c ND RF Λ η" 1 .1 ' »■-) « ♦. . ..■■ tli.i ■Hrt^ jMMi^Mw*l^ittifi;Ui^iiiti^iltfMi^Biii& (fj '/? . ■' / >ιΐίΦ(ΐηί(Ί REESE LIBRARY OF THK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 'T^ceived APR 19 1893 \ accessions No-^i 0^?> Class No. / RULES AND EXERCISES ON GEEEK CONDITIONAL AND RELATIYE SENTENCES ARRANGED BY G. S. FARNELL, M.A. Assistant Master at St. Paufs School EDITOR OF " THE GREEK LYRIC POETS ΥΧ•^ OF THE '^ UNIVERSIT'^ LONDON SEELEY & CO. LIMITED ESSEX STREET, STRAND 1892 Si O^S in A //ο PEE FACE The Rules in this book are based on the lucid distinc- tions drawn in Prof. Goodwin's Syntax of Greek Moods and Tenses between the different kinds of Conditional sentences, distinctions Avhich are also apj^lied by him to Relative and Temporal sentences and the like, and to certain construc- tions expressing a wish. He has conferred a great boon on all teachers of Greek by the clearness of his expla- nations, a familiarity with Avhich will, I think, render it possible for a pupil of any intelligence to attain such a mastery over the usages of the Optative and Subjunctive Moods, the constructions Avith av, etc., as will go far to lay the foundation of sound Greek scholarship. Exercises similar to those in this book have for lonc^ been in use at St. Paul's School, and have been found of great service in giving pupils at an early stage a grasp of many of the essential points of Greek Syntax. A large proportion of the Greek sentences I have taken or adapted from Greek Authors. The book is to a certain extent elastic, since any of the miscellaneous Exercises may, if thought desirable, be curtailed or omitted ; while on the other hand, if further practice in the rules is 4 PREFACE required than is given in this book, it will not be difficult for any master to invent additional sentences for his pupils on the lines indicated without necessarily going beyond the limits of the two Vocabularies. In the choice of words, as in the constructions, I have endeavoured to confine myself, except where mention is made to the contrary, to usages of the best Attic Prose- writers. CONTENTS PAGE Smiimary Classification of Conditional Sentences . , . 7 Exercises I. A. and B. (with Rules) : — " Real " Conditionals in PrfscTii Time 8-10 Exercises II. ^, and B. : — " Real" Conditionals in /Vtsi! Time 11-13 Exercises III. A. and B. : — i-V/itre Condition, *' Vivid" and "Vague" .... 14-17 Exercises IV. A. and i?. : — Unfulfilled Condition 17-20 Exercise V. : — Sentences with Protasis Implied . . . , , . 20-22 Exercises Λ^ I. — XI.": — Miscellaneous Conditional Sentences ..... 22-28 Relative Sentences, Classified 28-31 Exercises XII. and XIII. : — Relative Sentences in Prei^ent Time and "Vivid " Future . 31-33 Exercises ΧΠ^. and XV. : — Relative Sentences in Past Time 33-35 Exercises XVI. and XVII. : — Relative Sentences expressing unfulfilled or "Vague" Future Condition .......... 35-37 6 CONTENTS PAGE Rules for Conditional and Relative Sentences in Oiiatio Obliqua 37-40 Exercises XVIII. and XIX., on above 40-42 Exercises XX. and XXI. (with Rules) : — Sentences expressing a Wish ....... 42-45 Exercises XXII. — XXIV. : — Miscellaneous on all i>revious Rules ...... 45-48 YOCABULARIES : — Greek-English 51 English-Greek ... ...... 58 UNIVERSITY CONDITIONAL SENTENCES A conditional sentence consists of two parts : (a) the Protasis, i.e. the clause containing the supposition, introduced in English by the particle lf\ (h) the Apodosis or principal clause. In Greek the Pro- tasis is introduced by the word el, and in certain cases the particle dv is adtled to it forming the compound kav or ήν. Conditional sentences may first be divided into three classes according as they relate to past, present or future time, e.g. : Fast. — If he did this, he was Avicked. Present. — If he does this, he is wicked. Future. — If he does this to-morrow, he will be wicked, or, If he should do it to-moriow, he would act wickedly. Ao-ain in one class of conditional sentences, as in all the above examples, nothing is implied about the ful- filment of the condition or supposition, the matter being left quite doubtful ; in another class how- ever it is distinctly implied that the condition is not or was not fulfilled, e.g. : Past time. — If I had been there (which I was not) I should have saved him. Present time. — If I had even a penny (which I have not) I Avould give it you. Exercises I., II., III. ΛνϋΙ deal Λvith what we may call Real Conditional sentences,where the question of the fulfilment of the supposition is left entirely doubtful. Exercise IV. λνίΐΐ deal with Unreal Conditional sentences implying non-fulfilment of the condition. N.B. — In all conditional clauses the negative is μη, not oi). 8 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Exercises I. Α., I. B. Real Conditional Sentences in Present Time, Particular or General. There are two kinds : (a) The supposition may be called ' particular ' when the conditional clause relates to an act or acts occurring at one particular time or on a cer- tain defiLite number of occasions, or to a permanent state of things, e.g. : If he is now present he hears us — If you have done this six times, I am pleased — If he is brave he is Avorbhy of praise. (h) The supposition may be called * general ' when an indefinite series of occasions is refeiTed to, e.g. : " If ever you have money, you always give it to the poor." In (rt) the construction in the Protasis in Greek is iden- tical with that in English, ^.β, et with the present, or sometimes the perfect, Indicative, e.g. : el νυν ττάρβστιν, άκούβί — el ταύτα βξάκί^ ττεττρα^α?, ηΒομαί — el avhpelo<; eariv, a^ios eariv eiraLvov. In (h) not el but eav is used, accompanied like all com- pounds of av by the Subjunctive mood, e.g. : eav TTore 'χρήματα e^rj^, δ/δω? τοΐ^ ττίνησυν. {Note. — In such cases the so-called conditional clause is really not conditional but temporal, as is shown by the fact that instead of saying ' if ever you have money,' or eav χρήματα €χτ}(;, we can say with identical meaning, ' when- ever you have money,' όταν χρήματα e%779.) In both (a) and (h) the Apodosis presents no difficulty, and is to be translated into Greek just as if no condi- tional clause accompanied it. Distinguish then in Exercises I. A and Β between : Present Particular conditionals. and Present General conditionals. PRESENT TIME A, 1. Et βοΰΧβί avSpeto^ Sok€lp, μη φοβηθί]<ζ eKetvov τον κύνα. 2. 'Έ,άν τις τοιαύτα φΐ}, ή -ψ-βύστης βστίν, ή ovSev oiBe irepl τούτων. 3. ((() Et μη aXyel^ την κβφαΧην, ω . Real Conditions in Past Time, Particular ok General. Exactly the same distinction is found in Past time as in Present between (a) Farticidar, and (b) General suppositions, e.g. : (a) If he saw Cyrus, he killed him. (h) If ever he saw a soldier, he used to kill him. Here again, as in present time, the general supposition is really a temporal clause, equivalent to ' whenever etc' Greek Construction. (a) Farticidar. — As in English the past tenses of the In- dicative in both clauses, viz. : the Imperfect or Aorist according as the action is a continued or momentary one, or the Pluperfect. (/>) General. — el with the Optative in the Protasis, and the Imperfect in the Apodosis. Examples. (A) 1. el elhe Jivpov, airefcreLvev. 2. el rjXavvev (if he was riding), elhov αυτόν. ο. el ταύτα ηΒη €7Γ€7Γθίηκ€ί, τι €7Γάταζα<=; ; (If he had already done this, why did you strike him ?) (B) ec TTore στρατιώτην ϊΒοίμί, άττέκτβίνον. 12 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES A. 1. Et ταντα I'Boiev, βύθύς eXeyov τοΐ<; στραηώταίς, Ίνα μη ντΓΟ των ΤΓοΧβμίων άττατωντο. 2. Εί, ταντα γστ6, τι ουκ εΓττατε ήμΐν τοΐς νμετεροίς φί\οί<ζ ; 3. Εί 7Γ0Τ€ του<ζ φιλοσόφους άττατάν Βύναοντο, βφην αύτού<ί σοφωτάτονς eivai. 