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 (SUPPLEMENTAEY VOLUME) 
 
PRINTED BY 
 
 SPOTTISW'OODE AND CO. LTD., NEW-STREET SQUARE 
 
 LONDON 
 
STANFORD'S 
 
 COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL 
 (SUPPLEMENTAKY VOLUME) 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 OF 
 
 . GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 AND 
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 
 
 .' -AND OF WORDS OF FREQUENT OCCURRENCE IN THE 
 \ * COMPOSITION OF SUCH TERMS AND OF 
 
 PLACE-NAMES 
 
 ALEXANDER KNOX, B.A., F.R.G.S. 
 
 ii 
 
 AUTHOR OF "A GUIDE TO RECENT LARGE-SCALE MAPS' ETC. 
 
 *^ OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 J^LIFOK^ 
 
 LONDON: EDWARD STANFORD 
 
 12, 13, & 14, LONG ACRE, W.C. 
 
 1904 
 
K'7 
 
 ®MB&L 
 
>* rye y'^'g 
 
 UNIVERSITY J 
 
 OF / 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Glossary is the outcome of a series of notes taken 
 during a long course of close geographical reading extending 
 over some ten years, and almost entirely restricted to works 
 dealing with extra -European countries. When, however, 
 the collection of terms began to assume fairly large propor- 
 tions, it was thought advisable to add similar terms for the 
 European languages. This is, in brief, the history of the 
 Glossary the compilation of which has involved a very con- 
 siderable amount of labour, apart altogether from the collec- 
 tion of the raw materials. 
 
 In a pioneer work of this kind small errors will inevitably 
 creep in, however great care may be taken to exclude them ; 
 errors of judgment, too, may possibly in time be brought to 
 light ; the insertion of some few terms may eventually prove 
 to have been superfluous, while the exclusion of some others 
 may be thought to lessen the value of the whole. Time 
 alone can tell. 
 
 Though in no way responsible for the Glossary, or for 
 any such errors, Dr. A. H. Keane has not only very kindly 
 read the proofs, but has allowed the author to draw, without 
 stint, on his vast fund of knowledge and experience, and has, 
 moreover, by his criticism, both constructive and destructive, 
 added largely to the value of the work ; and, as a matter 
 
 204918 
 
VI INTRODUCTION 
 
 of fact, the paragraphs in this introduction which deal with 
 the law of interchange of consonants in the Indo-European 
 family of languages are from his, pen. 
 
 The spelling of the terms has been made to conform, as 
 far as possible, with the spirit of the system or code recom- 
 mended by the Eoyal Geographical Society for the spelling 
 of place-names. This code, though capable of considerable 
 improvement, has, in its present form, been in use for some 
 years, and Continental Geographical Societies have formu- 
 lated similar codes on the same lines but with modifications 
 to suit the language in each instance. In the case of 
 languages written in Eoman character the spelling of the 
 terms, as recommended for place-names, undergoes no 
 change ; the terms remain as spelled in those languages. 
 But where any language is written otherwise than in Eoman 
 character, or is not written at all, an approximation to the 
 sounds intended to be conveyed is arrived at by the use of 
 English consonants and Italian vowels. 
 
 According to this code or convention a is pronounced as 
 in father ; e and ei have the force of a in place, crater, i.e. 
 they are equivalent roughly to the French e, e,e; i is pro- 
 nounced as in ravine, and replaces the English ee (as in 
 deep) which is discarded ; o is pronounced as in the final o 
 in volcano, or as in pole ; u as in true, flute ; y is always a 
 consonant, never a vowel ; qu as in quarry is replaced by 
 kw, otherwise by k ; the sound of ou (as in mountain) and 
 ow (as in tower) is replaced by au or ao ; the simple o is 
 used for the sound ow (as in meadow) ; and thus w is a con- 
 sonant except in the combination aw ; i (as in mine) is 
 replaced by ai, Ch is always pronounced as in church ; ph 
 
INTRODUCTION Vll 
 
 is never used to represent, the sound of /; g is always hard, 
 the soft g being replaced by j, which always has* the force of 
 that letter in jetty ; the r is always rolled ; the sound s in 
 measure is given by zh ; kh is a hard guttural as in loch ; 
 gh another guttural something like the Northumbrian r or the 
 Parisian r ; c is not used, the soft c being represented by s 
 and the hard by k. Every letter is sounded and no super- 
 fluous letters are used. Finally no diacritical marks are 
 allowed except the accent (') to denote stress, and the 
 ordinary short mark to suit one particular instance. These 
 are the main features of the code of the Koyal Geographical 
 Society, which, so far as African words are concerned, has 
 been rigidly adhered to in the Glossary, the final h being 
 retained only in some Arabic words in the combination ah, 
 when it is actually sounded. 
 
 In transliterating terms from foreign works, the following 
 modifications have been adopted : — 
 
 1. German : ch has been replaced by kh; sch by sh, tsch 
 by ch and dsch by j ; ai has been used for the German ei, 
 and oi for eu. 
 
 2. French : ou before a vowel has been replaced by w, 
 and otherwise by u : thus the French Ouagadougou would be 
 written Wagadugu ; ai, ay, and eg have been transformed 
 into ei or the simple e, dj has been represented by j, ch by 
 sh, tch by ch. The French eu has been allowed to stand, as 
 the code does not provide for the sound. 
 
 3. Italian : c before e or i has been replaced by ch, else- 
 where by k ; g before e and i hjj; gli by lyi ; sch by sk ; 
 sc before e and i by sh ; gu before a, e, i has been repre- 
 sented by gw ; where ci, gi, sci are followed by another vowel, 
 
Vlll INTRODUCTION 
 
 the i has been omitted ; thus the Italian Scioa would be 
 represented by Shoa, and Goggiam by Gojam. 
 
 Similar changes have been made in words derived from 
 Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and Scandinavian authors, so 
 as to represent in all cases the actual sound as near as may 
 be. Thus, the Span. Moqui, Chiquito, Quechua, become Moki, 
 Chikito, Kechua, the Deh. Soenda becomes Sunda and so on. 
 
 In Kafir terms, c, q, and x have been used to represent 
 respectively the dental, palatal, and lateral clicks which are 
 alluded to below. 
 
 It has been thought advisable, in certain cases, to depart 
 from the strict letter of the code, and to retain the customary 
 diacritical marks, and in some cases the final h — notably in 
 words of Sanscrit, Persian, and Hindi origin, and also in 
 Malay words — where the terms are not actually place-names. 
 When, however, the terms are used in the examples either 
 as place-names or as constituent elements in place-names 
 the diacritical marks have been withheld and the final h 
 withdrawn in accordance with the spirit of the code. The 
 reason for this departure from the conventional rules is 
 threefold and may be best explained by examples. Firstly, 
 the final h has been retained in some cases, as in dih, deh, 
 the Pers. for ' village,' inasmuch as the h is an integral and 
 important factor in the root diha from which dih, deh is 
 drawn ; and, were the h omitted, the derivation would be 
 obscured ; but in Charde (' The Four Villages '), since it is a 
 place-name, the h is omitted and the derivation given. 
 Secondly, the use of diacritical marks is necessary to dif- 
 ferentiate between terms which have different meanings, 
 but, without the marks, would have precisely the same form. 
 
INTRODUCTION IX 
 
 For instance mandal is the Hind, for ' a port ' or ' harbour,' 
 but manual in the same language means ' a district ' : 
 ab-guzar is the Pers. for ' a watercourse,' but ab-guzar for ' a 
 ford,' and so on ; but as with the final h, so with the diacritical 
 marks, when the terms become elements in place-names 
 these marks have been dropped, thus hamim the Pers. for 
 1 a desert,' but Hamun-i-Sistan without the mark ; batu the 
 Malay for * rock ' and Batu-tujo without the mark, but batu- 
 titi, ' a mile-post,' with the mark, not being a place-name. 
 Thirdly — and this is a point not without importance — those 
 who have some acquaintance with these languages and 
 their subtle niceties cannot only appreciate the exact pro- 
 nunciation, but can also immediately re-transcribe the terms 
 in the original characters. 
 
 The Glossary being intended as an aid to the reading of 
 maps and geographical works, many words, taken from 
 standard books and maps, have been included the spelling 
 of which does not accord with more recent ideas on the 
 subject, the object being to assist the reader, without assum- 
 ing that he already possesses sufficient knowledge to enable 
 him to recognise a term disguised in what would now be 
 thought an uncanny garb. Thus the forms itam and etam, 
 hwang and hoang, are both given in the Glossary, and in 
 some cases as many as three forms or more occur, as teluk, 
 telok, tullok, but in such circumstances the misspellings 
 are referred to the correct term. Where two or more 
 forms are actually in use, where one term is simply a variant 
 of another, in such cases of dialectic difference all the forms 
 are given ; thus balad, bilad, and bled all appear, and so too 
 gram, garam, and giram, km, krum, korum, and krom, mong, 
 
X INTRODUCTION 
 
 meng, and meung, du, dim, and dhub will all be found. 
 Again, with regard to Chinese words, the spelling depends 
 to a large extent on whether the language is that of the 
 North, of the Mandarins, of the capital— Pekingese in fact — 
 or whether it is the language of the South, of the rest of 
 China, or Nankingese, and the spelling will then further 
 depend on whether the words found were transcribed accord- 
 ing to the system adopted by Wade, or some modification of 
 it, or whether they were rendered into Eoman character in 
 accordance with the system formulated by Von Eichthofen. 
 Thus the chou of Pekingese and Wade becomes chau in 
 Nankingese, according to Von Kichthofen's rendering ; 
 similarly the chiang of the North corresponds with the kiang 
 of the South. In such circumstances, where both forms 
 have been found, both have been inserted, and, in some 
 instances, more than two forms are given, e.g. pe, peh, 
 and pei. 
 
 Dealing, as it does, with words selected from many 
 languages and from various dialects, scattered over the 
 face of the globe, the Glossary seems to need some kind of 
 binding or cementing material, to join or link together, if 
 not all, at least as many as possible of these languages and 
 tribal or local dialects into groups, since they cannot, from 
 the nature of the case, be brought into closer relationship 
 and so form one homogeneous whole. In a certain limited 
 measure this linking has been accomplished by means of 
 references to cognate terms ; and with the same end in view 
 the paragraphs which immediately follow are devoted to the 
 various changes, principally consonantal changes, which 
 words undergo as they pass from one of a group or family of 
 
INTRODUCTION XI 
 
 languages or dialects to another; and at the same time 
 a few of the marked peculiarities of some of the languages 
 are indicated. 
 
 Peculiar to the Teutonic branch of the Aryan linguistic 
 family is a general tendency to strengthen the mutes (ex- 
 plosives), and this tendency, acting from remote times, has 
 set up a normal permutation of consonants the law of which, 
 discovered by Erasmus Rask, developed by Jacob Grimm, 
 and completed by Karl Yerner, is commonly known as 
 Grimm's Law of Lautverschiebimg ( ' sound-shifting ' ). By 
 it are primarily affected the organic Aryan soft sonants, b, g, 
 d, which become the hard surds, p, k, t, while the organic 
 surds, p, k, t, become everywhere the hard fricatives, f, h, th. 
 Here the rotation is arrested in the first instance, because 
 these fricatives are incapable of further strengthening. 
 These first shifts were already completed in the prehistoric 
 period, as seen in the consonantal system of Gothic, the 
 oldest known Teutonic language, whose written records date 
 from the fourth century of the new era. 
 
 But these first prehistoric shifts were not uniform and 
 their vagaries were a cause of much trouble to philologists 
 till the true explanation was discovered by Verner and 
 announced in 1877 (in Kuhn's Zeitschrift, vol. xxiii. p. 97), 
 as under : 
 
 'Aryan k, t, p, first shifted everywhere to h, th, f ; the 
 fricatives thus generated, as well as the surd (voiceless) 
 fricative s inherited from Aryan, then became themselves 
 sonant (voiced) when medial and in sonant company, but 
 remained unchanged immediately after accented vowels.' 
 
 It is the clause here italicised that constitutes the essence 
 
xii INTRODUCTION 
 
 of Verner's discovery, which for the first time takes into 
 account the important part played by accent in this phonetic 
 system. In general, mutes preceding the accent, being 
 under less control, have double shifting, the voiceless stops 
 passing first to voiceless fricatives, and then to voiced 
 fricatives. But mutes following the accent have only 
 one shift — voiceless stops to voiceless fricatives, except in 
 weak syllables, where the second shift takes place after as 
 well as before the accent. Hence it is that in Teutonic 
 organic k, t, p appear as h, th, f, or as g, d, b, according 
 as they occur after or before the accent, while organic s 
 (voiceless) remains unchanged or arrested after the accent, 
 but becomes voiced (z) before the accent, and it is this 
 voiced s that later becomes r in German, Anglo-Saxon, 
 and especially Norse. Thus Scr. antara=Go^. anthar = 
 A.S.6HheT (for ondher) = Eng. other, with simple shift only 
 (t to th), because the accent precedes. But Scr. antar=(xo£/t. 
 undar=^.#. and Eng. under, with double shift (t through 
 th to d), because the accent follows. So Goth, hausjan for 
 hauzjan = A£. hera,ii= Eng. to hear, voiceless s through voiced 
 s (z) to r. 
 
 These prehistoric shifts are carried further, but mainly in 
 German and Dutch, in the historic period beginning about 
 the seventh century a.d. Here the voiceless fricatives pass 
 through the voiced fricatives to the voiced explosives : f 
 through v to b ; hard h (ch) through soft h to g; voiceless 
 th through voiced th to d. Thus Goth, tha (voiceless th) = 
 Eng. the (voiced th) = 6rer. der, Dutch de. 
 
 Here the shift is carried one step forward in Eng. ; and 
 two in Ger. and Dutch, which thus complete the rotation. 
 
INTRODUCTION Xlll 
 
 But A.S. and Eng. in many cases stand at the prehistoric 
 {Goth.) level, as in thorp (voiceless th) = Ger. dorf; Goth. 
 t]laurnus = ^./S , . and Eng. thorn (voiceless th) = Ger. dorn 
 = Dutch, doom ; and always when th is followed by r or w, 
 as in three = Ger. drei; thwart, thwack, &c. In Ger. k of the 
 Gothic period passes through aspiration (ch for kh) to the 
 aspirate (h) ; t through z (written ts) to ss for voiceless s, 
 and voiceless s often to voiced s. Thus Pliny's Amisia 
 (voiceless s) becomes the modern river Ems (voiced s), while 
 the Catti of Tacitus pass through the forms Chatti, Hatsi, 
 to the modern Hessen (Hessians). 
 
 With these remarks the subjoined table of the more 
 general permutations will become intelligible. And the 
 confusion caused by our present somewhat exuberant phonetic 
 terminology may be obviated by remembering that mutes, 
 explosives, and stops are synonymous terms, having reference 
 to those non-continuous consonants that form a complete 
 vocal stop. These are the labials or lip-letters, p, b ; the 
 gutturals or throat-letters, k, g ; and the dentals or teeth- 
 letters, t, d. These again with the sibilant s may be either 
 voiceless, surd, hard, tenues, or thin (all practically synony- 
 mous terms) ; or else voiced, sonant, soft, flat, lenes, mediae, 
 or smooth (also synonymous terms) ; the former being p, k, 
 t, s, the latter b, g, d, z. Thus the mute, explosive, or stop 
 p is a voiceless, surd, hard, or thin labial ; b, a voiced, 
 sonant, soft, flat, or smooth labial, and so on. Corresponding 
 to these explosives are the fricatives and aspirates p'h, f, v ; 
 k'h, h ; t'h, th, which in Teutonic grow out of the voiceless 
 explosives p, k, t. With other categories, such as palatals 
 and cerebrals, we are not here concerned, 
 
XIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Explosives, 
 Mutes, 
 
 or 
 Stops 
 
 Organic Aryan Sonants, 
 
 Surds and Fricatives and 
 
 Aspirates 
 
 First (pre- 
 historic) 
 Shifts 
 
 Second 
 
 (historic) 
 
 Shifts 
 
 
 
 Sansc. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Latin 
 
 Gothic 
 
 A.S. 
 
 English 
 
 Old High 
 Ger. Dutch 
 
 Middle 
 High Ger. 
 
 New High 
 Ger. 
 
 Labials . \ 
 
 Gutturals j 
 
 Dentals . •] 
 Sibilants . 
 
 b 
 
 P 
 bh(h) 
 
 g 
 
 k 
 
 gh(h) 
 
 d 
 
 t 
 
 dh(h) 
 
 s 
 
 J8 
 it 
 <t> 
 
 7 
 
 K 
 X 
 
 u 
 
 T 
 
 e 
 
 <r s 
 
 b 
 
 P 
 
 Mb) 
 
 g 
 
 c, qu, g 
 
 h/f(q,v) 
 
 d 
 
 f (d, b) 
 
 s 
 
 P 
 
 f,b 
 
 b 
 
 k 
 
 n, g (f) 
 
 g 
 
 t 
 
 th, d 
 
 d 
 
 s, z, r 
 
 «.ph 
 
 * (p, v) 
 
 P 
 
 ch 
 h 
 k 
 
 z 
 d 
 
 t 
 
 ts (z) r 
 
 pf,f 
 f,v,b 
 
 b, P 
 
 k, ch, ck 
 h, ch 
 
 g. c 
 
 z, tz 
 d,t 
 
 t 
 
 sch, r 
 
 pf,f 
 
 f, v, b 
 b 
 
 k, ch, ck 
 h, ch 
 g, ck 
 
 z, tz, ts 
 d, t 
 t(th) 
 
 sch, r 
 
 The Arabs, essentially nomad herdsmen, dwelling in 
 tents, have exerted a wide influence on the languages of the 
 Old World. Arabic forms, with Sanscrit and Persian, a 
 large constituent in Hindustani, and multitudes employ the 
 Arabic script in writing their Persian, Turki, or Malay ; 
 while relics of the language are found in the furthermost 
 parts of Western Europe, in the Iberian peninsula, e.g. 
 Guadalquivir, which is the Arabic Wad el Kebir or ' the Great 
 River,' and Alcazar, so frequently found in Spanish place- 
 names, which is the Arabic el Kasr or ■ the town,' ' small city,' 
 or ' citadel.' The whole of the North of Africa has been and 
 is subject to Arabic influences, many even of the Hamitic 
 Berbers having become, so to speak, Semitised, while the 
 Arabs have imposed their language on the whole Semitic 
 group, with the exception of the Abyssinian section. The 
 same Arabic influences are experienced in North Central 
 Africa as far south as Foweira and Fajao on the Nile, these 
 
INTRODUCTION XV 
 
 names being evidently the Arabic forms of the old Bantu 
 names Paweira, and Pajao, the Arabs always substituting f 
 for p, which does not exist in their language. In Eastern 
 Equatorial Africa the coastal place-names, such as Dar es 
 Salam, point clearly to the presence of the Arab traders, 
 while the Ki-Swahili, the language of the Swahili or ' coast- 
 people ' (from Arab, sahel, ' coast region ') which is the lingua 
 franca of these equatorial regions, though Bantu at the 
 base, is very strongly tinged with Arabic, e.g. gharika, ' flood,' 
 • inundation,' from Arab, ghark ; husun, ' a fort,' from Arab. 
 husn ; and so forth. Arabs are found everywhere in the Sudan 
 — Darfur, Wadai, the Chad Basin, the Hausa states, and in 
 the extreme west in the coastal regions beyond Adrar and 
 to the south of Marocco. 
 
 The most important consonantal changes in Arabic as 
 it is spoken in various parts of the world may be briefly 
 stated as follows. In Cairo and the neighbourhood the k is 
 frequently lost altogether or is rendered by an interruption 
 of the voice, as in El 'Ahirah for El Kahira (' Cairo,' * the 
 victorious '). Suggested by this example, a fact with regard 
 to pronunciation may here be stated, namely, that the 
 Arabic final h in ah is only sounded when the h forms part 
 of the root as in Allah, Timsah, Malh, whereas in the greater 
 number of cases where the final h occurs it is merely the 
 feminine termination and is not sounded. In Marocco the 
 t is lisped into ts ; in Tunis, as well as in the Lebanon, the 
 j (as in jetty) becomes zh (the French j), and in Upper Egypt 
 and in Algeria the k (q) is rendered by g, thus kolea, ' a small 
 castle or fort,' becomes golea as in El Golea. The d frequently 
 finds a substitute in th and sometimes in dh. Thus the 
 
XVI INTRODUCTION 
 
 word Kadi (properly Qa?i) becomes, in the Cairo dialect, 
 Adi, and in Upper Egypt Gadi, while in other regions it is 
 pronounced Kathi, Gathi, and Gadhi. In Egypt the g is used 
 for j as in gebel for jebel, the th (as in thin) is there also 
 replaced by t, while the Turks and Persians and Moslems 
 of the Farther East pronounce it as s. The th (as in thy) is 
 in Egypt and Syria replaced by d, ds, and even z. 
 
 Among the vowel sounds a becomes e in Algeria and 
 Marocco, thus wadi, wad, ' valley or river bed,' of other 
 regions is rendered wed, and similarly we find Uled in the 
 same regions for Ulad, 'a tribal name or district.' The 
 reverse, however, happens in some instances ; for example, 
 in Fez and Meknez we find that these towns are frequently 
 called Faz and Meknaz. As to the accentuation of Arabic 
 geographical names one general rule may be given. When 
 a vowel is followed by two consonants, that vowel carries 
 the accent with it, thus A'tbara, Dongola, Farafra, whereas 
 in Persian and Turkish names the accent is generally on the 
 last syllable, thus : Bakhtegan, Bendamir, Kerman, Tehran, not 
 Teheran. 
 
 The great Berber race of North Africa is spread over 
 a very large area, tribes of this family being found, roughly 
 speaking, from the 28th meridian of east longitude west- 
 wards to the ocean, and north of 15° north latitude. Con- 
 sidering the vastness of this area, it is not surprising that 
 Berber dialects differ considerably according to locality ; 
 indeed, separated as these tribes are, and many being, more- 
 over, unlike the Arabs, highland husbandmen, with settled 
 permanent abodes, it is marvellous to find the close resem- 
 blances which exist between the various dialects, much closer, 
 
INTRODUCTION XV11 
 
 for instance, than between Norse and English. An 
 examination of the tribal consonantal changes in a large 
 number of words has shown that a general law of inter- 
 change may be traced ; and in accordance with this law the 
 dialects may be grouped together in three sets, correspond- 
 ing roughly with North, Midland, and South, which may be 
 called the strong dialects, the intermediate, and the weak, as 
 certain consonants become softened in passing from one 
 group to another. To the strong class belong the dialects 
 of the Northern Berbers (Kabile), the Zwawa, the Shelha or 
 Shlu, as well as the dialects of Ghadames and of South 
 Oran ; in the second or intermediate group are the Zenatia, 
 the Mzabi, the Kelowi, the dialects spoken in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Wad Ehir, and, notwithstanding their geo- 
 graphical position, the Kiffs ; while in the third, the weak 
 or soft group, are included the Awelimmiden and the 
 Zenaga, from whom the Senegal takes its name. In these 
 three groups the consonants d, 1, s, g. and z become gradually 
 softened as follows : 
 
 1 s g z 
 
 i*\ (*} \ \i\ 
 
 Thus, ergez (' a man '), of the first group, becomes ariaz in 
 the second, and eryez in the third; and the plural irgezin 
 (' men,' ' people ') develops into iriezin and iryezin, and in some 
 dialects into irzezin. So too ales (' a man ') of the first group 
 becomes ariaz as mentioned above. In addition to these 
 characteristic relations which distinguish the groups, there 
 are many other intertribal changes of consonants, to some of 
 which it will be well to draw attention. The b of Zwawa 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 ch 
 
 d 
 
 sh 
 
 J 
 
XV111 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 becomes f in Ghadames, and u, w in Mzabi, Riff, &c, and g 
 in yet other dialects, thus thabburth, 'a gate ' = tufurt= 
 twurt=thawurth=thawort=thaggurth. The Tuaregs inter- 
 change z, sh, h, and j, according to tribe, the Kabile and 
 Kiffs, and some other tribes prefer the»soft th to t, and dh to 
 d, and others frequently lisp the t into ts, but there is no 
 ts in Mzabi, and, in the remaining Tuareg dialects, in Mzabi 
 and in South Oran the soft th is never found. The n of the 
 Riffs becomes the m of Zwawia, and the Kabile use dh for 
 zh (French j). The following table gives all the important 
 consonantal interchanges, including the group shifts already 
 mentioned : 
 
 b 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 
 k 
 
 g 
 
 d 
 
 z 
 
 f 
 
 ch 
 
 r 
 
 th 
 
 rh 
 
 (gh) 
 
 kh 
 
 j 
 
 m 
 
 d 
 
 w (u) 
 
 sh 
 
 kr 
 
 d 
 
 sh 
 
 
 sh 
 
 sh 
 
 y 
 
 j 
 
 g 
 
 
 d 
 
 dh 
 
 h 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 h 
 g 
 
 g 
 kh 
 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 sh 
 
 Many of these changes may be traced in the following 
 examples, in which the various tribal renderings of the same 
 words are shown : 
 
 A Village 
 
 A House 
 
 Man (sitHj.) 
 
 Men, People (pi.) 
 
 Themmurth 
 
 Dezzi 
 
 Ales 
 
 Midden 
 
 Ntamazirt 
 
 Dejji 
 
 
 Medden 
 
 Tethedderth 
 
 Tidert 
 
 Ergez 
 
 Irgezin 
 
 Emizdegh 
 
 Taddert 
 
 
 Irzezin 
 
 Amazagh 
 
 Tidhert 
 
 Ariaz 
 
 Eriazen 
 
 Amashagh 
 
 Taghahamt 
 
 Eryez 
 
 Iryezin 
 
 Amezdagh 
 
 Tidderth 
 
 Uggit 
 
 Udhen 
 
 
 Thidderth 
 
 
 Eiiden 
 Yuden 
 
A Hill 
 
 Month, Moon 
 
 Night 
 
 Head, Top, 
 Summit 
 
 Tedrak 
 
 Aggur 
 
 It 
 
 Iref 
 
 Eddahereth 
 
 Iiur 
 
 Idh 
 
 Ikhf 
 
 Udherer 
 
 Aiur 
 
 Edhi 
 
 
 Urir 
 
 Ayur 
 
 Ezi 
 
 
 Ighil 
 
 
 Edi 
 
 
 XIX 
 
 The equivalents for ' sheep ' and ' dog ' are also good illus- 
 trative examples, namely thikhsi, tirsi, tekshi, and akjun, 
 arzim, akzin. 
 
 One cannot but be struck by the extremely peculiar forms 
 assumed by some of these Berber words, more especially 
 those which are the equivalents of ' a gate,' * a house,' and ' a 
 village ' ; and on the map of Africa, in the Berber area, will 
 be found a very large number of place-names, which appear 
 to bear, in formation, a very close resemblance to those 
 mentioned above, such as Tafilelt, Tidikelt, Tuggurt, and so 
 forth, and this peculiarity seems to call for some explanation. 
 Now, most masculine substantives, in the Berber language, 
 begin with a, e, i, or u, and the feminine is formed from the 
 masculine by prefixing and postfixing th ; thus amrar, ' an old 
 man,' thamrarth, ' an old woman.' This final th may become 
 t if preceded by n. In some dialects the initial th becomes 
 h, or is entirely dropped, e.g. thit, ' an eye, source, spring,' 
 becomes hit ; and in most of the Tuareg (Saharan) dialects 
 the th, as has already been pointed out, is changed into t or 
 even ts. Thus a very large proportion of the Berbers call 
 themselves Amazirgh, i.e. ' noble,' and their language 
 Tamazirght. Feminine nouns which are not formed from 
 the masculine have no final th, for example thizi, 'a col.' 
 There is also another source from which nouns having the 
 initial and final th are derived, for diminutives are formed 
 
 a2 
 
XX INTRODUCTION 
 
 in precisely the same manner as feminines ; thus iger, ' a 
 field,' thigerth, ' a little field,' igran, ' fields, ' thigrathin, ' little 
 fields ' ; so also azekka, 'a tomb,' thazekkauth, 'a little tomb.' 
 The final th in diminutives becomes sht in some dialects, e.g. 
 amdun, * a reservoir,' thamdusht, ' alittle'reservoir.' It should 
 be noted that the n, as in the examples given for ' fields ' 
 and ' people,' is essentially the Berber plural termination ; 
 some nouns, however, especially those beginning with a, 
 take an initial w for the plural, thus asif, ' a river,' wasif, 
 'rivers.' We have here, then, the explanation of the 
 peculiar forms assumed by so many place-names in the 
 Berber country ; they are mostly feminine words, with 
 some diminutives, while Temassinin, and similar place-names 
 ending in n, are most of them plurals. In some cases the 
 Berber terms or place-names have been derived from Arab 
 sources. For instance, the tribe which the Arabs call 
 Kintafah (h feminine) has been Berberised by the Shelha or 
 Shlu into Takinteft, and similarly Tafilelt, Tarudant, and many 
 other place-names are merely Arabic words made Berber by 
 the addition of the initial and final t to make them feminine 
 (possibly to agree with the Arab. Medina, ' town ') ; thus Arab. 
 Filal, Berber Tafilelt, and so on. In some Berber dialects the 
 Arabic t becomes th, as in Sok et Tlata, ' market of the third 
 day,' i.e. the place where a market is held on the third day 
 of the week, where many Berbers change Tlata into Thlatha. 
 In the Abyssinian region the principal intertribal con- 
 sonantal changes are the following : 
 
 b g k s t 
 
 w j g sh 1 
 
 h 
 
 kh 
 
OF 
 
 INTRODUCTION XXI 
 
 The most interesting of these interchanges are those in 
 which w and h play a part. The former in some dialects, 
 Sidamo for instance, is equivalent to the Galla and Amharic 
 b, and thus it is found that Abbaba, as in Addis Abbaba, 
 the present capital of Abyssinia, is by many pronounc'ed as 
 if the three bs were replaced by ws, and even in the capital 
 itself it is thus rendered by some, the lips scarcely closing to 
 form the b sound. The h frequently replaces both k and g, 
 as in esger, ' a tribe,' which in some localities is pronounced 
 askir, and in others ashir. Again, both w and h are not 
 infrequently inserted or dropped, as the case may be, and 
 thus Aksum is in some districts called Akwesum and Waha= 
 Wha=Wa=Eha=Aka=Ak. The name of the province 
 Gondar is, in different districts, rendered Guendar and Gwendar ; 
 and the name of the lake Abassi is by some tribes called 
 Awassi, and by others Hawassi (just as the Italian gets his 
 oggi (' to-day ') from the Latin hodie), which becomes further 
 north Hawash, the ' riotous ' river. It has already been 
 pointed out how g replaces k, and it is also found to be inter- 
 changeable with j ; thus both the renderings Harjesa and 
 Hargeisa are found, and so too Jildessa and Gildessa, The t 
 is sometimes softened into 1 ; thus Abbata, ' a lake,' becomes 
 Abbala, and this 1 is still further softened (in the same way as 
 the Italian gets his Jiume from the Latin flumen) into iand y, 
 and thus we find Abbaia and Abbaya ; similarly the hata, 
 1 water,' of the Walamo, becomes the aiya of the Shankala. 
 The intertribal vowel changes may be exemplified by the 
 various forms found for Begameder, ' the land or country of 
 the Bega,' namely, Begamder, Bigameder, Begemeder, Bagemeder, 
 Bagemder, and so also gibe, ' a palace,' is by some tribes called 
 gebi. 
 
xxii INTRODUCTION 
 
 In the Somali subdivision of this area a large number 
 of words will be found ending in i — and sometimes also in 
 a or u— preceded by one of the consonants k, g, h, t, d or by 
 sh ; and this peculiarity, which seems to call for some com- 
 ment, arises from the fact that the vowel is the definite 
 article, postfixed and connected with the word which it 
 qualifies by one of the consonantal links, which are employed 
 as follows : for masculine words, k is used after any con- 
 sonant except g, k ; g after g, k, i ; h after vowels, except i ; 
 for feminine words, t is used after consonants, except d ; 
 d after vowels and after d ; when the combination Id or It 
 occurs, it is changed to sh. Thus we have miyi, ' jungle,' 
 miyigi, ' the jungle ' ; tol, ' tribe,' tolki, ' the tribe ' ; biyu, 
 1 water,' biyaha, biyahi, biyahu, ' the water ' ; so also mel, 
 'place,' melsha, mesha (for melta), 'the place'; similarly we 
 have rerki, ' the village ' ; burti, l the mountain ' ; oddi, ' the 
 zeriba ' or ' the kraal.' This article termination occurs in 
 many place-names, e.g. Nas Godki, ' hillock of the cave,' Gadki 
 Goble, ' the headland where the gob trees grow,' &c. 
 
 When we come to the Bilad-es-Sudan, ' the land of the 
 blacks,' Nigritia or Negroland, it is found that some tribes 
 lack the r and replace it by 1. There is, for example, a branch 
 of the A-Zande who call themselves A-Vungura, but the 
 Mangbattu, who cannot sound the r, use the form Ma-Vungula. 
 This l=r shift is, in fact, one of the most common throughout 
 Africa. It has already been pointed out as occurring among 
 the Berber tribes ; here we have it among the Sudanese, and, 
 as we shall presently find, it occurs among the Bantu tribes. 
 In the far east, too, the same peculiarity is noticed, the con- 
 formation of the vocal organs in many peoples precluding 
 
INTRODUCTION XX111 
 
 the pronunciation of the r ; thus the Chinaman's struggles 
 to pronounce and transcribe the Mongol khure, an ' encamp- 
 ment,' result in no nearer an approximation than kulien or 
 kulun. 
 
 Again, just as the Arabs replace p by f, so in North-Central 
 African regions, b is replaced by the same letter and Kobkob 
 becomes Kuf kuf, while further west, among the Fula tribes, the 
 p and f are interchangeable, and the Faro River (a tributary 
 of the Benue River) becomes Paro. In the Western Sudan 
 t is found to replace d, in the Hausa region, as in kataruka, 
 kadaruka, a bridge ; and n, 1, and d are interchangeable ; thus 
 the Soninke dundu, 'a hill,' is equivalent to the Bambara and 
 Malinke tundu, to the Fula tulde, the Wolof tunda and the 
 Hausa tuddu. Again, 1 is sometimes replaced by t and thus 
 Futa Jalon and Futa Toro are merely the Fula district Jalon, 
 and the Fula district Toro. The Wolof kh becomes g in 
 Serer, while the d of the former is represented sometimes by 
 m in the latter ; thus degh, ' a river,' becomes mag, which is 
 softened to mayo, mao, in Fula. This kh is also replaced by 
 t as in khol, ' a garden ' = tol = toli in Bambara. The d, r 
 change may be exemplified by misidi, ' a mosque,' in Soninke, 
 and musire in Bambara and Malinke ; and the h, f change 
 by hore, ' a freeman,' of the former and foro of the latter 
 tribes, which becomes horr in Hassania ; diude, ' a ford,' of 
 the Fula is the equivalent of the Mande diube, where there 
 is a d, b change ; the kh is sometimes replaced by r, or, 
 perhaps, more properly the r is softened into kh and thus ; a 
 market ' is sukuro in Bambara and Malinke, but sakha in 
 Soninke ; the 1 of the Fon (Dahome) is the ny of the Hausa, 
 alii, ' a path,' of the former becoming hanya in the latter. 
 
XXIV INTRODUCTION 
 
 Further, d and f and also kh and f sometimes change places, 
 e.g. (n)dokh, the Wolof for ' water,' is fof in Serer, and the 
 Bambara badala, ' a marsh,' is the equivalent of the Malinke 
 bafala ; d, b, and z are also interchangeable, thus dugu * place,' 
 * house, ' ' country ' = bugu = bungo = zongo = zonko, where a 
 g, k change may be noticed in the last pair of equivalents. 
 The d, t, g change is well represented in the various 
 equivalents for 'a wall,' namely din, gwin, dan-dan, tata, 
 tagaye ; and as an example of the shift from h to v we have 
 in Ibo (Nigeria) ibe ahun=ibe avun, ' that place,' ' there,' ibe 
 meaning 'place.' The above and other Sudanese inter- 
 changes may be represented synoptically thus : 
 
 b b d d h 1 m 
 
 f g 1 g v n b 
 
 z r z d d 
 
 t 
 
 In most of the Western Sudanese languages there is a 
 nasal sound not unlike that of the French n, which has 
 apparently not been appreciated by the ears of many 
 travellers, especially those of more recent times. Thus the 
 older travellers wrote Bussang, Bussan (a town on the Niger 
 Kiver), which to-day is represented byBussa, and many other 
 examples of a similar kind might be given. This nasal of 
 many tribes will be noticed in some of the examples which 
 have already been given in connection with the consonantal 
 changes ; for instance, in the shift from tata to dandan, from 
 tuddu to tundu, and from bugu to bungu. A similar nasal is 
 traceable in many other parts of the world, notably in Poly- 
 nesia, where what is sometimes written Toga is pronounced 
 
 p 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 k 
 
 f 
 
 b 
 
 sh 
 
 g 
 
 d 
 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 
 k 
 
 kh 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
INTRODUCTION XXV 
 
 Tonga, and Nadroga, Naduri are pronounced Nandronga, Nan- 
 duri. The clipping or shortening of words is also a marked 
 peculiarity of the Western Sudan, where, for example, badala, 
 1 a lake,' in some districts becomes badla, and in others dla, 
 the ba being omitted and dala contracted to dla. The slurring 
 over the consonants is another form of this process, as in 
 Karelahun, or, with the nasal, Kanrelahun, in Sierra Leone, 
 which is pronounced locally Kailaun by many natives. 
 Similar contraction is also noticeable in the Hausa region, 
 where Giddan Serkin Pawa, for example, is used for Giddan 
 Serikin Pawa (' the town of the chief Pawa ') or more properly 
 Gidda-n-Seriki-n-Pawa, the n being the sign of the possessive 
 in Hausa, in which respect this language has a point in com- 
 mon with Berber, and so also Kadaruka=Kaderku, ' a bridge.' 
 
 In the region of the Niger Delta a very large proportion 
 of the place-names will be found to begin with a vowel or 
 with m or n, a peculiarity which arises from the fact that, 
 in the Ibo language, the substantives are formed from verbal 
 roots by prefixing either a vowel or an m or n ; thus we 
 have oke, ' a boundary or limit,' from ke, ' to bind,' ibe, ' a 
 place,' from bi, ' to be, to dwell ' ; ulo, ' a house, establishment,' 
 from lo, ■ to marry ' ; and similar formation accounts for such 
 words as uzo, ' a street, road,' ikpere, ' coast, bank,' nga, ' a 
 place,' ohan, ' a nation,' ohia, ' a desert, wilderness,' and so 
 forth. 
 
 The name Bantu, originally suggested by Dr. Bleek, is 
 now by common consent applied collectively to all those 
 idioms spoken by the agricultural black races found in all 
 the well-watered regions from Keiskamma Kiver, in Cape 
 Colony, in the south, to and beyond the equator on the 
 
XXVI INTRODUCTION 
 
 north, and from Walfisch Bay to Old Kalabar, from 
 Angola to Mozambique and from Natal to Fernando 
 Po. This large area may be said to comprise Africa south 
 of the equator, except that in the extreme north-west it 
 extends to 4° or 5° north latitude, anct in the north-east 
 equatorial lake region to about 2° N. The reason for the 
 choice of this name for all these idioms is that in most 
 of them some variant of the word Ba-ntu means ' people,' 
 and is applied by these tribes to themselves as distinguished 
 from white people. These Bantu languages are essentially 
 languages of prefixes. Not only is concord established by 
 means of prefixes (a point which, however, is here immaterial, 
 as only words, and not phrases or sentences, are dealt with 
 in the Glossary), but the actual words themselves are built 
 up from stems by the employment of such prefixes. In the 
 most highly developed of these Bantu languages no less than 
 eighteen of these prefixes have been recognised, some of 
 them generally implying a plural, others a singular meaning; 
 and the same stem, by assuming different prefixes, obtains 
 various meanings, though not necessarily kindred meanings ; 
 thus inn-Tonga is ' a Tonga man,' ba-Tonga ■ the Tonga 
 people,' being the plural of urn-Tonga, and bu-Tonga is ' the 
 Tonga country,' and chi-Tonga ' the language of the Tonga 
 people ' ; again, m-Nyamwezi is ' a Nyamwezi man,' wa-Nyam- 
 wezi ' the Nyamwezi people,' u-Nyamwezi ' the country of 
 Nyamwezi,' ki-Nyamwezi ' the language of the wa-Nyam- 
 wezi ' ; similarly mu-Ganda, ba-Ganda, bu-Ganda, and lu-Ganda 
 have respectively corresponding meanings, but here what is 
 properly Buganda in the Lu-Ganda language has become, 
 through Swahili influence, Uganda, the u prefix in ki-SwaJiili 
 
INTRODUCTION XXV11 
 
 (■ the language of the Swahili ') corresponding with the u of 
 the Nyamwezi and the bu of the Tonga. 
 
 A. single example will suffice to show how the Bantu 
 words are gradually built up from a stem by means of 
 prefixes. The stem izi, nzi, or ezi, as in Zambezi, Chambezi, 
 conveys an idea of production or fecundity, and by most 
 Bantu tribes the moon and water are considered to be the 
 great fertilising powers in the world, hence mw-ezi is ' the 
 moon' ; by adding another prefix (nya), we have nya-mwezi, 
 1 the mountains of the moon,' and, as indicated above, by 
 adding yet another prefix, wa-nyamwezi, ' the people who 
 inhabit the mountains of the moon.' These elements may 
 be arranged synoptically thus : 
 
 jezi . . . fecundity 
 
 mw 'ezi . . . moon 
 
 nya mwezi . . mountains of the moon 
 
 wa nyamwezi . . people of the mountains of the moon 
 
 The consonantal changes which are the main source of 
 the differences between the various Bantu languages may be 
 traced to the different conformation of lips and nose, to 
 the tribal artificial disfigurements of teeth and the wearing 
 of various ornaments in the lips and nose, &c. There being 
 no less than one hundred and twenty-eight recognised Bantu 
 languages or dialects, the number of interchanges of the 
 consonants is, as might have been expected, correspondingly 
 large. Taking Tonga, the language spoken between the 
 Victoria Falls of the Zambezi and Lake Bangweulu, as a 
 standard with which to compare other languages, a few of the 
 more prominent features of some of the better-known of these 
 
XXV111 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Bantu languages will now be mentioned. The most marked 
 characteristics of Tonga are the sibilants s and z, which are 
 more common in this than in any others of the group, and 
 the entire absence of the p sound, which is replaced by w. 
 In Yao, which is spoken on the plateau between Nyasa and 
 the coast, the z, v, and f either become mere aspirations or 
 are omitted (cf, the k in Cairo Arabic). In Nyamwezi, 
 after n, y completely disappears, and t, k, and d in similar 
 circumstances are softened to h ; p of other languages is also 
 softened to b, and v to b, while the Tonga f is replaced by g. 
 In Taita, the language of the hill country between Mombasa 
 and Kilima Njaro, k is softened to g, and v hardened to f. 
 South-eastwards from Kenia towards Mombasa, in the Kamba 
 language and also in Swahili, 1 is dropped or becomes j, and 
 in the former b, z, and j are all either weakened or omitted. 
 Nika, spoken inland from Mombasa, has h for t, and dz or 
 ds for z. The Senna language is spoken in the regions round 
 Senna and Tete and on the lower Shire, and has some 
 peculiarities in common with Karanga or Kalaka, the chief 
 language of the present southern Ehodesia, which also 
 includes the dialects of the neighbourhood of Lake Ngami 
 and Zuga River, as well as that of Mashonaland, shona 
 being merely the Karanga pronunciation of Senna. The 
 most noticeable of these common characteristics is the 
 softening of sharp sounds, v to b, z to dz, and f to pf, while 
 the latter language is distinguished from almost all the othe r 
 Bantu dialects by its use of zh (French j), and sh instead of 
 z and s. The insertion of a g or a b between vowels 
 differentiates Ganda, the language spoken north of the Victoria 
 Nyanza, from most others ; while the distinguishing 
 
INTRODUCTION XXIX 
 
 peculiarity of the Kafir group, including the languages of 
 the Amaxosa, the Amazulu, and the Matabele, is the use of 
 clicks and of the combinations hi, dl, tl. In the Botse of the 
 Upper Zambezi z is changed to t, d, or y, and s to d, sh, or 
 j, while in Lunda, or Kunda, which is closely connected with 
 Rotse, and is the language of the Upper Kasai River, zi is 
 replaced by ji or chi. In Angola and the regions of the Lower 
 Congo River z followed by i becomes zh, and p is often repre- 
 sented by b or h. The interchange of r and t characterises the 
 languages of very widely separated areas, namely, the lan- 
 guages of Mozambique or Kua of the Makua, including 
 Masasi and Kilimane, the Chwana of Bechuanaland, and the 
 Mpongwe, spoken in the regions of the Lower Ogowe River. 
 Chwana is also distinguished by the change from s to tlh, and 
 Mpongwe by the replacement of z by 1. In Dualla of 
 Kamerun 1 takes the place of the Tonga t and d that of z ; 
 in Fan of the Ogowe basin 1 also replaces t, the Tonga 
 f becomes k and g takes the place of v ; while in Fernandian 
 z of the Tonga is changed to t. 
 
 The stability of the vowel sounds is one of the marked 
 peculiarities of the Bantu languages, the changes, where 
 such exist, consisting chiefly of the reduction of two con- 
 secutive vowel sounds to one. The following, however, 
 deserve attention : the u of other dialects is changed in 
 Chwana and Mpongwe to o, and i to e; in Fan a corresponds 
 to the Tonga a or u, o to u, and e to o or a. In Tonga and 
 many other dialects the e (accented) becomes i (unaccented) 
 at the end of a word, thus mu-se, earth, but a-n-si, on the 
 ground, a-fue, near, but a-fue-fui, very near. 
 
XXX INTRODUCTION 
 
 p ■- 
 
 ^ En co C fl cc 
 
 «i 
 
 W * 
 
 a. ° 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 n 
 
 N ~ .. >, N _dr-< -d 
 
 O 
 
 w -2 S^ «- >. 53 Is 
 
 U " ^ d ►» 
 
 ^ cd » w^h d d n £ > .d 
 
 fc O « o 
 
 ° i° d *-2 
 
 ^§-dd^ N ^ <s 
 
 1 pi § ^-S-m *.*, J-sr'-fl „.**»■ * 'S 
 
 >-> ^ C5 -id 
 
 h w a 
 
 b 3 I? 
 
 o p 
 
 W £ PQ 
 
 o, O !? 
 
 a w 3 
 
 S S H rG 
 
 Son o ^ 
 o § P II ~ > 
 
 sis 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 XXXI 
 
 It would be impossible, even it were . desirable, to illus- 
 trate the whole of this great number of interchanges by 
 examples bearing directly or indirectly on geography or 
 topography, but many of the more important and more 
 common changes will be found in the following list of 
 equivalents for ' a path,' ' water,' and ' grass ' in various 
 Bantu languages. 
 
 A Path 
 
 inZila (Tonga) 
 inZira (Bisa) 
 
 njira {Go go) 
 
 nGila (Sagara) 
 Sila (Boondei) 
 
 nJia (Swahili) 
 inDlhela (Zulu) 
 onDyira (Hereto) 
 onjila (Bihe) 
 
 nGela (Mbunda) 
 
 nDela (Rotse) 
 Lila (Kilimane) 
 
 iPiro (Mozambique) 
 
 Tsela (Chivana) 
 mPono (Mpongwe) 
 
 nGia (Dualla) 
 
 nTele (Fernandian) 
 
 n Jila (Kongo) 
 
 Water 
 
 maNzi (Tonga) 
 
 Menzi (Bisa) 
 maRenga (Gogo) 
 
 Meji (Sagara) 
 maZi (Shamhala) 
 mlnzi (Nyanyembe) 
 maDzi (Nika) 
 
 oMeva (Herero) 
 ovaVa (Bihe) 
 
 Menya (Mbunda) 
 me I (Botse) 
 maJi (Swahili) 
 
 Menia (Angola) 
 maZa (Lower Congo) 
 
 Mesi (Yao) 
 malji (Kilimane) 
 ma Shi (Mozambique) 
 
 Metse (Cliwana) 
 aNingo (Mpongwe) 
 maDiba (Dualla) 
 ma Chi (Fan) 
 bo Opi (Fernandian) 
 
 Grass 
 
 bulzu (Tonga) 
 maNyari (Sagara) 
 mAni (Boondei) 
 maNyasi (Taita) 
 maSwa (Nyanyembe) 
 majani (Swahili) 
 wldzi (Pokomo) 
 wuKhua (Karanga) 
 buSo (Ganda) 
 u-tyAni (Zulu) 
 o-wOnga (Bihe) 
 boAmbo (Mbunda) 
 
 Mopo (Rotse) 
 ulsu (Angola) 
 ma Nyashi (Mozambique) 
 bo Jang (Chwana) 
 biUlu (Dualla) 
 bUt (Fan) 
 fUta (Kongo) 
 
 There also occur in the Glossary other examples of these 
 changes, not found in the above list, but illustrating the 
 interchange table on page xxx, such as mwiru, mwitu, ' a 
 forest ' ; mwago, mwako, ' a mountain ' ; inchi, inti, ' a country ' ; 
 makazi, makani, ' a dwelling ' ; diko, liko, ' a landing-place ' ; 
 
XXX11 INTRODUCTION 
 
 mahali, pahali, ' a place ' ; kilila, kirira, kidila, ' an island ' ; and 
 many others. 
 
 Among the Kafir peoples, i.e. that section or group of 
 Bantu-speaking tribes which includes the Amaxosa, the 
 Amazulu, and the Matabele, certain sounds, called clicks, 
 are in use, which have been traced to an admixture of 
 Hottentot, the roots of the words, in which these clicks 
 occur, not being found in any other Bantu languages. 
 These clicks, which are produced rather by drawing in than 
 by expressing sound, are six in number, and may be divided 
 into three sets, so far as their use in Bantu is concerned, 
 each set consisting of a hard and a corresponding soft click, 
 and known as the dental, palatal, and lateral clicks respec- 
 tively, according to the process by which the sounds are 
 formed. In Hottentot there is also a seventh click known 
 as the cerebral, but this does not occur in the Kafir lan- 
 guages. 
 
 It is quite impossible, even with the most complicated 
 system of diacritical marks, to represent Chinese words in 
 such a manner as to give the correct sounds to European 
 ears, and this difficulty is aggravated by the existence in the 
 Chinese language of what are called the tones, of which there 
 are four in the mandarin or court language, though six, 
 eight, or even twelve are found in southern dialects. We can 
 only arrive at a very rough approximation, especially when 
 we discard the diacritical signs ; thus the word which we 
 represent by ma, when pronounced in one tone, is the 
 world-wide term for ' mother,' but when another tone is 
 employed it signifies ' a horse,' and in yet another tone it is 
 a terrible oath ; similarly we have ku ■ a pass,' ku ' old,' ku 
 
INTRODUCTION XXX111 
 
 ' a valley, canal, streamlet,' and ku ' a dam, dike.' Again in 
 the south of China is the province Kwang Tung or ' Broad 
 province east,' as distinguished from Kwang Si or ' Broad 
 Province west,' and here Kwang means ' broad,' Tung ■ east,' 
 and Si ■ west ' ; but in the north there is another Kwang 
 Tung, and this Kwang does not mean ' broad ' nor does this 
 Tung signify ' east,' the meaning of this Kwang Tung being 
 'The Viceroy's Sword.' Further, we find that the word 
 which we represent by li means ' inner,' ' hamlet,' and a 
 standard measure of length (about two-thirds of a mile) 
 according to the tone employed. To Chinese ears these 
 sounds are as different as ' hall,' ' house,' and ' hut ' to ours, 
 but the ordinary European ear does not discriminate between 
 them, so that there is no course left open to us but to repre- 
 sent the different forms by precisely the same spelling. 
 
 Allusion has already been made to the Chinese of the 
 mandarins as spelled by Wade, and the language of the rest 
 of the Chinese as spelled according to the system formulated 
 by Von Kichthofen. A few of the more common differences 
 will now be mentioned, as words are variously pronounced 
 in different parts of the country or variously represented by 
 some of the principal authors who have devoted their atten- 
 tion to China. The ch of the mandarin pronunciation, when 
 followed by i, is generally replaced by k, as in chiang, kiang, 
 'a river,' chiao, kiao, 'a bridge,' though sometimes we find 
 h, s, or ts instead of k, thus ching, hing, sing, ' a well ' or 
 ' the capital of a state,' and Ta tsien lu instead of Ta chien 
 lu, which has also been rendered Tathsianlu. When the 
 ch is followed by any other vowel, it generally remains 
 
 ■ b 
 
XXXIV INTRODUCTION 
 
 unchanged, except in some instances where it is replaced by 
 t, as in cheng, teng, ' a town,' ' a village,' and this t is 
 variously represented by ts, th, thus tun=tsun=tsen=thun= 
 tien=a village. The hs, which is a sound approximating to 
 the Spanish c as in Ceuta, or to the ti in "the termination -tion 
 of Parisian French, is variously represented by h, ts, sh, and 
 s (especially when followed by i), e.g. hsien, hien, a 'district 
 city,' Hsining or Sining, a town to the east of Koko-nor, 
 hsia, hia, ' lower,' An-hsun or An-shun in the south-west 
 of Kwei-chau, Hsun-chau or Tsun-chau on the Si-kiang. The 
 letters j and n are sometimes interchanged, as in Ju-chen or 
 Nu-chen, the language of the Chin or Gold Dynasty; and Jipen 
 for Nipen, whence Marco Polo's Zipangu (Japan). 1 Another 
 marked peculiarity in the writing of Chinese place-names is 
 the insertion or rejection of ng by various authorities, e.g. 
 Chian=Ki-ngan in Kiang-si, and Ngan-lo = An-lo in Hupe. 
 The representation of such word-elements as the first in 
 Su-mao and Se-chuan appears to point to a considerable 
 divergence of authoritative opinion. In the first case the 
 authorities give Su-mao, Ssu-mao, Semao, and in the second 
 no less than eight forms will be found in works and on maps, 
 all of which carry considerable weight, viz. Se, Si, Su, Ss, 
 Sse, Ssu, Sz, Sze. 
 
 The principal differences in vowel sounds occur in con- 
 nection with the ou of Wade, which is represented by au 
 
 1 This curious substitution of j for w.took place during the Yen or Mongol 
 Dynasty (1260-1366 a.d.) when the mandarin or court language was greatly 
 influenced by the Mongol phonetic system. The change did not spread to 
 Japan, which consequently still retains the n, as in Nip-pon from the original 
 Chinese Nit-pon = the 4 Rising Sun,' the Orient. 
 
INTRODUCTION ■ XXXV 
 
 in some cases, and by u in others ; thus Von Eichthofen and 
 others write chau for Wade's chou, as in Kiao-chou, Kiao-chau ; 
 and kou, ' a pass,' becomes ku. A minor difference is the 
 substitution of e for Wade's a in such word-elements as 
 yuan, yuen, tsuan, tsuen, hsuan, hsuen. 
 
 In the various Polynesian languages certain consonantal 
 interchanges, which are widespread, may here, in conclusion, 
 be mentioned. The b, f, h, p, and v are frequently found 
 replacing one another, thus bau=vau, ' a stone/ and banua 
 = fenua=hanua=panua=vanua, 'a village.' The r is some- 
 times replaced by n and vice versa, thus ruma=numa, 
 1 house ' ; and d, 1, and r appear frequently to replace one 
 another, thus legi=regi, 'grass,' and dubu = lubu=ruvu, 
 1 the deep sea.' The aspirate sometimes gives place to t and 
 sometimes to w, thus hano=tano=wano, ' earth.' On the 
 other hand, the aspirate has ousted s everywhere in Poly- 
 nesia except in the Samoan and Ellis groups. Thus the 
 Samoan island of Savaii (for Savaiki) takes the form of 
 Hawaii in the Sandwich Archipelago ; Havaii in Tahiti ; 
 Havaiki in the Marquesas ; and in the Maori traditions 
 Hawaiki was the land whence came the first inhabitants of 
 New Zealand. Lastly the interchange of k and t ranges 
 over the Pacific Ocean, and explains such forms as kanaka 
 = 'men,' 'natives' (in Hawaii), and tagata (in Samoa, 
 where, however, the t is now reverting to k). Subjoined is 
 a table of the chief sound-shiftings in Polynesia : 
 
XXXVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Organic 
 ng 
 
 Marquesas 
 North 
 
 Marquesas 
 South 
 
 Tahiti 
 
 N.Zea- 
 land 
 (Maori) 
 
 Hawaii 
 (Sand- 
 wich) 
 
 n 
 
 Rara- 
 tonga 
 
 ng 
 
 Gambier 
 ng 
 
 Samoa 
 ng 
 
 ng 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 ng 
 
 k 
 
 V 
 
 k< 
 
 < 
 
 k 
 
 < 
 
 k 
 
 k 
 
 < 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 k k 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 t,k 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 p, b 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 \v 
 
 — 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 w,f 
 
 h 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 w 
 
 h 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 f 
 
 h 
 
 h 
 
 h 
 
 h 
 
 h 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 s 
 
 r 
 
 r,« 
 
 r, ' 
 
 r, ' 
 
 r, d 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 The Glossary is arranged so that after the Geographical 
 or Topographical term follows the language or dialect to 
 which it belongs, or the locality where it is used, or the 
 name of the tribe in whose vocabulary it is found to be 
 included ; and, in some cases, both the tribe or dialect and 
 the locality are stated when this has been thought advisable. 
 When any term is found in two or more languages, both are 
 given. This portion of the information is printed in italics 
 and enclosed within brackets. Then follows the meaning of 
 the term. If there be an abbreviation for any term officially 
 recognised in connection with any of the Great Topo- 
 graphical Surveys, this will be found, within brackets, 
 immediately after the meaning ; and several terms, which 
 would not otherwise have found a place in the Glossary 
 have been inserted for the express purpose of indicating that 
 such abbreviations are recognised for these terms ; for 
 example, Regione, which is dignified by an abbreviation by 
 the Italians (whereas the corresponding equivalents in the 
 other Latin languages are not similarly honoured), Abbaye, 
 Riviere, &c. Then follow, in many cases, examples and 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 XXXV11 
 
 references to cognate terms, or to words of similar meaning 
 or the reverse. The Bantu terms, where possible, have been 
 referred to their stems or roots, the prefixes being outset in 
 the margin. 
 
 Most of the italicised portions of the entries need no 
 explanation, but the following list, showing the geo- 
 graphical situation of some of the less-known tribes, dialects, 
 or localities, may be of use : 
 
 Language, Tribe, or District 
 
 Abbadi . 
 Agni . 
 
 Attie . 
 
 A-Zande (' Niam-Niam ') . 
 
 Bafo 
 
 Bagirmi . . 
 
 Bakunda 
 
 Bali . 
 
 Balung . 
 Bambara . . 
 Bangala . 
 
 Banjan 
 Bapoto 
 Basari 
 
 Batta 
 Baule 
 
 Berta 
 
 Bihe 
 
 Boondei 
 
 Bornu 
 
 Roughly corresponding geographical situation 
 
 Upper Egypt, east of Nile 
 
 Ivory Coast, between the rivers Bandama 
 
 and Komoe 
 Ivory Coast, west of Komoe R. 
 Between the Ubangi R., the upper Bahr el 
 
 Ghazal and the upper Shari R. 
 Kamerun, on upper Mungo R. 
 On Shari R., south of Lake Chad 
 North Kamerun, south of Anglo-German 
 
 boundary 
 Ditto 
 
 Kamerun, on upper Mungo R. 
 Western Sudan, upper Niger basin 
 
 (a) Angola, on Anibaka R. and neighbouring 
 Congo region 
 
 (b) The district round Nouvelle Anvers, 
 Middle Congo 
 
 Kamerun, west of the upper Mungo R. 
 
 North of the great Congo bend 
 
 Western Sudan, the hinterland of the Gold 
 
 Coast and Togo 
 Benue R. region, Adamawa 
 Central district of the French Ivory Coast 
 
 colony 
 Eastern Sudan, Darfur 
 Angola, on upper Kwanza R. 
 On the mainland of Eastern Africa opposite 
 
 Pemba Island 
 South and west of L. Chad 
 
xxxviii 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Language, Tribe, o 
 
 I District Roughly corresponding geographical situation 
 
 Chamba . 
 
 . Western Sudan 
 
 Chinbok . 
 
 . North Arakan, Chin Hills 
 
 Chinbon . 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 Chong Chia-tse 
 
 . South China, Yunnan 
 
 Chung-kia 
 
 . Shan States 
 
 Chwana . 
 
 . Bechuanaland 
 
 Danakil . 
 
 . South-western Eed Sea littoral 
 
 Etbai 
 
 . Upper Egypt, east of Nile 
 
 Fan . 
 
 . French Congo, on upper Ogowe E. 
 
 Fanti 
 
 . Gold Coast 
 
 Fon . 
 
 . Dahome 
 
 Fula 
 
 . West and Central Sudan 
 
 Galla 
 
 . The region between Abyssinia, Lake Budolf, 
 
 
 and the Tana B. 
 
 Giryama . 
 
 . East Africa, near Mombasa 
 
 Gogo 
 
 . In Ugogo, central German East Africa 
 
 Gonja (Gonya) 
 
 . Northern Gold Coast, on White Volta K. 
 
 Gurma 
 
 . French Sudan, north of the Dahome and 
 
 
 Togo protectorates 
 
 Harem 
 
 . Laos, Siam 
 
 Ha-tu 
 
 . South China, Yunnan 
 
 Hausa 
 
 . West central Sudan, between the Niger and 
 
 
 Bornu 
 
 Hu-ni 
 
 . South China, Yunnan 
 
 Kabile 
 
 . North Algeria and North Marocco 
 
 Kamba . 
 
 . British East Africa, from Mount Kenia to 
 
 
 Kilima Njaro 
 
 Kanem 
 
 . North-east of L. Chad 
 
 Kanuri 
 
 . Bornu, west and south-west of L. Chad 
 
 Karanga . 
 
 . Matabeleland, Mashonaland, and regions of 
 
 
 L. Ngami and the middle Zambezi E. 
 
 Ketosh 
 
 . Eastern Uganda 
 
 Khas Chos 
 
 . Laos, Siam 
 
 Kikuyu 
 
 . Eastern Uganda, south of Mt. Kenia 
 
 Kirghiz 
 
 . North and west of the Caspian Sea, West 
 
 
 Siberia, and Pamir uplands 
 
 Kossova . 
 
 . Eastern Uganda 
 
 Kotoko 
 
 . Southern Bornu (q.v.) 
 
 Kwenam . 
 
 . North Arakan 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 Language, Tribe, ox- District 
 
 Lomwe 
 
 Lu-Wanga 
 
 Magunza 
 
 Makua 
 
 Malinke 
 
 Mandara 
 
 Mande 
 
 Mangbattu 
 
 Man Sung 
 
 Masai 
 
 Mentawei 
 
 Miao-tse . 
 
 Min-kia . 
 
 Mittu 
 
 Mobali . 
 
 Mondunga 
 
 Mossi 
 
 Mpongwe 
 
 Nandi 
 Nhan 
 Nika 
 Nongo 
 Nung 
 Pai . 
 Pula . 
 Eoshnan 
 
 Bua . 
 
 Sagara 
 
 Senna 
 
 Serer 
 
 Shangalla 
 
 Shignan 
 
 Shilluk 
 Somali 
 
 Eoughly corresponding geographical situation 
 Lake Shirwa and Mozambique 
 Eastern Uganda, Nzoia Kiver basin 
 North of the great Congo bend 
 German and Portuguese East Africa 
 Senegal 
 
 Southern Bornu (q.v.) 
 Western Sudan, upper Niger and region to 
 
 the south 
 Upper Welle E. 
 
 Lao-kai, northern Tonking and Yunnan 
 Eastern equatorial Africa 
 Group of islands off S.W. Sumatra coast 
 Kwei-chau, South China 
 South China, Yunnan 
 Upper Nile 
 
 North of the great Congo bend 
 Ditto 
 
 French Sudan, within the Niger bend 
 French Congo, on Lower Ogowe and 
 
 Gabun Es. 
 Eastern Uganda, south of Mt. Elgon 
 Northern Tonking, Yunnan 
 Eastern equatorial Africa, near Mombasa 
 Shan States, Laos 
 Lao-kai, Yunnan 
 Shan States 
 South China, Yunnan 
 Upper Amu Daria (Oxus), south of the Mur- 
 
 gab, Pamir region 
 On the middle Lualaba (Congo) 
 In Usagara, east-central German East Africa 
 Districts of Senna, Sofala, Tete, Zumbo, 
 
 Nyasa, and on the Eufiji and Shire Es. 
 Senegal coast, and about Cape Verde 
 Between the Blue Nile and Sobat Es. 
 Upper Amu-Daria (Oxus), north of Wakhan 
 
 E., Pamir region 
 Upper Nile and Sobat E. 
 Horn of Africa 
 
xl 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Language, Tribe, or District Roughly corresponding geographical situation 
 
 Songhai . 
 
 . Western Sudan, Middle Niger from Tim- 
 
 
 buktu to Say 
 
 Soninke . 
 
 . On Senegal E. 
 
 Taita 
 
 . Between Kilima Njaro and the Ndara Hills 
 
 Tamul . 
 
 . Deccan, Coromandel Coast and North Ceylon 
 
 Tangut 
 
 . Kegion about Koko-nor 
 
 Taungtha 
 
 . North Arakan 
 
 Thai 
 
 . Shan States, Laos 
 
 Tho . 
 
 . Lao-kai, Yunnan 
 
 Tonga 
 
 . Between the Victoria Falls (Zambezi) and 
 
 
 L. Bangweulu 
 
 Usagara . 
 
 . See Sagara 
 
 Welaung . 
 
 . North Arakan 
 
 Wolof . 
 
 . Senegal coast between Senegal E. and Serer 
 
 Yambo 
 
 . Upper Sobat E. 
 
 Yao . 
 
 . On the tableland between Nyasa and the 
 
 
 coast 
 
 Yayo 
 
 . South China, Yunnan 
 
 Yindu Chin 
 
 . Chin Hills 
 
 Yoruba 
 
 . Between Dahome and the Lower Niger 
 
 Zirian 
 
 . Deria-i-Zir, Central Kurdistan 
 
«1 
 
 ** OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 AND 
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 
 
 A 
 
 A {Africa, Welle-Makua region, North of the Equa- 
 tor), a plural personal prefix, people, found in many 
 dialects in this region, e.g. A-Zande, A-Barmbo, 
 A-Bangba, A-Madi, i.e. ' the Zande people,' ' the 
 Barmbo people,' &c. ; equivalent to the Bantu 
 (South of the Equator) Wa, Ba, Ama, Ova (q.v.) 
 Gf the post fixed -bu, -bi, -be (q.v.) 
 
 A (Africa, Bantu, South of the Equator), a plural 
 personal prefix, people, e.g. A-Kikuyu, ' the people 
 of Kikuyu,' the sing, of which is Mukikuyu, ' a 
 Kikuyu man ' ; A-Kamba, ' the Kamba people ' of 
 the country TJkamba ; Mkamba, ' a Kamba ' ; A- 
 Nyika, ' the Nyika people ' or ' people of the desert ' ; 
 Munyika, ' a man of the desert.' The more usual 
 forms of the Bantu plural personal prefix are Wa, 
 Ba, Ama, Ova (q.v.), as in Wanyamwezi, Basuto, 
 Amazulu, Ovampo, Ovaherero. 
 
 B 
 
GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 o 
 
 A (Sw.) | A rivulet, e.g. Tornea, Groote Aa, Asa a . 
 
 Aa (Da., Dch.) J Cf E, Ach, Av. 
 
 Aachen (Ger.), same word as Aix (q.v.), and Aixe ; hence 
 Aachen = Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Aacho (Shimasha, Abyssinia), water. 
 
 Aadad, pi. of Id or Ed (Egijptian Sudan), wells, espe- 
 cially in a desert. 
 
 Aan (Dch.), at, on, near, e.g. Egmond aan Zee. 
 
 Aapn (Kabadi, New Guinea), a mountain. 
 
 Aas, As (Nor., Da.), the ridge of a hill. Cf. As. 
 
 Ab, Abn (Arab.), father; as a geographical term signi- 
 fies producing, abounding in, large, and is of very- 
 frequent occurrence. Cf. Abbas. 
 
 Ab (Hottentot). See Ep. 
 
 Ab (Jaalin, Nubia), a patronymic termination, e.g. 
 Kaliab, Sadab. 
 
 Ab (Pers., E. Turk.), water, river; e.g. Punjab, 'the 
 land of the five rivers ' ; panj = five. Cf. Doab. 
 
 Abad, Abadan (Pers.), cultivated (lands), populous, in- 
 habited ; in India this is used as signifying ' abode,' 
 1 city,' e.g. Allahabad. See Allah. 
 
 Abaiaj (Abyssinia), a large mass of water; a lake. See 
 
 Abaiaj also Abba, &c. 
 
 Ab-amber (Pers.), a cistern ; lit. a ' store of water. : 
 See Ab (Pers.) Cf Ambar. 
 
 Aban, pi. Meban (Fan, French Congo). See Ban. 
 
 Aban (Gold Coast), a house built of stone, a palace. 
 
 Aban-kese (Gold Coast), a fort, castle. 
 
 Abankor (Sahara), wells in the bed of a river, filled by fil- 
 tration ; or wells in depressions filled by rain-water. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 3 
 
 Abarraka {Tuareg, Berber), a road. 
 
 Abata (Yoruba), a marsh in a plain, a pool. 
 
 Abata (Yoruba), a park. 
 
 -Abatu (Congo), a suffix signifying ' direct ' (of roads or 
 
 streams) . 
 Abba \ 
 
 Abbala 
 
 I variants of Abaia (above). 
 Abbata 
 
 Abbayaj 
 
 Abbas (Pers.), father, e.g. Abbasabad, ' paternal town or 
 
 abode.' Cf. Ah. See Abad. 
 Abbaye (Fr.), abbey (Abb e ). 
 Abbazia (It.), abbey (Abb a ). 
 Abdachung (Ger.), slope, declivity. Cf. Abhang. 
 Abe (Iaibo, New Guinea), a path. 
 Aben, pi. Meben (Fan, French Congo). See Ben. 
 Abeng (Tuareg, Berber), a temporary lake, a pond. 
 Aber (Wales and Scotland), the confluence of two 
 
 rivers, or of a river and the sea, at the mouth of a 
 
 river, e.g. Abergavenny, Abergeldie, Aberdeen. See 
 
 Inver. 
 Abetu (Yoruba), a brook, rivulet. 
 Abge (Bornu), a lake of natron. See Sirge. 
 Ab-guzar (Pers.), a watercourse, conduit ; channel. 
 Ab-guzar (Pers.), ford, ferry. 
 Abhang (Ger.), slope, declivity. Cf. Abdachung. 
 Abiad (Arab., N. Africa), the proper form of Abiodh, 
 
 white, e.g. Bahr-el-abiad, ' the white river,' i.e. the 
 
 "White Nile. 
 Abiar. See Borj. 
 
 B 2 
 
GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Abiodh (Arab., N. Africa), white ; fern. Beida. See Abiad. 
 
 Abish-khur (Pers.), a reservoir. See Ab-khana. 
 
 Ab-jo (Pers.), a rivulet. See Ab. 
 
 Ab-khana (Pers.), a reservoir. See Abish-khur. 
 
 Aboe (Gold Coast), a confluence of two streams. 
 
 Aboli, pi. Meboli (Fan, French Congo). See Boli. 
 
 Abom (Gold Coast), stony ground. 
 
 Abomma (Gold Coast), tributary, affluent, branch of a 
 
 river. 
 Abon, pi. Mebon (Fan, French Congo). See Bon. 
 Abonse (Gold Coast), the bottom of a valley. 
 Abosam (Gold Coast), cliff, crag. 
 Abra (Port.), bay, creek, roadstead. 
 Abrah (Pers.), conduit, canal, watercourse. 
 Abrevadero (Sp.), a watering-place for cattle (Abro). 
 Abrid (Kabile), a road. 
 Abriz (E. Turk.), basin, ditch, depression in which water 
 
 collects and remains. 
 Absal (Pers.), vineyard, garden. 
 Abshar (Pers.), waterfall, cascade, cataract. 
 Abu (Arab.) See Ab. 
 Abuano (Kerepunu, New Guinea), east. See next entry 
 
 and Avurigo. 
 Aburigo (Kerepunu, New Guinea), south. See above 
 
 entry. 
 Abusua-ku (Gold Coast), family, tribe, clan. 
 Abyad (Arab.) See Abiad. 
 Abyar, pi. of Bir (Arab., N. Africa), wells. 
 -Ac (Celtic), a suffix, sometimes patronymic, sometimes 
 
 possessive, e.g. Langeac. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 5 
 
 Acequia (Sp.), a canal. 
 
 Ach, Ache (Alps), a river, e.g. Salzach. 
 
 Ach (Gaelic). See Och. 
 
 Achan (E. Turk.), a place where a gorge opens out into 
 
 a plain. 
 Achik (Jr. Turk.), salt, bitter, e.g. Achik Bulak, 'bitter- 
 spring ' ; open, e.g. Achik-yilga, ' open valley.' 
 Acquitrino (It.), percolating water, ooze, swamp, bog. 
 Acre (Anglo-Saxon officer), a field, e.g. Long Acre. 
 Ad (Indian, U.S.A.), deer, e.g. Adosia, ' fair-deerland.' 
 Ad, Ado (Somali), white, e.g. Biyo Ado, ' white water,' 
 
 Burad, ' white hill.' See Biyo, Bur. 
 Ada, Ata (Turk.), an island. 
 Adad (Somali), trees, e.g. Adadle, ' the place where trees 
 
 grow.' See -Le. 
 Ada- do (Yoruba), an island. 
 Adar (Temashight, Berber), a mountain, mountain 
 
 spur, lit. a leg. 
 Adar-n-Eghirreu (Sahara), an arm (lit. a leg) of a river, 
 
 a creek, used to include both the Arab, terms Rejl 
 
 or Kra and Bot-ho (q.v.) See also Eghirreu. 
 Adar-udar (Hind.), a ditch, or mound of earth thrown 
 
 up from it to form a boundary. 
 Addi (Eritrea), green; e.g. Dilemmi Island, properly 
 
 Addi-lem, ' green spot.' 
 Addis (Abyssinia), new, e.g. Addis Abbaba, Addis Harar. 
 Adeb (Arab., N. Africa), a gently sloping hill. 
 Adek (Chinbon), small, applied to a hamlet, as a small 
 
 village. 
 Adel (Ger.), noble, e.g. Adelsheim, ' noble's home.' 
 
GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Adi (N. Chin hills), small, as of a stream, a small 
 
 river. 
 Adi (Basari). See Gudi. 
 Adler (Ger.), eagle, e.g. Adlerberg. 
 Ado (Danakil and Somaliland), white See Ad. 
 Adosase {Gold Coast), arable land. 
 Adrar {Sahara), a mountain. 
 Aduana {Sp.), a custom house. 
 moAdya {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a house. 
 
 Af {Somali), an opening, ravine, valley, lit. a mouth, 
 
 e.g. Afmadu, see Mado. 
 Afae {Gold Coast), a pass, defile. 
 Afam {Gold Coast), district, region. 
 Afan, pi. Mefan {Fan, French Congo). See Fan. 
 Afanin {Arab.), paths, ways. 
 Afelle {Tuareg, Berber), desert, lit. north, i.e. the 
 
 Sahara. Cf. Agus. 
 AS (Gaelic), water. 
 Affluent (Fr.), tributary stream. 
 Afri (Kabile), a grotto. 
 
 Ag {Indian, U.S.A.), water's edge, brink, bank, shore. 
 Aga (Galla), rock. 
 Agach (Turkestan), wood, tree. 
 Agadir (Berber), escarpment, rampart, fortification ; pi. 
 
 Igudar. 
 Agahar (Berber), a river. Cf. Akarka. 
 Agbaiye (Yoruba), the world. 
 Agba-ra (Yoruba), a wooden fortification. 
 Agh (Ireland), a field, from Irish achadh, e.g. Ardagh, 
 
 1 the field on the height.' See Ard. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 7 
 
 Aghelad (W. Sahara), a defile. 
 
 Aghil (E. Turk.), an enclosure for flocks. 
 
 Aghma (Arab.), a desert. Cf. Ama. 
 
 Aghz (Turk.), an entrance. 
 
 Agi (Kerepunu, New Guinea), wind. 
 
 Agib (Marocco), farm, as Agib Sherif, 'royal farm.' 
 
 Agios,a,on (Greek), holy, sacred, saint. See Hagios. 
 
 Agmana (Hindi), the east. For other points see XJttar. 
 
 Agolmin (Berber), pool, pond. 
 
 Agos (Tagala, Philippine Archipelago), current of a 
 
 river ; a watercourse. 
 Agrar (Deccan), a village or quarter of a town occupied 
 
 by Brahmins. 
 Agrish (Kabile), stone, rock*. 
 Agua (Port., Sp.), water, e.g. Aguas Calientes, ' warm 
 
 waters.' 
 Aguala (Spanish S. America), watering-station, a place 
 
 where the water is drinkable, water-lock. 
 Agula (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), marsh land. 
 Agus (Tuareg, Berber), south wind, south, the Northern 
 
 Tuareg name for the Sahara. Cf. Afelle, Ego. 
 Agy (Hung.), top, summit, peak. 
 Aha (Indian, U.S.A.), water. Cf. Ha. 
 Ahaban (Gold Coast), bush, wood, forest. 
 Ahandu (Lu-Wanga of Awa-Bimi group, Uganda). See 
 
 Handu. 
 Ahathluo (Indian, U.S.A.), sea. 
 Ahawag (Sahara), a plain. 
 Aha win (Gold Coast), grass. 
 Ahe (Gold Coast), place, locality, situation. 
 
GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ahea (Fanti), sand. 
 
 Ahel, Ahl (Arab.), people, e.g. Ahel es-Sahel, ' coast- 
 people.' Cf Ba, -Bu, Wa, Kel, A. See El, Sahel. 
 
 Ahemman) 
 
 y (Gold Coast), a kingdom. 
 
 Ahidaina (Maw a, New Guinea), south. For other 
 
 points see Tototaina. 
 Ahlen (Chinook, E. of Mon B.), red. 
 Ahmar (Arab.), red, e.g. Tel el Ahmar, 'red hill'; fern. 
 
 Hamara. See Hamar. 
 Ah na ku il (Indian, U.S.A.), town, village. 
 Ahoro (Yoruba), ruins. 
 Ahtatalki voarat (Fin.), a mountain. 
 Ahwan (N. Arakan), a village. 
 AT (China), a col, saddle between hills. 
 Aiara (Maiva, New Guinea), a village. 
 kiAiek (Uganda), a ferry. 
 Aigak (Aleut), great, big; e.g. Aigagin, volcano. 
 Aiguille (Fr.), a spire, steeple, peak (Aig l ),e.g. Aiguille 
 
 d'Argentiere. 
 Aikh, Aik (Arab.), a hard bank. 
 Aikak (Indian, Alaska), a passage between islands, 
 
 between an island and the mainland, or into a river. 
 Aimak (E. Turk.), a division of a tribe ; means also 
 
 (in Mongolia) an administrative district, and (in 
 
 Afghanistan) a group of Turki or Mongol tribes, 
 
 e.g. Char Aimak, the ' Four Tribes,' about the 
 
 Herat district west of the Hazara. 
 Ain, En (Arab.), a fountain, spring, source, e.g. Ain 
 
 Sefra, Engedi. 
 Ainet (Nandi and Eldorobo, Uganda), a river. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 9 
 
 Aird {Gaelic Airde), high, height, e.g. Airdrie. See Rie. 
 Cf. Ard. 
 
 Airilich, Airilghan (E. Turk.), a place where a stream 
 divides into several branches. 
 
 Ai'ssu (Danakil and Somaliland), grass. 
 
 Ait (Berber), a tribal prefix corresponding to Ben, Mac, 
 &c, e.g. Ai't-Ijer ; Ait-Sedrat. See Aiyal. 
 
 Ait (Kabile), a resident, inhabitant. 
 
 Aix, Aixe (from hat. aquas, acc.pl. of aqua, most French 
 nouns derived from Latin being formed from the 
 accusative case), waters, e.g. Aix-les-Bains, also Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, Aixheim, Aixe-sur-Vienne. Cf. Ger. 
 Aachen, really the same word. 
 
 Aiya (Shankali, Abyssinia), water. 
 
 Aiyal (Arab.), a tribal prefix. Cf. Ai't. 
 
 Aiyari (Hausa), caravan. 
 
 Ai yaw (Yindu Chin, W. of Won B.), small. 
 
 Ajelmam (N. Sahara), a lake. 
 
 Aju (Maju) (German E. Africa), house, e.g. Nyakaju, 
 1 a village in Nyaka.' See Ju. 
 
 Ak (Korea), peak, mountain, e.g. An-ak, Chai-ak, Pi-ak. 
 
 Ak (Turk.), white, e.g. Ak Su=' White Water' =river 
 Oxus. 
 chAka (Giryama), the dry season. 
 dzAka (Nika), a forest. 
 
 Aka (Japan), red, e.g. Akasaki, 'red cape.' See Saki. 
 
 Akaba (Arab.), a col or saddle between two hills ; a 
 hill or steep way ; any uninhabited place, wilder- 
 ness. 
 
 Akakio (Uganda, dialect of Bantu). See Kio. 
 
 Akalin (Arab.), countries, zones. 
 
10 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Akame {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Me. 
 mwAkani (Giryama), south. See Mutswerero. 
 
 Akanika, pi. of Tunika (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). 
 
 See Nika. 
 Akar (Sansc), mine, quarry, spring, source. 
 Akarka (Basque), a river. Gf. Agahar. 
 Akau (Hawaii), north. For other points see Kukulu 
 
 Hema, Hikina, Komohana. 
 Akaya (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kaya. 
 Akba (Arab., N. Africa), ascent, height, elevation. 
 Akbasha (Abbadi, Etbai), slate-coloured, applied to the 
 
 rocks of the neighbourhood. 
 Ake (Hu-Ni, China), water. 
 Ake-ja-onna (Yoruba), a cross street, lane. 
 Akena (Kabadi, New Guinea), river. 
 Akere, Aki (Alfur), water. Gf. Wai. 
 Akhal (Somali), house. 
 Akhal (Arab., N. Africa), black, e.g. Akhalkalaki ; fern. 
 
 Kahala. 
 Akhdar (Arab., N. Africa), green, covered with verdure ; 
 
 fern. Khadara. 
 Aki. See Akere. 
 Aki (Japan), autumn. 
 
 Akim a (Pimo Indian, U.S.A. ; Mexico), a river. 
 Akin (E. Turk.), the pouring forth or gushing out of 
 
 water. 
 Akipi (Elgumi, Uganda), water. 
 Akja (Turk.), white. Cf. Ak. 
 Ak-klut (Eskimo), provisions, ammunition ; e.g. Aklut 
 
 * the village where provisions may be obtained.' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 11 
 
 Akla (Indian U.S.A.), deep water. 
 mwAko (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain. Cf. 
 Ango. 
 
 Ako-ban (Gold Coast), a defensive wall, fence, rampart. 
 
 Akogha, pi. Bekogha (Fan, French Congo). See Kogha. 
 
 Akropolis (Greek), citadel, fortress. 
 
 Akroterion (Greek), cape, promontory. 
 
 A ku (Indian, U.S.A.), a plain. 
 
 Aku (Maiva, New Guinea), sea. 
 
 A kum na (Indian, U.S.A.), bog, marsh. 
 
 Akupaka (Maiva, New Guinea), the deep sea. 
 
 Akwampo (Gold Coast), a desolate,' bad, impassable 
 way. 
 
 Akwo (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), sand. 
 
 Akyn (E. Turk.) See Akin. 
 
 Al (Arab.), family, race. 
 
 Al, Alb, Alp (Aryan languages), high, hill, e.g. Shiffnal, 
 Albania, Alps (cognate with Latin albns, white). 
 
 Al (Wolof), a forest. 
 dzAl (Fan, French Congo), a village. For pi. see Dzal. 
 
 Ala (Madagascar), forest wood, thus anala=the place 
 where ' the forest is, e.g. Analasora, ' at the wood 
 where the hedgehogs are found.' See An. 
 
 Ala (Arab.) upper. Cf Fokani. 
 
 Ala (Turk.), variegated, e.g. Alatau, 'variegated moun- 
 tain,' because of the stripes and patches of dark rock 
 alternating with snow. 
 
 Ala (Yoruba), a boundary. 
 
 I (Loango, Bantu), a village. For pi. see Buala. 
 bwAla) 
 
12 GLOSSAEY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 lu Ala (Bantu), a cliff. 
 - Alachuk (Persia), the bee-hive movable dwellings of the 
 
 Yomut Turkomans, with a wooden framework, 
 
 usually about 16 feet in diameter, and covered with 
 
 felt. 
 Alafo (Yoruba), valley, ravine. 
 Alambrado (Spanish S. America), wire fencing fastened 
 
 to posts. Cf. Alambre, copper wire. 
 Alamu (Nika), wide, broad (river). 
 Alaya (Sansc.), abode, e.g. Himalaya = the abode of 
 
 snow. See Him. 
 Alb. See Al. 
 Albardon (Spanish S. America), rising ground on the 
 
 coast or amongst lagoons. 
 Aid (Gaelic Allt), a stream, e.g. Aldcambus, ■ the stream 
 
 of the bay.' See Cambus. 
 Aldea (Port., Sp.), a village, hamlet, used also in Anglo- 
 Indian for a villa. 
 Ale (Sara, Chad L.), a mountain. 
 Aleb (Arab., N. Africa), a shelving hill. 
 Aleg (W. Sahara), a lake. 
 Alen (N. Chin hills, Taungtha), large, great. 
 Alfa (Arab., N. Africa), & name common to several 
 
 species of grass; sometimes Haifa, e.g. Wadi Haifa, 
 
 1 the valley with the esparto grass.' 
 Alfandega (Port.), custom house. 
 Algus (Hausa), green, as of a forest in leaf. Cf. 
 
 Chanwa. 
 A\i, pi. Meli (Fan, French Congo). See Li. 
 Alifa (Bagirmi), chief, e.g. Alifa Ba= chief of the river. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 13 
 
 Alin (China), a mountain, range. 
 
 Alizes, Vents- (Fr.), trade winds. 
 
 Alkube (Songhai), a fortified place. 
 
 Allah (Arab.), God, e.g. Allahabad, 'the town of God.' 
 
 See Abad. 
 Alle (Wolof), a desert, a forest. 
 Allt (Gaelic), a stream or brook, e.g. AUt Anavig, near 
 
 the Kyle of Lochalsh. Cf. Aid. 
 chAlo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country, district. 
 umwAlo (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a field or plantation. 
 -Alonga. See Nini. 
 Alor (Malay), a drain, dike, e.g. Alor Sama, Alor Pongsu 
 
 in Bagan Serai. 
 Alp. See Al. 
 Alqueria (Sp.), grange, farmhouse ; generally a farm 
 
 with a house at a distance from neighbours. 
 Also (Hung.), under, lower, e.g. Also Alpar. 
 Alt (Ger.), old, e.g. Altenburg. 
 
 Alt, Allt (Welsh), a steep place, e.g. Altcar, Alltmawr. 
 Alta (Indian, U.S.A.), swift, running water. 
 Alta,o (It., Sp., Port.), high, e.g. Tierra Alta (Sp.), 
 
 'high land.' See entries under Alto-. 
 Altin (E. Turk.), lower, e.g. Altin Tagh. See Astin. 
 Altopiano (It.), an elevated tableland. 
 Altozano (Sp.), a height or little hill. 
 Altun, Altyn (E. Turk.), gold, e.g. Altyn Kiopru. 
 chiAlu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country, district. 
 Alugh, pi. Melugh (Fan, French Congo), the portion of 
 
 a river between two dams, which is emptied in 
 
 order to catch the fish. See Lugh. 
 
14 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Aluj (Marocco), converts, e.g. Ulad el Aluj, 'the sons 
 
 of the converts,' as the inhabitants of Agurai are 
 
 called, being of Spanish gipsy origin. 
 Ahm-ahm {Java), a grassy public square surrounded by 
 
 trees, which is found in the centre of all towns in 
 
 Java. 
 Alvenaria (Port.), rough, unhewn stone (building). 
 Alyen (Chinhoyi), large, e.g. Mlet Alyen, 'the big stream.' 
 Alzata (It.), an embankment. 
 Am (Madagascar). See An. 
 Am (Welsh), by, near, e.g. Amlwch, Henllan-am-Goed, 
 
 ' the old church by the wood.' See Hen, Llan, Coed. 
 Ama (Arab.), a desert. Cf. Aghma. 
 Ama- (Bantu), plur. prefix signifying 'people,' e.g. 
 
 Amazulu. This is really the article a, followed by 
 
 the prefix ma. See A. 
 Amagamba, Igamba (dialects of Bantu). See Gamba. 
 Amaji (dialect of Bantu). See Mansi. 
 Amak (Aleut), blood, a name given to islands where 
 
 walruses are found and killed. 
 Amala (Arab., N. Africa), a province. 
 Aman (N. Chin hills), black, e.g. Aman Var, 'black 
 
 river.' 
 Aman (Marocco), water. 
 Amantifi (Gold Coast), the upper part of the country ; 
 
 the high country. 
 Amanzi (Zulu, Kafir), water. See Nzi. 
 Amapiri (dialect of Bantu). See Piri. 
 Amara, Amr (India), immortal, e.g. Amarapura, ' town 
 
 of the immortals,' Amritsar, ' lake of immortality.' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 15 
 
 -Amatadi (Congo), suffix meaning rocky. See Tadi. 
 Amazagh, Amashagh, Amezdhagh, Emizdegh (dialects of 
 
 Berber), a village. Cf. Ntamazirt. 
 Amazi (dialect of Bantu). See Mansi. 
 Amb (New Guinea), a house. 
 Amba (Abyssinia), an elevated mountain plateau. 
 imiAmba, mw Amba (Swahili), rock. 
 kiAmba (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain. 
 Ambar (E. Turk.), a granary. Cf. Ab-amber. 
 Ame (Japan), rain. 
 
 Amensi (dialect of Bantu). See Mansi. 
 Amers (Fr.), landmarks, natural or artificial, on the 
 
 coast. 
 Amezdhagh (Tuareg, Berber). See Amazagh. 
 -Amiongo (Congo), suffix meaning ' hilly.' See Ongo. 
 Amma-wa (Logon, Chad L. region), the current of a 
 
 river. 
 Amont (Fr.), up-stream. See Aval. 
 Ampang (Malay), a dam, and to dam. 
 -Ampwena (Congo), suffix meaning 'great.' 
 Amt (Nor.), a county. 
 Amtik (Kabile), a passage. 
 Amud (Somali), earth. 
 A mun hive (Indian, U.S.A.), an island. 
 kiAmvu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), bridge, pier. 
 Amwene (dialect of Bantu). See Mwene. 
 An (China), border, shore. 
 An, And, Ant, Am (Madagascar), all modified forms of 
 
 Ani, the place where one finds something, or where 
 
 something is, at, on, in, near, e.g. Ankazobe, ' at 
 
16 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 the big trees,' ' the place where the forest is ' ; 
 
 Andranomami, 'the place where the sweet water 
 
 is ' ; Antsahakeli, ' at the little brook ' ; Antananarivo, 
 
 1 at the town of thousands or of a thousand 
 
 dwellings.' See Kazo, Be, Rana, Saha, Keli, Tana, 
 
 Arivo. 
 An (China, Cochinchina), signifies rest, tranquillity, and 
 
 occurs in a large number of place-names ; e.g. 
 
 An-Dien, ' the peaceful rice-field.' Cf Friedenau. 
 An {China), a saddle ; e.g. An-Shan, ' saddle hill.' 
 Ana (Hatu, China), black. 
 kiAna {Congo, dialect of Bantu), farm, garden. 
 mwAna (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu), an affluent. 
 
 Anak-ayer (Malay), tributary of a river, lit. ' child of 
 
 the river,' e.g. Anak-ayer Kaching. See Ayer. 
 Anamghur (Sahara), a watering-place. 
 dzAnche (Nika), a place cleared of wood for cultivation. 
 Ancoradouro (Port.), anchorage. 
 Ancoraggio (It.), a roadstead, anchorage. 
 Ancrage (Fr.), an anchorage. 
 And (Madagascar). See An. 
 luAnda (Nika), an open tract of land. 
 lwAnda (Giryama), prairie, veld. 
 Andar (Armenian), a forest. 
 nlwAndle (Kafir). See Lwandle. 
 
 Andrefana (Madagascar), west. For other points see 
 
 Avaratra. 
 Andriana (Madagascar), lord, chief, great man, noble, 
 
 e.g. Ankaranandriana, ' at the lord's rock.' See An, 
 
 Kara. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 17 
 
 Ane {Gold Coast), west, westward. See Boka. 
 
 Anemomulos (Neo-Greeh), a windmill. 
 
 -Anene (Congo), suffix meaning ' great.' Cf. Nene. 
 
 Ang (Kwenam), a stream. 
 
 Ang'are (Brit. E. Africa), water, e.g. the river Ang'ares 
 
 Sinandi. 
 Ange (Kanuri, ChadL.), equivalent to Firki (q.v.) See 
 
 also Ghadir. 
 Anghi (Tuareg, Berber), torrent, rivulet. 
 Angin (Malay), wind ; Angin-Darat, land-breeze ; Angin- 
 laut, sea-breeze. 
 mwAngo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain. 
 
 Cf. Ako. 
 paAngo (Swahili), a cave. 
 
 Angostura (Sp.), a narrow pass. 
 Angrenzend (Ger.), adjacent, contiguous. 
 Angri (Marocco), a well. 
 Angum (N. Arahan), a valley. 
 Ang vai (Yindu Chin, W. of Mon B.), large. 
 Anhar (Arab.), rivers, streamlets (pi. o/Nahr, stream). 
 kiAnij 
 
 chiAnU (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), grass. 
 viAni' 
 
 Aningo (Mpongwe, Bantu). See Ningo. 
 luAnja (Bantu), the sea. 
 
 nyAnja (Cent. Africa, Bantu), lake, water either of a 
 river or lake. Cf. Anza, Asa. 
 uAnja (Swahili), an enclosure. 
 Ankapahia (Fin), a roadstead. 
 Ankergrund (Ger.), anchorage. 
 
 c 
 
18 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ankik (Kabile), gorge, col, defile. 
 
 Anna (Upper Nile), bush, high grass. 
 
 Annexe (Fr.), a parochial chapel. 
 
 Ano (Gold Coast), bank, shore. 
 
 Ansa (It.), a creek, bay. 
 
 Anse (Fr.), a creek, bay. 
 
 Ant (Madagascar). See An. 
 
 Ant (Tibet), end, extremity, e.g. Bhot-Ant, corrupted into 
 
 Bhutan. See Bhot. 
 Antia (Lomwe, Mozambique), lake, swamp. 
 Antsinanana (Madagascar), east, For other points see 
 
 Avaratra. 
 Antu (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Ntu. 
 isAntwenka (Zulu, Kafir), a deep reach of water. 
 Anu (Gold Coast), near, alongside of, e.g. Apuanu, near 
 
 the sea, sea-side, coast. See Apu. 
 Ann (Tuareg, Berber), a deep well. 
 mwAnya (Giryama), a gap. 
 luAnza (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country, town. 
 nyAnza (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a broad water, 
 
 lake. See Nyanza, Muanza, Anja, Asa, &c. 
 Ao (Annam), lake, marsh, pond, pool. 
 Ao (Hainan), a mountain. 
 Ao, Awo (Japan), green. See Awo. 
 Ao (China, Siam), bay, creek. 
 Ap (Hottentot). See Ep. 
 Ap (Sansc), water. 
 
 Apa (Gold Coast), borders, frontiers ; region, district. 
 Apa (Indian, U.S.A.), abounding in cliffs. 
 Apara klippo (Fin.), cliff. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 19 
 
 Apatoa {Tahiti), north. See next entry. 
 
 Apatoerau (Tahiti), south. See preceding entry. 
 
 Apeliotes (Neo-Greek), east. See Boreas. 
 
 Apere {Gold Coast), a plan for defence, entrenchment. 
 
 Api (Malay), fire, e.g. Gunong Api=fire mountain, or 
 
 volcano. See Gunong. 
 Approdo (It.), a landing-place. 
 Apro (Hung.), little. 
 Apu (Gold Coast), the sea ; Apu Anu, 'the sea-side ' ; Apu 
 
 Insu, ' sea-water.' See Anu, Insu. 
 Aquilon (Fr.), the north wind. 
 Ar, Aru (Tamul), a river. 
 Ar- (Welsh), 'upon,' e.g. Llanarmon. See Llan. 
 Ara (E. Turk.), middle. 
 Ara (Indian, U.S.A.), a path at a gorge. 
 Ara (Barotong a, Polynesia), house. 
 Aragari. See Oyari. 
 Aragib (Arab., N. Africa). See Argub. 
 Araha (Kerepunu, New Guinea), garden, plantation. 
 Arak, pi. Arkan (Arab.), cavern or cliff. 
 Aral (E. Turk.), an island. 
 Aralcha (E. Turk.), small island. 
 Arara, Karara (Hind.), high steep banks. 
 Araras (Marocco), road, path. 
 Arare (Marovo, Solomon Is.), wind. 
 Arazi (Arab.), lands. 
 Arba (Abyssinia), elephant, e.g. Tulu Arba, 'elephant 
 
 range ' ; Gara Arba, ' elephant peak.' 
 Arbre (Fr.), a tree (Arb.) 
 Area de Agua (Sp.), reservoir. 
 
 c 2 
 
20 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ard {Celtic), a height, high, e.g. Ardrossan, Ardnamurchan, 
 
 'the height of the great headland.' See Mor, 
 
 Chan. Cf. Aird. 
 Ardhun (Arab.), earth. 
 Area, Areia (Port.), sand ; from *Lat. arena. 
 Areg, sing. Erg, Arga, dim. Arigat (Arab.), a mass of 
 
 dunes. See Armath. 
 Arena (It., Sp.), sand. 
 Arenal (Sp.), sandy ground, beach. 
 Arete (Fr.), a sharp rocky crest. 
 Arga, pi. Areg (Arab., N. Africa), a large dune. See 
 
 Areg, Erg. 
 Argile (Fr.) } 
 Argilla(I^.)j Clay * 
 Argub,pl. Aragib (Arab., N. Africa), branch of a chain 
 
 of mountains ; spur. 
 Ariawa (Hausa), north. For other points see Kndu, 
 
 Kuddus, Gabbaz. 
 Arigat (Arab., N. Africa), a small dune. See Areg, Erg. 
 Arik (Turkestan), a small canal, an irrigation canal. 
 Arima (Aroma, New Guinea), earth. 
 Arish (Arab., N. Africa), vegetation on top of a dune ; 
 
 sometimes the dune itself. 
 Arisha (Arab.), sandy tracts of small extent on the 
 
 borders of a plateau. 
 Arka (E. Turk.), the back, behind, e.g. Arka Tagh, 
 
 Arkala. 
 Arkan (Arab.), caverns or cliffs. 
 Arkh (Caucasus), canal. 
 Arkit (Tuareg, Berber), wilderness. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 21 
 
 Arl (Ger.), eagle, e.g. Arlberg. 
 
 Armath (Arab., N. Africa), a group of low dunes, or a 
 
 single dune of small relief. See Areg. 
 Aro (Mongol), behind, north. For other points see 
 
 Barong, Jung. 
 chAro (Nika), caravan. 
 
