Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/elementarylatinwOOjordrich CICERO "Great natural rhetorical gifts, conscientiously and devotedly cultivated, com- manded for him a success in style which has left permanent traces of its supremacy not only in all future writings in Latin, but even in those of our own language and country. " Nor is Cicero unworthy of consideration as a man. You feel the force of the soul through the beauty of the style. You see the man in the writer, the nation in the man, and the universe at the feet of the nation." , ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING BY CLARA B. JORDAN HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LATIN HUGHES HIGH SCHOOL, CINCINNATI AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK .:• CINCINNATI •;• CHICAGO Copyright, 1905, by CLARA B. JORDAN. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING. PREFACE Elementary Latin Writing assumes that the pupil has studied Latin one year, and is ready to make use of the regular forms of the Latin language. The book is planned for the second, third, and fourth years' work in secondary schools. In the arrangement of topics the aim has been to follow in some degree the order in which these are presented in Latin grammars. Rules of syntax from recent grammars precede the different exercises. The references to tne arti- cles on syntax and the suggestions following the Exercises are intended to aid the pupil in expressing thoughts, not words, and to guide him to correct sentence construction. The Enghsh sentences have been collected from so many different sources that it is impossible to give indi- vidual acknowledgment. These have in many cases been selected not only to illustrate a Latin principle, but also to make more inteUigible a fact or a reference frequently met by the pupil in his reading. Personal experience has shown that in the translating of sentences of this kind, rather than of those taken directly from the authors read it is possible for the stu- dent to learn to imitate the style of Caesar or Cicero with- out copying the exact words of either of these authors. The selection of simple sentences for the work of the second year and a part of the third year has been inten- tional. These sentences may, however, at the pleasure of 5 • 2t)j.045 6 ..,..,.,.,.... . pr&e;ace the teacher, be combined into periodic sentences. During the third year the separate sentences are dropped and the pupil begins connected Latin writing. Special study of conditional sentences and of indirect discourse is intentionally omitted from the second year's work and reserved for the third year, when, after a year's study of Caesar, the pupil is better prepared for these subjects, which he always seems to dread. In the selection of quotations, pages 212-231, the aim has been to bring together in logical order the different declensions, classes of pronouns, verbs, etc., so that these may be used for a constant review of forms. A vocabulary has been added at the suggestion of many teachers of Latin, to save time for the beginner in his search for a word. Words and forms, however, are not the only essentials of Latin writing. The pupil should remember that two peoples seldom express the same thought in the same way. Therefore, to write in Latin, he must observe both how the Romans expressed their own thoughts and how they would probably have ex- pressed our thoughts. I regret that I cannot thank personally the many whose works I have used very freely, and to whom I am, there- fore, under many obligations. My thanks are due to Dr. E. W. Coy, Principal of Hughes High School, for advice and suggestions. CLARA B. JORDAN. CONTENTS [The references in the exercises and in the vocabulary are to the articles on syntax.] PAGK General Statements n Uses of Nouns ' . . . .14 The Nominative .16 The Genitive 17 Exercises /-j. The Dative 24 Exercises 4-6. The Accusative 30 Exercises y,8. Uses of the Word as 35 The Ablative 38 Exercises g-14. Uses of Adjectives 49 Exercises 1^-21. Uses of Pronouns 63 Exercises 22-26, Questions '...... 80 Indirect Questions . * 83 Exercises 2'^-jo. Imperative Mode 89 Negative Commands 91 Exercise j/. Infinitive Mode 93 Exercise 32, Gerunds and Gerundives 97 Supines 100 Exercises jj>, j^. Final Sentences 103 Exercises 3^-37- Consecutive Clauses 107 Exercise 38. 7 8 CONTENTS PAGE Conditional Sentences no Exercises 3(^43 » Optative Subjunctive 120 Temporal Clauses 121 Causal Clauses 124 Concessive Clauses 125 Proviso Clauses 127 Negative Final and Consecutive Clauses 127 Tense 127 Rendering of may^ can, must, oughf, might, would, let, etc. . .128 Construction with Verbs of Fearing 130 Construction with Verbs of Preventing, Hindering, Refus- ing, ETC. 131 Construction with Expressions of Doubt 131 Word Lists 132 Participles 135 Exercises 44-46. Adverbs 144 Prepositions 148 Conjunctions 157 Roman Dates 163 Exercises ^7, 48. Indirect Discourse 166 Exercises 4g-^i. Roman Names 174 Letters 175 General Exercises. 52. Marathon . . . . . . . . . '177 53. Philip of Macedon 177 54. Alexander the Great 178 55. Alexander the Great . . . . . . . -179 56. Hannibal 179 57. Hannibal 180 58. Hannibal 180 59. Hannibal 181 60. Hannibal 182 CONTENTS 9 PAGE 6i. Caius Julius Caesar 182 62. Caius Julius Caesar . . . . . . . . .183 63. Caius Julius Caesar . . . . . . . . ,184 64. Caius Julius Caesar 184 65. Caius Julius Caesar 185 66. Marcus Tullius Cicero (against Catiline) 186 67. Marcus Tullius Cicero 187 68. Marcus Tullius Cicero . . . . . . . .187 69. Marcus Tullius Cicero 188 70. Marcus Tullius Cicero 189 71. Cornelius Sulla . . o 190 72. Murena 190 73. Mithridatic War 191 74. Mithridatic War . . . . » . . . . 192 75. Mithridatic War 192 76. Mithridatic War 193 77. Mithridatic War 194 78. Lucullus and Pompey 194 79. Lucullus 195 80. Pompey 196 81. Aulus Gabinius Archias ........ 197 82. Aulus Gabinius Archias ........ 197 83. Aulus Gabinius Archias . . . . . . . .198 84. Marcus Antonius and Cicero 199 85. Publius Virgilius Maro 200 86. Publius Virgilius Maro 200 87. Paris, Son of Priam 201 88. Greek Leaders in the Trojan War ...... 202 89. The Capture of Troy ........ 202 90. The Country of the Aeneid 203 91. Mt. Olympus 204 92. Tartarus ........... 204 93. Charon 205 94. Cerberus ........... 206 95. Laocoon ........... 206 96. Letter from Cicero to Atticus ...... 207 97. Letter from Cicero to Terentia ...... 208 98. Letter from Cicero to Atticus ....... 209 99. Letter from Cicero to Atticus . . . . . . . 210 100. Letter from Cicero to Terentia . . . . . . .211 Quotations 212 Vocabulary . , 232 H = Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar, references to Harkness* Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses. LM = Lane-Morgan. A = Allen and Greenough. G = Gildersleeve. B = Bennett. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING o>Ko 1. **True ease in writing comes from art, not chance." We are apt to think that the many happy expressions found in the writings of the great masters are the result of genius alone. Not so, however, for much labor is required in the selecting of words and expressions, and in the com- bining, of them in such a way as to produce the most artistic and forcible effect. 2. In English, since it is not an inflected language, the arrangement of words is somewhat definitely fixed accord- ing to rules of syntax. In Latin, however, because of its inflected forms, a word, with the exception of a few par- ticles, may take almost any position in a sentence. 3. The natural order of a Latin sentence in which no special emphasis is to be expressed is — Subject, Object, Verb, each with its modifiers. 4. In a sentence of the following type, the emphasis may be produced in Latin by the order of the words ; in Eng- lish, by italicizing them : Puer sororem vocat, the boy is calling his sister. Sororem puer vocat, the boy is caUing his sister. Vocat puer sororem, the boy is calling his sister. Sororem vocat puer, the boy is calling his sister. 12 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 5. The Romans considered the beginning and the end the important positions in a sentence. 6. Interrogatives naturally occupy the first place in a sentence, but they are sometimes placed after one or more emphatic words. 7. Among the words which do not stand first in a sen- tence are autem, enim, quidem, quoque, tamen, veto, quis the Indefinite Pronoun after si, nisi, ne, num. 8. Precision requires that a sentence should begin with the word most intimately connected with the thought of the preceding sentence. 9. Let your sentence end with a word that is essential both to the construction and the thought to be expressed. . By changing the place of ad eum mittere, and arranging Caesar's sentence (Bk. i, 47) as follows: Commodi^imum visum est ad eum mittere Gaium Valerium Procillum, C. Valeri Caburi filium, summa virtute et humanitate adule- scentem, — cuius pater a Gaio Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat, — et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qua multa iam Ariovistus longinqua consuetiidine litebatur, et quod in eo peccandi Germanis causa non esset, we find that, without violating the construction, we may stop with Procillum, or filium, or adulescentem, or erat, or scientiam, or utebatur, or esset. With Caesar's arrangement one is obliged to go to the word mittere, which with ad eum follows non esset, before he can get the thought. ID. Bring together words that are logically connected : Niintiatum est ei Ariovisium cum su/s omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem contendere. Is, se praesente, de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat. Deorum immortalium summo erga vos amore. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 3 In hac insolita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendi. Change the order of these words of Cicero, and we lose the thought, that Cicero is appearing before the people for the first time as praetor. 11. When several pronouns are used in the same sen- tence, they should* be brought near to one another, as should words of Uke derivation. This the Romans did to show contrast. Video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam qui tecum una fuerunt. Alius alia causa inlata. Sed ut turn ad senem senex de senectute, sic hoc libro ad am/cum am/cissimus scrips! de am/citia, Huic ego me bello ducem profiteer. 12. Give a prominent person or thing a prominent posi- tion in a Latin sentence : Is, M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus, coniurationem fecit, it was he who formed a conspiracy during the consulship of Messala and Piso. Cum luxuria nobis certandum est, it is with high-living (high livers) that we have to fight. 13. Remember that translation of Latin words into Eng- lish words, or English words into Latin words, rarely pro- duces correct sentence constructions. In transferring a sentence from one language to the other, the thought must be reproduced. Return gestarum scriptor erat, sed autem in re publica dirigenda non versabatur, he was a historian, not a states- man. Pauca locutus discessit, after a few remarks, he left. 14 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Cum periculo legatum miserunt, the sending of an ambassador was attended with much danger. Sero te facti paenitet, you feel sorry for what you have done, but it is too late. 14. A cause, an inference, etc., often implied in English is to be expressed in Latin : Vos tunc paruistis, cum paruit nemo qui noluit. Repre- hendo igitur ? Minime veto. You obeyed orders at a time at which no one obeyed unless he wished to do so. Do I blame you } No, indeed. 15. Rhythm, quantity, and rhetorical figures are all to be considered in writing Latin. USES OF NOUNS 16. We use nouns much more freely than the Romans did, and these are to be variously rendered in Latin. When it is necessary to express an English noun by a Latin verb form, be careful to show the time of the noun by the tense of the verb : 1. The news came yesterday (it was announced yester- day), heri nuntiatum est. 2. No provision will be made (it will not have been pro- vided), non provisum erit. 3. They used to have confidence in us (they trusted us), confidebant nobis. 4. Environment has a great deal to do with character (it is of great importance with whom you have lived), magni refert quibuscum vixeris, ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 5 5. On his return, the general will raise more troops (the general, when he will have returned, will raise more troops), imperator, cum reversus erit, plures copias coget. 6. On his return the general raised more troops (the general, when he had returned, raised more troops), impe- rator, cum reversus 6sset, plures copias coegit. 17. One Latin noun may express an idea which in Eng- Hsh would require two nouns with a preposition : They have lost all sense of honor, pudor eos deseruit. Again, we often find two Latin nouns with a conjunc- tion, where in English there would be but one : They formed an alliance, societatem et foedus fecerunt. 18. Two Latin nouns connected by a copulative con- junction are used where we should expect one noun with an adjective or genitive : Spectator et testis, eye witness. Vis ac dolor, violent grief. Ratio et doctrina, theoretical knowledge. Oratio et facultas, oratorical ability. Omnia exempla cruciatusque, all kinds of torture. Summum periculum et discrimen, a very dangerous crisis. Uno nuntio atque una significatione litterarum, by one stroke of the pen. 19. Names of persons may be used in the plural, fre- quently in a complimentary sense, to express character : Non multi Cicerones fuerunt, there have been few orators to be compared with Cicero. Names of countries are used in the plural, as we use *the Carolinas,' *the Virginias': Duas Hispanias munivit, he fortified the two Spains. l6 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 20. Abstract nouns are used in the plural to show dif- ferent kinds or instances of abstract ideas, or to show one idea pertaining to several persons or things : Caesarem militis fortitudines non fugerunt, heroic acts on the part of a soldier did not escape Caesar's notice. THE NOMINATIVE 21. The nominative is principally used: 1. As the subject of a finite verb : Tempus fugit, time flies. 2. As a predicate noun. Ariovistus rex et amicus a senatu appellatus erat, Ario- vistus had been called king and friend by the Senate. 3. As an appositive : Flumen Rhenus Helvetios a Germanis dividit, the river x Rhine separates the Helvetians from the Germans. 22. The nominative is used in titles, notices, and in- scriptions : Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Carthaginiensis, Hannibal, son of Hamilcar, the Carthaginian. 23. The nominative, either with or without an interjec- tion, is sometimes used in exclamations : festus dies, O happy day ! En Priamus, behold Priam ! 24. A nominative is used with an infinitive when the writer, " under influence of vivid description, ignores tense and person, and uses the so-called historical infinitive " : * ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 7 Interim cotidie Caesar Haeduos f rumentum flagitare. . . . Diem ex die ducere Haedui, Caesar meanwhile dunning the Haedui for grain. . . . The Haedui putting him off from day to day. THE GENITIVE 25. The genitive, the adjective case, is used chiefly with nouns, but it may be used with adjectives and verbs also : Magister equitum, master of horse. Avidi laudis, desirous of praise. Sapientiae est id facere, doing that shows wisdom. 26. The genitive may be used with a noun to show the subject of the action implied in the limited noun : Ciceronis amor Tulliae filiae, the love that Cicero feels for Tullia, his daughter. In this sentence, Ciceronis is a subjective genitive. 27. The genitive may be used with a noun to show the object of the action implied in the limited noun : Ciceronis amor Tulliae filiae, the love that Tullia feels for Cicero. Here, Ciceronis is an objective, Tulliae, a subjective genitive. 28. The possessive pronouns meus, tuus, suus, noster, and vester are, as a rule, used where we should expect a subjective genitive of the corresponding personal pronoun : Meus amicus venit, I feel friendly to him who has come. Numquam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum iudicio revincetur, never will he be convicted either by his own evidence or that of his friends. 29. A genitive is used before causa, on account of, and gratia, /^\ whom (dative) he succeeded. Exercise ii 1. For four days after Leonidas reached the pass of Thermopylae the Persians remained in camp. (52.) 2. On the fifth day Xerxes ordered an assault, (j^^ 3. During the whole of that day and also the next day the battle raged fiercely. (52.) 4. The Persians were unable to drive the Greeks back. 5. Great was the slaughter of the Persians. 6. A few of the Spartans were lost, it is true, but about the rest, nothing is said. 7. After the fighting began, a treacherous Greek, Ephi- altes by name, told Xerxes of the path over the mountain. (60; 72.) 8. On this account, the Persians were enabled to make an attack upon the Greeks from the rear, and they there- fore won the victory. (69; 54.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 45 SUGGESTIONS 1. For the declension of Leonidas, see H. 81 (50); LM 445 ; A 37 ; G 65 ; B 22. To reach the pass is to come through to (ad) the pass. 2. Xerxes (H 1 10 {6%) ; LM 511; A 63 ; G 65 ; B 47) commanded that an attack should be made on the Greeks (in Graecos). 3. Express the battle raged by the passive voice of pug- nare, using the impersonal form, that is, the third person singular number. 5. If the slaughter of the Persians was great, the Greeks killed a great multitude of Persians. 6. Nothing is said = nothing has been said or written. 7. In this sentence we find the English noun in -ing used as a subject. This is not to be so rendered in Latin. The thought may be expressed by using the verb coepi in the passive and as an impersonal verb, with the present infinite passive of pugnare : postquam pugnari coeptum est. (See Grammar for coepi, a defective verb.) — Ephidltes (ae)\ H 81 (50); LM 444; A 37; G 65 ; B 22. — Told Xerxes — informed Xerxes (Xerxen certiorem fecit) of (&€) the path over (per) the mountain, 8. The Persians were enabled to make an attack = the result of this was that the Persians were able (imperfect subjunctive) to make an attack. Exercise 12 1. At this time there was no one from whom the Greeks could get assistance. (32 ; "j^.^ 2. The laws of Sparta forbade a soldier to leave his post of duty. 3. Leonidas did not fear death. 46 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 4. A Spartan could stand all sorts of torture. (18.) 5. When hope seemed out of the question, Leonidas ordered the rest of the troops to withdraw. 6. He himself with three hundred Spartans and seven hundred Thespians remained. 7. These all took an oath to be faithful unto death. (54.) 8. Their heroic acts were not in vain. 9. At that time men were not unwilling to forsake the common cause for the sake of self-preservation. (40.) 10. Leonidas, king of Sparta, fell in the heroic defense of Thermopylae. (40.) 11. People would travel miles to get to Sparta, so that they might read for themselves, on the column erected in honor of the brave Spartans, the names of the famous three hundred. (53.) SUGGESTIONS 1. No one sent troops to aid the Greeks. (49.) 2. To leave the post of duty = to withdrazv from battle, 5. When hope seemed out of the question = hope having been taken away, (74.) 6. Express the preposition cum with definite numbers. 8. Not in vain did they fight very bravely. 10. Leonidas fighting very bravely for the purpose of defending Thermopylae fell. 11. They were accustomed to go many miles in order that they might reach Sparta. (58.) Exercise 13 I. Bias, Chilo, Cleobulus, Periander, Pittacus, Solon, and Thales were the seven men whom the ancient writers usually reckoned as the Seven Wise Men. (62.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 47 2. Periander was of noble birth, and he made up his mind to be king of Corinth, not only in name, but also in reality. (72.) 3. He built a palace on the top of the citadel of Corinth and surrounded himself with soldiers. {7^-) 4. No one in the whole of Greece was more influential than Periander. (75; 6y.) 5. Fearing that men might talk about liberty, he issued an order prohibiting public meetings. 6. In a fit of anger he killed his wife, although he was very fond of her. 7. Then, because his conscience troubled him, he ordered all of the women of Corinth to burn their hand- some robes at her tomb, to show respect, as he said, to her memory. (29.) 8. At this time, his two sons were in the country with their grandfather. {76.^ 9. The younger immediately suspected his father of his mother's murder. 10. On his return from the country, he would not salute the king, his father. (16 ; 76.) 11. For this reason, he was obliged to leave home. (69; 76-) SUGGESTIONS 1. Bias, Biantis; Chilo, Chilonis; Cleobulus, Cleobuli; Periander, Periandri; Pittacus or Pittacos, Pittaci; Solon or Solo, Solonis. 2. Made up his mind to be king — decided to make himself king. 3. Surrounded himself with soldiers = had soldiers around him (circum se). 4. To be more influential: plus posse or plus valere. (55.) 48 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 5 . That : ne. — Issued an order proh ibiting = proh ibited public meetings, ab hominibus conveniri prohibuit. 6. Angry y he killed his wife, 7. On account of conscience : abiectus conscientia. 9. The younger (minor natu) thought that his mother had been killed by his father, or, to the younger, suspicion was not zvanting that (quin) his father had killed his mother, I o. He refused to salute. 1 1 . He was driven from home. Exercise 14 1. The two sons had always differed from each other in looks, disposition, and ability. (72.) 2. In his old age, Periander began to realize that his elder son would not be a suitable successor. 3. He sent his daughter to try to persuade the younger one to return home. (42 ; 58.) 4. He refused to leave Corcyra to return to Corinth while his father was king. (58.) 5. A few years later, Periander was willing to abdicate the throne. 6. Eagerly did he wait for the coming of the son with whom he had not been happy, and without whom he was not contented. 7. The father had always had confidence in this son. (16.) 8. But when the people learned what had been done, there was a feeling of fear throughout the whole city. (17.) 9. Everybody felt that this was a dangerous crisis. (18.) 10. When the son had decided to return home, he was captured and afterwards killed. (58.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 49 11. Periander took vengeance upon his captors. 12. A few years later he died, after a reign of forty years. (60; 52.) SUGGESTIONS 1. From each other ^ inter se. 2. Periander, old, felt that his elder (maiorem natu) son would not be (infinitive) a suitable (person) to succeed him. See H 591, 7 (503, II, 2); LM1819; A 320,/; 0631,1; B 282, 3. 3. Express both the purpose for which Periander sent his daughter, and her purpose in persuading her brother. H 568(497); LM 1947; A 317; G 545; B282. 4. He refused to leave: H 568, 8; (p. 279, footnote 2;) LM i960, 1977; A 319, ^; G 423, 2, N. 2, 548, N. I, 549, N. I ; B 295, 3. Remember that Corcyra is the name of a large island ; hence, use a preposition with it. — While his father was king, (74.) 8. What had been done: H 649, II (529); LM 1774, 1773; A 210, 2, 334; G467; B 300. II. This is not unUke the English expression Periander made his captors pay for this = Periander from (de) those who had captured his son took (sumo, ere) the pay (supplicium). THE USES OF ADJECTIVES 80. The English adjectives a, an, the, when definite rather than indefinite are to be expressed in Latin, and usually by pronouns: The Iliad, Ilias ilia. After a fashion, in a way, quodam modo. ELEM. LAT. WRITING — 4 50 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 8i. The Latin word unus translates the English a, onCy single y etc., when these words express the numeral one : No one ought to be punished twice for one offense, nemo debet bis puniri pro uno delicto. 82. If the English word one is used in an indefinite sense, show this by the use of quidam, qui, etc. : It was stated in one of your letters, in tua quadam epi- stola scriptum est. One who gives quickly gives twice, bis dat qui cito dat 83. The EngUsh word one is used with so many mean- ings that these require many and varied forms of Latin expression. These may be best understood from examples : 1. One says one thing; another, another, alius aliud dicit. (The double English statement is shown in Latin by two cases of alius.) 2. One is in Athens, another in Antioch, alius Athenis, alius est Antiochiae. (One . . . another, alius . . . alius.) 3. One is in Corinth, the other in Carthage, alter Corinthi, alter est Carthagine. {One and the other suggest two. Use alter . . . alter if the reference is to the individual.) 4. One party withdrew, the other made an attack on the enemy, alteri se receperunt, alteri impetum fecerunt in hostes. 84. In a series, as a rule, use unus to xix^d^n first ; alter, second: j]^^ f^j-g^ class, unum genus. The second class, alterum genus. The third class, tertium genus. 85. Remember that numerals include cardinals, ordinals, distributives, and numeral adverbs. H 161-172 (171-182); LM 2404 ; A 94-98 ; G 94-99 ; B 78-82. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 5 1 86. Distributive adjectives are used to mean so many apiece ; these, except singuli and terni, may be used with nouns plural in form, but singular in meaning : Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legates praefecit, Caesar appointed a lieutenant for each legion. Una castra munita si^nt, one camp is fortified. Trina castra munita sunt, three camps are fortified. 87. Mille, thousand, is used both as an adjective and as a noun. As an adjective it is indeclinable; as a noun it is declined : singular plural Nom. and Ace. mille milia Gen. (wanting) milium Abl. mille (i) Dat. and Abl. milibus Mille passus, one mile (one thousand paces). Mille passuum, one mile (one thousand of paces). Duo milia passuum, two miles (two thousands of paces). 88. Latin comparatives may be variously rendered in English : Longius iter, a longer march. Plures, too many. Loquacior, rather talkative. Prior loquitur, he is Xh^ first to speak. Sapientior quam melior, wiser than good Caelum pice nigrius, black as pitch. 89. A Latin comparative may be strengthened by etiam, even, multo, much, paulo, a little, and similar words : Multo maior alacritas, a much greater eagerness. 90. Comparison may be shown by the use of correlative adjectives ; also by such prepositions as ante, prae, praeter : Tantum hoc illud quantum est, this is as large as that. 52 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Ante alios pulcherrimus erat, he was more handsome than any of the others. Fortis prae ceteris erat, he was the bravest of all. (Prae with the ablative shows that he was the bravest when con- trasted with the rest, who may not have been brave.) Fortis prae ceteros erat, he was the bravest of all ; he was the bravest when compared with others who were brave. Praeter ceteras gentes avidi laudis fuistis, you have been more eager for glory than the rest of nations have been. 91. Magis, more, occurs commonly with adjectives or adverbs ; plus, more, with verbs ; pluris (the genitive of plus) is seldom used except to express indefinite value : Est magis idoneum, it is more suitable. Magis audacter quam parate pugnant, they show more boldness than preparation in their fighting. Pluris domus quam solum est, the house is worth more than the ground. 92. Remember that plus and amplius, more, and minus, less, may be used with numerals without having any effect on the construction : Minus milia passuum tria ab eis ponit, he pitches his camp less than three miles from them. 93. Per prefixed to a positive gives it the force of a superlative : Hoc est perfacile factu, this is very easy to do. Perpauci se eripuerunt, very few escaped. 94. Quam, longe, or vel may be used to emphasize a superlative : Quam maximum numerum coegit, he raised the largest possible number. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 53 Apud Helvetios longe ditissimus fuit, among the Helve- tians he was by far the richest. Vel minimum fecerunt, they did the very least. 95. When a superlative is used partitively it usually pre- cedes its noun ; so also do the adjectives medius, reliquus, and ceterus : Summus mons, the top of the mountain. Extrema hieme, late in the winter. Media aestate, in midsummer. Reliqui Galli, the rest of the Gauls. Cetera Graecia, the rest of Greece. 96. English offers adjectives in exchange for Latin relative clauses, prepositional phrases, and adverbs ; also a noun with an adjective modifier in exchange for a single noun : Eae res quae remorari solent, the usual delays. Sine nomine scriptae sunt, an anonymous letter. Est contra exempla, it is unprecedented. Acriter pugnatum est, there was sharp fighting. IJsus eis auxilio erat, practical experience was a great help to them. 97. One EngHsh noun with an adjective modifier may sometimes translate two Latin nouns joined by a con- junction : Vis et sententia, real meaning. Religio et metus, superstitious fear. Ratio et doctrina, theoretical knowledge. Aestus febrisque, a high fever. Cura et metus, fearful anxiety. 54 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 98. As a rule, an adjective in prose is not used in Latin with the name of a person unless such adjective has become a part of the name : Alexander, vir fortissimus, the brave Alexander. Alexander Magnus, Alexander the Great. 99. In English, there may be several disconnected ad- jective modifiers with one noun, but these, in Latin, must be connected : In tot et tantis malis, in so many serious disasters. Exercise 15 1. Greece consisted at first, not of a single state, but of many states. (33.) 2. In Greece, a king was the chief of a small number of inhabitants. (75.) 3. Attica seemed to be a large state, and it was a very easy thing to stir up the inhabitants of the different parts against one another. (93.) 4. The inhabitants of the plain were more influential than those of the mountain. 5. Those of the coast were the bravest of all. (90.) 6. There seemed to be one leader for each district. {S6.) 7. Of the nobles, Pisistratus was the most shrewd and most daring; he was always on the alert for his own interests. (44.) 8. The cleverest of the nobles, Pisistratus, for three years tried to become their leader. (52.) 9. One market day, when there were many poor people in town, he smeared himself with blood and rode into their midst. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 55 10. In a loud tone he exclaimed that bitter enemies had attacked him on account of his great loyalty toward his fellow-citizens. (70.) 11. He said also that these enemies were now less than two miles from the city. (92 ; 64 ; Sy.) * SUGGESTIONS I. At firsts of Greece y there was not one state, but many states. 4. To be more influential: plus posse or plus valere. 7. He was on the alert for his own interests = he con- sulted his own interests (44) or he was watchful (vigilans) ifi his own affairs (rebus). 8. Tried to make himself leader, 9. One market day (82 ; y%\ Show in this sentence the time of the act by the tense of the verb : He, on a market day, on which day the toivn was filled y etc., when he had smeared (subjunctive) himself with blood, rode into their midst (in medios). 10. In a loud tone or zvith a great voice. Show, by placing the prepositional phrase toward his fellow-citizens between the adjective and the noun, that his loyalty was great toward his fellow-citizens, not toward others : sum- mum in Gives suos studium. (10.) Exercise 16 1. One to whom the crafty Pisistratus had told the whole plan asked the people for a guard of seventy-five men for him. (82; 56; 31.) 