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LAWYER
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THE LIBRARY
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THE UNIVERSITY
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LOS ANGELES
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DALLAS, TEXAS
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HKXX PITMAN
ATTIIOK AMERICAN PITMAN SHORTHAND
The JV e tv P r a c f t c'a I
SHORTHAND
AN U
S] COMPLETE and Compre-
**^ hensi-Ve Exposition of
~/~HO -R THA ^f 7>
adapted _for use in Schools, Col-
leges and _for Home Instruction
E V I *? E T> E T) I T I O
PREFACE.
With every great revolution comes the necessity for a
change of means and methods adapted to the new condi-
tion of affairs. The great revolution in business which has
been wrought by the general introduction of shorthand
and typewriting in office work, found the mechanism of
schools entirely inadequate for the suitable preparation of
stenographers. Improvement has been made, but still
every good book for instruction in shorthand is a boon
both to teachers and to those who propose to make ste-
nography their means of earning a living or winning an
honorable record in the great army of high-class workers.
J~ If excuse were needed, this is our only excuse for present-
n ing the Xew Practical Manual of Shorthand. It gives the
a= general principles of the Pitman system, with such changes
^ as time and use have proved most necessary, and outlines a
-7 method of teaching shorthand which is the outgrowth of
long experience. It is confidently believed that the diligent
s 1 " student will find in the following pages a smooth road to
^ the acquisition of a successful and fascinating study.
NOTE TO REVISED EDITION. The cordial endorse-
ment which has been given to this book by Shorthand
3 teachers, together with the results of its work in our own
fc school, as shown in the successful careers of our Shorthand
" students, have led us to undertake a revision of its con-
tents, by which we have improved some important features
of the original and added about twenty-five pages of new
material.
We now present this revised edition with the hope that it
may continue the good work already accomplished by the
earlier editions.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
V
Introduction, - -
Elementary Sounds, i
Exercise on Analysis, - 2
Consonant Alphabet, - 7
Joined Consonants, - - 13
First Position Vowels, - 14
Second " 17
Third " " 19
Use of Upward and
Downward r, - - - 21
Use of Upward and
Downward /, - 22
Review Exercises, - 22
Circle s and z, - 24
Circle sez, - - 26
Review Exercises, - - 26
Loops st, zd and sir, 28
When to use Circles and
Loops, ----- 30
The Initial w Hook, - 32
Semicircles w and_y, 32
Heavy m, - - - 34
Tick h,- - - 34
Review Exercises, - - 36
Word-signs (ist list), - 37
Phrases, ----- 38
Word-signs (2d list), - 40
Word-signs (jd list), 42
Straight Double Conso-
nants, - - 42
Curved Double Conso-
nants, - 46
Triple Consonants, - - 48
The n Hook, - - - - 50
The / or v Hook, - - 52
S Added to Final
Hooks, ----- 52
Double Con. Word-signs, 54
Ticks, the, a, an and and, 54
Review Exercises, - - 56
The Large w Hook, 57
Ml, nl, rl, and tr, - 58
The Large Final Hooks, 60
The s-shim curl, - 60
The Halving Principle, 62
The Doubling Principle, 66
Special Vocalization, - 66
W T ord-signs (5th list), - 68
Half-length Word-signs, 70
Prefixes and Affixes, 72
Word-signs (7th list), 74
Review Exercises, - - 76
Table of Appendages, - 78
Table of Word-signs, - 80
Formation of Outlines, 84
Consonant Outlines, - 83
Contracted Outlines, - 92
Phrasing, - 94
Conclusion, - 103
Writing Exercise, - - 104
Material for Practice, - 128
Punctuation, - 128
Business Letters, - - 129
Legal Testimony, - 140
Eulogy on Washing-
ton, - 144
Self-Reliance, - - 146
Exercises in Shorthand, 148
Abbreviations, - 168
Phrases, - 170
INTRODUCTION.
The system presented on the following pages is that of
Pitman, with the addition of the Munson hook for thr and
a few other modifications which have been found of special
value. It is not, however, to add to the already large num-
ber of systems that this work has been prepared, but to
present principles already well established, in such a man-
ner that they may be the most easily learned, and used with
the best possible results. To this end, the principles have
been arranged in the most natural order, and are illustrated
by outlines for words as they are actually used in reporting,
so that the student does not learn one form, and then find,
in some subsequent lesson, that it is necessary to change
for some other form.
As phonography is a representation of the sounds of the
language, it is necessary that the student learn to recog-
nize sounds quickly and correctly. The exercises on
analysis of words have proved of great value in this respect.
The vowels are classified as finally to be used, in this way
avoiding a large amount of unnecessary work, and the
confusion, in the mind of the student, that has heretofore
resulted from the fact that he learned the vowels as long,
short, and diphthongs, and when they were well in mind,
vi INTRODUCTION.
found it necessary to dispense with that division and learn
them in a different order; namely, first, second, and third
position. As it is very desirable that first impressions be
correct, and as the first thing necessary to determine in
writing shorthand is the position of the accented vowel
of each word, it follows that the only division of the vowels
which the student should know, is that of position. This
new grouping of the vowels prevents much hesitation in
writing, as well as much illegibility.
The position of outlines is also taught from the beginning,
so that the old stumbling blocks " Corresponding Style "
and " Reporting Style " are removed. No change is made
from the former to the latter, but the whole scheme is a
gradual development of the reporting style. Through-
out the book, great emphasis is put upon legibility, and the
use of the various appendages is so presented as to con-
tribute very materially to this important object, as well as
to the other requirement of phonography; namely, speed.
Unnecessary and difficult word-signs have been eliminated,
yet enough are given for the most rapid work.
The principles of phrasing and the formation of outlines
are so explained and illustrated as to make it possible for
the student to develop the utmost skill in reporting.
ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.
1. An alphabet should have a character for each elemen-
tary sound of the language it professes to represent. If
any considerable speed is desired in writing, these char-
acters should be the simplest possible, and the most easily
formed should be assigned to the most frequently occur-
ring sounds.
2. A moment's thought will readily show that the long-
hand in common use is very defective in all the above
particulars. It is most ridiculous to teach young children
that k-n-o-w spells no; in-e-i-g-h-e-d, wad ; a-c-/t-e, ak ;
s-t-r-a-i-g-h-t, strat ; p-h-l-e-g-m, flem ; or even t-a-k-e, tak.
Attention is called to this unreasonable mode of spelling
in order that a perfect alphabet may be better understood
and appreciated.
3. The basis upon which the present system of short-
hand is constructed is that each elementary sound is always
represented by the same character, and that a given char-
acter shall always represent the same sound. The spelling,
therefore, is entirely phonetic and without any regard to
longhand. Thus, the word w-e-i-g-h-e-d is written with
the marks which represent the sounds of w-a-d ; a-c-h-e,
with those which represent the sounds of a and k ; and all
other words in the same manner.
2 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
4. Before a word can be written in shorthand it must be
analyzed that is, separated into its elementary sounds
and in order that the student may learn to do this readily,
the Exercise on Analysis of Words should be thoroughly
practiced.
5. The consonants should not be pronounced as in long-
hand, but should be given the exact sounds as heard in
words ; e. g., do not say be, and de, but the pure consonant
sounds as heard at the end of ebb and aid. The vowels
should also be pronounced precisely as heard in the words
in which they are used. Thus, bad should not be spelled
be-Ci-de, but, ~b-a-d.
6. All words given in the exercise below should be studied
as follows : i. Pronounce the word distinctly and correctly.
2. Sound the elements slowly. 3. Cover the "word"
column with a slip of paper and pronounce the elements
until the correct word is suggested. 4. Cover the "ele-
ments " column and analyze the words. Rapid analysis is
necessary in writing shorthand. Correct synthesis is essen-
tial in reading shorthand. Therefore, the student should
not hurry over these words, but, on the other hand, give
them his very best attention.
Exercise on Analysis of Words.
Word. Elements. Word. Elements.
make m-a-k came k-a-m
take t-a-k same s-a-m
lake 1-a-k jail j-a-1
rake r-a-k sail s-a-1
bake b-a-k chaise sh-a-z
shake sh-a-k bathe b-a-th
name n-a-m wait w-a-t
fame f-a-m days d-a-z
gale g-a-1 age a-j
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Word.
Elements.
Word.
Elements,
lathe
1-a-th
paw
P-a
rage
r-a-j
talk
t-a-k
maze
m-a-z
chalk
ch-a-k
Yale
y-a-1
bought
b-a-t
sake
s-a-k
caught
k-a-t
chain
ch-a-n
fall
f-a-1
mat
m-a-t
tall
t-a-1
rat
r-a-t
fawn
f-a-n
nap
n-a-p
thaw
th-a
catch
k-a-ch
dawn
d-a-n
gag
g-a-g
gnaw
n-a
thatch
th-a-ch
gall
g-a-1
smash
s-m-a-sh
thorn
th-a-r-n
that
th-a-t
paws
p-a-z
vamp
v-a-m-p
pause
p-a-z
hatch
h-a-ch
gauze
g-3-z
bank
b-a-ng-k
wroth
r-a-th
thank
th-a-ng-k
feet
f-e'-t
tank
t-a-ng-k
meat
m-e-t
far
f-a-r
team
t-e-m
jar
j-a-r
beat
b-e-t
palm
p-ii-m
ream
r-e-m
calm
k-a-m
leap
1-e-p
dark
d-a-r-k
teaze
t-e-z
park
p-a-r-k
seize
s-e-z
farm
f-;i-r-m
weep
w-e-p
czar
z-ii-r
thee
th-e
arm
ii-r-m
these
th-e-z
harm
h-a-r-m
shear
sh-e-r
.hark
h-a-r-k
heath
h-e-th
yard
y-a-r-d
teeth
t-e-th
psalm
s-a-m
year
y-6-r
saw
s-a
ease
e-z
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Word.
Elements.
Word.
Elements.
pet
p-S-t
hit
h-I-t
fetch
f-S-ch
dig
d-I-g
met
m-g-t
fill
f-I-1
desk
d-g-s-k
still
S-t-J-1
yet
y-g-t
list
1-I-s-t
cent
s-g-n-t
ship
sh-I-p
wet
W-g-t
chip
ch-I-p
sent
s-g-n-t
dish
d-I-sh
saith
s-g-th
ditch
d-i-ch
then
th-e-n
witty
w-I-t-I
egg
e-g
thin
th-I-n
death
d-g-th
sing
s-I-ng
tenth
t-g-n-th
this
th-I-s
gem
j-g-m
live
1-I-v
check
ch-e-k
note
n-o-t
shell
sh-g-1
rote
r-o-t
yellow
y-e-l-o
wrote
r-o-t
vent
v-e-n-t
boat
b-o-t
pile
p-1-1
goat
g-o-t
mile
m-I-1
joke
j-6-k
dime
d-l-m
doze
d-o-z
fine
f-i-n
sows
s-o-z
kind
k-I-n-d
wore
w-o-r
tithe
t-i-th
yore
y-o-r
smile
s-m-I-1
fop
f-6-p
chime
ch-I-m
shop
sh-5-p
vine
v-I-n
knot
n-5-t
wind (v.)
w-I-n-d
dog
d-6-g
pyre
p-I-r
volley
v-5-l-I
wire
w-I-r
shoddy
sh-5-d-I
vice
v-I-s
lodge
1-5-j
dip
d-l-p
watch
w-5-ch
pit
p-I-t
yon
y-o-n
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Word.
Elements.
yacht
food
y-o-t
f-ob-d
ooze
ob-z
noose
n-oo-s
cool
k-ob-1
boom
b-ob-m
moon
m-ob-n
boot
b-ob-t
hoot
h-ob-t
poor
rouge
p-ob-r
r-ob-zh
goose
booth
g-ob-s
b-ob-th
took
t-6t)-k
shook
sh-ob-k
book
b-cTo-k
good
cook
g-dt>-d
k-(jb-k
push
nook
p-db-sh
n-db-k
wool
w-dt)-l
full
f-do-1
rude
r-u-d
view
v-u
new
n-u
jury
pewter
duly
huge
June
feud
j-u-r-I
p-u-t-u-r
d-u-l-I
h-ii-j
j-u-n
f-u-d
juice
j-u-s
up
Q-p
Word,
cup
judge
thumb
bur
sir
young
were
vision
verse
won
one
murky
buzz
does
loves
shoves
but
chum
tub
toy
coy
decoy
annoy
noise
voice
rejoice
enjoy
point
voyage
loiter
doily
now
Elements.
k-u-p
j-u-j
th-u-in
b-u-r
p-u-g
s-u-r
y-u-ng
w-u-r
v-i-zh-u-n
v-u-r-s
w-u-n
w-u-n
m-u-r-k-I
b-u-z
d-ti-z
1-u-v-z
sh-u-v-z
b-fi-t
ch-u-m
t-u-b
t-oi
k-oi
d-e-k-oi
a-n-oi
n-oi-z
v-oi-s
r-e-j-oi-s
g-n-j-oi
p-oi-n-t
v-oi-a-j
1-oi-t-u-r
d-oi-l-I
n-ow
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Word.
Elements.
Word.
Elements.
how
h-ow
variety
v-a-r-I-e-t-I
towel
t-ow-e-1
inform
I-n-f-a r-m
pound
p-ow-n-d
ivory
i-v-6-r-I
downy
d-ow-n-I
purify
p-u-r-I-f-l
house
h-ow-s
revive
r-e-v-1-v
cows
k-ow-z
tarry
t-a-r-I
shout
sh-ow-t
thorough
th-u-r-5
mouth
m-ow-th
sketch
s-k-e-ch
thousand
th-ow-z-a-n-d
besides
b-e-s-i-d-z
vouch
v-ow-ch
sarcasm
s-a-r-k-a-z-m
wound
w-ow-n-d
deposit
d-e-p-5-z-I-t
thou
th-ow
absence
a-b-s-S-n-s
know
n-o
opposite
6-p-o-z-I-t
bask
b-a-s-k
welcome
w-g-1-k-u-m
bulky
b-ii-1-k-I
witness
w-i-t-n-g-s
office
O-f-I-S
harmony
h-a-r-m-o-n-I
opaque
o-p-a-k
hammock
h-a-m-5-k
enougth
e-n-u-f
impeach
I-m-p-e-ch
namely
n-a-m.-1-I
harangue
h-a-r-a-ng
desire
d-e-z-I-r
hemlock
h-e-m-l-5-k
repose
r-e-p-o-z
exercise
6-k-s-u-r-s-l-z
scheme
s-k-e-m
judgment
j-u-j-m-e-n-t
utmost
u-t-m-o-s-t
warehouse
w-a-r-h-ow-s
policy
p-o-l-l-s-I
payments
p-a m-e-n-t-s
agency
a-j-e-n-s-I
certainly
s-u-r-t-e-n-1-I
window
w-I-n-d-o
amendment
a-m-e-n-d-m-6-n-t
depth
d-e-p-th
security
s-e-k-u-r-i t-I
width
w-I-d-th
citizens
s-i-t-I-z e-n-z
obtain
o-h-t-a-n
sufficient
s-ii-f-i-sh-e-n-t
secure
s-e-k-u-r
unkindness
u-n-k-I-n-d-n-e-s
months
m-u-ri-th-s
ignorance
i-g-n-o-r-a-n-s
notary
n-d-t-a-r-i
arrangement
a-r-a-n-j-m-e-n-t
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 7
Consonant Alphabet.
7. It has been said that the characters representing these
elementary sounds should be the simplest possible, and,
therefore, the straight line is used as far as it can be to ad-
vantage, as follows :
Phonograph. Element. Sound represented.
Initial, Final.
\ represents sound of P as heard in pet and in cap.
\ " " B " " bet " cab.
" " T " " team " met.
| " " D " " deem " mad.
/ " " Ch " " chest " church.
s " " J " " jest " page.
" " K " " cane " took.
- " " G " " gain " nag.
8. K and g (not pronounced as in longhand, but as
sounded in the words given above under " Sound repre-
sented ") are written from left to right, and the other pho-
nographs given above, from top down. The characters
should be made the same length as those in this book, one-
sixth of an inch, and must be of uniform length. Be
specially careful to make k and g just as long as the other
phonographs, and let them rest on the line of writing. T
and (fare perpendicular to the base line. Be very careful
not to slant them to the right.
9. The best way to memorize the phonographs is to make
each one many times, pronouncing the sound represented
as you make the corresponding mark. It will be easy to
remember which sounds have light phonographs and which
heavy, if you observe that the light marks represent light
or whispered sounds, and the heavy marks represent heavy
8 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
or pronounced sounds. Notice that the position of the vo*
cal organs is the same in pronouncing the sound repre-
sented by\as in that represented by\, the only difference
being that the latter is given more force. There is the
same similarity in each pair of the consonants.
Exercise on Consonants.
\\ I// \ /_\l/_
_ I _ \ / \ /_/_/ \
\ / I _ \ / _ \ \ I //
L
10. The exercise above should first be read aloud by the
student and each character traced with a dry pen or other
point, as its name is pronounced, after which it should be
written several times in the notebook. Pursue the same
course with each of the shorthand exercises that follow.
11. When two or more consonants are joined, the pen
must not be lifted from the paper until the end of the com-
bination is reached. Each consonant must be written in
the same direction as when standing alone.
12. The consonant outline of a word consists of the phono-
graphs which represent the consonant sounds of that word,
made without lifting the pen.
13. An outline composed entirely of horizontal strokes
should rest on the line of writing.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 9
14. An outline composed of one or more horizontals fol-
lowed by one down stroke should rest on the line.
15. When an outline is composed of two down strokes,
the first should rest on the line and the second extend be-
low the line.
16. When two straight consonants are joined, such as
p-p, k-k, d-d, they should be made with a single movement
of the pen, and double the length of the single stroke.
17. Write carefully the consonant outlines of the follow-
ing words :
Take, bake, peck, choke, dug, beg, tug, jug, check, catch,
pitch, cheap, badge, dog, dodge, page, chalk, keep, cape,
judge, duck, batch, depot, peg, pipe, babe, cake, keg, tube,
age, gauge, bag, baggage, gape, decay.
1 8. Having thoroughly mastered the eight straight pho-
nographs, and having learned how to combine them into
consonant outlines, the student is ready to learn, in the
same way, the following phonographs:
Phonograph. Element. Sound represented.
Initial. Final.
V_ represents sound of F as heard in foam and in life.
^ " V
( Th "
( tii
\ S
)
J " " Sh
; zh
19. Each phonograph given above is one-quarter of a
circle, and should therefore curve uniformly from beginning
to end.
vine "
live.
thigh
both.
thy
bathe.
seen "
case.
zeal "
cause.
shake "
rush.
azure "
rouge.
io PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
20. The general direction of /and v is the same as/. The
general direction of th, th, s and z, is the same as /. The
general direction of sh and zh is the same as ch.
21. By locating each of these curved characters (as well
as those given later) on one of the above circles a perfect
picture will be formed in the mind's eye, and there will be
less danger of making any two of them so that they can-
not be distinguished one from the other.
22. All of the above phonographs are always made from
the top down, except sti, which, when standing alone, is
always made from top down, but when joined to other
strokes is made in the most convenient direction.
23. Read the following exercise carefully, tracing each
character with some pointed instrument. Copy same in
your notebook.
Exercise on Consonants.
^^ ( C ))^> ( ) ( ) W
XV. C \ ^ I ( /J/J ) )
k ( ) J^( ) J VA ( (
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. n
24. Write the consonant outlines of the words given in
the following exercise :
Faith, five, fife, tooth, death, fetch, vouch, tithe, ask,
espy, above, shabby, shadow, shove, dizzy, veto, shaky,
defy, path, both, bathe, sheaf, asp, shape, cash, tissue,
depth, fussy, posy.
25. The student will now complete the consonant pho-
nographs by learning the following:
Phonograph. Element. Sound represented.
Initial. Final.
( represents sound of L as heard in lay and in fail.
~^ " " R " " ram " fair.
" R " " ray " tarry.
s-~~\ " " M " " make " came.
" " N " " neck " seen.
^^ " " Ng " " ink " sing.
~^\ " " W " " way " midway.
f~ " " Y " " yes.
" " H " " hate.
26. The second character given in this list is called down-
ward r and the third is called upward r. Their proper use
will be explained later. Upward r and h are invariably
written from bottom up. L is always written from bottom
up when alone, but when joined to other strokes is some-
times written up and sometimes written down. The hori-
zontal characters, k,g, m, ti, and ng, are written from left
to right.
27. The general direction of / and y is the same as ch.
The general direction of downward r and w is the same
as /.
12 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
28. Make the stroke in h perfectly straight, and the short
line forming the hook at the bottom of h should be parallel
with the stroke.
29. Upward r and h should be made at the same angle as
the up strokes in the script m and ch at the same angle as
the down strokes in the same letter. Thus: /fyty
30. When standing alone upward r is distinguished from
ch by the slant. f /^ upward r, / ch.
31. When joined to other strokes, upward r is distin-
guished from ch by the difference in direction, upward r
being made from bottom up, and ch, from top down.
32. Read the exercise on the following page, tracing each
character and observing the following facts: When two
characters, extending in the same direction, are joined,
they are made with a single motion of the pen. See lines
i and 2. The first up or down stroke rests on the line.
See line 3. There should be an angle between such com-
binations as/-#, !-m, etc. See line 4. When two conso-
nants do not form a distinct angle, they are so blended
that the point of joining cannot be seen. See lines 5 and 6.