 Arok (Hung), ditch, trench, valley ; equivalent to 
 
 .German Graben (q.v .) 
 Arrabalde (Port.), suburb, environs. 
 Arre. See Ere. 
 Arrecife (Sp.), a reef. 
 Arroio (Port.) 
 
 . a rivulet, brook (A.) 
 Arroyo (Sp.) 
 
 „ (U.S.A.), the channel of an intermittent stream 
 
 cut in loose earth. 
 
 Arsh (Arab., N. Africa), a tribe. 
 
 Art (E. Turk.), a col with long ascent almost in a 
 
 straight line. 
 
 Aru (Tamul). See Ar. 
 
 Am (Amis, Formosa), river. 
 
 ch Aru (Gent. Africa, Bantu), country, district. 
 
 Aruabu (S. Gape, New Guinea), south-east wind.' 
 
 Arui (Welaung), a hill. 
 
 Arus (Malay), current of a stream. 
 
 Arvoredo (Port.), a grove. 
 
 Aryk (E. Turk.) See Arik. 
 
 Arz (Arab.), the earth, land. 
 
 As (Sic), ridge of a hill, chain of hills. Cf. Aas. 
 
 nyAsa (Gent. Africa, Bantu), lake, water either of a river 
 
 or lake. Cf. Anja, Anza. 
 
22 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Asaga {Turk.), lower. 
 
 Asai (Japan), shallow. 
 
 Asarim, Esalim (Tuareg, Berber), bank of a river. 
 
 Aselli (Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), a hill. 
 
 Asfal (Arab.), lower, e.g. Zab-el-Asfal. Of, Tahtani. 
 
 Asfar (Arab.), yellow, e.g. Jebel es Safra, ' the Yellow 
 
 Mount.' See Safra, El. 
 Ashagha (Turk.), lower. Another form of Asaga. 
 Ashiret {Turkey in Asia), a clan. 
 Ashkin (Pers.), lands flooded only temporarily, e.g. 
 
 Ashkinak around Chakansur on Hamun-i-Sistan. 
 
 See Hamiin. 
 Ashokan (Indian, U.S.A.), rapids. Cf. Koho. 
 kiAsi (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. 
 Asi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. See Si. 
 Asiaona (Kabadi, New Guinea), south. 
 Asif (Marocco), a river; the form Assifis also found. 
 Asighele osu (Fan, French Congo), current of a river. 
 Asmak (Turk.), still water. 
 
 Asogh, pi. Mesogh (Fan, French Congo). See Sogh. 
 Aspro (Neo-Greek), white. 
 
 _ ' - red, e.g. Dabass, Daarass, 'red clay.' 
 
 Assa (Danakil),\ ' * ' J 
 
 Assise (Fr.), stratum. 
 
 Astillero (Sp.), a dockyard. 
 
 Astin (E. Turk.), lower. Cf. Altin. 
 
 Asto (Indian, U.S.A.), a defile. 
 
 Astyn (E. Turk.) See Astin. 
 
 Asuad (Arab.), black (sometimes written Aswad). 
 
 Asu-bonten (Gold Coast), river, stream. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 23 
 
 Asu-kon {Gold Coast), bank of a river. Cf. Nsu-ano. 
 
 Asun afo (Gold Coast), down stream. 
 
 Asu roki (Gold Coast), the bar of a river. 
 
 Aswad. See Asuad. 
 
 Aswanek (Senegal), subject, opp. to Melli, Men, free, e.g. 
 Melinke, ' the free people.' 1 
 
 Asya-bad (Pers.), a windmill, lit. 'mill-wind.' 
 
 At (Indian, U.S.A.), channel, current. 
 
 Ata (Turk.), an island. 
 
 Atak (Mongol), low, down, lower, e.g. Atak Habsere, 
 ' lower Habsere.' See Kurban. 
 
 Atala (Fin), mud. 
 
 Atalaya (Sp.), an elevated place from which a consider- 
 able view may be obtained ; a watch-tower. 
 
 Atarpal (Sansc), land that is left uncultivated. 
 
 Atas (Malay), above, top, summit, surface. 
 
 Ate (Maiva, New Guinea), a river. 
 
 Atea (Indian, U.S.A.), a valley, landscape. 
 
 Atem nu (Chinook, E. of Mon B.), large. Cf. Im nu. 
 
 Atete-ba (Yoruba), a frontier, boundary. 
 
 Ath (Irish), a ford, e.g. Athlone. 
 
 Athmana (Sansc.), the west. 
 
 Athmas (Sansc), land constantly under cultivation. 
 
 Atle (Indian, Mexico), water, from Atl, which is Aztec 
 for < water.' Cf. Atte. 
 
 Atmur (Egyptian Sudan), a desert route. 
 
 Ato (Venezuela), farmhouse, farm, estate. 
 
 Atoe-fam (Gold Coast), the west side. 
 
 Atoll (Maldive anglicised), one or any greater number 
 For another derivation see under -Ke 
 
24 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 of coral islands of little height above the sea, 
 
 situated on a strip or ring of coral surrounding a 
 
 central lagoon. 
 Atollon (Fr.), an atoll. 
 
 ,, (E?iglish), a small atoll on the margin of a larger 
 
 one. 
 Atraf (Arab.), environs, suburbs. 
 Atsimo (Madagascar), south. For other points see 
 
 Avaratra. 
 Att (E. Turk.), horse, e.g. Att-bash, 'horse-head peak.' 
 Atte (Indian, Mexico), water, cf. Atle. 
 An (Cambodia), a stream, torrent. 
 An, Aue (Ger.), a meadow, e.g. Reichenau, ' rich 
 
 meadow,' Goldene Aue, ' golden meadow.' 
 Au (New Guinea), a tree, also in Mekeo dialect ' the 
 
 sea.' 
 Au (Siam), a bay. 
 
 Au (Tibet), snows, e.g. Tsangau, ' the snows of Tsang.' 
 Auch (Scotland), a field, e.g. Auchinleck. 
 Auchter (Gaelic Uachdar), upland, upper land, e.g. Auchter- 
 
 gaven, ■ the upland of the yearling cattle,' Auchter- 
 
 muchty, * the upper land of the wild sow ' (Muc= 
 
 sow). 
 Auen (Nissan I., New Guinea), a bank, beach. 
 Auj (Arab.), summit, top. 
 Aul (Kirghiz), tent-village, camp. 
 Aurir (Kabile), a mountain. 
 Aurung (Anglo-Indian), a term applied to the old East 
 
 India Company's factories, from the Pers. aurang, 
 
 1 a place where goods are manufactured ' ; ' a depot 
 
 for such goods.' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 25 
 
 Aushi (Sahara), tribe, clan, e.g. Aushi n Astafadet. 
 
 Au stremot (Cambodia), a bay. 
 
 Autel (Tuareg, Berber), an island. 
 
 Av (Gaelic), water, e.g. Avoch, 'the field of water.' Cf. 
 
 Avon. See Och. 
 Ava (Madagascar), grotto, cave, cavern, e.g. Andavadolo, 
 
 ' the place where the grotto of the dead is ' ; 'at 
 
 the tomb ' ; Andavakombi, ' at the cavern of the 
 
 oxen.' See An. 
 Ava (Slav. ; Kurdish), water, river, e.g. Morava ; Av-i-spi, 
 
 1 white water.' 
 Aval (Fr.), down stream. See Amont. 
 Avala (Kerepunu, New Guinea), north-west wind. 
 Avalaison (Fr.), a flood, torrent. 
 Avara (Motumotu, New Guinea), north-west wind. 
 Avaratra (Madagascar), north. For other points see 
 
 Andrefana, Antsinanana, Atsimo. 
 Aven. See Avon. 
 
 Avivina (Kabadi, New Guinea), wind. 
 Avok (Yindu Chin, W. of Mon B.), white (of snow or a 
 
 foaming torrent). 
 Avon (Celtic), a river, applied to a large number of 
 
 British streams. Cognate with Bat. amnis. Cf. Av. 
 Avras (E. Turk.), basin, ditch, depression in which 
 
 water collects and remains. 
 Avurigo (Kerepunu, New Guinea), west. For other 
 
 points see Aburigo. 
 Awa- (Bantu Kavirondo, Uganda, Nyasaland), a prefix 
 
 signifying clan or tribe, e.g. Awawanga, the tribe 
 
 speaking Luwanga, inhabiting Wanga, one of whom 
 
26 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 is called Mwanga, i.e. an inhabitant of Wanga ; 
 
 similarly Awankonde, Awamwamba. See Wa, -Wa, A. 
 Awari. See Oyari. 
 Awhea (Gold Coast), sand. 
 
 Awo, Ao (Japan), green, e.g. Awo fchima, 'green island.' 
 Awoa (Gold Coast), high, lofty. 
 
 Aworo (Gold Coast), cataract ; the swell of the sea ; surf. 
 Aworo-so (Gold Coast), rapids in a river. 
 Axe. See Wysg, Esk. 
 Ay, pi. Aire (Teutonic), an island (Saxon Ea), e.g. 
 
 Colonsay. Cf. Ey, Oe. 
 Aya, pi. Meya (Fan, French Congo). See Ya. 
 Ayag (E. Turkestan), under, lower. 
 Ayaw, Tha (Chinbok, E. of Mon R.), small. 
 Ayer (Malay), water, stream ; fresh water ; river ; 
 
 district on a river ; e.g. Ayer Mati, on the Perak K. 
 Ayer dras (Malay), a rapid over sand or pebbles. 
 Ayer masin (Malay), salt water. 
 Aymak (E. Turk.) See Aimak. 
 Ayua, pi. Meyua (Fan, French Congo). See Yua. 
 Ayun, pi. of Ain (Arab.), sources. Cf. Oyun. [state. 
 Azel (Arab., N. Africa), landed property reserved by the 
 Azenha (Port.), a water mill. 
 Azhebik (Indian, U.S.A.), rock. 
 Azib (Kabile, Marocco), country house, farm. 
 Azrak, Azrek (Arab.), blue; e.g. Bahr el Azrek, 'the 
 
 Blue Kiver,' i.e. 'the Blue Nile.' 
 isAzulu (Zulu, Kafir), a locality which is the centre of a 
 
 country. 
 Azzu (Kabile), rock. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 27 
 
 B 
 
 Ba (A-Zande), place. 
 
 Ba (Arab., N. Africa), a form of Bu=father, It enters 
 
 into many names, e.g. TJlad-ba-Hammu. See Ulad. 
 Ba- (S. Cent. Africa, Barotseland), prefix meaning a 
 
 single individual, e.g. Ba-rotse. Cf. English-man. 
 Ba- (Gent. Africa, Bantu), prefix meaning a people, 
 
 e.g. Ba-ntu, the people ; Mu-ntu, the individual ; 
 
 i.e. sing. Mu-, pi. Ba-. Cf. Bu, Wa, Kel, Im, Ahel. 
 Ba (Sara, Chad L.), water, a river; e.g. Bamingi; Ba 
 
 Bai, another name for the Logon E. Cf. Mane. 
 
 The Ba of the Mandingo or Mande, in the Western 
 
 Sudan, has the same meaning. 
 Ba (Togo), a road. 
 
 Baae (Nor.), a sunken rock or shoal. 
 Baaja (Arab., N. Africa), land full of pools. 
 Baak (Dch.), a beacon. 
 Baak, Baake (Da.), a beacon. 
 Bab (Arab.), pi. Biban, Buwab (lit. a door or gate), a 
 
 passage between dunes ; a narrow strait or gut ; 
 
 e.g. Bab el Mandeb, 'gate of tears.' 
 Baba (Hausa), great. 
 
 Baba (Turk.), father, e.g. Babadagh= father mountain. 
 Babchu (Tibet), a small river. 
 Babord (Fr.), port side, i.e. the left side, when one 
 
 faces the bows of a vessel, or larboard. 
 Bach (Ger.), a brook, rivulet, small rapid stream (B.) 
 Bach (Welsh), small, e.g. Eglwysbach= little church. See 
 
 Eglwys. ; 
 
28 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Bache (E. Africa), river, stream. 
 
 Bacino (It.), dock, dry dock, basin (of a river). 
 
 Back (Sw.), a brook, rivulet, small rapid stream. 
 
 Bad (Ger.), bath, e.g. Baden, Carlsbad. 
 
 Bad (Pers.), wind. 
 
 Bad (Somali), tank, e.g. Badwein, ' big tank.' See 
 
 Wein. 
 Badala (Mande). See Badla. 
 Badar (Hind.), a large house, a granary raised on piles ; 
 
 Badar being a cloud. 
 Badara (Mande), on the bank, riverside. 
 Badi (A-Zande), a river. 
 Badie 
 
 , (Arab.) a desert. 
 Badiya 1 
 
 Badla, Badala, Bafala (Mande), lake, marsh, swamp. 
 
 Baek {Nor., Da.), a brook, rivulet, or small rapid stream. 
 
 Cf. English Beck. 
 
 Bser (Icelandic), a farm, village. 
 
 Bafara (Mande). Another form of Badla (q.v.) 
 
 Bag (E. Turk.), a village. 
 
 Baga (Mongol). See Bagha. 
 
 Bagan (Malay), lit. a quay or landing-place, hence a 
 
 ferry ; sometimes (e.g. in Wellesley Province) a 
 
 district ; e.g. Bagan Nior, Bagan Ginting, both on 
 
 Bernam E. Cf. Ox- ford. 
 Bagar (Hind.), pasture grounds. 
 Bagare (Mossi, French Sudan), a garden. 
 Baggara (E. Sudan), a name given to all cattle-owning 
 
 nomad Arabs, cowherds. 
 Bagh (Pers.), garden, orchard, grove ; e.g. Baghdad. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 29 
 
 Bagha, Baga (Mongol), small; e.g. Baga Uchimuchin. 
 
 See Ikhe. Gf. Bak (Hung.), Baka. 
 Baghistan (Hind.), garden ground, vineyard. 
 Bagiriwa (Aroma, New Guinea), west. For other points 
 
 see Walau. 
 Bagwio (Tagala, Philippines), a cyclone or hurricane. 
 Baha {Hind.), a watercourse, channel. 
 Baha (Tagala, Philippines), a flood. 
 Bahandin, Bahai (Philippines) , a house. 
 Bahar (Darfur), north. Gf. Sbah. 
 Bahar (Arab.), lake, sea. Gf. Bahr. 
 Bahari (Swahili), sea. From the Arab. Bahar, Bahr. 
 Bahat (Abbadi, Etbai), a mine. 
 
 Baheira (Arab.), a lake ; the same word as Bahira (q.v.) 
 Bahia (Port., Sp.), a bay; e.g. Bahia de Todos os Santos, 
 
 'bay of all saints.' 
 Bahira (Arab., N. Africa), lake, marshy spot, dim. of 
 
 Bahar. 
 Bahnhof (Ger.), railway station (Bhf.) 
 Bahr (Arab.), sea, water, river ; e.g. Bahr el Ghazal. See 
 
 Boheira, Bahar. 
 Baibua (New Guinea), peace, e.g. Jesu Baibua, or Yeku 
 
 Ngangau, ' the Peace of Jesus,' generally called 
 
 Yeku (Jesus), where the Iuawaia and Eboa tribes 
 
 were reconciled. 
 Baida (Arab.), a desert, e.g. Dar el Baida. See Dar 
 Baie (Fr.), bay, gulf. 
 
 Bailiary (Scotland), the jurisdiction of a sheriff. 
 Baime (A-Zande), river ; from Ba (father) and Ime 
 
 (water). 
 
30 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Bain (Deccan), a large well. 
 
 Baiska (Punjab), grazing ground. 
 
 Bait (Arab.), a house. 
 
 Baital (Cent. Asia), a mare; e.g. Ak-Baital, 'white mare,' 
 
 a northerly confluent of the Ak-Su. See Ak. 
 Baiva (laibo, New Guinea), beach. 
 Baixo (Port.), a shoal. 
 Baja (It.), a bay, roadstead. 
 Bajar (Punjab), street, market-place. 
 Bajio (Sp.), a shoal. 
 Bak (Himg.), little. Cf. Bagha, Baka. 
 Bak (Sw.), a beacon, lighthouse. Cf. Bake. 
 Bak (Tibet), west. For other points see Lho. 
 Baka (Mongol), little. Cf. Bagha, Bak. 
 Bakan (Buss.), a lake. 
 Bake (Ger.), a beacon. Cf. Bak. 
 Baken (Buss.), beacon or buoy. 
 Bakere (A-Zande), great. 
 
 Bakhbakha (Arab., N. Africa), soft spongy ground. 
 Baki-n-Gulbi (Hausa), on the bank, gulbi meaning 
 
 1 river ' ; a name frequently given to riverside 
 
 villages or towns. Baki=bank, side, mouth. 
 Baki-n-Rua (Hausa), bank of a river. See Rua. 
 Bakka (Mossi, French Sudan), marsh, pond. 
 Bakke, Bakki (Da., Icel.), a hill, e.g. Eyrarbakki. 
 Baklan (Buss.), a cormorant, whence Baklanets or Bak- 
 
 luish, small islands frequented by cormorants. 
 Bako (Mossi), a river. 
 Bal (Gaelic Baile), a town, e.g. Baldernock, 'the town of 
 
 the stream at the knoll'; Der = Dur (q.v.), Nock 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 31 
 
 (Gaelic Cnoc), a hill, knoll; Balcarres, ' the town of 
 
 the contest.' 
 Bal, Bally, Balla {Irish), an abode, town, e.g. Balbriggan, 
 
 Ballymena. 
 eBala (Congo, dialect of Bantu). For meaning see Ebala. 
 Bala (Madagascar), enclosure, field, farm, thus ambala = 
 
 the place where the field is, e.g. Ambalanondr, ' at the 
 
 sheep field,' Ambalanosi, ' at the goat field.' See An. 
 Bala (Pers.), upper, top, summit, e.g. Bala Murghab. 
 
 See Pain. 
 Bala (Welsh), the effluence of a river from a lake. 
 Balad (Arab.), a town, village, country, land. See Beled, 
 
 Bilad, Bled, for other forms. 
 Balagan (Kamchatka), a wooden hut raised on piles to 
 
 a height of about 10 feet above the ground. 
 Balai (Tagala, Philippines), house. 
 Balchik (Turk.), clay. 
 Bald (U.S.A.), a high rounded knob or mountain top, 
 
 bare of forest. 
 Bale (Sumatra), the men's house in Batak villages, as 
 
 distinguished from Lotsung, the general meeting- 
 place of the women. The men's house is also 
 
 called Sopo. Cf. Human, Ingot Bage. 
 Balgarsun (Mongol), a wall of fortification. 
 Balgas (Mongol), town, large village, e.g. Khara Balgas, 
 
 1 black town,' Chagan Balgas, ' white city.' 
 mBali (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu), people of the west. 
 Balik (Mongol), a town; in E. Turk, a fortification, 
 
 fortress. 
 Balise (Fr.), a beacon. 
 
32 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Balka (Buss.), a ravine, valley, dell. 
 
 Balkan (Turk.), a mountain range. 
 
 Balla. See Bal. 
 
 Ballewo (Fula), black, e.g. Mayo Ballewo, 'Black Kiver.' 
 
 Balloch (Gaelic Bealach), a pass, an opening, e.g. Balloch, 
 
 Ballochmyle, 'bare opening.' 
 Ballut (Arab.), oak, e.g. Deir Ballut in Palestine. See Deir. 
 Bally. See Bal. 
 
 Balm (Celtic), an overhanging wall of rock, a cave. 
 Balsa (Spanish America), raft, timber float, also a 
 
 pool of stagnant water. 
 Balta (Neo-Greek), a marsh. 
 Balu (Hind.), sand, gravel. 
 Balu-danda (Hind.), shoal, sandbank. 
 Balza (It.), rock, cliff, precipice. 
 Bam (Pers.), roof, top, story, e.g. Bam-i-Dunya, 'the roof 
 
 of the world,' applied by the Persians to the 
 
 Pamirs. 
 Bama=Hama (Japan), beach, shore. 
 Bamba {Hind.) , a well, fount, pump (cf. Port, pompa) . 
 Bamba (W. Africa, between the Niger and the Atlantic), 
 
 crocodile, e.g. Bambara, ' the people whose idol or 
 
 fetish is the crocodile.' Cf. Mali, Sa. Hence 
 Bambara (W. Africa, between the Niger and the Atlantic), 
 
 infidel, Kafir, a term wrongly applied to the Bam- 
 
 mana, who are Mohammadans. The Bambara of 
 
 our maps should be Bammana. 
 mBambi (Congo, dialect of Bantu), boundary, frontier. 
 Ban (Gaelic), white, e.g. Bannockburn, 'the stream of 
 
 the white knoll.' See Nock, Burn. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 33 
 
 Ban (Malay), a village ; used also in Laos. 
 
 Ban (Siam), a house or farm place. 
 
 Ban, Bun (Somali), an open plain, e.g. Ban-Yero, Ban-Ado 
 
 See Yer, Ado. 
 Banado (Spanish S. America), marshy land, flooded land, 
 
 lagoon, 
 a Ban (Fan, French Congo), a garden; ion pi. see Aban. 
 Banc (Fr.), bank, sandbank. See Bank. 
 Banche (Fr.), clay and sand bank under water. 
 Banco (Port, and Sp.), a sand-bank in a stream. 
 Band (Pers.), a dam. Cf. Bund. 
 Band (Serer), a stream. 
 Banda (Songhai), beyond, e.g. Hari Banda = beyond the 
 
 river (the Aribinda of the maps). 
 Bandar (Pers.), landing-place, sheltered anchorage, 
 
 harbour, e.g. Bandar Abbas. 
 Bandara (Deccan), shore, coast. 
 Bander (Malay), a town, same word as Bandar (q.v.) 
 Bane (Laos), a village. 
 Bang (Siam), a village. 
 Banga (Songhai), a hippopotamus, e.g. Bangagungu, an 
 
 island in the Niger River. See Gungu. 
 Bangar (Hind.), high ground, uplands, tableland. 
 Banglata (Danakil), tent, house. 
 Bangu (Songhai), lake, wells. 
 Banhos (Port.), baths. 
 Bani (Sansc), a small forest, wood. 
 Bania (Bulgaria), hot springs. 
 Banjung (Nepal), a mountain without snow, i.e. of less 
 
 elevation than a Langur (q.v.) 
 
 D 
 
34 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Bank {Eng.), as a minor form of sub-oceanic relief, a 
 single elevation or submarine mountain rising to 
 within 200 metres of the surface, but not so far as 
 within 11 metres, e.g. Porcupine Bank. Equivalent 
 to Ger. Bank, Fr. Banc. 
 
 Banka (Buss.), a shoal. 
 
 Banlieue (Fr.), outskirts of a town. 
 
 Banquise (Fr.), an iceberg. 
 
 Banteai. See Pandai. 
 
 Banti (Hammer Kohi, Abyssinia), a nullah. 
 
 Banua (Aroma, New Guinea), a village. Gf. Fenua. 
 
 Banuwa (Malay). See Benua. 
 
 Banya (Hung.), a mine, e.g. Banya-Nagi — great mine. 
 mBanza (Congo, dialect of Bantu), chief town, city. 
 iBanzana (Kafir), narrow, of a stream or path. 
 
 Banzi (Kafir), broad, of a stream. 
 
 Bao (Cochinchina), to guard, keep, preserve; e.g. Boa-Hoa, 
 ' to keep the covenant,' Boa-Thanh, ' to remain 
 flourishing,' districts in Cambodia. 
 
 Bao (Hainan), a village. 
 
 Bar (Arab.), territory or country, the land, dry land, 
 e.g. Malabar, Zanzibar. See Zang. 
 
 Bar (Gaelic). See Barr. 
 
 Bar (Buss.), the bar of a river. 
 
 Bara (E. Africa), thorny scrub. 
 
 Bara (Nika), land, the mainland. 
 
 Barabido (Mossi), pond, pool. 
 
 Bara gam (Hind.), a town. 
 
 Barahi (Hind.), land. 
 
 Barak (Buss.), barracks. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 35 
 
 Barangai (Philippines), a group of from forty to fifty 
 
 families into several of which a village is divided 
 
 for purposes of taxation. 
 Barani (Punjab), land dependent on the rainfall only, 
 
 and not irrigated. 
 Baraque (Fr.), hut, shed, barrack (B que ). 
 Barat {Malay), west, Barat-daia, S.W., Barat-laut, N.W. 
 Baratha (Hind.), land situated in the midst of a jungle; 
 
 land on which sugar-cane has been grown, hence 
 
 impoverished. The variant Baetha also occurs. 
 Baraza {Zanzibar), a verandah or outer audience hall. 
 Barca (Sp.), a ferry (Bca.) 
 Barda (Hind.), sandy or light soil. 
 Barka (Barbary States), a rocky place ( = Hamada) ; 
 
 excellent, fertile ( = Beni) ; storm. 
 Barkhan (Cent. Asia), a sandhill. 
 Baro (Hind.), high jungle grass. 
 
 Barong (Mongol), left, east. For other points see Aro. 
 Barony {Ireland), a subdivision of a county. 
 Barr (Arab.), dry land. See Bar. 
 Barr, Bar, Var (Gaelic), point, upper part, summit, e.g. 
 
 Barra (Barray), island, Barrhead, which is merely 
 
 Barr with its English rendering, head, suffixed ; 
 
 Dunbar, ' the fort on the point ' ; Craigievar, ' rocky 
 
 point.' See Dun, Craig. 
 
 a bar at the mouth of a river, bank of 
 Barra {It.) 
 
 Barra {Port.) 
 Barra (Sp.) 
 
 sand. In Brazil Barra is used for the 
 mouth of a stream, e.g. Tres Barras, 
 ' three mouths,' on Paraguay R. 
 
 b2 
 
36 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Barrabara (E. Siberia) an Aleut native house, sometimes 
 
 partly underground. 
 Barra-Barra (E. Africa), a road three or four yards wide 
 
 cut through woods, bramble, grass, &e. 
 Barrabkie (E. Siberia), a hut. 
 Barranca (Sp.), a deep break or hole made by mountain 
 
 floods. 
 Barranca (Mexico and U.S.A.), a rock-walled and im- 
 passable canon. 
 Barrancas (Venezuela), shelving sandbanks. 
 Barranco (Port.), a ravine, precipice. 
 Barre (Fr.), a bar. 
 Barreira (Port.), ) 
 
 Barrera (Sp.), j a bar ' barrier ' a turn P ike ' 
 Barri (Sierra Leone), a hall of audience, meeting-place. 
 Barri (Somaliland), east. Cf. Galbed. 
 Barriere (Fr.), gate (B re ). 
 Barrier reef (English), a reef fronting a coast line or 
 
 encircling an island or group of islands, leaving a 
 
 deep channel between it and the shore. Cf. 
 
 Fringing reef. 
 Barrio (Sp.), a suburb, district of a town. 
 Barro (Hind.), a name given to the uplands on the 
 
 right bank of the Jumna Kiver. 
 Barrow =Beorh (Anglo- Saxo?i), hill, earthwork, fortified 
 
 town, sepulchral mound. See Berg, Berk. 
 Barth (Albanian), white. 
 Barzan (Pers.), street, lane. 
 Basat (Arab., N. Africa), any broad plain, an open 
 
 country. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 37 
 
 Bas-bas, Basobas (Hind.), a house, dwelling. 
 
 Basgit (Hind.), a homestead, residence. 
 
 Bash (Turk.), head, chief. 
 
 Bash (E. Turk.), head, source of a river, e.g. Bash Kala, 
 ' the Castle at the Head of the Waters.' 
 
 Bashnya (Buss.), a tower. 
 
 Basin (Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for a depression 
 of approximately round form, in which the hori- 
 zontal diameters are about equal. Equivalent to 
 the Ger. Becken ; Fr. Bassin. 
 
 Basobas (Hind.) See Bas-bas. 
 
 Bassah (Arab.), a marsh. 
 
 Bassar (Caucasus), river basin. 
 
 Basse (Fr.), shoal. 
 
 Bassin (Fr.), basin, dock (B in ). As a form of sub- 
 oceanic relief see Basin. 
 
 Basso (Puma, L. Rudolf), water, e.g. Basso Nyiro. 
 
 Bastide (Fr.), small country bouse (B i(le ), chiefly in 
 Provence. 
 
 Bastita, Bastia (It.), rampart, fortress. 
 
 Basn (Songhai), wells. 
 
 Bat (Hind.), road, highway. 
 eBata (Congo, dialect of Bantu), summit, top, ridge of a 
 hill. 
 
 Batang ayer (Malay), a river; Batang = a tree stem, 
 see Ayer ; water flowing between trees, hence ' river.' 
 
 Batch (England), a small stream, e.g. Coldbatch. 
 
 Baten (Arab.), gentle slope (of mountain, hill, or dune). 
 
 Baternotu (Tibet), mosquito, e.g. Baternoto Gol, ' Mosquito 
 E.' (the Patagonto of the maps), a very appropriate 
 
38 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 name, mosquitos being a great pest in the Tsaidam. 
 See Gol. 
 
 Bat-ha (Wadai), a river. 
 
 Batha (Hind.), running water. 
 
 Bathan (Hind.), pasture grounds. 
 
 Batika (Sansc. and Hind.), a villa. 
 
 Bato (Gurma), ruler of a province. 
 
 Bato (Madagascar), a modified form of vato, used in 
 composition, rock, thus ambato = the place where 
 the rock is found, e.g. Ambatomena, 'the place 
 where the red rock is.' See An, Mena. Cf. Kara. 
 
 Batu (Malay), a stone or rock, e.g. Batu-titi, ' a mile- 
 post ' ; Batu-api= ' fire-stone ' (flint). See Api. Also 
 a mountain, e.g. Batu Tujo, Batu Lawing. 
 
 Batu-brani (Malay), loadstone. 
 
 Bau (Aroma, New Guinea), stone. 
 
 Bau (Ger.), a building. PI. Bauten. 
 
 Baum (Ger.), tree. 
 
 Baumschule (Ger.), a nursery, plantation. 
 
 Baw (Siam), pit, shaft, mine. 
 isiBaxa (Zulu, Kafir), a tributary of a river. 
 
 Bayan (Mongol), rich, prosperous, e.g. Bayan Gol, ' rich 
 stream.' See Gol. Cf. Wayen. 
 
 Bayan (Tagala, Philippines), town, village ; also county. 
 
 Baygall (U.S.A.), a swamp covered with growth of 
 bushes. 
 
 Bayou (U.S.A.), a lake or intermittent stream formed in 
 an abandoned channel of a river ; one of the half- 
 closed channels of a river delta. 
 
 Bazar (Pers.), a market; whence the European bazaar. 
 
AttD TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 39 
 
 Bda {Indian, U.S.A.), a river. 
 
 Be, Bi {Batta, Benue B. region), water, e.g. Benue, 
 
 1 Mother of Water,' nue or nuwe being ' mother.' 
 -Be {Chad L. region). See Bu. 
 Be (Gold Coast), a mountain., e.g. A-be-tifi. 
 Be (Madagascar), large, great, many, e.g. Nosi Be, 'big 
 
 island.' 
 Be (Sara, Chad L.), house made of stone or mud. 
 
 Cf. Manda. 
 Bealach (Gaelic), a pass, gorge, e.g. Bealach a Goach 
 
 (W. coast of Scotland). 
 Bear, Beer, Bere (Eng.from Scandinavian). An abode, 
 
 farm, village, e.g. Shebbear, Kentisbeer. 
 Beam mamara (Kerepunu, New Guinea), north wind. 
 Beau, Bel (Fr.), beautiful, e.g. Beaulieu, 'beautiful place,' 
 
 Belmont, ' beautiful mountain.' 
 Bebe (Kamerun), near. 
 Bebe (Yoruba), the brink of a precipice. 
 Bee (Normandy), a small stream, e.g. Caudebec. Cf. Beck. 
 Beca (Piedmont), beak, pike, e.g. Beca di Nona 
 Bechi (Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), water. 
 Beck (England), a brook, rivulet, small rapid stream, 
 
 e.g. Millbeck. 
 Becken (Ger.), a basin. For use as a form of sub-oceanic 
 
 relief see Basin. 
 Bedd (Welsh), a grave, e.g. Beddgelert. 
 Bedw (Welsh), birch trees, e.g. Llanbedw, ' birch 
 
 church.' See Llan. 
 Bedzi (Fan, French Congo), the bank of a river. 
 Bee (Indian, U.S.A.), water. 
 
40 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Beek (Dch.), a small rapid stream, rivulet, e.g. Loobeek, 
 
 Neerbeek. 
 Beer (Eng.) See Bear. 
 
 Beer (Hebreiv), a well (= Bir), e.g. Beersheba. 
 Beg (Irish ; Highlands), little, e.g. Bally Begg. See Bally. 
 Begaa (Arab., N. Africa), a marshy depression. 
 Beglik, Beklik (Cent. Asia), an administrative division 
 
 under a Beg. 
 Begraafplaats (Dch.), burial-ground. 
 Behar (Hind.) See Bihar. 
 maBehe (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest. 
 Bei (Ger.), near to, e.g. Meidling-bei-Wien. 
 Bei (Hainan), a village. 
 
 Beida, Beidha (Arab.), white; fern. o/Abiad, Abicyih. 
 Beit (Arab.), a house ; Beit Esh-Shaar, tent. 
 Beiyat (Arab.) a shoal dry at low water. 
 Bek (Eldorobo, Uganda), water. 
 Bekkr (Icelandic), a brook, small rapid stream. 
 Bekleme (Turk.), a guard-post. 
 Bel, Bele (Berta, E. Sudan), rock. 
 Bel (Celtic), a ford, e.g. Belfast. 
 Bel (Turk.), a col. Cf. Gedik. 
 Bela (Punjab), highlands only subject to inundation by 
 
 very high floods ; cf. Kachcha ; also applied to 
 
 islands in a river channel. 
 Belaa (Arab., N. Africa), quagmire, marsh. 
 Belad, Beldah (Arab.) See Balad. 
 Belbel (Adamawa), a square in a town. 
 Bele. See Bel. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 41 
 
 Bele (Bambara, Malinke), iron, e.g. Beledugu, 'ferrugi- 
 nous country.' See Dugu. 
 
 Beled (Arab.), a form of Balad (q.v.) 
 
 Beles (Cent. Asia). See Bilis. 
 
 Beli (S. Slavonic), white, e.g. Belgrad. See Grad. 
 
 Bella (Sahara), a village for captives ; another form of 
 Billa (q.v.) 
 
 Belo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Lo. 
 
 Bemasen (Mongolia), a place of commerce, e.g. the 
 Chinese quarter of Urga, called Bemasen by the 
 Mongols. 
 " Ben (Gaelic), a mountain (Scotland), e.g. Ben Nevis ; a 
 hill (Ireland), e.g. Bengower ; a rocky promontory 
 (Ireland), e.g. Bengore. Cf. Pen, Kin, from the 
 same Celtic root cen, cean, head, top, summit. 
 a Ben (Fan, French Congo), a dwelling made of trunks of 
 trees placed horizontally, set apart as a guard- 
 house ; for pi. see Aben. 
 
 Bench (U.S.A.), a strip of plain, along a valley slope. 
 
 Bendang (Malay), padi field. 
 
 Bendar (E. Equatorial Africa), harbour. See Bandar, 
 of which this is a variant. 
 
 Bender (Arab.), a market town. See Bandar, from which 
 this is borrowed. 
 
 Bender (Malay), port for trade. See Bandar, from which 
 this is borrowed. 
 
 Beni (Arab.), sons of; a common prefix to names of 
 villages, e.g. Beni Hassan; signifies excellence, 
 fertility. See Ibn, Barka. 
 oBe nkol (Fan, French Congo), a hill ; for pi. see Obe nkol. 
 
42 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ben na (Indian, U.S.A.), an island. 
 
 Benua, Banuwa (Malay), land, country, region; hence 
 Orang Benua, ' aborigines,' and thus Benua is ap- 
 plied in Anglo-Indian to the wilder tribes of the 
 Malay Peninsula. 
 „ „ (Philippines), village. 
 
 „ ,, (Polynesia), land, earth. 
 
 Benue (Batta), a river, lit. ' Mother of Water.' See Be. 
 
 Bepo (Gold Coast), mountain, hill. 
 
 Ber (Songhai), big, great, e.g. Tondi Ber mountain, lit. 
 'big stone.' 
 
 Bera (Soninhe), a plain. 
 
 Bercz (Hung.), a mountain. 
 
 Bere (Mande), a mountain. 
 
 Bere (Eng.) See Bear. 
 
 Bereg (Buss.), the coast. 
 
 Berg (Anglo-Saxon, Dch., Ger., Da., Nor., Sw.), moun- 
 tain, hill (Ger. B., Nor. Bg.) See Berk. The 
 usual A.-S. forms are beorg, beorh, whence barrow 
 (q.v.) Cf. Bjaerg, Bjerg. 
 
 Bergerie (Fr.), a sheepfold (B ie ). 
 
 Bergspitze (Ger.), peak of a mountain, summit. 
 
 Beri (ChadL. region), a large hamlet, e.g. Beri Shuwabe, 
 1 the village of the Shuwa people.' See Be, Bu. Also 
 used for an encampment or smaller village. 
 
 Berk, Berg (Anglo-Saxon), a barrow, e.g. Berkhampstead. 
 See Berg. 
 
 Berkemi (Sara, Chad L.), north. 
 
 Berry (Anglo-Saxon), a hill, fortified place, e.g. Dolberry ; 
 corrupted from Barrow (q.v.) See Dol. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 43 
 
 Besar (Malay), large, e.g. Chuko Besar, ' great Chuko.' 
 Besh (E. Turkestan), five ; e.g. Besh-arik, Besh-bek, 
 
 Besh-kent. See Arik, Kend. 
 Beth (Hebrew), a house, e.g. Bethany. 
 Beth (Hind.), sandy unproductive ground. 
 Betha (Arab., N. Africa), a depression. 
 Beting (Malay), a sandbank, a shoal. 
 Bett (Ger), the bed (of a river). 
 Bettws (Welsh), dwelling, village, town, e.g. Bettws-y- 
 
 coed. See Coed, Y. 
 Beu (Lolo, China), a mountain. 
 Beubeu (S. Gape, New Guinea), the north wind. 
 Beul=Peul=Deul=Teul (Korea), a plain, e.g. Mun-beul, 
 
 Nan-deul, Nak-teul. Cf. Phyong, Phyeng. 
 Bevaarbaar (Dch.), navigable. 
 mBewe (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a chief. 
 Beyaz (Turk.), white. 
 
 Bh2L(Burma), new ; e.g. Bhamo (Bha-maw),' New Market.' 
 Bhandar (Punjab), a storehouse. 
 Bhanwar (Hind.), a whirlpool, eddy, revolution. 
 Bharu (Malay), new, frequently applied to villages ; 
 
 there is also Kampong Bharu in Singapore. 
 Bhathiyal (Hind.), with the current, i.e. down stream, 
 
 down the river. 
 Bheira (Arab.), a lake. Cf. Birke. 
 Bhil (Anglo-Indian), a marsh or lagoon ; especially used 
 
 in E. Bengal. See Jhil. 
 Bhot (Tibet), land ; e.g. Bhot-ant (corrupted into Bhutan), 
 
 ' Land's End,' i.e. the extremity of Tibet. 
 Bhuda (Hind.), light sandy soil. 
 
44 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Bhui (Gaelic), See Bui. 
 
 Bhum (Cambodia), a hamlet. 
 
 Bhum (Hind.), land, country, e.g. Birbhum, 'land of 
 
 heroes.' Cf. Bum. 
 -Bi (Gurma). See -Bu. 
 Biar (Arab.), wells. See Bir. 
 Biban, pi. of Bab (Arab.), gates, denies. 
 Bid (Deccan), street, lane. 
 Bi da me (Indian, U.S.A.), a river. 
 Bidrung (Baluch), saddle, col. 
 Bief, Biez (Fr.), a reach of a river ; a mill-race. 
 Bielki (Siberia), snowy summits. 
 Bihar (Hind.), rugged land full of ravines. 
 Bi iri (Mossi, French Sudan) , sand. 
 Bikar-yilga (Cent. Asia), a cul-de-sac. 
 Bilad (Arab), the land, country; e.g. Bilad es-Sudan= 
 
 ' Land of the Blacks ' = Negroland = Nigritia 
 
 = Sudan; is a variant of Balad (q.v.) See El, 
 
 Sudan. 
 Bilene (Gazaland), plain country, occurring in the 
 
 river valleys, with a rich covering of humus, 
 
 and well provided with water. 
 Bilis (Cent. Asia), a pass, e.g. Kara-Bilis, 'black pass.' 
 
 See Kara. 
 Billa (Bornu), a town, e.g. Billa Kabsharibe, ' the town 
 
 of the Kabshari people'; see Be, Bu (suffix). 
 
 Hence Billama, ■ the man of the town,' ' the mayor ' ; 
 
 see Ma (suffix). Also used as signifying the 
 
 inhabitants, or, generally, people, e.g. Billangare, 
 
 Billa Ngare, ■ the Ngare people.' 
 Bily (Bohemia), white (BI.) 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 45 
 
 Bimbali (Upper Congo). See Mbali. 
 
 Bina (A-Zande), a field. 
 
 Binh (Cochinchina) lit. to equal, found in many place- 
 names ; e.g. Binh-Tien, 'equal in purity.' 
 
 Binin (Gold Coast), bog, marsh, swamp. 
 
 Binnen (Dch.), within, inside, e.g. Eemnes Binnen, to dis- 
 tinguish it from Eemnes Buiten (q.v.) 
 
 Biod. See Abiodh. 
 
 Bir (Arab.), a well, e.g. Bir Hamam, 'Pigeon's Well,' 
 places being frequently named after living creatures. 
 
 Bira (Tibet), a river. 
 luBira (Victoria Nyanza region, dialect of Bantu), the 
 
 king's enclosure in a native town. 
 mBira (Giryama), a tomb. 
 
 Bire (A-Zande), a forest. 
 
 Biringa (Mande), country, forest, brushwood, camp. 
 
 Birke (Arab.), a lake. Cf. Bheira. 
 
 Birket, pi. Burkak (Arab.), an artificial pool or tank. 
 
 Birne (Arab.), a pool. 
 
 Birni (Hausa), town, a capital, e.g. Birni n Kebi. Cf. Gari. 
 
 Birsa, Bursa (Mande), bush, wood, grass. 
 
 Bischof (Ger.), bishop, e.g. Bischofsheim. See Heim. 
 
 Bise (Fr.), north wind, especially the dry north-easter. 
 
 Bisha, Besha (Pers.), a forest, desert, wilderness. 
 
 Bisham (Galla), water. 
 
 Bisigya (Mossi, French Sudan), an encampment. 
 
 Bissani (Galla), water. 
 uBityi (Zulu, Kafir), a bog, a quagmire. 
 
 Biyaban (Pers.), a desert, wilderness. 
 
 Biyo, Biya (Somali), water, e.g. Biyo-foga, 'distant water,' 
 
46 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Biya-ha-Godle, 'water of the place of caves.' See 
 
 God, Le. 
 Bjserg, Bjerg (Nor., Da.), a mountain (Bg.) Cf. Berg. 
 Blad (Arab., N. Africa), country, a form of Balad. Other 
 
 forms are Bilad, Beled, Bled (q.v.) 
 Blair (Gaelic), a plain clear of wood, e.g. Blair Athol. 
 Blanc, Blanche (Fr.), white, e.g. Blanc Nez, ' white naze.' 
 
 Dent Blanche, 'white tooth (peak).' See Nez, Dent. 
 Blanco (Sp.), white, e.g. Cabo Blanco. See Cabo. 
 Blato (S. Slav.), a marsh. 
 Bled (Arab., N. Africa), town, country, a form of 
 
 Balad (q.v.) See also Bilad, Beled, Blad. 
 Blida (Arab., N. Africa), a small town, dim. of Balad. 
 Blizhni (Buss.), near, e.g. Blizhni I., the nearest to the 
 
 mainland of the New Siberia Islands. 
 Blod (Friesland), a house. 
 Bluff (U.S.A.), a bluff, as distinguished from a hill, is 
 
 the escarpment formed by a river running 
 
 through a tableland. 
 
 Bo (Nor.), an estate. 
 
 Boala (Kiriwina, New Guinea), a house. 
 
 Bobrovia (22, Siberia), an otter island. 
 
 Bobrovi Kameni (Buss.), sea-otter rocks. 
 
 Boca (Port, Sp.), } ... 
 
 _ ,_, % fa mouth or entrance. 
 
 Bocca (It.), J 
 
 Bod (Cymric), a house, e.g. Bodmin, Bodwrog. 
 
 Bod (Nor., Da.), a warehouse. ■ 
 
 Bode (Yoruba), custom house. 
 
 Bote, pi. Bodar (Icel), rocks upon which the sea breaks. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 47 
 
 Bodi (Madagascar), a modified form of vodi, used in 
 composition, foot, bottom, base ; thus ambodi (for 
 ani vodi) = at the foot of, e.g. Ambodiala, 'at the 
 base of the forest,' Ambodivohitra, 'at the foot of 
 the mountain.' See Ala, Vohitra, An. 
 Boe (Hainan), a village. 
 Bceuf (Normandy), an abode, e.g. Elbceuf. 
 Bogen (Ger.), a bend in a river. 
 Bogha (Gaelic), a sunken rock. 
 Boghaz (Turk.), defile, channel, strait, estuary. 
 Bohangin (Tagala, Philippines), sand. 
 Boheira, dim. of Bahr (q.v.) 
 
 Bohi (Madagascar), a modified form of vohitra, used in 
 composition, a mountain ; also a village, thus 
 ambohi=the place where the mountain or village 
 is, e.g. Ambohibe, ' on the great mountain,' Ambohi- 
 nialaza, ' at the celebrated village,' Ambohipanja, 
 ' the place where the marshy village is.' See An, Be. 
 Bois (Fr.), a wood (B.), e.g. Bois de Boulogne. 
 Boivi (laibo, New Guinea), island, mountain. 
 Bok (Ebon, Polynesia), sand. 
 Bok (Somaliland, Nogal district), a well. 
 Boka (Egyptian Sudan), capital town. 
 Boka (Gold Coast), east, eastward, leeward. See Ane. 
 mBoka (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town. 
 Boko (Songhai), a gorge. 
 Bold (Anglo-Saxon, Norse), a house. 
 aBoli (Fan, French Congo), source, ravine ; see Aboli. 
 Bolis (Neo-Greek) , a town ; from Anc. Gr. ttoXls 
 Bolita (Kiriwina, New Guinea) , salt water, sea. 
 
48 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 umBolompo (Kafir), a deep ravine ; a passage between 
 
 high banks. 
 Boloto (Buss.), marsh, swamp ; Bolotina, marshy place. 
 Bolshoi (Buss.), great, e.g. Bolshayar, flowing into Gulf 
 
 of Anadyr ; Bolshoi Moszcenica', on Oslika K., trib. of 
 
 Dnieper. 
 Bolson (U.S.A., Mexico), a basin ; a depression or 
 
 valley having no outlet, e.g. Bolson de Mapimi. 
 Boma (Bantu), a palisade of poles, stones, &c, serving 
 
 as a fortification, equivalent to the Kraal (q.v.) of 
 
 the South, a native chief's village or capital ; 
 
 applied now also to Government stations. Cf. 
 
 Boma on the Congo R. estuary. 
 Boma (Pula, China), a mountain. 
 Bombordo (Port ), port side, i.e. the left side or larboard, 
 
 when one faces the bows of a ship. 
 a Bon (Fan, French Congo), bridge; for pi. see Abon. 
 eBon (Fan, French Congo), a lodging-place, whereat to 
 
 sleep when on a journey ; for pi. see Ebon. 
 Bon (Siam), upper. 
 Bona (Kamerun), people, race, family, e.g. Bona Basem, 
 
 Bonaberi. 
 Bonde (Fr.), a sluice. 
 
 Bondog, Bondok (Tagala, Philippines), a mountain. 
 Bongo (Bornu), a hut with circular mud walls, thatched 
 
 with straw. Cf. Kusi. 
 Bongo (Songhai), a cape. 
 li Bongo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), market, 
 chi Bongo (Bantu), a small lake. 
 
 Bool (Somali), ditch or torrent, e.g. Bool Bashiro, near 
 
 Lugh. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 49 
 
 Boomgaard (Dch.), an orchard. 
 
 Bopo (Nika), a hollow. 
 
 Boquete (Sp.), a narrow entrance, pass. 
 
 Bor (Slavonic), a forest, e.g. Bohrau. 
 
 Bora (Italian origin), a violent north wind common in 
 
 the upper parts of the Adriatic Sea. 
 Boran (Somali), a trench = Hatakh (q.v.) 
 Borau (A-Zande), people, the same word as Bore. 
 Bord (Fr.), shore, bank, strand. 
 Borde (Provincial, Fr.), a small farm (B rdt ). 
 Bore (Songhai), people, the same word as Borau. See 
 
 also Boroyo. 
 Boreas, Borras (Greek), north. For other points see Lips, 
 
 Meses, Skiron, Euros, Apeliotes. 
 Borg (Arab.) See Borj. 
 
 Borg (Da., Sw.), a castle, e.g. Aalborg, 'eel castle.' 
 Borgata (It.), borough, market town; suburb. 
 Borghetto (It.), a large village or small town. 
 Borgu (Nigeria), grazing land, grass lands, a name given 
 to several districts, as well as to the territory known 
 by the name. 
 Bori (Songhai), fertile lands. 
 
 Borj (Arab.), a fortified building, a town ranking be- 
 tween Medine (city) and Karie or Beled (village). 
 See Borg. 
 Borj, pi. Biar, Abiar (Arab.), wells. 
 Born (Hesse) a stream, e.g. Hachborn. Cf. Bourne. 
 Borne (Fr.), landmark, boundary. 
 Boromma (Gold Coast), narrow street, lane. 
 Borori (E. Africa), a cattle track, any path or track. 
 
 E 
 
50 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Borough {England), from Anglo-Saxon burg (an earth- 
 work), a fortified town. Cf. Bury, Brough. 
 
 Borough (Anglo-Saxon) = beorh, a hill, e.g. Ingleborough. 
 Cf. Berg, Berk, Barrow. 
 
 Boroyo (Songhai), people. See Bore, Borau. 
 
 Borras (Neo-Greek). See Boreas. 
 
 Borro, Borrone (It.), a large ravine. 
 
 Bos (Cymric), a house, e.g. Boscawen. 
 
 Bos (E. Turkestan), grey, e.g. Bos-kul, Bos-yilga. See 
 Kul, Yilga. 
 
 Boscaglia (It.), woods, underwood. 
 
 Bosch (Dch.), wood, forest, e.g. Braambosch (Holland), 
 Stellenbosch (Gape). 
 
 Boschveld (Dch.), open plain covered with low bush. 
 
 Bosco (It.), wood, forest (B.) 
 
 Bosogha (E. Turk.), gate, entrance. 
 
 Bosonopo, Bosoropo (Gold Coast), the great sea, ocean. 
 
 Bosque (Sp.), a tract of land planted with trees and 
 brushwood, a forest. In the Philippines this is 
 used for any wild, uncultivated land. 
 
 Bosquet (Fr.), grove, thicket. 
 
 Bostan (E. Turk.), kitchen garden. 
 
 Bot-ho (Arab.), a creek of water less open than a Rejl or 
 Kra (q.v.) 
 
 Botogo (Songhai), a marsh. 
 
 Bottle (Anglo-Saxon, Norse), a house, e.g. Newbottle. 
 
 Bottom (Anglo- Saxon botm), a dale, a hollow, low ground. 
 „ (U.S.A.), River Bottom or Flat Bottom, the low 
 land, covered with wood, lying between a river and 
 the hills which enclose its valley. 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 5l 
 
 iBotwe (Amaxosa), the metropolis, seat of government. 
 Bouche (Fr.), mouth of a river (B che ). 
 Bouee (Fr.), buoy, beacon. 
 Bounon (Neo-Greek), mountain, hill. 
 Bourd (Gaelic Bhuird), flat, e.g. Benabourd, 'table-moun- 
 tain,' one of the Cairngorms. See Ben. 
 Bourg (Fr.), town. 
 Bourne (Anglo-Saxon), a stream, rivulet, e.g. Eastbourne. 
 
 Gf. Born, Burn. 
 Bouwland (Dch.), arable land. 
 Boven (Dch.), upper, above, e.g. Bovenkerk. 
 Bowal (Fr. Guinea), a rocky plain. 
 Box Canon (U.S.A.), a canon having practically vertical 
 
 rock sides. 
 Boyon (Tibet), an isthmus, e.g. Kara Boyon, 'black 
 
 isthmus.' See Kara. Gf. Buyan. 
 Boyuk (Turk.), great, e.g. Boyuk Derbend, in both 
 
 Eumelia and Eastern Rumelia. 
 Boz (E. Turkestan). See Bos. 
 Brachos (Neo-Greek), a cliff. 
 Brae (Nor.), glacier, e.g. Jostedalsbrae. 
 Brae (Scotch), slope of a hill. 
 Brag (Tibet), rock, a rocky mountain. 
 Branco, a (Port.), white, e.g. Rio Branco, Serra Branca, 
 Brang, Brang-sa (Tibet), station, camp. 
 Brasa (Slavonic), birch, e.g. Braslaf. 
 Brazo (Sp.), an arm of a river. 
 Brdo (8. Slav.), a mountain. 
 Bre (Celtic), a promontory, e.g. Bredon. 
 
 e2 
 
52 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Break (Icela7idic brekka, a declivity), a hollow among 
 hills ; (Scotch) a division of land in a farm. 
 
 Breite (Ger.), latitude. 
 
 Bridal veil-Fall (U.S.A.), a cataract^ of great height and 
 such small volume that the falling water is dissi- 
 pated in spray before reaching the lower stream- 
 bed. 
 
 Brig (North of Eng.), bridge, e.g. Briggate, Brighouse. 
 
 Brija (Arab., N. Africa), a small fortified house ; dim. 
 of Borj. 
 
 Briqueterie (Fr.), a brick kiln (Briq ie ). 
 
 Brisees (Fr., Mauritius), shooting paths cut in the jungle. 
 
 Bro (Celtic), a district. 
 
 Bro (Harem, Indo-China), forest. 
 
 Bro (Nor., Da., Sw.), a bridge. 
 
 Brod (S. Slav.), a ford. 
 
 Bron (Dch., Ger.), source of a stream, e.g. Heilbronn, 
 1 holy source,' ' holy well.' 
 
 Bronu (Gold Coast), a street, lane. 
 
 Brough (England), from Anglo-Saxon burh or burg 
 (an earthwork), a fortified town. Cf Burg, Bury, 
 Borough. 
 
 Brousse (Fr.), forest, bush. 
 
 Brttcke (Ger.), a bridge. 
 
 Brug (Dch.), a bridge, e.g. Burgerbrug, Nieuwebrug. 
 
 Brughiera (It., Milanese dialect), heath. 
 
 Brunnen (Ger.), well, stream. 
 
 Brunnr (Icelandic), a fountain, spring. 
 
 Bryn (Welsh), a brow, ridge, slope of a hill, e.g. 
 Bryngwyn. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 53 
 
 Bu (Arab., Algeria). Added to names of animals, 
 plants, &c, it denotes the place where they abound. 
 In composition it signifies resemblance. Joined 
 to adjectives it means river, e.g. Bu-Merzug=the 
 fertilising river. 
 
 Bu (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), prefix generally 
 .employed to indicate abstract nouns, e.g. Mu-ntu 
 = a man, Bu-ntu = humanity ; also land, country, 
 e.g. Buganda, Bunyoro. Sec Ba. 
 -Bu, -Be (Chad L. region), a postfix signifying 'people,' 
 e.g. Kanembu, the people of Kanem ; Fulbe (usually 
 written Fula) ; Tibu. Corresponds to the Bantu 
 prefix Ba, Wa, as in Basuto, Waganda. See also 
 Kel, Im, Ahel. The singular is -ma, e.g. Kanema, 
 Kanem-ma, ■ a man of Kanem,' Billama, ' the man of 
 the town, mayor,' Billa meaning 'town'; Ngurubu, 
 pi. of Nguruma, people and person of Nguru. Further 
 west, in Gurma, -bi is found, e.g. Gurmabi, ' the 
 people of Gurma.' 
 
 Bu (Tibet), middle, between. 
 
 Buala, Bwala, pi. Mala (Loango). See Ala. 
 
 Bucht (Ger.), bay, bight, cove. For use as a form of 
 sub-oceanic relief see Embayment. 
 
 Buda (Slavonic), a hut, e.g. Buda, Budkowitz. 
 
 Budh (Punjab), old, e.g. old dry beds of branches of 
 the Chenab. 
 
 Budi (Congo), a papyrus swamp. 
 
 Budo, Bude, Buda (Yoruba), a camp, e.g. Bude-Eku, Buda- 
 Egba. See Egba. 
 
 Budu (Mossi, French Sudan), nation. 
 
54 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Bueno, a (Sp.), good, e.g. Buenos Aires, ' fine airs,' Buena 
 
 Vista, ' good view.' 
 Buff (Galloppa, Abyssinia, and Lokub, L. Budolf), 
 
 water. 
 Bug {Tibet), cavity, recess ; end. 
 Bugt (Da., Nor., Sw.), bight, bay. Cf. Bucht. 
 Bugu (Mande), an inhabited place of less importance 
 
 than a capital ; house, cottage. Cf. Dugu. 
 Buhaira (Arab.), a small sea, a lake. 
 Buhne (Ger.), a wharf, quay; a dam to turn the course 
 
 of a river. 
 Bui, Bhui (Gaelic), yellow, e.g. Ru Bui, ' Yellow Point,' 
 
 in Loch Alsh. 
 Buira (Arab., N. Africa). See Bwira. 
 Buisson (Fr.), bush, thicket. 
 Buiten (Dch.), outside, without, e.g. Buitenveldert. 
 Buitenplaats (Dch.), a country seat. 
 Buitenverblijf (Dch.), a country house. 
 Bujoko (Yoruba), a dwelling. 
 Buk (Hang Chek, Indo-China), great. 
 Buka (Arab.), a valley between two mountain ranges; 
 
 a low-lying tract of land ; burial-place of a saint. 
 imBukha (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), cave. 
 Bukhta (Buss.), bay, creek. 
 
 Bukit (Malay), a hill, e.g. Bukit Hulu Bena. See Hulu. 
 Bukoba. See Wakoba, Koba. 
 Buksem (Gent. Asia), close tangled wood. 
 uBuku (Kafir), a bog, a quagmire. 
 Bui (Chad L. region), white, e.g. Nki Bui, * white water,' 
 a portion of Chad L, 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 55 
 
 Bulak (Turk.), spring, source, e.g. Suj-Bulak. 
 
 Bulakan (Philippines), a country or district where 
 
 cotton is grown. 
 mBulangiana (Congo, dialect of Bantu), confluence, 
 
 junction of two streams. 
 Bulli (Somali), a low place where water collects. 
 Bulli Haredle (Somali), a rain-water pool. Hared= 
 
 rain-water. See Le. 
 Bulshaia (Alaska), great mountain. 
 Bulu (Mande), arm, branch, e.g. Babulu, 'river arm.' 
 
 See Ba. 
 luBulu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a small torrent-bed, 
 
 brook. 
 Bum (Pers.), a country, land, soil, cognate with 8 arise. 
 
 bhumi. See Bhum. 
 Buluga (Mossi, French Sudan). See Kuluga. 
 Bumanda (Benue B. region), a ford or place of em- 
 
 barcation. 
 Bun (Irish), mouth of a river, e.g. Bundoran. 
 Bun (Indo-China) , a village. 
 Bun (Mande), house, cottage. 
 Bun (Somali). See Ban. 
 Bunar (Turk.), the source of a river. 
 Bund (Pers.), a dam. Cf. Band. 
 Bundari (E. Africa), harbour, a form of Bandar 
 Bunder (Pers.), a harbour, a form of Bandar. 
 Bundu (Fula), wells, spring, source. 
 Bunga (Galla), an uninhabited desert. Cf. Halla. 
 Bungalow (Anglo-Indian), a corruption of the Hind. 
 
 Bangla (contrac. from Bangala), the most usual 
 
56 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 class of house occupied by Europeans in the 
 interior of India, being of one story and covered 
 by a pyramidal thatch roof, though a tile roof is 
 sometimes used. . 
 
 Bungo (Barotseland). See Yungo. 
 
 Bungu (Ja-Luo, Uganda), forest. 
 
 Bunguntani (Madagascar), a little round hill. 
 
 Bunik (Nandi, Uganda), country. 
 
 Buntu {Celebes), mountain, e.g. Buntu Bila. 
 
 Bur {Somali), a mountain, e.g. Bur-Mado, Bur-Dap, Gum- 
 bur. See Mado. 
 
 Bur (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a well. 
 
 Burak (Arab.), artificial pools or tanks (pi. of Birket). 
 
 Buran (Cent. Asia), a snowstorm. 
 
 Biiren (Ger.), an abode, e.g. Amelsbiiren (in Westphalia). 
 The Boh. form is Buren. 
 
 Burg (Bch.), castle, town, e.g. Doornenburg, Rozenburg. 
 
 Burg, Burgh (England), an earthwork, a fortified town. 
 Cf. Brough, Bury. 
 
 Burgo (Port.), a town or castle on a hill ; suburb. 
 
 Burgos (Bendili, East Africa), white-necked, e.g. Donyo 
 Burgos, ' the white-necked mountain,' the Bendili 
 name for Mt. Kenia. 
 
 Buri (Danakil), land, dry land; e.g. Buri peninsula in 
 Eritrea. 
 
 Buri (Siam), a city. 
 
 Burj (Arab.), a tower. 
 
 Burn (Anglo-Saxon), a bourn, stream, rivulet, e.g. 
 Blackburn. Cf. Bourne, Born. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 57 
 
 Burnu, Burun (Turk.), cape, the French Nez ; point, 
 
 promontory. See Burun. 
 Buron (Fr.), hut, cottage (B on ), from Old Ger. bur, house. 
 Burrock {from Anglo-Saxon beorg), a small weir or dam 
 
 in a river. 
 Burrone (It.), a precipice, ravine. 
 Bursa (Mande). See Birsa. 
 Burun (Songhai), king. 
 Burun (Turk.), naze, lit. a nose, e.g. Injeburun. See 
 
 Burnu. 
 Bury (England), from Anglo-Saxon burh, burg; an 
 earthwork, fortified town. Cf. Brough, Burg, Borough. 
 Bus (Slavonic), a dwelling, e.g. Trebus. 
 Buscione (It.), bush, jungle. 
 Buso (Yoruba), a resting-place, inn. 
 umBuso (Zulu, Kafir), a kingdom. 
 
 Biistan (Pers.), a garden, especially a flower-garden, from 
 
 bu, bo, fragrance, and stdn, place. 
 Busu (Yoruba), loose sandy ground. 
 umButiso (Zulu, Kafir). For meaning see Umbutiso. 
 Butte (Fr.), a knoll. 
 
 „ (U.S.A.), a lone hill rising with precipitous cliffs 
 or steep slopes ; a small isolated Mesa (q.v.) 
 Buttel (Ger.), a house, lit. bailiff, e.g. Wolfenbuttel. Cf. 
 
 Bottle. 
 Buurt (Dch.), a hamlet, e.g. Bovenbuurt, Geldersche Buurt. 
 BuwabpZ. of Bab (Arab.), gates. 
 Buyan (E. Turk.), saddle, neck, col. Cf. Boyon. 
 Buyan (Buss.), wharf, landing-place (in masculine). 
 Buyuk (Turk.), great, e.g. Buyukdere, on the Bosporus. 
 
58 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Buzuk (E. Turk.), ruined, in ruins. 
 eBwila (Congo, dialect of Bantu), mouth of a river, con- 
 fluence. 
 
 Bwira, Buira (Arab., N. Africa), little wells. 
 -Bwo, -Bwe (Upper Sassandra B. region), a suffix, 
 meaning village, settlement; e.g. Gogibwo, ' Gogi's 
 village,' Gozrobwe, ' Gozro's village.' 
 
 By (Da., Nor., Sw.), town, an abode, e.g. Derby, Whitby. 
 
 Byang (Tibet), north. For other points see Lho. 
 
 Byeli (Buss.), white, e.g. Byeloye More, ■ the White Sea.' 
 
 Bye-ma (Tibet), sand. 
 
 o 
 
 Caapau (Spanish S. America), a collection of trees ; also 
 
 a small mound far from a river or spring ; has 
 
 same meaning as Isla. 
 Cabane (Fr.), a cottage (C ne ). 
 Cabaret (Fr.), a tavern (Cab et ). Cf. Khabarat. 
 Cabeco (Port.), the top of a hill, summit. 
 Cabo (Port., Sp.), cape, promontory, headland. 
 Cacheo, Cachao (Port.), lit. the bubbles on water, so 
 
 bubbling water, a torrential river, e.g. Cacheo Eiver. 
 Cachimba (Spanish S. America), a shallow well, a 
 
 spring. 
 Cachoeira (Port.), waterfall, rapids. 
 Caer (Welsh), a fortress ; e.g. Caermarthen. 
 Cafeiere (Fr.), a coffee plantation. 
 Cailloch (Gaelic cailleach), a nun, e.g. Inchcailloch, 'the 
 
 island of the nuns.' See Inch. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 59 
 
 Cairn (Celtic), a stony hill, e.g. Cairngorm. See Gorm. 
 Cait, Caith (Cymric Caeth), narrow, e. g. Pencaitland (Pen- 
 
 Caeth-Llan), ' head of the narrow enclosure.' See 
 
 Pen, Llan. 
 Cajon (U.S.A.), a box-canon (q.v.) 
 Cal, Calat (Sp.), a corruption of the Arabic Kalat, ' a 
 
 castle on a rock,' e.g. Caltabalotta, Calatamisetta. 
 Cala (It.), a bay. 
 Cala (Sp.), a creek or small bay. 
 Calat (Sp.) See Cal. 
 Calata (It.), a slope or declivity. 
 Calcosa (It.), a beaten path, a road. 
 Caldeira (Fr. Port.) See Caldron. 
 Calder (Celtic), a woodland stream. 
 Caldron (Eng.), as a minor form of sub-oceanic relief, 
 
 a more or less steep depression (q.v.) of relatively 
 
 small extent, e.g. the Monaco Caldron on the 
 
 Azores Platean. Equivalent to Ger. Kessel, Fr. 
 
 Caldeira. Cf. Furrow. 
 Cale de Ferata (Rumania), railway. 
 Caleta (Sp.), a cove. 
 Calle (It.), a way, road, path. 
 
 Calo (It.), fall, current of a river ; declivity of a hill. 
 Calzada (Sp.), a highway. 
 Cam (Welsh, Gaelic), crooked, e.g. Cam E. 
 Cama (U.S.A.), & small upland prairie. 
 Cama (Port., Sp.), a bed, stratum. 
 Camber (Eng. from Old French), a small dock in a 
 
 royal yard for unloading timber ; a harbour. 
 
GO GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Cambus (Celtic), a bay, bend, e.g. Cambuskenneth ; Ald- 
 
 cambus, ' the stream of the bay.' See Aid. 
 Caminho (Port.), a municipal or county road, cf. Estrada. 
 Caminho de Ferro (Port.), railway. 
 Camino (Sp.), a road (C.) 
 Camino de Hierro (Sp.), railway. 
 
 P s } country, open country, country fields. 
 
 Campagne (JFV.),| 
 
 Campanario (Sp.),] 
 
 Campanile (It), \ a stee P le ' tower ' belfr y- 
 
 Campos abertos (Brazil), 'open plains,' where little is to 
 be seen except herbaceous or scrubby growth. 
 
 Campos agrestes (Brazil), 'rough plains,' where coarse 
 tufty herbage of greyish colour prevails. 
 
 Campos cerrados (Brazil), ' closed plains,' having nume- 
 rous small groves, woods, and thickets. 
 
 Campos geraes (Brazil), 'general plains'; the intermi- 
 nable level or slightly rolling tracts, under short 
 coarse growth, where the landscape is monotonous 
 and seldom relieved by any conspicuous object. 
 
 Campos mimosos (Brazil), * tender campos,' under soft, 
 fresh, bright green pasturage, suitable for cattle- 
 runs. 
 
 Campos veros (Brazil), ' true plains,' grassy, treeless, and 
 waterless plateaux. 
 
 Camus (Gaelic), a bay or creek, e.g. Camus Orasay, in the 
 Hebrides. 
 
 Canada (U.S.A.), a very small canon. In Argentina 
 this is used for any small depression. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 61 
 
 Cancha (Spanish S. America), a spacious flat or open 
 
 space. 
 Candelas (U.S.A.), a group of candle-like rocky pinnacles. 
 Cangrejal (Spanish S. America), low marshy ground, 
 
 full of ruts and holes, impassable and difficult of 
 
 access. 
 Canon (Spanish America), a mountain gorge. 
 Cantera (Sp.), a quarry. 
 Cantiere (It.), a dockyard. 
 Canton (Low Latin Cantonum, a district, province, Fr. 
 
 Canton, a collection of parishes), a small portion or 
 
 division of land, a small district constituting a 
 
 distinct government. Hence Cantonment, quarters 
 
 for soldiers ; the Swiss Cantons. 
 Caolas (Gaelic), firth, strait, e.g. Caolas na Aird. 
 Cap (Fr., Ger.), cape, headland (C.) 
 Capel (Welsh), a chapel, e.g. Capelcurig. 
 Capella(Por£.),\ 
 Capelle (Ger.), v a chapel. 
 Capilla (Sp.), J 
 Capo (It.), a cape (C.) 
 Capocroce (It.), cross-roads. 
 Capoeira (Brazil), ' aftergrowths,' the jungle that springs 
 
 up rapidly in abandoned clearings. 
 Capoes (Brazil), ' thickets,' patches of low growth, 
 
 especially palms, in the damp parts of the grassy 
 
 Campos (q.v.) 
 Car (Wales), a city, town, e.g. Cardiff. 
 Car (Scotland), a fortified place, e.g. Carstairs. 
 Carabineros (Sp.), a post of military coastguards. 
 
62 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Carraja (It.), a cartway. 
 
 Carrascos (Brazil), scrub, brushwood. See Capoes, Ser- 
 radoes, Catingas. 
 
 Carrefour (Fr.), a cross-road (Carref r ). 
 
 Carretera (Sp.), a high-road. 
 
 Carrick, Carrig (Ireland), a rock, crag, from the Gaelic 
 carraig, e.g. Carrickfergus, Carrig o Gunnel. 
 
 Carriere (Fr.), a quarry (Carr e ). 
 
 Carse (Scotland), low and fertile land adjacent to a 
 river, e.g. Carse of Gowrie. 
 
 Cartha (Phoenician), an enclosed place, a city, e.g. 
 Carthage. 
 
 Casa (It., Port., Human., Sp.), a house. 
 
 Casar (Sp.), a village (Cas.) 
 
 Cascajo (Sp.), gravel. 
 
 Cascina (It.), pasture-ground, dairy farm (C ne ). 
 
 Caserne (Fr.), barracks. 
 
 Caseta (Sp.), a small house. 
 
 Casino (It.), a country seat (Cas ). 
 
 Casotto (It.), a small house, sentry-box (Ct°). 
 
 Cassine (Fr.), a little country house, box. 
 
 Castagneto (It.) Castanhaes (Brazil), a forest abounding 
 in chestnut trees. 
 
 Caster (Anglian), from Latin castra, camp, e.g. Don- 
 caster. Gf. Cester, Chester. 
 
 Catena (It.), a chain (of mountains). 
 
 Catingas (Brazil), extensive open woodlands of small 
 growth and with much underwood, affording cover 
 to all kinds of animals. See Campos, Capoes. 
 
 Cavata (It.), a ditch, moat. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 63 
 
 Cay, Key (U.S.A., W. Indies), a comparatively small and 
 low coastal island of sand or coral, from Sp. cayo, 
 e.g. Key West. 
 Cayo (Sp.), rock, shoal, islet. 
 Ceann (Gaelic), head, promontory, e.g. Ceann More, W. 
 
 coast of Scotland. See More. 
 Cefn (Cymric), a back, ridge, e.g. Cevehnes, Cefnllys. 
 Ceja (Sp.), the summit of a mountain. 
 „ (U.S.A.), the cliff of a Mesa (q.v.) ridge, an escarp- 
 ment. 
 Celt (Welsh), a covert. 
 
 Cementerio, Cimenterio (Sp.), a cemetery, burial-ground. 
 inCencesha (Amaxosa, Kafir), a rivulet. 
 
 Cenn (Gaelic), a head, a mountain (pronounced ken), 
 
 e.g. Kenmore. See More. 
 Cense (Fr.), a small farm (C se ). 
 Cercania (Sp.), neighbourhood; in pi. environs. 
 . Cerny (Bohemian), black (Cr.) Cf. Cherni, Tzerni. 
 Cerrig (Welsh), a crag, e.g. Cerrig-y- Druidion. Cf. Carrick. 
 Cerro (Sp.), a hill or highland which is in general craggy. 
 „ (U.S.A.), a single eminence intermediate between 
 hill and mountain. 
 Cester (Mercian), from Latin castra, camp, e.g. Leicester. 
 
 Cf. Caster, Chester. 
 Cha, Sha (Indian, U.S.A.), great, e.g. Shawangunk= 
 
 great wall : Chatemuc = great rocks. 
 Cha (Indian, California), town, village, house. 
 Cha (China), sand, e.g. Kin Cha Kiang, ' the river of 
 golden sand,' i.e. the Upper Yangtse ; also a post- 
 house. Cf. Tarjam. See Kin, Kiang. 
 
64 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Cha (Kurdish) t a mountain. 
 
 Cha (Tibet), signifies extent, see Cha Lam; also a post- 
 house, resting-place, e.g. Shangcha. 
 
 Chabet, Chaaba (Algeria), a system of sinuous ravines. 
 See the more usual forms Shabet, Shaaba. 
 
 Chacra (Spanish S. America), a farm building. 
 
 Chad. See Tsadhe. 
 
 Chadir (Gent. Asia), house, e.g. Chadir Tash, 'stone 
 house.' 
 
 Chagan (Mongol), white, e.g. Chagan Tologai, ■ white 
 head.' 
 
 Chaget (Indian, Alaska), a river mouth, e.g. Koschaget, 
 1 the mouth of the Kosna,' na being river. In the 
 lower Yukon district the ch is hardened into k. 
 See Kaget, Kakat. 
 
 Chah (China), a barrier. 
 
 Chah (Pers.), well, pit, e.g. Cha-Shirin. 
 
 Chahi (Punjab.) , land irrigated from wells, whether 
 assisted by canals or river-floods or not. Cf. 
 Nahri. 
 
 Chai (China), fortified military place, camp. 
 
 Chai (Shaii States), a village, e.g. Tao Kuan Chai. 
 
 Chai (Turk.), a river, e.g. Ulu Chai. See Ulu. 
 
 Chaine (Ft.), a chain of hills (Ch ne ). 
 
 Chair (Turk.), a meadow. 
 
 Chak (Pers.), hole, mine. 
 
 Chak (Indian, California), earth, land. 
 
 Chaka (Giryama). See Aka. 
 
 Chaka (Tibet), a lake, e.g. Lima Ringmo Chaka. 
 
 Chakerem (Cent. Asia), shout-distance. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 65 
 
 Cha Lam {Tibet), a ' large road,' high road. See Cha, Lam. 
 
 Chalet (Fr.), house, Swiss cottage (C.h et ). 
 
 Chalo, Charu, Chialu (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). 
 
 See Alo, Aro, Alu. 
 Chamama (W. Sahara), inundated banks of rivers. 
 Chaman (Pers.) f pasture, orchard, 
 diamine (Port.), a chimney, steeple. 
 Chamur (Turk.), mud. 
 Chan (China), resting-stages for the night. 
 Chan (Gaelic), a headland, e.g. Ardnamurchan, ' the 
 
 height of the great headland.' See Ard, Mor. 
 Chandis (Java), the ancient temples of Central and 
 
 Eastern Java. 
 Chang (China), village, borough, market ; middle. 
 Chang (China), long (either time or distance), e.#. Chang 
 
 Chiang, ' long river.' 
 Chang (Pers.). See under Hamun. 
 Chang (Tibet), north, e.g. Chang Pa, 'the men of the 
 
 north,' a nomad tribe of Tartars called Tagh Lik, or 
 
 1 mountaineers ' in E. Turk. See Pa, Tagh, Lik. 
 Changkat (Malay), a hill or rising ground, a small hill, 
 
 e.g. Changat Jening, Changat Tepus. 
 Chanh (Cochinchina), honest, upright ; e.g. Binh-Chanh, 
 
 ' equal in probity,' a district in Cambodia. See Binh. 
 Chani (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kiani. 
 Chanwa (Hausa), green, of a wood in leaf. Cf. Algus. 
 Chap (E. Turk.), a very enclosed ravine. 
 Chapadas (Brazil), ' high ground,' applied vaguely to 
 
 elevated plateaux, low ridges or serras traversing 
 
 the Campos (q.v>) See also Taboleiras, Sertoes. 
 
 F 
 
66 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Chapelle (Fr.), a chapel (Ch lle ). 
 
 Char (Bengal), a sandbank, also new alluvium brought 
 down by a river ; in Anglo-Indian Churr. 
 
 Char (Marocco), a village built of houses, not tents. 
 
 Charde (Pers.), a group of four villages, from char, ' four,' 
 and deh, ' village.' Cf. Char-su." 
 
 Charneca (Brazil), ' heath,' applied to scrubby open 
 tracts forming a transition from Carrascoes to the 
 Sertoes (q.v.) 
 
 Charo (Nika). See Aro. 
 
 Char-su (Pers.), four roads meeting, a market. Cf. 
 Charde, Chauraha. 
 
 Chart (England), a forest, e.g. Seal Chart. 
 
 Charu {Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Chalo. 
 
 Chase (England), an unenclosed hunting-ground, e.g. 
 Cannock Chase. 
 
 Chashma (Pers.), a fountain, source, e.g. Chasma Gauhir. 
 
 Chat (E. Turkish), angle, junction of two water- 
 courses. 
 
 Chat ta ua (Indian, U.S.A.), a hill. 
 
 Chateau (Fr.), a castle (Ch au ). 
 
 Chatel (Fr.), a castle, e.g. Neuchatel. 
 
 Chatemuk (Indian, U.S.A.), great rocks. 
 
 Chatir (Cent. Asia), another form of Chadir (q.v.) 
 
 Chau, Chou (China), department, the division of a 
 province ranking above a district and below a 
 sub-prefecture, usually called San Chou; district 
 city. Cf. Hien, Fu. Also means islet. 
 
 Chau (Cambodia), everywhere, altogether, e.g. Chau-Phu, 
 • everywhere rich,' in Bao-Lok. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 67 
 
 Chaufour (Fr.), a limekiln. 
 
 Chau kong fo (Miao-tse, Kwei-chou), a brook. 
 
 Chaumine, Chaumiere (Fr.), a small cottage. 
 
 Chaung (Burma), stream, creek. 
 
 Chaur (Hind.), a large open space in a forest, an ex- 
 tensive tract of low land. 
 
 Chauraha (Hind., Pers.), a cross road, the junction of four 
 roads. Cf. Char-su, Chaur being a variant of Char. 
 
 Chaussee (Fr.), a main road (Ch L ' e ). 
 
 Chawng (Siam), a strait. 
 
 Che (China), a dam. 
 
 Cheaou (China), a bridge. Cf. Chiao, Kiao. 
 
 Cheap. See Chipping. 
 
 Chebiri (Hausa), an island. 
 
 Chede (Nika). See Ede. 
 
 Chekil (E. Turk.), a steep rock. 
 
 Chekmeje (Turk.), a bridge. 
 
 Chel (E. Turk.), a desert. 
 
 Cheltang (Hang Chek, Indo-China), road. 
 
 Chema (Tibet), sand. 
 
 Chemin (Fr.), a road (Ch in ). 
 
 Chemin de fer (Fr.), railway. 
 
 Cheminee (Fr.), chimney (Ch n,: ' e ). 
 
 Chenal (Fr.), a channel (of harbours, &c), a track. For 
 use as a form of sub-oceanic relief see Gully. 
 
 Cheng (China), a city wall, a city; a walled village or 
 town ; a stage in a journey. Cf. Pu, Tun, Tsun, 
 Chwang. Sometimes written Chen, e.g. Pei-ku- 
 chen, ' north pass borough.' See Pei, Ku. 
 
 Cheng (Yindu Chin, W. of Mon B.), a valley. 
 
 F 2 
 
68 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 mChenga (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), sand. 
 
 Chengo (Giryama), a camp. 
 
 Chenu, pi. Chelu (Telegu), a field. 
 
 Chep. See Chipping. 
 
 Chergi (W. Sahara), east. 
 
 Cherni (Buss.), black, e.g. Chernoe More, ' the Black 
 Sea ' ; Chernagora, ' Black Mountain,' i.e. Monte- 
 negro. Cf. Cerny. 
 
 Chersonesus (Greek), a peninsula. 
 
 Cheshme (Pers.), source, fountain. 
 
 Chester (Saxon), from Latin Castra, camp, e.g. Win- 
 chester. Cf. Caster, Cester. 
 
 Chesu (Songhai), the bank of a river. 
 
 Chete (Giryama). See Ete. 
 
 Cheul (Turk.), a desert. 
 
 Chevalis (Fr.), a ford when the water is low, a passage 
 made with boats when a river is low. 
 
 Chi (Cent. Africa), a prefix signifying 'big,' e.g. Chiromo 
 =big lip. 
 
 Chi=Hyeng=Nyeng=Ryeng (Korea), a pass, e.g. Ko- 
 dek-chi. 
 i mi Chi, umuChi (Kossova, Uganda), a town, 
 ma Chi (Fan, French Congo), water. 
 
 Chi (Batta, Benue B. region), a suffix meaning lan- 
 guage, e.g. Paparohi, ' the language of the Papar 
 people/ Cf. Nchi. 
 in Chi (Swahili), country. 
 
 Chia (China), a house, home, family; also a cape. 
 
 Chia {Kurdish), a mountain. 
 
 Chialu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Chalo. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 69 
 
 Chiang {China), a river, never used for a small stream, 
 though Ho may be applied to a large one. See Kiang. 
 
 Chiao (China), a bridge ; also a sect, e.g. Chei Chiao, 
 1 abstinence sect,' applied to Mussulmans. 
 
 Chibla (Songhai), earth. 
 
 Chibongo (Bantu). See Bongo. 
 
 Chico (Sp.), small, e.g. Chico R. There are several rivers 
 of this name in South America. 
 
 Chidnnda (Senna, Bantu). See Dunda. 
 
 Chie (China), a street. 
 
 Chien (China), a thousand ; e.g. Chien Shan, ' the thou- 
 sand peaks.' 
 
 Chien (China), shallow. 
 
 Chieng (Laos), a city. 
 
 Chie-ye (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), a plain. 
 
 Chiflik (Turk.), a farm. 
 
 Chig (Indian, U.S.A.), shore. 
 
 Chigogo (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a kind 
 of banana, e.g. Ngogo, a river rising in or flowing 
 through a banana plantation. See Gogo. 
 
 Chigunda (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kirumba. 
 
 Chikowa (Hausa), flood. 
 maChila (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). For meaning 
 see Machila. 
 
 Chilezo, pi. Vilezo (Swahili). See Lezo. 
 
 Chi-li (China), metropolitan. 
 
 / (China), independent department, i.e. 
 
 Chi-li-chau J independent of a prefecture; indepen- 
 
 Chi-li-chou dent departmental city or city of the 
 
 second order. Cf. Chau. 
 
70 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGKAPHICAL 
 
 mu Chili (Barotseland, Bantu), a clan, e.g. Muchili Kachi- 
 hombo, ' the clan of fishers.' For pi. see Muchili. 
 
 Chi-li-ting (China), independent sub-prefecture; a di- 
 vision of a province ranking, immediately after a 
 prefecture, and dependent directly on a circuit. 
 
 Chilundi {Tonga, Bantu). See Lundi. 
 
 Chilwa (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kirwa. 
 
 Chima (Tula, China), a wood, forest. 
 
 Chimen (E. Turk), prairie. 
 
 Chimpolo (Loango), a ravine. 
 
 Chin (China), a town, lit. a tent ; e.g. Maimachin, ' trade 
 town ' near Kiakhta. 
 
 Chin (China), gold, e.g. Chin Chuan, ' gold stream.' 
 
 Chin (Hind.) See Jin. Chin (Korea). See Jin. 
 
 China (It.), a declivity, slope. 
 
 Chine (Anglo-Saxon Cinu), a rift, chink; ravine; e.g. 
 Blackgang Chine. 
 
 Ching (China), a well. 
 
 Ching (China), the capital of a state. 
 liChinga (Mavia, Mozambique), a small hill. 
 
 Chinggo (Marovo, Solomon Is.), plantation, garden. 
 
 Chini (Swahili), depth. 
 
 Chiniak (Aleut), a rocky, impassable, wretched sea; e.g. 
 Chiniak bay, cape, and island. 
 
 Chin-toil (Hang Chek, Indo-China), a forest. 
 liChinya (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), an island. 
 
 Chiopak (Mentawei), a stream. 
 
 Chipanas (Java), hot springs. 
 
 Chipping, Cheap, Chep (Eng. from old Teutonic root, 
 meaning ' trade,' ' barter '), market-place, e.g. Chip- 
 ping Norton, Cheapside, Chepstow. See Koping. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 71 
 
 Chir (Gaelic chiar), dark brown, e.g. Aberchirder (Aber- 
 chiar-dur), * the confluence of the dark-brown 
 water.' See Aber, Dur. 
 Chirumba (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Rumba. 
 Chirwa (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kirwa. 
 Chisai (Japan), little, small. 
 
 Chisi, Dzisi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See Si. 
 Chisiwa (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ziwa. 
 Chisua (Bantu). See Sua. 
 Chit (E. Turk), limit, boundary. 
 Chito (Bantu). See To. 
 
 Chitumbi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Litumbi. 
 Chiung (China), border waste land. 
 Chlum (Slavonic), an isolated hill. 
 Cho (Annam), a market. Cf. Sho. 
 Cho (Tibet), a lake, e.g. Aru Cho ; Garing Cho. Another 
 form is Tso. 
 mCho (East Africa, dialect of Bantu). For meaning see 
 Mcho. 
 Chog (Tibet), a country, region. 
 Chokel (Hausa), branch of a river ; backwater. Cf 
 
 Faddama. 
 Chokku (N. Nigeria), rocky, e.g. Chokku-Chokku, in 
 Kabba district, meaning ' rocky-rockjV i.e. very 
 rocky. 
 -Choko (Cent. Africa), a suffix meaning 'little.' 
 Choi (Cent. Asia), a desolate plain. 
 Choi (Punjab), a small hollow. Cf. Chura. 
 Choi (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), black. 
 Chom (Zirian). See Chum. 
 Chom (Kurdish), a stream. 
 
72 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Chombo (Swahili), a dhow. 
 
 Chon (Hainan), a village. Also in Korea. 
 iChonde (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest. 
 
 Chong (Siam), a strait. 
 
 Chong (E. Turk.), great. 
 
 Chong (Tibet). See Chung. 
 
 Cho pol {Indian, California), a lake. 
 
 Chor (Marocco), a fixed Berber village. 
 
 Chorak {Turk.), a marsh. 
 
 Chorion (Greek), a village. 
 
 Chot (Wakhan, Pamirs), a lake. 
 
 Chota (Hind.), small ; properly Chhota mas., Chhoti,/era., 
 e.g. Chota Nagpur; Chhoti Nadi, a rivulet ('small 
 river '). See next entry. 
 
 Chota gam (Hind.), a small village. 
 
 Chou (China), a department ; the capital of a depart- 
 ment. See Chau. 
 
 Chou (China), a place surrounded by water, island. See 
 Chau. 
 
 Chu (China) , stream, river. 
 
 Chu (Tibet), water, river. 
 
 Chuan (China), stream, river, e.g. Chin Chuan, ' Gold 
 Stream.' Cf. Chuen. 
 
 Chuang (China), borough, village. 
 
 Chubar (Tibet), an isthmus. 
 
 Chu-dog-po (Tibet), a torrent. 
 
 Chu-dong (Tibet), wells. 
 
 Chuen (China), a channel, river. Cf. Chuan. 
 
 Chu henn (hon, hemm) (Laos), a garden. 
 
 Chukur (E. Turk.), deep. 
 
' AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 73 
 
 Chul (Pers., Afghan), desert. 
 
 Chula (Ja-Luo, Uganda), an enclosure. 
 
 Chu lu {Indian, California), hill, mountain. 
 
 Chum, Chom (Zirian), summer hut ; hence Chumbi, suburb. 
 
 Chu-mig {Tibet), source. 
 
 Chu-mta {Tibet), bank, shore. 
 
 Chun {China), an old variable designation correspond- 
 ing with the present prefecture. Cf Chau, Chi-li- 
 Chau, Hien, Fu. 
 
 Chung {Chin Hills), hill, peak. Cf Tung. 
 
 Chung, Chong (Tibet), small, e.g. Chong La, 'small pass.' 
 
 Chung Yuen {China), mainland, chung meaning ' centre,' 
 e.g. Chung Chiang, ' centre river.' 
 
 Chura {Punjab), a wide hollow. Cf. Choi. 
 
 Churang {Malay), a creek. Cf Jurang. 
 
 Churr. See Char. 
 
 Chusa, Chuja {Tibet), a source of hot springs, e.g. 
 Naisum Chusa. 
 
 Chusquea {Chili), reeds. 
 
 Chute {Fr.), waterfall, cataract. 
 
 Chu-tram {Tibet), river bank. 
 
 Chu- wo {Tibet), river. 
 
 Chu-zar {Tibet), a cascade. 
 
 Chwang {China), a village (agricultural). Cf. Pu, Tun, 
 Tsun, Cheng. 
 
 Chwang {Chong Chia-tse, Yunnan), a cave. 
 iChweba {Amaxosa, Kafir), a lagoon of still clear water. 
 
 Chwen {China), a river =Chyen {Korea). 
 
 Cidade {Port.), a city, town, e.g. Cidade do Recife, ' city 
 of the reef,' 
 
74 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Cienaga (Sp.), a marsh, moor. 
 
 „ (U.S.A.), an elevated or hillside marsh con- 
 taining streams. 
 
 Cima (It., Sp.), summit of a mountain (C ma ), e.g. Cima 
 Nove, ' new peak.' 
 
 Cime (Fr.), top, summit (of a mountain). 
 
 Cimetiere (Fr.), cemetery (Cim re ). 
 
 Ciottolato (It.), highway, paved road. 
 
 Cirque (U.S.A.), a glacial amphitheatre or basin. 
 
 Citadelle (Fr.), a citadel (Cit le ). 
 
 Citta (It.), a city, town, e.g. Citta di Castello, ' town of 
 the castle.' 
 
 Ciudad (Sp.), a city, town, e.g. Ciudad Real, < royal city.' 
 
 Civita (It.), state, town, in composition, e.g. Civita 
 Vecchia, ' Old Town.' 
 
 Cjafe (Albanian), mountain top. 
 
 Clachan (Gaelic), stones, sing, clach ; usually applied to 
 a hamlet or small cluster of houses, probably from 
 the existence of Druidical remains on the site, e.g. 
 Clachantiompan. Gf. Clough. 
 
 Clairiere (Fr.), a glade. 
 
 Claugh (Irish). See Clough. 
 
 Clawdd (Welsh), a ditch, fence, e.g. Caron Isclawdd. See Is. 
 
 Cleit (Gaelic), a rugged eminence, e.g. Cleit Hianish. 
 
 Clere (Anglo- Norman), a royal or episcopal residence on 
 a lofty hill, e.g. Highclere. 
 
 Clocher (Fr.), a belfry, clock-tower. 
 
 Clogh (Irish). See Clough. 
 
 Clon (Ireland), a plain surrounded by bog or water, 
 from Irish cluain, e.g. Clonmel. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TERMS 75 
 
 Close (Old Fr. clos, Lat. clausus, shut in, enclosed), an 
 enclosure, courtyard, the precinct of a cathedral. 
 
 Cloture (Fr.), enclosure, fence. 
 
 Cloud, Clude (Anglo-Saxon clud, a rock, a hill), a cliff, 
 rock, precipice, e.g. Thorpe Cloud. 
 
 Clough, Claugh, Clogh (Irish), a stone, e.g. Cloghan, 
 Claughton, Cloughton. Gf. Clachan. 
 
 Clove (U.S.A.), a gorge, ravine. 
 
 Coch (Welsh), red. See Goch. 
 
 Coches (Upper Amazon region), small sluggish channels, 
 leading to the lateral lakes which fringe a river 
 in low swampy country. 
 
 Coed (Welsh), a wood, e.g. Bettws-y-coed, 'dwelling 
 across the wood.' See Bettws, Y. 
 
 Cohonk (Indian, U.S. A), grey goose, e.g. Cohonkson = 
 place of wild geese. 
 
 Coill (Irish), a wood. 
 
 Col (Fr., Eng.), a neck, an elevated pass. 
 
 Collado (Sp.), a hill. 
 
 Colle (It.), a hill (C le ). 
 
 Colline (Fr.), a hill. 
 
 Collo (It.), the top, summit (of a mountain.) 
 
 Coin (Latin, Colonia), a colony, e.g. Lincoln, Cologne. 
 
 Colto (It.), ploughed land. 
 
 Colwyn (Welsh collwyn), a hazel grove. 
 
 Comba (Sp.), a valley. 
 
 Combe (Celto-Saxon ; Cymric, cwm; A.S., comb, cumb), 
 a hollow between two hills, valley, dingle ; a bowl- 
 shaped valley, e.g. Wycombe. 
 
 Combe (Fr.), a small valley. 
 
76 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Commune (Fr.), parish, township. 
 
 Condate (Old Celtic), a confluence of two rivers. 
 
 Confine (It.), boundary. 
 
 Contea (It.), a county. 
 
 Contornos (Port.), environs, suburbs. 
 
 Contre-digue (Fr.), embankment, dike. 
 
 Convento (It.), a convent (Conv to ). 
 
 Cop (Celtic), a hollow, cup, e.g. Warcop. 
 
 Cop (Saxon), a head, the top of a ridge, crest, e.g. Malcop. 
 
 Coquilles (Fr.), shells. 
 
 n z-n. /-n ^x ( a chain or ridge of mountains, a 
 
 Cordilhera (Port.), , & 
 
 ~ ,.., /ri x i long elevated and straight tract 
 
 Cordillera (Sp.), . , ' - 
 
 v •' I of land. 
 
 „ „ (U.S.A.), a group of mountain ranges, in- 
 cluding the valleys, plains, rivers, lakes, &c. ; its 
 composite ranges may have various trends, but the 
 Cordillera will have one general direction. 
 „ „ (S. America), a chain of mountains with dis- 
 tinct summits, but closely connected like the links 
 of a chain or the strands of a rope. 
 
 Corno (It.) j an arm (of a river), peak of a mountain. 
 
 Corral (Sp.), a court ; in America this is used to denote 
 a cattle-pen, like the Port. Curral ; in Ceylon the 
 term is applied to an enclosure for the capture of 
 wild elephants. 
 
 Corrego (Brazil), a stream, small river, e.g. CorregoAgua- 
 Fria. 
 
 Corrente (It.), current, stream. 
 
 Corso (It.), a long broad street, a thoroughfare, e.g. 
 il Corso (Rome). 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 77 
 
 Cortijo (Sp.), farmhouse, grange, country house (Cort.) 
 
 Cortinal (Sp.), a piece of ground near a village or farm- 
 house, which is generally sown every year. 
 
 Cos (Indian, U.S.A.), grass. 
 
 Costa (It., Sp.), coast (C ta ), e.g. Costa Rica, 'rich coast.' 
 
 Cote, pi. Cotan (Anglo-Saxon), a mud cottage, e.g. 
 Fosscot, Coton. 
 
 Cote (Fr.), coast. 
 
 Coteau (Fr.), a small hill or declivity. 
 
 „ (U.S.A.), an elevated pitted plain of rough 
 surface. 
 
 Cotiere (Fr.), a range of coast, seaboard. 
 
 Coto (provincial Sp.), territory, district. 
 
 Coulee (U.S.A.), a cooled and hardened stream of lava; 
 they occur as ridges of varying length and breadth, 
 but rarely of great height ; a wash or arroyo 
 (q.v.) through which water flows intermittently. 
 
 Courant (Fr.), current, stream. 
 
 Cours (Fr.), course, stream, current. 
 
 Couvent (Fr.), convent (Couv*). 
 
 Cova (Port.), a ditch. 
 
 Coxsackie (Indian, U.S.A.), high hills. Cf. duassaick. 
 
 Cozzo (It.), a spur of a mountain (C zo ). 
 
 Craig (Cymric), a rock or crag, e.g. Craigruigh. Cf. Carrig. 
 
 Crau (Savoy), a rock, crag. 
 
 Crecida (Sp.), the flooding of rivers, in consequence of 
 heavy falls of rain. 
 
 Crete (Fr.), the crest of a mountain. For use as a form 
 of sub*oceanic relief see Ridge. 
 
 Crick, Craig (England), a rock, crag, e.g. Cricklade. 
 
78 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Crina (It.), the crest of a mountain. 
 
 Crique (Fr.), a cove, creek. 
 
 Crni (8. Slavonic), black. See Cherni. 
 
 Croes, Crwys (Welsh), a cross, e.g. Croesgoch, 'red cross.' 
 
 Croft (Anglo-Saxon), a close, or pieqe of enclosed ground 
 
 adjoining a house ; a small farm. 
 Croix (Fr.), a cross (Cr x ), e.g. Sainte Croix, 'the holy cross.' 
 Crombie (Gaelic), curved, crooked, e.g. Abercrombie, 'the 
 
 curved confluence.' See Aber. 
 Cromlech (Welsh), a flat stone placed upon two upright 
 
 stones in the form of a table, set up as a tomb. 
 Crue (Fr.), a freshet or flood. 
 Cruin (Gaelic), round, e.g. Inchcruin, 'round island.' 
 
 See Inch. 
 Cruz (Port., Sp.) a cross ; e.g. Vera Cruz, ' the true cross.' 
 Crwys (Welsh), See Croes. 
 Csarda (Hung.), an inn (Cs.) 
 Csatorna (Hung.), a canal (Cstn.) 
 Csiri (Hung.), little. 
 
 Csucs (Hung.), top, summit of a mountain (Cs.) 
 Csun (Tang ut), little. 
 Csup (Hung.), a mountain peak. 
 Csurtia (Tangut), a tower. 
 
 Cuadra (Spa?iish S. America), a side of Manzana (q.v.) 
 Cuchilhas (Port., Brazil), long low ridges crossing the 
 
 plains in all directions ; lit. knives. Cf. Cuchillas. 
 Cuchillas (Cuba), an upland plain cut into numerous 
 
 canons and salients. Cf. Cuchilhas. 
 Cuchillas (Spanish S. America), a chain of mountains. 
 Cuesta (Sp.), rising ground, eminence. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 79 
 
 Cuesta (U.S.A.), an ascending slope, a tilted plain or 
 
 Mesa (q.v.) top. 
 Cueva (Sp.), a cave. 
 Cuik (Cymric cog), a cuckoo, e.g. Penicuik, ' the hill of 
 
 the cuckoos.' See Pen. 
 Cul, Cull (Gaelic), back, neck, e.g. Culloden, 'the back- 
 lying coast ridge ' ; Culross ' the back or neck of the 
 
 peninsula.' See Ros. 
 Culebra (Sp.), a snake, e.g. Culebra islands in the West 
 
 Indies, Culebra K. (Cent. America), Culebra (Peru). 
 Cum (Latin), with ; occurs chiefly when one parish has 
 
 been added to another, e.g. Whitton-cum-Thurlston. 
 Cumbre (Sp.), top, summit, mountain peak, e.g. Cumbres 
 
 Altas, ' the high peaks.' 
 Cwm (Welsh), a bowl-shaped valley, e.g. Cwm Bechan. 
 Czerna, Czerny. See Crni, Cherni, Tzerni. 
 