4. Efc τοτ€ ταντα ηκονσθη νιτο σου, βΒβησεν βμοί φάναι. δ. '118όμην el οΐ ταντά σοί νττηρβτησαντβς Βίκην StBolev. 6. Et μη Τ0Τ6 οίνον eZ^e?, ehei σε μεταττέμ^Ιτασθαι τον Ιατρόν. 7. Et στρατη^οίην ουκ βτβμνον την των 'Έρβτρίων. 8. ΈΙ ο στρατη^ο<^ τότε ήΧαυνβ καΐ συ τταρησθα, ττώς ουκ εΖδε? ; 0. Et οί στρατιωται cnroKJeivoLev τας ορνβις, ηγθετο η ^υνή. 10. Et φαΐμβν ταύτα, 6 φν\αζ ael ΕκόΧαζβ. 11. Οι στpaτηyol κακώς εττοίονν ήμας, €Ϊ ιτοτε μη τιμη- Oelev. 12. 'E3et σ elSevat τα ύττο τούτων ρηθέντα, el στρατηγός elvai €φησθα. 13. Et η'πάτησe Κνρον, ηττατήθη καΐ αντος νττο των τον ϋνρου στρατηγών. 14. 'Ael τταϊς ων €7Γηνούμην, el το eV eyu-oi ττράττοίμί. Ιδ. Et μη γ^ρηματα τότ€ έ'δωΛτβ τοις ούτω ττράττονσιν, αϊσ'χ^ίστος eyeveTO. 1G. Et τρία €τη eστpaτηyeL•, ev eirpaTTev η ττολις. 17. Εί ΤΓΟτβ στpaτηyoLηv, ενικών τους ττοΧεμίους. 18. Efc ταΐη ηΒη €ωράκ€ί, τι ονκ aTrrjXOev ώς τά'χ^ίστα ; 1 Π. Εί }s.vpoς Tore TrapeyeveTo, η8η hLeφθάpκeL• τονς ττολε- /χίου9. 20. Ου σοφός ησθα, el μη έτταινοίη'^ τους άρ'χοντας. PAST TIME l: B. ο 1. If Cyi'us said this, he did not tell-the-truth. Ί. If tlie king praised him, he used to be doHohted. o. If lie was doing this in my presence {genitive absoL), I nevertheless did not see him. 4. Nobody spoke well of the soldiers, if they burnt tho houses of the citizens. 5. If you were present, why did you not give money to the poor ? 6. If the man was put to death, the judges decided unjustly. 7. In the time of the Persians, if any man told-a-lie he was put to death. 8. If you did not strike the man, somebody else did. 9. If they had already done this, you ought to have told me. 10. If he incmTed such dangers for eight months, lie was very brave. 11. The Greeks always won, if they fought the Persians. 12. If they said this seven times, they were most barefaced liars. 13. I never punish any one if he does his best ; nor were you punished then, if I was the general. 14. If I had the toothache I always sent for the doctor myself; but if he came yesterday, Cyrus sent him to me. 15. If he was alive in the time of Socrates, he often saw Plato also. 16. If he had deceived me, he had acted very bravely. 17. If he was doing that, he had been deceived by the king. 18. If the soldier ever stole a horse, he was punished. 19. If any one saw him, let him tell the general. 2Π. If Xerxes marched anywhere, the inhabitants fled from their houses. 14 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Exercises III. A. and B. Future Condition, 'Vivid' and 'Vague.' These are of two kinds : (rt) Where the supposition is expressed distinctly or vividly, e.g. : ' If I see him, I will give him money.' (b) Where the supposition is expressed more vaguely, e.g. * If I were to see him, I would give him money.' We may describe these Uvo kinds, as 'vivid' and ' vague ' Future resjDectively. The real distinction is as follows : A vivid future condition is one which may quit^ possibly happen, although the speaker does not say that it will, or that it will not ; thus ' if he comes ' implies that he can do so and is just as likely to do so as not. In a vague future condition the Pro- tasis simply supposes a p\u-ely imaginary case wdiich may be not only unlikely to occur, but absolutely impossible. All question of probability or possi- bility is put entirely aside, and the supposition is made apparently just for the sake of argument. Thus ' if he Λvere to come ' implies ' let us suppose such an event to occur (without saying Avhether or not it is likely to occur)'; similarly of an im- possibility, ' if the sky were to fall,' ' if geese were to become swans.' Greek Construction. (a; Vivid Future. — idv with the Subjunctive in the Protasis,^ with the future Indicative in the Apodo- sis, e.g. : eav ϊΒω αύτον, γ^ρήματα δώσω. Of course ^ €1 with tlic fut. Indie, is also not uncommon, particularly in Poetr}'. Since however the diiicvence between this construction and that of 4άν with the Subiunctive is a matter of no little discussion, and since el with tlic future Iiiilicative is certainly k^ss frequent in Prose, 1 have thought it desirable not to trouble the pupil witli it in these rules ai^d ejcercises. FUTURE TIME lb an Imperative construction may take the place of the future Indicative in the Apodosis, e.g. : eav ϊΒτ}ς αύτον, χρήματα δ09. (b) Vague Future. — In the Protasis el with the Optative ; in the Apodosis, the Optative accompanied by the particle av, e.g. : el ϊΒοιμί αυτοί', γ^ρήματα αν 8οίην. (Ν Β. — αν must never come first in its clause.) The Greeks were very fond of the Vague Future construc- tion, frequently employing it where in English the Vivid Future is preferred. (See Exerc. XVI.) A. 1. Έαν μη ev λεγ^?? τους την γ^ώραν τ€μ6ντας, ev0v^ airoKTevovaL• σε. 2. ΙΙώ9 ουκ αν φοβηθείη, el Travre^ οι ττοΧεμίΟί φαί- voLVTO ; 3. '¥ίσθ€ίην αν, el την ττόΧίν ωφεΧεΐν Ζυναίμην. 4. Έαζ/ μη φ[]ς ταΰθ' οΰτω^ ^Χ^^^> ούδεττοτε αΰθίς σοί τΓίστεύσω. Ο. Ιίς ουκ αν υοωρ coiTj τω viei, eu αιτοιη ; G. 'Καν μη ττράττη^ βεΧτίονα τούτων, ούκετί εύτυ-χι]σεί<ζ, άλλα. κάκιστα ιτράξείς. 7. Ουκ αν φοβοΐο τους κροκο8εί\ου<;, el ev Αί'γυτττώ τον ήμισυν τον βίου ΒιατεΧοίης. 8. Ουκ αν φοβηθείης eKelvov τον κύνα, el συν έμοί eXOoL^. 9. Έάζ^ μη^ίττοτε οίνον 7rtV?/9, ου μακρόν (long) δίατελεΖ? (fut.) τον βίον. 10. Et ό των Ζκυθών βασίΧεύς et? ιην των ΊνΒών εΧαυ- VOL, αναιδέστατο^; αν εΐη. 11. Ουκ ael ευδαίμων εσευ,εαν οϋτως άττατας τού(; ^ηφίσασθε ηΒη. 3. Έαν ΤΓβίσωμβν ύαα? ώ? 'χρη ημα<ζ άφβΐναο, ούκίτί μΕνονμβν. . Όυοβν αν σε eoet oevpo Levac, ev ημβίς εουναμευα ΤΓορβνβσθαί ττρος το άστυ. δ. Et Τις αύτον ηρετο ταύτα, τι αν οϊβί άττοκρίνασθαί ; 6. Έιύ ^Βησθα οτι, ec τίνα epoio ταύτα, ουκ αν αιτο- κρίναίτο. 7. Άττοκρονεΐταί το φαινόμβνον εαυτω εάν τε ημεί'^ άττα- ^ορεύωμεν εάν τε μη. 8. Ουκ αν θαυμύσαιμι, εϊ μοί σκεψαμενω ούτω Βόζειε ταύτα. 9. ΈΙ νύν ούτω \εyεL• εκεΙνο<^, ουκ ετταινεσομεθα. 10. Ου Βοκώ ούτε ττόΧίν ούτε στρατόττεΒον ούτε λτ^στα? ττράζαί άν tl Βυνασθαι, εΐ άΒικοΐεν αλλ/^λου^. 11. ΈΙ ετηστεύσατε τω ^ωκράτει, εττιστεύετε αν καΙ τω ΐΐΧάτωνί. 12. ΕΙ' ΤΓΟτε αΐτοίην, άεΐ ΰΒωρ τε καΐ οίνον εΒιΒους. 13. Et ηρετο οΐτίνες μά'χ^οιντο, τ/? ουκ άν άιτεκρίνατο ; 14. Et τα μεν Ίτεττρα-χα^, τά δε μη, ου δώσω σοί τον μισθυν. 15. Ουκ άν ούν ττάνυ γε τι σττουΒαΐον εΐη η Βίκαιοσύνη ; 16. κι μη άφίκου εΙ<^ τας Αθήνας, είΒε'ζ ούτε τον Έ,ωκράτη ούτε τον ΙΙΧάτωνα. MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONALS 23 17. Et μη κβκτημαί ττΧβΐν ή τ€τταράκοντα μνά<ζ, ovSev σοΙ δώσω• αλλ' et βκτησάμην irevre η καΐ τύτταρα raXavra, iScSovv αν ττβντήκοντα μνάς. 18. Efc iycu heKa μνάς βκβκτήμην, καΐ συ ΊΤβντηκονια, τάΧαντον αν βκτησάμεθα. 19. Υ[\ονσίωτατο<ζ αν ea/? el κτησαίο irXelv η μύρια τάΧαντα. 20. Ο^λ: αν €^^01^ ^βΐξαι οτι iyco αϊτίός βίμι τον ττοΧβμου. Ύ1]. 1. If you are afraid, do not ]et loose that dog. 2. I shall suffer the same fate (transl. : the same-things) as you, unless I escape to the neighbouring city. o. If you have both horses and elephants, you will easily conquer the Indians. 4. You would often conquer the enemy, if you were to believe the words of this philosopher. 5. It is time to go away, unless \ve wish to be captured by the enemy, (j. In addition to this I should say they ought to learn music. 7. If the Peloponnese had been ravaged by the bar- barians, the Arcadians Avould be faring very badly. 8. Your zeal would be praised, if you were to effect this. 9. If you have fared Λνεΐΐ there, it is not right for you to speak ill of the citizens. 10. He Avill never be worthy of honour, if he deceives his own friends. 11. If you were to endure all these troubles bravely, the king would give you great rewards. 12. If he had arrived yesterday, he would have known how many were present. 