eight pages. The chief contributors were : W. C. Bar- ney, X. F. Cabell, W. 0. Dennis, Geo. Fitzhugh, Ellwood Fisher, - - Grayson, M. Gross, P. A. Morse, E. A. Pollard, John M. Richardson, Edmund Puffin, Professor Thomassy, II. A. Weil and P. 0. Weightman. Volume twenty-four (Janury to June), 1858, was published in New Orleans and Washington. In this volume it is an- nounced that the editor of the Review will also publish the "Weekly Press," which "will be devoted to light literature, po- litical information and news' 1 — price, $2 per annum. In Volume twenty-four the customary editorial department is omitted. Perhaps the most noteworthy article in this volume of the Review is "'American Literature," on page 17>">. That part of the essay which relates to Southern Literature is es- pecially valuable. The volume is smaller than usual, for it con- tains only six hundred and eight pages. The chief contributors are: Governor Allston, W. M. Burwell, J. II. Bell, X. F. Cabell, J. M. ( lardoza, S. IT. DeBow, Wm. Elliott, Geo. Fitzhugh, G. R. Fairbanks, R. M. T. Hunter, J. D. Mitchell, Francis Poe, A. J. Roane, P. G. Rankin, F. X. Wafkins and Wm. Gilmore Simms. Volume twenty-five (July-December), 1858, was published in New Orleans and in Washington. An editorial furnishes the information that "Professor Geo. Steuckrath, who has been for 38 OKIJOWS COMMERCIAL REVIEW. some time In connection with our Review, is now travelling" for it" ; that the circulation of the publication has so greatly in- creased as to exhaust the issue; that it "is the intention of the editor to resume in December next his residence (for some time interrupted) permanently in Xew Orleans, where the main office of the Review will be again established." This main office had been in Washington during DeEow's residence there as superin- tendent of the census. The volume is larger by more than a hundred pages than the preceding volume, and contains seven hundred and thirty-one pages. The "Editorial Miscellany," which was omitted from Volume twenty-four, is much extended in Volume twenty-five. The chief contributors were: W. W. Boyce, John Baclnnan, X. F. Cabell, J. L. Cochran, D. Christy, Thos. Clingman, S. A. Cartwright, R. S. Coxe, Dr. B. Dowler, E. Deloney, Geo. Fitz- hugh, C. F. Fraser, - —Grayson, M. Gross, II. Hughes, R. W. Habersham, D. D. Owen, J. J. Pettigrew, Percy Roberts, Ed- mund Ruffin, T. P. Shafrnor and J. A. Turner. Volume twenty-six (January to June), 1851), was "published in Xew Orleans and in Washington," according to the title page, though an editorial states that DeBow "is now in Xew Orleans, a fixture." The volume contains lengthy discussions of the great questions which were only too apparently about to bring on war between the two sections of the country. DeBow was an ardent secessionist, and sincerely believed the welfare of the South would be best assured by separation from the .Xortb. In addition to these articles on political questions, the volume con- tains several lengthy articles on "Virginia Genealogy." The magazine continues the increased size of the preceding volume. There are in all -'even hundred and sixteen pages, and the prin- cipal contributors were: W. M. Burwell, S. A. Cartwright, II. M. Dennison, Geo. Fitzhugh, ■ — Grayson, C. E.Goodrich, M. C. (livens, Edwin Heriot, -I. (J. Harris, II. J. Jewett, Dr. Kil- patrick, W. \Y. Mather, Lieutenant Moffit, Percy R. Roberts, Ed. Ruffin, (ieo. Steuckrath, Geo. D. Shortridge, CO. Swallow. .1. W. Scott, D. S. Troy and J. A. Turner. DEBOW S COMMEBCIAL REVIEW. 39 Volume twenty-seven (July-December), L859, "was published in Now Orleans and Washington." The noteworthy articles, other than the omnipresent discussion of State-rights and kin- dred subjects, are: "The ('(insolations of Philosophy," written by DelJow while at college, which is erudite and scholarly in spite of marks of immaturity; and "On Popular Sovereignty," an animated exposition of Southern Democratic principles. The book reviews in the volume are more extensive. There are seven hundred and thirty-six pages, contributed chiefly byj A. Battle, A. Clarkson, R. Cutler, .!. A. Oartwright, II. M. Denni- son, R. Dodson, Geo. Elliott, George Fitzhugh, ( '. L. Fleisch- man. - - Grayson, A. F. Hopkins, J. G. Harris, A. .\L Lea, E. A. Pollard, John Tyler, Percy Roberts, Ed. Puffin. Geo. Steuckrath, A. Stein, J. \V. Scott, \V. II. Trescott, Professor Thomassy and \V. W. Wright. Volume twenty-eight (January to dime), I860, was •'pub- lished in Xew Orleans and in Washington"; but the permanent office of the Review was at 68 ( 'amp Street, Xew Orleans. With t lii ^ volume the connection of Professor Geo. Steuckrath with the Review ceased. A most noteworthy article in this number is "Old African and His Prayer," a story of considerable skilful- ness of execution and high ethical purpose. The volume is one of the largest published, and contains seven hundred and forty- two pages. The chief contributors were: A. Clarkson, 0. R. Collier, X. R. Davis, II. M. Dennison, J. R. Everett, Geo. Fitz- hugb, Win. Gregg, Clarkson, A. F. Hopkins, J. C. Hope, I). II. London, Win. Middleton, J. I. Moore. John Tyler, A. J. Roane, Governor Ramsay, A. Stein, J. W. Scott, J. T. Wiswall and W. W. Wright. Volume twenty-nine (July-December), I860, is, according to the title page, still "published in Xew Orleans and Washing- ton," but it is improbable that the Washington publication had other existence than the title-page mention. The notable arti- cles are: "A Life of Win. G Simms," by J. S. Moore; and Edwin Heriot's "Southern Want,." The latter article is an 40 OEBOw's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. able plea for Southern patronage of Southern periodicals, and is well written by an editor who bad suffered from the neglect be deprecated. The volume is the largest published up to this time, and contains eight hundred pages. The list of subscribers is large, and, the magazine's influence more extended than at any time during its existence. The editor himself tells us that the Review "is in the very meridian of its success.'" The chief con- tributors were: S. A. Cartwright, Charles Cist, Geo. Fitzhugh, Americus Featherman, W. S. Grayson, R. L. Gibson, Win. Gregg. Edwin EEeriot, J. C. Hope, T. M. Hanckel, D. II. Lon- don, d. T. Moore, ( '. C. Memminger, E. K. Olmstead, J. M. Partridge, J. Pratt, John Tyler, A. J. Roane, J. L. Reynolds, Ed. Rnflm, J. W. Scott, E. G. Squier, W. D. Scott, J. A. Turner, J. T. Wiswall and W. \V. Wright- One of the most important features of this volume and of the eight preceding volumes, is the work of three Virginia contribu- tors: George Fitzhugh, Edmund Ruffin, and A. J. Roane. The first of these, especially, seems practically an editor of the maga- zine, for in Volume twenty-nine, for example, he had at least eleven articles, an average of nearly two considerable articles a month. In Volume thirty ( January-June), 1861, the bulk of the space given to articles of general interest continues to be filled with discussions of the vital questions of the day. There is a serial review, beginning in the May number, and continuing through the June issue, of an interesting essay by Dr. S. A. Cartwright, entitled "The Serpent, the Ape, and the Negro," under which head the subject of serpent worship and other African super- stitions is discussed. Volume thirty-one (July-December), L861, begins to show very decidedly the hamperings of war times. It contains only rive hundred and sixty pages, and a large part of the articles are about the war and kindred affairs. An editorial tells us that the business office of the magazine is now removed to ( Iharleston, and is under the charge of the editor's brother, B. F. DeBow; DEBOW^S COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 41 that the Xew Orleans office is also open ; that the coming of war has resulted in the loss of many paying advertisements; that it has become necessary to use small type, probably on account of the growing scarcity of paper and printers; that the editor has moved to Richmond, Va., is in government service, and will edit the Review from the Virginia capital. The "government ser- vice" here refers to DeBow's appointment by the Secretary of the Treasury of the Confederate States as "chief agent for the purchase and sale of cotton on behalf of the Government." Just before the war DeBow was recommended by Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War, for the Chinese mission, but "patroitic motives induced him to remain at home." This volume contains several excellent poems, notably John R. Thompson's "On to Richmond," written just after the first battle of Manassas; Timrod's "Cotton Boll," copied from the Charleston Mercury; an ode to "Louisiana"; and "There's Life in the Old Land Yet." The most noteworthy prose article in this volume is that on page 209, entitled "The Puritan and the Cavalier," which is an interesting- historical account of these two English elements in the American colonies. The July and August numbers were combined into one double number. The chief writers were: S. A. Cartwright, Geo. Fitz- hugh, A. J. Hill. F. P. Porcher, Judge Beverley Tucker and Professor Thomassy. Volume thirty-two (January- June), 1862, marks practically the close of the first or "Old Series" of the Review. The editor was busy with his duties as governmental agent in the buying of cotton ; and as the stress of war increased, and the Federal ope- rations in the Mississippi began, it became very difficult for DeBow to edit the magazine from Richmond and other distant points, and practically impossible to have the printing done in New Orleans. The volume was completed, however, and one more number, that for August, 1802, was issued. Publication of the Review was then interrupted until after the close of the war, when the "Revived Series" was begun in January, 1866. Before beginning our account of this later series, let us en- 42 DEBOW *S COMMICllCIAX, REVIEW. deavor to form some estimate of what was the condition of the Review when it was interrupted by the war between the States. If we remember the humble beginnings of the magazine, its sometimes vain struggle for bare existence, its editor's long and fruitless pleadings for support by people of his immediate sec- tion, Ave shall be very ready to say that when the war began DeBow had succeeded. Not only was the Review upon a sound financial basis, with a large number of subscribers ami a paying list of advertisers, but its success was also evidenced by the greater influence it exercised, and the better quality of the arti- cles it contained. Where the earlier volumes had offered us invoices of the port of New Orleans or tabulations of the cotton crop, were now fervent defences of the assailed institutions and principles of the South; where lu,d once been reprints from the older magazines, were now able original articles from such men as George Frederick Holmes, William M. Burwell, Dr. Cart- wright and George Fitzhugh. From every standpoint, then. DeBow's Review hade fair to escape the shoals upon which so many Southern magazines had foundered, financial insolvency and popular neglect; and had not the war cut short its career, it is not impossible that it would have been a potent and successful influence for the nurture of a growing Literature. From the title page of Volume one of the Revived Series ( Jan- uary-June), 1866, we find that the Review is now to be ''Devoted to the restoration of the Southern States, and the development of the wealth and resources of the country — a Journal of Litera- ture, Education, Agriculture, Commerce, Internal Improve- ment, Manufacture, Alining and Statistics, and the problems of the Freedmen." DeBow continues to be the editor and proprie- tor, according to the title page, and ( larlyle is still quoted to the effect that "Commerce is King." The offices of the Review are given as, Nashville, 25 Union street ; New Orleans, 7 Old Levee, and 130 Canal street; New York, lo Broadway. The editor tells us that his purpose is to give his Review "a national char- acter." The editor's office is given as 42 Broadway, New York, and Xashville is named as the headoua rters of the magazine. DEBOw's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 43 The volume contains two poems — one, "The South," by Win. Gilmore Simms; the other, "Charms of Rural Life," poetically a pre-glacia] monster of three hundred and fifty couplets! After the war the editor apparently resigned himself to the inevitable; and, with philosophic seriousness, set about to make the best of a world which had no room for his cherished doctrines of State sovereignty and Southern sufficiency. His editorials, consequently, are full of hopes and plans for the future, and yet he does not deny himself the publication of his "Journal of the War"; fortunately, for it has many elements of historical value. The chief contributors were: W. M. Burwell, R. G. Barnwell, W. W. Boyee,W. A. Van Benthuysen, W. A. Carey, F. A. Conk- ling, A. Delmar, J. I.. E well, Geo. Fitzhugh, C. L. Fleischman, W. -I. Grayson, ('has. Gayarre, II. G. FTorton, Dr. Josiah Xott, A. Stein and T. R. Warven. Volume two i Revived Series, July-December), L866, contains the first of a series of articles by DeBow, called "A Journal of the War"; an account, based upon ;i dairy of events recorded by him at the time. Tn addition to the historical value of this Journal, its worth is increased by the quotation of numerous poems written during the war, such as Hayne's "En Revanche," and Mrs. Ellen K. Blunt's "The Southern Cross." Another poem in this volume is Timrod's memorial ode, beginning "Sleep sweetly in your humble graves." The editor promises an en- largement of twenty pages per number. The volume contains six hundred and sixty-eight pages, and the chief writers were: Charles Bohun, R. G. Barnwell, W. A. Cocke, I ). Christy, L. Dubois, John W. Daniel, R. Hutchinson, H. J. Morgan, J. D. Xoves, L. I). Sticknev, A. Stein, L. Spooner and G. I). Wil- liams. Volume three of the Revived Series (January- June), L867, marks the limit of the editorship of its founder, who died on the 27th of February, in that year, while by the bedside of his brother, who was then ill at Elizabeth, X. J. On the title page of the volume we find: "Heirs of DeBr • proprietors. R. G. Barnwell and Edwin I. Bell, editors." 44 DEBOw's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. offices of the magazine are still given as Nashville and Xew fork. The April and May numbers are combined, and the June number was issued late. B. F. DeBow, brother of the edi- tor and business manager of the magazine, died on the 25th of March, 1867, less than a month after Jas. DeBow died. On page 332, in the last issue of the "Journal of the War," is a poem of unusual merit by James R. Randall. On page 4-97, is a life of James DeBow, by his friend, Charles Gayarre, and the frontispiece of the volume is a large picture of the editor, who had made the Review his life-work. This number also contains Father Ryan's well-known poem, "The Conquered Banner." The volume contains 608 pages, and the chief writers were: W. A. Cocke, John W. Daniel, Geo. Fitzhngh, C. L. Fleischman, Geo. Frederick Holmes, Professor Linebaugh, J. A. Maxwell, C. A. Pillsbury, A. Stein, Charles F. Schmidt and John A. Wagener. Volume four (R. S., July-December), 18<>7, was edited by R. G. Barnwell and Edwin I. Bell. Unusual space is given to Book Reviews. Two of the most notable features of the volume are the life of DeBow, on page 1, and Father Ryan's poems, "Sentinel Songs." In the latter, the author, lamenting the perishableness of monuments to the fallen soldiers, and rejoicing in the imperishableness of songs to their memory, writes: " And the Songs in stately rhyme, With softly sounding tread, March forth to watch till the end of time, Beside the silent dead." The volume is smaller than usual, and contains only six hun- dred pages. The principal contributors were: R. G. Barnwell, S. B. Buckley, W. W. Boyce, D. Christy, Josiah Copley. C. Deranco, J. C. Delavigne, Geo. Fitzhugh, Professor Forshey, P. C. Friese, Geo. Fred. Holmes, J. F. Killibrew, X. A. Knox. (1. Marigault, C. A. Pillsbury, L. Spooner, John A. Wagener and Sylvester Waterhouse. Volume five (R, S., January- June), 1868, was edited partly bv Ft. C. Barnwell and partly by William McOleery Burwell. of DEBOW S COMMEKC1AL REVIEW. 45 Virginia. The latter became editor-in-chief during the publica- tion of this number, and he continued to direct the magazine. Barnwell was associate editor and general agent. J. Wallace Ainger, of Xew York, was the business manager. During March and April the office of the Review was moved from !N~ew York to !STew Orleans, its old home ; and, in consequence of their change, the May number was so delayed that it was published under the same cover with the June number, and both of these issues were smaller than usual. Win. McC. Burwell, the new editor, had been for years a fre- quent contributor to Southern magazines ; and, when he took charge of DeBow's Review, he had made a reputation as an authority on political and commercial economy. Thus he was well fitted for the editorship of a commercial magazine, but he lacked Mr. DeBow's enthusiasm for literature, and so we soon find the magazine returning to its first type, as a strictly agricul- tural and commercial review.* In conclusion, we shall obtain a clearer notion of what the Review was if, after the foregoing synopsis of the series, we sum up the general features of the work. Tt should be borne in mind that the Review stood, first of all, for the defence and development of the commercial and political rights of the South, and that the literary department of its work was subordinate to these interests. In the first volume of the work, the editor defined the purpose of the Review in these words: "For us it shall be to adhere to the West, the South and the Southwest; to take the highest views on their great ever- rising, ever-augmenting interests ; to advocate their true and best policy ; to defend their rights and develop their resources ; to collect, combine and digest in a permanent form, for refer- ence, their important statistics." Let us consider how far the*e high purposes were realized. From a commercial standpoint, it is very certain that the work *It has been impossible to gain access to the later volumes of Mr Bur- well's editorship, which are thus reluctantly omitted from our account of the Review. -16 DEBOW's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. of DeBow's Review was not only helpful, but also extensive, in its influence. The laborious collection of statistics had its re- ward in the increased attention to scientific principles in agri- culture and commerce, and as a means whereby progress and improvement should come. The manifold phases of plantation life and duties were frequent subjects for the pens of men who knew Southern conditions and had. studied Southern needs. X<> department of the slave-owners' world was allowed to fail of its share of study and discussion, and such subjects as "An Over- seer's Daily Routine" or "Water for Field Hands " were elabo- rated and argued about with all the earnestness of a Milton damning royalists. This minute investigation extended also to purely commercial inquiries; and so thorough and widespread was the assimilation of the best results from these economic theories that the Southern States before the war were remarkable for general prosperity. "The wealth accumulated by the people was marvellous/' says Henry W. Grady; "Georgia and Carolina were the richest States, per capita, in the Union, saving Rhode Island." Surely not a little credit for this favorable con dition is due to the leading commercial magazine of the section. ]STor were the political purposes of the Review less faithfully adhered to: a fact which is well shown by the change which the magazine itself underwent as the inevitableness of war became more and more apparent. DeBow was an ardent State-rights man, and as his interests and those of his compatriots became more absorbed by the political questions of the time, more space was given in the Review to the discussion of the great impending problems; and there is much evidence that the influence of the magazine in these trying times was very considerable. Two tacts, especially, point to this conclusion — first, the prominence of the men who contributed the ante-bellum political articles; and second, that the Review was "in the meridian of its success" when it was cut short by the war. A third department of the Review remains to be considered — namely, its literary contributions. It is to be remembered thai the founder's aspirations for his magazine in this department DEBOw's COMMERCIAL REVIEW. 47 were relatively not so high as his aims in the other respects already mentioned; and hence we should not look for a con- siderable magazine literature aside from technical treatises, nor for evidences of important literary influence exerted by the pub- lication. We shall find neither; but there are artistic composi- tions here and there in its pages, and not rarely our search is rewarded with the discovery of a stirring poem by Ilayne, a well- balanced prose essay by Fitzhugh, or a recreative fancy flight of an editor, who, for all his facts and figures, was not altogether a stranger to the shepherd's pipe. CHAPTEK II. THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. ( lharleston, S. C, has been the scene of many beginnings, and, unfortunately, of nearly as many endings. In no department has this been so pronounced as in that of periodical literature. Magazine after magazine has been begun there, frequently with every prospect of success that general interest and editorial ability conld warrant, and yet some of them have been unable to stretch their existence beyond a year or two. Even William Gilmore Simms, their literary behemoth, saw his cherished periodical succumb after one scanty year of publication, and what could be expected of others ? But before Simms formed his habit of setting journalistic tombstones there had been a con- spicuous example of how the best laid plans may fail. Tn 182S there appeared in Charleston the first number of the Southern Review. This was the February number for that year, and the magazine was a quarterly, to be issued in February, May, Au- gust and November of each year. Not only in Charleston and South Carolina, but all over the South, literary men were deeply interested in this work, and some of the ablest scholars of South Carolina were among its prominent contributors. The founder and first editor of the Southern Review was Stephen Elliott, one of the most learned and talented men of his native State. He was born at Beaufort, S. C, in 1771. Like many another Southern man, he completed his education in the North, which had long been more and more regularly training the class of men who had formerly finished their education in the "old country," or on the continent. lie graduated from Yale when twenty THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. 49 years of age, and, retiring to his South Carolina plantation home, devoted himself to the study of science and literary work. Elliott was a man of unusual progressiveness and energy, and he did much for the cause of education in his native State. He was the founder of the Literary and Philosophical Society, which was organized in 18115; and, after having declined the presidency of the South Carolina College, he founded, in 1825, "The Medical College of South Carolina, " in Charleston, and was appointed professor of Natural History and Botany.