 Da (Danakil), stone. ' 
 
 Da (Tibet), the lower part of a lateral valley. 
 urn Da (Amaxosa, Kafir), a boundary. 
 
 Daal (Butch), a valley, dale, e.g. Rozendaal. See Dal. 
 
 Daan (Tagala, Philippines), a road. 
 
 Daba (Somali), foot-hills, e.g. Daba-Ado, 'white hills.' 
 
 See Ado. 
 Daban (Mongol), col, pass, e.g. DalinDaban, 'the seventy 
 
 passes.' 
 Pabar (Hind,), a marsh, pool, pond, tank. 
 Dabas (Lohub, L. Budolf), a tree. 
 
80 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Dabba (Egyptian Sudan), small dry portions of land 
 
 rising out of a marsh. 
 Dabdaba (Arab.), rocky gypseous soil. 
 Dabra (Hind.) See Dabar. 
 Dad (Sever), grass, bush. 
 Dad (Somaliland), people = Rag ; forest = Hedd, e.g. 
 
 Dadliba, 'lion forest.' 
 uDada (Kafir), a thicket, a jungle. 
 Dadi (Fanti), ground, earth, e.g. Dadiasi. 
 Dadipa (Gold Coast), arable. 
 Dadze (Gold Coast), ground, shore. 
 Dag (Mongol, E. Turk.), rock, a rocky mountain, moun- 
 tain range. Cf. the other forms, Dagh, Tag, Tagh, 
 
 Tau. 
 Daga (Sara, Chad L.), a lake. 
 Daga, Dagah (Galla, Somali), stone, rock, e.g. Dagaha- 
 
 Dayer, ' monkey rock,' Dagabur. See Bur. 
 Dagat (Tagala, Philippines), sea. 
 Dagh (Mongol., E. Turk.), a mountain. Cf. the other 
 
 forms, Dag, Tag, Tagh, Tau. 
 Dago (Ja-Lno, Uganda), a pool. 
 
 Dahar (Arab.), an almost impracticable mountain tract. 
 Dai=Tai = = 0ki (Japan), large, great. 
 Dai'a=Dhaya (Arab., N. Africa), small depressions, 
 
 generally with vegetation. 
 Daia, Dea (Hassania), a lake. 
 Daibo (Japan), a fort. 
 Dainu (Indian, U.S.A.), a town. 
 Dair (Arab.), monastery, tavern, e.g. Dair Musa, 'the 
 
 Moses convent.' Cf Deir. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 81 
 
 Daira {India), a village, travellers' rest-house. 
 
 Dairat, Dairah (Malay), a canton, province, territory. 
 
 Dak (Indo-China), a river. 
 
 Dak-chemut (Harem, Indo-China), sea. 
 
 Dake, Daka (Japan), peak, ridge, summit, e.g. Hodakayama, 
 
 ' the mountain of the standing ears of corn,' from 
 
 the appearance presented by its granite towers. 
 
 Another form is Take (q.v.) 
 Dakha (Soninke), camp, bivouac. 
 Dakhla (Arab.), the entrance to a gorge or defile. 
 Dakhla (Hassania), a stream. 
 Dakhlet (Arab.), country free from sand and surrounded 
 
 by dunes. 
 Dakhni (Hind.), south. Cf. Junubi. For other points 
 
 see Uttar. 
 nDako (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a house. 
 Dal (Dch.), a valley, e.g. Berg en Dal in Limburg, Haas- 
 
 dal. See Daal. 
 Dal, Dol (Celtic), a plain, dale, meadow, e.g. Dalarossie, 
 
 ' the field at the point,' Dalmahoy, ' the field to the 
 
 north.' See Ros. 
 Dal (Serer, Wolof), camp, bivouac. 
 Dala, Dla (Mande), lake, marsh, swamp. See Badla. 
 Dala (Ja-Luo, Uganda), town, village. 
 nDala (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the fall of a river after a 
 
 flood. 
 Dale (Eng.), a valley, e.g. Kirkdale, Lonsdale. Cf. Dell, 
 
 Thai, Daal. 
 Dalem (Java), the dwelling of the regent. 
 Dalin (Mongol). See under Daban. 
 
 G 
 
82 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Dalle (U.S.A.), a rapid. 
 
 Dallol (Niger region, Songhai), large valley which serves 
 
 for the collection of the rain, and forms a stream, 
 
 but is usually dry for eight or nine months in the 
 
 year, e.g. Dallol Mauri, Dallol tfogha. 
 Dalni (Buss.), back, distant (of country), like German 
 
 Hinter, e.g. Dalni, near Port Arthur. 
 Dalr (Icel.), a valley, e.g. Fnjoskadalr. 
 Dam (Laos, Siam), black. 
 Dam (Teutonic), an embankment, e.g. Rotterdam, 'the 
 
 dam of Kotte.' 
 Dam (Tibet), a marsh. 
 Dama (Hottentot), conquered, e.g. Damara, mistranslated 
 
 ' the people who were conquered,' i.e. by the 
 
 Namakwa. Damara is fern, dual = two Dama 
 
 women, and is quite wrongly applied to the 
 
 people, who should be called Damakwa (masc. pi.) 
 Damana (Hausa). See Damuna. 
 Damana (Pers.), the foot of a mountain. The more 
 
 usual form is Daman, e.g. Daman-i-Koh, ■ skirt of the 
 
 mountain.' See Koh. 
 Dambo (Cent. Africa), an open patch in a wood or forest ; 
 
 flat treeless swamp dry in the hot season ; malarial 
 
 flats. 
 Dambok (Cambodia), a hill. 
 nDambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), bank (of a river), shore, 
 
 coast, beach. 
 Dam-bu (Tibet), reeds. 
 Damele (Jibu, Neiv Guinea), flood. 
 Damka (Hind.), a hillock, eminence. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 83 
 
 Damm (Ger.), embankment, dam. 
 Damuna, Damana (Hausa), wet season. 
 Dan (Siam), Siamese police or customs station. 
 kuDana (Nika), a path or way branching out of another. 
 Danan (Malay), a lake. Cf. Tasek. 
 Dan-dan (Bambara, Malinke), a mud wall surrounding 
 
 a town or an enclosure. Cf. Din. 
 muDandando (Nika), a rude bridge. 
 Dane (Japan), a valley. 
 
 Dang (Hi?id.), a hill, precipice, summit of a mountain. 
 Dang (Tibet), cold, e.g. Dang Cho, ' cold lake.' See Cho. 
 Dang, Dang-sa (Tibet), station, camp. 
 Danga (Hausa), a garden. 
 Dangi (Hausa), a tribe. 
 Dang-po (Tibet), right, direct (of a road). 
 Dankari (Mande), a ford. 
 Da no (Indian, U.S.A.), hill, mountain. 
 Dar (Arab), a large house, an abode, a country, a 
 
 subdivision of a province, e.g. Darfur ; Dar Dief, ' a 
 
 house for strangers.' Cf. Knot, Fan. 
 ,, (Hassania), encampment, town, village, really the 
 
 same word as the above. 
 Dar (E. Equatorial Africa), harbour, contracted from 
 
 Bandar, e.g. Dar-es-Salam. 
 Dar. See Der. 
 Dara (Pers.), a valley or pass between two mountains ; 
 
 highway. 
 Darada (Danakil), a river. 
 Darassi (Caucasus), mountain top. 
 Darat (Malay), coast (dry land). Cf. Tepilaut. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Darb (Arab.), a village. 
 
 Dar-band (Pers.), a difficult pass, literally a ' door-bar,' 
 
 a barrier, hence Derbend, the barrier between the 
 
 foot of the Caucasus and the Caspian to bar the 
 
 nomad Turks from entering Persia. 
 Darbar (Punjab), a Sikh temple, e.g. Darbar Sahib, at 
 
 Amritsar. 
 Darela (Deccari), a waterfall. 
 
 Daria, Darya (Pers.), a river, water, sea, e.g. Amu-Dana. 
 Darsena (Sp.), a dock or basin. 
 Darvase (Cent. Asia), a gate ; from next word. 
 Darwaza (Pers.), door. 
 Darya (Pers.) See Daria. 
 
 Dash, Tash (Turk.), stone, rock, e.g. Tashkurgan. 
 Dashera (Hassania), a village. Cf. Deshera. 
 Dasht (Pers.), steppe, plain, desert, e.g. Dasht-i-Kavir, 
 
 'the Great Plain.' See Kavir. 
 Dat (Serer), a road. 
 Dating (Burma), a town. 
 Davan (E. Turk.), a steep col, pass; the same word as 
 
 Daban (q.v .) ; e.g. Davan-Kum, i.e. sand with a pass 
 
 running through it. 
 Davara (Motu, New Guinea), sea. 
 Dawng (Siam), a deep forest. 
 inDawo (Kafir), a place, locality. 
 Dayr. See Dair. 
 Dazh (Pers.) t a quicksand. 
 
 Dazhi (Hausa), a wilderness (not barren), a forest. 
 Dbus (Tibet), middle, between. 
 De (Tibet), country, district, e.g. Jamaata de, north of 
 
 Namcho ; De Namru, See Sde. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 85 
 
 Dea. See Daia. 
 
 Dealu (Rumanian), a mountain (D.) 
 
 Deas (Gaelic), south, e.g. Deas Point, Mull of Cantyre. 
 
 Debba, pi. Dibab (Egyptian Sudan), a small stony hill. 
 
 Debbabia (Arab.), a misty or foggy place. 
 
 Debdeba (Arab.), ground which resounds under the tread. 
 
 Debe (Soninke), a village. 
 iDebi (Amaxosa, Kafir), a shallow in a river. 
 
 Dechie, Detsie (Gold Coast), mud, e.g. Dechiesu, * on the 
 mud.' See Su. 
 
 Decouvert (Fr.), an open (country). 
 
 Deep (Eng.), in sub-oceanic relief, the deepest part of 
 a Depression (q.v.), e.g. the Nero Deep ; opp. to 
 Height (q.v.) Equivalent to Ger. Tief, Fr. Fosse. 
 
 Defrichement (Fr.), a clearing in a forest. 
 
 Deg (Wolof), marsh, bog, lake. 
 
 Dega (Abyssinia), highland. Cf. Kwalla, Nejd. 
 
 Dega (Indian, U.S.A.), a plain. 
 
 Degirmen, Dei'rmen, Dermen (Turk.), a mill. 
 
 Deh, Dih (Pers.), a village. 
 
 Dehess (Arab.), marshy ground. 
 
 Deich (Ger.), a dike. 
 
 Deir (Arab.), a house, monastery, a convent, sometimes 
 in ruins, a variant of Dair. 
 
 Deirmen (Turk.) See Dagirmen. 
 
 De jos (Rumanian), lower (d.j.), generally placed after 
 the name ; e.g. Sucin de jos, ' Lower Sucin,' to dis- 
 tinguish it from Sucin de sus, ' Upper Sucin,' both on 
 a tributary of Lapos E., south of Maramaros. Cf. 
 De mijloc. 
 
86 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Dek (Cambodia), iron. 
 
 Dek (Indian, Alaska), a creek, used chiefly in the Copper 
 
 K. region ; e.g. Tatondek, ' Taton creek.' 
 Dekame (Dahome), a garden, applied by the natives to 
 the eastern shore of L. Aheme, from its extreme 
 fertility. 
 Dekh (Wolof), a river. 
 Dekhla (Arab., N. Africa), a pass, gorge ; a variant of 
 
 Dakhla (q.v.) 
 Dekke (Wolof), town, village. 
 nDela (Barotseland), a road, path. Cf. Zila, Zira, Jila, 
 Gila, Tsela 
 Delaa (Arab.), a long mountain ridge. 
 De le ba ron (Indian, California), an island. 
 Dell (Southumbriari), a valley, e.g. Arundel. Cf. Dale, 
 
 Thai. 
 
 Delta (Greek), the triangular space occasionally enclosed 
 
 between the diverging mouths of a river and the 
 
 sea-coast; so called from its resemblance to the 
 
 fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (A). 
 
 Dem (Upper Nile), an Arab factory, town, village, e.g. 
 
 Dem Ziber, * Ziber's town.' 
 Dema (Chad L. region), large, great, e.g. Kabe Dema. 
 nDema (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. 
 De mijloc (Rumanian), middle. Cf. De jos, De sus. 
 Demir (Turk.), iron. 
 Demir-Yeri (Turk.), an anchorage. 
 Den (Annam), black. 
 
 Den, Dene (Celto- Saxon), a deep wooded valley, e.g. 
 Tenterden. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 87 
 
 Dendron (Greek), a tree. 
 
 Deng (Siam), red, e.g. Sala Deng near Bangkok. 
 
 Deniz, Dengiz (Turk.), sea ; a large lake. 
 
 Denkese (Gold Coast), bush, bushy. 
 
 Denkmal (Ger.), a monument. 
 
 Denkwan (Galla), a tent. 
 
 Denkye (Gold Coast), bog, fen, moor. 
 
 Dent (Fr.), a tooth, peak, e.g. Dent dn Midi. 
 
 Deo (Annam), a col. 
 
 Deodhunga (Hind.), God's seat or hill; a name given to 
 
 any sacred hill. 
 Depression (Eng.), in sub-oceanic relief is enclosed on all 
 
 sides by elevations of the sea-bed. Equivalent to 
 
 Ger. Vertiefung. 
 Der, Dar (Gaelic dnr, Welsh dwr), water, e.g. Darent, 
 
 1 clear water,' Dart. 
 Der (Somali), long, tall, deep, e.g. Tug Der. See Tug. 
 Dera (Arab.), crest, ridge. 
 
 Dera (India), house, encampment, e.g. Dera Dun. 
 Dera (Japan), temple (Buddha). 
 nDera (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), road. Cf. Dzira, 
 
 Zila. 
 Derb (Arab.), a road. 
 Derbend (Pers.) See Darband. 
 Dere (A-Zande), a wall, e.g. Ngaundere. 
 Dere, Derin (Somali), a valley, ravine, e.g. Dere Godle, 
 
 * the ravine of the cave place.' See God, Le. 
 Dere (Turk.), a valley. 
 Deren (Marocco), a mountain. 
 
88 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Derevnya (Buss.), a village. 
 
 Derevo (Buss.), a tree. 
 
 Derigh (Somali), a road = Hilin. 
 
 Dermen. See Degirmen. 
 
 Dervent (Turk.), pass, defile ; a variant of Darband (q.v.) 
 
 Desa (Malay), the country, as distinguished from the 
 
 town or seat of government ; frequently used for 
 
 village. 
 Desaguadero (Sp.), an emissary from a lake. 
 Descubridero (Sp.), an eminence or rising ground from 
 
 which the adjacent country can be overlooked. 
 Desembarcadero (Sp.), landing-place; quay. 
 Deshabite (Fr.), uninhabited, deserted. 
 Deshek (Somali), a lake, e.g. Deshek Wama. 
 Deshera (Kabile), a village. Cf. Dashera. 
 Desht (Pers.), a plain. Cf. Dasht. 
 De sus (Bumanian), upper. See De jos. 
 Dete (Giryama), a chasm. 
 Detsie (Gold Coast). See Dechie. 
 Deyirme (Turk.), a windmill. 
 Dhahr, Dhahret (Arab.), a back, ridge. In Abbadi 
 
 (Etbai) this signifies ' west,' i.e. of the water-parting. 
 Dhaika (Abbadi, Etbai), a narrow pass. 
 Dhal (Hind.), a declivity, slope. 
 Dharmsala (Nepal, Tibet), a rest-house. 
 Dhaya=Dai'a (Arab.), a small depression, generally with 
 
 vegetation ; a dried-up pond. 
 kiDhidha (Giryama), a bog. 
 Dhiga (Arab.), a gorge. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 89 
 
 Dhiuliba (Upper Niger), water, river; corrupted into 
 Joliba. *Lenfant says that Joliba means ' the river 
 of songs.' 
 Dhmirat (Arab., North Africa), a moderate- sized dune. 
 Dhromo (Smyrna Greek), a road. See Dromos. 
 Dhu. See Du. 
 Di (A-Zande), water, e.g. Pangwadi, 'the water's edge,' 
 
 1 bank ' ; Wilidi, ' water's son,' stream. 
 Di (Somali), a valley, e.g. Di-Wiyile, ' rhinoceros valley ' ; 
 another form is De. 
 maDi (Bafo, Kamerun), water. See Mansi, Manzi. 
 muDi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), village. 
 Diaman (Songhai), north. See Jiji, Wene Kame. 
 Diamane (Soninhe), county. 
 maDiba (Kamerun, dialect of Bantu), sea, stream, river ; 
 opp. to Mundi. 
 Dibab, pi. of Debba (Egyptian Sudan), small stony hills. 
 inDibonga (Amaxosa, Kafir), boggy unsound ground. 
 Didi (Harem, Indo- China), small. 
 Die. See Du. 
 
 Die (Wolof), market, equivalent to the Arab. Sok, Suk. 
 Dien (Cambodia), a rice field, e.g. An-dien, 'tranquil rice 
 
 plantation,' in Bao-an. See An. 
 Difali (Gurma), the dry season. 
 Diga (It.), a dyke, embankment, mole. 
 Digue (Fr.), a dyke (Dig.) 
 Dih (Pers.), a village ; another form is Deh. 
 Dihat (Pers.), the country. 
 Diho (Motu, New Guinea), south ; lit. south wind. 
 
 * 'Le Niger,' by Lenfant, Paris, 1903, p. 48. 
 
90 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Diho (Motumotu, New Guinea), west. 
 
 Diho (Sokotra), water, e.g. Dia Dimax, properly Diho 
 Dim ax. 
 
 Dijk (Dch.), a dam, e.g. Dijkshoek, Ganzedijk. 
 
 Dik (Cambodia), water. 
 
 Diko, Liko (Swahili). SeeKo. 
 
 Dil (Turk.), isthmus, point, spit of sand. 
 kiDila (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island. 
 isiDiliya (Amaxosa, Kafir), a vineyard, garden. 
 umDiliya (Amaxosa, Kafir), a vineyard, garden. 
 
 Dilla (Indian, U.S.A.), a little field. 
 
 Dille (Central Sudan), watercourse, river ; the Marghi 
 equivalent of the Kanuri Komadugu (q.v.) 
 nDima (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. 
 nDimba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a valley, glen. 
 
 Dimbadimba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a little valley; 
 dim. of Ndimba and Dimbila, a valley. 
 
 Dimbila (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a valley. 
 
 Dimda (Eldorobo, Uganda), a forest. 
 
 Din (Bambara, Mande), the wall of an enclosure, 
 usually made of mud. Cf. Dan-dan. 
 
 Din (Celtic), an elevated post, e.g. London (Londinium) ; 
 other authorities say this is the Long-dun, ' ship- 
 fort ' of the Cymric Celts. See Dun. 
 
 Dinas (Welsh), a fortress, e.g. Dinas Dinnle, a huge pre- 
 historic mound overlooking the sea, near Carnarvon. 
 
 Ding (Tibet), depression, col. See Sdings. 
 
 Dinh (Indo-China) , town of the second order, or pro- 
 vincial capital. 
 
 Din niau (Siam), clay. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEKMS 91 
 
 Din si fong (Siam), chalk* 
 
 Dintorni (It.), environs. 
 
 Dinyasi, Manyasi, Manasi, Malashi, Linyasi (Gent. 
 
 Africa, dialects of Bantu). See Yasi, Nyasi, Nasi, 
 
 Lashi. 
 Dior (Wolof), a plain. 
 
 Dioryx (Neo-Greek), a canal ; from Anc. Gr. Siopvyrj. 
 Dip (Hind.), an island. See Lanka, Jingira. 
 Diqne (Sp.), a dock ; a dam with retaining wall. 
 Dirride (Kanuri, Bornu), light forest, with open pasture 
 
 grounds. Cf. Karaga tselim. 
 Diserto (It.), a desert. 
 Dish (Abbadi, Etbai), low scattered hills. 
 Distretto (It.), a district. 
 Diu, Diva, Dvip (Hind.), island, e.g. Maldives, ' the 
 
 thousand isles ' ; Lakhadives, ' the hundred thousand 
 
 isles.' 
 Dinbe (Soninke). See Jnbe. 
 Diude (Fula). See Jude. 
 Diwa (Serer), sea. 
 Diyar (Arab.), a country, region, e.g. Diyar-Bakr 
 
 (Diarbekr), ' the land of the Bekr,' an Arab tribe, 
 
 who conquered it in the 7th century. 
 Diz (Pers.), a castle. Cf. Kala. 
 iDiza (Amaxosa, Kafir), a field of stubble. 
 Djnp (Sw.), a deep. 
 Dla (Mande). See Dala. 
 iDlambi (Zulu, Kafir), a wave. 
 inDlandlatn (Zulu, Kafir), a narrow ridge between two 
 
 precipices. 
 
 Of THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
92 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 inDlela (Kafir), a path, way. 
 
 Dlinni (Buss.), long, e.g. Dlinnolieskoe Fort in Caucasia. 
 inDlu (Kafir), a house, building. 
 Do (Songhai), sand. 
 
 Do (Nissan L, Neiv Guinea), wood; forest. 
 Do = To = Syem (Korea), island, e.g. Chin-do, Ko-je-do. 
 Do (Tibet), stone; bottom of a valley; a confluence. 
 Do. See Du. 
 Do, Lo, Ro, Ru (Gent. Africa), an old root meaning ' to 
 
 flow,' e.g. Domasi (q.v.), ariver,masi meaning 'water.' 
 nDo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a camp, sleeping-place on 
 
 a journey, house. 
 Doab (Punjab, Central India), the natural divisions of 
 
 the Punjab, formed by the five rivers ; lit. two 
 
 waters ; applied to any country between two rivers, 
 
 e.g. the Doab between the Ganges and Jumna. 
 
 Cfi the Greek Mesopotamia. See Ab. Cf. Punjab. 
 Dobang (Tibet), a religious wayside monument. Cf. 
 
 Kieutigne. 
 iDobela, (Zulu, Kafir), the tide. 
 Dobur, Tubber, Tober (Gaelic Tobar), source, well, stream, 
 
 e.g. Tobermore or Tubbermore. See More. 
 Doca (Port.) , a dock. 
 
 Do Chemut (Khas Chos, Indo-China), sea. 
 Dodd (Cymric), a mountain with a round summit, e.g. 
 
 Great Dodd in Cumberland. 
 Doenyo (East Africa), mountain, e.g. Doenyo Ngai. 
 
 This is also found as Donyo, Eldonyo. 
 Dog (Tibet), ravine, torrent. 
 Dogana (It.), a custom house. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 93 
 
 Dohar (Hind.), the old bed of a river. 
 
 Doi (Laos, Siam), a mountain. 
 
 Dokori (Songhai), sand. 
 
 Dol (Celtic), a plain, e.g. Dolberry, ' the hill on the plain.' 
 
 See Berry. 
 Dol (Slavonic), a valley. 
 Dolgi (Buss.), long, e.g. Dolgaya Bay in Novaya 
 
 Zemlya. 
 Dolina (S. Slav.), a valley (Dol.) 
 Dolni (Bohemia), under, lower (Dl.), e.g. Dolni Trnavo, 
 
 on Morava B. 
 Dolok (Burma), mountain. 
 
 Dolon (Mongol), seven, e.g. Dolon Nor, ' the seven lakes.' 
 Dom (Buss.), a house. 
 Dom (Upper Nile). See Dum. 
 Domandavo (Bakunda, Kamerun), a house. 
 Domasi (Cent. Africa), a river, from Mazi and do, lo, ro, ru, 
 
 &c, an old root meaning to flow, as in Lo-mami, 
 
 Ru-sizi, &c. 
 Domb (Hung.), hill, knoll. 
 nDomba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a market. 
 Dome (Eng.), as a minor form of sub-oceanic relief, a 
 
 single elevation or submarine mountain of small 
 
 area, but rising with a steep angle to a depth more 
 
 than 200 metres from the surface. Equivalent to 
 
 Ger. Kuppe, Fr. Dome. 
 Domgha (Arab., N. Africa), a large dune standing out 
 
 above others. 
 Domo (NiJca), a jutting out of land into the sea, or of a 
 
 mountain into a plain. 
 
94 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Don {Caucasus), a river. 
 
 Don (Celto-Saxon). See Dun. 
 
 Don (Siam), an island. 
 kiDonda (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain. 
 
 Dong (Cambodia), east; e.g. An-Binh-Dong, An meaning 
 tranquillity, and Binh conveying an idea of equality. 
 Cf Tai. 
 
 Dong (E. Turk.), hill, mountain, or rounded summit. 
 
 Dong (Tibet), a deep hollow, gulf, whirlpool. 
 
 Donnon (Gold Coast), a bend, bay, bight, 
 
 -Dono (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), suffix meaning 
 < little.' 
 
 ,Donyo. See Doenyo. 
 
 Doom (Dch.), thorn, thornbush, e.g. Enkledoorn. 
 
 Do Phui (Klias Chos, Indo-China), a river. 
 
 Dor (Tibet), a rock, e.g. Dorkia Lugu Dong, 'the monastery 
 built on a rock looking something like a sheep's 
 head,' lugu being a ' sheep ' and Dong a ' face.' 
 
 Dorf (Ger), a village (df.), see Dorp. 
 
 Dorina (Hausa), a hippopotamus, e.g. Ruwa n Dorina, 
 ' the water, pool, of the hippopotamus,' a wide- 
 spread name given by Hausa travellers to any water 
 they may find in the wilderness. Cf. Ngurutuwa. 
 
 Doro (Japan), mud. 
 
 Doro (Jibu, New Guinea), mountain, summit. 
 
 Doroga (Buss.), a road ; Bolshaya doroga, high road. 
 
 Dorok, Torok (Turk.), a peak. 
 
 Dorp (Dch., Cape Dch.), a village, e.g. Zeedorp, Villiers- 
 dorp, pronounced Filjisdorp. Cf. Eng. Thorp, and 
 Da. Torp. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 95 
 
 Douane (Fr.), a custom-house (D ne ). 
 
 Dowi {Siam), a mountain. 
 
 Down (Old Eng.), hill, mound ; long naked tract of hilly 
 land ; sand ridge. Cf. Dun (Celtic), cognate with 
 tun (town, hill, fort, enclosure) ; German Zaung. 
 
 Doze (Nigeria), rocky hills. 
 
 Dra, Draa (Arab., N. Africa), a chain of hills or dunes ; 
 also a single rounded hill or mamelon, e.g. Wad 
 Draa, ' the Wad between the hills.' 
 
 Dra (Arab.), pasturage in a region of dunes. 
 
 Draeth (Welsh), an estuary, e.g. Trefdraeth. Cf. Traeth. 
 
 Drangr,£>£. Drangar (IceL), a pointed rock standing alone. 
 
 Dren (Ebon, Polynesia) , water. 
 n Dried (French Congo, dialect of Bantu), men of the 
 woods. 
 
 Drift (Cape Butch), a ford, e.g. Rorke's Drift ; in Dutch 
 it means ' current.' 
 
 Dromos (Constantinople Greek), a road. See Dhromo. 
 
 Drowo (Slavonic), a wood, e.g. Drewitz. 
 
 Drug (India), huge rocky pile rising often to an alti- 
 tude of 1,500 feet, sometimes solitary, sometimes 
 in clusters, and generally fortified, e.g. Chitaldrug, 
 Nundidrug. 
 
 Drum, Drom (Ireland and Scotland), a back or ridge, 
 from the Irish druim, e.g. Dromore, Dundrum ; from 
 the Gaelic droma, e.g. Tyndrum. See Dun, Ty. 
 
 Drumlin (U.S.A.), a smooth oval or elongated hill or 
 ridge, composed chiefly of glacial detritus. 
 
 Drumos (Greek), a wood. 
 
 Dryms {Londonderry). See under Misks. 
 
96 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Dry Wash (U.S.A.), a wash, arroyo (q.v), or coulee in 
 
 the bed of which there is no water. 
 Dsor (Armenia), a valley. 
 uDsui (Fan, French Congo), a river. 
 Du, Dhu, Dubh, Die, Do (Cornwall, Scotland, Ireland), 
 
 black, e.g. Poldu, 'black pool/ Dublin, 'black pool,' 
 
 Glenkindie, ' valley of the black head,' Knockando, 
 
 'black hill.' See Pol, Lin, Kin, Knock. 
 Du (Songhai), sand. 
 Duar (India), a pass. 
 Duar, Dwar (Berber), village ; a tent village as opposed 
 
 to a built village (Karia, Char). 
 Dub (Slavonic), an oak, e.g. Dubrau. 
 Dubu (Motu and S. Cape, New Guinea), a sacred house 
 
 or platform. 
 Duchi (Benue B. and Sohoto region) , a mountain,hill ; rocks. 
 Dud (Somali), a forest, e.g. Dud-dore, Dud Jer; a ridge, 
 
 e.g. Dud Subhiyu. 
 Due, Dwe (A-Zande), a ditch. 
 Dufan (Somali), grease or food left round the mouth 
 
 after eating, e.g. Durie-Dufan. See Durie. 
 Dug (Tibet), uncultivated land, pasturage. 
 Dugu (Mande), country, locality, e.g. Wagadugu; Koma- 
 
 dugu, 'the place where water is found,' river. 
 
 Also town, village. 
 Duhat (Arab.), a bay. 
 Duinen (Dch.), dunes, e.g. Loosduinen. 
 Duk (Cambodia), virtue, courage; e.g. Vinh-Duk-Tai, 
 
 1 Much virtue West,' in Bao-An, as distinguished 
 
 from Vinh-Duk-Pong, ' Much virtue East.' 
 
AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TEEMS 97 
 
 Duk (Wolof), a village. 
 
 Dum (LoJcub, L. Rudolf), a camp. 
 
 Dum (Upper Nile), a species of palm-tree, sometimes 
 
 written Dom. 
 Dumbe (Bambara, Malinke), a bend or curve, e.g. 
 
 Badumbe, 'river bend.' See Ba. 
 Dumi (Songhai), nation, tribe. 
 Dun, Don (Celto- Saxon), a hill, mound, fort, e.g. London, 
 
 Dunedin. 
 Dun (India), a valley, e.g. Dera Dun. See Dera. 
 cbiDunda (Senna, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain. 
 Dunde (Soninhe), a mountain. 
 Dundu (Soninhe), a hill. 
 Dune {Ger.), bank or hill of sand, dune. 
 Dung (Tibet), a hill. 
 Dur (Arab., N. Africa), change in orientation of a cliff 
 
 or plateau ; the plateau itself. 
 Dur (Welsh and Scotch). See Dwr. 
 Dur (Somali), long stiff grass. Gf Geda. 
 Durch (Ger.), through. See next entry. 
 Durchstich (Ger.), a cutting for a railway. 
 Durdur (Somali), a perennial spring. 
 Durie (Somali), dirt, a dirty place. 
 Dusin (Malay), a small village, variant of Dusun (q.v.) 
 Duss (Som-ali), a pass. 
 Dusun (Malay), a village, country as distinguished from 
 
 town ; also an orchard, e.g. Dusun Kepar, Dusun 
 
 Lada. Gf. Desa. 
 Dutto (It.), a canal, passage. 
 Duze (Nigeria), a rocky hill. 
 
 H 
 
98 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Dvor (Buss.), court, courtyard. 
 
 Dwar (Berber). See Duar. 
 
 Dwera, Dwira (Arab.), a small house. 
 
 Dwfr (Welsh), water, stream. Cf. Dyfr. 
 
 Dwr, Dur (Welsh and Gaelic), water, e.g. Glasdur, Durra, 
 
 Aberdour. 
 Dyb (Da., Nor.), a deep. 
 nDyela (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a road. 
 Dyfr (Welsh), water, stream; e.g. Dyfrdwy=the river 
 Dee. Of. Dwfr. 
 nDyia (Maginza, Congo), a road. Cf. Zila, Zira. 
 nDyila (Bangala, Congo), a road. Cf. Zila, Zira. 
 Dyke (Eng.from A.S. die), a ditch, e.g. Wansdyke. 
 Dyne (Da.), a down. 
 Dyner (Sw.), downs. 
 Dza (Tibet), clay. 
 Dzaka (Nika). See Aka. 
 kaDzaka (Nika). See Kadzaka for meaning. 
 Dzal, pi. Mai (Fan, French Congo), village. 
 Dzamba (Upper Nile), forest, wood. 
 Dzanche (Nika). See Anche. 
 nDzea (Mobali, Congo), a road. 
 iDzendze (dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 Dzeri (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Eri. 
 Dzi (Nika), earth, land, country, continent. 
 maDzi (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), water. 
 muDzi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a town, village, 
 
 hamlet. Cf. Musi. 
 kaDzidzi (Nika), a small creek. 
 luDzidzi (Nika), a creek or cove, 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 99 
 
 Dzigha, pi. Migha (Fan, French Congo), confluence. 
 
 Dziko ) 
 
 (dialects of Bantu). Seelko. 
 
 i Dziko 
 Dzira (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), road. Cf. Zila, 
 
 Zira. 
 Dzisi (dialect of Bantu). See Chisi. 
 Dzitso (Giryama), source, spring. 
 Dzong (Tibet), fortress, chief town of a prefecture. 
 uDzu (dialect of Bantu), grass. See TJdzu. 
 kaDzuho (Giryama, Niha), small river, rivulet 
 kiDzuho (Giryama), affluent, small river, brook. 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 E (Saxon), river, stream. Cf. A, Aa, Ach, Av, Ie. 
 
 Eanua (S. Cape, New Guinea), a village. Cf. Fenua. 
 
 Eapala (Aroma, New Guinea), the north-west wind. 
 
 Eavana (S. Cape, New Guinea), west. 
 
 Eb (Hottentot). See Ep. 
 
 Ebado (Yoruba), sea-side, river-side, sand, beach. 
 
 Ebala (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a little clearing made in 
 a place where two roads meet, where a tree has 
 been planted as a shelter or halting-place. See Bala. 
 
 Ebata (Congo). See Bata. 
 
 Ebe (Banjan, Kamerun), a wood, forest. 
 
 Ebe (Yoruba), a hillock. 
 
 -Ebene (Congo), a suffix meaning great, large. 
 
 Ebene (Ger.), a plain. 
 
 Ebon, pi. Mibon (Fan, French Congo). See Bon. 
 
 Ebor (Masai, E. Africa), white, e.g. Gwaso naEbor, 'the 
 White Biver.' 
 
 e 3 
 
100 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ebun (Gold Coast), an abyss, depth of the sea. 
 
 Ebute (Yoruba), a landing-place, wharf. 
 
 Ebwetu (Lomwe, L. Shirwa), sand. 
 
 Ebwila (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bwila. 
 
 Eccles (Scotland, /row Ekklesia [#.#.]), church, e.g. Eccles- 
 machan, ' the church of St. Machan.' Cf. Eglwys. 
 
 Ecclesia. See Ekklesia. 
 
 Echelle (Fr.), the scale of a map. 
 
 Echelle de Maree (Fr.), tide gauge. 
 
 Echori (Elgumi, Uganda), a water-hole. 
 
 Ecluse (-FV.)i a lock of a canal or basin, sluice (E C3e ). 
 
 Ecueil (Fr.), a reef, rock. 
 
 Ecurie (Fr.), a stable (Ec ie ). 
 
 Ed (Egyptian Sudan). See Id. 
 
 Eddahereth (Jibali, Berber), a hill. Cf. Udherer, Urir. 
 chEde (Niha), a market. 
 
 Edge (Anglo-Saxon ecg), a sharp point, a narrow part 
 rising from a broader ; the highest part of a 
 moorish and elevated tract of ground of con- 
 siderable extent, generally that which lies between 
 the streams, e.g. Axe Edge, Ipstones Edge, Claverton- 
 Edge. 
 
 Edogh (Fan, French Congo), deep. 
 
 Efagh, pi. Bifagh (Fan, French Congo). See Fagh. 
 
 Efun (Yoruba), chalk, lime. 
 
 Egan (Yoruba), a dense forest. 
 
 Egan-Oshusha (Yoruba), thorny, prickly forest. 
 
 Egba, Ejba (Yoruba), people, e.g. Buda Egba, ' the 
 people's camp.' See Budo, 
 
 Egbe (Chamba), See Mgabe. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 101 
 
 Egbenn. See Mgbenn. 
 
 Eghasher, Eghzer (Tuareg, Berber), a valley with a 
 
 torrent. 
 
 Eghirreu (Tuareg, Berber, and Hausa), a river, the river, 
 
 the Niger. See Isa. 
 
 « v /T7 x ) a church (Eg se ). 
 
 tighse (Fr.), ^ ' _ 
 
 ^. , , T rr 7 7 x r a church, trom sKKXria-ta, ecclesia. 
 
 Eglwys ( FW.*),f C/Ec( ; ies 
 
 Ego, Egoi (Basque), south wind; south ; cf. Agus. 
 
 Egri (Turk.), crooked (of a stream or road). 
 
 Egua (Gold Coast), a market-place. 
 
 Eil (Somali), a deep well, e.g. Eil Sheikh. Cf. El. 
 
 Eilean (Gaelic), an island, e.g. Eilean Dun, in Ardencaple 
 
 bay. 
 Einfahrt (Ger.), the entrance to a river or harbour. 
 Eisen (Ger.), iron, e.g. Eisenberg, ' iron mountain.' See 
 
 next entry. 
 Eisenbahn (Ger.) a railway. 
 kiEji (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a rapid or cataract. 
 Ejidi (Kamerun), the bush ; wood, forest. 
 Ejinga (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a pool left after the 
 
 fall of a river ; a hole in the bed of a river. See 
 
 Jinga. 
 Ejman (Ebon, Polynesia), stone. 
 Ejondi, Eyondi, Ejundi (Kamerun, dialects of Bantu). 
 
 See Jondi. 
 Eka (Indian, U.S.A.), earth. 
 Ekam (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kam. 
 Ekanda (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kanda. 
 Ekanga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kanga. 
 
102 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ekare (Elgumi, Uganda), a lake. 
 
 Ekaza (Fan, French Congo). See Kaza. 
 
 Ekedi (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kedi. 
 
 Eken (Mongol), higher; summit; e.g. Eken Habsere, 
 1 upper Habsere.' See Kurban. 
 
 Eket (Banjan, Kamerun), house, dwelling. 
 
 Ekklesia, Ecclesia (Greek), a church. See Eccles, Eglwys. 
 
 Eko (Gold Coast), lake, pond, pool. 
 
 Ekobi (Lomwe, L. Shirwa), chalk. 
 
 Ekogwi (Lomwe, L. Shirwa), a ravine. 
 
 Ekohlo (Amaxosa, Kafir), the left-hand side. 
 
 Ekolo (Gold Coast), a hill. 
 
 Ekserserplads (Nor.), drill-ground. 
 
 Ekumu (Congo, dialect of Bantu) . See Kumu. 
 
 Ekundze (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kundze. 
 
 Ekunene (Amaxosa, Kafir), the right-hand side. 
 
 Ekutilu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kitulu. 
 
 Ekwae (Gold Coast), a forest, wood, thicket. 
 
 El (Arab.), the; when El precedes any dental, liquid 
 except m, or sibilant, i.e. any of the ' solar ' letters, 
 it is assimilated with it for the sake of euphony, 
 though in Arabic writing the El is retained. Thus 
 we have Beled-es-Sudan, Esh-Shark, Hofra-en-Nahas, 
 Um-er-Rbia, &c. The solar letters are t, t (=th in 
 thin), d, dh (= Irish th in thy), r, z, s, sh, s 
 (=Fr. 9), d (hard palatal), t (hard palatal), z (= th 
 in this), 1, n. 
 
 El (East Africa), a plural prefix corresponding with 
 Wa (q.v.), e.g. El Gonyi. 
 
 El (Buss.), a fir tree ; adj.; Elevi, Elovi 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 103 
 
 El (Somali), a well, e.g. El Dap. Cf. Eil, really the same 
 
 word. 
 Elabo, Elapo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Labo, : 
 
 Lapo. 
 Elamo (Motumotu, New Guinea), a sacred house or 
 
 platform. 
 El boka (Egyptian Sudan), a capital town. 
 Eldonyo (East Africa). See Doenyo. 
 Eleko (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Leko. 
 Elelenshi (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Lelenshi. 
 Elenga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Lenga. 
 Eleut (Turk., Mongol). See II. 
 Elevation (Eng.) As a form of sub-oceanic relief this 
 
 is either entirely surrounded by depressions or is a 
 
 prolongation of the continental border. Equivalent 
 
 to the Ger. Erhebung. See Shelf, Rise, Ridge, Plateau. 
 Elf (Sic), a river, e.g. Dal-elf, 'the river of the dale.' 
 
 Cf. Elv. 
 Eli, pi. Bili (Fan, French Congo). See Li. 
 Eliwa (French Congo Coast). See Liwa. 
 Elian (Scotland), island, e.g. Elian More, ' Great Island,' 
 
 see More ; Elian nan Ron, ' Seal Island.' 
 Ellap (Ebon, Polynesia), great. 
 Elogh, pi. Bilogh (Fan, French Congo). See Logh. 
 Elondo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Londo. 
 Elsin (Mongol), sand. 
 Eln, Eru (Cent. Africa), a root meaning ' open water,' 
 
 e.g. Mweru. 
 Elu (Ibo, Nigeria), top, summit, e.g. Elu Ugu, ' top of 
 
 the mountain.' 
 
104 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Elv (Da., Nor.), a river. Cf. Elf. 
 
 Em (Ebon, Polynesia), land. 
 
 Emba (Lomwe, Mozambique), a house. 
 
 Emba (Upper Nile), water. 
 
 Embarcadere (Fr.), landing-stage, terminus (Emb rj ). 
 
 Embarcadero (Sp.), quay, wharf; port, harbour. 
 
 Embayment (Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for a 
 wide and rounded or triangular extension of a 
 Trough (q.v.), or Basin (q.v.), which penetrates the 
 land or a submarine elevation either with a 
 uniform or gradually diminishing depth or which 
 is bounded on the one side by land and on the 
 other by a submarine elevation. Equivalent to 
 Ger. Bucht, Fr. Golfe ; cf. Gully. 
 
 Embouchure (Fr.), estuary, mouth of a river or affluent 
 (Emb urj ). 
 
 Emelga (Sp.), a large furrow to serve as a landmark. 
 
 Emi (Sahara), mountain, rock. 
 
 Emizdegh (Wargla, Berber), a village. Cf. Amazagh. 
 
 Empito (Lomwe, Mozambique), a road. 
 
 Emu (Gold Coast), the interior of a country. 
 
 Emuk (Eskimo), sea, cf. Muk, Nanimuk. 
 
 Emumba (Mahua, Mozambique), a house. 
 
 En (Berber), See In. 
 
 En (from Gaelic Aan), a river, e.g. Rathen, ' the fort on 
 the river.' See Rath. 
 
 Encalladero (Sp.), shoal, sandbank. 
 
 Encaiiado (Sp.), a conduit. 
 
 Enceinte (Fr,), precincts. 
 
 Encerradura (Sp.), enclosure. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 105 
 
 Enchente (Port.), a flood. 
 
 Enclave (Fr.), an isolated settlement within the territory 
 
 of another country, e.g. the French enclave in our 
 
 Niger territory and the Belgian enclave on the 
 
 Upper Nile. 
 Encrucijada (Sp.), cross way, cross roads. 
 liEnga (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a lake. 
 luEnga (Gogo, Bantu), a river. 
 
 Engabunet (Nandi, Uganda), a cave. 
 Engan (Fan, French Congo), deep, especially of a river. 
 Enge (Ger.), a strait. 
 Engpass (Ger.), pass, defile. 
 Enguololo (Elgumi, Uganda), a river. 
 Eniuma (Kossova, Uganda). See Niuma. 
 Enjira, Chinjira (Kossova, Uganda). See Njira. 
 Enjorai (Masai). See Jorai. 
 Enkulu. See Nkulu. 
 mw Ene \ 
 amw Ene I (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a chief. 
 umwEne) 
 
 Ennene (N. New Guinea), water. 
 
 Enneri (N. Africa), a ravine, river-bed. 
 
 Ennis (Ireland), an island, e.g. Enniskillen. Cf. Innis, 
 
 Inch. 
 Enseada (Port.), a bay. 
 Ensenada {Sp.}, a bay; also creek. 
 Enshir (Kabile), a mass of ruins. 
 Entours (Fr.), environs. 
 Entree (Fr.), entrance ; mouth of a river. 
 Entre-voie (Fr.), the six-foot way (of railways). 
 
106 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGKAPHICAL 
 
 Enua (Polynesia). See Fenua. 
 
 Enyangha, pi. Binyangha (Fan, French Congo). See 
 Nyangha. 
 
 Enyi, pi. Binyi (Fan, French Congo). See Nyi. 
 
 Enyin (Fan, French Congo). SeeTXyin. 
 
 Eomaka (Kabadi, New Guinea), tide (flowing). 
 
 Ep (Hottentot), water, river, e.g. Gari-Ep, ' the great 
 river,' i.e. the Orange Kiver. There are also the 
 variants Ab, Ap, Eb, Ob, Op, lb, Ip, Up, e.g. Swakop, 
 Ugab, Kuisip, Hoanib, Khoneb, &c. rivers, and also 
 Molopo. 
 
 Ep (Korea). See Eup. 
 
 Epano (Greek), upper, e.g. Epanomeria in Thira. 
 
 Eparawe (Lomwe, Mozambique), a waterfall. 
 
 Epiro (Makua, Mozambique), a road. 
 
 Equipate (Mexico), the light showers which fall in the 
 mountain districts early in the year. 
 
 Erara (Tuareg, Berber), a large valley. 
 
 Erazer, Erhazar, Erasa (Sahara), vegetation; wooded; 
 lit. the valley. 
 
 Erdo (Hung.), wood, forest (E.) 
 
 Ere, Arre (Musgu, Chad L. region), a river. 
 
 Ere (Elgumi, Uganda), a village. 
 
 Erekusu (Yoruba), an island. 
 
 Ereru (Makua, German East Africa), sand. 
 
 Erg (Arab.), a dune, a land of dunes. See Areg, Arga. 
 
 Erhazar (Sahara). See Erazer. 
 
 Erhebung (Ger.), as a form of sub-oceanic relief, is equi- 
 valent to Elevation (q.v.) 
 dzEri (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), left (hand). 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 107 
 
 Erial (Sp.), uncultivated ground. 
 
 Erife (Sahara), a strong north-east wind. 
 
 Eriga (Mahua, German East Africa), a stockade, an 
 
 enclosure. 
 Erk (Abbadi, Etbai), a crevasse. 
 Ermida (Port.),' 
 
 , a hermitage, sanctuary. 
 Ermita (Sp.), J 6 
 
 Ernik (Buss.), brushwood, underwood. 
 
 Ero (Yoruba), a caravan. 
 
 Erobi (Masai, East Africa), cold, e.g. Ngari na Erobi, 
 ' cold water.' 
 
 Erod (Hung.), a fort. 
 
 Eroto (Elgumi, Uganda), a road. 
 
 Erre (Yoruba), a marsh, bog. 
 
 Errek (Ebon, Polynesia), small. 
 
 Erto (It.), steep, ascent. 
 
 Eru, Elu (Gent. Africa). See Elu. 
 luEru (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), lake. 
 wEru (E. Africa, Giryama), prairie, veld. 
 
 Erun (Yoruba), the dry season. 
 
 Erythros (Gree 7c), red, whence Eritrea, the Italian colony 
 on the Eed Sea. 
 
 Esalim (Tuareg, Berber). See Asarim. 
 
 Esau (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sau. 
 
 Escarpe (Fr.), a bluff. 
 
 Esclusa (Sp.), lock, sluice. 
 
 Escob, Escop (Welsh, Cornish), bishop, e.g. Tyrescob, 
 ' bishop's house.' See Tyr. 
 
 Escollo (Sp.), a rock, reef, shoal. 
 
 Eseke (Congo, dialect of Bantu) . See Seke. 
 
108 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Esenge (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Senge. 
 
 Esep (Fan, French Congo). See Isep. 
 
 Eserva (Tangut), rain. 
 
 -Eshe (Zambezia, Congo), & termination signifying 
 
 1 river,' e.g. Lukoleshe. 
 Esher (U.S.A.), a long winding ridge of sand or gravel ; 
 
 the deposit from a stream flowing beneath a 
 
 glacier. 
 Eshi (Turk.), old. See Eski. 
 Eshimu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), beach, shore, coast ; 
 
 bank of a river (generally spoken of the opposite 
 
 side). See Shimu. 
 Eshi-nshi (Congo), the inhabitants of a country ; sing. 
 
 Mushi ; Eshi-Kongo, the inhabitants of the old 
 
 Kongo kingdom. See Shi. 
 Esika (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sika. 
 Esk, Exe (from Celtic uisge, wysg), water, stream, 
 
 e.g. Esk, Exmouth, Usk. 
 Eski (Turk.), old, e.g. Eski Zagra (the Buss. Stara 
 
 Zagora), as distinguished from Yeni Zagra or ' new 
 
 Zagra.' 
 Esb (Hung.), rain. 
 Esopus (Indian, U.S.A.), steep coast, or high-walled 
 
 banks. 
 Espigao (Port.), a sharp point of land without trees. 
 Espigon (Sp.), a kind of wharf or pier. 
 Esse (Yoruba), footpath, track, trail. 
 Estacada (Sp.), palisading on an embankment. 
 Estacion (Sp.), a railway station. 
 Estancia (Argentina), a cattle farm. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 109 
 
 Ester o (Sp.), a small creek ; a lagoon. 
 
 „ (Spanish S. America), low, marshy, inundated 
 land covered with herbs and aquatic plants. 
 Estrada (Port.), a high-road. 
 Estrecho (Sp.), 
 
 , A strait 
 Estreito (Port.) 
 
 Esuka (Tangut), a river. 
 
 Esunsu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sunsu. 
 
 Etakao (Makua, German East Africa), chalk, lime. 
 
 Etakwa (Makua, German East Africa), a forest. 
 
 IStale (Fr.), slack (of tide) ; settled (of wind), light 
 
 breeze. 
 Etam. See Itam, of which it is a misspelling. 
 £tang (Fr.), lagoon, lake, pond (Et g ), e.g. Etang de Berre. 
 Etapa (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Tapa. 
 foape (Fr.), halting-place, stage. 
 Etaras (Tuareg, Berber), a plain. 
 £tat (Fr.), a state. 
 chEte (Giryama), a market. 
 
 Etela (Fin.), south. For other points see Pohia. 
 
 Etenta (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Tenta. 
 
 Eti (Galloppa, Abyssinia), grass. 
 
 Etiage (Fr.), the low-water mark of a river. 
 
 IStier (Fr.), a creek which can receive small vessels; a 
 
 conduit by which salt water enters a lake to be 
 
 transformed into salt. 
 Etiet (Nandi, Uganda), a bridge. 
 Eti-Odo (Yoruba), beach, waterside. 
 Eto (Indian, U.S.A.), a forest. 
 Etog (Banjan, Kamerun), a village. 
 
110 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 fitoile (Fr.), crossroads (Et le ), lit. a star. 
 
 Etombwelo {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Tombwelo. 
 
 Etoro (Lomwe, L. Shirwa), a desert. 
 
 Etta (Turkestan), a town. 
 
 Etukulu (Congo, dialect of Bantu)* See Tukulu. 
 
 Eukit (Malay), a hill. 
 
 Eung (Indo-China), a mountain. 
 
 Eung (Ebon, Polynesia), north. See Rear, Kabelung. 
 
 Eup, Ep (Korea), a magisterial town=Eumnai=Koel. 
 
 Euren (Turk.), a ruin. 
 
 Euros (Greek), south-east. For other points see Boreas. 
 
 Euyuk (Turk.), a hillock. 
 
 Ev (Turk.), a house. 
 
 Evambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Vambu. 
 
 Evanga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Vanga. 
 
 Evata (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Vata. 
 
 Everglade (Florida, U.S.A.), a tract of swampy land 
 covered mostly with tall grass. 
 
 Evia (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Via. 
 
 Evwangi (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Vwangi. 
 
 Ewaso (British East Africa, Bantu), water, river, e.g. 
 Was Ngishu, ' cattle water,' a name given to a salt- 
 lick (q.v .), near Tigrik Kiver, Ewas-os-Soit, ' river of 
 the stone.' See Waso. 
 isEweri (Ketosh, Uganda), a water-hole, well. 
 
 Ewo-erun (Yoruba), the dry season. 
 
 Ewo-ojo (Yoruba), the rainy season. 
 
 Ewukwe (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), east. Cf. Mbo. 
 
 Ewumba (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Wumba. 
 
 Exe. See Esk. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 111 
 
 -Ey, dim. Eyot, Ait {Teutonic), an island, e.g. Sheppey. 
 
 Eya (Yoruba), a tribe, or division. 
 
 Eyalet. See Vilayet. 
 
 Eyanga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Yanga. 
 
 Eyendelo {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Yendelo. 
 
 Eyenga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Yenga. 
 
 Eyi (Teda, Sahara), water, equivalent to the Terauye 
 
 Mi, and the Arab. Ma. 
 Eyondi (Kamerun, dialect of Bantu). See Ejondi. 
 Eyot, Ait. See -Ey. 
 
 Eyrr, Eyrar (Icel.), a narrow low tongue of land. 
 Ezandu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Zandu. 
 Ezbah (Egypt), a village or hamlet. 
 muEzi (dialect of Bantu), a pool of water. 
 
 p 
 
 Fa (Annam, Black B.), a forest. 
 
 Fa, Fana (Berta, E. Sudan), a mountain. 
 
 Faa (Polynesia), a valley, e.g. Faa-Nui, ' great valley.' 
 
 Fabrica (Sp.) f 
 
 . a factory (Fca.) 
 Fabrica (Port.),\ J v 
 
 Fab (Welsh), son. 
 
 Fabrik (Ger.), a factory (Fabr.) 
 
 Fabrique (Fr.), a manufactory (Fab e ). 
 
 Fach (Welsh), little, e.g. Llandewyfach. See Llan. 
 
 Fad (Gaelic), long, e.g. Elian Fada, ' long island.' 
 
 Fada (Hausa), residence of the king, e.g. Fada n 
 
 Chirma, 
 
112 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Faddama (Hausa), an arm of a river, creek, a valley ; 
 equivalent to Adar-n-Eghirreu of the Sahara, and 
 includes both the Arab, terms Rejl or Kra and 
 Bot-ho (q.v.) 
 
 Fadi, Maifadi (Hausa), broad. 
 
 Fae, Fale, Fare, Vale (Polynesia), a house. 
 
 Faestning (Da., Nor.), a fort. 
 eFagh (Fan, French Congo), a field, plantation; for pi. 
 see Efagh. 
 
 Fahavaratra (Madagascar), the rainy season, summer. 
 
 Fahre (Ger.), a furrow. 
 
 Fahre (Ger.), a ferry. 
 
 Fahrte (Ger.), a track, trail. Cf. Vaart. 
 
 Fahs (Arab., N. Africa), a field. 
 
 Faidh (Arab., N. Africa). See Feidh. 
 
 Faija (Arab.), a col. 
 
 Fair (Gaelic Farr), a sheep, e.g. Fair Isle, ' Sheep Isle ' 
 (Shetland). 
 
 Fair (Welsh), the Virgin Mary, e.g. Llanfairfechan. See 
 Llan, Fechan. 
 
 Faire (Sahara), a barren naked plain. See Falat. 
 
 Faite (Fr.), top, summit, ridge ; Ligne de Faite, ' water- 
 parting.' 
 
 Faka (Gold Coast), a bay, gulf. 
 
 Fakai, Fakhi (Sierra Leone), a farm village, as opposed 
 to a permanent village. 
 
 Fal, Falu (Hung.), a town. 
 
 Fala (Bambara, Malinke). See Fara. 
 
 Falaise (Fr.), a cliff. 
 
 Falat (Arab.), a bare desert. See Faire. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 118 
 
 Fale (Polynesia). See Fae. 
 mFalme (Swahili), chief, king. 
 Falu (Hung.), village. 
 
 Fama (Gurma), ruler of a province. See next entry. 
 Fama-dugu (Mande), a capital town. See Dugu, cf. 
 
 Serki-Gari. 
 Fan (Upper Nile), a village, land, country, e.g. Kordofan, 
 
 1 the land of the Kordo,' equivalent to Arab. 
 
 Dar (q.v.) 
 Fan (U.S.A.), a mountain delta; a conical talus of 
 
 detrital material. 
 a Fan (Fan, French Congo), country, applied only to a 
 
 vast extent, and then not to the country in which 
 
 one actually is ; for pi. see Afan ; used also for 
 
 environs. 
 Fana (Berta, E. Sudan), a mountain. See Fa. 
 Fanal (Fr.), \ 
 
 Fanal (Sp. t Fort), | a lighthouse. 
 Fanar(2W&.), J 
 Fang (China), hamlet, house. 
 Fange (Soninke), a river. 
 Fango (Sp.), mud. 
 Fankhane (Soninke), shore, beach. 
 Fantsakana (Madagascar), well, spring. 
 Fanua (Polijnesia). See Fenua. 
 Fanza (China), a house. 
 Fara (Gonya, Gold Coast), torrents; low-lying land 
 
 filled with water. 
 Fara, Fala (Bambara, Malinke), a stream. 
 Faraba (Bambara), a valley. 
 
 I 
 
114 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Faraka (Mande), bifurcation (of roads or rivers). 
 Fararano {Madagascar), autumn. See Fahavaratra. 
 Tare (Polynesia). See Fae. 
 Farellon (Sp.), point, cape, headland; rock or cliff in 
 
 the sea. 
 Fari (Songhai), field, country. 
 Farihi (Madagascar), a lake. 
 Fari-tani (Madagascar), region. 
 Faro (It., Sp.), a lighthouse. 
 Farol, Pharol (Port.), a lighthouse. 
 Farvater (Buss.), a channel. 
 Fasht (Arab.), a reef of rocks. 
 Fasika, Fasi (Madagascar), sand, e.g. Ifasimena or Fasi- 
 
 mena, ' the red sand.' Cf. Pasi. See I, Mena. 
 Fastingi (Fin.), a fort. 
 Fatta (It.), dung, track in the bush made by 
 
 animals. 
 Fatto (Bomu), a house. 
 
 Fatu (Manahiki and Fakaofu, Polynesia), stone. 
 Faubourg (Fr.), outskirts, suburb (F bg ). 
 Fauci (It.), a strait, mouth of a river. Cf Foce. 
 Fau-fu (China), a buoy. 
 Fauns (from Gaelic Fan), aslope, declivity, e.g. Kinfauns, 
 
 1 the head of the slope.' See Kin. 
 Fau-tau (China), roadstead. 
 Fave (Motumotu, New Guinea), stone. 
 Fechan (Welsh), little, e.g. Llanfairfechan. See Llan, Fair. 
 Fedehan (Sokotra), a mountain. 
 Fedi (Nepal), the low ground at the foot of a 
 
 mountain. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 115 
 
 Fegagir, pi. of Foggara (q.v.) 
 
 Feher (Hung.) white (Fh.) ; e.g. Fehervag, a stream 
 
 flowing from the Central Carpathians. 
 Feidh, Faidh (Arab., N. Africa), a ravine which becomes 
 
 a watercourse during the rains. Cf. Sahan, Selat. 
 Feij (Arab., N. Africa), a valley between dunes. 
 Fek (Hung.), camp. 
 Fekete (Hung.), black (Fk.), e.g. Fekete Ardo in the 
 
 Ugocsa district on the Theiss E. 
 Feld (Ger.), plain open country. Cf. Veld. 
 Feldweg (Ger.) a field road. 
 Fell=Fjeld (Norse), a hillside, e.g. Goatfell (Arran), 
 
 Skaptafell. Cf. Fjeld. 
 Fels (Ger.), rock, e.g. Drachenfels, ' dragon rock.' 
 Felsabhang (Ger.), declivity or slope of rock. 
 Felsen (Ger.), cliffs, rocks ; also in sing. rock. 
 Felso (Hung.), upper (F.), e.g. Felsb Kaibin, to N. of 
 
 Waag E. 
 Feng (China), the peak of a hill. 
 Fenmu (China), a tomb. 
 Fenua, Eanua, Enua, Honua, Fanua, Fonua, Vanua, Vanuga, 
 
 Hanua (Polynesia), land, town, village. Cf. Wanua. 
 iFenya (Bantu) ; for meaning see Ifenya. 
 Ferik (Arab.), village. In E. Sudan ' temporary village.' 
 Ferka (Arab.), a division of a tribe. 
 Ferma (Buss.), a farm. 
 Ferme (Fr.), a farm (F me ). 
 Ferner (Ger.), further (Fr.) 
 Ferrocarril (Sp.), railway. 
 Ferrovia (It.), railway. 
 
 i 2 
 
116 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Festung (Ger.), fort, fortress. Gf. Vest, Vesting. 
 
 Feudo (It), a fief (F Jo ). 
 
 Fiafi {Arab.), solitary wastes. 
 
 Fial (Arab.), a current of water. 
 
 Fidh (Arab.), a ravine. Gf. Feidh. ' 
 
 Field (England), a forest clearing, where the trees 
 
 have been felled, e.g. Sheffield. From A.S. Feld, 
 
 cognate with Dch. Veld, Ger. Feld. 
 Fii (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), water. 
 Fil (Arab.), elephant, e.g. Has el Fil, ' elephant's head ' ; 
 
 Sin el Fil, ' elephant's tusk.' 
 mFinda (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a forest or wood. 
 Fing (Mande), black, e.g. Baling, ' black river.' See Ba. 
 
 Gf. Khwa, Ule. 
 Firki (Kanuri), a shallow hollow, where the water 
 
 collects in the rainy season and drying up gradually 
 
 leaves a fertile argillaceous soil. See Ange. 
 Firn (Switz., from Ger. firne, ' last year's '), coarse, half- 
 
 solidified snow. Gf. Neve\ 
 Firth, Frith (Scotch), estuary. Gf. third, three for r shift. 
 Fittri (Kuka, Chad L. region), water, river. See Isa. 
 Fiumara (It.), a river which overflows. 
 Fiume (It.), a river (F.) 
 
 Fjall, Fjall (Sw., Icel.), mountain, e.g. Blafjall. 
 Fjard (Sw.), frith or long narrow inlet, bay. Gf. Fjord. 
 Fjeld, Fjaeld (Nor.), mountain, e.g. Dovrefjeld. Gf. Fell, 
 
 Veld. 
 Fjord (Da., Nor.), frith or long narrow inlet. Gf. 
 
 Fjard, Fjbrdr. 
 Fjbrdr (Icel.), fiord. 
 Flak (Da.), a flat, plain ; a shoal. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 117 
 
 Flash (Old Fr. Flasque, Flache), a pool, pond. 
 
 Fleche (Fr.), a spire ; a sharp peak (lit. an arrow). 
 
 Flecken (Ger.), market-place, borough, country town. 
 
 Fleet (England), a creek, inlet, arm of the sea ; lake, 
 lagoon; e.g. Wainfleet. From A.S. fleot, a bay, 
 lit. a place where ships float. Cf. Vliet. 
 
 Fleur (Normandy), a flowing stream, e.g. Harfleur. 
 
 Fleuve (Fr.), a large river (Fl.) Cf. Riviere, Ruisseau. 
 
 Fliegende Fahre (Ger.), boat ferry, or flying bridge (Fl. F.) 
 
 Fljot (Icel.), a stream, e.g. Hverfisfljot. 
 
 Floresta (Sp.), forest, thicket. 
 
 Flot (Fr.), flood. 
 
 Flur (Ger.), field, meadow, plain. 
 
 Flurstein (Ger.), a boundary stone. 
 
 Fluss (Ger.), a river (Fl.) Cf. Strom. 
 
 Flut (Ger.), flood, inundation. 
 
 Fo (Thai), a mountain. 
 
 Foa (Gold Coast), on a river, riverside, e.g. Ada-Foa, 
 • riverside Ada,' on Volta Eiver. Cf. Su. 
 
 Fobolo (Congo), a ruin. 
 
 Foce (It.), the mouth of a river. Cf. Fauci. 
 
 Fod (Hung.) See Fold. 
 
 Fodsti (Da., Nor.), footpath. 
 
 Fof (Serer), water. 
 
 Fogara (Upper Nile), nomad priests. 
 
 Foggara (Arab., N. Africa), a succession of wells 
 hollowed out on a slope and joined by a subter- 
 ranean passage ; pi. Fegagir. 
 
 Fokani (Arab.), upper. Cf. Ala. See Fukani, really the 
 same word. 
 
118 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Foko (Madagascar), a tribe. 
 
 Fold, Fod (Hung.), earth, land. 
 
 Folverok (Buss.), a small farm. 
 
 Folyo (Hung), a river (Fl.) 
 
 Foil (China), wind. Cf. Typhoon. In Siam Foil is used 
 
 for a squall or rain wind. See Lorn. 
 Fond (Fr.), bottom, ground. 
 Fonda (Sp.), an inn, tavern. 
 Fondak (Marocco), a caravansary. Found frequently as 
 
 Fonduk. See Fnnduk. 
 Fond d'un bois (Fr.), the heart of a wood. 
 Fondeadero (Sp.), anchorage. 
 Fonderie (Fr.), a foundry (F rie ). 
 Fondo (Songhai), road, path. 
 Fonduk (Marocco). See Fondak. 
 Fontaine (Fr.), spring, source (F ne ). See next words. 
 Fontana (It.), spring, source (Font 11 ). Cf. Hontana, 
 
 Fontaine. 
 Fonte (Port.), well, spring. Cf. Fontaine, Fuente. 
 Fontein (Dch.), a spring. Cf. Fontaine. 
 Fonua (Polynesia). See Fenna. 
 Force (Northumbrian), a waterfall, e.g. Airey Force. Cf. 
 
 Norse Foss, Fors. 
 Ford (England), a stream, a shallow part where the 
 
 stream may be crossed, e.g. Oxford. 
 Fordani, Forodani, Forothani (Nika), custom house. 
 Forde (Hanover), a ford, e.g. Lemforde. 
 Foresta (It), forest, wood, wilderness. 
 Foret (Fr.), a forest (F*). 
 Forge (Fr.), a forge (F* e ). 
 
(Nika). See Fordani. 
 
 AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 119 
 
 Fork (Anglo-American), a large affluent, e.g. North 
 Fork. 
 
 Forme de radoub (Fr.), dry dock. 
 
 Fornace (It), a kiln (Forn ce ). 
 
 Forodani 
 
 Forothanii > 
 
 Fors (Sw.), a waterfall, e.g. Helsingfors. 
 
 Forst (Ger.), forest, wood. 
 
 Fort (Fr.), fort, fortress (Ft.) 
 
 Forte {It), fort, fortress (F.) Cf. Fuerte. 
 
 Fortha (Swahili), custom house. 
 
 Fortiere (It.), a rocky place full of seaweed. 
 
 Fortin (Sp.), a small fort ; field or temporary fortifica- 
 tions. 
 
 Fortino (It.), a redoubt (Fort no ). 
 
 Fos (Nor., Da.), a waterfall. 
 
 Fosca (Sp.), a thick wood or grove. 
 
 Foso (Sp.), a ditch. 
 
 Foss (Icel), a waterfall, e.g. Skogar Foss. 
 
 Fosse (Fr.), a ditch. For use as a form of sub-oceanic 
 relief see Deep. 
 
 Fosso (It.), a ditch (F so ). 
 
 Fotoi (Chinese, E. Turk.), a measure of length equal to 
 about 3 versts or 2 miles. 
 
 Foil, Fu (China), a mound. 
 
 Foveny (Czec), sand. 
 
 Foz (Port.), the mouth of a river. 
 
 Freguezia (Port.), a parish, district. 
 
 Frei (Ger.), free, e.g. Freiburg. 
 
 Freo, Freu (Sp.), a strait. 
 
120 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Friede (Ger.), peace, e.g. Friedland. See next entry. 
 
 Friedhof (Ger.), a burial-ground, cemetery. See Friede. 
 
 Fringing Reef (English), a coral reef extending from the 
 shore, seldom for a long distance, having little 
 water on it, and no ship-passage between it and the 
 land. Cf. Barrier Reef. 
 
 Frontiere (Fr.), frontier, limit. 
 
 Fu (China), a prefecture, the largest subdivision of the 
 modern province ; town of the second order, or 
 district capital, e.g. Yun-nan-fu ; head, e.g. Ping Fu, 
 ' level heads,' Chien Fu, ' pointed heads,' applied to 
 certain Akka tribes in the Shan States, from the 
 head-dresses of the women. Cf. Chau, Hien, King, 
 Ting. See Phu. 
 
 Fu (Songhai), a house. 
 
 Fuente (Sp.), a fountain or spring (Fte). Cf. Fonte. 
 
 Fuerte (Sp.) a fort, fortress. Cf. Forte. 
 
 Fufu (Nika), a thicket. 
 
 Fuhrt, Furt (Ger.), a ford, e.g. Frankfurt. 
 
 Fukai (Japan), deep ; low, e.g. Fukaye island. 
 
 Fukani (Arab.), upper, e.g. Mogher Fukani, in Algeria, 
 to distinguish it from Mogher Tatani, ' Lower 
 Mogher.' Another form is Fokani. 
 
 Fula (Mande), two, e.g. Bafulabe, lit. ' two streams/ 
 confluence. Be = to be; cf. Saba. See Ba. 
 
 Fula (Ghazal region). See Meha. 
 umFula (Kafir), a deep valley, a ravine. 
 luFulo (Nika), a ditch. 
 
 Fum (Arab., Tripoli), a defile; mouth, e.g. Fum Doga, 
 i.e. the mouth of the Wadi Doga. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 121 
 
 Fumarole (U.S.A.), a spring or geyser, which emits steam 
 
 or gaseous vapours, is the Fr. fumarolle, fumerolle, 
 
 from Loiv hat. fumariolum (root fumus, smoke). 
 
 nFumo, 
 
 Fumu 
 
 (Congo and Central Africa, dialects of Bantu), 
 
 chief, king. 
 
 imFumu 
 
 mFumu 
 
 mil Fumu 
 
 kiFumvu (Taita, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain. 
 Cf Lima. 
 
 Fundeadouro (Port.), anchorage. 
 
 Funduk (Tripoli), a warehouse. Cf Fondak. 
 
 Fune (Japan), a boat. 
 
 Funga (Mekeo, New Guinea), flood -tide. 
 umFungi (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a bridge. 
 
 Fungu (S. and E. Africa), a bank or sandy reef. 
 
 Fura (Mashonaland) , a river bed; originally 'a hole,' 
 then ' water-hole,' and finally a river bed where 
 holes are dug for water ; a mine. This word has 
 been wrongly equated with the Biblical Ophir. 
 
 Furche (Ger.), a Furrow (q.v.) 
 
 Furo (Brazil), a natural narrow channel connecting two 
 lakes or two rivers, e.g. Furo Tajapuro, one of the 
 network of Furos connecting the Para with the 
 Amazon. 
 
 Furrow (Eng.), as a minor depression (q.v.), in sub- 
 oceanic relief, a valley or channel- like hollow in 
 the continental border (see Shelf), and more or less 
 at right angles to it, e.g. the Indus Furrow, the 
 Ganges Furrow. Equivalent to Ger. Furche, Fr. 
 Sillon. Cf. Caldron. 
 
122 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Furst (Ger.), prince, e.g. Fiirstenwalde, 'prince's wood. 
 
 Furt {Ger.), a ford. See Fuhrt. 
 
 Furu, Futo-Furu (Mande), field, garden. 
 
 Fusa (Albania), a plain. 
 
 Fuso (Kafir), fallow ground. 
 
 Fussweg (Ger.), a footpath. 
 
 Fut (Hung.), the course of a river, current. 
 
 Futa (Congo), grass, herbage, especially wild ; jungle, 
 
 scrub. 
 Futaleufu (Araucanian, Patagonia), a large river, the 
 
 large river, i.e. the Upper Eio Yelcho. Futa= 
 
 great. 
 Fute (Kanem), west, western, e.g. Beri' Fute, ' western 
 
 Beri,' to distinguish it from Beri Kura, or ' Great 
 
 Beri.' 
 Futo-Furu (Mande). See Furu. 
 liFuwukho (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a ferry. 
 Fuyu (Japan), winter. 
 Fynnon (Welsh), a well, e.g. Fynnon-Asa, ' St. Asaph's 
 
 Well.' 
 Fyr-Baki (Fin.),& lighthouse, lit. 'beacon-fire.' 
 
 G 
 
 Ga (Japan), the indefinite term, ' a,' ' any.' 
 kaGa (French Congo, dialect of Bantu), a mountain, hill, 
 e.g. Kaga Mbale. 
 Gaard, Gard (Da., Nor.), a farm, farmstead, estate (G d ). 
 Gab (Da., Nor.), an open bay ; chasm. 
 Gaba (Galla), market-place. 
 Gabai (Iaibo, New Guinea), ditch. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 123 
 
 Gabbaz (Hausa), east. For other points see Ariawa. 
 
 Gabbi (W. Australia), water. 
 
 Gabet (Nor.), gap, inlet, passage. 
 
 Gabogabo (S. Gape, New Guinea), sea. 
 
 Gabotumu (S. Gape, New Guinea), the deep sea. 
 
 Gabristan (Gent. Asia), burial-ground. See Stan. 
 
 Gabuano (Aroma, New Guinea), north wind. 
 
 Gabungji (Togo), large river. 
 
 Gaburigo (Aroma, New Guinea), south. For other 
 
 points see Walau. 
 Gachun (Tibet), a stage in the desert. Gf. Chan. 
 Gad (Hind.), a boundary mark, landmark. 
 Gad (Serer), an encampment. 
 Gad (Somali), a headland, bluff, e.g. Gadki Goble, 'the 
 
 headland where the gob grows.' Ki being the 
 
 definite article i, with the connecting letter k. 
 
 See Le. The gob is a tall thornless tree with smal 
 
 red edible fruit. 
 Gada (Arab., N. Africa), an elevated plateau, with steep 
 
 sides, only accessible at certain points. 
 Gadde (Wolof), camp, encampment. 
 Gade (Da., Nor.), a street. 
 Gadh (Sansc.), a fortress, castle. 
 Gadir (Phoenician), an enclosure, e.g. Cadiz. 
 Gado (Tsarisen, Formosa), a mountain. 
 Gadobada (Motu, New Guinea), the deep sea. 
 Gadong (Malay), a house. 
 Gad-pa (Tibet), a cliff. 
 Gadu (Paiwan, Formosa), a mountain. 
 Gagara (Hausa). See Kagara. 
 Gahoste {Indian, U.S.A.), a plain. 
 
124 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gahri (Hind.), low swampy ground. 
 
 Gahuen (Arab., North Africa), several little rocky hills 
 
 in the midst of which is a moist depression with 
 
 vegetation. 
 Gai (Polish), grove, small wood. 
 Gail, Gayal (Hind.), a road, path. 
 Gair (Gaelic Gearr), short, e.g. Gairloch, ' short loch.' 
 nGaita (Eldorobo, Uganda), a village. 
 Gajjar (Hind.), swampy ground. 
 Gake (Japan), a cliff. 
 Gal (Tibet), a ford. 
 Gala, pi. Galat (Egyptian Sudan), fort on a hill. See 
 
 Kala, really the same word. 
 
 Gala (Galla), below, e.g., Galadede. 
 
 Gala (Singalese), mountain, hill. 
 
 Galana (Galla), a river, e.g. Galana Sagan. 
 
 Galbed (Somaliland), west. Gf. Barri. 
 
 Galeb, Gleb, Garet, pi. Gur. Guiret (Arab.), rocky mounds 
 
 , with hard calcareous summits. 
 
 Galit (Burma), communication. 
 
 Galiyara (Hi7id.), lane, street ; abode. 
 
 Galle (Ger.), quagmire, pool. 
 
 Galo (Mande), town, village. 
 
 Gait (Egypt), reservoir. 
 
 Gam (Hind.), a village. 
 
 Gamat (Sansc), a road, path. 
 
 a ma Gamba ) 
 
 V (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), mountain. 
 
 Gamle (Da., Nor.), old (G le ), e.g. Gamle Carlsberg. The 
 Sw. form is Gamla. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 125 
 
 Gan {Indian, U.S.A.), a lake. 
 
 Gana (Bornu), small, e.g. Gana Woshem, flowing into 
 Chad L. ; Gana Gulfei,' 'little Gulfei,' on the Shari E. 
 
 Ganda (Galla), village. 
 
 Ganda {Songhai), country. 
 nGandu {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town. Cf. Ganzu. 
 
 Gang {Sansc), a river, stream, e.g. Ganges. See Ganga. 
 
 Gang {Tibet), ice ; spur of a mountain. See Sgang. 
 
 Ganga {Ceylon, India), a river, e.g. Ganga Pura, 'river 
 town.' See Gang. 
 
 Gangala {Sansc.), land subject to inundation by the 
 Ganges. 
 
 Gangara, Gangala {A-Zande), hill, dam, dike, e.g. Gangara 
 na Bojo, ' the hill of the chief Bojo.' 
 
 Gang-barar {Sansc, Pers.) f alluvial land recovered from 
 a river. 
 
 Gangri {Tibet), a snow-capped mountain. 
 
 Ganj {Bengal), a market-town, market, storehouse, 
 whence the Anglo-Indian Gunge. 
 
 Ganji {Songhai), uncultivated land, forest, desert. 
 
 Ganon, Gaon, Ganw {Sansc, Hind), village, tow T n, dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Ganua, Ganwa {Hausa), a ditch. 
 
 Ganw {Sansc) See Ganon. 
 n Ganzu {Congo, dialect of Bantu), outskirts, the imme- 
 diate vicinity of a town. Cf. Gandu. 
 
 Gaon {Sansc) See Ganon. 
 
 Gar {Tibet), camp, permanent camp. The form Sgar 
 also occurs. 
 
 Gar {Arab.) See Ghar. 
 
126 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gara (Walamo and Galla, Abyssinia), a mountain 
 
 range, a hill, e.g. Gara Arba, * elephant range.' 
 ,, (dialect near Lugh), a hill. 
 Gara, pi. Gur (Arab., N. Africa), a rocky peak. 
 Gara (Sansc), a ditch, pit, cavern ; also low land on 
 
 which water does not lie long. 
 Garam (Sansc.) See Gram. 
 Garan (Hind.), a swamp, morass. 
 Gard. See Yard. 
 Gare (Fr.), wet dock; terminus or platform, station 
 
 (railway) . 
 Garet (Arab.) See Galeb. 
 
 Garganta (Sp.), mountain torrent ; a narrow pass be- 
 tween mountains. 
 Garh (Hind.), castle, hill, fort, e.g. Fathgarh (Futigarh), 
 
 ' fort of victory ' ; fath (Arab.) = victory. 
 Gari (Hausa), land, country, town ; e.g. Sabo-n-Gari, 
 
 1 Sabo's town,' Serki-Gari, ' chief town.' See Serki, 
 
 Seriki. Cf. Birni. 
 Garie (Somaliland) , a group of zeribas ; a village of 
 
 nomadic shepherds. See Garya. 
 Garika, Gerka (Hausa), a garden. 
 Garita (Sp.), a look-out house. 
 Garmsir (Pers.), winter pasture grounds, hot lands ; 
 
 from garm, hot, warm. 
 Garra (Irish, Scotch, Manx), a plantation, e.g. Garrane- 
 
 kinnefeake, ' Kenefec's plantation.' 
 Gars (Arab.), a plantation. 
 Garth (England), an enclosed place, croft, garden, from 
 
 Icel. gardhr, an enclosure, e.g. Applegarth. See Yard. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 127 
 
 Garw (Welsh), Garbh (Gaelic), rough, torrent, e.g. 
 
 Nantgarw, Yare, ' the rough stream.' 
 Garya (Ober, Somaliland). See Garie. 
 Gasba (Hassania), fort. Cf. Kasba, of which it is a 
 
 variant. 
 Gasse (Ger.), street, lane, road. 
 Gassi (Arab., N. Africa), stream between dunes ; hard 
 
 rocky ground covered with flints. 
 Gasthaus (Ger.), inn, tavern. 
 Gat, Gatti (Beccan), bank of a river. 
 Gat (Hung.), dam, dike. 
 Gat (Da., Nor.), gap, narrow inlet, passage. 
 Gata (Japan), a lake near the coast; harbour. 
 Gata (Sw.), a way, street, lane. 
 Gate (England), a passage, road, street, from A.-S. geat, 
 
 an opening, gap, e.g. Reigate. 
 Gatti (Deccan). See Gat. 
 u Gau (Zulu, Kafir) ; for meaning see Ugau. 
 Gau (China), a harbour. 
 
 Gau (Teut.), a district, e.g. Breisgau. Sec Gay. 
 Gaubu (Aroma, New Guinea), a tree. 
 Gau Gau (Min-Kia, Yunnan), sea. 
 Gauhani (Hind.), lands situated close round a village ; 
 
 village. 
 Gauntiya (Hind.), a small hamlet. 
 Gavan (Buss.), a harbour. 
 Gawa (Japan), a river, e.g. Sakada Gawa. 
 Gawi (Chad L. region), firm hard ground, especially 
 
 such localities in the Lower Shire E. marshes 
 where villages can be built, e.g. the village Gawi. 
 
128 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gay, Gau (Teutonic), a district, e.g. Spengay. See Gau. 
 
 Gayal (Hind.) See Gail. 
 
 Gaz (Cent. Asia), a goose, e.g. Gaz Kul, ' goose lake,' 
 
 applied by the Kirghiz to all the Pamir lakes. 
 
 See Kul. 
 Gazovi (Servian), a ford. 
 Gdir (Arab.), a gulf, whirlpool. 
 Ge, Geya (Singalese), a house. See Geh. 
 Gebel (Arab.), a mountain, e.g. Gibraltar. See Jebel. 
 Gebele, El- (W. Sahara), south. See Gharb, Gebli, 
 
 Shergi, Safel. 
 Geber (Arab.) See Kebir. 
 Gebi (Abyssinia). See Gibe. 
 Gebiet (Ger,), territory, district, province. 
 Gebirge (Ger.), mountain range (Geb.) e.g. Riesengebirge, 
 
 * giant mountains.' 
 Gebli (Arab., N. Africa), south, a variant of Gebele. 
 
 See Safel. 
 Gebusch (Ger.), copse, thicket. 
 Ged (Somali), atiee, bush, e.g. Ged-wein, GedGalol. 
 
 Wein. 
 Geda (Somali), grass, pasture. Cf. Dur. 
 Gedal (Arab.), a meadow. 
 Gede (Soninhe), spring, fountain, well. 
 Gedenkteeken (Dch.), a monument. 
 Gedik (Turk.), a col. Gf. Bel. 
 Gedong (Malay), storehouse, e.g. Gedong Singata, 'an 
 
 arsenal ' ; whence Anglo-Ind. Godown, warehouse &c. 
 Geh (Hind.), a house, mansion. 
 Gehucht (Dch.), a hamlet. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 129 
 
 Geil {Icelandic), defile, narrow glen, a ravine. 
 
 Gej (Wolof), sea. 
 
 Geji (Lokub, L. Budolf), a village. 
 
 Gelah (Arab.), watch towers. Found also as Gelaa in 
 
 Algeria. 
 Gelli (Welsh), hazel-grove, e.g. Dolgelly. See Dol. 
 Gelman (Kabile), a ravine. 
 Gelta (Kabile), a pond, pool. See Guelta. 
 Gemaa (Arab.), a knoll. 
 Geneza (S. and E. Africa), castle. 
 Gennar (Arab.), a peak. 
 Gentra (Arab., N. Africa). See Guentra. 
 Geo (Shetland's), a rocky creek with precipitous sides, 
 
 e.g. Klebergeo, as distinguished from Voe, a fiord, 
 
 and Wick, a broad open bay. 
 Geok (Turk.), blue, e.g. Geok Tepe, 'blue hill.' 
 Gephyri (Neo-Greek), a bridge; from Anc. Ger. ytyvpa. 
 Gera (Algeria), a lake. 
 Gerai'r, pi. of Gurara (q.v.) 
 Gerant (Harem, Indo-China), tree. 
 Gerara (Arab.), a plot of ground. 
 Gerara (Arab., N. Africa). See Gurara. 
 Gereza (Swahili), a fort. 
 Gerhush (Abbadi, Etbai), rotten schist. 
 Geri (Galloppa, Abyssinia), a road. 
 Geri (Masai), striped, e.g. Donyo Geri, ' striped mountain, 
 
 a Masai name for Mount Kenia. See Lorgenai. 
 Gern (Arab., N. Africa), a peak. 
 Gerrua (Arab.), a bare summit or peak. 
 Gesaa (Arab.), a small embanked plain. 
 
 K 
 
130 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gesh (Upper Nile), bush, tall grass. 
 
 Gestade (Ger.), shore, bank. 
 
 Geta {Danakil), a road. 
 
 Gettar {Arab.), a well from which water trickles. 
 
 Geul, Ghol, Gol {Turk.), a lake. 
 
 Geya {Singalese). See Ge. 
 
 Ghaba {Arab., Marocco), scrub, low bush. 
 
 Ghadir {Arab.), a pool, pond ; in N. Africa equivalent 
 
 to Firki {q.v.) 
 Ghana {Bomu), little, e.g. Marte Ghana. 
 Ghangakhsu, Ghangeng {Eskimo, Smith Sound), a cape. 
 Ghangerdlnakhsu {Eskimo, Smith Sound), a little fiord. 
 Ghangerdlnkhsoa {Eskimo, Smith Sound), a large fiord. 
 Ghar, Gar, pi. Ghiran {Arab.), a grotto, cavern, e.g. 
 
 Trafalgar. 
 Ghar {Hind.), house, dwelling ; also clay soil. 
 Gharb, El- {Egyptian Sudan), left bank of the Nile, 
 from the Arab. Gharb, west. Cf. Maghrabi, Maghreb ; 
 see Said, Matla. 
 Ghari {Hind.), valley, ravine. 
 Gharika {Swahili), flood, inundation. From Arab. 
 
 Ghark, see next entry. 
 Ghark-ab {Arab.), deep water. See Ab. 
 Ghat, Ghant {India), a mountain pass ; range of moun- 
 tains ; a flight of steps for the convenience of 
 bathers ; a passage, road, street. 
 Ghati {Hind.), a strait ; pass ; a slope, gentle incline. 
 Ghant {India). See Ghat. 
 Ghe {Harem, Indo-China), great. 
 Ghede {Java), great. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 131 
 
 Ghedir (Arab., N. Africa), a small natural reservoir. 
 Gheghertakhsoa, Gheghertakhsu, Gheghertarong, Ghegherten 
 
 (Eskimo, Smith Sound), island. 
 Ghelli (Kurdish, Kermanji district), narrow defile, 
 
 narrow place in a road. 
 Gheo lu (Miao-tse, Yunnan), a forest. 
 Gher (Mongol), the Mongol circular felt tent. 
 Gheridat, dim. of Ghurd (Arab., N. Africa), a small 
 
 dune. 
 Ghiariccio (It.), the gravelly bed of a river, from Ghiaja, 
 
 shingle. 
 Ghiem (Marocco), tents, hence a camp. 
 Ghi ta he (Min-Kia, Yunnan), desert. 
 Ghoe (Hainan), a river. 
 Ghol (Turk.) See Geul. 
 Ghorrafa (Arab., N. Africa), a large deep hollow 
 
 running from dune to dune. 
 Ghubba (Swahili), a bay. 
 Ghukhsoa (Eskimo, Smith Sound), a river. 
 Ghumbur (Somali), a hill ; found also as Gumbur (q.v.) 
 
 See Bur. 
 Ghunt (Hind.), rent-free lands assigned as endowments 
 
 of religious establishments. 
 Ghurd, pi. Oghrud (Arab., N. Africa), a large dune. See 
 
 Gheridat. 
 -Gi (Nupe, Nigeria). See -Ji. 
 Gi (Kanarese, W. coast of Hindustan), north. For 
 
 other points see Suli, Mutli, Kabli. 
 Gibe (Abyssinia), palace ; sometimes spelled Gebi. 
 Gibi (Hausa), precipice, ravine. 
 
 K 2 
 
132 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gibi (Turkana, L. Budolf), water. 
 Gibla (Hassania), south. Cf. Gebli. 
 Gibya (Abba, N. W. o/L. Rudolf). See Gibi (Turkana). 
 [ (Hausa), a dwelling-house, dwelling place, town, 
 
 Gidda ] 
 
 I 
 
 ] e.g. Giddan Serikin Pawa, the n being the sign of 
 the possessive, ' the town of the chief Pawa.' 
 
 Gierbrug (Dch.), a flying bridge. 
 
 Gihat, El- (Egyptian Sudan), direction. 
 
 Gil (Icelandic), a deep narrow glen. 
 
 Gil (Pers.), clay. 
 nGila (Sagara, Bantu), a path. ' Cf. Zila, Jira, Jila, 
 Dlela, Tsela, Sila. 
 
 Gilef (Abbadi, Etbai), sandstone. 
 
 Gilia (It.), clay soil. 
 
 Gill (Lake District), a ravine, e.g. Aygill. 
 
 Gilli (W. Australia), a creek. 
 
 Gimi (Hausa), a village. Cf. TJngwa. 
 
 Gin (Japan), silver. 
 
 Ginie (Soninke), cultivated land. 
 
 Ginna (Abbadi, Etbai) , cushion-shaped or mamillated 
 hills. 
 
 Ginting (Malay Pen.), the saddle of a hill. 
 
 Giogaja (It.), a ridge of mountains. 
 
 Gipfel (Ger.), crest, summit of a mountain. 
 
 Giram (Sansc.) See Gram. 
 
 Gird (Pers.), environs. 
 
 Girewa (Sansc), a low hill ; ravine ; steep pass. 
 
 Giri (Hind.), mountain, hill, e.g. Nilgiri, 'blue moun- 
 tain.' Cf. Par, Pahar. 
 
 Girima (Hausa), great. Cf Baba. 
 
f ^ OF THE A 
 
 I UNIVERSITY J 
 
 V OF A^ I t^ 0I>0GRAPHICAL TEEMS 133 
 
 Giriwar (Sansc), a mountain, hill. See Girewar. 
 Girungu (Fr. Congo), ' great water,' large stream. See 
 
 Ngu. 
 Gisr (Arab.), a dike. 
 
 Ghmcaja (It.), a place full of reeds and rushes. 
 Gizan, pi. of Goz (Egyptian Sudan), small sandy hills. 
 mGizi (Lusinga and Chula, Uganda), a village. 
 Glas (Celtic), green, grey, blue, e.g. Glascoed, see Coed ; 
 
 Glenfinglas, ' grey-white valley ' (fin from Gaelic 
 
 fionn, white) ; Glassalt, ' grey stream.' See Allt. 
 Gleb (Arab.) See Galeb. 
 Gleicher (Ger.), the equator. 
 
 Glen (Gaelic), a narrow valley, e.g. Glencoe. Of. Glyn. 
 Gletscher (Ger.), a glacier. 
 Glina (Buss.), clay. 
 Gling (Tibet), region, district. 
 
 Gluboki (Buss.), deep, e.g. Glubokoi in Vilna, S.W. Eussia. 
 Glyn (Ireland, Wales), a glen, narrow valley, e.g. 
 
 Glynneath. Cf. Glen. 
 Gnai' (Laos), great, large. 
 Gnater (Arab., N. Africa), rocky ridges between 
 
 depressions. Cf. Hodh. 
 Go (Tibet), head, source of a river. 
 -Go (Japan), suffix equivalent to the German Hinter, 
 
 e.g. Bigo. 
 Gob (Gaelic), the bill or beak of a bird, e.g. Gob na 
 
 Crois, Gob na Hoe. 
 Gob (Somaliland), a tall thornless tree with small red 
 
 edible fruit, e.g. Goble, ' the place where the gob 
 
 trees grow.' See Le. 
 
134 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gobiye (Galla), market. 
 
 Goch (Welsh), red, e.g. Llanbedrgoch. Cf. Coch. SeeLl&n. 
 
 God (Pers.), lake, e.g. God-i-Zirra. 
 
 God (Somaliland), a hole, e.g. Godlebile; Godwein, 'great 
 
 cave.' See Wein, Le. 
 nGodia (Congo, dialect of Bantu), an abyss. 
 Godo (Congo), a town. 
 
 Godown (Malay), storehouse ; corruption of Gedong (q.v.) 
 Godut (Somaliland), red, e.g. Hell Godut, 'the red well.' 
 
 See Hell. 
 Goed (Welsh). See Coed. 
 
 Goend, Gwend, Gwainda (Hind.), suburb; homestead. 
 Goff (Somaliland), dry, e.g. Webi Goff, 'the dry river,' a 
 
 watercourse which is dry except in the rainy 
 
 season. See Webi. 
 Gog (Tibet), ruins. 
 
 Gogeti (Galla), a dry stream bed. Cf. Wadi. 
 chiGogo (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 
 Chigogo for meaning. 
 kiGogo (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. 
 Goila (S. Cape, New Guinea), water. 
 Gok (E. Turk.), green, e.g. Gok Tepe, ' green hill.' See 
 
 Tepe, Geok. 
 nGoka (Giryama), shore, water's edge, bank. 
 Gokje (Turk.), blue. Cf. Geok, Gok. 
 Gol (Mongol), streamlet, small river, river, e.g. Khara-gol. 
 Gol, Ghol, Geul (Turk.), a lake, e.g. Ak-Gol, ' white lake.' 
 Gola (Slavonic), a wood, e.g. Gollwitz. 
 Gola, Gol (Somali), a peak, e.g. Gola Daga=the rocky 
 
 peak. See Daga. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 135 
 
 Gola (It.), a defile, narrow gorge; lit. 'throat.' 
 
 Golea, Kolea (Arab.), a small castle, e.g. El Golea. 
 
 Golets (Buss.), a bare rock. 
 
 Golf (Ger.), gulf, bay. 
 
 Golfe (Fr.), gulf, bay. For use as a form of sub-oceanic 
 
 relief see Embayment. 
 Golfo (It, Port., Sp.), gulf, bay (G.) 
 Goli, Goloi (Buss.), bare (of a rocky mountain, or arid 
 desert). There are no less than ten islands of this 
 name in Alaskan waters alone. 
 Golo (Aroma, New Guinea), mountain. Cf. Olo, Oro oro. 
 Golomyanni (Buss.), a sea breeze. 
 Gome (Nika). See Me. 
 nGome (Congo, dialect of Bantu), water. 
 nGome (Swahili), a fort or castle. 
 Gomito (It.), a creek, an arm of the sea ; lit. elbow. 
 Gon (Indian, U.S.A.), clay-land. 
 
 Gona, pi. Gonaki (Hausa), a farm, e.g. Gona-n-Berda, 
 • Berda's estate,' n being the sign of the possessive. 
 Gonaki (Sudan), garden-fields. See Gona. 
 Gonda (Hind.), a suburb ; field near a village. 
 Gong (India), a village, e.g. Chittagong, 'the four 
 villages.' Cf. Charde. 
 kiGongo (Gogo, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain ; also 
 in Nyanyemhe and Suhuma. 
 Gonia (Greek), angle, corner. 
 nGono (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), little. 
 Gonpa (Tibet), a monastery, lit. solitude, e.g. Tuning 
 
 Chubu Gonpa. 
 Gop-mahal (Arab.), pasture grounds. 
 
136 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gor (Hammer Kohi, Abyssinia), a road. 
 
 Gora (It.), aqueduct, mill-dam. 
 
 Gora (Slav.), hill, mountain, e.g. Czernagora, ' black 
 
 mountain ' = Montenegro. See Czerni. 
 Goram (Cent. Asia), stony grorn^ 
 Gordo, a (Sp.), broad ; e.g. Punta Gorda, ' broad point.' 
 Gore (A-Zande), left (hand side). 
 Gore (Soninhe), encampment. 
 Gorgo (It.), gorge, whirlpool, abyss. 
 Gorha (Hind.), fields near a village, homestead. 
 Goria {Somali), tree stumps, e.g. Goriale, 'place of tree 
 
 stumps.' See Le. 
 Gorm {Gaelic), blue, e.g. Bengorm. See Ben. 
 Gornia {Neo-Greek), upper; a Slav loan-word. 
 Gornoi (Buss.), mountainous, e.g. Gornoi island in Sitka 
 
 Sound, Alaska. 
 Gorny | (Polish, S. Slav.) upper (Grn.) ; e.g. Gorny 
 Gornyi j Toponica on Morava K. 
 
 Goro (Hung.), great, high. 
 Gorod (Buss.), a burgh, town, e.g. Novgorod, 'new town.' 
 
 Gf. Grad, Grod. 
 -Gorongo (Cent. Africa), a suffix meaning 'great.' 
 Gorru (Galloppa, Abyssinia), tree. 
 Goru (Songhai), channel, bed of a river. 
 Got (Ja-Luo, Uganda), hill, mountain. 
 Gotara (Hind), rich lands immediately adjacent to a 
 
 village. 
 Goulet (Fr.), a narrow entrance. 
 Gowa (Kiwai, New Guinea), a passage in a reef. 
 Gowt, Gote {Low German Gote, Ger. Gosse), sluice in 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 137 
 
 a sea-embankment for letting out the land-water 
 
 when the tide is out and preventing the ingress of 
 
 sea- water, e.g. Winthorpe Gowt. 
 Goz, pi. Gizan (Egyptian Sudan), a small sandy hill, a 
 
 village built in a sandy plain, e.g. Goz Regeb. 
 isiGquma (Zulu, Kafir), a knoll, hillock. 
 isiGqunyana (Zulu, Kafir), a small hillock. 
 Graba (Marocco), a wood. 
 Graben (Ger.), a ditch, canal ; a term now generally 
 
 applied to the ' rift ' valleys. For use as a form of 
 
 sub-oceanic relief see Trench. 
 Grad (Slav.), town, e.g. Belgrad. Gf. Gorod, Grod. See Bel. 
 Graendse (Da., Nor.), boundary. Gf. Grans, Grens, Grenze. 
 Gram (Tibet), a marsh. 
 
 Gram, Garam, Giram (Sansc, Hind), a village. 
 Gran (Nissan I., New Guinea), a lofty bank. 
 Grand, e (Fr.), great, e.g. Grande-Chartreuse. 
 Grande (Sp.), great, e.g. Rio Grande. 
 Grange (Fr.), a barn (G ge ). 
 Granitsa (Servian), a boundary. Gf. Grenze. 
 Granja (Sp.), a country house (Gr.) 
 Grans (Sw.), a boundary. Gf. Graendse, Grens, Grenze. 
 Grat (Ger.), ridge, the edge of a mountain. 
 Gratz (Slavonic), a town, e.g. Kbniggratz. 
 Gravier (Fr.), gravel. 
 Greda (Sp.), chalk. 
 
 Greh (Sansc.), house, mansion, abode. 
 Grens (Dch.), a boundary. Gf. Graendse, Grans, Grenze. 
 Grenze (Ger.), a boundary. Gf. Graendse, Grans, Grens, 
 
 Granitsa. 
 
138 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Grod (Polish), a burgh. Cf. Gorod, Grad. 
 
 Grog {Tibet), ravine, torrent. 
 
 Gron-ba (Tibet), stream. 
 
 Grong (Tibet), a town. 
 
 Groot (Dch.), great, e.g. Groote Eylandt. 
 
 Groppa (It.), a hill-top. 
 
 Gross (Ger.), great (Gr.), e.g. Grosswardein. 
 
 Grube (Ger), quarry, mine. 
 
 Gruda (Buss.), a cairn, a pile. 
 
 Grue (A-Zande), a road. 
 
 Grun, pi. of Gem (q.v.) 
 
 Grund (Da., Nor., Sw.), ground, shallow bank, shoal. 
 