33. Copy the exercise on Joined Consonants, next page,
several times. Transcribe the same exercise ; that is, write
it in longhand. From the transcription, write in shorthand
without reference to the book until the whole page has
been written. Compare your characters with those in the
book, making the necessary corrections. Practice the cor-
rected outlines many times.
When the student has mastered all the explanations, and
followed all the directions previously given, he may write
Exercise No. i, page 104.
JOINED CONSONANTS,
14 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
First Position Vowels.
34. The ordinary alphabet is defective not only in its
representation of the consonants, as we have seen, but also
in its vowels. The a, e, i, o, u scale, is not sufficient to ex-
press all the vowel sounds of the English language, and is
therefore abandoned and one more complete adopted in
its stead.
35. The vowels and diphthongs are divided in shorthand
into three classes; namely, first position, second position,
and third position. The first position vowels are so called
because they are represented by characters placed always
at th ; beginning of some consonant. They are as follows :
a I 5 i oi
i c i 1 r r
eat thaw it odd die toy
36. The correct sound of the first heavy dot is heard in
me. The correct sound of the first heavy dash is heard in
awl. The correct sound of the first light dot is heard in
it. The correct sound of the first light dash is heard in on.
The correct sound of the first angle pointing downward is
heard in my. The correct sound of the first angle pointing
upward is heard in boy. Thus, the six first-place vowels
occur in regular order in the sentence, " He saw it on my
boy."
37. Repeat the above sentence many times, pronouncing
each word very carefully. Then pronounce the vowels
many times slowly and accurately.
38. Remember that the first-place vowels must be placed
at the beginning of all strokes, and will, therefore, always
be placed at the bottom of// and upward r, and at the bot-
tom of sh and / when they are made from bottom up, and
at the left of k, g, m, n and ng.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 15
39. Dash vowels are written at right angles to the stroke
but should not touch it. When good angles would result,
/and ot may be joined to the beginning of a stroke, as in
^^ z ^/> sf~ oil.
40. It must be constantly kept in mind that these vowels
do not represent longhand letters, but sounds, and each
vowel always the same sound; thus, the first heavy dot
stands for long e, as heard in beat, but not for the short
vowel sound as heard in bet. ^ stands for long /', as heard
in mile, but the vowel in mill is the first light dot.
41. The order of reading is the natural order; namely,
all uprights from left to right, and all horizontals from top
down. Thus, a vowel placed at the left of / is to be read
before the /, and a vowel at the right of /, after it. There-
fore, represents e-t (eaf), and represents t-e (tea] ;
represents e-k (eke*) and - - represents k-e (key).
42. Outlines of all words containing first position vowels
are written in the first position. The first position for up-
right outlines is half a stroke above the line of writing,
and for horizontal outlines a stroke above the line. If an
outline contains more than one upright consonant, the
first up or down stroke takes position.
43. When first-place vowels come between two strokes
they are placed after the first stroke.
44. All the consonants of a word are written first and
the vowels inserted afterwards.
Read from the next page the words containing first posi-
tion vowels. Transcribe same. From the transcription,
write in shorthand. Compare and correct. Re-write the
words with which you made errors. Re-write the entire
page, and again correct. Continue writing from the long-
hand and comparing with the engraved page until you can
write the entire page without an error.
Write Exercise No. 2. page 104.
i6
/ *"''
FIRST POSITION VOWELS.
r c L
......
/c
/
v x" y v I V
\ "
L
\ y
') >7
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 17
Second Position Vowels.
45. There are four second-place vowels. They are repre-
sented by dots and dashes placed at the middle of some
consonant, and are as follows:
\ '\
ate oat ebb up
46. The correct sound of the second heavy dot is heard
in may. The correct sound of the second heavy dash is
heard \r\ go. The correct sound of the second light dot is
heard in ebb. The correct sound of the second light dash
is heard in up. These four second-place vowels occur in
regular order in the following sentence: " They go yet
up."
47. Repeat the above sentence many times, pronouncing
each word very carefully. Then pronounce the vowels
many times, slowly and carefully.
48. When second-place vowels come between two strokes,
the long ones, a and o are placed after the first stroke, and
the short ones e and u are placed before the second stroke.
49. All words containing second-place vowels are written
in the second position that is, resting on the line of
writing. Words containing vowels of different positions
should be put in the position of the accented vowel. See
lines 10 and 1 1.
The method of practice for the next page should be the
same as that given for the first position vowels.
Write Exercise No. 3, page 105.
SECOND POSITION VOWELS.
X....1'
LL
t
\A
L.k
.-/
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 19
Third Position Vowels.
50. There are six third-place vowels. They are repre-
sented by characters placed at the end of some consonant,
and are as follows :
_ ! A i
do a do ow
_)
A -
arm ooze tack took out few
51. The third-place vowels are heard in regular order in the
following sentence: "Arthur, move that book round you."
52. Repeat the above sentence many times, pronouncing
each word very carefully. Then pronounce the vowels
many times slowly and accurately.
53. When third-place vowels come between two strokes,
they are placed before the second so as to keep the vowel
out of the angle. V- s - balm, not V ^, because this
might be read beam.
54. All words containing third-place vowels are written
in the third position ; nainelv, through the line for uprights,
and under the line for horizontals.
55. Forty sounds (twenty-four consonant and sixteen
vowel) have now been brought to the student's attention,
and a sign given to represent each. These sounds should
be repeatedly pronounced, until any word in the language
can be separated into its elementary sounds. Every word
as it falls upon the ear must be analyzed before it can be
written in shorthand. It will be found excellent practice
to thus analyze any words seen in print or heard in con-
versation. The exercise on analysis of words, pages 2-6.
should now be reviewed.
Practice the engraved page in the same manner as di-
rected for first and second oosition vowels. Write Exercise
No, 4, page 105.
20
THIRD POSITION VOWELS,
_ \ , . . >. . \
-t l^---\_v-^--t^l--\^
--^-<-->--7--?---v,---- 1 -
8 /__ /
A A A/ A | y A A/ A
m...^...]^ ..H
12 -, J. ^.- .J-.....J
h
i3_ __.T^X..
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 21
Use of Upward and Downward R.
56. The sound represented by upward r is the same as
that represented by the downward r, and it is not, there-
fore, the sound of a word that determines which one shall
be used.
57. There are two things upon which the use of ^lpward
and downward r depend; namely, the angle at the joining
with other strokes, and the vowel.
58. In order to secure good angles the following rules
should be observed:
I. Use downward r before m: ~^V * See line i, page "
23-
II. Use upward r before t, d, ch, j, /, v, th, tfi, ;z, or ng :
A A, /1/\ A. A A/
See line 2, page 23.
III. Use -upward r after upward r or m.
See line 3, page 23.
59. In reading shorthand in which the vowels are not in-
serted (explained hereafter) great assistance is derived
from the observation of the following rules:
I. When a word bcginswith the sound of r, use upward r.
S\\ rope, -< ' write. See line 4.
II. When a word begins with a vowel sound followed
by r, use doivnward r. ~"^ ark, ^\ herb. See line 5.
III. When a word ends with the sound of r, use down-
ward r. \^ par, [~ tore. See line 7..
IV. When a word ends with a vowel sound preceded by
r, use upward r, Vf berry, \S tarry. See line 8.
These last four rules are to be applied in all cases where
they do not clash with the three given above them.
22 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Use of Upward and Downward L.
60. L should be made from the top down in the follow-
ing cases:
I. When a word begins with a vowel followed by /-/, 1-g,
l-m, /-;/, or l-ng. See line 13.
II. When a word ends with the sound of /, and the con-
sonant preceding it is/, z/, or upward r. See line 14.
r"~~~^"' . ^
naif, i Nellie, < / wrongly.
6r. When / is the only stroke in the outline, and in all
cases not mentioned in the above three rules, make / from
bottom up. One other direction with regard to /will be
given in Par. 73.
Practice the following page in the manner directed fcr
previous engraved pages, after which write Exercise No. 5,
page 1 07.
Review Exercises.
1. What should the characters of an alphabet represent?
2. How should the characters be assigned to the sounds?
3. Are these things true of the longhand alphabet now in
use ?
4. Give some examples of ridiculous spelling as used in
longhand.
5. How are words spelled in shorthand?
6. What is a consonant outline ?
7. In what direction is sh written when standing alone?
8. In what direction is /written when standing alone?
9. How are // and upward r written ?
10. How are the horizontal characters written?
11. What caution is given with regard to li?
12. How can upward r be distinguished from ch when
standing alone ?
13. How can upward r be distinguished from ch when
joined to other strokes ?
14. Give the sounds of the consonants used in shorthand.
UPWARD AND DOWNWARD R AND L,
b \ _v x
24 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Circle S and Z.
62. As has been said, frequently recurring sounds must
be represented in shorthand by easily formed characters.
63. 6" and z are sounds that occur more frequently than
any other pair. They must, therefore, be represented by
the easiest possible mark a small circle.
64. This circle may be joined at the beginning or end of
any stroke. When used at the beginning of an outline it
always represents the sound of s. When used at the end
of an outline it represents the sound of either s or z.
65. When the circle begins an outline it is read first.
vp
| side. See lines 3 and 4.
66. When the circle ends an outline it is read last.
^ does. See line 2.
67. The writer should constantly bear in mind that it is
the stroke which he vocalizes, and place the vowel on the
same side of the stroke that he would if no circle were
attached. Thus:
eat, "\up, ' oak , /-^aim, f ale, ' oar,
I seat, x \sup, o_!_soak, 6" Lx \same, fe sale, ' > soar,
68. When a circle is attached to a single stroke, either at
the beginning or at the end, it is written as follows:
I. On the right side of down straight strokes.
II. On the left side of up straight strokes.
III. On the upper side of horizontal straight strokes.
IV. On the inside of curves.
69. When the circle comes between two strokes it is
written as follows: [line 7.
I. Between two straight strokes, outside the angle. See
II. Between a straight stroke and a curve, inside the
curve. See line 8.
III. Between two curves, generally inside the first curve.
(Continued en page 26 )
WORDS CONTAINING CIRCLES,
2 5
_0
L \3 \. 9 9
1 V) -X- . ^A ^A.
, I -r
....A...L
^.r r ^ ^
C _
G _/
\^JA .
V
C j
13... ..XD.
z6 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Circle Sez.
70. The circle may be made double its usual size to rep-
resent two sounds of s or z, as follows: ses, sez, zes, zez.
These sounds are heard in the following words, recess,
cases, possess, roses. See line II.
71. The circle s may be added to the sez circle. See
line 13.
72. When no vowel is written within the sez circle, the
vowel e is understood; but any other vowel maybe ex-
pressed by inserting the desired vowel within the circle.
See line (4.
73. When / comes before s-n make the / downward.
^T^x fawn. (Refer to Par, 61.)
After practicing the engraved page in the usual manner,
write Exercise No. 6, page 107.
Review Exercises.
\j. Ffow are the vowels and diphthongs divided in short-
h :\ n d ?
\f>. Why are first-place vowels so called?
17. Give the sounds of the first-place vowels. Give the
sentence containing them in regular order.
18. At which end of a consonant are first-place vowels
always written ?
(9. How are dash vowels written with reference to the
strokf: to which they are placed?
20. At which side of an upright stroke must a vowel be
placer! to have the vowel read first?
21. At which side of a horizontal stroke must a vowel be
placed to have the vowel read first?
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 27
22. In what, position should the outline of a word contain-
ing a first-place vowel be written ?
23. What is the first position for outlines containing up-
right strokes *
24. What is the first position for outlines composed of
horizontal strokes
25. Give the sounds of the second-place vowels. Give the
sentence containing them in regular order.
26. In what position should the outline of a word contain-
ing a second-place vowel be written ?
27. What is the second position ?
28. What determines the position of words containing
vowels of two different positions
29. Give the sounds of the third-place vowels. Give the
sentence containing them in regular order.
30. In what position should the outline 'A a word contain-
ing a third-place vowel be written ;
31. What is the third position for outlines containing up-
right strokes ;
32. What is the third position for outlines composed of
horizontal strokes-
33. How many elementary sounds are represented in
shorthand -
34.. Give all the consonant sounds. Give a!! the vowel
sounds.
"5. Upon what two tilings does the use of upward and
downward r depend -
56. Give the rules depending upon the anyle.
3~. Give the rules depending upon the vowel.
yl. Give the rules for upward and downward /.
59. What pair of Consonants occurs more frequent!}- than
any other.
40. What is the contraction for s or z?
41. When tile small circle > used at the beinning of an
28 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Loops st, zd, str.
74. The consonants ^ and / occur frequently without a
vowel between the s and /, and in such cases may be repre-
sented by a small loop one-half the length of the stroke to
which it is attached. The loop should be very narrow.
75. The st loop is written on the same side of the differ-
ent strokes as the circles s and sez ; namely, right side of
down straight strokes, left side of up straight strokes, up-
per side of horizontal straight strokes, and inside of
curves.
76. An outline containing a loop is vocalized and read in
the same manner as one containing a circle; that is, the
vowel is placed and read with reference to the stroke, and
if the loop begins the outline it is read before every thing f
and if it ends the outline it is read after every thing. See
line 5.
77. The small loop may also be used to represent zd.
See line 8.
78. The st loop may also, when convenient, be written in
the middle of an outline. See line 9. But the following
stroke must not cut. through the one to which the loop is
attached.
79. A large loop extending about two-thirds the length
of the stroke to which it is attached, placed upon the same
side as the st loop, and vocalized and read like it, repre-
sents the sounds str.
50. The loop str is used only at the end of outlines.
51. The circle s may follow either the st or the str loop.
See line 1 1.
82. Be careful to make the st loop very thin and the str
loop wider, in order that they may be distinguished.
Prepare the lesson in the usual manner and write Exer-
cise No. 7, page 108.
WORDS CONTAINING LOOPS,
29
I
, /
./. / C_JL^
^ W !
f
3
f~"^ x^P
xs":
X
4.__
^ x- ^ ^
X -U i
.~L
'^
^
^
..1.
b-../
11.
12 -
fe
30 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
When to Use Circles and Loops.
83. Since the circles and loops not only increase the
speed in writing shorthand, but add to its legibility, we, of
course, use them whenever possible. We have, therefore,
only to learn the cases where we cannot use them.
84. As it is impossible to vocalize circle s, whenever a
vowel is placed to s, we must use the stroke; hence the
following
Rules for the Use of Stroke S.
a. When a word begins with a vowel immediately fol-
lowed by s, use the stroke. (Line i.)
' b. When a word ends with a vowel immediately preceded
by s, use the stroke. (Line 2.)
'' c. When there are two necessary vowels between s and a
preceding or following consonant, use the stroke. See
line 5.
85. The rules for the use of the circle representing the
sound of z are the same as for s, except that when a word
begins with the sound of z we use the stroke. See line 6.
There are two reasons for using the stroke z at the begin-
ning of words; first, because so few words begin with the
sound of z that it is not necessary to use the more con-
tracted form, and second, because words of rare occurrence
are not easily read unless very fully written.
'/ 86. The loop for st cannot be used when the word ends
with a vowel preceded by st, nor when there is a vowel be-
tween the s and /. See line 7.
Do not neglect to practice the next page in the following
manner, i. Read. 2. Copy. 3. Transcribe. 4. Write from
transcript. 5. Correct. 6. Read from your own writing.
Repeat 4, 5, and 6 many times or until there are no correc-
tions to be made and until you can both write and read
without hesitation. Write Exercise No. 8, page 108.
WHENTOUSECIRCLESAND LOOPS,
3
/
A.,
V
i: -o
32 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The Initial W Hook.
'^7. A small hook written at the beginning of /, upward r,
m, and n, represents /, and it is written on the inside of
the three curves, 6 wl, cT~^ wm, <^- wn,
and on the left-hand side of upward >, c/ x wr.
88. The initial hook w, like the initial circle s, is read
first and the vowels are placed and read with reference to
the stroke.
89. The circle s maybe written within the w hook, as
follows :
6 swl, e/'swr, 6T~\ swm, ^_^ swa.
90. When the circle is written within the hook, the circle
should be commenced in the same direction as the begin-
ning of the stroke to which the hook and circle are at-
tached.
91. The sound of h need not be represented when it
comes before the w hook. Weal and wheel 'are written -6
and are readily distinguished by the context. See line 5.
92. The student will observe that the first sound in wheel,
when, whim, where, and, in fact, all words that in longhand
commence with wh, is //.
93. W, before all strokes, except /, upward r, m, and n,
is written with a semicircle curving either to the left or
right.
*L 94- Use the semicircle curving to the left, providing it
makes a good angle with the following stroke (see line 6);
if not, use the one curving to the right. See line 7. Be-
fore /', g or ng, the semicircle w must always curve to the
right, thus : 3 w-k, } w-g, ^_^- w-ng.
> 95- A semicircle curving upward or downward may be
used to represent the sound of y. See line 8. Use which-
ever semicircle makes the better angle.
WORDSCONTAININGWANDY.
33
.a.
vf ^/l \
A -L J.
L
14..
34 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
96. The circle s may be written within the semicircles.
See line 9.
,NT'97. When a word begins with a vowel followed by w or
y\ the strokes must be used. See line ro.
98. When the stroke is more conveniently written, or
makes a more suggestive outline, it should be used in pref-
erence to the semicircle. See line 11.
99. Make the semicircles very small ; not more than one-
quarter the length of a stroke.
100. Make the initial w hook small, and do not allow the
beginning of the hook to curve in toward the stroke or it
may be mistaken for the circle s.
Practice page 33 as usual. Write Exercise No. 9, page i io
Heavy M.
101. M may be made heavy to represent the sound oirnp
(see line i) or mb. See line 2.
102. The heavy in represents mp much more frequently
than mb, and, therefore, in reading, mp should always be
tried first. If that does not give the word, try mb.
Tick H.
103. A short tick made in the direction of ch (always down)
and one-quarter as long as ch, represents k. See line 5.
fcjr 104. It, however, can only be used to advantage before
'the following strokes: k,g, m, mp, downward r, w, I, p, b,
s and r.
105. The tick // at the beginning of an outline is read first.
106. The tick h may be used in the middle of an outline
if it makes a good angle with both the preceding and fol-
lowing stroke.
107. In a few words of frequent occurrence h may be
omitted. See line 1 1.
Apply directions given at bottom of page 30 to the ex-
ercise on the next page. Write Exercise No. 10, page no.
HEAVY M AND TICK H.
35
./..i.
*Y
14.
36 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Review Exercises.
42. When the small circle is used at the end of an outline.
what is represented by it, and how is it read ?
43. Can the circle be vocalized ?
44. On which side of a single straight stroke is the circle
written? On which side of a curve?
45. How is the circle written when it comes between two
strokes ?
46. What sounds are represented by the large circle?
47. What is represented by a small loop?
48. When the st loop is written in the middle of an out-
line, how must the following stroke be made?
49. What is represented by a large loop ?
50. When must the stroke be used for s?
51. When must the stroke be used for z?
52. To what strokes is the initial w hook attached ?
53. What may be written within the w hook ?
54. When a circle is written within a hook how should the
circle be commenced?
55. What is the first sound in such words as when, whim,
and where ?
56. What contraction is used for w when it occurs before
strokes other than /, r, m, and n ?
57. What contraction represents the sound of yf
58. When should the strokes for w and_y be used?
59. What is represented by heavy m?
60. Which occurs the more frequently?
61. Describe the tick h.
62. Before \vaat strokes is the tick h used?
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 37
Word-Signs.
108. Some words occur much more frequently than
others. In fact, one-half of any subject-matter is made up
of less than two hundred words frequently repeated.
109. These very frequently occurring words must be
represented by very easily formed characters. A single
motion of the pen must be made, as far as possible, to rep-
resent a complete word.
1 10. When a part only of an outline is used to represent
the whole word, or when a short outline is confined to some
other position than that of the vowel in the word, it is
called a word-sign.
in. The word-signs must be thoroughly learned and
repeatedly reviewed.
112. The student will notice in the following list of word-
signs, and in all lists given hereafter, that the character
used represents a prominent sound in the word and is
suggestive of the whole word. They are not arbitrary
signs.
\
1
/
^^^^~
V
(
be,
r
it,
do,
which,
come, give-n,
C v
for,
think,
will,
o
are,
.. O
your
\
, he,
\
that, we, I,
how,
you,
is,
his,
as,
has,
of,
to,
on, should, the,
a,
an,
and,
113. Be careful always to keep the word-signs in the po-
sitions in which they are here given.
114. The word-signs on and should are made from bot-
tom up.
38 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
115. Two or more words may be written without lifting
the pen, providing the joinings are good and there is no
natural pause between them. Words thus united are called
Phrases.
. . ojf-.thej..>.to...the 1 ...v i iOrjDU. ..r* yo
:rC.if .- jPUw^Tjou.- wjllJ.Qf : i L__./Cp.f r jour,. . L_.\.it-.wili-Jb.e , . _ _ .
116. In phrasing, a short tick made in the direction of
ch or upward r may be used to represent the, and in the
direction of / or k to represent a, an, or and.
117. In learning the word-signs and phrases, a good plan
is to write the words and phrases in a column at the left
margin of a sheet of practice paper, and then fill out each
line by writing the words over and over, being very care-
ful each time to write them correctly, and to think of the
word or phrase represented.