* Of the fact that Stephen Elliott, senior (for he had a son of the same name, who was also an editor of the Southern Review), was the founder and first editor of the Review, there seems to be no doubt ; but there is some doubt as to whether or not he was assisted in both capacities by Hugh Swinton Legare. In his life of Simms, Professor Trent says, page 55 : "Elliott and Legare set to work with a will, and launched the 'Southern Re- view/ " and he refers on page 56 to the "two editors from the city and State at large." Again, on the same page, we find, "One is not surprised, therefore, to read a conspicuous notice in the fifteenth number, requesting subscribers to pay up ; or to find Elliott and Legare withdrawing and leaving their bantling to die on the hands of the former's son, Stephen Elliott, Jr." Thus Professor Trent would have it that Elliott and Legare were the founders and first editors, and that their successor was the younger Elliott. Opposed to this account is that found in the first volume, pages •'>'.) sq., of the Southern Quarterly Review, which is as follows: "At its commencement [the Southern Quar- terly Review was], under the editorial control of that profound and elegant scholar and fine writer, the late Stephen Elliott, LL. I). Upon his death the work passed into the hands of his talented son, Stephen Elliott, Jr. Mr. Legare finally took charge of the work, and fully sustained the high reputation it had already attained.'" This is high authority for the state- * Authorities: DeBow's Keview, vol. IX, p. 115; Southern Quarterly Re- view, vol. I,p 39; Trent Life of Simms, p '27; Richmond Times, April 13th, 1902. 50 THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. ment, since the Southern Quarterly was considered a renewal of the old Quarterly, and was published in the same city, and since its editors were Living at the time of the Southern Review's publication. Again, we have a similar statement in an editorial of DeBov'.s Review, Vol. XT, p. 125: "The Southern Review was published between 1828 and 1832, and edited successively by those scholars of world-wide fame, Stephen Elliott, Stephen Elliott, -Jr., and the late Hugh S. Lagare." This account agrees with that in the Quarterly, above referred to; and let it he re- membered that its author, DeBow, was a native of Charleston, and had also been an editor of the Southern Quarterly. Mr. Trent does not give us his authority for his account, and we hesi- tate to accept his view with such authoritative statements to the contrary. Furthermore, in Mr. Trent's own account, there are misleading implications, aside from the general statement of Legare's connection with the Review. From the order of the statements, we should suppose that the plea, in the fifteenth number, for payment of subscription, closely preceded the with- drawal of Elliott and Legarc. jSTow, the fifteenth number was issued in November, 1831. and Stephen Elliott, Sr., died in 1830. Again, it is a rather pleasant euphemism to report the death of Elliott as his "withdrawing and leaving their bantling" to die on the hands of his son. We are forced to conclude that the biographer of Simms had forgotten that the senior Elliott died in 1830. In the absence of assigned authority for his ac- count, it seems reasonable to suppose that Professor Trent as- sumed Legare's editorship of the first numbers because of that writer's numerous contributions to the early volumes. Tt is, of course, very certain that Legare's interest in the publication was very great, and his help both timely and considerable; but there seems little ground for maintaining that he was actually as- sociated with Elliott in the editorial chair. So much for the first editor. As to the Review itself, several particulars of the form of the magazine are very noticeable. Perhaps the first thing that would strike the attention of one familiar with modern periodicals would be its simplicity or THE SOUTHERN REVIEW 51 uniformity of arrangement. No attempt was made to make the Eeview attractive in appearance or to secure the general atten- tion by a show of variety in its contents. There is no division into departments, and consequently monotony reigns supreme. Opening the number before us, we are met by an array of "Arti- cles/' led by Article I, and exhausting the first ten Roman numerals. Exhaustion threatens the reader also, at sight of this formidable company, and when the apparently less important knowledge of the subject of the essays is ascertained, hope hVos before the prospect. Such might very reasonably be supposed to have been the effect upon the average reader of periodical literature when a copy of the old Eeview was brought to his at- tention, and we have emphasized this aspect of the case in order to make it plain how futile such methods of publishing neces- sarily were, if the editor sought popular support and a general circulation. It is strange that it could be supposed that in so new and unsettled a country as America was in 1830 ;i larg:> reading public could be found for a magazine whose piece de resistance was sure to be some such dainty morsel as a ponderous dissertation on '"Classical Learning/' by Legare, or a treatise "On the Public Economy of Athens, " by anybody else. Such considerations make it very apparent that the editor of the Southern Review was far from catering to public demands, and was rather providing a medium for learned discussion and ex- position than attempting to establish a training ground and vehicle for the merely literary men of the section. The found- ers of the Review had set before them the standard of the great English quarterlies, and, had they fallen behind their models in scholarly dryness and contempt for popular demand, they would have considered their venture a failure. We would not be un- derstood to detract from the merit of the essays themselves, many of which are very valuable and masterly contributions to the literature of their subjects; but we do lament the short-sighted- ness of men, who, while really keenly interested in promoting the welfare of their native literative, yet sacrificed the last chance of making their publications a power for good by tilling the lie- 52 THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. view with essays so technical or so purely scientific as to appeal only to a limited class of readers and to repel the more numerous remainder. It is true that in the four years of its existence many articles on subjects of general interest were published; but in any one number, such articles were very noticeably a small part of the contents; and the preponderance of technical and scholarly essays was great enough to decide the character of the publication — and to be its doom, for the causes of the Southern Review's early failure and cessation are to be found in itself. To sum up briefly, these causes were- — first, failure to adapt the Review to the needs of a new people ; and second, contempt for means of securing general attention and favor. The title page of the first volume of the Southern Review was : THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. Vol. I. FEBRUARY and MAY, 1828. CHARLESTON: Printed and published by A. E. Miller, for the Proprietors. 1828. The first of these numbers, February, contains five hundred and thirty-six pages, ten essays. Of these, the first is "Classical Learning," which is a very long defence of the study of the classics. In it Hugh Swinton Legare, its author,* assails the * In general the authority for authorship of articles in the Southern Re- view is scanty In the case of Legare, however, there is very definite in- formation, obtained from the collection of his works edited by hie sister and published in 1846 by Burges and James, Charleston, S. C. Of some few of the remaining articles the authors are given on very good authority; but for most of them we have to rely on internal evidence, or such doubt- ful authority as the attachment of names by former owners of volumes of the publication. Where our authority is no more than these last two sources, we can only refer the article to its supposed author. THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. 53 advocates of the new learning, and gives good evidence of the classical learning, for which he was so famous. The second article of this first number is a technical and his- torical essay on the "Principles of Agriculture," whose author is supposed to have been Dr. Cooper. The third article is entitled the "Execution of Col. Isaac Hayne," and is a strong defence of a Revolutionary hero who was unjustly put to death by the British. The author is sup- posed to have been Robert Young Hayne, the famous opponent of Daniel Webster. The fourth article is a treatise, probably by Professor Wal- lace, on "Geometry and the Calculus" — an article of the kind that subtracts years from the life of any other magazine than a purely mathematical publication. Article five, ''Gaul on the Functions of the Brain," is a criti- cism of the recent developments of the French physiological psychologists. The author is supposed to have been Dr. Cooper. The next article is a review of Scott's "Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," which forms the startling point not only of critical remarks, but also of an historical essay upon the "Little Corpo- ral" and his times. The article was probably written by Stephen Elliott, Sr., the editor of the Review. Article seven is an essay upon "Political Economy," especially the department of "Rent." The supposed author is Cardoza. Article eight, probably by Judge Harper, discusses the "Colo- nization Society." The next article is the "Geology and Mineralogy of North Carolina," probably by Dr. Cooper. The last article of the number, ten, is a review of The Talis- man, a New York annual for 1828. The second number of the first volume contains nine long arti- cles, as follows: "On the Constitution of the United States," sup- posedly by Stephen Elliott, Sr. : a review of "Xiebuhrs Roman History," probably by Robert Henry; "Begin's 'Therapeutics," ' very probably by Dr. Cooper; a fifty-two page essay, by Legare, on "Roman Literature" ; "Life of Wvttenbach," a review sup- 54 THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. posed to have been written by Dr. Josiah !Nott; ''Poems of James Percival," reviewed most scathingly by Legare, who speaks of them as "such incoherent, undefined and shapeless fantasies as may be supposed to float about at random in the brain of a poeti- cal opium eater"; a review of Butler's "Life of Hugo Grotius," probably by Grimke; "On the Monitorial System of Instruc- tion" ; "( 'raft's Fugitive Writings, With Selections," a vigorous essay by Lagare, who is moved by his late fellow-citizen's verse to ask, "l)o nonsense and vulgarity cease to be so because they are aggravated by doggerel ?" The review is not wholly destruc- tive, however, for Legare finds not a few things to admire, and says so with a frankness that shows bis criticism is not unfair or spiteful. The second volume contains two numbers, those for August and November, 1828. The first of these, which is number three of the whole series, contains ten articles — "A Review of Wash- ington [rving's 'Columbus'," which is attributed to Legare, but the authority seems to be of very doubtful validity ; the reviewer commends both form and matter of the book, and lias little fault to find with either; "Origin of Rhymes," an ''examination of the claims of Arabic literature to be accounted the author (sic) of rhyme of the poetry of ( 'hristian Europe" — supposedly by (Irimke; "Kent's Commentaries," a forty page review by Le- gare; a review of M. (Jamba's "Travels in the South of Russia" ; an essay attributed to Dr. S. 11. Dickson, on "Malaria"; "Flint's 'Valley of the Mississippi'," a review whose author is supposed to have been Prioleau; the conclusion of Article YT, Vol. I, on Scott's "Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," supposed to be by Stephen Elliott, Sr. ; review of a poem, "The Omnipresence of the Deity," by Robert Montgomery. The last article is a satiri- cal and sharply destructive criticism, which bears many marks of Legare's pronounced style, and was probably written by him, though it is not generally contained in the lists of bis works. The November number contains ten essays; "On the Religion of the American Indians ;" "American Naval History," probably by Robert Young Hayne ; "Review of Spark's Life of John THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. 55 Ledyard;" "Views of Nature," an essay wherein the author, probably Stephen Elliott, the editor, opposes the extreme views of evolutionistic cosmogeny; "The Federal Constitution," an interpretation from the standpoint of the State-rights party, supposed to be by Col. McOord; a review, sometimes attributed to Legare, of Pollock's "Course of Time;" "Internal Improve- ments," probably by the editor, Elliott; "Roman Orators" (a continuation of Article IV, Vol. I, Xo 2, by Legare), in which the central topic is the relative merits of Cicero and Demosthe- nes as orators. Legare, while pointing out particulars in which Cicero surpassed, is emphatic for the superiority of the Greek. "The Georgia Controversy," a State-rights discussion, written, it is supposed, by Drayton; the last article of the number, "The Tariff," by "one of our most able statesmen," probably Mc- Duffie. Volume III contains the numbers for February and May, re- spectively, and begins the issue for 1829. The February number contains: "The Law of Tenures," a review of a work by James Humphrey, an Englishman, on real property. This is one of the best known of Legare's contribu- tions to the Review; "Romances of the Baron Motte Fouque," a review supposed to be by Robert Henry, who strangely divides fiction into "Southern, Northern, Oriental and Mixed," and dis- cusses the chief faults of modern romance; "Court of Chan- cery," a technical law treatise, attributed to Pettigrn ; "Life of Erasmus," a review probably by Dr. Josiah Xott, of a biography by (diaries Butler; a review of "Thomas Brown's Philosophy of the Human Mind," supposed to have been written by the Rev. Dr. Oilman, who finds much to praise, but not enough to keep him from pronouncing the philosopher "not a profound thinker." The article is incorrectly numbered TV, instead of V; "Origin of Rhyme," a thirty-six page continuation of Article 2, Vol. IT, Xo 1, supposedly by Grimke; a sparkling review of the "Travels of the Dnke of Saxe- Weimar " in America, supposed to have been written by Legare; a review of "The Celtic Druids," of Godfrey Higgins, probably by Dr. Cooper ; and a review, snp- 56 THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. posed to be by McCord, of "Walsh's ''Narrative of his Journey from Constantinople to England." The May number, VI of the whole series, contains ten re- views. First, a review of Sir John Franklin's narrative of his second Polar Expedition ; second, "The Cambridge Course of Mathematics," probably by Professor Wallace; third, a review, attributed to Professor Wallace, of "Stuart's Commentary on Hebrews"; fourth, a review of a French work by Blachette, on "Sugar." probably by Stephen Elliott; fifth, "Goethe's 'Wilhelm Meister'," reviewed, it is supposed, by Robert Henry; sixth, "'.Memoirs of Dr. Parr," attributed to Dr. Nott; seventh, a very much out of place, but witty, essay on "The French Cook"; eighth, "Law and Lawyers." supposed to be by Prioleau ; ninth, "Liberty of the Press — Sedition Law of '08"; tenth, a review of — first, "The Disowned"; second, "Tales of the Great St. Bernard." . This article is attributed to Hugh S. Legare, and it is typically vigorous, keen and yet fair. Volume IV completes the year 1829, and contains the usual two numbers, in this case for August and November, 1829. The first of these, Xo. VII of the whole series, contains nine articles — one, "Celtic Druids"; two, "Hoffman's 'Legal Out- lines'"; three, ''The Fine Arts": four, "Education in Ger- many"; five, "Abbot's Letters from Cuba"; six. "Cicero de Republica"; seven, "Travels in China"; eight, "Dyspepsia"; nine, "Heber's Sermons." Of these, the first is a continuation of article eight, No. V, attributed to Dr. Cooper. Article two is supposed to he by Legare, on general and internal evidence. Number five is probablv by the editor. Stephen Elliott, Sr. Number six is a critical annihilation of a venturesome trans- lator, who fell under Legare's lash. The latter, who was famous in this country and abroad as a classicist, convicts the trans- lator of frequent misinterpretation and ignorance, and is not sparing in his denunciation of such presumptuous writing". Number VTTT contains — one, "Sismonde's 'Political Econ- omy'"; two, "On Cuba"; three, "Hall's 'Travels in North America'"; four, "Deveronx," a novel, reviewed; five, "In- THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. 57 fluence of Chivalry on Literature"; six, "Sir Walter Raleigh"; seven, "Classification of Plants"; and eight, a review of "Anne of Geierstein." Of these, article seven is supposed t<> be by Stephen Elliott, Sr., and must have been the last, or nearly the last, of his contributions to the Review: article three was written by Hugh S. Legare. Volume V begins the year L830, and contains two numbers, as usual, for February and May, numbers IX and X, respectively, of the whole series. Number IX contains — one, a. review of Stuart's Hebrew Grammar; two, ''Raymond's 'Political Economy'"; three, "Charlemagne and His Peers"; four, "Jefferson's Memoirs*'; five, "The Works df Paul Louis Oouvier" ; six, "The Xavy" ; seven, "( looper's 'Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish' " ; and eight, "Anatomy of Drunkenness," reviewed. Of these, number one was probably written by Professor Wallace. it is a remarkable article to be found in snch a publication ; for, with its lengthy tahles eP>ow and the Southern Quar- terly, it is most probable that Stephen Elliott, Jr., was the editor of the first number of Volume V. We have no certain means, however, of knowing how long this editorship lasted ; but it seems probable that the next editor, Legare, began his conduct of the 58 THE SOUTHERN REVIEW. Review with number X, for his contributions, known and at- tributed, form an unusual part of that issue. The fact that in the ensuing volumes Legare's articles are not so numerous is not a valid argument against his being editor of the Review then ; for this scarcity of contributions from him is accounted for by the increasing demands made upon his time by his duties as a practicing lawyer and as Attorney-General of South Carolina. Number X contains — one, a review of "Bourrienne's 'Me- moirs'-'; two, "Sidney's 'Miscellanies'"; three, "Ancient and Modern Oratory"; four, on "Etymology"; five, "Bentham's 'Judicial Evidence' "; six, "Heber's "Life of Jeremy Taylor' "; and seven, "Lord Byron's Character and Writings." Of these articles, two and seven are known to be Legare's, and articles three and five are supposed to be by him. Article seven is one of the most notable of Legare's essays, and one of the longest, for it contains 59 pages. Volume Yl completes the issue for 1830. Its numbers, XI and XIT, were published in August and November. Number XI contains — one. "Agrarian and Educational Sys- tems": two, "History of Greek Literature"; three, "Memoirs D'un Pair de France"; four, "Ben Johnson's Works"; five, "Physiologic des Passions"; six, "Debate on Mr. Foote's Resolu- tion"; seven, "Hall's 'Familiar Letters of Milton' "; and eight, "I'he American System." Of these articles, one voices a South- ern failing in its opposition to public schools. Article two is one of Lagare's best classical essays. Number six is a discus- sion of the Webster-Hayne debate, in which Mr. Webster's ora- torical and rhetorical ability is admitted but his logic denied. The "American System" referred to in article eight is thai of the tariff, which i^ strenuously opposed. Number XII contains — one, "Mental Development"; two. "Geology"; three, "Memoirs of Josephine"; four, "History of Greek Literature"; five "Social Life of England and France"; six, "Florida"; seven, "Tribunal of Dernier Resort"; and eight, "(irieshach's 'Xew Testament.'' Of these, article four is a continuation of Legare's essay, begun in article two of the pre- THE SOITIIKUX REVIEW. OJ ceding number. Article five is supposed to have been written by Dr. ( looper. Volume VII begins the issne for 1831, and contains the num- bers for May and August, of the whole series numbers XIII and XIV. The volume shows great irregularity in publication ; for the rule had been for the Review to be issued in February, May, August and jSTovember ; but here there is no February number for 1831, and consequently, May and August make one volume, while the eighth volume contains the issues for November, 1831, and February, 1832. Of Volume VII, number thirteen contains — one, ''Byron's Letters and Journals"; two "Beranger's Poems''; three "Life and Times of Daniel DeFoe" ; four, "Murat's Letters on the United States"; five, ''History of the Fine Arts"; six, "Steam Engines and Railroads"; seven, "The Siamese Twins"; eight, "Irving's 'Voyages and Discoveries of Columbus'"; and nine, ''The Family Library." Of these articles one is a review by Legare of Moore's work on Byron's Letters. The essay is a long one of forty-two pages, and is a .fair and sympathetic treatment, of the unfortunate poet's woes. Xumber XIV (August, 1831), contains — one, "Jeremy Bent- ham and the Utilitarians"; two, "Operation of Poisons"; three, "French Xovels" ; four, "Theory of Association in Matters of Taste"; five, "Codification"; six, "Small-pox, Varioloid Dis- eases and Vaccine" ; seven, "American Literature" ; eight, "Woolrych's 'Life of Jeffreys'" ; and nine, "Waterhouse's 'Junius.'' Of these articles, one is a descriptive criticism, by Legare, of the Utilitarian philosophy as systematized by Bent- ham. Article five is by some considered Lagare's best essay. " Article seven is based upon "Kettell's 'Specimens of Ameri- can Poetry.' ' The reviewer protests against the demand for an American Literature, and declares that the nation is not old enough (in 183 1- ) to have a literature, and that there is not suffi- *Southern Review (Baltimore), vol. VII (January, 1870), p. 147; and the whole article for life of Legare. GO THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. cient material for it. lie accounts, in part, for Southern literary sterility by attributing- it to "imperfect education" of the peo- ple. Article nine is a plausible argument to prove that the au- thor of the letters of "Junius" was the Reverend Philip Francis, rather than Sir Philip Francis. Volume VIII (November, L831, ami February, 1882), con- cludes the issue of the Southern Review. In addition to the causes of failure inherent in the nature of the Review itself, a more immediate cause of its cessation in 1832 was the departure, in that year, of Legare, who went to Europe as the representative of the United States at the Court of Brussels. Legare's ability and fame, both as a man and as an author, had been from the first the mainstay of the magazine. As stated before, Stephen Elliott, the first editor, had died in 1830, and when, in 1882, the remaining editor withdrew, the Review suspended publication. Number XY contains — one, "The Bank of the United States"; two, a review of "Cyril Thornton"; three, "Cuvier's 'Theory of the Globe' "; four, "Delavigne's Poems"; five, "On Canal Navigation"; six, a' review of "A Year in Spain"; seven, "Distribution of Wealth" ; eight, "Peninsular Campaigns"; and nine, "Indirect Taxation." The last number of the Review, February, L832, contains — one, "Public Economy of Athens" ; two, a review of the works of Edmund 1). Griffin, gruesomely entitled "Griffin's Remains"; three, "Life of Mary, Queen of Scots"; four, a review of Cooper's "Bravo"; five, "Butler's 'Life of D'Arguisseau' "; six, "Bryant's Poems"; eight, "Mcintosh's 'History of England' "; and nine, "Producers and Consumers." Article one is by La- gare, as is article five also. Article seven is a very approci itW ■ review of Bryant's poems, which the reviewer declares to he "the best collection of American poetry we have seen." THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. The title page of the first volume of the Southern Quarterly Review is as follows : THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. Volume I. NEW ORLEANS: Published by the Proprietors at 166 Royal Street. 