2. In a few words the wise Solon advised the people against this, but in vain did he do so. (98.) 56 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 3. Solon knew that Pisistratus was naturally cruel, and he saw that the unsuspicious were greatly influenced by what he said. (96.) 4. All these, schemes seemed to him plainer than day. (88; 67:) 5. He knew that Pisistratus wished to make himself tyrant. 6. This name the Greeks at first gave to one who became king in a city where the law did not authorize it. (82; 80.) 7. Pisistratus was much more bold than brave. (89 ; 88.) 8. Twice in one year was he driven out of the city. 9. One party drove him to the plain ; the other to the coast. (83.) 10. For the third time he made himself tyrant. 11. After this he seemed not only less cruel to his ene- mies, but even more faithful to his friends. (47 ; 48.) SUGGESTIONS 2. Against this : ne hoc f aceret. 3. He knew that Pisistratus was (present infinitive) cruel by nature, and he saw that those who suspected noth- ing zvere greatly influenced (present infinitive) by those thi^tgs which he had said. 5. // did not escape (fugit) him that Pisistratus wished (present infinitive) to make himself tyi^ant. 6. hi a city in zvhich by law it was not allowed (licehat) to be done. Exercise 17 1. Pisistratus in the latter part of his life became a much milder tyrant than he had been. (95 ; 89.) 2. As his advisers he chose members of his own family and others of high rank. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 57 3. His own practical experience in many things proved a great advantage to him. (96; 49.) 4. He improved Athens with many lofty temples and magnificent buildings. 5. He had as many poets as could be found in the whole of Greece brought to Athens. (62, 12; 75; 58.) 6. He employed learned men to make necessary changes in the works of the old poets. 7. After this, these works were, therefore, considered much more valuable. (89.) 8. The two sons of Pisistratus succeeded him. 9. At first Athens flourished under their rule. 10. At length Hipparchus was assassinated for having spoken to a nobleman in a rather haughty tone; but Hip- pias, his brother, was not harmed at all. (88 ; 43 ; 55.) SUGGESTIONS 2. He chose his own {friends^ and othe}^ nobles who might advise him in respect to all tilings. (55.) 5. He caiised {zViXdiVit) as many poets, etc., to be broitght to Athens. H 622 (544, 2, n. 2); LM 2250; A 294, d\ G430; B337, 7, 2. 6. The statement He employed learned m.en tells us at once that he gave business or employment to learned men. These men were, of course, employed for a purpose, and this the Latin must show. Again, the necessary changes must have depended upon the judgment of these learned men. This also must appear in the Latin sentence. The real meaning (vis et sententia) of this sentence is as follows : 58 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING He gave employment to learned m^en who might change as many of the poems of the old writers as they thought should be changed by them. Now that we have the thought ready for the Latin, let us consider the order of the words to express this thought. The fact tjiat learned men were employed is important. We have a choice of two words, docti and eruditi, for the Latin word with which to begin, as both of these mean learned men. A Roman would select the one which in his opinion would produce the better effect. (15.) Express the relative clause next, then the quot clause, and end with the verb with which we begin in EngHsh. We have not yet expressed the thought in the expres- sion necessary changes. This must appear in the quot or quam multa clause, and necessity may be shown by the passive periphrastic conjugation. It remains now to decide upon the mode. An infini- tive will express the idea, since it is used with a verb of thinking. 9. The tzvo sons reigning (74), things in Athens {yy) zvere most flourish ijtg. 10. Hipparchus, becaiise he had addressed {^^'^t\\,diSi\^st\^ a noble rather haughtily {%^\ was killed. Hippids (Exercise 11, Suggestion i). Exercise 18 1. After the death of Hipparchus, his elder brother became cruel and suspicious. (74.) 2. Certain Athenians had been expelled from Athens by Pisistratus. (65 ; 68.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 59 3. The temple of Delphi, which had been destroyed by fire, the enemies of Pisistratus had contracted to rebuild. 4. Dodona, it is true, was more ancient than Delphi, but there is no doubt that the fame of Delphi was estab- lished in very early tifnes. {^^7 \ 7^'^ 5. The builders of the temple not only worked very faithfully, but they did even more than they had promised. (89.) 6. In building parts for which the specifications had required only stone, they had used Parian marble. (79.) 7. The new temple was, therefore, worth more than the old one. (91 ; 6j,^ 8. The result of this was that the builders gained the greatest possible influence with the priests of the Sacred College. (55.) 9. In early times there was only one Pontifex. Sulla increased the number to fifteen. These were called * Maiores ' and ^ Minores/ 10. Many think that the former were patricians and the latter, plebeians. 11. The Sacred College consisted of the whole number of pontifices. (33.) 12. The builders of the above-mentioned temple be- came again men of great influence among the Athenians, who felt grateful to them. (96 ; 72 ; 10.) SUGGESTIONS 2. Begin the sentence with A Pisistrato. 3. See Exercise 17, Suggestion 5. From this sentence it may be seen that the perfect par- ticiple shows that an act is completed, and the future 6o ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING participle an act that is to be. The temple burned ^ by fire^ to be rebuilt they had contracted for {iocdiYQrdiUt). 4. There is no doubt that (non est dubium quin) Delphi in very early times was (perfect subjunctive) celebrated, 5. {Those) who built the temple not 07ily worked with great fidelity (70), etc. 6. Of {those) building they had demanded {^6) that they use stone (79) in building certain parts (use in with the ablative gerundive). 8. The result of this was that (quo factum est ut) these men were very influential (plurimum possent or valerent). 12. Bring the prepositional phrase among the Athenia^ts near the 3.d]ectivQ great in order to show that it was among the Athenians that their influence was great: Again did those who had built the new temple become of greats among the Athenians y influence. (10.) Exercise 19 1. To all inquiries of the Spartans, the priests kept answering, "You must free Athens." (50, 2.) 2. On account of their superstitious fear, they decided to drive Hippias out of Athens. (97; 65.) 3. Three different armies they sent against him. 4. The first was defeated; the second was driven out of the city, but two of the tyrant's children were captured ; the third conquered Hippias, who had been driven from one place to another. (84; 83.) 5. An eyewitness describes many cases of heroism. (18; 20.) 6. In the very heart of the city there had been sharp fighting. (95 ; 96.) 7. After many serious troubles, Hippias, in order to recover his children, agreed to leave Attica. (99 ; 64 ; 40.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 6l 8. Hoping that the Persians would restore him to his country, he went to the coi/rt of Darius. 9. It was he who pointed out to the Persians the plain of Marathon and the port most suitable for their great number of ships. 10. The plain of Marathon is about twenty-three miles from Athens. 11. One writer says that Hippias fell at Marathon; another, that he died on the island of Lemnos, on his return from Marathon. (83; TT\ 16.) SUGGESTIONS I. To the Spartans inquiring^ the priests answered, 4. Two of the tyrant's children : duo ex tyranni liberis. 7. Hippias said that he zvould go away from Attica, 9. He pointed out the plain of Marathon (campum Marathonium). 10. Use ab with Athenis. Observe that the expression twenty-three miles shows not extent of space, but distance from one place to another, which may be shown by either the accusative or the ablative without a preposition. Exercise 20 1. The distinguishing part of the Roman dress was the toga, as that of the Greeks was the pallium. 2. The toga was a loose, flowing, woolen robe, which no one except a Roman citizen was allowed to wear. 3. Its use was forbidden to exiles and foreigners. 4. The toga of a rich man or a nobleman was much better and fuller than that of one less wealthy. (89.) 5. A toga of this kind was about fifteen feet long and twelve feet wide, circular at the bottom and open at the top down to the girdle. (53 ; 95.) 62 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 6. One part was drawn up and thrown back over the left shoulder; the other fell to the bottom of the feet. (83; 95.) 7. The part thrown back formed a fold in which many- things might be carried and with which the face and head might be covered. 8. In early times, a Roman wore a toga even in time of war ; it was, however, much more narrow than the one worn in time of peace. (89.) 9. Afterwards the sagum became the cloak of a Roman soldier. 10. A soldier wore the sagum over his armor. SUGGESTIONS 1. Gens Romana togata est; palliata est Graeca gens. 2. The toga no one except a Roman citizen wore (gerebat). 3. Exiles and foreigners were forbiddefZy or were not allowed^ to wear the toga. 5. At the bottom : ab ima. 9. In time of war : in bello ; in time of peace : in pace. Exercise 21 1. As the toga was the symbol of peace, so the sagum was the sign of war. (62, 5.) 2. For years after the founding of the city, Roman men and women wore the toga. (52; 60.) 3. Afterwards the stola was the dress of a Roman matron. 4. A man usually wore a white toga. 5. There were dark-colored or black togas, it is true, but these were worn by the very poor, or by accused per- sons, or by those in mourning. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 63 6. Every one, whether rich or poor, took great pains to adjust his toga so that it would hang well and not drag. 7. The rich had special togas for special occasions. (45 ; 86.) 8. In battle a general had one toga, in a triumph another. (83.) 9. The former was called * paludamentum,' the latter, the robe of victory. 10. Magistrates, certain priests, boys under seventeen, and girls until their marriage wore the toga bordered with purple, called *toga praetexta.' (52; 92.) 11. A young man over seventeen laid aside this toga and put on the * toga virilis.* (52 ; 92.) 12. Cicero tells us that the usual time for putting on the * toga virilis * was March 21, in honor of Bacchus. (96 ; 29.) SUGGESTIONS I. Show the contrast in this sentence by employing the figure Chiasmus. (See Grammar.) 5. Those in mourning: express by the present parti- ciple of lugeo. 6. That it might not be uneven: ne impar dissideret ; and might not drag: nee deflueret. 10. Boys under seventeen = boys born less than seventeen years ; until her marriage = until she put on the veil, USES OF PRONOUNS 100. Ego, /, nos, we, tu, you (sing.), vos, you (pi.), are to be expressed in Latin either to show emphasis or contrast, or to separate other words for the purpose of making them emphatic. 64 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING loi. If ego is expressed, give it the first place in the sentence, or put it as near the beginning as the rights of other words will permit. 102. Nos, the * editorial we^ either expressed or implied in the verb, is of frequent use. Do not, however, use the plural vos for the singular tu : Quod ante demonstravimus, which I have before men- tioned. 103. Mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, when personal pronouns, are commonly objective genitives : Ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere, let them not allow Catiline to pine away in misery because of his longing for them. 104. As a rule the genitives nostrum and vestrum, not nostri and vestri, are used with words denoting a part : Nostrum and vestrum are regularly found with omnium : Ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur, lest it may seem strange to any one of you. Nostrum omnium memores erant, they were mindful of us all. 105. The expressions inter nos, inter vos, inter se are used so often that it would be well to learn them : Inter nos differimus, we differ from one another. Inter vos differtis, you differ from one another. Inter se differunt, they differ from one another. These expressions may mean from each other if the refer- ence is to two. 106. Se and suus sometimes refer to the real subject, although this may not be the grammatical subject : ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITh\G 6$ Sunt sua praemia laudi, virtue has its own reward. (To virtue are its own rewards.) 107. Remember that meus, my, tuus, your, noster, our, vester, your, suus, his, her, its, their, depend upon the object possessed, not upon the possessor, for their gender, number, and case : Domum suam vendidit, he has sold his house, she has sold her house. 108. Distinguish between tuus, your, and vester, your. Tuus refers to one owner or possessor, and vester to more than one : Te tuaque dedidisti, you surrendered yourself and your possessions. Vos vestraque dedidistis, you surrendered yourselves and your possessions. 109. Meus, tuus, suus, noster, and vester are commonly used where one might expect a subjective genitive ; these possessive pronouns do, however, sometimes represent an objective genitive : Amicitia nostra tui, our friendship for you. Tua fiducia, because of their confidence in you. no. Unless contrast is to be shown, possessives are often placed after their nouns : Maiores nostri, our ancestors (not our contemporaries). Nostri maiores, our ancestors (not your ancestors). Uses of Hic III. Hic, the demonstrative of the first person, points out what is near the speaker, and its meaning depends upon the context. It may be used to continue the thought of a preceding sentence : ELEM. LAT. WRITING 5 66 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Huius vitia sunt emendata virtutibus, his vices were balanced by his virtues. (The vices of this person who has been mentioned.) 112. Hie may be used to introduce a new thought : Eos hoc moneo, I give them this advice. (I advise them as follows.) 113. Hie may be used to bring a person or thing in imagination before an audience : Haee, domus; haee erat villa, this was the house, this the villa. (Imagine this to be the house, this the villa.) 114. Hie may mean a client or defendant : Hie neque suo neque amicorum iudicio revineetur, this man (my client) will be convicted neither by his own testimony nor by that of his friends. Observe that where we say *that of/ * those of,' the pro- noun is omitted in Latin. 115. Hie, when used with ille, may mean Matter' or ' fermer ' : Ita ilium maeror, hos laetitia tardavit, as sorrow retarded the former, so joy delayed the latter. Uses of Iste 116. Iste, the demonstrative of the second person, points out something near the person spoken to : Claude istum librum, close that book of yours. 117. A speaker often uses the word iste in such a tone as to show contempt for the person addressed : Quae tua est ista vita.? what kind of a life is that of yours ? ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 6/ ii8. Iste, however, may be used in a complimentary sense : Fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, there was, once upon a time, in this state, such valor (as you might boast of). Uses of Ille 119. Ille points out an object remote from the speaker: Ille liber, that book over there. 120. Ille, as a rule, is used of ancient, hie, of modern times or celebrities : Ille Demosthenes, the famous Demosthenes. 121. Ille may express our word the when the refers to something that is well known : Apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis, the sea fight off Tenedos. 122. Ille is frequently used to point out a new or differ- ent subject; hence illud is so often found in anticipation of what is to follow, when we should expect no word at all : Illud non intellego, quam ob rem ire velint, I do not understand why they wish to go. 123. Ille . . . hie are used together in contrasts to mean the former . . . the latter, the latter . . . the former. Hie, as a rule, refers to the nearer noun, but it may refer to the noun which, although more remote, is of more im- portance to the speaker : ignavia eorpus hebetat, labor f irmat ; ilia matiiram senee- tutem, hie longam aduleseentiam reddit, laziness weakens the body, work strengthens it ; the former hastens old age, the latter prolongs youth. 68 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Haec in nostra, ilia in deorum manu sunt, the former are in our hands, the latter in the hands of the gods. Uses of Is 124. Is may supply the place of the lacking personal pronoun of the third person ; it is to be expressed if the subject is emphatic or if contrast is to be shown : Is sibi legationem suscepit, /le took upon himself the duties of an ambassador. 125. Is may refer to something that precedes or to something that follows. Where we repeat a proper name is is frequently used : Is coniurationem fecit, he (Orgetorix, previously men- tioned) formed a conspiracy. Eo consilio ut, si possent, castellum expugnarent, with this design, namely, that, if they could, they would storm the fort. 126. Is may mean a, the^ such: Is liber, a book. Ea res, the fact. Is es, you are such a person. Uses of Ipse 127. Ipse, self^ the intensive pronoun, adds emphasis to the word which it modifies : Ipse feci, I did it myself. Ipse fecisti, you did it yourself. Ipse fecit, he did it himself. Ipsi fecimus, we did it ourselves. Ipsi fecistis, you did it yourselves. Ipsi fecerunt, they did it themselves. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 69 128. Some of the translations of ipse may be best learned from examples : In ipso Pompeio haec facta sunt, in the case of Pompey this was done. Ne cunctetur ipse, let there be no delay on his part. Vita ipsa qua fruimur brevis est, the actual time of life is short. Ipse Paliniirus dicere non potest, even Palinurus cannot tell. Ipso eodem tempore venerunt, they came at exactly the same time. Cuius ipso nomine perterrebantur, at the mere mention of his name they were thoroughly frightened. Ipse eos duxit, it was a personally conducted excursion ; he led them in person. Satis in ipsa conscientia pulcherrimi facti fructus est, the very consciousness of a noble action is sufficient reward. Omnia quae vindicaris in altero tibi ipsi vehementer fugienda sunt, all things that you condemn in another you especially ought to avoid. Valvae se ipsae aperuerunt, the folding doors opened of their own accord. Uses of Idem 129. Idem, the same, may unite two or more attributes to the same person or thing. 130. Some of the renderings of idem may be learned from examples : idem velle atque nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est, to have the same likes and dislikes is the most lasting bond of friendship. Quid praeclarum non idem arduum t what excellence is there that is not at the same time hard to attain } 70 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Nil prodest quod non laedere possit idem, nothing is bene- ficial which may not also prove harmful Orationem splendidam et eandem facetam habuit, he deHvered an oration that was brilliant and likeivise full of wit. Difficilis facilis, iucundus acerbus, es idem, you are at once cross and kind, pleasant and bitter. Uses of the Relative Pronoun 131. The meaning of a relative pronoun is often de- pendent upon the mode of its verb. If it introduces a cause, a purpose, a fact, etc., the translation should show it : 6 fortunate adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum prae- conem inveneris. O fortunate man, because you found Homer to herald your brave deeds (qui is equivalent to cum tu). Legiones in Galliam qui deduceret legatum misit, he sent a lieutenant to lead the legions down into Gaul (qui is equivalent to ut is). Proximi sunt Germanis qui trans Rhenum incolunt, they are next to the Germans who live across the Rhine. 132. Express the relative in Latin even when it is omitted in English : Haec est puella quam vidi, this is the girl I saw. 133. An indefinite antecedent of a relative pronoun is usually omitted : Duos qui sequitur lepores neutrum capit, he who follows two hares catches neither. 134. The regular place for a relative pronoun is near its antecedent. If, however, the relative is equivalent to et is, ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 71 and he, is igitur, he therefore, etc., and is used to connect, rather than define or describe, it may be separated from its antecedent : Themistocles veni ad te, qui mala in domum tuam intuli, I, Themistocles, have come to you, and I have brought trouble on your home. 135. A relative pronoun may be used at the beginning of a Latin sentence, where we should expect a demonstra- tive pronoun: Quae cum ita sint, since these things are so ; although these things are so ; this being the case. 136. When a relative pronoun does not or cannot refer grammatically to what precedes, it has its own noun following it : Thebas, quod est Boeotiae caput, profecti sunt, they started for Thebes, which is the capital of Boeotia. 137. The antecedent noun may be repeated in the rela- tive clause : Diem dicunt, qua die omnes conveniant, they set a day on which all are to assemble. 138. A noun which is further explained by a relative pronoun is placed after the relative, not before it : Non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est in provincia, they are not far from Tolosa, a city which is in the province. 139. To make a relative clause emphatic, place the rela- tive with its antecedent noun before the antecedent clause: Quam legionem secum habet, eam in castra mittet, the legion which he has with him he will send into camp. 72 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 140. Id quod, quod alone, or quae res is commonly used when the relative refers to a sentence : Domum vendiderunt, id quod stultissimum est, they have sold their house, which is a very foolish thing to do. Uses of Quis, Qui Interrogative 141. Quis, quid, ask for the name of some person or thing; quis is often used substantively, quid is regularly so used : Quis sim, scies ex eo quern ad te misi, who I am, you will know from him whom I have sent to you. 142. Quis, the interrogative pronoun, used substantively, may, as a rule, be either masculine or feminine. 143- Qui and quod are, as a rule, used adjectively : Qui gladiator ? what kind of a gladiator ? Quod templum vidisti ? what temple have you seen ? 144. Remember the adverbial use of quid, w/ij/^ in the neuter singular accusative : Quid taces ? why are you silent .'* Uses of Indefinite Pronouns QUIS 145. Keep in mind the fact that quis after si, nisi, ne, num, is indefinite and means anj/ : Num quis est hie alius praeter me atque te.^ there is not any one else here except you and me, is there ? QUISQUAM 146. Quisquam means any one at all ; its corresponding adjective is ullus : ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 73 Quamdiu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, as long as there is any one who will dare to defend you, you will live. Quae fuit umquam in uUo homine tanta constantia? was any man ever as loyal as he ? 147. Quisquam is found in conditional sentences, when the condition is general : Si quisquam, Caesar felix fuit, if any one in the world was ever fortunate, it was Caesar. 148. Quisquam may be used in interrogative sentences implying a negative answer : Quisquam dubitabit quin fieri possit ? will any one doubt (no one will doubt) that it can be done ? 149. Quisquam is used with a comparative : Acerbior hostis quam quisquam superiorum, he was a more bitter enemy than any one of former times. 150. Remember that no one is to be rendered by nemo, not non quisquam ; nothing, by nihil, not non quicquam. And no one, however, is expressed by neque quisquam ; and nothing, by neque quicquam : Neque praeter mercatores illo adiit quisquam, and not any one except traders went there. Neque quicquam video altius, and I see nothing (not anything) higher. QUISQUIS 151. Be careful to distinguish between quisquam, any one, in which only the first part is decHned, and quisquis, whoever, in which both parts are decHned : Quisquis dicit, whoever says. Quidquid ^ . [^ erit, whatever happens. 74 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING ALIQUIS 152. Express some^ as opposed to none^ by aliquis : Tu quidem aliquis es, you, surely, are somebody. Sine aliquo periculo id facere non possunt, they cannot do that without some danger. 153. Nescio quis is sometimes used instead of aliquis; nescio quid, instead of aliquid : Nescio quis, some one or other. Nescio quo pacto, in some way or other. QUIDAM 154. Some of the renderings of quidam may be learned from examples : Graviora quaedam sunt remedia periculis, some remedies are worse than the disease. Scriptor quidam narrat, a certain writer says. Non solum scire aliquid artis est, sed quaedam ars etiam docendi, not only is there some art required in understand- ing a thing, but there is an art also in teaching it. Doctrina est ingeni naturale quoddam pabulum, learning is, as it were, the natural food of the mind. Quadam declinatione corpore, by a hair-breadth escape (by a turning aside with the body). Artes habent quoddam commiine vinculum, the arts have a common bond, so to speak, Cognatione quadam inter se continentur, they are con- nected by a kind of relationship. Quidam ex militibus decimae legionis dixit, one of the soldiers of the tenth legion said. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 75 QUISQUE 155. Quisque means each^ every (of more than two); uterque, each, both (of two); omnis, every , all, is not as definite as quisque : Materia cuiusque generis est praeter f agum atque abietem, timber of every kind except the beech and the fir is found here. Utraeque perierunt, both wives perished. Omnis in Ascanio cari stat cura parentis, every thought of a doting father is centered in Ascanius. 156. Remember that quisque is used : 1. With se: Pro se quisque operam navare cupit, each one is anxious to do his best for his own sake. 2. With suus : Sua quisque exempla debet aequo animo pati, each one ought to bear patiently the results of his own misconduct. 3. With a relative pronoun : Quam quisque ab opere in partem casii devenit, constitit, wherever each one happened to come from his work, there he halted. 4. With unus : Unius cuiusque confessio, the confession of each and every one. 5. With an ordinal number : Censores sexto quoque anno delecti sunt, censors were chosen every five years (every sixth year). 6. With a superlative : Antiquissimum quodque tempus, the earliest times (every most ancient time). j6 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Exercise 22 1. The ancient Romans were very fond of agriculture. 2. Their most illustrious commanders were sometimes called from the plow. 3. Roman senators commonly lived in the country and cultivated the ground with their own hands. (j6 ; 6%.^ 4. In the time of our ancestors this work was done in some parts of our country by slaves. {^^'^^ 5. Nowadays, however, in our country, no one can be a slave. (j% ; 75.) 6. The famous Cincinnatus had a farm of four acres. (120; 45.) 7. Roman writers represent Cincinnatus plowing at the time at which he was made dictator. (137; 21.) 8. (Let us imagine the scene.) This is Cincinnatus at work plowing; this, the messenger w^ho has come from Rome, (113; 65.) 9. The latter has been sent by the senate to summon the former to Rome to protect the state. (iiS; 58; 49.) 10. The power of the dictator was supreme both in peace and in war. 11. His edict was observed as an oracle. (62, 7.) Exercise 23 1. Forgetful of himself and mindful of us all, Cincin- natus started immediately for Rome. (103 ; 104; 58.) 2. He knew that it would be dangerous to delay. 3. Therefore, he raised an army as soon as possible and led it in person. (128.) 4. At a favorable time his own army and that of the consul surrounded the enemy's camp. (128; 114.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING *JJ 5. He reduced the enemy's army to a condition exactly the same as that of the Romans had been. (128; 62; 114.) 6. By that victory of yours, Cincinnatus, the state was saved, (ii^-) 7. A dictator even within the city limits was attended by twenty-four lictors carrying the fasces and the axes. (128.) 8. Cincinnatus resigned the dictatorship in fourteen days. (64; y%,) 9. He was very glad when the day on which he could return to his home came. (137; 58, 8.) 10. When he was an old man, he was likewise chosen dictator, and again there was no delay on his part when he was summoned to Rome. (130; 128; 58, i.) 1 1. Very often, Romans, did Cincinnatus show his friend- ship for you. SUGGESTIONS 2. That it would be dangerous to delay : morari futurum esse periculosum. 4. In the expression that of the consul^ that is not to be translated. 8. Resigned the dictatorship : se dictatura abdicavit. 10. He, old, was likeivise chosen dictator, and again (when) summoned to Rome, himself did not hesitate to start immediately, 11. For you: in vos. Exercise 24 1. (It was) in the war with the Latins, a time at which the Romans feared this people, (that) the first dictator was chosen. (138; 44.) 2. There were certain things which the Romans did not allow a dictator to do. (154.) 7S ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 3. One who had been made dictator had to remain in Italy, where he had been appointed. (82; 21, 2; 50, i.) 4. He could not go out of Italy — a statement that I have already made. (140.) 5. This was violated only once, when Atilius is said to have gone to Athens, which was the capital of Attica. (135; 136.) 6. The infantry, in which the people had confidence, was the strength of the Roman army. (16.) 7. For this reason a dictator was not allowed to appear on horseback. (69.) 8. He, however, usually chose the one whom he thought suitable for master of horse. (Exercise 14, Suggestion 2.) 9. A dictator resigned when he had finished the busi- ness for which he had been appointed. 10. The day came on which there were no dictators — in name. (137.) 1 Exercise 25 1. Every Roman wished to have his own villa. (156, 2.) 2. A Roman villa was not unlike a small city. (47.) 3. It had buildings of every kind. (45 ; 155.) 4. Every villa had its own park of many acres ; every villa had also a tower, in which there was a dining room, where the guests while reclining at table might enjoy a beautiful view. (45; 106; 156,2.) 5. Wherever a Roman built a villa, he cultivated many beautiful trees and flowers. (156, 3.) 6. In the garden of each villa there were placed many beautiful statues. (iSS-) 7. Every two years the rich used to set out trees in their villas. (156, 5.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 79 8. The most beautiful gardens were sometimes watered, when there was no water in the ground, by the water con- veyed in pipes. (156, 6.) SUGGESTIONS I. For himself {^x^ se) each one wished. 5. In which places ct Roman built a villa ^ in those places, etc. 8. By the water led to them throiigh lead pipes. Exercise 26 1. If any one was always firm or mild, as occasion re- quired, it was Caesar. (146.) 2. He was no ordinary man. 3. No one, it is true, was a more bitter enemy in time of war. 4. Does any one doubt that he was a much more faith- ful friend, after the war was over, than was any one of his contemporaries.^ (148; 89; 74; "jZ.^ 5. Not only men, but also animals, loved him. 6. When he was in Gaul, he rode a horse which no one else dared to mount, (u.) 7. He was singularly careful of his soldiers, and no one was more loved by his men. (150; 6Z.^ 8. There was no undertaking so difficult that he could not carry it through successfully. 9. Did any general ever show so much pity toward those whom he had conquered 1 10. He was always willing to help his soldiers without asking anything in return. (150.) 