 Grund (Ger.), for use as a form of sub-oceanic relief see 
 
 Shoal. 
 Grunn (Icel.), shallow ground, shoal. 
 Grus (Arab.), plantations. 
 Gryaz (Buss.), mud. 
 Gu (A-Zande), the; pi. Yo, Ra, or He; e.g. Gungara, 
 
 1 the water of the bamboos.' See Ngu. 
 Gu (New Guinea), water, river; other dialects have 
 
 Ku, U, thus Gu-pa, Ku-pa, U-pa, 'rain-water.' 
 Gua (Mandara), a river. 
 Guad (Spain), ravine, valley, river, from Arabic Wad, e.g. 
 
 Guadalquivir = Wad el Kebir=' great river.' 
 Guadal (Spanish S. America), a knoll of sand, a dune. 
 Guasso (Guarani, S. America), great ; e.g. I-guasso. 
 Guba (Galla), above. 
 Guba (Buss.), a bay, gulf. 
 Gubat (Tagala, Philippines), a forest, wood. 
 Guberniya (Buss.), a government, province. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 139 
 
 Guchi {Japan), a mouth; used in compounds for 
 Kuchi (q.v.) 
 
 Gudar (Pers.), a pass. 
 
 Guddi, pi. Dididi (Ghamba), house, dwelling. 
 
 Gudi, pi. Adi (Basari), house, dwelling. 
 
 Gue (Fr.), a ford. 
 
 Guedi (Lokub, L. Rudolf), a road. 
 
 Guelta (Arab., N. Africa), a hole or basin in the bed of 
 a river. Another and more correct form is Gelta. 
 
 Guentra, pi. Gnater (Arab., N. Africa), a rocky ridge 
 between depressions. Another and more correct 
 form is Gentra. Cf. Hodb. 
 
 Gueret (Fr.), land ploughed but not sown. 
 
 Gugule (Bagirmi, Chad L. region), a shallow water- 
 course. 
 
 Guha (Sansc), a cave, cavern. 
 
 Guiang (Yayo, China), a wood, thicket. 
 
 Guiret (Arab.) See Galeb. 
 
 Guiret, dim. of Gara (Arab), a small rocky peak. 
 
 Gujeta (Lokub, L. Budolf), grass. 
 
 Gul, Gur (Tibet), tent; slope of a mountain. 
 
 Gulbi (Hausa), ocean, sea, stream, e.g. Gulbi n Kebi. 
 
 Gulbo (Galloppa, Abyssinia), a nullah. 
 
 Gully (Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for a long and 
 narrow extension of a Trough (q.v.) or Basin (q.v.) 
 which penetrates the land or a submarine eleva- 
 tion, either with a uniform or a gradually 
 diminishing depth, or which is bounded on the 
 one side by land and on the other by a submarine 
 elevation, e.g. the Faroe Gully, the Norwegian 
 
140 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gully. Equivalent to Ger. Rinne, Fr. Chenal. Cf. 
 
 Embayment. 
 Gum (Abyssinia), mountain. 
 Gumbaz (Cent. Asia), a tomb, e.g. Gumbaz-i-Bozai, ' the 
 
 tomb of Bozai.' 
 Gumbur (Somali), a hillock, e.g. Gumbur-ta-Jifto, 'the 
 
 sloping hillock.' Another form of Ghumbur. See 
 
 Bur. 
 Gumbed (Pers.), cupola, tomb of Mohammedan saint. 
 Gume (Songhai), port, wharf. 
 Gummat, Gumti (Hind.), a tower. 
 Gun (Japan), a division of the country. 
 Gun (Songhai), a gulf. 
 Gun. See Gyun. 
 Guna (Chad L. region), little, e.g. Bediguna, 'little 
 
 Bedi.' 
 Gund (Kurdish), a village. 
 chiGunda (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island. 
 mGunda (Swahili, Yao), field, cultivated land. 
 Gune (Soninke), a desert. 
 Gunga (Tibet), an egg, e.g. Gunga Nor, ' egg lake,' see 
 
 Nor. 
 Gungu (Hausa, Songhai), an island, e.g. Bangagungu, 
 
 ' hippopotamus island,' in the Niger K. 
 nGungula (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the current of a 
 
 river. 
 Guni (Hausa), a little village. 
 Gunne (Soninke), a forest. 
 Gunong, Gunon, Gunung (Malay), mountain, e.g. Gunong 
 
 Bongsu, Gunong Ledang. 
 
AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TERMS 141 
 
 Gunong Api (Malay), a volcano. See Api. 
 
 Gunta (Deccan), a tank, pool. 
 
 Gur (Albanian), stone. 
 
 Gur (Arab., N. Africa), rocky peaks. 
 
 Gur (Gent. Asia), a grave, e.g. Ak-Gur, 'white tomb.' 
 See Ak. 
 
 Gur (Tibet). See Gul. 
 
 Gurara (Arab., N. Africa), a depression in the form of a 
 basin, where rain-water remains for a consider- 
 able period and induces vegetation ; larger than 
 Dai'a (q.v.) 
 
 Gure (Songhai), hill, dune. 
 
 Gurgi (Somali), huts. 
 
 Guri (Somali), a hut made of herios or mats. 
 
 Gurna (Arab.), a mountain promontory. 
 
 Gursi (Deccan), cottage, hut. 
 
 Gusong (Malay), shoal. 
 
 Gusu (Songhai), cave, ditch. 
 
 Gut (England), a passage, channel. 
 
 Gutsi (Japan), an outlet. 
 nGutu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a town. 
 
 Guzar (Pers.), a passage, a ferry. 
 
 Gwainda (Hind.) See Goend. 
 
 Gwaso (E. Cent. Africa), stream, water, lake, e.g. Gwaso 
 Nyarok, Gwaso Masa. 
 
 Gwend (Hind.) See Goend. 
 
 Gwin (Bambara, Malinke), a mud wall surrounding an 
 enclosure. Cf. Din. 
 nGwongomoka (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a landslip. 
 
 Gwy (Welsh), water, stream, e.g. Wye, Wey, Medway. 
 
142 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 inGxangxasi (Amaxosa, Kafir), a rapid in a river ; a small 
 
 waterfall. 
 inGxoboza (Amaxosa. Kafir), a bog, marsh. 
 umGxoboza (Amaxosa, Kafir), swampy ground. 
 
 Gya, Gyan, Gyi (Tibet, Burma), signifies ' extent,' great, 
 e.g. Gyantse, S.W. of Lhasa, Myitgyi, in Upper 
 Burma. See Myit. 
 Gy'oi, Kyoi (Korea), stream, creek, e.g. Kybi-San, ' moun- 
 tain stream.' 
 Gyun (Burma), an island. Cf. Kyung. 
 Gyun (Tibet), a stream. 
 Gzia (Upper Nile), grass. 
 
 Ha (Indian, California), water. Cf. Aha. 
 
 Habe (Indian, U.S.A.), hill, mountain. 
 
 Habe (Fula). See Kado. 
 
 Habilat (Arab., N. Africa), a chain of small dunes. 
 
 Habr (Somali), a tribal prefix, e.g. Habr Gerhaji. 
 
 Hacienda (Sp.), an estate (Hda). 
 
 Hada (China), mountain, range. 
 
 Hadd (Arab.), a spit of sand, or low sandy point. 
 
 „ (Arab.), a limit, a boundary. 
 Hadi (Madagascar), ditch, trench ; modified to Kadi 
 
 (q.v.) in composition. 
 Hadilanana (Madagascar), col, saddle. 
 Haf (Sw.), sea, ocean. 
 
 Hafen (Ger.), a port, e.g. Bremenhafen, ■ port of Bremen.' 
 Hafen (Nor.), a wharf. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 143 
 
 Hafir (Arab.), an excavation, ditch. 
 
 Hagaba (Upper Nile), small cleared arable spots in 
 
 the midst of wooded or grass land. 
 Hagar (Arab.), a stone, e.g. Dair el Hagar. See Dair. 
 Hage (Da., Nor., Sw.), an enclosure, enclosed pasture. 
 Hagen = Hag (Ger.), a hedge, a place surrounded by a 
 
 hedge ; park, e.g. Hagendorn. 
 Haghier (SoJcotra), white rocks. 
 Hagios, a, on (Greek), holy, saint, e.g. Hagios Vlasis on 
 
 Mount Olonos. Found also as Agios. 
 Hagna, Hanya (Arab.), an eddy in a river. See Hania. 
 Ha gurh (Min-Kia, Kwei-chau), house. 
 Hahake (Tonga, Polynesia), east. For other points see 
 
 Tokelau. 
 Hai (China), sea, sometimes lake, e.g. Wei-Hai-Wei ; 
 
 Hwang-Hai, ' yellow sea.' 
 Haie (Fr.), a hedge. See next entry. 
 Haigh (England), a place surrounded by a hedge ; a 
 
 park. Cf. Hay, Haie, Hecke. 
 Hai-kau (China), bight, creek, lit. sea-mouth. See Hai, 
 
 Kau. 
 Hai-kio, Hai-ko (China), a cape, lit. sea-point. See Hai, 
 
 Kio, Ko. 
 Hai-mun (China), an estuary, lit. sea-gate. See Mun. 
 Hain (Ger.), grove, wood. 
 
 Hainya, Hanya (Hausa), road, path. Cf. Turuba. 
 Haishat (Arab., N. Africa), sandy hillocks, covered with 
 
 vegetation. 
 Hait (Arab.), a wall. 
 Ha i tan (Indian, California), town, village. 
 
144 GLOSSARY. OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Hai-tao (China), an island. Lit. 'sea mountain,' see 
 
 Tao, Hai. 
 Haiti (Santo Domingo and Haiti), mountains. 
 Hai wan (China), a bay. See Hai, Wan. 
 Hai-yau (China), a gulf. Cf. Hai Wan. 
 Hajar (Arab.), stone, rock,, e.g. Hajar Shwaf, 'Mirror 
 
 Stone,' S. of Chad L., from the polished appear- 
 ance of the rock. 
 mnHaka (Giryama), boundary.' 
 
 Halat (Arab.), a sandbank dry at low water. 
 
 Halbinsel (Ger.), a peninsula. 
 
 Haifa. See Alfa. 
 
 Hali (Anglo-Saxon), holy, e.g. Halifax, ' holy tress,' i.e. 
 
 of the Virgin Mary's hair. 
 Halita (Hausa), a dwelling-place. 
 Hall (England), a stone house, from A.S. heall, e.g. 
 
 Cogge shall. 
 Halla (Shangalla, Abyssinia), an uninhabited desert. 
 
 Cf. Bunga. 
 Hallal (Egyptian Sudan), a village. 
 Hallier (Fr.), a thicket. 
 Halom (Hung.), a hill. 
 
 Hals (Da., Nor., Sw), a strip or neck of land. 
 Haltestelle (Ger.), halting-place (H. St.) 
 Ha Luong (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a tree. 
 -Ham (England), suffix meaning house, village, home, 
 
 farm, e.g. Buckingham. 
 Ham (Bintukwa Indian, U.S. of Colombia), rock. 
 Ham (Cambodia), the jaw; e.g. Ham-Luong, 'Dragon's 
 
 Jaw,' in Bao-Duk. See Luong. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 145 
 
 Hama, Bama (Japan), sand ; low-lying coast, beach 
 shore, e.g. Yokohama. 
 
 Hamada (Arab., N. Africa), plateau with rocky soil ; 
 calcareous waterless plateau. 
 
 Hamar, Ahmar, pi. Homer (Arab., N. Africa), red, e.g. 
 Jebel Hamar, 'red mountain.' Cf. Homra. 
 
 Hameau (Fr.), hamlet (H au ). 
 
 Hamis, Hamse (Chad L. region), stagnant water, e.g. 
 Hamis bay in S. of Chad L., after which Hager el 
 Hamis, or Mount Hamis, is named. 
 
 Hamma (Arab.), hot springs. 
 
 Hammerwerk (Ger.), a foundry. 
 
 Hamn (Sw.), harbour, haven, e.g. Carlshamn, 'Charles's 
 haven.' 
 
 Hamraye (Sahara), a bleak open district. See Nega. 
 
 Hamun (Pers.), a desert ; plain, level ground ; a lake with 
 swampy edges, having a large expanse of water 
 free from reeds, e.g. Hamun-i-Sistan, Hamun-i-Fara, 
 Ashkin being applied to lands only temporarily 
 flooded, Chung, Chang, to water too deep for reeds to 
 grow in, and Naizar to shallows and reed beds. 
 
 Han (Japan), a clan, tribe. 
 
 Han (Turk.), grass. 
 
 Hana (Japan), cape, point. Also means 'flowers,' e.g. 
 Hana Batake, ' the great flower-field.' 
 
 Handaki (Swahili), ditch, trench. 
 aHandu (Lu-Wa7iga, Uganda), a place. 
 
 Handu, pi. Kundu (Kihuyu, Bantu) , Bee Ndu. 
 
 Hang (China), dry, e.g. Hang ho = dry river ; Hang 
 kong pe = desert. In Korea a neck of a hill. 
 
 L 
 
146 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Han-hai (Mongol), a sea of sand. See Hai. 
 
 Hania (Arab.), a bend formed by a river, eddy. See 
 
 Hagna. 
 Hano (Maiva, New Guinea), earth. 
 Hantsana (Madagascar), a precipice. 
 Hanua (Motu, New Guinea), a village. For other 
 
 dialect forms see Fenua. 
 Hanya (Arab.) See Hagna, Hania, the same word. 
 Hao (China), ditch, trench. 
 Haoz, Hauz (Pers.), tank, reservoir, from the Arabic 
 
 Haud. See Hauz. 
 Hapotrahana (Madagascar), falls in a river, rapids. 
 Hara (Danahil), a tree. 
 Hara (Japan), moorland. 
 Harad (Sw.), a canton, county, district. 
 Haram (Arab.), a sacred place. 
 Hara (Mongol), prefix meaning black. Cf. Kara. 
 Harana (Madagascar), rock, e.g. Haranandriana, ■ the 
 
 noble's rock.' See Andriana. The modified form 
 
 Kara (q.v.) is also used. 
 Hari (Kurdish), mud. 
 Hari (Songhai), water, river, lake, sea. 
 Harifa (Hassania), field, garden. 
 Harimo (Songhai), source, fountain. See Hari. 
 Harmattan (Fanti), a hot wind blowing from the interior 
 
 of Africa to the Atlantic between Capes Verde and 
 
 Lopez. 
 Harmina (Fin.), harbour. 
 Hart (Ger.), a forest, e.g. Hunhart. From Harz, a wooded 
 
 mountain, e.g. Harzgebirge. 
 Hashakut (Indian y U.S.A.), a lake. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 147 
 
 Hashi {Japan), a bridge. 
 
 Hashiet (Hassania), shore, beach. 
 
 Hashish (Arab.), grass. 
 
 Hashm (Arab.), a snout, and so a hill in the shape of a 
 
 snout, e.g. Hashm el Agl, k calf's snout,' Hashm el 
 
 Dib, ' wolf's snout,' places being frequently named 
 
 after living creatures. 
 Hasi (Hassania), spring, fountain, wells ; a variant of 
 
 Hassi (q.v.) 
 Hassadan (Somali), a euphorbia tree, e.g. Hassadanle, 
 
 1 the place where the euphorbias grow.' See Le. 
 Hassar (Arab.), a rock. 
 Hasse (Indian, U.S.A.), a river. 
 Hassi (Arab., N. Africa), wells of little depth without 
 
 masonry ; holes channelled out in the sand at the 
 
 bottom of which one finds water. In Oran the 
 
 name is applied to all wells, with and without 
 
 masonry. 
 Hat (Siam), a rapid over sand or pebbles; sandbank. 
 Hata (W alamo, Abyssinia), water. 
 Hata (Japan), arable land. 
 Hatakh (Somali), a trench = Boran. 
 Ha tats (Indian, U.S.A.), sea. 
 Hatch (England), a hitch-g&te, e.g. Westhatch. 
 Hato (Mongol), stone, stony. 
 Hatoba (Japan), wharf, landing-place. 
 Hatsai (Siam), sandbank. 
 Hatt (Hind.), a market, market-place. 
 Hattia (Sahara), a level valley with vegetation, waste 
 
 land overgrown with scrub and brushwood. 
 
 L 2 
 
148 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Haud (Arab.), a reservoir, tank, cistern ; the Persian 
 forms are Haoz, Hauz. 
 
 Haugh (England), (1) from the Norse haugr (a mound), 
 a mound, cf. Hei, How ; (2) from the Anglo-Saxon 
 haga (lit. hedge, then hedged ground, field) ; low- 
 lying rich lands which are occasionally flooded 
 over. 
 
 Haugr (Nor.), a mound. Cf. Hei. 
 
 Haul (Vonum, Formosa), a river. 
 
 Hauma (Arab.), a district, quarter of a town. 
 
 Hauptstadt (Ger.), chief city, capital. 
 
 Haus (Ger.), house (Hs.), e.g. Schaffhausen. 
 
 Haush (Arab.), a farm. 
 
 Haut (Fr.), height, top, summit ; upper, e.g. Haute 
 Loire. For use as a form of sub-oceanic relief see 
 Height. 
 
 Hauteur (Fr.), rising ground, an eminence. 
 
 Haut-fond (Fr.), a shoal (q.v.) 
 
 Hauz, Haoz (Pers.), tank, reservoir ; borrowed from 
 Arab. Haud; e.g. Hauz Kalan, 'great pool.' See 
 Kalan. 
 
 Hav (Da., Nor.), sea, ocean. 
 
 Haveli (E. Turk.), a homestead. 
 
 Havn (Da., Nor.), haven, harbour, e.g. Thorshavn; 
 Kjbbenhavn, 'merchants' haven' (Copenhagen). 
 
 Havod, Hafod (Welsh), a summer hut, a shealing, e.g. 
 
 Havod-y-Porth. 
 Havuana (Madagascar), a hill. 
 Hawaii (Arab.), environs. 
 Hawili (Arab.), house, dwelling. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TERMS 149 
 
 Hawita (Arab., N. Africa), an enclosure ; a station 
 marked by a tree or by a pile of stones. 
 
 Hay (England), a place surrounded by a hedge ; a park, 
 e.g. Roundhay. Of. Haigh, Haie, Hecke, Hegge. 
 
 Hayasi (Japan), a forest, wood. 
 
 Haz (Hung), a house, dwelling. 
 
 Hazo (Madagascar), tree. The modified form Kazo 
 (q.v.) is also used. 
 
 Hazor- (Semitic), an enclosure for cattle in the desert, 
 e.g. Hazar-aman. 
 
 Hbabchu (Tibet), a small river. 
 
 Hbrog (Tibet), uncultivated land, pasturage. 
 
 Hdam (Tibet), a marsh, bog, swamp. 
 
 Hdam-bu (Tibet), reeds. 
 
 He, pi. of Gu (A-Zande), the. See Gu. 
 
 Hebu (Songhai), a market. 
 
 Hecha (Marovo, Solomon Is.), north-east wind. 
 
 Hecke (Ger.), hedge, enclosure. Cf. Hegge, Hay, Haigh, 
 Haie, Haugh. 
 
 Hedd (Somali), a forest, e.g. HeddGodir, ' Koodoo forest.' 
 See Dad. 
 
 Hedr (Arab., Etbai), a slope. 
 
 Heferbe, pi. Kefero (Fula), infidel, e.g. Lafare Heferbe, 
 ' Pagan Lafare,' to distinguish it from the neigh- 
 bouring village, Lafare Fulfulda, ' the Fulbe (Fula) 
 Lafare.' Is an Arab, loan word ; see Kafir. 
 
 Hegge (Dch.), a hedge. Cf. Hecke. 
 
 Hegy (Hung.), mountain, peak (H.), e.g. Hegy-Allya. 
 
 Hei, He (China), black, e.g. Hei Lung Kiang, ' Black 
 Dragon river.' See Lung, Kiang. 
 
150 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Hei (Nor.), hill or height, hummock. Gf. Hoi, Hoide, 
 
 Haugh, Haugr. 
 Heid (Arab.), a mount. 
 Heide (Dch., Ger.), a heath, e.g. Korteheide. 
 Height (Eng.), in sub-oceanic relief, the highest part of 
 
 a Rise, Ridge, or Plateau (q.v.) if it does not belong 
 
 to the base of an island ; e.g. the Valdivia Height 
 
 on the Walfisch Eidge ; opp. to Deep (q.v.) 
 
 Equivalent to Ger. Hohe, Fr. Haut. 
 Heilig (Ger.), holy, saint, e.g. Heiligenberg, in Baden. 
 Heim (Ger.), a house, e.g. Hochheim. See Hoch. 
 Heir (Arab.), a pearl bank. 
 Hei tu (China), black loam. See Hei, Tu. 
 Hel (E. Turk.), damp, moist. 
 
 Heli (Welsh), salt, e.g. Pwllheli = salt pool. See Pwll. 
 Hell (Somaliland), a well, e.g. Hell Berdale, the ' well 
 
 where the Perda plant grows,' see Le ; Hell 
 
 Godut, ' the red well.' Gf. Hil. Found also as Hel. 
 Hellet (Upper Nile), a village. 
 Hen (Picardy), a home. 
 Hen (Welsh), old, e.g. Heneglwys, ' old church ' ; see 
 
 Eglwys. 
 Hena (Ceylon), corrupted to chena, high jungle ground 
 
 cultivated every 5 to 14 years, e.g. Kotahena, 
 
 1 timber chena.' 
 Hendura (Arab.), a slope, declivity. 
 Hendere (Kanem), a valley. 
 liHenga (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a pool, pond. 
 Henshir (Tripoli), a fenced enclosure. 
 Hepaithlao (Indian, U.S.A.), town, village. 
 Herdade (Port.), a mansion or large manor-house. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 151 
 
 Herera (Nika), a plain. 
 
 Herzogthum, Herzogtum (Ger.), a duchy ; lit. duke-dom, 
 
 from Herzog=duke, and tum=dom. 
 Heuvel (Dch.), a hill, Langenheuvel, Kaatsheuvel. 
 He wi (Indian, California), hill, mountain. 
 Hey. See Hay. 
 Hia (China), a prefix signifying 'lower,' ' smaller,' e.g. 
 
 Hia Kotu, near Chang Chai in Kwei Chau. 
 Hia (Indian, U.S.A.), a meadow. 
 Hia-kau (China), a strait. See Hia, Kau. 
 Hiang-tsun (China), a village. 
 muHichi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 Hien (China), a district city. Cf. Chau, Fu, Hsien. 
 Higashi, Higasi, To (Japan), east. For other points 
 
 see Hoku. 
 Hihidi (A-Zande), great. 
 Hiki Shiwo (Japan), ebb tide. See Shiwo. 
 Hikifu (Tonga, Polynesia), west. For other points see 
 
 Tokelau. 
 Hikina (Hawaii), east. For other points see Akau. 
 Hikui (Japan), low, e.g. Hiku Shima. See Shima. 
 Hil (Hind.), mud, ooze. 
 Hil (Bahanwin, Somaliland), an eye; source of spring 
 
 water, the same as the Arab. Ain and the Somali 
 
 Hell. 
 Hilin (Somali), a road = Derigh. 
 Hilla, pi. Hallal (Egyptian Sudan), a village. 
 Hima, Him (Sansc), snow, ice, cold, e.g. Himalaya, ' the 
 
 abode of snow.' 
 Hin (Siam), rock, stone. 
 
152 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 -Hina, -Hini (Indian, N. America), a suffix meaning 
 
 ' river ' ; e.g. Klehini, Krotahini. 
 Hinigala (Kusage, Solomon Is.), plantation, garden. 
 Hinter (Ger.), hinder, lying behind. See next entry. 
 Hinterland (Ger.), the region inland from the coast; 
 
 equivalent to the French ' arriere-pays ' ; back 
 
 country. 
 Hippo (Phoenician), a walled town ; occurs in the ancient 
 
 names of many towns in N. Africa, e.g. Hippo 
 
 Regius, the present Bone. 
 Hira (Japan), a plain. 
 Hirhash (Abbadi, Etbai), mica. 
 Hiroi (Japan), wide (of a stream or valley). 
 Hishan (Egyptian Sudan), enclosures. See Hitah. 
 Hissar (Turk.), castle, fort, e.g. Kara-Hissar. See Kara. 
 
 Is a loan word in Arab, and Pers. 
 Hitah (Arab.), an enclosure. See Hishan. 
 Hithe (England), a wharf ; a small haven or port, from 
 
 A.S. hydh, a haven, e.g. Queenhithe. 
 Hito (Sp.), a landmark, guide-post. 
 Hittuuk (Indian, U.S.A.), a tree. 
 mHitu (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), wood, 
 
 bush, forest. 
 Hiu (China), a cliff. 
 Hiu (China), a market. 
 Hjem (Da., Nor.), home, homestead, village, e.g. 
 
 Throndhjem, ' throne home,' the place of coronation 
 
 of Norwegian kings. Cf Heim, Ham. 
 nmHlaba (Kafir), the earth, the world; ground, soil. 
 iHlabati (Amaxosa, Kafir), the earth. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 153 
 
 umHlambo {Kafir), a valley. 
 
 iHlane (Zulu, Kafir), an uninhabited country or district. 
 umHlanhlo (Amaxosa, Kafir), a garden made in the bush. 
 iHlati (Kafir), a forest, jungle. 
 inHlazuka (Zulu, Kafir), a landslip. 
 iHlobo (Kafir), the summer season. 
 Hlong Ku (Chinbon), a valley. 
 Ho (Annam), lake, marsh, pond, pool. 
 muHo (Giryama), a river ; there is also the same word in 
 Nik a. 
 Ho (Hung.), snow. 
 
 Ho (China), a river, e.g. Hwang-Ho. Cf. Kiang, Chiang. 
 Ho may be applied to any river, Kiang only to a 
 large one. 
 Ho, Hoe (Hainan), a river ; from the above. 
 Hoa (Cambodia), alliance, friendship ; e.g. Bao-Hoa, 
 
 1 preserve the alliance,' a district in Cambodia. 
 Hoa (Laos), a boat. 
 Hoai (Burma, Siam), stream. 
 Hoang (China), savages. 
 Hoang (China). See Hwang. 
 
 Hoblis (Mysore), the subdivision of a Taluk. Cf. Thanas. 
 Ho bune (Japan), sailing vessel. 
 Hoch (Ger.), high, e.g. Hochkirch, ' high church.' See 
 
 next entry. 
 Hochebene (Ger.), tableland, plateau. See Hoch. 
 Hb'dde (Faroes e), a promontory. Cf. Hofdi. 
 Hodh (W. Sahara), a depression between rocky ridges. 
 
 Cf. Gnater. 
 Hoe (England), see Hoo; Hoe (Haiiian), see Ho. 
 
154 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ho e est {Indian, U.S.A.), a hill. 
 
 Hoek (Gape Dch.), a ravine, pass, e.g. Braakhoek. In 
 
 Dutch, cape, headland. 
 Hoeve (Dch.), a farm. 
 Hof (Ger.), a court-yard; farm, 'country house, e.g. 
 
 Hofheim. 
 Hofai'rt. Dim. of Hofra (q.v.) 
 Hbfdi (Icel.), promontory or mountain ridge, e.g. 
 
 Hjorleifshofdi. Cf. Hbdde. 
 Hbfn (Icel.), a haven. Cf. Havn. 
 Hofra (Arab., N. Africa), ditch, trench ; depression 
 
 among large dunes, e.g. Hofra en Nahas. 
 Hogback (Eng. and U.S.A.), a steep-sided ridge or long 
 
 hill. 
 Hbhe (Ger.), height. For use as a form of sub-oceanic 
 
 relief see Height. 
 Hohlweg (Ger.), a hollow excavated way ; narrow pass, 
 
 defile. 
 Hohu (Hu-Ni, China), a wood, forest. 
 Hoi (Da., Nor.), hill or height. Cf. Hei, Heide, Hoide. 
 Hbide (Nor.), hill, hummock. Cf. Hei, Heide, Hoi. 
 Hoil (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a stream, small river. 
 Hoka (Shinasha, Abyssinia), a river. 
 Hoku, Kita (Japan), north. For other points see Nishi, 
 
 Sai, Higasi, To, Nan, Minami. 
 Hoi (Dch.), hollow (road), cave. 
 H611 (Icel), a hillock. 
 
 Hoi lo ma (Indian, California), hill, mountain. 
 Hollow (Anglo-Saxon holh, holg), used in the same 
 
 sense as Bottom (q.v.), e.g. Danebower Hollow. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 155 
 
 Holm (Da., Nor.), island, e.g. Tindholm, ' tooth-island,' 
 Bornholm ; this and the four following entries are 
 all really the same word, derived from an old Teu- 
 tonic root cognate perhaps with hat. collis, 
 culmen. 
 
 Holm (Ger.), little hill, especially an elevation above the 
 surface of inland waters ; islet. See above. 
 
 Holm, Holme (Anglo-Saxon), an island in a river, flat 
 ground along the side of a river. See above. 
 
 Holma (Fin.), an island. See under Holm. 
 
 Holme (Sw.), an island. See under Holm. 
 
 Holper (Ger.), a hillock. 
 
 Holt (Anglo- Saxo?i), a copse, e.g. Sparsholt. Cf. Holz. 
 
 Holz (Ger.), a copse. Cf. Holt. 
 
 Homer (Arab., N. Africa). See Hamar. 
 
 Homowak (Indian, U.S.A.), water flowing out, spring, 
 source. 
 
 Homra (Arab., N. Africa), red, e.g. El Homra Hamada. 
 Cf. Hamar, Ahmar. 
 
 Hon (Annam), hill ; island. 
 
 Hondo, a (Sp.), deep or shallow (really means bottom) ; 
 shoals ; e.g. Honduras. Cf Lat. fundus. 
 
 Hondu (Songhai), a dune. 
 
 Hontana (Sp.), fountain, spring. Cf. Fontana. 
 
 Honua (Polynesia). See Fenua. 
 
 Hoo (England), a tongue of higher land running out 
 into a plain, e.g. Hoo End. 
 
 Hoog (Dch.), high, e.g. Hoogveld. 
 
 Hoogte (Dch.), hill, eminence, rising ground ; e.g. 
 Langhoogte. 
 
156 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Hook (U.S.A.), a low sandy peninsula forming the end 
 
 of a bay ; e.g. Sandy Hook. 
 Hoorn (Dch.), horn, a peaked peninsula, e.g. TJithoorn, 
 
 Oudenhoorn. 
 Hoowi (Siam), tributary of a river. Found in early 
 
 writers for Hue (q.v.) 
 Hor (Shan States), a stream, river. 
 Hora (Abyssinia), lake, e.g. Hora Shale, Hora Korre. 
 Hora (Bohemia), a mountain (Ha.) 
 Horami, Kurremi (Hausa), valley. 
 Horn (Ger.), a peak, e.g. Matterhorn, 'peak of the 
 
 meadows,' i.e. rising from the meadows. 
 Horni (Bohemia), upper (Hr.), e.g. Horni Micina on 
 
 the Hungarian Erzgebirge. 
 Horqueta (Spanish S. America), an acute angle formed 
 
 by a river or brook together with the land included 
 
 by the stream. 
 Horst (Ger.), a thick wood. Cf. Hurst. 
 Hosere (Hausa), a rocky hill, e.g. Hosere Cholle, ' bird 
 
 rock.' Cf. Hossere. 
 Hosh, pi. Hishan (Egyptian Sudan), an enclosure. 
 Hoshun (Mongol). See Khoshun. 
 - Hosn (Arab.), a fortress ; a variant of Husn (q.v.) 
 Hoso (Japan), narrow, e.g. Hososhima. See Shima. 
 Hossere (Fula), mountain. Cf. Hosere. 
 Hosya (Tso-o, Formosa), a village. Cf. Noheu. 
 Hot (Harem, Indo-China), a river. 
 Hota (Mongol), town, e.g. Chagan Hota, ' white town 
 Hote (Hu-Ni, China), a mountain. 
 Hotel (Fr.) t mansion, large house, hotel. 
 Hotk (Botuma, Polynesia), stone, rock. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 157 
 
 Ho-to (China), town, large village. 
 
 Ho-tun (China), lighthouse. Cf. Kwang-lau. 
 
 Houdh (Arab., N. Africa). See Hodh. Cf. Gnater. 
 
 Hout (Dch.), wood, wooden, Oosterhout, Houtdorp. 
 
 Hoved (Da., Nor.), head, cape, point. 
 
 Hovedvej (Da., Nor.), main road, 
 
 How (Cumbria), mound, e.g. Fox How. Cf. Haugh. 
 
 Howe (English), a hollow. 
 
 Hrad (Bohemia), a castle. 
 
 Hrad (Sansc), pond, lake. 
 
 Hraun (Icel.), a tract of lava, e.g. Odadahraun, Kjalhraun. 
 
 Hsi (China), a marsh, bog, swamp. 
 
 Hsia (China), lower, e.g. Hsia Pu, 'lower citadel.' Cf. 
 
 Shang. 
 Hsiang (China), a small street, alley; village; region. 
 Hsiao (Shan States), small, e.g. Hsiao Wei Si, 'little 
 
 Wei Si.' 
 Hsien (China), district; capital of a district = Hien. 
 Hsi Fang (China), the western region, often used for 
 
 Tibet ; has also an ethnical meaning, being applied 
 
 collectively to the aborigines of the uplands along 
 
 W. frontier of China (Anglice Si Fans). 
 Hsue (China), a cave in the side of a hill. 
 Hta (Siam), landing-place, quay. 
 Htoong (Sia?n), field, plain. 
 Hu (China), a lake. Cf. Po. 
 Hn (China), a gorge, e.g. Shi Hu, ' stone gorge.' 
 Hu (So?ighai), a house. 
 Hua (China, Manchuria), flower ; e.g. Sung-Hua-Chiang, 
 
 'pineflower river,' i.e. the Sungari. See Sung, 
 
 Chiang. 
 
158 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Huala (Madagascar), a bay. 
 
 Huana (Marovo, Solomon Is.), road. 
 
 Huang (China). See Hwang. 
 
 Huang tu (China), clay. 
 
 Hue (Laos, Siam), a mountain stream, tributary. 
 
 Huerfano (U.S.A.), a solitary hill or cerro (q.v.); the 
 
 Spanish word means ' orphan.' 
 Hugab, pi. Haguban (Arab., Etbai), a boulder. 
 Hugel (Ger.), a hill. 
 
 Hu il (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a village. 
 Huis (Dch.), a house, e.g. Druggenhuis, Nijenhuis. , 
 Huk (Da., Nor., Sw.), angle, point, hook of land'. 
 Hulu (Malay), river source ; up-stream, up-country, the 
 
 interior. 
 Huma (Arab.), a district, quarter. 
 Humedal (Sp.), humid soil, marsh. 
 Hunahuna (Madagascar), a marsh. 
 Hundred (English), a division of a county, supposed to 
 
 be named from originally containing 100 freemen 
 
 or families. 
 Hunk (Indian, U.S.A.), a fall or rapid in a stream. Cf. 
 
 Mohunk. 
 Hunnebed (Dch.), a tumulus. 
 Hun tha (Indian, California), town, village. 
 Huolo (China), a village formerly enjoying autonomy. 
 Hurst (England), a thick wood, e.g. Penshurst. Cf. 
 
 Horst. 
 Hurst (Sw.), a shrub, a thicket. 
 Hurubbe (Arab.), tank or cistern. 
 Hus, Huus (Da., Nor., Sw.), a house (H 8 ). 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 159 
 
 Husn (Arab.), a fortified dwelling. See Hosn. 
 
 Husun (Swahili), a fort, from the above. 
 
 Hutan (Malay), a wood ; never aspirated in ' High 
 
 Malay.' See TJtan. 
 Hlitte (Ger.), cottage, hut. 
 Hutung (Ger.), pasture-ground. 
 Huus. See Hus. 
 Huyen (Annam), town of the fourth order or capital of 
 
 a sub-district. 
 Hvita (Icel.), white, e.g. Hvita river. 
 Hwang (China), yellow, frequently misspelled Hoang 
 
 Huang, e.g. Hwang-ho, ' yellow river.' See Ho. 
 Hwe (Shan States), a stream. 
 Hydor (Greek), water. 
 
 Hyen Gyina-Bea (Gold Coast), harbour, roadstead. 
 Hyrna (Icel.), peak or summit of a mountain. 
 
 I (China), barbarian, savage. See Jin. 
 
 I (Madagascar), an article used only with proper names 
 
 e.g. Ivohibe, ' the great mountain.' See Vohi, Be. 
 I (Nung, Lao-hai), little, small. 
 la (Indo-China) , stream, torrent. 
 Iaki (Fin.), a river. 
 Iar, Ier (Gaelic), west, e.g. Ardersier (Ard-Ros-Ier), ' the 
 
 high western promontory.' See Ard, Eos. 
 Iarvi (Fin.), a lake. 
 Iavu (Pula, China), water. 
 lb (Hottentot). See Ep. 
 
160 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ibanzana (Kafir). See Banzana. 
 
 Ibe (Ibo, Nigeria), a place, e.g. Ibe Ahun or Ibe Avun, 
 
 ' that place,' ' there,' equivalent to Nga. 
 Ibn, pi. Beni (Arab.), son ; as a geographical term it 
 
 signifies producing, containing, &c, e.g. Ibn Ibrak, 
 
 near Jaffa. See Beni. 
 Ibotwe (Zulu, Kafir), the metropolis, the seat of 
 
 government. See Botwe. 
 Ibu (Galla, Abyssinia), a valley. 
 Ich (Gaelic). See Och. 
 Ich, Ichere (Turk.), inner. 
 
 Ichinga (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Nga. 
 Ichipiri (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Piri. 
 Ichonde (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Chonde. 
 Ichweba (Kafir). See Chweba. 
 Iciba (Kafir), a pool. 
 Id, pi. Aadad (Egyptian Sudan), a well (especially in a 
 
 desert). Another form is Ed. 
 Ida (Marocco), tribe, district. 
 Idala (Ja-Luo, Uganda). See Dala. 
 Idebi (Kafir). See Debi. 
 Ide-yu (Japan), warm spring. 
 Idiza (Kafir). See Diza. 
 Idlambi (Zulu, Kafir). See Dlambi. 
 Idobela (Zulu, Kafir). See Dobela. 
 Idzendze (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dzendze. 
 Idziko (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ziko. 
 Ie (Saxon), river, stream. Cfi E. 
 Iehaf (Arab.), a small mountain group. 
 Ielif ( Wolof), governor. 
 
AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TEEMS 161 
 
 Ieto (Nandi, Uganda), a place. 
 
 Ifenya (Zulu, Kafir), a narrow piece of land at the foot 
 
 of a mountain suitable for cultivation. See Fenya. 
 Ifri (Berber), a grotto, cave, e.g. Jebel Ifren or Yefren, 
 
 ' the range of the cave-dwellers,' latinised Afer 
 
 (Tunis), whence Africa. 
 Ifuso (Kafir), fallow ground. See Fuso. 
 Igamba, Amagamba (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 
 Gamba. 
 Igapo (Brazil). See under Igarape. 
 Igarape (Brazil), a small river ; brook ; lit. in Tupi 
 
 language a ' boat way.' Applied especially to the 
 
 affluents or feeders of Furos (q.v.) and rising in the 
 
 Igapos, or marshy tracts of forest. 
 Igboro (Yoruba), a street. 
 Ighazeng, Ighazekhsoa (Eskimo, Smith Sound), strait, 
 
 channel. 
 Ighil (Kabile), a hill. 
 Ighir (Shilluh, Marocco), a fort, castle, or fortified 
 
 place, e.g. Agadhir-Ighir. 
 Ighuman (Kabile), reeds. 
 Igidi (Marocco), sand. 
 Igiz (E. Turk.), lofty, elevated. 
 Iglerna (Eskimo, Smith Sound), terrace. 
 Iglesia (Sp.), church, from i/c/cXwcria (ecclesia). 
 Iglu (Eskimo), a house ; e.g. Iglu creek. 
 Igreja (Port.), church. See Iglesia for derivation, 
 Igzer (Kabile), a stream. 
 Ihlabati (Zulu, Kafir). See Hlabati, 
 Ihlane (Zulu, Kafir). See Hlane. 
 
 M 
 
162 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ihlati, dim. Ihlatana (Kafir). See Hlati. 
 Ihlobo (Kafir). See Hlobo. 
 Ii (Lolo, China), water. 
 Ijara (Arab.), a farm, 
 malje (Kilimane, Bantu), water. 
 mwljo (Giryama) ; for meaning see Mwijo. 
 Ijojo (Amaxosa, Kafir). See Jojo. 
 Ijs (Bch.), ice. 
 
 Iju (Yoruba), wilderness, desert, ocean. 
 Ikamat (Arab.), house, dwelling. 
 Ikari (Japan), anchor, anchorage. 
 -Ike (Cent. Africa), suffix signifying ' little.' 
 Ike (Japan), pond, pool. 
 Ike (Tibet), east. For other points see Lho. 
 Ikhf (Kabile), cape, promontory. 
 Iki, Ike, Ikhe (Mongol), great, large, e.g. Ike Ussu or Ulan 
 
 Hoshu in Dolon-nor district. See Yike, Bagha. 
 Iki (Polynesia). See Iti. 
 
 Ikisu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kisu. 
 dzlko (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. For 
 
 other dialects see Ziko. 
 Ikomkulu (Zulu, Kafir). See Komkulu. 
 Ikot (Efik, Old Calabar, Nigeria), a landing-place, 
 
 beach, e.g. Ikotaba, Ikot Umian. Cf. Ikpa, Ikpere. 
 Ikpa (Yoruba), track, way, path; in Efik, Old Calabar, 
 
 means ' beach,' e.g. Ama-Ikpa. Cf. Ikot, Ikpere. 
 Ikpakpa (Yoruba), pasture ground. 
 Ikpasse (Yoruba), track, footpath. 
 Ikpere (Ibo, Nigeria), coast, bank. Cf. Ikot, Ikpa. 
 Iku (Mekeo,Neiv Guinea), mountain, peak, headland, cape. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 163 
 
 II (Basque), new, e.g. Illiberis, ' new town.' 
 
 II, pi. Hat (Turk., Mongol), a tribe, especially nomad. 
 Other forms are Ilyat, Eleut, Oliut, the last two 
 being applied collectively to all W. Mongols and 
 their languages, while Ilyat comprises all sorts of 
 tribes — Arab, Persian, Turki, Mongol — in Persia 
 and Afghanistan. 
 
 II (Buss.), mud. 
 mwlla (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a small affluent, a creek. 
 
 lie (Ft.), an island, isle (I.) 
 
 Ilha (Port.), an island. 
 
 Ilhota (Port.), an islet. 
 
 Ilije (Turk.), hot springs. 
 
 Ilindle (Zulu, Kafir). See Ndle. 
 
 Ilintle (Zulu, Kafir). See Ntle. 
 
 Iliwa (Zulu, Kafir). See Liwa. 
 
 Ilizwa (Kafir). See Zwa. 
 
 Illagul (Fula), an inlet or backwater, creek. 
 
 Illakei (Tamul), a fortress. 
 
 Ille (Yoruba), earth, land, ground; a town. Cf. Illu. 
 
 Ille-babba (Yoruba), fatherland. 
 
 Ille-ero (Yoruba), an inn. 
 
 Ille-isho (Yoruba), a watch-tower. 
 
 Ille-obba (Yoruba), a kingdom, territory. 
 
 Illeto (Yoruba), a town or village. 
 
 Illu (Yoruba), nation, country, people, town, village. 
 
 Illu-keje (Yoruba), a small village, hamlet. 
 
 Illu-nla (Yoruba), a capital city. 
 
 Hog (Tagala, Philippines), a river. 
 
 Ilogan (Tagala, Philippines), the mouth of a river. 
 
 M 2 
 
164 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Iloha (Kerepunu, New Guinea), cloud. 
 Ilot (Fr.), an islet. 
 
 Ilundi (dialect of Bantu). See Lundi. 
 Ilyat (Turk., Mongol). See II. 
 
 Im (Chin Hills), an affix meaning village, lit. a house, 
 e.g. Mkwi Im, Kakh Im, villages near Pushum-tung, 
 S. of Myittha K. See Im nu. 
 Im (Ebon, Polynesia), a house. 
 
 Im, Em (Sahara), people of, inhabitants, e.g. Imasro- 
 
 dangh; Emegedesen, 'the inhabitants of Agades.' 
 
 Cf. Tel, Ahel. 
 
 kilma (Kamba, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain. 
 
 Cf. Lima. 
 
 Imbukha (Lu-Wanga of the Aw a-Bimi group, Uganda). 
 
 See Bukha. 
 Ime (A-Zande), water. 
 Imfumu, Mfumu, Mufumu, Fumu, pi. Afumu (Gent. Africa, 
 
 dialects of Bantu). See Fumu. 
 Imiamba (Swahili). See Amba. 
 Imichi, TJmuchi (Kossova, Uganda). See Chi. 
 Imim (Marocco), the mouth of a ravine. Cf. Fum. 
 Imitantato (Zulu, Kafir). See Tantato. 
 Im nu (Chin Hills), an affix meaning ' large village,' 
 lit. many houses, e.g. Tai Im Nu, ' the large village 
 on the Tai K.' See Im. 
 Impanga (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 
 Panga. 
 Impiri (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Piri. 
 In, fern. Tin (Berber) . This is the demonstrative pronoun 
 followed by n ; it is found in many place-names 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 165 
 
 e.g. In Hammu, Tin Erkuk. The forms En, Wan, 
 
 Wen, Ten, Tan are also found. 
 In (Burma), lake. 
 In (Wakhan, Pamirs), a pass. 
 mwlnano (Makua, German East Africa), a boundary. 
 Inaran (Tsarisen, Formosa), a village. 
 Inayan (Puyuma, Formosa), a river. 
 Incencesha (Zulu, Kafir). See Cencesha. 
 Inch (Scotch and Irish), an island, a corruption of Gaelic 
 
 Innis, e.g. Inchiqnin. 
 Inchi (Swahili). See Chi. 
 Inchike (Gent. Asia), narrow. 
 Indatatakuohaak (Indian, U.S.A.), valley. 
 Indawo (Kafir). See Dawo. 
 Indibonga (Zulu, Kafir). See Dibonga. 
 Indimnalahik (Indian, U.S.A.), lake. 
 Indlandlatn (Zulu, Kafir). See Dlandlatu. 
 Indlela, dim. Indlelanda (Kafir). See Dlela. 
 Indlu (Kafir). See Dlu. 
 Indre (Da., Nor.), inner. Cf. Yder, Inre. 
 Indso (Da., Nor.), a lake. Cf. Insjo. 
 -Indu, -Ndo, -Nandi (Cent. Africa), little (suffix). 
 Inengea (Mekeo, New Guinea), a path. Cf. Keanga. 
 -Ing (Anglo-Saxon), suffix meaning 'meadow,' e.g. 
 
 Wapping ; used also otherwise than as a suffix, e.g. 
 
 Sloothby Ings, i.e. ' Sloothby meadows ' ; also a 
 
 patronymic suffix, ' sons of,' e.g. Reading. Cf. Ingen. 
 -Ing (Indian, U.S.A.), an inflexion signifying in, on, at. 
 Ingebaude (Ger.), a building within an enclosure or 
 
 wall. 
 
166 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ingen (Ger.), sons of, e.g. Tubingen. Cf. -Ing {Anglo- 
 Saxon). 
 Ingone, dim. Ingonono (Zulu, Kafir). See Ngone. 
 Ingot Bage (Su?natra), the rice-stores in the Batak 
 
 villages. Cf. Bale, B-umah. k 
 Inguna (Bintukwa Indians, U.S. of Colo7?ibia), road, 
 
 trail. 
 Ingxangxasi (Zulu, Kafi,r). See Gxangxasi. 
 Ingxoboza (Zulu, Kafir). See Gxoboza. 
 Inhlazuka (Zulu, Kafir). See Hlazuka. 
 Inja (Mashonaland) , a prefix meaning 'place of,' e.g. 
 
 Inja ka Fura, ' water place,' river. See Fura. 
 Inje (Turk.), narrow, e.g. Inje Burun, ' narrow cape,' on 
 
 the north coast of Asia Minor. See Burun. 
 Injira (Lu-Wanga of the Aiva-Bimi group, Uganda). 
 
 See Jira. 
 Inkalo (Zulu, Kafir). See Kalo. 
 Inkaya (Bantu). See Kaya. 
 Inkundla (Zulu, Kafir). See Kundla. 
 Innis (Gaelic), an island, e.g. Innismore, 'great island ' ; 
 
 Innis Beg, 'little island.' Cf. Ennis. See More. Beg. 
 Innqaba (Kafir). See Nqaba. 
 Inqubu (Zulu, Kafir). See Nqubu. 
 Inre (Sw), inner. Cf. Indre. 
 Insel (Ger.), an island. 
 Insi (dialect of Bantu). See Inzi. 
 Insila (dialect of Bantu). See Zila. 
 Insimi (Zulu, Kafir). See Simi. 
 Insirem (Gold Coast), a camp. 
 InsjO (Sw.), a lake. Cf. IndsO. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 1G7 
 
 Insu (Gold Coast), water, e.g. Apu Insu, ' sea water,' the 
 
 sea. See Apu. 
 Insunguzi (Kafir). See Sunguzi. 
 Intatyana (Kafir). See Tatyana. 
 Intendeleko (Zulu, Kafir). See Tendeleko. 
 Interfleuve (U.S.A.) the upland separating two streams 
 
 having approximately parallel courses. 
 Intile (Zulu, Kafir), a flat strip of country, or a small 
 valley running parallel with a river, and suitable 
 for cultivation. 
 Intiran (Tamul), east ; for other points see Vadakku. 
 Intla (Zulu, Kafir). See Ntla. 
 Intsimi (Zulu, Kafir). See Tsimi. 
 Inuma (Rubiana, Solomon Is.), plantation, garden. 
 Inver- (Gaelic), a prefix meaning the confluence of two 
 rivers, or of a river and the sea, e.g. Inverness ; 
 occurs only in Scotland and Ireland, never in 
 Wales, while the equivalent Aber (q.v.) occurs only 
 in Wales and Scotland, never in Ireland. 
 Invernada (Spanish S. America), good pasture-land 
 
 especially fitted for fattening cattle. 
 Inwijk (Dch.), creek, inlet, bay. 
 Inxanxasi (Zulu, Kafir). See 'Nxanxasi. 
 Inxiwa (Zulu, Kafir). See Nxiwa. 
 Inxuluma (Zulu, Kafir). See Nxuluma. 
 Inyanza (Lu-Wanga of the Awa-Rimi group, Uganda). 
 
 See Nyanza. 
 Inyatuko (Zulu, Kafir). See Nyatuko. 
 Inzella (Marocco), the outbuildings of a Kasba (q.v.), for 
 the accommodation of travellers. 
 
168 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Inzi, Insi, Nzio (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See 
 ffri, Nsi. 
 mlnzi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water ; for other 
 forms see Mansi. 
 
 Inzila (Bantu). See Zila; cf. Zira* 
 
 Inzira (Bantu). See Zira ; cf. Zila. 
 
 Inzu (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Nzu. 
 
 Ioki (Fin.), a river. 
 
 Ion (Wolof), a road, path, track. 
 
 Ip (Hottentot). See Ep. 
 
 Ipiro (Mozambique). See Piro. 
 
 Ira (Yoruba), morass, bog, fen. 
 
 Iri (Mossi), an inhabited place of less importance than 
 a capital. 
 
 Iril (Kabile), a hill. 
 
 Iriso (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Isote. 
 
 Iriwa (Zulu, Kafir). See Riwa. 
 
 Irmak (Turk.), a river, e.g. Kizil Irmak, 'red river.' 
 See Kizil. 
 mwlru (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest, bush. 
 
 Irzir (Berber), a ravine, dim. Thirzarth. 
 
 Is (Welsh), lower, e.g. Iscoed. See Coed. Cf. Isaf, Issa. 
 
 Isa (Songhai), a river, the river, i.e. the Niger. The 
 Songhai Isa, the Yoruba Kwara, the Temashight 
 and Hausa Eghirreu (all applied to the Niger), the 
 Kuha Fittri, the Kotoho Shari, Sari, and also Tsad 
 (Chad) or rather Tsadhe, which is only another 
 pronunciation of Saghe, Sare, all mean ' water,' 
 ' river.' 
 
 Isa Ber, Isa Haribi, Isa Horno (Songhai), the sea. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 169 
 
 Isaf (Welsh), lowest, e.g. Road Isaf, in Kamsey Island. 
 
 Isaka (dialect of Bantu). See Saka. 
 
 Isantwenka (Zulu, Kafir). See Antwenka. 
 
 Isazuzu (Zulu, Kafir). See Azulu. 
 
 Isep, pi. Bisep (Fan, French Congo). See Sep. 
 
 Iseweri (Ketosh, Uganda). See Eweri. 
 
 Ish (N. Africa), a peak. 
 
 Ishan-omi (Yoruba), tide, current. 
 
 Ishi (Japan), stone, rock. 
 
 Isibaxa (Zulu, Kafir). See Baxa. 
 
 Isidiliya (Zulu, Kafir). See Diliya. 
 
 Isigquma (Zulu, Kafir). See Gquma. 
 
 Isigqunyana (Zulu, Kafir). See Gqunyana. 
 
 Isikaulo (Kafir). See Kaulo. 
 
 Isikoba (Kafir). See Koba. 
 
 Isikumbu (Zulu, Kafir). See Kumbu. 
 
 Isikungu (Zulu, Kafir). See Kungu. 
 
 Isinene (Zulu. Kafir). See Nene. 
 
 Isinga (Kafir). See Nga. 
 
 Isipaluko, dim. Isipalukana (Zulu, Kafir). See Paluko. 
 
 Isipambusa (Kafir). See Pambusa. 
 
 Isiqiti (Kafir). See Qiti. 
 
 Isiqwato (Zulu, Kafir). See Qwato. 
 
 Isiroqoba (Zulu, Kafir). See Roqoba. 
 
 Isiteleti (Zulu, Kafir). See Teleti. 
 
 Isitu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Situ. 
 
 Isitya (Zulu, Kafir). See Tya. 
 
 Isixa (Zulu, Kafir). See Xa. 
 
 Isixeko (Zulu, Kafir). See Xeko. 
 
 Isizeba (Kafir). See Zeba. 
 
170 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Isizwe (Kafir). See Zwe. 
 
 Iskele (Turk.), a landing-place. 
 
 Isla (Sp.), an island. 
 
 Isla (Spanish S. America), same meaning as Caapau 
 
 (q-v-) 
 
 Isleo (Sp.), an island formed by rocks. 
 
 Isleta (Sp.), an islet. 
 
 Iso (Fin.), great, e.g. Isojoki in Vasa. See Joki. 
 
 Iso (Yoruba), quarter, station. 
 
 Isoa, Masoa, Uswa (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). 
 
 See Soa, Swa. 
 Isoba (Zulu, Kafir). See Oba. 
 Isoko (Yoruba), moorage. 
 Isola (It.), an island (I.) 
 
 Isore (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Sore. 
 Isote, Isore, Iriso (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), 
 
 grass. See Sote, Sore Riso. 
 Issa (Songhai, Timbuktu), south, lit. the river, the 
 
 Niger, another form of Isa (q.v.) 
 Issa, Isaf (Welsh), lowest, e.g. Cwnnws Issa. Cf. Is. 
 Issa honno (Songhai), sea. 
 Is sha (Indian, California), water. 
 Issi (Turk.), warm. See next entry. 
 Issik (Turkestan), warmer, e.g. Issik-kul = warmer lake. 
 
 See Kul. 
 Istmo (It., Sp.), an isthmus. 
 Isua (Fanti), a strait. 
 It (Polynesia). See Iti. 
 
 Italian (Fin.), eastern. For other points see Pohia. 
 Itale (Bantu). See Tale. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 171 
 
 Itam (Malay), black ; often aspirated, Hitam ; e.g. 
 
 Mt. Itam in the south of the Malay Peninsula. 
 Itametta (Yoruba), a place where three ways meet. 
 Itedo (Yoruba), an encampment. 
 Itegu (Zulu, Kafir). See Tegu. 
 
 Iterlekhsoa, Iterleng (Eskimo, Smith Sound), bay, gulf. 
 Iti, It, Ngiti, Itiiti, Iki (Polynesia), small, e.g. Maiao-Iti, 
 
 'little Maiao.' 
 Itifa (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Tifa. 
 Itiiti (Polynesia). See Iti. 
 Itillemu (Soninhe), bush, wood, grass. 
 Itsiel (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), house, hut. 
 Itu (Maiva, New Guinea), house. 
 Ivakavaka (Zulu, Kafir). See Vakavaka. 
 Ivando (Fin.), an estuary. 
 
 Ivavao (Kuvarawan, Pei-po, Formosa), a mountain. 
 Iwa (Burma), a village. 
 
 Iwa (Japan), rock, rock in the sea. / 
 
 Iwanda (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Wanda. 
 Ixandeka (Zulu, Kafir). See Xandeka. 
 lye (Japan), a house. 
 Iyo (Ja-Luo, Uganda), path, road. 
 Izba (Buss.), a hut. 
 rulzi (Karanga, Bantu), a river, 
 urulzi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 Izibuko (Kafir). See Zibuko. 
 Izira (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Zira. 
 Iziwa (Lusinga and Chula, Uganda). See Ziwa. 
 Izwe (Kafir). See Zwe, 
 
172 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ja- (Nilotic Kavirondo, Uganda), a prefix signifying 
 clan or tribe, e.g. Ja-luo. Gf. k Ka, Yaka. 
 
 Ja (Pers.), a place. 
 
 Ja (Tibet), signifies extent. 
 
 Jada (Pers.), a road, pathway. 
 
 Jadid (Arab.), new, e.g. Trik el Jadid, 'the new road.' 
 Cf Jedid. See Trik. 
 
 Jaga (Punjab), a place, a spot. 
 
 Jaghfar (Arab.), a river, either large or small. 
 
 Jakun (Malay), wild tribes ; applied vaguely both to 
 the Negrito aborigines and to the Malay wild 
 tribes of the Malay Peninsula. 
 
 Jala (Sansc.), a mass of water, a lake. 
 
 Jalan (Malay), road. 
 
 Jali (Arab., N. Africa), palms left without cultivation. 
 
 Jam (Bintukwa Indians, U.S. of Colombia), snow, 
 whiteness. 
 
 Jam (Arab.), Jami (Turk.), Jamia (Arab., Palestine), 
 mosque. The Turkish is borrowed from the 
 Arabic, in which language Jam', Jam'a, properly 
 means collection, then assembly, congregation, 
 mosque. This occurs as Jama in Hassania. 
 
 Jamana (Soninke), country. 
 
 Jan (Manchuria), a station, post. 
 
 Jana (Pali), people. 
 
 Jangal (Sansc, Hind.), forest, wood ; corrupted into 
 'jungle.' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 173 
 
 maJani (Swahili), grass. 
 
 Jarita (Hind.), brushwood, undergrowth. 
 
 Jarnvag (Sw.), railway. 
 
 Jarur (Arab.), a river, stream. 
 
 Jarvi (Fin.), lake. Cf. Jaur. 
 
 Jasor (Slavonic), a marsh, bog. 
 
 Jatar (Punjab), cultivated land. 
 
 Jaune (Fr.), yellow, e.g. Fleuve Jaune, i.e. Hwang Ho (q.v.) 
 
 Jaur (Fin.), a lake. Cf. Jarvi. 
 
 Jay (E. Turk.), place, spot. 
 
 Jaza (Slavonic), a house, e.g. Jaschen. 
 
 Jazar (Arab.), islands. 
 
 Jazirah (Arab.) See Jezira. 
 
 Jebel, pi. Jebal (Arab.), a mountain, e.g. Jebel Ahmar, 
 
 < Bed Mt.' Cf. Gebel. 
 Jedar, Jedir (Arab.), a look-out place on a road, generally 
 made of stones ; the wall of an enclosure ; rampart, 
 fortification. 
 Jedid (Arab.) See Jadid. 
 
 Jeel (Anglo-Indian), a corruption of the Hind. Jhil, a 
 stagnant sheet of water, mere, lagoon. In East 
 Bengal the form Bheel (q.v.) is used. 
 Jelal (Somali), the dry season. 
 Jelyezo (Ritss.), iron. See next entry and Zhelyezo. 
 Jelyeznaya Doroga (Buss.), a railway. Lit. 'iron road.' 
 Jembatan (Malay), jetty, mole, bridge. 
 Jenan, Jenien (Arab., N. Africa), a garden, e.g. Jenien 
 
 Bu Resk. 
 Jeni. See Yeni, which is the proper English spelling. 
 Jenien (Arab. f N. Africa). See Jenan. 
 
174 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Jenjub (Turk.), southerly. 
 
 Jenjun (Manchuria), general-in-chief of a large district, 
 
 viceroy with both civil and military jurisdiction. 
 nJera (Gent. Africa, Bantu), a road. Cf. Zila, Dzira. 
 Jeram (Malay Peninsula), a rapid in a river, e.g. Jeram 
 
 Batu Gendang on Perak K. See Batu. 
 Jerf (Arab.), quay, wharf. 
 Jerf (Arab., N. Africa). See Jorf. 
 Jernbane (Da., Nor.), a railway. 
 Jetee (Fr.), a jetty, pier (J 6i ). 
 Jetwela (Congo), the horizon, from Jeta, to revolve, to 
 
 encircle. 
 Jewun (Indian, U.S.A.), a stream. 
 
 Jezero (Servian), a lake, e.g. Malo Jezero. (Pol.) Jezioro. 
 Jezira, Zira, pi. Jezair, Zair (Arab.), an island, peninsula, 
 
 e.g. Algeziras, El Jezire (Mesopotamia). 
 Jhalars (Pwijab), wells. 
 Jhil (Hind.) See Jeel. 
 -Ji, -gi, -zhi (Nupe, Nigeria), a termination signifying 
 
 ' town,' ' village,' e.g. Kaboji, Ettungi. 
 Ji, Jini (Soninke, Bambara), water. 
 maJi (Gent. Africa, Bantu), water. See Mansi. 
 muJi (Gent. Africa, Bantu), a town. Cf. Musi. 
 nJia (Bantu), a road, path. Cf. Zira, Sila, Jila. 
 Jibal (Arab.), mountains. See Jebel, of the pi. of which 
 
 this is a variant. 
 Jin (China), a post station. 
 Jiji (Songhai), north. See Diaman, Wene Kame. 
 kiJiji (Swahili), a village, e.g. Ujiji, on Tanganyika; for 
 
 pi. see Kijiji. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 175 
 
 [ (Bantu), a road, path. Cf. Zira, Jia, Sila. 
 onJila j « 
 
 Jilgha (E. Turk.), a deep straight valley. 
 
 Jima (Japan), an island, e.g. Awa Jima ; used in com- 
 pounds for Sima (q.v.) See also Shima. 
 
 Jin (China), men, people, whence ' China,' the Hind. 
 ' Chin,' and the Arabo-Pers. ' Sin,' which gives 
 the classical ' Sinse ' and our ' Sinaean,' ' Sinology.' 
 I- Jin, ' barbarians,' ' barbarian people,' a term ap- 
 plied to all foreigners, now forbidden, by treaty, 
 to be used in official documents. See I. 
 
 Jin = Chin =Naru== Komi (Korea), a ferry, e.g. Ul-jin. 
 
 Jinde (Songhai), a tributary of a stream ; confluence ; 
 
 col, gorge. 
 eJinga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ejinga. 
 kinJingela (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a whirlpool, from 
 Jinga, to coil or curl, hence ' an eddy.' 
 
 Jingere-Ber (Songhai), a mosque. 
 
 Jingira (Hind.), an island. See Dip, Lanka. 
 
 Jini (Soninkey. See Ji. 
 
 Jinna (Yoruba), far distant. 
 
 Jiojia (Mentawei), water. 
 
 Jir (Shignan), a mountain. 
 inJiraj (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), path, road; for other 
 nJiraJ Bantu forms see Zila, Zira. 
 
 Jisr (Arab.), a bridge. 
 kiJito (Swahili), brook, small stream; lor pi. see Kijito. 
 
 Joch (Switzerland), a pass, ridge (J.) 
 
 i Jojo (Zulu, Kafir), a sour-grass country ; a moist, damp 
 climate or locality. 
 
176 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Joki (Fin.) j a river. 
 
 Joki sen (Japan), a steamer. 
 
 Joki sha (Japan), a railway. 
 
 Jokull (Icelandic), an ice-covered mountain or plateau, 
 e.g. Myrdalsjbkull, Vatnajbkull. 
 
 Joliba. See Dhiuliba. 
 
 Jombo (Swahili), a very large dhow. 
 eJondi (Kamerun), an island. 
 
 Jong (Tibet), a broad valley ;. also a fort, e.g. Tinkijong, 
 1 the fort of the Tinki district.' 
 en Jora (Masai, E. Africa), mimosa, pi. Njora, applied to 
 a swamp where these trees grow. 
 
 Jorf, Jerf (Arab., N. Africa), an escarpment. 
 
 Joro (Fula), a residence, e.g. Joro Kabdn, ' the residence 
 of the chief Kabdu.' 
 
 Jozo (Madagascar), a junk, e.g. Anjozobe, ' at the place 
 where there are many junks.' See An, Be. 
 
 Ju (Korea). See Jyu. 
 
 Ju, Jo (Pers.), a stream, brook ; from Old Pers. Gni. 
 aJn (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Aju. 
 
 Jubb (Arab.), a well, pit. 
 
 Jube (Mande), a ford, e.g. Jubeba, 'river ford.' Cf. Ox- 
 ford. See Ba, Jude. 
 
 Jude (Fula), a ford. See Jube. 
 
 Judetzi (Rumania), districts. 
 
 Jug (Tibet), below; an embouchure. 
 
 Jui-bar (Pers.), a large river receiving many streams. 
 
 Juma (Sever, Wolof), a mosque. Cf. Jam. 
 
 Jumba (Swahili), a palace. 
 eJundi (Kamerun). See Jondi. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 177 
 
 Jung (Malay), a large trading vessel; anglicised Junk ; 
 
 from the Chinese Chwan. 
 Jung (Mongol), right, west. For other points see Aro. 
 Jungle. See Jangal. 
 Junk. See Jung. 
 Junubi (Hind.), south. Of. Dakhni. For other points 
 
 see Uttar. 
 Jur (Armenia), water. 
 Jurang (Malay), a creek. Cf. Churang. 
 Jurdide (Adamawa), a mosque. 
 Jyu, Ju (Korea), a magisterial town of the first class ; 
 
 occurs also as Chyu, Chu. 
 
 Ka (Arab.), a plain. 
 
 Ka (Congo), small (river), e.g. Ka Bunda, Kabiboko. Cf. Lu. 
 
 Ka (Congo), an abbreviation of Kazembe, great chief, 
 
 prince ; e.g. Ka-Tanga, Prince Tanga, now applied to 
 
 the territory of the chief, in this case situated in 
 
 S.E. of Congo Free State. 
 Ka (Indian, U.S.A.), a forest. 
 Ka- (Mashonaland), prefix meaning 'great,' e.g. Kafura= 
 
 great Fura. See Fura. 
 Ka (Min-Kia, Yunnan), high, lofty (of a mountain). 
 Ka (Nilotic Kavirondo, Uganda), a prefix meaning ' clan ' 
 
 or 'tribe.' Cf. Ja, Yaka. 
 Ka (Shan States), hill people, equivalent to the Moi of 
 
 Annam. 
 Ka (Soninke), house, dwelling. 
 
178 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ka (Tibet), snow ; also the mouth, banks of a river. 
 
 Gf. Kaba. 
 Kaa (Arab.), earth, land. 
 Kaai (Dch.), wharf, mole, quay. 
 Kaap (Dch.), a cape. 
 Kaar (Ger.), a little valley encircfed by mountains like 
 
 an amphitheatre. 
 Kaba (Togo), house, dwelling. 
 Kaba (Tibet), snow. Gf. Ka. 
 Kaba-kum (Turk.), gravel. 
 Kabba (N. Nigeria), stone, rock, hence the name of the 
 
 province (Kabba), one of the most striking features 
 
 of which is the large number of isolated peaks ; 
 
 e.g. the stone of Ieri, the stone of Semarika. 
 Kabbelstroom (Dch.), stream, rivulet, brook. 
 Kabelung (Ebon, Polynesia), west. For other, points 
 
 see Eung. 
 Kabike (New Guinea), a house. 
 Kabila (Arab., Shahpur, Punjab), a family, being a 
 
 subdivision of the Muhi, or clan, the Arabic word 
 
 meaning ' race,' ' tribe.' 
 „ (Swahili), any community of people ; borrowed 
 
 from Arab. 
 „ (Marocco, Algeria), tribe; applied collectively 
 
 to the Berbers of the coast, and now to their 
 
 territory in Algeria (Kabile, Kabilia, dc.) 
 Kabli (Kanarese, W. coast of Hindustan), west. For 
 
 other points see Gi. 
 Kablunak (Eskimo), white people. 
 Kabr (Somali), graves, e.g. Kabr Ogaden, ' Ogaden 
 
 graves.' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 179 
 
 Kabulula (Kiriwina, Neiv Guinea), a point of land. 
 Kachcha {Punjab), land annually inundated by the 
 
 ordinary floods. Cf. Bela. 
 Ka Chia (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), a cave. 
 Kachor {Mongol), detour, bend, gulf. 
 Kad {Arab.), a shoal. 
 
 Kadaruka, Kataruka {Hausa), a bridge. See Kaderku. 
 Kadda (Banakil), great, large, e.g. Kaddas Mt. 
 Kadda (New Guinea), a house. 
 Kade {Dch.), quay or dam. 
 Kade (Gonja), an inhabited place of less importance 
 
 than a capital. 
 Kaderku {Hausa), a bridge. See Kadaruka. 
 Kadi (Madagascar), a modified form of hadi, used in 
 
 composition, ditch, trench, thus ankadi=' the place 
 
 where the ditch is,' at the ditch, e.g. Ankadivori, ' at 
 
 the circular trench,' Hadivor, ' the circular trench.' 
 
 See An. 
 Kadim (Arab.), old, e.g. Birni Kadim, ' the old capital,' 
 
 i.e. of Bornu. See Birni. 
 Kadis (Turk.), saint, holy ; from Arab, quds, qudsi, pure, 
 
 holy. 
 Kad-Jak (Alaska). See Kikhtak. 
 Kado, pi. Hade (Fula), blacks ; autonomous race ; 
 
 strangers, e.g. Garo-n-Kado. 
 Kadzaka (Nika), a small forest. See Dzaka. 
 Kadzidzi (Nika). See Dzidzi. 
 Kadzuho (Giryama, Nika). See Dzuho. 
 Kaeaona (Kabadi, New Guinea), east. 
 Kaf (Arab.), escarpment. Cf. Kef. 
 
 N 2 
 
180 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kafir (Arab.), infidel, pi. Kufra (q.v.), e.g. Kafiristan. 
 Kafr (Arab.) (Hebrew, Caphar), a village, e.g. Kafr et Tin, 
 
 ' fig village ' ; also a saline swamp. 
 Kafufu (Nika). See Fufu. 
 
 Kaga (French Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ga. 
 Kaga (Sara, L. Chad), a forest. Cf. Mbunga. 
 Kagara, Gagara (Hausa), a fortification, barracks. 
 Kaget, Kakat (Alaska, Lower Yukon region), equivalent 
 
 to Chaget (q.v.) 
 Kahala (Arab., N. Africa). See Akhal. 
 Kahf (Arab.), cave, large cavern. 
 Kah mu ke (Pimo Indian), a town. 
 Kahn (Arab.), a market. 
 Kahnfahre (Ger.), ferry by wherry. 
 Ka ho ku sha ma (Indian, California), valley, ravine. 
 Kai (China, Shan States, Hainan), market, bazaar, e.g. 
 
 Sin-Kai, ' new market,' the Chinese name for 
 
 Bhamo. See Sin, Bha, Maw. 
 Kai' (Sahara), the mouth or junction of a stream. 
 Kai (Japan), sea. 
 Kai (Polynesia). See Tai. 
 
 Kaija (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kaya. 
 Kaikara (Motumotu, New Guinea), the deep sea. 
 Kaimakam (Turk.), sub-governor of a Kaza (q.v.) The 
 
 proper form is Kaimakan for Kaimaikin. 
 Kaimen (Nandi, Uganda), west. Cf. Murot. 
 Kaiser (Ger.), emperor, e.g. Kaiserstadt. 
 Kaita (Nandi, Uganda), a town. 
 Kaitya (Cambodia), Buddhist pyramid. 
 Kaiva (Fin.), a rivulet. 
 Kajum (Bornu), grass. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 181 
 
 Kakat (Alaska, Lower Yukon region), a river; e.g. 
 
 Allenkakat, Daklikakat. See Kaget, Chaget, Na. 
 Kakh (Pers.), a palace, villa. 
 Kakir (E. Turk), dry hard ground. 
 Kakkar (Punjab), snow. 
 nKaku (Congo, dialect of Bantu). For meaning see 
 Nkaku. 
 Kala, Kalat, pi. Kila, Kalajat (Arab., Pers.), village, 
 fortress, castle, e.g. Bash-Kala. Cf. Kasr, Gala, 
 Kale. The proper Arab, form is qala't. 
 Kala (Caucasus), cliff, bluff. 
 Kala (Hind.), black, e.g. Kalabagh on the Indus. 
 In Kala (Ketosh and Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a village. 
 Kalajvik (Turk.), a little castle. See Kala. 
 -Kalamba, -Kurumba (Cent. Africa), suffix signifying 
 
 ' great.' 
 Kalan (Pers.), great, e.g. Mir Kalan, ' big mountain,' 
 Pamir-i-Kalan, ' Great Pamir.' 
 nKalango (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest, 
 thicket. 
 Kale (Turk.), castle, e.g. Yeni Kale, ' new castle.' See 
 
 Kala, really the same word. 
 Kaledets (Buss.), a well. 
 Kali (Malay), a river, 
 ma Kali (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), bitter. 
 See under Makali. 
 Kalkofen (Ger.), a limekiln (K.O.) 
 Kallar, Kalri (Punjab), land impregnated with salt. 
 Kallar Shor (Shahpur, Punjab), the efflorescence which 
 appears on the surface under the influence of 
 
 of the 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
182 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 evaporation and capillary attraction whenever 
 there is much salt in the soil. 
 Kalle (Fula), house, cottage. 
 Kallu (Tamul), a rock, cliff. 
 Kalmelo (Songhai), a gorge. 
 inKalo (Zulu, Kafir), a neck or opening in a mountain 
 
 range. 
 Kalri (Punjab). See Kallar. 
 Kalt (Ger.), cold, e.g. Kaltbad. See Bad. 
 Kalv (Da., Nor.), a detached islet, a small rock or islet 
 
 alongside a larger one. Cf. The Calf of Man. 
 Kalwa (Deccan), river, watercourse. 
 Kam (Annam), a village. 
 Kam (Dch.), a ridge (of hills). 
 Kam, Kham (Tibet), region, e.g. Tang Kham in Eastern 
 
 Tibet. 
 eKam (Congo, dialect of Bantu), water.- 
 Kamalig (Tagala, Philippines), a storehouse. 
 Kamana (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mana. 
 Kamane (Bagirmi, Chad L. region), a shallow water- 
 course. 
 nKambalalu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a pass between 
 
 hills. 
 Kame (U".$.^.),asmall hill of gravel or sand made by a 
 
 glacier. 
 Kamechi (Ketosh, Uganda). See Mechi. 
 Kamen (Buss.), stone, rock, e.g. Kamenitsi point, island, 
 
 and bay. See next entry. 
 Kamen (S. Slavonic), a stone, boundary (Km.) See 
 
 above. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 183 
 
 Kami (Japan), upper, lit. chief, e.g. Kami-tsu-Ke = upper 
 
 Ke. 
 Kamish, Kamush (Cent. Asia), reeds. 
 Kamm (Ger.), a crest, ridge. 
 Kamoro (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a place, site. 
 Kamp (Dch.), a camp, e.g. Maleskamp. 
 Kampong (Malay), an enclosure ; collection of houses, 
 
 village, e.g. Kampong Rantau. See Rantau. 
 Kamush (Cent. Asia). See Kamish. 
 Kan (India), a quarry, mine. 
 Kana, pi. Kanat (Arab.), channel, aqueduct. 
 Kanaal (Dch.), a canal. 
 Kanal (Ger., Buss.), a channel. 
 Kanal (Da., Nor., Sw.), a canal. 
 Kanali (Fin.), a channel. 
 Kanan (Arab.), ridge or spur. 
 Kanan (Sansc), forest, desert. 
 Kanat (Pers. from Arab.), underground conduits. See 
 
 Kana. 
 Kand (Pers.) See Kend. 
 Kanda (Bambara, Sudan), a country, district. 
 eKanda (Congo, dialect of Bantu), clan, family. 
 Kanda-hela (Singalese), mountain, hill. 
 Kandaki (Hausa), a house. 
 Kane (Japan), metal ; makes Gane in compounds, as 
 
 Aki Gane, red metal, copper. 
 Kang (China), a mountain ridge ; village. Cf. Keng. 
 Kang (Shahpur, Punjab), a sudden high flood of a 
 
 river. 
 Kang (Tibet), a house. 
 
184 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 eKanga (Congo, dialect of Bantu), wilderness, barren soil. 
 Kangka (Malay Pen.), Chinese village. 
 Kango, pi. Akango (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a 
 
 chief. See Ngo. 
 Kang-sar (Tibet), new house, village. 
 Kani, Keni (Kurdish), a spring. 
 maKani (Swahili), a village, dwelling. For other forms 
 
 see Makao. 
 Ka ni kwi ni ka (Hudson Bay region), long island. 
 Kanisa (Pers,, Swahili), a church. 
 Kanka (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Nka. 
 Kanona (Kabadi, New Guinea), earth. 
 Kant (Dch.), side, edge, brink. 
 Kantara, pi. Knater (Arab.), a bridge. 
 Kao (China), high, lofty. 
 Kao (Siam), hill. 
 ma Kao (Sivahili), a village. For other forms see Makao. 
 Kapa (E. Turk.), cottage, hut. 
 Kapal (Malay), a ship. Kapal-api, 'fire-ship,' i.e. 
 
 steamer ; kapal-layer, ' sailing-ship ' (layer = sail), 
 
 kapal-prang, 'battleship' (prang = battle, war). 
 
 See Api. 
 
 Ka pe (Indian, California), a river. 
 
 Kapel (Dch.), ) „ 
 
 v r chapel. 
 Kapelliya (Buss.),] 
 
 Kapelle (Ger.), chapel (Kpl.) 
 
 Kapu (Turk.), gate, pass. 
 
 Kar (Beja, Nubia), a well, e.g. Tokar, ' The Well,' to 
 
 being the fern, article ; also ravine, valley. 
 
 Kar (E. Turk.), snow, e.g. Chum-kar-kashka glacier. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 185 
 
 Kar {Tibet), strong castle, citadel. 
 
 Kara (Turk., Cent. Asia), black, e.g. Kara-hissar, Kara- 
 deniz. See Deniz, Hissar. 
 
 Kara (Hausa), reeds. 
 
 Kara (Galla), a road. 
 
 Kara (Madagascar), a modified form of harana, rock, 
 used in composition, thus ankara = the place where 
 the rock is, e.g. Ankaramalaza, ' at the famous rock,' 
 Ankaranandriana, ' at the nobleman's rock.' Cf. 
 Bato. See An, Andriana. 
 
 Karaga (Bornu), a wilderness, forest, e.g. Suk el karaga, 
 ' the market in the wilderness,' an Arab hybrid 
 name for Doka; Karaga tselim, 'dark forest,' 
 1 dense forest.' See Dirride, Suk, Tselim. 
 
 Karahi, Karhat (Punjab), cultivated land embanked to 
 catch the drainage off higher ground. 
 
 Karaja (Turk.), black, e.g. Karaja dagh. Cf. Kara. See 
 Dagh. 
 
 Karan (Ataiyal, Formosa), a village. 
 
 Karang (Malay), coral reef; any reef or shoal. 
 
 Karara (Hind.) See Arara. 
 
 Karaul (Turk.), guard-post; watch-house. 
 
 Karazana (Madagascar), race, tribe. 
 
 Kare (Upper Nile), a river. 
 
 Kare (Mossi, French Sudan), forest, wood, bush. 
 
 Karez (Pers., Afghanistan), a subterranean canal. Cf. 
 Kana, Kanat. 
 
 Karhat (Punjab). See Karahi. 
 
 Kari (Fin.), rock, islet. 
 
 Kari (Hind.), a river. 
 
186 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Karia (Somali), a village. See below. 
 
 Karia (Arab.), a built village as opposed to a tent 
 
 village (Duar). Cf. Beled. 
 Kariba (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). Cf. Kariva. See 
 
 Riba. 
 Karifi, Karfi (Hausa), iron, e.g. Koto-n-karfi, ' iron district,' 
 
 n being the sign of the possessive. See Koto. 
 Karikara (Motumotu, New Guinea), a village. 
 Karin (Somali), a pass, e.g. Karin daga, 'rocky pass.' 
 
 See Daga. 
 Kariva (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Riva; cf. 
 
 Riba. 
 Karkarpa (Tibet), rain. 
 Kara (Arab.), a peaked hill. 
 Karnak (Chad L. region), a capital town, e.g. Karnak 
 
 Logon. 
 Kar-po (Tibet), white, e.g. Lo kar-po in South-eastern 
 
 Tibet. Cf. Nag-po. 
 Karra (Galla), road, path. 
 Karra (Songhai), a gorge. 
 Karri (Araucanian, Patagonia), green, e.g. Karrileufu, 
 
 1 green river.' 
 Karroo (Cape Dch.), from a Hottentot word meaning 
 
 ' dry place ' ; now a geographical term indicating 
 
 certain districts ; frequently spelled Karoo. 
 Karta (Fin.), cape, point. 
 Kara (Hind.), a point. 
 Karuba (Kabile), a quarter in a village. 
 Kasa (Fin.), a beacon. 
 Kasa, ill. Kasashi (Hausa), earth, land. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 187 
 
 Kasab (Arab.), town, large village. 
 Ka sa ghie (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), sand. 
 Kasba (Arab.), town, small city ; pi. Ksabi. 
 „ (Arab., Algeria), a citadel. 
 „ (Punjab), a small town. 
 Kash (E. Turk.), bank, shore, border. 
 Ka sho (Indian, California), a lake. 
 Kashun (Mongol), brackish, e.g. Kashun Nor, 'brackish 
 
 lake.' See Nor. 
 Ka sit cha (Indian, U.S.A.), a bog, marsh. 
 Kasr (Arab.), a castle, a palace, e.g. Kasr el amad, 'the 
 
 castle of pillars.' Cf. Kala. 
 Kassaba (Turk.), town, ranking between city and 
 
 village, i.e. between Sheher (Shehr) and Kioi. 
 Kassar (Arab.), a rock either above or below water. 
 Kasteel (Dch.), a castle, ffrom Lat. castellum, for cas- 
 Kastelli (Neo- Greek), a-j terulum=a small fort, from 
 
 castle. (.castrum. 
 
 Kastro, Kastron (Neo-Greek), castle, fortress, e.g. Neo- 
 
 kastro, ' new castle.' 
 Kasuku (Chad L. region), a market, e.g. Uje kasukula. 
 Kasulo (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sulo. 
 Kata (China), places where there were boundaries. 
 Kata (Japan), a lake near the coast. 
 Katah, Katat (Arab.), a patch of rocks. 
 Katai (Beni Amer, Suakin), a pass. 
 Katama (Abyssinia), town, village. 
 Kataruka (Hausa). See Kadaruka. 
 Kather (Mongol), land, territory, place. 
 Katilish (E. Turk.), confluence. 
 
188 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kato (Greek), lower, e.g. Kato Rotamia in Elis. 
 
 Katome (Indian, California), sea. 
 
 Katsa (Indian, California), grass. 
 
 Katsi (Nigeria), farming, e.g. Bafum Katse = the district 
 
 of Bafum where farming is chiefly carried on. 
 Katta (Cent. Asia), large, e.g. Katta Kurghan. See 
 
 Kurghan. 
 Kattik (E. Turk.), hard, firm (ground). 
 Kan (China), mouth of a river. 
 Kaudi (Bornu), a yard set apart for weaving cotton. 
 Kau iho (Hawaii), a place. 
 Kauit (Tagala and Bisayan, Philippines), a creek, 
 
 bend, or hook ; frequently used to name a point. 
 Kau le (Min-Kia, Yunnan), stream. Cf. Kurh, Churh. 
 isiKaulo (Kafir), a boundary. 
 
 Kaum, Kom (Punjab), a people, race, tribe, family, or 
 
 kinsfolk. 
 Kauponki (Fin.), a town. 
 
 Kauritupe (Motumotu, New Guinea), east. Cf. Seipi. 
 Kaus (Arab.), the winter south-east winds of the Persian 
 
 Gulf. Cf. Sharki. 
 Kavara (Kabadi, New Guinea), sea. 
 Kavarapakana (Kabadi, New Guinea), the deep sea. 
 Kavir (Pers. from Arab. Kebir, q.v.), great, e.g. Dasht-i- 
 
 Kavir, the * Great (Salt) Desert.' 
 Kavo (Neo-Greek), cape, promontory ; loan word from 
 
 Ital. Capo. 
 Kavuru (Motumotu, New Guinea), grass. 
 Kaw (Malay), an island. 
 Kawa (Tibet), snow. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 189 
 
 Kawa (Japan), stream, river, e.g. Shira-Kawa. Cf. Ko 
 
 gawa. See Ko. 
 Kawala (Malay), mouth of a river. 
 Kaya, maKaya, inKaya, aKaya, Kaija, Tuaija (Cent. 
 
 Africa, Bantu dialects), a town. 
 Kaya (Hausa), thorn, thorn bush. 
 Kaya (Nika), a village fortified with jungle. 
 Kaya (Turk.), bluff, cliff; rocky (Kayalik). 
 Kaza (Turk.), a sub-district forming part of a Sanjak, 
 
 and itself sometimes -composed of several Nahies. 
 eKaza (Fan, French Congo), market. 
 Kazarma (Buss.), barracks ; is the Fr. caserne, from Ital. 
 
 caserna. 
 Kaze (Japan), wind. 
 
 Kazerne (Dch.), barracks. See Kazarma. 
 maKazi (Swahili), a village; for other forms see Makao. 
 Kazo (Madagascar), a modified form of hazo, used in 
 
 composition, a tree, thus ankazo = the place where 
 
 the tree is, at the tree, e.g. Ankazobe, ' at the many 
 
 trees,' ' the place where the forest is.' See An, Be. 
 Kbab (Arab., N. Africa). See Kubba. 
 Kber, pi. Kobnr (Arab.), a tomb. 
 Ke (Tibet), neck, gorge. 
 -Ke, -Nke (West Africa, Upper Niger B. region), people, 
 
 e.g. Mandinke, ' the people of Mande ' ; Malinke, the 
 people whose fetish or idol is Mali, the hippopotamus. 1 
 Kea (Marquesas), stone. 
 Keao (Hainan), a bridge. 
 Keanga (Mekeo, New Guinea), a path. Cf. Inengea. 
 
 1 For another derivation see under Aswanek, 
 
190 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kear {Breton), house, village, town (K.) Cf. Ker. 
 
 Keber, Geber (Arab., N. Africa), a tomb. 
 
 Kebir (Arab.), great, e.g. Tel el Kebir, Guadalquivir 
 
 (Wad el Kebir). See Tel, Guad, Wad. 
 Kechil (Malay), little, e.g. the river Spatang Kechil, ' little 
 
 Spatang,' a tributary of Spatang K. 
 Ked (Armenian), a river. 
 Keda (Kiriwina, New Guinea), a path, Kadaveako, ' wide 
 
 path,' Kadakikita, * narrow path.' See under Valu, 
 
 for similar use of veako, kikita. 
 Kedar (Sansc.), a field ; mountain. 
 
 [ (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a river, 
 o Kedi j 
 
 Kediat (Senegambia), a mountain. 
 
 Kees (Ger.), a glacier. 
 
 Kef, pi. Kifane (Arab., N. Africa), peak, rock ; a rocky 
 
 steep escarpment. 
 Keffi (Sahara), a stockade, which is placed round many 
 
 villages. 
 Kefr (Arab.), a village. Another form of Kafr (q.v.) 
 Kei (Dch.), stone, flint. 
 Kei (Formosa), a river. 
 Keiweg (Dch.), a pebbled road. 
 Kekur (Alaska andE. Siberia), a pinnacle rock, any high 
 
 isolated rock or island. The word is supposed to 
 
 be of Kamchatkan origin. 
 Kei (Berber, Sahara), people, inhabitants; people settled 
 
 in a place, as opposed to nomadic tribes ; e.g. Kei 
 
 Tidik, ' the people of Tidik,' Kel-owi, &c. Cf. Ba, 
 
 -Bu, Im, Wa, Ahel. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 191 
 
 Kelang (Malay), a mill. 
 
 Keleipua (Meheo, New Guinea), an island. 
 
 Kelet (Hung.), the east. 
 
 Keli (Madagascar), little, applied frequently to place- 
 names, e.g. Fampolrakeli on E. coast. See Sana. 
 
 Kell (England), a place where water flows forth. 
 
 Kella (S.W. Abyssinia), a guarded gate in fortifica- 
 tions. 
 
 Keluba (Sahara). See Kuleba. 
 
 Kem (Mongol), a river. 
 
 Kemtsa (Polish), lowland ; a small island. 
 
 Ken (Japan), a governmental district, prefecture. 
 
 Ken (Gaelic). See Cenn. 
 
 Kend, Kent (Pers.), a village, e.g. Tashkend, Besh-Kent. 
 See Tash, Besh. Found also as Kand. 
 
 Kendik (E. Turk.), a hillock. 
 
 Keng (Burma), a city. 
 
 Keng (China), ditch, stream. * 
 
 Keng (Siam), a rapid over rocks. 
 
 Keni (Kurdish). See Kani. 
 
 Kenia, Kenya (a corruption of a Masai word), mist, 
 applied to the mountain, from the mist in which 
 it is frequently enveloped. 
 
 Kenie, Kenye (Bambara), sand, e.g. Kenieba, ' the river 
 with the sandy bottom,' Keniekho, meaning the 
 same. See Ba. Kho. 
 
 Kenise (Arab.), a church, from Hebrew Keneseth, 
 synagogue. 
 
 Kenkenu (Benue B. region), a shallow hollow or 
 depression, where water is obtainable. 
 
192 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kent. See Kend. Kent is Buss, in which Pers. d shifts 
 
 to t. Cf. Tash-Kent. 
 Kenye (Bambara). See Kenie. 
 Keo (Hainan), a bridge. 
 
 Kepaana (Kabadi, New Guinea), beach, shore. 
 Ker (Breton), a fortress (K.) Cf. Kear, Caer. 
 Ker (Senegal), a village. 
 Kerabeb. See Kerbnb. 
 Kerbnb, pi. Kerabeb (Arab., N. Africa), a place where 
 
 one finds spherical water-worn stones of all sizes. 
 Kerekere (S. Cape, New Guinea), beach, shore. 
 Kereksur (Mongol), a barrow mound. 
 Kererut (Nandi, Uganda), a valley. 
 Kerim (Mongol), village. Cf. Khoto, Knre. 
 Keringet (Nandi, Uganda), a wall. 
 Kerk (Dch.), a church, e.g. Kerkhof, Giekerk. Cf. Kirk. 
 Ker nor (Harem, Indo-China), a house. 
 Kerspel (Dch.), parish, diocese. 
 Kessel (Ger.), a basin ; lit. kettle ; for use as a minor 
 
 form of sab-oceanic relief see Caldron. 
 Kessnr (Sahara), a desert village. See Ksar, Ksur. 
 Keten (Dch.), a chain, range (of mountains). 
 Ketit (Nandi, Uganda), a tree. 
 nKeto (Swahili), depth (of a stream or lake). 
 Ketsil (Malay Ben.) See Kechil, of which Ketsil is a 
 
 variant. 
 Kette (Ger.), a chain (of mountains). 
 Kettingbrug (Dch.), a suspension bridge. 
 Kettle Hole (U.S.A.), a long-sided depression in sand 
 
 or gravel ; a hole in the bed of a stream. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 193 
 
 Keugh (Armenian), a village. 
 
 Keur (Senegal). See Ker. 
 
 Keurfaz (Turk.), a gulf. Cf. Kiurfez. 
 
 Kevuni (Tamul), a fortified place. 
 
 Key (U.S.A., W. Indies). See Cay. 
 
 K'ha (Indian, California), water. Cf. Ha, Aha. 
 
 Kha (Chin Hills), a river, e.g. Mali Kha, the Myitgyi 
 
 of the Burmese. Cf. Khe. See Mali, Myit, Gyi. 
 Khabarat (Pers.), a tavern ; whence Fr. Cabaret. 
 Khadar (Hind.), low lands fit for rice-growing. 
 Khadara (Arab., N. Africa). See Akhdar. 
 Khal (Bengali), a creek. 
 Khalanga (Sansc), a park. 
 Khalga (Mongol), a gate, hence Kalgan. 
 Khalij (Arab., N. Africa), a confined, contracted ravine. 
 Khallett (Arab.), ravine or dell. 
 Kham (Laos), gold, e.g. Ban Vang Kham. See Ban. 
 Kham (Tibet). See Kam. 
 Khamal (Cent. Asia), wind. 
 Khampa (Tibet), a corruption of Kyampo, nomad, applied 
 
 by civilised Tibetans to the wilder races that exist 
 
 along the northern part of the tableland abreast 
 
 of Nan and Utsang. 
 Khamsin (Arab.), a hot southerly wind in Egypt which 
 
 lasts from April to June. The term means fifty, 
 
 in reference to the fifty days that this wind generally 
 
 prevails. 
 Khan (Arab., Perso-TurJc.), inn, tavern. See Khani. 
 Khan (Sansc), a mine. 
 Khan (Tangut), snow. 
 
 o 
 
194 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Khana {Turk.), a house. 
 
 Khand (India), country, e.g. Baghelkhand=the country 
 
 of the Baghelas. 
 Khandak (Arab.), trench, ditch. 
 Khandal (Deccari), an open plain. 
 Khane (Pers.), a house, e.g. Gau-Khane, ' the abode of 
 
 cows,' a name given to a tract of jungle on the 
 
 Zenda-Rud. 
 Khanga, Khanget, pi. Kheneg (Arab.), a gorge. 
 Khangah (Punjab), the tomb of a holy man or saint 
 
 (Fakir or Pir). 
 Khani (Neo-Greek), inn, hotel ; from Perso-Turk. Khan, 
 
 Khana. 
 Khao (Siam), a mountain, hill. 
 Khar (Tibet), a fort, e.g. Dingri Khar. 
 Khara (Mongol), black, e.g. Khara-TIsu, 'black water.' 
 
 See Chagan, TJsu. 
 Kharanja (Hind.), a pavement. 
 Khare (Soni?ike), marsh, bog ; lake. 
 Kharfu (Wolof), west. See Ngelendu. 
 Khargosh (Gent. Asia), a hare, e.g. Khargosh Pamir, ' hare 
 
 Pamir.' 
 Khari (E. Africa), a creek. 
 Kharif (Sudan), the rainy season. See Kheril 
 Khatal (Hind.), springtide. 
 Khaur (Arab.) See Khor. 
 
 Khe (Annam), river, stream ; torrent. Cf. Kha. 
 Khele (Hassania), a desert. 
 
 Khelwa (Arab., N. Africa), hermitage, a place of 
 • retreat ; cavern, 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 195 
 
 Kheneg (Arab.) See Khanga. 
 
 Khera (Hind.), a village ; the land immediately adjacent 
 
 to a village. 
 Kherif (Sudan), rainy season, generally from June to 
 
 September. 
 Kheshem (Arab.), point, lit. nose; rocky promontory. 
 Khet (Cambodia), province, district. 
 Khet (S arise. ,), a field ; a field of battle ; a holy place. 
 Khets (Shignan and Boshnan), a river. 
 Khevi (Caucasus), a dell. 
 Khi (China), streamlet, small river. 
 Khiao (China), a bridge, frequently written Kiao. 
 Khittat (Arab.), country, region. 
 Khlon (Siam), mud. 
 Khlong (Siam), canal, creek. 
 Khnak (Marocco), a pass. 
 Kho (Cambodia), an island. 
 Kho (Kwenam), a village. 
 Kho (Senegal), a stream ; variant Ko. 
 Kho (Nhan, Lao-kai), great, large. 
 Khoar (Tangut), a town. 
 Khobe (Soninke), a fort. 
 Khoh (Hind.), a cavern, abyss. 
 Khoi (Hottentot), men, e.g. Khoikhoin, ' men of men,' i.e. 
 
 the Hottentots. As a suffix it takes the form of 
 
 Kwa, e.g. Nama-Kwa (Namaqua) = the Nama people. 
 Khol (Serer), a field, garden. 
 Kholan (Serer), a plain. 
 Kholle, Khole, dim, Kule (Mande), a stream, branch of a 
 
 river. 
 
 o 2 
 
196 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Khollelleme (Soninke), a stream, branch of a river. 
 
 Kholm (Buss.), a hill. 
 
 Khop (Hind.), a cave, fissure. 
 
 Khor, Khaur, pi. Kheran (Arab.), a creek or narrow inlet 
 
 of the sea ; a strait ; also a deep channel between 
 
 shoals. 
 „ (E. Africa), a tidal salt-water inlet. 
 „ (Egyptian Sudan), a stream bed, e.g. Khor er 
 
 Ramie, ' Sandy Khor.' See Ramla. 
 Khora (Neo-Greek), a small town. Cf. Khorio. 
 Kho Ral (Welaung), a valley. 
 Khorbet, pi. Khrub (Arab.), a river. Cf. Khor. 
 Khord (Hassania), a plain. 
 Khori (Hind.), a narrow way, an alley. 
 Khorio (Neo-Greek), a village, small town; from Old 
 
 Greek ^copos, ^copiov. Cf. Khora. 
 Khos (Pers.) See Khus. 
 Khoshun, Koshung, Hoshun (Mongol), flag or tribe, being 
 
 a subdivision of an Aimak or principality. Cf. the 
 
 Tonkin g division into flags or tribes. Since the 
 
 seventeenth century all the Mongols subject to 
 
 China are constituted in 41 Aimaks and 226 
 
 Khoshuns. 
 Khot (Sudan), a district or subdivision of a Dar (q.v.) 
 Khotat (Welaung), a village. 
 Kho tien (Kwenam), a valley. 
 -Khoto (Mande), old or put on one side, applied to a 
 
 settlement or village which has been deserted. 
 Khoto (Mongol), town, village. Cf. Kerim, Kure. 
 Khotum Bulak (Mognol), hot spring. See Bulak. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 197 
 
 Khou {China) , mouth of a river or of a pass, often used 
 to designate a place situated at the mouth of a 
 river or pass, and frequently written Kow, Kan 
 (q.v.) See Kou. 
 
 Khrub (Arab.) See Khorbet. 
 
 Khrur 1 
 
 (Arab.), gulf, embouchure. 
 Knur J 
 
 Khurab (Arab.), ruins, pi. of Khurbe. 
 
 Khure (Mongol), an encampment, e.g. Ikhe Khure, 
 
 ' great encampment.' 
 Khus, Khos (Pers.), sweet, e.g. the well Khusab, ' sweet 
 
 water ' ; pronounced, in Sarhaddi, Khwash. See Ab. 
 Khusukei (Wolof), a ford. 
 Khutor (Buss.), a farm. 
 Khuwar. See Khor. 
 Khwa (Mande), white, e.g. Bakhwa (on French maps 
 
 Bakhoy), 'white river.' See Ba. Cf. Fing, Ule. 
 Khwash. See Khus. 
 Ki- (Congo, Nik a), a diminutive prefix, e.g. the station 
 
 in the Congo Free-State Kilonga ; longa = a small 
 
 plate. 
 -Ki (China), dam, dike ; market. 
 Ki (Japan), tree, forest. 
 Ki- (E. Central Africa, Bantu), a prefix signifying 
 
 kind of, sort of ; language, e.g. Ki-Swahili, the 
 
 language of the Wa-Swahili (' coast people '). 
 -Ki (Songhai), a suffix meaning language. Cf. Nchi, Chi. 
 Kia (China), hamlet, house. 
 Kiai (China), frontier, boundary. 
 Kiaiek (Uganda). See Aiek. 
 