118. The sentences given in connection with each list of
word-signs should first be read over two or three times,
after which they should be copied slowly and accurately.
Next, make a longhand copy of the page, from which write
in shorthand and compare with the book. Read your
own notes. Write, compare, and read repeatedly until you
make no mistakes in writing, and can read your notes as
readily as a printed page.
1 19. Always carry in your pocket a list of words to study
at leisure moments.
The period is represented by a cross on the line and the
question mark by the same character above the line, as
shown at the end of sentences on page 39.
Write Exercise Xo. n, page in.
EXERCISE ON WORD-SIGNS.
' A r ^
39
\
JL
1.
c
.(..X.,
\ i
\ ^7
-X.
\
.X.
40 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Word-Signs and Phrases.
i / s ix
\ I /_ N I X.-.
of, to, or, but, on, should, all, two, already, owe, ought, who,
oh, Whom,
_.V> V X. X X. common, -__- __
liave, them, was, wish, shall, advantage, ? come, give, together,
L \ 7 / L J </ c
_ b_^ V .\ /_ rv/_ .^ \
It-Is, to-be-Mo-do.T of-which, you-ure, do-you, wish-to. we-are, we-will,
120. Where the same mark represents two word-signs,
the only difference being in position, the words should be
fixed in the mind in a regular order.
Example : given, together ; wish, shall ; common, come
121. The words represented by the dash vowels in the
different positions should be memorized in regular order,
thus :
Of, to, or, but, on, should. All, two, already, cwe^ ought,
who.
122. While for most beginners a pencil will be found more
convenient, the student should, early in his practice, accus-
tom himself to the use of a pen. It is recommended that,
from this point on, the student use a pen in at least a part
of his practice. An ordinary steel pen may be used, or,
better, a good gold pen, either fountain or otherwise.
W T hen pencils are used, they should be of good quality and
several, well-sharpened, should always be at hand. In se-
lecting either pen or pencil, the student should be careful
to obtain one suited to his particular touch, and then always
use the same kind.
In studying this list of word-signs, follow the directions
given in sections 117 and 118.
Write Exercise No. 12, page in.
EXERCISE ON WORD-SIGNS,
i.x
,.^...,..1..:._
) v I- (
5 /. 1 A >.
I
9--.0-
\
sJ:
12..
13 .
11.
I
( <
42 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Word-Signs and Phrases.
we,
were, what, w.ould, ye,
yet, beyond, you
with,
year-s,
s '
^ ^-^ s^/
i
any,
"when, thing, long,
him, usual-ly,
__/v__ .__>>
we-were, what-would, would-you, is-the, you-are, are-you,
baveryou, for-the, in-which, be-willing, as-well-as, for-them,
123. It will be observed that the words given in the first
half of the first line in this group of word-signs, begin
with w and they are, therefore, very properly represented
by the tv semicircle. It will also be seen that the words in
the last half of the same line contain j/ as a prominent
sound and are represented by the y semicircle. These
semicircles should be made very small; if made too large,
they will clash with the half-lengths given later.
124. After this list of word-signs has been learned the
two previous lists should be reviewed and each word prac-
ticed many hundred times. A great deal of trouble will be
prevented by thoroughly learning the word-signs as they
are given, and by repeatedly reviewing them.
Apply the directions given in paragraphs 117 and 118 to
this lesson. Write Exercise No. 13, page 112.
Straight Double Consonants.
125. We have in our English language many sounds of /
and r immediately after, and closely uniting with, other
consonants. These combined sounds may be heard at the
beginning of such words as play, pray, black, brick, day,
craw, tree, try, etc.
(Continued on page 44]
EXERCISE ON WORD-SIGNS.
43
, k.
L _(.
V /
\
k..
44 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
126. The eight straight consonants p, b, t, d, ch,j, k,g t
are changed to double consonants in the following simple
way :
\ r r r f
pi, bl, tl, dl, chl, jl, kl, gl,
pp., br, tr, dr, chr, jr, kr, gr,
127. The stroke and the hook must not be construed as
representing each a separate consonant, but each sign is
an indivisible compound, representing the double conso-
nants pi, pr, etc.
128. In naming the characters of the double consonant
series, it is best to call them by single syllables. Thus,
I is tr, as heard in utter, not t-r ; \ pr, as heard in upper,
not p-r; \ pi, as heard in apple, not pi. This remark ap-
plies to all the characters of the pi -^nA pr series.
129. The double consonant sounds are not to be used
when a distinct accented vowel comes between two letters,
as in the words tear and tool, but should be employed when
the I or r follows immediately after the other consonant, as
in tree, try, play, etc., and also when the vowel sound is ob-
scure and unaccented, as in lines 6 to 14.
130. The double consonants are vocalized the same as
the single consonants ; that is, any vowel placed at the
left of uprights or above horizontals is read before the
double consonant, and any vowel placed at the right of up-
rights or below horizontals is read after the double conso-
nant.
131. When the / and r hooks appear in the middle of
outlines it is sometimes impossible to form them perfectly,
and, in such cases, they may be made by retracing the pre-
vious stroke. See lines 10 and 11.
132. Be careful not to make the hooks too large, and do
not make them look like circles. Try to make your double
consonants just like those in the exercises.
Practice the exercise on the next page in the usual
manner.
Write Exercise No. 14, page 114.
STRAIGHT DOUBLE CONSONANTS,
45
T
i.
1.
V V
\
I I
-1.
P- I-
46 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Curved Double Consonants.
133. It is not possible to form double consonants with
all the curved strokes, because all the hooks attached to
curves must be on the inside of the curve. Neither is it
necessary, because some consonants are never immediately
followed by / or r,
134. The curved double consonants are as follows:
^_fl, ^_vl, (till, C till, c^shl, ^J zhl,
^ fr, ^\ vr, ) thr, ) tfir, J) shr, J) zhr,
x rnr, ^ ^ nr,
135. It will be seen in the above list of double conso-
nants thatyf, vl, thl, and ////are formed just as the straight
double consonants are formed; namely, by placing the
hook at the beginning on the right-hand side, and that
these characters are inverted to represent fr, vr, thr, and
thr. This is, in reality, precisely what is done with the
straight consonants, for if pi were made of wire and then
c'X r\
turned over, it would give pr ; thus, pi \ \ pr ; fl \^ } fr.
136. It will also be seen that shr and zhr are formed by a
hook on the left-hand side in the regular way, and that they
are inverted endwise instead of sidewise to produce the
double consonants ,r///and zhl.
1 37. Shr and zhr must always be made from the top down.
138. Shi and zhl are always made from bottom up, and
must never stand alone.
139. Mr and nr must be shaded to distinguish them from
IV-DI and w-n.
140. Do not allow the hooks on the curved strokes to
bend in toward the stroke too much, because in such case
they are likely to be mistaken for the circle s.
141. The double curved consonants are read and vocal-
ized the same as the double straight consonants, and their
names are similar, being fl, as heard in muffle ; fr, as heard
in offer, etc.
Pursue the usual method of practice. Write Exercise
No. 15, page 114.
CURVED DOUBLE CONSONANTS.
47
\
v
.u ..
X'
.A.
13.
48 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The Triple Consonants.
142. When s comes before the double consonants, a series
of triple consonants is formed, as heard in the words spray,
stray, splash, etc.
143. When s comes before a straight double consonant
of the pr series, the triple consonant is expressed by put-
ting the circle in place of the hook, thus :
\ 1 1 / _ _
spr, sbr, sir, sdr, schr, sjr, skr, sgr,
T 44. A vowel placed at the right of a triple consonant is
read after the triple consonant, Example, I stray.
145. Any vowel placed at the left of a triple consonant
is read between the s and the stroke, in accordance with
VQ
the rules already given for circle s. Example, I cider.
146. When j- comes before straight double consonants of
the //series, the triple consonant is expressed by placing
the circle within the hook, thus :
<\ P P /* f *- *_
spl, sbl, stl, sdl, schl, sjl, ski, sgl,
147. When the s comes before any curved double conso-
nant it is written inside the hook. Always start a circle
within a hook in the direction in which the stroke to which
they are attached commences.
148. When triple consonants (whether straight or curved)
occur after other strokes, the circle must, if possible, show
within the hook. See line 7.
149. If it is impossible to write the circle within the
hook, then the circle must lie flattened as in line 9.
( Continue*! on page 50. )
TRIPLE CONSONANTS,
49
,... .:f
1
1. .1
*
k.
L L \,
12
13 f> ^-^ ^ry
$o PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
150. When skr, sgr, sfr, or svr follow T'or D, and when
spr follows y, the circle should be placed on the s side of
the first stroke and the r side of the second stroke, as
follows: I b See line 10, page 49.
151. The circle sez may also be written on the left side at
the beginning of straight strokes to represent sez before a
double consonant, as in | sister.
After studying and practicing this lesson in the usual
manner, write Exercise No. 16, page 115.
The N Hook.
152. A small hook may be written at the end of any
stroke consonant to represent the sound of n.
153. This hook is placed on the left-hand side of down
straight strokes, the right-hand side of up straight strokes,
the under side of horizontal straight strokes, and inside of
all curves.
154. The n hook, like the circle s, is always read lact
when it ends an outline. A vowel may, and in fact almost
always does, come between the stroke and the n.
155. The n hook may be used in the middle of an outline,
as in lines 12 and 13.
156. When a word ends with a vowel preceded by , it is
necessary to use the stroke for n. See line 14.
157. The n hook, like all the appendages (circles, hooks,
loops, etc.), is not only valuable because it increases speed
in writing, but because it adds to the legibility of the notes.
Thus, a hook n at the end of an outline indicates that the
word ends with the sound of , and a stroke n at the end
of an outline usually indicates a final vowel. Study and
practice this lesson as usual alter which, write Exercise
No. 17, page 1 1 6.
WORDS CONTAININGTHEN HOOK.
JL..L
L
..V.
X .1
L ..:!
. P ....
/
52 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The F or V Hook.
158. The/ or v hook may be attached at the end ct anf
straight stroke, but cannot be attached to curves.
159. The hook for /or v is written on the same side as
circle s; namely, the right side of down strokes, left side
of up strokes, upper side of horizontal strokes.
160. The hook f or v is read just like circle s and hook
n ; that is, always last when it ends an outline.
161. When a word ends with a vowel immediately pre-
ceded by/ or v. the stroke must be used for/ or v. There-
fore, hook /or v at the end of an outline indicates that the
word ends with the sound of/ or v, but stroke/ or v at the
end of an outline indicates that the word ends with a vowel.
Example, /* roof ; /\^ review.
162. The hook/ or v may be frequently used in the mid-
dle of an outline. See line 5.
S Added to the Final Hooks.
163. The circle s may be written within the / or v hook,
and is then read after every thing, as circle s, at the end of
an outline, is always read last.
164. The circles s and sez and the loops st and sir may be
written in place of the n hook on straight strokes to add
that which is expressed by the circle or loop to that which
is expressed by the hook ; thus:
d tns, d tnsez, 6 tnst, tnstr,
165. Circle s may be written within an n hook on curves,
but when sez, st, or str follows n after curves, the stroke n
must be used. Example, ^-^_9 fences.
166. The n hook followed by circle s may sometimes be
used in the middle of a word, but the circle must always
show distinctly within the hook. See line 12.
Write Exercise No. 18, page 117.
WORDS CONTAINING THE F OR V HOOK.
S3
-
I 7
L I
\ I
/
A Vs A
Q
r
.._:'_ &<_._____..
6T ..L.
54 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Double Consonant Word-Signs.
principal -ly A. member number-ed truth
principle P ractl remember-ed
1 ..!_ _a.._. f f--
doctor dear du [; ng tell until
care call difficult-y Mr. more
remark -able
L- ^ ^- c -
"full-y from every ^
1 1 jv 2 2....
three there ./ sur.e-ly pleasure
tluMF OtllCr
The following phrases are written in accordance with
paragraph 116. The same will be found in print at the be-
ginning of Exercise 19, page 117.
2,_.^j^A..4.4_..X.._/___.^...!l.i,..jc..
ill \ T "^ L ^
3 v^...^...:^...^...!. i s=_
-D Q- /o y^ _p
4 _-^D Q^ ^O .> .>
167. Do not make the ticks too long; they should not
exceed one-quarter the length of a stroke consonant.
168. Always use the tick which forms the better angle
with the stroke to which it is attached. When good angles
do not result by the use of the ticks, the dots must be
used for a, an, and, and ///<?, as given in the first list of
word-signs. Write Exercise No. 19, page ,1.17.
DOUBLE CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS.
.\.
.ZX..V
,..1..^.C_ i_^__^_t
.._^jC_,....v---~ ---I'-
55
.K-
:\
56 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
4
Review Exercises.
63. What is a word-sign ?
64. Are the word-signs arbitrary marks ?
65. When may two or more words be joined?
66. What are such joined words called ?
67. How is the represented in phrasing?
68. How is a, an, or and represented in phrasing ?
69. What are formed when the sound of / or r combines
with other consonant sounds ?
70. Name the straight double consonants of the //series.
71. Name the straight double consonants of the/r series.
72. How are the double consonants vocalized ?
73. Is it possible to form double consonants with all the
curved strokes ?
74. Name the curved double consonants oi they? series.
75. Name the curved double consonants of the/r series.
76. Why are mr and nr made heavy ?
77. In what direction should shr and zhr be made?
78. In what direction should s^/and zhl be made ?
79. How are double consonants of the pr series changed
to triple consonants ?
80. How are double consonants of the// series changed to
triple consonants ?
81. How are the curved double consonants changed to
triple consonants?
82. How may the triple consonants be vocalized ?
83. When triple consonants come after other strokes ho\v
should they be made ?
84. ?Iow are skr, sgr, s/r, and svr written after / or d ?
85. Upon which side of straight strokes is the n hook
written ? Upon which side of curves ?
86. How is the n hook read when it ends an outline ?
87. If a word ends with a vowel sound preceded by , how
must the n be written ?
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 57
88. How does the n hook add to the legibility of short-
hand notes?
89. To what strokes may the /or v hook be attached ?
90. On which side is the/ or v hook written ?
91. What is indicated by the use of hook/ or v at the end
of an outline? What by the use of stroke/ or v?
92. How is circle s added to the/ or v hook ?
93. How are the circles and loops added to the n hook fol-
lowing straight strokes ?
94. How is the circle s added to the n hook on curves ?
95. When hook and circle are used together in the middle
of a word, how must they be written ?
The Large Wa Hook.
169. The sound of w frequently follows /, d, k, and^-, and
coalesces with them in a manner similar to / and r in the
double consonant sounds already given.
170. These combined sounds of tw, dw, kw, gw, are rep-
resented by a large initial hook on the circle .y side of the
stroke, thus:
I tw, I dw, c kw, c _gw,
171. These sounds are heard in the words twig, dwell,
quill, anguish, etc., and may be spoken of as tin a, dwa,
kwa, a
58 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The Large Wa Hook Continued.
172. Students sometimes find it difficult to analyze word?
which in longhand are spelled with the letters qu ; as, quick,
queen, etc. It will be observed, upon carefully pronouncing
such words, that the sounds represented by these letters are
really kw.
173. These signs are vocalized the same as the double
consonants (see paragraph 130); that is, the vowel may
come either before or after the combined sound, but never
between the stroke and the hook.
174- The circle s may be written within the iv hook, and
is then read and vocalized the same as the triple conso-
nants. See paragraph* 144 and 149. See line 6.
175. When the word ends with the sound of L after Kw
it should be made from top downward. See beginning of
line 5.
Ml, Nl, Rl, and Lr.
176. A large hook at the beginning of m, n and upward ' r,
adds /, and at the beginning of /. adds r; thus :
(~^ ml, Q_^/ nl, c/ rl, C Ir,
177. These are double consonants and are read and vo-
calized in accordance with the rules for double consonants
given in paragraph 130.
178. Care must be exercised in writing this series to make
the hook large, in order that it may be distinguished from
the small initial iv hook, explained in paragraph 87.
179. It will occasionally be convenient and also safe,
especially in long outlines, to use ;/, ;//, rl, and Ir, even
when there is a vowel between. See line 14.
Write Exercise No. 20, page 120.
URGE INITIAL HOOKS,
v
60 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The Large Final Hooks.
180. A large final hook on the circle s side (paragraph
68) of any stroke, adds the sound of shun or zhun.
181. A vowel may come before the stroke or between
the stroke and the hook, the same as the other final hooks.
182. A large final hook on the opposite side of straight
strokes adds the sound of ther, ter, or der, and is vocalized
the same as the shim hook given above.
183. Circle s may be added to either of these hooks by
placing the circle within the hook.
The S-shun Curl.
184. When the sound of shun, follows circle s or ns, it is
represented by continuing the line of the circle through to
the opposite side of the stroke. See lines 8 and 9.
185. This is called the s-sfiuncurl, and may be vocalized
for a first or second-place vowel as follows : A first-place
vowel coming between s and shun is placed before and near
the end of the stroke to which the s-shun curl is attached;
and a second-place vowel coming between s and shun is
placed after, and near the end of the stroke to which the
s-shun curl is attached.
1 86. Third-place vowels never come between s and shun.
187. Circle .$ may be added to the s-shun curl as in line 10.
188. When sh and n are the only consonant sounds in a
word, the stroke sh and the hook n must be used, as in
ocean. Write Exercise No. 21, page 120.
To become a proficient shorthand writer it is not only
necessary to learn the principles of shorthand, but to train
the hand to rapidly and accurately execute the characters.
The student should, therefore, be watchful and not allow
himself to neglect either portion of the work. Each lesson
should be thoroughly studied, and frequent reviews should
be made of all previous lessons. This will prepare the
mind to act quickly. Single words, phrases, and some-
times whole sentences should be selected from the en-
graved pages am written hundreds of times. This will
furnish the necessary training for the hand.
LARGE FINAL HOOKS.
61
_^_2.
i
1
V
.fit
62 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The Halving Principle.
/ 189. Any stroke consonant, except w, 7, ng t and mp, may
be made half its usual length to add the sound of / or d.
The sound of / is usually added to light characters, and
the sound of d to heavy characters. (See lines i and 2.)
This rule, however, is only general, as either / or d may be
added to either the light or the heavy strokes.
190. The half-length characters are vocalized the same
as a character containing a final circle, loop, or hook ; that
is, a vowel written before a half-length is read before the
stroke, while one placed after is read between the stroke
and the t or d. See line 6.
191. The position for half-lengths is as follows: First
position above the line ; second, on the line ; third, just
below the line. See lines 6, 7 and 8.
192. Inasmuch as w, y, ng, and mp are never halved, a
distinction may be made between / added to r, I, m, and n
and Padded to the same stroke, by shading the stroke in
the latter case.
"^ rt, C It, ^ mt, ^ nt,
"^ rd, C Id, x-s md, ^ nd,
See line 9.
193. When standing alone // should be made upward,
and Id, downward.
194. When s is halved it may be written upward if more
convenient. Sec line 10.
195. Double or triple consonants may be made half-
length and are then readjust like the full lengths, the t or
(/expressed by halving invariably coming last. See lines
ii to 14.
Study, transcribe, write, correct, and rewrite as directed
for previous lessons.
Write Exercise No. 22, page 121.
THE HALVING PRINCIPLE.
ii r
7
\
C.
1 J
64 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The Halving Principle Continued.
196. Strokes to which the final hooks have been added
may be made half-length ; in which case the / or d is read
after the hook. See lines i to 5.
197. While the / or d expressed by halving is read after
all hooks, it is read before all rlnal circles and loops. See
line 6.
198. If the hook and circle are used together at the end
of a half-length stroke, the t or d expressed by halving is
read between the hook and circle. See line 7.
199. The syllable ted is represented by half-length /, and
the syllable dedby half-length d, as in line 8.
200. The half-length / or d should be disjoined after
strokes with which it forms no angle. See line 9.
3^201. Upward r and h should be made half-length only
when joined to some other stroke or when some hook is
attached ; because simple half-length upward r might be
mistaken for cht, and half-length h for chft. See line u.
? 202. The halving principle cannot be used in such words
as are given in the i2th line, because the character preced-
ing the final / or d does not form an angle with the char-
acter preceding it, and, therefore, it would be impossible to
tell the exact point of juncture.
f 203. The stroke t or d must be used when the word ends
jX-with a vowel preceded by / or d, and when there are two
J vowels between / or d and the preceding stroke. See lines
13 and 14.
204. Thus the proper use of the halving principle adds
to the legibility of the notes in the same manner as does
the proper use of the circles and loops. Consult para-
graph 157.
After studying and practicing this lesson, review the
Halving Principle as a whole. Write Exercise No. 23,
page i 2 i.
THE HALVING PRINCIPLE.
L v .C
s
D
I.
-V-L.
v
I
\
1, J;
S
/
66 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The Doubling Principle.
205. The doubl_mg principle applies t& cu_ryes only.
206. Doubling the length of mp, or mb adds er. See
line i.
207. Doubling the length of ng adds ker or ger. See
line 2.
208. Doubling the length of any other curve adds ther,
ter, or der. See line 3.
209. The point of commencing a double length for a
given position should be the same as for a single length;
that is, the first half of the double-length determines the
position of the word. See lines 4 and 5.
210. Vowels placed after double-length curves must be
read before the added syllable. When a word ends with a
vowel sound the doubling principle cannot be used imme-
diately before it. Anger should be written x^. ^x. but
angry ^_J^~~ .