13. If you were never to arrive at Corinth, how would you do what you now \vish ? 1-i. What remedy can there be for us from these evils ? 15. If I call, come here, that the general may not be angry. 24 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 16. If you had not acquired twenty talents, you \vould not have escaped from death. 17. If all the women were to leave the city, no one Avould be able to make bread. 18. You managed the affairs of the state very badly if you did not punish those who Avere found guilty of murder. 10. The Greeks, if they had been able, would not have permitted tyrants to rule. 20. If this man has not already died, I will kill him witli my sword. YIII. 1. Efc aoL κύων ην, βττΐ ττροβάτοίς ΕττιτήΒεως ων, και τους μ>1ν ττοίμενας ησττάζβτο, σοΙ δε ττροσίόντί ^χα- Χάτταίνβν, άμε\ήσα<; αν του ορ'^ίζεσθαί βττβίρώ €V ΤΓΟίησας ττραύνβιν αυτόν. 2. ΑΙσχύνοίτ αν 6 'Έρμο'γενη'ζ ei ωφελούμενος ύττο σου μη άντωφέλοίη σε. 3. 'Ήι/ γαρ εττίστηται την εαυτοί) τεχνην, καΐ μη άναί^η<ζ 17, αίσχυνεΐταί, apyvpLov εΙΧηφώς, ivBea σε άττο- ττεμψασθαί. 4. Et του ΙτΓτηκού ετημεΧηθεΙεν, ττοΧύ αν Βίενε'γκοιεν των άΧλων. 5. (Past time) ΉΧίθίός τε κα\ άΧαζων αν εΒόκει ο %ωκβάτη<;, el ψευδόμενος εφαίνετο. 6. Έι^ τοις ηυμνικοίς άηωσιν, εΐ εξήν τοΐς κρατιστοίς συνθεμένους εττΐ τους χείρους Ιεναι, τταντας αν τού'ί ά'γώνας ουτοί ενικών, κα\ ττάντα τα άθΧα ούτοι εΧάμβανον. 7. Ό κύων ουν άκουσας είττεν Et μη ε^ω ττροφυΧατ- τοίμί υμάς, ούδ' αν νεμεσθαι Βύναισθε, φοβουμεναι μη άττόΧησθε. Η. Εί ΤΓΟτε κΧηθεΙς εθεΧήσειεν εττΐ Βεΐττνον εΧθεΐν, ροΒίως ττάνυ εφυΧάττετο το ύττερ τον καιρόν εμττίττΧασθαι. 0. Ύί yivoLT αν αίσχιον η μιαρώτερον τούτου ; \10. Et τρία τάΧαντα εκτήθη ύφ' ημών εν ενί ενιαυτω, ευ αν εττράξαμεν. MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONALS 25 11. Έάι/ μη ταύτα 7Γ0ίηστ)ς, αύτος άτΓοΧβΐ κάκιστα. 12. ^Κ7Γΐστηθ€ί7](; αν ιτάντα ταντα el epoio' el Se μη, Seot άΐ' ημά'ζ aWov τίνα ττίμ^^αί. 13. Έ,Ι τα μεν υιτο των ττάΧαι ττραχ^θβντα ττάντ ηττιστά- μην, τα δ' υττο των νυν ηηνόουν, ουκ αν σοφο^ εϊην. 14. Et συν τω Κύρω ειτορβύθη, άττώΧετο καΐ αυτός. 15. Έχ/Οί/ι^ άν βασίΧευσαί τον Ιίϋρον, el έττεζησε καΐ μη άττεθανε ττρότερον. ο. L•^ Οίκαίος ην, ουτ αν ειτεσυμησε 'χ^θ)ρας αΧλη<; η της εαυτού, ουτ άν εΙς ΒουΧείαν ανθρώπους η^εν ύφ' ων ουόεν ηοίκηταί. 17. Ουκ άν οκν^ίσαίμί βγωγβ ιταντων κακιστον είττεΐν τούτον. 18. οι ττάΧαί, εΐ σοφοί εΐεν, εϊθιζον τοις τταΐΒας ττάντας Κίνδυνους κίνΒυνεύειν. 19. Ου θεμυς τημιτράναί νεώς, ούΒ' εάν εν ιτοΧεμυα τινι χώρα ώσιν. '20. Et' μη 'χρήματα ητησας, ουκ άν ηρώτων όστις et. IX. 1. Having perceived this, he would not have perished, if you had not deceived him. 2. He would have been going up to Thebes, if he had not died on the way. o. I will never permit this, unless your king himself orders (it). 4. He permits the soldiers to ravage the land, if they give him half the booty. 5. If your horse were not blacker than mine, I should not have bought it. 0. It will be necessary to show tliis more clearly, if you wish us to find the enemy. 7. If you desire booty only, Ο soldiers, you will never conquer the enemy. γοί€ν, ββονΧοντο οίνον ττίνβΰν. 8. ΈτΓβίΒη τοιαύτα ττύθοίτο, 67rrjvec τους στρατιώτας της άνΒρα^αθίας. ί). ΐΐάντας βξής, οτω έντύχ^οιεν, καΐ τταΐ^ας καΐ <γυναΐκας άττέκτβινον. 34 RELAT1\^E SENTENCES 10. ΐΐάντβς άττώΧοντο όσοι μη οττΧα βφβρον. 11. ΈΙσβΧθόντες βίς την βμην οΐκίαν, ore ου τταρή, βκΧβτττον τταντα τα βμά. 12. ^ΈτΓΕί^η ουκ βττραζαν ταντα, άττηΧθον. Ιο. Ον<ζ μη yvoii] άττβκτβινβν 6 μEya<; εΧβφας. 14. οι Αθηναίοι €Χάσαντ6<; eU τας των Υίερσών τάξβις. CTpe-ylrav re τους ττοΧεμίονς και οσοί μη α^τίφυ^ον άιτίκτβίναν. 15. Όττότβ ψευΒοίμην. ο'μην μωρός ων άττατήσαι αν τον βασιΧεα' ο δε ιτάντ fjheLv α Ίτράττοιμυ. 1G. Ού^Εττώττοτ έφοβούμην, όττότε ττράττοιμι α μοι Βοκοίη. 17. 'ί^τΓΕίΒη άνοίγθείτι το 8^σμωτ7)ρίον, elafjaav εκάστοτε Ίταρα τον Σωκράτη. 18. "Ore 6 "Β^ερξης ηΧανιε ττρος την Ελλάδα, κατεσκήνου οτΓον βονΧοίΤΟ. Exercise XV. Relative Sentences in Past Time. 1. Whenever I stayed in Athens I was not prosperous ; but when in Lacedaemon, I fared very well. 2. The general \vas always present when I iDunished any soldier. 3. I punished these soldiers, who did not march in good order. 4. After they had done this they charged into the ranks of the Persians. 5. They used always to go to Athens, after they had done this. 6. Whenever I was not present they used to steal my property. 7. Entering into my house when I Λvas not present, they stole my property. 8. After failing to do this (transl. after they had not done this) they went away. 1). All who Avere not present at that battle, Avere vexed. 10. Wherever they went, they used to kill the inliabitants. UNFULFILLED OR " VAGUE " FUTURE CONDITION oO 11. When lie came, lie killed all who had not done hiin this service. 1*2. Whoever did not do this was punished by the general, lo. He put to death all who had not Hed. 14. Wherever the men were standing, they could all see the siojnal. 15. However much money he had, he always gave half to his brother. 16. Wliatever he said on tliat occasion was not true. 17. These soldiers, who did not fight bravely, are worthy of death. 18. As many as Avere Avith the king were routed. 19. After they had heard Socrates discoursing, his dis- ciples used to praise the beauty of virtue. 20. AVhenever I had failed to do this he used to punish me. Exercise XVI. Relative Sentences expressing Unfulfilled or ' Vague ' Future Condition, etc. 1. 'Kv συνουσία τ/? άν ησθβίη τω τοίούτω, ον elhel^ τώ οτ^ω re και οϊνφ γαίροντα μίΐΚΧον η τοις φίΧθί<; ; 2. ΌτΓο'τε το φίΧοσοφβΐν αίσ^ρον η'^ησαΙμΊ^ν elvai, ουδ' αν άνθρωτΓον νομίσαιμι βμαυτον elvai. Ο. bjireio)] ττρος το φω? eXuoL οραν ουο αν ev ουναιτυ. 4-. Ουκ άν βΧθοιμι 6τ€ μη αύτόζ ye κe\eυoL. ο. "Έρ8οί τις ην 'έκαστος elSen] τέ-χ^νην. β. Ούτως άττόΧοιτο, όστις τοιαύτα ττραττοι. 7. Ουκ άν C77e'χ^eιpoϋaev irpuTTeiv α μη η7Γΐσταμ€θα. 8. ' Οστις TrapeyeveTO aireOavev άν κάκιστα. 9. '^Ον ττόΧις βασιΧέα κaτaστησeie, χρ^ίη άν τούτγ 7Γeίθeσθaι. 10, Ύαΰθ' ύμΐν σαφώς άν €Ϊ7Γ0ΐμι OTe ττυθοίμην. 11, Ό μ€ν €κών 7Γ€ΐνών φάyoι άν oiroTe βούΧοιτο' τω δ 6^ άvάyκ7■jς ταύτα ττάσχοντι ουκ 6ζ€στιν, οττοταΐ' βούΧηται, 7Γaύeσθaι. 12, 'Αναίσθητος άν e'irj ος μη τοιαύτα ΙΒων opyίζoιτo. C 2 ;j(i RELATIVE SENTENCES lo. ^OLTj Ζευς ταύτα ώ βθβΧοι. 14. Ό €κων άμ,αρτάνων Βύναίτ αν, όττότε βούΚοιτο, καΐ 6ρθώ<ζ τΓΟίβΐν. 15. Ουκ αν φιΧοίης ανΒρα όστις iOeXoL re καΐ Βύναίτό σου άτΓΕρύκβίν τού<ζ εττί-^εφοΰι^τα? άΒίκβΐν σε ; 16. 'Ό μη αγα7Γω?7, ουκ αν ετταινοίη. 17. Ουκ αν εφοβούμβθα, ου? μη εωρωμεν. 18. ^Κττηνουν αν ους τότε εΙΒον ανδρείως μαχόμενους. 19. Ύεθναίην οτί μοί μηκετο ταύτα μελοί. Exercise XVII. Relative Sentences expressing Unfulfilled or ' Vague ' Future Condition etc. 1. Wherever I met liiin, I would tell him Avhatever I thouo'ht. 2. You too would blame any man whom you saw relaxing from the fight. o. If he were to come, he would kill whomever he met. 4. I should have killed all who had not fled. 5. If I were king I should punish all who did not obey me. G. May he do it as soon as ever (transl. whenever first) I see him. 7. May the gods grant whatever may be most expedient. 8. I would not give a farthing to any one who could not do this, i). If I were to come, I would help none who did not help themselves. 10. Whithersoever you went, you Avould find enemies. 11. A brave man would not be boastino^ about what he had not done. 1 2. I should not have told my friend what I did not think to be true. 13. I would fii^lit with a hundred men whenever voii aided me. 1 4. Whoever did not know this would not be worthy of the citizens' esteem. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ORATIO OBLIQUA 37 15. I hope he will not discourse (traiisl. may he not, etc.) about such things as I cannot understatid. !(.). If I were to go to Athens I could marry whomever 1 wished. 17. Whichever you chose as king would govern you badlv. 18. Whatever I had said he would still have disbelieved me. 19. Wherever I had stood I should not have seen the battle. :20. If I were to send him he would report to me whatever he saw. Conditional and Relative Sentences in ' Oratio Obliqua.' In Oratio Ohliqua the verb governing the dependent sentence is in some cases followed by the Accusative and Infinitive in the chief dependent clause, and in other cases by on or ώς. When the verb of saying, etc., is in a Primo.ry Tense, the rest of the sentence undergoes as little change as possible : thus after λέγω on or ώ? the same mood and tense in all clauses is retained as was used in the direct speech, Avhile φημί, which requires an Infinitive, only affects the mood (not the tense) of the principal dependent clause, e.g. : δώσω iav η βχω becomes Xeyet ore Βώσβί, iav τι εχ^ΐ], or Βώσβίν φησύ-, iav η β'χτ]. It is only Λvhen the verb of saying is in a Secondary Tense that the construction presents any difficulty. For the sake of simplicity I exclude from these Rules and Exercises cases, in past time, where the verb of saying or the like is followed by otl or ως. The rules for con- structions with elirov otl, fjSy on, etc., as found in the best Attic prose-writers, are somewhat too complicated for tlie purposes of this book. In Oratio Obliqita, then, as far as we are concerned, the verb in the Apodosis, or chief clause in the 38 CONDITIOXAL AND RELATIVE SENTENCES dependent sentence, will always be in the Infinitive Mood. Beyond this the main points to be observed are as follows : — (1) First notice particularly as a rule most strictly adhered to, that whatever mood may be employed in the Oratio Ohliqua, the tenses of the Oratio Recta arc ahvays retained. This will be seen in the examples given below ; and it will be noticed that the Aorist keeps in the Infinitive Mood the full time-force Λv]lich it had in the Indicative of the Oratio Recta. (2) In the Protasis, or Relative clause, the Optative is the proper mood of the Oratio Ohliqua. Its universal employment however would often leave it quite doubtful what the Oratio Recta had been ; con- sequently we find the usage of the Optative con- siderably restricted, and the following is the custom observed in the best prose-writers : When the Subjunctive or Optative Mood was employed in Oratio Recta, the Optative is used in Oratio Ohliqua ; but Λvhen any tense of the Indicative except the future was used in the Recta, the Indicative is retained in the Ohliqua also ;^ the future Indicative however passes into the Optative, since in this case there is no danger of confusion. The following examples will illustrate, it being of course borne in mind that compounds of av in the Oratio Recta drop the av in Oratio Ohliqua : Recta. Ohliqua. iav ΤΓοάττη, or 09 av ττράττη ) •> ^ λ 61 ττραττοί, or 09 ττραττοί ) - ος or όστι<ζ ττράζβί 09 or όστις ττράζοί. ^ Ι have on this point divergi'd from Prof. Goodwin's rule, and havii acctpttid the correction su«if,'ested by Mr. E. C. Marchaut in a note pub- lished in tlie Classical licvieio of July 1890. Fortunately a simpler rub• is thus obtained for the guidance of pupils than is ailorded Idj Prof. Goodwin. IN ORATIO OBLIQUA 39 Becta. Ohliqua. ΈιΙ 7Γράττ€ΐ El )/ L βττραττε Et 67rpa^€ Έιί Treirpa^e Kl €7Γ€7Γράχ^6ί Unchanged except, if necessary, in Person. (8) In addition to the above rules notice that when ου occurs in the Apodosis in Oratio Recta it is closely attached to βφη in the Oratio Obliqtui, just as in Latin ncgo is used instead of dico — Ίΐοη. If av also occurs in the Apodosis {i.e. in an unfulfilled or ' vague' Future Condition), the proper order in the Oratio Ohliqua is ουκ αν εφη. The following are some typical examples of tlie conversion of Con- ditional Sentences iuto Oratio Ohliqua — Recta. Έαζ/ ταύτα ττράζω, άττοθανοϋμαί. Ohliqua. ΈΙ ταύτα ττράξβίεν, βψη άττοθανείσθαί. Recta. Et ταύτα eirpa^ev, άττβθανβν 6 Κύρο<;. Ohliquct. Et ταύτα βιτραζβν, βφη τον Κ,ύρον άυοθανεΐν. Recta. Et ταύτα ττράξαιμί, ουκ αν άττοθάνοίμι. Ohliqua. ΈΙ ταύτα ττράξβίβν, ουκ αν εφη άττοθανεΐν. Recta. ΥΛ ταύτα eiSov, ουκ αν νύν τταρή. Ohliqua. Et ταύτα tiSev, ουκ αν βφη τότβ irapelvai. Recta. Ό Κί;/309 σοφό<^ εστίν el ταύτα ττράττβί. Ohliqua. "Κφη τον Κ^ύρον σοφον eivat, el ταύτα ττρύττβι. It must be mentioned that even after a past tense it is very usual in Greek for the construction of the Oratio Rectcc to be retained as far as possible in the Ohliqua, i.e. with no change in the verb except in Person ; thus iav, δ? αν with the Subjunctive ma}^ very frequently be found after βφη, instead of el or 09 with the Optative. Such a construction how- ever, which is employed for vivid effect, is not really Orcttio Ohliqua ; and presenting, as it does, no difficulties, it is not intended to be used by the pupil in the^e Exercises. ^ ^^ UNIVERSITY 40 CONDITIONAL AND RELATIVE SENTENCES In translating an Englisli sentence in Oratio Ohliqua into Greek, the pupil should first give the Oratio Recto in Greek, and then convert it into Oratio Ohliqua ; thus : I said that if he came he would see Cyrus — Recta. 'Έιαν βλθη οψβται τον Κ^νρον. Ohliqua. Et βΧθοι, βφην αύτον οψβσθαο τον Κ^ΰρον. Similarly the pupil should not only translate the Greek sentences in Exercise Χλ^ΙΙΙ., but also give the Oratio Recta in Greek. Exercise XVI 11. 1. ΐΐαντας βφη τβθνηκΕχαι, οσοί μη ταύτα ιτ^ιτράγ^ασί. Ί. EiKeXevaev βμβ μη ταύτα ιτράτττίν, όττότε μη τταραη. ο. "Κφη τον iralha η8η του βίου άττηΧλάχ^θαί' el Be μη. ουκ αν αύτος άττεΧθεΙν. 4, ^Έ,φησθα τταρεσβαθαι όστις αν^ρβΐος eh]. 5. Αύτ6<ζ, €7rel Βιαβαίης, ainevaL €φησθα. (). Κ,ακίστους αν €φη elvat οΐτίν€ς τοιαύτα irpaTTOiev. 7. 'Έφη κοΧάσαι οϋστινας elSe ττάροντας. 8. "Εφη τον Σωκράτη irpUTTeiv otl €αυτω Βοκοίη. Ο, Έφ77 ττάντας αν θαυμάσαι €Κ€ίνους τους ΙτΓΤτέας, oTe ηΧασαν el^ τας των 7Γθ\6μίων Ta^ei^. 10. Εττείδ?) ταύτα elBov, ΙΧάσαι φησίν αυτούς eVi τους 1ΐ€ρσας. 11. Ουκ βφη hei]aai ταύτα ae Xeyeiv, el μη αύτος ηκουσας. 12. ΟτΓΟΤβ τύ-χτ] μόνη ττίστβυοί, €φη φοβεΐσθαι τους 7ΓoXeμίoυς. I.S. Καίρησ6ΐν φησ\ν iireihav οι KXeirTai €Κ€Ϊνοί (iXoiev. Ι 4. ^φη TOTe Trapayeveaeai OTe τον Ιττιτία cnreKTeivov. 1.). Ουκ αν €φη τότβ irapelvai el μη ταύτα ηκουσ€ν. 16. Εφ?; μavθάvetv τους μανθάνοντας, α ουκ έττίστανται. 1 ( . OiheiruiiroT αν ^νόμισα τους ττοΧιτας τοσούτους eivai, el μη αύτος et7raς. 18. 'ΉΧτΓίζον τους στρατιώτας ους μ€Τ€7Γ€μ'\Ιταντο, ταύτη (at this phxce) ά7Γαντήσ€σθαι. IN OllATIO OBLIQUA 41 10. 'Ύττίσ-χ^οντο αύτοΐς, et eVt ΤΙοτί^αιαν I'oiev ol 'Αθηναί- οι, βίς την Άττικην βΙσβαΚβΙν. ΊΟ. "Κφασαν τους άνδρας άττοκτβνεΐν ους β'χουσίν. Exercise XIX. 1. He said that if I did this I should transgress the laws. 2. You said that if any one did this he was always punished, o. He thought that, unless I Avas \villing to do it then, you would go away at once. 4. He hoped that if the enemy were to come, they would not see us. 5. I said that the general used always to be vexed if the soldiers did not spare the citizens. (). I said that I should not have come if I had seen this. 7. You said that, if you Λvere not general, you w^ould not have put the soldiers to death. 8. He said that if Socrates died at that time he did not see Alexander. 9. I told him that when Cyrus came I had already done this. Λ 0. They ordered us not to do such things when they were not present. 1 1. He ;said he would do it whenever he could. 12. He said that whoever should come, he would not fly (' vague ' future). 13. He said that not he but Cyrus was general when they conquered the Scythians. 