198 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kia-kio {Hainan), a bridge. Cf. Kiao. 
 
 Kia-lan {Hainan), a market. 
 
 Kiamba {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Amba. 
 
 Kiamvu {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Amvu. 
 
 Kiana {Congo, dialect of Bantu). „ See Ana. 
 
 Kiang {Shan States), a city; the equivalent of the 
 
 Burmese Keng and the Siamese Chieng. 
 Kiang {China), a great river. Cf. Ho, Chiang (note). 
 Kiang {E. Turk.), large, broad. 
 Kiani, Chani, Viani {Cent. Africa, Bantu dialects). See 
 
 Ani. 
 Kiao {China, Hainan), a bridge. Cf. Kia-Kio, Khiao. 
 Kiasi. See Yasi. 
 Kibali (Mangbattu), river, stream. 
 Kibitka {Cent. Asia), a tent. 
 Kibogo {Upper Nile), a mountain. 
 Kibri {Arab., Upper Nile), forest, wood. 
 Kibula {Swahili), north. See Snheli, Kusini for other 
 
 points. 
 Kichik {E. Turk.), small ; a ford. 
 Kicsi (Hung.), little. 
 Kidhidha {Giryama). See Dhidha. 
 Kidila {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dila. 
 Kidonda (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Donda. 
 Kidzuho {Giryama), brook. See Dzuho. 
 Kie {China), street, road. 
 Kieji {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Eji. 
 Kies {Ger.) gravel, e.g. Kiesenbach in Saxe- Weimar. 
 Kieutigne {Tibet), a religious monument, superior to 
 
 the Dobang {q.v.) 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 199 
 
 Kiezel (Dch.), gravel. Cf. Kies. 
 
 Kifar (Arab.), an extensive desert. 
 
 Kifumvu (Taita, Bantu). See Fumvu. 
 
 Kighteik. (Alaska). See Kikhtak. 
 
 Kigogo (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 
 Gogo. 
 Kigongo (Gogo, Bantu). See Gongo. Cf. Lima, Eima. 
 Kiham (Borneo), a rapid m a river. 
 Kihittuun (Indian, U.S.A.), sea. 
 Kiima (Kamba, Bantu). See Ima. 
 Kijiji,^. Vijiji (Swahili). SeeJiji. 
 Kijito, pi. Vijito (Swahili). See Jito. 
 Kik (Indian, California), water. 
 Kikhtak, Kightak (Inuit, Alaska), an island. This has 
 
 been corrupted into Kad-Jak, Kodiak, Kudiak. 
 Kiko (Giryama). See Ko. 
 
 Kiknlue (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kulue. 
 Kil (Celtic), a cell, shrine, church, burying-place, e.g. 
 
 Kilkenny, Columbkille ; is the hat. cella. 
 Kil (Dch.), a channel. 
 Kil (Sw.), Kile (Nor., Da.), a creek, a cove. 
 
 Kila ) 
 
 1- (Arab., Pers.), castle, fortress. Cf. Kala. 
 
 Kilela, Kirira, Kidila (Cent. Africa, Bantu dialects), an 
 island. Cf. Ziwa. See Lela, Rira, Dila. 
 
 Kilele (Swahili). See Lela. 
 
 Kilian (Malay), a mine, e.g. Kilian Bharu, Kilian TJlu 
 Temelong, 'the mine at Temelong source.' See 
 Uln. 
 
 Kilima (Swahili). See Lima; cf. Rima. 
 
200 GLOSSAEY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kilisa, Kilisse {Levant, Nubia), a church, from i/acXwaia 
 (ecclesia), affording an argument in favour of the 
 former existence of Christianity in the Mohamma- 
 dan places where it is found in use. 
 
 Kill (U.S.A.), a creek. 
 
 Kille (Songhai), race, tribe. 
 
 Kille (Soninke), a road, path, track. 
 
 Kilwa (Cent. Africa), a lake. 
 
 Kima (E. Turk.), ferry boat. 
 
 Kimpambwila (Congo, dialect of Bantu), division, branch- 
 ing of a river ; confluent. See Mpambwila. 
 
 Kin (Celtic), head, upper part, e.g. Kinsale, Kinloch. Cf 
 Ben, Pen, Ken. Sale = brine, i.e. tide. 
 
 Kin (China), gold, e.g. Kin Cha Kiang, 'the river with 
 golden sand' (Yangtse). See Cha, Kiang. 
 
 Kin (Tangut), snow. 
 
 Kinara (Pers.), beach, shore. 
 
 Kinasat (Arab.), shoa], sandbank. Cf. Najwah. 
 
 King (China), capital city, e.g. Peking, Nanking. See Pe, 
 Nan. Cf. Chau, Hien, Fu. 
 
 Kinga (Sara, Chad L.), a palisade. 
 
 King-chi-chan (China), a peninsula. 
 uKingo (Sioahili), the edge (of a precipice). 
 
 Kiniafungo (Nika). See Niafungu. 
 
 Kinjingela (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Jingela. 
 
 Kinkhenna (Soninke), west. Cf. Sindom. 
 
 Kintombo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ntombo. 
 
 Kio (China), cape, point. 
 
 Kio (Hainan), a bridge. Cf. Kiao. 
 
 Kio, Kyo (Japan), a town, capital, e.g. Tokio. See To. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 201 
 
 akaKio (Uganda, dialect of Bantu), cross-ways. 
 Kioi (Turk.), village, hamlet. 
 Kir (E. Turk., Kirghiz), a place where two plains meet ; 
 
 a hill, peak. 
 Kir (Shilluk), a river. 
 
 Kirche (Ger.), a church, e.g. Kirchdorf, 'church village.' 
 Kirchhof (Ger.), a churchyard (Khf.) See Hof. 
 Kirh (Indian, California), earth, land. 
 Kirima (Nika). SeeRima,; cf Kilima, Gongo. 
 Kirira (dialect of Bantu). See Rira. 
 Kir i vi ra (Indian, California), town, village. 
 Kirk (Northumbrian and Lowland Scotch), church, e.g. 
 
 Kirkcudbright. Cf. Kirke, Kirche. 
 Kirk (E. Turkestan), forty, e.g. Kirk-gas, Kirk-saj. 
 Kirke (Da., Nor.), a church (K e ). Cf. Kirche, Kerk, Kirk. 
 Kirkko (Fin.), a church. Cf Kirche, Kerk, Kirk. 
 Kirmzi (Turk.), red. Cf Kizil. 
 Kirumba, Chirumba, Chigunda (Cent. Africa, dialects of 
 
 Bantu). See Rumba, Gunda. 
 Kirwa, Chirwa, Chilwa (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), 
 
 an island. 
 Kis (Hung.), little, e.g. Kis-Barath, Kis-Ber. 
 Kishlak (Cent. Asia), a winter village ; winter pasture. 
 Kisia, Kizia (Nika). See Sia, Zia. 
 Kisima (Swahili). See Sima. 
 Kisiwa, pi. Visiwa (Swahili). See Siwa. 
 iKisu (Cent. Africa, Bantu), a country. 
 Kita (A-Zande), winter. 
 Kita (=Hoku) (Japan), north. For other points see 
 
 Hoku. 
 
202 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kitalu, pi. Vitalu (Swahili). See Talu. 
 
 Kit chawan {Indian, U.S.A.), a large flowing stream. 
 
 Kiti (Masai, East Africa), little, e.g. Ngari Kiti. 
 
 Kitir (T a gala, Philippines), a street. 
 
 Kitsulu (Giryama). See Tsulu. 
 
 Kittuun {Indian, U.S.A.), a river. 
 
 Kituntu (German E. Africa). See Tuntu. 
 
 Kiurfez (Turk), a bay. Cf. Keurfaz. 
 
 Kivosho (Giryama). See Vosho. 
 
 Kivuko, pi. Vivuko (Swahili). See Vuko. 
 
 Kizil (Turk.), red, e.g. Kizil Kum, ■ red sand,' the plain 
 
 E. of Aral Sea. 
 Kjed (Armenian), a river. 
 Kladbishche (Buss.), a cemetery. 
 Kladovaya (Buss.), a storehouse, magazine. 
 Kla kan. (Indian, California), grass. 
 Klana (Malay), a title implying jurisdiction on the 
 
 mainland. 
 Klei (Dch.), clay, marl. 
 Klein (Dch., Ger.), small (KL), applied to numerous 
 
 place-names. 
 Klemme (Ger.), a narrow pass. 
 Kletter (Icel.), rock. 
 
 Klich u (Indian, California), earth, land. 
 Klinse (Ger.), cleft, gap. 
 Klip (Dch.), cliff, rock, reef. 
 Klippe (Ger.), bluff, cliff. 
 
 Klippoia (Fin.), rocks ; a loan word from Sw . klippa. 
 Klong, Klawng (Malay, Siam), stream, torrent ; creek ; 
 
 canal. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 203 
 
 Klong (Thai), a tidal stream. 
 
 Kloof (Gape Dch.), a ravine, valley, gap. Cf Kluft. 
 
 Klooster (Dch.), convent, monastery, e.g. Gerkesklooster. 
 
 Cf. cloister. 
 Kluft (Dch.), a crevice ; parish, ward ; e.g. Kalekluft, 
 
 Ruigekluft. 
 Kluft (Ger.), a ravine. 
 Klupu (Fin.), rock, shoal. 
 Knater (Arab.) See Kantara. 
 Knock (Gaelic), a hill, e.g. Knockduff. See Nock, 
 Knoll, Knol, Knowl (Anglo-Saxon cnol), the top of a hill, 
 
 hillock, a small elevation, used both by itself and 
 
 in compounds, e.g. Anchorsknoll, Dryknowl. 
 Knott (England), a small round hill, e.g. Ling Knott. 
 Knowl. See Knoll. 
 
 Knude (Da., Nor.), a bluff, steep bank. 
 Ko (China), a belvedere. 
 Ko (China), a cape, point. Cf. Kio. 
 chiKo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), ferry, ford. See 
 
 riKo. 
 diKo (Swahili), a landing-place. See liKo. 
 kiKo (Giryama), a market for ivory and cattle. 
 liKo (Swahili), a landing-place. See diKo. 
 riKo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), ferry, ford. See 
 
 chiKo. 
 Ko (Dahome), marsh, mud, e.g. the wooded depression 
 
 north of Allada ; Ko river =' mud river.' Cf 
 
 Modder R. See Lama. 
 Ko- (Japan), a prefix signifying ' little,' ' small.' See Ko 
 
 Gawa, the dim. of Kawa. . 
 
204 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ko=Kosui (Japan), a freshwater lake. 
 
 Ko (Khas Chos, Indo-China) , a mountain peak. 
 
 Ko (Senegal). See Kho. 
 
 Kob (Serer), desert ; forest. 
 isiKoba (Kafir), a forest of yellow- WQod trees. 
 
 Kobsun (Mongol), reeds. 
 
 Kobulo (Malinke), a stream. 
 
 Koda, Kodda (Mittu), a river, stream. 
 
 Kodiak (Alaska). See Kikhtak. 
 
 Kodolo (Congo), a town, village. 
 
 Kodra (Albania), a hill. 
 
 Koel (Korea), a magisterial town. See Eup. 
 
 Koe-si (Hainan), a market. 
 
 Ko-gawa (Japan), stream. Lit. * small river.' Cf. Kawa. 
 
 Kogel (Ger.), hill-top, hill, kopje. 
 
 aKogha (Fan, French Congo), tall grass ; for pi. see 
 Akogha. 
 
 Kogi, pi. Koguna (Hausa), brook; also lake, river. 
 
 Kogo, pi. Koguna (Hausa), a cave. Cf. Kami. 
 
 Koh (Persia), mountain, e.g. Koh-i-stan. Cf. Kuh. 
 See Stan. Cf. Kohinoor= mountain of light. 
 
 Koh (China), rocky peak, headland. 
 
 Koh (Siam, Cambodia), an island. 
 
 Koho (Indian, U.S.A.), waterfall, cascade, e.g. ' The 
 Cohoes ' on the Hudson R. It is noticeable that 
 a cascade near Spa (Liege) is called by this name, 
 though, of course, a mere coincidence. Cf. 
 Ashokan. 
 
 Koi, Keui (Turk.), a village. 
 
 Koia (Kiriwina, New Guinea), a mountain. 
 
AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TERMS 205 
 
 Koira (Songhai), a town. 
 
 Kok (Siam), open jungle, generally of small hardwood 
 
 trees. In Korea a valley. See Kol. 
 Koka (Congo), path, highway. 
 Kokai (Korea), a pass. 
 Kokany (Hung.), mountainous. 
 
 Koko (Gold Coast), hill, mountain. Cf. Pampa, Pempe. 
 Koko (Tibet), blue, e.g. Koko nor, ' blue lake,' Koko kutul, 
 
 1 blue pass.' Another form is Kuku. See Kutul, Nor. 
 nKoko (Congo, dialect of Bantu), river, stream, brook. 
 Kokochela (Lomive, L. Shirwa), sterile ground. 
 Kol (E. Turk.), valley, ravine; a hill connecting a 
 
 mountain with a plain. Valley, village in Korea. 
 Ko le (Indian, California), grass. 
 Kolea (Arab.) See Golea. 
 Kolk (Dch.), abyss, whirlpool. 
 Koll (Cent. Asia), reservoir =Kul, lake. 
 Kolo, Makolo (Cent. Africa), a chief, king. 
 luKolo (Giryama), tribe, clan. 
 Kolo (Mande) old or put on one side. See Koro. 
 Kolo (Marovo, Solomon Is.), ocean. 
 Kolo, Kolon, Kolongo (Bambara, Malinke), wells, spring, 
 
 source. 
 luKolonga (Boondei, Bantu), a river. 
 Kolpos (Greek), a gulf. 
 
 Kom (Mossi, French Sudan), water. Cf. Komadugu. 
 Kom (Punjab, Shahpur), a tribe, divided into Muhi or 
 
 clans. Cf Zat. See Kaum. 
 Kom (Tripoli), a hillock, mound, e.g. Kom en Ngus. 
 
 See El. 
 
206 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Komadugu (Kanuri, Bornu), lit. 'water-place,' a mass 
 of water, either a river or a lake. The real name 
 of the ' Komadugu,' shown on the maps as flowing 
 east to L. Chad, is Waube. ' Komadugu Waube ' 
 means simply ' river Waube ' ; similarly Komadugu 
 Ngala= river Ngala. Cf. Bugu, Kom. 
 
 Komatagui (Motu, New Guinea), tide (flowing). 
 
 Komb (Serer), a market. 
 
 Komi (Korea), a ferry. See Jin. 
 
 Kome (Greek), a village. 
 iKomkulu (Amaxosa, Kafir), a kingdom, dominion. 
 
 Komohana (Hawaii), west. For other points see Akau. 
 
 Kompe (Soninke), house, cottage. 
 
 Kompong (Cambodia), a village; the same word as 
 Kampong (q.v.) 
 
 Kon (Indo- China), a village. 
 
 Kon (Sierra Leone), head, top, summit. 
 muKondo (Nika), a track, narrow path, trail. 
 
 Kone (Motu, Neiv Guinea), beach, shore. 
 
 Kong (China), a temple, palace. 
 
 Kong (Hainan), a river. 
 
 Kong (Hainan), a road, path. 
 
 Kong (Indo-China), a mountain. 
 nKong'e) (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a river, 
 miKong'ej stream. 
 
 Kongerige (Nor., Da.), kingdom. 
 
 Kong-ka (Tibet), summit of a hill. 
 
 Kongo (Mande), country ; forest, brushwood ; mountain. 
 
 Konig (Ger.), king, e.g. Konigsberg. 
 
 Konke, Konkili (Mande), a mountain. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 207 
 
 Konko {Nigeria), a club- (house) used as a toll-bar. 
 
 Konkosu {Mande), a village, place of cultivation. 
 
 Konnyi brod {Buss), a horse ford. 
 
 Konton {Gold Coast), bay, bight, gulf. 
 
 Koogi {Hausa), stream, river, e.g. Koogi n Tagelafi. 
 
 Koonde, pi. Makoonde {Swahili), field, cultivated land. 
 
 Kop {Dch.), head, hill, e.g. Gerverskop, Tekkop. Cf. Kopf. 
 
 Kopec {Bohemian), a mountain (Kpc.) 
 
 Kopf {Ger.), head, top, peak, summit (K.), e.g. Schnee- 
 kopf, ' snow head.' Cf. Kop, Kopje. 
 
 Kbping (Sw.), trading-place, market, borough, e.g. 
 Norrkbping, Sbderkbping (Northern and Southern 
 Mart). See Chipping. 
 
 Kopje {Cape Dutch), a small mountain, hill. Cf. Kop. 
 
 Koppi, Koppe {Gold Coast), a village. 
 
 Kopru, Kiopru {Turk.), a bridge, e.g. Altin Kiopru. 
 
 Kor {Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), a tree. 
 
 Kora {Bornu), great. 
 
 Koram {Cent. Asia), stony ground ; the moraine of a 
 glacier. 
 
 Kor ami {Hausa), a dale, valley. 
 
 Koramma {Hausa), a river, stream. 
 
 Korchma {Buss.), a tavern, inn. 
 
 Kore {Pers.), a channel. 
 
 Kori {Japan), a department or subdivision of a pro- 
 vince. Cf. Kuni. 
 
 Korit {Nandi, Uganda), a village. 
 
 -Koro {Mande), suffix signifying old, put on one side, 
 e.g. Sikoro, ' old village,' Kulikoro. Cf. Kolo. 
 
 Korum, Krum {Togo), a town. See Km. 
 
208 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kosa (Buss.), a sand-spit. 
 
 Kosh (E. Turk.), two, double, e.g. Kosh-arik, Koshkul. 
 
 Kosh (E. Turk.), stage, place where a caravan camps. 
 
 Koshlash (E. Turk.), a confluence. See Kosh. 
 
 Koshung (Mongol). See Khoshun. 
 
 Ko siwo, Ko shiwo (Japan), neap tide. 
 
 Kosogo (Mossi, French Sudan), a rapid in a river. 
 
 Kosorho (Mossi, French Sudan), a valley. 
 
 Kososobe (Hausa), precipice ; valley. 
 
 Kossabulugu (Mossi, French Sudan), sea. 
 
 Kosui=Ko (Japan), a freshwater lake. 
 
 Kosun (Mongol), a desert. 
 
 Kot (India), a fort, e.g. Noakot, 'new fort.' See Kote. 
 
 Kot (Korea), promontory, e.g. Chyu-rang-kotinPhyeng-an. 
 
 Kot (Nandi, Uganda), a house. 
 
 Kota (Malay), a fort or stockade. Also found in Tagala 
 
 (Philippines) as Kotta, ' the walls of a fort.' 
 Kote (India), a fort, e.g. Sealkote. See Kot. 
 Kotel, Kotal (Pers.), a col or pass, e.g. Lundi Kotal. 
 Koti (Gold Coast), large, rank, luxuriant. 
 Kotl (Slavonic), a kettle or combe. 
 Koto (Bambara), old, e.g. Tukoto, 'old bush.' 
 Koto (Hausa), a region, district, e.g. Koto-n-karfi. See 
 
 Karifi. 
 Koto-jigonron (Yoruba), deep valley, ravine. 
 Kotok (Swahili), a spring, lit. bubbling water. 
 Koto-oke (Yoruba), a valley. 
 Kottek (Cent. Asia), dead forest. 
 Kou (China), a mountain pass, e.g. Nan-kou, 'south 
 
 pass.' See Nan, Khou, Ku. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 209 
 
 Kovna (E. Turkestan), old, e.g. Kovna-daria, Kovna- 
 
 shahr. See Daria, Shahr. 
 Kow, Kau (China), mouth (of a river), e.g. Hankow, 
 
 properly Han-kau. 
 Koyan (Turk.), bight, cove. 
 Koye (Turk.), a well. 
 Kozep (Hung.), middle (Kp.) ; e.g. Kozep Apso, on Theiss 
 
 R. Found also misspelled as Kosep. 
 Kpakpa (Yoruba), grass field ; a plain newly burnt ; 
 
 pasture land. 
 Kpo (Cambodia), high, lofty, upper. 
 Kpotokpoto (Yoruba), a bog, marsh. 
 Kra (Arab.), an open creek of water. Cf. Rejl, Bot-ho. 
 Kraal (Cape Dch.), a cattle fold, a collection of native 
 
 huts, a chief's capital. Cf. Boma, Zeriba. 
 Krantz (Cape Butch), cliff, precipice. 
 Krasni (Buss.), red, e.g. Krasnovodsk. See Sk, Voda. 
 Kraton (Java), a palace. 
 
 Kreb (S. Tunis), sandy hills covered with vegetation. 
 Kreek (Dch.), bay, cove, creek. 
 Kreide (Ger.), chalk. Cf. Krijt. 
 Kreis (Ger.), a district or circle. 
 Kreits (Dch.), a district or circle. 
 Krepost (Buss.), castle, fort, fortress. 
 Kreuzbaum (Ger.), a turnpike. 
 Krijt (Dch.), chalk. Cf. Kreide. 
 Krits (Dch.), summit, top. 
 Krocht (Dch.), hill, hillock. 
 Kroft (Dch.), a hillock. 
 Kroj {Albanian), source, spring. See Krua. 
 
 1? 
 
210 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Krom (Tibet), market, bazaar. 
 
 Krom. See Km. 
 
 Krom (Dch.), crooked, e.g. Kromvoort; with many bends 
 (of a river or road). 
 
 Kron-ba (Tibet), stream, river. 
 
 Krong (Indo-China) , a river. 
 
 Km, Krum, Krom, Korum, Kuru {Togo, Ashanti, Agni), 
 town ; an inhabited place of less importance than 
 a capital, e.g. Attakm, Kokokrum, Odukrom. 
 
 Krua (Albanian), source, spring. See Kroj. 
 
 Krugli (Buss.), round, e.g. Kruglolieskoe. 
 
 Kmin (Dch.), summit, top. 
 
 Kruis (Dch.), a cross, e.g. Kruisdorp. See Dorp. 
 
 Krutoyar (Buss.), steep banks, from Krutoi, steep; e.g. 
 Krutoi island, point, and cape. 
 
 Ksar, pi. Ksur (Arab., N. Africa), village, fortified or 
 surrounded with walls, in the Sahara oases. 
 „ (Hassania), a village. 
 
 Ksetra (Cambodia), a province. 
 
 Ksob, Kseb (Arab.), reeds. 
 
 Ksur (Arab., N. Africa). See Ksar. 
 
 Ku- (Bantu), a prefix applied generally but not exclu- 
 sively to such rivers as may be considered ' arms ' 
 of others, e.g. Kubango, Kuanza, Kunene. 
 
 Ku (China), valley, canal, streamlet, small river. 
 
 Ku (China), a dam, dike. 
 
 Ku (China), a pass, e.g. Ku pei ku, ' old north pass.' See 
 Kou, Pei, and Ku (below). 
 
 Ku (China), old. See above. 
 
 Ku (New Guinea). See Gu. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 211 
 
 Ku (Pers.), broad street, square, market-place. 
 
 Kua (Gold Coast), plantation, farm. 
 
 Kuahini (Hawaii), mountain, hill. 
 
 Kuala (Malay). See Kwala. 
 
 Kuan (China), an official, e.g. Ta-Kuan-Chiang, ' Great 
 
 Official river.' See Ta, Chiang. 
 Kuan (China), fortified military place, camp. 
 Kubba, Kuba, pi. Kbab (Arab., N. Africa), a cupola; 
 
 chapel or shrine surmounted by a cupola in honour 
 
 of a saint ; generally brilliantly white and visible 
 
 at a great distance. 
 Kubbat (Arab.), a deep-water bay or inlet. 
 Kubbe, Kubbet (Arab.), dome ; the same word as 
 
 Kubba, e.g. Kubbe-i-subs, * green dome.' 
 Kubi (Korea), a bend, curve, e.g. Kubini. 
 Kubr, pi. Kubur (Arab.), a tomb. 
 Kubu (Malay), a stockade, fort. 
 Kubu (Sojighai), a wood, bush, forest. 
 Kucher (Asia Minor), nomad (tribes). 
 Kuchi (Japan), mouth ; makes Guchi in composition, 
 
 as Kawa Guchi, ' the river's mouth.' See Kawa. 
 Kuchuk (Turk.), little, e.g. Kuchuk Derbend. See Derbend. 
 Kuda (Tamul), bay. See Kuddawa. 
 Kudana (Nika). See Dana. 
 Kuddawa (Singalese), bay. See Kuda, which is really 
 
 the same word. 
 Kuddus, Kudu (Hausa), south. For other points see 
 
 Ariawa. 
 Kudia, Kudiat (Arab.), a hill, generally a small hill. 
 Kudiak (Alaska). See Kikhtak. 
 
 p 2 
 
212 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kudil (Tamul), a hut. 
 
 Kuduk (E. Turk., Mongol), wells, e.g. Ulan Knduk. See 
 Ulan. 
 
 Kudulungu (Congo), an elevated plateau. 
 
 Kudunia (Hausa), a hill. Cf. Tuclu, Tsanni. 
 
 Kue (China), promontory, cape. 
 
 Knfra (Arab.), pi. of Kafir (q.v.), e.g. the oasis of Kufra, 
 and other oases, so named from their pagan in- 
 habitants, the Tibus. 
 
 Kufriat (Egyptian Sudan), old ruins. 
 
 Kuguli, Kngnri (Mossi, French Sudan), stone. See next 
 entry. 
 
 Kuguri zugu (Mossi), mountain-top, summit. 
 
 Kuh (Pers.), mountain, cf. Koh, one form being more 
 usual in the east, and the other in the west ; is 
 from Zend root knp, to swell, hence anything 
 huge, bulky, e.g. Kuh-i-ckasma-o-chah-shirin, ' the 
 hill of fresh- water wells and springs.' See 
 Chasma, Chah. 
 
 Kuh-sar (Pers.), a mountainous country. See Sar, Zar. 
 
 Ku il (Khas Chos, Indo-China), little, small. 
 
 Kuitahuun (Indian, U.S.A.), a hill. 
 
 Kuka, Kukawa, Kukwa (Bornu), baobab trees, e.g. Kuka 
 on Chad L. 
 mKuka (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 
 Ku-kon (China), a gorge, a narrow pass. 
 nKuku (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a torrent, stream, 
 current. 
 
 Kukulu hema (Hawaii), south. For other points see 
 Akau. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 213 
 
 Kukwa (Bornu). See Kuka. 
 
 Kill (E. Turk, and Mongol.), a lake, e.g. Kara Kul. See 
 Kara. 
 
 Kulah (Aral.), a castle. Cf. Kulle. 
 
 Kulao (Annam), an island. 
 
 Kule (Mande). See Kholle. 
 
 Kuleba, Keluba (Sahara), a high mountain- top, equiva- 
 lent to the Thniye, Tnie of other districts. 
 
 Kuli (Abbadi, Etbai), low hills. 
 niKuli (Mozambique), a waterfall. 
 
 Kuliba (Turk.), hut, cottage. 
 
 Kulichkof (Buss.), snipe. Applied to several islands in 
 Alaskan waters. 
 
 Kuliliak (Aleut.), sorrow, anguish ; e.g. Kuliliak bay. 
 
 Kuliugiak (Alaska), rocky and round ;. applied usually to 
 islands. 
 
 Kulla (Arab.), top, summit (of a mountain). 
 
 Kulle (Turk.), a tower. Cf. Kulah. 
 
 Kulo (Ja-Luo, East Uganda), a river. 
 
 Kulu (Bambara, Malinke). See Kuru. 
 
 -Kulu, -Kuru, -Nkuru (diaUcts of Bantu), a suffix mean- 
 ing ' great,' e.g. Kibokulu. 
 luKuluf (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a mountain. 
 nKuluj Cf. Lima. 
 
 Kulu chenga (Mossi, French Sudan), a river, great river. 
 kiKulue (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), the sani-clouds 
 of the Kikwa valley. 
 
 Kuluga, Buluga (Mossi, French Sudan), wells. 
 
 Kulugu (Chad L. region), a place where water is found ; 
 a lake, marsh, swamp, dead river. Cf. Tebki. 
 
214 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kulukira (Nika). See Lukira. 
 
 -Kulungwa, -Kurungu (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), 
 a suffix meaning ' great.' 
 nKuluntu (Loango), a chief; for^Z. see Nkuluntu. 
 Kum (Turk.), sand, e.g. Kizil Kum. See Kizil. 
 Kuma (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ma. 
 i si Kumbu (Zulu, Kafir) , a hollow place between hills, a 
 col. 
 Kumchi (Hausa), impenetrable forest, thicket. 
 uKumkani (Amaxosa, Kafir), a king, chief. 
 Kummene (New Guinea), water. 
 Kumo (Japan), clouds. 
 Kumsal (Buss.), a bank of sand. 
 eKumu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the bank of a river, 
 
 coast, shore. 
 Kumur (E. Turk.), coal. 
 Kumush (E. Turk.), silver. 
 
 Kun (Korea), a prefecture, a subdivision of a Pu (county 
 or department), e.g. Kun-syu, ' a district magis- 
 trate.' 
 Kund (India), a province, e.g. Bundelkund. 
 Kund (Sansc), an abyss, pool, spring. 
 Kunda (Gambia), a town, e.g. Baja Kunda. 
 Kunda (Sierra Leone). See Kundo. 
 inKundla (Zulu, Kafir), the area of a kraal (q.v.) 
 Kundo, Kunda (Sierra Leone), head, source, e.g. Tembe- 
 
 kunda, ' the source of the Tembe Eiver.' 
 Kundu (Kikuyu, Bantu). See Handu, Ndu. 
 Kundubulu (Congo), a small hill. 
 eKundze (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 215 
 
 isiKungu (Amaxosa, Kafir), a place of assembly. 
 
 Kuni (Japan), province, lit. country. Gf. Kori. 
 maKuni (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest, wood. 
 
 Kuny-ho (Hung.), a hut. 
 
 Kuo (Annam), mouth, estuary. 
 
 Kuo (China), a nation, state ; government. 
 
 Ku-on (Hainan), a path. 
 
 Ku-pa (Siam), savages. See I. 
 
 Ku pau (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), a mountain. 
 
 Kuperan (Tamul), north. See Vadakku. 
 
 Kuppe (Ger.), top, summit, peak, ridge. For use as a 
 form of sub-oceanic relief see Dome. 
 
 Kupruk (E. Turk.), a bridge. Cf. Kopru. 
 
 Kur (Wolof), house, dwelling. 
 
 Kura (Harem, Indo- China) , road, path. 
 
 Kura (Kanem), great, e.g. Beri Kura, ' large village.' 
 See Beri. 
 
 Kurban {Mongol), three, e.g. Kurban Habsere, 'the three 
 Habsere,' i.e. the three Habsere mountain peaks, 
 called respectively Atak Habsere, ' lower Habsere,' 
 Eken Habsere, ' upper Habsere,' and Tumta Habsere, 
 1 middle Habsere ' ; Kurban Tara, ' the three days 
 desert.' 
 
 Kurduduffi (Hausa), a pond, pool, small lake. 
 
 Kure (Mongol), a village. Cf. Khoto, Kerim, Khure. 
 
 Kuret (dialect near Lugh, Somaliland), a hill. 
 
 Kurgan (Buss.), a tumulus, barrow. 
 
 Kurghan (E. Turk.), a fort, e.g. TashKurghan. See Tash. 
 
 Kurh (Min-Kia, Yunnan), a river. 
 
 Kurm, pi. Kurum (Arab), a vineyard. 
 
Kuro 
 
 216 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kurmi, Kurimi (Hausa), forest, wood, bush, e.g. Kunnin 
 Kaduna, ' the forest on the Kaduna Kiver,' the 
 final n being the sign of the possessive. 
 
 Kuril (Arab.), a horn or peak. 
 
 Kuro (Gold Coast), town, village./ Cf. Kru. 
 
 (Japan), black, e.g. Kuro Siwo, ' black stream,' 
 answering in the Pacific to the Gulf 
 
 Kuroi 1 Stream of the Atlantic ; Kurodake, ' dark 
 
 v peat.' See Siwo, Dake. 
 
 Kuro-kese (Gold Coast), a large town, city, capital. 
 
 Kurpi (Turk.), a bridge. Cf. Kopru. 
 
 Kurremi (Hausa). See Horami. 
 
 Kuru, Kulu (Bambara, Malinke), a mountain. 
 
 Kuru (Togo, Ashanti, Agni). See Kru. 
 
 -Kuru (dialect of Bantu). See -Kulu. 
 
 Kuruk (Mongol), dry, e.g. Kuruk Tagh. See Tagh. 
 
 Kurum (Arab.), vineyards, pi. of Kurm. 
 
 -Kurumba (Cent. Africa). See -Kalamba. 
 
 -Kurungu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 -Kulungwa. 
 
 Kurye, Kuryet (Arab.), a village. 
 
 Kush (Gent. Asia), killer, e.g. Hindukush, so called from 
 the frequent deaths of the Hindu merchants at- 
 tempting to cross its passes. 
 
 Kusi (Bornu), a hut built entirely of stone. Cf. 
 Bongo. 
 
 Kusini (Swahili), south. See Suheli, Kibula. 
 
 Kuso (Songhai), fine dusty soil. 
 
 Kusr (Arab.), house, tower. 
 
 Kust (Belt.), coast, shore. See Kiiste, Kyst. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 217 
 
 Kiiste (Ger.), coast. See Kust, Kyst. 
 
 Kut (Hung.), a stream. 
 
 Kut (Buss.), the head of a gulf. 
 
 Kut (dialect near Lugh, Bomaliland), clayey ground. 
 
 Kut (Ja-Luo, East Uganda), island. 
 
 Kuta, Kota (Malay), a fortress. 
 
 Kutale (Bambara), new, e.g. Sukutale, ' Newtown.' See 
 
 Su. Cf. Koro. 
 Kutel (E. Turk.), a col, a saddle. 
 Kutemba (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), to 
 
 ascend, e.g. Butembo, a village which is situated on 
 
 the top of a hill. See Temba. 
 eKutilu (Congo, dialect of -Bantu), a place of assembly. 
 Kutsano (Giryama). See Tsano. 
 Kutsi (Japan), an outlet. 
 Kutul (Tibet), corrupted from Pers. Kotal (q.v.), a pass, 
 
 e.g. Koko Kutul, ' blue pass.' See Koko. 
 Kutun (Mongol), a town, e.g. Nomoron Kutun, ' the town 
 
 on the river Nomoron.' 
 Kuva (Nilca), a fence, stockade. 
 Kuyu (Turk.), wells. 
 Kuzu (Sara, Chad L.), a village. 
 Kwa (Modunga, Congo), a road, path. 
 Kwa (E. Cent. Africa), a village, town, e.g. Kwa Mtesa, 
 
 1 Mtesa 's town.' 
 Kwa (Hainan), a sub-prefecture. 
 Kwa (Hottentot), a postfix meaning ' people,' e.g. 
 
 Korakwa, Namakwa, Grikwa ; is really the mas. plur., 
 
 written also qua, e.g. Namaqua-land. 
 Kwa (N. Chin hills), a village. 
 
218 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Kwala, Kwalla (Malay), the embouchure of a river; the 
 place of junction between two rivers; a river, river 
 mouth, e.g. Kwala Bernam, Kwala Gula. 
 
 Kwalla (Abyssinia), lowland, opp. to Dega. 
 
 Kwan (China), custom house, mountain pass, a forti- 
 fication, garrison village. 
 
 Kwa-nam (Hainan), a river. 
 
 Kwang (China), broad, e.g. Kwang Si, 'broad (province) 
 west,' or western broad (province) ; similarly Kwang 
 Tung = 'broad province east.' 
 
 Kwang (Pai, China), a mountain. 
 
 Kwang-lau (China), a lighthouse. Cf. Ho-tun. 
 
 Kwara ( Yoruba), a river, water, the river, i.e. the Niger, fre- 
 quently written Quarra and Quorra in error. See Isa. 
 
 Kwenda (Swahili), depth (of a river or the sea). 
 
 Kwikk (Eskimo), a river, dual Kwik, pi. Kwit. 
 
 Kwikuru (German East Africa), a chief town. 
 
 Kwiya (Hausa), a ridge (of hills). 
 
 Kwonu (Gurma), a river. 
 
 Kwori (Hausa), furrows, boundaries. 
 
 Kwurmi, pi. of Kurmi (q.v.) 
 
 Kyams (Tibet), house, castle. 
 
 Kyla (Fin.), a village. 
 
 Kyog (Tibet), bend, detour, gulf; sinuous. 
 
 Kyrka (Sw.), a church. Cf. Kirk, Kerk. 
 
 Kyshlak (E. Turk.) See Kishlak. 
 
 Kyst (Nor., Da.), coast. Cf. Kust, Kuste. 
 
 Kyung (Burma), an island. 
 
 Kybi, Gybi (Korea), a stream, creek, e.g. Kybi-Pong, 
 Kydi-San. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 219 
 
 -La (Gent. Africa), a suffix, applied to things, not per- 
 sons, meaning ' great.' 
 
 La (Congo), height, altitude, elevation. 
 
 La (Lolo, China), boat. 
 
 La (Min-Kia, Yunnan), south. For other points see Pen. 
 
 La (Tibet), a col, pass ; usually placed after the name, e.g. 
 Chang-la, 'north pass,' see Chang, though some- 
 times at the beginning, e.g. La-sar, ■ new pass.' Cf. 
 Mongol Daban, E. Turk. Davan, Chinese Ling. 
 
 Laag (Dch.), bed, stratum; as adj. low, e.g. Laag Soeren, 
 Laag Zutem. 
 
 Laager (Cape Dch.), a camp formed by arranging wagons 
 end on, so as to enclose a space. 
 
 Laagte (Dch.), valley, glen. 
 
 Laam (Siam), bay ; bend in a river. 
 
 Laba (Somali), two, e.g. Laba Gumbur Mado, ' the two 
 black hillocks.' See Gumbur, Mado. 
 
 Lablab (Hind.), sand, gravel. 
 e Laba (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. Cf. 
 eLapo. 
 
 Lab-tse (Tibet), stones marking a road. 
 
 Labuan (Malay), anchorage, harbour; more properly 
 Labuhan. 
 
 Lac (Fr.), a lake (L.) Cf. Lago, Lajo. 
 
 Lacu (Neo-Greek), a lake. 
 
 Lacuna (It.), a lagoon, stagnant pool. Cf. Lagume. 
 
 Lada (S. Cape, New Guinea), cloud. 
 
220 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ladrillal, Ladrillar (Sp.), a brickfield, brick-kiln. 
 
 Laepa (Motumotu, New Guinea), a mountain. 
 
 Lag (Tibet), arm, bay. 
 
 Laga (Galla), river, stream. 
 
 Laggan (Gaelic lagan), a small hollow,*e.#. Laggan (Inver- 
 ness-shire). 
 
 Lagham (Chad L. region), a river. 
 
 Lago (It.), a lake (L.), e.g. Lago Maggiore, 'greater lake.' 
 
 Lagume (It.), a broad pool of stagnant water, a marshy 
 place. Gf. Lacuna. 
 
 Laguna (It., Sp.), a lagoon, lake. 
 
 Lagune (Fr.), a lagoon (Lag.) 
 
 Lahi (Nine and Tonga, Polynesia), great. 
 
 Lahti (Fin.), bight, bay. 
 
 Lahun (Sierra Leone), land, country, e.g. Karelahun, 
 pronounced Kailaun. 
 
 Lai (Cambodia), a helm, rudder ; e.g. An-Lai, in Bao-An. 
 See An, Bao. 
 
 Lai (Motu, New Guinea), wind. 
 
 Lai (Thai, Pai), a mountain. 
 
 Laida (Buss.), a shoal which dries. 
 
 Lai gheng (Miao-tse, Yunnan), hamlet. 
 
 Lailai (Mbau, Fiji), small. 
 
 Laili (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), a field. 
 
 Laja (Sp.), a flat rock. 
 
 Lak (Hung.), a dwelling. 
 
 Lak (Hung.), lake, pond. . 
 
 Laka (Hausa), mud. 
 
 Lakar-kot (Arab.), a stockade. 
 
 -Lakh (Pers.), a suffix meaning 'place.' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 221 
 
 Lalaga (Mossi, French Sudan), wall, fortifications. 
 Lalap (Malay), swamps. 
 
 Lalasi (8. Cape, New Guinea), north-west wind. 
 Lalo (Nika), a neighbourhood, locality = Arab. Dar. 
 Lalum (Malay), water. 
 
 Lam, Lam-kha (Chin hills', Tibet), path, way, the way. 
 nLam (Fan, French Congo). For meaning see Nlam. 
 Lama (Port.), mud, e.g. the wooded depression north of 
 
 Allada (Dahome), known to the natives as Ko (q.v.) 
 Lambardar (India), village headman. 
 umLambo (Kafir), a river. 
 nLambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a flat shore beside a 
 
 river, beach, bank ; course of a river. 
 Lamorde (Adamaiva), the house or seat of a Lamido or 
 
 governor. Cf. Ribago. 
 Lampong (Malay), buoy. 
 Lan (Brittany), a church, e.g. Landivisiau, * the church 
 
 of St. Tivisiau.' Cf. Llan. 
 Lan (Celtic), a plain, e.g. Lanthwaite. See Thwaite. 
 Lan (China), market-place. 
 Lan (Sw.), a county. 
 Lan (Yoruba). See Nla. 
 Lanark (Gaelic), a forest glade. 
 Landa (It.), down, heath, moor. 
 Landas (Tagala, Philippines), a way, road. 
 Lande (Fr.), sandy grounds (L de ), e.g. The Landes. 
 Lande (Ger.), landing-place, quay, pier. 
 Landgut (Ger.), country estate, manor. 
 Landschaft (Ger.), region, district, province. 
 Landschap (Bch.), province, country, canton. 
 
222 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Landstadt (Ger.), a country town. 
 
 Landungsplatz (Ger.), wharf, landing-place. 
 
 Landweg (Dch.), country road. 
 
 Landzunge (Ger.), a spit. 
 
 Lang (Annam), a village. 
 
 Lang (China), waves. 
 
 Lang, Lange (Ger.), long, e.g. Langenberg, ' long 
 mountain.' 
 
 Lang (Siam), lower, e.g. Lang Suan (Swan), in the pen- 
 insula, south of Tenasserim. 
 
 Langa (Congo), to inundate, swamp, flood; a camp, 
 regular resting-place for travellers. 
 
 Langar (E. Turk.), a resting-house for travellers. 
 
 Lange (Ger.), longitude. 
 mLango (East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a channel. 
 
 Langtao (Siam), the bar of a river. 
 nLangu (Loango, dialect of Bantu), water. 
 
 Langue (Fr.), a tongue or neck of land. 
 
 Langur (Nepal), a lofty snow-capped mountain. Cf. 
 Banjung. 
 
 Lanka (Hind.), island. See Dip, Jingira. 
 
 Lankh (Serer), sand. 
 
 Lansi (Fin.), western. For other points see Pohia. 
 
 Lao (China), old, e.g. Lao Sung Ling, ' old pine pass ' ; 
 a misspelling is Liao. See Sung, Ling. Cf. Lau. 
 
 Lao (Hainan), a path. 
 
 Lao (Nung, Lao-kai), great, large. 
 
 Lapa (Madagascar), a palace. 
 eLapo (Cent. Africa, Bantu), country. Cf. eLabo. 
 
 Lapong, Lapang (Malay), an opening in the land. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 223 
 
 Laraga (Aroma, New Guinea), a garden. 
 
 Larg (Gaelic learg), a hill, slope, e.g. Largs. 
 
 Las (Somali), a shallow well or sand-pit, e.g. Las Anod, 
 'milk well,' Las Dibbra. 
 maLashi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass ; for other 
 dialect forms see Dinyasi. 
 
 Lat (Siam), a short cut. 
 
 Latala (Cent. Africa), a forest. 
 
 Lath (Hi?id.), an obelisk, minaret, vertical beam of oil- 
 press. 
 
 Lathe (Eng. from A.S. ladh), a part or division of a 
 county, comprising several hundreds (q.v.) ; occurs 
 now only in Kent, where there are still five lathes. 
 
 Latifondo (It.), a large farm, extensive estate. 
 
 Latse (China), a saw-peaked range of hills. Cf. Sierra. 
 
 Lau (China), a tower ; pronounced with a different tone 
 means 'old.' See Lao, Liao. 
 
 Lauba (Aroma, New Guinea), a cloud. 
 
 Laubholz (Ger.), a leafy wood; opposed to Nadelholz, 
 pointed needle-like (pine) foliage. 
 
 Lauf (Ger.), a stream, course, current ; cf. laufen, to run. 
 
 Laugith (Ebon, Polynesia), sea. 
 
 Laulabada (Motu, New Guinea), south-east wind. 
 
 Laut, Lautbesar (Malay), the sea, ocean. 
 
 Lauter (Ger.), clear, e.g. Lauterbrunnen, 'clear foun- 
 tains.' 
 
 Lavanambu (Sa?isc), the sea. 
 
 Lavan-Khani (Sansc), a salt mine. 
 
 Law (Anglo-Saxon), a hillock, mound, rising ground, 
 e.g. Moodlaw. Cf. Low. 
 
224 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Lax, Laks (Nor.), salmon ; e.g. Laxvoe, Laxay. See 
 
 Voe, Ay. 
 Lazar (Hassania) , a marsh, bog. 
 Le (Danakil), water. 
 Le (Anglo-Fr.), beside, near, e.g. Houghton le Street, 
 
 from lez, les (q.v.) 
 ■Le {Somali), a suffix signifying locality ; e.g. Adadle, 
 
 'the place of Adad (i.e. trees).' 
 Lea (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow or grassy plain. Ley, 
 
 Leigh are other forms. 
 Lea (Hainan), a mountain. 
 Leac (Gaelic), slate, slab ; e.g. Leac Ban, Leac Lee point. 
 
 See Ban, Lee. 
 Leben (Ger.), a place to live in. 
 Led (Buss.), ice ; see next entry. 
 Ledyanaya gora (Buss.), an iceberg. See Gora. 
 Lee (Anglo-Saxon hied, a shelter), the side of a ship 
 
 opposite to that from which the wind blows, so 
 
 any shelter or sheltered spot, e.g. Alder Lee, Lees 
 
 Moor. 
 Lee (Gaelic le), smooth, e.g. Lochlee, ' smooth lake.' Cf. 
 
 Rie. 
 Lee wa (Indian, California), sea. 
 Lefai'a (Arab., N. Africa), a place infested by horned 
 
 vipers. 
 Legi (Congo), a road. 
 Legi (Kerepunu, New Guinea), grass. 
 Le go (Indian, California), a lake. 
 Lehibe (Madagascar), great, large. 
 Lei (Dch.), schist. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 225 
 
 Lei (Upper Nile), water. 
 
 Leidi (Fula), country, district. 
 
 Leigh (England, S.W.), a meadow, pasture; e.g. Bud- 
 
 leigh. ; a variant of Lea. 
 Lei hsien chu (China), telegraph. 
 Leite (Ger.), a mountain slope, declivity. 
 Leito (Port.), the bed of a river. 
 Leix (from Nor., Da. Lax), salmon ; e.g. Abbey Leix. 
 Lejbishche, Lezhbishche (Buss.), a seal-breeding place, a 
 
 ' rookery ' ; lit. a place of rest. 
 Lek (Laos), iron. 
 Lek (Siam), small. 
 eLeko (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town. 
 kiLela (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), an island. 
 kiLele (Sivahili), a summit, peak. 
 eLelenshi (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a plain ; level, flat. 
 Leleu (Mentawei), a hill. 
 Lell (Nissan I., New Guinea), a road, path. 
 Lem (Siam), a cape, headland, point. 
 eLenga (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a place where the 
 grass has been beaten down by a great concourse 
 of people. 
 Lenger (Turkestan), a station or rest-house. See Langar. 
 Lenpu (N. Arahan), large. 
 
 Ler (from Icel. Leir), mud, e.g. Lerwick, ' mud bay.' 
 Ler (Da., Nor., Sic), mud, e.g. Lersund. 
 Ler (Armenia), a mountain. 
 Les (Fr.), near, beside, e.g. Aspres-les-Veynes ; is a variant 
 
 of lez (q.v.) 
 Lesaw (iV". Chin hills), a river. 
 
 Q 
 
226 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Leste (Sp.), the east wind, east ; the L is here really 
 
 only the article. 
 Lette (Gironde), a pool formed after rain (L te ). 
 Letto (It.), the bed of a river. 
 
 Leuchtturm, Leuchtthurm (Get.) , lighthouse. Cf. Lichttoren. 
 Leufu (Araucanian, Patagonia), river, e.g. Karrileufu, 
 
 ' green river.' 
 Levante (It.), east, eastern region, lit. 'rising' (of the 
 
 sun). 
 Level (Latin libella, through French), a gutter for 
 
 water to run in. 
 Levu (Mbau, Fiji), great; e.g. Vanua Levu. 
 Lewaya (Ceylon), a salt-pan. 
 -Ley (England), an open place in a wood, e.g. Dudley. 
 
 See Lea, Leigh. 
 Lez (Fr.from Latin latus, 'side,' Provencal latz, laz), 
 
 near, by, beside, obsolete except in place-names, 
 
 e.g. Plessis-lez-Tours, ' Plessis near Tours,' Saventhem- 
 
 lez-Bruxelles, ■ Saven them near Brussels.' Variants 
 
 are le and les (q.v.) 
 
 \ (Swahili) , a buoy ; for pi. see Chilezo, Mlezo. 
 mLezoj 
 
 Lha (Tibet), god, genius, spirit ; e.g. Lhasa, ' the seat of 
 
 the divine intelligence.' See Sa. 
 Lho (Tibet), south. For other points see Byang, Bak, 
 
 Nub, Ike, Shar. 
 Li (China), a hamlet of twenty-five families. 
 Li (China), inner. Cf. Nui. 
 
 Li (China), a measure of length = one- third of a mile. 
 eLi (Fan, French Congo), a tree; ior pi. see Eli. 
 
AND TOPOGKRAPHICAL TEEMS 227 
 
 uLi (Fan, French Congo), a clearing in a forest. 
 Lia (Hind.), land which is annually flooded. 
 Liang (Chungkia, Thai), a road. 
 Liao (China), distant, e.g. Liao-Ho, ' distant river,' Liao- 
 
 Yang, 'remote sun (light).' See Lao. 
 Liba (Somali), lion. See under Shabel. 
 maLiba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), water. 
 
 Libongo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bongo. 
 
 Lichinga (Mavia, Mozamb.) See Chinga ; cf. Litumbi. 
 
 Lichinya (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Chinya. 
 
 Licht (Ger.), light ; e.g. Lichtenstein. See Stein. 
 
 Lichttoren (Dch.), a lighthouse. Cf. Leuchtturm. 
 
 Lid (Anglo-Saxon hlidh), a slope, side of a hill, Latin 
 
 clivus, e.g. Warning Lid in North Sussex. 
 nLidi (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a ravine. 
 Lido (It), shore, bank. 
 Lienga (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Enga. 
 Liesnoi (Buss.), woody, applied to many place-names 
 
 in Alaskan waters. Properly Lyesnoi (q.v.) 
 Lietnika (Buss.), summer village. Properly Lyetnika, 
 
 see Lyeto. 
 Lieu (Fr.), place, e.g. Beaulieu. See Beau. 
 maLifa (Bakundu, Kamerun), water. 
 
 Lifuwukho (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Fuwukho. 
 Ligne de faite (Fr.), a water-parting or divide between 
 
 two or more river basins. See Faite. 
 Lihenga (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Henga. 
 Lik (Tibet), people, tribe, e.g. Tagh Lik, < mountaineers,' 
 
 a nomad tribe of Tatars. See Tagh. 
 Likete (Ebon, Polynesia), a place, locality. 
 
 q2 
 
228 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Li kiari (Gurma), wells. 
 
 Liko (Stoahili). See Diko, Ko. 
 
 Lilang (Chong-Chia-tse, Yunnan), mountain. 
 
 Lilbaden (Jibali, Berber), a mountain. 
 
 LiUa (Sw.), small (lil. or !.), e.g. Lilla Lulea Elf. Cf. Stor. 
 
 Lille (Nor., Da.), small (L le ), e.g. Lille Belt, 'the Little 
 Belt.' 
 kiLima (Swahili), hill, detached mountain, mound, e.g. 
 
 Kilima Njaro. 
 mLima (East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain. 
 
 Liman (Turk.), harbour, port.] These are really the same 
 
 Liman (Buss.), an estuary. Y Greek word, borrowed in 
 
 Limen (Greek), harbour, port. J Russian and Turkish. 
 
 Limitrophe (Fr.), neighbouring, bordering. 
 
 Limne (Greek), a lake. 
 
 Limo (Prov. Sp., Ital.), mud, from Bat. limus, mud, slime. 
 
 Lin, Ling (China), grove, wood, forest ; imperial tomb ; 
 e.g. Yu Lin, ' elm forest.' 
 
 Lin, Lyn, Linn, Lynn (Gaelic, linne, Irish, linn, a pool ; 
 Anglo-Saxon, Minna, a brook), a spring, pool, 
 especially one under a waterfall, source of a 
 river, precipice, ravine, e.g. Dublin, ' Black Pool ' 
 (dubh= black) ; King's Lynn, Linmouth or Lynmouth; 
 Corra Linn, near Lanark. See Llyn. 
 
 Lin (Pai, Yunnan, China), earth. 
 
 Lina (Aroma, New Guinea), tide (flowing). 
 
 Linani (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), forest. 
 
 Lind (Icelandic), a well. 
 
 Ling (China), chain of hills ; a height not peaked ; a pass 
 over a mountain ridge, e.g. Nanling. See Nan. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 229 
 
 Ling {Punjab), a stone pillar which is supposed to 
 
 represent the god Shiva. 
 Ling (Tibet), region, district ; also a garden, e.g. Nam- 
 ling, from Nam (q.v.), sky, the monastery being on a 
 
 high hill with a garden at the foot. 
 Lingara (A-Zande), a village. 
 Lingua (It.), a small promontory, tongue. 
 Linn. See Lin. 
 
 Linyasi (Cent. Africa, dialect of B antic). See Dinyasi. 
 Linyi (Hausa), a slave village. Cf. Rumde. 
 Lipa (Slavonic), lime-tree, e.g. Leipzig, originally a Slav 
 
 settlement. 
 Lips (Greek), south-west ; really the S.-W. wind 
 
 (sirocco). For other points see Boreas. 
 Lirova (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Rova. 
 Lis (Gaelic), a garden, e.g. Lismore, ' great garden.' 
 
 See More. 
 Lis (Irish), a fort made of earth, e.g. Listowel. 
 Lisiere (U.S.A.), a strip of country along the coast; 
 
 lit., in French, a selvage. 
 Lit (Fr.), bed, stratum ; bed of a river. 
 Litala (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Tala. 
 Lithos (Greek), stone. 
 
 Litiwa (Ketosh, Eastern Uganda). See Tiwa. 
 Litulo (Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda), a mound. 
 Litumbi, Chitumbi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), 
 
 mountain, large hill. See Tumbi. Cf. Lima. 
 Liva (Turk.), subdivision of a Vilayet (q.v.) 
 eLiwa (French Congo coast, dialect of Bantu), lake. 
 iLiwa (Zulu, Kafir), a precipice, cliff. 
 
230 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ljiceni (Albanian), lake. 
 
 Ljongs (Tibet), a broad valley. 
 
 Llan- (Welsh), a prefix meaning enclosure, church, e.g. 
 
 Llangollen. 
 Llanadas (Patagonia), gently sloping plains, at such an 
 
 altitude above the level of a river as to be free 
 
 from floods. 
 Llano (Sp.), a plain, level ground. 
 Llearn (Armenian), a mountain. 
 Llena (Sp.), alluvion, overflow of rivers. 
 Llyn (Welsh), a pool, lake, e.g. Llyn Mymbyr. See Lin. 
 beLo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), part of a town ; a cluster 
 
 of houses in a town. 
 Lo (Gent. Africa), an old root meaning ' to flow,' e.g. 
 
 Lomami. Cf. Do, Ro, Ru. See Domasi, Elu. 
 Lo (Dagboma, Mossi), village. 
 Lo (Hainan), a path. 
 Lo (Man Sung, Lao-Kai), great, large. 
 Lo (Ja-Luo, Eastern Uganda), sand. 
 nLo (Fan, French Congo) ; for meaning and pi. see Nlo. 
 Lo (Lolo, China), boat. 
 maLoa (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), ground. 
 Lob (Da., Nor.), channel, passage, fairway. 
 Locatnre (Provincial Fr.), farm, holding. 
 Loch (Ireland and Scotland), a lake, a sheet of fresh 
 
 water ; bay or arm of the sea. The original Gaelic 
 
 and Irish are both loch, though the latter is now 
 
 usually written lough ; is cognate with A.S. lagu, 
 
 sea, lake, and with hat. lacus, whence A.S. lac, 
 
 Eng. lake. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 231 
 
 Lode (England), a reach of water in a canal. 
 
 Lodo (Span., Port), mud, from hat. lutum, whence 
 Lutetia Parisiorum (Paris). 
 
 Loe (Paz, Yunnan, China), a mountain; is a variant of 
 Loi (q.v.) 
 
 Logar (Port.), a village. 
 eLogh (Fan, French Congo), grass; lor pi. see Elogh. 
 
 Loi (Shan States), a hill. See Loe. 
 
 Lokko (Yoruba), on board, aboard, e.g. Port Lokko. 
 
 Lo kill lo (Indian, California), a valley. 
 
 Lolo (Songhai), a road. 
 
 Lorn wow (Siam), north wind; lorn tapow, south wind; 
 lorn tawan-ok, east wind ; lorn tawan-tok, west 
 wind ; for points of compass see Nua. See also Fori. 
 
 Loma (Sp.), rising ground in the midst of a plain ; 
 hill, hillock, knoll. 
 
 Lon (Annam), great, large. 
 
 Lonar (Hind.), salt lands ; a place where salt is pro- 
 duced; from Ion, salt; cf. Sansc. lavanakar, a salt-pit. 
 
 Londe (Congo), a hill ; used only in composition, e.g. 
 eshi-londe, highlanders. 
 eLondo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a back current, an 
 eddy. 
 
 Long (S. Chin hills and Borneo), stream, river, e.g. 
 Maunglong, Thet Long. 
 muLonga (dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 uLongo (Giryama), clayey soil. 
 
 nLonki (Fan, French Congo), below, the direction to- 
 wards which a river flows. 
 
 Loo (Belgium), an open place in a wood, e.g. Waterloo. 
 
232 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Lorgenai {Lake Rudolf district, East Africa), black 
 stones, e.g. Donyo Lorgenai, 'the mountain of 
 black stones,' a Masai name for Mount Kenia. 
 
 Lotsitsi (Becliuana, Bantu). See Tsitsi. 
 
 Lotsung (Sumatra). See under Bale. 
 
 Lough (Ireland). See Loch. 
 
 Lovoka (Madagascar), a bay. 
 
 Low (England, from Anglo-Saxon hlaw), a mound, hill, 
 rising ground, e.g. Ludlow, High Low in the Peak 
 district. Cf. Law. 
 
 Lu- (Bantu), a prefix frequently applied to the roots to 
 form the names of rivers, e.g. Luapula, Lualaba, 
 Lukugu. 
 
 Lu (China), a road, a way. 
 
 Lu- (Congo, Uganda, dec, Bantu), a prefix applied to 
 the root to denote the language ; e.g. Luwanga, the 
 language of the Wawanga. See Wa. 
 
 -Lu (Congo), river, e.g. Sankulu. Cf. Ka, Ru. 
 
 Luala (Bantu). See Ala. 
 
 Luanda (Nika). See Anda ; cf. Lwanda. 
 
 Luang (Siam), yellow, e.g. Luang Prabang. Cf. Luong. 
 
 Luanja (Bantu). See Anja. 
 
 Luanza (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Anza. 
 
 Lubira (Victoria Nyanza region). See Bira. 
 
 Lubok (Malay), a pool; deep holes in the sea ; lake, 
 river, a reach of a river ; a recess or bight in the 
 winding of a river, e.g. Lubok Ajung, Lubok Pangku 
 Alor. 
 
 Lubu (Kerepunu, New Guinea), sacred house or platform. 
 
 Lubulu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bulu. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 233 
 
 Luchau (Eolo, China), a wood. 
 luLuchi (Ketosh, Eastern Uganda), a river. 
 Luda (Buss.),' a, rock or reef out of water. 
 Ludide, Lutite (Nika), small, little. 
 Ludzidzi (Nika). See Dzidzi. 
 Luenga (Gogo, Bantu). See Enga. 
 Lueru (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu) . See Eru. 
 Lufulo (Nika). See Fulo. 
 Lugan (Malinke, Senegal), cultivated land. 
 Lugar (Sp.), a village or small town ; any place; from 
 
 hat. locus. 
 Lugga (Galla), a nullah. 
 aLugh (Fan, French Congo) ; for meaning see Alugh. 
 Luharano (Madagascar), source, fountain, spring. 
 Luhasaha (Madagascar), a valley. 
 Luhatona (Madagascar), the dry season, spring. 
 Luj (Arab.), the ocean; an abyss. 
 Luji (Arab.), the sea. 
 
 Lujja (Arab.), deep water, the middle of the sea. 
 Lukala (Ketosh and Eu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda). See 
 
 Kala. 
 kuLukira (Nika), a road made by the traffic of cattle. 
 Lukku (Fin.), a rock. 
 Lukolo (Giryama). See Kolo. 
 Lukolonga (Bantu). See Kolonga. 
 
 Lukulu, Nkulu ( Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu) . See Kulu. 
 Luluchi (Ketosh, Eastern Uganda). See Luchi. 
 Lum (England, Welsh Hum = that which projects), a 
 
 chimney ; also a woody valley, a deep pool, e.g. 
 
 The Lum near Leek in the Peak district. 
 
234 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Lum (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), grass. 
 
 Lumbu (Hausa), a garden. 
 
 Lumi (Albanian), river, stream. 
 
 Lumpor (Malay), mud; sometimes found as Lumpur. 
 
 Lun (Khas Ghos, Indo-China), house, abode. 
 
 Lun (Tibet), wind. 
 
 Lund (Nor., Da.), a grove ; e.g. Lundgarth. See Garth. 
 chiLundi (Tonga, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain. 
 iLundi (Bantu), a high mountain, a detached hill. 
 
 Lunengenenge (Congo, dialect of Bantu) . See Nenge-nenge. 
 
 Lung (China), a dragon, e.g. Hei Lung Kiang, ' Black 
 Dragon Kiver.' Cf. Luong. See Hei, Kiang. 
 
 Lunga (Tibet), ditch, valley. 
 
 Lungma (Tibet), a river. Cf. Lungpa. 
 
 Lungma (Tibet), coarse grass. 
 
 Lung-pa (Tibet), a straight valley; also river; cf. 
 Lungma; also one's country (Hind, mulk, loan 
 word from Arab.) 
 
 Luogo (It.), place, site. 
 
 Luong (Cambodia), a dragon, e.g. Ham-Luong, ' Dragon's 
 Jaw ' in Bao-Duk. Cf. Lung. It also means 
 ' sweet,' e.g. Phui Luong, ' Sweet Wealth,' in Bao- 
 Duk. 
 
 Luong (Laos), yellow. Cf. Luang, of which it is another 
 form. 
 
 Luong (E. Siam, Annam), great, large. 
 
 Luoto (Fin.), a shoal. 
 
 Lupa (Tagala, Philippines), land. 
 
 Lupata (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Pata. 
 
 Lupiri (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Piri. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 235 
 
 Lusese {Bantu). See Sese. 
 
 Lusolo (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Solo. 
 Lut (Pers.), bare, naked, e.g. Dasht-i-Lut, ' bare steppe,' 
 Lutite (NiJca). See Ludide. 
 Luvanga (Nika). See Vanga. 
 Luvila (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Vila. 
 Luwi (Bua, Bantu). See Wi. 
 Luwongo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Wongo. 
 Luzi, Nguzi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See Zi. 
 Lwanda (Giryama). See Anda. 
 uLwandle (Kafir), the sea. Davis gives u as the prefix, 
 
 but Torrend renders it ulw-Andle. 1 
 Lye (English), a siding, offset, or loop from a main line 
 
 of railway; from A.S. licgan. 
 Lyen (Welaung, Kwenam), large, great. 
 Lyeng, Lyong (Korea). See Nyeng. 
 Lyes (Buss.), a forest. See next entry. 
 Lyesnoi (Buss.), wooded, woody. The adjective of lyes 
 
 Occurs misspelled as Liesnoi (q.v .) 
 Lyeto (Buss.), summer. 
 Lyn, Lynn. See Lin. 
 Lys (Da., Nor.), light (colour), e.g. Lysned. 
 
 M 
 
 M-. See Ma (S. Cent. Africa). 
 
 Ma (Arab), water. 
 
 Ma (hidian, U.S.A.), large water expanse. 
 
 1 See Kaffir-English Dictionary, by W. J. Davis, and A Comparative 
 Grammar of the South- African Bantu Languages, by J. Torrend, S.J. 
 
236 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ma {Indian, California), earth, land. 
 
 Ma- (Loango), king, a prefix followed by the name of 
 the country, e.g. Ma Loango = King, of Loango. 
 
 Ma (Motumotu, New Guinea), water. 
 
 Ma-, M- (S. Gent. Africa, Barotseland), the people, e.g. 
 Marotse. Gf The English. % See Ba-. 
 
 Ma (Tibet), down, low. See Mad. 
 
 -Ma (Central Sudan), a singular suffix, e.g. Kanema, i.e. 
 Kanem-ma, 'a man of Kanem.' See -Bu. 
 kuMa (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a place. 
 
 Ma'a, Maka (Samoa, Niue and Tonga, Polynesia), stone. 
 
 Maader (Arab., N. Africa), lowland, covered with 
 vegetation. 
 
 Maadie (Upper Nile), a ferry boat ; below the Cataracts 
 it is used for a large freight and passenger 
 boat. 
 
 Maap (S. Africa), muddy. 
 
 Maar (Iceland), a cauldron-shaped depression. 
 
 Mabar (Arab.), pass, ferry, ford. 
 
 Mabehe (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Behe. 
 
 Macchia (It.), jungle, thicket. 
 
 Machar (Celtic machair), a plain, e.g. Machars (Wig- 
 town). Gf. Mauch, and see Maghera. 
 
 Machi (Japan), town ; street. 
 
 Machi (Fan, French Congo). See Chi. 
 
 Machila (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a conveyance, 
 consisting of a canvas hammock hung on a long 
 bamboo pole, carried by two men. See Chila. 
 
 Mad (Tibet), low country. See Ma, Smad. 
 
 Madan (Arab.), a mine, quarry. See Maden. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 287 
 
 Madeira (Port.), wood, timber, wooden (building), e.g. 
 
 Madeira I., Madeira R. Cf. Madera. 
 Maden (Turk.), a mine. See Madan. 
 Mader (Arab.), a moist locality. 
 
 Mader (Pers.), mother, e.g. Mader Kuh, 'mother hill.' 
 Madera (Sp.), timber, wood, the same word as Madeira. 
 Madhaiya (Hind.), cottage, hut. 
 Madhya (Sansc), middle, e.g. Madhya-desh = the part of 
 
 India comprising Allahabad, Agra, Delhi, Oude, &c. 
 Madhne (Arab.), a minaret. 
 Madi (Bafo, Kamerun). See Di. 
 Madiba (Kamerun, dialect of Bantu). See Diba ; opp. 
 
 to Mundi. 
 Madina, Medine (Arab.), a city. See Medine. 
 Mado, Madu, Madoba (Somali), black, applied to a valley 
 
 that is dark and shady, e.g. Afmadu. See Af. 
 Madrasa (Cent. Asia, Persia, India), a college; loan 
 
 word from Arab, darasa, to read. 
 Maduk, Madugu (Mande, West Sudan), the house of a 
 
 king, palace. See Dugu. 
 Madzi (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Dzi. 
 Madzi-Manji (Giryama), sea. 
 Mae (Hang Gheh, Indo- China) , a tree. 
 Ma el ma (Arab.), a source. See Ma. 
 Maen (Welsh), a large stone, e.g. Maen y Prenfol, near 
 
 Lampeter. 
 Maes (Welsh), a field, a heath, e.g. Maesbury. See Bury 
 Mafana (Madagascar), hot, e.g. Ranomafana, ' hot water.* 
 
 See Rano. 
 Mafaza (Arab.), a desert, 
 
238 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 • » 
 
 Mafitsi. See Mafutsi. 
 
 Mafutsi (Hausa), ferry, landing-place, wharf. 
 
 Mag (Gaulish), a field, e.g. Marmagen. 
 
 Mag (Hind.), road, path, way ; from. Sansc. marg, road. 
 
 Mag (Serer, Senegal), a river. 
 
 Magala (Somali), a town, e.g. Magala Sahil, ' coast town,' 
 
 i.e. Berbera. 
 Magangamu (Hausa), confluence, equivalent to the Fula 
 
 Tepe. 
 Magas (Hung.), great, high (Mg.), applied to a large 
 
 number of towns and villages. 
 Magdumat (Darfur), a province under a Magdum or 
 
 governor. 
 Magh (Irish), a field, e.g. Armagh. 
 Maghera (Irish), a plain, a field, e.g. Magherafelt. 
 Maghrabi (Arab.), western, relating to North Africa. 
 
 Cf. Gharb. 
 Maghreb (Arab.), west. Cf. Gharb. 
 Maghribi (Swahili), west ; borrowed from the Arabic 
 
 maghreb. Cf. Gharb. 
 Magrem (Arab., N. Africa), meeting, junction, e.g. 
 
 Magrem el Buhur, ' the meeting of the waters,' the 
 
 Arab, name of No L. See Bahr. 
 Magu iesiva (S. Cape, New Guinea), tide (flowing). 
 Magura (Bumanian), a wooded height (Mgr.) 
 Maha (Sansc, Hind.), great, e.g. Mahanadi. Sec Nadi. 
 Mahal (Arab.), place, building, house, mansion. 
 Mahal el kufr (Egyptian Sudan), old ruins. See Kufr. 
 Mahallah (Cent. Asia) a quarter of a town. 
 Mahanke (Indian, U.S.A.), earth, land. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 239 
 
 Mahareb (Wadai), the round bell- shaped huts of Wadai, 
 made of reeds, as opposed to Reri, the Wadai name 
 for the portable Arab huts. 
 
 Maha-van (Same), a large forest. See Van. 
 
 Mahifohifo (Nine, Polynesia), west. For other points see 
 Tokilau. 
 
 Mahigen (Arab.), a whirlpool, eddy. 
 
 Mahjar (Arab.), rocks which impede the current of a 
 stream. 
 
 Mahrusa (Arab.), a garrison or fortified place. 
 
 Mai (Bantu), water ; probably not originally Bantu, but 
 from Arabic Ma. 
 
 Mai (Motumotu, New Guinea), river. 
 
 Mai (Siam), new. 
 
 Maidan (Arab., Pers., India, Abyssinia), plain, open field, 
 
 place d'armes. 
 
 ,, (Marocco), an open space on which to practise 
 
 horsemanship, usually found in front of every 
 
 castle. This is the original meaning, from Arab. 
 
 mada, meda, to be moved or agitated. 
 
 Mai'en (Upper Nile), bush, tall grass. 
 
 Maifadi (Hausa). See Fadi. 
 
 Maije (Kilimane, Bantu). See Ije. 
 
 Mai-ma (China), trade, e.g. Maimachin, ' trade town,' 
 near Kiakhta ; chin = town. 
 
 Maing (Burma), a town of the fourth order or sub- 
 district capital. Another form of Meng (q.v.) 
 
 Mainji (dialect of Bantu). See Mansi. 
 
 Mainya, pi. of Baba (Hausa), great. 
 
 Maio (Fula). See Mayo. 
 
(Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ji. 
 
 240 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Maireveina (Motu, Neio Guinea), east. 
 
 Maison (Fr.), house (M on ). 
 
 Maiya (Equatorial Nile), a backwater, e.g. Maiya Bita 
 
 Signora, named after the great traveller Miss 
 
 Tinne. Another form is Maya (q.v.) 
 Majani (Swahili). See Jani. 
 Majen (Arab.), a natural reservoir. 
 Maji 
 aMaji 
 Makali (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), bitter, 
 
 e.g. Marenga Makali (Kiver)= bitter water. See 
 
 Kali. 
 Makan (Arab), a house, dwelling. 
 Makani (Galla), a village. From the Arab, makan (?). 
 Makao, Makazi, Makani (Swahili). See Kao, Kazi, Kani. 
 Makaya (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kaya. 
 Makazi' (Swahili). See Kazi. For other forms see 
 
 Makao. 
 Makbar (Arab.), burying-place, tomb, monument. 
 Makhade (Arab.), a ford. 
 Makkoren ( West Sudan), great, large, e.g. AutelMakkoren; 
 
 Imakoren, ' large island ' formed by the Niger 
 
 River. 
 Makop (Bali, Kamerun), wood, forest. 
 Makro (Greek), long, e.g. Makri Yalo, a bay in Crete. 
 Makta (Arab.), a ford. 
 Makua, Makwa (A-Zande), river, stream. 
 Makuni (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kuni. 
 Mai (Hung.), mountain, e.g. Kiralymal=K6nigsberg. 
 Mai (Fan, French Congo). See Dzal. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 241 
 
 Mala, pi, of Buala (Loango). See Ala. 
 
 Mala (Slav.), little. Cf. Malo, Mali, Maly. 
 
 Maladrerie (Fr.), lazaretto (Mal re ). 
 
 Malai (Tamul), mountain, hill. 
 
 Malaila (Mekeo, New Guinea), north. 
 
 Malan (Hind.), a path. 
 
 Malang, Mallang (Malay), rocks visible at high water, 
 
 e.g. Malang Sakit Mata. 
 Malanga (Nine, Polynesia), south. For other points see 
 
 Tokilau. 
 Malashi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dinyasi. 
 Mali (Chin Hills), great, e.g. Mali Kha, ' great river,' the 
 
 Myit Gyi of the Burmese. Gf. Nmai. See Myit, 
 
 Gyi, Kha. 
 Mali (S. Slavonic), little. Gf. Malo, Mala, Maly. 
 Mali (W. Africa, between the Niger and the Atlantic), 
 
 hippopotamus, e.g. Malinke, the people whose fetish 
 
 or idol is the hippopotamus. See Ke, Nke; cf. 
 
 Bamba, Sa. 
 Maliba (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Liba. 
 Maliba mokru (Upper Nile), river, stream. 
 Malifa (Bakwidu, Kamerun). See Lifa. 
 Malj (Albanian), mountain range. 
 Malka (Galla), a river. Cf. Melka. 
 Malmala (Hind.), brackish (water). 
 Malnad (India, Mysore), hill country, applied generally 
 
 to the Manjarabad and Nagar ranges. 
 Malo (Buss., Servia?i), small, e.g. Malo Jezero, ' little lake.'' 
 
 Cf. Mala, Mali, Maly. See Jezero. 
 Maloa (Kossova, Eastern Uganda). See Loa. 
 
 R 
 
242 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Maly (Buthenian) , small (ML), e.g. Maly Ksiaz, N. of 
 
 Cracow. Cf. Mala, Mali, Malo. 
 Mamakating (Indian, U.S.A.), a great standing heap, 
 
 mound. 
 Mambo (Zambezia), chief, king. 
 Mamelon (Fr.) lit. pap, breast ; a rounded hill. 
 Man (Celtic), district, e.g. Manchester. See Chester. 
 Man (Korea), bay, e.g. Nan-to-Man = Goshkevich bay. 
 Man (Shan States), a village. 
 Man (Shan States), new, e.g. Man-Maw, 'New-Market,' 
 
 the Shan name for Bhamo. See Bha, Maw. 
 
 Man (Tamul), earth, land. 
 
 Mana (Bambara), a cliff, e.g. Manaule, ' red cliff.' See Ule. 
 
 Mana \ 
 
 kaMana 
 .__ Y (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), river, lake. 
 
 mu Mana 
 
 -Mana, -Manavi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu) , a suffix 
 
 meaning ' little.' 
 Mana (S. Cape, New Guinea), wind. 
 Manahinj (Indian, U.S.A.), a spring. 
 Mananga (Gazaland), sandy waterless tracts, above the 
 
 level of the river valleys, covered with thorny 
 
 scrub. See Nanga. 
 Mananyaro (Amis, Formosa), a village. 
 Manarokta (Indian, U.S.A.), forest, wood. 
 Manasi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dinyasi. 
 -Manavi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See -Mana. 
 Manbate (Sara, Chad L.), a house made of wood. Cf. 
 
 Be. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 243 
 
 Mandal (Hind.), a fountain; a port, harbour. 
 
 Mandal (Hind.) , circle, sphere ; the solar disk ; the 
 
 heavens ; a round tent ; a district ; from Sansc. 
 
 mandanla, a disk. 
 Mandan (Deccan), the world. 
 
 Mandap (Sansc, Hind.), a shed*; temple, pavilion. 
 Mandhi (Sansc, Hind.), a cottage ; small temple ; shrine ; 
 
 hermit's cell. 
 Mandi (Hind.), market ; a shop, storehouse for sale of 
 
 goods by auction or on commission. 
 Manding (Wolof), a desert, wilderness. 
 Mandir (Sansc, Hind.), house, mansion, palace, temple. 
 Mane (Sara, Chad L.), water, cf. Tutu; river, cf. Ba. 
 Manene (Congo, dialect of Bantu) . See Nene. 
 u Mango (Kafir), the ridge of a country; an elevated 
 
 tract of land. 
 Mangrullo (Spanish S. America), watch-tower, a signal 
 
 staff fixed in the branches of a tree. 
 Manhattan (Indian, U.S.A.), rapids. 
 Mania (Banjan, Kamerun), water. 
 Manigua (Cuba), a tropical forest. 
 Manji (Bali, Kamerun). See Nji. 
 Mankala (Arab.), a day's journey; a halting-place ; a 
 
 way through mountains. Cf. Manzil. 
 Mankiala (Fin.), isthmus. 
 
 Manse (Low Latin, mansa, a farm), a house or dwelling 
 with or without land ; a dwelling-house reserved for 
 a minister ; Capital Manse, a manor-house. 
 Mansi, Manzi, Menzi, Amensi, Amazi, Minzi, Amaji, Maji, 
 
 Mazi, Mezi, Madzi, Mainji, Mari (Cent. Africa, 
 
 E 2 
 
244 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 dialects of Bantu), water. See Nzi, Nsi, Dzi, Ji, 
 
 Hi, Zi, Mazi. 
 Mantiase {Gold Coast), a subordinate town ; a dependent 
 
 of a leading town. 
 Manufacture {Fr.), factory (Manuf re ). 
 Manyasi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dinyasi. 
 Manyata {East Africa, Masai), the villages of the Masai. 
 Manza {Senegambia), a king or sovereign, hence Kassa- 
 
 manza, ' chief of the emigrant Kassa people,' cor- 
 rupted into Kasamansa, or Casamance. 
 Manzana {Spanish S. America), a block of houses in the 
 
 form of a square, there being a street at each 
 
 side. 
 Manzi {dialect of Bantu). See Nzi. 
 Manzil {Arab.), a day's journey ; an inn ; a dwelling ; 
 
 boundary. From Nazala=to alight. Cf. the other 
 
 forms Menzil, Munsil, Mankala. 
 Mao {Fula). See Mayo. 
 Maol {from Gaelic maol, bare), a headland, e.g. Maol 
 
 Dubh, in Loch Leven. See Dubh. 
 Ma pa {Indian, U.S.A.), water. 
 Mape {Mekeo, New Guinea), coast. 
 Mar {Abba, N.W. of Budolf L.), a road. 
 Mar {Arab.), a saint (Christian). 
 Mar {Sp., Port.), sea. Cf Mare, Mer, Mari, Mere. 
 Mar (Woloj), a stream. 
 
 Mara {A-Zande), iron, applied to ferruginous districts. 
 Marabut {North Africa), a saint ; monk ; a monument 
 
 erected in honour of a saint, generally a chapel 
 
 or shrine with a cupola. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 245 
 
 Marafiari, Warafiari. See Rafiari. 
 
 Marago (Ki-Mrima, East Africa). See Rago. 
 
 Maraira (Maiva, New Guinea), north wind. 
 
 Marairana (Kabadi, New Guinea), north wind. 
 
 Marais (Fr.), swamp, marsh (M s ). 
 
 Marakat (Arab.), a shoal with soft bottom. 
 
 Maraovai (Motumotu, New Guinea), tide (flowing). 
 
 Marca (It.), boundary, frontier, a loan word. See Mark. 
 
 March (Eng., Scot.), border, frontier ; cf. the ' Warden of 
 the Marches.' From A.S. mearc (whence the 
 border kingdom of Mercia) and Goth, marka (whence 
 the Marcomanni, the ' border men '). See Mark. 
 
 Marche (jFV.), market. 
 
 Mare (Bumania), great, e.g. Stobodzieya Mare, on Pmth B. 
 
 Mare (Fr.), pool, pond. 
 
 Mare (It.), sea. Cf. Mar, Mer, Mari, Mere. 
 
 Marea (Maiva, New Guinea), sacred house or platform. 
 
 Marea (Sp.), tide; sea-shore. 
 
 Maree (Fr.), tide. 
 
 Maremma (It.), down, fen, salt-water marsh. 
 
 Marenga. See Renga. 
 
 Marevo (Buss.), mirage. 
 
 Marfag (Arab., N. Africa), promontory, cape. Cf. Menkeb. 
 
 Marhaiya. See Marhi. 
 
 Mar hi (Hind.), a variant of Mandhi (q.v.) 
 
 Mari (dialect of Bantu). See Mansi. 
 
 Mari (Fin.), sea. Cf. Mar, Mer, Mare, Mere. 
 
 Marigot (Senegal), a corrupted Jolof Word, shallow 
 creek, arm of a river. Cf. Faddama, Adar-n-Eghirreu, 
 Rejl, Kra, Bot-ho. Now used in French works. 
 
246 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Marina (It.) f sea-coast, shore, strand. 
 
 Marjal (Sp.), fen, woodland, marsh. 
 
 Mark (Indo-European), a boundary, e.g. Denmark, 
 
 Altmark ; Mercia, the ' Marches.' Is cognate with 
 
 Eat. margo, margin, frontier. 
 Mark (Scotland), a forest, e.g. 'Markinch, ' the forest 
 
 island.' See Inch. 
 Markaz (Arab.), a halting-place. 
 
 Markt (Ger.), market-place, e.g. Neumarkt, ' Newmarket.' 
 Marmaro (Hausa), source, spring. 
 Marne (Fr.), clay, marl. 
 Marra (Galla), house, dwelling. 
 Marraraba (Hausa), bifurcation (whether of roads or 
 
 streams), division, equal division, half way. See 
 
 Saba. 
 Marsa (Arab.), a port, e.g. Marsala, Marsa Zafran. 
 Marsch (Ger.), marsh, moor. 
 Mart (Hung.), bank, shore, coast. 
 Martha, Marta (Nestorian Christian), village, hamlet. 
 Marn (Sansc.), a region destitute of water, desert, sands. 
 Marwa (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), quartz. 
 Marz (Pers.), region, district. 
 Mas (Provence), small country house (M.) 
 Masa (Bubiana, Solomon Is.), a reef. 
 Masabki (Hausa), a lodging-place. 
 Masakin (Arab.), mansions, habitations. 
 Masalik (Arab.), ways, paths. 
 Masanza (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sanza. 
 Masar (Cent. Asia), a saint's tomb. 
 Masara (Arab.), a mill. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 247 
 
 Mashhad (Arab.), a burying-place, monument. 
 Mashrik (Arab.), the east. See Matla. In Hind. Mashrak. 
 doMasi (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mazi, Domasi. 
 Masidi (Hausa), inn, resting-place. 
 Masika (E. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Sika. 
 Masima (Swahili). See Sima. 
 Masjid (Arab.), a mosque. 
 Maskara (Arab.), a camp. 
 Maslak (Arab.), a path, track. 
 Massa-dugu 
 
 , (Mande), capital. See Dugu, Su. 
 JxLassasu 
 
 Masseria (It.), a farm (Mass a ). 
 
 Massstab (Ger.), scale (of a map). 
 
 Masua (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Isoa. 
 
 Masumba (Gongo, dialect of Bantu). See Sumba. 
 
 Maswa (Arab.), a dwelling, habitation. 
 
 Mat (Swiss), a field, e.g. Andermat; same as Matt. 
 
 Mata (Por*.), ) , _ ,, . . , 
 
 \ bush, thicket, copse. 
 Mata (Sp.), J . * 
 
 Mata (Barotonga, Polynesia), great. 
 
 Matadi (Gongo, dialect of Bantu). See Tadi. 
 
 Matal (Carolines), waterways. 
 
 Matala (Fin.), a reef. 
 
 Ma- tail (China), jetty, port. 
 
 Ma-teii (China), mouth, estuary. 
 
 Math (Albanian), great. 
 
 Matiu (Maiva, New Guinea), a tree. 
 
 Mati (Marovo, Solomon Is.), sand. 
 
 „ (New Georgia, Solomon Is.), a reef. 
 
 Matiyara (Sansc), arable land. 
 
248 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Matla (Arab.), the east. See Gharb, Said, Mashrik. Cf. 
 
 Mutli. 
 Matsi, Matsu (Japan), town, village, e.g. Matsuye in 
 
 Shimane, Matsuda near Tokyo. 
 Matswerero (Giryama). See Tswerero. 
 Matt (Swiss), a meadow, e.g. Andermatt, sometimes 
 
 spelled Mat. 
 Ma-tu (China), a road constructed in European 
 
 fashion. 
 Matu (Samoa), north wind ; Itu i Matn, north, lit. 
 
 ' north side.' For other points see Sasa'e, Sisifo, 
 
 Tonga. 
 Matuntngge (Indian, U.S.A.), bog, marsh. 
 Mauch (Gaelic magh), a plain, e.g. Mauchline, ' the plain 
 
 with the pool ' ; cf. Machar, Magh. See Lin. 
 Maudzn (dialect of Bantu). See Udzu. 
 Mauer (Ger.), a wall. 
 Mauna (Polynesia), mountain; other forms are Maua, 
 
 Maunga, Munga. 
 Mauta (Motumotu, New Guinea), south-east wind. 
 Mavro (Neo-Greek), black, e.g. Mavri Thalassa, the ' Black 
 
 Sea.' 
 Maw (Burma), a market, e.g. Bhamo, properly Bha-maw, 
 
 ' New-market.' See Bha, Man. 
 Mawa (Arab.), dwelling, abode, habitation. 
 Mawarid (Arab.), a watering-place. See Ma. 
 Mawn (Kwenam), a hill. 
 Mawr, Mor (Celtic), great, e.g. Penmaenmawr, Benmore. 
 
 See Ben, Pen, Maen. 
 Maya (Albanian), mountain. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 249 
 
 Maya [Upper Nile), a name applied to the shallow 
 
 lagoons formed in the swamps, which bound the 
 
 lower Bahr-el-Jebel. See Maiya. 
 Mayak (Buss.), a lighthouse, beacon tower. 
 Mayo (Fula), a river, e.g. Mayo Kebi ; other forms are 
 
 Mao, Maio. 
 Maz- (Pers.), mountain, e.g. Mazandaran, 'within the 
 
 mountains.' 
 Mazar (E. Turk.), a saint's tomb. 
 Mazaraat (Arab.), cultivated lands. 
 Mazi (Lusinga, Chula, Uganda). See Zi. 
 aMazi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. For other 
 
 forms see Mansi, Si, Zi. 
 Maziko (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ziko. 
 biMbali (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bali. 
 Mbambi (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bambi. 
 Mbanga (Ghazal region), royal station, zeriba. 
 Mbanza (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Banza. 
 Mbeka (Congo), precipice, cliff. 
 Mbel (Serer, Senegal), lake, marsh. 
 Mbenge (Kamerun), west. See Pongo. 
 Mbewe (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Bewe. 
 Mbia (A~Zande), a mountain. 
 Mbin (Serer, Senegal), house, dwelling. 
 Mbira (Giryama). See Bira. 
 muMbo (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), west. 
 
 Mboka (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Boka. 
 Mbotu (Marovo, Solomon Is.), hill. Cf. Mbutu. 
 Mbu (Congo), sea, ocean. 
 Mbua (Kamerun), rain. 
 
250 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Mbulangiana {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bulangiana. 
 Mbunga (Sara, Chad L.), a tree. Cf. Kaga. 
 Mbutu (Kusage, Solomon Is), hill. Cf. Mbotu. 
 Mchenga (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Chenga. 
 Mcho (E. Africa), occasional showers which fall through 
 
 a month or six weeks in June and July. 
 Mdima (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dima, Dema. 
 Mdo (Tibet), the end of a valley, confluence. 
 Me (Attie, Ivory Coast), running water, river. 
 Me (Nigeria), palm oil, e.g. Bafum-me = the portion of 
 
 Bafum where palm oil may be collected. See Katse. 
 Me (Siam), a river, e.g. Menam, Mekong. 
 Me (Songhai), bank of a river. 
 Me (Tibet), low country. 
 akaMe (Congo, dialect of Bantu), water. 
 go Me (Nika), an overhanging rock. 
 Mea (Cambodia), gold. 
 Mea (Motumotu, New Guinea), cloud. 
 Mea (Botuma, Polynesia), small. 
 Meal (England, East Coast), a sandhill. 
 Meall (Gaelic), a lump, e.g. Meall Beg island. 
 Meban (Fan, French Congo). See Aban. 
 Meben (Fan, French Congo). See Aben. 
 Meboli (Fan, French Congo). See Aboli. 
 kaMechi (Ketosh, Eastern Uganda), water. 
 Medalla (Lomwe, Mozambique), road. 
 Medine (Arab.), city, ranking above Borj (a town) ; 
 
 another form of Madina (q.v.) 
 Medzim (Fan, French Congo), water. 
 Meer (Ger.), sea, e.g. Schwarzes Meer, ' the Black Sea.' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 251 
 
 Meerbusen (Ger.), a gulf. 
 
 Meerenge {Ger.), a strait, eng= narrow. 
 
 Me fan (Fan, French Congo). See Afan, Fan. 
 
 Megalo (Greek). See Megas. 
 
 Megas, -ale, -alo (Greek), great, e.g. Megalokhorio in 
 
 Eurytania, Megalo Vonrno Mt. Cf. Magas. See Khorio. 
 Megh-agam, Megh-kal (Sansc.), the rainy season. 
 Megheta (Arab.), a natural cistern, generally in the bed 
 
 of a wadi. Of. Ain, Bir. 
 Megiskun (Hudson Bay region), a fish-hook, a name 
 
 given to a branch of a river, from its shape. 
 Meha (Ghazal region), the lagoons formed by the river 
 
 overflowing its banks ; called also Fula. Cf. 
 
 Mela. 
 Mehareg (Arab., N. Africa), a burnt place, a denuded 
 
 spot, a depression without outlet surrounded by 
 
 vertical cliffs. 
 Mehm (Indian, California), water. 
 Mei (China), coal. 
 Meidan, Medan (Pers.), plain, a plain open space. 
 
 Corrupt Persian forms of Maidan (q.v.) 
 Meierhof (Ger.), farm. 
 Mejaz (Arab.), a ford, a ferry. Cf. Makta. 
 Mejebed (Arab.), a caravan route, composed of several 
 
 Mrai'r (q.v.) 
 Mejra (Arab.), a canal, channel, stream, current. 
 Mekam (Arab., N. Africa), a space surrounded by stones 
 
 in honour of a saint. 
 Mekebb (Arab.), an affluent. 
 Mel (Buss.), a shoal. 
 
252 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Mel (Somali), place. The Somali article is a, i, or u, 
 always placed after the word and connected with 
 it by certain letters, in this case by t, thus melta, 
 melti, meltu ; further, the combination It is always 
 changed into sh, thus, mesha = meshi = meshu = 
 the place. Gf. Le. 
 
 Mela (Ghazal region), the lagoons formed by the river 
 overflowing its banks = Meha (q.v.) 
 
 Melahtei (Nubia), bare, e.g. Jebel Melatei, 'bare moun- 
 tain.' 
 
 Melaina (Greek). See Melas. 
 
 Melas, -aina, -an (Greek), black, e.g. Cape Melano. 
 
 Melha (Marocco), salt. 
 
 Meli (Fan, French Congo). See Ali. 
 
 Meli (Senegal), free, opp. to Aswanek, subject, e.g. Melinke, 
 the free people. 
 
 Melka (Arab.), confluence, junction. 
 
 Melka (Galla, Abyssinia), a ford. Gf. Malka. 
 
 Melki (Buss), shallow. 
 
 Mellah (Marocco), the Jewish quarter of a town. 
 
 Mellem (Da., Nor.), middle, e.g. Seen Mellem Smaaldene, 
 in Vordingborg bay. 
 
 Melli (Senegal). See Meli. 
 
 Melnitsa (Buss.), a mill. 
 
 Melrir (Algeria, Tunisia), quicksand, e.g. Shott Melrir. 
 See Shott. Pronounced by the Arabs Melghigh. Gf. 
 Mat = Ghat. Should be spelled Melrhirh or Melrir. 
 
 Melugh (Fan, French Congo). See Lugh, Alugh. 
 
 Memnite (Indian, California), a lake. 
 
 Men (China), a gate, e.g. Ta Men Chie, 'main gate street.' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 253 
 
 Mena {Madagascar), red, e.g. Ampasimena, ' on the red 
 
 sand,' Ambatomena, ' at the place where the red 
 
 rock is.' See An, Pasi, Bato. 
 Menda (Fan, French Congo). See Nda. 
 Mendere (Mossi, French Sudan), source, spring. 
 Mendhra (Arab.), a post of observation. 
 uMendo (Zulu, Kafir), a highway, a public road. 
 Menea (Arab.), a strong castle difficult of approach. 
 Meng (Burma), a town of the fourth order or sub- 
 district capital. See Meung, Mong, Muong. 
 Mengku (Mongol), a snowy peak. 
 Mengub (Arab., N. Africa), dug out with a pick ; a 
 
 place where there is a subterranean watercourse 
 
 pierced for water. 
 Menhel, pi. Menahel (Arab.), a place for watering 
 
 cattle. 
 Menhir (Brittamj), a large raised stone or monolith 
 
 dating from the New Stone Age. From Celtic 
 
 maen, stone ; hir, long. 
 Menikon (Indian, U.S.A.), a town, village. 
 Menkeb (Arab., N. Africa), promontory, cape. Cf. 
 
 Marfag. 
 Mennikere (Indian, U.S.A.), sea. 
 Menotene (Indian, U.S.A.), a town. 
 Menzen (Fan, French Congo). See Nzen, Zen. 
 aMensi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water; for 
 
 other dialects see Mansi. 
 Menzi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. Cf. 
 
 Mansi. 
 Menzil (Arab.) See ManziL 
 
254 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Mer (Fr.), sea, e.g. Mer Morte, ' the Dead Sea.' 
 Merabut (Tripoli), a saint's tomb = Marabut of Algeria. 
 Merageb (Arab., N. Africa). See Mergeb. 
 Merah (Malay), red, e.g. Cape Merah, ' Eed Cape,' 
 
 Borneo and Java. 
 Meraku (Tamul), west ; for other points see Vadakku. 
 Mercato (It.), market-place. 
 Mere (Anglo-Saxon, Eng.), a lake, marsh, e.g. Mersey, 
 
 Windermere ; cognate with Welsh mor ; Lat. 
 
 mare ; Ger. meer. 
 Mergeb, pi. Merageb (Arab., N. Africa), a culminating 
 
 point ; hill ; look-out. Gf. Merkeb, really the same 
 
 word. 
 Merima (Swahili). See Rima. Gf. Lima. 
 Merj (Arab.), meadow, plain. 
 Merjah-tue (Arab.), marsh, bog. 
 Merkeb (Sahara), hill, mound, lit. a high seat, e.g. 
 
 Merkeb Said n Ali. Gf. Mergeb. 
 Mers, Mersa (Arab.), anchorage, port ; another form of 
 
 Marsa. 
 Mesa (Sp.), flat or level surface on the top of a hill or 
 
 mountain, tableland ; a landing-place, lit. a table. 
 ,, (U.S.A.), a flat-topped mountain bounded on at 
 
 least one side by a steep cliff. 
 Meses (Neo-Greek), north-east. For other points see 
 
 Boreas. 
 Mesha, Meshi, Meshu (Somali). See Mel. 
 Meshera (Arab., N. Africa), a pond, pool. 
 Meshgeg, pi. Meshgegin (Arab., N. Africa), clayey soil. 
 Mesh-hed (Arab.) See Mashhad. 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 255 
 
 Meshra (Arab.), wharf ; port ; a ford ; watering-place 
 
 for cattle, e.g. Meshra er-Rek. 
 Meshta (Arab.), winter quarters. 
 Mesita (Sp., U.S.A.), a small Mesa (q.v.) 
 Mesjid (Arab.), a mosque. 
 Meso (Hung.) See Mezb. 
 Mesogh (Fan, French Congo). See Sogh. 
 Meson (Sp.), an inn, tavern. 
 Mesos (Greek), middle, e.g. Mesopotamia, ' the land 
 
 between the rivers.' See Potamos. Cf. Doab. 
 Metagh (Fan, French Congo), soil, earth. 
 Metairie (Fr.), small farm (Met ie ). 
 Metallef (Arab., N. Africa), labyrinth, difficult passage. 
 Metamore (Marocco), a granary. 
 Metemma (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), a hollow or 
 
 bottom. 
 Meuang (Siam), a state. 
 Meung (Shan States), district, or chief town of a 
 
 district =Mong. See Meng, Muong. 
 Meya (Fan, French Congo). See Aya. 
 Meyua (Fan, French Congo). See Ayua. 
 Mezemelin (Arab., N. Africa). See Smala. 
 Mezi (dialect of Bantu). See Mansi. 
 Mezo (Hung.), field. Sometimes misspelled Meso. 
 Mezrah (Arab.), sown land, arable land. 
 Mfalme (Swahili). See Falme. 
 Mfinda (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Finda. 
 Mfumu (dialect of Bantu). See Fumu. 
 Mgabe, pi. Egbe (Chamba), a large river. 
 Mgbenn, pi. Egbenn (Basari), large river. 
 
256 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Mgizi (Lvsinga, Chula, Uganda). See Gizi. 
 
 Mgo (Tibet), head, source of a river. 
 
 Mgunda (Swahili, Yao). See Gunda. 
 
 Mhari (Deccan), house, mansion, palace. 
 
 Mhitu (German East Africa). See Hitu. 
 
 Mi (Cambodia), good, e.g. Mi-hoa, 'good alliance,' in 
 
 Bao-thuan. 
 Mi (Lolo, China), earth, land, soil. 
 Mi (Indian, California), a house ; Yo Mi, a village. 
 Mi (Terauye, Sahara), water. See Eyi. 
 Mia (Arab., N. Africa), a hundred ; e.g. Wad Mia is 
 
 the wad of a hundred affluents or a hundred 
 
 sources. 
 Mia (Syriac), water, e.g. Mia Khwara, 'the white 
 
 water.' 
 Mian (Pers.), middle, e.g. Miandoab or Marhametabad in 
 
 N.E. Persia. See Doab. Cf. Mesopotamia. 
 Mianzi (Swahili), bamboos or large reeds, e.g. Mianzini. 
 Miao, Miau (Tibet, China), a temple, e.g. Lama Miao, 
 
 1 Lama temple.' 
 Mibar (Arab.), pass ; ferry, ford. 
 Mic (Rumanian), little (Mc.) Cf. Micu. 
 Michi (Japan), road, path. 
 Michi-shiwo (Japan), flood-tide. See Shiwo, 
 Micu (Rumania), small. See Mikros, Mic. 
 Midden (Dch.), middle, e.g. Midden Beemster. Cf. 
 