211. A final circle, loop, or hook may be attached to the
double-lengths, such appendage being read last; as v_ ^
northern.
Special Vocalization.
212. It is sometimes desirable to intervocalize the double
consonants ; that is, write the vowel so as to have it read
between the sound expressed by the stem and the sound
of / or r.
213. When a dash vowel or a diphthong is to be read be-
tween the parts of a double consonant, strike the vowel
through the stroke, or, if more convenient, place the first
position vowel just at the beginning, or the third position
vowel just at the end of the stroke. See lines 10 and u.
214. To express dot vowels between the parts of a double
consonant, write a small circle at the side of the stroke
and in the position of the desired vowel. It is generally
best to write the circle before the stroke if the vowel is
long, and after it if the vowel is short. See lines 12 and
13. Write Exercise No. 24, page 122.
THEDOUBLING PRINCIPLE.
SPECIAL VOCALIZATION,
7 9
13 _.
68 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Word-Signs and Phrases.
...V. A-...Y- _^_ -V. -I.. ,X
opiuion upon been genjeral-ly before whatever different
difference
......- ..
can begin begun govern- ed influence information U.S.
began government
.A.. -V_ A.. .Ax. ...... ^
object-ed objection subject-ed subjection several
..... _... ..- .. ,
knowledge acknowledge represent representative representation
...... \
should-be tbat-tbey has-been it-has-been wbich-bas-been
It will be found to be true economy to always use the
very best material not only in class-work but in practice.
Students sometimes fall into the habit of using poor pen-
cils. This should be avoided. The stenographer cannot
produce good results with poor tools any more than can
the carpenter or mechanic of any kind. It is necessary
also, in order to work under the best conditions, that
paper of good quality and properly ruled be used. Fools-
cap is not good for shorthand purposes because the lines
are too close together. Neither should the inexperienced
stenographer write on unruled paper, or paper which he
may rule himself by hastily drawing lines across it. This
is almost sure to develop a large sprawling hand, which is
very undesirable.
Write Exercise No. 25, page 124.
EXERCISEON WORD-SIGNS,
6 9
N.
V....V
V_P
./:. ...x.
-v
-So.
1
...L.
J8.^.___V^P_
I..L....L
Z._^X\
JL
^ -> vo
/
70 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Half-Length Word-Signs.
\
\J ~\
\
^
particular-ly
part
r
profit spirit
prophet
.A. y
build
billed
board
behind
told
toward child gentlei
nen
"TX
gentleman
quite could accord -ing-ly^ ura ^ e cared called good
.A. .. ( . ...(..
after - ^ afford that without short
future assured
.-1.. JL. ,?_... _._^__. .__^_._
astonish-ed establish-ed imme- somewhat nature under
astonishment establishment diate-ly hundred
In writing half-lengths, word-signs or otherwise, be care
ful not to make the characters too large. It is better to
make such characters a little less than half the usual length
than to make them too long. The student will find that as
he writes more rapidly the tendency will be to make all the
characters larger than he did at the beginning, when his
writing was necessarily very slow. This tendency should
be overcome, as a very large hand is not usually capable of
so great speed in the end and does not look so well as a
small, neat hand. Also avoid leaving too much space be-
tween the words. There should not be more than one-
quarter of an inch between the characters and they may
be written as close as one-eighth of an inch with excel-
lent results. Train the hand not only to move quickly
while executing the characters, but to move rapidly from
one character to another. It is only by giving attention to
all the little things that real proficiency will be attained.
Write Exercise No. 26, page 125.
HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS,
9__C
-V- v -
72 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Prefixes.
215. Con- or com- is indicated by a dot placed immediately
before the beginning of an outline. See line i.
216. -Con-, -com-, or -cog-, in the middle of a word, is ex-
pressed by disjoining that part of the outline which follows
con. com, or cog from the part which precedes it. Place the
disjoined parts close to each other, the latter a little below
as well as a little to the right of the former. See line 2.
217. Contra-, contri-, contro-, or counter- is represented
by a short oblique tick disjoined, as in line 3. [See line 4.
218. Circum- or self- is represented by disjoined circle s.
219. In-, en-, or un- is expressed by a backward curl be-
fore any evolute circle, as in line 5.
220. Magna- or magni- is expressed by writing m over
the beginning of the rest of the outline. See line 6.
Affixes.
221. -Ing, as an affix, should generally be expressed by
the stroke ng, but, when an inconvenient outline would
result from the use of the stroke, a small dot may be
used. See line 7.
222. -Ings is expressed by a disjoined circle s placed near
the end of an outline. See line 7.
223. -Ing the is expressed by disjoining the tick the and
writing it in place of the dot ing, as at the end of line 8.
224. -Ble or -bly is expressed by b. See line 8.
225. -Fill or -fore is expressed byy*". See line 9.
226. -Ever is indicated by stroke v. See line 10.
227. -Ship is represented by s/'i. See line n.
228. -Self is represented by circle j and -selves by sez.
See line 12.
229. -Ality, -ility, or -arity at the end of words is indi-
cated by disjoining the stroke which immediately precedes
-ality, -ilitv, or -arity from the rest of the outline. See
line 13. Write Exercise No. 27, page 126.
EXERCISE ON PREFIXES,
L
73
r
EXERCISEON AFFIXES,
/ ,^:_..r_. ..i.
.id . .<
,/
74
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Word-Signs.
._>_,._.! \ ,_,._..$_
opportunity dollar i I , ' , , ' , / deliver-ed
had much large larger delivery
<- advertise-ment
bill >, correct-ed character ,,ui;->
balance public^
i publish -ed publication
ever however never nevertheless notwithstanding aware
million matter important- ce improve-ment now first
..L _/_ . / .j.
impossible -ility this .Jo ,, \ , \ ,
fVinoo thank though assure
thousand
All the word-signs necessary for a speed of 140 or 150
words per minute on average matter have now been given,
and the student is urged to make a careful and thorough
review of the same. As already suggested, it is a good
plan to always have a complete list of the word-signs at
hand to study and practice at leisure moments. They can-
not be learned too well. Students sometimes get the idea
that the frequently occurring words are not very impor-
tant, and that they can be distinguished by the context
even if written incorrectly. This is a decided error.
Both -speed in writing and accuracy in reading depend to a
great extent upon a perfect knowledge of the word-signs.
Write Exercise No. 28, page 127.
EXERCISE ON WORD-SIGNS.
1
<- M
10
-s-
c <j
13 .1....A i
L..1V
J'
-I- -Mr
L../1.
76 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Review Exercises.
96. What is represented by a large initial hook on the s
side of /, <-/, k, and^.?
97. Analyze quick and queen.
98. How may s be expressed before twa, diva, kwa or
^Wrt ?
99. What is represented by a large hook at the beginning
of m, n, and upward r ? At the beginning of I?
100. Why should the hook be made large in this series?
101. Are ml, nl, rl, and Ir double consonants?
102. Are they ever used when there is an intervening
vowel ?
103. Describe the shun hook.
104. What is expressed by a large final hook on the op-
posite side from shun ?
105. To what characters is the ther hook added ?
106. How is circle s added to large final hooks ?
107. How is shun added to circles?
108. To what extent may the s-shun curl be vocalized ?
109. What is expressed by the halving principle ?
no. What characters are never halved?
in. How are the half-lengths vocalized ?
112. Give the rule for the position of the half-length
characters.
113. What distinction may be made between // and Id,
rt and rd, mt and md, nt and nd?
114. In what order are consonants, expressed by a half-
length stroke with a final hook, to be read ?
115. In what order are consonants, expressed by a half-
length stroke with a final circle or loop, to be read?
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 77
116. In what order are the consonants, expressed by a
half-length stroke with a final circle on the n side,
to be read ?
117. When should half-length / or d be disjoined ?
118. Under what conditions may/z and upward r be halved?
119. Should a character be made half-length after another
with which it forms no angle?
1 20. When must the stroke / or d be used ?
121. To what characters does the doubling principle apply?
122. What is added to mp by doubling ? To ng? To any
other curve ?
123. Explain the position of double-lengths
124. How are the double-lengths vocalized?
125. When final circles, loops, or hooks are attached to the
double-lengths, how are they read?
126. What is the prefix for con or com ?
127. How may con, com, or cog be expressed in the middle
of a word ?
128. What is the prefix for contra, contri, contra, or counter ?
For circuni or self ?
129. What is expressed by a backward curl before an evo-
lute circle ?
130. What is the prefix for magna or magni?
131. What is the affix for ing? For ings? For ble or bly ?
132. What is the affix for fill or fore? For ever? For
ship ? For self? For selves ?
133. How is ility ality or arity indicated at the end of
words.
_D
JOh.
_J_
IT
_G_
_F_
jy_
_Th
:Hi_
_S_
_z_
Sh
LZh_
UE-
J
C
\,
r
sez-
L
L
I
J.
\0
_ D
(o
A.
0/1
st-
e
J
-st
\
L
-str
V,
6
o^
p
P
W-
\.
\
J_
J_
C
1
C
JL
j
8-1
B-T
ss-r
-f
\,
-fs
L
L
JL
L
Jf_
C
J
C
3L
JN_
PY-
V
C
II
[Mn
APPENDAGES.
79
N
-ns -nsez
\
-nst
nstr
\
-t
-ts
V
-ft
-fts
-nt
-nts
l-thr
shun -tr
-^dr
-s -ns
shun shun
V
V
A
uA
\
A>_
V
N
V
_iJ_
J J
_i
_j_
y
y
,_L
y
,/
L
o
V
G
(
A
e)
J
aJ
J
j
J
r
r
r
r
-\
7
^^e-
-Ker
C
8o
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
The Word-signs.
PHONOGRAPHICALLY ARRANGED.
\
opportunity
\
be
<
billed, bufld
\
up
\
object-ed
^
able-to
\
hope, happy
V
to-be
\
\
\
o
behind
*\
appear
\
subject-ed
it
("I
rincip le
x
\
member
--L-
itself
__<\
practice
\
\
remember-ed
1
truth
\
opinion
Y
number-ed
r
.
i
tell, till
5
upon
s.
___(!_.
until
_ _ _
bill
1
\
happen
v-
balance
L
whatever
$
s
particular-ly
\)
been
1
part
i
toward
^
V
before
r
told
<\
spirit
\J
objection
i
dollar
..^L.
profit, prophet
\J
subjection
i
do
\
by
A
board
.__!_.
had
Where no dotted
ne appears, words are in
second pc
>sition.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 81
H-
advertise-ment
:
common
->
begun, began
1
doctor
dear
kingdom
come
3
govern ment
good
_
1
-1-
during
because
^
for
f
deal
deliver^
ent-ly
differ-ence
ed
care .
call, equal-ly
difficult- y
..Sr_.
fill
full-y
from
f
I
c_
.....
each
>
can
^
phonogiapty
/
which
much
child
quite
could
accord-ing-ly
r
feature
after
future
~
/
r
c
r
/
advantage
c-
cared
^
afford
";"
large
danger
accurate
called
^
ecer
have
c_
Vw
larger
general-ly
give-n
together
.. ..
however
several
y
y
gentlemen
ago
t-
value
. _.
gentleman
__^
be^in
>
over
82
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
^
every, very
)
was
^
-p-L n r
- c -
valued
J
wish
.^1!.
impossible-)ty
1
c~^
million
(
think
J
shall, shalt
^
Mr.
/
o
-{-
thank
_J
sure-ly
able
,_/__
thousand
assure
" aWy
f\
{-^
more
J
three
-2
short
6^
somewhat
them
J
assured
,
I
^
immediate-ly
\- -
though
^/
usual-ly
I
M<?.r e '
J
pleasure
matter
1
^~^
in , any
(c
this
will
\ $
influence
/
x
--<"-
those
._.._.
here
1
1
either
s
are
now
)
there, their
"*>
Lord
^
U. S.
/
^v
-
when
-->-
other
/
are
^^
near, nor
,/
I
^-^
information
(
without
---J/--
aware
under, hundred
.)
astonishf''
N N^
men
^~^
him, am
_ j
^
nature
1
establish^. ,..
irrmortnnt-re
^^
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
thing
S
two, too
^
long
language
already
owe, oh, O
j public
"( publish-ed
publication
1
r
c
your
yourself
he
>
ought
who-m
I, eye, high
"V
\ X
ty
proper
ly
t probable-y
( probability
above
^
V
/
he
the
a, an
c
how
we, with
were
~7
^_^
acknowledge
knowledge
correct-ed
*
c
and
ah
of
to
or
but
}
what
would
ye, year-s
yet
beyond
you
v 1
/\
XX
character
unusual-ly
represent
representative
representation
never
3
\
\
u
i
x-
on
should
is, his
as, has
j *
nevertheless
notwithstanding
s
\
all
xr
firs
/
rathei
84 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Formation of Outlines.
230. Since many of the consonant sounds are repre-
sented in more than one way, it follows that a given word
may be written with several different outlines, each of
which will express the consonant sounds of the word ; for
instance, the consonant sounds in store are s-t-r, which
combination may be written in shorthand in at least eleven
different ways, as follows :
231. To a successful stenographer, however, a consonant
outline is something more than the representation of the
consonant sounds of a word. \ It is the representation of
the consonant sounds of a word in stick a manner as to in-
dicate to the greatest extent possible both WHAT and WHERE
the vowel is^k It is right here that many fail. They can-
not read thefr notes because there is no clue to the vowel
element. To them, any one of the eleven outlines given
above conveys the same meaning as any other, when to
the well-trained stenographer each has its peculiar mean-
ing.
232. We have said that the consonant outline of a word
should indicate what and where the vowel is. a. The posi-
tion of the outline indicates WHAT the vowel is. b. The man-
ner of writing the consonants indicates WHERE the vowel is.
Thus the vowel element, though invisible, is a very im-
portant factor in reading shorthand, and the extent to
which the student takes advantage of this, will determine,
to a great extent, the legibility of his notes.
233. It is already understood that writing an outline in
the first position indicates that the vowel (or if more than
one, the accented vowel) in that word is one of the six first-
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 85
place vowels ; namely, e, a, I, 5, I, oi. In the same man-
ner, writing an outline in the second position indicates
that the vowel is either a, o, e, or u, and in the third posi-
tion that the vowel is either a, oo, a, dt>, ow or u.
234. The criticism may be made that position only tells
that the vowel is one of several. As a matter of fact, it
tells so definitely, that the practiced writer only finds it
necessary to insert an average of one vowel in about one
hundred words. First, because most outlines, when in a
certain position, represent but one word. Second, when a
given outline in a certain position represents more than
one word, as for tick or talk, the context in a sentence
will almost always lead to the proper word. In the com-
paratively few cases where this would not be sufficient, the
vowel should be written.
235. It is also true, that, to a far greater extent than would
at first appear, the manner of writing the consonants may
be made to indicate wJierc the vowel is. A very simple il-
lustration of this is found in the words ..A oar, and x/1.
row. The full significance of the rules for upward and
downward r, and / (paragraphs 59 and 60) will now be ap-
preciated. These rules, as well as those for the use of cir-
cles s and sez ; loops st and sir ; semicircles wandj// hooks
/, r, n, /or v, w, shun, and ther ; the halving principle; and
the doubling principle, should now be thoroughly reviewed.
236. It will be found excellent practice to select words
from any of the engraved pages, and mentally give the
reason for each consonant being written as it is. To illus-
trate, we will take some of the outlines given at the end of
paragraph 230, and placing each to a proper word, give the
reasons for thus writing it.
G^
237. _ 1 store : st loop to indicate that there is no vowel
before the s nor between the s and the t ; downward r to in-
dicate that r ends the word.
86 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
238. ?. story : s/ loop to indicate that there is no vowel
before s nor between the s and // upward r to indicate
that there is a final vowel.
239. _1 stray : circle s to indicate that there is no vowel
before the s ; double consonant tr to indicate that there is
no vowel between the t and the r.
240. A. astray : stroke s to indicate that there is a vowel
before s ; double consonant tr to indicate that there is no
vowel between the / and the r.
austere : stroke s to indicate that there is a vowel
before the s; t expressed by the halving principle to indicate
that there is but one vowel between the / and the r ; dou>n-
ivard r to indicate that there is no vowel after the r.
y
242. history : h may be omitted in words of frequent
occurrence; stroke s to indicate that there is a vowel be-
fore the s ; t expressed by the halving principle to indicate
that there is but one vowel between the / and the r; up-
ward r to indicate that there is a vowel after the r.
243. I... estuary : stroke s to indicate that there is a vowel
before s , stroke / to indicate that there are two vowels be-
tween the / and the r ; upward r to indicate that there is a
vowel after the r.
P
244. -[ -- satire : circle s to indicate that there is no vowel
before the s ; stroke / to indicate that there is a vowel be-
tween the j and // stroke r to indicate that there is a vowel
between the / and the r ; r made downward \.Q indicate that
r ends the word.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 87
P 9
245. Ux- satirize : circle s to indicate that there is no
vowel before the s; stroke / to indicate that there is a
vowel between the s and the // stroke r in indicate that
there is a vowel between the / and the r ; r made upward
to indicate that there is a vowel after the r; circle s to in-
dicate that there is no vowel after the .y.
246. ./ oyster ; stroke s to indicate that there is a vowel
before the s ; ter expressed by the doubling principle to in-
dicate that there is no vowel after ter.
247. If this idea were fully and universally carried out,
we should hear much less of the stenographer who "can-
not read his notes." In reality, no such person exists, for
the person who cannot read his notes is not a stenographer.
248. One of the beauties of the present system of short-
hand is that it is not necessary to learn and arbitrarily re-
member the outline for each word. On the other hand, it
should be the aim of the beginner to so thoroughly master
the principles that the correct outline for a word can be
quickly formed by the application of these principles, even
though the word may never have been seen or heard
before.
249. Illustrations of the proper application of principles
are, however, an aid to the student. These have already
been given in abundance; but we present upon the three
following engraved pages the outlines for many frequently
occurring words, the same appearing also in ordinary type
on the alternate printed pages. These pages should be
studied in the following manner:
1. Read from the engraved page, referring to the printed
page only when necessary.
2. Copy the engraved page, recalling the word expressed
by each outline.
3. Give the reason for the use of each stroke, circle,
hook, etc., in each word.
4. Write from the printed page and compare your notes
with the engraved page, making necessary corrections.
5. Write each outline many times for the purpose of de-
veloping the ability to execute rapidly. For this purpose,
one outline can be written hundreds of times, making it
each time accurately, but gradually increasing in speed.
88
OUTLINES.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 89
Key to Outlines on page 88.
1. Ability, absolute, acceptance, accessible, accountant,
acquaintance, advocate, affairs, affidavit, agent, agreement.
2. Alike, allowance, ambition, annual, answer, anticipate,
apologize, apparatus, apparently, around, arrange.
3. Arrival, ascertain, assign, assistance, assume, attach,
attention, attractive, augments, authority, authorize, auto-
matic.
4. Await, barrel, bearer, benefit, between, broker, cancel
or counsel, canvass, capacity, carrying.
5. Catalogue, census, certify, cheaper, chenille, civilized,
classical, classification, closely, commence.
6. Community, compare, compensation, competition,
complaint, computation, concession, conservative, con-
signment, construction, contrary.
7. Conversant, conversation, country, county, coupons,
criminal, current, cushion, custom, customary.
8. Customer, debtors, decide, decline, defective, defense,
^demand, depositor, derived, derricks, description.
9. Destination, dimension, discretion, discussion, dis-
Ss yjDatch, dissolution, dividends, division, duly, earliest. ^--
10. Economy, editor, election, element, eminence, en-
closed, endeavor, energy, enforce.
11. Engraved, equip, erection, error, escape, esteem, es-
teemed, evening, exact, excellent.
12. Excelsior, exception, excessive, exchange, exertions,
explain, extent or extend, fault, federal, file.
13. Filter, fixed, flavor, fortunate, foundry, friction, gen-
erous, grocery, habits, hardly, heavy.
14. Honest, honesty, illumination, imitation, imperative,
implicit, inclined, increase, indispensable, individual.
90
OUTLINES.
-V
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 91
Key to Outlines on page 90.
1. Industry, injustice, institution, integrity, intention,
intimation, invent, invoice, jealousy, laborer.
2. Legislation, legislator, likewise, limit, locality, mack-
erel, maintain, manual.
3. Margin, maximum, method, minimum, miscellaneous,
moment, month.
4. Mystery, namely, nothing, notice, notify, obedience,
objectionable, obligations, observation, occupation, officer.
5. Ordinary, ostensible, patent, payable, penalty, period,
permission, perusal, photograph, plaintiff, porter.
6. Portion, positive, precaution, precedent or president,
profession, propose, prospect, purpose, pursue, quota-
tions, receipt.
7. Recent, reciprocate, rectify, reduction, refuse, regard,
regret, rejoice, remain, reminder.
8. Remit, remittance, repair, reside, resident, resort, re-
source, response, restrain, retail, retain.
9. Retard, retired, return, revised, risen, roof, safely,
salary, sample, scientific, settlement.
10. Situation, specify, specimen, splendid, statement,
station, supply, survey, tendency, thorough, traffic.
11. Treatment, treaty, trunk, unavoidable, undoubtedly,
various, veneration, vicinity, violation, welfare.
12. Yesterday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, January, February.
13. March, April, May, June, July, August, September,
October, November, December.
14. One, two, three, six, ten. first, second, third, sixth,
tenth, hundred, thousand, million.