1842. The printer was Benjamin Jenkins, 166 Royal Street, .Yew Orleans; the first editor. Daniel 1\. Whitaker. Volume T con- sists of two numbers, for January and April ( 1842 ), which con- tain 302 and 262 pages, respectively. There is a separate table of contents for each number. The body of each number con- sists of essays of about 60 pages each, based upon some work treating of the subject of the essay; the articles, however, are not merely critical, but more frequently original essays. Tn addition to these major articles, there are shorter "Book re- views,'" "Reviews of Magazines," "Literary Announcements," and notices of new publications. Number I contains eight principal articles: T, the Newspaper and Periodical Press. This is a sixty page editorial, in which we have, first, a sketch of the "Newspaper Press"; second, a his- tory of the "Periodical Press"; and last, an outline of the pur- poses and policy of the Southern Quarterly itself. Under the last heading the editor says; - r \\> protect the rights of our South- ern soil from invasion, and to promote the cause of learning, arts and literature among us, Ave have projected this Southern 62 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. Quarterly Review. As a political organ, it will maintain, in good faith, long received and well-tried principle of the old Re- publican school, such as the following : That all men, though not equal by birth, talent or circumstances, are yet to be equally pro- tected in the enjoyment of their just rights; that the people of the several States of the Union are the source of all the political power that exists in it; that the Constitution of the United States is the result of a compact between the several States, each State ageeing with each, and each with all the rest, to confer upon the Federal Government certain powers, and reserving to themselves all the powers not granted out by and through that instrument ; that all its provisions and grants of power should be construed strictly, according to the plain import of the lan- guage employed, and without looking for any hidden or more extended meaning than the latter justifies ; that the same Con- stitution, being the result of a compact by and between the sev- eral States, could not have been created by the people en masse, as, in that event, there being only one party, there could have been no Federal compact, no Federal Government, no American Confederacy ; that the allegiance of the citizen is due, primarily, to the States, and secondarily, to the United States ; that, for all palpable violations of the Constitution by the Federal Govern- ment, or by any of its branches, not provided for by the Consti- tution, a remedial power exists in the States to cure the evil ; that the principles of free trade ought to be maintained and re- spected, and that no one branch of American industry should be fostered or protected by the Government at the expense of any other branch of it ; that tariffs or imports should be levied for purposes of revenue directly, and for purposes of protection only indirectly and incidentally." Herein we have a complete statement, within limits, of not only the political views of the Quarterly's editors, but also of the position of Southern states- men, on the great questions which were becoming every year of more acute importance. So much for the political position of the Quarterly. Pro- ceeding, the editor asks: "But what party will this work sustain THE SOUTHERN QUABTEKLY EEVIEW. 63 in religion I" "Xo party," he answers, and gives three reasons: "First, for the solemn and most conclusive reason, that in Chris- tianity, professedly and really a religion of peace and love, there ought to be no party — no conflicts among the follows of the Lamb of God and the Prince of Peace, but only harmony and agree- ment and brotherly love ; secondly, because there are other and better instrumentalities, vehicles and places where and through which each and all religious parties may maintain their own views freely and without hindrance, and combat those of their opponents — we mean the pulpit, the theological reviews, and the religious newspapers ; and thirdly, because their work is devoted solely and exclusively to literary and political objects.'" The editor adds that this does not imply an exclusion of philosophical and non-controversive theological essays, which shall be accepted if they are of sufficient literary merit. Further he says: ''We mean to place this work on the most liberal basis, and to express n<> theological opinion in it to which the most scrupulous Chris- tian of any name or denomination can possibly object. We have not come here to open the fountain of bitter waters on the angry and time-worn arena of theological controversy, but rather to promote and accomplish objects of great weight and interest to the durability of your institution, the salvation of this dear region, the glory of the whole Union, and the fame of American literature." Finally, in respect to his literary purposes, the editor tells us that it is his aim, generally, "to make a vigorous movement in behalf of Southern literature"; for, he adds, "there is to be, if there be not already, a Southern, as well as a Northern, litera- ture in our country, but not for that reason, in either case, less an American literature" ; and, particularly, in criticism and con- troversy, "to extenuate nothing nor set down aught in malice, and let us have no concealments, no vacillation in expressing your views with a down-right honesty of purpose, no skulking behind hedges, no lying in ambush and aiming your arrows at us from a dark corner." Such are the things that the Quarterly was to stand for in its political, philosophical and literary tenets. 64 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. Number one of Volume I contains seven leading arti- cles, on "Currency and Exchanges"; "Hillhouse's 'Hadad' " ; "History of the Italian Republics"; "Hiss Sedgwick's Letters from Abroad"; "Constitution of the United States"; "Bucking- ham's America"; and "Stephens' Central America." The second number (April) of Volume 1 contains ten princi- pal articles: "Taylor's 'Natural History of Society/" "Educa- tion/' "Lives of the Queens of England," "State of Education and Learning in Cuba/' "History of Mormorism," "Refrigera- tion and Ventilation of Cities," "East India Cotton," "Ameri- can Poetry," "The Tariff," "Lives of Literary and Scientific Men of Italy." There are in addition the regular departments of "Critical Notices," "Literary Announcements," and ",\ew Publications." From a literary standpoint, the most notable article in this number is Article VI II, p. 493, "American Poetry." While nominally a review of the poems of Longfellow, the essay is much more than that, for the writer introduces the review propel with a discussion of the conditions of American literature, especially American poetry. First, he asks, "What is poetry ?" and answers: "It is the investing with the attribute of beauty and novelty those events or actions which are, in them- selves, merely commonplace. Tt is the endowing the ordinary actions and concerns of humanity with an interest and a purpose, which reach unto the skies, and proclaim themselves the offspring of 'universal goodness.' —In past times, the poetry id the world existed apart from the real interests and concerns id' life; — but when Republican America was spoken into existence, poetry descended into the hearts of men ami became a part id' the life and breath of all. Tt was no longer an art; it was a feeling — an impulse — which animated alike all bosoms, and led to deeds which were of themselves immortal. ■ — Poetry ! Why, America is all poetry. The pages of our Constitution — the deeds of our patriot sires — the deliberations of <>nr sages and statesmen — the civilization and progress of our people the wis- dom of our laws, the greatness of our name-are all covered over THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. 65 with the living fire of poetry; and such poetry, too, as no single brain could conceive or pen delineate. What is the machinery of rhymes and metre, and strophes and apostrophes, compared with the living and breathing soul of the ideal made practical, which dwells within every American bosom, and sheds a halo of immortal glory over this free soil? Sickly tapers, going out in the sunshine! The poet of America is the genius of her institu- tions, and our national epic is the memory of our origin, and the contemplation of our destiny.— We do not mean, however, to say that we have no written poetry or literature. — —We be- gin where other nations have ended. When the accumu- lating materials of our national literature are all collected, and the edifice constructed, it will indeed be a temple worthy of the genius of that people, who alone could have created it." The writer proceeds to the poems of Longfellow', which be quotes at length, and tells us that "his poetry is a perfect dream of tender ami subduing harmony," ami "we have at least one true poet of inspiration." The first volume, as we have seen from the title page quoted above, was published in Xew Orleans. In a few months, how- ever, the Quarterly was removed to Charleston, where it should naturally have been, as it was the lineal descendant of the old Southern Review. Indeed, the Southern Quarterly was so closely modelled upon the older Review, and so truly a continua- tion of its plans and methods, that it was virtually a revival of the short-lived publication of Elliott and Legare. Its editors were careful to claim this distinction for the new Quarterlv, and strove for the old Review's heritage of friends and influence. The title page of Volume II (July and October), 1842, is as follows : THE SOLTTIERX QUARTERLY REVIEW. Love judicat seque. — Llorace. Eo ego ingenio natura sum, amicitiam. Atque inimicitiam in fronte promptam gero. — Ennius. 66 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. Vol. II. CHARLESTON: Published by the Proprietors. 1842. The first number (whole number, III) contains the depart- ment, "Critical Xotices" and "Literary Intelligence," and eleven principal articles : "The Ancient Egyptians," "The Creole Case," "Classical Literature," "Lord Bolingbroke," "Mexico and Texas," "The Chinese," "Channing's 'Duty of the Free States,' " "Bulwer's 'Zanoni,' " Mott's Travels in Europe and the East," "Whewell on the Inductive Sciences," and "Rhode Island Affairs." In the Critical Notices is a review of Griswold's "The Poets and Poetry of America." The writer severely ar- raigns Griswold on the charge of injustice to Southern writers, and maintains that the book should have been called "The Poets of the Northern States of the United States." Number two (October) of Volume II contains "Critical Notices" and ten leading articles : "Women Physiologically Con- sidered," "Ahasnerus, a Poem," "Canaan Identified with the Ethiopian," "Morley Ernstein," by G. P. P. James; "Camp's 'Democracy,' " "D'Oenvres de Vico," "Story's Commentaries," "The Tariff," "Transcendentalism," and "Schlegel's 'History of Literature.' " As we have said before, Volume II marked the removal of the Quarterly from New Orleans to Charleston, S. C. In regard to this change, a later editor (DeBow. in DeBow's Rericii-. Volume IX, ]>. 125) tells us: "The removal from Xew Orleans was re- regarded, to some extent, as an infraction of the editor's and sub- scribers' treaty, and there was some confusion in the subscription price — many persons being assessed to double the extent of others. To add to the dissatisfaction, several articles, highly political in their character, and reflecting upon distinguished public men, with hosts of admirers at the South, found place in THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. 67 the pages of the Review, though its neutral character had been guaranteed." Such were some of the difficulties that interfered with the suc- cess of the magazine during the publication of this and the next four or five volumes. • Volume III contains two numbers (five and six of the old series), for January and April, respectively, 1843. The first of these contains "Critical Notices," and nine principal essays: "General History of Civilization inEurope," "Oeuvres deMasil- lon," "Collections of the Georgia Historical Society," "The Civil Law," "Anthon's Classical Dictionary/' "State Debts," "Dick- ens' 'American Notes,' " "Chemistry and Geology," and the "Anglo- Eastern Empire." Among the noteworthy features of the number is the condemnation of Dickens in the review of his "American Notes." "We are sadly disappointed in our expec- tations," says the critic. "The work before us is evidently writ- ten in haste, without regard to the previous reputation of the author, and is pervaded by a captious, sheering spirit. There are occasional exhibitions of his peculiar powers of humor ; some graphic descriptions of interesting scenes, at which we pause with commendation : the author is sometimes pleased, or pre- tends to be so: he utters, now and then, a well-timed compliment, which will l)e felt and remembered; but taking the work as a whole, we have seldom read a more fault-finding, discourteous, bitter and shallow production." The second number of this volume contains "( 'vitical Notices," which are much less numerous than usual, and ten leading con- tributions: "Schlegel's 'Philosophy of History,' " "Virginia and New York Controversy," "The Sources of National Wealth," "Tnda and Other Poems," "The Criminal Law," "Construction of the Constitution," "Dickon's Novels," "Agricultural Survey of South Carolina," "Mesmerism," and "Life of John C. Cal- houn." The second article refers to an interstate controversy about fugitive slaves. Volume IV comprises, as usual, two numbers. These are 68 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. July and October, 1843, which contain 260 and 268 pages, re- spectively, and are numbers VII and VIII, of the whole scries. INT-umber VII contains ten principal articles and fifteen "Criti- cal Notices." Of the former, the subjects are: "International Copyright;" "Edwin the. Fair,"a review of "An Historical Drama, by Henry Taylor ;" "Democracy in America," a review of De Tocqueville's book, on that subject ; a review of the "Lays of Ancient Rome;" "Capital Punishment ;" "American Loyal- ists ;" "Progress of Civilization," a review of Guizot's Histories ; a review of Bowen's "Memoir of Tristam Burges ;" "Physic and Physicians;" and a review of the k 'Last of the Barons." Number VIII contains eight leading essays and twenty "Critical Notices." The subject of the former are : "Milman's 'History of Christianity,' ' "Dickensonianna," a barbarous word, by the way, to express facts about Dickens, or something of that sort; ".Maritime Interests of the South and West," "Sketch of the Honorable Hugh S. Legare," "The Writings of Washington Allston," "The Life and Writings of Swedenborg," "Physics and Physicians," "The Novels of Frederika Bremer." 1 Of these the "Sketch of Legare," and the "Writings of Wash- ington Allston" are essays of value to the historian or student of Southern literature. The former deals with its subject more from other standpoints than that of literary work ; the latter fur- nishes a bibliography of the writer's published books, and a study of his life and paintings. Accompanying the article on "Hie .Maritime Interests of the South and West" is ;i folded map of the West Indies and the adjacent coasts and waters. Volume V, January and April, 1844, contains two numbers of 264 and 268 pages, respectively. These are numbers IX and X. The former contains six principal reviews and nine "( Iritical Notices." The reviews are: "The French Revolution," "Mat- thew's 'Poems on Man,' " "The North American Indians," "Re- lations r during the publication <>f Volume VIII, DeBow's associate editorship ceases. Volume VIII, Julv and October, 1845, consists of two mini- THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. 71 bers of 264 pages each. The first of those, XV, contains six leading essays, "Critical Notices" and "Editorial Notes." The first are: "The Exploring Expedition of 1838-'42," "Writings of Washington Irving," "The Roman Law," "The Agricultural Prospects of South Carolina ; Her Resources and Tier True Policy," "An Issue With the Reviewer of Nott's 'Caucasian and Negro Races/' [a reply by Dr. Nott himself to his reviewer], ''The Northern Pacific," "California, Oregon, and the Oregon Question." The last article, above mentioned, is accompanied by a map of the western coast, and was written by James 1). B. DeBow, the "D" of numerous articles in this and other volumes. This essay, which is an able discussion of the complexities of what was called the "Oregon Question," attracted very wide attention and very favorable opinion. It begins on page 191. Among the "Critical Notices" we note the "Writings of Hugh S. Legare," which contain a partial list of Legare's contributions to periodicals. Number XVI comprises nine leading articles, seventeen "Critical Notices," "Literary Announcements,'" and "Editorial Notes." Of the first class are: "The Exploring Expedition" (condensed from last number), "Railroad Communication Be- tween Charleston, Savannah ami Nashville," "Slavery in the Southern States," "Mississippi Affairs," a discussion of the Nation Institute for the Promotion of Science, ".Mrs. Welby's (Amelia) Poems," "The State of Georgia: Its Duties and Des- tiny, " "England Under Seven Administrations," and "Life, Character and Speeches of the Late Robert Y. Ilayne." Es- pecially noteworthy are Article YTT, probably by Dr. Josiah Nott, on the State of Georgia, a subject to which the author docs not at all limit himself, but from which he diverges to the dis- cussion of the great educational and political questions of the time; and Article IX, on Robert G. Hayne, the famous opponent of Daniel Webster. Volume IX, January and April, 1846, consists of the usual two numbers, of 284 and 260 pages, respectively. The first rZ III K SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. number, XVII of the whole series, contains eight, long articles, nineteen short "Critical Notices," and an editor's note. The long articles are: "Unity of the Human Race," a continuation, by Dr. Xott, of the discussion for sonic time carried on in the pages of the Quarterly (see preceding volume) : "The Statesmen of Suez/" "The Wandering Jew,"' by Eugene Sue , "The Tariff," "The Jesuits," "Life and Speeches of John C. Calhoun," "Tieck's 'Gestiefelte Kater,' " and "Internal Improvements." A noticeable feature of the number is the improvement in type, which begins with it. In an editorial, the late associate editor of the Quarterly, De Bow, is thanked for "the tirst number of his sterling magazine," DeBoir's Commercial Review of New Orleans. Number XVIII contains nine principal articles and thirty- five "Critical Xotices." The former are: "Present Condition of Palestine," "Writings of Hugh Swinton Leg-are," "Histoire de la Louisiane," by ('has. Gayarre : "Unity of the Human Race," "Political Economy," "The Army in Texas," "The Knights Templars'' (sic), "The Annals of the English Bible," and a review of "Margaret, a Tale of the Real and the Ideal." The most noteworthy of these are the second and third. The second, a forty page essay, probably by 1 1 ay no or by Ewin Heriot, is a review of Legare's works, edited and published in 1846, by his sister. The third is a review of ('has. Gayarre's History of the early years of Louisiana. Among the noteworthy articles in the nnusnallv long list of "Critical Xotices" is a review of "Knights of the (Golden) Horse Shoe," by W. A. Caruthers, of Virginia, published in 1845, at Huntingdon, Ala. Volume X, July and October, 1846, consists of two numbers, X I X and XX of the whole series, of 256 and 260 pages, respec- tively. Silas Howe is given as the general agent in Charleston, S. ( '., and to each number is appended a list of the paying sub- scribers of the magazine. Number XIX consists of eight long articles and sixteen THE SOUTHERN KEVIKW. 73 "Critical Notices. The former are: "Homer's Iliad," "The Preacher," "Onslow, or the Protege of an Enthusiast, an His- torical Traditionary Tale of the South," "Italy," "The Study of History," "The Condition of Woman," "Mr. Clay and the American System," and the "Nebular Hypothesis." Number' XX embraces eight leading articles, three "Critical Notices" and two "Editorial Notes." The first are: "Crom- well's Letters and Speeches," "Natural History of the Spider," "Emanuel Sweden borg," "Everett's Essays and Poems," "Ro- man Literature," "The Memphis Convention," "Halleck's 'Mili- tary Art and Science,'" "Mr. Calhoun and the Mississippi/' The last of these is by far the strongest article of the issue, and ex- tends to more than sixty pages. It is an animated discussion of Mr. Calhoun's "change of opinion" in seeming to desert the cause of State-rights and go over to the Unionists by sup- porting the recommendation of the Memphis Convention of 1844 pages, respectively. Number XXV contains six leading articles and seven "Criti- cal Notices." The former are: "War and its Incidents," "The Turkish Language," "McKenzie's Works," "The Growth and Consumption of Cotton," "Prescott's 'Conquest of Peru,' "' and "British Reviewers and the United States." Article six is an able plea for harmony between the two great peoples of the Anglo-Saxon race. The author deprecates the harshness of Erifflish criticism, and contends that, owing to its short exist- ence and the stress of two considerable wars, the American pen- pie has had neither time nor leisure for the development of a literature. "The genius of the American people," says he, "is too youthful for poetry. . . . To write poetry well, it is requisite that the people of a country should have attained that state in which they repose from labor to a certain degree, in which men sit down to enjoy the fruits of a long period of exertion in the industrial arts," and with such reasoning he argues against the demand for a prompt appearance of a dis- tinctly American literature. The article is a well written essay of nearly forty pages. AmOng the "( Iritical Notices," "A Voice from the South'' is most considerable. Ft is a seven page dis- cussion of a pamphlet on the slavery question. Number XXVI consists of seven long articles and five "Criti- cal Notices." The former are: The conclusion of the review of "Prescott's '< 'onquest of Pern ; : "a review of Airs. Lincoln Phelp's "Ida Norman," "A New Route to China," "The History and Economy of Railroads;" "North American Foxes;" a review of "The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America," by Andnhon and Bachman ; "The Philosophical Character of Swedenborg," and "A History of Georgia." Among the "Critical Notices'' is a review, longer than usual in this department, of the miscellaneous writings of Simms. Volume XIV completes the issue for 1848, with the July and October uumbers of that year, which contain 260 and 281 pages, respectively. The first of these. Number X XV 1 [, contains nine THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. 