'. .'V lUpl Geological Sciences MIISTEEAL TABLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINERALS BY THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. BY AKTHUK S. EAKLE, PH.D., Assistant Professor of Mineralogy, University of California* FIRST EDITION. SECOND THOUSAND. NEW YORK : JOHN WILEY & SONS. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED. 1906 Copyright, 1904, BY ARTHUR S. EAKLE. y ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK. INTRODUCTION. THE natural method of identifying minerals is by using those charac- ters which are prominent or which can be determined in the field or laboratory in the simplest manner. Practice in the determination of minerals by their physical properties tends to develop the habit of close and careful observation, and at the same time enables the student to acquire more knowledge of minerals in a given time than could be obtained by any other method. Experience has demonstrated that work in blowpipe analysis is less apt to become merely mechanical if it has been preceded by such practice. The tables include the common minerals and a few others of local prominence, which are generally considered as rare in occurrence. The minerals are arranged primarily according to streak and color, as seen in the Analytical Key. and under each color the arrangement is accord- ing to hardness. The tables differ from those of Weisbach chiefly in disregarding luster as an important division and in maintaining the same syctcm of arrangement throughout. Various works on mineralogy, especially Dana's System of Mineralogy, have been consulted in the preparation of the tables. For valuable suggestions and criticisms the author is especially indebted to Professor Charles Palache of Harvard, who used the manuscript copies of the tables in the Summer School of the University of California. BERKELEY, August 25, 1903. iii 930274 MINERAL TABLES. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. THE only apparatus needed for the tables is a pocket-knife, a horse- shoe magnet, a pocket-lens, a piece of unglazed porcelain or streak-plate, and a scale of hardness consisting of nine minerals. This scale can be procured of any mineral dealer or can be made up from specimens in an ordinary collection of minerals. Color. The color of a mineral is perhaps the most important property used in its identification, yet it is the most difficult to accurately describe. A mineral may have but one characteristic color, or it may occur in various colors and shades ; consequently a mineral may be repeated several times in the tables. The color must always be judged by the fresh surface or fracture, and it should be homogeneous throughout the mineral. Vitreous minerals may often be discolored or stained by impurities, when they manifestly belong to the color- less or white class. Luster. The luster of a mineral refers to the kind of reflected surface. The common kinds are: metallic; submetallic= imperfect metallic; vitreous = glassy; adamantine = brilliant oily luster; resinous; greasy; pearly; silky; waxy. 2 MINERAL TABLES. Streak. The streak of a mineral is the color of its fine powder. It is 1 l t ; .ftest obtaiiiteel by- rubbing the specimen upon the streak-plate until a . definite' color: i$. produced. 'Hardness. By' Hardness is meant the resistance that a mineral offers to abrasion or scratching. The relative hardness of a mineral is usually determined by scratching it successively by minerals or sub- stances of known ...hardness, two minerals of the same hardness mutually scratching each other. The scale of hardness in common use, called the Moh's scale, in ascending degree of hardness, is as follows: 1, Talc; 2, Gypsum; 3, Calcite; 4, Fluorite; 5, Apatite; 6, Feldspar; 7, Quartz; 8, Topaz; 9, Corundum; 10, Diamond. The thumb-nail will scratch minerals up to 2J, and the ordinary knife-blade up to 5J in the scale; with a little practice the relative hardness of a mineral under 6 can be approximately determined with a knife-blade. Above 6 the scale of hardness is necessary. The relative hardness of many of the metallic or submetallic minerals can often be judged by the ease or difficulty in obtaining a streak on the streak-plate. Fine fibrous and fine granular minerals usually appear to be much softer than the individual fiber or grain would be, if it were coarser. Also the surface of some minerals is often much softer than the fresh interior, owing to alteration. Specific Gravity. The gravity of a mineral is its weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. It is determined by first weighing the mineral in air and then weighing it suspended in water. w If w= weight in air, and w' = weight in water, then G= ^ ,. The gravity of minerals can be determined with a chemical balance or PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 3 with the convenient Jolly spring-balance. Whether the mineral is light, medium, heavy, or very heavy can often be judged simply by hefting it. Crystallization. A few mineral substances on assuming a solid condition do not crystallize and are said to be amorphous, but most mineral substances when solidifying have the property of crystallizing into certain definite crystal forms, and any such crystalline substance must belong to one of six different crystal systems. These systems are: 1, Isometric; 2, Tetragonal; 3, Hexagonal; 4, Orthorhombic; 5, Monoclinic; 6, Tridinic. Assuming that each system has axes which are intersected by the crystal planes, then: 1. Isometric has three equal axes all at right angles. The com- mon forms in this system, are: Cube, having six square faces; Octahedron, having eight equilateral triangular faces; Rhombic dodecahedron, having twelve rhombic faces ; Icosatetrahedron or Trapezohedron, having twenty-four trapezohedral faces; Tetrahedron, having four equilateral triangular faces; Pentag- onal dodecahedron or Pyritohedron, having twelve pentagonal faces. 2. Tetragonal has two horizontal axes equal, and one vertical longer or shorter than these, all at right angles. The common forms are: Prisms, faces intersecting one or both horizontal axes, and parallel to the vertical; Pyramids, faces intersect- ing the vertical and one or both horizontal axes; Basal pinacoids, faces intersecting the vertical and parallel to the horizontal axes. MINERAL TABLES. 3. Hexagonal has three horizontal axes equal and making angles of 60 with each other, and one vertical, longer or shorter than these, and at right angles to them. The common forms are: Prisms, faces intersecting two or three of the horizontal axes and parallel to the vertical; Pyramids, faces intersecting the vertical and two or three of the horizontal; Basal pinacoids, faces intersecting the vertical and parallel to the horizontal; Rhombohedrons, solids of six oblique rhombic faces; Scaleno- hedrons, solids of twelve scalene-triangular faces. 4. Orthorhombic has three unequal axes all at right angles : a short forward-and-back horizontal axis, the brachyaxis; a long right-and-left horizontal axis, the macroaxis; and a vertical axis. The common forms are : Prisms, faces intersecting the horizontal axes and parallel to the vertical; Pyramids, face? intersecting the three axes; Macropinacoids, faces intersect- ing the brachyaxis and parallel to the other two; Brachy- pinacoids, faces intersecting the macroaxis and parallel to the other two; Macrodomes, faces intersecting the brachyaxis and the vertical and parallel to the macroaxis; Brachydomes, faces intersecting the macroaxis and the vertical and parallel to the brachyaxis; Basal pinacoids, faces intersecting the vertical and parallel to the horizontal axes. 5. Monodinic has three unequal axes : a forward-and-back inclined axis, the clinoaxis; a right-and-left horizontal axis, the ortho- axis; and a vertical axis. The common forms are: Prisms, faces intersecting the two lateral axes and parallel to the vertical; Pyramids, faces intersecting all three axes; Ortho- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5 pinacoids, faces intersecting the clinoaxis and parallel to the other two; Clinopinacoids, faces intersecting the orthoaxis and parallel to the other two; Orthodomes, faces intersecting the clinoaxis and the vertical and parallel to the orthoaxis; Clinodomes, faces intersecting the orthoaxis and the vertical and parallel to the clinoaxis ; Basal pinacoids, faces intersect- ing the vertical and parallel to the other two. 6. Triclinic has three unequal axes, all oblique to each other. The common forms are the same as in the orthorhombic system, namely, Prisms; Pyramids; Macropinacoids; Brachy- pinacoids; Macrodomes; Brachydomes; Basal pinacoids. i Twinning. Some crystals instead of being simple individuals are made up of two crystals, not in parallel position, but united along a plane common to both, and such crystals are said to be twinned. Twinning is usually indicated by reentrant angles between the faces. Cleavage. The property which a mineral has of splitting or breaking along certain definite directions is called cleavage. The cleavage is always parallel to a possible crystal plane, and the kind of cleavage is designated by the name of the plane to which it corresponds in direction. The common kinds of cleavage for each system are: Isometric, cubic, octahedral, and dodecahedral. Tetragonal, basal and prismatic. V^ Hexagonal, basal, prismatic, and rftombohedral. Orthorhombic, basal; prismatic; macro- or brachypinacoidal. Monoclinic, basal; prismatic; ortho- or clinopinacoidal. \ Triclinic, basal and macro- or brachypinacoidal. The direction of cleavage can usually be determined only on the 6 MINERAL TABLES. actual crystal and not on the average massive mineral specimen. Bright, smooth cleavage faces are, however, usually present on specimens of minerals which possess good cleavage, and often they are very prominent. fracture. When the direction of breakage is not definite, but occurs in any way irrespective of crystal planes, the mineral fractures. The fracture may be even; uneven; rough; conchoidal = rounded, shell- like; splintery; these. terms referring to the kind of surface. Tenacity. The terms used to denote the tenacity are: Malleable, when the mineral can be flattened by hammering. Sectile, when it can be cut with a knife but will break in pieces by hammering. Brittle, when it will break in pieces by hammering. Tough, when it is difficult to break by hammering. Structure. Most minerals do not occur as simple individual crystals in nature, but rather as aggregates of imperfectly formed crystals, or simply as crystalline masses. Some of the terms used to describe the structure of specimens are: Massive, when the specimen has an irregular, indefinite shape. It may be fine or coarse granular. Crypto- crystalline, extremely fine crystalline; impalpable = ex- tremely dense, compact. Fibrous, composed of fibers. The fibers may be parallel, radiate, or divergent in any direction. Columnar, stout fibrous, forming columns. Capillary, hair-like fibers. Acicular, needle-like. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 7 Reticulated, when the fibers cross each other, forming a net-like structure. Mammillary, large rounded surfaces. Reniform, kidney-shaped masses. Botryoidal, grape-like structure or small rounded surfaces. Geodal, cavities lined with crystals. Drusy, rough surfaces due to innumerable small imperfect crystals. Micaceous, thin sheets or scales, like mica. Lamdlar, thin plates. Foliated, thin leaves. Other terms are used to describe the structures of mineral speci- mens, but their meaning in general is self-evident. ANALYTICAL KEY. PAG* 1. STREAK DARK GRAY OR IRON-BLACK: Color: Dark Gray or frlack 10-12 Metallic Whfte to Light Metallic Gray 12-14 Brass; Bronze; Copper-red or Brown 14-16 2. STREAK METALLIC WHITE TO LEAD- OR STEEL-GRAY: Color: Metallic White or Light Metallic Gray 16 3. STREAK RED OR RED-BROWN: Color: Red or Brown , 18 Dark Gray or Black 20-22 4. STREAK YELLOW OR YELLOW-BROWN: Color: Red 22 Yellow 22-24 Brown or Black 24-26 Green. ; 26 5. STREAK BLUE OR GREEN: Color: Blue, Green, or Black 26-28 6. STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE OR LIGHT GRAY : Color: Yellow or Brown 28-38 Pink, Red, or Red-violet 38-44 Blue or Blue-violet 44-46 Green .