 Mittel. 
 Midzu (Japan), water, fresh water as opposed to sea 
 
 water. Another form is Mitsu. Cf. Umi. 
 Midzu-umi (Japan), freshwater lake. See Umi, Midzu. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 257 
 
 Migha (Fan, French Congo). See Dzigha. 
 
 Miho (Lolo, China), earth, soil, land. 
 
 Mijlpaal (Dch.), a milestone, lit. mile-^o^. Cf. Milepael. 
 
 Mikagano (Lomwe, Shirwa L.), a boundary. 
 
 Mikha (Pula, China), earth. 
 
 Mikongo (Cent. Africa), forest, bush. 
 
 Mikong'e (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kong'e. 
 
 Mikros, a, on (Greek), little, small, e.g. Mikros Han 
 
 Ioannis on the Gulf of Saloniki. 
 Milepsel (Da., Nor.), a milestone (M.) Cf. Mijlpaal. 
 Mimana (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mumana. 
 Mimipik (Indian, U.S.A.), pond, pool. 
 Min (China), the people. Cf. Jin. 
 Mina (Sp., Ital., Port.), a mine. 
 Minami (Japan), south = Nan (q.v. for other points). 
 Minamoto (Japan), source, spring. 
 Minar (Arab.), minaret, obelisk. 
 Minato (Japan), haven, harbour, port. 
 Mine (Indian, U.S.A.), water, e.g. Minnehaha, 'laughing 
 
 water.' 
 Mine (Japan), peak, summit; mountain. 
 Mine, Minet (Arab.), harbour, port. 
 Minhaj (Arab.), highway, road ; a wide street. 
 Minhal (Arab.), a watering-place. 
 Miniake (Indian, U.S.A.), good land. 
 Miniera (It.), a mine. 
 Minster (England), a monastery; from A.S. mynster, 
 
 contract, of Lat. monasterium. 
 Mintik (Berta, E. Sudan), a pass. 
 Minzi (dialect of Bantu). See Inzi. 
 
258 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Miongo (Co?igo), highlands. 
 
 Mipaka (dialect of Bantu). See Mpaka. 
 
 Mir (Pers.), a mountain, e.g. Mir Kalan, 'big mountain.' 
 
 Miri (Motumotu, New Guinea), beach, shore. 
 
 Mirigini (Motu, New Guinea), north wind. 
 
 Mirim (Prazil), little, e.g. Laguna 1 Mirim. 
 
 Miruru {Motumotu, New Guinea), wind. 
 
 Mis, Mios (New Guinea), island. 
 
 Misaki (Japan), cape, promontory. See Saki. 
 
 Misezo (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Msezo. 
 
 Misks (Londonderry), the ridges of bog, which alternate 
 
 with ridges of sand, called Dryms, on the seaboard 
 
 near Lough Foyle. 
 Misr (Arab.), Egypt, Cairo ; any large city. 
 Missidi (French Guinea), a mosque. 
 Mitang (Hu-ni, China), a mountain. 
 Miti (Indian, U.S.A.), a town. 
 Miti, Muti, pi. of Mti (Zambezia), trees. 
 Mitija (Arab.), a plain crowned by mountains. 
 Mitsa (Hu-ni, China), earth, land. 
 Mitsanga (Giryama), sandy soil. 
 Mitsuru (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a forest, wood. 
 Mitsu-umi (Japan), freshwater lake. Mitsu is another 
 
 form of Midzu (q.v.) See Umi. 
 Mittel (Ger.), middle, between (Mt.), e.g. Mittelmeer 
 
 = the Mediterranean Sea. Cf Midden. 
 -Mint (Eskimo). See -Mute. 
 Miya (Japan), a temple. 
 
 Miyi (Somaliland), jungle; Miyigi, 'the jungle.' 
 Mji, pi. Miji (Swahili), a village. . 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 259 
 
 Mjung (Tibet), below ; embouchure. 
 
 Mkar {Tibet), a fort. 
 
 Mkuka (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kuka. 
 
 Mlango (E. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Lango. 
 
 Mlet (Chinbon), a river, e.g. Mlet Alyen, ' the big river.' 
 
 Mlezo, pi. Milezo (Swahili), a buoy. 
 
 Mlima (E. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Lima. 
 
 Mlin ) 
 
 (Slavonic), a mill (M.), e.g. Mlinek. 
 
 Mlyn 
 
 Mo (China), sea, e.g. Shamo, ' the sand sea,' i.e. Gobi. 
 
 Mo (Indian, U.S.A.), a spring. 
 
 Moadya (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Adya. 
 
 Moana (Fahaofu, Polynesia), sea. 
 
 Modara (Singalese), mouth of a river. 
 
 Modder (Dch.), mud, e.g. Modder Eiver. 
 
 Moel (Wales), a bare hill summit with a conical outline, 
 
 e.g. Moel Siabod. 
 Moelje (Dch.), a mole. 
 Moeras (Dch.), marsh, bog, morass; from moer=moor, 
 
 mire ; cf. Ger. Morast. 
 Moghreb (Arab.), west. See next entry. See also 
 
 Gharb for other points. 
 Moghreb-el-Aksa (Arab.), far west; the Arab name of 
 
 Marocco. 
 Mogila (Russ.), a barrow, tumulus. 
 Moha (Upper Nile), a mountain. 
 Mohu (Marovo, Solomon Is.), west wind. 
 Mohunk (Indian, U.S.A.), great hill. Cf. Hunk. 
 Moi* (Annam), savages, hill-people, equivalent to the 
 
 Ka of the Shan States. 
 
 3 2 
 
260 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Moi-he-nn (Hainan), market, market-place. 
 
 Moinho (Port.), a mill. 
 
 Mojon (Sp.), a landmark. 
 
 Mok (Korea), neck of a hill, e.g. Mok-Pho. 
 
 Moki (Bakundu, Kamerun), a village. 
 
 Mole (Fr.), pier, mole. 
 
 Molen (Dch.), a mill, e.g. Molendijk. 
 
 Molhe (Port.), mole, pier. 
 
 Molima (Swahili), a hill. See Lima. Cf. Rima. 
 
 Molino (It., Sp.), a mill (M°). 
 
 Mblle (Da., Nor.), a mill. 
 
 Molo (It.), pier, mole. 
 
 Momasa (Mossi, French Sudan), grass. 
 
 Monadh. (Gaelic), hill, e.g. Monadh Liadh, Inverness. 
 
 Monadnock (U.S.A.), an isolated hill or mountain rising 
 above a plain. 
 
 Monaster (Ireland, Greece), a monastery, e.g. Monas- 
 terevin. Cf. Minster, and Fr. Monastere. 
 
 Mond, Monde (Dch.), mouth of a river, e.g. Dendermonde. 
 Cf. Mund. 
 
 Monde (Fr.), world. 
 
 Mone (Mentawei), a plantation. 
 
 Money (Ireland), a brake or shaw ; from Irish muine ; 
 e.g. Moneymore. 
 
 Mong (Burma), a town of the fourth order or sub- 
 district capital. See Meng, Meung, Muong. 
 „ (Shan States), district or chief town of a 
 district. 
 
 Mongo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ongo. 
 
 Mongwa (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ongwa. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 261 
 
 Moni (Gaelic monadh), a hill, e.g. Monimail, properly 
 Monadh-Maol, * bare hill ' ; Monifieth, properly 
 Monadh-Feidh, 'hill of the deer.' See Maol. 
 
 Mono (Sara, Chad L.), small. 
 
 Monsoon. See Musin. 
 
 Mont (Fr., Gaelic), a hill (M*). 
 
 Montagna (It), a mountain range (M gna ). 
 
 Montagne (Fr.), a mountain (]M> ne ). 
 
 Monte (It., Port., Sp.), a mountain (M.) ; also (Sp.) 
 wood, forest. 
 
 Moor, More (England), peaty land, marsh ; e.g. Black- 
 more; from A.S. mor, cognate with Old Ger. muor. 
 
 Mor. See Mawr. 
 
 Morast (Ger.), morass, marsh. Cf. Moeras. 
 
 Morder (Arab.), a deep pool. 
 
 More (Gaelic mor), great; e.g. Glen More. Cf. Mawr. 
 
 More (England). See Moor. 
 
 More (Buss.), sea. 
 
 Morfa, Morva (Welsh), a marsh, e.g. Penmorfa. 
 
 Morfog (Arab., N. Africa), a bend in a river; a bend in 
 a valley where there is vegetation. 
 
 Mori (Japan), a wood. 
 
 Morne (American), small mountain. 
 
 Morros (Venezuela), hills on the Savannah. 
 
 Morva. See Morfa. 
 Moryana (Buss.), a sea breeze. 
 Morzhesovia (Buss.), a walrus island. 
 Mosea (Gold Coast), gravel. 
 
 Moss (Anglian), a bog ; e.g. Chat Moss, Goldsitch Moss; 
 from A.S. meos; cf. Ger. moos. 
 
262 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Most (Slavonic), a bridge ; e.g. Babimost. 
 
 Mot (Mongol), many, e.g. Golmot, ' many rivers.' See Gol. 
 
 Mo ta (Indian, California), a town. 
 
 Motu (Polynesia), island, e.g. Motu-iti, 'little island.' 
 
 Motun (Mongol), a tree. 
 
 Mouillage (Fr.), anchorage. 
 
 Moulin (Fr.), a mill (M in ). 
 
 Moutiers (Old Fr.), a monastery. From Lat. through 
 
 Provencal Mostier, e.g. Moutiers-les-Mauxfaits. 
 Mouvemente (Fr.), undulating (ground). 
 Moya (Shilluk, Sobat B. region), a pool. 
 Moye (Arab.), water. 
 Mpaka, pi. Mipaka (Swahili). See Paka. 
 Mpambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Pambu. 
 kiMpambwila (Congo, dialect of Bantu). For meaning see 
 
 Kimpambwila. 
 Mpatantwer (Gold Coast), a steep place. 
 -Mpiti (Cent. Africa), a suffix meaning ' great.' 
 Mpo-ano (Gold Coast), sea shore, coast. Cf. Nsu-ano. 
 Mpwa (Swahili). See Pwa. 
 
 Mrai'r, pi. of Mrira (Arab.), paths. See Mejebed. 
 Mrara (Arab.), a cavern. 
 
 Mrima (E. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Rima. 
 Mrira (Arab.) See Mrai'r. 
 Mrittika (Sansc), earth, clay, soil. 
 Msangu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Sangu. 
 Mseb (Arab.), the mouth of a harbour or river. 
 Mser (Arab.), a journey, a road, e.g. Mser ben wan. 
 Msezo, Misezo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 Msif (Arab.), summer quarters or camp. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 263 
 
 Msil {Arab.), current of a river or in the sea. 
 Msinje (dialect of Bantu). See Sinje. 
 Msitu (dialect of Bantu). See Situ. 
 Mta, pi. Mita (Swahili). See Ta. 
 Mtengo (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Tengo. 
 pa Mtengo (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), woods, in the 
 
 woods. See Pa. 
 Mti, pi. Miti (Loango). See Ti. 
 Mfotpl Mito (Swahili). See To. 
 tiMto (Uganda, dialect of Bantu), a forest; lit. trees. 
 Mto (Turk.), high, lofty. 
 Mtso (Tibet), lake; is the same word as tso (q.v.), m 
 
 being mute. 
 Mtu, pi. Watu (Swahili). See Tu. 
 Mu-, Ngu- (Cent. Africa, Bantu), a singular prefix 
 
 signifying a person ; Mu-ntu, an individual of the 
 
 Ba-ntu people. Gf. Ma, Ba 
 Mu (China), wood, trees. 
 Mu, pi. Miu (Congo), the sea. 
 Mu (Tibet), limit, boundary. 
 Mua (N. Chin Hills), a hill. 
 Muakbash (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), slate-coloured 
 
 (of the rocks in the region). 
 Muang (Malay Pen.), province, township. 
 Muaong (Khas Chos, Harem, Indo-China), town, village. 
 Muara (Borneo), river mouth. 
 Muata {Balunda, Bantu, Angola, and Congo), master, 
 
 chief, e.g. Muata Yamvo. 
 Muba (Kiwai, New Guinea), a cape. 
 Muchili, pi. Michili (Barotseland, Bantu). See Chili. 
 
264 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Mudandando (Nika). See Dandando. 
 
 Mudargag (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), a hill rising 
 steeply from a level plain. 
 
 Mudi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Di. Cf. Musi. 
 
 Mudir (Turk.), governor of a Nahij or parish. 
 
 Mudiri, Mudirah (Upper Nile), a prefecture, e.g. of Khar- 
 tum ; an administrative department of a province. 
 The more usual form is the Arab. Mudiria. 
 
 Mudzi (dialect of Bantu). See Musi, Dzi. 
 
 Muelle (Sp.), a mole, jetty. 
 
 Muen (Tawigtha, Arakan), a hill. 
 
 Muezi (dialect of Bantu). See Ezi. 
 
 Mufumu (dialect of Bantu). See Fumu. 
 
 Mugharah, pi. Mughair (Arab.), a cave. 
 
 Muhaka (Giryama). See Haka. 
 
 Muhana (Hind.), the mouth of a river; channel or bed 
 of a river ; an estuary ; confluence of two rivers. 
 
 Muhi (Shahpur, Punjab), a clan, being a subdivision of 
 a Kom or Zat (tribe). 
 
 Muhichi (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Hichi. 
 
 Muhiku (Lomive, Mozambique), a forest, wood. 
 
 Miihle (Ger.), a mill (M.), e.g. Altmiihl. 
 
 Muho (Giryama). See Ho. 
 
 Mui (Annam), cape, promontory. 
 
 Muide (Dch.), mouth, e.g. Ijmuiden. 
 
 Muiru (Nika). See Iru. 
 
 Muis, Mys (Buss.), a cape, headland. 
 
 Muiza (Buss.), country house, villa. 
 
 Muk (Eskimo), water; cf. Emuk, Nanimuk. 
 
 Muka (Galla), a tree. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 265 
 
 Mukam (Arab.), a sacred station or shrine. 
 
 Muki (Balun. Kamerun), a village. 
 
 Mukim (Malay), a parish. 
 
 Mukom (Kamerun), slave; a bush-dweller, as opposed 
 
 to a coast-dweller. 
 Mukondo (NiJca). See Kondo. 
 Mukurri (Kamerun), a mountain. 
 Mul (Korea), mountain stream, e.g. Mul-Kubi in Ham- 
 
 gyong- 
 
 Mulde (Ger.), a Trough (q.v.) 
 
 Mulk (Arab., Hind.), kingdom, country. 
 
 Mull, Maol (Gaelic), a headland ; e.g. Mull of Cantyre. 
 See Maol. 
 
 Mullen (Irish), a mill, e.g. Mullingar. 
 
 Mulonga (dialect of Bantu). See Longa. 
 
 Mumana, Mimana, Umbana (Gent. Africa, dialects of 
 Bantu), a river. See Mana. 
 
 Mumbo (Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda). See Mbo. 
 
 Mumir (Arab.), passage, pass; ford. 
 
 Mumpanga (dialect of Bantu). See Panga. 
 
 Mun (Bagirmi), intermittent, e.g. Mun Ba, ' the inter- 
 mittent river.' 
 
 Mun (China), a gate. Another spelling is Men (q.v.) 
 
 Munara (Giryama). See Nara. 
 
 Mund (Da., Nor., Ger.), mouth (of a river), e.g. Swakop- 
 mund. Cf. Mond, see Op. The Sw. form is Mund, Mun. 
 
 Munda (Giryama), cultivated ground, a farm, garden. 
 SeeNda. 
 
 Mundi (Kamerun), town, land ; opp. to Madiba. 
 
 Miindung (Ger.), mouth of a river. See Mund. 
 
266 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Mungar, Mongar (Arab., N. Africa), steep slope at the 
 extremity of a mountain or plateau. 
 
 Munja (Kamerun), sea, stream. 
 
 Munju (Chamba), water. 
 
 Munsil (Arab.), camp, bivouac ; the same word as Manzil. 
 
 Minister (Ger.), minster (q.v.), e.g. Miinsterberg. 
 
 Munte (Bum.), mountain, hill. 
 
 Muong (Indo-China, Siam), town of the third or fourth 
 order, or capital of a district or sub-district. In 
 Laos Muong prefixed to the name of a village 
 denotes that the place is the seat of a native chief. 
 These villages are always inhabited by Laotians 
 only. Villages without the prefix Muong may be 
 inhabited by Khas, as the hill tribes are collectively 
 called. See Meng, Meung, Mong. 
 
 Muongo, Mwongo (Loango). See Ongo. 
 
 Mur (Fr.), a wall. Gf. Muro, Muur. 
 
 Mura (Japan), a village. 
 
 Murabba (W. Australia), salt water. 
 
 Murdha (Sansc, Hind.), summit, top, head. 
 
 Muren, Murin (Mongolia, Tibet), stream, river; large 
 river, e.g. Ulan-Muren=the Eed Kiver. See Ulan. 
 
 Murima (Giryama). See Rima. 
 
 Murira (Giryama). See Rira. 
 
 Muro (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ro. 
 
 Muro (Sp., Ital., Port.), a wall. Gf. Mur, Muur. 
 
 Muronga (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ronga. 
 
 Murot (Nandi, Uganda), north. Gf. Kaimen. 
 
 Murui (Mongolia, Tibet), tortuous, e.g. Murui-osu (usu), 
 ' tortuous river,' the upper Yangtse. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 267 
 
 Murun tsiraka (Madagascar), beach. 
 
 Mums (Mongol), river, the river. 
 
 Mus (Hind.), land along the high banks of rivers. 
 
 Musafir-khana (Arab., Pers.), a house for the reception 
 
 of travellers. 
 Musattah (Arab.), level; an open plain. 
 Musi, Muzi, Muji, Umuzi, Mudzi (Gent. Africa, dialects of 
 
 Bantu). See Dzi, Ji, Si, Zi. 
 Musin (Arab.), season; whence Eng. monsoon, either 
 
 through the Ital. monsone or Span, monzon. 
 Musinji, Msinje (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 
 Sinje. 
 Musitu (dialect of Bantu). See Mwitu. 
 Muskeg (U.S.A.), a bog or marsh. 
 Muskiikul (Indian, U.S.A.), grass. 
 Muskuta (Indian U.S.A.), low plains. 
 Musoir (Fr.), mole or pier-head, a term largely used by 
 
 engineers. 
 Musselim (Turk.), governor of a city. 
 Mussun (Mongol), ice. Cf Muz. 
 -Mut (Eskimo). See -Mute. 
 Mutatago (Giryama). See Tatago. 
 -Mute, -Mut, -Miut (Eskimo), people, collection of people, 
 
 encampment, e.g. Akmute, Paimute, Yachergamut, 
 
 1 the Ak, Pai, and Yacherk peoples or villages ' ; 
 
 Tubuktuligmiut, ' the Tubuktulig people.' See Tulik. 
 Mutesarrif (Turk.), the governor of a Sanjak (q.v.) 
 Mutesarriflik (Turk.), the government of a Mutesarrif, a 
 
 Sanjak; also an independent Sanjak, i.e. one not 
 
 under a Vali of a Vilayet (q.v.) 
 
268 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Mutha (Nika). See Tha. 
 
 Mu-ti (China), pasture land. 
 
 Muti, Miti (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Ti. 
 
 Mutli (Kanarese, W. coast of Hindustan), east. For 
 
 other points see Gi. 
 Muto {Mavia, Mozambique), river. 
 Mutswerero (Giryama), west. Another form is Utswerero. 
 
 See Mwakani. 
 Mutua, Abatua (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See 
 
 Tua. 
 Mutulu (dialect of Bantu). See Tulu. 
 Muur (Deli.), a wall. Gf. Mur, Muro. 
 Muvaka (Nika). See Vaka. 
 Muvu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Vu. 
 Muvumbi (Giryama). See Vumbi. 
 Muvunbi (Giryama). See Vunbi. 
 Muwat (Arab.), waste land. 
 Muwu, pi. Miuwu (Congo), sea, ocean. 
 Muyisi (Lomwe, Shirwa L.), damp ground fitted for the 
 
 growth of rice. 
 Muz (E. Turk.), ice, e.g. Muztagh, 'the ice mountain.' 
 
 Cf Mussun. 
 Muzi (dialect of Bantu). See Musi. 
 Muzik (Arab.), a strait. 
 
 Mvitu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mwitu. 
 Mvogh (Fan, French Congo), country, applied to the 
 
 territory of a tribe or collection of villages. Cf. 
 
 Si, Fan. 
 Mvumi (German East Africa), sand. 
 Mwago (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mwango. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 269 
 
 Mwakani (Giryama). See Akani. 
 
 Mwako (dialect of Bantu). See Ako. 
 
 Mwamba (pi. Miamba), ITmwamba, Imiamba (Gent. Africa, 
 
 dialects of Bantu). See Amba. 
 Mwana (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ana. 
 Mwango, Mwago, Mwako (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu) . 
 
 See Ango, Ako. 
 Mwanya (Giryama). See Anya. 
 Mwe (N. Arakan), hill. 
 Mwene, TJmwene, Amwene (Gent. Africa, dialects of 
 
 Bantu). See Ene. 
 Mwijo (Giryama), wilderness ; district once devastated 
 by war or pestilence and no longer inhabited. See 
 Ijo. 
 Mwila (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ila. 
 Mwinano (Mahua, German E. Africa). See Inano. 
 Mwiru (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Iru. 
 Mwitu, Musitu,Msitu,Isitu,TJmusitu(Cew^. Africa, dialects 
 
 of Bantu) . See Witu, Situ. 
 Mwongo, Muongo (Loango). See Ongo. 
 Mya- (Zambezia), a prefix meaning ' place.' Cf. Nya. 
 Myestechko (Buss.), a market town. 
 Myesto vuigruzki (Buss.), a landing-place. 
 Myit (Taungtha, Arakan), river, e.g. Myittha. 
 Mynydd (Welsh), mountain, e.g. Mynydd Mawr, Car- 
 narvonshire. See Mawr. 
 Myo (Burma), town of the second order or provincial 
 
 capital. 
 Mzinda (Cent. Africa). See Zinda. 
 
270 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 N 
 
 -Na, -No, -Nu (Indian , Alaska), a river, e.g. Tonzona, 
 
 Tateno, Echeatnu. See Chaget, Kaget. 
 Na (Siam), field; in Laos, rice field. 
 Naaki (A-Zande), a wood. 
 Naam (Arab.), a desert. 
 
 Naauw (Dch.), narrow, e.g. Naauwpoort. See Poort. 
 Naauwte (Dch.), pass, defile. 
 Nab, Nabb (England, from Icel. nabbi, a knot), top or 
 
 summit of a rock or mountain ; a rising ground, 
 
 e.g. Higher Nabb in the Peak district. 
 Nach (Ger.), to (direction of road) (n.) 
 Nach (Tangut), wood, forest. 
 Nad (Mysore) =Hobli (q.v.) 
 Nada (Japan), inlet, tract of open sea, sea. 
 Nadaha (Hind.), a canal. 
 
 Nadelholz (Ger.), fir, pine woods. See Laubholz. 
 Nadi (Hind.) a creek, a river; e.g. Mahanadi ; see Maha. 
 
 Cf. Nullah. 
 Nadi (Motu, New Guinea), stone. 
 Nadi, pi. Nadiyo (Pali), a river. 
 Nadi-tir (Hind.), bank of a river. 
 Nador, Nazor (Aral.), an observatory. 
 Nadu (Telegu), a country. 
 Naes (Nor., Da.), ness, cape. Cf. Ness, Neus. 
 Nag (Somali), jungle. 
 Nagah (Egypt), an encampment, either temporary or 
 
 permanent. 
 Nagai (Japan), long, e.g. Nagai, near Tokyo. See Nangai. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 271 
 
 Nagar, Nagari, Naggar {India), a town, city, e.g. 
 
 Ahmadnagar ; Nagarkot. 
 Nagara (Malay) . See Negri, Nagri. 
 Nagaropant (Sansc, Hind.), a suburb. See Nagar. 
 Naghsal (Mongol), a forest. 
 Nagor. See Nagar, of which it is a variant. 
 Nag-po (Tibet), black. Cf. Kar-po. 
 Nagri (Malay), town of the second order, or provincial 
 
 capital ; borrowed from the Indian Nagar. 
 Nags (Tibet), a forest. 
 Nagy (Hung.), great (N.), e.g. Nagy-koros. 
 Nahaj (Arab.), way, road, path. Another form of Nahj. 
 Nahij, Nahie (Turk.), a parish, a subdivision of a Kaza, 
 
 under a Mudir. 
 Nahiya (Arab.), territory, country, district ; coast, shore. 
 Nahj (Arab.), a road. See Nahaj, which is another form. 
 Nahr (Arab., Turk.), a river, perennial stream. PI. Anhar. 
 Nahri (Punjab), land ordinarily irrigated by canals. Cf. 
 
 Chahi. 
 Nai (Ainu, Sakhalin), river, e.g. Poronai, 'Big river.' 
 Nai (Korea), mountain stream, e,g. Kui-Nai. 
 Naig (Indian, U.S.A.), sand. 
 Naiposha (Masai, East Africa), lake ; another form of 
 
 Naivasha, the p sound being changed to the / (v) 
 
 sound. 
 Nairi (Mossi, French Sudan), capital town. 
 Nairobi (Masai, East Africa), cold water; name of a 
 
 station on the Uganda railway. 
 Naistan (Pers.), a sugar plantation. 
 Naivasha (Masai, East Africa), a lake, name of a lake 
 
272 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 and railway station in Eastern Uganda. See 
 
 Naiposha. 
 Naizar (Pers.) See under Hamun. 
 Naji (Mosso, China), black water. 
 Najwah (Arab.), shoal, sandbank. Cf. Kinasat. 
 Nak (Indian, U.S.A.), land, earth/ soil. 
 Naka (Japan), middle. See next entry for example. 
 Naka umi (Japan), inland sea. See Umi. 
 Nakb (Arab.), col, saddle. 
 Nakhil (Arab.), a date grove. 
 Nakhsa (Eskimo, Smith Sound), flat country. 
 Nakla (Arab.), a subordinate village belonging to an 
 
 estate. 
 Nala (Hind.), a ravine, rivulet, canal, gutter, furrow ; 
 
 anglicised Nullah. 
 Nali (Punjab), long narrow depressions. Cf. Vahal. 
 Nallo (Nissan L, New Guinea), bush, forest. 
 Nalu (Aroma, New Guinea), water. 
 Nam (Chin Hills), a village. 
 Nam (Korea), south, southern, e.g. Nam-San. 
 Nam (Mongol, Tibet), heaven, sky, e.g. Drolma Nam Tso, 
 
 1 the heavenly Lake Drolma.' See Tso. 
 Nam (Shan States, Siam), river, stream, water, e.g. 
 
 Nam Kong or Nam Kawng = Sal win K. 
 Nam (Chong-Chia-tse, Yunnan) t earth. 
 Nam (Ja-Luo, Uganda), great water, lake. 
 Namaga (Mongol), springs. 
 Nam-chemut (Hang-chek, Indo-China), sea. 
 Namchutu (Mongol), prairie land. 
 Namekha, Namik (Mongol), source, spring, fountain. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 273 
 
 Namen (Botel Tobago Islands, Formosa), a village. 
 Nam luong (Black B. region, Indo-China), a river. 
 Namma (W. Australia), small natural reservoir, formed, 
 
 after rain, in the granite formation. 
 Nammonkoro (Gold Coast), a narrow path, a pass. 
 Nam-ta (Upper Bed B. region, Indo-China), a river. 
 Namwago (Lomwe, Mozambique), hill. 
 Nan (Carolines), place, e.g. Nanmetal, ' the place of Metal 
 
 or waterways ' ; Nan Moluchai, ' the place of cinder 
 
 heaps,' left by the workmen who assisted the 
 
 demi-gods to construct the breakwater or ring and 
 
 the islets within, i.e. the atoll. 
 Nan (China), south, e.g. Nanking, ' the southern capital.' 
 
 Of. Pe, Si, Tung. See King. 
 Nan (Japan), south, southern =Minami. See Nishi, Sai, 
 
 Hoku, Kita, Higasi, To for other points. Cf. Nam. 
 Nana (French Congo), a river. 
 -Nandi (Cent. Africa). See Indn. 
 Nan fang (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau, South China), south. 
 
 For other points see Ngthai Luh. 
 maNanga (Gazaland, dialect of Bantu). See Mananga. 
 Nangai (Japan), long ; Tokyo dialect for Nagai (q.v.) 
 Nanimuk (Eskimo), lake. Cf. Muk, Emuk. 
 Nant (Cymric), a valley, brook, e.g. Nant-frangcon. 
 Nanu (Kerepunu, New Guinea), water. 
 Naos (Greek), temple, shrine. 
 Na po (Indian, California), town, village. 
 Nappa (W. Australia), fresh water. 
 Nappe (Fr.), a sheet (of water). 
 muNara (Giryama), a tower. 
 
 T 
 
274 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Narok (Masai, East Africa)," black, e.g. Gwaso Narok, 
 
 1 black river.' Gf. Nyiro, Nyuki. See Gwaso. 
 Nam (Korea), ferry, e.g. Chyu-Naru in Kang-non. 
 Nas (Arab.), people. 
 Has (Somali), breast, a pointed hillock, e.g. Nas Godki, 
 
 ' the hillock of the cave.' See God ; i is the article, 
 
 k the joining letter. 
 Nasala (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt). See Nasla. 
 Nasb (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), a bluff. 
 Nascente (Port.), a well or spring. 
 Nase (Ger.), a naze, lit. a nose. Gf. Ness. 
 Nasheb (Pers.), declivity, hollow. 
 Nashi (Arab.), the winter north-east winds of the 
 
 Persian Gulf. - 
 ma Nasi (Cent. Africa i dialect of Bantu), grass. For other 
 
 dialect forms see Dinyasi. 
 Nasla, Nasala (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), a peak. 
 Naslud (Buss.), a pool of water on ice. 
 Nasua (Botuma, Polynesia), place. 
 Nat (Hind), a pillar, obelisk, the Carnatic country. 
 Natenga (Mossi, Erench Sudan), capital, town. 
 Natsu (Japan), summer. 
 
 Nau-ei (Siam), small. See Nawi, another form. 
 Naulochos (Greek), harbour. 
 Naurah (Arab.), a waterwheel. 
 Naus (Greek), a ship, e.g. Nauplia. 
 Navam (Tamul, Deccan), rainy season. 
 Navolok (Buss.), a bluff, cliff. 
 Nawah (Arab.), environs, district ; coast, shore. 
 Naw-dan (Pers.), a dock, aqueduct. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 275 
 
 Nawi (Siam), small." 
 
 Nawng (Siam), a swamp, lake. 
 
 Na yach (Indian, U.S.A.), forest, bush. 
 
 Nayak (Indian, U.S.A.) See Nyak. 
 
 Nazri-dargah (Arab.), land given as an endowment to 
 places of religious worship. 
 
 Nbia (A-Zande), rock, mountain ; Na-nbia, ' over rock,' 
 * flowing over rock,' hence a stream ; thus the term 
 is frequently applied to rivers, e.g. Nbia Daragumba. 
 
 -Nchi (Batta, Benue B. region, Adamawa), a suffix mean- 
 ing language, Chi in some dialects, e.g. Damanchi, 
 ' the language of the Dama people ' (not to be con- 
 founded with the Dama people of S. -W.Africa). 
 
 Nda, pi. Menda (Fan, French Congo), a native hut. 
 muNda (Giryama), cultivated ground, a farm. 
 pa Nda (Swahili), a bifurcation, whether of roads or 
 streams. 
 
 Ndako (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dako. 
 
 Ndala (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dala. 
 
 Ndambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dambu. 
 
 Ndap (Bali, Kamerun), a house, dwelling. 
 
 Nde (Ibo, Nigeria), the one who, those who, e.g. nde ulo, 
 1 the man in the house,' ' the man who has the house,' 
 ' proprietor,' nde ahia, ' traders,' ' merchants ' ; occurs 
 in many place-names, e.g. Nde Akala, Nde Okpo, &c. 
 
 Ndela (Barotseland, dialect of Bantu). See Dela. 
 
 Ndema, Mdima (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See 
 Dema, Dima. 
 
 Ndera (dialect of Bantu). See Dera, and for other 
 forms see Nzila. 
 
 T 2 
 
276 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ndimba (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dimba. 
 iliNdle (Zulu, Kaffir), an uninhabited place, a moor. 
 Ndo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Do. 
 -Ndo (Cent. Africa). See Indu. 
 Ndokh (Wolof), water. 
 
 Ndomba (Congo, dialect of Bantu).* See Domba. 
 Ndried (French Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dried. 
 haNdu, pi. ru-Ndu (Kikuyu, Eastern Uganda, Bantu), a 
 
 place. 
 Ndyela (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dyela. 
 Ndyia (Maginza, Congo), a road. See Dyia. 
 Ndyila (Bangala, Congo), a road. See Dyila. 
 Ndzea (Mobali, Congo), a road. See Dzea. 
 Ne (Tibet), a residence. 
 Nebak (Arab.), pi. of Nebka (q.v.) 
 Nebenfluss (Ger.), a tributary stream. 
 Nebka (Arab.), fine sandy soil; a small dune. PL 
 
 Nebak. 
 Neder (Dch.), nether, low, e.g. Koningrijk der Neder- 
 
 landen, the ' kingdom of the Netherlands.' 
 Nedre (Nor.), lower (nd.) 
 Neg (Wolof), house, cottage. 
 
 Nega (Sahara), a bleak open district. See Hamraye. 
 Negri, Nagara (Malay). See Nagri. 
 Negro (It., Port., Sp.), black, e.g. Rio Negro. 
 Nei (China), inner, e.g. Nei-Hsing-An, ' the Inner Khingan 
 
 M ts ,' as opposed to Wei-Hsing-An, 'the Outer 
 
 Khingan M ts .' 
 Ne-i (Mangbattu), a road. 
 Nejd (Arab.), highland. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 277 
 
 Nek (Dch.), a saddle of land between hills, a col, e.g. 
 
 Laing's Nek. 
 Nekopi (Mangbattu), a mountain. 
 Nemai'o (Mangbattu), river, stream. 
 Nemiri (Marocco), stones, e.g. Tisi Nemiri, ' the hill of 
 
 stones.' 
 -Nene (Cent. Africa), suffix, meaning 'great.' Cf. Anene. 
 isiNene (Zulu, Kafir), the right-hand side. 
 ma Nene (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a highway, 
 lu Nengenenge (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a precipice. 
 Neo, Neos (Greek), new, e.g. Neokastro, ' New castle.' 
 Nepese (Indian, U.S.A.), a lake. 
 Nepoto (Mangbattu), marsh, swamp. 
 Nero (Neo-Greek), water. 
 Nes (Icel.), ness, promontory, e.g. Snsefell Nes. See"Fel\ ; 
 
 Snae = snow. Cf. Ness, Neiis, Nez. 
 Neskotak (Indian, U.S.A.), bad swamp. 
 Nesos, Nisi, Nisia (Greek), island, islands. 
 "Ness (Scotland, from Nor. naes), a nose, headland. Cf. 
 
 Neus, Nes, Nez. 
 Neu (Ger.), new, e.g. Neu-Brandenburg. 
 Neus (Dch.), promontory, lit. nose. Cf. Ness. 
 Nev, Nav, Nan (Pers.), new, e.g. Nevshehr, ' new town.' 
 Nevado (S. America), a snow-capped peak. 
 Neve (Switzerland), half -solidified snow. Cf. Firn. 
 Nez (Fr.), nose, cape, point, e.g. Blanc Nez. Cf. Ness. 
 Neza (Arab., N. Africa), a mass of stones to mark the 
 
 spot where some one has died. 
 Nezala (Marocco), inn, caravansery. 
 Nfnmo (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Fumo. 
 
278 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Nga (I bo, Nigeria), a place, e.g. Ngahun (for Nga Ahun), 
 
 that place, there ; equivalent to Ibe. 
 ichiNga (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island, 
 i si Nga (Kafir), thorn country, a plot or locality where 
 
 the mimosa grows. 
 paNga (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. For other 
 
 forms see Panga. 
 Ngaa (Sara, Chad L. region), land, earth. 
 Ngada (Kaniuri, Bornu, Chad L. region), the current of 
 
 a river. 
 Ngaita (Eldorobo, Uganda). See Gaita. 
 Ngalisu (Marovo, Solomon Is.), east wind. 
 Ngaljam (Kanuri, Bornu, W. of Chad L), a swampy 
 
 shallow creek or backwater, equivalent to the 
 
 Hausa Faddama and the Sel of Adamawa. 
 Ngan (Annam), a river. Cf. Nge, Ngoi. 
 Ngandu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Gandu. 
 Ngangau (Neiv Guinea), peace, e.g. Yeku Ngangau, ' the 
 
 peace of Jesus,' the place where the Inawaia and 
 
 Eboa tribes were reconciled, generally referred to 
 
 as Yeku (Jesus). 
 Nganzu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ganzu. 
 Ngari (Masai, East Africa), water, e.g. Ngari na Nyuki, 
 
 * red water.' 
 Ngas (Sever, Senegal), well, spring. 
 Ngas {Tibet), wood, forest. 
 Ngaufate (Chad L. region), an encampment. 
 Nga-ya (Hainan), a prefecture. 
 Nge (Burma), small, e.g. Myit Nge. See Myit. 
 Nge (Burma), a river. Cf. Ngan, Ngoi. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 279 
 
 Ngele (Sara, Chad L. region), grass. 
 
 Ngelendu (Wolof), south. See Kharfu. 
 
 Ngesa (Fula), field, garden. 
 
 Ngi (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau, South China), narrow (of 
 
 a pass or stream). 
 Ngila (Usagara, Ger. East Africa, Bantu). See Gila. 
 Ngira Bomu (Giryama and Ketosh, Uganda), highway, 
 
 path, road. 
 Ngo (Kamerun), a cold wind. 
 kaNgo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a chief; iox pi. 
 
 see Kango. 
 Ngoa (A-Zande), tree, a wood. 
 Ngodia (Congo), an abyss. 
 Ngoi (Annam), a river. Cf. Ngan, Nge. 
 Ngoka (Giryama). See Goka. 
 
 Ngolo (Chad L. region), large, great, e.g. Kabe Ngolo. 
 Ngome (Congo), water. 
 Ngome (Swahili), fort, castle. 
 Ngon (Bali, Kamerun), a village. 
 iNgone (Zulu, Kafir), a bend in a river ; an arm of a 
 
 river ; creek, inlet. 
 -Ngono (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Nini. 
 Ngono, Gn- (Zambezia), little. 
 Ngthai lull (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), w T est. See next entry 
 
 and Nan Fang. 
 Ngthai ta (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau) , east. See above entry. 
 Ngu (Cent. Africa, Bantu). See Mu. 
 Ngu (Banda, A-Zande), water, e.g. the rivers Bungu, 
 
 Ngubi. * This is also found, with the vowel 
 * Superville in La Gtographie, viii. 1903, p. 22. 
 
280 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 modified, in the middle, as well as at the beginning 
 or end of a word, e.g. Gungara, ' the water of the 
 bamboos,' Bangoran. See Gu. Cf. Girungu. 
 
 Ngume (A-Zande), sand. 
 
 Ngungula (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Gnngnla. 
 
 Nguru (Bor?iu), wild beast, hippopotamus, e.g. Nguru- 
 tuwa, ' the place of the hippopotamus,' a name 
 very frequently given to villages. Cf. Dorina. 
 
 Ngutu (Cent. Africa), a town. 
 
 Nguzi (dialect of Bantu). See Zi. 
 
 -Ngwa (Eskimo, Smith Sound) has a diminutive force. 
 
 Ngwongomoka {Congo), a landslip. 
 
 Nho (Annam, Laos), little, small, e.g. Ban Tanho, on the 
 Se Nan, a tributary of the Nam Khong. See Ban ; 
 Ta= pagoda. 
 
 Ni (Yayo, China), earth; mud. 
 
 Nia (Jibu, New Guinea), a path ; also ' water.' 
 
 Nia ba (Annum), confluence. 
 kiNiafungo (Nika). a wood, forest. 
 
 Niakh ( Wolof), grass. 
 
 Niam-niam (Cent. Africa), cannibals, applied to the 
 tribes inhabiting the A-Zande plateaux. 
 
 Nianam (N. of Budolf L.), river, water ; sometimes 
 applied to Eudolf itself. 
 
 Nianset (Nandi, Uganda), sea, lake. Cf. Nyanza. 
 
 Nieder (Ger.), nether, lower, under; applied to nume- 
 rous place-names, e.g. Nieder Sitten. Cf. Neder. 
 
 Niedernng (Ger.), low country or ground. 
 
 Nie (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), shallow. 
 
 Niem (Basari), water. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 281 
 
 Nieuw (Dch.), new, applied to numerous place-names, 
 e.g. Nieuw Dordrecht. 
 
 Nif-enser (Arab.), a mountain. 
 
 Nij-jot (Sansc, Hind.), lands cultivated by the pro- 
 prietors or revenue-payers for their own profit. 
 akaNika (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 
 Nika (Bangweulu L. region), a wide salt plain. These 
 plains constitute the main wealth of the region. 
 
 Nikuli (Makua, Mozambique). See Kuli. 
 
 Nilas (Buss.), newly formed autumnal ice. 
 aNingo (Mpongwe, Gabun B. district, Bantu), water. 
 
 -Nini, -Nono, -Alonga, -Ngono (Cent. Africa, dialects of 
 Ba?itu), a suffix meaning 'little.' 
 
 Niraksh (Sansc, Hind.), the Equator; lit. 'no latitude.' 
 
 Nir-jal (Sansc, Hind.), a desert. 
 
 Nir-jhar (Sansc, Hind.), a cascade, torrent. 
 
 Nirum (Lokub, Budolf L.), a nullah. 
 
 Nishan (Pers.), beacon; lit. any sign, mark, or signal. 
 
 Nishi, Nisi, Sai (Japan), West. For other points see 
 Hoku. 
 
 Nisi (Neo-Greek), island. 
 
 Nisi (Japan). See Nishi. 
 
 Nit (Wolof), people. 
 eNiuma (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), a house. 
 
 Niveau (Fr.), level. 
 
 Niwan (Sansc), low (ground). 
 
 Nizki, Nizky (Buss., Bohemia), low (Nz.) 
 
 Njarga (Fin.), a promontory. 
 
 Njera (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Nzila. 
 
 Nji (Bafo, Kamerun), a road. See Njira 
 
282 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 maNji (Bali, Kamerun), a road. See Njira. 
 
 Njia (Bantu). See Jia. 
 
 Njia Panda (Swahili), cross-roads, or where three roads 
 
 meet. See Jia, Nda. 
 
 Njila (Bantu). See Jila. 
 
 Niira ^ 
 •; (Zambezia, Uganda, dialects of Bantu), road, 
 chiNjira ■ path ^ J{m Nji 
 
 e Njira ) 
 
 Nju (Togoland), water. 
 kaNka (Congo, dialect of Bantu), brushwood, thicket, 
 jungle of bushes. 
 
 Nkaku (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a dam made in a 
 stream, in which one or two waterways are left ; 
 a weir. See Kaku. 
 
 Nkalango (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kalango. 
 
 Nkambalalu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kambalalu. 
 
 Nkant (Harem, Indo-China), a mountain. 
 -Nke (Mande, West Sudan, Sahara) signifies ' inhabi- 
 tants,' e.g. Tawatinke, the people of Tawat. Cf. Ke. 
 
 Nki (Bafo, Kamerun), a village. 
 
 Nki (Chad L. region), water, e.g. Nki Tselim, 'black 
 water,' applied to a portion of the lake. 
 
 Nkoko (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Koko. 
 
 Nkokonoa (Gold Coast), the brink of a river or lake. 
 
 Nkol, pi. Minkol (Fan, French Congo), a mountain. 
 
 Nkol ntogh, pi. Nkol mitogh (Fan, French Congo), a 
 small mountain. Cf. Obe Nkol. 
 
 Nkong'e, Mikong'e (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). 
 See Kong'e. 
 
 Nkot, pi. Nkor (Fan, French Congo), zigzag (of a road). 
 
 Nkuku (Congo), a torrent, stream ; current. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 283 
 
 Nkulu (dialect of Bantu). See Kulu. 
 e Nkulu ) (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a road. Gf. 
 o Nkulu { Zila, Zira. 
 Nkuluntu, pi. Bakuluntu (Loango). See Kuluntu. 
 -Nkuru (dialect of Bantu). See -Kulu. 
 Nkwammoe (Gold Coast), a well-made road. 
 Nkyerekyera (Gold Coast), dry land, a barren desert. 
 Nla (Yoruba), great, big, e.g. Omi Nla, 'big water' ; in 
 
 some combinations becomes Lan, e.g. Omi Lano, 
 
 ' the big water over there.' 
 Nlam (Fan, French Congo), country ; applied to the 
 
 territory of a village; cf. Mvogh; a hamlet or 
 
 group of huts in connection with a larger village. 
 Nlambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Lambu. 
 Nlangu (Loango, dialect of Bantu). See Langu. 
 Nlidi (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Lidi. 
 Nlo, pi. Milo (Fan, French Congo), a river. Cf. Oton, 
 
 Osu ; see Lo. 
 Nlo nen (Fan, French Congo), a great river, like the 
 
 French Fleuve. 
 Nlonki (Fan, French Congo). See Lonki. 
 Nmai (Chin Hills), bad, inferior, e.g. Nmai Kha, the 
 
 Myit Nge (Gyi), or ' Little Eiver,' of the Burmese. 
 
 Cf. Mali. 
 -No (Indian, Alaska). See -Na. 
 No (Japan), a plain. 
 
 No (Nhan, Lao-kai, Indo-China), little, small. 
 Nobori (Japan), a mountain. 
 Nock (Irish and Gaelic, Cnoc), a hill, e.g. Bannockburn, 
 
 ' the stream of the white knoll ' ; see Ban, Burn. The 
 
 Anglicised form is Knock, e.g. Knockbride, Knocklong. 
 
284 GLOSS AEY OF GEOGKAPHICAL 
 
 Nogo (Bozo, Mande) village. 
 
 Noheu (Tso-o, Formosa), a village. 
 
 Noir (Fr.), black; e.g. Noirmoutier island. 
 
 Noko (Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), water. 
 
 Norn (Hainan), a river. 
 
 Noma (Mangbattu), forest, wood. 
 
 Nong (Cambodia, Siam), lake, marsh, pond, pool. 
 
 Noni (German East Africa), white clay, e.g. Kanoni (a 
 
 river in Bukoba). 
 -Nono. See -Nini. 
 Noord (Dch.), north. 
 Nopi (Mangbattu), bush, tall grass. 
 Nor (Mongolia, Tibet), lake, e.g. Koko-Nor, ' blue lake,' 
 
 Wayan-Nor, 'rich lake,' Tosu-Nor, 'butter lake.' Cf. 
 
 Nur, Tso. 
 Nord (Fr., Ger., Da., Nor., Siv.), north. 
 Noria (Pers.), a waterwheel. 
 Norre (Da.), adj. north (N re ). See S0nder, Oster, Vester, 
 
 Syd. 
 Norte (It., Sp.), north. See Ovesto (It.) 
 Nos (Buss.), a cape, headland. 
 Nosi (Madagascar), island, e.g. Nosi Be, 'great island.' 
 
 Anosi, ' the place without islands ' ; also means 
 
 sheep, e.g. Valanosi, ' sheep-field.' 
 Notch (U.S.A.), a short defile through mountains. 
 Noto (Port., Sp.), south wind. 
 Notos (Greek), south. For other points see Boreas. 
 Novo (Port., Buss.), new, e.g. Porto Novo, Novgorod. See 
 
 Gorod. 
 Novy, Novi (Bohemian), new (Nv.), e.g. Novi Selo. 
 inNqaba (Kafir), a stronghold, tower, fortified place. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 285 
 
 umNquba (Zulu, Kafir), an encampment. 
 
 iNqubu (Zulu, Kafir), a bend in a river. 
 
 Nrata (Mahua, Mozambique), lake, swamp. 
 
 Nsan (Fan, French Congo), street, the Fan houses being 
 
 arranged on both sides of a single street, which 
 
 forms the village. 
 
 Nse, pi. Ese (Chamba), a road. 
 
 Nseghe (Fan, French Congo). See Seghe. 
 
 Nshi (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Shi. 
 
 Nsi (Bali, Kamerun), water. 
 
 iNsi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. 
 
 ma Nsi 
 
 « . [(Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), water. 
 amaNsij v J 
 
 Nsua, Suwa (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See Sua. 
 
 Nsu-akyi (Gold Coast), the other side of the river, 
 
 beyond the river. 
 Nsu-aniwa (Gold Coast), well, spring. 
 Nsu-ano (Gold Coast), bank, shore of a river, of a lake 
 
 or of the sea. Cf. Mpo-ano. 
 Nsuku (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Suku. 
 Nsulu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sulu. 
 Nsu-noa (Gold Coast), land or country by the side of a 
 
 river. 
 Nsuvila (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Suvila. 
 Ntaba (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Taba. 
 Ntak (Wolof), shore, beach. 
 
 Ntaka (Cent. Africa and Congo, Bantu). See Taka. 
 Ntamazirt (Sus, Berber), a village. Cf. Amazagh. 
 Ntando (Cent. Africa, Bantu). See Tando. 
 Nteleka (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Teleka. 
 
286 GLOSSARY' OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ntetele {Fan, French Congo), steep. 
 
 Nti (Swahili). See Ti. 
 
 iNtla (Zulu, Kafir), the top, summit (of a moun- 
 tain). 
 iliNtle (Zulu, Kafir), an open, uninhabited country, a 
 
 wilderness. 
 kiNtombo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the season of the late 
 heavy rains. 
 
 Ntoto (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Toto. 
 aNtu (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), people. 
 baNtu (Bantu), the people, humanity. See Ba. 
 
 Nu (Fon, Dahome), mouth, e.g. Kotonii (for Kutonu), 
 ' the dead mouth of the lagoon,' referring to the 
 sand bar which blocks the entrance ; Ku = dead. 
 See To. 
 
 -Nu (Indian, Alaska). See -Na. 
 
 Nua (Siam), north ; for other points see Tai, Tawan-ok, 
 Tawan-tok, and for winds see Lorn. 
 
 Nua (West Australia), sand. 
 
 Nuail (Marocco), thatched huts. 
 
 Nub {Tibet), west. For other points see Lho. 
 
 Nuba (Arab), a garrisoned position. 
 
 Nuch (Indian, U.S.A.), water. 
 
 Nudo (Sp.), a mountain knot. 
 
 Nue, Nuwe (Batta, Benue B. region), mother, e.g. Benue 
 ' Mother of waters.' See Be. 
 
 Nuevo (Sp.), new, e.g. Golfo Nuevo, Valle Nuevo. 
 
 Nui (Annam), a mountain. 
 
 Nui (China), inner. Cf. Li, Nei. 
 
 Nui (Maori), great, e.g. Awanui in Mongonui county. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 287 
 
 Nui (Marquesas, Hawaii), great, e.g. Faa-nui, 'great 
 valley,' 
 
 Nukb (Arab.), a pass. 
 
 Nukunuku (Mbau, Fiji), sand. 
 
 Nullah (Giryama), a chasm. 
 
 Nullah (India, Anglo-Indian), a creek. Cf. Nada, Nala. 
 
 Num (Nongo, Shan, Laos), water. 
 
 Numa (Japan), a swamp. 
 
 Numa (New Guinea), a house. 
 
 Numba, pi. Simba (Zambezia), a house, e.g. Simbabwe, 
 1 a house of stones ' (one of the derivations pro- 
 posed for the Zimbabwe monuments in Bhodesia). 
 
 Nunatak (U.S.A.), a rock island in a glacier. 
 
 Nuovo (It.), new, e.g. Monte Nuovo, to the west of 
 Cumae. 
 
 Nur (Arab.), light, e.g. Nurpur, 'town of light.' 
 
 Nur (Mongol), a lake. Cf. Nor. 
 
 Nusa (Java, New Georgia, Solomon Is.), an island. 
 
 Nushei's (U.S. of Colombia, Bontukwa Indian), large 
 huts used as a meeting-place. 
 
 Nuwe (Batta, Benue B. region). See Nue. 
 
 Nuyi, pi. Nutulu (Telegu, Deccan), a well. 
 
 Nvoa (A-Zande), grass. 
 
 Nvoi (A-Zande), forest, wood. 
 
 Nwhea (Gold Coast), sand. 
 iNxanxasi (Zulu, Kafir), a waterfall. 
 iNxiwa (Zulu, Kafir), the site of an old village or 
 
 homestead. 
 iNxuluma (Zulu, Kafir), a large village or kraal. 
 
 Ny (Da., Sw.), new, e.g. Nyborg in Fiinen I. 
 
288 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Nya (Tanganyika region), a prefix meaning ' place.' Cf. 
 
 Mya. 
 Nyaba (Congo), swamp, marsh, any muddy place. 
 Nyag (Tibet), a little col. 
 Nyagga (Kikuyu, East Uganda), beautiful, e.g. Kirima 
 
 Nyagga, ' beautiful mountain,' the Kikmju name 
 
 for Mount Kenia. 
 Nyak (Indian, U.S.A.), comer, point, angle. 
 eNyangha (Fan, French Congo), a lagoon or open 
 
 marsh, not covered with grass. Cf. Nzam ; tor pi. 
 
 see Enyangha. 
 Nyanja, Nyanza, Nyasa (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), 
 
 lake ; water either of a river or lake. See Anja, 
 
 Anza, Asa. 
 Nyanza (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Nyanja, 
 
 Anza. 
 i Nyanza (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), great water; lake. 
 Nyasa (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Nyanja, 
 
 Asa. 
 Nyasi (Siuahili), grass, reeds. 
 diNyasi, li Nyasi, ma Nyasi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), 
 
 grass. See also Dinyasi for other forms. 
 iNyatuko (Zulu, Kafir), a footpath. 
 Nyeng, Nyong, Ryeng, Ryong, Lyeng, Lyong (Korea), a pass. 
 eNyi (Fan, French Congo), island. For pi. see Enyi. 
 Nyika, Nika (Nika, Giryama), wilderness ; lit. unin- 
 habited borderlands ; uplands. Cf. Tanganyika. 
 Nyila (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a road. Cf. Zila, 
 
 Nzila. 
 eNyin (Fan } French Congo), the sea. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 289 
 
 Nyiro (Masai, East Africa), grey, brown; e.g. Gwaso 
 Nyiro, ■ grey river.' Cf. Narok, Nyuki. See Gwaso. 
 
 Nyit (Burma), stream, torrent. Cf. Myit. 
 
 Nyondo (German East Africa), a forge hammer, e.g. 
 Manyonda, ' a village with many forges.' 
 
 Nyong (Korea). See Nyeng. 
 
 Nyua (dialect of Bantu). See TJa. 
 
 Nyuki (Masai, East Africa), red ; e.g. Ngari na Nyuki, 
 1 red water.' Cf Narok, Nyiro. See Gwaso. 
 
 Nza (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Za. 
 
 Nzadi (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Zadi. 
 
 Nzala (Marocco), a Government post-house ; a small col- 
 lection of huts enclosed in zeriba ; a halting-place. 
 
 Nzam,pZ. Minzam (Fan, French Congo), a marsh covered 
 with grass, &c. 
 
 Nzann, pi. Ezanu (Basari), a road. 
 
 Nzanza (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Zanza. 
 
 Nze, pi. Minze (Bedzi) (Fan, French Congo), a bridge. 
 Cf. Abon. 
 
 Nzen, pi. Minzen (Fan, French Congo). See Zen. 
 amaNzi (Kafir), water. 
 maNzi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. 
 iNzi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country, dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Nzige (Upper Nile), a lake. 
 
 Nzila, Inzila, Insila, Izira, Dzira, Inzira, Njera, Ndera (Cent. 
 Africa, dialects of Bantu). Cf. Nyila ; see Zila, Sila, 
 Zira, Jera, Dera. 
 
 Nziri (Arab.), a barren spot. 
 
 Nzonza (Congo, dialect of Bantu) . See Zonza. 
 
 u 
 
290 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 iNzu (Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda), a house, 
 Nzulu (Zulu, Kafir), deep. 
 
 (Japan), great/ large = 0ki=Tai= Dai, e.g. shiwo 
 (q.v.) ; Jigoku, ' great hell,' a name given gene- 
 rally to the solfataras or hot sulphur springs of 
 Tateyama and other localities. 
 
 (Da., Nor.), island. 
 
 6 (Hung.), old, e.g. 0-becse. 
 
 6 (Sw.) island, e.g. Faro (Baltic), ' sheep island.' Cf. Ey 
 (Saxon Ea). 
 
 Oaia (S. Gape, New Guinea), garden. 
 
 Oase (Ger.), oasis (q.v.) 
 
 Oasis (Lat. from Coptic through Greek), a fertile spot 
 in a desert ; originally only applied to the Libyan 
 desert, but now generally. The Greek form 
 is avacris, which is doubtfully referred to a 
 Copt, (late Egyptian) word 0uahe = a dwelling- 
 place. 
 
 Ob (Hottentot). See Ep. 
 
 Ob, Oban (Gaelic), creek, haven, e.g. the harbour of Obb, 
 in the Hebrides ; Oban. 
 
 Oba (Turk.), a summer village. 
 isOba (Zulu, Kafir), a plantation of sugar-cane. 
 
 Obalama (Servian), bank (of a river). 
 
 Obaska (Hudson Bay region), grassy narrows. Cf. 
 Opatawaga. 
 
 Obba (Yoruba), king, chief. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 291 
 
 Obe nkol, pi. Abe nkol (Fan, French Congo). See Be 
 nkol ; cf. Nkol ntogh. 
 
 Ober (Ger.), upper (0.) ; applied to numerous place- 
 names, e.g. Ober Ammergau. 
 
 Oberflache (Ger.), surface. 
 
 Oberland (Ger.), highlands. 
 
 Oberlauf (Ger.), the upper course (of a river). 
 
 Oblast (Buss.), province. 
 
 Obo (Fanti, Gold Coast), stone. 
 
 Obo (Mongol), piles of stones for marking a road. 
 
 Obo (Kiwai, New Guinea), water, topo obo, 'fresh 
 water,' obo oriro, 'flood-tide,' auo obo ogo, 'flood,' 
 obo bobo, ' lagoon.' 
 
 Oboi (Iaibo, New Guinea), a passage through a reef. 
 
 Obon (Gold Coast), valley, bed of a river. 
 
 Obonka (Gold Coast), channel, ravine. 
 
 Obstplantage (Ger.), nursery, orchard. 
 
 Obsun (Mongol), pasturage. 
 
 Obuku (New Georgia, Solomon Is.), a river. 
 
 Och, Ich, Ach (Gaelic), a field, e.g. Avich, Avoch, 'the 
 field of the water or stream,' Ardoch, ' high field,' 
 Achray, ' smooth field.' See Av, Ard, Ray. 
 
 Odam (Tamul, Deccan), torrent, flood. 
 
 Odan (Fanti, Gold Coast), an abode. 
 
 Odan (Yoruba), a plain, a grass field. 
 
 Odanah, Otanung, Odanugh (Indian, U.S.A.), a town. 
 
 Odanugh. See Odanah. 
 
 Odde (Da., Nor.), a point, a tongue of land. 
 
 Ode (Berber), a valley, e.g. Tiggeroden or Tiggerurtin. 
 
 Odi (Yoruba), a walled fortification round a town ; fort. 
 
 u 2 
 
292 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 diegu, pi. Ti dieti (Gurma, French Sudan), town, 
 
 village. 
 Odo {Yoruba), district, division, e.g. Odo Ofi, Odo Itu. 
 Odo (Yoruba), brook, river, e.g. Odo Oli, Odo Oyi. 
 Oeagi (S. Cape, New Guinea), a tee. 
 Oeo (Maiva, New Guinea), a mountain. 
 Oever (Dch.), shore, coast, bank (of a river), e.g. Den 
 
 Oever in Drente and North Holland. 
 Of (Eastern Sudan), a mountain. 
 fai (Tahiti), stone. 
 Ofer. See Over. 
 
 O-fu-hye (Gold Coast), boundary, frontier. 
 Ofweam (Gold Coast), the current or swiftest part of a 
 
 river. 
 Og (Tibet), down, below. 
 Oga (Indian, U.S.A.), a place. 
 Ogbon (Yoruba), ditch, valley. 
 Oghrud, pi. of Ghurd (Arab., N. Africa), large dunes ; 
 
 a small number of dunes in a mass. 
 Ogi (W r alamo, Abyssinia), a road. 
 Ogiri (Yoruba), a wall. 
 Ogla, Oglat (Arab., N. Africa), the junction of several 
 
 wells in the same spot ; a place where one is sure 
 
 to find water ; large deep wells ; wells. 
 Ogo (Somali), above, upper, e.g. Ogo, the upper region, 
 
 the high land, behind the Guban, or N. Somali 
 
 coastal plain. 
 Ohi (Indian, U.S.A.), a mountain. 
 Ohicho (Lomwe, Shirwa L., Nyasaland), east. See 
 
 Om irimana. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 293 
 
 Oi (E. Turk.), a hollow, depression. 
 
 Oikos (Greek), a house. 
 
 Oinan (Mentawei Island, S.W. Coast Sumatra), water. 
 
 Oinet (Na?idi, Eastern Uganda), a well. 
 
 Ojo (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), a road. 
 
 -Ok (Alaska), a diminutive termination, e.g. Tyonok 
 
 village, i.e. ' the village of the little chief.' 
 Ok (Indian, U.S.A.), a forest. 
 Ok (Hind.), a house, dwelling, asylum. 
 Oka (Galla), grass. 
 Oka (Gold Coast), ditch, trench, canal ; the bed of a 
 
 river ; a bay, creek. 
 Oka (Japan), land. 
 Oke (Yoruba), hill, mountain, Oke Tede, Oke Amo; in 
 
 Ibo, Nigeria, a boundary. 
 Okedi, Ekedi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See 
 
 Kedi. 
 Oki (Japan), large, great, e.g. Oki Shima. Cf. See 
 
 Shims. 
 Oki (Japan), anchorage. 
 Okla (Indian, U.S.A.), water. 
 Okpinle (Yoruba), termination of the earth, land or 
 
 territory. 
 Oku (Gold Coast), gap, chasm, abyss, precipice. 
 Okun (Yoruba), sea, salt water. 
 Okunda (Cent. Africa), a forest. 
 Okwan (Gold Coast), way, road, path. 
 Ola (Mongol), mountain. See Ula. 
 Olare (British East Africa), a salt-lick (q.v.), e.g. Olare 
 
 le lang'alang, ' the salt-lick of many crossings,' 
 
294 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 i.e. to which access can only be had by crossing 
 
 the neighbouring meandering river many times. 
 
 Lang = to cross. 
 Olindoror (Nandi, Uganda), east. 
 Oliut (Turk., Mongol). See II. . 
 Olkhon (Buriat, Bussia in Asia), dry. 
 Olo (Kerepunu, New. Guinea), mountain. Cf. Golo. 
 Olon (Mongol), a ford. 
 Olos (Mo7igol), people, tribe. 
 Oltre (It.), beyond. 
 Olua (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a tree. 
 
 Olumata (Kiriwina, New Guinea), beach, sandy beach. 
 Olusi (Lomwe, Mozambique), river. 
 Omamma (Gold Coast), a small town or state. 
 Omantan (Gold Coast), an independent state; a mother 
 
 state. 
 me kutl (Indian, California), island. 
 Omi (Yoruba), water, e.g. Omi Nla, ' big water,' Omi Lano, 
 
 1 the big water over there.' See Nla. 
 Om irimana (Lomwe, Shirwa L. ; Makua, Ger. E. Africa), 
 
 the south. See Ohicho. 
 Omm (Arab.) See Umm, of which it is another form. 
 Ommodo (Yoruba), brook, rivulet. 
 Omo (China), a lake. 
 
 Omstreek (Dch.), the surrounding country, environs. 
 Omut (Indian, U.S.A.), land. 
 Omwa (Upper Nile), a mountain. 
 On (Indian, U.S.A.), a hill. 
 On (Japan), august, e.g. Ontake, ' august peak,' the 
 
 south peak of the Japanese Alps. See Take. 
 
\(Loango, dialects of Bantu), a mountain. 
 
 AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 295 
 
 Onder (Dch.), lower, under, e.g. Onderdijk. 
 
 Ondri (Madagascar), sheep, e.g. Ambalanondri, ' at the 
 
 sheep field,' Antsahaondri, 'in the sheep valley.' 
 
 See An, Bala, Saha. 
 One (Kerepunu, New Guinea), beach, sand ; the forms 
 
 Onetai, Oneone occur also in Polynesia. 
 mOngo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest. 
 mOngo (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 mOngo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), hill, mountain ; down ; 
 
 ascent; plateau. 
 muOngo 
 m Onwgo 
 
 Ongot (Tagala, Philippine Archipelago), cape, point. 
 mOngwa (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town. 
 Oni (Madagascar), river. Frequently placed at the end 
 
 of the name. There is also the form Ona, and 
 
 sometimes Ena. 
 Oniesanu (Gurma, French Sudan), a river. 
 Onjila (Herero, Bantu). See Jila. 
 Onkulu, Enkulu (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See 
 
 Nkulu. 
 Onland (Dch.), waste land. 
 Onna (Yoruba), road, street, way, path. 
 Onsen (Japan), warm spring. 
 Onvaarbar (Dch.), unnavigable (of a river). 
 Oost (Dch.),e&st. 
 
 Op (Dch.), on, e.g. Bergen op Zoom. 
 Op (Hottentot). See Ep. 
 Opararini (Lomwe, Shinva L.), north. 
 Oparashe (Indian, U.S.A.), a hill. 
 
296 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Opatawaga (Hudson Bay region), sand narrows. Cf. 
 
 Obaska. 
 Oplagshavn (Da., Nor.), a loading-place not possessing the 
 
 privileges of a regular port or town ; a harbour or 
 
 dock for bonded goods. 
 Optrek (Dch.), a resting-place. 
 Or (Anglo-Saxon), the shore of a river or of the sea, e.g. 
 
 Bognor, Windsor. 
 Orang (Malay), a man or human being ; people. See 
 
 next entry. 
 Orang Utan (Malay), savages, lit. men of the woods. 
 
 See Utan. 
 Oras (Rumania), town; genitive Orasului. 
 Ordi (Turk.), encampment ; a variant of Urdn (q.v.) 
 0re (Nor.), an ear or low point ; sands or sandbanks at 
 
 the mouth of a river or in a bay. 
 Oret (Nandi, Uganda), path, road. 
 Orgo (Mongol), tent. 
 Ori (New Guinea), cloud. 
 Oririmela (Lomwe, Shirwa L.), deep water. 
 Orishon (Yoruba), spring, fountain. 
 Orman (Turk.), forest, wood. 
 Ormos (Greek), bay, roadstead. 
 Oro (Madagascar), edge, brink, shore, e.g. Amorombe, 
 
 1 at the great shore.' See An, Be. 
 Orogongo (Kossova, Uganda). See Rogongo. 
 Orok (Mongol), a clan. 
 Oromo (Kiivai, New Guinea), river. 
 Oromoito (Kiwai, New Guinea), coast, Obo oromoito, the 
 
 sea, lit. coast water. See Obo. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 297 
 
 Orooro {Motu, New Guinea), mountain. Cf. Golo. 
 
 Oros (Greek), mountain, hill. 
 
 Orove (Mpongwe, Bantu). See Rove. 
 
 Ort (Ger.), place, spot, locality. 
 
 Orta (Hung.), middle, e.g. Orta Arad on Maros E., a 
 
 tributary of Theiss E., Orta Dombouar, to S.E. of 
 
 Platten L. 
 Oru (Motumotu, New Guinea), a garden. 
 Orurondo (Her -ero, Bantu). See Rondo. 
 Os (Indian, U.S.A.), pebble, drift. 
 Osambene (Gent. Africa), a forest. 
 Osanu (Gurma, French Sudan), a road. 
 Osen (Buss.), autumn. 
 
 shiwo (Japan), spring tide. Cf. siwo. SeeO, Shiwo. 
 Oshoro (Yoruba), cascade, cataract. 
 Oshusu (Yoruba), a grove. 
 Osiago (Gurma), the rainy season. 
 Osin (Yoruba), left (hand). 
 
 siwo (Japan), springtide. Cf. shiwo. See 0, Siwo. 
 Oso, Osso (Fanti, Gold Coast), big, great, e.g. Ogbomoso. 
 Ospizio (It.), hospice (Osp°). 
 Ossu (Mongol), a river, e.g. Tsahan Ossu, ' White Eiver.' 
 
 See Tsahan. There is also the Manchurian form 
 
 Ussu (q.v.) Cf TJsu. 
 0st (Da., Nor.), east. 
 Ost (Ger.), east. 
 
 Ostang (Turkestan), water channel, ditch. 
 0ster, 0stre (Da., Nor.), adj. east (0 r ). 
 Osteria (It.), inn, hotel (Ost a ). 
 Ostrog (Buss., Kamchatka), a village. 
 
298 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ostrov (Buss.), island. 
 
 Osu (Fan, French Congo), the sea; also Osu, pi. Asu, the 
 
 water of a river, the river itself. See Su; cf. 
 
 Nlo, Oton. 
 Osua (Kiwai, New Guinea), summit. 
 Osyp, Obsyp (Buss.), a landslip. 
 Ot (Ja-Luo, Uganda), house. 
 Ota (Lomwe, Shirwa L.), the west. 
 Otainahe (Indian, U.S.A.), a town. 
 Otaiwai (Indian, U.S.A.), a town. 
 Otako (Makua, Ger. E. Africa), a desert. 
 Otanung (Indian, U.S.A.) See Odanah. 
 Otdyel (Buss., Caucasia), an independent district. 
 Otebwet (Nandi, Uganda), a pool. 
 Oti (Makua, Ger. E. Africa), the east. 
 Oti (Motumotu, New Guinea), earth. 
 Otlin (Buss.), the ebb tide. 
 Oto (Nubia), water. 
 Otok (Mongol), tribe, clan. 
 Oton, pi. Aton (Fan, French Congo). See Ton ; cf. Nlo, 
 
 Osu. 
 Otra (E. Turk.) See Utra. 
 Ottar (from Gaelic oitar), a low promontory, e.g. 
 
 Dunottar, 'the fort on the low promontory.' See 
 
 Dun. 
 Otton (Yoruba), right (hand). See next entry. 
 Ottoto (Yoruba), the north, with the face to the west, i.e. 
 
 the right-hand side. 
 Oud, Oude (Dch.), old, e.g. Oud Maas E. 
 Quest (Fr.), west. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 299 
 
 Oules (Fr. from Latin olla, ' pot '), the semicircular 
 escarpments over which streams fall at immense 
 heights, which are a distinctive feature of the 
 French Pyrenees. 
 
 Ova (Damar aland), Bantu prefix signifying 'people,' 
 e.g. the Ova Mpo of Ovampoland ; Ova Herrero, 
 1 the merry people ' of Hereroland. Ova corre- 
 sponds to the Wa, Ba, Vua, &c. of other Bantu 
 languages. 
 
 Ova (Turk), plain. 
 
 Ovava (Bihe, Angola, Bantu). See Va. 
 
 Over, Ofer. Ufer (Ger.), a shore, beach, bank of a river, 
 e.g. Hanover. 
 
 Overalpisch (Dch.), transalpine. 
 
 Overhaal (Dch.), a ferry. 
 
 Overpad (Dch.), a cross-path, cross-road. 
 
 Ovest (It.), west. 
 
 Ovrag (Buss.), a ravine. 
 
 0vre (Da., Nor.), upper (6v.), e.g. Ovrebb. 
 
 wai (Indian, California), a town. 
 
 wo (Gold Coast), the drying up of a river. 
 
 Owo (Yoruba), cowries, e.g. the town of Owo, Oworo. 
 
 Oya (Singalese), a river. 
 
 Oyak (Brazil), a river. 
 
 Oyaki (Brazil), a little river. 
 
 Oyapok (Brazil), a large river, e.g. the Oyapok. 
 
 Oyari, Yari, Awari, Aragari (Brazil), large river, the 
 great river. 
 
 Oyasa, Wasa, Wesa (Brazil), straight river. 
 
 Oye (Yoruba), the Harmattan wind. 
 
300 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Oyun, pi. of Am (Arab.), sources. Cf. Ayun. 
 Ozero (Buss.), a lake. 
 
 Pa- (Cent. Africa, Bantu), locative prefix, at, village of. 
 
 Pa (China), temporary embankment, digues volantes. 
 
 Pa (Maori), a stockade. 
 
 Pa (Siam), a wood. 
 
 -Pa (Tibet), a suffix signifying people, tribe, e.g. Bod-pa, 
 
 Dru-pa. 
 Pa (JJte, Colorado, dc), water. 
 Paadje (Cape Dch.), a path. 
 Paango (Swahili). See Ango. 
 
 Pachcham (Hind.), west. For other points see Uttar. 
 Pad (Dch.), road, path. 
 Pada (Pali), place. 
 Padang (Malay), plain, open space, e.g. Padang Sibagus, 
 
 Padang Susa, Padang Langgin. 
 Padela (Servian), division (administrative). 
 Padun (Buss.), a waterfall, cataract. 
 Padurea (Buss.), a forest. 
 Paese (It.), country, region, town. 
 Paesello (It.), a small town. 
 Pag (Kan-su), garden, wood. 
 Pag-ra (Tibet), a wall of stones, entrenchment. 
 Pah, Pa' (Malay), father, e.g. Pah-tani or Patani, ■ Tani's 
 
 father,' the founder of the N. Malay States, called 
 
 Patani. 
 Pa ha (Indian, California), water, river. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 301 
 
 Paha (U.S.A.), a long ridge of fine loamy material 
 deposited from a stream, which has cut a channel 
 in a melting glacier. 
 
 Pahar, Par (Hind.), mountain, hill. Cf. Giri. 
 
 Pahli (Fin.), bay, gulf. 
 
 Pai (China), white, e.g. Chang Pai Shan, 'ever-white 
 mountain,' see Shan; Pai Shui Chiang, 'white- 
 water river,' a name given to a section of the 
 Upper Yangtse, see Shni, Chiang. 
 
 Pailler (Fr.), a farmyard. 
 
 Pain (Pers.), lower. See Bala. 
 
 Pai'opan (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), village, country. 
 
 Pajonal (Spanish S. America), marshy land, on which 
 bulrushes, reeds, &c, grow. 
 
 Pak (Eskimo). See Puk. 
 
 Pak (Malay, Siam), confluence. 
 
 Pak (Malay, Cambodia), mouth, estuary. 
 mPaka (Swahili), boundary, limit ; for pi. see Mpaka, 
 
 Pakan (Malay), market town. Cf. Pasar. 
 
 Pakdandi (Deccan), a footpath. 
 
 Pakhns (Da., Nor.), a warehouse. 
 
 Paknam (Siam), the mouth of a stream, whether it falls 
 into the sea, a lake, or a larger river. See Pak, Nam. 
 
 Pakso (Fin.), bluff, cliff. 
 
 Pal (Punjab), cultivated land, embanked to catch the 
 drainage off higher ground. 
 
 Pala (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a wall. 
 
 Palaeo, Palaios, a, on (Greek), old, ancient, e.g. Palaeo or 
 Vradeton mountains. 
 
 Palais (Fr.), a palace. 
 
302 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGKAPHICAL 
 
 Palanka {Turk.), fort, fortress. 
 
 Palast (Ger.), a palace. 
 
 Palavanua (Marovo, Solomon Is.), village, place. See 
 
 Fenua. 
 Pale (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), great. 
 Palier (Fr.), a landing-place. 
 Palisade (U.S.A.), a picturesque extended rock .cliff 
 
 rising precipitately from the margin of a stream 
 
 and of columnar structure, e.g. The Palisades, New 
 
 York. 
 uPalla (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a rock, 
 
 cliff. 
 Pallala (Pali), a pool. 
 Palli (Tamul), a village. 
 Palude (It.), marsh, moor. 
 isiPaluko (Zulu, Kafir), a valley or stream that branches 
 
 off from another. 
 Palus (Lat., Fr.), marsh, moor, fen. In Fr. used only 
 
 in the expression Palus Meotide = Palus-Meotis = 
 
 Sea of Azov. 
 Palya (Hung.), a road ; Vaspalya, railway. 
 mPambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the junction or forking 
 
 of roads. 
 isiPambusa (Kafir), a by-path, lane. 
 
 Pampa (Gold Coast), hill, hillock. Cj. Pempe, Koko. 
 Pampas (S. America), the great grass plains of Argentina. 
 Pampero (Sp.), a violent westerly or south-westerly 
 
 wind which sweeps over the pampas of Argentina. 
 Pamtengo (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Mtengo. 
 Pamyatnik (Buss.), a monument. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 308 
 
 Pan {China), mountain, hill. 
 
 Pan (Gape Dch.), a pool, a place where a pool has been. 
 
 Pana (Paiwan, Formosa), a river. Cf. Panna. 
 
 Panda (Swahili). See Nda. 
 
 Pandai, Banteai (Cambodia), fortress. 
 
 Pang (Burma), confluence. 
 
 Pang (Shan States), a camp, encampment. 
 
 Pang (Tibet), height. 
 
 ,, „ prairie land. 
 
 Panga, im Panga, mu Panga (Cent. Africa, dialects of 
 
 Bantu), country. See Nga. 
 Panga, im Panga (Giryama), cave, chasm. 
 Pangalanes (Madagascar), the portions of land inter- 
 vening between the lakes or lagoons on the N.E. 
 
 coast of Madagascar. 
 Pangkalan (Malay), landing-place; mart; e.g. Pangkalan 
 
 Badak, P. Balak, P. Bujal. Also Pengkalan (q.v.) 
 Pangua (Mekeo, New Guinea), village. Cf. Vanua. 
 Pangwadi (A-Zande), bank; from Pangwa, edge, and Di, 
 
 water. Cf. Wilidi. 
 Pani (Hind.), water, e.g. Panigong, 'water village.' 
 Panj (Pers.), five, e.g. Punjab. See Ab. Cf. Doab. 
 Panjang (Malay), long, tall, e.g. Padang Panjang. See 
 
 Padang. 
 Panna (Shan States), a district. 
 Panna (T saris en, Formosa), a river. Cf. Pana. 
 Panne (Indian, U.S.A.), a valley. 
 Pant (Welsh), a hollow or valley, e.g. Pantglas, Pant-y- 
 
 groes ; groes = croes (q.v.) 
 Pantalan (Tagala, Philippine Archipelago), mole, jetty. 
 
304 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Pantano (It.), a marsh (Pant no ). 
 
 Pantano (Sp.), stagnant water, marsh. 
 
 Pantei (Malay), coast, beach, shore. 
 
 Pao (China), an outpost ; also a subdivision of a Su or 
 
 township. 
 Papandajan (Java), a forge, a name given to volcanic 
 
 craters. 
 Papeterie (Fr.), paper mill (Pap ie ). 
 Par, Pahar (Hind.), mountain, hill. Cf. Giri. 
 Para (Indian, Brazil), a river, sea, e.g. Paraguay, Parahiba, 
 
 ' bad river,' Parakatu, ' good river.' 
 Para (Hind.), a quarter of a town, a ward, village. 
 Param (Tamul), bank, shore. 
 Parana (Brazil), a branch out of the main stream of a 
 
 river ; side channel between islands ; lateral branch 
 
 of a river. From Indian Para, river, sea. 
 Pare (Fr.), a park (P.) 
 Parco (It.), a park. 
 Pared (Sp.), a wall. 
 
 Parian (Philippines), a market, bazaar. 
 Parit (Malay), a drain, ditch, trench, moat, canal. 
 Pariu (Bumania), rivulet, brook (Par.) 
 Paroisse (Fr.), a parish, parish church. 
 Parque (Port., Sp.), park, an enclosed wood. 
 Part (Hang.), bank, shore, coast. 
 Pas (Fr.) channel, e.g. Pas de Calais ; passage, defile, e.g. 
 
 Pas de la Cere. 
 Pasanggrahan (Java), equivalent to the Anglo-Indian 
 
 Bungalow (q.v.) 
 Pasar (Malay), market, corruption of Bazar (q.v.) 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 305 
 
 Pasi {Madagascar), a modified form of fasi, fasika 
 (q.v.), used in compounds, sand, thus ampasi = at 
 the place where the sand is, e.g. Ampasimena, ' on 
 the red sand ' ; Ampasindava, ' where the great 
 stretch of sand is.' See An, Mena. 
 
 Pdsir (Malay), sand, a reach of sand, e.g. Pasir Gebo, 
 Pasir Salak. 
 
 Paso (Sp.), a pass. 
 
 Passaat (Dch.), trade wind. 
 
 Passage (Fr.), ferry (P^ e ). 
 
 Passatwind (Ger.), trade wind, monsoon. 
 
 Passe (Fr.), a channel. 
 
 Passo {It, Fort.), a pass (P so ). 
 
 Past (E. Turk.), low. Cf. Post. 
 
 Pat (Indian, U.S.A.), a hill. 
 luPata (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), a gorge. 
 
 Patak (Hung.), brook, rivulet (P.) 
 
 Patam (Tamul, Deccan), a city, contracted from 
 Patanam, e.g. Seringapatam. 
 
 Path (Sansc, Hind.), a road, highway. 
 
 Patik (E. Turk.), marsh, moor, swamp. 
 
 Patkak (E. Turk.), marsh, moor, swamp. 
 
 Pattan (Sansc), a city, town. 
 
 Patte-d'oie (Fr.), the intersection of several roads. 
 
 Patti (India), a division of a village. 
 
 Pattik (Mongol), marsh, swamp. 
 
 Pa tzu (Yunnan), a cultivated valley. 
 
 Pau ga (Miao-tse, Yunnaii), hill. 
 
 Paul (Hind.) See Pol. 
 
 Pau-tai (China), a fort. 
 
 x 
 
306 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Pavilion (Fr.), pavilion, summer house (P on ). 
 
 Paya (Burma), a temple. 
 
 Paya (Malay), swamp, marsh. 
 
 Pays (Fr.), country. 
 
 Pe (A-Zande), bush, tall grass. 
 
 Pe (China), north, e.g. Peking, 'the northern capital.' 
 
 Cf. Peh, Nan, Si, Tung. See King. 
 Peage (Fr.), toll-house. 
 Peak, Pike (England), allied to the words beak, spike, 
 
 e.g. Peak in Derbyshire, Pike o' Stickle. 
 Peam (Cambodia), mouth, estuary. 
 Pecze (Hung.), boundary mark. 
 Pedhiadha (Neo-Greek), a plain. 
 Pedra (Port.), a rock or stone. 
 Peel (Celtic), a stronghold. 
 Peh (China), e.g. north, Peh Fang in Miao-tse, Yunnan. 
 
 Cf. Pei, Pe, merely different spellings. 
 Pei (China), north. Cf. Peh, Pe, which are merely 
 
 different spellings. 
 Pek (Nandi, Uganda), water. 
 Pekan (Malay), a village, lit. a place for buying and 
 
 selling. 
 Pela (Singalese), a hut. 
 Pema (Tibet), sand. 
 Pempe (Gold Coast), a hillock, knoll, smaller than Pampa 
 
 (q.v.) 
 Pen (Welsh), a head, hence a mountain, e.g. Penmaen- 
 
 mawr, Pennigant, Pennine. Cf. Ben, Kin. 
 Pen (Min-kia, Kwei-chau), north. For other points 
 
 see La, Turh, San. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 307 
 
 Peiia (Sp.), a rock or large stone. 
 
 Penghulu (Malay Pen.), district or village headman. 
 
 Pengkalan (Malay), mart, e.g. P. Balak ; landing place, 
 e.g. P. Pajak in Wellesley Province. See Pangkalan. 
 
 Peng la (Min-kia, Yunnan), a lake. 
 
 Penisola (It.), a peninsula. 
 
 Penon (Sp.), a rock or rocky mountain. 
 
 Penong (Cambodia), savages. 
 
 Pente (Fr.), declivity, slope. 
 
 Penyi (Ja-Lno, Uganda), country. 
 
 Perebor (Buss.), rocks in a river. 
 
 Perede (Gold Coast), a plain. 
 
 Peresheek (Buss.), an isthmus. 
 
 Perevoz (Buss.), a ferry. 
 
 Perm£tang (Malay), ranges of low sandhills which mark 
 the ancient sea boundaries ; high ground ; a water- 
 shed ; e.g. Permatang Bogak in Province Wellesley. 
 
 Pertuis (Fr.), opening or strait. 
 
 Pesak (Servian), sand. Cf. Pesok. 
 
 Peschani (Bass.), sandy. 
 
 Pesok (Buss.), sand. Cf. Pesak, the same word. 
 
 Petaukunk (Indian, U.S.A.), a fall. 
 
 Peth (Beccan), a village, small town. 
 
 Petit (Fr.), little; applied to many place-names. 
 
 Petobeg (Indian, U.S.A.), bog. 
 
 Petra (Greek), a rock. Cf. Piatra, Piedra, Pierre. 
 
 Peuk (Korea), north, northern, e.g. Peuk-Dong. 
 
 Pfad (Ger.) a path. 
 
 Pfalz (Ger.), a palace, high official residence; palatinate. 
 
 Pfan (Upper Nile), a village. 
 
 x 2 
 
308 GLOSSAEY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Pferdebahn (Ger.), horse-tramway. 
 
 Pha (Indo-China, Black B. region), a forest. 
 
 Phai (Man Sung, Lao-kai), little, small. 
 
 Phanos (Greek), light, beacon. 
 
 Phare (Fr.), lighthouse (Ph.) ; Phare Flottant, lightship. 
 
 Pharol (Port.), lighthouse (Farol). * 
 
 Pharos (Greek), lighthouse. 
 
 Phieng (Hang Chek, Indo- China), a town. 
 
 Pho (China), a market. 
 
 Pho (Korea), anchorage, river bank, e.g. Chemulpho, 
 
 Mokpho. 
 Pho (Thos, Annam), a mountain. See Phu (note), Fo. 
 Phong (Cambodia), custom, e.g. Phong-Mi, 'good custom,' 
 
 in Bao-Khanh. See Mi. 
 Phra (Siam), a pagoda. 
 Phrair (Siam), a tributary of a river. 
 Phu (Annam), town of the third order, district capital. 
 
 (This occurs in all French books and maps dealing 
 
 with the region. Cf. Chinese Fu.) 
 Phu, Phui (Cambodia), rich, wealth, e.g. Phui-Kwoi, 
 
 kwoi conveying an idea of nobility, noble. 
 Phu (Siam, Indo-China), hill, mountain. See Pho. 
 Phu (Tibet), a lateral valley. 
 ♦ Phybng, Phyeng (Korea), a plain, e.g. Phyong-An. Cf. Beul. 
 Pi (Ja-Luo, Uganda), water. 
 Piaggia (It.) , rising ground, the seashore. 
 Piano (It.), a plain (P no ). 
 
 Piatra (Bumanian), a rock. Cf. Petra, Piedra, Pierre. 
 Pic {Fr.), a peak (P.) 
 Picacho (Sj).), top, summit. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 309 
 
 Picacho {U.S.A.), a peaked butte (q.v.) 
 
 Picada (Spanish S. America), mountain pass ; ford of a 
 
 river which can only be passed by horsemen ; path. 
 
 Pico (Port., Sp.), a peak. 
 
 Picco (It), a peak (P co ). 
 
 Pie (Min-kia, Yunnan), low. 
 
 Pied (Fr.), foot, e.g. Piedmont. Cf. Ital. Piemonte. 
 
 Piedra (Sp.), a rock. Cf. Petra, Piatra, Pierre. 
 
 Piena (It.), flood or overflow of waters. 
 
 Pierre (Fr.), stone. Cf. Petra, Piatra, Piedra. 
 
 Pigh gnai (Indian, U.S.A.), hill. 
 
 Pihara (Maiva, New Guinea), stone. 
 
 Pi-hu (Tibet), fort, post of observation. 
 
 Pijlerbrug (Dch.), a pier, pillar bridge. 
 
 Pike. See Peak. 
 
 Pila (Tibet), a river. 
 
 Pill (England), an inlet or pool capable of holding 
 
 vessels to unload, e.g. Pill (Somerset). Cf. Pool, Pwll. 
 
 Pimb (Serer, Senegal), a mountain. 
 
 Pimb aneu (Serer, Senegal), a hill, a small mountain. 
 
 Pin (Fr.), a pine or fir tree, e.g. tie des Pins. 
 
 Ping (China), a plain. 
 
 Piongo (Marovo, Solomon Is.), a river. 
 
 Piramnn (Pers.), environs. 
 
 Piri 
 
 amaPiri 
 
 (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a mountain, e.g. 
 
 Pirikwamba, to the west of northern Nyasa. 
 
 Cf. Lima, Bima. 
 
 ichiPiri v 
 im Piri 
 
 In Piri 
 rnPiri 
 
310 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGKAPHICAL 
 
 iPiro (Mozambique, dialect of Bantu), a road, path. Cf. 
 Zila, Zira. 
 
 Pisang (Malay), banana; used in place-names, e.g. Pulo 
 Pisang, banana island. 
 
 Pisholina (Servia), a marsh. 
 
 Pishtak (Cent. Asia), an arched facade. 
 
 Pi si (Min-kia, Yunnan), wind. 
 
 Piska (Indian, California), sea. 
 
 Piste (Fr.), a track, trail. 
 
 Pistyll (Welsh), a waterfall, e.g. Pistyll-y-Cain. 
 
 Pit (Gaelic pitht), a hollow, e.g. Pitcairn, ' the hollow of 
 the cairn.' 
 
 Pitch (W. of England), slope, declivity, top of a hill. 
 
 Pi te nge (Min-kia, Yunnan), a plain. 
 
 Piton (Fr.), a peak. 
 
 Pitth (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a mound. 
 
 Piz (Tyrol), equivalent to Beak, Pike, e.g. Piz Mortiratsch. 
 
 Pjert (Armenia), a castle, fort. 
 
 Plaats (Dch.), a place or spot. 
 
 Plache (Ger.), a plain, flat country. 
 
 Plage (Fr.), shore, beach. 
 
 Planina (S. Slav.), a mountain. 
 
 Piano inclinado (Port.), a patent slip. 
 
 Planiibergang (Ger.), a level crossing. 
 
 Plateau (Fr.), used not only in Fr. but also in Eng. and 
 Ger. as a form of sub-oceanic relief for a steep 
 Elevation (q.v.) of large extent in which the length 
 and breadth do not greatly differ. It may rise 
 from the depressions of the ocean, or, as in the 
 case of the Azores Plateau, from a Rise (q.v.) On 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 311 
 
 dry land Plateau = Tableland ; e.g. the Anahuac 
 
 Plateau (Mexico). 
 Plau {Cambodia), a road. 
 Playa (Sp.), shore, beach, coast. 
 
 „ (U.S.A.), an alkali^flat ; the dried bottom of a 
 
 temporary lake without outlet ; an alluvial coast- 
 land, as distinguished from a beach. 
 Plaza (Sp.), square or market place, fortified town. 
 „ (U.S.A.), an open valley-floor, the flat bottom of 
 
 a narrow canon. 
 -Pie. See Polis. 
 
 Pleme (Montenegro), tribe, clan. 
 Plon, Plun (Slavonic), a plain, e.g. Plbner See. 
 Plot (Buss.), a floating landing-place, raft. 
 Plou, Phi, Pleu, Plo, Pie, Pla (Breton ploue), village or 
 
 parish. Cf. Welsh Plwyf. 
 Phi (Upper Sassandra B. region), white, e.g. Ibo Phi, 
 
 ' the White Ibo B.' 
 Plur (Armenia?i), a hill. 
 Plwyf (Welsh), a parish. 
 Pneuma (Greek), wind. 
 
 Pnom (Cambodia), a mountain, e.g. Pnom Penh. 
 Po (China), a lake, cf. Hu ; swamp. 
 Po- (China), a prefix meaning 'white.' See Pai. 
 Po (Indian, U.S.A.), water. 
 
 Po (Tibet), summit of a mountain. Another form is Spo. 
 Poa (Nika), the coast. 
 Poali holma (Fin.), a peninsula. 
 Poblado (Sp.), town, village. 
 Pochtamt (Buss.), post office. 
 
312 GLOSSARY OP GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Pocoson (U.S.A.), a swamp. 
 
 Podere (It.), an estate (Pod e ). 
 
 Podo (Kiwai, New Guinea), hill, mountain. 
 
 Podvodnitsa (Buss.), shoals covered at extremely low tide. 
 
 Poe (Maiva, New Guinea), beach, shore. 
 
 Poggio (It), a cliff (Ps io ). 
 
 Pogost (Buss.), a parish. 
 
 Pohaku (Hazvaii), stone. 
 
 Pohia (Fin.), north. For other points see Etela, Itahan, 
 
 Lansi. 
 Pointe (Fr.), a point (P te ). 
 Poio (Tagala, Philippine Archipelago), island. 
 Po ka (Indian, U.S.A.), a river. 
 Po kwa (Indian, U.S.A.), a lake. 
 Pol (Neo-Greek), see Polis ; (Gaelic), see Poll. 
 Pol, Paul (Hind.), a gate, a quarter of a city having its 
 
 own gateway. 
 Pol, Peul (Korea), a plain, e.g. Pol-La-Do, Pol-Hang-Ni. 
 Po-la (Indian, California), a river, lit. running water. 
 Pola (Mentawei Island, S.W. Coast Sumatra), earth. 
 Polden (Buss.), south. For other points see Syever. 
 Polder (Dch.), a tract of land reclaimed from the sea 
 
 by means of high embankments. 
 Pole (Celtic), an inlet, pool, e.g. Bradpole. See Poll. 
 Polei (Indo-China) , a village. 
 Polis, Poli, Pol, Pie (Greek), city, town, e.g. Philippopolis, 
 
 Tripoli, Sevastopol, Constantinople. 
 Poll, Pol, Puill (Gaelic), Pol (Cornish), pool, bay, e.g. Poll 
 
 Scut (Hebrides), Puill Cro (Islay Sound), Polmont, 
 
 ' the hill by the pool.' Cf. Pole. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 313 
 
 Polnaya voda (Buss.), high, water. See Voda. 
 Polovodye (Btiss.), the high waters of spring-time. 
 Poluostrov (Buss.), a peninsula. 
 Poly (Greek), much, many, e.g. Polydendri, ' a place of 
 
 many trees,' in Agya. 
 Polyana (Buss.), field-ice ; also field, forest clearing. 
 Polye (S. Slav.), open country, fields. 
 Pom (Siam), a fort. 
 
 Porno (Fin.), a bar of a harbour or river. 
 Ponchak (Malay), the peak of a hill. 
 Pondok (Malay), a shed or hut. 
 Ponente (It.), west, west wind, 
 Pongo (Kamerun), north. See Mbenge. 
 Pont (Cape Dch.), a ferry. 
 Pont (Fr.), a bridge (P 1 ). 
 Pont (Welsh), a bridge, e.g. Pontaberglaslyn, Penpont, 
 
 1 head or end of the bridge ' ; is a loan word from 
 
 hat. pons. See Aber, Glas, Llyn, Pen. 
 Pontal (Port.), a point or promontory. 
 Ponte (It., Port.), a bridge (P te ). 
 Pool (England), an inlet or pool, e.g. Poole, Liverpool. 
 Poo lok (Indian, California), a lake. 
 Poort (Cape Dch.), an opening between mountains, lit. 
 
 gate, e.g. Karoo Poort. 
 Popoa (Bubiana, Solomo?i Is.), village, place. 
 Po pi (Indian, U.S.A.), a spring. 
 Popoka (Aztek), smoke, e.g. Popocatepetl, ' the mountain 
 
 of smoke.' See Tepetl. 
 Pore (India), a city. Anglicised from Pur (q.v.) 
 Pori (German East Africa), bush, forest. 
 
314 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Poro (Ainu, Sakhalin), great, big, e.g. Poronai, ' big 
 
 river.' See Nai. 
 Port(i<V.), port, harbour (P 1 ). 
 Porte (Fr.), a gate (P te ). 
 Portello (It.), a gate (Port 110 ). 
 Portillo (Sp.), a gap. 
 Porto (It., Port.), haven, port, e.g. Portobello, 'beautiful 
 
 harbour.' 
 Posad (Buss.), suburb, a settlement. 
 Posada (Sp.), house, hotel. 
 Poselok (Buss.), a small village. 
 Posito (Sp.), a public granary. 
 Po so (Indian, U.S.A.), sea. 
 Post (Albanian), lower. 
 Poste (Fr.), post, guardhouse (P te ). 
 Potainik (Buss.), a sunken rock over which the waves do 
 
 not break. 
 Potamos (Greek), a river, e.g. Aspropotamo, ' white river.' 
 Potok (Bohemian), stream, brook, rivulet (P.) 
 Potsang (Hu-ni, China), a mountain. 
 Potto-potto (Upper Nile), a marsh. 
 Potutonga (Tonga, Polynesia), south. See Tokelau. 
 Po tzae (Indian, U.S.A.), bog, marsh. 
 Poudrerie, Poudriere (Fr.), powder mills (Poud ie ). 
 Poughkeepsie (Indian, U.S.A.), a small cove. 
 Poul, Poull (Breton), pool, e.g. Pouldu = ' Black-pool.' 
 
 Cf. Pwll, Pol, Poll. 
 PovoacSo (Port.), a town, a village. 
 Po yare (Indian, U.S.A.), an island. 
 Pozo (Sp.), a well, a deep hole in a river, whirlpool. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 315 
 
 Pozzo (It.), a well (P zo ). 
 
 Prabit (Sansc.), a mountain. 
 
 Praca (Port.), a market or piazza, a town, fortress. 
 
 Prado (Sp.), meadow land. Cf. Prato. 
 
 Prsestegjeld (Nor.), a parish (Pgd.) 
 
 Prahu (Java), the native canoe, e.g. Tangkuban Prahu, 
 ' a reversed or up-turned canoe,' a name given to 
 mountains on account of their shape. 
 
 Praia (Port.), beach, shore. 
 
 Praja (Malay), a town. 
 
 Pran (Cambodia), pyramid, monument. 
 
 Prasat (Cambodia), a tower. 
 
 Prato (It), a meadow. Cf. Prado. 
 
 Pratir (Sansc), shore, bank. 
 
 Pre (Cambodia), a wood. 
 
 Pre (Fr.), a meadow. 
 
 Preau (Fr.), a courtyard. 
 
 Predio (It.), a farm, a holding. 
 
 Predmyestie (Buss.), a suburb. 
 
 Predni (Bohemian), fore = German Vorder. 
 
 Prek (Cambodia), a river; confluence; tidal stream. 
 
 Presa (Sp.), a weir. 
 
 Presidio (Sp.), a fort. 
 
 Presqu'ile (Fr.), a peninsula. 
 
 Priberezhie, Priberejie (Buss.), the shore, coast. 
 
 Priel (Dch.), a narrow channel. 
 
 Priliv (Buss.), flood tide, flood. 
 
 Pristan (Buss.), a port, harbour. 
 
 Proda (It.), a landing-place, bank, shore, brink. 
 
 Proliv (Buss.), a strait. 
 
816 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Psa (Cambodia), a market. 
 
 Pu (China), a citadel, e.g. Shang Pu, ' upper citadel.' 
 