1 1 . Caesar's lieutenants except Labienus were all faithful to him. 8o ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING SUGGESTIONS I. As occasion required is equivalent to as the thing de'tnanded, 3. In bello will express in time of war. 4. Keep in mind the fact that the verb dubito, meaning doubt, regularly takes quin with the subjunctive; also, that the tense must be carefully observed. In this sentence express was by the perfect subjunctive. Contemporaries are * those living at the same time.' 7. He protected (conservavit) his (soldiers) very dili- gently. 8. There was nothing so difficult which he could not finish (conficere non posset). 9. Was there in any general so much pity for (in) the conquered (accusative) } Introduce this question by num. 10. To his own (men) alzvays zvas he willing to give aid, and not anything from them (ab lis) did he demand (repete- bat). Questions 157. * Yes ' and * No ' questions are usually shown by : -ne (enclitic), when an answer is desired ; nonne, when the answer yes is expected ; num, when the answer no is expected : Ibisne, will you go } Nonne ibis, you will go, will you not } will you not go ? Num ibis, you will not go, will you } 158. Do not use ne, nonne, num, if there is an interroga- tive word in the sentence : Hora quota est } what time is it t ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 8 1 ^ . , . \ r how do you do ? how are you ? Quid agis ? J ^ ^ Ecquid fit ? any news ? Ubinam gentium sumus ? where in the world are we ? 159. Do not forget the following interrogatives which are in common use : cur, adv., for what reason ? why ? qua de causa, for what reason ? why ? quam ob rem, for what reason ? why ? qua re, for what reason ? why ? quails, e, adj., of what kind ? quam multi, how many ? quando, adv., when ? quantus, a, um, adj., how large ? quem ad modum, how ? quin, adv., why not ? _ i [ interrog. pro., who ? which ? what ? quid, pro., adverbial accusative, why ? quo, adv., to what place .'^ whither.'^ quot, indeclinable adj., how many.? quotiens, adv., how many times ? ubi, adv., where ? in what place ? when ? unde, adv., from what place ? whence ? ut, adv., how ? uter, utra, utrum, adj., which of two.'^ 160. At times the interrogative particle is omitted; especially is this the case when surprise, indignation, or censure is shown : Patere tua consilia non sentis ? don't you feel that your schemes are known ? ELEM. LAT. WRITING — 6 82 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING i6i. The following will show that a Roman sometimes expressed surprise, indignation, or an impossible supposition in the form of a question : Tu ut umquam te corrigas ? you ever reform ? (Impos- sible.) Dictatoremne ex urbe exire ? a dictator go out of the city ? (One cannot suppose such a case.) 162. An interrogative word, except the enclitic ne, is usually placed first in a sentence, but it may be moved to the second or third place for the purpose of making some other word or words emphatic : Ubi fuisti ? where were you 1 Hi quid exspectant ? what are these traitors waiting for } Nunc veto quae tua est ista vita } now, really what kind of a life is that of yours .? 163. Remember that two questions, the first of which is very short, may be used as an introduction to the real ques- tion : Quid } Quid est t Quid vero ? etc., may express the Eng- lish 'by the way,' *tell me,' 'well,' 'now,' 'again,' etc. Quid est, Catilina.? ecquid attendis.? well, Catiline, are you paying any attention at all } 164. In double direct questions the first part either has no interrogative particle or is introduced by utrum, or the encHtic ne. ' Is the last syllable short or long } ' may be expressed as follows : Postrema syllaba brevis est an longa ? Utrum postrema syllaba brevis est an langa } Postrema syllaba brevisne est an longa } ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 83 165. Or not in double direct questions is commonly ex- pressed by annon : Isne est quem quaero annon ? is that the one I am looking for or not ? 166. In Latin, as in English, questions requiring no answer are often used instead of negative declarative sentences : Quis tarn brevi tempore tot loca adire potuit ? who could have visited so many places in so short a time ? (No one could have visited so many places in so short a time.) Quid ego Ostiense incommodum querar ? why should I complain of the defeat at Ostia ? (I should not complain of the defeat at Ostia.) Indirect Questions 167. Remember that an indirect question is a clause introduced by an interrogative word and that the clause depends on verbs or expressions of asking, telling, know- ing, seeing, hearing, wondering, doubting, and the like. 168. In English we may use the same form of a verb in both direct and indirect questions. In Latin prose, how- ever, the subjunctive is commonly the mode of the verb in an indirect question. 169. The use of the tenses in indirect questions may be best understood from examples : Miror quid faciant, I wonder what they are doing. Miror quid facturi sint, I wonder what they will do, or intend to do. Miror quid fecerint, I wonder what they did. 84 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Miratus sum quid facerent, I wondered what they did. Miratus sum quid fecissent, I wondered what they had done. Miratus sum quid factiiri essent, I wondered what they would do. Miratus sum quid facturi fuerint, I wondered what they would have done. 170. In a single indirect question the words whether and if may be expressed in Latin by num, si, -ne : Num quid velles rogavi, I asked whether you wished anything. Hanc si nostri transirent hostes exspectabant, the enemy kept waiting to see whether (if) our men would cross this swamp. Quaesivit a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci, he asked me whether I should like to go to camp with him. 171. In a double indirect question whether , , . or may be expressed in Latin by, — utrum ... an whether , , , or not by utrum . . . necne . . . necne Rogaverunt utrum pugnavissent necne, they asked whether they had fought or not. Dixit se castra mottirum ut quam primum intellegere posset utrum apud eos pudor atque officium an timor pliis valeret, he said that he would break camp so that he could know as soon as possible whether a sense of honor and duty or a feeling of fear was the greater among them. Quaesivi a Catilina ad Laecam fuisset necne, I asked Catiline whether he had been at Laeca's or not. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 85 Exercise 27 1. Romulus divided the people of Rome into tribes, did he not? (iS7.) 2. He divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into ten curiae. (iSS-) 3. The number of tribes was not always the same, was it? (157; 129.) 4. The number of tribes was increased to thirty-five, but the number of curiae remained the same as it had been. (62, 6.) 5. Do you know how many there were in a legion when Romulus was king? (157; 159; 168; 74.) 6. Romulus chose from each tribe one thousand foot soldiers and one hundred horsemen. (15S ; Sy.) 7. There were, therefore, at this time, three thousand foot soldiers and three hundred horsemen in a legion. (32; S7.) 8. Into how many ranks were the Romans at first divided? (159.) 9. They were divided into two ranks, the patricians and the plebeians, who were connected as patrons and clients. 10. Afterwards, however, a third order, the equites, was added. Exercise 28 1. By whom was the Roman senate instituted? {6S; 159.) 2. It was instituted by Romulus, that it might be the perpetual council of the republic. (68 ; Exercise 14, Suggestion 3.) 3. Of how many did it consist at that time? (159; 33; 32.) S6 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 4. There were at first one hundred in the Roman senate. 5. Were these chosen from the patricians or from the plebeians? (164.) 6. They were chosen from the former, and they were called *patres/ both on account of their age and their fatherly care of the state. 7. How many senators were there in the reign of Tar- quinius Prisons, the fifth king of Rome.'* (i59-) 8. There were three hundred. 9. Do you remember whether Sulla increased the num- ber or not.? (157; 171-) 10. He did increase the number, but how many he added is uncertain. (159; 169.) 11. Julius Caesar is said to have increased the number to nine hundred. Augustus, however, reduced it to six hundred. SUGGESTION 9. Do you remember ? Meministine } Exercise 29 1. Did you ask if Roman senators had always been called * patres conscript! ' .? ( 1 5 7 ; 1 70 ; 21.) 2. Those who were chosen into the senate by Brutus after the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus were called 'conscriptL' 3. For this reason we can understand why both patres and conscript! were summoned to the senate. (159; 167; 168; 169.) 4. By whom was the senate assembled .'^ (iS9-) 5. At first by the kings ; after the expulsion of the Tarquins, the senate was assembled by the consuls, and in their absence by the praetors. {6S ; 74.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 8/ 6. Did the military tribunes or the tribunes of the com- mons ever assemble the senate ? (164.) 7. Yes indeed, and the tribunes of the commons, even in the presence of the consuls and against their will, often summoned the senate. (74.) 8. A tribune summon the senate against the will of the consuls? (161.) 9. Now, who of you who have read Cicero's letters can doubt this? (163; 159; 104.) 10. A decree of the senate could not be made when there was not a quorum. 11. What that number was is uncertain. (159; 167; 168; 169.) SUGGESTIONS 2. After the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus : post Tarquinium Superbum exactum. 5. hi their absence : cum abessent or his absentibus. 7. Yes indeed: immo vero. hi the presence of the consuls and against their will: praesentibus consulibus et invitis. 10. When there was not a quorum : cum senatorum numerus legitimus non adesset. Exercise 30 1. Did municipia, coloniae, and praefecturae differ from one another .? (i57; io5-) 2. Municipia were foreign towns which obtained the rights of Roman citizens. 3. Were municipia all of the same kind.? (iS7-) 4. Some had very many of the rights of Roman citi- zens. 88 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 5. Did the municipia use their own laws or (those) of the Roman people ? (164; 79.) 6. Heraclea, Naples, and other cities preferred to be allied by treaty. 7. Colonies were cities or lands which Roman citizens were sent to inhabit. 8. The people determined how the lands were to be divided and among whom, did they not .^ (iS7; 159-) 9. Each colony usually had a patron whose duty it was to consult its interests at Rome. (155 ; 45; 49; 44; 39-) 10. Towns which had been ungrateful to Rome were reduced to the form of a praefectura. 11. They enjoyed the rights neither of free towns nor of colonies. (79.) 12. The Roman senate could impose taxes on them and make such demands as they wished. SUGGESTIONS 4. Alia civium Romanorum itira plurima tenebant. 5. Put the adjective Roman after the noun with which it agrees. 6. Allied by treaty : civitates foederatae. 7. To inhabit expresses purpose. (40.) 8. To be divided: future passive participle. I o. To reduce to the form of a praefectura : in praef ec- turam redigere. 12. Make such demands, etc. : demand from them those things which they wished. Impose : imponere. Remember that this is a compound of the preposition in and the verb pono ; the former will take the dative, the latter the accusative. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 89 IMPERATIVE MODE 172. Commands are of different kinds. They may ap- pear as orders, requests, prayers, wishes, exhortations, etc., and may be expressed by the imperative, the subjunctive, and the indicative : Secreto amicos admone, lauda palam, admonish your friends in private, praise them in public. Ab alio spectes alter! quod feceris, what you do to an- other, expect another to do to you. Quin abis ? why don't you go away ? do go away. 173. Instead of the positive imperative, cura (curato) ut, fac (facito) with the subjunctive are often used: Cura ut vir sis, be sure to act the man. Fac cogites, do think. 174. The future imperative is found in laws, maxims, etc. ; in other cases also, when it is evident that the refer- ence is to future time : Regio imperio duo sunto et appellantor consules, there shall be two vested with the power of king, and they shall be called consuls. ignoscito saepe alteri, numquam tibi, forgive another often ; yourself, never. Facito aliquid operis, be busy about something. 175. Keep in mind the fact that memento (mementote), remember^ and scito (scitote), know, rest assured^ have regularly the form of the future : Mementote esse hos pertimescendos, remember that it is these who are to be greatly feared. 90 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum f uturum, rest assured that in the state there will still be this nursery of Catilines. 176. The future indicative is considered more courteous than the imperative in a sentence of this type : Si poteris venire, venies, come if you can. 177. The following are for reference, and it would be well to learn them : 1. Aude sapere, dare to be wise. 2. Audi, vide, tace, si vis vivere in pace, listen, observe, but hold your tongue, if you would live in peace. 3. Ama nos et vale et salve, good-by, God bless you. 4. Amo te, much obliged. 5. Carpe diem, quam minime credula postero, improve the opportunities of to-day, trusting as little as possible to to-morrow. 6. Cautus sis, be careful. 7. Cave quid dicas, quando et cui, be careful what you say, when, and to whom. 8. Cura ut valeas, take care of yourself. 9. Da dextram misero, help one in distress. 10. Emas non quod opus est, sed quod necesse est, buy not what you want, but what you need. 11. Es, bibe, animo obsequere, eat, drink, and be merry. 12. Fac me certiorem, let me know. 13. Festina lente, make haste slowly, be prudent. 14. Hae tibi erunt artes, be these thy arts. 15. Ignosce mihi, pardon me. 16. Narro tibi, let me tell you. 1 7. Nosce te ipsum, know thyself. 18. Nota bene (N.B.), note well, take notice. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 91 19. Pueris salutem dicito, remember me to the children. 20. Pete alta, aim high. 21. Redite, quaeso, in memoriam, please try to remember. 22. Saepe stylum vertas, turn the stylus often. 23. Veni si me amas, do please come. 24. Vide et crede, see and beheve. 25. Vive valeque, long life and health to you. NEGATIVE COMMANDS 178. Negative commands or prohibitions may be ex- pressed by : 1. Noli or nolite with the present infinitive : Noli ire, don't go. 2. Cave, be on your guard, f ac or vide, see to it, with the subjunctive; the former, with or without ne, the latter with ne : Cave ne eas, don't go. Cave ignoscas, don't pardon, don't forgive. Fac ne quid aliud cixres, don't attend to anything else. 3. Ne with the imperative : Ne time, don't be afraid. 4. Ne with the present subjunctive : Actum ne agas, don't waste time on what is done. 5. Ne with the perfect subjunctive : Quod tibi fieri non vis alteri ne feceris, do not to another what you would not have him do to you. 6. Non with the future indicative : Si invitus venies, non venies, if you are unwilling to come, don't come. 92 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Exercise 31 1. To a friend who wishes to remain with him in Gaul Caesar speaks as follows. (112.) 2. Remember that a soldier will have to obey the commander-in-chief. (i/S ; 50, 4.) 3. Notice carefully all orders and obey at once. (177.) 4. Listen to what is said, observe what is done, but say nothing unless you are asked. (177.) 5. If you can do so, come occasionally to the general's quarters; if, however, you do not wish to come, don't come. (176; 178, 6.) 6. Never ask why something is to be done. It is (the duty) of a soldier to obey without asking 'why.' (159; 152; 168.) 7. Rest assured that the commander-in-chief will praise you if you deserve it. (175.) 8. Be bold or cautious, as occasion demands. (177.) 9. Be sure to gain the civic crown. (173.) 10. You know what the * civic crown ' is, do you not ? (157; 168.) 11. A crown of oak leaves shall be given to a soldier who has saved the life of a citizen in battle and at the same time killed an enemy. (174.) 12. Let me know whether you will remain with us or not. (177; 171.) SUGGESTIONS 1 . To a friend he speaks as follows : cum amico suo conloquitur haec. 2. Use the infinitive after the verb remember, 3. Express 3 and 4 in this way : Notice well all (things) ordered and these obey at once. Hear (things) said ; see (things) done ; not having been asked, say nothing. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 93 6. // is (the duty) of a soldier to do (the things) ordered^ not to ask why they are to be done (future passive participle). 7. Express will praise by the future infinitive. The verb deserve has the form of the EngUsh present, but its time is not present. Since the deserving must precede the praising, it will be necessary to show it in Latin. Express deserve by tl;ie perfect subjunctive. 12. Do not forget that cum is an enclitic when used with me, te, se, nobis, vobis, and usually with the relative and the interrogative pronoun. mecum, with me. nobiscum, with us. tecum, with you. vobiscum, with you. secum, with him, her, it, them (referring to the subject), quocum, quibuscum, with whom. INFINITIVE 179. The present and the perfect infinitive, the former more commonly than the latter, may be used as neuter nouns in the nominative and accusative : Incipere multo facilius est quam impetrare, beginning a task is much easier than completing it. Incipe ; dimidium facti est coepisse, begin ; beginning is half the battle. 180. The present infinitive may be used to complete the meaning of certain verbs, the most common of which are : possum, I am able, I can. constituo, I decide, debeo, I ought. audeo, I dare. Conor, I try. incipio, I begin, soleo, I am accustomed. coepi, I began. dubito, I hesitate. volo, I wish, am willing. 94 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING nolo, I do not wish, am unwilling. malo, I wish more, prefer, would rather. i8i. The infinitive with subject accusative is used with verbs and expressions of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving. Remember, however, that if the dependent clause is interrogative, it becomes an indirect question and takes its verb in the subjunctive : Nescio, inquit, quae causa odii f uerit ; f uisse odium intel- lego, I do not know, said he, what was the cause of the hatred ; but I do know that there was hatred. 182. The most common verbs and expressions of saying, thinking, etc., are : dico, confirmo, fateor, nego, nuntio, ostendo, probo, polliceor, promitto, spero, iubeo, veto, aliquem certiorem facio, certior fio, fama est, audio, cerno, video, sentio, intellego, cognosco, scio, nescio, puto, duco, cogito, credo, arbitror, existimo, etc. 183. An infinitive that is dependent has no time of its own : 1. The present shows that the action is going on at the time of the principal verb : Dicit eos legere, he says that they are now reading. Dixit eos legere, he said that they were then reading. 2. The perfect shows that the action was prior to that of the principal verb : Dicit eos legisse, he says that they read, have read, have been reading. Dixit eos legisse, he said that they read, had read, had been reading. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 95 3. The future shows that the action will take place after that of the principal verb : Dicit eos lectures esse,, he says that they will read, will be reading, are about to read. Dixit eos lecturos esse, he said that they would read, would be reading, were about to read. 184. In vivid description, where person, number, and tense are all ignored, the present infinitive with a subject in the nominative may take the place of the imperfect or perfect indicative : Diem ex die ducere Haedui, from day to day the Haedui kept putting him off. 185. Remember that the future infinitive is commonly used with verbs of hoping and promising : Sperant se maximum fructum esse captures, they hope to gain the greatest advantage. PoUicentur se ituros esse, they promise to go. 186. With verbs of teaching, the person may be ex- pressed by the accusative, and the thing taught, by the infinitive : Servus pueros scribere docuit, a slave taught the children to write. 187. When a verb has no supine stem, the missing forms of the infinitive may be supplied by fore ut, futurum esse ut, futurum fuisse ut, with the subjunctive. 188. If a sentence containing both subject and object with an infinitive is ambiguous, change the construction by making the infinitive passive : They say that the Gauls conquered the Germans, dicunt a Gallis Germanos victos esse. 96 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 189. In expressing an English infinitive in Latin, make the thought definite and precise : Primus venit, he was the first to come. Laetus veniam, I shall be glad to come. Cura ut venias, be sure to come. Nihil mihi longius videtur dum veniam, I am impatient to come. Spero me posse venire, I hope to be able to come. Ut paucis concliidam, to sum up in a few words, to make a long story short. Miror cum video, I am surprised to see. 190. In translating an English sentence of this type, ' It is dangerous for us to go,V remember that the word ' for' belongs to the infinitive and has no effect on the case of the noun or pronoun : periculosum est nos ire. I Exercise 32 1. The divisions of the Roman legion seem to have been different at different times. 2. Those most frequently mentioned are cohorts and turmae. 3. The standards of the different divisions seem to have had certain letters inscribed on them. 4. To lose the standard was considered disgraceful, or rather, a crime. (179.) 5. To animate the soldiers the standards were some- times thrown into the midst of the enemy. 6. A general was accustomed to call his troops * sol- diers.' (180.) 7. A general before a battle usually made a short speech to his troops, who showed their approval by shouts. (180; 16.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 97 8. Silence on their part was a mark of timidity. (190 ; 33.) 9. After the speech all the trumpets sounded, which was the signal for marching. (74; 140.) 10. Some of the soldiers were calling out 'to arms'; others puUing up the standards which stood fixed in the ground; the general riding round the ranks and again exhorting the soldiers to be brave ; the soldiers with a great shout rushing forw^ard to the attack. (184.) SUGGESTIONS 4. Observe that the English infinitive to lose is used as a noun ; in sentence 5 the English infinitive to animate ex- presses purpose. This must be shown in Latin (ad milites incitandos pugnandi cupiditate). 8. For tJie^n to be silent or not to shout was (a mark) of fear, 10. Notice the historical infinitives. Remember that the general exhorted the soldiers for a purpose — that they might be brave. GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES 191. The following will show the difference between a gerund and a gerundive : GERUND GERUNDIVE Verbal noun Verbal adjective Neuter Mas., fem., neut. Singular Sing., plural Nom. and voc, wanting Used in all cases Active Passive May have an object Agrees with what seems to be its object ELEM. LAT. WRITING- 98 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 192. The gerundive is an adjective except when it is used with the verb sum to form the passive periphrastic conjugation which expresses necessity or obligation. 193. A present infinitive may supply the lacking nomina- tive of the gerund. The genitive, accusative, and ablative are the cases of the gerund and the gerundive in most common use. 194. The genitive of gerunds and gerundives may pre- cede the noun causa, for the sake, for the purpose : Aggerem petendi causa processerant, K , , , ^ , . ^ ^. _ _ ^ \ they had gone for Aggeris petendi causa processerant, J -' the purpose of getting material for the mound. 195. Genitive gerunds and gerundives may be used with nouns and adjectives : modus operandi, mode of working. cupidus equitandi, fond of riding. spatium pila coniciendi, 1 room or time for throw- spatium pilorum coniciendorum, J ing javelins. 196. Do not forget that with the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, the gerundive ending in i is to be used regardless of the gender and number of the antecedent : Sui muniendi causa, for the purpose of strengthening himself (his position). Sui conservandi causa, for the sake of saving them- selves. 197. The accusative of gerunds is used with prepositions, of which ad is most often found : Ad videndum venerunt, they came to see. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING '^ 99 In a sentence of this kind use the gerundive, not the gerund, when an object is expressed : Ad videndam urbem venerunt, they came to see the city. 198. Remember that with verbs of caring, giving, send- ing, undertaking, and the like, a gerundive agreeing with the object expresses purpose ; the most common of these verbs are euro, do, loco,* trado, attribuo, suscipio : Caesar pontem faciendum curat, Caesar gives orders for the building of a bridge. (Caesar has a bridge built.) lis pecuniam habendam dedit, he gave them the money to keep. 199. The ablative of the gerund is used to express time, cause, means, etc. When there is no object the ablative of the gerund may be used with ab, de, ex, in. If there is an object, use the gerundive, instead of the gerund, when there is a preposition : Nos non pugnando sed tacendo superant, they conquer us not by fighting but by holding their tongues. In quaerendo reperiebat, he kept finding out on inquiry. Constitit ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret, he halted lest he might lose time in looking for his own standards. 200. * Without saying,' 'without working,' and similar expressions of common use in English may be expressed in Latin in various ways, but not by the preposition sine with an ablative of the gerund : Tu quidem non abibis nisi id feceris, of course you will not go away without doing that. Abiit neque id fecit, he went away without doing that. Non rogatus venit, he came without being asked. lOO ^ ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING SUPINES 201. Supines are verbal nouns ending in um and u. The supine in um is called the accusative or former supine, that in u the ablative or latter supine. 202. The supine in um is used with a verb of motion to express purpose. The most common verbs of motion are those meaning come, go, send, lead, bring, carry (venio, eo, mitto, duco, fero, porto). 203. Among the supines in um of frequent use are : roga- tum, to ask; petitum, to beg, seek ; postulatum, to demand; questum, to complain; salutatum, to pay ones respects ; gratulatum, to cojigratulate ; frumentatum, to forage ; defen- sum, to defend ; servitum, to serve ; venatum, to hunt: Stultitia est venatum ducere invitos canes, it is folly to lead unwilHng dogs to hunt. 204. An accusative supine with an object is more rarely used than an accusative gerundive to express purpose : Dixit eos ad se oppugnandum venisse, he said that they had come to fight against him. 205. The supine in u is used with an adjective as an ablative of specification. The supines in u that are of frequent use are : dictu, to say ; factu, to do ; visu, to see ; auditu, to hear ; andcognitu, to know. These are regularly used with facilis, easy ; diffi- cilis, difficult ; dignus, worthy ; iucundus, pleasant ; optimus, best; mirabilis, wonderful; miserabilis, pitiable; fas, right; nefas, wrong, wicked. ELEMENTARY LATIN \yRJ[TJJ^G ..,,.. lOI facile factu, easy to do. dignus cognitu, worthy to know. iucundum auditu, pleasant to hear. • optimum factu, best to do. mirabile dictu, wonderful to tell. miserabile visu, pitiable to see. Si hoc fas est dictu, if this is right to say. Nefas est dictu, it is wicked to say. Exercise 33 1. Once upon a time twelve tribes of Greece united for the purpose of worshiping Apollo. (194.) 2. They then had a temple built in his honor. (198; 27; 29.) 3. Deputies used to come from all these tribes every six months. (156.) 4. From these, at first, there were chosen certain ones to prepare laws (not an easy thing to do) for governing the temple. (205; 197.) 5. Oracles, pretended answers of Apollo, were given to those who came to consult him. (202.) 6. There were in different places twenty-two oracles of Apollo, but a much smaller number of those of Jupiter. (89.) 7. The name 'oracle' was given both to the place in which the god was said to appear and to the answer given. 8. By far the most renowned oracles were those of Jupiter and Apollo; the former at Dodona, a city of Epirus, and the latter at Delphi, a city of Phocis. (94 ; 123; 39; 77') Exercise 34 1. The oracle of Apollo at Delphi gained a world-wide celebrity. 2. Desirous of gaining information, especially in time I02 e:ljvM,entary latin writing of danger, monarchs of Asia and Romans of all classes used to go there to inquire what was best for them to do. (195; 202; 205.) • 3. At Dodona the priests used to go to the forest to listen to the voice of Jupiter in the rustling leaves of the sacred oak. (39; 202.) 4. At Delphi, the voice of Apollo, if this is the right thing to say, came from a deep fissure in the ground. (205.) 5. In early times the priests did nothing that should be censuredo 6. Later, inquirers could get such answers as they wished by bribing the priests, a thing not at all difficult to do. (55; 205.) 7. When the priests thought it best they gave no answer at all, and therefore many returned home without receiving advice. (182; 205; 16; 58; 200.) 8. Although this is so, they, strange to say, returned again and again to consult the oracle, but finally they began to lose confidence in it. (205; 197; 16.) SUGGESTIONS 1. To gain a world-wide celebrity is to be very renowned throughout the world, hence one w^ay to express this thought is notissimum esse per terrarum orbem. 2. To gain information is to learn things about, cogno- scere de. Notice the indirect question in 2, and remember to ex- press it by the subjunctive. Remember that the Latin imperfect tense may be used to express not only the English auxiliary zvas and a past tense, but quite often an additional verb or adverb. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING IO3 Legebat, he was reading, he ready he used to ready he kept readings he began to read, he often read, he was constantly reading, he continued to read, he was still reading, etc. 4. A fissure is a narrow and open place. 5. Nothing not to be praised (gerundive) the priests did. 6. (Those) zvho inquired could get those answers which they wished, after they had bribed the priests. 8. Although this is €o : quae cum ita sint. FINAL SENTENCES 206. In final sentences or purpose clauses, the tense to be used is the present or the imperfect; the mode, the subjunctive ; the most common introductory words, ut or uti (affirmative), ne (negative), or a relative pronoun : Monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet, he warns him to avoid all suspicions in the future. lis persuasit ne irent, he persuaded them not to go. 207. Ut non may be used in a purpose clause when a word and not a clause is to be made negative : Venerunt ut in hostes non in socios impetum facerent, they came to attack the enemy, not their allies. 208. Neve or neu is used to continue ne : Caesar litteras nuntiosque misit ne eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent, Caesar sent written orders for them not to help them with grain or anything else. 209. Use quo, not ut, as a rule, in final sentences if there is a comparative in the clause. Milites signa inferre iussit quo f acilius gladiis uti possent, he ordered the soldiers to advance so that they could use their swords more easily. I04 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Exercise 35 1. After the death of Darius, Xerxes, who had suc- ceeded him, collected an immense army for the purpose of invading Greece. (74; 206.) 