< 46-54 Black 54-56 White, Gray, or Colorless 56-68 9 10 STREAK DARK GRAY Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. COLOR DARK GRAY OR BLACK. GRAPHITE c Dark steel- gray Iron-black Black Dark sil- ver-gray Metallic Dull 1.2 MOLYBDENITE MoS, Bluish lead- gray Lead-gray Sometimes greenish Metallic 1 1.6 2 PYROLUSITE MnO 2 Black Blackish gray Dull black Metallic Dull STIBNITE Sb& Dark lead- gray Dark lead- gray Black Metallic 2 JAMESONITE FbjSbA Dark lead- gray Grayish black Metallic 2 3 ARGENTITE A g2 S Dark lead- B ffi Dark lead- gray Metallic 2 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 STEPH.JSTITE Ag 5 SbS 4 Iron-black Iron-black Metallic GALENITE PbS Dark lead- gray Grayish black Dark lead- gray Metallic CHALCOCITE C U2 S Dark lead- or steel- Biack Dark gray Metallic 2.5 3 3 ENARGITE Cu 3 AsS 4 Grayish black Grayish black Metallic OR IRON-BLACK. 11 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Hex. C, basal, perfect in crystallized masses; sectile; flexible 2.2 Foliated ; scaly ; mas- sive; granular; earthy Feels greasy ; plates highly flexible; inelastic; occurs with calcite; darker than molybdenite Hex. C, basal, very prom- inent ; sectile ; flexible 4.7 Foliated ; massive ; scaly; flaky Soft and greasy like graphite but lighter col- ored; usually as flakes in quartz Orth. C, none Brittle 4.8 Fibrous; acicular; columnar ; earthy ; powder Blackens fingers ; often with psilomelane; darker than stibnite Orth. C, brachypinacoid- al, perfect and prominent Brittle ; slightly sec- tile 4.5 Fibrous; columnar; bladed; prismatic Prisms often bent and with long shining cleavage faces; sometimes iridescent Orth. C, basal, prominent Brittle 5.5 6 Acicular ; fibrous ; capillary Resembles stibnite, but is heavier and has cleavage faces transverse to length Isom. C, not important F, hackly Slightly malleable 7.3 Octahedrons; hack- ly masses ; arborescent ; reticulated Resembles tarnished sil- ver; of ten with silver, cop- per, barite; cuts like lead Orth. C, imperfect F, uneven Very brittle 6.3 Compact ; massive ; crystals, short prisms Often with other silver ores; also barite, quartz, galena Isom. C, c u b i c , perfect and prominent Sectile to brittle 7.5 Cubes; cubo-octahe- drons; granular; foli- ated Often with sphalerite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, cerus- site, anglesite, dolomite, calcite, fluorite ; heavier than stibnite and never long prismatic Orth. C, indistinct F, conchoidal or granular Sectile 5.7 Compact ; massive ; crystals with deeply striated faces Often coated with mala- chite; occurs with bornite, chalcopyrite, quartz, mala- chite, enargite Orth. C, prismatic and prominent Brittle 4.4 Massive Often with chalcocite, bornite, famatinite 12 STREAK DARK GRAY Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. 3 4.5 ~4 5 5 6 COLOR DARK GRAY OR BLACK. TETRAHEDRITE TENNANTITE Cu 8 Sb 2 S 7 Cu 8 As 2 S 7 Dark lead- or steel- gray Dark gray Metallic IRON Fe Steel-gray Black Black Metallic PSILOMELANE MnO,H 2 O Grayish black Dull black Brownish black Submetallic ILMENITE (Menaccanite) (FeTi) 2 3 Iron-black Brownish black Metallic 5.5 6 MAGNETITE Fe 8 4 Iron-black Iron-black Metallic 5.5 6.5 5.5 6.5 FRANKLINTCE (Fe,Mn,Zn),O 4 Iron-black Brownish black Metallic COLUMBITE (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta) 2 6 Pitch- black Grayish black Submetallic Vitreous 6 COLOR METALLIC WHITE 1 TO LIGHT GRAY. STIBNITE Sb 2 S 3 Light lead- gray Dark lead- gray Black Metallic 2 GALENITE PbS Lead-gray Dark lead- gray Black Metallic 2.5 3 T~ 3.5 ANTIMONY Sb Light steel- gray Tin-white Lead-gray Metallic ARSENIC As Light steel- gray Dark gray Metallic 3.5 OR IRON-BLACK. 13 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Isom C, none F, granular Brittle 4.4 5.1 Compact ; massive ; tetrahedral crystals Often in quartz with galena, chalcopyrite, sphal- erite ; some tunes with very brilliant luster Isom. C, not important F, hackly Malleable 7.3 7.8 Massive Meteorites often have pitted and fused surfaces None C, none F, conchoidal and prominent Tough to brittle 3.7 4.7 Impalpable ; massive ; stalactitic ; botryoid- al; rounded masses Often with limonite, py- rolusite, manganite Hex C, none F, conchoidal Brittle 4.5 5 Grains and pebbles; black sand ; platy ; massive granular. Slightly magnetic to non- magnetic Isom. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 5.2 Octahedrons ; mas- sive granular to com- pact; sand Strongly magnetic ; often with quartz, feldspar, hornblende, chlorite; crys- tals usually very perfect Isom. C, none F, uneven Very brittle 5.2 Octahedrons, usu- ally rounded; granu- lar; massive Usually with zincite, wil- lemite, rhodonite, and cal- cite; magnetic, but not strongly like magnetite Orth C, not important F, uneven Brittle 5.3 7,3 Crystals, usually in parallel groups Occurs in granite, often with albite, tourmaline, beryl Orth. C, brachypinacoidal very prominent Brittle; slightly sec- tile 4.5 Prismatic ; fibrous ; columnar; bladed Often in quartz with galenite, sphalerite, tetra- hedrite Isom. C, cubic, perfect and prominent Sectile to brittle 7.5 Cubes ; cubo-octa- hedrons; granular; fo- liated; massive Much heavier than stib- nite and never long pris- matic Hex. C, basal, prominent Brittle 6.7 Massive; lamellar Often with stibnite; usu- ally coated with earthy white oxide of antimony Hex. C, basal, not usually prominent F, granular Brittle 6 Rounded, reniform masses; granular Usually tarnished dull black on surface 14 STREAK DARK GRAY Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. 5.5 6 COLOR METALLIC WHITE TO LIGHT GRAY. ARSENOPYRITE FeAsS Light steel- gray Tin-white, often with brassy or reddish tinge Grayish black Metallic SMALTITE .CHLOANTHITE CoAs 2 NiAs 2 Tin-white Light steel- gray Grayish black Metallic 5.5 6 ^5 6 6.5 COBALTITE CoAsS Silver- white with usually copper- red tinge Grayish black Metallic MARCASITE FeS 2 * . Brassy steel-gray Pale brass- yellow Greenish black Brownish black Metallic NMOHS HO CiaH-HrTMon 'rrzMOWT 'ffffvyrnr *rorrr^ BORNITE Cu 3 FeS 3 Copper- brown Horseflesh- brown Grayish black Metallic 3 ENARGITE FAMATINITE Cu 3 AsS 4 Cu 3 SbS 4 Reddish brown Bronze- brown Grayish black Metallic 3 MlLLERITE NiS Brass-yel- low Greenish black Metallic 3 3.5 3.5 4 CHALCOPYRITE CuFeS 2 Deep brass- yellow Greenish black Metallic PYRRHOTITE Fe 7 S 8 to Fe n S 12 Bronze- yellow Bronze- brown Grayish black Metallic 3.5 4.5 OR IRON-BLACK. 15 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, not prominent , F, uneven Very brittle 6 Compact massive; pointed pyramids with horizontally striated faces Often with sphalerite,, galena, quartz; sometimes with gold; whiter than pyrite or marcasite; more common than smaltite Isom. C, not important F, granular Brittle 6.5 Compact ; massive ; reticulated Often with copper-red' niccolite, erythrite Isom. C, cubic, not prom- inent Brittle 6.3 Crystals commonly; cubes; pyritohedrons; massive v Often with smaltite, nic- colite ; crystals usually tarnished to pale copper- red color Orth. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 4.9 Stalactitic with rough surfaces; cox- comb ; radiate ; col- umnar ; low pyra- mids; massive Never in cubes or pyrito- hedrons, and different in form from pyrite Isom. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 4.9 5.4 Compact; massive Usually tarnished to pea- cock colors; occurs with quartz, chalcocite, chalco- pyrite Orth. C, prismatic and prominent Brittle 4.4 Massive Often with chalcocite, bornite Hex. C, perfect and prom- inent in crystals Brittle 5.3 5.6 . Acicular; capillary; hair tufts; compact fibrous layers Always needle-like or fibrous; often in cavities in chert or red hematite, or coating pyrrhotite Tetrag. C, not important F, uneven to con- choidal Brittle 4.2 Massive ; tetrahe- dral crystals Often with pyrite, galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, cnalcocite, dolomite, etc. ; often tarnished peacock colors Hex. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 4.6 Massive ; granular ; occasional crystals Usually slightly mag- netic; surface often tar- nished dark bronze-brown 16 STREAK DARK GRAY Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. 5 5.5 1 g jxjQ X oti to ~ pj M OQ Ob NlCCOLITE NiAs Pale cop- per-red Brownish black Metallic PYRITE FeS 2 Pale brass- yellow Greenish black Brownish black Metallic 6 6.5 MARCASITE FeS 2 Pale brass- yellow Greenish black , Brownish black Metallic 6 6.5 STREAK METALLIC WHITE COLOR METALLIC WHITE OR LIGHT METALLIC GRAY. MERCURY Hg Tin- white Metallic MOLYBDENITE MoS 2 Bluish lead-gray Lead-gray with often greenish tinge Metallic 1 1.5 SYLVANITE CALAVERITE (AuAg)Te a Silver- or tin-white ; often with brassy tinge Silver- white Metallic 1.5 2 2~ 2.5 BISMUTH Bi Reddish white to light cop- per-red Silver- white Lead-gray Metallic SILVER Ag Silver- white Silver- white Metallic 2.5 ANTIMONY Sb Tin-white Silver- white Silver- white Metallic 3 3.5 ARSENIC As Tin-white Light lead- o r steel-gray Tin- white Metallic 3.5 PLATINUM PLATINIRIDIUM Pt Ptlr Tin-white Light steel- gray Light steel- gray Metallic 4 4.5 OR IRON-BLACK. 17 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Hex. C, none F, uneven Brittle 7.5 Compact; impalpa- ble massive Usually with smaltite Isom. C, indistinct F, uneven Brittle 5 Cubes; pyritohe- drons ; octahedrons ; massive; granular Very common; associ- ated with all sulphides and in all rocks Orth. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 4.9 Coxcomb and curved dome shapes; stalactitic with rough faces Distinguished from py- rite by form generally TO LIGHT LEAD- OR STEEL-GRAY. 13.6 Liquid globules Occurs as small globules on cinnabar Hex. C, basal, perfect and prominent Sectile 4.7 Foliated masses; scales; flakes Soft and greasy, like graphite; highly flexible; often with quartz Mono. C, clinopinacoidal, perfect, promi- nent F, coarse granular Brittle 9.9 8.3 Massive; crystals with deeply striated faces Often in gray phonolite rock with purple fluorite; also in schist Hex. C, basal, perfect and prominent Brittle 9.7 Reticulated; em- bedded lenticular crystals; massive Often as lenticular crys- tals or grains in quartz Isom. C, none F, hackly Malleable 10.1 11.1 Wires; arborescent; massive; filiform Usually tarnished on sur- face to brown or black; often with barite, calcite, other silver ores Hex. C, basal, prominent Brittle 6.7 Massive; lamellar Often with stibnite; usu- ally coated with whitish oxide of antimony Hex. C, basal, not usually prominent F, granular Brittle 5.6 Rounded remform masses; granular Usually tarnished dull black on surface Isom. C, none F, hackly Malleable 14 19 Nuggets; grains In gold-bearing sands 18 STREAK RED COLOR RED OR BROWN. | Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. 1 2 BAUXITE A1 2 O 3 +2H 2 O Brown Reddish brown Earthy Dull HEMATITE Fe 2 3 Brownish red Cherry-red Dark red Cherry-red Earthy Dull 1 4 1 2.5 ERYTHRITE Co 3 As 2 8 +8H 2 Peach-red Crimson Pale red Earthy Vitreous WAD MnO,H 2 O Dark brown Dark red- dish brown Earthy Dull 1 3 CINNABAR HgS Scarlet red Vermillion Dark red Scarlet Vermillion Adaman- tine 2 2.5 PROUSTITE Ag 3 AsS a Scarlet Vermillion Scarlet Adaman- tine 2 2.5 COPPER Ou Copper-red Copper-red Metallic 2.5 3 3.5 4 SPHALERITE ZnS Dark brown Reddish brown Resinous Vitreous CUPRITE Cu 2 O Dark red Cochineal- red Brick-red Crimson- red Adaman- tine Earthy 3.5 4 ILS HEMATITE Fe 2 3 Dark brownish red Brownish red Submetallic TURGITE 2Fe 2 3 H 2 Brown Reddish brown Submetallic 5 6 OR RED-BROWN. 