77 Ions: articles and three "Critical Notices." The former are: "Progress of Political' Economy," "South Carolina in the Revo- lution," "Carlyle's Work," "Fugitive Poetry of America/' "Hurlbut's Essays," "The Danger and Safety of the Republic," "'Religious Instruction of Slaves," "The Army in Texas," and "The French Republic." The most notable of these, from a literary standpoint, is the thirty page essay on "American Fugi- tive Poetry." "With us," says the author, after a lengthy re- view of American and foreign literary conditions, "literature is an amusement and a relaxation, rather than a business." The intention of the reviewer is to write of authors not generally known as writers of fugitive verse. With this design, he dis- cusses Edgar Allan Poe and his "Raven," and denies merit to the latter; John J. C. Brainard, and his "Migara" and "Mid- shipman Merry's Lament 1 ': Mrs. Francis S. Osgood and her poem, "The Missing Gifts"; William Wallace and his poem, "The Statuary": "Gretta," of Baltimore, and several anony- mous poems. Number XXVTTT embraces seven long articles. There is no department of "Critical Notices." The articles are: ""'The Siege of Charleston in the American Revolution," "Taylor's Notes from Life," "Brook's Classics," "Slavery Among the Romans," "Legal Education," "Chaucer," and "Headley's 'Life of Cromwell.' ' Of these, the most noticeable is the fifty-seven page essay on "Chaucer." Volume XV, April and July, 1849, marks the beginning of William Gilmore Simm's editorship of tho QuctXrtierl/y. Tn March of that year J. Milton Clapp was succeeded by the "one professional writer of the South," who undertook, at a salary of one thousand dollars a year, to revivify the Review, or, more ac- curately, perhaps, to enliven it, for it had never been either quite dead or very sprightly. It, would very probably have been thought that if there was any man in the South who could make a success of the Quarterly, which had been rather on the down hill path for some time, that man was Simms. For not only 78 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. was he an author of some general and very great local reputa- tion, but he was also an experienced journalist and editor, al- though his signally poor success in his attempt at magazine cul- ture, and the generally brief existence of his journalistic nurs- lings, had left it as a matter of doubt whether Charleston con- ditions or the superintendence of Simms were the more certain cause of sudden death to a magazine. Xevertheless, great hopes were raised for the Quarterly, and results seemed for awhile to justify the expectations of the most, hopeful ; for the publication did improve at once, and seemed to promise greater things, but the promise may hardly be said to have been ful- filled. Simms was ;i man of remarkable energy and activity, and while he was editing the Southern Quarterly Review, he was writing for other magazines, lecturing from city to city, writing romances, carrying on a vigorous correspondence, and in many other ways dividing the energies that would have made him more noticeably successful, had he concentrated them upon almost any one of the departments, than he could possibly be with his interest and time so divided. Along with the others, the Quarterly suf- fered also, and hastily composed articles helped superficial re- views to deaden the influence of the Review and bring disap- pointment to the bright hopes that had at first seemed well grounded. After nearly seven years of this insufficient atten- tion the Quarterly was turned over, in 1855, to the publisher — and another magazine soon went the way of its kind in Charles- ton* The first number, XXTX of the whole series, shows some changes of arrangement, such as the departments called "Quar- terly List, of Xew Publications" and "Literary Intelligence." In addition to these, there are six long articles and three "Criti- cal Xotices." The articles are: ''Political Economy," "Modern Prose Fiction," "Origin of the War With Mexico," "Guizot's 'Democracy in France,' " "Slavery and the Abolitionists," and "Railroad and Canal Pontes to California." Perhaps the most * For this period of Simim's Life, cf. Trent, Life of Simms THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. 79 valuable of these is the forty page essay beginning on page 41, on "Modern Fiction." Among the "Critical Notices" is a review of Jared Sparks's editions of Washington's works. The department of "Xew Pub- lications" contains a valuable classified list of recent books, pamphlets and speeches. The "Literary Intelligence" is an an- nouncement of John P. Kennedy's "Life of William Wirt." Number XXX contains eleven Long articles and four "Criti- cal Xotices." There are no other departments. The chief ar- ticles are: "The North and the South,''' "Union of Church and State," "The Fine Arts in America," "Justice and Fraternity," "XTaeaulay's History of England," "The Conquest of Califor- nia, and the Case of Lieutenant-Colonel Fremont," "Genera Llora- America 1 Boreali Orientali, Illustrated," "The Fall of the Sloop of War Wasp," "Barhydl's Industrial Exchanges," "Later Poems of Henry Taylor," and a "Monograph on the Fossil Squalida' of the United States." These two numbers contain 270 and 274 pages, respectively, slightly more than usual. The new arrangement of the affairs of the Quarterly at the be- ginning of 1849 delayed the publication of the first number, and instead of appearing in February, it was published in April. The May number was not issued until duly, and consequently one whole number was passed by and only three numbers issued that year. The last of these, for October, constitutes, with the issue for January, 1850, the sixteenth volume. Number XXXI, October, contains eleven long articles and a very much extended department of "Critical Notices," of which there are 4t>. The long- articles are: "Nineveh and its Re- mains," "Free School System in South Carolina," "Histoire des Girondins, par A. De Lamartine," "Oeuvres de Spinoza," "Cali- fornia," "The Philosophy of the Beautiful, from the French of Cousin;" "The Right to Labor," "The Report on the Geology of South Carolina," "Characteristics of Alabama," "Fl Busapie," and "Recent American Poets." In the last of these essays are reviews of the poems of Bayard Taylor, of Rev. Ralph Hoyt, and of two South Carolinians, J. 80 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. M. Legare ( Orte Undis and other poems, Boston : Tieknor & Co., 1849), and Robert P. Hall (poems by a South Carolinian. Charleston: Sam'l Hart. 1848). Number XXXII (January, 1850) contains eight long arti- cles. There are no ''Critical Xotices." The former are: "The Present. State of Europe,'' "Charicles, or Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient Greeks," "British West India Is- lands," "Dramatic Literature," "The Anatomy of the Xaviga- tion Laws," "Opinions of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States," "The Constitutions of France. Monarchical and Republican," and "Philosophic Theology." The article on "Dramatic Literature" is a review of George Booker's "Calay- nos," but extends to a general essay. Volume XYT1 of the first series of the Quarterly begin- a new series, of which it is, consequently. Volume I, April and July, 1850. On the title page we find : "Published by Walker and Richards, To whom all communications must be addressed. Steam-Power Press of Walker and James, 101 Last Bay." This change was due to the failure of the old firm of Bnrges & Tames, and the passing of the magazine into new hands. Charleston continued to be the home of the Quarterly, and Simms its editor. The volume contains no separate table of contents for each number, as before: but there is an appended general index of the whole volume. The April number, whole number •*!•'), new number 1, con- tains ten long article- and sixty-three "Critical Notices." The long articles are: "The Mines of California," "Oration Before the South Carolina College," "^Navigation Laws." "The Re- lations Between Spain and England," "Philosophic Theology," "Cryptogamous Origin of Fevers/' "Humboldt's 'Aspects of NTature,' " "Glimpses of Spain," and "Kennedy's 'Life of Wirt.' " THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. 81 Among the numerous "Critical Xot i(•(■s ,, especially notice able are those of "Dr. Baehman's 'The Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race'"; "The Schoolfellow," a juvenile maga- zine, edited by William C. Richards, and published in Charles- ton; and "Notice to Mariners," by M. F. Maury. The number contains '272 pa,i>es, and no editorial notices. New series No. 2, July, contains nine leading articles, thirty- nine "Critical Notices, " and a department of "Scientific and Literary Intelligence." The Long articles are: "California Gold and European Revolution," "Ellett's 'Women ,' " "Senti- mental Prose Fiction," "Tuckerman's 'Essays and Essayists,'' "Lyell's Second Visit to the United States," "Physical Eistory of the Jewish Race," "Jury Trial and the Federal Court," "Philosophic Theology" (continued), and "Manual of Ancient Geography and History." In the thirty-eighth "Critical No- tice" is a separately numbered review of i >( .> new novels, among whi(d) are: "Odd Leaves from the Life of a Louisiana 'Swamp Doctor,' " and several equally unfamiliar titles of Southern works. Volume TI of the New Series, NYIII of the old issue, con- tains two numbers, for September and November, 1850, of 272 pages each. Each number has its separate table of contents. The first, whole number thirty-five, contains ten long articles and eighteen classes of "Critical Notices." The former are: "Wordsworth's Writings," "Summer Travel in the South," "Topics in the History of South Carolina," "History of Span- ish Literature," "The Government and the Currency," "Baker's 'Anne Holey n,' " "Law Reports and Reporters," "The Na- tional Anniversary," "The Southern Convention," ami "Bai- ley's 'Angel World.' " The November number contains ten long articles and sev- enteen "Critical Notices." The former are : "Ticknor's 'Span- ish Literature,'" "Carlyle's 'Latter Day Pamphlets,'" "The Penitentiary System," "Miles Mohammed, a Tragedy," "An- cient and Scriptural Chronology," "The Battles of the Rio Grande," "The Judiciary System of South Carolina," "John 82 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. Caldwell Calhoun," "March's 'Reminiscences of Congress,'' and "Military School of South Carolina." The first of the "( Critical Notices" is a review of "In Memo- riam," "understood to he by Alfred Tennyson." The reviewer has high hopes for Tennyson's future, but not very high praise for the memorial to Hallam, and says: "For the volume be- fore us, a few words will suffice. It contains, undoubtedly, a considerable proportion of excellent verse, . . . but the plan of the volume is monotonous." Altogether the notice leads us to think there must have been something fatally wrong in Mr. Simms' canons of poetical criticism and appreciation. Volume III (whole number XIX) contains the numbers (X. S. 5 and 0, old series 37 and 38) for January and April, 1851. The first contains nine long articles and fifty-four "Critical Notices." The former arc: "History of the Polk Administration," "Mental Hygiene," "The Genius and Writ- ings of Thackeray," "The Rights of the Slave States/' "The Battle of Buena Vista," "Is Southern Civilization Worth Pre- serving?" "Writings of Professor Francis," "Elementary Sketches of Moral Philosophy," and "Tallulah and Other Po- ems." The sixth of these is an impassioned defence of the South against the Northern anti-slavery and anti- State-rights movements. The last article is a review of a volume of poetry by Henry R. Jackson, published in Savannah, 1858, by J. X. Cooper. After free quotation from the poems, the reviewer concludes: "With a sweet and lively fancy, chaste and spirited, our author unites correct and appropriate thought, a pure moral, a faculty for song, which, with proper training, will hardly shrink from comparison with the best of our lyrists." Among the "Critical Notices," especially noteworthy here, are those of the "Position ami ( 'ourse of the South ( by William Henry Trescott. Charleston: 1850), and "Education and Lit- erature in Virginia" (by John R. Thompson, Richmond: II. K. Ellyson, L850). The April number contains eleven long articles and fifty-five THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. 83 "Critical Notices." The former arc: "Slavery Throughout the World," "Cimon and Pericles," a review based upon Bishop Thirlwall's History of Greece; "Arnericus Vespucius," "Diver- sity of the Races ; Its Bearing Upon Negro Slavery," "Physical Science in Its Relation to Natural and Revealed Religion," "Everett's Orations and Speeches," "Journalism in the United States," "The Poetical Remains of Mary E. Lee," a review of a book of that title, edited by S. Gilman, I). D., printed by Walker & Richards, Charleston; "Rural Cemeteries," "The Prospect Before Us," and "An Inquiry Into Roman Jurispru- dence." Of these, the article on American Journalism deserves special note here. The first and larger part of the article is given to the discussion of the general aspects of newspaper publishing in this country without reference to particular pa- pers, and hence its historical value is not great; the latter part deals with the subject of "Literary Journals," and is somewhat fuller in its historical information, though far from exhaustive. The long series of "Critical Notices" contains the names of many of the most important, and not a few lastingly unim- portant, books of the year. Volume XX. New Series IV, contains the issues for July and October, 1851, of 272 pages each. The first of these con- sists of nine leading essays, and fifty-three "Critical Xotiees." The former are: "Ida Siege of Vera Cruz," "Garland's Life of Randolph," "Cains Gracchus," "Gayarre's 'Louisiana,'" "Hammond's Eulogy Upon Calhoun," "Negro and White Slavery — Wherein Do They Differ?" "Lord Holland's Reminis- cences," "Islamism," and "Pritchard's 'Unity of the Races.' ' Perhaps the most notable of these is the review of Hugh A. Garland's "Life of John Randolph" ( Xew York: I). Appleton & Company, 1850). The article was written by Judge Bev- erley Tucker, who was John Randolph's half brother, and whose authority is hence very valuable on the historical side of the subject. The article is twenty pages long, and begins on page 41. 84 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. Among the "Critical Xotices," a review of "Maury's Inves- tigations of the Winds and Currents of the Sea" (Washing- ton: C. Alexander, 1851); "Barnwell's 'Arguments of Sepa- rate Action' " ( ( Iharleston : Walker >v James, 1851) ; "A Xotice of 'Traditions and Reminiscences,' ' by Joseph Johnson (Charleston: Walker & James, 1851); ''History of Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi from the Earliest Times," by Albert James Pickett (Charleston: Walker & James, 1851). and "The Probable Relations Between Megnetism and the Circula- tion of the Atmosphere," by M. F. Maury ( Washington : C. Alexander, 1851), are included. The October number, whole number 4T), contains nine long articles and an unusually short list of "Critical Notices, " four- teen in all. The long articles are: "South Carolina — Her Pres- ent Attitude and Future Action," "Separate Secession," "Pop- ular Discourses and Orations," "The Athenian Orators," "On the Philosophy of 'Language,' ' "Kavanagh's 'Woman in France,'' 1 "The Diversity and Origin of Human Races," "Popular Education," and "Gleanings from Xeglected Poetry." The second article is a typical South Carolina ante-bellum arti- cle; for, though the author protests against "Separate Seces- sion," he has no doubt about the desirability of a general seces- sion of Southern States: witness: "We have no love for the Union ; we have no fear of its dissolution. Welcome as sum- mer showers to the sun-parched earth, welcome as heaven's free air to the heartsick tenant of a dungeon, would come to us the voice of freedom, the word, the deed, which would tend to burst our bonds, and in earnest faith, contribute to the dis- ruption of this proud fabric, . . . which, under the name of Union, threatens to crush us beneath its unholy power." The article on "Popular Education" is a plea for better gen- eral education in the South, and an endorsation of "common schools," whose lack of support and equipment in the South the author laments. The last article is a study of ancient ami foreign "\ r en Negroes," "Men and Women of the Eighteenth Century," "The Battle of Churubusco," "Branty Mayor's 'Mexico,' " "The Baron DeKalb," "Kennedy's 'Horse- shoe Robinson,' " "Kossuth and Intervention," and "The Medi- cal Schools of the South/' The review of Kennedy's novel is singularly fair and appreciative, especially when we consider that the author of the review was very probably Simms, who wrote a novel of the same period of history in which "Horseshoe- Robinson" was laid. The "Critical Notices" of this and other volumes of Simms's editorship would be a valuable help in the compilation of a Southern bibliography. The October number, whole number 44, contains ten long articles and twenty-eight pages of short "Critical Notices." The former are: "Battle of El Molino del Kay," "The Pro- prietary History of South Carolina," "Value of Weirds — Lan- guage," "Marcus Aurelius," "English Universities," "Stephen's 'History of France,'" "Instruction in Schools and Colleges," "Laws of Life," "Building ami Loan Associations," and "The Natural Characteristics of the Bool? of donah." Among the works cited in the "Critical Notices" are Maury's Sailing Di- rections" (fourth edition), "Wheeler's Historical Sketches of North Carolina," "E. J. Pringle's 'Slavery in the Southern States,'" "Griffin's Southern School Books," "The Law of Work" (by T. I5ihl> Bradley, of Alabama), "Trescott's 'Diplo- macy of the American Revolution,' " and other Southern works. Volume XXIII, published by Walker & Burke, New Scries VII, begins 1813, with the numbers for January and April, which contain 272 pages each. The first of these includes, in several varieties of style, seven essays, three letters to the editor, and thirty-nine pages of "Critical Notices." The Long articles are: "Battle of Chapultepec," "The Character of the Gentleman," "Uncle Tom's Cabin," "Political Philosophy of South Carolina." "Yellow Fever in Charleston," "The Desti nies of the South," and "Life of a NTegro Slave." in the essay entitled "The Destinies of the South," the author looks for a THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW. 87 dissolution of rho Union "by the action of the State, resolving it back into its integrate parts without shedding" the blood of civil war — a remarkable forecast for a South Carolinian in 1853. "Pro and ante-slavery literature constitutes the favorite sort <>f publication at the present moment," says the editor at the beginning of the "Critical Notices," and his list of title-' bears out the statement. Among the important Southern works noticed are: "The Theory of the Common Lpw," by James M. Walker, of Charleston; Gayarre's "Louisiana," "DeBow's In- dustrial resources of the South and West," and Dr. Josiah Nott's "Types of Mankind." The April number, whole number 46, contains six long ar- ticles and thirty-six pages of shorter "Xotices." The former are: "Oriental Studies — A Sixty-Page Essay on Philology and Linguistics," "Calhoun on Government," "American Literature and Charleston Society," "Emancipation in the British West Indies," "State and Federal Bills of Credit," and "American Authorship." Of these the most noteworthy here are the essays on "American Literature and Charleston Society" and "Ameri- can Authorship." The first of these inveighs against Ameri- can vanity and sensitiveness, which lie declares to be general causes for foreign criticism. The hopefulness of his view of American Letters is evident when he says: "Our native, origi- nal genius has but just begun to develop itself." The purpose of the article is to present the views on America of M. Charles, professor in the College of France. The latter attributes the non-appearance of great poetry in America to the lack of im- agination, which is "remembrance idealized," and the nation is not old enough to possess a national "remembrance" of suffi- cient extent to form the ground of a literature. The article concludes with a lengthy discussion of Carolina social and lit- erary conditions. The second article is an essay, developed around a review of Hawthorne's "The House of the Seven Ga- bles." The author laments the rarity of naturalness and origi- nality in American writing, and the servile imitation of English 88 THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY KKVIEW. models ; and he finds the best means to the end of establishing a national literature "the founding- of libraries, good schools, well-conducted universities." The reviewer is very certain of the merits of Hawthorne's work, and concludes with the state- ment that "he is one of the few among onr young American au- thors to whom we look with confidence for the creation of Ameri- can literature." Altogether, we have seen no better article on the subject in the Southern magazines before the war. Volume XXIV, New Series VTII, was published in Charles- ton by Walker & Burke, 8 Broad street, and printed, as before, by Walker & James. It contains the issues for July and Octo- ber. 1853, of 288 and 268 pages, respectively. The July num- ber consists of eight long articles and thirty-three pages of "Critical Notices." The former are: "State of Parties and the Country," ''College and University Education in America," "Aboriginal Race of America,"' "Secondary Combats of the Mexican War," "Trench on 'Proverbs,' " "The Troqnois Bour- bon," "The Student — Love of Study," and "Stowe's 'To Uncle Tom's ( labin.' " Among the Southern titles cited in the "Critical Xotices" are: "Xorth and South," by A. A. Lipscomb, and "The Char- acter and Career of Demosthenes," by G. F. Holmes; "The British Invasion of Xorth Carolina," by David L. Swain; "Robert and Harold, or the Young Marooners" (Charleston: Courtenay, 1853), and "Poe's Works." The October issue, whole number 18, contains ten long ar- ticles and twenty-six pages of "Critical Xotices.'' The former are: "Sir William Hamilton's 'Discussions,'" "Ramsay's 'An- nals of Tennessee,'" "British and American Slavery," "Maury on South America ami Amazonia, ' "Miles' 'De Soto,' " "Politi- cal Institutions of Sparta and Athens," "What Moves the Table?" "Locke Among the Moonlings," "Septem Contra Thebas," and "Abuse of Suffrage." Among the "Critical Notices" are: "Uncle Robin in His Cabin in Virginia, and Tom Without One in Boston," by J. THK SOUTHERN QUARTER!/? REVIEW. 89 W. Page (Richmond: J. W. Randolph); "Dr. IT. A. Ramsay on the Southern Negro," "Anti-Fanaticism," by Martha Haynes Butt, and "The Connection Between Liberty and Elo- quence," by William IL. Sales, of Georgia. With Volume XXV, New Series IX, the Quarterly ceased to be published by Walker *.V Burke, and was published by "C Mortimer," Charleston, who names on the title page of the volume London, Baltimore, Richmond, and Columbia agents of the Review. The printers were Walker & James. Volume XXVI, Xew Scries X, published bv Mortimer, con- tains the issue for July and October, 1854, of 27.