2. Everywhere from Asia Minor to the river Indus he levied troops. 3. He had two bridges of boats made, that he might more easily transport these troops across the Hellespont. (198; 209.) 4. He appointed autumn (as) the time for meeting in a town of Cappadocia. (206.) 5. He made himself commander-in-chief of these troops and led them in person to the city Sardis for the winter. (61; 128; 197.) 6. When this army was about to start from Sardis, in- teUigence came that the bridges across the Hellespont had been destroyed by a violent tempest. (16; 65; 182.) 7. Tradition says that Xerxes, in great wrath, issued orders for the architects to be put to death and the sea to be bound with fetters and lashed. (182 ; 206.) SUGGESTIONS 2. Everywhere : nusquam non. 4. Autiunn, at which time they might come together into a town of Cappadocia^ he appointed. 5. The phrase for the winter suggests purpose, which the Latin must show. (197 or 206.) 6. It was reported to him that the bridges which across (in with the ablative) the Hellespont he had made had been destroyed by a violent tempest. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING I05 7. Arrange as follows : By rep07't it has been handed down (f ama traditum est) that Xerxes, angry, ordered (ira'pero) the architects to be killed (206), and the sea having been bound with chains to be lashed (206). Exercise 36 1. He employed others to build two stronger bridges. 2. Each of these rested upon four hundred vessels, and was about a mile in length, and had high walls so that the horses could not see over them or the cattle be frightened by the water. (155 ; 208.) 3. In the spring of 480 B.C., the forces already men- tioned marched to the Hellespont to meet the fleet which was to wait for them there. (jZ ; 206.) 4. On his arrival Xerxes had a throne of white marble erected on the summit of the mountain. (16; 198 ; 95.) 5. This he did so that nothing might escape his notice or prevent his seeing both army and fleet. (208.) 6. From this he might overlook both land and sea cov- ered with troops. 7. From this he issued his orders for his vast army to cross into Europe. (206.) SUGGESTIONS 2. Observe the meaning and use of the verb rested. If the bridge rested upon vessels, it must have been placed on them, hence, we say : Each of these bridges had been placed upon four hundred vessels. 3 . A Iready mentioned = which we have already mentioned. 4. Xerxes, when he had arrived or after he had I06 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING arrived, caused a throne to be erected. The phrase, of white marble, describes the throne (ablative of descrip- tion), or shows that of which it was made (ablative of material). 5. To escape his notice is to remain unnoticed, latere. Remember to express that nothing by ne quid in a purpose clause. To prevent his seeing : impedire quominus with the subjunctive. 6. Covered as here used is equivalent to filled, complete. 7. He ordered his army to cross. (206.) Exercise 37 1. A historian has given the following account of the army of Xerxes getting ready to cross the Hellespont: 2. Before the passage commenced, sacred myrtle was strewn over the two bridges, and the king himself poured libations upon the sea for the purpose of pla- cating it. 3. At sunrise, prayers were offered to the gods, and then the passage began. (180.) 4. To avoid accidents and delays, the baggage wagons and the beasts of burden crossed by one bridge, the army by the other. (208 ; 83.) 5. The first to cross was the sacred guard of the Great King, — the Ten Thousand Immortals, — all crowned with garlands. (189.) 6. Preceding the king, the Chariot of the Sun, drawn by eight snow-white horses, moved slowly. 7. Herodotus affirms that for seven days and seven nights the bridges seemed to groan beneath the living tide that Asia was pouring into Europe. (52; 181.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 107 SUGGESTIONS 1. In regard to (de) the army of Xerxes preparing to cross the Hellespont, these things have been written. 2. Before they began to cross the bridges, they scattered sacred myrtle over (per) them, and, etc. 3. At sunrise is at ' first light ' (prima luce). (95.) Prayers were offered — having called upon their gods in prayer. The passage began — they began to cross the bridges. 4. It will be necessary to show by the Latin that the wagons did not cross of their own accord : So that nothing (ne quid) might harm them or delay them, they led the beasts of bnrden, etc., across one bridge ^ the army across the other. (49.) 6. Before the king, the Chariot, etc., was slowly led across the bridge. 7. One of the most common metaphors used by the Romans appears in this sentence. The words tide and ponding suggest the rushing of water. Here it is the tide of living beings rushing or pouring into Europe. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES 210. Consecutive or result clauses take their verbs in the subjunctive; the present and the imperfect are the tenses of most frequent use; the most common introduc- tory words, ut or uti (affirmative), ut non (negative) : Dixerunt futurum esse uti omnes Germani Rhenum trans- irent, they said that the result would be that all the Germans would cross the Rhine. I08 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Multis vulneribus confectus ut iam se sustinere non pos- set, exhausted by many wounds so that he could not stand any longer. 211. In a result clause dependent upon a past tense, use the present tense if the act is continued into the present : Ita se gessit ut tibi decori sit, he has so conducted him- self that he is now a credit to you. 212. In a result clause dependent upon a past tense, use the perfect subjunctive if the act is completed : Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas ut ad galeas induendas tempus defuerit, so short was the time that it was insufficient for them to put on their helmets. 213. If the verb upon which a result clause depends suggests the result, use the imperfect tense for a com- pleted act : Accidit ut esset luna plena, it happened to be full moon. Quo factum est ut ab urbe discederent, the result of this was that they left the city. 214. Such words as sic and ita, so, suggest result clauses ; remember, however, that these words may precede purpose clauses also : Sunt ita multi ut eos career capere non possit, there are so many that the prison cannot hold them. Ita me gessi ne tibi pudori essem, I conducted myself so that I might not be a disgrace to you. Exercise 38 I. When the consul, Minucius, was warring against the Aequians, they shut him up in a valley and guarded it so that he could not get out. (214.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING IO9 2. When news of this was brought to Rome, the senate said, ** What prevents our making Lucius Quintius Cincin- natus dictator? He is the only man who can help us." (16; 61; 49.) 3. Cincinnatus happened to be at work plowing when the messenger from Rome arrived. (213.) 4. So great was the danger that there was not time to raise a large army. 5. With such an army as he could raise quickly, he marched against the Aequians. 6. Around these he ordered his men to dig a ditch, so that no one of them could escape. (206; 214; 180.) 7. So great was the fear (on the part) of the Aequians that they surrendered at once. (213.) 8. He ordered his (soldiers) to treat them kindly. (206.) 9. After Minucius had been liberated, Cincinnatus gave over the army to him, and we have no doubt that he was glad to go back to his home. (189.) SUGGESTIONS 1. Decide whether you wish to make prominent the fact that it was a consul whom the Aequians shut up in a valley, or who the consul was. If the former, show this by placing consul before the name ; if the latter, the name will come first. 2. What prevents our making: quid obstat quominus with the subjunctive — he alone can help us, 4. To raise an army is ' to collect or bring together an army,' cogere exercitum. 6. Observe that so that no one introduces a purpose clause, — hence ne quis must be used. no ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 9. To Miniicius liberated Cincinnatus gave over the army. Do not forget that dubito, doubt, usually takes quin, that, with the subjunctive. Notice that the tense of was must be perfect, not imperfect, in this sentence. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 215. In a conditional sentence there are two clauses, the condition or protasis, and the conclusion or apodosis. Remember that the conclusion is the principal clause, and the condition the dependent clause. Among the most common introductory words are si, if ; nisi, if not, unless ; si non, if not ; si minus, if not ; sin, but if. 216. Often the difference between nisi and si non is not essential. Nisi, however, may be used to make a clause negative ; si non, to make a word negative : Nuntium ad eum mittit nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse, he sends word that unless relief be sent to him, he will be unable to hold out longer. Quod si non possumus facere, moriamur, if we cannot do this, let us die. 217. Si minus is often used when the verb is to be sup- pHed from the context : Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, quam plurimos, lead out with you all your associates ; if not, as many as possible. (94.) 218. Sin, but if, is used to introduce a second condition that expresses something in opposition to the first con- dition : ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING III Sin autem servire meae gloriae mavis confer te ad Man- Hum, but if you prefer to add to my glory, betake yourself to Manlius. 219. When a condition is stated as a fact, use the indicative mode : Si hoc dicis, vehementer erras, if you say this, you are greatly mistaken. 220. Future Condition More Real or Vivid. 1. In this, both condition and conclusion may be ex- pressed by the future indicative : Si accelerare volent, consequentur, if they are willing to hurry, they will overtake him. 2. The condition may be expressed by the future per- fect indicative ; the conclusion by the future indicative : Si castra muniri iusserit, milites parebunt, if he orders the camp to be fortified, the soldiers will obey (orders). 3. Both condition and conclusion may be expressed by the future perfect indicative : Quos si mens consulatus sustulerit, multa saecula propa- garit rei piiblicae, if my consulship removes these, it will add ages to the state (it will prolong the state for ages). 4. The condition may be introduced by a relative pro- noun : Qui perterriti eritis, domos vestras dimittam, if any of you are afraid, I shall send you to your homes. 5. The condition may be expressed by a participle : Quibus superatis, in nostros fines veniet, if these are con- quered, he will come into our territory. 112 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 6. The conclusion may be expressed by an imperative : Etiam si Catilina perierit, scitote reliquos coniuratos in re publica futures esse, even if Catiline does perish, rest assured that the rest of the conspirators will remain in the city. 7. The conclusion may be expressed by O with the accu- sative, and the condition by the future perfect indicative : Hunc si secuti erunt sui comites, nos beatos! if his associates follow him, happy shall we be ! 221. Future Condition Less Real or Vivid. In this, use the present subjunctive in both condition and conclusion : Haec si tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat ? if your country should say this to you, ought she not to obtain her request ? 222. Present Contrary to Fact Condition. In a condition of this kind, we suppose something that is not true now. In this, use the imperfect subjunctive in both condition and conclusion : Si te timeremus, ita diceremus, if we were afraid of you, we should say so. 223. Past Contrary to Fact Condition. Here we suppose something that was not true at some past time. In this, as a rule, use the pluperfect subjunc- tive in both condition and conclusion : Si hoc dixissem, senatus mihi vim et manus intulisset, if I had said this, the senate would have laid violent hands on me. 224. A sentence may contain a past contrary to fact condition and a present contrary to fact conclusion : ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING II3 Si hoc dixissem, quid diceres ? if I had said this, what would you say ? 225. The imperfect or perfect indicative of the active periphrastic conjugation may be used instead of the imper- fect or pluperfect subjunctive in the conclusion of a con- trary to fact condition : Quid tandem, incensis tabernis, f uturum fuit ? what, pray, would have been the result if the shops had been burned ? 226. Remember that in the conclusion of a contrary to fact condition a past tense of the indicative may suggest an omission of what might have been or might have happened : Pons iter paene hostibus dedit, nisi unus vir fuisset, the bridge almost gave the enemy a right of way (and would have done so), had it not been for one man. 227. Observe that when possum, / am able^ I can, debeo, / oiighty oportet, it is necessary, or the passive periphrastic conjugation is used in the conclusion of a contrary to fact condition, the form, as a rule, is imperfect, perfect, or plu- perfect indicative : Si in hac urbe esset, is erat mittendus, if he were in this city now, he would be the one to be sent. 228. Dependent Contrary to Fact Conditions. If a present contrary to fact condition is made to depend upon a verb that requires the subjunctive, do not make any change in either the condition or conclusion : Si ita putares, diceres, if you thought so, you would say so. Non dubitamus quin si ita putares, diceres, we do not doubt that if you thought so, you would say so. ELEM. LAT. WRITING — 8 114 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 229. If a past condition contrary to fact depends upon a verb that requires the subjunctive, express the conclusion by the perfect subjunctive of the active periphrastic conju- gation ; do not make any change in the condition : Non dubitamus quin, si ita putavisses, dicturus fueris, we do not doubt that if you had thought so, you would have said so. Exercise 39 1. Find out, if you can, something about oracles; if you cannot do this yourself, question somebody. (127; 152.) 2. If it is possible for you to do so, go to both Delphi and Dodona ; if not, go to Delphi, the most famous of oracles. (58.) 3. Should you decide to go to this place, you would hear it said that in early times, Delphi was called Pytho ; Apollo, the Pythius; and his priestess, Pythia. (221; 181 ; 182.) 4. If you inquire, you will find out that Pythia uttered the oracles from the tripod on which she sat. (220, 2 ; 182.) 5. Whoever is willing to make further inquiries, will learn that the sounds which she made could not be under- stood by those who had consulted the oracle. (220, 4; 182; 180.) 6. There were priests to give the responses. (206.) 7. The questioner went away happy if the responses were favorable ; but if unfavorable, he returned home greatly disappointed. (218.) SUGGESTIONS I. The conclusion, as is frequently the case, may be expressed by the imperative (220, 6) ; the condition in the first part is positive; the same condition appears in the ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING II5 second part of the sentence ; here, however, it is negative. Show this by using si non. To question somebody is 'to inquire something from somebody.' 2. The condition is of the same kind as that in sentence i ; in this, however, it will be more courteous to use the future indicative instead of the imperative, since the word go as here used cannot be considered a command. The verb of the condition in the second part is not expressed. Use si mtnus to translate if not. (217.) 5. To make further inquiries is to inquire or to ask more (things). 7. A questioner is (one) who inquires. In this sentence we find two conditions, the second of which opposes the first ; express but if by sin. Exercise 40 1. The prophetess called Pythia was in early times a young girl of noble birth ; afterwards, one chosen (as) Pythia was a woman over fifty, clad in the dress of a girl. 2. At first there was only one Pythia ; later, there were two or three. Had there not been, it would not have been possible to give responses to all who came to consult the oracle. (227; 16.) 3. If the Pythias had not given their answers to the priests alone, the latter would not have had such power. (216; 223.) 4. At Rome there were no oracles. Why would the Romans have gone to Delphi to consult the oracle, if there had been .^ (223.) 5. We do not doubt that, if there had been oracles in Rome, the Romans would not have gone either to Magna Graecia or to Delphi for advice. (229.) Il6 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 6. We do not doubt that if there were oracles nowa- days, many would consult them ; for it would be tedious to enumerate those who in our time try to read the future. (228.) SUGGESTIONS 1. A person over fifty is one 'born more than fifty years.' (92.) Clad in the dress of a girl is * wearing (gerens) the dress (habitum) of a virgin/ 2. Change the conclusion to the impersonal form of the passive voice. Remember that there are many ways of expressing purpose, but do not use the infinitive. (194; 197; 202; 206.) 3. To have such power: tantum valere, tantum posse. (55.) 5. Notice the idea of purpose suggested by the noun advice. Not either . . . or : neque . . . neque. 6. It would be tedious : longum est. 1 Exercise 41 1. If any one thinks that Catiline is not guilty, he is greatly mistaken. 2. What would you say, Caesar, if you knew that he had an army in this city at this very time .'^ (222; 183; 75; y^.) 3. If you listen, I will give you the names of those among us who, of course not in name, but in fact, belong to that army ; if you do not, I fear that they will prove your ruin. (220; 33; 49.) 4. What would you have thought if the conspirators had been killed, (while) trying to burn the very roof over your head } (223.) 5. They almost succeeded (and would have done so) had it not been for the ambassadors of the Allobroges, ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING II7 who exposed the whole matter to their patron, Q. Fabius Sanga, and asked his advice about it. (226.) 6. It was the duty of a patron to protect his clients. (33; 179; 49-) SUGGESTIONS I. Since the condition is expressed as a fact, show this by using the indicative in both clauses. He is greatly mistaken: vehementer *errat. 3. Observe that the condition in the first part is positive, and that the same condition is in the second part negative. Express if not by si non or si minus. After vereor, I fear^ express that by ne. Use the present subjunctive to ex- press ivill be, 4. The roof over your head — your roof. 5. Note carefully both the meaning and use of a word. In this sentence, the word succeeded evidently means 'burned the roof ' or 'accomplished the thing.' Had it not been for the ambassadors, etc., should be expressed as if it read Unless the ambassadors had exposed^ etc. To ask his advice is *to consult him.' Exercise 42 1. This being the case, I do not doubt that even if you had opposed capital punishment you would have been glad to deprive these scoundrels of life in order to save your country. (229; 189; 64; 206.) 2. If you, Caesar, had been consul, would you have recommended the pardon of a conspirator.? (223; 157; 43; 206.) 3. Whoever favors imprisonment for life is, in my opin- ion, unjust to those states to which he would have these dangerous men sent. Il8 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 4. If the conspirators live until daylight, remember that the lives of us all will be in danger. (220, 6; 104; 183, 3.) 5. Think about all your friends ; if not all, those whom Catiline hates. (217.) 6. You will avoid even the usual delays if you act sen- sibly. (220; 96.) 7. Rest assured that no one will blame you if you say what you think. (175; 183,3; 215.) SUGGESTIONS I. This being the case : quae cum ita sint. The expression capital punishment suggests death as the fine imposed for some crime. This may be shown in Latin by morte multare, to fine by death. To recommend a pardon is to advise that pardon be granted to one. 3. To favor imprisonment for life is *to say that they ought to be in chains everlasting.' Observe that by placing sempiternis, everlastings after vinculis, we show how hopeless the case is. In English, as well as in Latin, a change of meaning may arise from a change in the order of words. This is shown in sentence 3 in the use of the words woidd, have, and sent. Remember that would is not in this case an auxiliary, but a principal verb ; that have is not to be expressed, and that sent suggests a future, not a completed action. He would have these dangerous men sent is equivalent to He wishes these dangerous m,en to be sent. 4. Until daylight is ' to the light * or * to the rising sun.' Use vita, life, in the singular, not plural. 7. Keep in mind the fact that both relative clauses and indirect questions may begin with the word what. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING II9 Decide whether this sentence does or does not mean, * say that which you think,' * give your own opinion.' This is evidently the meaning here, hence it is a rela- tive clause stating a fact^ and as such requires its verb in the indicative. Exercise 43 1. If you believe what I have said, you will, undoubtedly, consider your personal, safety ; but if you doubt it, you will not, I presume, oppose our trying to save our country. (220.) 2. How fortunate we shall all be if the case is decided as soon as possible ! (220, 7.) 3. What will Catiline care about us Romans if he can reign in Rome, that is, in the new city which he hopes to build where Rome now stands t (220; 189.) 4. Had it not been for his practical experience, the rest of the conspirators could not have accomplished so much. (223; 96; 95.) 5. If Catiline were here now, he would be the one to be put to death first. (227.) 6. Let Cethegus, Lentulus, Gabinius, Statilius, and Ce- parius, who are under arrest, be led to the prison at once, provided Roman citizens may then be safe. SUGGESTIONS I. The word what is equivalent to those things which ; hence it introduces a relative clause which states a fact. To consider your personal safety is * to consult your own interest ' (44), or *' to think about yourself ' (de te cogitate). I presume, credo, opinor, when used parenthetically, does not affect the construction. 3. What will Catiline care TCiQ2in^ *what (thought) will he have (cogitare) about (de) us } ' Decide whether the word where as used in 3 is a relative or an interrogative. I20 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING If it means 'in the places, in which places' (137), it is a relative and as such requires the indicative to state a fact 6. Do not allow the word under to mislead you. Those who are * under arrest ' are ' held arrested/ Roman citi- zens, cives Romani, not Romani cives. Observe the use of the jussive subjunctive in Let Ce- thegus, Lentil his, etc., be led. OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 230. The subjunctive is used in expressions of wishing, which are often introduced by utinam, would that. To make a wish negative ne is commonly used : Utinam ne veniant, I wish they would not come ! Would that they would not come ! 231. The present subjunctive is used to express a wish that may be fulfilled : Serus in caelum redeas ! may you live long ! may your return to heaven be long deferred ! 232. A wish that seems hopeless in the present or near future is expressed by the imperfect subjunctive : Utinam adforet (old form of adesset) Aeneas ! would that Aeneas were here now ! 233. The perfect subjunctive may refer to past action that is now completed : Utinam venerint, I do hope that they have come. 234. A wish unfulfilled in the past is expressed by the pluperfect subjunctive : Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset! would that he had led all his forces with him ! ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 121 235. Velim and vellem with their compounds, nolim, noUem, malim, mallem, may be used with a subjunctive to express a wish : Velim verum sit, I hope it is true. Vellem verum fuisset, I wish it had been true. NoUem venissent, I wish they had not come. Mallem secum milites eduxisset! I wish he had led his soldiers with him ! CLAUSES Dependent Clauses 236. In English we do not make a change in the mode of a verb because it is used in a dependent clause ; in Latin, however, we must observe carefully that upon which the clause depends. Although a verb is not in the indicative or subjunctive because it is used with certain conjunctions, these conjunctions in many cases suggest the mode to be used. Temporal Clauses 237. The most common introductory words for temporal clauses are : cum, when ; ubi, when ; ut, when, since ; ut pri- mum, as soon as ; cum primum, as soon as; simul ac or atque, as soon as; antequam, before ; priusquam, before; postquam, after ; posteaquam, after ; dum, while, as long as, until ; donee, until, while ; quoad, until, while. The following examples will show that temporal clauses may take the indicative or subjunctive : 238. Cum, when: Cum Germanis contendunt cum suis finibus eos prohibent, they fight with the Germans when they keep them from their territory. 122 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Cum esset in citeriore Gallia ad eum rumores adf erebantur, being in hither Gaul, rumors reached him. Quern cum ex urbe pellebam hoc providebam animo, at the time that I was trying to force him from Rome I foresaw this. lUe eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat; vos tunc paruistis cum paruit nemo qui noluit, he obeyed orders at a time when one had to obey the senate ; you obeyed when no one who did not wish to do so obeyed. 239. Ubi, zvhen: Quod ubi resciit, reliquos in deditionem accepit, when Caesar found this out, he allowed the rest to surrender. 240. Ut, when, as soon as : Id ut audivit Corcyram demigravit, as soon as he heard it, he went to Corcyra. 241. Ut primum, as soon as : Ut primum lux data est quaerere constituit, he decided to inquire as soon as day dawned. 242. Cum primum, as soon as : Caesar cum primum potuit, ad exercitum contendit, Caesar hastened to his army as soon as he could do so. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit, as soon as there began to be plenty of fodder he came to the army himself. 243. Simul ac or atque, as soon as : Simul ac persensit talibus aggreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis, as soon as Saturn's daughter (Juno) realized this, she addressed Venus with such words as these. Simul atque ire in exilium iussus est, paruit, as soon as he was ordered to go into exile, he obeyed. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 123 244. Antequam, ante . . . quam, before: Antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam, before returning to the subject I shall speak briefly of myself. Antequam ad oppidum pervenerunt Caesari se dediderunt, before reaching the town they surrendered to Caesar. Ante videmus fulgorem quam sonum audiamus, we see the lightning before we hear the sound. 245. Priusquam, prius . . . qyidim, sooner than, before : Priusquam respondeo (respondero)'de ceteris rebus dicam, before I answer I shall speak about the other matters. Neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen Rhenum pervenerunt, and they did not stop before they reached the Rhine. Priusquam se hostes ex terrore reciperent, in fines Sues- sionum exercitum duxit, before the enemy recovered from fright he led his army into the territory of the Suessiones. 246. Postquam, post . . . quam, after: Postquam audierunt muros instrui legates Athenas mise- runt, after they had heard that the walls were being built they sent ambassadors to Athens. Observe the use of postquam with the pluperfect indica- tive to express a definite time in a sentence of the following type : Hannibal rex factus est, postquam imperator f uerat, anno tertio et vicesimo, Hannibal was elected to the highest magistracy the twenty-third year after he was commander- in-chief of the army. 247. Posteaquam, after: Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, conantes prohibere transitu concidit, after he reached the Alps he killed those who tried to prevent his crossing. 124 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 248. Dum, while : Dum, while, usually has the present indicative after all tenses. Homines dum docent, discunt, men learn while they are teaching. Dum haec geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est equites Ario- visti tela in nostros coicere, while this was going on it was reported to Caesar that the horsemen of Ariovistus were ^ hurling javelins at our men. 249. Dum, as long as : In freta dum fluvii current, semper honos nomenque tuum manebunt, as long as rivers flow into the ocean ever will thy name be honored. 250. Dum, until: Non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent, he decided not to wait until the Helvetians reached the land of the Santones. 251. Donee, until, as long as : Donee rediit silentium fuit, there was silence until he returned. Donee eris felix multos numerabis amicos, as long as you are fortunate you will have many friends. Causal Causes 252. Among the most common introductory words for causal clauses are quod, quia, quoniam, which are usually found with the indicative when the cause is a fact, cum and the relative qui, which are followed by the subjunctive. 253. Quod, because: Victoria Caesari voluptatem attulit, quod suum hospitem sibi restitiitum videbat, the victory gave Caesar pleasure because he saw that his guest had been restored to him. # ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 25 254. Quod, because: Hanc reperiebat causam quod apud Germanos ea consue- tudo esset, he ascertained this reason, because it was the custom among the Germans. Notice that quod . . . esset is not given on the writer's authority; hence the subjunctive. 255. Quia, because: ♦ Non quia difficilia sunt non audemus, sed quia non aude- mus difficilia, it is not because things are hard to do that we dare not try them, but because we dare not try them, they seem hard. 256. Quoniam, because, now that, since : Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magnitudine pauca dicam, now that I have spoken of the character of the war I shall speak briefly of its importance. 257. Cum, since, because : Haedui, cum se def endere non possent, legates ad Caesarem miserunt, since the Haedui could not defend themselves they sent ambassadors to Caesar. 258. Qui, relative pronoun, since /, you, etc. The relative qui is sometimes equivalent to cum (since) and a personal or a demonstrative pronoun : fortunate, qui tuae virtiitis Homerum praeconem invene- ris, fortunate man, since you found Homer as the herald of your brave deeds. Concessive Clauses 259. In concessive clauses the common introductory words are cum, quamquam, etsi, qui (relative pronoun), ut, licet. 126 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 260. Cum, altJioitgh : Cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit, although the battle raged from one o'clock until evenmg, no one could have seen a single one of the enemy desert. 261. Quamquam, althottgh^ and yet : Quamquam animus meminisse horret, incipiam, although my mind shudders to recall it, I shall begin. Quamquam quid loquor? and yet why am I talking.^ what is the use of my talking t 262. Etsi, although : Etsi male rem gesserat, tamen magnas habebat copias, although he had managed badly, still he had a large army. 263. Qui, relative pronoun : Egomet qui leviter Graecas litteras attigissem, tamen com- plures dies Athenis sum commoratus, although I did not know much about Greek, still I stayed in Athens several days. 264. Ut, although: Ut ilia omittam, hoc non praetermittendum est, although I may not mention those facts, I must not pass over this. 265. Licet, although: Licet omnes f remant, ego non tacebo, though all may rave, I shall not hold my tongue. 