92 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Contracted Outlines.
250. Consonant sounds that are obscure, as k in anxious,
need not be represented. Words containing several conso-
nant sounds will generally be suggestive even if a some-
what prominent sound is omitted. See lines i to 3, page 93.
251. Words having but one consonant sound, but having
two or more vowel sounds, should generally have one of
{he vowels written. See line 4, page 93.
252. A word-sign may be used as part of a longer word,
joining to the word-sign whatever is necessary to complete
the word. In such case, the word-sign must retain its po-
sition. If two word-signs are thus united, the first is gen-
erally put in position. See lines 5 to 7, page 93.
253. While many outlines especially long ones will
be sufficiently suggestive without the aid of position, there
are some words that are distinguished only by position. See
line 8, page 93.
254. Such positive and negative words as are given in
the gth and loth lines should be carefully distinguished.
255. Words containing the same consonant sounds but
of different or opposite meanings should be distinguished
by a systematic difference in the outline, if possible. See
line ii, page 93. If this is not possible, a vowel may be
inserted (line 12) or an arbitrary difference of outline may
be made. See line 13, page 93.
256. It is sometimes desirable in writing derivatives to
keep the outline for the primitive in the position it would
occupy if alone, and to it add whatever is necessary to
complete the word. need, &_ needless; ^*_end, .^ endless.
6
257. T\vo or more prominent consonants in a word of
frequent occurrence may sometimes be used as a contrac-
tion for that word. See line 14, page 93.
CONTRACTED OUTLINES.
93
j^m...^....!^.
X
.
94 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Key to Contracted Outlines on page 93.
1. Anxious, sanction, distinction, function, suggestion,
frequent, eloquent, tempt.
2. Postpone, postoffice, postage, testimony, mistake,
transaction, transpose, transact.
3. Within, withdraw, withhold, hesitation, assignment,
trustworthy, intelligent, intelligence.
4. Idea, obey, Iowa, arrow, Ohio, oil, era, payee, iota.
5. Undertake, understand, almost, almighty, to-morrow,
to-day, forward, afterward.
6. Altogether, therefore, thereby, somehow, anything,
become, everything, something.
7. Although, onward, underneath, anywhere, anybody,
natural, misunderstood, overcome.
8. Imminent, eminent, prominent, permanent, except, ac-
cept, position, possession.
9. Necessary, unnecessary, navigable, unnavigable,
modest, immodest, necessarily, unnecessarily.
10. Moral, immoral, material, immaterial, moderate, im-
moderate, mature, immature.
11. Legal, illegal, logical, illogical, resistible, irresistible,
resolute, irresolute.
12. Meet, omit, motion, emotion, migrate, immigrate,
keep or copy, occupy.
13. God, guide, protection, production, writer, reader,
support, separate.
14. Regular-ity, irregular-ity, peculiar-ity, capable,
familiar, New York, develop, perform.
Phrasing.
258. Phrasing is the act of writing two or more words
with a single outline.
259. While there is a diversity of opinion among sten-
ographers regarding the extent to which phrasing should
be employed, there is no doubt that, within certain limits,
it is very desirable. It is desirable because it facilitates
writing without retarding the reading; indeed, notes prop-
erly phrased are more legible than when each word is writ-
ten separately.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 95
\
260. In forming phrases the following rules should be
observed :
l fT Phrase only such words as have a grammatical con-
nection.
La. Phrase only when the outlines can be easily united in
writing.
3. Do not form phrases of inconvenient length, or that
extend too far above or below the line of writing.
261. There are two distinct methods of phrasing. The
first and simpler is to unite the regular outlines of the
words composing the phrase; as r /\' ~ yoit-tuill-be-likely.
The second method is to consider the phrase as a single
word and by the use of the various principles express its
consonant sounds in the easiest way ; as _ in-re-
gard.
262. When the regular outlines are joined, the first word
of a phrase is usually put in position and the following
words must accommodate themselves to the position of the
first. See lines 1-6, page 96. It is, however, that word
which, out of position, would be illegible, which must be
given its position. See line 7, page 96.
263. When must is other than the last word of a phrase
it may be written with m and circle s instead of m and st
loop. See line 8, page 96.
264. The ticks the, a, an, and and are not considered as
having positions of their own, but, always accommodate
themselves to the position of the word or words with which
they arejoined. See line 9, page 96.
265. When a word which ends with a circle is followed
by one which begins with a circle, the two circles may be
united into one large circle. See line 10, page 96.
266. Phrases of great value in certain lines of work may
be formed by intersecting prominent characters in the
phrase. Stroke s thus intersected may be used to repre-
sent society ; sJi, association; k, company ; d, department;
t, committee ; j, agent. See lines 12 to 14, page 96.
9 6
PHRASES.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 97
Key to Phrases on page 96.
1. You may, you can, you must, you will, you will be, you
will have, you will think, you will do, you will remember.
2. We have, we have known, we think, we think that,
we think so, we think you will, we shall, we shall be, we
shall have, we shall not be, we shall not have, we shall
never.
3. Of your, to your, of which, to which, of which you
are, to which you are, in which you may, in which case, in
such cases, of them.
4. All the, all the way, on the way, in the way, by the way,
that which you may, for that, for them, for your, for which,
for such.
5. With which you may, with which you are, you are, are
you, you are right, you are wrong, are you ready, are you
sure.
6. Do you mean, did you mention, you should be, you
should endeavor, with it, it was, which was, can be, can
have.
7. In each, in which, in much, of these, of this, of those,
we think you, we thank you, those who are, in this place.
8. You must be, you must do, you must have, you must
not, you must not think, we think you must be, you must
always be.
9. A first, a general, and there, and do you, and this, and
will, send a, take a, when a, when a man.
10. This is, it is said, in this city, as soon as, as has, is his,
as has been, in this section, there is something.
11. In regard, in reply, in response, in relation, at first, at
once, at any rate, at last, at sometime.
12. Temperance Society, Literary Society, Bible Society,
Missionary Society, Singing Society, Improvement Associ-
ation, Savings Association, Medical Association.
13. Railroad Co., American Express Co., Trust Co.,
Investment Co., Oil Co., Shorthand Department, War
Department, Postoffice Department.
14. Executive Committee, Finance Committee, Ways
and Means Committee, Traveling Agent, Special Agent,
Book Agent, Insurance Agent, Freight Agent.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Phrasing Continued.
267. When J is the first word of ? phrase it may be
written with either the first or last stroke of the usual
character. The first stroke must always be written down-
ward and the last upward. Select that stroke which forms
the better angle with the following word. See lines 1-5.
268. We or with may be expressed by the initial tu hook.
See lines 6 and 7. page 99.
269. You, in phrasing, may be inverted in order to se-
cure good joinings. See line 8, page 99.
270. There, their, other, or they-are may be expressed by
doubling a preceding curve. See lines 9 and 10, page 99.
271. There or their may be expressed by adding the ther
hook to a preceding straight stroke. See line 11, page 99.
272. Own or than may be expressed by adding the n hook
to a preceding word. See line 12, page 99.
273. All or will may be expressed by adding the / hook
to a preceding word. See line 13, page 99.
274. Are may be expressed by adding the r hook to a
preceding word. See line 14, page 99.
Key to Phrases on page 99.
1. I am, I am glad, I am very, I am very glad, I am sure,
I am very sure, I am sorry, I am inclined.
2. I have, I have known, I have seen, I have said, I have
done, I think, I think so, I think you will, I think you may,
I find.
3. I fear, I fear you will be, I shall, I shall be, I shall have,
I shall never, I wish, I wish to, I wish to be, I wish you.
4. I will, I will have, I will think, 1 will do, I can, I can-
not, I can be, I can never.
5. I do, I had, I had been, I had many, I mean, I must,
I must be sure, I need not, I never.
6. We will, we will think, we will be, we will try, we are,
we are aware, we are inclined, we are sorry, we are certain.
7. We may or with him, we may mention, we must, we
must also, we must always, we must be, with me or with my,
we mean.
8. Should you, should you know, send you, when you
can, forward you, I send vou, I need you, I inclose you.
LAWYER
PHRASES.BALLAS, r
99
yy
N 3.
1-4-
\
\
A
13_
f
ioo PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Key to Phrases on page 99.
9. If there or if their or if they are, for there or for their
or for they are, have there or have their, think there or
think their or think they are, wish there or wish their,
will there or will their, are there or are their, in there or in
their, value their, over there or over their.
10. Some other, no other, or know their, from there or
from their, when there or when their, whenever there or
whenever their, wherever there or wherever their, I think
there or 1 think their or I think they are, so there or so
they are.
11. Be there, by their, had there or had their, you will be
there, finish their, furnish their, I am sure there is, in their
places, was there or was their.
12. Your own, our own, their own, have their own, more
than, sooner than, better than, rather than, greater than,
further than.
13. At all, at all events, by all, by all means, in all, in all
cases, in all such cases, for all, it will, which will, they will.
14. They are, they are said, they are certain, they are
among, they are sometimes, which are, which are likely,
which are necessary, which are dear, such are.
Phrasing Continued.
275. Not may be expressed by the n hook and the halving
principle. See line i, page 101.
276. //maybe expressed, after word- signs or outlines
that end with a final straight stroke, by halving that stroke.
See line i, page 101.
277. Us may be expressed by circle s joined to a preced-
ing word. See line 2, page lor.
278. In may be expressed by the backward n curl. Line 3.
279. Have or of may be expressed by adding the v hook
to a preceding straight consonant. See line 4, page 101.
280. He may be expressed in phrasing by the tick h. See
line 5, page 101.
281. May-be may be expressed by thickened m. See line 6.
282. Con or com may be expressed in a phrase, as in a
word, by disjoining. See line 7, page 101.
283. Of-the may be expressed by proximity. See line 8.
284. From-to may be expressed by proximity. See line 9.
285. A, and, the, of, to, or, may sometimes be omitted in
phrasing. See lines 10 and 11.
PHRASES.
101
.2__-b-_-b _ I D -Vx> -^ > -^-^0.-. < ^..j^^^^^l.^l^ ___^_
'-^-^-r i
<- jt-A^-i-^J-id.
_^w_^i_r:.v.
u
T
..11...1J.
,o ^_ ^X .r-^' w
11...
U.-L.-Ar,..^
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io2 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Key to Phrases on page 101.
1. Do not, will not, are not, may not, was not, we are
not, for it, from it, at it, which it, take it, fetch it, make it.
2. Tell us, tells us, take us, for us, leave us, loves us,
send us, let us, let us know, let us try, of us, with us.
3. In some, in some cases, in some things, in some other
way, in spirit, in secret, in season, in as many as possible,
in consideration.
4. Which have, such have, such have not known, which
have been, which have not been, which have done, said to
have, is said to have, out of, each of, much of, such of, such
of them.
5. He may, he can, he can be, he is, he is not, he is in,
he has, he has not, he has been, he would, he would be, he
was, he was ready.
6. May be, he may be, you may be, it may be, which may
be, you may be sure, you may be right, there may be some.
7. In this connection, in comparison, in competition,
must confess, I will comply, I will not complain.
8. Wealth of the nation, remarks of the speaker, state-
ment of the case, settlement of the account, laws of the
country, center of the earth.
9. From hour to hour, from place to place, from ) r ear to
year, from street to street, from day to day, from man to
man, from time to time.
10. Again and again, over and over, more or less, two or
three, east and west, mean to have, mean to be, for the first
time.
11. Secretary of War, for a long time, in reply to your
letter, in time of war, letter of credit, bill of lading.
12. At owner's risk, at sender's risk, my dear sir, my
dear madam, my dear friend.
13. It will not, it will not be, which will not be. is it,
h-as it, as it has been, my text, of course, first-class, as fast
as, as far as.
14. We have received your letter, in order that, able to
make, to be able to, we are in receipt of your letter, at hand,
have been, I have been, very truly yours.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 103
Conclusion.
All the principles of shorthand have been introduced
and yet the student is, by no means, an accomplished ste-
nographer. But, if they have been thoroughly learned, the
foundation has been laid for the utmost skill as a shorthand
reporter. Too much emphasis cannot be put upon the im-
portance of knowing the principles perfectly. Young
stenographers are apt, in their desire to gain speed, to en-
deavor to write fast before they are able to write well.
This is not only dangerous because it is likely to develop
illegibility, but it is not the shortest road to rapidity.
As " speed is the result of familiarity with shorthand," the
person who desires to become a rapid writer arid a ready
reader will not lay aside the manual when the principles
have been gone over once or twice, but will review it again
and again until it is thoroughly digested and assimilated.
When the student has secured this familiarity with the
system of writing, and has practiced faithfully all the out-
lines, phrases, and exercises given in this book, he should
have some one dictate to him as much as possible. The
dictation should be easy at first and should never be given
faster than it can be taken with absolute accuracy. Grad-
ually the speed may be increased and more difficult matter
selected until the writer is able to report verbatim anything
that may be uttered. This is not to be accomplished ex-
cept as the result of much hard work. While a lew months
of hard work will qualify one to accept a position as an
amanuensis, yet no ambitious, energetic person will be will-
ing to stop here. I would especially urge upon those who
do accept positions where a speed of 100 or 125 words per
minute is all that is required, that they continue regular,
systematic study and practice, and thus obtain a reserve
force, a surplus power. It may be needed at any time. As
Garfield said, " If you are not too large for the place you
occupy, you are too small for it."
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Writing Exercises.
[To be written in connection with each lesson as directed.]
EXERCISE I.
CONSONANT OUTLINES.
Par, 12 to 33.
Write the consonant outlines of the following words:
Time, dime, check, catch, peck, keep, beak, cab, meek,
deep, came, sheep, shave, beam, cheap, peach, fame, name,
main, bail, pail, knave, knife, mail, balm, palm, calm, pity,
match, pulley, book, funny, money, knock, heavy, lady,
five, king, among, move, pony, hatch, mummy, honey,
hung, lily, damage, engage, cash, coach, namely, nothing,
deputy, apology, badge, know, yellow.
(In the following outlines use upward r). Rich, rage,
rag, rock, review, rub, ripe, rash, right, wright, notary,
wreck, zero, sherry, rosy, notoriety, purity, verify, park,
tarry, marry, interior, inferior, terror, bearer.
EXERCISE II.
WORDS CONTAINING FIRST-POSITION VOWELS.
Par. 34 to 44,
Each, eat, me, my, if, in, boy, joy, time, dim, dime, talk,
pea, bee, see, saw, ship, nip, nib, thy, chalk, mill, mile, pill,
pile, boil, ice, ivy, meek, knock, niche, nigh, type, fog,
top, knife, deny, filly, folly, pity, body, inch, oil, toil,
cheek, dyke, noisy, oily, key, lee, eel, keel, tall, tile, doll,
dock, lock, heath, she, gnaw, leave, beam, daub, pshaw,
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 105
icy, eyes, pike, timely, ninny, lime, meek, teeth, peak,
teach, balk, deal, jaw, tea, fee, thaw, thee, law, awl, talk,
paw, chick, fib, chop, ditch, ill, tithe, ease, eke, leech,
beak, beach, toy, pipe, jolly, bonny, poppy, cheap.
EXERCISE III.
WORDS CONTAINING SECOND-POSITION VOWELS.
Par. 45 to 49.
Ate, make, owed, know, up, duck, puffy, peck, bell,
funny, fame, jug, neck, thumb, ape, fay, show, hate, head,
leg, beck, maim, foam, loam, fellow, meadow, mull, pug, lug,
ache, cake, Cato, money, honey, penny, mush, shame,
both, poach, lucky, mellow, bub, jug, yea, knave, age, go,
jay, oath, ace, bake, loathe, lame, poke, gnome, dumb,
numb, chum, cape, nape, mope, halo, dummy, egg, faith,
shave, dame, poke, name, deck, edge, oath, oak, decay,
know, delay, vacate, also, shake, tongue, buggy, fetch,
death, both.
EXERCISE IV.
WORDS CONTAINING THIRD-POSITION VOWELS.
Par. 50 to 54.
Ooze, ha, calm, balm, move, moody, downy, hatch, nap,
hat, couch, boom, hash, duty, cube, endue, mouth, sham,
push, book, coo, pussy, catch, add, pouch, vowel, undo,
bouquet, lounge, tooth, pulley, cook, Fannie, gouge, towel,
bough, vow, pew, few, cow, cuckoo, shook, map, nook,
look, shaggy, rag, rap, bush, Hannah, mutiny, tank,
family, palliate, out, cab, ensue, lack, lag, couch, shabby,
cubic, mule, booth, use, ashy, duty, dupe, bank, downy,
canny, chew, sue.
106 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
REVIEW EXERCISE No. i.
SIMPLE WORDS, CONTAINING FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD PO-
SITION VOWELS. PAGES 1-20.
Write the words in shorthand, being careful to place them in
proper position : Each, eat, ate, make, ooze, time, dime, check,
me, ode, calm, balm, know, my, hatch, peck, keep, beak, cab,
meek, if, in, up, palm, move, boy, moody, duck, downy, puffy,
v -^"
joy, dim, talk, bell, nap, deep, came, sheep, shave, beam, cheap,
teach, fame, name, see, saw, funny, jug, hat, couch, boom, ship,
nip, neck, thumb, duty, cube, thy, mill, show, mouth, sham,
hate, head, mile, tile, leg, push, book, boil, ice, ivy, comb,
pussy, meek, catch, loam, knock, add, meadow, niche, nigh,
pouch, pug, undo, type, fog, knave, knife, mail, pity, lady,
^
heavy, money, pulley, match, five, king, among, pony, mummy,
honey, nothing, namely, coach, cash, engage, damage, lily,
hung, badge, top, deny, body, tooth, lounge, cook, ache, cake,
shame, gouge, inch, oil, toil, both, bathe, faith, bough, vow,
cheek, dike, pew, few, key, eel, shook, map, nook, zeal, zodiac,
Zion, lucky, like, mellow, lock, heath, jug, gnaw, she, yea, go,
beam, pshaw, shaggy, tank, dumb, loathe, oath, numb, chum,
eyes, timely, booth, awl, law, thaw, out, couch, shabby, fib,
chop, edge, tithe, cubic, decay, fetch, vouch, tongue, use, chew,
death, apology, effect, fact, monopoly, indemnity, unanimity,
indemnify, package, baggage, cabbage, luggage, tobacco,
Dakota, Toledo, Topeka', Chicago, Alabama, Kennebec,
Albany.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 107
EXERCISE V.
UPWARD AND DOWNWARD r AND /.
Par. 56 to 61.
Rake, rogue, rob, row, rock, rim, ark, tire, fire, fiery, re-
view, rhyme, pour, purr, poor, four, farm, form, rear, rack,
arch, ear, army, room, earth, sherry, interior, inferior, arena,
carry, jury, hour, hero, roar, fair, morrow, merino, dairy,
orb, aright, urge, tear, tarry, lime, boil, foil, foul, fuel, coil,
vile, vowel, dale, dell, jolly, jelly, bellow, loaf, love, lady,
allow, guile, alive, lion, rally, rail, relay, roil, roily, fell, fol-
low, hourly, mail, valley, alarm, lower, liar, fowl, pail, leaf,
rely, toiler, loyalty, shower, arch, folly, rear, arrear, early,
door.
EXERCISE VI.
WORDS CONTAINING s, z AND sez.
Par. 62 to 73.
Sit, sat, some, save, sing, stay, piece, does, goes, joys,
race, guess, ties, chase, snows, signs, sour, seems, yes,
ways, scheme, less, soaks, slope, smoke, sick, sledge, he-
roes, debase, advice, reasons, basin, beseech, dozen, hues,
skip, muscles, dusty, incites, absolve, dissolve, locks, gos-
sip, tools, dispatch, box, stacks, despoil, fastens, cellars,
passive, ashes,, dusk, besom, passes, pieces, bosses, boxes,
abscess, abscesses, kisses, hisses, phases, successes, exces-
ses, dispossesses, necessary, surfaces, chastises, noises,
receipt, slope, surveys, notice, baser, spike, sly, tease,
daze, toss, sail, sale, slay, recess, rose, roses, pass, loose,
moss, knows, expose, phase, face, faces, phases.
io8 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
EXERCISE VII.
WORDS CONTAINING st, zd AND sir.
Par. 74 to 82.
Past, pastor, passed, pastors, baste, boasts, toasts, toast,
toaster, toasters, beast, cast, casts, castor, castors, jest,
jester, jests, jesters, guessed, mist, mister, muster, nest,
haste, hissed, fosters, taste, gust, luster, gazed, vaster, rust,
roasts, guest, tastes, duster, dusters, system, stole, faster,
refused, best, just, justify, steal, store, tests, testify, star,
storm, styles, invest, invests, destiny, artist, artists,
utmost, surmised, deepest, register, rejoiced, stillest, fair-
est, digest, debased, revised, nests, mast, master, musters,
atheist, atheistic, tease, dazed, amazed, forced, forest, forests,
luster, still, stale, steamer, arrest, taskmaster, bolster,
earnest, disposed, utmost, surmised, Rochester.
EXERCISE VIII.
WHEN TO USE CIRCLES AND LOOPS.
Par. 83 to 86.