19 System Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. C, none F, earthy 2.5 Cla}dike masses with small rounded concre- tions; pisolitic Clay odor; distinguished from clay by pisolitic structure C, none F, earthy 5 Earthy masses; oolitic; powder Red ochre ; often red clay Mono. C, not important F, usually earthy 2.9 Earthy; crusts; rarely in crystals Occurs with cobalt and nickel ores as coatings and crusts Amorph. C, none F, earthv Brittle 4 Earthy masses; powder concretions Often with psilomelane, limonite, malachite, azurite Hex. C, prismatic, not important F, uneven Sectile 8 8.2 Granular; crystals; powder; massive; compact Occurs with marcasite,/J chalcedony, quartz, sul- phur; very heavy; often mixed with siliceous rock and apparently hard Hex. 4 C, rhombohed r a 1 , not prominent Brittle 5.6 Crystals; red bands or streaks in rock Light ruby silver ore; often with gray pyrargy- rite Isom. C, none F, hackly Malleable 8.8 Hackly masses; sheets ; wires, arbores- cent forms Usually tarnished black on surface ; often with cal- cite, cuprite, malachite Isom. C, dodecah e d r a 1, perfect and prominent Brittle 4 Massive; crystals Often with galena, py- rite, arsenopyrite, etc. Isom. C, poor F, uneven Brittle 5.9 Massive; compact; crystals; octahedrons; cubes Usually with malachite, copper Hex. C, none F, uneven; splin- tery Brittle 5 Massive ; reniform, mamillary; botryoid- al; splintery; oolitic Massive red hematite C, none F, splintery Brittle 4.2 4.4 Compact ; fibrous ; massive ; botryoidal ; earthy Resembles limonite; dis- tinguished by streak; fibers often with satin-like luster 20 STREAK RED COLOR DARK GRAY OR BLACK. Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. PYRARGYRITE Ag 3 SbS 3 Dark steel- gray Purple -red Cherry-red Metallic 2.5 TETRAHEDRITE CUgSb^S, Dark lead or steel gray Cherry-red Dark red brown Metallic 3 4.5 HEMATITE Fe 2 3 Dark steel- gray Iron-black Brownish red Metallic Brilliant 2.5 4 3.5 4 SPHALERITE ZnS Brownish black Dark brown Resinous Submetallic MANGANITE Mn 2 O 3 -{- H 2 O Iron -black Dark steel- gray \ Dark red- dish brown Metallic 4 WOLFEAMITE (Fe,Mn)W0 4 Dark gray- ish or brownish black Dark red- dish brown Submetallic Metallic 5 5.5 5.5 CHROMITE FeCrA Black Brownish black Grayish brown Submetallic to pitch-like PSILOMELANE MnO,H 2 O Dull black Very dark brown Submetallic Dull 5 6 HEMATITE Fe 2 3 Iron -black Dark steel- gray Cherry-red Brownish red Red-brown Metallic 5.5 6.5 ILMENITE (Fe,Ti) 2 3 Iron-black Very dark brown Metallic 5.5 6 FRANKLINITE (Fe,Mn,Zn) a O< Iron-black Dark red- dish brown Blackish brown Metallic 5.5 6.5 OR RED-BROWN. System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Hex. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 5.8 Massive ; granular ; bands and streaks in rock Usually as gray bands mixed with red, in quartz rock; dark ruby silver ore Isom. C, none F, uneven Brittle 4.4 5.1 Massive ; tetrahe- dral crystals Often has brilliant luster with brassy tinge; in quartz with sulphides Hex. C, micaceous Brittle 4.9 5.3 Foliated; platy; micaceous Specular hematite; very bright sparkling plates or scales Isom. C, dodecahed r a 1 , prominent Brittle 4 Massive Often with galenite, py- rite, chalcopyrite, tetra- hedrite Orth. C, brachypinacoid- al, prominent Brittle 4.4 Prisms; columnar; acicular Prisms often in bunches with prism faces deeply striated vertically; occurs with pyrolusite Mono. C, clinopinacoidal, perfect and prominent Brittle 7.5 Thick tabular crys- tals ; massive ; com- pact Often with cassiterite, quartz, fluorite Isom. C, none F, uneven Brittle 4.3 4.6 Massive; granular Sometimes coated with green, garnet; often with serpentine C, none F, conchoidal Tough to brittle 3.7 4.7 Impalpable ; mas- sive; stalactitic; bo- tryoidal, round masses Often with powdery pyrolusite Hex. C, none F, uneven Brittle 4.9 5.3 Massive ; granul ar ; foliated; crystals; scales; micaceous Crystals often have an iridescent tarnish ; fine scaly specular variety seems soft Hex. C, none F, conchoidal Brittle 4.5 5 Rounded pebbles; sand; plates; mas- sive Some tunes slightly mag- netic Isom. C, none F, uneven Very brittle 5.2 Rounded crystals ; Octahedrons; granu- lar masses Usually with zincite, willemite, calcite ; mag- netic but not so strongly as magnetite 22 STREAK RED BLACK. [ Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. COLUMBITE (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta) 2 O 6 Pitch- black Dark brown Submetallic Vitreous 6 CASSITERITE SnO 2 Black Dark brown Submetallic to Metallic 6 7 STREAK YELLOW REALGAR AsS Bright red Orange Adaman- 1.5 Orange- yellow tine 2 H red Resinous Vitreous 8 ZINCITE ZnO Dark red Orange- Vitreous 4 Blood-red yellow 4.5 8 ORPIMENT AsjjS, Lemon- Lemon- Adaman- 1.5 yellow yellow tine 2 Resinous Pearly REALGAR AsS Orange- Orange- Resinous 1.5 . yellow yellow Vitreous 2 j SULPHUR S Sulphur- yellow Honey- Pale yel- low Resinous Greasy Vitreous 1.5 25 !* yellow Straw- yellow H LIMONITE 2Fe 2 O 3 .3H a O Yellow Yellow Brown Earthy Dull 2 4 GOLD Au Golden Golden Metallic 2.5 yellow yellow 3 SPHALERITE ZnS Brownish yellow Pale yel- low Resinous 3.5 4 OR RED-BROWN. 23 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 5.3 7.3 Crystals, usually 'in parallel groups Occurs in granite, often with albite, tourmaline, beryl Tetrag. C, imperfect F, uneven Brittle 6.8 7.1 Massive Often in quartz - mica rock with wolframite, fluorite OR YELLOW-BROWN. Mono. C, clinopinacoidal, not prominent F, conchoidal Sectile 3.5 Massive; granular; crystals Often with orpiment; disseminated in siliceous rock and often apparently hard Hex. C, basal, perfect and prominent F, uneven Brittle 5.4 5.7 Massive; lamellar; granular Occurs with franklinite, willemite, calcite Orth. C, brachypinacoid- al, perfect and prominent Sectile; flexible 3.5 I Foliated; plates massive \ Usually with realgar Mono. C, clinopinacoidal, not prominent F, conchoidal Brittle; sectile 3.5 Crystals ; massive ; granular Often with orpiment or finely mixed quartz Orth. C, indistinct F, conchoidal Brittle 2 Crystals; pyramids; crusts Often with celestite, ara- gonite, limestone, cinna- bar, gypsum C, none F, earthy 3.6 Earthy masses! ochre powder Yellow ochre; of ten yel- low clay Isom. C, none F, hackly Highly malleable 15.6 19.3 Scales; flakes; leaves;; grains; wires; nuggets Usually in quartz, con- glomerates, or schists; sometimes with pyrite or arsenopyrite Isom. C, dodecah e d r a 1 ; prominent F, uneven Brittle 4 Massive; cleavage masses; crystals Usually with galena, py- rite, chalcopyrite, tetrar hedrite, quartz, cakate, dolomite 24 STREAK YELLOW YEL'OWJ Name. Composition. -Color. Streak. Luster. H. PYROMORPHITE (PbCl)Pb 4 P 3 12 Greenish yellow Wax-yel- low Greenish yellow Adaman- tine 3.5 4 | COLOR BROWN OR BLACK. BAUXITE A1 2 3 .2H 2 Brown Brownish yellow Earthy Dull 1 3 LIMONITE 2Fe 2 O 3 .3H,O Brown Brownish yellow Yellowish brown Earthy Dull 2 4 SPHALERITE ZnS Brown Brownish black Brownish yellow Resinous 3.5 4 SIDERITE FeCO. Pale brown Grayish brown Dark brown Pale yel- low Yellowish brown Vitreous 3.5 4 GOETHITE Fe^HaO Yellowish brown Yellowish brown Brownish yellow Submetallic 5 5.5 LIMONITE 2Fe 2 O 3 .3H 3 O Yellowish brown Dark brown Brownish yellow Yellow- brown Submetallic 5 5.5 CHROMITE FeO 2 O 4 Black Grayish brown Submetallic Pitchlike 5.5 BROOKITE TiO 2 Dark brownish black Pale yel- low Grayish brown Submetallic Metallic 5.5 6 RUTILE TiO 2 Reddish brown Black Pale yel- lowish brown Adaman- tine Metallic 6 6.5 OR YELLOW-BROWN. System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Hex. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 6.5 7.1 Small hexagonal prisms; massive Often with galena, cerus- site, anglesite, mimetite C, none F, earthy 2.5 Clay-like masses; pisolitic Clay odor; distinguished from kaolin ite (clay) by pisolitic structure C, none F, earthy 3.6 Massive; earthy Brown ochre or browa clay (kaolinite) Isom. C, do decahedral, prominent F, uneven Brittle 4 Massive ; cleavage masses; crystals Common color; occurs with galena in chert; also with many sulphides Hex. C, rhombohedral, perfect and prominent Brittle 3.8 Rhomb ohedrons; cleavage masses' crystals with curved faces Often with cryolite, quartz, hematite, fluorite Orth, C, brachypinacoid- al, prominent F, uneven Brittle 4 4.4 Acicular ; stalactitic ; radiate; fibrous Often in cavities hi limon- ite or hematite; distin- guished from limonite by crystals and cleavage C, none F, uneven Brittle 3.6 4 Compact ; massive ; stalactitic ; botryoid- al; columnar Often hi cubes as an alteration from pyrite ; very common iron oxide; botryoidal masses often have black varnish-like surfaces Isom. C, none F, uneven Brittle 4.3 4.5 Massive Often coated with green garnets; often with ser- pentine Orth. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 3.8 4 Square pyramids ; hexagonal shaped pyramids Always hi crystals; faces deeply striated; not twinned like rutile Tetrag. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 4.2 Twinned crystals ; long acicular crystals Faces deeply striated ; knee-shaped twins.; often in quartz 26 STREAK YELLOW Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. BR. OR BL. CASSITERITE SnO 2 Black Reddish brown Yellowish brown Pale yellow Pale yel- low Pale gray- ish brown Submetallic 6 7 1 COLOR GREEN. PYROMORPHITE (Pb,Cl)Pb 4 (P0 4 ) 3 Yellowish green Grass- green Pale green- ish yellow Adaman- tine Vitreous 3.5 4 EPIDOTE HCa 2 (Al,Fe) 2 Si 3 13 Yellowish green Deep green Oil-green Pale yel- low Vitreous ?' STREAK BLUE COLOR BLUE, GREEN, OR BLACK. ANNABERGITE Ni 3 As 2 O 8 +8H 2 O Apple- green Pale green Vitreous Earthy 1 VIVIANITE Fe 3 P 2 8 +8H 2 Dark blue- green Indigo- blue Indigo- blue Vitreous Earthy 1.5 2 CHLORITE PROCHLORITE CLINOCHLORE Mg 3 FeAl 2 Si 2 O 11 + 4H 2 Dark green Grayish green Vitreous Pearly 1.5 2.5 LlNARITE CuPbSO 5 .H 2 O Deep azure- blue Smalt-blue Pale blue Adaman- tine Vitreous 2.5 2 4 35 4 CHRYSOCOLLA CuSiO 3 +2H 2 O Bluish green Greenish blue Pale green Pale blue Vitreous Greasy Earthy AZURITE 2CuCO 3 .Cu(OH) 2 Azure-blue Smalt-blue Vitreous Velvety MALACHITE CuCO 3 .Cu(OH) 2 Bright green Emerald- green Dark green Emerald- green Vitreous Silky Velvety Dull ' 3.5 4 OR YELLOW-BROWN. 27 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Tetrag. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 6.8 7.1 Pebbles with con- centric structure; crystals; massive Stream tin; wood tin Hex. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 6.5 7.1 Small hexagonal prisms; drusy crusts; massive Very heavy; usually with ores of lead Mono. C, basal, perfect and usually prominent 3.2 3.5 Prismatic; colum- nar ; reticulated masses Often in quartz and schists; also with calcite OR GREEN. Mono. C, none F, earthy Fine capillary coat- ings Occurs with erythrite as coatings and crusts on cobalt and nickel ores Mono. C, c 1 inopinacoidal, perf e ct in crystals Brittle 2.6 Slender prismatic ; acicular; earthy Often as crystals in pyr- rhotite; as earthy round masses in clay Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough to brittle 2.8 Micaceous scaly flakes; compact scaly masses Highly flexible but not elastic, like mica ; often al- tered from biotite Mono. C, orthopinacoidal, usually promi- nent Brittle 5.4 Columnar ; fibrous ; long prisms some- times radiate Usually with galenite; heavier than azurite, and shows cleavage faces Amorph. C, none F, uneven Brittle 2 2.3 Massive; stains; earthy Usually with copper ores; darker and glassier bluish green than malachite, and never fibrous Mono. C, not prominent Brittle 3.8 Crystals; fibrous; acicular Usually with malachite and often with limonite, wad Mono. 1 C, not prominent F, uneven; splin- tery Brittle 4 Fibrous ; banded ; stalactitic; botryoid- al; powder Often with cuprite, cop- per, chalcocite, chalcopy- rite; often as green stains in ore rocks 28 STREAK BLUE Name. Composition. Color. Streak. Luster. H. COLOR BLUE, GREEN, OR BLACK. ALABANDITE MnS Black Dark gray- ish green Submetallic 3.5 4 LAZURITE % LAPIS LAZULI NaAlSiO 4 Azure-blue Ultrama- rine blue Pale blue Vitreous Greasy 5 5.5 5 6 AUGITE MgCa 2 FeSi 4 O l2 Greenish black Blackish green Pale grayish green Vitreous HORNBLENDE Mg 3 Ca 2 FeSi e 18 Greenish black Blackish green Pale grayish green Vitreous Silky 5 6 GLAUCOPHANE Silicate of Na,Al, Mg, Fe Lavender- blue Blackish blue Grayish blue Vitreous Pearly 6 6.5 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, COLOR YELLOW OR BROWN. Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. CERARGYRITE AgCl Dark gray Dark brown Waxy Adaman- tine 1 1.5 BAUXITE A1 2 O 3 +3H 2 O Yellow to brown Earthy Dull 1.5 3 KAOLINITE (Clay) H,AW) 9 Yellow to brown Earthy Dull 1.5 2.5 GYPSUM CaSO 4 +2H 2 O Yellow to brown Vi treous Silky Dull 1.5 2 SULPHUR S Sul phur-y ello w Honey-yellow Vitreous Greasy 1.5 2 OR GREEN. 29 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Isom. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 4 Massive Often with rhodochro- site, pyrite, argentite, ga- lena; surface usually tar- nished brown Isom. C, not important Brittle 2.4 Massive ; dissemi- nated in rock Often with calcite and pyrite Mono. C, prismatic, not usually promi- nent Cleavage angle 87 Brittle 3.2 3.6 Almost square prisms ; massive Distinguished from horn- blende by cleavage angle; also more often hi crystals Mono. C, prismatic and very prominent Cleavage angle 124 Brittle 2.9 3.4 Massive ; crystals rare Usually with bright cleav- age faces having a fibrous appearance Mono. C, prismatic, per- fect Brittle 3.1 Fibrous ; columnar ; reticulated Usually forms schists; a blue hornblende OR LIGHT GRAY. System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Isom. C, none Very sectile 5.5 Thin crusts; coat- ings; massive Cuts like wax ; often with silver ores C, none F, earthy 2.5 Compact earthy; pisolitic Clay odor; distinguished from kaolinite (clay) by pea-shaped structure Mono. C, none F, earthy 2.6 Compact earthy; soapy; friable Clay odor; massive clay; occasionally soapy feel Mono. C, pinacoidal, per- fect and promi- nent Brittle 2.3 Fibrous ; columnar ; granular; compact massive Ferruginous gypsum Orth. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 2 Crystals; pyramids; crusts. Often with limestone, celestite, aragonite, cuma- bar STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, COLOR YELLOW OR BROWN. Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. CHLORITE PROCHLORITE CLINOCHLORE PENNINITE, etc. H 8 (Mg,Fe) s Al 2 Si 3 18 Dark yellowish brown Greenish brown Vitreous Pearly 1.5 2.5 BIOTITE (HK) 2 (Mg,Fe) 2 (Al,Fe) 2 - (SiO 4 ) 3 Dark brown Greenish brown Pearly to Vitreous 2.5 3 PHLOGOPITE H 2 KMg 3 Al(Si0 4 ) 3 Light brown Cinnamon-brown Pearly Vitreous 2.5 3 HALITE NaCl Light yellow or brown Vitreous 2.5 CRYOLITE Na 3 AlF e Grayish brown Vitreous Icy 2.5 3 CALCITE CaCO 3 Honey-yellow Light to dark brown Vitreous 3 BARITE BaS0 4 Lemon-yellow Yellowish brown Vitreous 2.5 3.5 SERPENTINE (H 3 (MgOH)Mg 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 Greenish brown Yellowish brown Greasy Vitreous 2.5 4 CERUSSITE PbCO 3 Grayish brown Yellowish brown Adaman- tine Earthy 3 3.5 WULFENITE PbMoO 4 Lemon-yellow Orange-yellow Greasy Adaman- tine 3 MlMETITE (PbCl)Pb 4 (AsO 4 ) 3 Brownish yellow Yellow-brown Adaman- tine Greasy 3.5 PYROMORPHITE (PbCl)Pb 4 (P0 4 ) 3 Greenish yellow Yellowish brown Greasy Adaman- tine 3.5 4 OR LIGHT GRAY. 31 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough 2.9 Micaceous; scales; flakes ; compact scaly masses Highly flexible but not elastic, like the micas; often an altered biotite Mono. C, basal, perfect and very prominent Tough 2.7 3.1 Mica plates; scales; flakes Dark color even in thin- nest plates ; flexible and elastic; black mica Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough 2.8 Micaceous; scales; flakes; sheets Lighter brown than bio- tite ; almost colorless in thin sections; brown mica Isom. C, cubic, perfect and prominent Brittle 2.1 2.6 Cubes; massive; granular Tastes salt Mono. C, basal, prominent, and pinacoidal not so good 3 Massive Three cleavages almost at right angles, making cubes; usually with sider- ite Hex. C, r h o mbohedral, very prominent Brittle 2.7 Rhomboh e d r o n s ; scalenohedrons; gran- ular; massive Rhombohedral cleavage very characteristic ; very common mineral Orth. C, basal and pris- matic, perfect and prominent 4.3 4.6 Massive; platy crys- tals Heavy, vitreous mineral; often with galena Mono. C, not important Brittle 2.6 Massive; compact- Very smooth feel, almost greasy Orth. C, not prominent F, conchoidal Very brittle 6.5 Massive; crusts Usually with galenite or anglesite; very heavy Tetrag. C, not prominent Brittle 6.7 7 Square plates; thin plates and tables Often with vanadinite or galenite Hex. C, not prominent Brittle 7 7.2 Rounded aggregates of plates; small crys- tals Often with pyromor- phite, galena Hex. C, none Brittle 6.5 7.1 Short hexagonal prisms; columnar masses Often with galena, cerus- site, anglesite ; crystal faces deeply striated ver- tically 32 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. | COLOR YELLOW OR BROWN. ARAGONITE CaCO 3 Honey-yellow Yellow-brown Vitreous Glassy 3.5 4 STILBITE (Na 2 Ca)Al 2 Si c O 10 .6H 2 O Yellowish brown Light brown Vitreous Silky 3.5 4 DOLOMITE (CaMg)C0 3 Yellowish brown Grayish brown Vitreous 3.5 4 SIDERITE FeCO 3 Grayish brown Dark brown Vitreous Pearly 3.5 4 SPHALERITE ZnS Honey-yellow Yellowish brown Reddish brown Resinous 3.5 4 MAGNESITE MgC0 3 Grayish brown Vitreous Dull 3,5 4.5 FLUORITE CaF 2 Lemon-yellow Pale yellow Yellowish brown Vitreous Glassy 4 SCHEELITE CaWO 4 Yellowish brown Grayish brown Greasy Adaman- tine 4.5 5 CALAMINE H 2 Z n2 SiO 5 Pale brown Vitreous 4.5 5 SMITHSONITE ZnCO 3 Yellowish brown Vitreous 5 APATITE (CaF)Ca 4 (P0 4 ) a Brown Greenish brown Vitreous Greasy 5 OR LIGHT GRAY. 33 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, not prominent Brittle 2.9 Stalactitic; banded; massive Differs from calcite in not having prominent cleavage Mono. C, clinopinacoidal Brittle 2 2.2 Columnar; sheaf- like; fibrous Often in cavities in lava rocks, with chabazite, heu- landite, analcite Hex. C, rhombohe d ra 1 , not prominent 2.9 Massive Harder than calcite Hex. C, rhomboh e d r a 1 , perfect and very prominent 3.8 Rhomb ohedrons with curved faces; s a d d 1 e-shaped crys- tals; massive Often in cryolite; more glassy than sphalerite Isom. C, dodecahedral, very prominent 3.9 4.1 Massive Resinous cleavage faces characteristic ; often with galena, tetrahedrite, etc^ Hex. C, rhombohe dral, prominent i n crystals F, conchoidal 3.1 Massive ; rhombohe- drons Crystals usually in talc; compact impalpable mass- es more common Isom. C, octahedral, per- fect and promi- nent Very brittle 3.1 Cubes; granular, massive Often withpyrite, galena, and sulphides Tetrag. C, not prominent Brittle 5.9 6.1 Crystals; pyramids; massive Often with wolframite, cassiterite; very heavy Orth. C, prismatic, prom- inent 3.5 Drusy coatings; small crystals Often with smithsonite on yellow earthy masses Hex. C, rhombohe dral, not prominent 4.3 4.5 Small rhombohe- dral crystals; drusy crystals ; bone-1 ike masses Dry bone; often with the silicate calamine; also with sphalerite Hex. C, basal, imperfect, not prominent Brittle 3.2 Hexagonal prisms; granular Green and brown colors often intermixed; crystals often have fused appear- ance 34 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, COLOR YELLOW OR BROWN. | Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. MONAZITE (Ce,La,Di,Th)PO 4 Honey-yellow Brown Adaman- tine Vitreous 5 5.5 5 5.5 TITANITE CaTiSiOj Dark brown Brownish yellow Adaman- tine Greasy Vitreous WlLLEMITE TROOSTITE Z n2 SiO 4 Greenish yellow Reddish brown Vitreous 5.5 OPAL SiO 2 +nH ? O Yellow Brown Waxy Vitreous 5.5 6.5 H fc H s 9 s s s I ENSTATITE MgSi0 3 Grayish brown Greenish brown Vitreous Pearly 5.5 BRONZITE (Mg,Fe)Si0 3 Bronze-brown Vitreous Bronzy 5 6 HYPERSTHENE (Fe,Mg)Si0 3 Dark brown Blackish brown Bronze- metallic Vitreous Pearly 5 6 AUGITE Silicate of Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe, chiefly Dark brown Vitreous 5 6 ANTHOPHYL- LITE (Mg,Fe)Si0 3 Light grayish brown Brownish gray Greenish gray Vitreous Pearly 5.5 6 TREMOLITE CaMg 3 (SiO 3 ) 4 Grayish brown Vitreous Silky 5 6 HORNBLENDE Ca(MgFe) 3 (Si0 3 ) 4 with (MgFe) 2 (AlFe) 4 Si 2 12 and Na2Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 4 Dark reddish brown Vitreous 5 6 OR LIGHT GRAY. 35 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Mono. C, basal, not prom- inent Brittle 5 5.5 Yellow sand; brown crystals Commonly as yellow sand; crystals rare Mono. C, indistinct usu- ally Brittle 3.5 Flat wedge-shaped crystals; massive Often in syenitic rocks; often with hornblende and magnetite ; masses show cleavage Hex. C, basal, sometimes prominent 3.9 4.1 Crystals; granular; massive Often in calcite with zincite, franklinite Amorph. C, none F, conchoidal and prominent 2.2 Massive; wood-like Softer than brown jas- per; wood opal shows wood structure Orth. C, prismatic and brachypinaco i - dal, very prom- inent Brittle 3.2 Bladed, columnar; massive Often softer because of alteration to serpentine ; pearly cleavage faces usual Orth. C, prismatic and brachypinacoi- dal, very prom- inent Brittle 3.5 Reticulated masses; columnar Bronze luster and color characteristic Orth. C, clinopinacoidal, very prominent Brittle 3.5 Broad cleavage; masses More bronze brown than hornblende Mono. C, prismatic, not usually promi- nent Cleavage angle 87 3.5 Crystals Distinguished from horn- blende by the prism being nearly square Orth. C, prismatic and prominent 3.2 Lamellar ; fibrous ; reticulated; columnar Often soft because of alteration ; structure re- sembles actinolite Mono. C, prismatic and prominent 2.9 3.4 Bladed; columnar; prismatic; fibrous Cleavage angle 124; often in marble or calcite with brown tourmaline Mono. C, prismatic, very prominent 3.4 Crystals Prismatic cleavage angle about 124 36 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. NEPHELITE (Elseolite) NaAlSiO 4 Reddish brown Greasy Vitreous 5.5 6 ALLANITE (CaFe 2 ) (Al,Fe,Ce) 2 (AlOH)- (Si0 4 ) 3 Dark brown Blackish brown Pitchy Subme- tallic 5.5 6 SlLLIMANITE (Fibrolite) Al 2 SiO 5 Light grayish brown Hair-brown Vitreous 6 7 ZOISITE CajjAlaCAlOHXSiO,), Grayish brown Yellowish brown Vitreous 6 6.5 EPIDOTK HCa 2 (Al,Fe) 3 Si 3 13 Oil brown Greenish brown Greenish yellow Vitreous 6 7 RUTILE TiO 2 Reddish brown Adaman- tine 6 6.5 CASSITERITE SnO 2 Reddish brown Yellowish brown Adaman- tine Dull 6 7 CHONDRODITE M g3 [Mg(F,OH) 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 ] Reddish brown Brownish yellow Vitreous 6 6.5 AXINITE AlCa 3 (A10H)(B0 3 )Si 4 12 Clove-brown Yellow Vitreous 6.5 7 ORTHOCLASE KAlSi 3 O 8 Pale brown Flesh-brown Vitreous Pearly 6 6.5 QUARTZ var. Citron Smoky Ferruginous SiO 2 Brownish yellow Hair brown Smoky brown Yellowish brown Reddish brown Vitreous Glassy Greasy 7 CHALCEDONY var. Agate Jasper Flint Si0 2 Brown or yellow in all shades Waxy Vitreous 7 OR LIGHT QRAY. 37 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Hex. C, prismatic, not prominent Brittle 2.6 Massive Usually in crystalline rock with feldspar, biotite, leucite Mono. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 3.5 4.2 Thin tabular crys- tals; seldom massive In granitic rocks as thin brownish, pitch-like crys- tals and streaks Orth. C, brachypinacoid- al, prominent Brittle 3.2 Long slender prisms; fibers; columns Always in schist rocks; fibers often bent and retic- ulated Orth. C, brachypinacoid- al, prominent Brittle 3.2 Stout columns ; sometimes fibrous masses Columnar crystals usual- ly much broken by cross- fracture Mono. C, basal, perfect, sometimes prominent Brittle 3.2 3.5 Prismatic crystals; columnar ; fine gran- ular Often as prisms in quartz Tetrag. C, prismatic, not important Brittle 4.2 Twinned crystals ; long prisms; acicular Crystals usually with deeply striated faces; knee-shaped twins Tetrag. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 6.8 7 Crystals; rounded pebbles Pebbles of reddish, gray- ish, and yellowish color, with often concentric structure Mono. C, not prominent F, uneven, brittle 3.2 Crystals; embedded grains in rock Often in calcite with octahedrons of spinel Trie. C, not prominent F, eonchoidal Brittle 3.2 Thin sharp-edged crystals Often with garnet, tour- maline, albite, quartz Mono. C, basal and clino- pinacoidal,very prominent 2.6 Crystals ; cleavage pieces; massive Commonly with quartz, mica, hornblende ; two cleavages at R. A. Hex. C, none F, eonchoidal Very prominent Brittle 2.6 Hexagonal prisms and pyramids ; prism faces usually horizon- tally striated ; mas- sive. Smoky quartz common in granites with orthoclase, biotite, or hornblende; eon- choidal fracture character- istic Hex. C, none F, eonchoidal Very prominent Brittle 2.6 Colloidal masses; often banded; botry- oidal; mammillary Conchoidal fracture, very characteristic 38 STREAK UNOOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. PINE, RED, OR RED-VIOLET. [ COLOR YELLOW OR BROWN. VESUVIANITE MgCa 6 (A10H)Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 6 Dark brown Greenish brown Brownish yellow Greenish yellow Vitreous Greasy 6.5 7 GARNET var. Grossularite Andradite Almandite Spessartite Pyropd Ca 3 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 Ca 3 Fe 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 Fe 3 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 Mii 3 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 Mg 3 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 Reddish brown Yellowish brown Reddish yellow Brownish yellow Vitreous 6.5 7.5 TOURMALINE 7H 2 O.2Na 2 O.12MgO.6B 2 O 3 .- 13Al 2 O 3 24SiO 2 Cinnamon-brown Dark brown Vitreous Glassy 4 7.5 STAUROLITE HFeAl 6 Si 2 O 13 Dark reddish brown Vitreous 7 7.5 BERYL Be 3 Al 2 (Si0 3 ) a Golden j^ellow Greenish yellow Vitreous Glassy 7.5 8 ZIRCON ZrSiO 4 Slate-brown Light brown Dark brown Vitreous Pearly Resinous 7.5 8 TOPAZ Al 2 (F,OH) 2 Si0 4 Honey-yellow Wine-yellow Yellowish brown Vitreous 8 GYPSUM CaS0 4 +2H 2 Brick-red Vitreous Silky 1.5 2 / LEPIDOLITE (Li,K) 2 Al 2 (F,OH) 2 Si 3 9 Pale pink to Deep rose-red Pearly 2.5 4 VANADINITE (PbCl)Pb 4 (V0 4 ) 3 Bright red Orange-red Ruby-red Adaman- tine Greasy 2.5 3 WULFENITE PbMoO 4 Orange-red Adaman- tine Greasy 3 CALCITE CaC0 3 Pink Brick-red Vitreous 3 OR LIGHT GRAY. 39 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G Common Structure. Observations. Tetrag. i C, not prominent Brittle 3.4 Square prisms with low pyramids; mas- sive; granular Often in white or blue calcite; prism faces gen- erally vertically striated Isom. C, none F, uneven, coarse Brittle 3.1 .4.3 Crystals; dodecahe- drons with icosatet- rahedrons ; granular ; massive Often in schists and gneisses; also with cal- cite ; usually in crystals Hex. C, none F, uneven Very brittle 3 3.2 Trigonal; prisms with vertically striat- ed faces Prisms usually much cross-fractured; often in calcite with tremolite Orth. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 3.7 Crystals ; often twinned in crosses, or X -shaped Usually in schists ; often with cyanite ; sillimanite Hex. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 2.6 2.8 Hexagonal prisms with base Harder than quartz, and crystals have basal planes Tetrag. C, none F, conchoidal Brittle 4.7 Square prisms with pyramids; rounded grains Often in granitic rocks; crystals always, and usu- ally small Orth. C, basal, very prom- inent Brittle 3.4 3.6 Crystals ; prisms; pyramids Always in crystals ; some- times in cavities in rhyo- lite Mono. C, clinopin a c o i d a 1, perfect and prom- inent Brittle 2.3 Columnar; fibrous; massive; granular Gypsum stained by fer- ric oxide Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough 2.9 Micaceous; fl&kes; scales; compact scaly masses Usually with rose-red tourmaline, feldspar, or quartz Hex. C, not important Brittle 6.6 7.2 Small hexagonal prisms Often with wulfenite or galenite Tetrag. C, not important Brittle 6.7 7 Square tabular crys- tals Often with vanadinite Hex. C, rhombohedral, prominent Brittle 27 Rhombohedrons; stalactites; massive Color due to stain of fer- ric oxide or manganese oxide 40 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition . Color. Luster. H. COLOR PINK, RED, OR RED-VIOLET. HEULANDITE H 4 CaAl 2 (Si e O 18 )+3H 2 O Deep brick-red Pearly 3.5 4 SPHALERITE ZnS Brownish red Yellowish red Resinous 3.5 4 DOLOMITE (Ca,Mg)C0 3 N Pale pink Vitreous 3.5 4 RHODOCHROSITE MnCO 3 Rose-red Vitreous 3.5 4.5 MARGARITE H 2 CaAl 4 Si 2 O 12 Pink Rose-red Pearly Vitreous 3.5 4.5 FLUORITE CaF 2 Violet-red Purple Pink Amethystine Vitreous Glassy 4 CHABAZITE Ca 3 Al 6 (Si0 4 ) 3 (Si 3 8 ) 3 + 18H 2 O Pale brick-red Flesh-red Vitreous 4 5 APOPHYLLITE H l2 Ca 2 (CaOF) 2 (Si 2 7 ) 3 Pale violet-red Vitreous Pearly 4.5 5 SCAPOLITE WERNERITE Ca 4 Al tt Si 6 O 25 with Na 4 Al 3 ClSi 9 O 24 Lilac-red Violet-red Pink Vitreous Greasy 5.5 RHODONITE MnSiO 3 Rose-red Brownish red Vitreous 5.5 6.5 OPAL SiO 2 +nH 2 O Brownish red Waxy 5.5 6.5 OR LIGHT GRAY. 41 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Mono. C, clinopinacoidal, prominent Brittle 2.2 Tabular plates ; crys- tals Often in cavities of lava rock with stilbite, chab- azite, analcite Isom. C, dodecahedral, very prominent- Brittle 3.9 4.1 Crystals; massive Cleavage masses com- mon; occurs with various sulphides Hex. C, rhombohedral, not usually prominent Brittle 2.9 Rhombohedrons; with curved faces; saddle-shaped crys- tals Often with galenite, c^l- cite quartz, chalcopyrite Hex. G, rhombohedral, very prominent Brittle 3.4 3.6 Rhombohedrons ; massive Often with silver ores, also quartz, galenite, py- rite Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Brittle 3 Micaceous; foliated Often as veins in green chlorite with diaspore, corundum; not elastic like muscovite ; called brittle mica Isom. C, octahedral, per- fect and prom- inent Brittle 3 3.2 Cubes; massive Often with cassiterite, wolframite, galenite, py- rite Hex. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 2 Crystals; rhombo- hedrons Crystals almost cubes in shape; often with stilbite and heulandite in cavities in lava Tetrag. C, basal, perfect and prominent Brittle 2.4 Square prisms with base; resemble cubes Prism faces vertically striated; basal planes have very pearly luster Tetrag. C, not prominent Brittle 2.6 2.8 Massive ; coarse granular Harder than fluorite Trie. C, prismatic, prom- inent Tough 3.4 3.6 Massive granular; crystals Often in calcite with franklinite; also with sil- ver ores Amorph. C, none F, conchoidal, prominent 1.9 2.3 Colloidal masses Conchoidal fracture char- acteristic; softer than jas- per 42 STREAK UNOOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. ORTHOCLASE KAlSi 3 O 8 Brick-red Flesh-red Vitreous Pearly 6 6.5 ZOISITE var. Thulite GB^CAIQH)^. Bright rose-red Vitreous 6 6.5 CHONDRODITE Mg 3 [Mg(F,OH) 2 ](Si0 4 ) 2 Dark red Brownish red Vitreous 6 6.5 N RUTILE Ti0 2 Dark red Adaman- tine 6 6.5 ED-VIOLE QUARTZ var. Amethyst Rose Ferruginous Si0 2 Amethystine Rose-red Brick-red Violet^red Vitreous Glassy Greasy 7 ffi CHALCEDONY var. Agate Carnelian Jasper Si0 2 Bright red Carnelian-red Dark red Brownish red Waxy Vitreous 7 K GARNET var. Grossularite ) Essonite f Andradite Pyrope Almandite Spessartite Ca 3 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 Ca 3 Fe 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 M g3 (Fe,Al) 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 (Mg,Fe) 3 (Fe,Al) 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 Mn 3 (Fe,Al) 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 Light to dark red Brownish red Cinnamon-red Rose-red Vitreous 6.5 7.5 8 TOURMALINE H 8 (Na,Li) 4 Al 10 B 6 Si 12 83 Pink Rose-red Vitreous Glassy 7 7.5 ANDALUSITE Al^ Pink Pale rose Vitreous 7 7.5 STAUROLITE HFeAl 5 Si 2 O 13 Dark brownish red Vitreous 7 7.5 SPINEL MgAl 2 4 Ruby-red Vitreous S OR LIGHT GRAY. 43 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Mono. C, basal and clino- pinac oidal, prominent 2.6 Crystals; massive 4 Occurs with quartz, mica, hornblende in red granite; see feldspar Orth. C,brachypinacoidal , not prominent Brittle 3.3 Massive Not common color Mono. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 3.2 Crystals; embedded grains Occurs with spinel in crystalline limestone ; of- ten with chlorite Tetrag. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 4.2 Crystals; long slen- der prisms; acicular Often as acicular crys- tals in quartz Hex. C, none F, conchoid al, prominent Brittle 2.6 Hexagonal prisms and pyramids; mas- sive Ferruginous quartz usu- ally with specular hema- tite; rose quartz usually massive; amethyst usual- ly in crystals Hex. C, none F, conch oidal, prominent Brittle to tough 2.6 Massive; crypto- crystalline; banded Very common as jas- per; agate usually finely banded Isom. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 3.1 4.3 Crystals ; granular ; rounded grains ; mas- sive Common in schists, gneisses, and crystalline limestone Hex. C, none F, uneven Very brittle 3 .3.2 Prismatic, often ra- diate or divergent; long trigonal prisms Usually in lepidolite; crystals often parti-col- ored red and green Orth. C, not prominent Brittle 3.2 Crystals ; nearly square prisms ; mas- sive Often in schists with albite, staurolite Orth. C, imperfect Brittle 3.7 Crystals; often twinned into crosses and X shapes Occurs in schists with cyanite, sillimanite, an- dalusite, chlorite Isom C, imperfect Brittle 3.5 4.1 Rounded grains; small octahedrons Resembles red garnet and ruby corundum 44 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, [ COLOR BLUE OR BLUE-VIOLET. Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. TOPAZ Al 2 (F,OH) 2 SiO 4 * Pink Vitreous 8 CORUNDUM A1 2 3 Ruby-red Vitreous 9 VIVIANITE Fe 3 P 2 8 +8H 2 Greenish blue Indigo-blue Vitreous Pearly Dull 1.5 2 CHALCANTHITE CuS0 4 +5H 2 O Sky-blue Greenish blue Vitreous 2.5 CHRYSOCOLLA CuSiO 3 +2H 2 O Greenish blue Greasy Vitreous Dull 2 4 CALCITE CaCO 3 Sky-blue Vitreous 3 CELESTITE SrSO 4 Light sky-blue Vitreous 3 3.5 BARITE BaSO 4 Pale greenish blue Vitreous 2.5 3.5 FLUOR1TE CaF 8 Violet-blue Greenish blue Vitreous Very glassy 4 CALAMINE H 2 Z n2 Si0 6 Pale blue Vitreous Silky 4.5 5 LAZULITE MgAl 2 P 2 9 +H 2 Smalt-blue Sky-blue Azure-blue Vitreous 5 6 LAZURITE (Lapis Lazuli) Na 4 (AlS 3 Na)Al a (Si0 4 ) 3 Deep azure-blue Berlin blue Ultramarine blue Vitreous 5 5.5 OR LIGHT GRAY. 45 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, basal, very per- fect and prom- inent Brittle 3.4 3.6 Crystals Usually artificially col- ored; uncommon color in nature Hex. C, rhomb ohedral, not prominent Brittle to tough 3.9 4.1 Crystals; grains ; massive Often intermixed with blue when massive; very hard Mono. C, pinacoidal, prominent in crystals 2.6 Long prisms; fibrous; earthy Earthy globular masses in clay or rock, common; prisms in pyrrhotite cavi- ties Trie. C, not prominent F, conchoidal Brittle 2.1 2.3 Crystals; massive; stalactitic; fibrous Taste metallic, nauseous; artificial crystals common as blue vitriol Amorph. C, none F, conchoidal Sectile 2 2.2 Granular; stains; incrustations; seams Often with clay, chal- copyrite, limonite, mala- chite Hex. C, rhombohedral, very prominent Brittle" 2.7 Coarsely granular; cjoarse cleavage masses Often with vesuvianite, pyroxene Orth. C, basal and pris- matic, promi- nent 3.9 Massive; fibrous Massive varieties show good cleavage and are al- most colorless : heavy Orth. C, not prominent F, fibrous 4.3 4.6 Fibrous Heavy fibrous mineral Isom. C, octahedral, very prominent Brittle 3 3.2 Cubes; compact or granular; massive Usually violet-blue or greenish blue; often with galena, cassiterite Orth. C, prismatic, some- times prominent Brittle 3.5 Drusy crystals; coatings' massive Geodal - shaped masses with drusy surface Mono. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 3 Crystals; acute pointed pyramids UsuaUy as crystals in white quartzite rock Isom. C, not prominent Brittle 2.4 Massive Usually intermixed with calcite and pyrite 46 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name, Composition. Color. Luster. Ho SODALITB Na 4 (Al,Cl)Al 2 Si 3 12 Lavender-blue Azure-blue Vitreous Greasy 5.5 6 OPAL SiO 2 +nH 2 O Pale grayish blue Greenish blue Waxy Vitreous 5.5 6.5 CYANITE Al^iOj Sky-blue Pale greenish blue Vitreous Pearly 5 7 1 w TURQUOIS A1PO,A1(OH) 3 +H 2 Greenish blue Dull Waxy 6 1 tf QUARTZ SiO 2 Grayish blue Greenish blue Vitreous Glassy 7 n s CHALCEDONY SiQa Grayish blue Greenish blue Waxy Greasy 7 w tf 8 CORDIERITE (lolite) Al Mg 4 (A10H) 2 (Si 2 7 ) 5 Grayish blue Greenish blue Smoky blue i rreous Glassy 7 7.5 BERYL Be 3 Al 2 (SiG 4 ) 6 Aquamarine blue Pale blue Sky-blue Vitreous Glassy , 7.5 8 TOPAZ Al 2 (F,OH) 2 Si0 4 Greenish blue Sky-blue Vitreous 8 CORUNDUM A1 2 3 Grayish blue Sapphire-blue Vitreous 9 w TALC H 2 Mg 2 (Si0 3 ) 4 Pale green Deep green Greasy 1 1.5 [ COLOR G VlVIANITE Fe 3 P 2 O 8 +8H 2 O Bluish green Vitreous Pearly Dull 1.5 2 OR LIGHT GRAY. 47 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Comino'n Structure. Observations. Isom. C, dodecahedral, not prominent Brittle 2.1 2.5 Massive ; grains Usually with nephelite, leucite and albite in syen- ite rock Amorph. C, none F, conchoidal, prom- inent 1.9 2.3 Massive Color not usually homo- geneous Trie. C, pinacoidal, prom- inent Tough 3.6 Bladed; reticulated Cleavage faces usually wavy or bent and with much cross parting; often in schists with staurolite None. C, none F, uneven 2.6 Irregular -shaped masses ; grains ; seams ; impalpable Occurs intermixed with rock in veins, seams, etc. Hex. C, none F, conchoidal and prominent 2.6 Crystals; massive Much more glassy and crystalline than chalced- ony Hex. C, none F, concho idal, prominent 2.6 Geodes; botryoidal; banded; stalactitic Geodes often have glassy quartz centers Orth. C, not important F, uneven Brittle 2.6 Massive ; granular Occurs in gneisses and schists with sillimanite, andalusite; resembles blue quartz Hex. C, rough basal F, uneven Brittle 2.6 2.8 Hexagonal prisms; broken crystals Occurs in granite with quartz, feldspar, and mica Orth. C, basal, perfect and prominent Brittle 3.4 3.6 Crystals Resembles aquamarine beryl except in crystal form; not common color Hex. C, rhomboliedral, prominent Tough 3.9 4.1 Massive ; grains; barrel-shaped crystals Masses often show fine parallel striations due to twinning and cleavage Orth. C, basal, perfect and prominent F, splintery, uneven 2.8 Foliated massive Soft and greasy feel; very flexible but not elas- tic Mono. C, clinopinacoidal, prominent in crystals Brittle 2.6 Long prisms with striated faces; earthy ; powder Earthy masses in clay, bones, fossils ; crystals often in pyrrhotite STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. | COLOR GREEN. GARNIERITE H 3 (Ni,Mg)Si0 4 +H 2 Apple-green Dull 1 2 CHLORITE PROCHLORITE CLINOCHLORE H 8 (Mg,Fe) 5 Al 2 Si 3 18 Grass-green Brownish green Dark green Pearly Vitreous 1.5 2.5 MUSCOVITE (Chrome mica) H 2 KAl 3 (SiO 4 ) 3 with Cr Emerald-green Apple-green Pearly Vitreous 2 2.5 BIOTITE (HK) 2 (Mg,Fe) 2 (AlFe) 2 - (Si0 4 ) 3 Brownish green Deep green Pearly Vitreous 2.5 3 CHALCANTHITE CuSO,+ 5H 2 O Bluish green Vitreous Greasy 2.5 CHRYSOCOLLA CuSiO 3 +2H 2 O Bluish green Greasy Vitreous Dull 2 4 SERPENTINE CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS H 4 Mg 3 Si 2 9 Oil-green Light green Dark green Blackish green Greasy Silky 2.5 4 ACTINOLITE Ca(Mg,Fe) 3 (SiO 3 ) 4 Grass-green Deep green Vitreous Silky 2.5 4 BARITE BaSO 4 Pale green Vitreous Glassy 25 3.5 WAVELLITE A1 5 (OH) 3 (P0 4 ) 2 +5H0 8 Pale green Bright green Vitreous Pearly 3 4 PYROMORPHITE (PbCl)Pb 4 (P0 4 ) 3 Yellowish green Dark green Adaman- tine Pearly 3.5 4 FLUORITE CaF 2 Pale green Bright green Bluish green Vitreous Glassy 4 OR LIGHT GRAY. 49 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Amorph. C, none F, earthy 2.3 2.8 Friable masses; clay- like masses Rounded and pod-shaped masses in clay Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough 2.8 Foliated; mica- ceous; scaly; flaky Flexible but not elastic; dark-colored in thin plates; very common in schists Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough 2.7 3 Micaceous; scales; flakes; sheets Light color to colorless in thin sheets; highly elastic Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough 2.7 3.1 Micaceous; scales; flakes Dark- colored mica in thinnest sheets ; elastic and flexible Trie. C, not prominent F, conchoidal Brittle 2.1 2.3 Crystals ; massive ; fibrous Taste nauseous metal- lic; blue vitriol Amorph. C, none F, conchoidal Sectile to brittle 2 2.2 Incrustations ; seams ; stains Never fibrous like mala- chite; often with mala- chite, chalcopyrite Mono. C, not important F, conchoidal or splintery 2.6 Massive ; fibrous Feels smooth and looks greasy ; dark masses often intersected by veinlets of chrysotile asbestos Mono. C, fibrous Brittle 3 Fibrous reticulated masses Occurs as actinolite schists ; individual fibers are harder Orth. C, basal and pris- m a t i c , very prominent Brittle 4.3 4.6 Platy; massive ; crystals Usually nearly colorless with greenish cast; heavy vitreous mineral Orth. C, not prominent Brittle 2.3 Fine radiating fibrous globules; rosette-like Usually on rock surface as small fibrous rosettes Hex. C, not prominent Brittle 6.5 7.1 Hexagonal prisms with striated faces ; granular ; fibrous Often with galena, angle- site, mime tite Isom. C, octahedral, very prominent Brittle 3 3.2 Cubes ; octahedral cleavage pieces; mas- sive; granular Often with calcite, ga- lena, pyrite, dolomite 50 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, COLOR GREEN. Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. CALAMINE H 2 Z n2 Si0 5 Bluish green Pale green Vitreous 4.5 5 SMITHSONITE ZnCO 3 Grayish green Bluish green Vitreous 5 APATITE (CaF)Ca 4 (P0 4 ) 8 Pale green Grass-green Dark green Brownish green Greasy Vitreous 5 OPAL SiO 2 +nH 2 O Grayish green Waxy Vitreous- 5.5 <>.5 WILLEMITE Zn 2 SiO 4 Yellowish green Bright green Vitreous 5.5 CYANITE Al 2 Si0 5 Pale bluish green Vitreous 5 7 PYROXENE ENSTATITE MgSi0 3 Grayish green Brownish green Vitreous Pearly Silky 5.5 DIOPSIDE CaMg(Si0 3 ) 2 Pale green Bright green Vitreous Glassy 5 6.5 AUGITE i Silicate of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Al, chiefly Blackish green Vitreous 5 6 AMPHIBOLE ACTINOLITE Ca(Mg,Fe) 3 (Si0 3 ) 4 Grass-green Dark green Vitreous Silky 5 6 HORNBLENDE Silicate of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Al, chiefly Blackish green Vitreous Pearly 5 6 TURQUOIS (Variscite) A1P0 4 A1(OH) 3 +H 2 Bluish green Apple-green Waxy Dull 6 OR LIGHT GRAY. System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, prismatic, some- times prominent 3.5 Fibrous mammil- lary masses Often with smithsonite Hex. C, rhombodehr a 1 , not usually prominent Brittle 4.4 Drusy masses; bot- ryoidal or mammillary Usually very compact, like chalcedony i Hex. C, basal, not prom- inent Brittle 3.2 Hexagonal prisms ; granular; massive Commonly intermixed with brown colors; often with calcite ; crystals often have fused appearance Amorph. C, none F, conchoidal and prominent 1.9 2.3 Colloidal masses Waxy luster character- istic Hex. C, prismatic, not prominent Brittle 3.9 4.1 Massive; granular Usually with franklinite, zincite, and calcite Trie. C, macropinacoidal, prominent Tough 3.6 Bladed; columnar Divergent columnar; long blades usually bent and cross-fractured Orth. C, prismatic, prom- inent Brittle 3.1 3.3 Prismatic masses; divergent columns Often much softer, owing to alteration to serpentine Mono. C, prismatic, not prominent Brittle 3.3 Crystals ; square prisms with oblique base Usually prisms have a prominent basal parting Mono. C, prismatic, not prominent Cleavage angle = 87 3.3 Crystals; massive Cleavage not so promi- nent as in hornblende; more common as crystals Mono. C, prismatic, prom- inent Cleavage angle = 124 3 3.2 Divergent columnar or fibrous; reticulated masses Often with talc or chlo- rite; fine to coarse fibrous and reticulated; often in schists Mono. C, prismatic and very prominent Cleavage a n g 1 e = 124 3 3.2 Massive; prismatic; columnar Cleavage faces usually have fibrous appearance; common in granitic rocks and schists None. C, none Brittle 2.6 Globular masses; veins; seams Usually intermixed with rock in irregular masses or veins 52 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, [ COLOR GREEN. Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. NEPHELITE (Elaeolite) NaAlSiO< Grayish green Brownish green Greasy Vitreous 5.5 6 MICROCLINE (Feldspar) KAl.Si 3 8 Bright green Vitreous Pearly 6 6.5 PREHNITE H.Ca^SiOJg Pale green Bright green Vitreous 6 6.5 CHLORITOID H 2 (Fe,Mg)Al 2 Si0 7 Dark green Greenish black Pearly Vitreous 6.5 EPIDOTE HCa 2 (Al,Fe) 3 Si 3 13 Pistachio-green Yellowish green Oil-green Brownish green Vitreous 6 7 VESUVIANITE MgCa 5 (Al,OH)Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 5 Brownish green Bright green Vitreous Greasy 6.5 OLIVINE (Chrysolite) (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 Bottle-green Oil-green Grass-green Vitreous Glassy 6.5 7 JADEITE NaAl(SiO 3 ) 2 Grayish green Deep green Vitreous Silky 6.5 7 QUARTZ SiO 2 Light to dark green Vitreous Glassy 7 CHALCEDONY var. Jasper Chrysoprase Plasma Si0 2 Apple-green Leek-green Light to dark green Vitreous Waxy 7 7 7.5 GARNET (Uvarovite) Ca 3 Cr 2 (SiOA, Emerald-green Vitreous TOURMALINE 4H 2 O.2(Na,Li) 2 O. 3B 2 O 3 .8Al 2 O 3 .12SiO 2 Dark green Vitreous Glassy 7 7.5 OR LIGHT GRAY. 53 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Hex. C, not prominent Brittle 2.6 Massive ; short hex- agonal prisms (rare) Usually with augite, soda- lite, leu cite Trie. C, basal and brachy- pinacoidal Brittle 2.5 Crystals; cleavage pieces Pearly luster on basal cleavage, also vein-like markings; green Amazon stone Orth. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 2.9 Reniform masses with drusy surfaces; small stalactitic Occurs usually in cavi- ties and fissures in basalts and diabases Mono. C, basal, prominent Brittle 3.5 Foliated massive ; micaceous; platy Deep green in thin plates; resembles hornblende Mono. C, basal, perfect and usually promi- nent Brittle 3.2 3.5 Crystals; prismatic; long columnar; gran- ular; massive Often in quartz; also with pyroxene, hornblende, magnetite, garnet Tetrag. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 3.4 Square prisms; faces often vertically stri- ated; massive; gran- ular Often with calcite; crys- tals usually not perfect Orth. C, not important Brittle 3.3 Rounded masses of green grains; massive granular Occurs in basalt as bomb- shaped masses of light and dark green, very glassy grains Mono. C, not prominent Tough 3.3 Very compact fibrous Tough masses of inter- locking fibers Hex. C, none F, conchoidal and prominent 2.6 Hexagonal prisms and pyramids Quartz stained with chlo- rite or actinolite Hex. C, none F, conchoidal and prominent Brittle 2.6 Massive, compact ; cryptocrystalline Not so glassy as quartz Isom. C, none Brittle 3.5 Small crystals; gran- ular Sometimes on chromite as green glassy crystals Hex. C, none F, uneven Verv brittle 3 3.2 Trigonal or hexag- onal prisms Often with pink tourma- line in lepidolite or with quartz, biotite. feldspar 54 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, i i I i 8 Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. BERYL var. Aquamarine Emerald Common Be 3 Al 2 (Si0 3 ) 8 Pale green Bluish green Sea-green Emerald-green Vitreous Very glassy 7.5 8 TOPAZ A1,(P,OH)^0 4 . Bluish green Vitreous 8 CHRYSOBERYL \ BeALX), Brownish green Greasy Vitreous 8 8.5 CORUNDUM A1 2 3 Bluish green Grayish green Vitreous 9 BIOTITE (Mica) (HK) 2 (Mg,Fe) 2 (Al,Fe) 2 - (Si0 4 ) 3 Brownish black Greenish black Vitreous Pearly 2.5 3' CALCITE DOLOMITE (Limestone) CaCO 3 (Ca,Mg)C0 3 Grayish black Vitreous 3 3.5 4 FLUORITE CaF 2 Dark purple- black Vitreous 4 HORNBLENDE Silicate of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Al, chiefly Greenish black Brownish black Vitreous Silky Pearly 5 6 AUGITE Silicate of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Al, chiefly Greenish black Brownish black Vitreous 5 6 ALLANITE (Ca,Fe) 2 (Al,Ce,Fe) 2 - (A10H)(Si0 4 ) 8 Brownish black Pitch-black Pitchlike Sub me- tallic 5.5 6 BROOKITE TiO, Brownish black Subme- tallic Adaman- tine 5.5 6 OR LIGHT GRAY. 55 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Hex. C, rough basal, not prominent Brittle 2.6 2.8 Hexagonal prisms with basalplanes; broken crystals Often in granite with mica and feldspar Orth. C, basal, perfect and prominent Brittle 3.4 3.6 Crystals Often nearly square prisms with base; resem- bles aquamarine beryl, ex- cept in form Orth. C, not prominent Brittle 3.5 3.8 Twinned crystals; tabular Plates with twinning striations radiating from center; occurs with feld- spar, garnet Hex. C, rhombohedral prominent Tough 3.9 4.1 Massive Often with cleavage striations on faces Mono. C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough 2.7 3.1 Micaceous ; plates ; scales Dark-colored mica in thinnest plates; common in granitic rocks Hex. C, none F, fine or coarse granular Brittle 2.7 2.9 Compact granular Black limestone or mar- ble Isom. C, octahedral, prominent Brittle 3 3.2 Massive; banded Black color not common Mono. C, prismatic, prom- inent. Cleavage angle 124 2.9 3.4 Massive; fibrous; long prismatic Cleavage faces very bright with often fibrous appearance ; common with feldspar, quartz Mono. C, prismatic, not very prominent Cleavage angle 87 3.3 Almost square prisms with oblique oases; massive ^ Usually with dark basal- tic rocks; cleavage not so good as in hornblende Mono. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 3.5 4.2 Tabular crystals; thin seams in rock Occurs in granitic rocks as black, pitch-like veins or as crystals Orth. C, not prominent Brittle 3.8 4.8 Crystals only; square or hexagonal- shaped pyramids Crystal faces > of ten stri- ated; not twinned like rutile 56 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. RUTILE TiO 2 Brownish black Metallic Adaman- tine 6 6.5 ' CASSITERITE Sn0 2 Black Subme- tallic Adaman- tine 6 7 M O QUARTZ SiO 2 Grayish black Brownish black Vitreous 7 1 o GARNET var. Melanite Silicate of Ca, Fe, Al, and Ti Velvet-black Brownish black Vitreous Velvety * 4 7.5 o TOURMALINE Borosilicate of Al, Fe, and Mg Coal-black Vitreous Very glassy 7 75 SPINEL (Mg,Fe)Al 2 4 Grayish black Vitreous Dull 8 CO m a ULEXITE NaCaB 5 O,+ 8H 2 O Snow-white Pearly Silky 1 I COLOR] TALC Soapstone H 2 Mg 2 (Si0 3 ) 4 White Greenish white Gray Pearly Gieasy Dull 1 15 8 i PYROPHYLLITE HAl(Si0 3 ) 2 White Grayish Brownish gray Pearlv Greasy Dull 1 2 H CERARGYRITE (Hornsilver) AgCl Gray Brownish gray Resinous Waxy 1 15 PS SAL AMMONIAC NH 4 C1 White Gray Colorless Vitreous 1.5 2 I CALCITE var. Chalk CaC0 3 White Earthy Dull 1.5 2.5 OR LIGHT GRAY. 57 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure Observations. Tetrag. C, not prominent Brittle 42 Crystals, usually twinned and faces deeply striated Crystals generally imper- fect ; knee-shaped twins common Tetrag. C, not prominent F, uneven, coarse Brittle 68 7.1 Massive ; granular ; rolled pebbles; twinned ciystals Often with quartz, mica, wolframite, fluorite; heavy black masses ' Hex. C, none F, conchoidal Brittle 26 Crystals; hexagonal prisms and pyramids Very dark smoky quartz Isom. C, none F, uneven Brittle 38 Crystals ; rhombic dodecahedrons Uncommon color Hex. C, none F, uneven Very brittle 3 3.2 Crystals; long trig- onal- shaped prisms ; sometimes divergent columnar Crystal faces usually stri- ated vertically, and much fractured horizon tally; often as coal-black crystals in quartz and feldspar Isom. C, imperfect F, conchoidal Brittle 3.5 41 Crystals; octahe- drons In granular limestone often with chondrodite C, not important F fibrous 16 Soft fibrous masses Usually in ball like masses of fibers Mono C, basal, perfect and prominent in the foliated masses 28 Foliated ; compact massive; fibrous Soft and greas\ feel: fibers usually not radiate like pyrophyllite Mono C, basal and prom- inent Flexible 2.9 Fibrous, radiate; foliated; massive Often in small hemi- spheres of radiating fibers; soft and greasy like talc Isom. C, none Sectile 5.5 Wax-like crusts; horn-like masses Cuts like wax; often with ores of silver Isom. C, not important Brittle 1.5 Crusts; globular masses Occurs on lava rock; disagreeable saline taste C, none Brittle 2.7 Soft white earthy masses Resembles white kao- linite, but has no clay odor 58 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. COLOR WHITE, GRAY, OR COLORLESS. GYPSUM var. Selenite Alabaster Satin-spar Common CaSO 4 +2H 2 O Colorless White Gray Pearly Vitreous Silky Dull 1.5 2 KAOLINITE (Clay) H^AySA White Gray Colorless Dull Earthy Greasy 2 2.5 BAUXITE A1 2 O 3 +3H 2 O White Gray Earthy Dull 2 2.5 SEPIOLITE (Meerschaum) H 4 M g2 Si 3 O l0 White Earthy Dull 2 2.5 BORAX Na 2 B 4 7 +H 2 Snow-white Colorless Earthy Dull Vitreous 2 2.5 KALINITE (Alum) A1K(SO 4 ) 2 +12H 2 O White Colorless Vitreous Icy 2.5 EPSOMITE MgS0 4 +7H 2 White Vitreous 2 2.5 HALITE NaCl Colorless White Bluish white Vitreous 2.5 BRUCITE Mg(OH) 2 White Greenish white Pearly 2.5 TREMOLITE var Asbestos Mountain leather Mountain cork CaMg 3 (Si0 3 ) 4 White Gray Silky Pearly 2 2.5 SERPENTINE var. Chrysotile or Asbestos H 4 Mg 3 Si 2 O a Greenish white Silky 2.5 4 OR LIGHT GRAY. System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Mono. C, clinopinacoidal, prominent in selenite Sectile 2.3 Colorless crystals and cleavage plates; massive white ; fibrous; columnar; granular Soft and brittle; not so pearly luster as brucite, and softer; compact trans- lucient masses common Mono. C, basal in crystals, none in massive F, earthy Brittle or sectile 2.6 Compact massive ; rarely in colorless flakes Rough feeling; soapy var has greasy feel ; strong odor of clay when breathed on C, none F, earthy Brittle 2.5 Compact massive ; pisolitic Distinguished from clay only by pea-shaped struc- ture Mono. C, none F, earthy 2 Massive ; mammil- lary ; renif orm ; very compact Very smooth feel; has not the clay odor of kaolin- ite Mono. C, orthopinacoidal, not prominent Brittle 1.7 Crystals; powder Taste alkaline : white crystals often have fresh, unaltered glassy centers Isom. C, none Brittle 1.7 Crystals ; o c t a h e-- drons ; mealy crusts Alum taste Orth. C, brachypinacoid- al, prominent Brittle 1.7 Long acicular crys- tals; capillary tufts; efflorescences Taste bitter and salt; often in sulphide mines as efflorescences on walls Isom. C, cubic, perfect and prominent Brittle 21 2.6 Cubes ; massive ; granular Salt taste ; sometimes with anhydrite Hex. C, basal, perfect anc prominent Flexible 2.5 Foliated; massive Resembles gypsum but has more pearl y luster; often with serpentine Mono. C, fibrous F^ fibrous Brittle <1 3 Fibrous; asbesti- form; sheets; cork- like masses Occurs with tremolite, feldspar quartz; not green like chrysotile when com- pact Mono. C, fibrous Brittle 2.6 Fibrous; asbesti- form Narrow fibious veins in serpentine : fibers are green in compact mass 60 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE 03 03 s tf 1 tf < g H 2 1 Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. ANDALUSITE var. Chiastolite Al 2 Si0 5 Dark gray Blackish gray Vitreous 2 4 MUSCOVITE (Mica) H 2 KAl 3 (Si0 4 ) 3 Colorless Gray Pearly Vitreous 2 2.5 LEPIDOLITE (Mica; (LiK) 2 Al 2 (F,OH) 2 Si 3 8 Pale pinkish white Lavender Gray Pearly 2.5 4 CRYOLITE Na 3 AlF 8 Pure white Icy Vitreous 2.5 CALCITE var. Iceland spar Stalactites Marble Common CaCO 3 White Gray Colorless Vitreous Glassy 3 ANGLESITE PbSO 4 Gray White jColorless Adaman- tine Greasy Dull 3 CERUSSITE PbCO 3 Cream-white Gray Adaman- 3 tine 3.5 BARITE BaS0 4 White Colorless Gray Yellowish white Vitreous Pearly 2.5 3.5 ANHYDRITE CaSO 4 White Bluish white Reddish white Gray Vitreous Pearly 3 3.5 CELESTITE SrSO 4 Colorless with bluish tinge White Vitreous Glassy 3 3.5 OR LIGHT GRAY. 61 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, not prominent Brittle 3.2 Rounded prisms; square prisms Occurs in schists often as knotty projections; end sections show black squares or crosses Mono. C, basal, perfect and very prominent Tough 2.7 3 Micaceous; large sheets ; foliated; flakes; scales Highly flexible and elas- tic ; colorless in thin sheets ; cleavable in the thinnest sheets Mono, C, basal, perfect and prominent Tough 2.9 Fine or coarse scaly masses; platy; mica- ceous; foliated Compact scaly masses containing pink tourmaline Mono. C, basal and pina- coidal ; basal is prominent 3 Massive S n o w-i c e appearance ; often with siderite; cleav- age in three directions al- most at right angles Hex. C, rhomboh e d r a 1, very perfect and prominent Brittle 2.7 Crystals; rhombo- hedrons ; scalenohe- drons; granular; stal- actitic; banded, etc. Commonly assoc i a t e d with the metallic minerals; colorless variety is Iceland spar; calcite is apt to be stained any color Orth. C, not prominent F, conchoidal Brittle 6.1 6.3 Massive, often band- ed; crystals Occurs with galena as an alteration product; crys- tals are colorless; gray masses often have core of galena Orth. C, not prominent Very brittle 6.5 Prismatic crystals; massive Occurs similar to angle- site; gray masses some- what porous or reticulated Orth. C, basal and pris- matic, promi- nent 4.3 4.6 Crystals ; crested masses; granular; lamellar; concretions massive Often with galena ; heavy white mineral, called heavy spar Orth. C, pinacoidal, prominent Brittle 3 Massive ; granular ; scaly Cleavage in three direc- tions at right angles, mak- ing cube forms, occurs with gypsum, limestone Orth. C, basal and pris- matic ; basal very prominent 3.9 Cleavage masses; crystals Often as colorless crystals with native sulphur 62 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. M. COLOR WHITE, GRAY, OR COLORLESS. WITHERITE BaC0 3 White Vitreous 3 3.5 STRONTIANITE SrCO 3 White Yellowish white Vitreous Glassy 3 3.5 ARAGONITE CaC0 3 White Gray Colorless Vitreous Glassy 3.5 4 DOLOMITE (CaMg)CO a White Gray Vitreous 3.5 4 SIDERITE FeC0 3 Brownish gray Vitreous Pearly 3.5 4 FLUORITE CaF 2 Greenish white White Colorless Vitreous Glassy 4 COLEMANITE Ca 2 B e O n +5H 2 O Colorless White Yellowish white Vitreous Very glassy 4 4.5 SCHEELITE CaW0 4 Gray Yellowish Adaman- tine Greasy 4.5 5 WOLLASTONITE CaSi0 8 White Gray Vitreous 4.5 5 CHABAZITE Ca^l.(SiO) 1 (Si t Oa) t + 18H 2 O White Colorless Gray Vitreous 4 5 APOPHYLLITE H 7 KCa 4 (Si0 3 ) 8 +4iH 2 White Colorless Yellowish Vitreous Glassy Pearly on base 4.5 5 OR LIGHT GRAY. 63 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, not prominent Brittle 4.3 Columnar; hexag- onal-shaped crystals with striated faces Sometimes with galena; heavy snow-white masses common Orth. C, prismatic, some- times prominent Brittle 3.7 Columnar masses Divergent columnar masses resembling ara- gonite or calcite, but much heavier Orth. C, prismatic but not usually promi- nent Brittle 2.9 Stalactitic; banded; columnar; hexagonal- shaped crystals Distinguished from cal- cite by lack of cleavage and by hardness Hex. C, rhombohe d r a 1, so metimes prominent Brittle 2.9 Rhombo h e d r o n s with curved faces; massive; granular Massive variety indis- tinguishable from calcite except somewhat harder; crystals have curved faces Hex. C, rhombohe d r a 1, very prominent Brittle 3.8 Rhombo h e d r o n s with curved faces ; saddle-shaped masses; compact; massive Darker and heavier than dolomite ; often as rhombo- hedrons in cryolite Isom. C, octahedral, very prominent Brittle 3 3.2 Cubes ; octahedrons ; massive; granular Often with magnetite, pyrite, calcite; sometimes very compact granular Mono. C, clinopinacoid a 1, very prominent Brittle 2.4 Crystals; massive Cleaves into thin brittle plates Tetrag. C, not prominent Brittle 5.9 6.1 Crystals; pyramids; massive Often with cassiterite, wolframite, purple fluorite ; very heavy Mono. C, orthopinacoidal, not prominent Brittle 2.9 Fibrous; columnar Parallel, or reticulated, fibrous masses; often in marble; resembles tremo- lite Hex. (1 not prominent Brittle 2.1 Crystals, almost cubic in shape Usually in cavities of lava rock with stilbite, heulandite, natrolite Tetrag. C, basal, perfect and prominent Brittle 2.4 Crystals; short prisms with base; also pointed pyramids Basal cleavage has very pearly luster, prismatic faces glassy and