266. Observe that the perfect subjunctive may be used in a concessive clause : Fuerint pertinaces, crimine parricidi liceat Pompeio mor- tuo carere, granted that they were stubborn, let Pompey, now that he is dead, be free from the charge of parricide. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 127 267. Dum, dummodo, provided^ introduces a proviso clause : Magno me metu liberabis, dummodo inter me atque te murus sit, you will free me from great fear, provided there is a wall between you and me. 268. Keep in mind the introductory words in negative final and consecutive sentences. FINAL CONSECUTIVE That not ne ut non That neither . . . ne aut . . . aut ut neque . . . nor ^ ut neve . . . neve . neque That no one ne quis ut nemo That no ne ullus ut nuUus That never ne umquam ut numquam That nowhere ne usquam ut nusquam Circumvenerunt ne quis eos cernere posset, they sur- rounded them so that no one could see them. Tanta erat tempesta .s ut nemo veniret, so great was the storm that no one cam e. TENSE 269. It is to be expected that a beginner will find the Latin tenses a source of trouble. Since we, in English, so often use a tense whose form does not show the time, we must decide, before trying to express in Latin an act or event, whether such act or event is present, past, or future, and then show this time by the tense of the verb. 270. Remember that the English present is very often used, when the time is future ; the Latin tense, however, must show the time : 128 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING When you come, I shall see you, cum veneris, te videbo. If you come, I shall see you, si veneris, te videbo. He will not start until he accomplishes this, non profi- ciscetur donee perfecerit hoc. I shall stay as long as you stay, ego manebo dum tu manebis. 271. The Latin imperfect may be used to express not only the English progressive form and the regular form of the past tense, but also an additional verb or adverb : He was readings He read. He used to read, He kept readings He began to read, He continued to read, He often read, He was constantly reading. He was still reading, etc., may be expressed in Latin by the imperfect indicative, legebat. 272. Note carefully the meaning shown by the tense in a sentence of this type. The camp is fortified. If this is expressed in Latin by Castra muniuntur, the present tense will show that the work of fortifying is now going on, is not yet completed ; if by Castra munita sunt, the perfect tense will show that the work of fortifying has been completed, and that the camp is, therefore, now fortified. 273. Remember that many verbs which, in English, are used as auxiliaries, are not so rendered in Latin. The following examples will show some of the transla- tions of the English words may, can, must, ought, might, would, let, etc. : licet eas, licet ire, (In these sentences may licet te ire, shows permission.) licet tibi ire. May you live long, serus in caelum redeas. (Here may is used to express a wish.) You may go. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 29 One may make a mistake (It is natural to err), hominis est errare. You may be mistaken (It is possible that you may be deceived), potest fieri ut fallaris. There are many ways in which one may become famous (It is allowed (for one) to become distinguished in many things), multis rebus clarum fieri licet. You may say this ♦on my authority (Say this (with) me (as your) authority), me auctore, dicito. They may have been angry, they may have been stub- born (I grant, they may have been, etc.), fuerint irati, fuerint pertinaces. If I can go, I shall do so (If I shall be able to go, I shall go), si potero ire, ibo. te sententiam dicere oportet. sententiam dicas oportet. sententiam dicere debes. sententiam dicere necesse est. necesse est dicas sententiam. , tibi sententia dicenda est. You might be mistaken (it was possible, etc.), poterat fieri ut fallereris. They might have been stubborn (granted that they were stubborn), fuissent pertinaces. What would you have done ? quid facturi fuistis ? If I had said this, youywould have come, si hoc dixissem, venisses. It would be tedious to run through all the names (it is a long Hst, hence it would be tedious, etc.), longum est per- currere omnia nomina. Would that he had led all his forces with him ! (I wish that, etc.), utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset ! ELEM. LAT. WRITING — 9 You ought to give your opinion. You must give your opinion. I30 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING They told us plainly why they would not go (they said enough (to show) why they were unwiUing to go), cur noUent ire satis dixerunt. Read all, if you would know all (wish to know all), lege totum, si vis scire totum. They would rather read than write (they preferred to read rather than write), legere quam scribere malebant. He would have such changes made as he wished (he was accustomed to change those things which he wished), ea quae vellet solebat mutare. Let us go (an exhortation, used only in the present sub- junctive, first person plural), eamus. Let them go (a jussive subjunctive), eant. Let us go (a request for permission to go), nobis ire liceat. Let your oar graze the chffs (permit (that) the oar, etc.), stringat sine palmula cautes. 274. Remember the construction often used with verbs and expressions of fearing. It is natural for one who wishes a thing to happen to fear that it may not happen, and for one who wishes a thing not to happen to fear that it may happen : Ne eas ; vereor, don't go (I wish that you would not go), (but) I fear (that you will go). Vereor ne eas, I fear that you will go. Ut eas; vereor, go (I wish that you would go), (but) I fear (that you will not go). Vereor ut eas, I fear that you will not go. From the above we see that the real meaning suggested by ne is that, and by ut, that not. Therefore we may say that ne means that or lest after a verb of fearing, and ut, that not. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 131 275. Keep in mind the constructions which are often used with verbs of preventing, hindering, refusing, etc. : Prohibit! estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere, you were prevented from stepping your foot in your province. Conantes dicere prohibuit, he kept them from speaking when they tried to speak. Proponit hos multitudinem deterrere ne frumentum con- ferant, he says that 'these are the ones who are keeping many from bringing grain. German! retineri non poterant quin tela coicerent, the Germans could not be kept from throwing javeHns. Dixerunt sese non recusaturos quominus sub illorum im- perio essent, they said that they would not refuse to be under their rule. Impedior ne plura dicam, I am hindered from saying more. Quid obstat ne (quominus) eas ? what prevents your going ? Aetas non impedit quominus agri colendi studia teneamus, age does not hinder our retaining an interest in agriculture. 276. Remember the constructions used with verbs and expressions of doubt : Neque dubitare debere quin Haeduis libertatem sint erep- turi, (saying) that they ought not to doubt that they intend to take away from the Haedui their liberty. Non esse dubium quin Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent, (saying) there was no doubt that the Helvetians were the most influential people of Gaul. Neque abest suspicio quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit, and suspicion is not wanting that he committed suicide. Note the use of dubito, hesitate, with the infinitive. Proelium committere non dubitavit, he did not hesitate to begin battle. 132 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING WORD LISTS 277. One thing indispensable in writing Latin is a work- ing vocabulary. Remember, however, that translation is not the mere substitution of words. Observe carefully, when reading Latin, so that you may be able to use such words and expressions as will be an adequate rendering of the thought you wish to convey. Make a list of the words with their uses which you meet very often, and without a knowledge of which it is im- possible to write Latin. The following are given as suggestions. Note the words and their uses. 278. Think Quis putat esse crimen fuisse in Africa? who thinks that it is a crime to have been in Africa.'* Caesar maturandum sibi existimavit, Caesar thought that he ought to hasten. Eum ad sanitatem reverti arbitrabatur, he thought that he was returning to his senses. Non exspectandum sibi statuit, he thought that he ought not to wait. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt, they thought that two years would be enough for them to do these things. Hos postquam Athenas pervenisse ratus est, ad magis- tratum Lacedaemoniorum adiit, after he thought that they had reached Athens he called on the magistrate of the Spartans. Omnes idem sentiunt, all think the same. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 33 Desinant proscriptiones cogitare, let them stop thinking about proscriptions. Hie sunt qui de huius urbis exitio cogitent, here there are some who are thinking about the destruction of this city. Tu ut tillam fugam meditere .'' you think of flight } (Impossible.) Si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, iinius usuram horae isti ad vivendum non dedlssem, if I thought this the best thing to do, I should not have allowed that fellow to live one hour. Se non opinari sed scire dicit, he says that he does not think, but he knows. Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est, Romulus was thought to have crossed over to the gods. Si te parentes timerent, tii, opinor, ab eorum oculis con- cederes, if your parents feared you, you would, I think, go out of their sight. 279. Know Scire se ilia esse vera, (saying) that he knows that those things are true. Intellegere sese quanto id cum periculo fecerit, (saying) that he knows with what danger he did it. Te non sentientem custodient, they will watch you, al- though you will not know it. Agnoscis odium omnium iustum, you know that the hatred of all is just. 280. Say Dicit montem teneri ab hostibus, he says that the moun- tain is held by t^he enemy. Negat se posse iter uUi per provinciam dare, he says that he cannot grant to any one the right of way through the province. (Observe that negat = dicit non, not non dicit.) 134 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Se suis copiis regna conciliaturum confirmat, he says that with his own troops he will gain the kingdoms. Perfacile factu esse probat, he says (proves) that it is very easy to do. Confitetur se in ea parte fuisse, he says (confesses) that he was in that part. Num infitiari potes te non potuisse id facere ? can you deny (not acknowledge) that you could not have done that ? (See Grammar for aio, I say ; inquam, I say.) 281. Promise PoUicitus est se ittirum esse, he promised to go. Promittebat se venturum esse, he promised to come. Ad eum legati veniunt qui poUiceantur obsides dare, am- bassadors come to him to promise to give hostages. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit, he promised to act as ambassador (he took upon himself the embassy) to the states. Non, si Juppiter spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere caelo, not even if Jupiter should promise, could I hope to reach Italy in such weather. 282. Order Diviciacum ad se vocari iubet, he orders Diviciacus to be summoned to his presence. Imperavit ei ut ea niintiaret, he ordered him to make the announcement. Non hunc in vincula duci imperabis } will you not order him to be put into chains } ^ Huic maudat ut ad se quam primum revertatur, he orders him to return to him as soon as possible. Obsides inter eos dandos curat, he orders an exchange of hostages. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 35 Erat ei praeceptum (43) a Caesare ne proelium commit- teret, he had been ordered by Caesar not to begin battle. 283. Ask Hos ego sententiam rogo, I ask them their opinion. Te rogo ut annuum mihi tempus des, I ask you to give me a year's time. Rogat finem orandi faciat, he asks him to stop pleading (for his brother). Quaerit ex solo ea, he asks him alone these questions. Eadem ab aliis quaerit, he asks others the same questions. Quaero de vobis hoc, quid facturi fuistis ? I ask you this question, what would you have done ? Quaesivit a me vellemne secum proficisci, he asked me whether I would start with him. Interrogas me num iturus sim, you ask me whether I intend to go. Caesar Haeduos frumentum flagitare, Caesar kept asking (dunning) the Haedui for grain*. Petit ut ipse statuit, he asks (begs) him to decide the matter himself. Implorabant ne se Romanis traderent, they asked (im- plored) them not to give them up to the Romans. Ariovistus postulavit ne quem peditem ad conloquium Caesar adduceret, Ariovistus asked (demanded) Caesar not to lead a single foot soldier to the conference. PARTICIPLES 284. English words ending in ^ing' are often called present participles, although the form alone may suggest the name. Decide just what the 'ing' words represent before trying to render them in Latin. 136 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 285. Remember that a Latin participle has no absolute time. Look for the verb upon which a participle depends, and from this determine the time of the participle : Conantes dicere prohibet, he prevents them now when they are trying to speak. Conantes dicere prohibebit, he will prevent them when they will try to speak. Conantes dicere prohibuit, he prevented them when they were trying to speak. Reductos in hostium numero habet, after they have been brought back, he treats them as enemies. Reductos in hostium numero habebit, after they will have been brought back, he will treat them as enemies. Reductos in hostium numero habuit, after they had been brought back, he treated them as enemies. 286. English participles that are present in form only may be replaced in Latin by various constructions, among which are coordinate clauses, prepositions, infinitive used substantively, infinitive with subject accusative, historical infinitive, ablative absolute, genitive, clauses introduced by ut non, cum, antequam, priusquam, postquam, quod, quo- minus, quin, etc. I. Coordinate Clauses Abiit neque te vidit, he went away without seeing you. 2. Prepositions Propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem oppidum expugnare potuit, owing to the width of the ditch and the height of the wall, he could not take the town. Multo cum periculo fieri potest, it is a matter involving much danger. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 37 Per meum nomen rem perfecerunt, using my name as a pretext, they accomplished their object. 3. Infinitive used Substantively Videre est credere, seeing is believing. 4. Infinitive' with Subject Accusative Ubi turrim appropinquare moenibus viderunt, legates ad Caesarem miserunt, when they saw the tower nearing the walls, they sent ambassadors to Caesar. 5. Historical Infinitive (Infinitive of Intimation) Pars cedere, alii insequi ; neque signa neque ordines ser- vare ; nihil imperio agi ; fors omnia regere, (there they were) some giving way, others pressing on; keeping neither standards nor ranks; nothing being done according to military rule ; chance directing everything. 6. Ablative Absolute Amic5 non viso, reversus est, he returned without seeing his friend. 7. Genitive Eius partis periculum timebatur, the danger arising from that quarter was feared. 8. Clause with Ut Non Numquam eos videt ut non auxilium roget, he never sees them without asking for help. 9. Clause with Cum Imperator, cum intellexisset hostes castra movisse, sub- sequebatur, learning that the enemy had broken camp, the general followed in close pursuit. 138 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 10. Clause with Antequam Antequam venerunt, nuntiaverunt, before coming, they sent word. 11. Clause with Priusquam Priusquam venero, ntintiabo, before coming, I shall send you word. 12. Clause with Postquam Ad Alpes postquam pervenit, exercitum traduxit, after reaching the Alps, he led his army across. 13. Clause with Quod Ex eo, quod venisti, te pro amico habebunt, from your coming, they will look upon you as a friend. 14. Clause with Quominus Non deterrent quominus eas, they cannot prevent your going. 15. Clause with Quin Facere non possum quin putem haec esse vera, I cannot help thinking that this is true. 287. The following examples will show some of the Latin forms of expression for Enghsh participles whose form is past: Quod supra demonstravimus est verum, the aforesaid or above-mentioned is true. Cum periculo legatum miserunt, the sending of an am- bassador was attended with danger. Hostilis expugnatio erat, it was an attack made by an enemy. Propter avaritiam in Asiam profectus est, prompted by avarice, he started for Asia. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 39 Nequitiae erat metus, it was fear caused by inefficiency. Flumen est Arar, there is a river called the Arar. Virum, Glabrionem, delegerunt, they chose a man named Glabrio. 288. When present and perfect participles are used as adjectives, that is, when time is not considered, they may be compared : Fratris amantissimi maerore moveor, I am affected by the grief of a most loving brother. Se paratissimos confirmaverunt, they said that they were very well prepared. 289. A participle in agreement with a noun is often used in Latin, when we should expect a noun with a limit- ing genitive. This use is common, especially when the verbal form of the noun is seldom found. Among the constructions so used are found the nomi- native, genitive, accusative with ante, ob, post, the ablative with dihyfroniy the ablative without a preposition, etc. I. Nominative Vasa fictilia iacta eos perterrebant, the throwing of earthen jars frightened them. 2. Genitive Caesarem ad bellum incitabat iniuria retentorum equi- tum Romanorum, the wrong done in the retaining of the Roman knights incited Caesar to war. 3. Accusative with Ante Ante civitatem datam in urbe erat, he was in the city before the granting of citizenship. I40 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 4. Accusative with Ob Ob civem Romanum servatum in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est, on account of the saving of a Roman citizen, he received honorable mention. 5. Accusative with Post Tertio anno post reges exactos Tarquinius Tusculum se contulit, the third year after the expulsion of the kings, Tarquinius went to Tusculum. 6. Ablative with Ab Anno trecentesimo et altero ab urbe condita imperium consulare cessavit, in the three hundred and second year after the founding of Rome the consular government came to an end. 7. Ablative without a Preposition Domo ineunte vera exiit, he left home at the beginning of spring. 290. Keep in mind the fact that, although the gerundive and the perfect passive participle may translate the same English words, they do not express the same thought. The gerundive expresses something that is being done, or is to be done; the perfect participle, something that has been done, and is, therefore, completed : Male re gesta fortuna defuerat, because things had been badly managed, fortune had failed them. Male gerendo negotio in vetere aere alieno vacillant, because their business is being badly managed they are staggering under their long-standing debt. 291. Habere, to have^ and tenere, to hold^ with a perfect participle in the accusative, call attention to the fact that what has been eagerly desired is now accomplished : ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 141 Omnia se habere explorata Remi dicebant, the Remi said that they had all the facts in their possession. Constrictam teneri coniurationem non vides? don't you see that your conspiracy is held in check ? Exercise 44 1. After a victory a Roman general in the presence of the whole army gave* rewards to those who deserved them. (74-) 2. After the distribution of the rest of the prizes the civic crown was given for the saving of a Roman citizen and at the same time the killing of an enemy. (289, 4 and 5.) 3. By the order of the general the one who had been saved might present this to his preserver. (82.) 4. To a general a triumph was a great honor. (49.) 5. When celebrating a triumph he started from the Campus Martins so that all might have a better view of him. (209.) 6. Along the public ways, through altars smoking with incense, he led his prisoners. 7. Turning his chariot away from the Forum toward the Capitol, he ordered the captive kings and leaders of the enemy to be led to the prison and there put to death. (286, 9; 206.) 8. After offering a prayer to Jupiter and the other great gods, Mars, Apollo, Neptune, Mercury, and Vulcan, he invited his friends and the chief men of the city to a feast in the Capitol. (286, 9 and 12.) 9. The inviting of the consuls was a mere form, be- cause a little while after this he asked them not to come. (289, I ; 206.) 10. Prompted by jealousy, he did this so that no one superior to himself might be present. (268.) 142 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING II. The celebrating of a triumph might last more than a day ; (that) of Paulus Aemilius lasted three days. (273 ; 92; 52.) SUGGESTIONS I. Those who deserved were *the deserving' (ones). 3. The sentence may be expressed as follows : // was alloived to {Jiim) saved to present this crown to him who had saved (Jiim), or, it was allowed {to him) saved to present him (accusative) who had saved him, with this crown. 5. To have a better view of him is *to see him more plainly.' 8. To invite them to a feast in the Capitol is * to invite them to come to the Capitol to a feast, or for the purpose of feasting.' 9. A mere form is * in name only.' 10. Prompted by = on account of. Do not forget that ne quis expresses that no one in a purpose clause. Exercise 45 1. For many years the pirates had had fleets scattered over the whole sea. (52, 291.) 2. The Romans were unable to keep them from enter- ing even a much frequented harbor, although it was under the very eyes of a Roman consul. (275 ; 74.) 3. This state of affairs became intolerable. 4. At this time Aulus Gabinius brought forward a bill proposing the appointment of one man of consular rank to have supreme power over the whole sea for a period of three years. 5. Notwithstanding the opposition of Catulus, Horten- sius, and other eminent men, the bill was passed. (74.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 143 6. Pompey soon had a large army collected. (291.) 7. Hastening first to Sicily, then to Sardinia, then to Africa, he personally attended to the fortifying of these three granaries of Rome. (286,9; 128; 198.) SUGGESTIONS 1. Over the whole sea : per totum mare. 2. Although it was under the very eyes of a Roman con- sul is equivalent to * while a Roman consul was looking on ' (inspectare, to look on). 3. Anything that is intolerable is *not to be borne.* (290.) 4. Rearrange thus : at this time Aulus Gabinius proposed (promulgare) a law for (de) the appointing (290) of one of consular rank to have command {206) for three years (52) of the sea. 5. CatuluSj HortensiuSy and others opposing (reclamare). (74.) 7. Express first by primum, then by deinde, then by turn. Exercise 46 1. The defense of the rest of the ports he left to his lieutenants although it was attended with great danger. 2. Now he was well prepared to pursue the pirates. 3. So rapid was his pursuit that within forty days he con- quered and drove them from the part of the sea near Spain. 4. He thus made it possible for a Roman to reach Spain without any danger. (213.) 5. On his return to Italy he learned that the pirates had been seen near Brundisium. (16; 183, 2.) 6. The danger arising from this quarter had to be averted, and everything depended upon prompt action. (286, 7.) 7. He therefore started at once for Brundisium. (58.) 144 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 8. Within forty-nine days after leaving this city he had forced the pirates to the coast of Cilicia. (286, 12.) 9. The sinking of the ships of the pirates and the capturing of their crews restored safety to the Romans although they scarcely hoped for it. (289, i.) 10. To Pompey is to be given the credit of preparing for, beginning, and finishing the war within three months. SUGGESTIONS I. Arrange thus : with great danger to his lieutenants he gave (tradere) the defense of the rest of the ports. (198.) 3 . So rapid was his pursuit = he pursued them so rapidly, (214.) Express the word conquered by the perfect parti- ciple : he drove the conquered. 4. To make it possible for one to reach is * to bring it about (efficere) so that he may be able to come through to.* 6. The danger was to be averted (gerundive) and all things in acting (agendo) quickly were placed. 8. Use the ordinal adjective : on the forty-ninth day, (78.) 9. The present participle in agreement with Romanis will translate the clause, although they scarcely (vix) hoped for it. 10. To Pompey the credit (decus) for the war (genitive) prepared for, begun, and within three months finished^ is to be given (tribuendum). ADVERBS 292. Non, not, the negative in most common use, is found both with words and sentences : Non scholae, sed vitae discimus, it is not for school, but for life, that we are learning. Non intellegunt homines quam magnum vectigal sit parsi- ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 145 monia, men do not realize how great a revenue economy furnishes. 293. Haud, not, is often used with adjectives and adverbs : Vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, we rush into not doubt- ful death. Haud secus ac iussi faciunt, they do not otherwise than ordered. 294. Ne, not, is used to negative a hortative subjunctive. Remember that this form is present, first plural, and is translated by the English word let : Ne desperemus honores, let us not despair of office. 295. Ne, 7iot, is used to negative a jussive subjunctive. Observe that this subjunctive is usually in the third per- son, and is translated by the English word let: Ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere, let them not allow poor Catiline to waste away because of his longing for them. 296. Ne, not, is commonly used to negative an optative subjunctive. This is the subjunctive expressing a wish : Utinam res ne credita f uisset ! would that the report had not been believed ! 297. Ne, not, is used to negative a purpose clause : Monuit ne proelium committeret, he advised him not to begin battle. 298. The position of the adverb non, when used with nemo, nihil, nuUi, numquam, etc., will determine the meaning : non nemo, some one. nemo non, everybody, non nihil, somewhat. nihil non, everything, non nuUi, some people. nulli non, all. non numquam, sometimes, numquam non, always. ELEM. LAT. WRITING — lO 146 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Erat non nemo in senatu qui diceret, there was some one in the senate who said. Nemo non dixit, everybody said (there was no one who did not say). Sabinus nostrorum militum vocibus non nihil carpebatur, Sabinus was somewhat censured by our soldiers. Nihil non perfecit, he finished everything (there was nothing that he did not finish). Esse non nuUos qui plus possint quam magistratus, (Lis- cus says) that there are some people who have more influ- ence than the magistrates have. Nulli non venerunt, all came (there were none who did not come). Non numquam interdiu, saepius noctii, perrumpere conati sunt, sometimes by day, more often by night, they tried to force their way. Malefacere qui vult numquam non causam invenit, one who would do wrong always finds a pretext 299. Nihil, nothing, is sometimes used instead of non. (Nihil is then an adverbial accusative.) Hi nihil Caesaris imperium exspectabant, these did not wait for orders from Caesar. 300. English adverbs are often expressed by Latin nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. : He was naturally cruel, natura saevus erat. They came unwillingly, inviti venerunt. This is usually the case, hoc fere sic fieri solet. 301. Latin adverbs may often be translated by English nouns, adjectives, etc. : Homines nihil agendo discunt male agere, by having noth- ing to do, men learn to do evil. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 147 Fortiter ferendo saepe vincitur malum, it often happens that misfortune is overcome by brave endurance. 302. In English, we use such expressions as * And one cannot tell,' ^ And one never knows ' ; in Latin, however, show the negation early in the sentence : Neque quisquam potest dicere, and not any one can tell (and no one can tell)*. Neque quicquam aliud adsecuti sunt, and they accom- plished not anything else (and they accomplished nothing else). In this connection, notice that the verb nego appears early in a sentence: Negat se posse iter ulli per provinciam dare, he says that he cannot allow any one the right of way through the province. 303. Distinguish between primum and primo. Usually primo means at first ; primum, yj?r the first time : Fama parva metu primo, gossip is little at first because of her fear. Hie primum telis nostrorum obruimur, here for the first time, we are overpowered by the weapons used by our friends. 304. In a series, primum or primo is used to m^^iW first; deinde, then^ secondly ; tum, then, thirdly ; denique, pos- tremo, lastly : Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de magni- tudine, tum de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum, it seems proper for me to speak first about the character of the war, then about its importance, thirdly about the choice of a commander for this war. 148 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 305. Not even is expressed in Latin by ne . . . quidem ; the emphatic words are placed between ne and quidem : Ne unum quidem impetum sustinere poterant, not even one attack could they withstand. PREPOSITIONS 306. Time, place, cause, manner, source, accompani- ment, and other relations may be shown in Latin by the use of a preposition with its case. Again, the case alone may express the thought. 307. In EngHsh we often use two prepositions with the same word ; as a rule avoid this in Latin : Vel vobiscum vel sine vobis ituri sunt, either with or without you they intend to go. 308. One preposition may be used with more than one object if the objects are closely connected in thought: Ab Sequanis Haeduisque legati veniebant, ambassadors kept coming from the Sequanians and the Haedui. 309. The same preposition may be repeated with two or more nouns : Magnus in bello et in pace fuit, distinguished was he in both war and peace. 310. As a rule prepositions precede the words which they govern. Among the exceptions note carefully : Mecum, with me ; nobiscum, with its ; tecum, with yon ; vobiscum, with yon ; secum, with himself, herself, itself, themselves ; quocum, quibuscum, with whom. 311. Pay careful attention to the translation of English prepositions. The Latin for these must be determined by the thought, not the word, to be expressed. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 149 Some of the translations of a few English prepositions may be understood from the following phrases and sen- tences : 3.12. Of From the founding of the city, ab urbe condita (a. u. c). H (636, 4); LM 1013; AG 292, a\ G 325, Rem. 3; B 337, 5. Top of the mountain, summus mons. H (497, 4); LM 565; AG 193; G 291, Rem. 2; B 241. What is the price of corn ? quanti frumentum est ? H (448, i); LM 576; AG 252, a] G 380; B 203, 3. They despair of office, honores desperant. H (405, I, note); LM 502; AG 237, b) G 330, Rem.; B 175, 2,^. They wish to deprive him of life, vita eum privare volunt. H (462); LM 601 ; AG 243, a ; G 390, 2 ; B. 214, i, a. I shall inform you of the fact, de re te certiorem faciam. A man of great valor, vir summa virtute. H (473, 2); LM 643; AG 251 ; G 400; B 224. There is but one in command of all the Druids, his omni- bus Druidibus praeest unus. H (429) ; LM 532 ; AG 228 ; G 347 ; B 187, IIL One of his sons was captured, unus ex filiis captus est. H (444); LM 563; AG 216, 4, c'y G 372, Rem. 2; B 201, I, a. Cups of gold, aurea pocula. Cups of gold, pocula facta ex auro. H (467); LM 610; AG 244, e) G 396. Cups of gold, pocula plena auri or auro. H (477, II, 2); LM 573; AG 218, ^; G 374; B 204. He was the son of a goddess, natus dea erat. H (469, 2); LM 609; AG 244, 2,a\ G 395 ; B 215. 