Use, us, ask, moss, mossy, fuss, fussy, rose, rosy, same,
maze, mazy, loose, lasso, case, sake, sauce, saucy, asp, pass,
chaos, bias, zeal, sail, assail, espy, easy, isthmus, asthma,
science, pious, gauzy, bestow, 'gusset, posy, essay, zinc,
easel, sciatica, spy, espy, scion, scope, escape, oozing, zero,
best, ecstasy, deposed, deposit, exposed, busy, resist,
agency, jealous, jealousy, ensue, noise, noisy, resume, em-
phasis, emphasize, emphasized, sighs, eyes, dies, dizzy,
days, daisy, decide, reside, escape, ease, easy, sleep, asleep.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. log
REVIEW EXERCISE NO. 2.
WORDS CONTAINING UPWARD AND DOWNWARD r AND /, CIRCLES
AND LOOPS. PAGES 21-31.
Write in shorthand without referring to the previous les-
sons : Past, sit, rake, rogue, view, rhyme, sat, race, guess,
pastor, maze, arch, ear, ways, scheme, jester, jests, chaos, bias,
-* carry, jury, debase, haste, science, pious, orb, aright, skip,
muscles, roasts, guest, easel, sciatica, vile, vowel, sip, tools,
best, ecstasy, refused, storm, styles, agency, jealous, allow,
guile, passive, ashes, abscess, emphasis, utmost, emphasized,
surmised, digest, excesses, dispossesses, follow, hourly, rely,
toiler, receipt, slope, days, daisy, toss, moss, nose, door, luster,
still, earnest, disposed, rob, pour, army, room, earth, hour,
hero, urge, tear, dale, alive, nail, valley, loyalty, shower, some,
save, ties, chase, lest, advice, reasons, dusty, incites, dispatch,
box, dust, necessary, surveys, notice, sale, recess, expose, phvse,
taste, duster, just, .justify, invests, deepest, register, lose, zeal,
sail, assail, bestow, espy, spy, deposit, jealousy, decide, reside,
escape, passage, rim, ark, tire, farm, morrow, lime, boil, foil,
jolly, jelly, bellow, alarm, lower, relay, piece, does, signs,
sour, smoke, beseech, absolve, passes, pieces, surface, rose,
rosy, casks, mist, gazed, system, steel, store, tests, destiny,
rejoiced, amazed, forced, arrest, saucy, essay, escape, exposed,
busy, noise, noisy, asleep, zero, bolster, successes, gossip, yes,
early, arrear, arena, review, aurora, zinc, rust, rusty, russet,
roses, chastises, baser, dissolve, dairy, rally, Cincinnati, Mis-
sissippi, Syracuse, Jackson, Johnson, Smith, Mason, Paris,
Minnesota.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
EXERCISE IX.
WORDS CONTAINING w
Par. 87 to 100.
Weep, wet, watch, weave, wash, wig, weak, wave, walk,
web, wink, won, well, wag, yam, yoke, young, yawn, wine,
windy, wheel, whale, where, warm, weal, while, wan, ween,
Wednesday, window, Wheeling, once, whence, Yankee,
swore, swell, wail, swale, wealthy, welfare, warehouse,
sweep, wedge, wane, swap, swab, worm, work, wear,
swarthy,, whereat, worst, wing, whim, woke, awoke, away,
await, witness, weed, sweet, Swede, watch, wade, wed,
young, wealth, welcome, wane, win, wool, worthy, worth,
wolf, weary, wall, swear, swan, swine, wit, swim.
EXERCISE X.
HEAVY m AND TICK h.
Par. 101 to 107.
Lamp, camp, dump, lump, pump, jump, pomp, stamp,
stump, champ, imp, romp, mumps, swamp, ambush, bam-
boo, ambitious, stumble, impeach, impedes, scamp, empire,
ambiguity, sympathy, home, hack, ham, her, why, hub,
heap, hammock, hassock, harrow, harm, whoa, hearth, hid,
hark, hop, height, hoar, hollow, whole, whistle, whig, hug,
havoc, hardy, whack, whisky, hoarse, hackney, hasten,
horizon, holiday, hair, hotne.'y, holier, haughty, helm, hem,
homely, holy, heal, whistler, Nahum, unholy, unhook, un-
wholesome, embalm, embank, embargo, embark, embassy,
embellish, embezzle, embody, hemp, hump.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. in
EXERCISE XI.
WORD-SIGNS AND PHRASES.
Par. 1 08 to 119.
Be, it, do, which, come, give, for, think, will, are, your,
he, that, we, I, how, you, is, as, of, to, on, should, the, a,
and, of-the, to-the, to-you, you-should, you-may, if-you,
you-will, of-it, of-your, it-will-be, you-will-be, you-will-
think, you -may-go.
You-should study your lessons well. Do-you think he
will go ? Mary will come home for-the holidays. Will you
give that book to Harry, and that pencil to Nellie ? Which
is your desk? You-may lay the book on the box in-the
window. It is as I said; he has no right to leave the work
for me. Take the best of-your fur and make a muff for-
the lady,
EXERCISE XII.
WORD-SIGNS AND PHRASES
Par. 1 20 to 122.
I -^
Of, to, or, but, on, should, all, two, to, already, owe, oh,
ought, who, whom, have, them, was, wish, shall, advantage,
common, come, give, given, together, it-is, to-be, to-do, of-
which, you-are, do-you, wish-to, we-are. we-will.
We-are happy to show you our stock of shoes. Pay
your money and take your choice. Two of us will stay at
home; all-the rest ought to go to Albany. Come to-the
city and we-will see that you have-the advantages you
wish. lie was at home last week. The ring was given to
him, and also the watch. We wish to read the manual to-
gether. We have but to say so and he will go or stay.
U2 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
They have no reason to say that he is common. Who are
you that you should be so haughty? You have given to me
money that you owe to some one else. We-will walk two
miles as you already have. You too shall have-the advan.
tages that they have. He devises many schemes and
boasts of his success. Are you disposed to give us the
necessary tools for-the work which you wish us to-do?
They will visit the museum together.
EXERCISE XIII.
WORD-SIGNS AND PHRASES.
Par. 123 and 124.
We, with, were, what, would, ye, year, yet, beyond, you,
any, when, thing, long, him, usual, usually, we-were, what-
would, would-you, is-the, you-are, are-you, have-you, for-
the, in-which, be-willing, as-well-as, for-them.
We-were with you last year, yet you-will give us no help.
What-would they do if we-were to leave them ? Take- the
next seat beyond you. Would they be-willing to leave the
store for-a week or two ? \Vhen he goes home take his
books and lock them up in your room. Mary and her
cousin will visit the fair together. All is as-well-as we
wish. The ink was given you ; the book you must pay for.
He weighed well what he said; he will satisfy you. Next
year we hope to go west; what-would you give to go with
us? He was anxious to live at home that being best for
his health. They were all too willing to receive money,
and all too unwilling to pay it. Two and two are four, and
two less two is zero. They ought to-do well; they have
had many advantages. His talk was harsh and rude. It-is
warm by the register. Will you take a sail in my yacht?
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 113
REVIEW EXERCISE NO. 3.
w HOOK AND SEMICIRCLE, THE 3' SEMICIRCLE, HEAVY m, TICK
h, WORD-SIGNS. PAGES 32-41.
Write in shorthand without referring to the previous les-
sons : Wet, weave, weak, lamp, camp, dump, swim, wall,
t weary, walk, wave, stamp, jump, hemp, embody, embezzle, web,
r wine, wink, well, young, yoke, yam, wealth, worth, worthy,
wholesome, embalm, embank, embark, welcome, wool, ambush,
bamboo, windy, where, while, wade, watch, sweet, weed, wit-
ness, weight, await, ambitious, stumble, impeach, whistler,
homely, Wednesday, window, once, yankee, ambiguity, sym-
, path}-, home, hack, ham, her, why, holiday, haughty, swell,
' welfare, warehouse, hammock, hassock, harm, sweep, wedge,
. wane, work, wear, hark, height, hollow, whole, worst, whim,
woke, awoke, away, Watson, Wilson, Winnipeg, Harrison, of,
- ought, common, be, will, is, and, you, think, for, how, a, the,
I, given, we, should, on, that, come, which, he, to, your, do, it,
are, as, his, has, have, them, or, was, wish, but, advantage,
,. shall, all, already, together, whom, too, we-will, we-are, of-the,
if-you, you-will, to-the, to-you, of-it, you-should, of-your,
you-may, wish-to, do-you, you-are, of-which, to-do, to-be, it-is,
owe, how, it-will-be. Honesty is the best policy. The love
' of money has caused the ruin of many. If you wish to suc-
ceed in your study you must be in earnest in your work.
If you visit Chicago you should stop at Toledo. Write to
your cousin and ask if she will come here this week for the
purpose of which we spoke on Monday. If the boy comes the
young lady will give him the key. It will be an advantage to
you to be here in time to recite your lesson. Do you wish to
speak to her ?
ii4 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
EXERCISE XIV.
STRAIGHT DOUBLE CONSONANTS.
Par. 125 to 132.
Play, ply, pray, prow, plow, tray, grew, grow, gray, glow,
clay, clue, drew, glue, cloy, acre, upper, utter, keeper,
pauper, broom, brake, trice, drip, drop, trip, climb, cries,
praise, blame, creep, clap, gleam, eagle, brook, couple,
tidal, bridle, double, grapple, tiger, single, grew, glue,
plump, crape, glass, crimp, crawl, clock, brake, bloom,
group, try, blow, eager, able, paddle, block, cloy, prig, peer,
bulk, opal, dire, places, grudge, pleas, dressed, tear, cloth,
bear, bray, beagle, inveigle, creak, bleak, brackish, black,
gall, gloss, bowls, bluster, climb, purple, pulp, plea, plum,
press, breeze, cress, grace, gross, pressed, dressed, praised,
crouch, crab, plume, pluck, plague, blubber, lubber, labor,
grazed, plaster, blister, truck, drink, claw, brow, probe,
title, bible, chill, tackle, pickle, truce.
EXERCISE XV.
CURVED DOUBLE CONSONANTS.
Par. 133 to 141.
Flee, free, fray, frame, fi} r , flow, fry, freak, flog, muffle,
ruffle, raffle, manner, tanner, thrum, throb, thrash, flue,
offer, travel, bevel, level, measure, treasure, throng, revel,
shuffle, baffle, Ethel, Bethel, laver, special, especial, novel,
hovel, shovel, tenor, banner, miner, plumber, drummer,
flap, flabby, friar, froze, cavil, fissure, official, leisure, lasher,
youthful, shrill, initial, throng, tinner, thinner, azure,
throve, thresher, rumor, fleecy, Friday, shaver, flail, frail,
fresh, flavor, flesh, thrumming, thrall, frugal, froth, frosty,
fry, fluid, flunjj, flowery, shriek, shrimp, shrug, shrub, shrink,
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. us
flag, flake, flame, flask, flax, floor, fluffy, flung, flurry,
freckle, froth, awful, offer, evil, oval, ether, author, either,
freshly, official, bushel.
EXERCISE XVI.
TRIPLE CONSONANTS. PAR. 142 TO 151.
Strip, strap, strike, straw, strew, stray, splay, display,
stroke, struck, idle, saddle, settle, subtle, scrape, scribe,
displease, describe, disagree, sister, stream, pray, spray,
screw, sprinkle, sicker, prescribe, prisoner, exclaim, exclu-
sive, prosper, gospel, plausible, explicit, extreme, explore,
cider, sober, sable, sidle, sickle, string, disclose, physical,
satchel, scrawl, scrawny, descry, discourage, scribe, scratch,
extremely, expressly, extra, dishonor, civility, struggle,
spray, spruce, stretch, stretcher, struggle, scraper, scribble,
splasher, suffer, civil, cipher, gastric, pastry, bicycle, dis-
claim, descry, discourage, discourse, discursive, disgrace.
REVIEW EXERCISE XO. 4.
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE CONSONANTS. PAGES 42-49.
Write in shorthand, without referring to the previous les-
sons : Play, pray, flow, fro, side, cider, sad, sadder, sad-
dle, sick, sickly, ply, pry, grow, glow, flee, free, flame, frame,
muffle, title, tackle, pickle, bushel, official, author, oval, offer,
freckle, struggle, upper, utter, keeper, couple, ruffle, manner,
tanner, flag, flake, floor, flurry, flowery, shriek, shrub, plaster,
blister, probe, broom, break, drop, plague, labor, press, breeze,
brook, eagle, gross, travel, measure, display, displease, sister,
(OVER)
n6 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
discourage, disgrace, civil, bicycle, disclaim, throw, civility,
gospel, exclaim, exclusive, extremely, expressly, physical,
plausible, explicit, stretcher, title, subscribe, describe, disclose,
scribe, scribble, cycle, extra, dishonor, plumber, label, Friday,
special, prosper, pastry, cipher, suffer, deceiver, commerce,
taper, able, signer, supreme, enclosure, plainer, explosive,
stream, sprinkle, fluffy, initial, young, vapor, brace, supper,
freely, crime, disagreeable, ample, disable, supercede, essential,
yet, any, him, visible, sober, cable, cheaper, were, usual,
supremacy, stifle, freeze, descry, spray, spruce, flog, com-
mercial, bottle, former, extremity, explosive, major, close,
cloister, shrug, battle, shrimp, clay, gale, gray, pale, pressure,
level, with, was, labor, suppress, civilize, grace, favor, disable,
frozen, fable, splice, praise, supple, distress, dinner, miner,
sooner, cloy, Oliver, Frazier, Harrisburg, Liverpool, Troy,
Buffalo.
Blame no one for the official error. The disagreeable task
will discourage the boy. The package came by express to my
address. He will give them fair measure.
EXERCISE XVII.
THE n HOOK. PAR. 152 TO 157.
Pain, pen, pin, pun, bun, boon, spoon, spawn, Spain,
ten, den, din, down, thrown, frown, drown, moan, tone,
cone, loan, men, skein, throne, alone, bean, dean, hewn,
broken, token, blacken, sudden, stone, brandy, ran, run,
roan, brine, spine, plenty, clean, hone, penny, pony, rain,
rainy, piano, prune, plain, refrain, bone, bony, join, pine,
coin, crown, Jane, cleanly, screening, joining, moaning, fan,
van, fancy, vanish, banish, punish, plan, shrine, occu-
pancy, replenish, clemency, vagrancy, tune, bane, deign.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 117
dawn, prone, drawn, drown, keen, crane, spleen, sprain,
strain, chin, chain, gin, green, grain, grown, feign, flown,
frown, even, oven, thin, then, shown, lean, lawn, mine,
known, clannish.
EXERCISE XVIII.
THE/ OR v HOOK AND s ADDED TO FINAL HOOKS.
Par. 158 to 1 66.
Pave, drove, crave, ruff, cuff, drive, prove, Jove, cough,
rebuff, proving, bluff, dive, dove, divinity, heave, believe,
cove, cave, grave, grove, chief, chaff, rough, hive, strive,
gruff, cleave, cliff, tiff, stuff, puffs, paves, craves, drives,
duns, tuns, tins, dens, pains, gains, cleans, cleaves, groans,
stones, strives, drones, drowns, crowns, feigns, shines,
mines, moans, shuns, glance, glances, pounce, pounces,
danced, pounced, punster, fence, fences, evinces, hive,
hove, serve, deserve, bereave, reserve, coffee, taffy, huffy,
defy, survey, gravy, Java, proves, braves, cloves, paves,
strives, calves, proofs, define, devoid, divide, devote, gra-
phic, pins, spans, tones, strains, trains, drains, sprains,
joins, fans, frowns, veins, lines, means, vines, lancer, can-
cer, fencing, ransom, lonesome, princes, prances, bounces,
chances,
EXERCISE XIX.
WORD-SIGNS AND PHRASES.
Par, 167 and 168.
Key to Phrases on page 54.
i. That-the, for-the, in-the, have-the, think-the, of-the,
to-the, on-the, should-the, all-the, by-the, if-the.
n8 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
2. Are-the, from-the, was-the, during-the, until-the, till-
the, which-the, ought-the, owe-the, or-the, but-the, value-
the.
3. And-for-a, and-for-the, and-have-a, and-have-the, and-
that-a, and-when-a, or-a, but-a, on-a, should-a, of-a.
4. And-is, and-as, is-a, as-a, is-the. as-the, and-is-the, and-
as-the, and-is-a, and-as-a.
Principal, principally, principle, practice, member, re-
member, remembered, number, numbered, truth, doctor,
dear, during, tell, till, until, care, call, difficult, difficulty,
Mr., remark, remarkable, more, near, nor, full, fully, from,
every, very, value, three, there, their, other, sure, surely,
pleasure.
The principal thing to remember in this work is that we
must practice each lesson faithfully. To tell-the truth Dr.
Smith will call there no more until he is sure that-the diffi-
culty has been taken away. We shall have-the pleasure of
listening to remarks from Mr. Brown. There were three pails
full of milk very near the other door. Value your time;
it-is money. Their names are dear to-the people. Take
care to call things by their right names. It will surely give
me pleasure to call there with you. Tell him to go home
till noon. There-are many other plans for study during-
the week. We fully perceive the difficulty, but-the truth
is until you care more for work than for pleasure there
surely will-be few chances for us to help you. Every chair
in-the room, and there-are many, is of small value, but of
dear cost. Very many people preach principles; very few
practice. Dear Dr. Green took care of Mr. Mason during
his illness. Until you care to call things by their right
names you-will-have difficulty with everything you try to
explain. We usually have no difficulty in obtaining the
names of-a number of-the principal members of-the House.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 119
REVIEW EXERCISE NO. 5.
THE n HOOK, THE f OR v HOOK, CIRCLES ADDED TO HOOKS,
WORD-SIGNS. PAGES 50-57.
Write in shorthand without referring to the previous les-
sons : Pain, pave, feign, stain, strain, strive, strains, strives,
thrown, frown, broken, plenty, brandy, believe, divide,
chances, lonesome, pen, penny, cough, coffee, bereave, brave,
bluff, cleave, drives, graphic, divinity, remain, sermon, replen-
ish, blacken, taken, engrave, prefix, blown, green, refrain, refine,
refiner, refinery, ravine, preference, serve, survey, rain, rainy,
deaf, defy, chief, achieve, morning, earn, arena, occupancy,
drowns, danced, alone, tune, feigns, rough, shown, define,
crave, oven, proof, chances, sudden, tuns, splasher, plenty, cliff,
lawn, lawns, strives, explain, expense, many, declines, defeat,
disclose, nine, financial, soften, deserves, cloves, refrain, token.
known, exclusive, spoon, run, runs, vain, chains, thin, visible,
again, glances, refer, cyclone, down, fleecy, reprove, doves,
residence, retains, plan, disagree, spray, money, man, iron,
gone, grief, grieves, assign, restrains, roofs, coupons, shuns,
fans, fencing, vanish, chaff, gruff, ransom, skein, evinces,
explore, fences, settle, leisure, commercial, blacken, even,
moan, many, grain, grains, possible, cypress, legal, farmer,
thrice, screening, join, finish, suppress, seven, feasible, refer-
ences, response, extra, staff, approves, rains, observes, Brown,
Boston, Dayton, Henry, David, Arkansas, Kansas, Maine,
Michigan.
The iron wheel of the machine is broken. To define a
dream we say it is an idle fancy that passes through the brain
in sleep. She will devote an hour each day to the study of
music and will divide the remaining time into periods of two
hours each for the study of other branches.
I2 o PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
EXERCISE XX.
THE LARGE wa HOOK.
Par. 169 to 175.
Twain, tweak, twig, twin, twist, dwell, dwarf, queen,
queer, quest, quick, quiver, quiz, square, squall, squaw,
squeak, squeeze, squeal, quail, quince, quack, bequest, in-
quest, quibble, twill, twitch, twinkle, quarrel, quota, quoth,
quiet, equip, equity, iniquity, anguish.
Ml Nl, Rl, AND Lr.
Par. 176 to 179.
Learn, peril, panel, ferule, collar, colorj final, gallery,
family, channel, carol, pommel, tunnel, animal, mackerel,
melancholy, relapse, relative, lurch, neuralgia, scholar,
rural, spiral, barrel, ferrule, camel, enamel, funnel, scholars,
barrels.
EXERCISE XXI.
THE LARGE FINAL HOOKS AND S-shun CURL.
Par. 1 80 to 1 88.
Mission, motion, nation, profession, caution, auction,
action, session, oration, provision, addition, edition,
duration, location, locomotion, notion, daughter, brother,
cater, bother, gather, writer, station, rations, passion, pa-
tience, creation, twitter, trotter, blotter, stutter, scatter,
cheater, pleader, platter, chatter, clatter, glitter, director,
educator, secretion, decision, position, disposition, physi-
cian, dispossession, operation, operators, sensation, sensa-
tional, transition, transitional, involution, evolution, execu-
tion, exaction, exertion, exposition, expression, magician,
mutation, narration, proposition, commission, adoption, op-
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 121
tion, cushion, implication, reaction, application, nation,
mention, animation, invasion, revision, elevation, pollution,
dictionary, educational, actions, occupations, fashions, vi-
sions, sections, position, opposition, supposition, precision,
accession, civilization, accusation, dispensation, ocean,
shun, shuns, oceans.
EXERCISE XXII.
THE HALVING PRINCIPLE.
Par. 189 to 195.