~> and ^04 pages, respectively. The first contains eleven long articles, in- dexed in order of insertion, and thirty-nine pages of "Critical Notices." The long articles are: "Napoleon JIT and Augustus Ca?sar," "Political Philosophy of South Carolina," "Africans at Home," "Napoleon Bonaparte and Sir liaison Lowe," "What Is Our Government?" "Necessity of the ('lassies," "Les Sa- vanes, by L'Abbe Rouquette," "Passion Flowers of Poetry," "South Carolina Military Academies," "Butler's Analogy," and "Banks and Banking." Among the "'Critical Notices" are: "Notes on Virginia," by Jefferson; "Descriptive Sketches" of Virginia, by William S. Forest; "A Lecture on the Atmosphere," by Bennet Puryear; "Tempest and Sunshine," by Mrs. Mary O. Holmes; "Rob of the Bowl," by Kennedy. To the October number is prefixed a "Publisher's Address," in which we are told that this number was published in Colum- bia, S. ('., because of "the prevailing epidemic in Charleston." In consequence of this move, the Quarterly was late, but the publisher hoped to be ready with the next number. The pub- lisher says: "Within the last nine months we have greatly in- creased our subscription list, extended the circulation of the Review, and by no means diminished its popularity. Our pe- riodical has its readers not only in every State of the Union but also in London; Paris and Berlin." The publisher tells of 90 THE SOUTHERK QUARTERLY REVIEW. "'great pecuniary embarrassments," and pleads at great length for general support. The October number contains nine long articles and twenty- four pages of "Critical Xotices." The former are: "On the Unity of the Human Race," "East Florida," "Marriage and Divorce," "Essay on American Society," "Political Elements," "The Prospects and Policy of the South," "Petrarch's 'Laura,' ' "Political Philosophy of South Carolina," and "Northern Periodicals Versus the South." Among the "Criti- cal Notices," are : "Poems," by Semlan ( Charleston : John Rus- sel, 1854), and "Influence of the Mechanic Arts," by Charles Gayarre. Volume XXVII, Xcw Series XI, was published at Charles- ton by C. Mortimer, and contains the issues for January and April, 1855, of 270 and 209 pages, respectively. The January number was delayed by a fire in Columbia, which destroyed the office of the Quarterly and many important papers which had been moved there from Charleston during the epidemic. The number contains, on poor paper, eight long articles and eight pages of "Critical Xotices." The former are: "The Xorth and the South," "Blunders of Hallam," "Powers of the General Government," "The Human Family," "Constitution of the United States," "Chemistry of Common Life," "Party Leaders," and "Recent Social Theories." The "Critical Xo- tices" are fewer than usual, and were probably not written by Simms, who "fell out with his publisher during this year." The latter considered himself competent to edit the publication, and Simms's connection with the Quarterly would have ceased* hut for the subscribers to the Review. The April nnmher contains ten long articles, and twenty pages of "Critical Xotices." The former are : "Benton's 'Thirty Fears in the Senate.'" "bonis XIV," "The Chief Justice of the United States," "Ruskin's Architectural Works," "The ltiisso-Tnrkish Campaigns," "Principles of Art," "Ruth Hall," *Cf. Trent's Life of Simms. THE SOUTHERN QUARTERLY REVIEW 91 "American Education," "Observations on the History of Vir- ginia," and "Applications of Chemistry." The next to the last of these is a review of R. M. T. Hunter's "Discourse" on that subject. Aniong' the "Critical Notices" is "The Physical Geography of the Sea," by M. F. Maury. With 1855, Sinims's editorship of the magazine ends. 1 1 is conduct of the Review resulted in great improvements in its literary merits, not only because of the articles that he himself contributed, but because of his better discrimination in the se- lection of contributed articles. During his editorship, the dull, technical articles that had so often usurped the pages of the Quarterly were not so common, and the whole tone of the pub- lication was higher and more purely literary. An especially valuable part of Simms's work, too, was his extension of the de- partment of "Critical Xotices," in which he gave with each number fair criticism or kindly encouragement to scores of rising authors ; and Simms's endorsation meant much in those days, when he was the Dr. Johnson of Southern letters. The last volume of the Quarterly, a copy of which we have been unable to find, was published, during 1856, at Columbia, S. C.j under the editorship of Dr. Thornwell.* The cessation of the Quarterly seems to have been chiefly due to failure in the business department, and in part to the demor- alizing influences that became more potent as the inevitableness of war grew more apparent, The subscription list was long, but so were the payments — in coming — and, after Simms's de- parture from the sinking ship it was submerged and lost in the turmoil that soon broke into the storm of war. Trent, Life of Simms, p. 212. CHAPTEE IV. THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. When the first number of The Southern Literary Messenger appeared it contained letters of enconragement and congratu- lation written to the publishers of the magazine by eminent men of many of the States of the Union. Among- these ex- pressions of approvai and opinion favorable to the out- look of the enterprise, it is especially noteworthy that the Southern writers agree in believing the establishment of a vig- orous literary journal a most important advance towards the attainment of a real literature in the South. The possibili- ties of the Messenger in this field were perceived by its first editors, who took care to emphasize this fact by frequent state- ments of the purpose of the magazine. For example, in the third number (for November, L834) it is editorially stated that, "The Messenger is designed ehiefly to encourage the prac- tice of literary composition among our own writers"; and again, in an editorial of the following February, we find "its principal aim" has been "to foster and encourage native ge- nius." With such laudable and patriotic aims. "The Sou/hern Lit- erary Messenger" was begun in Richmond, Virginia, in the year ls:>4. Frery condition seemed to favor the new enter- prise. Not only did it receive the ready and sincere eneour- agemenl of many men of letters, but it was also singularly fortunate in rhe time of its beginning. There were great ques- tions of far-reaching importance before the people of the ffnited States, and in the South the heat of party discord was fast maturing the crysalis of the strife that was to conic thirty years later. In ls.'io, Hayno and Webster had met in their memorable debate on the question of State Rights; then, two years later, South Carolina had passed her ordinance of nulli- THE SOUTHERN LITERARY .MESSENGER. 93 tication, and the consequent difficulties continued until Clay's Compromise Tariff gave a temporary relief. But though the tariff question was compromised, there was another great ques- tion, also involved in the State rights dispute, which threat- ened the country. This was the slavery question. The want of tactfulness in Jackson's administration had resulted in strife between the executive and legislative departments of the government, and where conciliation and compromise should have been employed obstinacy and narrow-mindedness had ag- gravated difficulties that could have been avoided by a more tactful policy. As von Hoist lias rightly said, "The adminis- tration of Jackson systematically undermined the public ap- preciation of right, and diminished the respect of the people for the good." This preliminary consideration of the conditions of the Mes- senger's environment is essential to a proper appreciation of its relation to the public, and necessary if we would have a correct understanding of the great moving causes operative in the minds of the contributors. The long articles that now very naturally seem tedious and uninteresting, because of their minute dealing with the tariff question and their consequent citation of for- midable tables of facts and figures, were then vital with inter- est to their authors and readers, to whom protection and free- trade, State-rights and federation, were of paramount impor- tance. It is not to be understood from the emphasis that has been placed upon the influence and importance, of questions of constitutional interpretation, thai the Messenger was in any way given up to merely political discussion, for this was far from true; but the predominant interest of such questions as have been referred to caused them to exercise a powerful influ- ence upon many writers whose work lay in other fields than those purely political. Tlie Southern Literary Messenger w r as fortunate, not only in its conditions and its situation in time, but also in the place selected as its Borne. The capital of Virginia was for many 94 THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. reasons the most suitable city in the South for the establish- ment of a great Southern magazine. In addition to its promi- nence as the chief city of the chief State among the original founders of the Republic, Richmond was the most advantage- ous situation for the location of such an enterprise because of its middle position between the North and the extreme South, and because it offered, by virtue of its comparatively large number of cultured citizens, a fair prospect of a paying sub- scription list; and, furthermore, there was no rival magazine to dispute the possession of the field. Aside from the other advantages, the last-named circumstance was sufficient to give the choice to Richmond in preference to Charleston, South Carolina, which would have been in other respects, because of its well-known character as a centre of literary activity, a close rival to the Virginia capital. 1 nen, too, to Charleston, and especiallv to Xew Orleans, there was attached the disadvan- tage of location too far South, a circumstance which would have resulted in giving the magazine a more distinctly sec- tional character. Though so much seemed to favor the enterprise, it is not to be supposed that there was no difficulty in the way of the movement. Richmond and Virginia had already failed to give to similar undertakings sufficient support to ensure perma- nency, and every one recognized that there was need for more than mere verbal encouragement, if the magazine was to last. Again, while the fact that there was no rival in the field to con- test the new publication's claims to popular support was in some respects an advantage, the circumstance had its disadvan- tages also. Of these, the chief was that there was no reading public accustomed to look to a home publication for periodical reading matter; for owing to the want of such a magazine, as well as to the dominating influence of the old country litera- ture, the literary people of Virginia had long been regular subscribers to the great English quarterlies. The difficulty of overcoming this obstacle was well appreciated by the founder THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSEJSGEB. 95 of the Messenger, whose editorials were frequently pleas for home support of a home enterprise. The man who undertook to meet these difficulties , and, prac- tically alone, did meet and overcome them, was Thomas W. White, "a practical printer of Richmond." Strangely enough, Mr. White was not at all a literary man in the ordinary ac- ceptation of the term, nor even a college graduate, but, on the contrary, a self-taught printer and practical business man, without wealth or large influence to aid him in so large an un- dertaking. He was born in the year 1789, and consequently was about forty-five years of age when he founded The South- ern Literary Messenger, in August, 1834. The fact that he was then a mature man with years of varied experience in the printing business to assure a thorough knowledge of the prac- tical question of money and means, was a circumstance that argued well for the future of the magazine, for this matter of finance had been the rock on which many similar enterprises had foundered through the unbusiness-like management of their literary proprietors. We cannot better complete this "brief sketch of the first owner of the Messenger than by quoting from an article (Messenger, IX, p. 65), written shortly after the death of Mr. White, in 1S43, by oiie who knew him well. In regard to Mr. White's founding the Messenger, he writes : "With scanty funds — and with no family or other influence to aid him — on the contrary, with a host of private advisers to discourage the effort, he, nevertheless, with the countenance and agency of one or two chosen friends, resolved on the ex- periment. "From his childhood he had to struggle with adversity ; and, like Franklin, with no other but a self-taught education, he was thrown into the same calling — that of a printer's apprentice — with that illustrious sage. With no pretention to literature, as a classical or critical profession, lie. nevertheless, possessed a singular tact and discernment which enabled him to distinguish the true and beautiful from what was false or deformed in 96 THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. taste, or vicious or defective in morals. With a strange disin- clination to write for his own popular magazine, he curiously combined a happy faculty and nervous energy in epistolary cor- respondence If he was at times irritable, it was more the imperfection of the physical than the moral man. His heart was kind, his friendship ever true, and faithful, and his hand open as day to melting charity." Such is the faithful description of the man who more than any one else labored to lay dec]) the foundations of a magazine that he believed would have a great formative power in the. growth of the literature of the South. It was well for the Messenger that there was this practical man at the helm, for to his perseverance and energy the long life and usefulness of the magazine is principally due. And it is to be borne in mind, also, that to him this was not merely a business enterprise to be fostered for the money that could be made by it — for if that had been all, it would soon have been given up as a failure ; but his perseverance and determination were the outcome of an earnest desire to promote a movement that meant much to the new literature struggling almost for very existence. While the principal burden of the practical side of the mag- azine was borne by Mr. White, he was not without support for the literary department of the Messenger; for among several literary men who assisted him with the supervision and selec- tion of material, there was one, who more than all others, was responsible for the editorial department. This man was James E. Heath, who was really the editor of the Messenger from its beginning, in Angus:, 1834, until May, 1835. We say he was really the editor, because it might be supposed that the pro- prietor, Thomas W. White, was also the editor, as this was stated on the first page of each issue of the magazine; but Mr. White had the greater part of the editorial work done for him by various men, whose names were not published, though it was frequently stated in "publishers' notices" that the proprietor and THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. 97 nominal editor was assisted by certain literary men of estalv- lished reputation in the world of letters." The care with which the names of the sub rosa editors were concealed renders it diffi- cult to find out who they really were; but there is very con- clusive evidence that the editor from the first number ( August, 1884) to May, L835, was James K. Heath, of Richmond. Vir- ginia, who was one of the well-known literary men of that city when the Messenger was begun. This evidence consists of the fact that the editorial articles of this period hear a strong re- semblance to contributions known to have been written by flames E. Heath; and, furthermore, we have from the editor of the same magazine eight years later the explicit statement that Heath was the first editor, lie was for a long time Auditor of the State of Virginia, but, in spite of his official duties, he found time to do literary work of various kinds; for, in addi- tion to his very considerable writing for The Southern Literary Messenger, he was the author of a novel entitled "Edgehill," and of other works of less length. As to the importance of his editorial supervision of the Mes- senger, the obligation due him is thus expressed in a "pub- lisher's notice/' written presumably by Mr. White, when Heath resigned his place as editor, in May, L835: "It is due to the gentleman who has acted as editor up to the present period that the publisher should, in parting with him. express that dee]) feeling of gratitude which his disin- terested friendship could not fail to inspire. At the commence- ment of the Messenger, when the prospect of its success was doubtful, and when many judicious friends augured unfavor- ably of the enterprise, the late editor volunteered his aid to pilot the frail bark, if possible, into safe anchorage — nor did he desert it until all doubt of success had ceased. The efforts of that gentleman are the more prized because they were made at a considerable sacrifice of ease and leisure, in the midst, too, of avocations sufficiently arduous to occupy the entire attention of most men — and because they were rendpred without hope or 98 THE SOUTHERN LITERAKY MESSENGER. expectation of reward. And the publisher embraces this occa- sion to declare that the success of the Messenger has been greatly owing to the judicious management of the editorial department by that gentleman. For services of so much value, rendered with no other object than a desire to promote the establishment of a literary periodical in Virginia, the publisher is deeply in- debted to him — and the readers of the work will, we doubt not, long remember his efforts in their behalf. To him belongs the merit of having given his disinterested aid in the season of its early feebleness. His successor has but to follow in the path which has thus been marked out by a hardy and skilful literary pioneer." This dilineation of James E. Heath by his friend, the owner of the magazine, is sufficient testimony to the fact that the Mes- senger had in him an able guardian of its literary interests. With the many difficulties through which the magazine had to pass, these two — the one a practical printer and business man, the other a distinctly literary man — were well fitted t<> cope; and it is more than probable that if there had not been this com- bination of business ability and literary knowledge, with the ownership in the hands of the man of affairs, The Southern Literary Messenger might have gone the way of many other short-lived periodicals, whose downfall lias been due to a lack of business ability on the part of their owners. Under the care of these two men The Southern Literary Mes- senger was begun in Richmond, Va., in August of the year 1834. The office of the magazine was in what was known as the "old Museum building," which was on East Franklin street, where this si reel meets the Capitol Square on the east. Down- Stairs wore newspaper offices, and (he magazine rooms wore on the second Hoof. Later the Messenger was moved to the loot of Governor street, into the building which was at one lime •■Davis's Hotel." The first number of the "Messenger" August, L834, con tained hut thirty-two pages, as did also the second number, THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. 99 which was not issued until October. These two were, however, probably regarded as but one number by the publisher, for if these be numbered separately there were thirteen issues in the first volume. With the third number, that for November, the change was made to a monthly issue, and this number contained sixty-four pages instead of thirty-two. Among the avowed con- tributors were : Mrs. Sigourney, R. IT. Wilde, and William Wirt. In addition to this, we read that the editor desired to "issue the Messenger, if possible, between the 20th and last day of each month." Beginning with this number, the magazine was issued regularly each month, finishing the year 1834 and ending with the September number, which completed the first volume of seven hundred and eighty pages. James E. Heath's editorship had ceased with the May issue ( Vol. I, No. i) ), and the remaining four numbers were edited by Mr. White, who was assisted by other of his literary friends. The fact that in the March number there appeared the first con- tribution of Edgar Allan Poe, "Berenice, A Tale," and that from this number on he was a frequent contributor to the pages of the "Mesengerf has led some of the biographers of the poet into the error of stating that he was editor of the Messenger from May, 1835. on, or from August of this year. The fact is that Mr. Poe's editorship did not begin until the first number of the second volume — that is, December, 1835. As before stated, the first volume was completed with the September issue, and no magazine was published in October and November; thus it was that December, 1835, began the second volume. The bio- graphers referred to above have, in all probability, based their opinion as to Mr. Poe's editorship upon the following "pub- lisher's notice," which appeared on the first page of Volume I, Xo. (May, 1835): ''The publisher has the pleasure of announcing to hi^ friends and patrons thai he has made an arrangement with a gentleman of approved literary taste and attainments, t<> whose special 100 THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. management the editorial department of the "Messenger" has been confided. This arrangement he confidently believes will increase the attractions of his pages — for, besides the acknowl- edged capacity of the gentleman referred to, his abstraction from other pursuits will enable him to devote his exclusive at- tention to the work." That the person here referred to was an unknown friend of the proprietor, or, at least, certainly not Edgar Allan Poe, is readily seen from a similar notice on the first page of the next volume (II, ]». 1) of the Messenger. The passage mentioned reads : "The gentleman referred to in the ninth number of the Mes- senger as rilling its editorial chair retired thence with the eleventh number; and the intellectual department of the paper is now under the conduct of the proprietor, assisted by a gentle- man of distinguished literary talents. Thus seconded, he is sanguine in the hope of rendering the second volume, which the present number commences, at least as deserving of support as the former." From this it will be seen that the editor referred to in the former notice was only in office for three issues of the "Messen- ger" (May-July, inclusive), while it is positively known that Poe was editor of the magazine for more than a year after the last of these dates. Not only so, but it can be readily shown on the testimony of the proprietor himself, that Poe did not be- come editor until December, 1835. For first, there is the state- ment in the passage quoted that the magazine had but just been turned over to a new editor; and, again, on the 96th page of the third volume (January, 1837, which was Poe's last number), we find in an address "To the Patrons of The Southern Literary Messenger" the following statement: "In issuing the present number of the Messenger (the first of a new volume) I deem it proper to inform my subscribers, and the public generally, that Mi-. Poe, who has filled the editorial department for the lasl twelve numbers with so much ability, retired from that station TILE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. 