PLAYS BY BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON SECOND SERIES PLAYS BY BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON SECOND SERIES LOVE AND GEOGRAPHY (geografi og kjaerlighed) BEYOND HUMAN MIGHT (over evne: annex stykke) LABOREMUS (laboremus) TRANSLATED FROM THE NORWEGIAN WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY EDWIN BJORKMAN t ; NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1914 COPTRIQHT, 1914, BT CHARLES SCRIBNERS SONS Published February, 1014 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Love and Geography 13 Beyond Human Might 113 Laboremus 225 ivil8?aG0 INTRODUCTION IJM ''^^ 2/ INTRODUCTION It has been said that Bjornson was the first dramatist who — in "A Business Failure" {E71 Fallit) — succeeded in creating a genuine home atmosphere on the stage. And speaking of "Love and Geography," the late Henrik Jaeger, Norway 's fore- most literary historian, had this to say: "Bjornson is as con- sistent in his glorification of the home and the family as is Ibsen in raising the personality, the individual, to the skies. ... In the name of personal self-expression, Ibsen lets a wife leave her home to seek by herself a way toward clearness and inde- pendence; in the name of the home, Bjornson brings an es- tranged married couple back into each other's arms." This intense feeling for home and home ties asserts itself in all of Bjornson's work. It was part of his nature and may to some extent have been derived from his peasant ancestry, j Whenever he refers to this side of man's existence, his voice seems to grow mellower, his imagination more vivid. Few have surpassed him in the power of endowing a domestic in- terior vdth that warm light which flows from an open fire in the gloaming, when there is no other light to rival it. And he seemed to have a special genius for presenting every kind of relationship based on blood-kindred in the most attractive colours. In illustration may be quoted the exquisite scene between brother and sister in the second act of "Beyond Human Might." It would not be safe, however, to conclude that " Love and Geography" is a sermon preached on behalf of the home as opposed — one might say — to the individuals within it. 3 4 INTRODUCTION Bjornson's concern for the right of every personaHty to expand freely in accordance with the laws and tendencies of its own nature was hardly less eager than that of Ibsen. And it will be as correct, in considering the first play of the present volume, to place the emphasis on Karen Tygesens initial re- volt as on her final regrets at having revolted. It is true that the play, as it progresses, increasingly accentuates the dangers to which all the members of a family become exposed through the weakening of their sense of unity and community. But nevertheless its ultimate lesson seems likely to be that a home which does not offer reasonable freedom to all its members is doomed to perish. In a way the attitude taken by Bjornson in this work may be considered old-fashioned, as he persists in regarding woman as primarily man's helpmate. But within these lim- its he is radical and modern enough to satisfy the most ad- vanced demands. The play, we must remember, was written in 1885, when we had barely begun to feel the economic revolution which since then has swept so many millions of women from their old domestic moorings into the whirlpool of industrial competition. It was only natural that, at such a time, Bjornson might still accept the home as "woman's sphere." And it is the more to his credit that, even at that time, he refused to make it her prison. The note struck from the first is one of protest against the selfish tendency of the artist or the thinker to consiiler his work as an end in itself, and as such superior to the life which it ought to be serving. A play of nuich later date and out- look having very much in conunon with "Love and Geog- raphy" is Bernard Shaw's "Man and Superman." The central theme of both is the same, no matter how much the two treatments of it may diff