14. I said that all who were not then present had been punished. 15. He said that when he was general he used to praise them whenever they did this. 16. He said he would have punished any whom he had seen stealino• the rnonev of the kino•. 17. They said that they ΛνοηΜ not be undertaking a \var w^hich they knew to be useless. '^2 EXPRESSION OF A WISH 18. I told liim that wherever he went I would go too. 1 9. He said that he did not believe Avhat I had said. 20. I said that if I had been you, I should not have done it. Further practice in these Rules may be obtained by con- verting any of the Exercises in the book, Avhether Greek or English, into Oratio OUiqua, the sentences being introduced by βφη, φησίν, ifceXevaev, ενόμι- aev, or the like. Sentences Expressing a Wish. There are two classes of Wish — (1) a wish or hope that something may happen, referring of course to future time ; (2) a wish that things were different in the iwcsent or had been different in the imst. This kind of wish expresses not a hope but rather a regret that things are as they are. Both these classes of Wish may be expressed in Greek by a construction that is really the Protasis of a Con- ditional Sentence, They are introduced by eXde or el ydp, which are practically equivalent to ei alone ; for a Future Wish, or hope, eWe or el yap with the Oi^ative is used, as in a * Vague Future' condition ; for a Wish in i^rescnt or past time, i.e. for some- thing not attained, elOe or el γαρ is accompanied by the Imperfect or AooHst Inclicative respectively, corresponding to the Protasis of a Present or Past Unfulfilled Condition. Thus : 1. Would that this might happen ! or, I hope this may happen, etc. Etue τούτο yevoLTo. 2. ((() Would tliat we were not here ! or, I \vish we were not here. ΕΓέ'ε (or el. yap) μη 7Γαρημ€ν. (A) Would that he had not done tliis ! or, I wish he had not done this. Et^e (or el yap) μη τούτο eirpa^e. In like manner we can say in English, " If only he would do it, or were doing it, or had done it ! " EXPRESSION OF A WISH 4.•) There are other ways also of expressing a Wisli besides by these conditional constructions, viz. : For a futuie Wii^h the simple Optative, or ' Avishing ' Mood, may be used witliout eWe or el yap, e.g. μη yevoLTo, "may it not happen!" For a Present or Past Wish the word ώψβΧον (lit. " I ought," being the Aorist of οφείλω) with the Infinitive is often used. This Infinitive is used in the Present or Aorist tense accordino' as the Wish refers to the Present or Past respectively. Thus : "Ωφίλες ττράττείρ = Would that you were doing it ! lit. You ouoht to be doino- it. Ωφελβ? ττράξαί — Would that you had done it ! lit. You ouoht to have done it. "Ο.φεΧον is sometimes preceded by ώ?, lit. "how," and still more frequently by βϊθβ or el yap. Thus "I wish he were not doing it" may be rendered in any of the three following Λvays : Έϊθε (or el yap) μη τούτο εττραττε. "Ωφελε. \ Ώ? ώφελβ. > μη τούτο ιτράττευν. ΥΛθε (or el yap) ώφελε J Χ. Β. — In all sentences expressing a Wish the Negative is μή, and never ου. Exercise XX. Λ. — Future W^ish. 1. ET^e μήτΓΟτε yvoLης ος el. Ί. Et yap yevoLμηv, τεκνον, άντΙ σου νεκρο<ζ. 8. Ei^e συ, τοίούτο<ί ων, φΙ\ο<^ ημίν yevoio. 4. Ε^' yap μηΒεΙς των Ύρωων θάνατον φυyoL. 5. ΈιΙ yap εμοί τοσαύτην Βύναμιν οΐ 6eo\ Solev, ώστε ταύτα ^ίαττράζασθαυ. 44 EXPRESSION OF A WISH 6. Έϊθε μη Θάνοι βκβΐνος, ή μηκβτί ζωην βγω. 7. Έί yap Βη, βασίΧεια, τόδε ττΧβΐστον κακόν €Ϊη. 8. ΑτΓοθανοίμι μάΧλον η 8ον\ο<ζ ^ενοίμην. 9. Κάκιστ άτΓολοίμην, Έ-ανθίαν el μη φίΧώ. 10. Έάν €\θτ}, ο μη jevoLTO, τι ττοτβ ττράξωμβν ; 11 — Wishes in Present and Past Time that cannot BE realised. 1. YiWe ae μήιτοτβ eiSov. 2. Έιϊθ' βΐ'χες, ώ τεκονσα, βεΧτίους φρβνας. '3. Έϊθ ηνρομ€ν σ, "Ατμητε, μη 'λνττονμενον. 4. Έιΰ yap τταρήν εκείνος, μηΒ' άιτε^ημησε. 5. Έίϊθε σοι, ώ ΠερίκΧεΐς, τότε συvεyεvόμηv, οτε δεινότα- τος σαυτου ησθα. 6. Μ»; τΓΟτ' ωφεΧον Χιττεΐν την Ζκυρον. 7. "YjiraOov α μη ττοτ ωφεΧον τταθεϊν. 8. Εί- yap ώφεΧε ζην ό Έ,ωκράτης. Γ). Έικείνη ταύτα ττειτραγεν, τ) μη ωφεΧε yεvεσθaL. 10. Έϊθ ώφεΧες τοιάΒε την yvώμηv ττατρός %νησκοντος είναί' ττάν yap αν κaτεLpyάσω. Exercise XXI. Miscellaneous Sentences expressia^e of a Wish. 1. If only you had either done this, or were doing it, or would ever do it ! 2. I wish you had not told me anything of the sort (transl, any such thing). V,. May you perish miserably {κάκιστα) if you have de- ceived your brother. 4. Ο that the summer had come ! .5. Would to heaven you were an honest man ! (). I hope you will always act honourably. 7. If he should come, may he not find us unprepared. vav seems sfood to him. 17. Whenever the enemy had conquered he was always vexed. [8. If he did this he acted very badly. 19. You are not likely to find a more beautiful dog than this. 20. If Socrates does not know^, how could I find out ? Exercise XXIII. 1. If you have drunk half the Avine, you will soon have a pain in the head. 2. If you wish to please me, why did you kill that man ? o. Kill this man, when you catch him ; for if he should escape again we should be ruined. 4. If you taught this you Avould be teaching what you did not know. 5. If you were to come, there is no one who would not welcome you. G. If you are telling the truth, I will never forgive you. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 47 7. All whom I find ia tlie temple sbiill be put to dcatli. 8. I should not have known λυΙιο he was, if you had not told me. 9. If any persons did not give money to the judge, they Avere always punished. 10. If Socrates taught the young men virtue, he was not really a bad citizen. 11. If I were you I should at once leave Athens. 12. When I have taken the city, I shall no longer fear the enemy, lo. I wdsh you had told me, when you saw him. 14. He was doing this for many months, when he was staying at Athens. 15. Say it now, when he is not listening. 16. All whom you see pres^ent are my friends. 17. Whoever did not pity^ you Avould be heartless. 18. If only he had not died and were with us now. 19. You will hardly persuade me to believe this. 20. Of all the things given by {τταρα) the gods, health is perhaps the best. Exercise XXIY. 1. Who w^ould not have admired Cvrus, Avhen he was commanding the army ? '2. All who were then present I Avould kill if I could, o. If you don't believe me, do it in whatever way you please. 4. Would to heaven he had not done what he did do, and had done what he did not do 1 o. How I wish that Cyrus Avere here, and Avould never again go aAvay ! ('). If the enemy were to come Avhen we were unprepared, we should be ruined. 7 It Avould not be right to say where he is, unless he were to wish it. 48 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 8. Who would not have answered, if he had asked the question wlien he came ? 9. After failing to find him (see Ex. XV. sent. 8) I should have gone away if you had not come. 10. We should incur very great danger, if he were to take all the cities he could. 11. All who are not aiding me are my enemies. 12. All who do not aid me will perish. 13. If I had been Cyrus, I should have killed all who did not aid me. 1-i. I never see you, when I am in Athens. 15. All that I have is yours, but all that I acquire shall be my own. 16. Who could ever be wiser than Plato ? 17. I could never do such a thing, not even if you were to give me 10,000 talents. 18. Do not ask for this. You Λνίΐΐ never obtain it. 1'.). If he destroyed all who were not then present, he ouoht to have killed vou also. 20. When I have done all this, do not ask me any more questions. VOCABULARIES D VOCABULARY L— GEEEK-ENGLISII. 