150 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING They are of German descent, orti ab Germanis sunt. H (469, i); LM 609; AG 244, 2,^, Rem.; G 395; B 215, 2. 313. To (Into) He came to Rome, Romam venit. He came to our house, domum nostram venit. He came to our house, in domum nostram venit. They are moving back into the large house, in magnam domum remigrant. H (418, 419); LM 515, 520; AG 258, by note i ; G 337, Rem. 3; B 182, note. What difference does it make to you or to the general } quid id refert tua aut imperatoris ? H (449, i); LM 579, 580; AG 222, a\ G 381, 382; B 211, I, a. The way to Brundisium is not very long, iter Brundisinum (adjective) non est longissimum. The passage to Britain was difficult, transitus in Britan- niam erat difficilis. Aversus a vero esse videtur, he seems to be opposed to the truth. H (462, i); LM 600; AG 243; G 390; B 214. Such is the road to success, sic itur ad astra. Proximi sunt Germanis, they are next to the Germans. H (434, 1,2); LM 536 ; AG 234, a\ G 359 ; B 192, i. Proximi Rhenum incolunt, they live next to the Rhine. H(420, s); LM 1201 ; AG 234,^; G 359, 3, note; B 141,3- 314- For He asks the reason for your coming, rogat cur venias (veneris). Man is born for understanding and acting, homo ad intellegendum et ad agendum est natus. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 151 H (628); LM 995 ; AG 300; G 432 ; B 338, 3. He kept dunning them for money, pecuniam eos fla- gitabat. H(4ii); LM 552; AG 239, 2,^; G 339; B 178. Sui conservandi causa profugerunt, they fled for the sake of saving themselves. H (47s, 2); LM 570; AG 223, ^; G 373; B 198, i. Now is the time for play, tempus est ludendi. H (626); LM 989; AG 298; G 428; B 338, i, a. _ They have been in Italy for years, multos annos in Italia fuerunt. H (417); LM 513; AG 240, e\ G 336; B 181. He sold his country for gold, auro patriam vendidit. H (478); LM6S3; AG 252; G404; B 225. A mother's love for her son, matris amor fili. H (440, 2); LM 571 ; AG 217; G 363, 2; B 200. A mother's love for her son, matris amor in (or erga) filium. I must live with them or die for them, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his est moriendum. H (490, 2); LM 663; AG 236, Rem.; G 345, Rem. 2; B 142. It will be dangerous for you to go, periculosum erit vos ire. (190.) He could not speak for his tears, prae lacrimis loqui non poterat. (Prae is used here to express a cause, and this use occurs in negative clauses only.) 315- By An entrance is made by force, fit via vi. They took the money by force, per vim pecunia potiti sunt. They marched by the building, praeter aedificium iter fecerunt. 152 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING The facts were announced by the scouts, eae res ab ex- ploratoribus (per exploratores) nuntiatae sunt. They came to our city by the hundred, centeni ad nostram urbem venerunt. Their number increases day by day (daily), eorum Hu- merus crescit in dies (in singulos dies). Sometimes by day, more often by night, they tried to force their way, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu, per- rumpere conati sunt. He tried to find it out by letter, per litteras earn rem petere conatus est. He accompHshed that by himself, per se eam rem perfecit. They decided to go by themselves, soli ire constitue- runt. There was an old bay tree near by, fuit iiixta veterrima laurus. The wall was struck by Hghtning, murus de caelo tactus est. The general by delaying conquered the enemy, dux mora- tus hostes vicit 316. With He was struck violently with a sword, gladio vi percussus est. There he stood with his sword on, stabat cum gladio. They wrote with care (carefully), magna cum ciira scribe- bant. It is all over with us, actum est de nobis. I do not agree with you, dissentio a te. The effect ceases with the cause, cessante causa, cessat effectus. Some started with us, others with him, alii nobiscum, alii cum eo profecti sunt. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 53 He says that they fought with him, dicit eos secum pug- navisse. He marched into Gaul with an army, ipse cum exercitu in Galliam iter fecit. He started with five hundred soldiers, ipse cum quingen- tis militibus profectus est. He started with many soldiers, multis militibus profectus est. It was with great danger that they crossed the bridge, magno cum periculo trans pontem transierunt. After the war with the Helvetians the rest of the Gauls came to congratulate Caesar, bello Helvetiorum confecto, reliqui Galli ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt. 317. Without Sine causa in eos impetum fecerunt, they attacked them without cause. He crossed the river without any danger, sine uUo peri- culo trans flumen transiit. He crossed the river without any opposition, nullo im- pediente, trans flumen transiit. They came without an invitation, non invitati venerunt. They came without its being known, occulte venerunt. They came without our consent, nobis invitis, venerunt. I cannot leave without saying this, non possum abire neque haec dico. He could not answer without knowing, is, cum non in- tellegeret, respondere non poterat. Remember these words, *not a day without a line,' memoria tene, ' nulla dies sine linea.' I did not allow a single day to pass without writing some kind of a letter to you, nullum diem intermisi quin aliquid ad te litterarum darem. 154 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 318. From In war great results arise from slight causes, in bell5 parvis momentis magni casus intercedunt. They came from the city, ab urbe venerunt. They came from Rome, Roma venerunt. They came from the city, Rome, ab urbe Roma venerunt. They came from home, domo venerunt. From one o'clock until evening they fought, ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum est. He fears unpopularity arising from negligence, invidiam nequitiae pertimescit. Rome was a monarchy from the founding of the city until its liberation, regnatum est Romae ab urbe condita ad liberatam. 319. In He spent the winter in a town in Gaul, in Galliae oppido hiemabat. In my opinion he ought to have a share in the general's glory, mea quidem sententia expers esse non debet gloriae eius imperatoris. You were chosen in his stead, illius loco delectus es. He died in his twentieth year, vicesimo anno aetatis suae mortuus est. Why are they so particular in the case of this general ? cur sunt tam diligentes in hoc imperatore ? It was done in good faith, bona fide factum est. He was a soldier in name, not in fact, miles non re sed nomine erat. He began to speak in the presence of the general, coram imperatorem fari coepit. He called out in the presence of his army, exercitti suo praesente, conclamavit ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 55 He has confidence in the soldier, milite confidit. I pass over many things in silence, multa taceo. He fought fearlessly in the midst of the enemy, fortiter inter hostes pugnabat. In alarm they fled, trepidi fugiebant. He was distinguished in war and in peace, magnus in bello et in pace erat. In conclusion let u§ say this, postremo haec dicamus. Vel pace vel bello datum fieri licet, one may be distin- guished either in peace or war. 320. On They started on the first of October, ad Kalendas Octo- bres (Kalendis Octobribus) profecti sunt. No one could stand on the wall, in muro consistendi potestas erat nullL They began to throw stones on the wall, in murum lapides iacere coeperunt The stones are lying on the ground, humi lapides iacent. They fought on land and sea, terra marique pugnatum est. The auxiliaries were on the left, ab sinistra auxilia con- stiterunt. , She asked for what they wore on their left hands, ilia petiit quod in sinistris manibus gererent. They made an attack on them on the march, ex itinere in eos impetum fecerunt. That was a report on hearsay, dictum est de dicto. He asks many favors on the ground of acquaintance, is, quod te novit, multa petit. Cicero says that he is always on hand, Cicero dicit se semper adesse. They say that everything has been done with the greatest care on their part, dicunt omnia sua summa cura facta esse. 156 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING On the coming of Caesar the enemy surrendered, hostes postquam Caesar venit se dediderunt. They Hve on milk and eggs, lacte et ovis vivunt. On the arrival of the news the army broke camp, post- quam nuntiatum est exercitus castra movit. A part was on this side of the river, pars citra flumen erat. Some were on the side of the Romans, others, the Ger- mans, alii Romanorum, alii Germanorum erant. 321. Out Out of sight, out of mind, absens heres non erit. Out of respect to Diviciacus Caesar pardoned Dumnorix, Caesar Diviciaci honoris causa Dumnorigi ignovit. What can you make out of such a boy ? quid hoc puero facias ? He can look out for his own interests, sibi consulere potest. He is never out of debt, numquam aere alieno solutus est. 322. Under Under the leadership of the gods the victory was won, dis immortalibus ducibus, vicerunt. Under these circumstances they ought to erect a temple in honor of the gods. Quae cum ita sint 1 ._ . . . - . - \ t ^ .... I lis deorum honoris causa templum Cum ea ita sint \ - . ^, _ _ ponendum est. Ob eas res J They made the army pass under the yoke, fecerunt ut exercitus sub iugum mitteretur. The book is under the desk, liber est sub mensa. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 57 They could not hold office under our government, imperio nostro imperare non poterant. Under no circumstances could this be arranged, pacto nuUo poterat fieri. He escaped under cover of night, in noctem se coniecit. COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 323. Words and clauses in the same construction are usually joined by coordinate conjunctions. 324. Et, andy is the most common Latin connective for either words or sentences : Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, it is sweet and glorious to die for one's country. Omnia mutantur nos et mutamur in illis, all things are subject to change, and we change with them. 325. In many cases, et will express more than the Eng- lish and: ' Et haec diximus, and we said this besides. Multa quoque et bello passus, many things also he suf- fered in war too. 326. -que, and, shows a closer connection than et, and is usually joined to the second of two words to be con- nected, or to a modifier of the second word : Senatus populusque Romanus(S.P.Q.R.), the Senate and the Roman people. Reperiebat nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferri, he found that they allowed no wine and other things to be brought into their country. 327. When -que connects two clauses, it is usually joined to the first word of the second clause, unless the 158 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING first word is a preposition (-que may be joined to any monosyllabic preposition except ob and sub): Caesar loquendi finem fecit seque ad suos recepit, Caesar brought the interview to an end and betook himself to his own men. Respondet ipsi veto nihil nocitum iri inque earn rem suam fidem interponere, his answer is, surely no harm shall come to him, and to this he pledges himself. 328. Atque (ac), and, and also, is used to connect words and sentences, the second of which is more important than the first. Atque is used before either vowels or consonants ; ac, before consonants. When atque (ac) connects sen- tences, it usually stands first in the sentence : Rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus est, he was called king and also friend by the senate. Hoc habe in memoria atque pectore, keep this in your mind and thoughts. Atque ille eo tempore paruit, and at that time he obeyed. Veritatis absolHtus sermo ac semper est simplex, the lan- guage of truth is unadorned and is always simple. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, and you must neglect not even that. 329. Neque (nee), and not, is the negative of et. Et non, and not, may be used to negative a word : Inermis sum, neque quicquam habeo praeter hanc tubam, am unarmed, and I have nothing except this trumpet. Ille se Massiliam non in haec castra conferet, he will go to MassiHa, not to this camp. 330. Etiam, still, even, yet, also, and further, what is more, etc., usually adds force to the word which it precedes : I am ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 59 PrOditores etiam iis quos anteponunt invisi sunt, traitors are despised even by those whom they help. 331. Quoque, also, too, additional, as well, etc., adds em- phasis to the word that it follows : Cur non f eminis quoque asylum aperuistis ? why did you not open a place of refuge for women also ? 332. Aut, or, is used when one alternative absolutely excludes the other: Vinceris aut vincis, you are being conquered or you are conquering. Aut . . . aut, either , . . or: Aut exeant aut quiescant, let them either go out or keep still. 333. Vel, or (from volo, / wish), may be used when the choice depends upon the person : Cessit auctoritati, vel potius paruit, he submitted to au- thority, or rather, he obeyed. 334. Vel . . . vel, either . . . or: Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros existimabant vel vi coacturos, they thought that they could either persuade the Allobroges or force them. 335. Sive (seu), or, if you choose, may suggest a choice of two names for the same object : Mare Tyrrhenum sive inferum, the Tuscan or lower sea. 336. Sive . . . sive, whether ...or: Sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium Tigurini poenas persolverunt, whether by chance or by the will of the gods, the Tigurini paid the penalty. l6o ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 337. Sed, but, however: Non refert quam multos libros sed quam bonos habeat, it makes no difference how many books one has, but how good they are. 338. Verum, buty truly , it is true, really, etc., is stronger than sed, and stands first in a sentence : Verum tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tribuenda quod egerunt, but for all that, praise must be given to those commanders for what they have done. 339. Vero, bitt indeed, in fact, no doubt, of course, etc., is usually placed second in a sentence : Hie vero ingentem pugnam cernimus, but here indeed we see a great battle. 340. Autem, but, furthermore, on the other hand, etc., is usually placed second in a sentence : Ego autem nomino neminem, but I mention no names. 341. At, but, at least, on the contrary, etc. : At enim 'ne quid novi fiat,' but (some object) for they are opposed to innovations (they say). 342. Tamen, yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless, after all, for all that, in spite of that fact, etc., is usually first in a sentence, but if it emphasizes a word, it follows that word : Tamen legatis respondit, notwithstanding, he replied to the ambassadors. Sese tamen existimatione vulgi commoveri, saying that he, in spite of that fact, was influenced by public opinion. 343. Non modo . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but also, but even. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING l6l Non modo . . . verum etiam, not only . . . but a/so. Non solum . . . verum etiam, not only . . . but also, (This is not the only thing; something more is to follow.) Cum . . . tum, not only . . . but also, on the one hand , . , on the other, while . , , at the same time, Non modo post civitatem datam sed etiam post legem Papiam, not only after* the granting of citizenship, but even after the Papian law. Qui libri non modo LucuUum, verum etiam populi Romani nomen inlustrant, these works make not only Lucullus but also the name of the Roman people famous. Populi Romani gloria cum magna in omnibus rebus tum summa in re militari tradita est, the glory of the Roman people not only great in all things, but also greatest in military matters, has been handed down. 344. Enim, /or, really, indeed, in fact, well, etc., is usually found in the second or third place in a sentence : Non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur, for really this seems to be a sensible question. Nulla est enim natio quam pertimescamus, for there is no nation which we have to fear. 345. Etenim, for, and indeed, in truth, since, etc., is placed first in a sentence : Etenim iam diu in his periculis versamur, for we have been living for a long time in the midst of these dangers. 346. Neque enim is the negative of etenim : Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, for, undoubt- edly, such a course as this does not trouble you. ELEM. LAT. WRITING — II l62 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 347. Nam, for^ for surely, but now, for it is evident, etc., takes the first place in a sentence : Nam propter frigora frumenta matura non erant, for, on account of the cold seasons, the grain was not ripe. 348. Namque, for, for indeed, for, you know, etc., is stronger than nam : Namque omnium rerum quae ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo oppido facultas, for indeed the greatest abun- dance of all things which were indispensable in war was in this town. 349. Ergo, therefore, now, accordingly, then, well then^ consequently, etc., has first place in a sentence or follows an important word : Ergo ilium maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt, there- fore our ancestors made him a citizen. 350. Itaque, and so, therefore, is usually placed first in a sentence : Itaque rem suscipit, and so he undertakes the mission. 351. Igitur, therefore, you see, so then, as I was saying, pursuing this course, etc., usually takes the second or third place in a sentence (Sallust places igitur first) : Fuisti igitur apud Laecam, you were, as I was saying, at Laeca^s. 352. Observe the following : Scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicita- tem. (In this, the coordinate conjunction is omitted.) Diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem, et fidem. (Note the use of et.) Bona, fortunas, coniuges, liberosque. (Note the use of -que to connect the last two words.) ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 163 DATES 353. The Romans divided their year into twelve months, the names of which are adjectives : lanuarius a um Februarius a um Martius «a um Aprilis is e Maius a um Junius a um Quintilis is e (so-called before 46 B.C.) lulius a um Sextilis } ': e (so-called before 46 B.C.) Augustus um Septembei Septembris Septembre October Octobris Octobre November Novembris Novembre December Decembris Decembre 354. The names given to the three days of the month from which the Romans reckon the date are, Kalendae, Nonae, and Idus. We often say " so many days until the first of the month," '' so many days before a certain time " ; a Roman always said " so many days before the Kalends, Nones, or Ides." 355. The Jirst day of the month was called Kalendae, t/ie Kalends : " In March, July, October, May, The Ides are on the fifteenth day. The Nones the seventh ; but all besides Have two days less for Nones and Ides." 1 64 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 356. Remember that the Romans count the day from which and the day to which they reckon, and that a date is very often expressed by the prepositional phrase ante diem with an ordinal and accusative. 357. If a date falls between the Kalends and Nones, add one to the date on which the Nones fall, and from this sum subtract the given date. For example : July 4 comes between July i and July 7 (7 -f i — 4 = 4), therefore the Latin will be ante diem quartum Nonas Quintiles or lulias. 358. If a date falls between the Nones and Ides, add one to the date on which the Ides fall, and subtract the given date. For example : June 10 falls between June 5 and June 13(13 + 1 — 10 = 4), hence this will be expressed by the Latin, ante diem quartum Idus lunias. 359. If a date comes after the Ides of a month, add two to the number of days in that month and subtract the given date. For example : December 25 is after December 13 (31+2 — 25 = 8), hence the Latin will be ante diem octavum Kalend§,s lanu- arias. 360. If a date comes immediately before the Kalendae, Nonae, or Idus, show this, as a rule, by the use of pridie with the accusative : Pridie Kalendas lanuarias, December 31. Pridie Idus Decembres, December 12. Pridie Nonas Decembres, December 4. 361. If a date falls on the Kalends, Nones, or Ides, show this by using the ablative without a preposition or the ac- cusative with ad : ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 165 Kalendis luniis] j ^ Nonis Aprilibusi * -i - Mune I. ^ ^ April 5. ad Kalendas lunias J ad Nonas Aprilis J Idibus Martiis ad idus Martias [March 15. 362. To express the year add or subtract, as may be required, the given date from 753 B.C., the time of the founding of Rome : 31 B.C. = 722 A.u.c. (ab urbe condita). 14 A.D. = y6y A.u.c. Rome was founded April 21, 753 b.c. Exercise 47 1. Marcus Tullius Cicero was born January 3, 106 b.c, near Arpinum. (357.) 2. On the first of January, 63 b.c, he became consul. (361.) 3. A formal decree of banishment was published against him, April 3, 58 b.c (357.) 4. The senate recalled him August 4, 57 b.c (360.) 5. On the last day of July, 51 b.c, he went as pro- consul to Cilicia. (360; 62.) 6. From this place he returned January 4, 49 b.c (360. ) 7. When Caesar and Pompey were fighting against each other, Cicero remained with Pompey until the battle of Pharsalus, August 9, 48 b.c (358.) 8. On the thirtieth of November he returned to Brundisium. (360.) 9. Here he remained until August i, 47 b.c, when he was informed by a letter from Caesar that he had no reason to fear. (361 ; 50, 2.) 10. Freed from his fearful anxiety, he returned to Rome, September 22, 47 b.c (97; 359.) l66 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Exercise 48 Besides the works of Cicero which are best known to us are his Fourteen Philippics, or Speeches against Antony, de- Uvered before the senate on about the following dates : September 2, 44 b.c. September 19, 44 b.c November 20, 44 b.c December 20, 44 b.c January i, 43 b.c January 4, 43 b.c January 31, 43 b.c February 12, 43 b.c March 3, 43 b.c March 8, 43 b.c March 22, 43 b.c April I, 43 B.C. I April 22, 43 B.C. References: 353-362. INDIRECT DISCOURSE 363. Direct Discourse is a person's speech or thought quoted in his exact words. Non ego Gallis, sed Galli mihi bellum intulerunt, it was not I who made war on the Gauls, but the Gauls on me (said Ariovistus to Caesar). 364. Indirect Discourse contains, not one's exact words, but his speech or thought dependent upon a verb or ex- pression of saying, thinking, knowing, or perceiving, either expressed or implied in the context. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 167 Ariovistus respondit : non sese Gallis sed Gallos sibi bel- lum intulisse, Ariovistus replied that it was not he who had made war on the Gauls, but the Gauls on him. 365. In English, we often follow another's thoughts and state them directly, changing only the tense of the verb. In Latin, however, changes in mode, tense, case, and person are made. Declarative sentences of direct discourse when changed to indirect discourse require the infinitive with subject ac- cusative in the principal clauses; the subjunctive, in the subordinate clauses. (Direct.) Ex ilia die qua in potestatem Afrorum veni, Romanus esse desii, from the day on which I fell into the power of the Africans, I ceased to be a Roman. (Indirect.) Regulus dixit se ex ilia die qua in potestatem Afrorum venisset Romanum esse desisse, Regulus said that from the day on which he fell into the power of the Africans, he had ceased to be a Roman. 366. Observe that a writer sometimes uses the indica- tive in a subordinate clause in indirect discourse, when he wishes to state a fact. Se tanti non esse ut tot milia captivorum propter unum se et senem et paucos qui ex Romanis capti fuerant redderen- tur, saying that he was not of so much importance that so many thousands of prisoners should be returned in ex- change for one, an ola man too, and the few Romans who had been taken prisoners. 367. Interrogative sentences of direct discourse when changed to indirect discourse require the subjunctive. (Direct.) Quid tibi vis? Ciir in meas possessiones venis.^ what do you mean ? why do you come into my lands ? l68 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING (Indirect.) Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respon- dit, de suis virtutibus multa praedicavit. Quid sibi vellet ? Cur in suas possessiones veniret ? in reply to Caesar's de- mands, Ariovistus had little to say, but about his own virtues he did much boasting. What did he mean ? Why did he come into his lands? 368. Do not forget that declarative sentences may take the form of a question implying a negative answer, and are called rhetorical questions. In direct discourse, rhetorical questions are used in both indicative and subjunctive. Quid est quod te delectare possit ? what is there that can please you ? (Nothing.) Quis non earn victoriam probet ? who would not approve of such a victory ? (There is no one who would not approve.) 369. Rhetorical questions of the direct discourse when changed to the indirect discourse are expressed by the infinitive with subject accusative, when they are first or third person; by the subjunctive, when second person. (Direct.) Quod si veteris contumeliae oblivisci volo, num recentium iniuriarum memoriam deponere possum.? but if I am willing to forget the old insult, can I forget the late wrongs ? (Indirect.) His Caesar respondit: Quod si veteris con- tumeliae oblivisci vellet num recentium iniuriarum memo- riam deponere posse ? Caesar replied as follows : If he were willing to forget the old insult, could he forget the late wrongs ? Rhetorical questions which are in the subjunctive in direct discourse keep the subjunctive in indirect dis- course. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 169 (Direct.) Cur hunc quisquam ab officio discessurum iudi- cet ? why should any one think that he would forget his obligations to us ? (Indirect.) Eos incusavit : Cur hunc quisquam ab officio discessurum iudicaret, he censured them, saying, Why should any one think that Ariovistus could forget his obli- gations to the Romans ? 370. Note the changes in pronouns shown in the follow- ing sentences of direct and indirect discourse. (Direct.) Non ego Gallis, sed Galli mihi bellum intulerunt, it was not I who made war on the Gauls, but the Gauls on me. (Indirect.) Ariovistus respondit : non sese Gallis sed Gal- 16s sibi bellum intulisse, Ariovistus replied that it was not he who had made war on the Gauls, but the Gauls on him. (Direct.) Transii Rhenum non mea sponte, it was not on my own account that I crossed the Rhine. (Indirect.) Ariovistus respondit : Transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, Ariovistus replied that it was not on his own account that he had crossed the Rhine. 371. Imperative sentences of direct discourse become subjunctive in indirect discourse and are expressed some- times with ut, more often without ut, if affirmative ; with ne, if negative. (Direct.) Reminiscere pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum, re- member the former valor of the Helvetians. (Indirect. ) Dixit, reminisceretur pristinae virtHtis Helvetio- rum, remember, he said, the former valor of the Helvetians. (Direct.) Nolite iuvare eos friimento, do not assist them with grain. (Indirect.) Litteras niintiosque misit ne eos frumento iuva- rent, he sent orders for them not to assist them with grain. I/O ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 372. The perfect infinitive of indirect discourse may represent the imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect indicative of the direct discourse. Caesar cognovit Helvetios castra movisse, Caesar learned that the Helvetians were breaking camp, did break camp, or had broken camp. 373. When a conditional sentence is changed from direct to indirect discourse, the protasis or condition, since this is a subordinate clause, is expressed by the subjunctive. The tense usually follows the law of sequence of tenses, but often in long speeches the time refers to the time of the speaker. DIRECT INDIRECT f Dicit si pugnent, eos vincere. Si pugnant, vincunt tn- .^ - - ^ - ^ ^ ' [ Dixit SI pugnarent, eos vincere. . ^ ^ f Dicit si pugnarent eos vicisse. Sipugnabant, vmcebant j __ .^ _ _ . _ _ . ^ ^ ' [ Dixit SI pugnarent eos vicisse. ( Dicit si pugnent eos victuros esse. Si pugnabunt, vincent ^n- -^ - - ^ - - ^- - '^ ^ I Dixit SI pugnarent eos victuros esse. Dicit si pugnaverint eos victuros esse. Dixit si pugnavissent eos victuros esse. 374. Keep in mind the fact that the future perfect indic- ative of the direct discourse when changed to indirect dis- course becomes perfect subjunctive after a principal tense, pluperfect after a historical tense. (Direct.) Id fieri poterit, si suas copias Haedui in fines Bellovacorum introdiixerint, this can be done, if the Hae- dui will lead (will have led) their forces into the territory of the Bellovaci. Si pugnaverint, vincent ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 171 (Indirect.) Docet id fieri posse si suas copias Haedui in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint, he shows that this can be done, if the Haedui lead their forces into the territory of the Bellovaci. (Direct.) Si discesseris, magno te praemio remiinerabo, if you withdraw (will have withdrawn), I shall reward you handsomely. (Indirect.) Ariovisttis respondit : Si discessisset, magno se ilium praemio remiineraturum, Ariovistus replied that he would reward Caesar handsomely, if he would withdraw. 375. In changing contrary to fact conditions from direct to indirect discourse, remember that the protasis or condi- tion remains unchanged, whether after a principal or his- torical tense. Note the changes to be made in the apodosis or conclu- sion of contrary to fact conditions, when these are changed from direct to indirect discourse. DIRECT INDIRECT Imperfect subjunctive active becomes Future infinitive active. r Futurum 1 Imperfect subjunctive passive becomes i esse I- ut, with the imper- l Fore J feet subjunctive. Pluperfect subjunctive active becomes Infinitive in-urus fuisse. , . , . , ( Futiirum fuisse ut with the im- Pluperfect subjunctive passive becomes ^ r ^ ,. ^ ■> ^ I perfect subjunctive. (Direct.) Si hoc optimum factu iudicares, in castra exerci- tum duceres, if you thought it the best thing to do, you would lead the army into camp. (Indirect.) . ^ si hoc optimum factu iudicares, in castra te exercitum ducturum esse. 172 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING (Direct.) Sapientia non expeteretur si nihil efficeret, wisdom would not be so eagerly sought for, if it amounted to nothing. (Indirect.) . futurum esse (fore) ut sapientia non ex- peteretur si nihil efficeret. (Direct.) Si Catilina remansisset urbem non liberassemus, if Catiline had stayed, we could not have freed the city. (Indirect.) i si Catilina remansisset, nos urbem non liberaturos f uisse. (Direct.) Si Catilina remansisset, a nobis urbs non libe- rata fuisset, if Catiline had stayed, the city could not have been freed by us. Dico Dixi ut a nobis urbs non liberaretur. (Indirect.) ^_ _ i si Catilina remansisset, futurum fuisse ^ Dixij 376. Remember that in a past contrary to fact condi- tional sentence made to depend upon dubito, doubt, the quin clause will be the apodosis ; when this is in the active voice, express it by the perfect subjunctive of the active periphrastic conjugation (-urus fuerim). Potest quisquam dubitare quin, si in Africa fuisset, tibi provinciam traditurus fuerit, can any one doubt that if he had been in Africa, he would have delivered the province to you ? Exercise 49 It is said that a certain womian called Amalthea, a for- eigner, came to Tarquinius Superbus to sell nine books : but on Tarquin's refusal to give her the price which she asked, she went away and burned three of the books. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 73 Soon after, she returned and demanded the same price for the remaining six books. What did she mean ? Why did she bring those books ? After the king had ridiculed her and called her a foolish old woman, she burned three others, in his presence. Surprised to see this, Tarquin asked the augurs what was the best thing to do. They advised the king to give her the price which she had demanded. References: 287; 206; 197; 60; 74; 189; 167; 205. Exercise 50 It is said that when Amalthea had delivered the books and had advised the king to guard them carefully, she dis- appeared and was never afterwards seen in Rome. Tarquin committed the care of these books, called the Sibylline books or fates, to two noblemen, ordering them to guard them faithfully, and to remember that they con- tained the fate of Rome and the Romans. In public danger, they, (as) the keepers of these books, were frequently ordered to consult them. These books, which were held sacred, were kept under- ground in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. But when the Capitol was burned in the Marsic war, the Sibylline books also were destroyed. References: 237; 206; 39; 198; 335; 331. Exercise 51 After the burning of the Capitol ambassadors were sent in all directions to collect the oracles of the Sibyls. For there were other Sibyls besides the one who had come to Tarquin. 174 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING The chief of these were the Sibyl of Cumae, whom Aeneas is thought to have consulted, and the Sibyl of Erythrae, who used to give such ambiguous answers that no one seemed to understand them. From the various SibylUne verses collected new books were made. These Augustus deposited in two gilt cases, which were placed under the statue of Apollo, in the temple of that god, on the Palatine Hill. Before these were put into the cases, however, Augus- tus, fearing that the verses which had been collected could not be easily read, ordered the priests to rewrite them. References: 206; 44; 271; 268; 274; 344; 345; 347; 348. NAMES OF ROMANS 377. The names Romulus and Remus indicate that at first a Roman had but one name ; Numa Pompilius and the names of the other kings show that later a Roman had two names; the name Gains lulius Caesar shows that still later three names were used. This was the case when they were divided into various clans (gentes), and each clan into several families (familiae). 378. The Praenomen was the first name and showed the individual. The initial, instead of the whole name, was often used. Slaves had no praenomen. 379. The Nomen showed the clan (gens), and it usually ended in ius. 380. The Cognomen showed the family (familia). 381. Sometimes, as a mark of honor, a fourth name, Agnomen, was added. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 75 382. The Cognomen was usually derived from a certain quality of the mind; as Cato, from the adjective catus, wise; or from a certain habit; as Crassus, from the ad- jective crassus, fat, — the person Crassus, therefore, was slow ; or from the occupation ; as Piso, from pisa, a pea, because the first Piso had raised vegetables, especially pease. ♦ 383. The name Gaius lulius Caesar shows that Gains was one member of the Caesar family of the Julian gens. 384. Some clans seem to have had no family names; for example, the Marian gens, for we find Gains Marius. LETTERS 385. In formal or official correspondence, Cicero fre- quently uses the formula "Si vales, bene est," usually written thus, '*S. V. B. E.," at the beginning of his letter. In his letters to Pompey, he begins in a still more formal way, "S. T. E. Q. V. B. E.," '' Si tu exercitusque valetis, bene est," if you and your army are in good health, it is well. 386. The following is a copy of one of Cicero's letters to his friend Atticus : Cicer5 Attico Sal Terentia tibi et saepe et maximas agit gratias. Id est mihi gratissimum. Ego viv5 miserrimus et maximo dol5re conficior. Ad te quid scrlbam nescio. Si enim es Romae, iam me assequi non potes ; sin es in via, cum eris me assecutus, coram agemus, quae erunt agenda. Tantum te 176 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING oro ut, quoniam me ipsum semper amasti, ut eodem amore sis. Ego enim Idem sum ; inimlcl mei mea mihi, n5n me ipsum ademerunt. Cura ut valeas. Data VIII. Id. Apr. Thurils. 387. In the above letter, we see that the name of the writer, Cicero, instead of being used as the signature as would be the case in English, appears at the beginning and in the nominative case ; the name of the one, Atticus, to whom the letter is written, comes next, and is expressed by the dative. Only with intimate friends is familiarity shown by the use of * Sal.,' the abbreviated form of Salutem. More often, even with relatives and friends, we find S. D. (Salutem dicit), Cicero sends greetings or good wishes to Atticus. We find no complimentary close, such as "Sincerely yours," "Yours truly," but Cura ut valeas, Fac valeas, and similar expressions occur. These may express the Eng- lish " Keep well," " Take care of yourself." 388. The giving of the date seems to depend upon the mood of the writer. Suppose a letter to be written April 10; this date may be expressed as follows : (i) ante diem quartum Idus Apriles; (2) a. d. iv. Id. Apr. ; (3) iv. Id. Apr. 389. The word data, or scripta, may or may not be used in connection with the date or place. At his pleasure, the writer gives, or omits, the place from which his letter is written. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 77 Exercise 52 The battle of Marathon was one of the most important battles in the world's history, for had the Persians been victorious, not only Athens, but the rest of Greece, would have been reduced to a Persian province. Furthermore, the nations of Europe might have been like those of Asia, not free peoples, but the slaves of their conquerors. Both the Athenians and the Plataeans showed great courage in the presence of the immense Persian army. After the battle, two thousand Spartans arrived in Athens. They tried to excuse themselves for coming too late, by saying that they would have come earlier if it had been right for them to leave Sparta before the full moon. If the Spartans had intended to help the Athenians, we cannot but think that they would have sent a much larger army. We can scarcely understand why they did not wish to save Greece. References: 221; 223; 343; 340; 273; 58; 375; 65; 49; 89; 167. Exercise 53 Philip of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, was exceedingly influential and exceptionally well versed in the art of war, which Epaminondas had taught him when he was a hostage in Thebes. Although the Greek states differed among themselves, they were all willing to fight, when the opportunity pre- sented itself, against the Persians whom they hated. All Greece was astir with preparation, and plans had been formed for a joint expedition against Persia, when Philip who had been chosen their leader, was assassinated. ELEM. LAT. WRITING — 12 178 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING His son, Alexander, who was but twenty years of age, succeeded him. Well did the life of Alexander show that environment has a great deal to do with character. Alexander used to say to his young friends : " If my father lives much longer, he will leave nothing for me to do. I am not more eager than others for glory, but I shall be glad to show what kind of a commander my father's son will be." References: 56; TT\ 259; 75; 195; 52; 16; 220; 90; 189; 169. Exercise 54 Alexander the Great did have a chance, before he had even dared to hope for it, to show what he could do. It is true that he never spared himself, but his marches were so difficult that neither man nor beast seemed able to stand them. Whatever there was to be done, he usually did with great eagerness and rapidity. Soldiers felt that they were com- manded by one whom nothing could resist. By the greatest Roman generals Alexander was consid- ered the greatest of all commanders, except Hannibal, the Carthaginian. In courage, no man ever surpassed Alexander the Great, but when we think of him, not as a soldier, but as a man, it often seems to us that he was not great at all. If he had slaughtered his prisoners only, we could not blame him so much, for that was the custom of the times. Shall we, however, pardon even a great general when we know that he tortured to death many noble men.** References: 167; 210; 90; 62; 368. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 79 Exercise 55 And yet the soldiers of Alexander the Great loved him, and at his death showed even violent grief. Let us always remember that there were many instances of humanity on his part. When he destroyed Thebes, a very renowned city of Greece, he spared the house of the poet Pindar. An eyewitness has written that before Alexander's death, which occurred at Babylon, when he was less than thirty- two years old, the watches were compelled to open the doors to the soldiers of a hundred battles. These vet- erans filed sorrowfully past their dying leader. His body was carried to Alexandria in Egypt, and an immense mausoleum was erected in his honor. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was built to preserve the memory of Mausolus, king of Caria. Its erection, prompted by the love of his wife, Artemisia, has given a name for all magnificent monuments raised in honor of the dead. References: 20; 273; yy, 365; 52; 92; 58; 39; 289; 287. Exercise 56 In the year 219 b.c. Hannibal decided that he was well prepared to attack the Romans, and so he began his great war against them. This lasted seventeen years, and the cause of it was as follows : On the coast of Spain there was a city called Saguntum, which was a colony belonging to the Greeks. Saguntum was afraid of Carthage and had made a treaty with Rome, so that Rome might be more willing to protect her and might not allow any one to enter her territory without her consent. l8o ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING This city Hannibal besieged, and the inhabitants with- stood the attack bravely. After a siege of eight months, the chief men of the city, knowing that they could not hold out much longer, threw themselves and all their treasures into the flames of a great fire which they had made themselves for this very purpose. So Saguntum was taken by Hannibal. References: 52; 209; 31; 182. Exercise 57 Because the Carthaginians had besieged Saguntum, a city of Spain, the Romans declared war against them. Hannibal did not intend to wage war on the sea, but with his army he meant to march at once into Italy, and attack the Romans in their own country. He could not but think that the Gauls, who had lately been conquered by the Romans, would not feel friendly toward them, and would be ready and willing to join him against their conquerors. Besides, he thought that if he should conquer the Romans in a few battles, all the peoples of Italy would have to surrender. Things, however, happened contrary to his expectation, for the peoples of Italy not only did not surrender, but even opposed his progress at all times and in all places. References: 12; ^6', 48; 374; 275. Exercise 58 It was by no means an easy thing for Hannibal with his army to reach Italy. For, first, he had to cross the Pyrenees Mountains in order to get out of Spain ; then he ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING l8l had to cross the great river Rhone, by no means an easy thing to do, because the river is very swift, and besides, the Gauls on this side of the Alps were trying to keep him from marching through their country ; then he had to fight against the opposing Gauls until he reached the Alps; finally, suffering from frost and snow, he had to force his way through the dangerous places on those high mountains. All this had to be done before he could reach Cisalpine Gaul. Often did his men have an opportunity to show their own fearlessness and their loyalty to him. Often did both he and they realize how much depended on resolution and perseverance. References: 205; 304; 206; 5P; 275; 250; 195; 167. Exercise 59 (It is) because there were so many difficulties (that) Hannibal's march to Italy is famous. The Romans might have attacked him while he was in Transalpine Gaul, and if they had done so, he might not have been able to reach Italy. He marched so much faster than the Romans thought he could march, that they always arrived too late. It was three days after Hannibal had crossed the Rhone before the Roman army arrived there, so the troops went away and waited for him in Cisalpine Gaul. He crossed the Rhone very quickly ; in two days he got together what boats were necessary to carry his soldiers across. The Gauls stationed themselves on the opposite shore to prevent the landing of his troops. For this reason he sent some of his men to cross the river at night in a place where the Gauls could not see them. With the others, at a given signal, he himself crossed the river. 1 82 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING The Gauls attacked them at once, but, when they heard the shouting in their rear, they were so frightened that they fled. References: 273; 223; 183; 212; 237; 32; 275; 206; 180; 74; 210. Exercise 60 (It was) the beginning of October (when) Hannibal's march over the Alps began, and it lasted fifteen days. Don't forget that he and his men crossed the mountains on foot. It was much more difficult to cross the Alps than the Rhone, for the barbarians were trying to keep him back ; and, while he was leading his army through the nar- row, dangerous paths, the enemy killed many of his men. The inhabitants kept rolling down great stones upon his troops and kept attacking them from behind, when they were not even suspecting it. An eyewitness has written that the paths over the slippery ice broke, and many of HannibaFs soldiers fell down the steep sides of the mountain and were killed. You cannot but think that there was need of courage, and you will understand how hard a march it was, if you keep in mind the fact that, when Hannibal crossed the Rhone, he had an army of fifty-nine thousand men, and when he reached the foot of the Alps, his army consisted of scarcely twenty-six thousand men. References: 52; 178; 181; 271; 305; 220; 167; 182; 237; 33. Exercise 61 Caius Julius Caesar was born in Rome, July 12, 100 B.C. Had it not been for his uncle, C. Marius, he might not have ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 83 been made a priest of Jupiter when he was only fourteen years old. Then, L. Cornelius Sulla would have had him put to death, if he had not had so many influential friends. Finally, if Caesar had died at forty years of age, he would be remembered as a leading statesman, but not a famous general, or even a brave soldier. For (it was) after this (that) he became both general and historian, famous at home and in the field, on land and on sea. He was the first deified Roman about whom historians have written. If you would know him as a historian, read his " Commentaries on the Gallic War," which are so accu- rately written that they have been commended in all ages. It is not to be supposed, however, that one person can please everybody, yet it would take a long time to tell even a part of the good things that have been written about Caesar. References: 355; 358; 362; 39; 223; 227; 52; 198; 62; y6\ 273; 210. Exercise 62 Among the many things written about Caius Julius Caesar, we find the following : At the age of twenty-seven he was elected pontiff ; at thirty-two, quaestor; at thirty-five, aedile; at thirty-seven, grand pontiff ; at thirty-eight, praetor ; at forty, consul. He set out for Gaul in 58 b.c. During the next nine years he was occupied in subduing Gaul. Twice he crossed the Rhine, twice he landed in Britain, a territory up to this time unknown to the Romans. All who were in his army knew that they had to obey at all times. For this reason many things could be done very quickly. Under his direction, it took only a few hours 1 84 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING to fortify a camp. In seven days his soldiers bridged the Rhine, and in thirty days they built a fleet of twenty war- ships. When a thing was to be done, no obstacle could stop him. When he knew that any one of his soldiers was well fitted to do what he wished done, he chose him, not caring a straw who the soldier was. References: 112; 52; 21,2; 362; 199; 50; 69; 180; 74; 146; 34; 167. Exercise 63 No general was ever more loved by his soldiers than Caesar was. He had every confidence in, and was very careful of them, and they all felt sure that if they deserved praise, they would get it, for he usually remembered what he saw his men do and what he heard that they had done. To his enemies, on the other hand, he was very cruel, and seldom did he forget or forgive an injury. (It was) for this reason (that) when the senate had voted for a thanksgiving of twenty days in Caesar's honor, Cato announced that he had voted against it. After a war was over, Caesar usually treated with great honor the states which had acknowledged his authority, and upon their chiefs bestowed valuable presents. Cicero says that no one of Caesar's many virtues was more to be admired than his goodness and mercy toward those whom he had conquered. References: 16; 374; 183; 48; 36; 31; 365; 67, Exercise 64 Caesar once seized a panic-stricken standard-bearer who was about to desert, turned him around, and telling him ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 85 that he had mistaken the direction of the enemy, spoke as follows : " What is the meaning of this ? Of what are you afraid ? I do not wish to be too hard upon you, but you seem to be afraid of even the least sounds. Running away seems to you much easier than fighting. You know better how to carry a standard before, than after, the beginning of a battle. I am surprised to see a Roman standard-bearer run away. " To sum up in very few words, let me give you this advice : Be sure to guard the standard which should be much dearer to you than life, and always remember that a brave man may fall, but he will not desert. '' Remember also that it will be an honor for you to have done your best. " Either conquer or die." References: 112; 179; 289, 3 and 5; 189; 273; 55; 173; 67; 273; 175; 332. Exercise 6$ Once upon a time, when Caesar was dining at a friend's house, he noticed that the rest of the guests, thinking the oil too rancid, refused it. He, however, to spare his enter- tainer's feelings, took it without any hesitation. When on a journey through a forest with his friend Oppius, he came one night to a little hut, where there happened to be but one bed. As Oppius was not well, Caesar said, jokingly, that he preferred to sleep on the ground, since it was worth more than the bed. One could never tell what Caesar intended to do. When on one occasion he was defending a young Numidian, King 1 86 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Juba came to Rome, bringing with him money with which to influence the judges. Learning this, Caesar approached him, and seizing him by the beard, said, ** I do not doubt that in your country gold has great weight, and that there you are monarch of all you survey, but it's high time for you to learn that you cannot bribe a Roman judge." References: 12; 62; 183; j6\ 91; 302; 168; 206; 58; 286, 9; 276. Exercise 66 When Cicero assembled the senate in the temple of Jupiter Stator, November 7, 63 b.c, there was an unusually large attendance. Everybody was surprised at the place and the time of the meeting. (Meetings were not usually held so late in the day.) Among the senators came CatiHne, not at all alarmed by the watchmen, the guards, the crowds of people, or the armed knights, who had surrounded the senate. As soon as he took his usual seat, the rest of the senators arose and left their seats. After Cicero had again and again advised him to leave the city, Catihne, attempting to defend himself, begged the senators not to believe anything against him, but they would not listen to him. That very night he left the city, and although his friends circulated the report that he had gone into exile at Mas- siHa, there were some who believed that he had gone to Faesulae to join Manlius. References: 355; 358; 362; 298; 55; 240-243; 206; 268; 7^\ 259; 58. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 87 Exercise 67 The next day Cicero delivered an address to the people. He let them know what was going on both in the city and out of it. There happened to be at this time in Rome ambassa- dors of the Allobroges, a Gallic people, whose country lay between the Rhone and the Alps. They had come to complain of the cruelty of the Roman governors. When they were starting for their homes, Lentulus met them, and promised them assistance if they would send cavalry to Catiline. Although these people were by no means kindly disposed toward the Romans, they decided to consult their patron, Quintus Fabius Sanga. It was through him that Cicero learned everything that the Gauls had told him. On the night of December 2, 63 b.c, these ambassadors left Rome, and they had in their possession letters which proved, not their own ruin, but that of the conspirators. References : 78 ; 167; 213; 202; 185; 220; 374; 259; 72; 44; 355; 357; 362; 291; 49. Exercise 6"^ By a previously arranged plan, the ambassadors of the Allobroges, who had come to the Flaminian way, where it crosses the Tiber by way of the Mulvian bridge, were arrested about midnight, as soon as they began to step on the bridge. The praetors who had come to the assistance of Cicero were wiUing to do what he thought best. For this reason they pretended violence so that no one might suspect the Allobroges. The leaders of the conspiracy were arrested, and the evidence was such that they dared not deny anything. 1 88 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING The senate ordered rewards to be given to the Allobroges, and the conspirators to be held in custody, and other arrests to be made as soon as possible. The effect of Cicero's speech upon the people was wonderful. Many who had refused to believe Catiline a public enemy now opposed his return to the city. References: 287; 268; 291; 275; 182; 16. Exercise 69 When I behold the extraordinary safeguard of armed soldiers resorted to, no doubt for the preservation of the state ; when I catch, as I cannot but do, the throb of pub- lic anxiety which beats from one end to the other of the forum ; when I reflect on what may be the fate of our city and country, — it seems to me that I never rose in a court of justice with so much embarrassment as on this occasion. I feel, fellow-citizens, that you are as much troubled as I am, and I call upon you in the name of the immortal gods to give peace to us all, by a speedy verdict of con- viction, if you find the defendants guilty, or by a speedy verdict of acquittal, if you think them innocent. SUGGESTIONS The following is given to show the order in which the above exercise may be rendered in Latin : Beholding (dative singular), fellow-citizens, this guard of armed men, which no one can doubt has been summoned (276) to protect (49) the state ; feeling (it is not possible for me not to feel it) how much the mind of each one (156, 4) of you (104) is troubled (181); reflecting in how ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1 89 great danger the state is (167), — I seem to myself never before to have risen with like disturbance of mind to make (197) a speech in court. Of (ab) you, fellow-citizens, who in my opinion indeed are disturbed by not less anxiety, I demand that by (per) the immortal gods, either by convicting (199) these men, if you find that they are to be blamed, or (332) if they are innocent, by acquitting (199) them, you restore (206) peace to the Roman people. It is not possible for me not to feel ity non potest fieri me non sentire. Exercise 70 The punishment of the conspirators was now to be determined upon. Cicero, therefore, summoned the senate on the 5th of December, to decide what action was to be taken. Some of the senators favored imprisonment for life; others, capital punishment. When Cicero declared that the conspirators were public enemies, not citizens, his friends, fearing that he was in danger, crowded around him and implored him to think of his own safety. He, on the other hand, urged them to consider the interests of the state and to take no thought for his safety. Cato was the last of the senators to speak, and the result of his speech was that the minds of many were completely changed, and the five leaders of the conspiracy were killed that very night. It makes us shudder to think that they were hurled down into the darkness of the great sewer which flows under the Tullianum, the dark, frightful, underground prison of the Romans. After this, not only did no others join Catiline, but even his friends one by one seemed to desert him. This did I go ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING not prevent his trying to raise an army. The next year he was killed in a battle in Etruria. References: 350; 361; 206; 167; 274; 278; 340; 44; 189; 213; 7S] 183; 275. Exercise 71 In the year 81 B.C., after Sulla's conquest of Mithrida- tes, he cfeimed for himself the surname Felix, as he felt that he owed his success to the gods. Everybody in Rome looked upon him as a master. He used to say that there never had been, and there never would be, many Sullas. A gilt equestrian statue with the inscription, '' To CorneHus Sulla, the Fortunate Com- mander," was erected in his honor, before the rostra. On his return to Italy, he left Murena with two legions in Asia. The latter was eager for glory himself, and pre- tended that Mithridates had not withdrawn from Cappa- docia. He, therefore, not only marched into this place, but even laid waste the fields of Pontus. At this time Mithridates was not prepared to fight, and the result was that he offered no opposition to the progress of Murena. References: 362; 246; 62; 183; 19; 16; 10; 123; 127; 210; 275. Exercise 72 Early in the spring, Murena decided to oppose Mithri- dates by force, and for this reason he assembled a large army. With difficulty, however, did he effect a retreat from Pontus, and after this Mithridates quickly overran the whole of Cappadocia. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 191 Not long afterwards, Gabinius arrived in Asia with orders from Sulla to Murena to desist from hostilities. Although Sulla had recalled Murena, and had sent Gabinius to defend the Roman interests in Asia, Mithri- dates knew that it was he himself who was an especial object of hatred to the Romans. Therefore, since he distrusted the Romans and both feared their legions and feared for his own troops, Mithri- dates decided to raisean army that would be an honor to himself and his country. References: 95; 74; 210; 259; 206; 197; 181; 49; 44. Exercise 73 In Bithynia, a state adjacent to Pontus, things of a differ- ent character were going on. After the death of Nicome- des III, who had been very friendly to the Roman people, and who may have been persuaded to leave his kingdom to them, Bithynia was declared a Roman province. This was the cause of the war that had so long seemed to be inevitable. Mithridates, who now had an army of one hundred and twenty thousand foot soldiers and sixteen thousand horse- men, and a fleet that greatly surpassed that of the Romans, was well prepared to oppose them. He sent word that he would declare war against the Romans if they did not restore Bithynia to the son of Nicomedes. Learning this, the Romans thought it expedient to send both consuls, Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aure- lius Cotta, with a large army into Asia. On their departure from Rome, they received orders to spare no one, and because of this order no one was spared. References: 273; 43; 206; 374; 286,9; 16; 65; 43. 192 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Exercise 74 Neither Lucullus nor Cotta seemed able to oppose Mithridates, who marched through almost the whole of Bithynia without encountering any resistance. In the first battle, the legions under the command of Cotta were conquered, the ships were sunk, and very few of the Romans were spared by Mithridates. Now both by sea and land he attacked Cyzicus, a city of Asia friendly to the Romans. Lucullus, who had been in Phrygia, seeing that it was of great importance to him and Cotta for their forces to be united, followed Mithridates to Cyzicus, where he cut him off from supplies by land, while the winter storms pre- vented his getting supplies by sea. Since all hope of taking the city was out of the ques- tion, Mithridates thought it wise not to oppose any longer a general of such perseverance and wisdom. So, after losing great numbers of troops, he started for Pontus. When he arrived here, he had no means of opposing Lucullus, who, at that time, was in close pursuit. References: 74; 43; 286,9; 3^) 275; 195. Exercise 75 Again and again was Mithridates defeated, and finally, he fled to Armenia. At that time, Tigranes, his son-in- law, was the most powerful king of Asia, but he thought it expedient not to make war openly against the Romans; on this account, although he received Mithridates into his kingdom, he refused to admit him into his presence, and he did not even attempt his restoration. When Appius Claudius, who in the name of Lucullus ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 193 had come to demand the surrender of Mithridates, had acted very insolently, not only did Tigranes refuse to give him up, but now gave him a royal reception. Meanwhile Lucullus had brought upon himself the en- mity of the equites, the farmers of the revenue, whom he had charged with avarice. Because of the complaints of this class, he was afterwards recalled. References: 33;* 275; 305; 16; 12; 206; 35; 74. Exercise ^6 Tigranes now felt that it was worth his while to con- sult Mithridates and make him a participant in his plans. Contrary to the advice of Mithridates, Tigranes attacked Lucullus at Tigranocerta and was defeated with great loss. After this, Tigranes did not hesitate to give to the king of Pontus the command of the whole war. In the following summer, Lucullus marched into the heart of Armenia, and again defeated the combined forces of the two kings near Artaxata. On account of the extreme cold at this season, there were many deaths among the Roman troops. This and the homesickness of the soldiers made the farther advance of the Roman general impossible, and so he turned aside into Mesopotamia. Meanwhile, he intrusted the defense of Pontus to Fabius, his lieutenant. Both he and Triarius, a Roman general, were routed and many of their soldiers killed. The Romans began to think that, although Asia was a Roman province, they would never be able to lead a secure life there. References: 183; 38; 44; 39; 276; 198; 54. ELEM. LAT. WRITING — I3 194 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Exercise ^y The troops of Lucullus were so influenced by Clodius, his personal enemy, and by reports from friends at home that Lucullus did not accomplish anything. Need we say that into Pontus and Cappadocia the two kings soon marched ? The country which Lucullus had conquered was again in the hands of the enemy, and by a decree of the senate, the province of Bithynia and the command against Mith- ridates were transferred to Glabrio, the consul. On his arrival in Bithynia, he made no attempt to assume the command of the army, but remained in his province and refused to accept the troops from Lucullus. The Romans soon realized that they had made a great mistake in appointing Glabrio, for, although they consid- ered him well versed in poHtics, they feared that he was not prepared to manage so great a war. The result of this was that many felt sorry that Lucullus had been recalled. The following year Lucullus resigned his command, and Pompey, who just a short time before had conquered the pirates, took charge of the army. References: 210; 268; 368; 16; 275; 199; 274; 37. Exercise yZ A friend of Cicero has written the following : *' Lucullus and Pompey, it is true, differ from each other in many respects. " We all feel that each one of these has done his best. Of what, then, should the former be ashamed } No one can blame him, as it was the battle between Mithridates ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 195 and Triarius that seemed to paralyze the Roman troops. He did not know that the day was near at hand on which he would have to give up his army to Glabrio. If he had remained in Asia, there is no doubt that he might have been able to remedy matters in some measure. He was not far from Sinope, the capital of Pontus, when he was recalled. "We have great faith in both Lucullus and Pompey. That the senate has recalled the former is a cause of general sorrow. " People say that some senators regret that action, but that is now too late. " Let us, therefore, if in any way it can be done, make use of the latter. The gods themselves seem to have sent him to us at this very time. The enemy are frightened by the mere mention of his name. Will any one at such a time as this say anything about precedents ? Remember that laws are silent, so to speak, amid the clashing of arms, and that then it is intellect rather than bodily strength that counts." References: 105; 155; 37; 229; 273; 145; 79; 127; 148; 17s; 154. Exercise 79 An historian writes the following about Lucullus : " In my opinion, Lucullus is a general worthy of great honor, although he has been recalled, a fact of which each one of you is aware. " It seems to me that his own soldiers are the very ones who have taken away the command from him. Some of these have deserted the army on account of homesickness, others on account of envy. 196 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING " We all know that the envious usually make their attacks upon the noblest and best. " (It was) at the very time at which he was showing him- self superior to all the rest of the generals who had been sent against Mithridates and the other powerful kings of Asia, (that) he was recalled. " Now, since the fortunes of us all are at stake, we ought to make use of our best generals as long as they live. Therefore let us send Cneius Pompey to Asia to protect our colonists and our interests there." References: 112; 140; 156,6; 127; 137; 79; 206; 49. Exercise 80 The same historian writes the following about Pompey : " If anybody in the world has always been exceptionally successful, Pompey has been. No one doubts that he should be chosen commander at once. "There have been Roman generals who, mindful of themselves and forgetful of us, have not only been willing to sell offices, but have really done so. Do you not think that the quaHties desired in a general, especially at such a time as this, are valor, honesty, and uprightness, not glib- ness of tongue or knowledge of the arts and sciences ? " Your countenances are, in a way, silent speeches, and your murmurs of approval show that you all know such a man. "Whatever he undertakes, the gods willing, he will ac- complish, for not only theoretical knowledge, but practical experience also, is necessary in a consummate commander.'