Bake, baked, tap, tapped, dip, dipped, rub, rubbed, brag,
bragged, lame, lamed, pay, paid, east, not, mite, let, lave,
laved, bought, taught, save, saved, glad, mad, bad, crude,
nailed, mailed, sent, send, blood, proud, cloud, papered,
better, brief, briefest, laid, old, debt, made, street, sprite,
measured, bathed, met, made, claimed, get, crept, played,
prayed, doubled, troubled, flight, fright, spread, displayed,
brood, bred, bled, trade, grade, supply, supplied, pinched,
banished, touched, tacked, tracked, vouched, slipped,
nipped, pegged, paged, plugged, pledged, drugged, begged,
apt, wept, walked, oft, aft, east, etched, ached, art, eased,
oozed, cheat, chat, cat, cut, feat, fit, fat. nut, night, note, mite,
meet, vied, void, vowed, viewed, end, need, nod, needle,
sound, sand, sinned, signed, hired, heard, hard, hemmed,
meddle, muddle, middle, elocutionist, bravest, roughest,
vainest, finest, oftenest, peopled, labored, baffled.
EXERCISE XXIII.
THE HALVING PRINCIPLE (Continued).
l\u\ 196 to 204.
Bent, bend, pent, penned, dived, paved, caution, cau-
tioned, stationed, fined, mined, drift, moaned, frowned, ap-
i 22 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
proved, drafts, craved, glitter, glittered, round, around,
grieved, plant, rent, words, earned, prints, splints, bends,
tents, joints, mound, mountain, throned, shrined, remained,
act, acted, ended, protected, treated, dreaded, freighted,
heaved, hotel, wilds, fiat, poet, looked, sentiment, some-
times, fact, evoked, pity, estimate, root, tarried, defendant,
superintendent, vacate, windy, hired, mitigate, tidy, mud,
muddy, heaved, laid, red, ready, did, dado, create, windy,
locked, beautify, effected, pawned, spend, sprained, trained,
twined, gained, drained, friend, cleaned, paved, grieved,
grooved, achieved, motioned, fashioned, pits, pets, cheats,
chats, fits, skates, sheets, fleets, shouts, fights, thoughts,
streets, grades, deeds, coined, scant, scanned, grand, ground,
tended, sounded, petted, lighted, alphabet, credit, freedom,
raft, rained, raved, roved, served, surround, fared, named,
fired, feared.
EXERCISE XXIV.
THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE AND SPECIAL VOCALIZATION.
Par. 205 to 214.
Feather, mother, .thither, father, smother, smoother,
neither, another, weather, shatter, flutter, Easter, flatter,
oyster, letter, loiter, smatter, slaughter, meter, center,
winter, niter, water, motor, alter, laughter, tender, tinder,
order, fodder, shudder, surrender, gender, tinker, anchor,
franker, clinker, hanker, rancor, finger, hunger, younger,
temper, scamper, hamper, damper, distemper, amber, tim-
ber, limber, lumber, December, feathers, fingers, tempers,
tampers, northern, alternation.
Believe, charm, scarlet, marble, skill, dark, regard, gold,
skull, Turkey, journal, scourge, court, curve, secure,
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 123
REVIEW EXERCISE NO. 6.
LARGE INITIAL AND FINAL HOOKS, S-SnuN CURL, THE HALV-
ING PRTYCIPLE, THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE. PAGES 57-67.
Write in shorthand Without referring to the previous les-
sons : Twig, queer, quick, squeak, squeal, learn, panel, chan-
nel, family, mission, nation, session, location, bother, writer,
rubbed, paid, bought, bend, paved, cautioned, mother, father,
brother, neither, dwell, quest, collar, tunnel, provision, passion,
chatter, sent, send, bread, trade, measured, drift, drafts, letter,
winter, smother, loiter, final, gallery, queen, patience, scatter,
edition, position, decision, made, debt, papered, round, around,
joints, center, shudder, earned, words, square, quack, barrels,
animal, quiet, flight, fright, brood, pledged, east, cushion,
application, achieved, acted, protected, dreaded, estimate,
laughter, tender, believe, turkey, sometimes, surrender,
served, alphabet, equip, bequest, relative, disposition, physician,
sensation, journal, cheats, defendant, heard, dictionary, inquest,
scholar, educator, involution, execution, exposition, finest,
streets, tended, rained, temper, hamper, lumber, revision,
occupations, quoth, iniquity, enamel, ferrule, exertion, expres-
sion, adoption, vacate, proposition, bravest, elocutionist, De-
cember, younger, finger, middle, supposition, educational, mel-
ancholy, anguish, visions, friend, spend, cleaned, alteration,
needle, accession, surround, freedom, credit, walked, feathers,
motioned, merit, sentiment, peopled, dispensation, sensational,
spiral, accusation, pinched, roughest, sprained, timber,
September, Easter, thoughts, mitigate, funnel, magician,
platter, twitter, sound, fined, mountain, bound, northern,
civilization.
124 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
EXERCISE XXV.
WORD-SIGNS AND PHRASES
Page 68.
Opinion, upon, been, general, generally, before, whatever,
different, difference, can, begin, begun, began, govern,
governed, government, influence, information, United
States, object, objected, objection, subject, subjected, sub-
jection, several, knowledge, acknowledge, represent, repre-
sentative, representation, should-be, that-they, has-been,
it-has-been, which-has-been.
His information upon-the subject was wide ; his influence
with-the government, great. The subject under discussion
was-the effect upon-the United States government, of taxa-
tion without representation. Before you begin to object
to this method of work show that your general knowledge,
at least, is good. Whatever difference of opinion they
held upon other subjects, the representatives all agreed
upon this. You generally begin several pieces of work
before finishing any. There is much difference in meaning
between subject and object as-well-as between subjection and
objection. A large representation came before the House
and offered several objections to-the bill. His general
knowledge, and his information upon all matters pertain-
ing to-the United States government were acknowledged.
They represent several different societies by their dress.
Whatever the)' began they finished. His opinion upon all
subjects was prized because of his extended knowledge.
PRACTICAL. SHORTHAND. 125
EXERCISE XXVI.
HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS.
Page 70.
Particular, particularly, part, profit, prophet, spirit, build,
billed, board, behind, told, toward, child, gentlemen, gentle-
man, quite, could, accord, according, accordingly, accurate,
cared, called, good, after, future, afford, that, without,
short, assured, astonish, astonished, astonishment, estab-
lish, established, establishment, immediate, immediately,
somewhat, nature, under, hundred.
After doing quite accurate work they could not afford to
make-a hundred errors. The child was told particularly
that it was done for his future good. The establishment
of-a Board of Directors assured much profit to-the gentle-
men of-the association. The time was somewhat short,
and they accordingly called on-the Board to build the
house immediately. They could not afford to-be behind-
the spirit of-the times. A particular part of-the profit
went to build the church. He told-the gentleman his
account was quite accurate. He cared not to-be called
good, and was quite astonished that he should-be. After
much discussion they decided to establish a firm in-the
near future. Not without astonishment, he assured me
that he was in no immediate need. There are a hundred
things in nature that interest and astonish us. The estab-
lishment was somewhat short of money, after-a good finan-
cial year. That part of-the profit you can afford to-do
without, in-the future.
126 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
EXERCISE XXVII.
PREFIXES AND AFFIXES
Par. 215/0 229.
Condense, contain, condition, considerable, command,
commence, unconfined, accompany, recommend, recognize,
decompose, accommodation, contravene.countermand, con-
traband, conquest, consent, concern, conditions, self-re-
spect, self-same, self-made, self-possessed, enslave, inspira-
tion, instruct, instruction, instrument, insult, insulation,
magnify, magnitude, magnificence, circumscribe, circum-
flex, circumvent, circumspect, doing, engraving, meaning,
drifting, craving, trying, contractor, buying, stability,
friendship, hardship, township, legibility, doings, tidings,
forever, whenever, myself, yourself, themselves, successful,
painful, sleeping, profitable, peculiarity, unseemly, incon-
venient, counterfeit, instrumentality, ourselves, herself,
gazing, compensation, admissible, compact, compare, com-
pass, compassion, complement, complete, complex, com-
pose, compromise, concave, conceal, conceit, conceive,
concession, conclusion, recommence, recompense, incom-
plete, reconcile, reconstruct, recognition, controversy,
counteraction, countermarch, countersign, self-acting, self-
assertion, self-command, self-defense, abusing, accusing,
etchings, buildings, himself, thyself, punctuality, stability
prosperity.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 127
EXERCISE XXVIII.
WORD-SIGNS.
Page 74,
Opportunity, dollar, had, advertise, advertisement, much,
large, larger, bill, balance, deliver, delivered, delivery,
correct, corrected, character, aware, public, publish, pub-
lished, publication, ever, however, never, nevertheless,
notwithstanding, assure, million, matter, now, first, impor-
tant, importance, improve, improvement, impossible, im-
possibility, this, those, thank, thousand, though.
They had-a good opportunity to advertise in-a much
larger paper. The corrected account showed a balance of
one dollar in our favor. He delivered a speech on public
characters. It-is next to impossible to attend to matters
of great importance now; nevertheless there-will-be an
effort to-do so. I assure you that neither a thousand nor
a million dollars could ever tempt him to-do wrong. That-
it-will-be impossible to-do this is certain notwithstanding
the fact of-its great importance. He did not thank the
gentleman though he had-a good opportunity. Those are
matters of importance; never neglect them. The first bill
of goods delivered, though large, was correct. The char-
acter of-the publication is now much improved. Are-you
aware that in-such-a case as you-mention there-will-be-a
larger bill than we wish-to pay. This opportunity to ad-
vertise may never occur again. The first address was
on-the importance of-a good character. His manners were
much improved by his opportunities.
128 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Material for Practice.
As has been already said, to become proficient in writing
shorthand requires an immense amount of practice. The
material on the following- pages is given for this purpose;
not as being sufficient but to show the kind of matter that
should be selected, and to start the student in the right
way. The words have been counted and the figures after
each letter or article, indicate the number of words therein.
They are also divided into groups of twenty-five words by
the accent mark. Woroa connected by the hyphen are to
be phrased when written in shorthand. Difficult outlines
or phrases are explained in the foot-notes, either by refer-
ence to some preceding paragraph or by indicating, by the
use of type, what shorthand characters should be used.
In this latter method, all stroke consonants are represented
by capitals and the circles, loops, hooks, and other appendages,
by small letters. When a stroke is to be written upward, a
large italic is used. The position of the outline is denoted
by the figures i, 2, 3. The same matter will also be found
in shorthand, beginning on page 148.
These exercises should first be written slowly, care being
taken to use the proper characters and to execute them
perfectly. Then write the same matter over hundreds of
times, each time writing correctly and a little faster than
before. Read your notes after each writing and observe and
correct any inaccuracies.
The following marks may be used in punctuating:
xor/period. { or interrogation, ^exclamation. - /v> "~- <"-/-
dash. v asterisk. T- paragraph. -t * parenthesis.
= hyphen, * capital, ^i? laughter. 7 cheers.
I ?
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 129
Business Letters.
ADVERTISING.
DEAR-SIR:
Having applied at-the New-York office of-your agents
for-the advertisement (of the) 1 interest on-the bonds (of
the) Chesapeake 2 &' Ohio R. R. Co. 3 , payable on-the 2nd
prox., and-having-been referred to-you, I would-respect-
fully request a-copy for-the columns of-this' paper.
"The Sun" is universally 4 admitted to-be-the-most
trustworthy-and instructive chronicle of-all 5 matters relat-
ing to-the money market, and-most incorporated' compan-
ies use-its columns to announce meetings, elections, and-
dividend and-interest notices.
Mailed herewith is-a copy of "The Sun " for-your con-
venient scrutiny/ Trusting to-receive-a favorable reply,
I-am,
Very-respectfully-yours, (in).
BANKING.
DEAR-SIR:
Your-favor s (of che) iSth inst. is received with inquiry
for-the standing, etc., of John Jones, of-this-city. 7
Mr. Jones does'-not keep his personal account with-this-
bank, and I-am-not sufficiently informed in-regard to his
matters to-make-a statement about them.' Personally he-
is-in 8 good standing here, and-all-the business we-have-done
with-him has-been attended to promptly and to-our entire'
satisfaction.
Yours-respectfully, (78).
1. Of -the indicated by prox- 5. Of -all, VI 1 .
imity. See 283. 6. Your-favor, Y--Vr.
2. Chesapeake, CH'-sP-K. 7. Of-this-city. See 265,
3. R. R. Co. See 266. 8. Hc-is-in, hsN 1 .
4. Universally, N-Vrs' 2 -Z.
i3 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
BOOK PUBLISHING.
DEAR-SIR:
We-have-your-favor (of the) 27th ultimo, and-enclose
circulars of-some of-our best selling atlases. We should
like to arrange' with you to handle our publications exclu-
sively and-permanently in-your county the coming season.
Our New Indexed Atlas (of the) World 9 is-a first-class'
publication and-is meeting with-a large sale in-all 10 parts
(of the) country. The retail prices are at-least 11 25 per
cent, lower-than 12 those' asked for-works of corresponding
value on-the market. Our General Atlas (of the) World
has-been made to answer-the demand for-a low-priced,'
household work. Anyone can sell our Pocket Atlas and-
some agents, working on-the larger atlases, carry it as-a
side issue for quick sale' where nothing-else 13 can-be-sold.
Already 500,000 copies have-been sold and-we-think-it-will
last for-several years.
We can' give-you exclusive control of-a reasonable
amount of territory on any (of the) above publications,
excepting-the 14 Pocket Atlas. Of-this-book we-do'-not
keep any record, but let anyone who applies sell it. We
can supply you any or all of-the above publications at 33^
per cent.' discount from retail prices, and-if-you wish-to
examine samples before ordering stock, shall-be-pleased to
forward same at net price. We supply'-the agent with
everything necessary for learning-the business and start-
ing-the canvass.
Everything seems to point to-a lively business for-the
coming season/ Our salesmen in-all parts (of the) country
are sending in very encouraging reports and-all seem to-be-
9. World, w^-Zd. 13. Nothing-else, N-TH*-NG-
10. In-all. See 273. Ls.
11. At-least, Tlst 1 . 14. Excepting-the. 866223.
12. Lower-than, Z' 2 -Rn.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 131
pleased with-the prospects. Recently one' of-our sales-
men reported selling twenty-one copies of-our New In-
dexed Atlas (of the) World in-six-days. We-hope-you-will
conclude to "hitch' horses" with-us. 15
Very-truly, (305).
BOOTS AND SHOES.
DEAR-SIR:
We-are-in-receipt (of the) goods which-you return and-
credit them on-your-account, with-the-exception of l /$ doz.
Waukenphasts' and 1-6 doz. French Kid, which were dam-
aged so they could- not-be returned to-our stock. We-are
compelled to-sell odd lots like' these at $4.00 per doz., when-
we can find-a customer, and-we could-not allow-you more-
than 16 that amount. You-can, no'-doubt, sell them out
with less loss than we could, and-we-have-no-objection to-
your making-a reduced price, provided you do-not' adver-
tise them or sell them in-such (a) way as-to cause others
to think-you-are cutting prices on-our regular 17 goods.
We-would' gladly allow-you more if we could get more
for-them, but we cannot and-prefef not to-receive-them
even at-this price. We' hold the Y^ doz. subject to-your
order, and-you-will-please inform us at-once 18 Avhat disposi-
tion to-make of same. By doing so' you-will greatly
oblige,
Yours-truly, (iSi).
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.
DEAR-SIR :
Replying to-your enclosed request dated the nth and
asking for quotations on three " communicators," we-think-
15. \\~ith-its. See 277. 17. Regular, R--G.
1 6. More-titan. 806272. 18. At-oncc. See p. 96. line 11.
i3 2 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
there-is 19 some error in writing'-the name (of the) article,
and would suggest that-your people probably require com-
mutators, 20 as there-is-no part of-an electrical 21 plant called-
a' communicator. ,
If-it is 22 commutators that are required, kindly obtain
for-us the size (of the) dynamo upon-which they-are-to-be
used, and'-we-shall-be-pleased to quote you prices on re-
ceipt-(of) your reply.
Yours-very-truly, (91).
FURNITURE.
GENTLEMEN:
We send-you to day, by-mail, photograph of Chamber
Suit which contains ten pieces; namely, Bedstead, Dresser,
Wash-stand, Table, Four Chairs, Rocker, and Towel'-Rack.
These we-have finished in imitation mahogany and antique
ash; price we make to-you $22.50. We consider this an
excellent' good value, and-have-made-the margin close in
hopes that-you-will-be-able-to give-us-an order. We-have
four in antique' ash and-two in imitation mahogany, with
more coming.
When you-are through with-the photograph, kindly re-
turn to-us, and oblige,
Yours-truly, (99).
GRAIN.
DEAR-SIR:
Replying to-your esteemed-favor (of the) 2ist inst., will-
say that-we quote you on-the basis of to-day's market the
following' prices, which-are'-' 3 subject to change as-the
market advances or declines.
19. We-think-there-zs. See 270. 21. Electrical, L 2 -K-Tr-Kl.
20. Commutators, com dot- 22. If-tt-is, Fts 1 .
Ttrs 2 . 23. Which-are, CHf 2 .
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 133
No. 2 corn, 64% cts. ; high mixed corn, 66 cts. ; No. 2
white' oats, 44 cts. These prices are for delivery to Boston
points, South Framingham included.
We send-you-by to-day's mail samples of-our coarse and'
fine feed meal and cracked corn, which we-will-sell you at
$1.35 per hundred, sacks included. Enclosed you-will-find
samples' of yellow granulated meal and white bolted meal.
We-will-sell the former at $1.45 in sacks delivered in New-
York, via' West Shore Road; sacks 6 cts. extra. The
white bolted meal will cost you $1.35 for-same delivery.
Please let-us-know' by return mail if-you-can use any of-
the goods specified above. If so, by sending us your
order, you-will greatly oblige,
Yours'-very-truly, (177).
HARDWARE.
DEAR-SIR :-
We-have-yours of yesterday and-have received-a cable-
gram' 24 from our London friends accepting your offer for
sheets. We-have-no intention' whatever of sending-you
anything except-the exact make and exact quality (of the)
one ton of sheets which-you-received last month by S. S/
Noordland ; and-we guarantee to supply, in-every-way and
respect, the same quality and-make.
If-that one ton proved satisfactory, as you say' it did,
there-will-be no question about-the suitability (of the)
steel. Should-it not turn-'' out exactly as per sample ship-
ment, we-are' ready to assume all-the consequences. We-
think-that you-will-find this guarantee perfectly sufficient.
We-must, of-course, also have-some assurance from'-you
that-you-will work-the steel the same-as-you did before,
so-as-to produce similar results.
Awaiting-the favor of-your reply', we remain,
Yours-truly, (154).
K-Bl--Gr-M. 25. Turn, T--R\\.
134 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
HEATING.
DEAR-SIR:
For-the consideration (of the) sum of one hundred eighty-
six dollars and seventy-five cents ($186.75), we-will furnish,
deliver, and set up complete in'-your house in Sayville, L. I.,
one No. 44 Richardson's Cyclone, portable, gastight, re-
vertible flue furnace. We-will furnish and set six new
register boxes' as indicated on diagram. We-will provide and
put up all hot air pipes in-the cellar, chimneys, etc., neces-
sary to connect-the furnace with'-the registers in-a safe and-
proper manner. Also provide and put up for-the furnace
a heavy galvanized iron, smoke pipe, with patent draft'
regulator. We-are to-do all mason's and tinman's work,
setting up the furnace and-fixtures as specified complete
and ready for use, and-will' give-you a strictly first-class
job in-every-respect. We-will guarantee-the furnace to-be
of sufficient capacity to warm the rooms to-a' temperature
of 70 degrees in-the coldest weather.
Upon acceptance (of the) above proposition, we-will-be-
pleased to submit to-you a plan for' heating the house,
showing-the manner of putting in-the pipes, etc. It-is de-
sirable to-have-an understanding how the work is-to-be'-
done, before-the work is commenced.
Very-respectfully submitted, (209)
INSURANCE.
DEAR-SIR:
You have doubtlecs seen newspaper account (of the)
burning (of the) American Excelsior Mills, Rochester, N.-
Y., yesterday morning, on-which-the UNION' had-a policy
of $4, coo under No. 47,861.
Referring to daily report, you-will observe the rate was
reduced to 2' per cent. The reason for-this large reduction
in rate was that-the plant had-been thoroughly equipped
with automatic sprinklers, and-in-the judgment (of the)
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 135
Factory-Committee (of the) State of New-York, Board of
Underwriters, the additional protection warranted this re-
duction. As you-are-aware, we-have-never' suffered-a
serious attack of-this sprinkler craze, having held to-the
conservative view that until-their utility had-been. thor-
oughly established, it-was-the' part of wisdom to give our
companies the benefit of any doubt we-might entertain
on-the subject. For-this reason we declined to increase'
our line, contenting ourselves with-the line already written.
While at-this writing I-have-no particulars as-to-the
origin (of the) fire, the' total destruction of-some 65 per
cent, (of the) entire plant is evidence to-the fact that-the
sprinklers were of no practical value.
I-enclose' herewith diagram (of the) works. Fire orig-
inated in-the machine building, No. 6, which, together
with Nos. 9, 12, and 15, was totally destroyed, unless' it-be-a
small salvage on No. 12.
Respectfully, (234).
REGARDING INVESTMENT.