1 have omitted from the Vocabularies the Numerals, and most of the Pronouns, as these are to he found in any Greek Grammar. ar^aQ6s, ή, 6v, £;ood. άγαττώ (-άω), love ; also, am con- tented with. α^νοώ (-6ω), do not know, am iiinorant of. a-yav, -wvos, 6, game, contest. αΎω, I lead. άδίκώ (-6ω), I harm, wrong, c. Cicc. of person ; also c. cognate ace. ά^ικίαν αδικώ, commit an injury. aei, ill ways, αθΑον, TO, prize. αίρω (-eo)), -ήσα>, ρρηκα, ύλον, aor. pass, γρϊθ-ην, I take, capture ; in mid. 1 take for myself, choose ; in pass. I am taken, or, chosen, αί'σχρο/ίβρδήϊ, -4s, covetous, sordid. ulaxpos, a, όν, base, adv. -ws ; comp. alσχίωu, sup. αϊσχίστο?. αίσχννομαι, fut. -ονμαι, aor. -ρσχύν- θ-ην, am ashamed. alria, -η, blame, αιτώ (-eoj), ask, ask for. ακούω, fut. mid., hear. άλαζών, -ovos, b, biagijart, boaster. άλ7ώ (-εω), have pain. αλΎ]θτ]$, 4s, true. αλίσκομαι, άλώσομαι, Ιολωκα, ίάΚων (or, ήλων) ; aor. part. aXovs, opt. αΧοί-ην, lit. 1 am caught, hence, I am found guilty, convicted ; c. qen. of the crime. άλλα, but. ywijAovs, -as, -a, each other. 5λλο5, η, ο, other, another ; 6 &Wos, v'/ith a noun = i\iQ. rest of ; oi άλλοι, the rest. αμαρτανω, αμαρτ-ησομαι, -ημαρτηκα, '-ήμαρτον, err, sin. αμζλώ {-4ω), neglect, abandon. avayKT), necessity ; av. eVrt, it is necessary, εξ avayKii]s, of neces- sity. avaidrjs, 4s, shameless. avaiadr]Tos, ov, wiihout feeling, heartless. av^payaQia, bravery. av^p^los, a, ov, brave. αν-ηρ, av^pas, man (as distinct from woman or child ; Lat. vir), αν-Ιστ-ημι, make to stand up ; in the passive, and intrans. tenses of active, stand up, αν-οίΎνϋμι, fut. ανοίξω, aor, άν4α:ξα, imperf. av4u:'yov, 1 open. αντί, c gen., in place of. avT ι λ4'γω, contradict, c. dat. άντ-ωψ^λώ {•4ω), return a benefit to. a^ios, a, ov, worthy, Avorth, c. gen. άπ-α-γυρ^νω, forbid, άπ αίρω, set sail, sail out, άπ-αιτώ {-4ω), ask back. απ-αλλάττω, I free from, c. ace. and gen. ατΓ-αντώ (άω), fuf. mid., I meet. απατώ {-άω), deceive. ατΓ-Βίμι, I will go away (see ζϊμι). αττ-ΐρύκω, keep otl" from, protect ; not in good Attic prose. απ-4ρχομαι, -4λ€υσομαι, -ηλθον, go away. άτΓίστώ {-4ω), disbelieve, άτιληστοϊ, uv, insatiable. Τ) 2 52 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY αίΓΟ'ί-ημώ (-eoj), am away from home, am abroad, άτΓο-ζίδωμι, give back, restore. αττο-θν-ησκω, -θανονμαι, -τβθνηκα, ■ ίθανον, die ; also^ as pass, of ατΓοκτβΙνω, am put to death. avo- κρίνομαι, 1 answer. aTTo-Krfluw, kill. ατΓ•ό\λΐμι, -ολώ, -ολώλ^κα, -ώλ^σα, destroy, ruin ; in mid. απόλλΰμαι, -οΑοΐιμαι, aor. -ωλόμ-ην, perish. αίΓο-λο-γοΰμαι {-(ομαι), defend, make a defence. άίΓο-λύομαι, defend oneself from a charge, ατΓΟ-πίμπω, send away. ατΓο-ψΐύ'/ω, fly, run away. apyopiou, silver, money. αρέσκω, αρίσω, aor. ■^ρεσα, please, αρετή, virtue. όρίστοϊ, super), οι ayaQos, best, ήρχω, I rule ; c. gen. rule over. ασπάζομαι, I welcome, greet. άστυ, city. alOis, again. αυξάνω, fut. αυξήσω, make to grow, in rease. aiiros, ή, όν, self ; hut in the obJiqiie cases and without a noun, him, her, it, etc. αφ-ίημι, let go, dismiss. άφ-ικνονμαι {-ίομαι), -ίξομαι, -7'/μαι, •ικόμην, arrive, άχθομαι, αχθίσομαι, aor, -ηχθόμην, am vexed, grieved, c. dai. βασίλεια, queen. fiaai\evs, king. βασιλεύω, I become king, reign. βίλτιστο5, 7), ou, best, superl. of ayaOos. βΐλτίων, bettor. βίυε, lite. βουλεύομαι, consult together. βον\ύμαι, fut. --ησομαι, aor. (βου- λιβ-ην, 1 wish, '>άρ, for ; ft yap, see Ex. XX. 76, enclitic particle, at least, at any rate. yιyvoμaι, yev^ησoμaι, yeyej /ημαι or yiyova, iyfv(ίμηv, become, hap- pen, take place. yiyvwffKw, yvώσoμaι, ίyvωκa, (yvωv (aor. part, yvous, opt. yvoLT]u), know, recognize, learn. yvώμ■η, mind, views, opinion. yovfus, -€0)5, parent. yυμvικ6s, ή, όν, gymnastic, athletic. 71/ΐ'ή, yuvaiKOs, woman. ζχκνω, 5Ύ}ξομαι, ίδακον, bite, Set, δβήσεί, eSerj^e, it is necessar}', it is right, one ought, δείδω, δβί'σω, δεδία, 1 fear. δΐίκνυμι, ζείξω, show, δ€ΐλ05, ή, oV, cowardly, δειι/ί^ϊ, ή, oV, clever. δεΓτη/ον, dinner, su])per. ζ^σμωτηριον, prison. Β€στΓΟτη5, -ου, lord, master, δεΰρο, hither, δίά, c. ace, on account of; 5ιά τί = Avherefore. Ζια-βαίνω, aor, -εβην, opt. -βαίην, cross. δ'.α-πράττο^α<, effect, carry through. δ/α-τ€λώ, fut. -Τ€λώ, aor. -6Τ€λ€σο, continue, live {with or without βίον). ζια-φερω, differ from ; also, excel ; c. gen. διδάσκω teach (c. double accus.). δίδω/χ/, ζώσω, offer, give. SiKaios, a, ov, just. δίκη, lit. what is jiiBtly due, hence : (1) compensation, (2) penalty. δ'ικ. διδόναι = pay penalty, be punished. 5οκώ (-60)), (1) think, (2) seem ; impers. δοκ^ΐ, it appears or seems good. δορά, skin, hide. δουλίία, slavery. δοΰλο5, slave. δύναμαι, δυνησομαι, aor. (δυνηθην, am able, can. δνναμι$, -60)5, ή, ]>ower, strength. δυνατ05, ή, όν, able, possible. GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 53 ίαυτον, rjs, rcflcxive ιπο%. himself, herself, &c. ίββλω, fut. τί\σί•}, am willing. Ι^Ίζω, -σω, I accustom ; pryrf. mid. with prcs. vi.cammj, ^ίθισμαι, I am accustometl. tQvos, t6, nation. €ΐκάζω, conjecture, guess. €ΐκότω5, naturally, reasonaMy. ζΐμί (sum), I am ; τφ ύντι, in reality, really, eijut (ibo), prcs. with fut. meaning, 1 shall go ; past tense, ^a. UTtov, (Ίπαί, εΙτΓβ, 1 said ; used as past tense of λέ'γω. ςίσ-βάλλω, invade. €ΐσ-€ίαί, I will go into, will enter. €ΐσ-4ρχομαι, I enter. eicTouai (see οίδα). €καστο5, Tj, ou, each. βκάστοτβ, on each occasion. 4κ€Ϊ, there. cKelvos, 7}, ov, that {Lat. illc). enwu, -ονσα, υτ/, willing. βκών e'lvai, willingly at least ; a phrase used in negative sentences, and always preceding the negative. 4λαννω, fut. 6λώ, aor. ^\ασα, lit. drive, hence (1) ride, sc. 'ίτητον^ (2) of a gcwcral, march, sc. στρα- rov, (3) intrajis., charge. i\4(pas, avTos, elephant. "Ελλην, -TiV'js, a Greek. 4μ-πΙμπ\7]μι, fut. -ΤΓλήσο), fill full of, C. rjCR. ivder,s,-4s, wanting, deficient, c. gen. %ν-6ΐμι, am 111, c. dat. iuiavTOs, d, yeai". ivTvyxauw, meet with, c. dat. €ξ-ξστι, impers., it is in the power of, it is permitted to, c. dat. e|^s, in order. (Traivos, b, praise. 4τΓ-αινώ {-4ω), fut. -ίσαμαι, I praise. €π1, prep, on, also c. gen. in the time of, c. dat. in the power of, c. accus. against. 4τι-ζώ (-άω), survive. 4πί-θυμώ {-4ω), I desire, c. gen. 4τΓΐ-\ανβάνομαι, I forget, c. gen. €ΤΓΐ-μ€λοΰμαί (-eo-), aor. pass., stvidy, practise. ΐττίσταμαι, imperf τ}ΐτιστάμην, aor. ηττίατηθην, know. ρπίτήδβίΟϊ, ο, Of, suitable, service- able. ξττι-τίμώ {-άω), rebuke, c. d U. of person. €πι-χ€ΐρώ {•4ω), attempt, set about, c. dat., aho c. infin. €ρδω, do, perform, work at. 'Eperpteus, an Eretrian. ζροίμ-ηΐ/ {see 4ρωτώ). €ρχομαι, 4λζύσομαί {but ζίμι more common in Attic Prose), 4λ•ηλνθα, ■^Κθον, come, go. 4ρωτώ (-άω), aor. ηρόμην, ask, en- quire ; c. cofpiate ace., e.g. ταντα 4ρωτ., ask these questions. 4σθίω, ίδομαι, aor. 4(\>ayov, eat. krepos, a, ov, the other of two {L'lt. alter) ; o\ erepoi, the other party, €u, well. ευδαίμων, gcn. -ovos, happy, pro.s- [)eroas. €υθΰ$, adv., at once. βυρίσκω, €ύρ•ησω, τηΰρ-ηκα, ιηυρον, find. ευτυχώ {-4ω), am happy, pros- perous. eX'j), '4ζω, εαχηκα, (σχοι^, have ; also icith adverbs, intrans., am in certain state, e.g. kuKws «χβί, it is well ; also, am able. ζΰ {-άω), I live. N.B. — Contracts ae to -η. η, or ; ^ — ri, either — or. ΎΐΎ^μών, b, leader, general. -ηΎοΰμαι {-4ομαι), think. j^δη, already, now, at once. T^54'jjs, adv. of t/Sus, glad ; covij^. Tj^iou, sup. 7}δίστα. τρδη, 'pare, etc. {see οϊδα). τί)δομαι, 7]σθτ]σομαι, aor. ^σθτην, am pleased. τ)κίστα, superl. adv., least. νκω, pres. with perf. meaning, have come. τ]\ίθί05, a, ov, foolish. ίίιλων {see αλίσκομαή. 7ΐμισυ5, half. Ύ,ττων, comp. of KttKOs, inferior. 54 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY θάπτω, bury. θαυμάζω, tut. -άσομαι, admire, WOll- der at. θίμΐί, η, what is lawful, right {Laf. fas), θήκη, tomb. θ^-ησκω, θανουμαι, τ4θνηκα, ίθανον (usu. coinpouuded with airh, ex- ctei)t in perfect aud plupeif. ), die. θϋ-γατ-ίτιρ, daughter. larpos, δ, physician. 