vertically striated 64 STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. COLOR WHITE, GRAY OR COLORLESS. CALAMINE H^n^iO, Colorless White Gray Vitreous 4.5 5 MAGNESITE MgC0 3 Snow-white Gray Vitreous Dull 3.5 4.5 SMITHSONITE ZnCO 3 Bluish gray Yellowish gray Vitreous 5 APATITE (CaF)Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 3 Colorless Gray Vitreous Greasy 5 PECTOLITE HNaCa 2 (SiO 3 ) 3 White Silky Vitreous 5 NATROLITE H 4 NaAl 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 White Colorless Vitreous Silky 5 5.5 DATOLITE H 4 Ca(BO)SiO 4 Colorless White Vitreous Glassy 5 5.5 ANALCITE N a2 Al 2 (Si0 3 ) 4 .2H 2 Colorless White Vitreous Glassy 5 5.5 OPAL SiO 2 -fnH 2 O Gray White Waxy Vitreous 5.5 6.5 SCAPOLITE WERNERITB Silicate of Ca, Al, Na, andCl Gray Greenish gray White Vitreous Silky 5.5 6 LEUCITE KAl(Si0 3 ) 2 . Gray White Vitreous 5.5 6 OR LIGHT GRAY. 65 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, prismatic and prominent Brittle 3.5 Drusy coatings and crusts; small crystals Often on yellowish brown earthy masses, in small drusy crystallizations Hex. C, rhombohedral in crystals F, conchoidal and prominent 3.1 Crystals rare; mas- sive, impalpable Very compact tough white masses with soiled surfaces; are apparently very hard Hex. C, rhombohe d r a 1, but not usually prominent Brittle 4.3 4.5 Botryoidal crusts ; drusy crusts Often with sphalerite or calamine Hex. C, basal, not prom- inent Brittle 3.2 Crystals; massive Common white phosphate rock; crystals are color- less, green or brown usu- ally Mono. C, not prominent Brittle to tough 2.7 Fibrous; divergent, radiate, reticulated Long white fibers diver- gent to sharp points; also compact fibrous Orth. C, prismatic, prom- inent in coarse varieties Brittle 2.2 Acicular; coarse; columnar; fibrous Often with stilbite, apo- phyllite, analcite, chaba- zite, in cavities of lava rock Mono. C, none F, uneven Brittle 3 Crystals ; massive ; granular to compact Small glassy crystals with slight greenish tint on lava rock; massive white Isom. C, not prominent Brittle 2.2 Crystals; icosatetra- hedrons or cubes Often in cavities of lava with apophyllite, natrolite, chabazite, prehnite, dato- lite Amorph. C, none F, conchoidal and very prominent 1.9 2.3 Massive ; colloidal ; blebby; globular Wood opal; common opal Tetrag. C, not prominent Brittle 2.5 2.8 Square prisms with low pyramidal ends; massive Crystals usually have rough, uneven faces ; often in crystalline limestone Tetrag. C, imperfect F, conchoidal Brittle 2.5 Crystals; trapezo- hedrons Always in crystals; oc- curs in volcanic rocks with nephelite, sodalite STREAK UNOOLORED, WHITE, Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. 5.5 COLOR WHITE, GRAY, OR COLORLESS. ENSTATITE MgSiO 3 Greenish gray i Pearly Vitreous PYROXENE DlOPSIDE CaMg(Si0 3 ) 2 Colorless Yellowish white Greenish white Glassy Vitreo.us 6 6.5 TREMOLITE CaMg 3 (Si0 3 ) 4 White Gray Silky Pearly Vitreous 5 6 NEPHELITE EL^OLITE NaAlSiO 4 Greenish gray Brownish gray Greasy Vitreous 5.5 6 AMBLYGONITE Li(Al,F)PO 4 White Vitreous 6 FELDSPARS ORTHOCLASE KAlSi 3 8 White Gray Colorless Vitreous Pearly 6 6.5 MICROCLINE KAlSi 3 O 8 White Gray Yellowish Vitreous Pearly 6 6.5 ALBITE NaAlSi 3 O 8 White Colorless Gray Glassy Vitreous 6 6.5 OLIGOCLASE NaAlSi 3 O 8 +CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 Colorless White Vitreous Glassy 6 6.5 LABRADOR- ITE CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 +NaAlSi 3 O 8 Dark gray Grayish white Vitreous Pearly 5 6 ANORTHITE CaAl^Q, White Gray Vitreous 6 6.5 OR LIGHT GRAY. 67 System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, prismatic and pinacoidal, prominent Brittle 3.1 3.3 Columnar, divergent masses; lamellar Often soft owing to altei*- ation to serpentine ; cleav- age faces quite pearly or silky in luster Mono. C, prismatic, not prominent Brittle 3.3 Crystals, almost square or rounded Often with blue calcite, brown tourmaline Mono. C, prismatic, prom- inent Cleavage angle 124 2.9 3.1 Columnar; fibrous; prismatic crystals Often as crystals in dolo- mitic limestone or marble; also as compact fibrous masses Hex. C, not prominent Brittle 2.6 Massive ; sometimes hexagonal prisms Often with sodalite, al- bite, leucite; greasy luster characteristic Trie. C, basal, perfect and prominent Brittle 3 Compact massive Often with lepidolite, tourmaline Mono. C, basal and clino- pinacoidal, prominent Brittle 2.4 2.6 Crystals ; massive ; cleavage pieces Two cleavages at right angles; common in granitic rocks with mica, horn- blende, and quartz Trie. C, basal and brachy- pinacoi d a 1, prominent 2.5 Crystals; massive Usually has fine cross- veined structure on the basal plane Trie. C, basal and brachy- pinacoidal, not so prominent 2.6 Small crystals; twinned crystals; platy masses Fine parallel striations or reentrant angles on the base due to twinning Trie. C, basal andlbrachy- pinacoidal, not so prominent 2.6 Crystals; massive Fine parallel striations on the basal cleavage due to twinning Trie. C, basal and brachy- pinacoidal, prominent 2.7 Massive; cleavage pieces Fine striations on basal cleavage due to twinning; usually shows a beautiful play of colors; blue, green, gold, etc. Trie. C, basal, prominent F, uneven Brittle 2.7 Crystals; prismatic Occurs in volcanic lavas; not so common as the other feldspars STREAK UNCOLORED, WHITE, I COLOR^renTE, GRAY OR COLORLESS. Name. Composition. Color. Luster. H. ZoiSITE Ca-jAl^AlOHXSiO^a Grayish white Greenish gray Vitreous Pearly 6 6.5 SPODUMENE LiAl(Si0 3 ) 2 Gray White Vitreous Pearly 6.5 7 DIASPORE AIO(OH) Lavender-gray Grayish white Cream white Pearly Vitreous Adaman- tine 6.5 7 QUARTZ var. Rock crystal Milky ' Smoky Common SiO 2 Colorless White Smoky gray Vitreous Greasy 7 CHALCEDONY var. Agate Chert Flint Hornstone Siliceous sinter SiO 2 Gray White Waxy Vitreous 7 ANDALUSITE (CHIASTOLITE) Al 2 SiO 6 Gray Reddish gray Vitreous 7.5 LAWSONITE H 4 CaAl 2 Si 2 O 10 Bluish white Gray Vitreous 7.5 8 ZIRCON ZrSiO 4 Brownish gray Lavender-gray Colorless Vitreous' Pearly 7.5 8 TOPAZ AWF,OH)i0 4 White Colorless Vitreous Glassy 8 CORUNDUM A1 2 3 Gray Bluish gray Greenish gray Vitreous 9 DIAMOND C Colorless Gray Yellowish Adaman- tine 10 o OR LIGHT GRAY. System. Cleavage or Fracture. G. Common Structure. Observations. Orth. C, brachypinacoid- al prominent Brittle 3.3 Columnar; fibrous; prismatic Columns deeply striated vertically, and broken transversely Mono. C, prismatic often prominent Brittle 3.2 Large crystals and broad cleavage plates lamellar Often parts in broad lamellar masses Orth. C, brachypinacoid al ; prominent Brittle 3.3 3.5 Bladed; foliated Often as veins in chlorite with margarite, corundum; very pearly to adamantine luster Hex. C, none F, conchoidal and' prominent Brittle 2.6 Hexagonal prisms and pyramids; mas- sive; granular; sand; pebbles Commonest mineral; oc- curs in most crystalline rocks as a constituent; con- choidal fracture is charac- teristic Hex. C, none F conchoidal and prominent Brittle to tough 2.6 Geodal; botryoidal; mammillary; banded; concretionary; mas- sive Not glassy like quartz; cryptocrystalline in struc- ture ; banded varieties classed as agates; geodes often have quartz centers Orth. C, not prominent F, uneven Brittle 3.2 Almost square prisms with broken ends End sections of chiasto- lite show black crosses or squares due to inclusions Orth. C, brachypinacoid- al ; prominent Brittle 3.1 Crystals; lenticular plates Often with margarite, actinolite, chlorite; resem- bles corundum Tetrag. C, none Brittle 4.7 Crystals; prisms and pyramids Occurs in granites and syenites; loose crystals in gold sands Orth. C, basal, perfect and prominent Brittle 3.4 3.6 Crystals; white massive Massive white distin- guished from white quartz by presence of cleavage faces Hex. C, rhombohedral, prominent Tough 3.9 4.1 Massive ; barrel- shaped crystals Often with chlorite, mar- garite. magnetite; massive- has usually fine parallel parting striations Isom. C, octahedral, not prominent Brttle 3.5 Small rounded octa- hedral-shaped crvs- tals Occurs in dark bluish- green igneous rock INDEX. Actinolite 48, 50 Agate 36, 42, 68 Alabandite 28 Alabaster 58 Albite 66 Allanite , 36, 54 Almandite 38, 42 Alum . 58 Amblygonite 66 Amethyst 42 Amphibole 34, 50 Analcite 64 Andalusite 42, 60, 68 Andradite 38, 42 Anglesite 60 Anhydrite , 60 Annabergite 26 Anorthite 66 Anthophyllite 34 Antimony 12, 16 Apatite 32, 50, 64 Apophyllite 40, 62 Aquamarine 54 Aragonite 32, 62 Argentite 10 Arsenic 12, 16 Arsenopyrite 14 Asbestos 48, 58 Augite 28, 34, 50, 54 Axinite 36 Azurite 26 Barite 30,44, 48, 60 Bauxite 18, 24, 28, 58 Beryl 38, 46, 54 Biotite 30, 48, 54 Bismuth 16 Borax 58 Bornite 14 Bronzite 34 Brookite 24,54 Brucite 58 Calamine 32,44, 50, 64 Calaverite 16 Calcite 30, 38, 44, 54, 56, 60 Carnelian 42 Cassiterite. . . 22, 26, 36, 56 Celestite 44, 60 Cerargyrite 28, 56 Cerussite 30, 60 Chabazite 40, 62 Chalcanthite 44, 48 Chalcedony 36, 42, 46, 52, 68 Chalcocite 10 Chalcopyrite 14 Chalk 56 Chert 68 Chiastolite 60, 68 Chloanthite 14 Chlorite 26, 30, 48 Chloritoid 52 Chondrodite .....*. 36, 42 Chromite 20, 24 Chrysoberyl 54 Chrysocolla 26, 44, 48 Chrysolite 52 Chrysoprase 52 Chrysotile 48, 58 Cinnabar 18 Clay 28, 58 Clinochlore 26, 30,48 Cobaltite 14 Colemanite 62 Columbite 12, 22 Copper. 18 Cordierite 46 Corundum 44, 46, 54, 68 Cryolite 30, 60 Cuprite 18 71 72 INDEX. Cyanite 46, 50 Datolite 64 Diamond 68 Diaspore 68 Diopside 50, 66 Dolomite 32, 40, 54, 62 Elseolite 36. 52, 66 Emerald . 54 Enargite 10, 14 Enstatite 34, 50, 66 Epidote 26, 36, 52 Epsomite 58 Erythrite 18 Bssonite 42 Famatinite 14 Feldspar 52, 66 Fibrolite 36 Flint 36, 68 Fluorite 32, 40, 44, 48, 54, 6'3 Franklinite 12, 20 Galenite 10, 12 Garnet 38, 42, 52, 56 Garnierite. 48 Glaucophane 28 Gold 22 Gothite or Goethite 24 Graphite 10 Grossularite 38, 42 Gypsum 28, 38, 58 Halite 30, 58 Hematite 18, 20 Heulandite 40 Hornblende 28, 34, 50, 54 Hornsilver 56 Hornstone 68 Hypersthene 34 Iceland spar 60 Ilmenite 12, 20 lolite 46 Iron ] 2 Jadeite 52 Jamesonite. . 10 Jasper 36, 42, 52 Kaliuite 58 Kaolinite 28, 58 PAGE Labradorite 66 Lapis Lazuli 28, 44 Lazulite 44 Lazurite 28, 44 Lawsonite 68 Lepidolite 38, 60 Leucite 64 Limestone 54 Limonite 22, 24 Linarite 26 Magnesite 32, 64 Magnetite 12 Malachite 26 Manganite 20 Marble 60 Marcasite 14, 16 Margarite 40 Meerschaum 58 Melanite 56 Menaccanite 12 Mercury -. 16 Mica 60 Microcline 52, 66 Millerite 14 Mimetite 30 Molybdenite 10, 16 Monazite 34 Mountain cork 58 Mountain leather 58 Muscovite 48, 60 Natrolite 64 Nephelite 36,52, 66 Niccolite 16 Oligoclase 66 Olivine 52 Opal 34, 40, 46, 50, 64 Orpiment 22 Orthoclase 36, 42, 66 Pectolite ' 64 Penninite 30 Phlogopite 30 Plasma 52 Platiniridium 16 Platinum 16 Prehnite \ 52 Prochlorite 26, 30, 48 Proustite 18 Psilomelane 12. 20 INDEX. 73 Pyrargyrite 20 Pyrite , 16 Pyrolusite 10 Pyromorphite 24, 26, 30, 48 Pyrope 38, 42 Pyrophyllite 56 Pyroxene 34, 50, 66 Pyrrhotite 14 Quartz 36, 42, 46, 52, 56, 68 Realgar 22 Rhodochrosite 40 Rhodonite 40 Rutile 24, 36, 42, 56 Sal Ammoniac 56 Satin Spar 58 Scapolite 40, 64 Scbeelite 32, 62 Selenite 58 Sepiolite 58 Serpentine 30, 48, 58 Siderite 24, 32, 62 Siliceous Sinter 68 Sillimanite. 36 Silver 16 Smaltite 14 Smithsonite 32, 50, 64 Soapstone 56 Sodalite 46 Spessartite 38, 42 Sphalerite 18, 20, 22, 24, 32, 40 Spinel 42, 56 Spodumene 68 Stalactite 60 Staurolite 38, 42 Stephanite 10 Stibnite 10, 12 Stilbite 32 Strontianite 62 Sulphur 22, 28 Sylvanite 16 Talc 46, 56 Tennantite 12 Tetrahedrite.. 12, 20 Thulite 42 Titanite 34 Topaz 38, 44, 46, 54, 68 Tourmaline 38, 42, 52, 56 Tremolite 34, 58, 66 Troostite 34 Turgite 18 Turquoise 46, 50 Ulexite 56 Uvarovite 52 Vanadinite 38 Variscite 50 Vesuvianite 38, 52 Vivianite 26, 44, 46 Wad 18 Wavellite 48 Wernerite 40, 64 Willemite 34, 50 Witherite 62 Wolframite 20 Wollastonite 62 Wulfenite 30, 38 Zincite 22 Zircon 38, 68 Zoisite 36, 42, 68 SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE OP THE PUBLICATIONS OP JOHN WILEY & SONS, NEW YORK. 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