* References: 147; 276; 103; 128; 154; 151; 220; 74; 18; 331. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 197 Exercise 81 As Cicero has written almost all that is known of Aulus Gabinius Archias, you may say on his authority that Archias was a man with a long line of ancestry, and that when a young man he left his home to travel in the rest of Asia and in Greece. He says, *'in the rest of Asia," for Archias was born in Antioch, once a busthng town of Syria. In those days it often happened that a young man was received as a son or friend into the home of a distin- guished Roman. If you would know whether this was done in later years, read the life of the author of " Utopia.'* We feel sure that if Archias had not come to Rome in 102 B.C., he could not have accompanied Lucius Lucullus to Sicily. The purpose of this journey is not known, but it is known that while Archias was at Heraclea he was made a citizen of that city. References: 62; 273; 74; 181; ^6\ 206; 95; 39; 170; 229; 362 ; 181. Exercise 82 Gentlemen of the jury, since Gratius has at considerable length offered to you various conjectures as to my line of defense, perhaps it may be as well that I should take the liberty of stating to you what really is the defendant's case, and that you should know from me myself what I hope to prove. Since Gratius has indulged in so many remarks upon what I do not intend to say, I should like to offer a single observation on what he has said. 198 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING First, however, I should like to ask if any one of you ever before this day saw a prosecuting attorney who stated his case with greater care than the gentleman before whom we appear. I thank him most heartily for what he has said, and I know that I shall make you feel that so unusual a case has demanded an unusual course of procedure. SUGGESTIONS The following arrangement of the above exercise will suggest the order for the Latin translation : Since Gratius, gentlemen of the jury, with many words has expressed to you many conjectures (as to) how (159) I intend to defend (167) this case, perhaps it will not be for- eign (to the matter) if I in reply lay before you the real case of the defendant, so that you may hear from me myself (127) the things which I hope to prove (185 ; 189). Since, however, Gratius has made (252) so many state- ments about (de) those things which I do not intend to say, I should like to touch upon one of these. First, however, I wish to ask if any one (145) of you (104) ever before this day heard (169) a judge state a case with greater care (70) than he who presides over this court at this time has done. To him I give the greatest thanks because he has said this, and I know that I shall make (183) you feel (210) that I, compelled by the unusual difficulties of the case, have made use of (183) an unusual kind of pleading (195). Exercise 83 It may have been Marcus LucuUus with whom Archias went to Sicily. There is no doubt that after leaving Sicily ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 199 LucuUus went to Heraclea and was living here when Archias was admitted to citizenship. Cicero does not say why Gratius opposed the citizenship of Archias. Possibly he, a man entirely unknown in other respects, was urged on by the friends of Pompey, whom Lucullus had defeated the year before. It was not difficult to prove that Archias was a Roman citizen. Cicero accordingly devoted much of his time to the praise of poets and other learned men, and he had a good chance to show his own ability as an orator. If you would like to know the real tendency of Cicero's talent, read first the fourth oration against Catiline, then the speech for Murena, delivered about the same time, for Cicero has written no more agreeable speech. References: 273; 310; 276; 169; 275; 179. Exercise 84 Marcus Antonius never forgave Cicero for the attacks he had made upon him in his PhiHppics, and so it does not seem strange that he wished to get rid of him. It is not to be supposed that Octavianus Caesar, another of the triumvirs, would spare his uncle's bitterest enemy. There is no doubt that for this reason Cicero was among those to be put to death at once by order of the triumvirs. This news reached him at Tusculum. He fled to Antium, hoping to sail from that place, but adverse winds prevented his escape. Disappointed in this hope, he went to his villa and remained there until the soldiers of the triumvirs came. His slaves were very loyal to him and were ready to defend him faithfully and fearlessly, but at his order they placed him in his litter and carried him to the seashore, a mile away. 200 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING With difficulty did Cicero prevent his slaves from attack- ing the enemies who had overtaken them. He was mur- dered near Formiae, December 7, 43 B.C., in the sixty-fourth year of his age. His head and his hands were taken to Rome and by order of Antony were placed in the rostra, so that he might see, I presume, that Cicero was no longer to be feared. References: 58; 275; 250; 358; 362; 52; 206. Exercise 85 Virgil belongs to the class of poets who put the man first and nature afterward. He was born in Andes, a village about three miles from Mantua, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. His father, though not a millionaire, was by no means a poor man. Publius Virgilius Maro even as a child was not strong, and so, when a young fellow, he often went away from home for the winter on account of the cold in Mantua. At thirty he became a favorite of Augustus and of Mae- cenas. Although he owned a house in Rome, next to the palace of Maecenas, it was very often unoccupied. He used to say that Rome was such a crowded city, he could not find there a place in which to write. Calm and silence were indispensable to him. He was very fond of Campania and of Sicily, and he tells us him- self that (it was) in Sicily (that) a great part of the '' Aeneid " was written. References: 33; TT\ 210; 49. Exercise Z6 A few months before his death, Virgil went to Greece, where he intended to spend two years in perfecting the "Aeneid," which he considered his greatest work. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 20I He met Augustus in Athens and was persuaded to re- turn with him to Italy. A few days after reaching Brun- disium he died, and was buried in Naples, a beautiful city of Italy. On his deathbed, Virgil asked that his last poem be brought to him, so that with his own hands he might throw it into the flames. He died, however, without doing this, but provision wa§ made in his will for the destruction of this work. Augustus would not allow this, but he gave orders to two of Virgil's friends, Varius and Tucca, to make the necessary corrections, but no additions. This was a work requiring the greatest care, and both Varius and Tucca said repeatedly that, although they were willing to do this for Virgil's sake, they were sorry that he had not lived longer, since only Virgil himself could give the finishing touches to his great poem. References: 6o; 199; 286, 9; 43; 206; tt\ 200; 16; 268. Exercise ^j There are many ways in which one may become famous. Paris, 'tis true, was a prince, son of the noble Priam, but (it is) not for this reason (that) he is so well known. After he had rendered his verdict, that Venus was the most beautiful of all the goddesses, he started under her guidance for Greece, where he was received with great honor by Menelaus, king of Sparta. Notwithstanding this, he had no hesitancy in violating every divine obliga- tion. For, not long after, he persuaded Helen, the wife of Menelaus, his host, who had treated him with especial kindness, to elope with him. The noblest of the Greek chieftains had been suitors of 202 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING Helen before her marriage with Menelaus, but this did not prevent their making a solemn promise to defend her, even at their own risk, if any one should ever try to take her away from her husband. References: 273; 210; 74; 60; 206; 275; 183; 145. Exercise 88 Menelaus now called upon them to fulfill their pledge. For months preparations went on throughout the whole of Greece, and thus it came about that the Greeks, under the leadership of Agamemnon, with the mighty fleet which they had built, started for Troy. When the Trojans were informed of their departure, they felt that something must be done at once to avert the impending danger. Accordingly they chose as their leaders the valiant Hector and Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises, one of whom excelled in wisdom and courage, the other surpassed in strength and beauty. Hector tried to persuade his brother, Paris, to restore Helen to her husband, Menelaus, but his efforts were unavailing. Among the chieftains of the Greeks were Agamemnon, brother of Menelaus ; Achilles, their most illustrious war- rior; Ajax, mighty in stature and courage; Diomedes, scarcely inferior to Achilles ; Ulysses, a very shrewd and crafty fellow. References: 206; 16; 75; 74; 152; 83. Exercise 89 After a siege of ten years Troy was taken through a scheme suggested by the crafty Ulysses. The Trojans had learned that the Greeks intended to leave Troy. Thinking that they had all gone, the Trojans" ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 203 were sleeping so soundly that nothing prevented the Greeks in the dead of night from entering and capturing the city. It remains to be said that nearly all of the Trojans were either killed or made prisoners. Aeneas, with his father, Anchises, his little son, Ascanius, and a few companions, made his escape from the burning city, built twenty ships out of timber from the forests of Mt. Ida, and started in search of an unknown but divinely appointed home. Was not so wise, so pious a hero, the son of Venus, the favorite of the Olympian gods, most worthy to be the founder of Lavinium, a holy city ? If you would know more about this great man, read the " Aeneid," than which no other poem is more celebrated. References: 287; 98; 268; 275; 95; 332; 157; 273. Exercise 90 It would be pleasant to accompany Aeneas from Troy to Laurentum by way of Thrace, Delos, Crete, and Epirus, stopping at Carthage long enough to find out whether Dido was kind to strangers or not. If Aeneas were to advertise to-day a personally con- ducted excursion of this kind, we have no doubt that many would be glad to accompany him. Would that we could go ! Everybody, however, has neither the leisure nor the means to undertake so long a trip. Furthermore, many of these ports and islands are for Aeneas merely places which he touches, and of so little importance to Virgil that he has not taken the trouble to describe them. Even of Africa he does not say much, although his hero remains here all winter. This is not the true country of the ''Aeneid." The places best 204 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING known and best loved by Virgil are Sicily and Italy, whither he likes to lead his hero, Aeneas, and where he himself is glad to rest. References: 65; 58; tt\ 171; 228; 189; 128; 273; 340; 34; 210; 259; 52. Exercise 91 Tradition asserts that Mt. Olympus, situated on the coast of Thessaly, and extending six thousand feet in height, was the home of the gods. On the summit of the mountain was the palace of Jupiter, where he as king sat upon his throne. Each of the gods had his own dwelling, but at the summons of Jupiter they assembled daily in his palace. Here they passed judgment upon the affairs of both gods and men, feasting meanwhile upon ambrosia and nectar served by the lovely Hebe, and Hstening to Apollo, who played, and the Muses, who sang for them. At sunset they retired each to his own home. Tradition asserts also that it was (the business) of the goddesses to name the seasons and to guard the gate through which the Celestials passed from heaven to earth. References: 16; 53; 95; 62; 45; 155; 58. Exercise 92 The ancient Greeks and Romans believed that there was a place for punishment after death, called Tartarus. This was supposed to be under ground, near Lake Avernus, and the entrance to it was guarded by Cerberus, lying at full length; the way to it was barred by the river Styx. It was regarded as the prison of the gods. The Titans, when con- ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 205 quered, were shut up there, and Jupiter often threatened the gods themselves with banishment to its gloomy regions. Every evening Mercury brought the spirits of those who had died during the day to the shore of the river Styx, where Charon stood ready to ferry them across, if all the conditions had been fulfilled. They then appeared before the judges, Minos and Rhad- amanthus, who ordered the good sent by one road to the fields of Elysium, and the wicked by the other road to the prison of Tartarus, to receive punishment worthy of their crimes. Before they were sent to Elysium, the good drank of the water of Lethe, to produce forgetfulness of the sorrows of this life. References: 182; 62; 16; 155; 83; 206; 244; 245. Exercise 93 Charon, son of Erebus and Nox, was one of the gods of the lower world. His office was to carry the dead over the river Styx to Pluto's realms. At burial, an obolus, the amount which Charon demanded of each one whom he took across in his boat, was placed in the mouth of the dead person. Those who had been drowned, or had been unable to pay an obolus, or had, for any reason, been deprived of burial, were compelled to wander about the banks of the Styx for a century before they were allowed to cross the river. No living person was allowed to cross the river unless he had sought for, and found, a golden bough, the especial gift for beautiful Proserpina. Deiphobe, the Cumaean Sibyl, pointed out to an inquirer how and where to look for this golden bough. When this was found it was shown 206 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING to Charon, the boatman, whom the poets represent as a rough-looking old man, who holds in his hand a long pole for the guidance of his boat. References: 312; 49; 179; 138; 56; 52; 16. Exercise 94 Cerberus, the famous dog of the lower world, is repre- sented opening his three mouths and making the realms of Pluto resound with his barking. He guards the entrance to Tartarus, the regions of the dead, so that very few dare to approach. Those who wished to go down to Avernus he did not try to keep away, but he seized and devoured those attempting to return. When loosed from his hundred chains even the Furies could not tame him, but Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre, and in his twelfth and last labor Hercules subdued him. When Hercules asked Pluto's permission to lead Cerberus to the upper world, Pluto granted it on condition that he could do this without using weapons. In spite of the monster's struggles, Hercules accom- plished the feat, exhibited him to wondering mortals, and then led him back to Pluto's realms. References: 210; 214; 180; 206; 200. Exercise 95 Laocoon, a Trojan hero, was a priest of Neptune, who tried to keep his countrymen from leading into the city the immense horse built by the Greeks with Minerva's aid. He was no ordinary man, and there is no doubt that the crafty Ulysses was known to him, and that he suspected ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 207 that there was some trick on his part. When Laocoon had run down from his temple and had heard Thymoetes advising his fellow-citizens to lead the horse into the city, he called out, " I fear Greeks even when they offer us gifts," an expression which has become proverbial. The Trojans had been informed by a prophet that if they gained possession of this horse, they would conquer the Greeks. Laocoon,. however, did not believe this, and, rushing forward, he hurled his mighty spear into the side of the monstrous horse. On this account, Minerva sent two enormous serpents from the sea to destroy Laocoon and his two little sons. The Trojans felt that the gods had punished Laocoon deservedly, because he had dared to strike the horse sacred to Minerva. Among the famous and wonderful groups of statuary in the Vatican may now be seen that of Laocoon and his two little sons. References: 275; 276; 206; 96; 374; 69; 182; 131; 273. Exercise 96 On the 13th of August, my dear friend, I received from you three letters ; the first, written July 4 ; the second, July 15; the third, July 25. I am grateful to you for your many acts of kindness and hope that some day I can requite you as you deserve. I cannot understand why those very ones by whom I was once envied have been saved, and why they are try- ing to take away from me not life but honor. What do they mean } Why am I an object of hatred to them ? Once in a while, I do think that the tribunes are not all hostile to me, and that they will come to my aid. Then I 208 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING shall return to Rome, to my friend T. Pomponius, whose surname is Atticus. This friend of mine was the first Ro- man who dared to say openly that the arts of Greece were pleasing to him. I am glad, however, that his Roman friend is much dearer to him than his Greek friends. When will you come to Thessalonica ? I shall not be wholly wretched if you are with me. Do please come. Keep well. Thessalonica, August 15, 58 b.c. References: 361; 357; 359; 20; 62,8; 180; 43; 167; 49; 58; 45; 89; 220; 177; 387; 362. Exercise 97 Dyrrachium, Nov. 26, 58 b.c. Tullius sends greetings to his Terentia. Would that you and my brother Quintus were friends, or rather, not ene- mies ! It always seems to be ** tit for tat " between you. There are so few of us, that I should be very glad if we could all live under the same roof. I am not blaming you alone, for my brother is by no means of a mild or peace- able disposition. What are we to do ? What is to become of our boy, Marcus ? Surely, I have been deserted both by friends and by fortune. Who is there who does not know that (it was) Cicero (who) saved our country when Catiline was try- ing to destroy it ? True, I had to shape my course to cir- cumstances, but why should I be ashamed ? Those who keep saying that I acted tyrannically have either forgot- ten, or do not know, why consuls are so named. (It is) for this reason, because it is (the duty) of the consul both to consult the senate, and to consult for the interest ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 209 of the State. This I as consul did, because all that I did was by the advice of the senate, and from love of country. Are they not glad that the city is rid of those des- peradoes ? I cannot write more because of my tears. At any rate, I think that the facts in the case will have more weight than tears. Let me know what is going on and how you are. Remember me ♦to Atticus and take good care of Marcus. References: 387; 273; 210; 72; 37; 33; 44; 62; 314; 177; 158; 167. Exercise 98 My dear Atticus: Do not imagine that I shall forget Clodius, of whom you spoke in your letter of December 10. How can I ever forget that scoundrel ? He accuse sensible and respect- able men of disloyalty ? I wonder whether he repents of that or not. Life is full of sorrows, which I must bear bravely for the sake of my wife and children. Where in the world are they ? News has reached me that our house has been burned, and I am sure that they have not enough money with which to buy another, even at a low price. I am tired of life, and yet I ought to hope, for it is the duty of the tribunes to decide whether I am to remain in exile or return to Rome. In one of your late letters, you asked if they were friendly to me. I do not know, for one writes one thing, another, another, but now it looks that way. It is of great importance to my wife and myself that Milo be friendly to us. ELEM. LAT. WRITING — I4 210 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING If I have not thanked you for the many things you have done, rest assured that I do feel grateful to you for your many favors. Take good care of yourself. References: 178; 36; 358; 368; 161; 35; 37; 171; 50; 206; 73; 273; 170; 83; 38; 175; 132; 387. Exercise 99 Thessalonica, Jan. 13, 57 B.C. Six years ago, my dear Atticus, all in Rome called Cicero the father of his country. Now the same Cicero, at forty-nine years of age, is many miles from his home. Will he ever return home and move back into his own house ? You will understand that I do grieve at my fate. What are those who asked aid of me when I was consul, doing ? I must confess that I have my doubts about them, for I have written to them repeatedly, but they have not answered. I do not intend to conceal anything from you, for all our hopes are centered in you, and you say that we can depend upon the new tribunes, since they did not bring this accusation against me. I have every confidence in you, and I hope that they will keep their promise. And yet — one can never tell, for "Twixt cup and lip there's many a slip." From Thessalonica I intend to go to Dyrrachium as soon as possible. Is there any news ? Some one is waiting for this letter. Good-by. Don't forget that to your keeping I commit my little son. References: 60; 52; 164; 59; 56; 16; 302; 158; 177; 178. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 211 Exercise ioo My dear Terentia: For more than thirteen months have I been away from home, and from you who are much dearer to me than my life. And yet — I should not say this, since life of this kind is not worth very much. From many letters, my dearest Terentia, I learn that you are a woman of wonderful firmness of character and exceptional endurance, and that you can be firm or gentle, as occasion requires. This, however, does not seem strange to me. You surely have a good chance nowadays to show your remarkable endurance. Do take care of yourself. News has reached me that you have been ill. If you are well, my troubles will not seem so great. Plaucius has been very friendly to me, and has asked me to spend a few days with himself and his friends in the country for the sake of amusement. Although I have been there twice in the course of a month, I shall be glad to go, for Plaucius is always the same. I intended to go to Epirus, but Plaucius is not willing for me to go there. He has heard that I am to be recalled soon, but " Hearsay is no evidence." It seems scarcely necessary to exhort both you and my darling Tullia to keep up your courage. Really, it seems to be all over with me. Good-by. God bless you. Would that I were with you ! May 12, 57 b.c. References: 52; 92; 89; 67 \ 34; 72; 16; 220; 259; 189; 190; 316; 177; 232; 310. 212 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING QUOTATIONS Latin quotations presenting in order Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Pronouns, and Numerals have been here introduced for the purpose of reviewing forms ^ a knowledge of which is essential to work in Prose Com- position. The English quotations accompanying these are not to be considered translations, but in many cases they seem to be suggested by the Latin. Nouns 1-2 First Declension 3-10 Second Declension 1 1-22 Third Declension 23-26 Fourth Declension ' 27-28 Fifth Declension Verbs 29 First Conjugation 30 Second Conjugation 31 Third Conjugation 32 Fourth Conjugation 33-43 Irregular 44-48 Deponent 49-52 Semi-deponent 53 Frequentative 54 Inceptive 55-57 Defective 58-63 Impersonal ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 21 3 Adjectives 64-65 Declension and Comparison of us adjectives of the First and Second Declension 66-71 Declension of irregular us adjectives of the First and Second Declension 72-73 Declension and Comparison of er adjectives of the First and Second Declension 74-76 Declension of irregular er adjectives of the First and Second Declension ^^-^^ Declension and Comparison of ^r adjectives of the Third Declension 79 Declension and Comparison of is adjectives of the Third Declension 80 Declension and Comparison of ns adjectives of the Third Declension 81 Declension and Comparison of veUis 82-85 Declension and Comparison of adjectives ending in x 86-103 Irregular Comparisons 1 04- II 3 Comparison of Adverbs Pronouns 1 1 4-1 16 Personal and Reflexive 1 1 7- 1 20 Possessive 1 21-123 Demonstrative 124 The Determinative 125 The Intensive 126 The Pronoun of Identity 127 The Relative qui 128 The Interrogative quis 129-141 Indefinite Numerals 142-144 214 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 1. Memoria est thesaurus omnium rerum. —Cicero. Memory, the warder of the brain. _ Shakespeare. 2. Vera incessu patuit dea. —Virgil She moves a goddess, and she looks a queen. — Pope. 3. Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. — ennius A friend i' the court is better than a penny in purse. — Shakespeare. 4. Est dens in nobis. ^ — Ovid. There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Rough-hew them how we will. _ Shakespeare. 5. Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. — Virgil. As many men, so many minds. 6. Dulce est desipere in loco. —Horace. A little nonsense now and then Is relished by the wisest men. 7. Macte nova virtu te, puer, sic itur ad astra. — Virgil. In the lexicon of youth, which fate reserves For a bright manhood, there is no such word ^^ /^^^. — Edward Bulwer-Lytton. 8. Victurus Geniiim debet habere liber. —Martial Books are the legacies that a great genius leaves to mankind. -Addison. 9. Cura ut z^/r sis. -Cicero. Quit yourselves like men. _, Samuel. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 215 10. Ex parvis saepe magnarum momenta rerum pendent. — LiVY. Oft what seems A trifle, a mere nothing by itself, In some nice situation, turns the scale Of fate, and rules the most important actions. — Thomson. 1 1. Calamitds virtutis occdsio est. — Seneca. Calamity is man*s true touchstone. — Beaumont and Fletcher. 12. lustitia non novit patrem^ neque mdtrem, neque frdtrem. __St. Jerome. The cold neutrality of an impartial judge. ^^^^j^j. 13. Nullus dolor est quem non longinquitas temporis "^inuat. -Cicero. Yes, gentle time, thy gradual, healing hand Hath stolen from sorrow^s grasp the envenom'd dc/rt. — Mrs. Tighe. 14. Solidae su5 stant rdbore vires. ^ — Virgil. As thy days, so shall thy strength be. — Deuteronomy. 15. ImmGnsa. per aeguom. —Virgil. Thou glorious sea ! more pleasing far When all thy waters are at rest. — Mrs. Hemans. 16. ds homini sublime dedit, caelumque tuerl. _ovid. God hath made man upright. -ecclesiastes. 2l6 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 17. Obstipuere animi, gelidusque per Ima cucurrit ossa t^e^^O^- ^Virgil. And troubled blood through his pale face was seen, As it a running messenger had been. — spenser 18. Bonus atque fidus Index honestum praetulit utilL —Horace He who the sword of heaven will bear Should be as holy as severe. ^Shakespeare. 19. Nox erat, et terns animdlia somnus habebat. -- Virgil. Tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep ! — Young. 20. It mare proruptum. —Virgil Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean — roll ! — Byron. 21. Fas omne abrumpit (fas, indeclinable). ^virgil They break their faith to God as well as us. — Shakespeare. 22. lura dabat legeso^Q viris. —Virgil ,Mark what unvary'd laws preserve each state, Laws wise as nature, and as fixed as fate. _popE 23. Fructii non folils, arborem aestima. _ phaedrus. The tree is known by his fruit. — Matihew. 24. Rem acu tetigistL Hit the nail on the head, ^beaumont and Fletcher. ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 217 25. Doml habuit unde disceret. —Terence. The means that heaven yields must be embrac'd And not neglected. _ Shakespeare. 26. Tertia iam lunae se cornua lumine complent. — Virgil. And thrice, ere thrice yon moon had filled her horn. — Young. 27. Iam tempus agl res, ' r o — Virgil. Now is the accepted time. _^ Corinthians. 28. C^XY>Qdzem. -Horace. Now's the day, and now's the hour. _ burns. 29. Caelum, n5n animum mutant^ qui trans mare cur- ^^^^- —Horace. And *tis a poor relief we gain, To change the place, but keep the pain. — Isaac Watts. 30. Saepe tacens vocem verbaque vultus habet. _ovid The silence often of pure innocence Persuades, when speaking fails. — wShakespeare. 31. Tros Tyriusque mihi null5 discrimine agetur. — Virgil. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political. — Thomas Jefferson. 32. Audi, vide, tace, si vis vTvere in pace. _maxim. Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice. — Shakespeare. 2l8 ELEMENTARY LATIN WRITING 33. Si animus est aequus tibi, satis habes. — plautus Poor and content, is rich, and rich enough. — Shakespeare. 34. P OS sunt ^ quia /