'ίνα, in order that. LTTTTevs, a horse-soldier. iirniKOs, 6v, equestrian ; rh Ιιτπικόν, e([uestrian art, cavalrv exercise. Ίσχυρ05, ά, ov, strong, violent. καθ-ίστ-ημι, appoint, establish ; in mid., appoint for oneself. Kaipos, 0, opportunity, season ; also what is suitable, fitting. κακία, wickedness. κακώ$, evilly, badly. κά\λο5, τό, beauty. KaKos, ή, όν, beautiful. καλώ (-ew), aor. pass. 4κλ-ηθην, call, invite. κΛτα-σκηνώ {•6ω), pitch one's camj). •ζχτα-•φηψίζω, vote against, con- demn. κατ-€ρΎάζω, complete, accomplish. κατ ηΎορώ {•ίω), lay to the charge of, c. ace. cf charge, and gen. of person. κάω (not contracted), καύσομαι, I burn. κ€κτημαι (see κτωμαι). /ceAeuo;, I order. Ηβψαλ-η, head. κιι/δυνΐύω, incur danger, often c. coijutiLc ace., klvSuiov κίν. KLvhuvos, danger. /ίλε'πτηϊ, ου, thief. κλίτΓτω, steal. κ\ηθΐΐ5 {see κα\ώ}. κολάζω, fut. -άσομαι, chastise, pun- ish. κόΚαξ, -ακο5, Hatterer. κρατύς, strong; coinp. κρΐΙττων = belter, sup. κράτιστοε = hest. κρατώ (-ecu), conquer, master, c. gen. κρίνω, I judge. K^iT-fjs, οΰ, a judge. KpoKoSeiXos, crocodile. κτήμα, τό, a possession. κτώμαί {-άομαι), acquire, perf. κίκτ-ημαι, I have acquired ; hence as present, I possess ; aor. pass. ^κττί]θ•ην. κύων, gen. κυνοΒ, dog. λαμβάνω, λη^ομαι, ζϊληφα, (λαβον, take, seize. λ67ω, fut. ίρώ, perf. βίρηκα, aor. €ΐπον, aor. jjass. epp -ηθην, say, tell. λτ)στΊ)$, -ου, 6, robber. λ6'γο$, 6, word, λυπώ (-ecu), cause pain to, annoy ; in pass., feel pain, grieve. μάθησίΒ, Τ), learning. μαίνομαι, μάν-ησομαι, aor. ^μάνην, am mad. μακρ05, ά, όν, long. μάλιστα, supcrl. of μάλα, very much, especially. μάλλον, comp. of μάλα, more, rather. μανθάνω, μαθησομαι, aor. (μαθον, learn. μάχομαι, fut. μαχοΰμαι, aor. 4μαχ€- σάμην, fiiiht. μζ'γα5, μεγάλη, μί'^α, great, large. μίλι ι, i/npcmonal, c. dat., it is a care to. μ^λίτη, practice. μ€λξτώ {-άω), I practise. μίμψομαι, 1 blame, c. dat. of per• soil, μίνω, μβνώ, SLOT, ίμζίνα, remain. μΐ-α-ττίμτΓομαι, send for. μ^τ-ίχω, share in, c. gen. μηκ€τι, no longer. μητ-ηρ, mother. μιαρόί, ά, όν, abominable. μισθ05, δ, ])ay, reward. μισώ (-€ω), I hate. μνα, μνα^, a uiina =£-ί Is. 'Sd. GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 00 μόνοε, rj, ov, alone ; μόνον, adverbial, only. μώρο$, £1, ov, foolish. vavs, ν(ώ$, ship, ve/cpoy, 0, corpse. ν4μομαι, graze, browse. νικώ {-άω), conquer, win. νομίζω, think, deem. νόμθ5, δ, law. vvv, now, at this moment {Lat. nunc). |eVos, δ, stranger ; also friend. δ, 71, fo, def. art., the ; also demon- strative with μ\ρ and 5e' — δ μ\ν — δ δέ, the one — the other ; oi μ^ν — 01 δε, some — others. ohos, 71, journey, way, road. olZa, fut. (ίσομαι, past tense, τί5η, inf. eiSevai, partic. eldws, know. οικία, -η, house. οΐμαι, imperf. φμην, think. olvos, δ, wine. οκνώ (-eoj), hesitate, be afraid. ομοιο5, a, ov, like, similar ; often c. daf. οξ4ω5 (adv. of οξν^), sharply, closely. οττλον, τό, usitally in plur., τά οττλα, arms, weapons. οπόθεν, (1) dep. intcrrog., from where, whence ; (2) indef., from wheresoever. oTToi, (1) dcp. interrog., Avhither ; (2) whithersoever, όποίοϊ, (1) dcp. interr., of what sort ; (2) indef., of whatever kind. bT:6aos, dep. interrog., how much, in plur. how many ; (2) indef., however much, &c. OTTOTepos, a, ov, whichever (of two) ; in plur. whichever side. οτΓου, (1) dep. interrog., where ; (2) indef., wherever. oTTws, (1) how ; (2) in whatever way. οργίζομαι, am angiy, e. dat. ορθώε, rightly ; 6. βχβί, it is right. opvis, -idos, bird. δρω (-άω), υ\\/ομαι, aor. c'lSov, imperf. ζώρων, see 'όσο$, 7], ov, as great as, as much as ; in plur. as many as. 'oaris, '-fiTis, oTi, {l)dep. inter., who ; (2) indef., whoever. 8tou, 'ότφ, Attic gen. and dat. of ^στι$. 01)54, not even, nor yet. ovSeis, ονζΐμία, ovSev, no one, no- thing ; adverbial ούδίν, in no ^ way. ουδεττώτΓοτβ, never yet ; bitt also, in 2xist tvmc, simply never. ούκίτι, no longer. ovv, therefore, then. οίίτ6, nor ; oiire — ovre, neither — nor. oZtos, αϋτη, τούτο, this, this one. ούτω a7id οΰτω5, in this way, thus. 6\l/ov, meat. irats, δ and η, child, boy or girl. πάλαι, long ago ; υί ττάλαι, the men of old. πανταχόθεν, from all sides, from every source. πανταχού, everywhere. πάνυ, quite. παρά, c. gen. from ; c. ace. to, also contrary to. παρα-βαίνω, -βησομαι, -βεβηκα, -ββην, go contrary to, trans- gress. παρα-'/ί'γνομαι, am with, am pre- sent. πάρ-€ΐμι, am present. ttSs, πάσα, παν, all. πάσχω, π^ίσομαι, πέπονΟα, ΐπαθον, suffer. πατρίί, 7], country. παύω, Ι make to cease ; παύομαι, I cease, cease from, c. gen. or par- ticiple. πείθω, persuade ; in mid. c. dcd.^ obey. πεινώ {-άω), am hungry, fast. πειρώμαι {-άομαι), try. π4ν7]$, -7}Tos, a poor man ; or as adj. poor. πενία, poverty. 56 GKEEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY irepi, round ; c. gen., about, con- cernincr. wepi^SAeTTTos, looked up to, con- spicuous. ΐΐ€ρσ•η5, ου, a Persian. ιτίμπρημι, πρησω, burn. Ίτίνω, ττίομαι, ττίπωκα, ίπιον, drink. πιστζύω, believe, trust, c. dat. of lyerson. ττλίΐν, TrXe'iffTos, ττλβίωΐ' (see ttoAus). ττλ.€ω, ττΚΐύσομαι, βπλευσα, sail. ττλούσιοΒ, rich. ττοιμην, -evos, shepherd. ΐΓΟίώ (-e'a;), do, act ; eS, κακώε ττυιω, do harm, or, good to. τΓολ4μιο5, a, ov, hostile; ol ττολ., the enemy. ttoKls, -ews, city, state. TToKXaKis, often. noAvs, much ; in phor. many ; coin- pa)'. TTKeiwv, βΐψβτΐ. ττλεΓστοί. TTov7}p6s, ά, 6v, evil, wicked. ■πορεύομαι, journey, march. ΐΐόσο$, η, ov, how much ; in plur. , how many. nore, (1) interrog. when? (2) en- clitic, ever, at any time ; also with interrog. woirls, e.g. rls τΓοτ€, who pray, who in the world. TTous, irodos, 6, foot. πράγμα, τό, act, affair ; also in phtral, trouble. πράττω, perf. πβπραχα, I act, do, transact ; also intrans. with perf. 7Γ67Γραγα, fare. πραύνω, render mild, tame. πρόβατον, sheej^. πρόσαμι (ibo), approach {pres. with fiU. meaning). πρότβρον, sooner, before. προ-ψυλάττω, watch over, guard. πυνθάνομαι, πίύσομαι, aor. 4πυθόμ•ην, make enquiry ; also, learn by enquiry, ascertain. TOJs, how. /SaStws, easily. ^TjSeis {see \iyw). ίταφΊτε, -is, clear, manifest ; adv. ffacpuis. σημαίνω, aor. Ισ-ημηνα, indicate. σκάπτομαι, consider. σκοπώ (-e'o)), or in Vlid., σκοπον/χαι, consider, examine. σοψ03, 7/, όν, wise. σπουδα7ο5, a, ov, good, excellent. στόμα, τό, mouth ; Λπh στόματοά €ΐπξ7ν = Ιο say off-hand. στρατεύω, go on an expedition, serve. στρατΎΐΎ05, general. στρατηγώ (-ε'ω), am general. στρατιώτη5, ου, soldier. στρατόπ€8ον, camp•; also, army. συμβουλεύω, take counsel. συγ-γίγνομαι, associate with. σύν, c. dat., with. σΰν-ζίμι (ibo), go with. συνουσία, convivial meeting. συν-τίθζμαι, league together, σφαλ€ρό$, ά, όν, dangerous. σχολτι (adv. from σχολή, leisure), sloAvly ; σ. πράττω, I am slow to do. σώμα, τό, body, person. σωφρονώ (-ίω), am in my right mind, act temperately. τάλαντον, a talent = nearly £24.5. ταχύε, e7a, ύ, swift, quick ; οοηψ. θάττωΐ', snpcrl. τάχιστοε. Ta|ts, -εωε, rank. τίκνον, child. τ€κών, τΐκουσα^ aor. part, of τίκτω, used as a noun, parent. Τ6λώ (-6ω), -4σω, contr. -ώ, pay. τβμνω, Τ€μώ, τίτμηκα, ίτεμον, ra- vage {lit. cut). τ^χνη, art. Ti'^Tjut, place, set up ; τίθ^σθαι νόμουε, to enact laws, of a legis- lator in a free state, ivhile τιθίναι νόμου$ is used of a despot. τιμώ {-άω), I honour ; in middle, I value. Ti's, (1) interrog. who, τί, why, (2) Tis, enclitic, indcf. any one. toioZtos, τοιαύτη, τοιοντο, such, sucli as (before) described. τόποε, δ, place, region. τοσουτο$, of .such a size, so great ; in 2)lur. so many. GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 57 t6t€, at that time, then. τρίπω, I turn, hence, rout. τυ'γχά.