101 on the 3d instant, and the entire management of the work again devolves upon myself alone." Xow, since there was no December number issued in L836, the "twelve numbers" referred to in the last quotation as the time of Poe's editorship, fix the beginning of his term of office as December, 1835. And moreover, when Mr. White says, "the entire management of the work again devolves on myself alone," this serves to establish conclusively the fact that the last two numbers of the first volume were edited by him alone, for at no other time previous to the writing of this "notice" was he with- out an editor. From the time when Edgar Allan Poe began to contribute regularly to the "Messenger" the foundation was laid for that popularity which it attained during his editorship. Before he took official charge of the publication, Poe had contributed: a, "Bernice, A Tale"; b, "Lionizing"; c, "Morella" ; d, "Hans Pf aal" ; e, "Bon-Bon"; f, "The Coliseum"; ami other pro- ducts of his genius. It is not surprising that after such an in- troduction Poe's regular work as editor of the magazine soon materially enlarged the circulation of the Messenger and se- cured for it recognition and popularity in regions where it was entirely unknown before he set the mark of his genius upon. it. In addition to the attraction which Poe's prose skill lent to the pages of the "Messenger," there was the additional charm of his poems, some of which, however, had already been published in other magazines. Other compositions made their first appeal for public ap- preciation through the "Messenger/' but many of them under- went revision before they reached the form in which we now have them. Another characteristic feature of Poe's work as editor of the Southern Literary Messenger was the vigor and force of his re- views of books and his shorter critical articles on individual poems or tales. Tt was eminently in accordance with the strict- ness of his views on literature and artistic composition that be 102 THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. should be relentless in his denunciation of what he deemed violation of the sacred laws of art; and it was not strange that the defence of his pronounced views on such subjects often led him into "literary dogmatism or into violent condemnation of the work of other authors, on no other ground than that they failed to conform to his own canons of what was tasteful and eleganty Such criticism, without just and defensible criteria of judgment, almost inevitably led to what others called unfair and abusive depreciation of an author's work: and this is in part true, and though Poe did sometimes lay aside proper criticism for the less scientific but more vigorous weapon of free-handed abuse, it is also undeniable that he was often marvellously acute in his method of laying bare the shams of literary quackery, and help- ful in his destruction of the false and undeservino-. Under Poo's able direction the "Messenger" advanced both in prosperity and in the character of its published articles; each month a number was published with a regularity that had not marked the first volume. Tin 1 twelfth number of the second volume (November, 1836) completed the issue for that year. No December number was published, and the next month the third volume was begun. This number, January, 1837, was the last one for which Poe wrote as editor, but not all of the edi- torial work of this issue was from his pen. This is explicitly stated in an editorial article, which says: "It is perhaps due to Mr. Poe to state that he is not responsible for any of the articles which appeal- in the present number, except the r?views of Bryant's Poems, George Balcombe, Irving's Astoria, Reynold's Address on lit/' South Sen Expedition, Anthon's Cicero — tin 1 first number of Arthur Gordon Pym, a sea story, and two Poeti- cal Effusions (sic), to which bis name is prefixed." It is undoubtedly true, as Mr. Stoddard lias said in his "Me- moir, ' that Poe's manner of living was not in accord with some of the old-fashioned ideas of Mr. White, and when Poe's dissi- pation brought him into conflict with the founder's views on sobriety, there was only one result to be expected, the severance THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. 103 of Poe's connection with the Messenger. Though Mr. White treated the matter in as delicate a manner as possible, and did what he could to prevent popular knowledge of the cause of the change — as when he stated in the January number ( ITT, p. 72) that "Mr. Poe's attention had been called in another direction" — nevertheless, we know from one of his letters to Poe, written when the quondam editor was desirous of returning to his desk. that, it w T as his former associate's intemperance that prompted Mr. White to refuse him the place. As to the plans of the proprietor when his brilliant editor "'had been called in another direction," the same editorial from which we quoted above continues thus : "I have only to add, that in prosecuting my publication, whilst I shall hope and ask nothing for myself but the fair reward which is due under the blessing of divine providence, to honest industry and good in- tention, I shall leave my contributors and subscribers to divide among themselves the honor of making and supporting a work which shall be worthy of them and creditable to the literary character of our common country, and more particularly of our Southern States." When Edgar Allan Poe's connection with The Southern Lite- rary Messenger ended, in January, 1S37, the whole care of the magazine fell upon the proprietor and founder. Several of his literary friends soon came to his aid with either direct editorial assistance or frequent contributions. Chief among these timely helpers were Mr. Lucien Minor and Judge St. George Tucker, who, in spite of the claims made upon their time by their pro- fessional duties, found opportunity to help the persevering owner of the Messenger in his resolute effort to continue the publication of the magazine. With such help and his own un- tiring efforts, .Mr. White conducted the Messenger for the next two and a half or three years; and it is a noticeable fact, and a natural result of Thomas W. White's business-like habits, that the first volume published by him after the loss of his bril- 104 THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. liant editor was the only one up to that time that was regularly issued for each month of the year. At about the beginning of L840 new life was infused into the Messenger, when its editorial supervision was entrusted to .Matthew Fontaine Maury. This remarkable man was a native of Virginia, hut when he was very young' he was taken by his parents to Tennessee, where he received his elementary training under Bishop Otey. In 1825 he was appointed midshipman in the navy, and served first on the "Brandywine," during a long cruise in the Mediterranean Sea, and two and a half years in the Pacific ocean, and then on the sloop-of-war "Vincennes." For three or four years he was with this vessel, in which he visited the South Sea Islands, China, Manila, the Cape of Good Hope, St. Helena and other remote parts. Maury was a man of energy and purpose, and he turned the voyage to good account by collecting material for numerous works, which he afterwards published. In 1830, he returned to New York, and was pro- moted to be acting master of the sloop-of-war Falmouth, which was hound for the Pacific ocean. His promotions for the next six years raised him to the rank of lieutenant, ami, in addition, he was shortly afterwards appointed "astronomer and assistant hydrographer" for the expedition to he made under ( Jommodore Ap-Catesby -lines. This appointment, however. Lieutenant Maury resigned, and took part in a "survey of Southern ports." In the meantime he had published in Sillmans Journal, January, 1839, his work on "Pacific Navigation" and "Doubling Cape Horn," and in The Son/hem Literary Messenger an article on "Southern Commerce." After the surveying trip along the Southern coast, Maury returned to Tennessee; hut he was shortly afterwards seriously injured while in ( )hio, ami so he was forced to retire from active service. It was about this lime that he began his series of articles for the Messenger, entitled "Scraps from the Lucky Bag," We have outlined Lieutenant Maury's life up to this point in order that it mav he understood what manner of man now THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSE.YGEK. 105 took charge of the magazine; for it is essential to a proper ap- preciation of the Messenger that we have some knowledge of the individuality of its editors, since the publication is always imbued with the characteristic spirit of its literary pilot. We see, then, that in Lieutenant Maury there were good quali- fications for such work, for he was not only thoroughly ac- quainted with the intricacies of governmental policy in regard to the navy ( and herein was involved the much-mooted ques- tion of government expenditure), but his resourceful intellect had been employed both in the collection of material for literary work and the acquirement of a prose style admirable for its clearness and force. Much of his work for The Southern Liter- al-!/ Messenger was unsigned, but many of his articles may bo identified by the signature "A Brother Officer" and "Harry Bluff." The numbers of the magazine for 1840 and 1841 were not regularly issued, for five times within those two years bi-monthly numbers were published, but with snch increase in the number of pages as to make each volume of about the regular size. The two succeeding volumes were regularly issued. On January 9, 1843, Thomas W. White died from the effects of a stroke of paralysis received while he was at the supper table of the Astor House, in Xew York, in September, 1842. This was a sudden misfortune to the Messenger, which thus lost the man who, most, of all, had been the guardian of its early years. In the mean time Maury's editorship ended. He had conducted the magazine by mail from Washington, using in the transaction of this business "a frank' 1 obtained for him by a friend in the Federal Government at the time. Further evidence of his editorship, which is not mentioned in the bio- graphy* by his daughter, is the existence of a manuscript con- tributed to the Messenger, and bearing notes in Maury's easily identified writing. * A Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury, by Diana F. M. Corbin. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. 1S86. 106 THE SOUTHERN 1 LTKRARY MEirSEKGEIf. in July, 1843, the proprietary right in the Messenger passed from the estate of Mr. White into the hands of Mr. B. B. Minor, the next editor. With the change of editors came a change <>f publishers also, for the cover of the Messenger for August, 184-3, hears the statement that it was published by the proprietor. Beginning with February, 1845, the publisher was William McFarlane, until January, 1846, when we find the name of "S. Hart, Sr., Charleston, S. Carolina," in addition to that of McFarlane. Tn January, IS 17, to these names are added those of "Wiley & Putnam, London," and still later, March, 1847, while the other names were retained as before, the Richmond publishers were given as J no. W. Fergusson, ) ur "r Richmond, \ a. \\ m. Mc± arlane, ) Mr. Minor brought to his work an admirable equipment for the duties that lay before him. Not only was he furnished with a collegiate education, and determined literary aspirations, but also — and this was a fortunate bulwark to the business interests of the magazine — he was a lawyer of sonic experience as a prac- titioner in the city of Richmond. Hence it was that the Messenger entered upon its new course with every prospect of a successful continuance and reinvig- orated vitality. Then, too, since the editor had the co-operation of a number of able friends, such as Thomas ( '. Reynolds and Augustus A. Meyers, there was little danger of a dearth of good reading matter in the pages of the magazine. As stated above, Mr. Minor's editorship began with the Au- gust number, in 1843. This volume, Xo. IX, was completed with regular issues of the magazine, as were also the next four volumes. I. ate in 1845, Mr. Minor, while in Charleston, South Caro- lina, had a conference with William Grilmore Simms, who was then editing his Simms' Southern his literary work to become "Prin- cipal of the Virginia Female institute," at Staunton. Speak- ing of the man who was to take his place as editor of the Mes- senger, Mr. Minor wrote ( Richmond, October 25, 184-7) : "Well endowed by nature, having enjoyed the advantages of the best collegiate education, fond of literature, acquainted with its best authors, accustomed to the use of his pen, and quite enthusiastic in his devotion to the Messenger, he bids fair to raise it above its present high and honorable position, and we hope to enjoy the pleasure — for it would be a pleasure — of seeing the light which Ave have endeavored to shed from its pages eclipsed by his more brilliant appearing." John R. Thompson was well qualified to fill the place of re- sponsibility as editor of the great Virginia monthly. Like his predecessor, he was a college-bred man, a graduate of the Uni- versitv of Virginia, and the possessor of gifts which soon gave him prominence among literary men of the South. He entered upon his editoi'ial duties with zeal and confidence, and under his supervision the Messenger began a new career of prosperity ami popularity. When Thompson took charge of the Messenger, in the fall of 1847, the title of the magazine was "The Southern and Western Literary Messenger unit Review," and the title was retained until the first number of the fourteenth volume (January, 1848), when the old name of the Messenger was again printed on its cover. The next four volumes were regularly issued, with the two exceptions of a combined issue for September and October, 1849, and a similar number for October and Novem- ber, 1851. Each of these volumes contained seven hundred and sixty-four pages, which was about the average size of the yearly 108 THE SOUTHERN' LITERARY MESSTvNUER. issues until the beginning' of the "New Scries," in 1856 ( Old Series, Vol. XXII). In the mean time, in 1852, Thompson sold the proprietary right of the Messenger to his printers, McFarlane ^ r Fergusson, but he continued to edit the magazine. The next three volumes completed what is known as the "Old Series" of the Messenger, in contradistinction to the "Xcw Se- ries/' which was begun in 1856. Up to this time each volume had regularly consisted of twelve numbers of about sixty-four pages each, but now the volumes were completed semi-annually, and consisted of six numbers of about eighty pages each. In addition to this change, the size of the page and of the type was reduced, and consequently the volumes of the "New Series" are smaller books than those issued before. Two years before this, in 1854, the editor had stated that his subscription list was growing, and by the beginning of the "New Series" the Messenger was thriving both in its business depart- ment and in widespread popular appreciation. For four years and a half longer, John K. Thompson edited the mazagine, and during that time published nine volumes of the "New Series," with the exception of the last number of the first volume of 1860, that in the June issue, which was edited by Thompson's successor. In publishing these last issues, from 181S to 1860, Thompson had strong helpers in the gifted men and women who contributed to his magazine. For 1848, his chief contributors were: II. T. Tuckerman, W. F£. Holcombe, Mrs. M. G. Buchan- an, Lieutenant Maury (who wrote in favor of a national obser- vatory), P. P. Cooke, A. B. Meek, and Mrs. E. .1. Eames. The next year the chief names on his contributors' list were : Ik. Mar- vel, Lieutenant Maury, Poe ("Marginalia"), P. P. Cooke, and Tuckerman. Conspicuous among the signed articles for 1850 were those by W. II. rlolcombe, Charles Lanwan, .1. M. Legare, and Mrs. E. I. Eames. The nexl year, in addition to Maury, Tuckerman, and Mrs. Eames, the Rev. I. C. McCabe, W. P. Mnlehinock, and Charles Campbell (the "C. C." of the earlier THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. 109 numbers) were frequent contributors. For 1852 and 1853, Thompson had most of these writers to rely on, and, in addition to them, Paul Hamilton Hayne, the sweet singer of South Caro- lina. During - eighteen hundred and fifty-four and five the most frequent contributors were Mrs. Mowatt, J. C. McCabe, Hayne (especially), and two others whose names are now familiar in Southern literature — James Barron Hope and "Marion Har- land." The next five years were perhaps the high-water mark of Thompson's editorship. Even without discussion of the articles included in these volumes, the high class of work that was done for them is apparent from the list of those who were employing this last quiet period, before the turmoil of war came, in literary composition. The chief contributors for those five volumes were: 1856— J. C. .McCabe, Thomas Dunn English, W. H. Holcombe, Henry Timrod, Paul Hamilton Hayne, and Thomas Bailey Aldrich. 1857 — James Barron Hope, John Esten Cooke, John Pendleton Kennedy, and St. George Tucker. 1858— Dr. George Bagby ("Mozis Addums"), J. E. Cooke, B. M. T. Hunter, Hayne, English, Timrod, and James P. Holcombe. 1859 — H. T. Tuckennan, William Gilmore Simms, English, Hayne. J. E. Cooke, and Ed. Everett. 1860 — Dr. Bagby, J. E. Cooke, Holcombe, and Faraday. Was not this an array of talented writers to gladden the heart of any editor '. Surely those were golden numbers of the Sou/h- ern Literary Messenger, when its pages were filled with the poems of Henry Timrod and Paul Hamilton Hayne, the songs of Aldrieh, of Simms, and of English, and the finished prose of John Eston Cooke, Kennedy. Aldrieh, and Dr. Bagby. With the May number, I860 (Vol. XXX), John R. Thomp- son's connection with the Messenger ceased, and the magazine came under the able supervision of Dr. George Bagby, the "Mozis Addums'' of the earlier issues. 110 THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MKS.S'NGER. The Southern Literary Messenger for June, I860, contained an article on the subject of Thompson's departure from Virginia to make his home in Georgia. Speaking of the former editor's connection with the Messenger, the author of the editorial wrote: "The unknown aspirant for literary honors in 1847, leaves the Messenger in 1860 a man distinguished in every part of the Confederacy, in the North scarcely less than in the South, as a poet, a scholar, a lecturer, an editor." This was high praise, no doubt, but it was true, for John \l. Thompson had made his mark in the literature of his land ; but he has never yet been appreciated as highly as he deserves. The same number from which we have quoted contains a de- scription of the complimentary dinner to John R, Thompson, Esq., Tuesday, May 15, 1860. The author of the article was probably Dr. George Bagby (the new editor), who knew very well both the proper disposition and the proper description of a farewell banquet — notwithstanding the vigor with which he could maintain the superiority of "Cornfield Peas" over every other known edible substance. lie writes: "The company as- sembled a little after 5 o'clock P. M.., and exchanged saluta- tions over a bowl of delicious punch. Dinner was served at 6 o'clock. Mr. McFarlane (of the publishers) sat at the head of the table, with Mt. Thompson on his right. Among the invited guests were John Esten Cooke, Esq., Dr. II. G. Latham, of Lynchburg, and Dr. Bagby." The writer describes the feast, Mr. MeEarlane's speech of regret at the departure of Thomp- son, and the poet's feeling response. Other speeches followed, wine and wit sparkled, songs were sung, and Thompson recited his beautiful poem to "Virginia." Such were the closing scenes of the uncrowned laureate's editorship. The characteristic quality of Thompson's successor was what we might call his super-Gallic vivacity. The bright play of his wit enlivened many a page that had once been dull with leaden pedanticism. In addition to this charm of humorous style. Dr. Bagby possessed other qualifications for the editorship of THE SOUTHERN I.ITKI, A K Y MESSENGER. Ill the magazine that had been accustomed to the strong hand of such men as Edgar Allan Poe and John R. Thompson. Years of experience in newspaper and journalistic work had taught him well the nice points in a publisher's work, and hence it was as an experienced journalist that he took charge of the Mes- senger. The work soon showed the quickening effect of his more skilful regard for his reading public than had been the custom of the earlier editors. Instead of long articles on the tariff, the navy and army, and colonial history, the Messenger was now enlivened with Dr. Bagby's sketches of "Mozis Ad- dums's" experiences as a visitor to Washington. These stories were based upon Dr. Bagby's life in Washington as correspon- dent of the Xew Orleans Crescent, and they were full of humor in the narrative of an unsophisticated patent-seeker's adven- tures in the capital. In addition to the comparatively new feature of the Messen- gers management, four of the six numbers in Dr. Bagby's first volumes contained illustrated articles: (a) "Life and Litera- ture in Japan/' seven illustrations; (b) "Fun from North Carolina," three illustrations; (c) Faraday's "Popular Lec- tures," ten illustrations; and (d) "A Mississippi Hero," three pictures, with a picture of Adalina Patti ; and (e) "Lady Mary Montague," one illustration, and a second series of Fara- day's "Popular Lectures,'' ten illustrations. The next vol- ume was also illustrated, and both these volumes contained the regular six numbers. The twelfth volume, Xew Series, was also regularly issued, but the next year's Messenger came out very irregularly. The numbers for February and March were combined in one issue, as were also July and August, September and October, and Xovembcr and December; and the eight num- bers published made up Volumes XXXIV, XXXV, and XXXVI, with a total of only 698 pages. This combination vol- ume is not of the "Xew Series," which ended with 1861 (Xew Series 22), and the next year the editor returned to the old form of about sixty-four pages to a number, and these appeared 11 2 THE SOUTI1ERX LITER A KY MESSENGER. regularly, except that Numbers XI and XII were combined in one double issue. It must be borne in mind that for several years the war had been going on, and with Richmond in the centre of the struggle, it is strange that the Messenger was continued at all. But in spite of great difficulty in procuring paper for the magazine and printers to do the work, the publication was continued at the cost of great effort on the part of its editor and publishers. As we have just said, it was very hard to get material or work- men, especially during 1862 and 18f>3, and consequently the volumes for these years were very poorly printed on very poor paper. Then, in addition to these troubles, the editor, though not at all lit for service, had, as he believed it his bounden duty to do, gone off to the war. Fortunately, however, for the Mes- senger, he was very soon released from service, and returned to his editorial work, which he prosecuted until the second number of Volume XXXVIII — that is to say, January, 1804, his last number. At that time* the Messenger was bought by Wedderburn& Alfriend, and these continued the magazine under the editorship of the latter, Frank 11. Alfriend. Wedderburn was a young man of energy and ambition from Xew Orleans. From his editorials, especially his salutatory address in the February number, it is evident that Alfriend was an earnest, clear-sighted young man, who wrote a good style, despised cheap sentimentality, and appreciated the very considerable difficul- ties of the work that he had undertaken. The new office of the "Literary Messenger" was at No. 5 Four- teenth street, between Main and Franklin streets, under the Ex- change Hotel. Tt was thought by friends of the Messenger that, in spite of many difficulties, there was still to be prosperity for the maga- zine. For example, when the magazine changed hands, we find the following, apparently from the pen of the retiring editor, as to the new proprietors, who, he says, are "young gentlemen ♦Exact date of sale, December 23, 1863. THE SOUTHERN LITEKAia MESSENGER. 