 Pu (China), a commercial village. Cf. Tun, Tsun, 
 
 Chwang, Cheng. 
 Pu (Korea), a county or department, divided into Kun 
 
 or prefectures ; a city, e.g. Pu-San (Fusan). 
 Pu (Laos, Siam), hill, mountain. 
 Pu (Tibet), the top of a valley. 
 Puava (Marovo, Solomon Is.), earth, soil. 
 Pudtho (Ja-Luo, TJgan&a), a field or plantation. 
 Pueblo (Sp.), a town, village, e.g. Pueblo Nuevo, 'new 
 
 town.' 
 Puente (Sp.), a bridge (P.) 
 
 Puerta (Sp.), gate, a narrow pass between mountains. 
 Puerto (Sp.), a port, e.g. Puerto Rico, not Porto Kico. 
 Puesto (Argentina), an estate. 
 Pug (Tibet), a cavern. 
 Puill (Gaelic). See Poll. 
 Puits (Fr.), a well. 
 Puk, Pak (Eskimo), big, great, e.g. Kwikpuk, ■ big river.' 
 
 See Kwikk. 
 Pul (Albanian), forest. 
 
 Pul (Pers.), a bridge, embankment, causeway. 
 Pulak (Mo?igol), a spring, e.g. Ulan Pulak, ' red spring.' 
 
 Another form of Bulak. 
 Pulau, Pulo (Malay), an island, e.g. Pulau Singapura, 
 
 Pulau Enche' Ona, P. Jelnai, P. Bentan. 
 Pul-bandi (Pers.), an embankment. 
 Pulin (Sa?isc.), an island of alluvial formation, a small 
 island left in a river after the falling of the waters. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TERMS 317 
 
 Pulo (Malay). See Pulau. 
 
 Pu-lu (Tibet), a shepherd's hut. 
 
 Pum (Cambodia), a village in the interior. Cf. Kom- 
 pong. 
 
 Puna (S. America), upper Cordillera of the Andes, in- 
 cluding elevated plateaux, spacious valleys, &c. The 
 word signifies an affection of the body produced 
 by the rarefaction of the air at high altitudes, and 
 hence its geographical application, e.g. Puna de 
 Atacama. 
 
 Pung-mai (Pa'i, Shan States), forest, bush. 
 
 Punj. See Panj. 
 
 Punkhokkie (Indian, U.S.A.), a steep bank. 
 
 Punta (It. Sp.), a point (P.) 
 
 Puntone (It.), a point (Punt ne ). 
 
 Pupui (Bismarck Archipelago). See Rapui. 
 
 Pur (Sansc), a city, town. Anglicised Pore, e.g. 
 Cawnpore. See Pura. 
 
 Pura (Sansc), a city, e.g. Singapore, properly Singapura, 
 ' the Lion city.' See Pur. 
 
 Purab (Hind.), east. For other points see Uttar. 
 
 Puraeahi (Maiva, New Guinea), tide (ebb). 
 
 Purga (Buss.), a snowdrift. 
 
 Puri (East Africa), a desert. 
 
 Purongo (Tso-o, Formosa), a mountain. 
 
 Pusawat (Mentaweil., S.W. Coast Sumatra), anchorage. 
 
 Pushe (Mandara, Bornu, Lake Chad), a spring. 
 
 Pushta (Pers.), a hillock; a quay. 
 
 Pustosh (Buss.), heath, moor. 
 
 Puszta (Hung.), heath, a steppe. 
 
318 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Put {Senegal), a village. 
 
 Put (Khas Ghos, Indo -China), great. 
 
 Put {Buss.), way, line of communication. 
 
 Putova {Servian), road. 
 
 Putra {India), son, e.g. Brahmaputra, ' Son of Brahma.' 
 
 Puy {Auvergne), equivalent to Beak, Pike, Pic, e.g. Puy 
 
 de Cantal. 
 mPwa {Swahili), beach, shore. 
 Pwang-sheh {China), rocks. 
 Pwani {Swahili), beach, shore, coast. 
 Pwi {Chin Hills), ridge, spur. 
 Pwll (Welsh), an inlet or pool, e.g. Pwllheli, 'salt pool.' 
 
 Cf. Poll. See Heli. 
 Pyatno {Buss.), a spot, a little place with a small depth 
 
 of water. 
 Pyeshekhodnya {Buss.), a footpath. 
 Pyrgos {Greek), a tower. 
 
 Q 
 
 udampu {Zulu, Kafir), a neck over a ridge or mountain, 
 udato {Zulu, Kafir), a desert. 
 umdenqelezi {Zulu, Kafir), a steep place in the side of a 
 mountain. 
 uQilima {Zulu, Kafir), a stockade. 
 isiQiti {Zulu, Kafir), an island. 
 isiQiti {Zulu, Kafir), a site to settle on, a village. 
 duai {Fr.) a quay, wharf, 
 duartier (.Fr.), a quarter in a town (Q r ). 
 duassaik {Indian, U.S.A.), rocky stream. Cf. Cox- 
 sackie, i.e. Quassaikie. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 319 
 
 Quebrada (Sp.), broken, uneven ground. 
 
 ,, (U.S.A.), a canon of rugged aspect, a fissure- 
 like ravine. 
 Quelle (Ger.), well, spring, source (Q.) 
 Quemado (Sp. Philippines), burnt, e.g. Quemado cape, 
 
 ' burnt cape.' 
 Quinta (Port., Sp.), a country house. 
 isidwato (Zulu, Kafir), a clearing in bush, grass, or 
 forest. 
 
 R 
 
 Ra, pi. Gu (A-Zande), the definite article, the. See Gu. 
 
 Ra (Bismarck Archipelago), the article ; for use cf. 
 Raluana, Rakunei, Rawalien. 
 
 Ra (Mbau, Fiji), west. For other points see Vua Liku. 
 
 Ra (Tangut), house, castle, village. 
 
 Rab (Tibet), a ford. 
 
 Ra-ba (Tibet), enclosure, tent. 
 
 Raba (Hausa), to divide, used in place-names to in- 
 dicate position, e.g. Mararraba, ' the half way ' 
 between Ghat and Air. 
 
 Raba (Upper Nile), small cleared arable spots in the 
 midst of wooded or grass land. 
 
 Raba (Arab., N. Africa), a forest, brushwood, thicket. 
 
 Rabat (E. Turk.), a resting-place for travellers. 
 
 Rabdan (Tibet), a house, e.g. the monastery Rabdan 
 Cnuling, chu meaning wisdom, and ling a garden. 
 
 Rabuana (Bismarck Archipelago). See Raluana. 
 
 Race (English), a strong or rapid current of water, 
 from A.S. raes, a swift course. 
 
320 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Had (Somali), track. See Hilin. 
 
 Rade (Fr.), road, roadstead. 
 
 Radeau (Fr.), a raft (K au ). 
 
 Rafi, pi. Rafauka or Rafuna (Hausa), brook, brink, 
 bank, valley, e.g. Gober Rafi, ' Gober valley,' as 
 opposed to Gober Tudu, ' Gober uplands.' 
 ma Rafiari 
 
 (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), chief, king. 
 waRanari 
 
 Rag (Somaliland), people = Dad. 
 
 Ragh (Pers.), a meadow, a declivity. 
 
 Ragham (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), limestone. 
 
 maRago (Ki-Mrimi, E. Africa), a camping-place. 
 
 Raguba (Arab.), a height, elevation. 
 
 Rah (Hind, and Pers.), a way, road. Cf. Rasta. 
 
 Rahad, Rahat (Arab., N. Africa), a pool, lake. 
 
 Rahara (Motu, New Guinea), north-west wind. 
 
 Rahi (Manahiki, Tahiti), great, e.g. the river Faha Rahi, 
 
 in the N.-E. of the island. 
 Rahi (Arab.), a village, house. 
 Rahon (Pazzehe, Pei-Po, Formosa), a river. 
 Rai (Siam), clearings made in the forests, by felling 
 
 and setting fire to the timber, for the cultivation 
 
 of hill crops. 
 Raia (Port.), boundary, limit. 
 Rain (Ger.), a grassy ridge, serving as a boundary ; 
 
 meadow, hillside. 
 Rainstein (Ger.), boundary stone. 
 Rairai (Hausa), sand. 
 Rak, Rakat (Arab.), a hard bank, shoal, but with no 
 
 overfalls. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 321 
 
 Raka (Iaibo, Neiv Guinea), coast. 
 
 Rake {from Da., rage, to project, jut out), an inclina- 
 tion or slope, e.g. The Rakes, Long Rake, Rakeway, 
 
 in the Peak district. 
 Raknet (Arab., N. Africa), a peak. 
 Rakunei (Bismarck Archipelago), grass, grass land. 
 
 There is also the reduplicated form rakunakunei, 
 
 ra being the article. 
 Rala (Mexico), a foot, e.g. the tribe Ralamari, 'foot 
 
 runners,' corrupted by the Spanish into Tarahu- 
 
 mara. 
 Raluana (Bismarck Archipelago), mountain, hill. There 
 
 is also the form rabuana ; in each case ra is the 
 
 article. 
 Ram (Chong Chia-tse, Yunnan, and Upper Bed Biver 
 
 region), water. 
 Ram (Yindu Chin, W. of Mon B., Burma), a path. 
 Rama (New Guinea), sea. 
 Ramal (Sp.), branch line (of a railway). 
 Ramalle (Bismarck Archipelago), a valley, ra being the 
 
 article. 
 Rami, pi. Ramuna (Hausa), a cave. Cf. Kogo. 
 Ramla (Arab., Sahara), sand, e.g. Ras el Ramla, ' the 
 
 Sand Head.' 
 Ramu (Kuvarawan, Pei-Po, Formosa), village. 
 Ran (Hang Chek, Indo-China), a house ; also in Chong* 
 
 chia-tse, Yunnan. 
 Rana (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a road. 
 Rancho (Spa?iish S. America), a wooden building 
 
 with walls of mixed clay and cow-dung, roofed 
 
322 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 with reeds, supported by forked pillars, and having 
 a mud floor. Hence ranch. 
 
 Rand (Dch., Ger.), edge, rim ; ridge of hills ; border 
 range ; e.g. Randberg, Witwatersrand. 
 
 Rang (Annam), a rice-field. 
 
 Rang (E. Turk.), wild goat, e.g. Rang Kul, ' wild goat 
 lake.' 
 
 Rang (Pers.), colour, e.g. Rangpnr. 
 
 Rang-tag (Tibet), a mill. 
 
 Rani (Hausa), the dry season. 
 
 Rann (Mahratta), wood, waste, e.g. Rann of Kutch. 
 
 Rano (Madagascar), water; thus andrano = the place 
 where there is water, e.g. Andranofotsi, ' the place 
 where the white water is,' Andranomami, 'the 
 place where the sweet water is.' See An. 
 
 Rantau (Malay), lit. a reach of a river or of a narrow 
 strait ; district or country, e.g. Rantau Haji Dolah, 
 at the mouth of Perak R. 
 
 Rann (Motu, New Guinea), water. 
 
 Rannmaria (Madagascar), rapids in a river. 
 
 Ranumasina (Madagascar), the sea. 
 
 Ranundriaka (Madagascar), a torrent. 
 
 Rao (Annam), a river. 
 
 Rape (Icelandic), a division of a county (Sussex), inter- 
 mediate between hundred and shire. The rapes of 
 Sussex (there are six) answer to the tithings, 
 lathes, &c, of other shires. 
 
 Rapide (JFV.), a rapid in a river. 
 
 Rapui (Bismarck Archipelago), bush, thicket. Also 
 reduplicated pupni, without the article ra (q.v.) 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 323 
 
 Rar (Arab.), a cave, grotto. 
 
 Rarha (Mossi, French Sudan), a market. 
 
 Rarhi (Punjab), cultivated land. 
 
 Ras, pi. Rims (Arab.), head, cape, top ; chief, headman, 
 
 prince ; e.g. Ras el Had, ' cape of danger,' Ras 
 
 Makonen, name of an Abyssinian prince. 
 Rasi (Sivahili), head, headland ; from the above. 
 Rasta (Hind., Urdu, Pers.), a way, road, path. Cf. Rah. 
 Rat (India), kingdom. 
 Rath (Irish and Scotch), an earthen fort or mound, e.g. 
 
 Rathboyne, Rat hen, \ the fort on the river.' See En. 
 
 The Rath, originally perhaps a natural hill or 
 
 hillock, as in Rathgar, Rathmore, Was properly a 
 
 round rampart or breastwork enclosing a mound. 
 Randal (Sp.), torrent, rapid stream, (S. America) rapids. 
 Ranma (Fin.), a strait. 
 Ravin (Fr.), a ravine. For use as a form of sub-oceanic 
 
 relief see Trench. 
 Rawa (Tibet), enclosure, tent. 
 Rawalien (Bismarck Archipelago), seashore, beach. 
 
 Walien= beach, ra being the article. There is also 
 
 the reduplicated form wawalien, without the 
 
 article, as well as rawal. 
 Rawapara (New Guinea), the deep sea. 
 Ray, Rie (Gaelic, Reidh), smooth, e.g. Achray, ' smooth 
 
 field ' ; Airdrie, ■ smooth height.' Cf. Lee. See 
 
 Ach, Aird. 
 Raz (Fr.), a race, a bore. A name given to a violent 
 
 tidal stream in a narrow passage ; from Breton 
 
 raz=a whirlpool, swift current. 
 
 Y 2 
 
324 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Raz (Pers.), a castle. 
 
 Razvalini (Buss.), ruins. 
 
 Rbia (Marocco), pasturages, e.g. Urn er Rbia. See Umm, El. 
 
 Rdir (Arab.), a gulf, whirlpool. See Redir. 
 
 Rdo (Tibet), stone ; in this and the two next words 
 
 initial r is mute. For s mute see Sde. 
 Rdung (Tibet), a hill. See under Rdo. 
 Rdzong (Tibet), fortress ; chief town of a prefecture. 
 Re (Beja, Nubia), a well, e.g. Tamenre, ' The Ten Wells.' 
 Rear (Ebon, Polynesia), east. For other points see Eung. 
 Recif (Fr.), a reef of rocks. See Reef. 
 Red Rhed (Da., Nor.), Redd (Sw.), a roadstead. Cf. Ree, 
 
 Reede. 
 Redir, pi. Redair (Arab.), a natural reservoir of rain- 
 water ; a sheet of water ; a temporary sea. 
 Redoute (Fr.), a redoubt (Ked e ). 
 Reducto (Port.), a redoubt. 
 
 Ree (Dch.), Reede (Dch.), a roadstead. Cf. Red, Redd. 
 Reef (Eng.), as a minor form of sub-oceanic relief, a 
 
 single elevation or submarine mountain which 
 
 comes within eleven metres of the surface, e.g. 
 
 Paracels Reef. Equivalent to Ger. Riff, Fr. Recif. 
 
 Another similar term is Shoal. Reef is referred to 
 
 an old Teutonic root rif=to split, as in Norse rifa = 
 
 a rift, crack, &c. 
 Reeks (Ireland), ridge, crests ; e.g. Macgillicuddy Reeks ; 
 
 from Old Irish crocen=back, ridge ; cognate with 
 
 A.S. hrycg = ridge = Norse hryggr. 
 Reg (Arab., N. Africa), firm level ground, generally 
 
 without vegetation, a barren, naked plain. Another 
 
 form is Rek, e.g. Meshra er-Rek. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 325 
 
 Regadera (Sp.), a canal for irrigation. 
 
 Regadio (Sp.), irrigated land. 
 
 Regi (Aroma, Nezv Guinea), grass. Gf. Rei, Reina. 
 
 Regione (It.), region (K.) 
 
 Regyahu (Ataiyal, Formosa), mountain. 
 
 Rei (Motu, New Guinea), grass. Gf. Regi, Reina. 
 
 Reich (Ger.), kingdom, dominion ; cognate to Eng. -ric, 
 
 as in Bishopric, from A.S. rice = kingdom. 
 Reid, Reida (Buss.), a road, roadstead. 
 Reina (Kabadi, Neiv Guinea), grass. Gf. Regi, Rei. 
 Rejem (Arab.), similar to Jedar, a look-out place on a 
 
 road, generally made of stones. 
 Rejl (Arab.), an open creek of water. Gf. Kra, Bot-ho. 
 Rek (Sahara). See Reg. 
 Reka (Bohemian),] 
 
 Reka (Servian), } a river (R) ^ Rieka - 
 Rekama, pi. Rekaim (Arab., N. African), a Daia (q.v.) 
 
 with chalky soil. 
 Rekba, pi. Rekub (Arab.), large sandy undulations. 
 Rei (Kurdish), forest, bush. 
 Remel (Arab.), an isolated dune; sandy country. 
 Remise (Fr.), coach-house (K ise ). 
 Remmare (Fin.), shoal. 
 Renajo (It.), sands ; sandbank. 
 Rende (Da., Nor.), a channel. 
 maRenga (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. 
 Repnnta (Sp.), point, headland. 
 Rev (Somali), a tribal prefix, e.g. Rer TJgaz Koshen, Rer 
 
 Ugaz Nur. Also means a village. 
 Resif (Arab.), a causeway, dam, dike. 
 
326 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Reri (Wadai), the name given to the portable Arab 
 
 huts, as opposed to Mahareb (q.v.) 
 ULe&mpl. Resum (Arab.), traces of rains. 
 Ressac (Fr.), surf. 
 Restinga (Port.),' 
 
 Restinga (Sp.), 
 
 Reu (Wolof), country, region. 
 
 Rev (Da., Nor.), a reef, sandbank. The Sw. form is Ref. 
 
 Revle (Da.), a bar, sandbank. 
 
 Revona (Kabadi, New Guinea), north-east wind. 
 
 Rezan (Nestorian Christian), a vineyard. 
 
 Rgal (Tibet), a ford. 
 
 Rhaiadr, Rhayadr (Welsh), a cataract, e.g. Rhayadr Mawr. 
 
 See Mawr. 
 Rhed. See Red, Ree. 
 Rhede (Ger.), a roadstead. Cf. Red, Ree. 
 Rhine (Somerset), a deep wide trench. 
 Rhos (Celtic), a moor, e.g. Rhoscolyn ; Roscommon. 
 Rhyd (Welsh), a ford, e.g. Rhyd y Croesau. 
 Ri (Botuma, Polynesia), house. 
 Ri (Tibet), a mountain. 
 maRi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. For other 
 
 forms see Mansi. 
 Ria (Sp.), the mouth of a river. 
 Riad (Marocco), a garden. 
 Rialto (It.), a knoll, bluff. 
 Riana (Madagascar), cascade. 
 Riba (Arab.), an abrupt turning. 
 Ribago, Ribawo, Ribado (Fula), a governor's country 
 
 seat, the nucleus of a village. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 327 
 
 kaRiba (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), a gorge. 
 
 Ribat {Arab), an inn, monastery. 
 
 Ribeira (Port.), a meadow, low moist ground. 
 
 Ribeirao (Port.), a great river. 
 
 Ribeiro (Port.), a stream. 
 
 Ribera (Sp.), the shore, the bank of a river. 
 
 Ridge (Eng.), in sub-oceanic relief, is a relatively narrow 
 Elevation (q.v.), which, unlike the Rise (q.v .), rises 
 at a steep angle, e.g. the Atlantic equatorial Ridge. 
 Equivalent to the Ger. Rticken, Fr. Crete. In 
 ordinary language an elongated elevation, usually 
 of irregular surface; from A.S. hrycg=the back 
 of a man or beast. Cf. the ridge of the nose. 
 
 Riding (from Icelandic thriding), one-third, one of three 
 divisions. The th is supposed to have been lost 
 by the proximity of the th in North, South, in North 
 Thriding &c. 
 
 Rie (Gaelic). See Ray. 
 
 Rieka (Polish), a river. Cf. Reka. 
 
 Riet (Dch.), reeds. 
 
 Riet (Ger.), reed, a marshy piece of ground covered 
 with reeds, moor. Also Ried, Rieth. 
 
 Rif (Arab.), coast, littoral, beach, lit. a well-watered 
 country with plantations. 
 
 Rif (Buss.), a reef. 
 
 Riff (Ger.), a reef, a ridge of rocks in water. See Reef. 
 
 Riffle (U.S.A.), shallow water at the head of a rapid, a 
 rapid with comparatively little fall. 
 
 Rift (Prov. Eng.) shallow place in a river, ford. 
 
 Rig (Pers.), sand. 
 
328 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Rig (Arab.), a shallow flat bank extending off shore. 
 Rijia (Hausa), a well. 
 Rijks (Bch.), kingdom. Gf. Reich (q.v.) 
 Riko (Giryama). See Ko. 
 kiRima (Nik a), hill, top, plateau of a mountain. Gf. 
 
 Lima. 
 meRima (Swahili), continent, mainland. 
 mRima (Swahili), coast. 
 muRima (Giryama), a hill, mountain. Gf. Lima. 
 Rimba (Malay), forest or virgin jungle. 
 Ri-na (Tibet), a promontory. 
 
 Rincon (Sp.), a corner, house, small district or country. 
 
 „ (U.S.A.), a cove, the angular indentation in a 
 
 Mesa (q.v.) edge or escarpment in which a canon 
 
 heads. 
 
 Rinne (Ger.), a channel, a cleft serving as a watercourse. 
 
 For use as a form of sub-oceanic relief see Gully. 
 Rinok (Buss.), a market. 
 Rio (It., Port., Sp.), a stream, river (E.) 
 Riole (Ger.), a deep furrow, channel. 
 Ripa (It.), a river-bank. Gf. Riva. 
 kiRira (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), an island. 
 muRira (Giryama), a trench. 
 Ririnina (Madagascar), winter. 
 Ririon (Ataiyal, Formosa), a river. 
 Rirowa (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), country, region, 
 
 district. 
 Risa (Giryama). See Sa. 
 
 Rise (Eng.), in sub-oceanic relief, is an Elevation (q.v.) 
 which rises gradually with an angle of only a few 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 329 
 
 minutes of arc, irrespective of whether it is wide 
 or narrow or of its vertical development. Such 
 features on dry land would be the main water- 
 sheds. Equivalent to the Ger. Schwelle, Fr. 
 Seuil. 
 
 Riserva (It.), reserve (K va ). 
 
 iRiso (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. 
 
 Rit (Servian), marsh, bog. 
 
 Rithe (Anglo-Saxon), running water, e.g. Meldrith. 
 
 Riu (Rumania), a river (E.) 
 
 Riva (It.), the seashore. Cf The Riviera, Rive, Ripa. 
 kaRiva (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), a gorge. 
 
 Rive (Fr.), shore, bank of a river. Cf. Riva, Ripa. 
 
 Rivier (Dch.), a river. Cf. Spruit. 
 
 Riviere (Ft.), a river. Cf. Fleuve, Ruisseau. 
 
 Rivos (Vonum, Formosa), mountain. 
 
 iRiwa (Zulu, Kafir), a green rich pasture. 
 muRo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 
 Robat (Turkestan), an inn, caravansery, e.g. Tashrobat. 
 
 Robine (Fr.) See Roubine. 
 
 Roca (Sp.), a rock. 
 
 Rocca (It.), a rock (K ca ) ; a fortress built on a rock. 
 
 Rocha (Port.), a rock. 
 
 Roche (Fr.), a rock. 
 
 Rochedo (Port.), rocks, a rocky place. 
 
 Rocher (Fr.), a rock (K er ). 
 
 Rocher (Port.), a rock or rocky place. 
 uRochi (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), a river. 
 
 Rod, Rode, Roth (Ger.), land that has been ridded of 
 trees. Cf. Royd. See next entry. 
 
330 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Rodeland (Ger.), woodland made arable. See Rod, cf. 
 
 ausrotten=to uproot, weed, &c. 
 Roe (Kabadi, New Guinea), a sacred house or platform. 
 Rogo (Mossi, French Sudan), house, hut. 
 oRogongo (Kossova, Uganda), a place, site. 
 Rohi (India), a loamy clay soil always found in low lands. 
 Rbhricht {Ger.), a bank of reeds or rushes. 
 Rojo (Sp.), red, e.g. Laguna Rojo Aguado. 
 Roknia (Arab.), a bend formed by a river. 
 Romne (Celtic). See Ruimne. 
 Romo (Gent. Africa), a lip, e.g. Chiromo, ' a big lip.' 
 Rpn (Da.), detached separate rocks. 
 oruRondo (Herero, Bantu), a rivulet, pi. otuRondo. 
 Rong-pa-si (Siam), custom-house. 
 Rong (Tibet), gorge, defile, valley, e.g. Nya Rong. 
 muRonga (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river. 
 Rtfnne (Da., Nor.), a small hut. 
 Ropa (Kabadi, New Guinea), a garden. 
 isiRoqoba (Zulu, Kafir), a very rough broken piece of 
 
 country. 
 R0s, R0se (Da., Nor.), Rose (Sw.), rocky ground. 
 Roseaux (Fr.), reeds. 
 
 Rosli (India), a kind of Rohi (q.v.) soil mixed with sand. 
 Ross, Rus, Rhos (Celtic), a moor, morass, marsh, e.g. 
 
 Rossall, Rusholme, Rhoscolyn. 
 Ross, Ros (Celtic), a promontory, headland, peninsula, 
 
 e.g. Kinross, Rosdhu, ' black headland ' ; Ardersier 
 
 (Ard-ros-iar), * high western promontory.' See 
 
 Kin, Dhu, Ard, Iar. 
 Roth (Ger.), red, e.g. Rothhaus in Baden. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 331 
 
 Roth (Ger.) See Rod. 
 Roto (Maori, New Zealand), a lake. 
 umRotya (Zulu, Kafir), a deep narrow hollow made by a 
 
 stream, a ravine. 
 Roubine (Fr.), a canal communicating between a salt 
 
 basin and the sea (Koub ne ). 
 Rouge (Fr.), red. 
 Route (Fr.), a road (K te ). 
 HRova (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), earth, soil. 
 oRove (Mpongwe, Gabun District, Bantu), a desert, pi. 
 
 siTove. 
 toRovo (Giryama), clay, mud. 
 
 riRowa (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), country, district. 
 Royd (Teutonic), land that has been ridded of trees, e.g. 
 
 Holroyd. Cf. Rod. 
 Rtse (Tibet), summit, top (r mute), e.g. Lab-rtse (i.e. La- 
 
 b-rtse, the b being inserted for euphony), ■ the top 
 
 of the pass.' See La. Gf. Rdo for mutes. 
 Ru (Cent. Africa), an old root meaning ' to flow,' e.g. 
 
 Rusizi, Rufiji. See Do, Lo, Ro, Elu. 
 Ru (Gaelic), point, headland, e.g. Ru bui, ' Yellow Point ' 
 
 in Loch Alsh. Cf. Rudha. See Bui. 
 Rua (Hausa), water, rain, river. See Ruwa. 
 Rua (Port.), a street. 
 Ruadh (Gaelic), red, e.g. Ruadh More, Ruad Sgeir, on the 
 
 west coast of Scotland. Cf. Roth. See More, Sgeir. 
 Rubar (Kurdish), a river. 
 Rubi (Kiwai, New Guinea), a village. 
 Rubu (Aroma, New Guinea), a sacred house or platform. 
 Ruchei (Buss.), a rivulet. Dim. Rucheek. 
 
332 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ruchka (Buss.), creek, channel. 
 
 Riicken (Ger.), a ridge. For use as a form of sub- 
 oceanic relief see Ridge. 
 
 Rud (Pers.), a river, e.g. Hari-Rud. 
 
 Rudge (England), a back or ridge. 
 
 Rudha (Gaelic), point, headland ; e.g. Rudha Dubh, 
 < Black Point ' in Bute I. Of, Ru. See Dubh. 
 
 Rue (Fr.), a street (K.) 
 
 Rue, Ruzi (Abba, N.W. of Rudolf L.), a river. Cf. Ru. 
 
 Rugga (Fula), small villages. 
 
 Ruggens (Cape Dutch), undulating slopes, unirrigated 
 hilly country. 
 
 Ruimne, Romne (Celtic), a marsh, e.g. Romney. 
 
 Ruisseau (Fr.), a stream (E au ). Cf. Fleuve, Riviere. 
 
 Ruizi (Karanga, Bantu). See Izi. 
 
 Rujm (Arab.), a cairn. 
 
 Ruk (Ebon, Polynesia), south. 
 
 Rukal (Puyuma, Formosa), a village. 
 
 Rukuki (Hausa), underwood. 
 
 Rul (Dch.), rugged, uneven, undulating (ground). 
 
 Rum (Chong Chia-tse, Yunnan), wind. 
 
 Rum (Chunghia, Shan States), water. 
 
 Rumah (Malaysia), a house. In Sumatra there are three 
 
 recognised varieties of the Batak Ruma, viz. ' the 
 
 chief's,' ' the rich man's,' 'the poor man's.' Cf. Bale. 
 
 chi Rumba } 
 
 [(Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), an island. 
 
 Rumde (Fula), a slave village; in the Yola (Adamaiva) 
 region this has come to signify 'the farm of,' 
 e.g. Rumde Hamidu. Cf. Linyi. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 333 
 
 Rumel (Arab.), sand. 
 
 Rumi (Arab.), lit. Koman, hence Christian. 
 
 Run (U.S.A.), a brook or small creek, e.g. Bull's Run. 
 
 Runan (Puyuma, Formosa), a mountain. 
 
 Rung (Annam), wood, forest, bush. 
 
 Runs, Runse (Ger., Switzerland), a watercourse, gully. 
 
 Rup (Holstein), a village, e.g. Wanderup. 
 
 Rupiri (dialect of Bantu). See Piri. 
 
 Rus, Ruiset (Arab.), another form of Ras (q.v.) 
 
 Rus (Celtic). See Ross. 
 
 Rusoko (Cent. Africa), a river. 
 
 Rusta (Pers.), a village. 
 
 Ruth (Gaelic), red, e.g. Aberruthven, ' the confluence of 
 
 the red river.' See Aber; ven contracted from 
 
 Gaelic abhuinn, river ; cf. Avon. 
 Rutol (Pazzehe, Pei-Po, Formosa), a village. 
 Ruus, pi. of Ras (q.v.) 
 Ruwa (Hausa), a river. See Rua. 
 Ruzi (Rudolf L.), a river. Cf. Rue. 
 Ryeka (Buss.), a river. 
 
 Ryekostav (Buss.), the time when a river freezes. 
 Ryeng, Ryong (Korea). See Nyeng, Chi. 
 
 s 
 
 Sa (Tibet), land, territory, place, abode, e.g. Tug-sa, ' a 
 camping place,' an encampment. 
 
 Sa (W. Africa, between the Niger and the Atlantic), 
 snake, e.g. Samokho, the people whose idol or fetish 
 is the snake. Cf. Bamba, Mali, Sama. 
 
334 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 riSa (Giryama), pasture-ground. 
 Saatenland (Ger.), land covered with crops. 
 Saba (Bambara), three, e.g. Khosababe, lit. ' three 
 
 streams,' confluence; be = to be. Cf. Fula. See 
 
 Kho. 
 Sabah (Arab., Egyptian Sudan), east, lit. the dawn. 
 
 See Said, Safel, Gharb, Shark for other points. 
 Sabil (Arab.), a road. 
 Sable (Fr.), sand. 
 
 Sablonniere (Fr.), a sand-pit, a gravel-pit. 
 Sabrang (Malay), across or over the water. 
 Sa-cha (Tibet), place. 
 Saco (Sp.), a bay. 
 
 Saea (Motumotu, New Guinea), sea. 
 Sael (Caucasus), mud torrents. Cf. Selaf. 
 Saeter (Nor.), mountain pasture ; a chalet (S r ). 
 Safar (Arab.), stone, rock, e.g. Trik es Safar, ' stony road.' 
 Safara (Dandkil, Eritrea), camp, hamlet. 
 Safeid, Safid (Pers.), white, e.g. Safid Kuh. See Sefid, Kuh. 
 Safel (Egyptian Sudan), north. See Said, Sabah, Gharb, 
 
 Shark, Gebele, Gebli for other points. 
 Safra, fern, of Asfar (q.v.) 
 Saga (S. Cape, New Guinea), a river. 
 Sagar (Punjab), ocean, sea. 
 Saghe (ChadL. region). See Tsadhe, Sara, Isa. 
 Saghir (Arab.), little. Cf. Seghir, Seria. 
 Sagia (Arab.) See Sakia. 
 
 Sagik (Aleut.), a point or sharp edge, e.g. Sagigik island. 
 Saha (Madagascar), valley, a brook in a valley, thus 
 
 antsaha m the place where the valley or brook is, 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 335 
 
 e.g. Antsahakeli, ' at the little brook,' Antsahaondri, 
 
 ' in the sheep valley.' See An, Keli, Ondri. 
 Sahal, Sahel (Arab.), easy, of a road without obstacles ; 
 
 of land, easily cultivated or dug ; fertile country ; 
 
 a plain ; the high land along the banks of the 
 
 Nile ; coast, seaboard ; e.g. Wa-Swahili, ' the coast 
 
 people.' 
 Sahan (Arab., N. Africa), a depression among dunes, 
 
 often at the junction of two valleys, especially 
 
 where vegetation abounds. Further south the 
 
 large Sahans become Wadis. 
 Sahara (Arab.), a desert, a plain. See Sahra. 
 Sahel (Arab.), the littoral. See Sahal, another spelling. 
 
 Cf. Guban of the Somali coast. 
 Sahir (India, Cent. Asia), a city, from Pers. Shahr. 
 Sahra (Arab.), a plain, desert. Cf. Sahara, which is a 
 
 corrupt European form of Sahra. 
 Sahrij (Arab.), a basin. 
 Sahu (Arab.), unevenness of ground. Similar to Fr. 
 
 Accidente and Ger. Schollen. 
 Sai (Cantonese), little, small. 
 Sai (E. Turk.), a valley, sometimes very broad ; a 
 
 ravine. 
 Sai (Japan), west = Nisi = Nishi. Cf. Chinese Si. See 
 
 Hoku for other points. 
 Sai (Siam), sand, gravel. 
 Sai (Turkestan), a stony plain. 
 Said (Egyptian Sudan), south. See Sabah, Safel 
 
 Gharb, Gebele, Shark for other points. 
 Saiki-nosi (Madagascar), a peninsula. See Nosi. 
 
336 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Sail (Arab.), a current, torrent. 
 
 Sailab (Punjab), land subject to inundation from rivers. 
 
 Saiyal (Arab.), a current. 
 
 Saka (Marocco), an irrigation canal. 
 iSaka (dialect of Bantu), a sandy unproductive land. 
 
 Sakan (Burma), a halting-ground.,, 
 
 Sakh (Serer, Senegal), country, village. 
 
 Sakha (Soninke). See Sakka. 
 
 Sakhalin (Manchu), black, e.g. Sakhalin Ula, ' black river.' 
 
 Saki (Japan), cape, promontory, Nagasaki. See Misaki. 
 
 Sakia (Arab.), an irrigation canal ; a water-wheel. 
 Another spelling is Sagia. 
 
 Sakka (Soninke, West Sudan), a market. Found also 
 in the form Sakha. 
 
 Sakne (Arab.), a suburb. 
 
 Sal (England), a stone house, e.g. Kensal. Sometimes 
 spelled Sail (q.v.) Cf. Hall, Sell. 
 
 Sala (Siam), rest-house. 
 
 Salann, Salen (Gaelic), a salt-water bay, e.g. Salen bay, 
 in Mull Sound. 
 
 Salat (Malay Pen.), a channel. 
 
 Salida (Sp.), the environs of a town. 
 
 Salina (Sp.), a saltpan. 
 
 Salines (Fr.), salt-water lagoons ; salt works (Sal.) 
 
 Sail (England), a stone house, e.g. Walsall. Sometimes 
 spelled Sal. Cf. Hall, Sell; from A.S. sal, sel, ssel, 
 salu, and other forms; originally a large one- 
 roomed house, a hall (A.S. heall), not from sal by 
 normal change of s to h, but from a different root. 
 Cf. Ger. saal and halle. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 337 
 
 Salo (Rziss.), the first thin ice. 
 
 Salt-lick (British East Africa), a name applied to any 
 
 brackish marsh or salt spring, where the cattle are 
 
 driven once or twice a month. 
 Salto de agua (Sp.), cataract, waterfall. In Spanish S. 
 
 America, Salto alone is used with this meaning. 
 
 Thus Saltos (Argentina), rapids. 
 Salz (Ger.), salt, e.g. Salzburg, 'salt castle,' castle on 
 
 the Salza or salt stream. 
 Sama (W. Africa, hetween the Niger and the Atlantic), 
 
 elephant, e.g. Samanke, the ' people whose idol or 
 
 fetish is the elephant.' See Nke. Cf Bamba, Mali, Sa. 
 Samar (Mongol), road, path. 
 Samavi (Wadai), the round bell-shaped huts of Wadai 
 
 made of reeds. See Mahareb. 
 Samba (Tibet), bridge. 
 Sami (Samoa), sea, salt water. 
 Sampandranu (Madagascar) , an affluent of a river. 
 Samt (Arab.), a way, road. 
 Sa-mtsam (Tibet), a frontier. See Sa. 
 San (China, Japan, Korea), hill, mountain, e.g. Chyeng- 
 
 Am-San, Chyeng-Gyeng-San. Cf. Shan. 
 San (It., Port., Sp.), saint (S.), e.g. San Remo. 
 San (Min-hia, Yunnan), west, also used for 'small.' 
 
 For other points see Pen. 
 San Chau (China). See Chan. 
 Sanct (Ger.), saint (S., St.) 
 Sande (A-Zande), earth, land. 
 Sandia (U.S.A.), an oblong rounded mountain mass, 
 
 lit. water-melon (Sp.) 
 
 z 
 
338 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Sang {Tibet), a plain. 
 
 Sanga (Co?igo), an island. 
 
 Sangava (New Georgia, Solomon Is.), a passage in a 
 reef. 
 mSangu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), forest. 
 
 Sanjak (Turk.), district under a mutesarrif, a subdivi- 
 sion of a Vilayet, and itself divided into Kazas ; flag. 
 
 Sankt (Styria, dc), saint. 
 
 Sanpu, Sanpo (Tibet), a large river, lit. the ' purifier,' 
 generally written Tsang-po, Tsan-po, name of the 
 Upper Brahmaputra flowing through Tibet. 
 
 Sansanne (Hausa), camp, encampment, a permanent 
 camp, town, e.g. Sansanne Mangu. 
 
 Santa (Fin.), sand. 
 
 Santo (It., Port., Sp.), saint, e.g. Santo Domingo, Santa 
 Rosa. 
 maSanza (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the season of the early 
 light rains. 
 
 Sao (Songhai), forest. 
 
 Sao-thong (Siam), flagstaff. 
 
 Saovi (Fin.), clay. 
 
 Sap (Siam, Cambodia), great, e.g. Tonle Sap, 'the great 
 lake ' (of Cambodia). 
 
 Sapala (Congo), wood, copse, bush. 
 
 Sapalayo (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), the dry season. 
 
 Sapiniere (Fr.), a fir plantation (Sap™). 
 
 Sar (Punjab), a sacred tank, pond, small lake, e.g. 
 Amritsar, ' lake of immortality.' Cf. Sara (Pali). 
 
 Sar (Pers.), summit, head ; equivalent to the Hind. Sir 
 (q.v.) 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 839 
 
 -Sar (Pers.), a suffix implying a place ' abounding in,' e.g. 
 Kohsar, ' a mountainous country.' See Koh and Zar. 
 
 Sar (Tibet), new, e.g. La Sar, ' new pass.' See La. 
 
 Sara (Pali), a pond. Cf. Sar (Punjab). 
 
 Sara, Sarah (Bagirmi form of Arab. Sari) ; the former 
 means water running rapidly, the latter running 
 freely. Shari is the local (Kotoho) pronunciation of 
 Sari, hence Sara E. is equivalent to Shari E. See Isa. 
 
 Sarai (Pers.), a palace, house, as in caravansery ; from 
 Old Pers. sharai= house, inn. By popular etymology 
 sarai has been confused with It. serraglio, which 
 is from serrare=to lock up (serra=a bolt). 
 
 Sarar (Somali), a plateau. 
 
 Sardsir (Pers.), summer pasture grounds. 
 
 Sare perede (Gold Coast), a grassy plain. 
 
 Sare (Upper Sassandra B. region, Sudan), red, e.g. Ibo 
 Sare, ' the Eed Ibo ' or Fereduguba E. 
 
 Sari (Arab.) See Sara. 
 
 Sari, Sarith (Turk.), yellow, e.g. Sari-kol, ' the yellow 
 hand,' name both of the river and valley. 
 
 Sarik (E. Turkestan), grass. 
 
 Sariki, Sarki (Hausa), king, prince. See Seriki. 
 
 Sarka (Tibet), a goldfield. 
 
 Sarn (Welsh), causeway, paved road, e.g. Sarn Helen. 
 
 Saro (Madagascar), difficult, dear, dangerous, e.g. 
 Sarodrivotra, ' difficult on account of the wind.' 
 
 Sarota (Hausa), a kingdom. 
 
 Sas (Botuma, Polynesia), sea. 
 
 Sasa'e (Samoa), east. For other points see Matu. 
 
 Sasik (Cent. Asia), putrid, e.g. Sasik-Kul, 'putrid lake.' 
 
 z 2 
 
840 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Sassun (Mongol), snow. 
 
 Sa-tsig (Tibet), a post station. 
 eSau (Congo, dialect of Bantu), landing-place, ferry, ford, 
 beach, crossing. 
 
 Sang (Pers., Afghan), stone. 
 
 Saumpfad (Ger.), a path for pack animals. 
 
 Saumweg (Ger.), a road for beasts of burden ; mule- 
 track. 
 
 Savannah (Sp.), a meadow, meadow land, a grassy, tree- 
 less tract. The Sp. form is s£bana = a sheet, from 
 hat. sabannm = Greek aafiavov = a linen cloth. 
 
 Sawa (Japan), a ravine. 
 
 Say, Se (Songhai), a river. 
 
 Saye (Soninke, West Sudan), sand. 
 
 Sba (Arab., N. Africa), a peak. 
 
 Sbah (Darfur), south. Cf. Bahar. 
 
 Sbarcatojo (It.), wharf, landing-place. 
 
 Sbocco (It.), opening, mouth. 
 
 Sbugs (Tibet), cavity, recess ; end. 
 
 Scale (Nor. Skaale), a shepherd's hut, e.g. Portinscale. 
 
 Scar (from Nor. Skar), glen, gap, notch in a mountain, 
 e.g. Scarborough. Cf Score. 
 
 Schaapskooi (Dch.), a sheepfold. 
 
 Schaferei (Ger.), a sheepfold (Schaf.) 
 
 Schans (Dch.), Schanze (Ger.), a trench ; earthwork. 
 
 Scheer (Dch.), sands, shoals, cliffs. 
 
 Scheide (Ger.), a parting, waterparting ; from scheiden= 
 to divide. 
 
 Schelf (Ger.), shelf (q.v.) 
 
 Schere (Ger.), a cliff (in water;, rock, ridge. 
 
 Schicht (Ger.), layer, stratum. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 341 
 
 Schiefer (Ger.), schist ; also used for shale. 
 
 Schiena (It.), a ridge, saddle ; lit. backbone. 
 
 Schiffbriicke (Ger.), a bridge of boats, pontoon. 
 
 Schiffmiihlen (Ger.), floating mills (erected in boats). 
 
 Schilf (Ger.), rushes. 
 
 Schlangpfad (Ger.), a winding path, lit. ' snake-path.' 
 
 Schleuse (Ger.), sluice, lock. 
 
 Schlippe (Ger.), a narrow place or way. 
 
 Schloss (Ger.), a castle (Schl.) 
 
 Schlucht (Ger.), ravine, gorge, valley. 
 
 Schlund (Ger.), an abyss, chasm. 
 
 Schnee (Ger.), snow, e.g. Schneekopf, * snow head.' 
 
 Schnelle (Ger.), rapids in a river. 
 
 Schollenland (Ger.), broken accidented country. 
 
 Schorren (Dch.), alluvium. 
 
 Schuttung (Ger.), a dike, dam. 
 
 Schwarz (Ger.), black, e.g. Schwarzes Meer, ' Black Sea.' 
 
 Schwelle (Ger.), in sub-oceanic relief, a Rise (q.v.) 
 
 Scierie (Fr.), sawmills (Sc ie ). 
 
 Scirocco. See Sirocco. 
 
 Scoglio (It.), rock, stone. 
 
 Scopetino (It.), a heath. 
 
 Score (from Gaelic sgoir), a sharp rock, e.g. Dunscore, 
 
 ' the foot on the sharp rock.' See Dun. Cf. Scar. 
 Score (Icel. skor, an incision), a cutting, a steep, narrow 
 
 passage leading down to the sea, e.g. Lighthouse 
 
 Score, Herring Fishery Score, Mariner's Score, &c. 
 
 (Lowestoft). 
 Sde (Tibet), country, district. See De. In this and the 
 
 next word initial s is mute. For r mute see Edo. 
 Sdings (Tibet), depression, col. See Ding, Sde. 
 
342 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Se (Japan), a shoal ; a cliff. 
 
 Se (Min-kia, Yunnan), deep. 
 
 Se (Siam), a river. 
 
 Se. See Say. 
 
 Seaou (China), little. 
 
 Seba (India), Mughal division of a country under the 
 
 control of a lieutenant-governor. 
 Sebe (Indian, U.S.A.), a river. 
 Sebil (Arab.), a wayside fountain. 
 Sebkha (Arab.), marsh, saltpan. 
 Sebz (Pers.), green, e.g. Kuh-i-sebz, 'green mountain.' 
 
 See Kuh. 
 Secadal (Sp.), dry barren ground. 
 Sedlo (Slavonic), a possession, e.g. Sedlitz. 
 See (Ger.), lake (S.) in masc. ; in fern. sea. 
 Seeb (Indian, U.S.A.), a river. See Seep. 
 Seebucht (Ger.), an estuary, a bight or bay. 
 Seep (U.S.A.), a small trickling stream. See Seeb. 
 Seff (Sudan), the dry season, summer (April- June). 
 Sefid (Pers.), white, a variant of Safeid (q.v.) 
 Sefra,/em. of Asfar (q.v.) 
 nSeghe (Fan, French Congo), sand, a sandbank. 
 Seghir (Arab.), little ; e.g. the Khor Seghir in Farsan 
 
 Seghir Island. See Seria, Saghir for other forms. 
 Segia (Arab.) See Sakia. 
 Segoma (Mossi, French Sudan), a defile. 
 Sei (China), a temple, e.g. Pai ma sei, ' white horse 
 
 temple.' See Pai. Ma = horse. 
 Seil (Arab.), torrent, stream. 
 Seipi (Motumotu, New Guinea), south. Cf. Kauritupe. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 343 
 
 eSeki (Congo, dialect of Bantu), dry land, land. 
 Sekkin (Arab., N. Africa), the ridge of a dune. 
 Sel (Adamawa), a shallow river ; equivalent to the 
 
 Kanuri Ngaljam (q.v.) 
 Selaf (Caucasus), mud torrents. Cf Sael. 
 Selat (Arab.), a dry watercourse, e.g. Selat Kataba in 
 
 S. Arabia ; the term wadi being here more used 
 
 for ' valley/ Cf. Sahan. 
 Selat (Malay), a strait or narrow. 
 Selim (Chad L. region). See Tselim. 
 Selka (Fin.), a bay. 
 Sell (Anglo- Saxon), a cottage, a little superior to Cote 
 
 (q.v.) Cf Sail. 
 Selo (Buss.), a village with a church. 
 Selsela (Arab., N. Africa), a chain (of hills or dunes). 
 Selva (Port.), 
 
 . a wood, forest. 
 Selva (Sp.)., 
 
 Semak (Malay), low bush. 
 
 Semanterion (Greek), buoy, mark. 
 
 Semaphore (Fr.), semaphore (Sem.) 
 
 Semita (It.), a footpath. 
 
 Sempang (Malay), cross-roads. 
 
 Sen (China), town of the second order, or provincial 
 
 capital. See Hsien. 
 Sen (Japan), equivalent to the German Vorder (q.v.) ; 
 
 fore, in front. 
 Sen (Tamul, Deccan), length, distance. 
 Senda, Sendero {Sp.), path, footpath. Cf. Sentiero, Sentier 
 eSenge (Congo, dialect of Bantu), sand. 
 Senke (Ger.), low ground or country. 
 
344 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Seno (It., Sp.), a gulf or bay. 
 
 Sentier (Fr.), footpath, track. Cf. Senda, Sendero. 
 
 Sentiero (It.), path, narrow way. Cf. Senda, Sendero. 
 iSep (Fan, French Congo), a garden made directly after 
 the rainy season, and usually planted with maize. 
 
 Sepa (Jibu, New Guinea), river. ' 
 
 Sepewe (Indian, U.S.A.), a river. 
 
 Sequedal (Sp.), Sequeral (Sp.), a dry barren soil. 
 
 Ser (Kurdish), mountain, e.g. Ser-i-Amadia, 'Aniadia 
 mountain.' 
 
 Ser (Tibet), gold, e.g. the goldfield Ser-ka-Shyar. 
 
 Sera (Swahili), rampart. 
 
 Seraf (Arab., N. Africa), stream, e.g. Seraf Sayid (near 
 Gallabat). 
 
 Serai (Turk.), palace, in E. Turk., commercial entrepot ; 
 a loan word from Pers, Sarai (q.v.) 
 
 Sere (Soninke), people. 
 
 Serekhore (Soninke), a chief. See Sere. 
 
 Serekhule (Senegal), white men. See Sere. 
 
 Ser noma (Mossi, French Sudan), a ravine. 
 
 Seria, Seghir (Arab.), small. See Seghir. 
 
 Seriki (Hausa), another form of Serki, a chief, e.g. 
 Gidda-n-Seriki-n-Pawa, ' the town of the chief Pawa,' 
 n being the sign of the possessive. See Sariki. 
 
 Serir (Arab.), flat ground without vegetation ; parts of 
 the Sahara covered with masses of siliceous horn- 
 stone, in contradistinction to the sandy wastes. 
 
 Serki-gari (Hausa), capital town, Serki meaning ' a chief.' 
 Cf. Fama-Dugu. See Seriki. 
 
 Sermiakhsu (Eskimo, Smith Sound), a glacier. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 345 
 
 Serra (It.), a cross ridge, a pass ; lit. = a> bolt, bar. 
 
 Serra (Port.), a mountain ridge; lit. = & saw. 
 
 Serradoes (Brazil), ' high woods,' stunted tracts on the 
 
 dry, unproductive uplands. See Carrascos, Capoes, 
 
 Catingas. 
 Serrania (Sp.), a mountainous district, a ridge of 
 
 mountains. See Sierra. 
 Sertoes (Brazil), ' backwoods,' suggestive of waste land, 
 
 wilderness, rather than woodlands, and applied to 
 
 both Taboleras and Chapadas (q.v.) See also Campos. 
 luSese (Bantu), sand. 
 
 Sesmo (Sp.), a division of territory in some Spanish 
 
 provinces. 
 Set (Anglo- S axon), a settlement, e.g. Dorset. 
 Seter (from Nor. Saeter), a chalet, e.g. Ellanseter. 
 Seto (Japan), strait, channel. 
 Sett. See Sudd. 
 umSetuluka (Kafir), a sideling place on a road, which is at 
 
 so acute an angle that a vehicle in passing would be 
 
 in danger of sliding down. 
 Seuil (Fr.), sill (as of a dock). Asa form of sub-oceanic 
 
 relief equivalent to Rise (q.v*) 
 Sewat (Deccan), summit, top. 
 
 [ (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), forest, bush. 
 miSezoj 
 
 Sgang-ka (Tibet), summit of a hill ; s is mute. See Gang. 
 
 Sgar (Tibet), camp, permanent camp ; is the same word 
 
 as Gar (q.v.) ; s is mute. See under Rdo. 
 Sgeir (Gaelic), a rock in the sea, e.g. Ruadh Sgeir. Cf. 
 
 Sker. 
 
346 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Sgor (Gaelic), a peak, e.g. Sgor Dearg in the isle of Skye. 
 
 Sha (China), sand, sandbank, e.g. Shamo, ' the Sand Sea,' 
 i.e. Gobi. 
 
 Sha (Indian, U.S.A.) See Cha. 
 
 Shaaba (Arab., Algeria), system of sinuous ravines ; 
 another form of Shaba (q.v.) 
 
 Shab (Arab.), a rocky shoal. 
 
 Shaba (Arab., N. Africa), a ravine. See Shaaba. 
 
 Shabel (Somali), leopard, e.g. Shabele, i.e. Shabel-le, 'the 
 place of leopards.' Many places in Somaliland are 
 named after living creatures and trees, e.g. Libale, 
 1 the place of lions,' Warabale, ■ the place of 
 hyaenas,' Shimbirale, ' the place of birds,' Goble, 
 ' the place where the Gob trees grow.' See Le. 
 
 Shabet (Arab.), a basin surrounded by mounts, e.g. 
 Shabet el Akhera ; a plain, e.g. Shabet el Ahir, ' the 
 plain of Air.' 
 
 Shah-bandari (Turk.), a buoy. 
 
 Shahid (E. Turk.), a martyr, the tomb of a martyr. 
 
 Shahr (Pers.),a, town, the proper form of Shehr (q.v.) 
 
 Shair. See Sher. 
 
 Shakata (Yoruba), fen, bog, morass. 
 
 Shal-ma (Tibet), schistose debris. 
 
 Shamal (Arab.), the prevailing north-west winds of the 
 Persian Gulf. 
 
 Shamama (W. Sahara), inundated banks ; more fre- 
 quently written Chamama. 
 
 Shaman (Siberia, Alaska), a medicine man, e.g. Shaman 
 village, island, and point. 
 
 Shamba (Nika), a plantation. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 347 
 
 Shan (China), hill, mountain, range, e.g. Tian Shan, of. 
 
 San ; island. 
 Shang {China), upper, e.g. Shang-pu, 'upper citadel.' 
 
 Cf. Hsia. 
 Shang (Korea), grotesque signposts. 
 Shang (Tangut), wood, forest. 
 Shan-hu (China), coral. 
 Shan-tau (China), bluff, cliff. Cf. Tsiau-pi. 
 Shan-ting (China), a mountain chain. 
 Shao (China), small, e.g. Shao-ho, ' small river.' 
 Shar (Pers.), a whirlpool, eddy. 
 Shar (Tibet), east. For other points see Lho. 
 Shar (White Sea region), long narrow gulf, strait. 
 Shara- (Mongol), a prefix meaning yellow, e.g. Shara 
 
 Muren, ' Yellow Eiver,' Shara Gol, ' Yellow Stream.' 
 Sharaki (Egypt), land unirrigated and therefore un- 
 taxed. 
 Shari (Arab.), a highway. 
 Shari, Sari (Kotoko, South Bornu, Chad L. region), 
 
 water, river. See Isa, Sara. 
 Shark (Arab.), the east. See Said, Safel, Gharb for other 
 
 points. 
 „ (Arab., Egyptian Sudan), the right bank of the 
 
 Nile, from the above. 
 Sharki (Arab.), the winter south-east winds of the 
 
 Persian Gulf, from Shark. Cf. Kaus. 
 Sharki (Turk.), east, from Arab. Shark. 
 Sharm (Arab.), a port. 
 Sharon (Hebrew), a plain. 
 Sha-sien (China), shoal. 
 
348 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Shat (Arab.), fresh water, river, e.g. Shat el Arab, the 
 combined Tigris and Euphrates. 
 
 Sha-tan (China), sandbank, bar. See Sha, Tan. 
 
 Shaw (England), a shady place, a wood, e.g. Bagshaw. 
 
 Shbar (Hassania), a mud wall surrounding an enclosure. 
 
 She (China), a reef of rocks ; also a monastery ; stone ; 
 a fortification. 
 
 She (Formosa), thje headquarters of a native tribe. 
 
 Shealing (Scotland), a highland cottage. 
 
 Sheanyi (Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda), an enclosure. 
 
 Sheb (Pers.), descent, declivity. 
 
 Sheba (Arab.), a ravine, watercourse. 
 
 Shebika, dim. of Shebka (q.v.) 
 
 Shebka (Arab.), a network of ravines ; a country greatly 
 intersected by ravines, e.g. the Shebka of Mzab. 
 
 Shehar, Shehr (Pers.), a town, e.g. Eski Shehr, 'old town.' 
 Eski (Turk.) = old. 
 
 Sheikh (Arab.), chief, elder, saint, e.g. Sheikh Hussein. 
 
 Shejera (Arab.), a tree. 
 
 Shelf (Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for the portion 
 of the continental border which extends seaward 
 from tide-marks, sinking very gradually as a rule to 
 the depth of about 100 fathoms, and then suddenly 
 falling steeply to a great depth ; e.g. the British, 
 Sunda, and Newfoundland Shelves. Equivalent 
 to Ger. Schelf, Fr. Socle or Plateau Continental. 
 
 Shemal (Arab.), north, north wind. 
 
 Shemal (E. Turk.), wind. 
 
 Shenyi, Mshenyi (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu) 
 sand, e.g. Kashenyi, a town in Kyanya. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 349 
 
 Sher (Arab., N. Africa), barley, e.g. Wad Sher, * barley 
 valley.' See Wad. 
 
 Shergi (W. Sahara), east. Cf. Gebele, Gebli. 
 
 Sheria (Arab.), a small footpath. 
 
 Sherm (Arab.), a creek or small cove. 
 
 Shershaf (Arab.), a cliff. 
 
 Shershar (Arab.), a cascade. 
 
 Shet (Icelandic hjalt), high, e.g. Shetland, ' high land.' 
 
 She-tan (China), a reef of rocks. See She. 
 
 Shi (China), market-place, market, e.g. Ma-shi-tai, 
 1 horse market terrace.' See Tai. Ma = horse. 
 
 Shi (China), stone, e.g. Shi-hu, ' stone gorge.' 
 
 Shi (Miao-tse, Kwei-chau, and Min-kia, Yunnan), 
 new, e.g. Chin-shi-min, west of Yao Ngan. 
 nShi (Congo, Bantu), region, state ; earth, ground. 
 
 Shib (Arab.), a mountain pass, ravine. 
 
 Shibi (Korea), house, usually built round a quadrangle. 
 
 Shidle (Somaliland), a rocky place. See Le. 
 
 Shiiro (Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda), market. 
 
 Shikulu (Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda), hill, moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Shili (Mongol), a grassy hill. 
 
 Shima (Congo), pool, pond, well. 
 
 Shima (Japan), island, Tokyo dialect for Sima (q.v.) 
 
 Shimal (Arab.) See Shemal. 
 
 Shimbira (Somali), birds. See under Shabel. 
 
 Shimo (Japan), lower, e.g. Shimo-tsu-fsa, ' lower Fusa.' 
 
 Shimo (Swahili), ditch, pit, excavation. 
 eShimu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Eshimn. 
 
 Shina (Syriac), cliff, e.g. Tura Shina. See Tura. 
 
 OP THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
350 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Shinarkh (Arab.), a promontory. 
 
 Shinden {Japan), certain paddy-lands brought into 
 
 cultivation since the last survey. 
 Shing (Tibet), a tree. 
 
 Shir (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), the rainy season. 
 Shire (England), something shorn off, a division, county. 
 Shiroi (Japan), white, e.g. Shirokubi Saki. 
 Shitong (Hainan), market, market town. 
 Shitta (Sudan), winter (October-March), autumn. 
 Shitu-dianza (Manchuria), a stony valley. 
 Shiu (China, Japan), province, district. 
 Shiu ia (Min-kia, Yunnan), snow. 
 Shivala (Punjab), a pillar- like temple of the god Shiva. 
 
 Cf. Ling. 
 Shiver (E. Turk.), marsh ground with vegetation. 
 Shivu (Congo), the cold season. 
 Shiwo (Japan), tide; Tokyo dialect for Siwo (q.v.) See 
 
 Hiki Shiwo. 
 Shlieng (Cambodia), rain. 
 
 Sho (Cambodia, Cochinchina), market. See Cho. 
 Shoal (Eng.), a single Elevation (q.v.), or submarine 
 
 mountain rising to within eleven metres of the 
 
 surface, e.g. Adler Shoal. Equivalent to Ger. Grund, 
 
 Fr. Haut Fond. Similar to Reef. 
 Shong (Tibet), excavation, small lateral valley. 
 Shor (C. Asia, Punjab), salt, land impregnated with salt. 
 Shorrafa (Arab.), local rain, places watered by local rains. 
 Shott (Arab., N. Africa), bank, shore ; a large river ; a 
 
 vast stretch of salt water ; a saltpan ; a muddy 
 
 depression without vegetation. This is really the 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 351 
 
 Arab. Shat (pronounced shut) (q.v.), of which Chott 
 
 (Shott) is the Fr. spelling. 
 Shrui (Cambodia), a cape. 
 Shua (Annam), a pagoda. 
 
 Shuf (Arab.), a prominent or culminating point. 
 Shui (Annam), stream, torrent. 
 
 Shui (China), water, e.g. Kiang shui, ' waters of the Kiang.' 
 Shukf, Shukif (Arab.), a cliff (cleft). 
 Shui (Tibet), a track, road. 
 Shuma (Servian), a forest. 
 waShumba (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 
 Washumba. 
 Shur (Arab.), low clay hills. 
 
 Shur, Shor (Per s.), brackish ; cf Sansc. Kshara = very bitter. 
 Shura (Kaffa, Abyssiyiia), black. 
 Shurh kwie (Min-kia, Yunnan), mountain. 
 Shushet (Arab.), a slight undulation. 
 Shushitna (Alaska), a great muddy river, the great 
 
 muddy river, the Shushitna. See Na. 
 Shut (Persia), a salt-water river. 
 Si (China), west, western, e.g. Kwang-si. Cf Tung, Pe, 
 
 Nan. See Kwang. 
 Si (Fan, French Congo), the world; a large tract of 
 
 country. Cf. Fan. 
 Si (Hainan), a village. 
 Si (Lolo, China), a wood. 
 Si (Mashonaland), a prefix meaning 'small,' e.g. Sifura, 
 
 ' small Fura.' See Fura. 
 a Si (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. See Mazi, 
 
 Mansi, Zi. 
 
352 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 chiSi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island. 
 mil Si (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), town, country. Cf. 
 Musi. 
 
 Si (Bambara, Malinhe), town, village, e.g. Sikoro, ' old 
 village.' See Koro. 
 
 Sia (China), lower. 
 
 Sia, Zia (Nika), a reservoir, lake. 
 kiSia, -zia (Nika), a small lake. 
 
 -Sia (Tripoli), a plural termination signifying people, 
 inhabitants, population, e.g. Ghadamsia, 'the in- 
 habitants of Ghadames.' Cf. Senussia, 'the followers 
 of Senussi.' 
 
 Siah (Pers., Afghan), black, e.g. Siah Koh. Cf. Siya. 
 See Koh. 
 
 Siao (Yunnan), little, small, e.g. Siao Kwen-keu, near Yao 
 Ngan. 
 
 Siao-ho (China), a rivulet, lit. 'little river.' 
 
 Siao-tao (China), an island, small island, islet. See Tao. 
 
 Sibansho (Japan), guard-house. 
 
 Side (England), a slope, declivity, or ascent, e.g. Cross- 
 land Sides near Hartington ; from A.S., side (root 
 sid, long, extended). 
 
 Sidzau (Lolo, China), a wood, forest. 
 
 Sierra (Sp.), a rugged mountain range with serrate 
 outline ; from sierra = a saw. 
 
 Sif, pi. Siuf (Arab., N. Africa), an extended dune with 
 thin ridge ; winding low dunes. 
 
 Sifa (Arab.), sandy beach. 
 
 Sigaram (Tamul, Deccan), summit of a mountain. 
 
 Sighi (Turk.), a bank, shoal. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 353 
 
 Signal (Ft.), signal (S al ). 
 Siipu (Indian, U.S.A.), a creek, cove. 
 Sika, eSika {Congo, dialects of Bantu), a house. 
 maSika (East Africa, dialect of Bantu), the rainy season 
 (end of March to end of May). 
 Sikka (Arab., N. Africa), a road. 
 Sil (Gent. Asia), a sudden flood or inundation. 
 Sil (Korea), a valley, e.g. Sil-Lyeng, Chara-Sil. 
 
 (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a road. Cf. Zila. 
 
 inSila 
 
 Silanga (Philippines), a channel, strait, passage ; in the 
 southern islands this is used for ' a bay.' Also 
 used to convey the meaning ' small, low islands.' 
 
 Silla (Fin.), a bridge. 
 
 Sillon (Fr.), a furrow, ridge. For use as a form of sub- 
 oceanic relief see Furrow. 
 
 Sima (Japan), island ; makes Jima sometimes in com- 
 pounds, e.g. Awa jima, ' Awa island.' See Shima, Jima. 
 
 Sima (Tangut), sand. 
 kiSima (Swahili), a well, pi. maSima. 
 
 Simba (Zambezia), pi. of Numba (q.v.) 
 inSimi (Zulu, Kafir), a piece of cultivated ground. 
 
 Simpang (Malay), a crossing, e.g. Simpang Lima, a 
 station on the new Perak railway. 
 
 Sin (Amharic), an elephant's tusk, applied to a mountain 
 peak. 
 
 Sin (China), a walled village. 
 
 Sin (China), new, e.g. Sin-kai, 'New Market,' the 
 Chinese name for Bhamo, properly Bhamaw. See 
 Kai, Bha, Maw. 
 
 A A 
 
354 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Sin (Arabo-Pers.) See Jin. 
 Sinavi (Motu, New Guinea), a river. 
 Sindom (Soninke, Fr. Sudan), south. See Kinkhenna. 
 Sing (China), a spring, fountain. 
 
 Sing (Tibet), a place covered with short grass, a marsh. 
 imSingakazi (Kafir), a very powerful stream of water, a 
 
 flood. 
 Singha (Malay), a place of call, e.g. Singapore or 
 
 Singhapura, ' the city of the place of call.' Other 
 
 authorities give Sinha (Same.), lion, thus Singapore, 
 
 'lion city.' See Pura. 
 nluSingi (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest. 
 Sinikh (Turk.), ruined, in ruins, 
 m Sinje 
 muSinje 
 
 Siora (Eskimo, Smith Sound), sand. 
 
 Siper (Albania), upper. 
 
 Siphandon (Laos), ' The Four Thousand islands,' a name 
 
 given to the group at Khong on the Mekong. 
 Sipil (Chinese Turkestan), fortification, wall of a town. 
 Sir (Arab.), a fold. 
 Sir (Hind.), head, summit, e.g. Sir Daria, the ' Head 
 
 Stream ' (Jaxartes). Cf. Sirdar ; see Sar. 
 Sira (Madagascar), salt, e.g. Antsirabe, ' the place where 
 
 there is much salt.' See An, Be. 
 Siranga (Bubiana, Solomon Is.), a road. 
 Sirge (Bornu), a lake of natron. See Abge. 
 Sirik (Mongol), a valley. 
 Sirkar (India), a district or division. 
 Siro (Japan), palace, castle ; white. 
 
 (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a river. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 355 
 
 Siro (Nandi and Ja-Luo, Uganda), a market. 
 
 Sirocco, Scirocco (It.), a hot oppressive wind coming from 
 
 Northern Africa over the Mediterranean to Sicily 
 
 and Italy. 
 Sirt (Turk.), a ridge. 
 
 Sisifo (Samoa), west. For other points see Matu. 
 Sisim (Agni, Ivory Coast), a village, place of cultivation. 
 Sitch, Sich (England), a watercourse, a little current of 
 
 water, which is dry in summer, a gutter ; from 
 
 A.S. sic, sich, a furrow, watercourse, e.g. Goldsitch 
 
 Moss. See Moss. 
 Sitlal (Azteh), a star, e.g. Sitlaltepetl, ' star mountain,' 
 
 the Orizava of the maps. See Tepetl. 
 Sitt (Arab.), lady, female saint. 
 iSitu\ 
 
 mSitu (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), forest, wood, 
 muSituf thicket. Cf Witu. 
 umuSitu/ 
 
 Siuf, pi. of Sif (q.v.) 
 
 Siwa (Mt. Kenia region), swamp, applied to the Lorian 
 
 swamp. 
 chiSiwa (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island. See Ziwa. 
 kiSiwa (Swahili), island ; for pi. see Kisiwa. 
 Siwo (Japan), tide, current. Cf. Shiwo. 
 Siya (Pers.), black. Cf. Siah. 
 Sjo (Siv.), sea. 
 
 -Sk (Buss.), a suffix meaning 'town,' e.g. Omsk. 
 Skala (Hung.), rocks (Ski.) 
 Skam (Tibet), barren, dry. 
 Skandse (Da.), fort. Cf. Schans. 
 
 A A 2 
 
356 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Skar (Sw.), a skerry, a rock .at times covered by water. 
 
 See Skjaer. 
 Skard (Icel.), a ravine. 
 Ske (Tibet), a neck or gorge. 
 Skip (from Da., Nor. Skib.), a ship, e.g. Skipness, ' ship 
 
 point.' See Ness. Cf. Skipper. 
 Skiron (Neo-Greek), north-east. For other points see 
 
 Boreas. 
 Skjaer, Skaer (Da., Nor.), a skerry, a rock at times covered 
 
 by water. See Skar. 
 Skole (Da., Nor.), a school (S ke ). 
 Skopelos (Greek), rock, e.g. Skopelos Islands north of 
 
 Eubcea (Negropont). 
 Skov (Da., Nor.)> a wood, forest. 
 Slaak (Dch.), a channel, passage. 
 Sliabh, Slievh (Irish), a mountain, e.g. Slievh Beg, Sle- 
 
 mish. Gf. Slieve, Slieu. 
 Slib (Dch.), mud, ooze, e.g. Slibbroek. 
 Slide (U.S.A.), the exposed surface left in the track of 
 
 a landslide, as a landslip is called in the States. 
 Slieu (Manx), a mountain. Cf. Sliabh, Slieve. 
 Slieve (Gaelic), a mountain, e.g. Slieve Bloom. Cf. 
 
 Sliabh, Slieu. 
 
 Sloboda, Slobodka (Bass.), a suburb, village (SI.) 
 
 Slot (Da., Nor.)) 
 
 ~. .. ta x a palace, castle. Cf. Ger. Schloss. 
 
 Slott (Sw.) J * J 
 
 Sluis (Dch.), a sluice, dam, e.g. Zwartsluis, Buitensluis. 
 
 See Zwart, Buiten. Cf. Sluss 
 
 Sluit (Cape Dch.), a ditch, gutter, stream. 
 
 Sluse (Da., Nor.), Sluss (Sw.), a lock, sluice. Cf. Sluis. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 357 
 
 Smad (Tibet), low country. See Ma, Mad; s is mute. 
 
 Smala, Zmala, pi. Zemul or Mezemlin (Arab., N. Africa), 
 the camp of a great chief. See Zmala. 
 
 Smeida, Smid, Smidet (Arab.), an isolated low dune. 
 
 Smid. See Smeida. 
 
 Snee (Da., Nor.), snow, e.g. Sneehaetten. 
 
 Sneeuw (Deli.), snow, Sneeuwbergen. 
 
 Sno (Sw.), snow. Cf. Snee. 
 
 Snyeg (Buss.), snow. 
 
 So (Agni, Ivory Coast, Maude), place, town, village, 
 e.g. Assikasso, Aboisso. Cf. Su, Tenga. 
 
 So (China), a guard-house ; military station of less im- 
 portance than a Wei (q.v.) ; a fortified military place, 
 camp ; town, village. 
 
 So (Fin.), the mouth of a river, estuary. 
 
 So, Sjo (Da., Nor.), sea. 
 iSoaj (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), grass. See 
 maSoaj Sua, Suwa, Swa. 
 
 Soa (Madagascar), beautiful, good, e.g. Soarano, ' good 
 water,' Soakazo, ' beautiful tree.' Cf. Tsara. See 
 Rano, Kazo. * 
 
 Soaks (W. Australia), shallow wells in granite formation. 
 
 Soane (Kusage, Solomon Is.), a road. 
 
 Sobba (Arab., N. Africa), a cascade. 
 
 Soberga {Mongol), a pagoda, e.g. Chagan Soberga, 'white 
 pagoda.' See Chagan. 
 
 Spbod, Sjobod (Da., Nor.), a warehouse abutting on the 
 water. 
 
 Socken (Sw.), a parish. Cf. Sogn. 
 
 Socle (Fr.), shelf (q.v.) 
 
358 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Sbder (Stv.), adv. south, e.g. Sbderhamn, ( south haven.' 
 aSogh (Fan, French Congo), a fall, rapid; for pi. see 
 
 Asogh. 
 Sogn (Da., Nor.), parish. Cf. Socken. 
 Sok (Marocco), district, place ; country market, e.g. 
 
 Sok el Arba, a place where* a market is held on 
 
 Wednesdays, or the 4th day. Similar place-names 
 
 are found for other days of the week. See Suk. 
 Sokaki (Smyrna Greek), a street. 
 Sokke (Soninhe, Senegal), grass. 
 Soko, pi. Masoko (Swahili), market. 
 Sol (Fr.), soil, ground. 
 Solano (Sp.), a hot, oppressive south-east wind, the 
 
 local Spanish name for Sirocco (q.v.) 
 Solo (Botuma, Polynesia), a mountain, 
 hi Solo (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river; in Yao 
 
 (Nyassaland) this is luSulo, pi. nSulo. See Sulu. 
 Somed (Arab.), a rocky round hill. 
 Sommet (Fr.), summit (Som.) 
 Sommo (It.), summit, top. 
 Son (Cambodia), mountain, e.g. Long-Son, ' Flourishing 
 
 Mountain,' in Bao-Hue. 
 Son (Siam), confluence. 
 
 Sonder (Da.), south (S r ). See Syd, Norre, for other points. 
 Song (Annam), a river. 
 Son-ni (Hainan), a path. 
 Sono (Cent. Africa), grass. See Sore, Sote. 
 Sopa (Lolo, China), a mountain. 
 Sopak (Mentawei I., S.W. Coast Sumatra), a stream. 
 So pan (Indian, U.S.A.), a valley. 
 
AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TEEMS 359 
 
 Sopi (Kiriwina, New Guinea), water. 
 
 Sopka (Buss,), a small separate hill ; a volcano. 
 
 Sopo (Sumatra). See under Bale. 
 
 Sore (Mossi, French Sudan), a road. 
 iSore (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. See Sote. 
 
 Sorgente (It.), a source (Sorg te ). 
 
 Soro (Songliai), a minaret. 
 
 Sosobi (Hausa), a ravine. 
 iSote (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. See Sore. 
 
 Source (Fr.), source, spring, fountain. 
 
 Speco (It.), a cave, cavern. 
 
 Spelonk (Dch.), a cave; from Bat. spehmca=cave. 
 
 Spi (Kurdish), white, e.g. Av-i-spi, ' white water.' See Ava. 
 
 Spiaggia (It.), the sea shore, coast. 
 
 Spiti (Neo-Greek), a house. 
 
 _ , ( summit : top of a mountain, crest : 
 Spits (Dch.) \ . 
 
 „ v 1 equivalent to Beak, Pike, Spit, e.g. Spitz- 
 Spitze (Ger.) I/ 1 „ ., ' 
 
 I bergen, Oertler Spitz. 
 
 Spo (Tibet), summit of a mountain ; same word as Po 
 
 (q.v.) ; s is mute. See under Rdo. 
 Sponda (It.), the bank of a river. 
 Spoor (Dch.), track, trail. See next entry. Gf. Spur. 
 Spoorweg (Dch.), railway. See Spoor, Weg. 
 Spruit (Dch.), a small stream. Gf. Rivier; is cognate 
 
 with Eng. Sprout. 
 Spui (Dch.), a sluice, lock. 
 Spur (Ger.), track, trail. Gf. Spoor. 
 Squero (It.), a dockyard. 
 Sra (Cambodia), reservoir, tank. 
 Srok (Cambodia), a canton. 
 
360 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Sron (Gaelic), a nose, promontory. 
 
 Sronsron (Gold Coast), summit, highest point. 
 
 Stable. See Staple. 
 
 Stack (from Icel. Stakkr), a high isolated rock, usually 
 
 columnar ; sometimes corrupted into Stag. 
 Stad (Da., Nor., Dch., Sw.), a city, large town. Cf. 
 
 Stadt, Stede. 
 Stadhuis (Dch.), a townhouse, town hall. 
 Stadt (Ger.), a city, town, e.g. Kronstadt. Cf. Stad, Stede. 
 Staff (Scandinavian staphi), pillars, e.g. Staffa, properly 
 
 Staffey, ' the island of pillars,' from the columnar 
 
 formation of the basalt of which it is composed. 
 
 Cognate with A.S. staef= staff. See Ey. 
 Stag. See Stack. 
 Stagno (It.), a pool, marsh. 
 Stah (Arab.), a plateau. Cf. Stei'hat. 
 Staith (Anglo-Saxon staedh, bank, shore, Icel. stbdh, a 
 
 harbour, roadstead), a landing-place, an elevated 
 
 railway staging from which coal-trucks discharge 
 
 their loads into cars or vessels beneath. 
 Stak (Da., Nor.), a heap, stack (of stones). Cf. Stack. 
 Stam (Dch.), a tribe, race ; cognate with Eng. stem. Cf. 
 
 Ger. stamm. 
 Stan (Pers.), a suffix of locative meaning, place, e.g. 
 
 Hindustan, Kafiristan, Afghanistan. 
 Stan (Buss.), a station, camp. 
 Stanitsa (Buss.), a Cossack village. 
 Stanitsa (Servian), a station, railway station. 
 Stanovishche (Buss.), a station, camp. 
 Stantsiya (Buss.), a station, 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 361 
 
 Staple {England), a market, e.g. Barnstaple, Staplegrove, 
 
 Stapleford ; Low Ger. stapel = a pile of goods for 
 
 sale, a warehouse. 
 Stari (Buss.) ) old (Str.), e.g. Stara Zagora, the 
 
 Stary (Bohemian) J Turkish Eski Zagra. See Eski. 
 
 Statte (Ger.), place, spot. Cf. Stead, Stede. 
 Stazione (It.), a station (Staz e ). 
 Stead (England), a place, e.g. Hampstead; from A.S. 
 
 stede = a place. Cf. Stad, Stadt, Stede, Statte. 
 Stede (Dch.), a town, place, spot. Cf. Stead. 
 Steeg (Dch.), a lane, alley. 
 Steen (Dch.) stone, rock, e.g. Steenbergen. Cf Sten, 
 
 Stein. 
 
 Steep (Indian, U.S.A.), earth, land. 
 
 Steg (Dch.), ) - ... ,, 
 
 ' x f a narrow wooden bridge, path. 
 Steg (Ger.), J & F 
 
 Steig (Ger.), a path. 
 
 Steiger (Dch.), a pier, quay, landing-place. 
 
 Stei'hat (Arab., N. Africa), a plateau. (7/. Stah. 
 
 Steil (Dch., Ger.), steep, precipitous. See next entry. 
 
 Steilabfall (Ger.), escarpment. See Steil. Cf. Abhang. 
 
 Stein (Ger.), stone, e.g. Ehrenbreitstein, ' broad stone of 
 honour.' Cf Steen, Sten. 
 
 Steinbruch (Ger.), a quarry. 
 
 Stelle (Ger.), place, site. 
 
 Sten (Da., Nor., Sur.), stone, rock. Cf Steen, Stein. 
 
 Steno (Greek), narrow, e.g. Steno Pass. 
 
 Steppe (from Buss.), a vast treeless plain, prairie ; the 
 Buss, form is Step (pronounced ' stepp '), and is ap- 
 plied generally to grassy, saline, and sandy tracts. 
 
362 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Steptoes (U.S.A.), island-like areas in a sea of lava. 
 Ster (Icel. stadr), a stead, seat, dwelling, e.g. Ulster. 
 Stieng (Indo-China), savages, applied now to hillmen 
 
 N.-E. of Saigon, though originally the name of a 
 
 tribe of hillmen. 
 Stiert (Da.), a spit of land. Cf. Stjert. 
 Stift (Ger., Da., Nor., Sw.), diocese ; religious founda- 
 tion, monastery, &c. 
 Stirpeto (It.), a brake. 
 
 Stjaert, Stjert (Da., Nor.), a tail or spit of land. Cf. Stiert. 
 Stob (Scotland), stump, e.g. Stobo, properly Stobol, 'the 
 
 hollow of stobs or stumps,' Stobs Castle. 
 Stock. See Stoke. 
 Stoep (Cape Dutch), a masonry platform with steps in 
 
 front of a house. 
 Stoke, Stock (England), a stockaded place; from A.S. 
 
 stocc = post, stem ; e.g. Basingstoke, Woodstock. 
 
 Cf. Stow. 
 Stolp (Buss.), pinnacle rock. 
 Stong, Tong (Tibet), a desert. The s is mute. 
 Stoommolen (Dch.), a steam mill. 
 Stor, Store (Da., Nor., Sw.), large, great (St.), e.g. Stor 
 
 Aa, Store Belt. 
 Stora (Sw.), large, great (st.), e.g. Stora Lulea Elf. See 
 
 Lille. 
 Stow (England), a place, a stockaded place, from A.S. 
 
 stow = a place ; e.g. Chepstow. Cf. Norse st6 ; 
 
 Lithuanian stowe. 
 Straat (Dch.), a street. See next entry. 
 Straatweg (Dch.), a high road. See Straat, Weg. 
 Strada (It.), a road. See next entry. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 363 
 
 Stradone (It.), a high road. See Strada. 
 
 Strand (Dch., Eng., Ger.), beach, shore. 
 
 Strasse {Ger.), a street. 
 
 Strath (Gaelic), a broad valley with a river flowing 
 
 through it, e.g. Strathclyde, Strathmore. See More. 
 
 Gf. Welsh Ystrad. 
 Strauch (Ger.), shrub, bush, small tree. 
 Strecke (Ger.), a stretch or reach of a river ; region. 
 Strelka (Buss.), a sandspit. 
 Stretto (It.) f a strait, defile. 
 Strom (Ger.), a stream. Gf. Fluss. 
 Strom (Nor., Da., Sw.), river-current, stream of the 
 
 tide. 
 Strombett (Ger.), the bed of a river. See Strom, Bett. 
 Stromschnelle (Ger.), a rapid in a river. See Schnelle. 
 Strudel (Ger.), an eddy, whirlpool. 
 Struya (Buss.), eddy water, current. 
 Stung (Cambodia), a rapid over sand or pebbles, river, 
 
 e.g. Stung Treng. 
 Su (China), a township, e.g. Kan-su. 
 -Su (Ashanti), a suffix signifying ' on a river,' e.g. 
 
 Prasu, ' the town on the Pra B.' Cf. Foa. 
 Su (Mande, Fr. Sudan), an inhabited place of less im- 
 portance than a capital. Cf. So, Tenga. 
 Su (Turk.), water, river ; e.g. Ak-su, ■ white water ' (the 
 
 Oxus). 
 oSu (Fan, Fr. Congo) ; for meanings &ndpl. see Osu. 
 Sua (Mandara, South Bornu), a well. 
 chiSua (Bantu), an island in a river. 
 nSua (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), an island; for 
 
 other form see Nsua. 
 
364 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 uSua (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), grass. See Swa, Suwa, 
 Soa. 
 
 Suan (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), flint. 
 
 Suba {Arab.), a province. 
 
 Subs (Pers.), green, e.g. Kuba-i-Subs, 'green dome.' 
 
 Subsolano (Sp.), south-east wind. *See Solano. 
 
 Suckanissing (Indian, U.S.A.), black stone place, e.g. 
 Suckatunkanuk. 
 
 Sud (Fr., Sp.), Stid (Ger.), south. 
 
 Sudan (Arab.), blacks, thus Beled es Sudan, ' the land of 
 the blacks,' Nigritia or Negroland. See Beled, El. 
 
 Sudar (Hung.), a peak. Of. Sugar. 
 
 Sudd (Upper Nile), a luxuriant growth of vegetation, 
 which blocks the Bahr el Ghazal and Nile as far 
 as Sobat K. junction annually from September to 
 January, and at times for years together ; was 
 cleared in 1900-1901, and measures are now being 
 taken to keep the navigation open. 
 
 Suduga (Mossi, French Sudan), a cascade, waterfall. 
 
 Suf (Arab.), wool, e.g. Urn Suf, ' mother of wool,' i.e. 
 the plant Vossia, tall reeds with white fluffy 
 heads, which, with papyrus, cover an enormous 
 area of the Ghazal swamps. 
 
 Suf (Wolof), cultivable land, sand. 
 
 Sugar (Hung.), a peak. Cf. Sudar. 
 
 Sugur (Moro, E. Archipelago), a bay. 
 
 Sun (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), granite. 
 
 Suhaili (Arab.), the much-feared south-west winds of 
 the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Suheli (Swahili), south. See Kusini, Kibula. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 365 
 
 Silk (Arab.), a market. Another form of Sok (q.v.) 
 
 Sukhaya voda (Buss.), low water. See Voda. 
 
 Sukhoi (Buss.), dry. 
 nSuku (Congo, dialect of Bantu), inlet, bay, gulf, creek. 
 
 Sul (Port.), south, e.g. Rio Grande do Sul, ' great river 
 of the south.' 
 
 Sulagh (E. Turk.), a place where there is water. 
 
 Suli (Kanarese, W. coast of Hindustan), south. For 
 other points see Gi. 
 kaSulo (Upper Congo, dialect of Ba?itu), a source of a 
 
 stream. 
 nSulu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), brook, stream. See Solo. 
 
 Sum (Mongol), monastery. 
 
 Suma (Arab.), a minaret. 
 
 Suma (S. Slav.), a forest, bush. 
 
 Sumale (Bambara, Fr. Sudan), fresh, e.g. Jisumale, 
 ' fresh water ' ; ji= water. 
 maSumba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the kraal or village 
 of a chief. Cf. Boma, Zeriba. 
 
 Sumbi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a lake. 
 uSumbi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river, stream. 
 
 Sum-do (Tibet), a confluence. See Do. 
 
 Sumpf (Ger.), a marsh, bog. 
 
 Sun (Hainan), a path, road. 
 
 Sund (Da., Stv.), a sound. 
 
 Sung (China), pine tree, e.g. Sung-Hua-Chiang, 'Pine- 
 flower river,' i.e. the Sungari in Manchuria ; Lao- 
 Sung-Ling, ' old pine pass.' See Chiang, Lao, 
 Ling. 
 
 Sung (Chinbori), a hill, small mountain. 
 
366 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Sungar (Afghanistan), a small stone erection, made for 
 the purpose of obtaining cover. 
 
 Sungi, Sungei (Malay), a river, stream. 
 inSunguzi (Kafir), a path passing through a forest, over- 
 shadowed by trees ; a path overgrown by luxuriant 
 vegetation. 
 eSunsu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a cape or headland. 
 
 Sunt (Upper Nile), the mimosa tree. 
 
 Suong (Laos), high, lofty, upper. 
 
 Super (Latin), above, upon, on, e.g. Weston-super-Mare, 
 ' Weston-on-Sea ' ; mare = sea. Cf. Sur. 
 
 Supo (Gold Coast), an island. 
 
 Sur (Arab.), a rampart, wall. 
 
 Sur (Fr.), on, upon, e.g. Chalons-sur-Marne. Cf. Super. 
 
 Surkh (Pers.), red, e.g. Surkh-ab, ' red river.' See Ab. 
 
 Susuka (Bubiana, Solomon Is.), a lagoon. 
 nSuvila (Congo, dialect of Bantu), inlet, an arm of the sea. 
 
 Suwa (dialect of Bantu). See Nsua. 
 
 Svaty (Bohemian), saint (Sv.) Cf. Szent, Svent. 
 
 Sveta (Bohemia), saint. 
 
 Svoboda (Buss.), a suburb (Sv.) See Sloboda. 
 
 Svyatoi (Buss.), holy, e.g. Svyato Island ; there are two 
 of this name in the Caspian Sea. 
 uSwa (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. See Sua, 
 Suwa. 
 
 Swade (Fula), bush, wood, underwood, grass. 
 
 Swale (U.S.A.), a slight marshy depression in land 
 which is generally level. This is really an Old 
 English term, still current in many districts in the 
 sense of low ground, valley, moor, &c. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 367 
 
 Swef (Lohub, Rudolf L.), a hill, eminence. 
 
 Swi (Hainan), a village. 
 
 Syd {Da., Nor.), south. Cf. S0nder. See Norre for other 
 
 points. 
 Syever (Buss.), north. For other points see Polden, 
 
 Yug, Vostok, Zapad. 
 Syssel (Iceland), a district, a county, e.g. Strandir Syssel. 
 Syug-salmak (Korea), grotesque sign-posts. 
 Szallas (Hung.), a hamlet, village (SzL), lit. lodgings. 
 Szel (Hung.), breadth, end, boundary, limit. 
 Szent (Hung.), saint (Szt.) Also Svent. 
 Sziget (Hung.), an island (Szig.) Also island town, 
 
 town at the confluence of rivers. 
 Szuksen (Ta?igut), a river. 
 Sych (Welsh), dry, e.g. Sychnant Pass. 
 Syem, Syom (Korea), island, e.g. Syem-Gang, y mute. 
 
 Ta (Burma), a wood, forest. 
 
 Ta- (China), a prefix signifying 'great,' e.g. Ta-kiang, 
 'Great Eiver,' i.e. the Yangtse ; . Wu-ta-cha-shan, 
 ' the five great tea hills ' of the Shan tea district. 
 See Kiang, Shan. 
 
 Ta, Tah (China), a lofty tower, pagoda. 
 
 Ta (Japan), rice-land. 
 
 Ta (Miao-tse, Kwei Chau, South China), deep. 
 
 Ta (Shan States), a ferry. 
 
 Ta (Siam), a landing-place; mouth, estuary. 
 mTa (Swahili), -a district of a town ; for pi. see Mta. 
 
 Taarn (Da., Nor.), a tower. 
 
368 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Taba {dialect of Bantu, Gallaland), a mountain. Cf. 
 
 the Thaba of Basutoland. 
 nTaba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a swamp, marsh. 
 Tabarit (Tuareg, Berber), a road. 
 Taberna (Sp., Port.), an inn; from hat. taberna = booth, , 
 
 stall, inn. 
 Tabia (Turk.), a battery. 
 Tabo (Hausa), mud. 
 
 Taboleicas (Brazil), 'platters,' very flat and dry her- 
 baceous plains. Cf. Campos. 
 Tada (Hind.), an island. 
 Tadakt (Tuareg, Berber), a hill. 
 Tademai't (Berber, N. Africa), a height, summit; a long 
 
 Gara (q.v.) 
 maTadi (Congo, dialect of Bantu), stones or rocks, hence 
 
 the name of the town Matadi on the Congo estuary. 
 Tafariki (Hausa), a road, way. 
 Taftan (Persia), boiling, hence the name of the volcano 
 
 Kuh-i-Taftan, 'boiling mountain,' known locally as 
 
 Chehel-Tau, « the mountain of the forty Beings.' 
 Tafelberg (Dch), tableland, a 'table mountain.' 
 Tag (Tibet), rock, a rocky mountain. Cf. Tagh, Dagh, Tau, 
 
 for other forms. 
 Tagama (Tuareg, Berber) , a forest, wood. 
 Tagaye (Soninke, Fr. Sudan), a mud- wall surrounding 
 
 an enclosure. 
 Tagh (Turkestan), a mountain. See Tag, Dagh, Tau, for 
 
 other forms. 
 Tagit (Kabile), a plain. 
 Tahama (Arab.), lowland. Cf. Nejd. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 369 
 
 Tahi (Polynesia). See Tai. 
 
 Taho (Motu, New Guinea), west. 
 
 Tahsil, Tehsil (India), a subdivision of a district, under 
 
 a Tahsildar or sub-collector. 
 Tahtani (Arab.), lower, e.g. Moghar Tahtani, ' Lower 
 
 Moghar.' Cf. Asfal, Fukani. 
 Tahune, pi. Tawahin (Arab.), a mill. 
 Tai (China), a terrace, plateau, eminence, e.g. Shi-tai, 
 
 'market terrace.' 
 Tai (China, Amoy dialect), great. See Typhoon. 
 Tai (Japan), large, great ; equivalents are Dai, 0, Oki. 
 Tai (Siam), south ; for other points see Nua. 
 Tai, Kai, Tahi (Polynesia), sea. 
 Tai (Tibet), a fort. 
 Taiga (Siberia), the belt of ' virgin forest ' lying to the 
 
 south of the Tundras (q.v.) 
 Tak (Annam), a rapid over rocks in a river. 
 Taka (E. Turk., from Pers.) f the ibex, e.g. Min-taka pass. 
 nTaka (Congo ; Brit. Cent. Africa, Bantu). In the former 
 
 region this means ' ground which is always moist ; 
 
 marshy ground'; in the latter it means 'country.' 
 Takai (Japan), high, lofty, tall. Cf. Take. 
 Take (Japan), peak, ridge, hill, e.g. Yarigatake, 'the 
 
 spear peak.' Other forms are Daka, Dake (q.v.) 
 
 Cf. Takai. 
 Takht (Pers.), throne, seat, e.g. Takht-i-Suleiman, ' Solo- 
 mon's Throne,' a mountain in Afghanistan. 
 Taki (Japan), a waterfall. Cf. Takai. 
 Tako (Kamerun), a mountain. 
 Taksibt (Kabile), a fortified position. 
 
 B B 
 
370 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Tal (India), lake, e.g. Naini-Tal. See Talab. 
 
 Tal (New Guinea), a house. 
 
 Tal (Welsh), front, end, e.g. Tal-y-bont, Tal-y-llyn. 
 
 Tala, Talat (Arab.), a path up a mountain or ravine. 
 
 Tala (Kabile), source, fountain, spring. 
 
 Tala (Mongol), a plain. 
 
 Tala (Tibet), a marsh. 
 liTala (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), town. 
 
 Talab (Pers.), a lake, pond, tank, reservoir. 
 
 Talao (Hind.), tank, reservoir, is the Hind, form of the 
 Pers. Talab (q.v.) 
 
 Talaoro (Marovo, Solomon Is.), north wind. 
 
 Ta-lat (Siam), a market. 
 
 Talat (Arab.) See Tala. 
 
 Taldik (E. Turk.), straight, e.g. the river of that name. 
 
 Tale (Siam), a lake. 
 iTali (Bantu), the side of a river, bank. 
 
 Ta ling (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a rice-field. 
 
 Tall (Arab.), a hill. Other forms are Tel, Tell. 
 
 Talla (Indian, U.S.A.), a town. 
 
 Talla (Punjab), low-lying land on which grass grows well. 
 kiTalu (Swahili), an enclosure with a stone fence ; iovpl. 
 see Kitalu. 
 
 Taluk (Madras), a subdivision of a district. Cf. Tahsil. 
 
 Tam (Indo-China), a stream, torrent. 
 
 Tarn (E. Turk.), a wall. 
 eTam (Fan, French Congo), pond, small lake ; see Etam. 
 
 Tambaga (Malay), copper ; from Hind, tanba (pro- 
 nounced tamba) = copper. 
 
 Tamda (Kabile), a pond, pool. 
 
 Tamozhnya, Tamojnya (Buss.), custom-house. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 371 
 
 Tampon (Fr.), buffer, e.g. IStat Tampon = buffer state. 
 
 Tamurt (Kabile), country, region. 
 
 Tam-son (Hainan), a market. 
 
 Tan (Berber). See In. 
 
 Tan (Cambodia), new, e.g. Tan-Ki, in Bao-Duk. 
 
 Tan (China), rapids in a river. In Laos Tang. 
 
 Tan (Indian, Alaska), cape, point, used especially in the 
 
 neighbourhood of Cook Inlet. 
 Tan (Welsh), below, under, e.g. Tan-y-bwlch, 'below the 
 
 pass.' 
 Tana (Madagascar), used in composition for tanana, 
 
 place, village, town ; thus antana = at the place, 
 
 at the village, e.g.. Antananarivo, at the place of 
 
 thousands. See An. 
 Tana (Pokomo, E. Africa), a river, stream, e.g. the river 
 
 of that name. 
 Tanah (Malay), earth ; country, land, e.g. Tana Kaling, 
 
 ' the land of the Kaling, ' i.e. Hindustan ; Tana Sa- 
 
 brang, 'the land across the water,' i.e. Hindustan. 
 Ta-nam (Pai, Shan States), a river. 
 Ta-nan (Indian, California), water. 
 Tanan (Alaska), mountain men, e.g. Tanana, ' the river 
 
 of the mountain men,' properly Tanan-na. See Na. 
 Tanao (Indo-China), lake, marsh, pond. 
 nTando (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain. 
 Tang (China), lake, marsh; sea. 
 Tang (Laos), a rapid in a river. Cf Tan (China). 
 Tang (Pers., Afghan), a defile, e.g. Bartang, ' narrow 
 
 passage.' 
 Tang (Shan States), a road, path. 
 
 BB 2 
 
372 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Tang (Tibet), a large flat valley ; steppe. 
 
 Tang, Tangi (Kurdish, Kermanji dialect), a narrow 
 defile or narrow place in a road. 
 
 Tanga (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), village, place of cultivation ; 
 mountain. 
 
 Tanganyika (Cent. Africa), the shining plain or desert ; 
 water ; hence the lake of that name. See Nyika. 
 umTangala (Zulu, Kafir), a stone fence. 
 
 Tange (Da., Nor.), a tongue or strip of land. 
 
 Tangi (Icel.), a tongue of land. 
 
 Tangik (Aleut.), island, dim. Tangidak. 
 
 Tangkuban (Java), reversed, turned upside down, e.g. 
 Tangkuban-prahu, * an upturned canoe,' a name 
 given to mountains because of their shape. 
 u Tango (Kafir), a fence, hedge. 
 
 Tangong, Tanjong (Malay), a point, cape ; a contraction 
 of tanah-ujong, lit. ' land's end ' ; tunah=land ; 
 ujong= point, tip, end. 
 
 Tangnra (Kabile), a peak. 
 
 Tangwani (Gurma, Fr. Sudan), a mountain. 
 
 Tanh (Indo-GJiina) , a town of the second order, or pro- 
 vincial capital. 
 
 Tani (Japan), a valley. 
 
 Tani (Madagascar), country, region, district. 
 
 Tanimbari (Madagascar), a rice-field. 
 
 Tanjong (Malay). See Tangong. 
 
 Tank (U.S.A.), a pool or waterhole in a wash. 
 
 Tano (Motu, New Guinea), earth. 
 imiTantato (Zulu, Kafir), stones placed as stepping-stones 
 for crossing a stream, 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 373 
 
 umTantato {Kafir), a bridge, any contrivance for crossing a 
 river. 
 
 Tanut {Berber), wells. 
 
 Tanya {Hung.), hamlet, halting-place, an inn (Tn.) 
 
 Tanzuna (Madagascar), a cape, promontory. 
 
 Tao (China), an island. Lit. mountain. See Tail. 
 
 Tao (Korea), the head prefecture in a circuit. 
 
 Taong-ji (Burma), a mountain. Cf. Taung. 
 eTapa (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), forest. 
 
 Tapera (Spanish S. America), a solitary dwelling, espe- 
 cially in the middle of a field and completely iso- 
 lated. 
 
 Taphos (Greek), a tomb. 
 
 Tapki, Tepki (Hausa), swamp, pool, marsh. Cf Tebki, 
 Kulugu. 
 
 Tappa (India), an assessment circle. 
 
 Tapu (Hind.), an island, a shoal. 
 
 Tar (Indian, U.S.A.), rock, stone. 
 
 Tar (E. Turk.), narrow; strait; a narrow gorge. 
 
 Tara (Maori), rock, stone, e.g. Tarawera, ' burnt rocks.' 
 
 Tara (Mongol), desert, e.g. Kurban Tara, 'the three 
 (days) desert.' Cf. Taren. See Kurban. 
 
 Taraf (India), a subdivision of a village. 
 
 Tarai (Hind.), a marsh, meadow; an island. 
 
 Taram (E. Turk.), the dividing of a river into several 
 arms. 
 
 Tarasham (Sahara), a house, dwelling. 
 