DEAR-SIR:
Please find herewith enclosed note for $600 and-de'ed of-
trust on eighty acres of land in Stafford County, Kansas,
a'-very choice loan which I-have selected for-you. Please
also find enclosed draft on New-York for $17.15, the same
being' interest on-the Robbins loan to Sept. i, 1892, from
which date your new loan bears interest. I-have examined
quite-a number of loans and-have at-last' 6 selected this
as-a particularly good one, with-which I-am-sure you-will-
be-pleased.
If-you have any' more money that-you care to invest, I-
think I-can get-you other loans at-(the) same-rate, seven
per cent, for five years.'
Respectfully, (126).
26. At-last, Tlst s .
136 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
LEATHER.
Dear-Sir:
We-have-your-favor (of the) 27th and-now enclose in-
voice of-our shipment of No. 537 in-the lightest substance
that'-we make, as you ordered. We have-no hesitation in
saying, that for durability and permanency of color and
gloss, this leather cannot-be excelled.' We should-be
happy to-have-your orders on any (of the) grades. We
put them up at 28, 26, 24, and 22 cents, also' in large skins
at 22, 20, 18, and 15 cents. We also send-you to-day the
two dozens of extra choice stock ordered. Believe you'-
will-find them to meet your wants.
Regarding the No. 585 stock cracking, would-say-that
while you-may find an occasional skin do'-so, it-is-not-the
character (of the) stock. You-will-find this in Patna
skins once in-a while and-it-cannot-be detected' from-the
appearance (of the) skins. We-are selling this stock
largely and-have-no-other complaint; we, therefore, think
that-you-may-be a'-little unduly alarmed. Of-course, we-
do-not wish-to urge anything on-you, that might be at-all
a-disappointment, but-you know Patna' stock is treacher-
ous at best. Still, we-thmk-you-will-find the leather gives
good service. Shall-be-glad to-have-your orders, either
on' these or on other goods in-our line.
Yours-respectfully, (235).
LEGAL.
GENTLEMEN :
Regarding-the matter of-your claim against Smith &
Brown, we-would-say that-this claim was put in suit and-is
still undecided'. We-have sued E. Smith and N. Brown,
alleging that-they-were doing business together as part-
ners. Mr. Brown is-a man of-large wealth' and-is able to
pay all -the accounts against himself and Smith but he de-
nies that-he-was-a partner in the concern.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. X 37
There were' quite-a number of suits commenced against
these parties in-(the)-same-way, and-at-the spring term of-
our court it-was agreed, among'-the various attorneys, to-
refer-the case to-a referee and-have one-case, at-least, tried
before him to settle-the point as-to' whether Brown was-a
partner or not. The case has-not-been heard yet, so-the
matter is still undecided and-will-probably be for'-some-
time, as-it 97 will undoubtedly go to-the Supreme Court (of
the) State.
If we can prove that Brown was-a partner, there-will'-be
no difficulty about collecting-the full amount of your claim,
but-as Smith is worth nothing, if-we cannot prove that, the
claim will'-be worthless. We-will advise you as-soon-as
a-decision in-the-matter is reached.
Yours-truly, (218).
LEGISLATIVE.
DEAR-SIR:
Your-favor of-recent-date has-been received-and would
have-been answered sooner, but for my absence in-New-
York until-the' recent session (of the) Legislature.
The Legislative Record is published this session, but so
far-as I know, the State printers printed copies sufficient
for'-the Legislature only, but do-not-know-that they-have
any arrangement to-send single copies, by-mail, to-others.
I-will look into-the' matter, however, and-if-it-is-possible,
will-have it sent to-you. At Washington, the Congres-
sional Record is sent to any-one who subscribes' for-it.
Last year, I-remember, I-had-it sent-to me here in Albany,
during-the session.
It-is-not true, as reported, that' I-intend introducing-a
bill to annex the town of Westchester to-the city of New-
York. At-least I would-not feel free to'-do-so, unless
138 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
backed up by-a petition signed by-a considerable ma-
jority (of the) tax-payers of-your town. With-such action
back of-me', I would, of-course, be-able-to consider-the
matter m-a favorable light. I-have-heard, in-New-York,
however, that such-a bill' will-probably be introduced by-a
city member. I-intend to keep track of-it and-will send
copies to-you and-to-the newspapers' of-your town, as-
soon-as the bill is printed.
I-have-not-yet received-your circular regarding-the State
R. R. Commissioners. I-am-very' much in earnest in my
effort to promote any reasonable bill which-will give-the
Commissioners more power than they now possess. At-
present, they'-are little more-than clerks to-do-the bidding
of-their superiors.
Very-truly, (289).
LUMBER.
DEAR-SIR:
Replying to-your-favor (of the) roth inst., we regret to
learn that, through-the disinclination (of the) Erie railroad
to accommodate us', you were unable to carry out the ar-
rangement made by Mr. Johnson, with regard to-the un-
loading and-disposition (of the) portion (of the) Dock'-
Department 28 order referred to.
If-the Dock-Department will-not accept the four sticks
12x12, have-the stevedore 29 put-the timber into-the' water
at 57th St., together with any-other portion (of the) cargo
for-that Department that may-be rejected; and-let the
sticks so rejected' be firmly rafted and secured at-the-foot
of 57th St. in-such-(a)-manner that-they will-not-get away,
until further disposition (of the) same can-be-made. Have-
the kindness to give-this-matter your personal-and careful
28. See 266. 29. Stevedore, sTv'-D-R.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 139
attention, and arrange with-the stevedore for-the cost' of-
this-work, making as-good-a bargain as you-can with-him
and-we will see that-the-amount is paid.
The Department will', undoubtedly, take-the balance of-
their portion (of the) cargo as-fast-as you-can discharge it.
Yours-truly, (194).
RAILROAD.
DEAR-SIR:
Rate of $45.00 on-the horses from Syracuse, N.-Y., to
Springfield, Mass., via our-route, would-not-be profitable.
If we'-had plenty of rolling stock so-that our stock cars
would, at any-time of-the year, be liable to-be idle, we could
better' take-up the question with-the C. Vt. R.-R.
You-should-not load hay on-the depot platform. It-is
directly contrary to-the rules', and-the Company would-be
liable for-all 30 damage done in-case-of fire.
We-will later take-up the question of cattle suit.
Very'-truly, (101).
REAL ESTATE.
DEAR-SIR:
On-the 3oth day of September, 1889, the Kinderhook &
Hudson Railway-Company paid-you $175 for right of'-way
over-your premises and-took-a warranty deed for-(the)-
same, free-and clear from all incumbrances, but-the records
show that-there-is'-a mortgage made by-yourself to Mat-
thew Foster for $2,500, dated May ist, 1884, and recorded
May 8th, 1884', in Book of Mortgages No. 60, page 590.
Is-this mortgage paid? If so, will-you please send me
the satisfaction, so-that' I-can-have-it recorded? If-not,
will-you see Mr. Foster and-have-a release of-these premi-
ses from-the operation of-this mortgage' executed ?
An-immediate reply will oblige,
Yours-truly, (133).
30. For-all, FK
140 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Testimony.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW YORK.
EDWARD W. SMITH
PETER JOHNSON.
J
James M. Fisher, being duly sworn, testifies on behalf
(of the) plaintiff, as-follows':
Direct examination by Mr. Wheeler:
Q. 31 What-is your name? A. James M. Fisher.
Q. How-old are-you? A. I-am 23 years-(of')-age.
Q. Where-do-you-reside ? A. I-reside in-the city of Bal-
timore, Md.
Q. What-is your business? A. I-am an auctioneer' by
occupation.
Q. Do-you-know-the parties to-this-action, plaintiff and
defendant ? A. I-am-acquainted with Mr. Edward W.
Smith. I-am'-not personally acquainted with Mr. Peter
Johnson.
Q. Are-you acquainted with Richard F. Mason ? A. I-am.
31. Questions and answers the extreme left edge of the
should" be indicated in the paper, and all answers about
transcript by" Q." and "A." one inch from the left edge.
It is not, however, necessary If the questions and answers
to write these letters in the are very short, they may be
original notes, but all ques- put on the same line, leaving
tions ma)' be commenced at considerable space between.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 141
Q. When-did-you become acquainted with'-him and-
where ? A. I-became acquainted with-him in April, 1891,
in-the city of Baltimore, Md.
Q. Did-you enter into-the' employ of, or-make any busi-
ness arrangement or connection with-said-Mason ? A.
Yes, -sir.
~~t!X~ State when, where, and what brought it about? I A.
I'-went into his employ sometime in April, 1889, in-tnecity
of Baltimore. I-entered into his employ at-the instigation
of-my'-father. My-father became acquainted with Mr.-
Mason at-the office (of the) City Detectives 3 ' 2 in-the City
Hall. Mr.-Mason asked Mr. Fred Wilson', also a-detective
at that-time, if-he-could find-a good-man for-his-business,
and-my-father told-him (Mason) that-his son' was out-of
business and-was seeking employment.
Q. State what-was-the-nature (of the) business of-said-
Mason ? A. He-was in-the' tea-and coffee business.
Q. In what-capacity were-you employed ? A. I-was em-
ployed as-a salesman.
Q. State where-you-entered upon-your' employment? A.
I-entered on my employment in-the city of Baltimore.
Q. How long did-you continue with-him ? A. I contin-
ued with-him' about three years.
Q. Did-your employment involve your traveling from-
place-to-place 33 with-said-Mason? A. It did involve my
traveling from-place'-to-place.
Q. State in regular order the-places you went to, and-the
periods of-time spent in-the various places, so far-as'-you-
can remember-them. ''A. I spent ten weeks in Baltimore;
from-there I-went with-him to Philadelphia and-staved
about three-months'; from-there I-went with-him to Har-
risburgh, Pa., and-stayed there one week ; from-there I-
went with-him to Washington, D. C., and'-stayed there
32. Detectives, Dt' J -Kt-Vs. 33. From-place-to-place. See 284.
142 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
about ten weeks ; from-there I-went with-him to Detroit.
Mich., and-stayed there about one month; from-there I-
went to' Chicago with-him and-stayed there about one
month ; from-there I-went with-him to Troy, N.-Y., and-
stayed there two-months; from'-there I-went with-him to
Cohoes, N.-Y., and-stayed there two weeks; from-there I-
went with-him 'to Providence, R. I., and'-stayed there
about six weeks; from-there I-went with-him to Albany,
N.-Y., and-stayed there about nine weeks.
y. What-was-the' character (of the) business and-tho
nature of-your-employment at each-of these-places ? A.
We-were selling tea-and coffee at $1.00 a' can arid-purchas-
ers found presents in-every can. I-was employed as sales-
man at each-of these-places.
Q. How did-you-come to-go'-to Albany? A. I-went-
there by-order of Mr. Mason.
Q. Who were-your fellow employees at-the Albany
store ? A. W. H. Henry', Stewart Williams, Edward Law-
rence, Matthew Frazier, and F. D. Porter.
Q. What-was-the position of-each-one relative to-the
business there? A. They'-were all salesmen like myself,
with-the exception of F. D. Porter, who-was cashier.
Q. State-whether-you ever heard Mason assert or de-
clare' anything about-the ownership (of the) Albany store ?
Mr! Scott I object to-that question.
The Court The objection is overruled.
Mr. Scott I-take'-an exception.
The Witness He-told-me in Philadelphia for-(the)-first-
time, 34 that-he-was-the proprietor (of the) Importers' Tea
Company, then doing' business in Albany.
Q. Was-there any-one present at-this-time except Mason
and-yourself ? A. No, -sir. He-told-me this when-we'-were
alone.
34. For-the-first-time. See p. 101, line 10.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 143
Q. Do-you-know J. W. Smith? A. I-do.
Q. What relationship does he-bear to-the plaintiff in-
this-action? A'. He-is-the son of Edward W. Smith.
Q. Were-you present when-the seizure was-made by-the
sheriff of Albany County? A. I'- was.
Q. State who were present at-the-time of-such seizure.
A. W. H. Henry, Stewart Williams, Edward Lawrence,
Matthew Frazier, and F. D.' Porter.
Q. What-took-place and what-was-said relative thereto^
A. I saw Richard F. Mason take-some-money out-of his
pocket and'-hand it to Edward Smith, who placed it in-the
cash-box and-afterwards took-it out and paid it to-the
sheriff. This-was' after-the sheriff had notified R. F. Ma-
son and Edward Smith that-he had levied on-their goods.
After-the sheriff went out, Mason said'-that-that would-be-
the last attachment and-said "that's-the-way I-do business,
boys," addressing this to-the clerks.
Q. Were-you-present' when-the sheriff was paid-the
money, for-the taking of-which this-action is brought? A.
1-was.
Q. Prior to-the payment of'-said-money to-the sheriff,
did-you-know anything about-the levy about to-be-made?
A. I-did.
Q. From whom did-you learn' about-it ? A. Richard F.
Mason told me that-he-expected an-attachment to-be-laid
on-the goods that morning, but-there-would-be' no trouble,
as he-would soon settle it and-they would-go right ahead.
O. As-near-as you-can remember, what-day' did-you en-
ter-the store at Albany? A. I-went to-the store at Albany
about-the ist of October, 1891.
O. What-day' did you-leave ? A. About-the last of No-
vember, 1891.
O. What-was-the-name or style under-which-tbe busi-
ness was carried on' at Albany? A. The Importers' Tea
Company. (1,057.)
144 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Eulogy on Washington.
SPEECH IN-HONOR OF-HIS CENTENNIAL BIRTH-DAY, DE-
LIVERED BY DANIEL WEBSTER, AT-A PUBLIC DINNER
IN-THE CITY OF WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY 22', 1832.
I-rise, gentlemen, to-propose to-you the name of-that
great-man, in commemoration of whose birth, and-in-honor
of whose' character-and services, we-have here assembled.
I-am-sure that I express a-sentiment common to-every-
one present, when I-say-that there'-is-something-more-
than ordinarily solemn and-affecting in-this-occasion.
We-are met to testify our-regard for-him whose name is
intimately blended' with-whatever belongs most essentially
to-the prosperity, the liberty, the free institutions, and-the
renown of-our country. That name was of power to' rally
a-nation in-the hour of thick-thronging public disasters
and calamities; that name shone, amid-the storm of-war,
a-beacon light, to' cheer-and guide-the country's friends;
it flamed, too, like-a meteor, to-repel her foes. That name,
in-the days of peace, was-a' load-stone, attracting to itself
a whole people's confidence, a whole people's love, and-the
whole world's respect. That name, descending with-all-
time 35 , spreading over'-the whole earth, and-uttered in-all-
the languages belonging to-the tribes and races of-men,
will forever be pronounced with affectionate gratitude by'-
every-one in whose breast there-shall arise an aspiration
for human rights and human liberty.
We perform this grateful duty, gentlemen, at-the expira-
tion' of-a hundred years from his birth, near-the place, so
35. With-all-time, THl'-T-M.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 145
cherished 36 and beloved by him, where his dust now re-
poses, and-in-the capital' which bears his-own immortal
name.
All experience evinces that human sentiments are
strongly influenced by associations. The recurrence of
anniversaries, or-of longer periods' of-time, naturally
freshens the recollection, and-deepens the impression, of
events with-which-they-are historically connected. Re-
nowned places, also, have-a power to' awaken feeling,
which all acknowledge. No American can pass by-the
fields of Bunker Hill, Monmouth, or Camden, as if-they-
were ordinary spots on'-the earth's surface. Whoever
visits them, feels the sentiment of-love of country kind-
ling 37 anew, as if-the spirit that belonged to-the transac-
tions which'-have rendered these-places distinguished,
still hovered round, with power to-move-and excite all who
in future time may approach them.
But neither of'-these sources of emotion equals the
power with-which great moral examples affect-the mind.
When sublime virtues cease to-be abstractions, when-they
become' embodied 38 in human character, and exemplified
in human conduct, we should-be false to-our-own nature,
if-we-did-not indulge in-the spontaneous' 139 effusions of-our
gratitude and our admiration. A-true lover (of the) virtue
of patriotism delights to contemplate its purest 40 models ;
and-that love of country may-be well suspected which af-
fects to soar so high into-the regions of sentiment as-to-be
lost and absorbed in-the abstract' feeling, and becomes too
elevated or too refined to-glow with fervor in-the commen-
dation (of the) love of individual benefactors 41 . All-this
is unnatural.' (525.)
36. Cherished, CH--/?-SHt. 40. Piirest, P^A'st. Written
37. Kindling, K'-Nd-L-NG. with upward r to distin-
38. Embodied, Mb'-Dd. guish it horn poorest.
39. Spontaneous, sPnt'-Ns. 41. benefactors, Bn 2 -F-Ktrs.
146 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
SELF-RELIANCE.
BY R. W. EMERSON.
I read the-other-day 43 some verses written by-an eminent
painter which were original and-not conventional. Always
the soul hears an-admonition in'-such lines, let the subject
be what-it-may. The sentiment they instill is-of more-
value than any-thought they-may contain. To-believe'
your-own thought, to-believe that what-is true for-you in-
your private heart is true for-all-men that-is genius.
Speak your' latent conviction, and-it shall-be-the universal
sense; for always the inmost becomes the outmost and
our first thought is rendered back to-us' by-the trumpets
(of the) Last Judgment. Familiar as-the voice (of the)
mind is to each, the highest merit we ascribe to Moses,
Plato', and Milton is-that-they set at naught books and-
traditions, and spoke not what men, but what they-thought.
A-man should learn to' detect and watch that gleam of
light which flashes across his mind from within, more-than
the lustre (of the) firmament of bards and sages'. Yet he
dismisses without notice his thought, because it-is-his. In-
every work of genius we recognize our-own rejected
thoughts ; they come back' to-us with-a certain alienated 44
majesty. Great-works of art have-no-more affecting les-
son for-us than this. They teach us to abide' by-our spon-
taneous impression with good-humored inflexibility then
most when-the whole cry of voices is on-the-other-side.
Else to-morrow a stranger will'-say with masterly good-
sense precisely what we-have thought and-felt all-the time,
and-we-shall-be forced to-take with shame our'-own opinion
from another.
There-is-a time in-every-man's education when-he arrives
43. Thc-other-day, THthr-D. 44. Alienated, L'-N-Td.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 147
at-the conviction that envy is ignorance ; that imitation is'
suicide ; that-he-must take himself for better for worse as-his
portion ; that-though-the wide universe is full of good, no
kernel of nourishing corn can come to-him but-through
his toil bestowed on-that plot of ground which-is given to-
him to till. The power' which resides in him is new in
nature, and-none but he knows what-that-is which he-can-
do, nor does he know until' he-has tried. Not for-nothing
one face, one character, one fact, makes much impression
on him, and another none. It-is-not without pre-es-
tablished' 45 harmony, this sculpture 4 ' 1 in-the memory. The
eye was placed where one ray should fall, that-it might tes-
tify of-that particular ray. Bravely let' him speak-the ut-
most syllable of-his confession. We but half express our-
selves, and are ashamed of-that divine idea which each of-
us represents.' It-may-be safely trusted as proportionate
and-of good issues, so it-be faithfully imparted, but God
will-not-have his work made manifest' by cowards. It
needs-a divine man to exhibit anything divine. A-man is
relieved and gay when-he has put his heart into his' work
and-done his best; but what he-has said or done otherwise
shall give him no peace. It-is-a deliverance 47 which does-
not' deliver. In-the attempt his genius deserts him ; no
muse befriends ; no invention, no hope.
Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to-that iron string.
Accept'-the place the divine providence lias-found for-you,
the society of-your contemporaries, the connection of
events. Great-men have-always done-so, and' confided
themselves childlike to-the genius of their-age, betraying
their perception that-the Eternal was stirring at-their heart,
working through-their hands, predominating' 45 in-all-their
being. (603.)
45. Pre-established, Pr 1 clis- 47. Deliverance, Dins-.
joined St' J . 48. Predominating, Prd'-Mn
46. Sculpture, sKl-Ptr 2 . T-XD.
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Abbreviations
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4 advance
^-i confidential-ly
Y 5 domestic
j, advanced
congregate-d
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{ advances
conspicuous-ly
S~ al
f electric
1 *.
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A advantageous-ly
f dangerous
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1
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r
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^-^iibsi" antagonize
d.klicd't ..,1
entire
ism
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approximate
iy
delinquent
V*.- cy
<(^ especial-ly
~\_ lire
1 architect
\- N democrat-ic
i. s essential-ly
1
-J aristocrat-ic
d
designate
cr^^ tion
n executor
N^- auspicious-ly
.-h determine
t executrix
^
1
P Iy
~-^--j bank
K determination
l^~v extemporaneous
"^T~^^~ bankrupt
1 f y
1 dignity
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fied
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dilapidate
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^P diplomat-ic
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N^-~\
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V- benevolent
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Jo disadvantage
. A hospitable
ity
V_> benignant-ity
C \. discrepant-cy
iy
^*^ independent
c collect-ed
^ ^discriminate-d
tion
v 1 indifferent
Abbreviations
169
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^ **-/ magnetic
A- reform-ed
indiscriminate
^ "" if "^magnetism
/ Vl^ reformation
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\_,j infinite-ly
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manuscript
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influential
X messenger
A iy
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inheritance
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require
inquire
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plenipotentiary
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magnanimous
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^ "^ \ unreasonable
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170
Phra
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your favor
your valued favor
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First National Bank
Savings Bank
^
esteemed favor
^
General Superintendent
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we regret
we received
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&Co.
in our
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Yours respectfully
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Very respectfully yours
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wholesale store
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yes sir
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for some time
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give this matter
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
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