113 brimful of energy and ambition, with abundant means, and, above all, imbued with correct opinions in regard to the proper mode of developing a literary journal. They intend to make the Messenger, both externally and internally, far more inviting than it has heretofore been ; to pay for contributions, to adver- tise liberally ; to secure agencies in all the principal cities and towns of the Confederacy ; to enlist the best and brightest talent in the land ; and while upholding a lofty standard of literature, so to enliven and invigorate the old magazine, as to enlist the favor and attract the admiration of all clases of society, except such as delight in productions intrinsically low and puerile. . . They are prepared to impart to the business manage- ment that energy and system without which no enterprise can or ought to prosper, and to give to the editorial department that undivided attention which a first-class magazine imperatively demands." All this was very true and laudable, no doubt; but there were great events taking place which brought to naught the good in- tentions and plans of the editors and their friends. As an ex- ample of what a change had been wrought by the depreciation of money as the war progressed, in 1861 the price of the maga- zine was "$3.00, in advance," but by the beginning of 1864 the price had increased to $10.00 for twelve months, $6.00 for six months, if before March 1 st ; after that date the price was to be $12.00 for twelve months, and $8.00 for six months. By March, however, money was still further depreciated, and so the price was raised to $15.00 a year. When it is considered that in the same number from which these last prices are quoted, pills' were advertised at $3.00 a box, it is readily seen that busi- ness interests were in a bad plight in the city of Kichmond, which was, in this respect, little, if at all, worse than other parts of the South. Then, too, paper was very scarce, and good printers scarcer still ; so finally, the experiment was tried of moving the Messenger to Washington and continuing it there; but the plan was not successful, and after publishing four nnm- 114 THE SOUTHERN IUTKUAKY MESSENGER. bers, the publication ceased, within one month of the thirtieth anniversary of its establishment, in 1834. When the Avar brought the Messenger to its untimely end, its thirty years of publication had enabled it to do a great deal to stimulate and preserve much that is worth keeping in South- ern literature. Even if its editors did carry their ecleticism too far, and in spite of the fact that much merely space-filling matter was published, these were not sufficient to outweigh or to balance the very considerable amount of truly valuable litera- ture that was included in its pages; and aside from the value of the magazine as :i literary campus Mar! ins, which was a suffi- cient reason for its existence, the artistic excellence of some of its contents is such as to need no apology to those who have read them, and to those who have not read them and yet criticise them (as the manner of some is), no apoloijv is due. Taken all in all, the South produced no magazine that had a better right, to live, few that reached at their best so high a standard, and fewer still that did so much for the general welfare of Southern literature. AN INDEX OF KNOWN CONTRIBUTORS TO I. DeBow's Commercial Review, abbreviated "D." II. The Southern Literary Messenger, abbreviated "M." The volume and page of contributions are given. Abbey, R. (D.), 11,132; III, 1; V, 290. Ahert, J. J. (D.), XII, 402. Adam, W (D.), IX, 1, 129, 276. Adams, John Quincy (M.), VII, 705. Affleck, Thomas (D. ), V, 82, 175; XX, 214. Aime, Valcour (D.), IV, 383; V, 249. Ainslie, Gilbert (M.), XIV, 688. Aldrich, James (M.), VIII, 234. Aldrich, Thomas Bailey (M.), XXIII, 45. 305. Alexander, Archibald (M.), XVI, 366. Alexander, H. C. (M.), XXXIII, 418; XXXV, 151, 484. Alexander, P. W. (M.), XXXV, 34. Alfredo, Don (M.), XXII, 750. Alfriend, F. H. (M. ). XXXV, 283; XXXVI, 118. 182, 246. 310, 374. Allen, R. L. (D.), Ill, 412. Allston, (Governor) (D.), XXIV, 321. Allston, R. W. F. (D.), I, 320; XVI, 589. Allston, Washington (M.), VIII, 528. Anderson, R. N. (M.), XXXII, 319. Andrews, W. H. (M.), VII, 72, 772, 830; VIII, 139, 186, 266, 317. 535, 665, 735. 757; IX, 86, 579; X, 81, 169, 206. 496. Annan, Mrs. A. M. F. (Miss Buchanan) (M.), VI, 450, 640; VII, 803; IX, 108, 529, 593; X, 103. Archer. B. T. (D.), XIV, 125; XIX, 22. Arnell, David R. (M.), XII, 216, 672; XV, 408. Atkinson, Edward ( D. ) , Revived Series. IV, 46. 175. 300. Auld, J. B. (D.), XV, 385. Avequin, (D.), VI, 24. Bachman, John (D.), XXV, 430. Bagby, Dr. George ("Moziz Addums") (M.), XXVI, 121, 187, 251. 383; XXVII, 55, 200, 367, 422; XXVIII, 397; XXX, 55, 99. 182, 273. 353, 466; XXXI, 70, 151, 231, 315, 390; XXXII, 71, 152, 189, 317. 340, 351. 445, 601; XXXIII. 72, 153, 237, 315. 395, 465; XXXIV, 65, 192, 262, 327, 396, 501, 364, 581, 687; XXXV, 55, 63, 116, 120, 180, 191, 251, 256, 313, 320, 373, S84. 447, 510, 572, 633, 745; XXXVI, 61. 116 INDEX. Bailey, R. W. (M.), IX, 234; X, 679; XIV, 592; XXIII, 26, 109. Baird, Dr. (D.), , 171, 668. Baker, Woods (D.), VII, 111. Baldwin, J. G. (M.), XXII, 371. Balistier, J. (D.), XIX, 98. Bandegee, Mrs. Florence (M.), XXII, 123, 152. Barbour, B. J. (M.), XX, 513. Barhuyt, D. P. (M.), XVII, 452, 573. Barker, F. C. (D.), XVI, 568. Barnard, J. G. (M.), XI, 25; (D.), VIII, 444; IX, 90, 177. Barnes, Miss Charlotte (M.), IV, 169; VI, 21; VII, 817. Barney, W. C. (D.), XXII, 410; XXIII, 415. Barnwell, R. G. (D.), XX, 256; (Revived Series) I, 395, 515; II, 113, 236; IV, 1. Barstow, G. F. (M.), VII, 586; VIII, 404. Barton, E. D. (D.), XX, 715. Battle, A. (D.), XXVII, 196. Bayley, G. W. R. (D.), X, 103; XIII, 166. Beard, Alex. L. (M.), I, 699, 260. Beaufair, Adrain (John R. Thompson) (M.), XXII, 364; XXIV, 149; XXV, 464; XXVII, 19, 191. Beck, Lewis C. (D.), VII, 151. Bell, E. Q. (Revived Series), III, 384; IV, 69, 447. Bell, J. H. (D.), XXIV 7 , 114. Benjamin, J. P. (D.), I, 498; II, 322; V, 41; XXI, 209. Benjamin, Parke (M.), V, 221, 268, 28o. 292, 305, 309, 330, 356, 366, 379, 393, 407, 433, 513, 529, 622, 663 671, 702, 781; VI, 135, 473; VIII, 80; IX, 242; XIV, 732. Bird, Dr. Ro. M. (M.), II, 541. Black, J. H. (D.) (Revived Series), III, 522. Blackwood, W. G. (M.), X, 296; XI, 266, 759; XII, 360; XIV, 454. Bland, Thos. (D.), XX, 156. Bledsoe, Prof. (M.), XXII, 382; XXIII, 20. Blunt, Ellen Key (M.), XXXIV, 573. Bohun, Chas. (D.) (Revived Series), II, 455. Books, M (M.), XXXIV, 313. Borland, Solon (M.), IX. 238. Boulware, Wm. (M.), XII, 161. Bourne, Wm. O. (M.), X, 22, 201, 583. Bowen, W. (Dr.) (M.), XII, 209. Bowie, W. W. (D.), XI, 344. Boyce, W. W. (D.), XXV, 1; Revived Series, I, 16, 132; IV, 10. Boyden, E. (M.), XXXI, 365. Bradford, S. S. (M), XIII, 359, 597; XIV. 31 S, 356, 451. Bradford, Wm. A. (D.), XX, 540; XXI, 1. Bradley, T. Bibb (M.), XVIII, 152; XIX, 21, 280, 429. INDEX. 117 Brenan, Jos. (M.), XXXII, 100. Brent, H. J. (M.), Ill, 314, 397, 438, 582; IV, 8, 44. Bretton, A. (D.), Revived Series, I, 595. Brooks, Erastus (M.), VII, 553; VIII, 81. Brooks, N. C. (M.), Ill, 25; X, 25. Brown, Mrs. D. P. (MJ, I, 13, 14. Brown, J. H. (D.), XIV, 46, 336. Brown, J. N. (M.), XV, 516. Brown, R. T. (M.), XIII, 638. Browne, D. J. (D.), XX, 627. Browne, J. R. (M.), VII, 60; VIII, 261. Browne, P. A. (M.), I, 44, 91, 162, 300. Brownell, S. E. (M.), XV, 109. Bruce, Jas. C. (M.), XIX, 292. Bry, H. (D.), Ill, 225, 324, 407; IV, 226; V, 69, 229. Bryant, Wm. Cullen (M.), V, 365. Buchanan, Miss A. M. F. (See Annan). Buchanan, Mrs. M. G. (M.), X, 228, 583, 734; XII, 111; XIII. 472; XIV, 318, 356, 451; XXIX, 333. Buckley, S. B. (D.), Revived Series, IV, 320. Bullard, H (D.), Ill, 20. Bulwer, Ed. Lytton (M.), II. 605-. Burden, K. (D.), XIX, 602. Burke, Ed. (D.), XXV, 316. Burritt, Elihu (M.), VI, 202; VII, 577. Burrows, J. L. (M.), XXI, 514. Burwell, W. B. (D.), Revived Series, I, 238. Burwell, Wm. M. (D.). XII, 30; 221; XIV, i; XVII, 173; XXI, 4G1 : XXIV, 291; XXVI, 1; Revived Series, V. 576; (M). XXXIII, 1, 127. 185, 250, 389, 459; XXXIV, 53, 163, 230, 303, 353, 426, 532. 617; XXXV, 229. Butler, B. F. (M.), VIII, 169. Butler, Mann (D.), IX. 142, 357; XIX, 263. 308. 371; XXI, 197. Butler, Wm. A. (M.), XXIX, 309. Cabell, (D.), XII, 30. Cabell, E. C. (D.), Revived Series, I, 91. Cabell, N. F. (D.), XXIII, 442; XXIV, 280, 411, 542; XXV, 81, 205. Caldwell, Chas. (M.), VII, 731. Calhoun, Jno. C. (M.), XII, 457. Calvert, Geo. H. (M.), II, 373. Campbell, C. C. (M.), V, 526, 539, 572, 602, 770; VI, 223, 385, 710; VII, 219, 335, 575, 584; IX, 560, 591, 693, 728; X, 40; XI, 48. 114; XII, 339, 473, 533, 605; XIII, 129, 193, 257, 321. 385. 449. 513, 577. 649, 705; XIV, 329; XV, 389; XVII, 350, 492. Campbell, Thos. (M.), XIV, 451. Canning. E. W. B. (Iff.), VII, 844. 118 INDEX. Capers, F. W. (D.), VII, 317. Cardoza, J. M. (D.), XXI, 153; XXII, 337; XXIV, 396. Carey, Matthew (M.), II, 486, 503, 557; III, 11. Carey, W. A. (D. ), Revived Series, I, 581. Carleton. Wm. (M. ), VII, 487. Carrigan, Judge (D.), XI, 252, 617; XII, 22. Cartwright, S. A. (D.). XI, 184, 209, 331, 504; XIII, 598; XIV 197; XXV, 45, 448; XXVI. 408, 524; XXVII, 263; XXIX, 129, 513; XXX, May and June ("The Serpent, The Ape, and the Negro"); XXXI, 507. Cass, Lewis (M.), V, 709; VII, 81. Chadbourne, J. S. (M.), XI, 369, 733. Chopin, E. H. (M.). V, 615, 725, 8'38; VI, 2. Chase, Maj. (D.), XIV, 54. Chickering, Jesse (D.), XV, 129. Chilton, J. M. (D.), XI, 178, 245, 569. Chivres, T. H. (M.), X, 104. Christy, D. (D.), XXV, 343; Revived Series. II, 509; IV, 404. Cist, Chas. (D.), XXIX, 510. Cist. Lewis J. (M.), VI, 233, 284. 416, 530, 569, 680, 702; VII, 49, 181, 230, 730, 806; VIII, 100, 305, 601; IX, 79; X, 349. 437, 719; XI,' 741; XXL 144, 638, 761. Claiborne. Jno. (D. ), XXV, 65. Clarkson, A. (D.), XXVII, 561; XXXIII, 7. Clayton, Alex. (D.), VIII, 22. Clement, J. (M.), XI, 734; XVI, 369. 719; XVIII, 565. Clements, H. H. (M.), XIV, 88. 337. 655; XVIII. 277, 357: XIX. 105. 338. 369. demons, E. C. (M.), VIII, 326. Clemson. T. G. (D.), VIII. 111. Clingman, Thos. (D.), XX, 267; XXII, 414; XXV, 664. Cooke, P. St. Geo. (D.), XXII, 495. Cocke, W. A. (M.), XXI. 23; XXXII. 380; (D.), Revived Series, II. 285; III, 278, 365. Cockrill, S. R. (D.), VII, 484. Coffin, Sir Isaac (M.), VII, 33. Collier, R. R. (D), XXVIII, 28. Cone, Spencer W. (M.), VII. 451; VIII, 149. Conkling, M. D. (M.), XVIII, 681. Conkling, F. A. (D.), Revived Series, I, 378. Cook, G. (D.), I, 269. Cooke, Jno. E. (M.), XXIV, 257; XXVI. 340. 388, 457; XXVIII. 336; XXX, 120, 321. Cooke, P. P. (M.), II. 557; IX, 729, 74 1; XII, 265. 337. 427; XIII, 147, 610; XIV, 34, 307, 349. 436. 537, 612; XV, 46, 101, 148. Cooley, T. M. (D.), XV, 400. Cooper, W. B. (D.), IV, 358, 486. INDEX. 119 Copland, Mary (M.), XXXI, 336. Copley, Jonah (D. ), Revived Series, IV, 520. Cormick, J. R. (D.), V, 231. Cornwall, Barry (M.), XXXV, 365. Cousin, M. Victor (M.), XXXIV, 445. Cowler, Catharine (M.), VIII. 198. Coxe, R. S. (D). XXV, 512. Cram, Capt. (D. ), XXII, 365. Crane, A Judson (M.), IX, 562: X, 571; XIV, 293. Crane, Jas. (M. ), VIII, 164. Crane, W. C. (M), X, 357. Creswell, Julia P. (M.), XXX, 138. Crocheran, J. L. (D). XXV, 38. dishing, Benj. T. (i\I.), XII. 231, 595. Cutler, R. (D. ), XXVII, 613. Dabney, G. E. (M.), 631. Dabney, Richard (M.), IX, 331. Daley. H. M. (M), VIII, 624; IX, 255. Dana, Mary S. (M.). XI, 23, 230; XII, 18, 604. Dana. Matilda F., XI, 536; XIII, 646; XIV. 710; XV. 216, 366, 426, 501, 650; XVI, 116. Danforth. J. N. (M.), X. 109; XIII, 502. Daniel, Jno. W. (D. ). Revived Series, II, 582; III, 24, 506. Danus, Sam'l B. (M.), XXXV, 44, 620. Darby, J. (D.), XVI, 354. Darby, Wm. (D.). V, 191. Davidson, J. W. (M.). XXIII, 249. Davidson. L. P. (M.l, IX, 85. Davidson, Margaret (M.), V, 419; VIII, 59. Davis. N. R. (D.), XVIII. 154. Davis, S. D. (M.). XXXVI, 152, 333. Davis, W. R. (M.), I, 207. Dawson. I. T. (D.). XXII, 265. DeBoinville, (M.), I, 93. DeBowe. J. D. B. (D.), I. 1, 7, 21. 33, 44, 51, 56, 61, 64. 69, 97. 132. 141, 145, 158, 161, 193, 289, 380, 465; II, 1. 75, 283, 348, 367; III, 66. 112, 115, 129, 134. 138. 235, 325, 423. 485, 496, 543, 557, 559. 575, 590; IV, 31, 122. 147, 152, 159, 208, 237, 290. 296, 337, 419, 459, 475. 493; V, 100, 163. 243, 272, 293. 455; VI, 3. 33, 110, 204, 235. 236, 377. 458; VII, 101, 189, 191. 225, 274. 278, 279, 297. 377. 467, 569: VIII, 32. 207, 217, 522, 538; IX. 9, 50, 66, 164, 257, 294. 370. 382; X. 81. 106. 112. 151. 228, 282. 352. 476. 695; XI. 105, 327. 445. 543; XII, 109, 169, 213, 236, 334, 456, 492, 554. 576, 694; XIII. 98, 204, 318. 383, 419. 529, 637; XIV, 86, 189, 300, 415, 519. 525, 628; XV, 107. 196. 213. 237, 254. 310. 322, « 359, 425, 430, 520, 531; XVI, 78, 101, 103, 205, 212, 331. 443, 444. 524, 653; XVII, 95, 107. 110, 111, 217, 543, 644; XVIII, 29. 175, 176, 316, 120 INDEX. 463. 589, 590, 591; XIX, L18, 122, 301, 370, 389, 507, 637; XX, 1, 29, 190, 290, 365, 447, 642, 644; XXI, 100, 170, 219, 271, 323, 329, 440, 554; XXII, 13, 112, 332, 445, 505, 543. 549, 645, 662; XXIII, /0, 87, 114, 172, 225, 239, 429, 506, 561, 640, 644, 652; XXIV, 1, 32, 68, 165, 177, 217; XXV, 118, 128, 185, 245, 247, 250, 371, 372, 378, 487, 490, 607, 729; XXVI, 119, 173, 235, 286, 349, 429, 434, 481, 607, 664, 702, 713; XXVII, 94, 112, 205, 240, 322, 360, 366, 4b3, 468, 490, 572, 609, 736; XXVIII, 119, 125, 238, 358, 423, 488, 582, . xO, 739; XXIX, 86, 122, 197, 223, 248, 320, 357, 382, 534, 671, 792, 795; XXX, 1, 100, 154, 206. 313, 324, 427, 436, 464, 558; R. S., I, 3, 6, 36, 50, 113, 105, 217, 331, 412, 443, 555, 630, 646, 663; II, 57, 181, 189, 225, 291, 322, 337. 430, 449, 537, 570, 609; III, 1, 138, 172, 225; IV, 286, 434, 530. DeBowe, S. H. (D.), XXIV, 431. Deems, C. M. F. (M.), IV, 659, 696; V, 12, 152. DeFord, Chas. (D.), XVI, 477; XXII, 372. Delavigne, J. C. (D.), V, 135; Revived Series. IV, 562. Delmar, A. (D.), I. 68, 146. Deloney, B. (D.), XXV, 491. Deming, D. D. (D.), XXII, 540; XXIV, 239. Dennis, W. C. (D.), XXIII, 133. Dennison, H. M. (D.), XXVI, 149, 257; XXVII, 444; XXVIII, 66. Deranco, C. (D.), II. 605. Dew. Prof. Thomas R. (M.), I, 493, 621; II, 261, 760; III, 401; XVI, 193; (D.), X, 658; XI, 23; XX, 175. Dixon, S. H. (D.). XX. 87; (M.), XII, 105; XXI, 184. Dinkins, Mrs. S. A. (M.). XXXIII, 140, 449; XXXV, 267. Dillard, A. W. (M.), XXXIV, 290. Dinnies, Anna P. (M.), XI, 243; XVI. 440, 465. Dodson, A. (D.), XXVII, 74. Dogget, J. (M.), II, 4u5. Donnelly, J. (D.),XXI, 71. Doring. F. (D.). XXII, 1. Dow, J. E. (M.), V, 13, 16, 43. Dowler, Dr. B. (D.). XIX, 171; XXI, 405; XXV, 679. Drake, Dr. (M.), I, 177. Draper, J. W. (M), III, 693. Draper, Miss (M.), II, 147; III, 239, 300, 386, 497. Dubois, L. (DJ, Revived Series, II, 605. Dudley, J. G. (D.), XV, 352; XVI, 1. Duffield, .Tno. M. (M.). VII, 244. Duke, J. S. (D.), II, 248, 303; III, 149; V, 152, 257. Duncan, W. C. (D.), XI, 30, 263, 285, 445, 519; XII, 236. Dutcher, Salem (D.), Revived Series, II, 132. Dyer, Rev. Sidney (M). XIV, 183, 254, 386, 409, 715; XV, 31, 76. 482, 693; XVI, 369, 512; XVII, 241; XVIII, 85. 375, 521. Fames, Mrs. F. .1. (M.), VI. 468, 491. 546, 820; VII. 29. 113. 155. 298. 385, INDEX. 121 397, 573, 584, 733, 850, 853; VIII, 193, 207, 255, 555, 716; IX, 204, 246, 442, 559; X, 165, 630, 678; XI, 148, 305; XII, 104, 174, 480, 496,' 544^ 698; XIII, 24, 95, 343; XIV, 38, 45, 167; XV, 89, 611; XVI, 221, 280, 685; XVII, 78, 94, 142, 505, 564, 637; XIX, 292, 472; XXI, 126. Edmondson, W. J. (M.), VII, 123. Eells, Sam'l (M.), VIII, 209. Ellen, Henry (M.), XX, 315; XXI, 181, 203, 266, 487, 592, 694, 745; XXII, 104; XXIII, 19. Ellet, Mrs. E. G. (M.), II, 549, 702, 733, 773; III, 31, 135, 203; VIII, 481; XVIII. 85. Ellett, (D.), XXI, 361. Elliott, Geo. (D.), XX, 709; XXVII, 164. Elliott, R. S. (D.), XXI, 78. Elliott, Wm. S. (D.), XX, 571; XXIV, 193. Ellis, S. P. (M.), XXVIII, 332. Ely. A. W. (D.), II, 228; IX, 44; XII, 225, 337, 370; XIV, 93. 339; XV, 14, 143, 243, 496; XVII, 25, 219, 350, 435; XVIII, 241. Emerson, C. N. (D.), VII, 338. Emmons, E. (D.), XXIV, 409. English, Thos. Dunn, (M.), X, 88; XXII, 81; XXIH, 411; XXIV. 178; XXV, 21; XXVII, 321; XXVIII, 195; XXXIX, 410; XXX, 351; XXXI, 321. Eustis, Geo. (D.), I, 534; III, 56, 160. Evans, Dr. (D.), VI, 114, 163, 265, 375, 381. Everest, C. W. (M.), IV, 496; V, 102, 693; VI, 85, 828; VII, 785; VIII, 557: XIII, 172; XVII, 479. Everest, Robt. (D.), XIX, 268. Everett, Ed. (M.), XV, 755; XXVII, 150, 228; XXVIII, 396; XXIX. 315. Everett, J. R. (D.), XXVIII, 460. Ewell, J. L. (D.), Revived Series, I, 641. Eyma, L. (D.), IV, 106. Fairbanks, E. R. (D.), V, 9; XIV, 122. Fairbanks, G. R. (D.), VII, 44; VIII, 30; XXIV, 245, 274, 376. Fairchild, Wm. B. (M.), V, 614; VI, 731, 770; VII, 770. Falconer, Wm. (M.), VI, 803. Fanner, C. M. (M.), VII, 801. Faraday, M. (M.), XXXI, 328, 430; XXXII, 13, 140, 266, 370. Farrar, C. G. S. (D.), V, 58, 127, 211, 346, 445. Faye, Ida (M.), XIV, 611. Featherman, Americus (D), XXIX, 583, 673. Felton, Prof. C. C. (M.), IV, 373; XV, 170. Fenner, F. D. (D.), XVII, 39; XXII, 299. Ferguson, R. F., IX, 263, 356. Fielding, Fanny (M.), XVII, 169, 662; XXVIII, 140, 278; XXIX, 184, 380; XXX, 119, 307; XXXI, 116, 132, 444; XXXII, 274; XXXIV, 353. 122 INDEX. Fields, J. F. (M.), VI, 393. Fishburne, Prof. J. M. ( M.), XXV. 241. Fisher, Bllwood (D. ), VII. J 37, 262, 304; XXII, 623; XXIII. ±94, 272. Fisher, E. Burke (M.), II, 495. Fisher, J. K. (M.), VI, 842. Fitzhugh. George (D.), XX, 692; XXI, 90; XXII, 419, 449, 571, 633; XXIII, 20, 163, 388, 449. 587; XXI V, 49, 269, 428, 502; XXV, 414, 507, 545, 613, 656; XXVI, 121, 144, 267, 370, 487, 611, «57; XXVII, 29, 76, 159, 172. 279, 382, 515, 647, 660; XXVIII, 1, 80, 132. 294, 392, 410, 504, 523, 624, 667: XXIX, 62, 86, 151, 175, 257, 280, 293, 430, 561, 598, 695; XXXI, 131; Revived Series, I, 75, 178, 250, 366, 416, 472, 577; II, 49, 145, 172, 256, 288, 346, 399, 466, 561; III, 52, 134, 166, 273, 352, 376, 402, 518. 535: IV. 36, 83, 169, 289, 437, 557. Flagg, George W. (M.), VIII, 590. Fleischmann, C. L,. (D. ). XXVII, 495; Revived Series, I, 87; III, 516, 539. Felcher, John (D), IX, 22. Flint, T. (M.), II, 154. Floyd, J. B. (D.), XXI, 602. Fonerden, Prof. Wm. H. (M.), VI, 273. 329; XXXII, 147, 362. Fontelle, Luther (M.), XXXIV, 381. Forrest, W. S. ( M. ) , XXXV, 358. Forshay. C. G. (D.), III. 574; IX, 150, 271; XI, 92; XVIII, 671; Revived Series, IV, 221. Forstall, (D.), I, 53, 238, 357, 473, 519. Forsyth, John (D.), XVII, 361. Fort, A. R. (M.), XVI, 358. Foster, B. B. (M.), XXV, 146. Foster, Charles H. (M.), XXVII, 62, 63. Foster, G. G (M.), VIII, 782. Fox, C. J. (D.), XIV, 485. Franklin, Benjamin (M. ), II, 411, 445. Fraser, C. G. (D.), XXV, 56. Frazer, Martha W. (M.), VII, 523. Friese, P. C. (D.), Revived Series, IV, 292. Furman, Richard (M.), XXIX, 56: XXXI 1 1, 79. Gadsden, J. (D.), II, 119: XXIII. 94. Gaillard, E. L. (D.), XIX, 255, 539; XX, 21, 315. Gamble, J. G. (D.), XII, 275. Gardner, Col. (D.), XV, 448. Garland, L. C. (M.), X. 254. Garnett, , of Virginia (D.), XVIII, 145, 289, 559. Garnett, C. T. M. (D.), XX, 249. Garnett, James M. (M.), I, 282, 725; II, 561, 613; VIII, 115. Gautier, P. W. (D. ), IV, 318. I X I ) EX . 123 Gayarre. Charles (D. ), III. 449; XVII, 229, 379; XIX, 325; Revived Se- ries, I, 77, 256, 283, 404; III, 497. George, Thomas J, (M.), IX, 410. Gibbon, J. H. (D.), XXVII, 1, 410. I Gibson, R. L. (D.), XXI, 375; XXIX. 31. Gilchrist, (M.), II, 770. Gilmer, Governor Thos. W. (M.), Ill, 97; VII, 109. Gilpin, Catharine M. (M.). IX, 280. Gilpin, W. (D.), XXIV, 159, 251. Givens, N. C. (D.), XXVI, 445; XXVII, 39. Glenn, D. C. (D.), VII, 38. Glenn, S. F. (D.). I, 153, 508; II, 439; XV, 291. Glidden, W. A. (D.), XII. 362. 465. Gobright, L. A. (M.), IX, 157. Gooch, Miss C. E. (M.), II, 769. Goodman, W. ( D. ) . V. 87. Goodrich, C. E. (D.), XXVI, 291. Gorham, D. B. (D. ). Ill, 535. Gosnold, B. (M.), II, 108. Gould, B. (M.), VI. 595; VIII, 763. Grammer, G. C. (D.), XIX. 29. Granald, Paul M. (M.), VII, 186, 563, 643, 698; VIII, 508; IX, 30. Grayson, W. J. (M.), XXI, 77, 229, 296; (D.) XIV, 212; XXI, 248, 622; XXII, 149; XXVIII. 48; XXIX, 342; Revived Series, I, 488. Grayson, W. S. (M.), VII, 577; XXV, 321; XXIX, 177; XXX, 112; XXXI, 240; (D.) XIX, 168; XXII, 74; XXIII. 262; XXV, 308; XXVI, 29, 161; XXVII. 168, 328. Grayson, W. T. (M.), XXXIII, 453. Greely, Horace (D.), IV, 291. Green, George Duff (D.), IX, 300. Green, George W. (M.), XXX. 455. Greene, A. (D. ), Revived Series, I, 466. Greenhow, Robert (M.). II, 525, 629; (D. ), II, 215, 245; VII, 319. Greenough, Horatio (M.). XIX, 513. Greenwood, Augusta (M.), XXI, 48, 105. Gregg, William (D.), VIII, 134; XI, 63, 123,^428; XVIII. 777; (M.), XXIX, 77, 225, 494, 623, 771. Greiner, (D.), II, 345. Gribble, J. B. (D.), VI, 126. Grigsby, H. B. (M.), XX, 76; XXII, 110; XXIX, 81. Griswold, Chester A. (M.), IV, 310. Griswold, Rufus W. (M.), VI, 274, 460, 713. Gross, M. (D.), XXII, 77, 419; XXV, 144. Habersham, R. W. (D.), XXV, 405. Hale, E. B. (M.), IX, 1, 14, 57, 202, 255, 257, 605; X, 76, 168, 614, 678; XI, 30, 170, 366, 510, 537; XIII, 37. 124 IXDEX. Hale, Mrs. Sarah J. (D.), II, 571. Hale, Prof. (D.), Ill, 469. Hall, James (D.), IV, 17. Hamilton, J. (D.), XIV, 24; (M.), XVII, 673. Hammond, Governor (D.), VII, 289, 490; VIII, 252, 301. Hammond, M. C. H. (D.), XXIV, 329. Hanckel, T. M. (D.), XXIX, 302. Harland, Marion (M.), XXI, 252. Harper, Chancellor (D.), VIII, 232, 339; IX, 495, 614; X, 47. Harper, Judge (M.), IV, 609. Harris, H. T. (M.), XXXII, 53. Harris, J. G. (D.). XXVI, 679; XVII, 41. Hart, W. P. (D.), Ill, 555. Harvey, A. F. (M.), XXIII, 361. Hayden, C. B. (M.), IX, 555; X, 178, 229, 438. Hayne, P. H. (D.), X, 102; (M.), XVII, 36, 110, 154, 386, 505, 543. 557; XVIII, 47; XIX, 15, 699, 726; XX, 32, 213; XXI, 121, 252, 380, 478, 500, 518; XXII, 67, 109, 188; XXVI, 382, 450; XXVII, 154, 266, 301, 356, 366, 456, 468; XXVIII, 33, 232; XXXIV, 229. Haynes, Milton A. (D.), I, 502. Headley, J. T. (M.), X, 521. Heath, James E. (M.), I, 1; III, 102; IV, 705; VII, 32. Henderson, J. J. (D.), XVI, 490; Revived Series, I, 58. Headley, J. J. (D.), XXI, 443. Henry, (D.), XXII, 387. Herbert, (D.), XXIII, 400. Heriot, Edwin (D.), Ill, 516; VI, 45; VII, 339, 398; VIII, 450; XX, 67; XXI, 299, 650; XXVI, 43; XXIX, 215. Hewitt, (D.), XXI, 578; XXII, 44. Hewitt, Mrs. Mary E. (M.), VI, 628, 820; VII, 57, 239, 302, 434, 661; IX, 683; X, 39, 409, 538; XI, 47; XIV, 301; XV, 38, 623; XVIII, 78. Hewson, M. B. (D.), XI, 471, 561; XXVI, 239. Hewson, T. B. (D.), X, 175, 502. Hicks, Mrs. (M.), XVIII, 57; XIX, 49. Hill, A. J. (D.), XXXI, 551. Hirst, Anna M. (M.). IX, 749; X, 17, 246, 406, 630. Hirst, Henry B. (M.). IX, 664, 727; X. 33, 43, 72, 92, 199, 440. 525. 619; XI, 157. Hitchcock, Prof. (D.), Ill, 80. Hodge, William L (D.), II, 53. Hofer, A. B. (D.), XXI, 125. Hoffman, C. F. (M.), V, 787, 792. Holcombe, J. P. (M.), XXVII, 401. Holcombe, S. B. (M.). XXXIII, 411. Holcombe, T. B. (M.), XXII, 180. INDEX. 