 Tarbat, Tarbert (Gaelic tairbeart), an isthmus, e.g. 
 Tarbat in N.E. of Ross and Cromarty, Tarbert in 
 Argyllshire. 
 
 Taren (Mongol), cultivation, cultivated land. Cf. Tara. 
 
874 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGKAPHICAL 
 
 Tarf (Arab.), a cape, promontory, headland. 
 Tari (Korea), bridge, e.g. Tari-Dong, Tari-Bahoi. 
 Tarik, pi. Turuk (Arab.), a road, way. See Trik. 
 Tarim (E. Turk.), cultivated ; probably from Taram, i.e. 
 
 cultivated by means of irrigation. 
 Tarim (Gent. Asia), river, stream, *the river. 
 Tarjam (Tibet), a -postho\ise= Chinese Cha. 
 Tarn (England), a small mountain lake, especially one 
 
 without affluents or effluent, e.g. Blentarn; from 
 
 Norse tjarn = pool. 
 Taru (Singalese), mouth of a river. 
 Tasarnormeng, Taseraktedling, Tasiuza (Eskimo, Smith 
 
 Sound), lake. 
 Tasek (Malay), the sea, ocean ; lake. Gf. Danau. 
 Tash, Tashrah (Turk.), outer, e.g. Tashlite in Bosnia. 
 Tash (E. Turk.), stone, e.g. Tash Kurgan, ' stone tower.' 
 Tashkun (E. Turk.), inundation, flood. 
 Tashlik (Turk.), stony, rocky, rough. 
 Tashrah (Turk.) See Tash. 
 Tasi (Songhai), sand. 
 Tasik (Malay), lake, marsh, pool. 
 Tasili (Sahara, N. Africa), plateau, applied to several 
 
 upland districts, e.g. the Tasili of the Azjer Tuaregs. 
 Tat (Deccan), fortification of a city; environs. 
 Tat (Punjab), declivity ; bank of a river. 
 Tata (Fula, Mande, Serer, Wolof, West Sudan), a mud 
 
 wall surrounding an enclosure. 
 muTatago (Giryama), a bridge. 
 
 Tatani. See Tahtani. 
 inTatyana (Kafir), a small mountain. 
 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS .375 
 
 Tau {Gent. Asia, Caucasus), mountain, e.g. Ak-tau, 
 
 1 white mountain ' ; mountain- top. Cf. Tagh, Tag, 
 
 Dagh. 
 Tau (China), island, head. Same word as Tao. 
 Taui (Nissan I., Neiv Guinea), a plantation. 
 Taung (Burma), mountain, hill. Cf. Taong-ji. 
 Tau-tu (China), clay. 
 Tawahin, pi. of Tahune (q.v.) 
 Tawan-ok (Siam), east, lit. 'rising sun, sunrise'; for 
 
 other points see Nua. 
 Tawan-tok (Siam), west, lit. * sunset ' ; for other points 
 
 see Nua. 
 Tawf (Upper Nile), an island of floating sudd (q.v.) 
 Tawil (Arab.), long, e.g. Wadi el Tawile, ' the long vale.' 
 Tazirt (Kabile), a mill. 
 Tcsu, Chsiu (Tangut), water. 
 Tea (Hainan), a prefecture. 
 Tea-gna (Hainan), mountain. 
 Teawent (Tuareg, Berber), a ford. 
 Tebbad (Turkestan), the violent hurricanes which sweep 
 
 over the Turkoman steppe, carrying with them 
 
 clouds of impalpable sand. 
 Tebki (Sahara), a pond. Cf. Kulugu, Tepki. 
 Techenie (Buss.), current, stream of tide. 
 Tedrag (Tuareg, Berber), a little hill. 
 Tefes (Serer, Senegal), shore, beach. 
 Tefsedt (Kabile), a place in ruins. 
 Tegift (Tuareg, Berber), a sandhill. 
 iTegu (Zulu, Kafir), a bay ; estuary. 
 Tehsil. See Tahsil. 
 
376 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Teich (Ger.), a pond, ditch. 
 
 Tei-haku (Japan), an anchorage. 
 uTeka (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. 
 
 Tekan, Tekra (Hiiid.), a height, elevation ; rising 
 ground. 
 
 Tekiye. See Tekke. 
 
 Tekke, Tekiye (Turk.), a Mohammedan convent. 
 
 Tel (Arab.), a hill ; another form of Tell (q.v.) ; e.g. Tel 
 el Kebir. See Kebir. 
 
 Telaga (Java), a lake. 
 
 Telak (Malay), a bay. See Teluk. 
 
 Tele (Samoa and Fallaofu), large, great, e.g. Nuutele I., 
 S.E. of Upolu I. 
 nTeleka (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a cascade or water- 
 fall. 
 isiTeleti (Zulu, Kafir), a street. 
 
 Tell, pi. Tellul (Arab.), a mound, especially one covering 
 ruins ; e.g. Tell-Lo in Babylonia. See Tel. 
 
 Teluk (Malay), a bay, haven, harbour, e.g. Teluk Bharu; 
 cf. Tillo ; the misspellings Telok, Tullok are also 
 frequently found ; in standard Malay the word is 
 pronounced t'luk. 
 kuTemba. See Kutemba for meaning. 
 
 Tembe (Bantu), a fortification built round a town, 
 formed of two walls about 10 ft. high, 10 ft. apart, 
 roofed, and divided into rooms facing inwards. 
 The outer wall is covered with clay and is loop- 
 holed. 
 
 Tembe (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a 
 dwelling. See Kutemba. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 377 
 
 Tembladeral {Spanish S. America), bog, which presents 
 
 the appearance of a pasture. 
 Temborari (Swahili), coastal plain. Of, Sahel. 
 Temdint (Mzabi, Berber), a town. 
 Temir (Turk.) See Demir. 
 Temura (Tripoli, Berber), a town, pi. Timdinin. 
 Ten (Wolof), spring, fountain ; wells. 
 Ten (Berber). See In. 
 Tena odh lum me (Indian, California), town, village ; 
 
 lit. many houses. 
 inTendeleko (Zulu, Kafir), a fence round an enclosure. 
 Tendrn (Madagascar), summit, top. See next entry. 
 Tendrumbuhitra (Madagascar), a mountain peak. See 
 
 Tendrn ; Buhitra m Vohitra (a. v.) See also Bohi. 
 Tenere (Tuareg, Berber), a desert plain. 
 Tenga (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), country ; an inhabited place 
 
 of less importance than a capital. Cf Su, So. 
 Tenghi (Cent. Asia), a narrow glen-path. 
 Tengo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), bush. Cf. 
 
 T'hengo and next entry. 
 mTengo, nTengo (Dialects of Bantu), a tree. See Tengo. 
 Tengri (E. Turk.), heaven, e.g. Tengri Nor. Cf. Mongol 
 
 Nam. See Nor. 
 Tenia, Teniet (Arab.), a mountain path, defile; col. 
 Tenkai' (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), village, place of cultivation. 
 Tenne (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), kingdom. 
 Tennnsha (Arab.), a steep summit. 
 eTenta (Congo, dialect of Bantu), brow, top of a hill. 
 Tennta (It.), a holding (Ten ta ). 
 Tepe (Fula), junction, confluence. 
 
378 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Tepe (Turk.), a hill, e.g. Ak-tepe, 'white mountain.' 
 SeeKk. 
 
 Tepetl (Aztek), mountain, e.g. Popokatepetl, ' the moun- 
 tain of smoke,' Sitlaltepetl, ' star mountain.' See 
 Popoka, Sitlal. 
 
 Tepilaut (Malay), coast, seaboard* lit. margin (tepi) of 
 the sea (laut). Cf Darat. 
 
 Tepki (Hausa). See Tapki. 
 
 Tera (Japan), a temple (Buddha). 
 
 Terbia (Arab.), a bog, marsh. 
 
 Terku (Tamul), south; for other points see Vadakku. 
 
 Termino (Sp.), boundary, landmark ; district of a town. 
 
 Terp (Dch.), an artificial mound. 
 
 Terra (It., Port.), earth, land. 
 
 Terrain (Fr.), ground. 
 
 Terre (Fr.), earth, land. 
 
 Terrein (Dch.), ground. 
 
 Terreinhelling (Dch.), the slope of ground. 
 
 Terrera (Sp.), a declivity, a sloping piece of ground. 
 
 Terrontera (Sp.), a break in a mountain. 
 
 Terumbe (Malay Pen.), a coral reef. 
 
 Tet, pi. Tittawen (Tuareg, Berber), source. Cf. Thit. 
 nTetele (Fan, French Congo) ; for meaning see Ntetele. 
 
 Tethedderth (Kabile), a village. Cf. Themmurth, Ntama- 
 zirt, Emizdegh, Amazagh. 
 
 Teto (Hung.), a peak (T.) 
 
 Teton (U.S.A.), a rocky mountain crest of rugged 
 aspect. 
 
 Tetsu (Japan), iron. 
 muTha (Nika), a district or part of a town, a township. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 379 
 
 Thaba (Bechuana and Basuto lands), mountain, e.g. 
 
 Thaba Nchu, Thaba Bosigo. 
 Thak (Annam), a rapid in a river. 
 Thake (Fiji), east. For other points see Vua liku. 
 Thaksult (Berber), a plateau, pi. Thiksulin. 
 Thai (Ger.), a valley, dale, e.g. Langenthal, 'long valley.' 
 Thai (Punjab), dry land, ford, mound, sandhill (Th.) 
 Thala (Berber), fountain, source, pi. Thiliwa. 
 Thalassa (Greek), the sea, e.g. Mavri Thalassa, ' the Black 
 
 Sea.' Mavri = black in Neo-Greek. 
 Tha-le (Siam), sea, lake. 
 Thalweg (Ger.), the line followed by the waters of a 
 
 valley ; the middle line of a river. See Thai, Weg. 
 Than (China), rapids in a river. 
 Than (Tangut), a plain. 
 Thanas (India), a subdivision of a Tahsil (q.v.), a 
 
 police circle. 
 Thang (Siam), a road, path. 
 Thanh (Cambodia), thriving, prosperous, e.g. An-Thanh 
 
 in Boa-An, an conveying the idea of tranquillity. 
 Thanthan (Botuma, Polynesia), sand. 
 Theerofen, Therofen (Ger.), a tar-pit (T.O.) 
 Themmurth (Berber), a town. Cf. Tethedderth. 
 T'hengo (Cent. Africa), a forest. Cf. Tengo. 
 Theva (Mbau, Fiji), south. For other points see Vua 
 
 liku. 
 Thifnua (Siam), north. See Thit-tai, Thit-tawan-ok, 
 
 Thit-tawan-tok. 
 Thing (China), sub-prefectural city. 
 Thit (Berber), eye, source, jt?Z. Thitawin. Cf. Tet. 
 
380 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Thi-thort-samor (Siam), anchorage. 
 
 Thit-tai (Siam), south. Cf. Thifnua for other points. 
 
 Thit-tawan-ok (Siam), east. Cf. Thifnua for other points. 
 
 Thit-tawan-tok (Siam), west. Cf. Thifnua for other points. 
 
 Thniye, Tnie (Sahara), a winding mountain pass, 
 a mountain top, e.g. Thniye Twennin. Cf. Kuleb, 
 Keluba of other districts. 
 
 Tho- (Nilotic Kavirondo, Uganda), a prefix signifying 
 language, e.g. Tho-luo, the language of the negro 
 tribe Ja-luo. See Ja. 
 
 Thok (Tibet), a goldfield. 
 
 Thorn (Cambodia), great, large. 
 
 Thon (Ger.), clay. 
 
 Thorpe, Thorp (England), a village, e.g. Althorp, Win- 
 thorpe. From A.-S. thorp, cognate with Goth. 
 thaurp, Icel. throp, Ger. Dorf. Cf. Throp. Is per- 
 haps cognate with Gr. <rvp{3r), rvpfii], Lat. turba. 
 Cf. Nor. thyrpja = to crowd. 
 
 Thrik (Hassania), a road, path. From Arab. Trik (q.v.) 
 
 Throp, Trop (Icel.), a hamlet, e.g. Ibthrop. Cf. Thorpe. 
 
 Thsuan (China), a streamlet, small river. 
 
 Thsun (China), borough, village. See Tsun, Thun. 
 
 Thui (Cambodia), water, e.g. Tien-Thui-Tai, ' Pure-water- 
 west,' in Bao-Duk. See Tien, Tai. 
 
 Thuk (Cambodia), water. 
 
 Thun (China), borough, village. See Tsun, Thun. 
 
 Thung (Chin Hills, E. of Mon B., Burma), hill, peak. 
 
 Thurm (Ger.), tower, steeple. 
 
 Thwaite (North of England), a forest clearing, e.g. 
 Finsthwaite ; from Norse thveit, and cognate with 
 A.-S. thwitan, thweotan=to cut off, lop, prune, 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 381 
 
 whittle (perhaps from same root) ; a variant is 
 
 Twaite= wooded land grubbed up for tillage. 
 Ti (China), dam, dike. 
 Ti (China), the ground. 
 Ti (Indian, U.S.A.), water. 
 Ti (Sahara), rock, e.g. Tibu, 'rock people,' see Bu ; 
 
 Tibesti, 'rocky mountains.' 
 mTi (Loango, dialect of Bantu), a tree; for pi. see Mti. 
 muTi (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), a tree ; for pi. see 
 
 Muti. 
 nTi (Swahili), country, region, district. 
 Tia (Gold Coast), boundary, end, limit. 
 Tialugel (Fula), a stream. 
 Tian (Chinese), heaven, e.g. Tian-shan ; found also 
 
 spelled Tien, e.g. Mo-tien-ling, ' heaven-reaching 
 
 pass.' See Shan, Ling. 
 Tiangol (Fula), equivalent to Marigot (q.v.) 
 Tiazibin (Kabile), farms. 
 Ti diete. See diegn. 
 Tie (China), iron, e.g. Liao-tie-shan, ' old iron hill.' 
 
 See Liao, Shan. 
 Tief (Ger.), in sub-oceanic relief, a Deep (q.v.) 
 Tien (China), fields, arable land ; village ; inn, shop. 
 Tien (China), small lake, swamp. 
 Tien (China). See Tian. 
 Tien (Cambodia), pure, e.g. Tien-Thui, 'pure water,' in 
 
 Bao-Duk. See Thui. 
 umnTienyi (Kossova, Uganda), a mountain, hill. 
 
 Tierra (Sp.), earth, land, country, e.g. Tierra del Fuego, 
 
 not Terra del Fuego. 
 iTifa (Cent. Africa, Bantu), island. 
 
382 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Tig (Indian, U.S.A.), a tree. 
 
 Tiggert (Kabile), a field. 
 
 Tigh, Ty (Gaelic), a house, e.g. Tighnabruaich, ' the house 
 
 on the edge of the bank,' Tyndrum, 'the house on 
 
 the ridge,' see Drum ; cf. hat. tugurium, for 
 
 tegurium, from tego=to cover. Cognate with A.-S. 
 
 thaec = thatch, Ger. Dach (roof), dekken (to cover), 
 
 &c. 
 Tighilt (Kabile), a hill, small mountain. 
 Tih (Arab.), a desert. 
 Tik (E. Turk.), steep. 
 Tikit (Hassania), house, cottage, 
 in Tile (Zulu, Kafir), a flat strip of land, a small valley, 
 
 parallel with a river and suitable for cultivation. 
 Tilemmas (Tamahak, N. Africa), equivalent to Tsmaid 
 
 (q.v.) 
 Tiliwa, pi. of Tala (q.v.) 
 Tilla (Punjab), a hill, mound. 
 Tillo (Malay Peninsula), a bay. Cf. Teluk. 
 Tilmas, pi. Tilmamis (Arab.), underground reservoirs in 
 
 the beds of rivers. 
 Tim (Gilyak, Sakhalin), cranberry, e.g. Tim R. 
 Tim (Yayo, China), a mountain. 
 Timagami (Canada), deep water. 
 Timbila (Mossi, French Sudan), a hamlet. 
 Timeri (Kabile), an observatory. 
 Timor (Malay), east, hence Timor island. 
 Timor laut (Malay), north-east, lit. ' seaward Timor,' a 
 
 smaller island lying to seaward (eastward) of 
 
 Timor, laut meaning ■ sea,' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 383 
 
 Timto (Uganda). See Mto. 
 
 Tin {Berber). See In. 
 
 Tina (Buss.), ooze. 
 
 Tindila (Mossi, French Sudan), a hill, small mountain. 
 
 Ting (China), peak, hill. 
 
 Ting (China), an independent sub-prefecture ; sub- 
 prefecture, a provincial division subject to a pre- 
 fecture. Cf. Fu, Chi-li-ting. 
 
 Ting (China), a cape, promontory, headland. Cf. Ti-tau. 
 
 Tinti, Tindi (Mande). See Tund. 
 
 Tiobart (Gaelic), source, well, stream. 
 
 Tir (Gaelic), land, e.g. Cantyre. Cf. Lat. terra. 
 
 Tirath (Punjab), a sacred bathing-place ; a place of 
 pilgrimage. 
 
 Tirilt (Kabile), a hill. 
 
 Tirremt (Marocco), a small fortress, fortified village, 
 pi. Tirrematin. 
 
 Tisi (Marocco), hill, peak; pass; e.g. Tisi Nemiri, 'the 
 hill of stones.' 
 
 Ti-tan (China), a promontory. Cf. Ting. 
 
 Titi (Malay), a bridge. 
 
 Tiu (Botuma, Polynesia), great. 
 
 Tivotaina (Maiva, New Guinea), west. For other 
 points see Tototaina. 
 liTiwa (Ketosh, Uganda), a lake. 
 
 Tizi (Algeria), a col, saddle. 
 uTlanga (Kafir), a tribe, nation. 
 
 Tnie (Sahara). See Thniye. 
 
 To (Fon, Bahome), a lake, lagoon, stream, e.g. Kotonu, ' the 
 dead mouth of the lake,' properly Kutonu. See Nu. 
 
384 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 To (Hu?ig.), a pond, pool, lake. 
 
 To (Japan, iTorea), an island, e.g. To- Yang, To-San. See Do. 
 
 To (Japan), east, equivalent to Higasi. For other 
 
 points see Hoku. 
 To (Tibet), high, lofty. 
 To (Upper Kushkokwim, Indian, 'Alaska), water, river, 
 
 used especially in the Copper river region, e.g. 
 
 Nigato, ' Niga river.' Another form is Tu (q.v.) 
 chiTo (Bantu), a ford in a river. 
 mTo (Swahili), a river, e.g. Mto wa TJmba ; for pi. see 
 
 Mto. 
 muTo (Mama, Mozambique), a river. 
 
 Toa (New Georgia, Solomon Is.), a mountain. 
 
 Tobar, Tober (Gaelic, Irish), source, well, stream, e.g. 
 
 Tobarcurry ; Tobermoney in co. Down. See Dobur. 
 Tod (Tibet), upper, e.g. Singhtod and Po Tod in South- 
 west and South-east Tibet respectively. 
 Toft (Danelagh), an enclosure, e.g. Lowestoft, Wainfleet 
 
 Tofts; from Dan. toft = an enclosed plot near a 
 
 house. 
 Tog (Tibet), above, summit ; gold-bearing land. 
 Toga (Samoa), pronounced Tonga (q.v.) 
 Togana (Nubia), flat land. 
 Toge (Japan), a mountain pass, e.g. Harinoki-toge, ' the 
 
 pass of the alder trees.' 
 Toghri (E. Turk.), right, direct (of a road). 
 Togoda (Sienre), village, place of cultivation. 
 Togoro (A-Z ancle), a marsh, bog. 
 To-hi (Hainan), a village. 
 Toi (Cambodia), little. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 885 
 
 Toi-lea {Hainan), a mountain. 
 
 Toka (Barotonga, Polynesia), stone, rock. 
 
 Tokai (Turkestan), bush, wood. 
 
 Tokang (Malay), small islets with few or no trees. 
 
 Tokelau (Tonga, Polynesia), north. For other points 
 
 see Potutonga, Hahake, Hikifu. 
 Tokilau (Niue y Polynesia), east. See Malanga, Mahifohifo. 
 Tol (Dch.), toll-gate. 
 Tol (Ebon, Polynesia), a mountain. 
 Tol, Toli (Wolof, Mande), a field, garden. 
 Toldilla (Sp.), a round-house. 
 Toli (Wolof, Mande). See Tol. 
 Tolkha (Mongol), head, source of a river. 
 Tolts (Newfoundland), hummocks of granite protruding 
 
 on the east coast of Newfoundland. 
 Tom (Tibet), market, bazaar. 
 umTombo (Kafir), a fountain, spring. 
 Tomboka (Congo), ascent, hill. 
 eTombwelo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), wharf, landing-place. 
 Tomio (Japan), lighthouse. 
 To-mu (China), wooded (country). 
 Ton (Anglo-Saxon tun), an enclosure, hence a village, 
 
 e.g. Taunton, * the village on the Tone K. ' ; from 
 
 A.-S. tynan, to tine, to enclose ; cognate with Celt. 
 
 dun (q.v.) and with Old High Ger. zun, a hedge ; 
 
 Mod. Ger. Zaun = an enclosure; Sw. tuna, e.g. 
 
 Eskilstuna ; cf. Zeriba (q.v.) 
 oTon (Fan, French Congo), stream, small watercourse. 
 
 Cf. Lo, Su ; for pi. see Oton. 
 Tondi (Songhai), rock, stone hill. See next entry. 
 
 C G 
 
386 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Tondiber {Songhai),& mountain (ber = ' great '). See Tondi. 
 
 Tong (Annam), a canton. 
 
 Tong {China), openings for carrying off surplus water 
 
 from a canal. 
 Tong {China, Korea), east, another spelling of Tung. 
 Tong {Siam), mountain. 
 Tong {Tibet and W. Yunnan), town, village. 
 Tonga {Samoa), south wind : hence Itu-i-Tong, north ; 
 
 lit. north side. For other points see Matu. 
 Tonge {Jibu, New Guinea), village. 
 Tong-cher {Tibet), a town. 
 Tonle {Cambodia), river, large river, lake, e.g. Tonle Sap. 
 
 See Sap. 
 -Too {Indian, N. America), river (suffix), a misspelling 
 
 of Tn (q.v.) 
 Top {Anglo-Saxon, Da.), a tuft, crest, summit ; an 
 
 elevation, e.g. Oldhay Top, Edgetop in the Peak 
 
 district, cf. Cloud. See Edge. 
 Topa {Turkestan), argillaceous fertile soil. 
 Toprak {E. Turk.), clay. 
 Tor {Arab.), an isolated mountain. 
 Tor {Celtic), a tower-like rock, e.g. Mam Tor; Torphichen, 
 
 'Raven's hill ' ; Yes Tor (Dartmoor). 
 Tor a {Motumotu, New Guinea), a tree. 
 Torba {Arab.), fine dusty gypseous soil. 
 Torfboden {Ger.), turf, ground. 
 Torni {Fin.), a tower. 
 Torok {Turk.) See Dorok. 
 Torokai {Tibet), a path. Cf. Doroga. 
 Torony {Hung.), a tower. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 387 
 
 Torovo (Giryama). See Rovo. 
 
 Torp (Sw.), cottage, hamlet, village. Cf Dorp, Thorp. 
 Torre {It., Port., Sp.), a tower (T re ). 
 Torrent (Fr.), a torrent (T nt ). 
 Torrente (It.), a torrent (T.) 
 Torreon (Sp.), a round-tower. 
 
 Tosu (Tibet), butter, e.g. Tosu Nor, ' butter lake.' See Nor. 
 Tot (Normandy, Norse), an enclosure, e.g. Yvetot, Totnes. 
 Tota (Singalese), the mouth of a river. 
 Tote (Nine, Polynesia), small. 
 nToto (Congo, dialect of Bantu), earth, land, ground. 
 Toto (Jibu, New Guinea), a bridge. 
 To to an (Indian, U.S.A.), a plain. 
 Totolo (Marovo, Solomon Is.), tide. 
 Tototaina (Maiva, New Guinea), east. For other points 
 
 see Tivotaina, Ahidaina. 
 Tour (Ft.), a tower (T r ). 
 Tourbiere (Fr.), a peat bog. 
 Tourelle (Fr.), a small tower, a turret. 
 Town (England), see Ton. 
 Toyam (Tamul), water. 
 Tra (Irish), a strand, sandy beach, e.g. Tralee. Cf. 
 
 Traigh, Trae, Traeth. 
 Trab (Hassania), sand, cultivated land. 
 Trace (.Fr.), track, trail. 
 Trae (from Gaelic traigh), shore, e.g. Ballantrae, ' the 
 
 town on the shore.' See Bal. Cf. Traeth, Tra. 
 Traeth (Welsh), sandy beach or shore, e.g. Pentraeth. 
 
 See Pen. Cf Trae, Traigh, Tra, Draeth. 
 Trai (Annam), a village. 
 
 c c 2 
 
388 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Traigh {Gaelic), a strand, sandy beach, e.g. Traigh 
 Bhailanoais bay, in Islay. Cf. Tra, Trae, Traeth. 
 
 Traktir (Buss.), an inn. 
 
 Tram (Tibet), bank (of a river). 
 
 Trampal (Sp.), a quagmire, morass. 
 
 Trail (Cambodia), a plain, e.g. Tnan Ninh. 
 
 Tranquera (Sp.), a palisade. 
 
 „ (Spanish S. America), a cross-bar frame to 
 
 be laid on soft ground for the passage of men, 
 vehicles, or cattle. 
 
 Tranzon (Sp.), part of a forest which has been cleared. 
 
 Travessao (Port.), a rocky barrier. 
 
 Traws (Welsh), across, beyond, e.g. Trawscoed. See Coed. 
 
 Tre, Tref (Cymric), a village, e.g. Tredegar, Trefnant. 
 
 Tremedal (Port., Sp.), marsh, morass. 
 
 Trench (Eng.), used in sub-oceanic relief for an elon- 
 gated Depression (q.v.), narrower than a Trough (q.v.), 
 with steeply sloping borders, one of which (the 
 continental) rises higher than the other (the 
 oceanic), e.g. the Cayman Trench. Equivalent to 
 Ger. Graben, Fr. Ravin. 
 
 Trepang (Cambodia), lake, marsh, pool. 
 
 Tri- (Greek), three, e.g. Tripoli. See Polis. 
 
 Tribu (Fr.), a tribe. 
 
 Trichter (Ger.), a crater (of a volcano) ; properly a 
 funnel. 
 
 Trik (Arab.), a road, e.g. Trik ed Duesa, ' the road through 
 the palms ' ; Trik es Safar, ' the stony road.' See 
 El, Safar, Tarik. 
 
 Trillo (Sp., Philippines), a track, trail. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 389 
 
 Trinchera (Sp.), a trench. 
 
 Troli (Cambodia), a stream. 
 
 Troon (Cymric trwyn), a promontory = Ness, e.g. Troon 
 in Ayrshire. 
 
 Trossachs (Gaelic), scrubby territory. 
 
 Trottoir (Fr.), a footpath. 
 
 Trouee (Fr.), an opening, gap between heights, e.g. the 
 Trouee of Belfort. 
 
 Trough (Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for an 
 elongated and wide depression, with gently slop- 
 ing borders. A trough may be divided by 
 transverse elevations into Basins (q.v.), as in the 
 Atlantic. Equivalent to the Ger. Mulde, Fr. Vallee. 
 
 Trumbu (Malay), shoal. 
 
 Trung (Cambodia), a canton, e.g. An-nga-tmng. See An. 
 
 Trusan (Malay), channel, passage, e.g. Trusan Treacher, 
 Trusan Ligitan, both in the north of Sibuko bay, 
 North Borneo. 
 
 Trwyn (Welsh), snout, promontory. 
 
 Tsa (Giryama), hill-top. 
 
 Tsa (Tibet), salt ; hot. 
 
 Tsa (Tibet), grass. 
 
 Tsadaka (Indian, Alaska), moose, e.g. Tsadaka creek. 
 
 Tsadhe, Tsad (Chad L. region), water ; merely another 
 pronunciation of Saghe, Sara, and corrupted into 
 Chad. See Isa. 
 
 Tsagan, Tsahan (Mongol), white, e.g. Tsagan-deressu, 
 Tsahan Ossu, ' white river.' See Ossu. 
 
 Tsai (Hainan), a village. 
 
 Tsaidam (Tibet), salt swamp ; a variant is Chaidam. 
 
390 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Tsaka (Giryama), a forest. 
 
 Tsakor (Mongol), flint, silica. 
 
 Tsang-po (Tibet), * the pure one,' the purifier, hence a 
 river, the river (the Tsang-po, i.e. the upper course 
 of the Brahmaputra). For other spellings see 
 Sanpu. 
 kuTsano (Giryama), the hot season. 
 umTsantsa (Zulu, Kafir), a ravine, kloof. 
 
 Tsao (China), grass, herbage. 
 
 Tsara (Madagascar), good, beautiful, e.g. Tsaranoro, 
 'beautiful shore,' Saratanana, 'beautiful village.' 
 Tsararano, ' good water.' Gf. Soa. See Oro, Rano, 
 Tana. 
 
 Tsauni (Hausa), a hill. Gf. Tudu. 
 
 Tse (China), a small lake, swamp. 
 
 Tse (Tibet), a summit, top of a mountain. 
 
 Tsela (Basuto, Bantu), a road, path. Cf. Zira. 
 
 Tselim, Selim (Chad L. region), black, e.g. Nki Tselim, 
 1 black water.' 
 
 Tsen (China), a village. 
 
 Tserkov (Buss.), a church. 
 
 Tsho (Tibet). See Tso. 
 
 Tsi (China), a borough. 
 
 Tsi (Giryama), country, land. 
 
 Tsi (Japan), a plain. 
 
 Tsi (Madagascar), that which has not, without, a 
 negative prefix, e.g. Tsiala, ' the treeless place,' 
 Tsiafak, ' not to be attained or approached,' 
 ' difficult of access,' e.g. Tsiafakantitra, Tsiafakarivo. 
 See Ala. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 391 
 
 uTsi (Kamba, Bantu), a river. 
 
 Tsiau-pi (China), cliff. Cf. Shan-tau. 
 inTsimi (Zulu, Kafir), cultivated land. 
 
 Tsingira (Lu-wanga, Uganda), crossways. 
 loTsitsi (Bechuana, Bantu), a watercourse; pi. diTsitsi. 
 Tsiu (Hainan), a sub-prefecture. 
 -Tsiu (Japan), a suffix meaning ' middle,' e.g. Bitsiu. 
 Tskhali (Caucasus), stream, secondary river. 
 Tskharo (Caucasus), a spring, source. 
 Tsmaid (Arab., N. Africa), holes dug in Wadis (q.v.) for 
 
 procuring water. 
 Tso (Tibet), a lake, e.g. Drolma-nam-tso, 'the heavenly 
 lake Drolma.' Cf. Nor. See Nam. Tso is a variant 
 of Cho (q.v.) 
 Tsong kang (Tibet), a store, shop. 
 Tson-nea (Hainan), a village. 
 Tsoroha (Tso-o, Formosa), a river. 
 Tsu (Japan), haven, harbour, port. 
 Tsui (China), promontory, cape. 
 Tsui-sha (China), gravel. Cf. Sha. 
 Tsui-wei (China), rocky, stony. 
 kiTsulu (Giryama), a hillock. 
 
 Tsun (China), a village, hamlet ; smaller than Hsiang ; 
 an agricultural village. Cf. Pu, Tun, Thsun, Thun, 
 Chwang, Cheng. 
 Tsnngwe (Zambezia), bamboo. 
 maTswerero (Giryama), west ; also muTswerero. 
 Tu (China), ford. 
 
 Tu (China), a capital, e.g. Shang-tu, ' upper capital.' 
 Tu (China), earth. 
 
392 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Tu (Ingalik, Alaska), water, frequently misspelled Too, 
 
 used especially in the Copper river region, e.g. 
 
 Chititu, ' Copper water.' See To. 
 Tu (Kirghiz), a mound of stones, with a branch fixed 
 
 in it, on which are hung religious offerings, such 
 
 as skulls, horns, &c. 
 Tu (Mande, Fr. Sudan), dense vegetation, a forest. Cf. 
 
 Turo. 
 mTu (Swahili), man, person; iov pi. see Mtu. 
 waTu (Swahili), people of the river. Cf. To. See Wa. 
 muTua (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), chief; for another 
 
 form see Mutua. 
 Tuaija (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kaya. 
 Tual (Arab). See Tuil. 
 Tuat, Twat (Sahara), the oases. This was originally 
 
 the name of a disease, which raged in the Sahara 
 
 in the fourteenth century, and attacked the oases 
 
 most virulently. Hence the Twat oases. 
 Tua vela (Marovo, Solomon Is.), south wind. 
 Tubber (Gaelic, Irish). See Dobur, Tobar. 
 Tubk (Arab.), a terrace. 
 Tubu oinan (Mentawei I., S.W. coast Sumatra), a 
 
 river. 
 Tucuru (Spanish S. America), small clay hills of 
 
 conical or semi-conical shape on which are villages, 
 
 especially near rivers and flooded land or in 
 
 mountain dales. 
 Tucutuzal (Spanish S. America), ground full of surface 
 
 holes and pits, making transit difficult and 
 
 dangerous. 
 
Tugurio (It), 
 Tugurio (Port.), 
 Tugurio (Sp.), 
 
 AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 393 
 
 Tudu, Tuddu, Kuduma (Hausa), hill, highland, upland, 
 e.g. Gober Tudu, ' Gober upland,' as opposed to Gober 
 Rafi, ' Gober valley.' Gf. Tsauni. 
 Tufana (Hausa), flood. 
 
 Tug (Somaliland), the bed of a river dry for a portion 
 of the year; a sand river. Equivalent to the 
 Arab. Wadi (q.v.), e.g. Tug Fafan. Cf. Selat. 
 Tughai (E. Turk.), a grassy place. 
 
 Tug-sa (Tibet), a camping-place, encampment. See Sa. 
 /a cottage ; from Lat. tugurium, from 
 j Italo-Celtic root teg, cover, roof, cog- 
 nate with Teutonic dek; cf. thatch 
 from A.-S. thaec. See Tigh and Ty. 
 Tugurmen (E. Turk.), a mill. 
 Tui (Chin Hills), water. 
 
 Tuil, Tual, Tuilet (Arab.), elevations, heights, undulations. 
 Tuilerie (Fr.), tilekiln (T ie ) ; see Ziegelei. 
 Tuin (Dch.), a garden. 
 Tuk (Cambodia), a boat. 
 Tukos (Amis, Formosa), a mountain. 
 Tuku (Polynesia). See Tuu. 
 Tukul (Upper Nile), a round hut, with conical roof, 
 
 made of straw. 
 eTukulu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), headland, cape. 
 Tul (Somali), a heap, mound; cf. Ghumbur, Bur. 
 Tulde (Fula), a mountain, hill. 
 
 Tulik, Tulig (Indian, Alaska), crack, cleft, fissure, e.g. 
 Tulik volcano. 
 „ ,, (Eskimo), region, e.g. Tubuktuligmiut, ' the 
 people of Tubuk region.' See Mute. 
 
394 % GLOSSAKY OF GEOGKAPHICAL 
 
 Tullu (Indian, U.S.A.), high peak. 
 
 Tulu (Galla), mountain, generally isolated, lit. a heel, 
 
 e.g. Tulu Arba, ' elephant peak.' 
 muTulu (dialect of Bantu), a fertile plain. 
 Tulwenyo (Nandi, Uganda), mountain. 
 Tulwet (Nandi, Uganda), a mound, hill. 
 Tuman (Buss.), a fog. 
 Tumniep (Siam), a rest-house. 
 Tumta (Mongol), middle, e.g. Tumta Habsere, 'middle 
 
 Habsere.' See Kurban. 
 Tumu (Kiwai, New Guinea), a forest. 
 Tumur (Mongol), iron. 
 Tun (China), an outpost ; market village. Cf. Pu, 
 
 Tsun, Chwang. 
 Tunan (Mentawei), a cape, headland, point. 
 Tund, Tundo (Wolof, Mande), a small mountain, hill, 
 
 equivalent to Tindi, Tindila (qv.) 
 Tundra (Buss.), the barren northern country of Siberia, 
 
 beyond the limits of forest growth ; generally, 
 
 plains full of lakes, rivers, or bogs many parts 
 
 permanently frozen below the surface. See Taiga. 
 Tung (China), an alley, small street. 
 Tung (China), copper. 
 Tung (China), east, eastern, e.g. Kwang Tung, as 
 
 opposed to Kwang Si. See Si, Pe, Nan, Kwang. 
 Tung (Chin Hills, E. of Mon B., Burma), a hill, peak ; 
 
 the same word as Taung, pi. Chung ; e.g. Pyung 
 
 Horn Tung. 
 Tung (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a forest. 
 Tunga (Siv.), Tunge (Da., Nor.), a tongue or strip of land. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 395 
 
 Tungesi (Tangut), a stream. 
 Tunika, pi. of Akanika (q.v.) 
 kiTuntu {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a peak, 
 
 hill- top ; applied to villages built on high ground. 
 Tupe (E. Turk.), summit, top (of a mountain). 
 Tupik (Indian, U.S.A.), a spring, well, source. 
 Tura (Syriac), mountain, e.g. Tura Khwara, ■ white 
 
 mount.' 
 Turaa (Arab.), a stream, river. 
 Turbat (Arab., Pers.), a tomb. 
 Turh (Min-Jcia, Yunnan), east. For other points see 
 
 Pen. 
 Turh la (Min-kia, Yunnan), a cave. 
 Turo (Mande), a forest. Cf Tu. 
 Turuba (Hausa), a path. Cf Hainya. 
 Tusu (Marovo, Solomon Is.), an island. 
 Tu sze (Tibet), a small district under a headman. 
 Tutak (Turk.), the bar of a river. 
 Tutan (China), a ferry. 
 Tutu (Sara, Chad L.), water. Cf Mane. 
 Tuu, Tuku (Polynesia), a place, site. 
 Tuvu (Maiva, New Guinea), grass. 
 Tuwa (Bornu), place, locality, abode, e g. Nguru-tuwa 
 
 1 the place of the hippopotamus.' See Nguru. 
 Tu wak (Pimo Indian, S.W. United States), a mountain. 
 Tuz (Turk.), salt, e.g. Tuz Kul, ' salt lake.' See Kul. 
 uTwa (Kafir), a deep place in a river. 
 Twaite (N. of England). See Thwaite. 
 Twat (Sahara). See Tuat. 
 Twistle (Northumbria), a boundary, e.g. Entwistle. 
 
396 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Twr (Welsh), tower, e.g. Twrcelyn. 
 
 Ty (Welsh and Scotch), a house, e.g. Ty-Gwyn. Cf. 
 
 Tigh ; see Tugurio. 
 isiTya (Zulu, Kafir), a small garden. 
 Tyap (Turkestan), a ravine. 
 
 Tyn = Ty'n = Ty yn (Welsh), house in, e.g. Tyn-y-coed. 
 Tyol (Turkestan), a steppe. 
 Typhoons (Chinese), the violent circular storms which 
 
 visit the Chinese seas ; lit. great wind, from tai, 
 
 great, and fon, wind. 
 Tyr = Ty'r = Ty yr (Welsh), house of the, e.g. Tyr-escob. 
 
 See Escob. 
 Tyre (Gaelic). SeeTir. 
 umTyuba (Zulu, Kafir), brackish water. 
 Tze (China). See Tse. 
 Tzerg (Armenian), mud. 
 Tzerkov (Buss.), a church. 
 
 u 
 
 U- (Swahili). The names of countries are formed from 
 the root by means of the prefix U, e.g. Unyika, the 
 country of the Wanyika. See Wa, Ki. The cor- 
 responding form in the equatorial lake region is 
 Bu. But Swahili influence has prevailed, and 
 Uganda, JJmjoro, &c. are now the accepted forms 
 instead of Buganda, Bunyoro, &c. 
 
 U (New Guinea).' See Gu. 
 
 Ua, pi. Nyua (Swahili), an enclosure, fence. 
 
 TJai (Polynesia). See Vai. 
 
 Uanja (Sioahili). See Anja. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 397 
 
 Uar, War {Bahanwin dialect, South So?nalila?id), a water 
 
 tank, an open trench, not intended for irrigation, 
 
 but to collect drinking-water. 
 Uato (Swahili). See Watu, Tu, To. 
 Ub {Hottentot). See Ep. 
 Ubityi {Zulu, Kafir). See Bityi. 
 
 Ubuilaya Voda {Buss.), low water, low tide. See Voda. 
 TJbuku {Kafir). See Buku. 
 Uch, TJwch {Welsh), higher, Ucha, Uchaf, highest, e.g. 
 
 Gwnnws Ucha. 
 Uchau {Hu-ni, China), a wood, forest, bush. 
 Uchma, Ujma {Chinese Turkestan), a post station. 
 Uda, Uddak {Aleut), bay, gulf, e.g. Alimuda, ' Alim 
 
 bay.' 
 Udada {Kafir). See Dada. 
 TJdak {Aleut), dried fish, e.g. cape TJdak. 
 Uddak {Aleut). See Uda. 
 Udgha {Berber). See Wadrar. 
 Udherer {Shaivia, Berber), a hill. 
 Udsui {Fan, French Congo). See Dsui. 
 Uduuru {S. Cape, New Guinea), a mountain. 
 Udvar {Hung.), courtyard, manor, house, castle. 
 
 f {dialects of Bantu), forest, lit. grass. See Dzu. 
 maUdzuj 
 
 Ue nem to koi {Indian, California), island, lit. middle 
 
 of water. 
 
 Ufalme, Ufalume, Ufaume {Sivahili), kingdom. 
 
 Ufalume. See Ufalme. 
 
 Ufaume. See Ufalme. 
 
 Ufer {Ger.), bank of a river, beach shore. See Over. 
 
398 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ugau (Zulu, Kafir), a bend, curve, or inclination in a 
 range of mountains ; a crooked, rocky, and difficult 
 pass in a mountain. 
 Ugu (Ibo, Nigeria), hill, mountain, e.g. Elu Ugu, ' top of 
 
 the mountain.' 
 Uguden (Jibali, Berber), a low hilK 
 XThua (Iaibo, New Guinea), east. 
 Ui (E. Turk.), tent, house, dwelling, abode. 
 Urn (Serer, Senegal), people. 
 TJiterbuurt (Dch.), the outskirts of a town ; suburb. 
 
 See Buurt. 
 Uj (Arab. N. Africa), talus slope, lit. a face. 
 Uj (Hung.), new, e.g. Uj Kigyos. 
 Ujar (Berber). See Wadrar. 
 Ujong (Malaij). See Tangong. 
 Uketo (Swahili). See Keto. 
 Ukingo (Swahili). See Kingo. 
 Ukreplenye (Buss), a fort. Properly Ukryeplenie. 
 Ukumkani (Zulu, Kafir). See Kumkani. 
 Ula (China), stream, river. 
 Ula, Ul (Mongol), a mountain, e.g. Bogdo Ul, ' God's 
 
 mount.' 
 wUla (Giryama), rain. 
 Ulad, Aulad, Awlad (Arab.), a district, tribe, tribal 
 
 district, like the territory of the old Highland clans ; 
 
 Aulad = son ; see Gaelic Mac ; cf. Walad, Wad. 
 Ulak (Aleut), house or everybody's house, house for 
 
 everybody, e.g. Ulak island. 
 Ulalo (Ja-Luo, Uganda), bridge, especially a bridge of 
 
 ropes. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 399 
 
 Ulan {Mongol, E. Turk.), red, e.g. Ulan Kuduk, 'red 
 
 wells.' See Kuduk. 
 Ule (Bambara, Malinke), red, e.g. Baule, 'red river'; 
 
 Manaule, ' red cliff.' See Ba, Mana ; cf. Fing, Khwa. 
 Ulikowa (Lu-Wangu, Uganda), a wall. 
 Ulo (Ibo, Nigeria), house. 
 Ulo, Uloto (Bambara, Malinke), a forest* 
 Ulongo (Giryama). See Longo. 
 Ulu, Hulu (Malay), the interior or up-stream portion of 
 
 a country, source of a river, e.g. Ulu Bernam, ' the 
 
 source of Bernam R.' 
 Ulu (Turk.), great, e.g. Ulu Chai, ' great river,' in Asia 
 
 Minor. See Chai. 
 Ulugh (E. Turk.), great, high, lofty. From Turk. Ulu. 
 Ulunivanua (Mbau, Fiji), a mountain. 
 Ulus (E. Turk.), a tribe, clan. 
 
 Ulusingi (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Singi. 
 Uluzi (Lusinga and Chula, Uganda). See Zi. 
 Ulwandle (Kafir). See Lwandle, Andle. 
 Um (Arab.) See Umm. 
 Um (Friesland), a home, e.g. Rysum. 
 Uma (Earner un), a place, site. 
 Uma (Mentawei L, S.W. coast Sumatra), a house. 
 Uma (New Guinea), garden. 
 Uma (Zambezia), dry. 
 Umai (Pa'i, South China), a wood. 
 Umango (Kafir). See Mango. 
 Umbana (Cent. Africa, Bantu). See Mumana. 
 Umbolompo (Kafir). See Bolompo. 
 Umbuso (Zulu, Kafir). See Buso. 
 
400 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Umbutiso (Zulu, Kafir), a mealie ground cultivated by 
 the whole tribe of a chief. 
 
 TJmda (Amaxosa, Kafir). See Da. 
 
 Umdiliya (Amaxosa, Kafir). See Diliya. 
 
 Umen (Mongol), before, in front ; south. 
 
 Umendo (Zulu, Kafir). See Mendo. 
 
 Umfula (Zulu, Kafir). See Fula. 
 
 Umfungi (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Fungi. 
 
 Umgebungen (Ger.), environs. 
 
 Umgegend (Ger.), environs, district surrounding any 
 place. 
 
 Umgxobozo (Amaxosa, Kafir). See Gxobozo. 
 
 TJmhlaba (Kafir). See Hlaba. 
 
 TJmhlahlo (Amaxosa, Kafir). See Hlahlo. 
 
 Umhlambo (Kafir). See Hlambo. 
 
 Umi (Japan), the sea. Cf. Nada. 
 
 Umieshi (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), sand. 
 
 Umitsuru (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Mitsuru. 
 
 TJmlambo (Kafir). See Lambo. 
 
 Umlopu (Kiriwina, New Guinea), a valley. 
 
 Umm (Arab.), mother ; as a geographical term this 
 signifies producing, containing, e.g. Um er Rbia, 
 ' abounding in pasturage,' see El, Rbia ; used in a 
 similar manner to Abu (q.v.) ; it is often joined to 
 the following word by omitting the TJ and simply 
 prefixing M, e.g. Umm-gheir is contracted into 
 Magheir. Frequently found in the form Tim. 
 
 TJmnquba (Zulu, Kafir). See Nquba. 
 
 Umqenqelezi (Zulu, Kafir). See Qenqelezi. 
 
 Umrotya (Zulu, Kafir), a ravine, See Rotya. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 401 
 
 Umsala (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a tree. 
 
 Umsetuluka (Kafir). See Setuluka. 
 
 Umsingakazi (Kafir). See Singakazi. 
 
 Umtangala (Zulu, Kafir). See Tangala. 
 
 Umtantato (Kafir). See Tantato. 
 
 Umtombo (Kafir). See Tombo. 
 
 Umtsantsa (Zulu, Kafir). See Tsantsa. 
 
 Umtyuba (Zulu, Kafir). See Tyuba. 
 
 TJmuchi, Imichi (Kossova, Eastern Uganda). See Chi. 
 
 Umusitu (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mwitu, 
 
 Situ. 
 TJmutienyi (Kossova, Uganda). See Tienyi. 
 Umuzi (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Musi. 
 Umwalo (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Alo. 
 Umwamba (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 
 Mwamba. 
 Umwene (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mwene. 
 Umzi (Zulu, Kafir), a village; a place of residence, 
 
 e.g. Umzinyati E. = 'the buffalo haunt,' Umzimvubu 
 
 K. = 'the hippopotamus haunt.' See Zi for prefix 
 
 and root. 
 Umzila (Kafir). See Zila. 
 Umzimandlela (Zulu, Kafir). See Zimandlela. 
 Unajia (Mentawei I., S. W. coast Sumatra) t a marsh, bog. 
 Unaktak (Aleut), broken, rugged, e.g. Uniktak bay. 
 Uncha (Sa?isc), a height, elevation, hill. 
 Ung (Taungtha, Arakan), a valley. 
 Ungala (Mandara, South Bornu), road, path, way. 
 Ungunyek (Nandi, Uganda), sand. 
 TJngur (E. Turk.), a cave, cavern. 
 
 D D 
 
402 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ungwa (Hausa), a pagan village ; e.g. Ungwa Sammit, 
 Ungwa-n-Bodo, ' Bodo's village.' Cf. Gimi. 
 
 Ungwina (Meheo, New Guinea), summit. 
 
 TJnjosho (Japan), custom-house. 
 
 Unter (Ger.), under, lower (U.), e.g. Unter den Linden. 
 See next entry. 
 
 Unterlauf (Ger.), lower course of a river. 
 
 Unuwa (Iaibo, New Guinea), a forest. 
 
 Up (Hottentot). See Ep. 
 
 Upalla (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See 
 Palla. 
 
 TJpavan (Beccan), a grove. 
 
 Uprata (Beccan), the west. 
 
 Uqampu (Zulu, Kafir). See Qampu. 
 
 Uqato (Zulu, Kafir). See Qato. 
 
 Ur (Hung.), a town, e.g. Keresztur, equivalent to Var (q.v.) 
 
 Ura (Albanian), a bridge. 
 
 Ura (Japan), bay. 
 
 Urdian, Urjan (Fula), serpent, the name given to the 
 four bends of the Senegal K. 
 
 Urdu (Turk.), a camp, a market ; e.g. Urdu Zaban=the 
 ' Camp Language ' (Hindustani). 
 
 Ureba (Nubia), a mountain, a large conspicuous moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Urgebirge (Ger.), primitive mountains or rocks ; from 
 Ur, prefix of originality, and Gebirge, extended form 
 of Berg = mountain. 
 
 Urgo (Mongol), an inhabited place ; e.g. Sam Beise Urgo, 
 1 seat of prince Sam.' Urga, the Kussian pronuncia- 
 tion of this. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 403 
 
 Urir (Mzabi, Berber), a mountain. Of. Ighil. 
 
 Urjan (Fula). See Urdian. 
 
 Urma (Nestorian Christian), a church. 
 
 Uro (Fula), a village, a farming village, as opposed to 
 
 Rumde (q.v.) ; e.g. Uro Kanawachi. 
 Urochi (Kossova, Uganda). See Rochi. 
 Urochishche (Bitss.), boundary, limit. 
 Urta (E. Turk.) See Utra. 
 Urtang (E. Turk.), a post station. 
 Uru, pi. TIllu (Telegu, Deccan), a village. 
 Uruizi, Usumbi (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See 
 
 Izi, Sumbi. 
 Usadba (Buss.), a farm, manor house. 
 TTsgik (Aleut), willow, e.g. Uski inlet. 
 Ushar (Arab.), barren (land) ; a spot with saline soil. 
 Usk. See Wysg. 
 Usine (Fr.), a factory (Us e ). 
 Ussi (Tamul, Deccan), top, summit. 
 Ussu (Manchuria), river; e.g. Ussuri. There is also the 
 
 Mongol form Ossu (q.v.) Cf. Usu. 
 TJstang (Turkestan), a large canal. 
 Ustun (E. Turk.) f upper, higher, e.g. TJstun Tagh. See 
 
 Tagh. 
 Ustye, TJst (Buss.), entrance, mouth (of a river), e.g. Ust- 
 
 Ishma. 
 Usu (Mongolia, Tibet), water, e.g. Tsagan-usu, otherwise 
 
 Khaidikgol. Cf. Ussu, Ossu. 
 Usua (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Sua. 
 Usumbi, Uruizi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See 
 
 Sumbi, Izi, 
 
 P D 2 
 
404 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 TJsuru (French Sudan), customs duty, a place at which 
 
 customs duty is collected. 
 TJswa (Cent. Africa, Bantu). See Isoa, Swa. 
 Ut (E. Turk.), grass. 
 Uta (Marocco), a plain. 
 
 Utan (Malay), forest, wood, Utan Rimba= virgin forest. 
 Utango (Kafir). See Tango. 
 
 Uteka (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Teka. 
 Utes (Buss.), bluff, cliff. 
 TJtiu (Hu-ni, China), water. 
 Utlanga (Kafir), a tribe, nation. See Tlanga. 
 Utra, Otra, Urta (E. Turk.), middle. Cf. Mongol Tumta. 
 TJtsi (JJkamha, Brit. E. Africa, Bantu). See Tsi. 
 Utswerero (Giryama), west. Another form is Muts- 
 
 werero. See Akani. 
 Uttar (Hind.), north. For other points see Dakhni, 
 
 Junubi, Pachcham, Purab. 
 Utwa (Kafir), a deep place in a river. See Twa. 
 TJvi (Motumotu, New Guinea), house. 
 Uvra (Mandara, South Bornu), a mountain. 
 Uwatu (Swahili). See Tu. 
 TJwch (Welsh). See Uch. 
 TJy, Ui (Cent. Asia), tents, a collection of tents, an 
 
 encampment. 
 Tlyasd (Cent. Asia), a district. 
 Uzo (Ibo, Nigeria), road, street. 
 TJzun (Turk.), long, far, far off; e.g. Uzun Taki, 'the 
 
 distant Taki,' 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 405 
 
 ovaVa (Bihe, Angola, Bantu), water. 
 Vaag (Nor.), an inlet, small bay. 
 
 Vaart (Dch.), way, course ; e.g. Dedemsvaart. Cf. Fahrte. 
 Vadakku (Tamul), north, cf. Kuperan. For other 
 
 points see Terku, Intiran, Mekaku. 
 Vadera (Sp.), a shallow part of a river. Cf. Vado. 
 Vaderqvarn (Sw.), a windmill. 
 
 Vado {Sp.), a ford (V.) Cf. Vadera. Port, form is Vao. 
 Vaeau (S. Cape, New Guinea), east. 
 Vserft (Da., Nor.), wharf, dockyard, shipyard. 
 Vager (Da.) a beacon, buoy. 
 Vague (Fr.) } waste (land). 
 Vahal (Punjab), long narrow depressions, probably old 
 
 river channels. Cf. Nali. 
 Vai, Uai, Wai, Voi (Polynesia), water. 
 Vahau (Kerepunu, New Guinea), south-east wind. 
 muVaka (Nika), a boundary. 
 iVakavaka (Zulu, Kafir), a sandy country; damp 
 
 country ; yielding ground. 
 Vakuna (Kabadi, New Guinea), stone, rock. 
 Val (Da.), the shore. 
 Val (It., Sp.), vale, dale, valley. Cf. Valle. Obsolete in 
 
 Fr. except in place-names, e.g. Val D'ante. 
 Val, Vala (India), town, e.g. Naroval. 
 Va-la (Hainan), a village. 
 Vala (Madagascar), enclosure, field, farm ; e.g. Ivalanosi, 
 
 4 the goat field.' See I, Nosi. 
 Valaka (Kerepunu, New Guinea), north wind. 
 
406 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Vale (Rumanian), a valley (V.) See Val, Valea. 
 
 Vale (Polynesia). See Fae. 
 
 Valea (Buss.), valley, dale. 
 
 Vali (Turk.), governor-general, the administrator of a 
 
 Vilayet (q.v.) 
 Valla (Port.), a ditch, trench. Cf. Valle. 
 Valla (Sp.), a space or ground surrounded with stakes 
 
 or palisades ; barrier ; entrenchment. 
 Vallado (Sp.), palisade, fence. 
 Valle (It.), a valley (V le ). See Val and next entry. 
 Valle (Port., Sp.) A valley, dale, vale. See Val, Vale, 
 
 Valea, Valla, Vallee, Vallei. 
 Vallee (Fr.), a valley (V 6e ). See Valle. For use as a 
 
 form of sub-oceanic relief see Trough. 
 Vallei (Dch.), dale, valley. See Valle. 
 Valiza (Sp.), beacon, buoy. 
 Vallon (Fr.) a small valley (V on ). See Vallee. 
 Valu (Kiriwina, New Guinea), land, village ; Viloveaka, 
 
 ' big village ' ; Vilokikita, ' small village.' See under 
 
 Keda. 
 Vamakumanelo (Lomwe, Shirwa L.), a stockade, en- 
 closure. 
 eVambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), junction (of roads). 
 Van (Sansc., Hind.), forest, wood, grove. 
 Van-ant (Sansc., Hind.), the skirts of a wood. See Van. 
 Vand (Da., Nor.), water ; a small lake ; Vandfald = 
 
 waterfall. 
 Vandmplle (Da., Nor.), a watermill (V ml ). 
 eVanga (Congo, dialect of Bantu), suburb, hamlet. 
 luVanga (Nika), a cave. 
 Vank (Sansc), the bend of a river. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 407 
 
 Vanua (Kabadi, New Guinea), village. For other 
 
 forms see Fenua. 
 Vanuga (Kerepunu, New Guinea), a village. Cf. Vanua. 
 Vapavai (N. Tepehuane Indian, Mexico), stone, rock. 
 Vapi (Sansc), pond, lake, pool. 
 Vaqueria (Spanish S. America), an enclosure for cattle ; 
 
 a cowhouse ; from vaca=cow. 
 Var (Gaelic). See Barr. 
 Var (Hung.), fortress, town round a fortress ; e.^.Temesvar, 
 
 1 fortress on the Temes E.' Cf. Ur, Varos. 
 Var (N. Chin Hills, Burma), a stream. 
 Varaigne (Fr.), a tide-sluice (of salt marshes). 
 Varam (Tamul, Deccan), bank, shore. 
 Varde (Da., Nor.), a beacon, cairn, landmark. 
 Vareana (Kabadi, New Guinea), south-east wind. 
 Varenne (Fr.), waste land. Cf. Warren. 
 Vari (Sansc, Hind.), water. 
 Vari-pravah (Sansc, Hind.), a cascade; a current of 
 
 water. 
 Varos (Hung.), a town. See Var. 
 Varum (Maiva, New Guinea), north-west wind. See 
 
 Vaula, Vaura. 
 Vas (Sansc, Hind.), a house, dwelling. 
 Vase (Fr.), mud. 
 Vasr (Hung.), a market. 
 Vat (Cambodia), a Buddhist monastery or temple, 
 
 e.g. Ankor Vat ; the same word as Wat (q.v.) 
 Vat (Hebrides), a small lake, e.g. Ollevat. 
 Vat (Hind.), a road, path ; from Sansc vanta. 
 eVata (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town, village. 
 
408 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Vati, Bati (Sansc, Hind.), a house, building ; garden, 
 
 plantation ; villa. 
 Vato (Madagascar), stone, rock, e.g. Vodivato, ' at the 
 
 foot of the rock.' See Vodi. 
 Vatten (Sw.), Vatn, Vbtn (Iceland), a lake ; e.g. Vattenfall 
 
 = waterfall ; Hvitarvatn, ' white lake ' ; Fiskivbtn, 
 
 < fish lake.' 
 Vatu (Mbau, Fiji), stone, rock. 
 Vau (Kerepunu, New Guinea), stone. 
 Van (Vonum, Formosa), a village. 
 Vaula (Maiva, New Guinea), south-east wind. See 
 
 Varum, Vaura. 
 Vaura (Maiva, New Guinea), wind. See Vaula, Varuru. 
 Vecchia, o (It.), old, e.g. Civita Vecchia. See Civita. 
 Vedu, Vendu (Fula), lake, marsh, swamp. 
 Veen (Dch.), bog, turf, e.g. Boerveen. 
 Veer (Dch.), a ferry. 
 Vega (Sp.), an open plain, a tract of level and fruitful 
 
 ground. 
 „ (S. America), a valley. 
 Vei (Maiva, New Guinea), water. 
 Vei, Vej (Da., Nor.), a road. Cf. Weg. 
 Veina (Kabadi, New Guinea), water. 
 Veld (Dch.), an open plain ; field, ground. Also moun- 
 tain range ; e.g. Roggeveld in Cape Colony. Cf. Fell. 
 
 Frequently, but quite erroneously, spelled Veldt. 
 Velho (Port), old, e.g. Villa Velha. 
 
 Velikii (Buss.), ) great (Vk.), e.g. Veliki Stala, on 
 Veliky (Bohemian),) the river Morava. 
 
 Venaje (Sp.), the current of a stream. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 409 
 
 Vendaval (Sp.), a strong south-west wind. 
 
 Vendu (Fula). See Vedu. 
 
 Veni (Sansc.), confluence of rivers, junction. 
 
 Venta (Sp.), a poor inn (Vta). 
 
 Ventorillo (Sp.), a small inn (Wo). 
 
 Vera, Wera (German East Africa), white, e.g. Vera- 
 nyange, the chief town of Karagwe. 
 
 Verchne, Verchnoi (Buss.) See Verkhni. 
 
 Verde (Port., Sp., It.), green, e.g. Cape Verde. 
 
 Vereda (Sp.), path, narrow way, footpath. 
 
 Verger (Fr.), an orchard. 
 
 Verkh (Buss.), a peak. 
 
 Verkhni (Buss.), upper, e.g. Verkhni Uralsk. 
 
 Verrerie (Fr.), a glass factory (V rie ). 
 
 Versant (Fr.), declivity, side (of a mountain) ; a water- 
 shed. 
 
 Vertiefung (Ger.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for a 
 depression enclosed on all sides by elevations of 
 the sea bed ; from Tief=deep. 
 
 Vertiente (Sp.), cataract, waterfall, cascade. 
 
 Vesna (Buss.), spring. 
 
 Vest (Da., Nor., Sw.), west. 
 
 Vest (Dch.), fortress ; wall, rampart. See Vesting. 
 
 Vester, Vestre (Da., Nor.), west, western (V 1 ). 
 
 Vesting (Dch.), a stronghold, fortress. See Vest. Cf. 
 Ger. Festung. 
 
 Vestra (Sw.), west, western. 
 
 Vetta (It.), peak, summit, top. 
 
 Vetu (Bubiana, Solomon Is.), house. 
 
 Veu (S. Cape, New Guinea), stone. 
 
410 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Via {It., Port., Sp.), road, route, street. 
 eVia (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a field, plantation. 
 
 Viani (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kiani, Ani. 
 
 Vicheadero (Spanish S. America), heaps of small stones, 
 surrounded by a wall, found on the W. borders of 
 Uruguay, where it is said the Indians place 
 sentries to give notice of the approach of an 
 enemy. 
 
 Videk (Hung.), region, district, environs. 
 
 Viejo (Sp.), old, ancient, e.g. Cabo Viejo. 
 
 Vien (Siam), a town of the fourth order or sub-dis- 
 trict capital. 
 
 Vieux, Vieil, Vieille, Vielle (Fr.), old, ancient, e.g. Vieux 
 Berquin, Vieilleville, Vielmur, Vielle-Segur. 
 
 Vig, Vik (Da., Nor.), a bay, creek ; e.g. Qualvig, ' whale 
 bay.' Larvik. Cf. Vik. 
 
 Vigfa (Sp.), Vigie (Fr.), a look-out ; doubtful shoals, the 
 existence of which in their exact locality is doubtful. 
 
 Vigne (Fr.), a vineyard. 
 
 Vijni (Buss.) See Vyshni. 
 
 Vijver (Dch.), a pond. 
 
 Vik (Sw.), a bay ; (Icel.), a creek, inlet, or cove ; hence 
 Vikingr (Eng. Viking) = creek-dweller, rover, corsair. 
 
 Vil (Indo-CMna), a village. 
 luVila (Congo, dialect of Bantu), family, clan. 
 
 Vilag (Hung), world. 
 
 Vilayet, Eyalet (Turk.), government or province under 
 a Vali, divided into Sanjaks ; land, country. 
 
 Villa (It.), country house (V la ). 
 
 Villa (Port., Sp.), a town. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 411 
 
 Village (Fr.), a village. 
 
 Villar (Sp.), village, hamlet. In Port, farmhouse. 
 
 Ville (Fr.), a town. 
 
 Villeta (Sp.), a small town or borough. 
 
 Villiers (France), an abode, house, e.g. Hardivilliers. 
 
 Villino (It.), a small country house (Y no ). 
 
 Vinayo (Pazzeke, Pei-Po, Fonnosa), a mountain. 
 
 Vire-vire (Fr.), a whirlpool. 
 
 Viria (Mbau, Fiji), a place. 
 
 Vives eaux (Fr.), spring tide. 
 
 Vivier (Fr.), a fishpond (V er ). 
 
 Viz (Hung.), water. 
 
 Vladi (Buss., from the same root as vladika, ' a rider '), 
 
 rule, e.g. Vladikavkaz, ' rule the Caucasus.' 
 Vlakte (Dch.), flats, a plain. 
 Vlei (Cape Dch.), a hollow filled with water, frequently 
 
 dry in the hot season, e.g. Zeekoe Vlei (lit. sea-cow 
 
 vlei), Brand Vlei, ' burning vlei ' (a hot spring). 
 Vlek (Dch.), a borough, market town. 
 Vliet (Dch.), a brook, stream, e.g. Heenvliet. Cf. Fleet. 
 Vloed (Dch.), stream, great river ; torrent, inundation, 
 
 flood ; tide. 
 Vlonder (Dch.), a narrow wooden bridge. 
 Vnam (Cambodia), mountain, hill. 
 Voda (Buss.), water. 
 Vodi (Madagascar), foot, bottom, e.g. Vodivohitra, * the 
 
 foot of the mountain.' See Vohitra, Bodi. 
 Vodopol (Buss.), the overflow of a river. 
 Voe (Shetlands), a bay, a fiord, e.g. Dury Voe. For 
 comparison with Geo and Wick see Geo. 
 
412 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Voetpad (Dch.), a footpath. 
 
 Vogelj (Albanian), little. 
 
 Vohitra (Madagascar), a village ; also a mountain ; con- 
 tracted to vohi in composition, e.g. Vohibahoak, 
 ' the village of the people ' ; Vohibe, ' great mountain.' 
 
 Voi (Polynesia). See Vai. 
 
 Voie (Fr.), way, road, track. 
 
 Vokahal (Kuvarawan, Pei-Po, Formosa), a river. 
 
 Voladero (Sp.), a precipice, abyss. 
 
 Volastnoi (Gent. Asia), a native district chief. 
 
 Volgy (Hung.), a valley (Vgy.) 
 
 Volk (Dch.), people, nation, folk. 
 
 Volkaan, Vulkaan (Dch.), a volcano. 
 
 Volok (Buss.), an isthmus, a portage. 
 
 Vom (Fan, French Congo), place, spot. 
 
 Von (Ger.), from (direction of road) (v.) 
 
 Vorder (Ger.), fore, in front (V.), qpp. to Hinter. 
 
 Vorgebirge (Ger.), a promontory , foot-hills. 
 
 Vorota (Buss.), gates, a channel. Found also in the 
 form Varota. 
 kiVosho (Giryama), ferry. 
 
 Vostok (Buss.), east, e.g. Vladivostok, 'rule the east.' 
 SeeVladi; other points areZapad, Syever, Polden, Yug. 
 
 Vowisha (Makua, Ger. and Port. E. Africa), deep water. 
 
 Vowoloa (Makua, Ger. and Port. E. Africa), damp 
 ground fitted for the growth of rice. 
 
 Vrchol, Vrch, Vrh (Bohemian), a mountain. 
 
 Vrelo (S. Slav.), source, spring. 
 
 Vrij, Vry (Dch.), free, e.g. Oranje Vrijstaat, ' Orange 
 Free State,' now the Orange Eiver Colony ; 
 Vryburg, ' free town,' refuge, sanctuary. 
 
AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 413 
 
 Vrijhafen (Dch.), a free port. 
 Vrtache (Servia?i), valley, dale. 
 Vry (Dch.) See Vrij. 
 Vrysis (Neo-Greek), source, spring. 
 muVu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a ditch or dike. 
 
 Vua liku (Mbau, Fiji), north. For other points see Ra, 
 
 Thake, Theva. 
 Vuhitra (Madagascar). See Vohitra. 
 Vuiselok (Buss.), settlement, colony. 
 kiVuku (Swahili), ferry, ford, crossing-place. 
 
 Vuli (E. Africa), the lesser rains, which continue for 
 
 three or four weeks from the latter part of 
 
 September nearly through October. 
 Vulkaan (Dch.) See Volkaan. 
 muVumbi (Giryama), the hot season. 
 muVunbi (Giryama), the rainy season. 
 Vung (Annam), a bay. 
 Vuno (Neo-Greek), a mountain. 
 eVwangi (Congo, dialect of Bantu), thicket, brushwood, 
 
 jungle of brushwood. 
 Vyed (Malta), a ravine, valley, or river ; from Arabic 
 
 Wad (q.v.) 
 Vyetrennaya melnitsa (Buss.), a windmill. 
 Vyshny, Vishni (Buss.), upper, e.g. Vyshni Volochok. 
 Vysoki (Bohemian, Buss.), high, great (Vsk.) 
 
414 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 w 
 
 Wa {Bantu), a prefix meaning 'people,' e.g. Uhehe the 
 country, Wahehe the inhabitants ; Uganda the 
 country, Waganda the people of Uganda (in Ki- 
 Swahili, but not in Lu-Ganda) ; see U, cf. A, Ba, 
 -Bu, Im, Kel, Ahel, Nke. 
 
 -Wa (Hausa), a termination signifying ' of ' or ' belong- 
 ing to,' e.g. Nassarawa is equivalent to Nassara's, 
 frequently found in place-names. -Awa is a com- 
 mon Hausa pi. termination. 
 
 Wachtposten (Ger.), a guard-post or station. 
 
 Wad, Wadde (Dch.), a ford, a shallow. 
 
 Wad (Arab.), contracted from Walad, son, e.g. Wad 
 Medani. See Ulad. 
 
 Wad, Wadi, pi. Widan (Arab.), a watercourse, dry in 
 summer ; a valley. E.g. Wadi Haifa, ' the valley 
 where the Haifa grass grows.' Cf. Wed, Selat, 
 Tug. 
 „ (Marocco), a river, not a dry river-bed. 
 
 Wadrar (Berber), a corruption of Adrar, a mountain; 
 also written Udgha, Ujar. 
 
 Wag (Sw.), a road. Cf. Weg, Vej. 
 
 Wagenfahre (Ger.), a ferry for wagons (W.F.) 
 
 Waha (Fin.), little. 
 
 Wahaun (North Chin Hills, Burma), a valley. 
 
 Wai (E. Archipelago, New Guinea), water, river, cf. 
 Aki ; the word is current throughout the whole of 
 Malaysia. See Vai. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 415 
 
 Wai (China), outer, beyond, e.g. Ku-Wai, ' beyond the 
 
 passes.' Cf. Nei. 
 Wai (Maori), water, e.g. Waikato, ' flowing water.' 
 Waia (Kiriwina, New Guinea), river. 
 Waiau (Aroma, New Guinea), south-east wind. 
 Waitui (Mbau, Fiji), the sea. 
 Wakoba (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a 
 
 community=the Arabic Kabila. See Koba, Wa. 
 Wai (Bch), rampart, wall, e.g. Diepswal. Cf. Wall. 
 Walad (Arab.), see Wad, Ulad. 
 Walau {Aroma, New Guinea), east. For other points 
 
 see Bagiriwa, Gaburigo. 
 Wald (Ger.), woodland, forest (W.) Cf. Weald, Wold. 
 Waldweg (Ger.), a forest road. See Weg. 
 Walien (Bismarck Archipelago). See Rawalien. 
 Wall (Ger.), a wall, rampart ; dike, dam ; coast, shore ; 
 
 is cognate with A.-S. weall=wall, and perhaps 
 
 with Bat. vallus, vallum. Cf. Wai. 
 Walo (Senegal), a riverain strip of country subject to 
 
 annual inundation. Cf. Chamama. 
 Wamerima (Swahili), the people who live on the coast. 
 
 See Rima and Wa. 
 Wan (China), a bay, e.g. Talien Wan. 
 Wan (Shan States), a village. 
 Wan (Chong Chia-tse, Yunnan), black, e.g. Tong Wan 
 
 Tien in Western Yunnan. See Tong, Tien, 
 i Wanda (Bu-Wanga, Uganda), a valley. 
 Wangaras (Hausa), the cities of the Hausa merchants 
 
 in the Bariba country. 
 Wangicheng (Ja-Buo, Uganda), east. 
 
416 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Wankonos {Indian, U.S.A.), a wall, e.g. Shawangunk, 
 1 great wall.' See Sha. 
 
 Wano (Kerepunu, New Guinea), earth. 
 
 Wanua (Marovo, Solomon Is.), a house. Cf. Fenua. 
 
 Wapentake (North [Danish] England), a name formerly 
 given, in some of the northern counties of England, 
 to a territorial division of the county, correspond- 
 ing to the Hundred of the southern counties, from 
 A.-S. wsepentac, which is from Norse vapnatak, lit. 
 1 weapon taking ' (in homage of the district chief). 
 
 Wapta (Bochy Mountain region, Canada), the Stony 
 (Assiniboin) word for ' river ' in general. This has 
 lately been introduced for ' Kicking-horse K.' and 
 should not be applied specifically to one of the 
 minor rivers of the region. 
 
 War, El War (Aral., N. Africa), difficult, difficult 
 country. 
 
 War (Bahanwin dialect, South Somaliland). See Uar. 
 
 War (Galloppa, Abyssinia), a hill. 
 
 Wara (Hind.), a quarter of a town where people of the 
 same caste or trade live. 
 
 Wara (Hind.), situated on this side (of a river), near, 
 close by. Cf. Warla. From Scr. awara=near. 
 
 Wara (Arab., Hind.), beyond, on the further side, 
 behind. 
 
 Waraba (Somali), hyaena. See under Shabel. 
 
 Warafiari (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Rafiari. 
 
 Waraya (Singalese), harbour. 
 
 Ward (England), a territorial subdivision of some 
 English counties as Westmoreland, Cumberland, 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMvS 417 
 
 and Durham, equivalent to the Hundred (q.v.) of 
 the midland counties, from A.-S. weard =ward, 
 guard, watchman, &c. ; a division of a forest, e.g. 
 Wardley. See Ley. 
 
 War la (Hind.), on this side (of a river). Cf. Wara. 
 
 Warmbad (Ger.), hot springs, lit. warm bath. See Bad. 
 
 Warshufti (Baluch), alluvial soil deposited by a river 
 when in flood. 
 
 Wartthurm. (Ger.) a watch-tower (Wth.) 
 
 Was (Slavonic), a, village, e.g. Wasowetz. 
 
 Wasa (Brazil). See Oyasa. 
 
 Wash, Wath (England), a piece of ground washed by 
 the action of the sea or a river, or sometimes over- 
 flowed and sometimes left dry ; a shallow part of 
 a river, or of the sea ; a ford ; also marsh, bog ; 
 e.g. The Wash, Washbourne, Washford, Washwood, 
 Wath-by-Ripon. 
 
 Washumba (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), 
 shepherds, e.g. TJshumba, a village with much 
 pasture land in the neighbourhood. 
 eWaso (Bantu). See Ewaso for meaning. 
 
 Wassermiihle (Ger.), a watermill. 
 
 Wasserscheide (Ger.), a water-parting, divide ; from 
 scheiden =to separate, see Watershed. 
 
 Waswanipi (Hudson Bay region), a torch, e.g. the lake 
 and river of that name. 
 
 Wat (Cambodia, Siam), a pagoda, monastery, temple. 
 Cf. Vat. 
 
 Watan (Arab.), a country, region, one's native land. 
 
 Wate (Ubangi B. region), people of the river. Cf. Tu. 
 
 E E 
 
418 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Watermolen (Dch.), a watermill. 
 
 Watershed (English), a water-parting, divide; is a 
 
 popular etymology from Ger. Wasserscheide (q.v.) ; 
 
 shed (A.-S. sceadan) is cognate with scheiden. 
 Wath {England). See Wash. 
 Watlki (Indian, California), town, village. 
 Watth (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a ferry. 
 Watu (dialect of Bantu). See Tu. 
 Watu (Java), a stone or rock. 
 Waturawa (Ceylon), swampy, undrainable ground. 
 Wawalien (Bismarck Archipelago). See Rawalien. 
 Wawarsing (Indian, U.S.A.), holy place, i.e. for feasts 
 
 and dances. 
 Waye (Sara, Chad L.), sand. 
 Wayen (Tibet), a corruption of the Mongol Bayan (q.v.)* 
 
 rich, prosperous, e.g. Wayen Nor. See Nor. 
 We ah (Indian, California), earth, land. 
 Weald (England), woodland, e.g. The Weald of Kent, 
 
 Walden ; from A.-S. weald, wald = a wood, forest, 
 
 cognate with Goth, walthus, and Gr. d\aos, grove. 
 
 Cf. Wold, Wald. 
 Webi, Web, Webbe (Somali), a large running river, as 
 
 distinguished from a Tug (q.v.) ; e.g. Webi Shebeli, 
 
 WebK. 
 Wed (Arab.), the bed of a stream, dry for the greater 
 
 part of the year ; another form of Wad, used in 
 
 Marocco for a perennial stream. 
 Weem (Gaelic uaimh), a cave, e.g. Weem in Perthshire. 
 Weg (Dch.),) route 
 
 Weg (Ger.), \ 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 419 
 
 Weguberfuhrung- (Get'.), a bridge over a railway. 
 Wegwijzer (Dch.), a sign-post, lit. 'way-pointer.' See 
 
 Weg. 
 Wehr (Ger.), tveir, dam. 
 Wei (China), see Wai. 
 
 Wei (China), a military station ; also a district. See So. 
 Weide (Ger., Dch.), pasture land. 
 Weiler (Ger.), an abode, house, village (Wlr.), e.g. Ber- 
 
 weiler. Cf. Will. 
 Weinberg (Ger.), a vineyard. 
 Weine, Wein (Somali), big, e.g. Durie-weine, Gedwein, 
 
 < big-tree.' Cf. Yer. 
 Weiss (Ger.), white, e.g. Weisses Meer, the ' White Sea.' 
 Wei (Dch.), spring, fountain, source, cognate with E?ig. 
 
 well. 
 Weleshi (Congo), grassy marsh, where the Welewele 
 
 grass grows. See Shi, Eshi. 
 Weli (Arab.), Moslem saint (used for a saint's tomb). 
 Well (England) . See Will. 
 Welle (A-Zande), river, stream, e.g. the Welle or Upper 
 
 Ubangi K. 
 Welt (Ger.), world, earth. 
 Wen (Berber). See In. 
 Wendu (W. Sudan), a large sheet of water, frequently 
 
 fringed with trees. 
 Wene kame (Songhai), west. See Jiji, Diaman. 
 Wera (German East Africa). See Vera. 
 Werala (Singalese), sea-shore. 
 Were (Fula), village, place of cultivation. 
 Werft (Ger.), wharf, dock. Cf. Werp. 
 
 E E 2 
 
420 GLOSSABY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Werp (Dch.), a wharf, e.g. Antwerp. Cf. Werft. 
 
 Weru (Giryama). See Era. 
 
 Wesa (Brazil). See Oyasa. 
 
 Wes a na (Indian, California), a valley. 
 
 Wetering {Dch.), outlet, canal, e.g. Overwetering, Oude 
 Wetering. 
 
 Wheal (England), a mine, e.g. Nether Wheal in the 
 Peak district ; the Cornish Huel, with which this 
 may be cognate, has special reference to a tin 
 mine ; cf. Huel-vor, 'great mine.' 
 
 Whim (England), a hoisting device to wind a rope and 
 draw a kibble or bucket from a mine ; used for the 
 mine itself, e.g. Tilly Whim in the Isle of Purbeck 
 = Tilly mine ; The Whim, in the Peak district. 
 luWi (Bua, Bantu), a river. 
 oluWi (Bike, Angola, Bantu), a river, pi. olo Ndwi. 
 
 Wick (Essex), a cheese made from the milk of sheep, 
 the making of which was at one time a recognised 
 Essex industry ; then the shed where the cheese 
 was made, e.g. Lee Wick, Well Wick, Cocket Wick, 
 Wigborough Wick, all in the parish of St. Osyth. 
 
 Wick, Wich, Vic (England), an abode, village ; e.g. Sand- 
 wich, Warwick, from A.-S. wic, a loan word from 
 Lat. vicns, village ; a brine-pit, e.g. Nantwich. 
 
 Wick (from Norse Vik), a bay, e.g. Greenwich, cf. Wyke. 
 In the Shetlands ' a broad open bay,' e.g. Hoswick, 
 see Geo, Vik. 
 
 Wielki (Polish), great. 
 
 Wies (Polish), village, country. 
 
 Wiese (Ger.), meadow, e.g. Wiesenthal. 
 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 421 
 
 Wiki (Slavonic), a market. 
 
 Wilbokbok (Jibu, New Guinea), a forest. 
 
 Wilidi (A-Zande), a stream ; from wili, son, and di, 
 
 water. Cf. Pangwadi. 
 Will, Well (England), an abode, house, .e.g. Chiswill, 
 
 Pegwell. Cf. Ger. Weiler. 
 Willahk (Indian, California), a valley. 
 Wi-mo-ti (China), an isthmus. 
 Win (England), white, e.g. Winchester, white fort. 
 Winde (Fula), a swamp. Cf. Wendu. 
 Windgap (U.S.A.), an elevated gap, not occupied by a 
 
 watercourse. 
 Windi (Songhai), a house. 
 Windmolen (Dch.), a windmill. 
 Windmiihle (Ger.), a windmill. 
 
 Woda, Voda (Slavonic), water, e.g. Oder, Krasnovodsk. 
 Woest (Dch.), a desert, ivaste, e.g. Woestehoeve. Cf. Wiiste. 
 Wold (England), woodland, e.g. Cotswolds. Cf. Weald, 
 
 Wald. 
 Wo les (Indian, California), sea. 
 Worn (Yayo, China), water. 
 hiWongo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a market. 
 Woro (Botel, Tobago Islands, Formosa), a mountain. 
 Worth (Anglo-Saxon ; Ger.), an enclosure, e.g. Tam- 
 
 worth, from A.-S. worth (with variants worthi, 
 
 worthig, weorthig), a field, close, farm. 
 Woshe (Hausa), region, country. 
 Woud (Dch.), forest, wood, e.g. Aartswoud, Hoogwoud. 
 Woude (Dch.), woodland, e.g. Emswoude. 
 Wu (Wakhan, Pamirs), a pass. 
 
422 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Wud {Indian, U.S.A.), a mountain. 
 Wuiri (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), a village, place of cultivation. 
 Wuitka (Indian, U.S.A.), an island. 
 Wuju (Indian, U.S.A.), a mountain. 
 Wula (Giryama). See TJla. 
 
 Wula, Wulo (Bambara, Malinkey, grass, undergrowth. 
 eWumba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), mine, quarry. 
 Wun (Ingalik, Alaska), a lake. 
 Wura (Gold Coast), grass ; bush, forest. 
 Wurau (Jib u, Neiv Guinea), sea. 
 
 Wuru, Wurro (Hausa), place, house of, e.g. Wurro Madi. 
 Wtiste (Ger.), a desert, waste. Cf. Woest. 
 Wy (Cymric), water, e.g. Wye, Wey, Minwy. 
 Wyke (England), a small bay, e.g. Rumboldswyke. Cf. 
 
 Wick (Norse), Wik and Vik. 
 Wynd (Scotland), an alley, lane. 
 Wysg (Celtic), running water, e.g. TJsk, Axe, Exe. Cf. 
 
 Irish uisgebeatha (usquebaugh) = ' water of life.' 
 Wyzszy (Polish), upper, cf. Vyshny. 
 
 isiXa (Zulu, Kafir), a very bushy country. 
 
 Xaimaka (Jamaica). This word, from which ' Jamaica ' 
 
 is derived, signifies ' island of fountains.' 
 Xam (Annam), a village. Another form of Kam. 
 iXandeka (Zulu, Kafir), the slope on either side of a 
 valley ; hillside. 
 isiXeko (Zulu, Kafir), a town or large village. 
 
 Xieng (Si am), town of the second or third order, pro- 
 vincial or district capital =Kieng, Chieng. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 423 
 
 Y (Welsh), the, e.g. Bettws-y-Coed = < Bettws (of) the 
 wood.' The position of the noun Coed after Bettws 
 indicates the genitive case. See Bettws, Coed. 
 
 Ya (China), an official residence. 
 
 Ya (Tndo-China), water. 
 
 Ya (New Guinea), a house. 
 aYa (Fan, French Congo), a dam ; for plural see Aya. 
 
 Yabogot (Nandi, Uganda), an enclosure. 
 
 Yaghach (E. Turk.), tree ; wood, forest. 
 
 Yagach-nishan (Cent. Asia), a sign-post. See Nishan. 
 
 Yagak (Aleut), firewood, driftwood, e.g. Cape Yagak. 
 
 Yai (Siani), large, great, e.g. Koh Yai near Bangkok. 
 
 Yaila (E. Turk.) See Yailak. 
 
 Yai'lak (Turk.), summer pasturage ; E. Turk. Yaila. 
 
 Yak (New Guinea), water. 
 
 Yak (Pers.), ice, e.g. Kuh Yak Ab, ' ice-water mountain.' 
 See Kuh, Ab. 
 
 Yaka (E. Turk.), boundary, extremity. 
 
 Yaka- (Nilotic Kavirondo, Uganda), a prefix signifying 
 clan or tribe, e.g. Yakagemi. Cf. Ja-, Ka-. 
 
 Yakornoe Myesto (Buss.), anchorage. 
 
 Yalud (Pers.), the sea-shore. 
 
 Yama (Japan), mountain, e.g. Fusi Yama, 'great moun- 
 tain.' 
 
 Yam pa (N. Arakan), a river. 
 
 Yang (Miao-tse, Yunnan), a ford. 
 
 Yang (China), blue, e.g. Yangtse Kiang, ' blue river.' 
 See Kiang. 
 
424 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Yanga (Mossi, French Sudan), east. 
 e Yanga {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a lake. 
 Yangayanga {Congo), a small lake, reduplicated form of 
 
 Eyanga. 
 Yangi, Yani (E. Turk.), new, e.g. Yangi Shahr, Shahr 
 
 being another form of Shehr [q.v.) ; Yangi Su. See 
 
 Shahr, Su, Yeni. 
 Yannekat (New Guinea), water. 
 Yao {China), small, e.g. Yao Chau. 
 Yao (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a lake. 
 Yapak (Wakhan, Gilgit), a river. 
 Yar {Turk.), bluff, cliff ; ravine. 
 Yara (Yoruba), a trench behind a fortification. 
 Yard, Gard {England), an enclosed place, e.g. Fishguard, 
 
 from A.-S. geard= enclosure, court; is cognate 
 
 with Eat. hortus = garden. Cf. Garth. 
 Yare. See Garw. 
 Yari (Brazil). See Oyari. 
 Yaru (Tibet), upper, e.g. Yaru Tsang-po, 'the upper 
 
 Tsang-po ' (q.v.) 
 Yasa (Congo), a very rocky torrent bed. 
 Yashiki (Japan), palace of a Daimio. 
 Yashikichi (Japan), building land. 
 Yasi, Kiasi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), grass. See 
 
 Asi. 
 Yaya (Ceylon), a tract of paddy fields. 
 Ydre (Da.), outer. Cf. Indre. 
 
 Ye, pi. Be (Fan, French Congo), a slope or declivity. 
 Yeilau (Ferghana, from Turk. Yai'lak), a summer camp, 
 
 grazing ground ; there is also the form Yeilik. 
 Yellang (Kirghiz), bare (of a mountain). 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 425 
 
 Yen (China), dam, dike; lake, marsh, pond, pool, 
 
 especially one formed by a dam. 
 Yen (China), a cavern. 
 Yen (China), salt. 
 Yen (Hainan), a sub-prefecture. 
 Yena (Eskimo, Smith Sound), a peaked island. 
 eYendelo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), path, course, track, 
 
 way. 
 eYenga (Congo, dialect of Bantu), chasm, gorge, abyss, 
 
 precipice. 
 Yeni (Turk.), new, e.g. Yeni Bazar (in Bulgaria), Yeni 
 
 Zagra or Nova Zagora. Cf. Eski, Yangi. 
 Yen-tun (China), a beacon. 
 Yer (Somali), small, e.g. Ban Yero, 'little plain.' See 
 
 Ban. Cf Wein. 
 Yer (Turk.), land, country ; place, spot. 
 Yerbal (Spanish S. America), wooded lands, where the 
 
 Paraguay tea (mate) plant grows. 
 Yeru, pi. Yellu (Telegu, Deccan), a river. 
 Yeshil (Turk.), green, e.g. Yeshil Kul, ' the green lake.' 
 
 See Kul. 
 Yet (Eng. and Scot.), a gate, passage, e.g. Yetholm, 
 
 ' the hamlet at the gate or passage,' i.e. between 
 
 England and Scotland. 
 Yezero (S. Slav.), a lake. Cf. Ozero. 
 Yi (China), any centre of population ; post-town. 
 Yike (Mongol), large. See Iki. 
 Yilga (Cent. Asia), ravine, valley, e.g. Bos-Yilga, ' grey 
 
 valley.' 
 Yimbu (Hausa), clay. 
 
426 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Yin (China), silver. 
 
 Yin (Mongol), a genitive suffix, e.g. Naichiyin Gol, ' the 
 
 river of Naichi.' See Gol. 
 Ying (China), a fortified military place ; camp. 
 Yite (Soninke), a tree. 
 Ym, Yn (Welsh), in, at, e.g. LJanfihangel yn Nhowyn 
 
 (Howyn). 
 Yo (New Guinea), water. 
 Yobu (Songhai), market. 
 Yog (Tibet), down, below, lower. Cf. Tod. 
 Yokara (Turk.), upper, e.g. Yokari Chauskoi. 
 Yoki (Fin.), a river. 
 Yol (Turk.), channel ; road. 
 Yol (Welaung, Kwenam), small. 
 
 Yo mi (Indian, California), town, village (mi=house). 
 eYondi (Kamerun). See Jondi. 
 Yort (Siam), a peak. 
 You (New Guinea), water. 
 Yowed (Bagirmi), a hamlet. 
 Yowi (W. Australia), water. See Yui. 
 Yr (Welsh), the ; Yr Aran (one of the peaks of Snowdon). 
 Yspytty (Welsh), hospital, e.g. Yspytty Ystwyth, is a 
 
 loan word from Lat. hospitium. 
 Ystrad (Welsh), a paved road, street ; a vale, dale ; a loan 
 
 word from Lat. strata = strewn, i.e. paved (way), e.g. 
 
 Ystradgunlais. Cf. Gaelic Srath, Strath. 
 Yttre (Sw.), outer, e.g. Enhorna Yttre. 
 Yu (China), a lofty bank. 
 Yua (Burma), town of the fourth order, or sub-district 
 
 capital. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 427 
 
 aYua (Fan, French Congo), a lodging-place where one 
 sleeps when on a journey ; for pi. see Ayua. 
 Yuen (China), source ; also garden. 
 Yug (Buss.), south. For other points see Syever. 
 Yui (W. Australia), fresh water. Cf. Yurri, Yowi, other 
 
 forms of the same word. 
 Yuki (Japan), snow. 
 
 Yukon (Indian, Alaska), river, the river, the Yukon. 
 Yumdi (Mossi, French Sudan), rainy season. 
 Yungo (Valovale, Barotseland), a river; sometimes 
 
 misspelled Bungo. 
 Yur-ba (Tibet), a canal. 
 Yurri (W. Australia), water. Cf. Yui, Yowi, other forms 
 
 of the same word. 
 Yurt (Cent. Asia), tent, household, family. See Yurta. 
 „ (Kamchatka), a wooden hut covered over with 
 
 sods and grass. See Yurta. 
 ,, (Mongol.), tent made of felt. See Yurta. 
 „ (Tibet), inhabited country. See Yurta. 
 Yurta (Turk.), encampment ; this and Yurt are variants 
 
 of Urdu (q.v.) 
 Yuyal (Spanish S. America), land covered with Yuyo 
 
 (q.v.) 
 Yuyo (Spanish S. America), a poisonous grass which 
 
 cattle will not touch. 
 
 z 
 
 Za (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a pool left after the fall of 
 a river, a hole in the bed of a river. 
 nZa (Congo, dialect of Ba7itu), the world, earth. 
 
428 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 nZadi (Congo, dialect of Bantu), * the great river,' i.e. 
 
 1 The Congo.' From this by change of d to r 
 
 comes Zaire, the Port, name of the Lower Congo. 
 Zail (India), the jurisdiction of a zaildari, who is the 
 
 representative of the headmen in several villages. 
 Zair (Arab.) See Jezira. 
 Za khon (Laos), a country, region. 
 Zaki (Japan). See Saki. 
 Zakol (Russ.), a weir. 
 
 Zaliv (Buss.), a bay, gulf. Sometimes Zalif. 
 nZam (Fan, French Congo) ; for pi. and meaning see 
 
 Nzam. 
 Zamofka (Khiva), a mud- walled enclosure for storing 
 
 cereals. 
 Zam-pa (Tibet), a bridge. 
 Zan (Japan), a mountain ; a loan word from Chinese 
 
 San, Shan. 
 Zand (Dch.), sand, e.g. Hienenszand, Hoogzand. See next 
 
 entry. 
 Zandstuiving (Dch.), sand drift. See Zand. 
 eZandn (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a market, market- 
 town. 
 Zang (Chad L. region), a halting-place. See Zango. 
 Zang, Zanj (East Africa,), black, e.g. Zangue Bar, Indian- 
 
 ised Zanzibar. See Bar. 
 Zango (Hausa), a camp, a station, e.g. Zango Ladan, 4 the 
 
 station where ladan, tax, is taken.' Cf. Sansanne ; 
 
 for variants see Zongo, Znngo. 
 Zanja (Spanish S. America), a channel formed by the 
 
 rains betwesn two heights or on a plain. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS '429 
 
 Zanjon (Spanish S. America), a short Zanja (q.v.) 
 nZanza (Congo, dialect of Bantu), flat hill-tops, a table- 
 land. 
 Zapad (Buss.), west. See Yug, Vostok, Polden, Syever, 
 
 for other points. 
 -Zar (Bers.), a suffix meaning a place ' abounding in,' 
 
 another form of Sar (q.v.) 
 Zar-ba (Tibet), steep, as of a mountain pass. 
 Zastyenk (Buss.) a farm. 
 Zat (Shahpur, Punjab), a tribe, divided into Muhi, or 
 
 clans. Cf. Kom. 
 Zavel (Bch.), gravel. 
 
 Zavod (Buss.), a bay ; Zavdd, a manufactory. 
 Zawia (Arab., N. Africa), Jit. angle, corner; a retreat, 
 
 monastery, priory. 
 Ze (Burma), a market. 
 nZe (Fan, French Congo) ; for p)l. and meaning see Nze. 
 isiZeba (Kafir), a reach or deep pool in a river. 
 Zebara (Arab., N. Africa,), a sandy knoll. 
 Zee (Bch.), sea, e.g. Zuyder Zee. 
 Zeitun (Arab), olives, e.g. Mersa Zeitun, in Algeria. See 
 
 Mersa. 
 Zemilet (Arab.), the summit of dunes of moderate height. 
 
 Cf. Zemul. 
 Zemla, pi. Zemul (Arab., N. Africa), a long dune. 
 Zemlya (Buss.), the earth, the world ; land, e.g. Novaya 
 
 Zemlya='Newland ' ; cf. Newfoundland. 
 Zemul (Arab.), the lofty summit of a chain of dunes. 
 
 Cf Zemilet. 
 Zemul (Arab., N. Africa). See Smala. 
 
430 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 nZen (Fan, French Congo), road, path ; for pi. see Nzen. 
 Zendeh (Pers.), man, living man, e.g. Kuh-i-Zendeh. See 
 
 Kuh. 
 Zephyros (Greek), west, the west wind =Lat. Favonius. 
 Zerdeb (Arab., N. Africa), a precipice. 
 Zeriba, Zariba (Northern Africa\ lit. a fence, paling ; 
 
 an enclosure ; a fortified village ; corresponds to 
 
 the Boma of the Bantu races, and the Kraal ; from 
 
 Egypt. Zerebak= thorn fence. Cf. Sumba. 
 Zerkhof (Buss.), church, mosque. Properly Tserkov (q.v.) 
 Zeughaus (Ger.), an arsenal. 
 Zhang-sung (Korea), grotesque sign-posts. 
 Zhelobina (Buss.), the deepest part of a channel. 
 Zhelyezo (Buss.), iron. See Jelyezo, the difference lying 
 
 simply in the representation of the Russian letter 
 
 by zh or j. See next entry. 
 Zhelyeznaya Doroga (Buss.), a railway. See Doroga. 
 Zheng (Tibet), a plain. 
 Zhi (Nnpe, Nigeria). See Ji. 
 Zhing (Tibet), cultivated ground. 
 luZi} (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a river; other 
 uluZij forms are nguZi, maZi, amaZi. 
 
 ' muZi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a town. See Musi. 
 umZi (Zulu, Kafir), a place of residence, a village. See 
 
 Musi. 
 Zia, Sia (Nika), a reservoir, lake; the forms kiZia, kiSia 
 
 also occur. 
 Ziarat (Pers.), sacrifice, e.g. Kuh-i-Ziarat, ' Sacrifice hill.' 
 
 See Kuh. 
 iZibuko (Kafir), a ford. 
 
AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TERMS 431 
 
 Ziegelei (Ger.), a brick kiln (Zgl.) ; from Ziegel== brick, 
 tile, from Lat. tegula=tile ; whence also A.-S. 
 tigel, Fr. tuile as in Tuilerie (q.v.) 
 Ziehbrunnen (Ger,), a draw-well. 
 Ziga (Mossi, French Sudan), a place. 
 Ziko) {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), country; for 
 maZikoi other dialects see Dziko. 
 
 inZila) (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a road, path. 
 nZilaj Cf. Zira, Sila, Jia, Jira. 
 
 umZila (Kafir), a cattle-track. Cf. inZila. 
 
 Zima (Buss.), winter, 
 um Zimandlela (Zulu, Kafir), the boundary of cultivated 
 land. 
 mZinda (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a town. 
 Zippele (Mossi, French Sudan), a plain. 
 Zira (Hassania), a hill. 
 
 iZira] (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a road, path. 
 inZiraj Cf. Zila. 
 
 Ziro (Japan), palace, castle ; white. 
 Ziwa, Chisiwa (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), island. 
 
 Cf. Kilela. 
 iZiwa (Lusinga and Chula, Uganda), a water-hole, a 
 
 well. 
 Ziya (Giryama), pool, pond, lake. 
 Zmala, pi. Zmul (Arab.), a chief's camp ; a spahi's farm. 
 
 See Smala, really the same word. 
 Znak (Buss.), a beacon, a mark. 
 Zollhaus (Ger.), a custom-house, from zoll= toll ; cf. to 
 
 take toll. 
 Zoma (Nestor ian Christian), summer pasture grounds. 
 
482 GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 
 
 Zongo {Hausa), a camping-place. Cf. Sansanne; sec 
 Zango, Zungo for variants. 
 nZonsa {Congo), a rough bridge. 
 Zozan {Kurdish), summer pasturage. 
 Zufluss {Ger.), a tributary stream. 
 Zuid {Dch.), south. 
 
 Zulumba (Mossi, French Sudan), a ravine. 
 Zumbu {Songhai), a camp. 
 Zungo {Hausa), a halting-place for the night ; another 
 
 form of Zongo (q.v.) 
 iZwa {Kafir), a nation or people. See Zwe. 
 iliZwa {Zulu, Kafir), a country. 
 
 Zwart {Dch.}, black, e.g. Zwartkops E. Sec Kop. Cognate 
 with A.-S. sweart = swart, swarthy, black, 
 i si Zwe {Kafir), a nation or people. Sec Zwa. 
 
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