125 Holcombe, William H. (M.), XIV, 327, 343, 382, 543, 737; XVI, 495, 622; XXXI, 26; XXXII, 81, 404; XXXIII, 78, 148, 184, 226, 303, 349, 401; XXXIV, 18, 156, 171, 256. Holland, J. G. (M.), XXXIII, 629. Holmes, George F. (M.), X, 410, 538, 673; XI, 172; (D.), XIX, 559, 617; XX, 521; XXI, 30, 103, 132, 217; XXII, 133, 249; Revived Series, I, 25, 225, 337; III, 12, 113, 337; IV, 273. Hooper, William (M.), IV, 480. Hope, James B. (M.), XXI, 444; XXIII, 247, 367; XXIV, 75, 455; XXVI, 52. Hope, J. C. (D.), XXVIII, 405; XXIX, 269, 721. Hopkins, A. F. (D.), XXVII, 149; XXVIII, 278. Hopkins, E. A. (D.), XIV, 238. Hopkinson, Judge (1VL), I, 322; II, 530; III, 39. Horton, H. G. (D.), Revived Series, I, 474. Horton, Miss Marion (M.), IV, 113. Howard, Caroline (M.), XVII, 232, 420, 729; XVIII, 42; XIX, 437, 497; XXII, 290; XXIV, 285. Howard, William G. (M.), VI, 469, 624, 703, 825; VII, 68, 205. Howe, Mrs. S. J. (M.), VII, 393. Howison, Robert R. (M.), XXXIV, 172, 209, 273, 401, 513, 593; XXXV, 129, 165, 193, 237, 321, 385, 450, 513, 577, 741. Hubbard, F. M. (M.), XIV, 510. Hughes, H. (D.), XXV, 626. Hughes, R. W. (D.). Revived Series, III, 291. Hunter, James L. (M.), X, 233. Hunter, R. M. T. (M.), XXVI, 167; (D.), XXI, 531; XXIV, 492. Huntingdon, D. W. (M.), IV, 105, 245. Huntingdon, E. M. (D.), V, 13. Hutchinson, R. (D.), Revived Series, 11, 494. Ingleton, Pen. (M.), XVIII, 459, 529. Ireton, Fanny G. (M.), XXXIII, 423; XXXIV, 32, 297. Ivy, V. H. (D.), XII, 50. Jack, O. C. (M.), XII, 121. Jackson, Andrew (M.), VII, 800. James, (M.), VI, 300. James, G. P. R. (M.), XXIV, 203. Jamison, George D. F. (D.), XXII, 180. Janney, S. N. (M.), V, 518. Jay, Rev. William (M.), XIV, 229. Jefferson, Thomas (M.), Ill, 31, 304; XIV, 188. Jeffrey, A. (M.), XXXV, 463. Jenks, Harriet M. (M.), VIII, 321, 378. Jewett, H. J. (D.), XXVI, 513. Johnson, B. (M.), IX, 458. Johnson, F. (M.), XXXI, 179. 126 INDEX. Johnson, Lucy T. (M.), I, 466; II, 759. Johnson, R. M. (D.), XXII, 166. Jordan, Mrs. C. Q. M. (M.), XIX, 146, 564. Josselyn, Robert (M.), XL 434. Joynes, Ed. S. (M.), XXXV, 485. Junkin, Margaret (Mrs. Prescott) (M.), XV, 172; XVI, 596, 691, 709; XVII, 147, 533, 638; XVIII, 217, 433, 574; XIX, 41. Kalfus, S. (D.), XXVII, 178. Kane, Thomas L. (M.), XVII, 170. Kean, Robert G. H. (M.). XVI, 479. Keith, L. M. (D.), XXI, 491. Kenna, Ed. (D.), XX, 78. Kennedy, E. (M.), XVII, 752; XVIII, 53. Kennedy, John P. (M.), XXIV, 223. Kenny, Mrs. E. C. (M.), XV, 189. Kenyon, John (M.), V, 705. Ketchum, Annie C. (MJ, XXIX, 96. Kettell, G. P. (D.), IV, 85; V, 30; VI, 243; IX, 413; XII, 169; XXI, 308. Key, Francis Scott (M.), XVIII, 587, 673; XIX, 90. Kidney, J. S. (M.), VII, 31, 33. Kilbourn, P. K. (M.), VI, 650; VII, 304; IX, 9, 76; X, 671. Kilgaur, J. M. (M.), XVII, 253; XXXII, 483. Killibrew, J. E. (D. ), Revived Series, IV, 423. Kilpatrick, Dr. (D.). XI, 40; XII, 256, 631; XIII, 379; XV, 325; XXVI, 503, 630; XXVII, 403. King, Horatio (M.), Ill, 22. Kirby, Rev. Wm. (M.), V. 211. Knight, J. E. (M.), XII, 30. Knight, J. Matilda (M.), VII, 379. Knox, N. A. (D.), Revived Series, IV, 16, 61, 160, 545. Koeppen, Prof. (D.), XXI, 639; XXII, 302, 359. Landon, Letitia E. (M.), VII, 548, 637. Lane, Thomas W. (M.), XVIII, 402. Lanman, Charles (M.), VI, 296, 364, 412, 602, 609. 720, 723; VII, 26, 129, 199, 421; XIV, 682, 727; XV, 351, 413; XVI, 27, 98, 229, 272, 727; XVIII, 629. Lathrop, G. H. (D.), XIV, 230. Lauzac, Henry (M.), XXVIII, 72. Law, Edmund (M.), V, 512. Lawrence, William R. (M.). XXIII, 225, 378. Lea, A. M. (D.), XVII, 184. Lea, Henry C. (M.), X, 619. Le Blanc, Andre (D.), IX, 286. LeClerc, Frederick (M.), VII. 398. Lee, Charles C. (MJ, VIII, 257. Lee, D. (D.), XXII, 486. r.\Di:\. 127 Lee, Maj. Henry (M.), II, 541. Lee, Mary E. (M. ), XI, 267, 350, 443, 539, 633, 712, 713; XII, 11, 25, 87, 295, 361, 444, 488, 554, 616, 672, 725; XIII, 23, 281, 636; XIV, 29, 281, 409. Leo, Zaccheus C. (M.), V, 758. Leech, D. D. (D.), XVI, 553. Legarg, J. M. (M.), XII, 164; XIII, 342, 422, 471, 547; XIV, 596; XV, 6, 414; XVIII, 115; (D.), IX, 158, 392. Leigh, J. E. (M.), XV, 634, 681; XVI, 354; XXI, 430. Lepner, George (M. ), III, 103. Lester, C. E. (D.), XI, 227. Lewis, Charles H. (M.), VIII, 6, 111. Lewis, Charles H. (M.), VI, 111. Lieber, Prof. (D.), V, 388; XV, 53, 186. Lieber, Dr. Francis (M.), II, 535; III, 161. Lindsley, Dr. H. (M.), V, 616. Linebaugh, Prof. (D. ), Revived Series, III, 365. Linwood, Lottie (M.), XXVII, 176; XXVIII, 73. Littlepage, Lewis (M.), XIV, 450. Lochwood, Ralph (M.), XVII, 730. Lomax, Miss Jane T. (M.), VI, 828; VII, 162, 324, 571, 625, 705, 845; VIII, 231, 337, 379, 430, 468, 591, 620; IX, 33, 76. London, D. H. (D.), XXVIII, 314; XXIX, 466. Longfellow, H. W. (M.), V, 709; VI. 114, 819; VIII, 57; XV, 686. Longstreet, A. B. (M.), VI, 651. Loos. C. L. (M.), XV, 69. Loring, Judge (D.), XIX, 137. Love, Rev William (M.), XXI, !89, 220, 373. Lumpkin, J. H. (D.), XII, 41. Lunt, George (M.), II, 373. Lykins, David (M.), XVIII, 108. Lyle, Larry (M.), I, 232, 402. Lyler, J. A. (D.), XXI, 177. Lytton, Bulwer (Vid Bulwer), XX, 278. McDonald, H. B. (M.), 145, 650. McFarland, William H. (M.), XVII, 123. Madison, (D.), XX r. 369. Magoon, E. L. (M.), IX, 193; XIII, 741. Manigault, G. (D.), Revived Series, IV, 497. Mann, W. W. (D.), V, 390. Mann, A. D. (D.), XXI, 411; XXIV, 352. Marr, R. H. (D.), VII, 356. Marsh, George P. (M.), XIV, 328. Marshall, C. K. (D.), XVIII, 655; XXI, 519. Marshall, John (M.), VII, 759. Martin, F. X. (D.), II, 345. 128 INDEX. Martin, James (D.), XXIV, 382. Marvel, Ik. (M.), XIV, 10. 209; *XV, 499, 601, 722; XVI, 162, 717. Mason, John Y. (M.), XVIII, 348. Matthews, J. W. (M.), VI, 550, 699. Matthews, J. W. (M.). VIII, 480. Maury, M. F. (M.), VI, 233, 306, 786; VII, 3, 169, 290, 345, 391, 479, 654, 706; IX, 393, 458; XI, 83, 577; XIV, 4, 246, 547; XV, 260, 304; (D.), V, 64; VI, 205; VII, 510; XII, 126, 381; XIV, 449; XV, 36; XVI, 626; XIX, 72; XXII, 513. Maxwell, — (M.), II, 260, 554. Maxwell, I. A. (D.), Revived Series, III, 179. Mayer. Brantz (D.), IX, 31. Mayo, Mrs. Abigail (M.), 622. McCabe, Rev. John (M.), II, 466, 652; III, 233, 380, 489, 657; V, 146, 456, 598; VI, 465, 582; VII, 579; VII, 321; X, 282, 356, 607; XI, 631, 661; XIV, 591; XV, 226; XVI, 136, 612; XX, 187; XXII, 411, 791; XXXIII, 362, 411; XXXIV, 558" XXXV, 415. McCabe, Wm. Gordon (M.), XXV, 474; XXXIV. 81, 136; XXXV, 43, 270, 291; XXXVI, 178, 240. McCaleb, T. H. (D.), 179. McCaulay, D. D. (D.), I, 369, 444, 528. McCay, Prof. (D.), X, 206; XVI, 337. McClellan, I. (M.), X, 85; XI, 537. McCord, D. J. (D.), XI, 349; XV, 483; XVIII, 474, 591. MvCulloch, R. S. (D.), VI, 334; VII, 56; X, 252. MiGehee, M. H. (D.), VII, 73; XI, 7. McJilton, J. M. (ML), II, 367. McKay, Charles (M.), XXXIII, 270. McKnight, L. (D.), XIV, 28, 151; XVI, 311. McKrum, ■ (D.), IV, 95. McQuiggin, Giles (M.), I, 764. Mead, E. C. (M.), XXXII, 473; XXXIII, 184, 266, 440; XXXIV, 128, 376. Meade. Richard Kidder (M.), XXV, 22. Mecom, Mrs. Jane (M.), V, 304. Medina, Miss L. H. (M.), Ill, 569. Meek, A. B. (M.), VII, 685; IX, 646, 720, 754; X, 30, 377, 469; XIV, 26; XXI, 59; XXXV, 527. Mellen, G. (M.), Ill, 95. Memminger, G. C. (D.), XXIX, 751. Merrill, A. P. (D.), XX, 612. Messenger, William R. (M.), XXXIV, 245. Middleton, William (D.), XXVIII, 16. Miller, S. F. (D.), VI, 92, 181. Miller, S. S. (D.), XIX, 286. Miller, W. J. (M.), XXXI, 350. Millington, Prof. (M.), 592. INDEX. 129 Milnward, Mrs. Maria G. (M.), V, 751; VI, 505; VII, 37, 119; IX, 690. Minnigerode, Charles (M.), VIII, 606, 793; IX, 96. Minor, B. B. (M.), X, 315, 383, 507, 577; XI, 50, 65, 384, 420, 508, 567, 650; XIII, 65, 243, 356, 567, 611; XIV, 344; (D.), IV, 366, 450. Minor, Mrs. B. B. (M.), IX, 606; X, 277, 349, 426. Minor, Lucian (M.), II, 17. Minor, W. G. (M.), VII, 109. Mitchell, D. D. (M.), I, 534. Mitchell, J. D. (D.), XXIV, 277. McKiernan, George S. (M.), VII, 222, 477, 523. McMullen, John (M.), VIII, 197, 255. Moffit, Lieut. (D.), XXVI, 698. Monette, Annabel (M.), XXXII, 405. Moore, J. G. (D.), XV, 460; XVI, 12. Moore, J. I. (D.), XVI, 382; XXVIII, 615, 657; XXIX, 25, 401, 441, 702. Moore, J. W. (D.), XV, 109. Moore, Mollie (M.), XXXVI, 531. Morgan, H. J. (D.), Revived Series, II, 11. Morgan, J. W. (D.), XI, 463; XXVIII, 434, 514. Morgan, M. (M.), VI, 115. 329. Morse, G. W. (D.), XIX, 193. Morse, P. A. (D.), VI, 107; XXIII, 324, 367, 475, 477. Morrill, (D.), XXII, 492. Morris, George P. (M.), I, 317. Morris, R. G. (D.), XVII, 76; XX, 622. Morton, Miriam (M.), XXII, 272. Mount, S. A. (M.), VII, 1, 166. Mowatt, Anna C. (M.), VII. 723; VIII, 209, 430, 611; IX, 25. McPherson, J. D. (M.), XI, 402. Mulchinock, William D. (M.), XV, 120; XVI, 99; XVII, 7, 80, 211, 317, 629; XVIII, 34. Munford, George Win. (M.), I, 768; III, 711. Murphy, Dr. F. D.*(M.), VII, 243. Murray, C. A. (M.), VI, 571. Murray, Lindlay (M.), II, 669. Myers, Dr. Henry (M.), V, 833. Nealey, Mrs. Mary E. (M.), XX, 221. Nelson, Th. (M.), VI, 202. Nesbit, J. T. (D.), V, 303. Neville, Laurence (M.), XXIV, 35, 113, 191, 294, 381, 425; XXV, 104, 171, 336. Nevin, D. C. (M.), VII, 848. Newton, E. (D.), XVI, 427. Niles, J. M. (D.), V, 454. Noble, L. L. (M.), VI, 769. Norton, Mrs. (M.), I, 206. 130 INDEX. Norwood, Rev. (M.), VIII, 19. Nott, .Tosiah C. (D.), Ill, 358; IV, 275; X, 113, 229; XIX, 443. Nott, Thomas B. (M.), VI, 292. Noyes, J. D. (D. ), VI, 200; Revived Series, II, 1. Oakes, R. A. (M.), XXV, 232, 278. Olmstead, E. K. (D.), XXIX, 739. Orr, J. D. (D.), XIX, 1. Osgood, Francis S. (M.), XVI, 27. Otis, James F. (M.), II, 238, 494; III, 508, 537; IV, 130, 246; V, 14, 94, 216, 254, 348, 397, 506, 521, 629, 696, 721. Owen, D. D. (D.), XXV, 199. Palmer, Dr. Wm. P. (M.), XXIV, 1, 134, 210, 273. Pardigon, F. (M.), XXIX, 297. Parmele, Ed. (M. ), VI, 15, 677. Partridge, J. M. Paulding, J. K. (M.), I, 1, 31; II, 464, 538 539; IX, 56. Payne, B. H. (D. ), III, 39, 98. Peacock, J. S. (D. ), XI, 263. Peck, H. D. (D.), VIII, 101. Peck, H. J. (D.), V, 228. Pendleton, W. N. (M.), XXII, 199. Perkins, John (D.), XV, 275; XVII, 140; XIX, 462. Perley, (M.), XVIII, 149. Perrigo, W. H. (M.), XXXII, 66; XXXIII, 199, 336. Petacolas, A. E. (M.), XXXI, 416. Pettigrew, J. J. (D.), XXV, 166, 289. Peyton, J. L. (D.), XIX, 247, 405. Phillips, Barnard (M.), XVII, 110. Phillips, M. W. (D.), VII, 410. Phillips, P. (D.), XII. 399. Pickett, J. C. (M.), XI, 193. Pierce, George A. (D.). XI, 372, 601. Pierson, Mrs. L. J. (M.), V, 676, 725; VI, 686; VII, 201, 309, 792. Piggot, Mrs. Margaret (M.), XXXV, 240. Pillsbury, C. A. (D.), Revived Series, III, 158; IV, 537. Piatt, A. (M.), XVII, 147. Pleasants, Julia (M.), XIX, 721; XX, 105. Poe, Edgar A. (M.), I, 333, 448, 515, 636, 667. 693, 706; II, 13, 33. 106, 150, 154, 235, 238, 313, 318, 366, 387, 539, 552; III, 5, 13. 72. 109; XI, 186; XIV, 569, 577, 673; XV, 217, 292, 336, 414, 509, 600; XVI. 608; XXV, 331. Poe, Francis (D.), XIX, 456; XX, 448; XXI, 58; XXIV, 347. Poinsett, Joel R. (D.), II, 21, 27, 164, 429; III. 4 11. 462; V, 401. Pollard, E. A. (M.), XVII, 160; XVIII, 468; XXIV. 354; XXIX, 294; (D.), XXIII, 608; XXVIII, 550, 700, 704. Pope, John (D.), I, 227. INDEX. 131 Porcher, F. P. (D.), XXXI, 105. Porter, B. F. (M.), XVI, 53; (D.) I, 374; II, 24, 142, 224, 243, 351, 431; III, 165, 309; IV, 108. Porter, William D. (M.), X, 601, 681: XL 13. Potter, Charles (D. ), V, 513. Powell, L. M. (M.), VIII, 205. Powell, W. Byrd (M.), I, 42, 204. Pratt, I. (D.h II, 153. Pratt, J. (D.), XXIX, 334. Price, H. B. (D.), VII, 53; VIII, 146. Puer, W. B. (D.», XIV, 431. Putnam, G. P. (D.), IV, 194. Ramsay, Governor (D.), XXVIII, 325. Randall, James R. (M.), XXXIV, 40, 98. Randell, Henry S. (M.), XXXI, 133. Randolph, David M. (M.), I, 340. Randolph, John (M.), XXIV, 386. Rawle, J. (D.), 426. Ray, Luzerne (M.). VI, 829. Read, Thomas B. (M.), VTI, 473, 563. Reese, W. B. (M.), XXXI, 161, 296. Reid, John S. (M.), VTI, 116. Reynolds, J. B. (D.), VII, 389; VIII, 313. Reynolds, J. L. (D.), XXIX, 569; Revived Series, I, 71. Reynolds, J. H. (M.), 164. Reynolds, J. N. (JVL), IX, 705. Reynolds, T. C. (M.), IX, 641, 746; (D.), Ill, 547. Rhodes, W. H. (M.), XIV, 33. Rice, J. Strong (M. ), VIII, 590, 670, 672; X, 470, 542. Richards, William C. (M.), XXIX, 465. Richardson, R. (M.). XIII, 15. Richardson, W. C. (M.), XIV, 52, 561, 585. Riddell, J. L. (D.), II, 433; III, 528. Riddell, W. P. (D.), XII, 280, 466. Roane, A. (M.), XXI, 212, 283, 364, 420. 172, 538, 602. 681, 729; XXII, 168; (D.), XVIII, 545; XX, 645; XXI, 63; XXII, 62; XXIV, 173, 304; XXVIII, 566; XXIX, 448. Robb, James (D.), XXI, 121. Roberts, Dewitt C. (M.), VI, 601. Roberts, Percy (D.), XXV, 379; XXVI, 640; XXVII, 625. Robertson, John (M.), XVIII, 218, 304. Robertson, Wyndham (M.), XXXI, 81. Robinson, Conway (M.), XI, 49. Robinson, D. H. (JVL), X, 60, 106, 178, 315. Robinson, J. B. (D.), Revived Series, II, 274. Robinson, Solon (D. ), VII, 206, 379. 132 I1STDEX. Rodman, W. M. (M.), VIII, 590; X, 714. Roman, A. B. (D.), VII, 322. Rose, P. A. (D.), Ill, 56. Rozel, S. A. (M.), Ill, 148. Ruffin, Edmund (D.), XIV, 34; XXII, 462, 583; XXIII, 266, 385, 546; XXV, 27; XXVI, 415, 647; XXVIII, 55, 336, 392, 583; XXIX, 638. Ruffner, Henry (M.), IV, 792; V, 469, 638. Rush, Richard (M.), XVIII, 699. Sabine, L. (D.), XXVI, 691. Saunders, John (M.), XVII, 317. Sasnett, W. J. (D.), XII, 614. Saunders, Edwin (M.), II, 749. Saunders, Robert (M.), V, 595; XII, 540. Savage, John (M.), XXIX, 289. Schade, L. (D.), XIX, 648. Scheie de Vere, Prof. (M.), XXVI, 169, 296, 360. Schmidt, Charles F. (D.), Revived Series, III, 146. Schmidt, Gustavus (D.), I, 117. Scott, (D.), XVIII, 647. Scott, D. W. (D.), XVIII, 496. Scott, J. W. (D.), XV, 50: XVIII, 1; XXI, 289; XXVI, 560; XXVn, 125; XXVIII, 495, 648; XXIX, 187. Screven, William E. (M.), XVIII, 439. Scull, W. D. (D.), XXIX, 712. Seabrook, W. (D.), VII, 145. Seay, W. A. (D.), XXIV, 335. Sedgwick, Miss (M.), IV, 318, 573. Semple, William M. (M.), XXXV, 530, 550. Senseney, George E. (M.), XVIII, 172, 272: XXI, 538, 510; XXIV, 46. Sewall, Thomas (M.), V, 742. Shaffner, T. P. (D.), XXV, 253. Shakespear, Henry (M.), XXXI, 380. Shaw, James B. IB.), XIX, 157. Sheefer, P. W. (D.), XXV, 268. Shelton, P. W. (M.), XIX, 223; XXI, 42. Shepard, Professor (D.), XIX, 343. Shepard, Isaac (M.), VII. 249. Shepherd, William P. (M.), IX, 224. Sherwood, L. (D. ), XIX, 81, 201, 578. Shields, James T. C. (M.), XXXIV, 466. Shortridge, George D. (D.), XXVI, 547. Shreeve, T. H. (M.), VI, 608, 641. Shuck, Mrs. Henrietta (M.), VI, 822. Sigourney, Mrs. L. H. (M.), I, 12, 13, 51, 169, 371, 372, 635, 755; II, 525; III, 40; IV, 152, 321, 476, 650, 786; V, 101, 210, 413, 430, 581; VII, 177; VIII, 282, 286; XIV, 3, 139, 292, 457; XX, 120, 140. INDEX. 1 33 Sill, Preston D. (D.). XXXI, 356, 358. Simmons, James W. (M.), XV, 561, 673. Simms, William Gilmore (M.), II, 530, 535, 635; III, 157, 194, 353, 367; IV, 79; V, 817; VI, 36, 37, 38, 290, 444, 736; VII, 177, 468; X, 7, 137. 340, 449; XI, 138, 761; XII, 531; XVI, 36; XVII, 193, 281, 339, 410, 467; XXVITI, 460; XXXII, 5; XXXIV, 101: (D.) XIX, 588; XXIV, 338. Slidell, A. (M.), II, 540. Smeder, A. K. (D.), XIII, 475. Smith, A. A. (I).), XIII, 475. Smith, C. D. (M.), X, 181. Smith, Emeline (M.), XXIV, 418. Smith, F. (D.), Ill, 565. Smith, Mrs. Harrison (M.), Ill, 344. Smith, H. (D.), VII, 48, 128, 246; XI, 468; XXIV, 328. Smith, Mrs. Sheba (M.), V, 465, 572, 720; VI, 46, 49, 60, 296, 717; VII, 1, 247, 337, 607; VIII, 86, 121, 241, 317. Smith, S. R. (M.), XXXI, 248. Smith, W. G. (D.), XXII, 479. Smyth, J. J. (M.), XV, 539. Snodgrass, J. E. (M.), VI, 245; VII, 64, 284. South, Elma (M.), XX, 374. Southey, Caroline (M.), IX. 85. Speece. Fred. (M. ), I, 636. Spencer, (M.), XVII, 17. Spooner. L. (D. ). Revived Series, II, 150; IV, 161, 393. Spratt. L. W. (M.), XXXII, 409. Squier, E. G. (D.), XXIX, 410. , Stanton, W. N. (M.), XIII, 152, 356. Stein, A. (D.), VII. 103, 396; VIII, 105, 335; IX, 55, 304, 354, 594; XI, 574; XII, 1, 13; XVI, 66, 225; XVIII, 746; XXVII, 426, 696; XXVIII, 76, 183; Revived Series, I, 184. 245, 589; II, 373; III, 547. Steuckrath, Geoorge (D.), XXVI, 439; XXVII, 84. 407, 462, 688; XXVIII, 305. Stewart, John S. (M.), XXVII, 94. Stickney, L. D. (D.), Revived Series, II, 382. Stilling. Margaret (M.), XXXIV, 296, 546, 648; XXXV, 155, 402. St. Maur, Lewis (M.), V, 459. Stocton, Miss E. H. (M.), V, 223. Stockton, John D. (M.), XXX, 453; XXXI, 110. Stoddard, R. H. (M.), XV. 349; XVI, 205, 365, 426; XVII, 17; XVIII, 681; XXIII, 214. Stone, L. B. (D.), Ill, 376. Storrow, Thomas W. (M.), XII, 377, 409, 481. Strohmm, Isaac F. (M.), VII, 249. Strong, George D. (M.), VII, 598. 134 INDEX. Struve. G. F. (M.), VIII, 60; IX, 149. Swain, C. (M.), XIV, 730. Swallow, C. C. (D.), XXVI, 668. Swift, Mrs. Jane L. (M.), IX, 352, 462, 577; X, 89, 151; XI, 299, 345. Sykes, W. J. (D.), XI. 621; XIV, 63, 417; Revived Series, IV, 419. Talley, Susan A. (M.), XVI, 240, 329, 577, 696; XVII, 44, 99; XVIII, 745; XIX, 55, 74, 213, 278, 395, 628; XX, 75; XXIII, 207; XXIV, 187, 409; XXV, 415; XXVIII, 448; XXXI, 52; XXXII, 480; XXXIII, 126, 169; XXXIV. 530. Tallmadge, G. L. (M.), VIII, 528. Tappan, William (M.), IX, 391, 530. Tarver, M. (D.), Ill, 187; VII, 103. Taylor, Evelyn H. (M.), IX, 129. Taylor, George (D.), IV, 177. Taylor, J. H. (D.), VIII, 24. Taylor, O. J. (M.), XXI. 750. Thackeray, W. M. (M.), XIX, 344. Thomas, Fred. Wm. (M.), IV, 297. 473 Thomassy, Professor (D.), XXIII. 537; XXVII, 419; XXXI, 442. Thompson, E. P. (M.), XXXVI, 115, 138, 269. Thompson, George W., Ill, 159: XIV, 192; XVI, 54. Thompson, Henry (M.), II, 684, 696, 718. Thompson. John R. (M.), XIII, 611, 641, 760; XIV, 1, 57. 260, 699; XV, 60, 694, 758; XVI, 61, 192, 240, 329, 453, 516, 560, 577, 697; XVII, 63, 104, 250. 322, 386, 453. 517, 667. 699; XVIII, 61, 126, 192. 255, 318, 3S1, 442, 511. 474, 613, 630, 698, 702, 758; XIX, 57, 184, 251, 315, 444, 518, 642, 675, 707, 777; XX. 59, 123. 189, 253, 330, 441, 460, 528, 565, 699, 763; XXI. 95, 190. 235, 252, 303, 338, 389, 449, 546, 630, 762; XXII. 77, 156, 235, 317, 337, 416, 472; XXIII, 79, 93, 154, 20S. 233, 306, 393, 465; XXIV, 76, 169, 236, 307, 392, 468; XXV. 71, 149, 233, 395, 471; XXVI, 75, 148. 161, 316, 329, 390, 466; XXVII, 76, 155, 230, 469; XXVIII, 74, 145, 232, 311, 395, 468; XXIX. 73, 131, 151, 229. 308; XXX, 72. 107, 228. 391, 470; XXXII, 420; XXXIV, 367, 475. Thompson, M. ( D. ) , XIX, 100. Thornton, Ed. (D.), X, 97. Thornwell, Dr. (D.), XXV, 417. Thrasher, J. S. (D.), XVII, 43. Timrod, Henry ("Aglaus") (M.), aV, 24, 384. 484. 754; XVI. 14, 52, 116; XVII, 218, 250, 443. 645; XVIII, 504; XIX, 765; XX, 28. 187; XXII. 87; XXIII, 256; XXVII, 533. Tomlin, .John (M.), IX, 727; X, 569. Toombs, Robert (D.), XX, 58i. Trescott, W. H. (D.), XVII, 285, 327; XX, 143; XXVII, 668. Trezevant, J. T. (D.), XVI, 578. Troost, L. (D. ), I, 251: XVII, 319. IXDEX. 135 Troy, D. S. (D.), XXVI, 23. Tuck. W. J. (M.), XVIII, 470. Tucker, Beverley (M.). I. 145, 227, 388, oOl; III, 209; IV, 781; V, 559, 587; XIII, 568; (D.), XXXI, 59. Tucker, George Prof. (M.), I, 405; IV, 344; XI, 96. Tucker. Hon. Henry St. Geo. (M.), II, 258. Tucker, St. George (M.). XXV. 113; XXVIII. 236; XXXII, 189. Tuckerman, H. T. (M.), VI, 41, 267, 393, 652, 713, 785, 838; VII, 28, 105, 177, 249, 380, 473, 605. 739, 742, 858; VIII, 37, 741; XIV, 83, 177, 402, 587. 711; XV, 25, 141, 239, 273, 259, 587, 651; XVI, 7, 82, 129; XVII, 212, 344. 472, 625: XIX, 146. 696; XXIV, 50; XXVIII, 81; XXIX, 139. Tuel. J. E. (D.), XIV. 576; XV, 341. Turner, George W. (MJ, VII, 575. Turner, J. A. (M.), XIV, 572; XVI, 533, 624; XVIII. 179; XXVII, 380; (D.), IX, 397, 578; XXV. 395; XXVI. 136; XXIX. 70. Turner, J. G. (D.), XI, 112. Turner, William W. (M.). XXX. 169. Tuthill. Miss C. L. (M.), VI. 585. Tyler, John (M.), III. 747; V. 20- XXIII, 81; XXIV, 435; (D.) ("Python"), XXI. 606 ; XXVII, 1, 36. 245; XVIII, 254, 367; XXIX, 631. Tyler, Julia G. (M.), XIX, 120. Tyson, J. R. (D.), XIV, 476; XV, 431, 403. Underwood. Godfrey (M.), 406. 57m. Upshur, A. P. (M.), V, 622. Upshur, Caleb B. (M.), VI, 341. Upshur. Mary J. (M.), XXXII, 433; XXXIII, 114, 371. Upton, W. S. (D.), II. 155. 271. 354. Vail. Eugene (M.), V. 361. Van Benthuysen, W. A. (D. ). Revived Series, I, 173, 190. Van Epps, A. C. (D. ), V, 324. 411. Van Eyne. Dr. (D.). XV, 1. Vass. H. P. (M.), X, 158, 372; XI, 467. Via, J. A. (M.), XXXIV, 315. Wade Robert L. (M.), VII, 157, 320, 328, 733; IX, 81. Wagner. John A (D.). Revived Series, III, 525; IV, 86. Wailes. B. C. (D.). XIX, 102. Walker. Felix (D.). XVI. 150. Walker. J. W. (D.), XI, 1. Walker, R. J. (D.), XXI, 589. Walker. S. R. (D.). X, 596; XVII, 519. Walker. W. (D.), Ill, 48, 279; XXVIII, 154. Wallace, W. (M.). V, 605, 637; VI, 1, 356, 676; VII, 276, 328; XV, 627. Wallis, George B. (M.), VI. 53. 67, 132, 397, 407, 706, 766; VII, 53, 67, 132; XIV, 280. 136 INDEX. Wall is, George W. (M.), VI, 737. Wallace, S. Teackle (M.), VII, 241, 441; VIII, 305; XXXIV, 444. Waller, H. W. (D.), XI, 611. Walthall. Capt. (M.), XXXIV, 1. Walton, Thomas (D.), XXVI, 51. Warren, Owen G. (M.), X, 666. Warren, T. R. (D.), Revived Series, I, 352. Washington, Augusta (M.), XXXIII, 363. Washington, Baron von (M.), XI, 252. Waterhouse, S. (D.), Revived Series, IV, 211, 308. Waterman, Prof. (M.), XI, 697. Watkins, F. M. (D.), XXIV, 285. Watterson, George (M.). I, 644; IX, 652; X, 306. Webster, Daniel (M.), IX, 588. Weightman, R. C. (D.), XXIII, 391. Weiss, E. (D.), IX. 132; XX, 60. Weller, S. (D.), IV, 310; V, 29; VII, 59; VIII, 245; IX, 381; XII, 470. Wellford, Beverly R. (M.), XXI, 562. Wells, Mary G. (M.), X, 200, 502, 661; XI, 24, 212, 750; XII, 95; XIV, 720; XV, 289. Wetherald, Esther (M.), VII, 385. Wheaton, Robert (M.), XII, 683. Whitaker, D. K. (M.), XXXIII, 142. Whitaker, Mrs. M. L. (M.), XXXIII, 30, 81. White, Maunsel (D. ), II, 177; XXV, 480. White, T. W. (M.), Ill, 96. Whitman, P. S. (M.), IX, 36. Whitman, Sarah H. (M.), XV, 362. Whitner, B. F. (D.), XIX, 317. Whitney, A. (D.), IV. 164. Whittlesey, (M.), XXVIII, 414. Whittlesey, S. J. C. (M.), XXXI, 358. Wilde, R. H. (M.), 1, 13, 99, 186, 187, 231, 252, 318. Wilde, W. C. (M.), XVIII, 654. Wilkins, W. F. (D.), VI, 362. Wilkinson, J. B. (D.), XVI. 535. Wilkinson, R. A. (D.), IV, 229; VI, 53. Willard, Mrs. (M.), I, 538, 539; XIV, 450. Williams, G. D. (D.), Revived Series, II, 392. Williams, J. R. (D.), XXVI, 250. Willis, N. P. (M.), I, 366; II, 300; IV, 156, 157. Wilmer, George F. (M.), XXIV, 435. Wilmer, L. A. (M.), II, 40, 366. Wilson, Mrs. C. B. (M. ), XIV, 450. Wilson, Holt (M.), XXVI, 32, 215; XXVII, 161; XXIX, 14; XXXIII, 241. I3TDEX. 137 Windle, Mariah J. (M.), XIX, 250. Winslow, Forbes (M.), X, 667. Winthrop, William (M.), XII, 129, 232, 502; XVI, 406; XVII, 521. Wirt, William (M.), I, 34; IX, 422; XV, 698. Wise, Henry A, (M.), XXIII, 1; XXIV, 462; XXVI, 242; (D.), XXIII, 58. Wiswall, J. T. (D.), XXVIII, 551; XXIX, 42. Witler, R. B. (M.), XXXV, 282. Wolfe, Charles (M.), I, 203. Wood, (D.), XXII, 288. Wood, Charles (M.), XV, 734; XVI, 473. Wood, Mrs. Jean (M.), I, 209. Wood, William M. (M.), IX, 671. Woodman, T. W. (D.), XXV, 442. Woodruff, C. A. (M.), VII, 76, 78, 241, 245, 471. Worthington, Jane T. (M.), X, 303, 545, 616, 731; XI, 9, 299, 375, 478, 549, 670, 689; XII, 82, 198, 349, 512; XIII, 30, 41, 89. Wray, L. (D.), XII, 646. Wright, P. C. (D.), II, 46. Wright, W. W. (D.), XXVII, 296, 526; XXVIII, 57, 201, 440, 583, 638; XXIX, 1, 137. Wynne, James (M.), XV, 492. Yoakum, H. (D.), XXI, 350. Yulee, D. L. (D.), XX, 492. Zimmerman, J. H. (D.), XVII, 451. RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT TO— +> 202 Main Library 642-3403 LOAN PERIOD 1 2 3 4 5 b LIBRARY USE This book is due before closing time on the last date stamped below DUE AS STAMPED BELOW LIBRARY USE ^UU 16 1979 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. DD6A, 20m, 1 1 /78 BERKELEY CA 94720 L (S2700i>) -=83*-