νω, τΐύ^ομαι, τΐτύχηκα, (τυ- χον, (.'hanoe, light upon ; c. gcii. obtain ; t*. iMxrtictplc, e.g. ruy. πράττων, chance to be doing. τυ<ρλ05. -ή, -ou, blind. τύχη, fortune, chance. υζωρ, -aros, to, water. vias, υΐον or vUos, son. ύπ-ακούω, listen to. ύπίρ, prep, over : c. gen. in behalf of, concerning ; c. ace. beyond. ντΓ-ηρξτώ {-(ω), do service to, c. daf. ϋπ-ισχνοΰμαι (-eo), aor. -ζσχόμην, 1 promise. ΰττό, preiJ. under ; c. gen. to express agent, under the intluence of, b}'. ύπο-μ4νω, endure, submit to. varepaios, a, ov, happening on the next day ; rri ΰστβραία (so. -ημβρτ.), on the next day, on the morrow. (payoi {see 4σθίω). φαίνομαι, aor. ζφάνην, appear, seem, c. inf. ; c. partic, e.g. φαίνομαι ών, 1 manifestly am. φαν\οί, Τ], ov, bad, worthless. φείδομαι, spare, c. gen. φ€ρω, οίσω, ένηνοχα, TJveyKOv, bear, carry, endure. φί^ι-γω, φ^ίξομαι, πίφζυya, eφυyov, fly, escape ; also, c. gen. of the clmrge or crime, e.g. φeύyω φόνου, am tried for. φ-ημί, φησω, aor. (φην, irreg. A'^erb, say, declare, c. ace. and infini- tive. φίλοε, 77, ov, friendly, pleasing ; usu. asasicbst., δ φίλο5, friend. φιλόσοφοί, 6. philosopher. φιλοσοφώ (-e'ct)), ])ractise or study philosophy, philoso[)hise. φοβούμαι (-4ομαι), φοβ-ησομαι, aor. βφοβ-ηθην, fear. φ6νο$, ό, slaughter, murder. Φρ-ην, φρ^νόί, Τ], mind, heart, dis- position ; usu. m plural. φύλαξ, -aKos, δ, guard, watchman. φυλάττω, guard ; in mid., be on one's guard against, avoid. φώε, φωτ05, τό, light. χαίρω, χαιρησω, aor. ^χάρ-ην, re- joice, take pleasure in, c. dat. χαλ€ΤΓαίνω, am angr}'•, c. dat. χαΚί-π -os, hard. χαίρων, comp. of .κακύε, inferior, weaker. χρήματα, τά, plur. of χρήμα, thing, mone\'. χρώμαι {-άομαι), use, employ, treat, c. dat. χώρα, 7], land, country. ψαύω (chiefly poetical), touch, c. gen. ψευδο/χαί, aor. 4\ρ€ΐ/σάμην, pass. 4\Ρζύσθην, say falsely, lie. \p€UaTr]s, -ov, 0, a liar. φόν, egg. ws, (1) c. ace. of person, to, (2) adverb, in phrase is ώφελον how. ωστ€, so as. ωφζλω (-eo)), I help, aid. VOCABULAEY II.— ENGLISH-GREEK. The asterisk refers the Student to the Greek-English Vocabulary for f Wither details about a word. Able, am-able, ^ύναμαι *, absent, am, άττ-αμι. abuse, κακω$ \4yw *. accustomed, am, •μαι^ (ϊθισμαι, see 4θίζω *, acquire, κτώμαι *. act (verb), ποιώ. addition, in-additiou-to, επί, c. dat. att'airs, ττρά^ματα. afraid, am-afraid, φοβούμαι *. after, conjmtc., i-rreiSri, iirciSiv. again, avdis. against, eVi, -rrpos. aid (verb), 5ielielp. alive, am-alive, ζάω. all, -was, ττασα, -παν. already, ^δτ?. also, και. always, aei. amazed, am-amazed, see wonder, ancient, tlie ancients, ol πάλαι, see πάλαι. angr}•, am-acgry, ορ-γίζομαι. c. dat. answer (verb), άπο- κρίνομαι. any, any one, anything, tis, ti. anywliere, που. approach, προσ-βρχομαι, see ^ρχο- μαι . Arcadiiins, "ApKades. army, στρατοί, δ, στράτευμα, τό. arrive, άψικνοΰμαι *. art, τ ίχνη. as, ώ$ : as (quickly) as possible, a-s τάχιστα ; as wise as possible, us σο<ρώτατο$. ask, enquire, 4 ρωτώ *, often with cognate ace. e.g. πόλλ' 4ρωταν, to ask many questions. ask for, αιτώ, c. ace. of thing and of person, αΐτζίσθαι, c. ace. of thing, and πάρα c. gen. of^^^person. ask-back, απ-αΐτώ. assist, ωφΐλίω. astonished, am, see wonder. Athens, at Άθηναί. attempt (verb), (πιχβιρίω, c. dat. of thing ; πβφάομαι, c. iulin. Bad, KttKOs, πονηρό$. barbarian, βάρβαρυ$. barefaced, avaid-ns, gen. ovs. base, αίσχρόε *. be, €Ϊμί ; for aorist use ί-γ^νόμην. bear, φβρω *. beautiful, καλοί, -η, όν. beauty, κάλλο$, τ6. become, yiy ν ημαι *. benefactor, evepyiT-qs, ου, or ύ ei ποιών, or πίποιηκώε. believe, πιστβύω, c. dat. best, άριστοΒ ; do one's best, ποιύν rh 4ψ' (αυτοί. better, αμβίνων, adv. &μξΐνον. bird, opvis, -i9os, η. black, μ€λα$, μβλαινα, μίλαν. blame, μέμφομαι, c. dat. of person, boast, κομπάζω (rare in At. Prose), booty, λίία. both — and, καΐ — κάϊ, or re — καΐ. boy, τταΓϊ, παώόε. ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY 59 lirave (adj. ), av5p€7os. brave (verb), brave a danger, κινΒυ- νζύω Kivhvvov. bread, apros, or in plur. άρτοι (lit. loaves), brother, ά.56λφ05. burn, κάω *, ττίμιτρημι *. but, αλλά ; often expressed by μ^ν — 5e. buy, α-Ύοράζω, -σω. ^y> <]f the inistrumcnt, expressed by the simple dative ; of the living agent, virh c. gen. Call, καΧω (-e'co). can, Ζύναμαι *. Ciitch, καταλαμβάνω, SCC λαμβάνω. capture, αίρω *. carry-out (accomplish), διαπράττω. cavalry, ίττττβΓί. charge (of soldiers &c. ), (λαύνω*, childhood, from childhood, e/c iraiS- I OS. citizen, ιτολίττ)?, ου. city, πόλΐ5, ή. clear, σαφ'η5, -e's. command an army, στρατ-η^ίω. come, (ρχομαι *, ^Ιμι *. come-here, ττάρ^ιμι (sum), conquer, νικάω, ττίρΐΎί^νομαι c. gen. content, am content with, α^αττάω, c. dat. or a neuter accus. convicted, am convicted of, αλίσ- κομαι, c. gen. *. Corinth, Kopivdos, η. corrupt (verb), δια-φθ^ίρω, pf. -ίφ• θαρκα, aor, pass, -βφθάρην. coAvard, cowardly, SeiXos, -η, όν. cowardice, δειλία. country, ttoAzs (nation, state) ; πατ- pis (fatherland) ; χ^^ρα (land, territory). Danger, Kivdwos. death, θάνατοε. deceive, απατώ, ξξαττατώ {-άω). decide, κρίνω. desire (verb), 4τηθυμ4ω, c. gen. desire (noun), i -πιθυμία. delighted, am, τ,δομαι *. destroy, δία-φθείρω, see corrupt. die, Θν7}σκω, θανουμαι, τίθνηκα, ίθανον, (but the prepos. ά-πό is usually added in prose, though not with the perfect). dislielieve, ατΓΐστ4ω, c. dat. disciple, μαθτ)τ7]$, ου. discourse (verb), δια-λί'γομαι. discover, ευρίσκω *. disgraceful, αίσχρόε *, adv. αίσχ- ρώε. disobey, αττ^ιθίω, c. dat. do, ττράττω, ποιώ. Intrans : do well, do badly, πράττω with adverb. doctor, laTpos. dog, κύων, κυν05. dove, πβριστβρά. drink, πίνω *. Easily, (>α5ίω$, ραυν, ραστα. etfect (verb), δίαπράττο/χαι. either — or, ?? — ij. elephant, 4λ4φα3, -avTos. else, &λλο5. endure, φβρω *. enemy, the, ol πολβμιοι. enquire, enquire of, ερωτάω, πυνθά• νομαι. enter, €ΐσ•4ρχομαι. escape, φ^υΎω, άποφζυΎω. esteem (noun), ίπαινοΒ. ever, ποτβ. expedient, χρ-^σιμοε. Fall, πίπτω, π^σοΐιμαι, πίπτωκα. €π6σον. false, ψβιιδήϊ. fare (verb), πράττω (intrans. per- fect, π€πρα7α)• farthing, use 6βολό${ό), = about l^d. fast, ταχύε, -e7a, ύ *. fear (verb), φοβούμαι *. fight (verb), μάχομαι. fight (noun), μάχη. find, find-out, ευρίσκω, 4ξζυρίσκω. firm, β4βαιο5. first, adv., πρώτον. fly, flee ( = run away, escape), φζ^Ύω. fly-away (of a bird), άποπίτομαι. foolish, μώροε. 60 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY for, (1) conj. yap ; (2) prep. = instead of, αντί, c. gen. forefather, Trpayovos. friend, ψίλοί. forget, 4τι-λανθάνομαι, c. gen. forgive, avyyiyvaaKw, c. dat. of person. General (nom,), στpaτηyόs. give, δίδουμι. gladly, ηδ^ωί. go, €Ίμί *, βαίνω, β•ί]σομαι, βίβ-ηκα, (βην. gO-a\.ay, απ-4ρχομαι, fut. &π6ΐμι, perf.-eA7)XK0a, aor. -ηλθον. gO-ont-of, i^- άρχομαι. go-up, ανα-βαίνω. god, Θξ6$. good, ayadas ; do-good-to, ew noie7v c. ace. goods, κτ-ηματα, τά. govern, &ρχω, c. gen. grant, ζίδωμι. great, μίyas *. Greek, "Ελληι/, -ηζ /os. guard, φύλαξ, -ukos. guilty, ani-lound-guilty, see con- victed. Half, ίίιμ'ϊσυ8, used substantively with the article, but agreeing in gender and number with the noun following in the genit. case, e.g. 7] -ημίσεια τ?ι$ χώρα3. happen, = occur, yίyvoμaι * ; = chance, rvyxavw *. happy, ευδαίμων, -ovos. hard ( = difficult), χαλβττο'ϊ ; hardly, χαλ6πώ$•, have, ίχω * . headache, have a, σ.λyiω την ice(pa\7]v. health, vyieia. hear, ακούω, (fut. mid.). heartless, α.ναίσθητο$. htdp (verl)), ωψ^λίω. here, = hither, SeOpo. hesitate, οκνόω. honest, χρηστόε. honourable, what is honourable, τά κα\ά. lionour (verb), τιμάω. honour (noun), τιμ-η. horse, Vtttos. hour, ώρα. house, οικία. how, (1) interrog. ttcDs, otu^s if dependent ; (2) exclamatory, ώϊ- hurry, not-iu-a-hurry, σχολγ *. Ignorant, am ignorant about, άγνοεω. ill-treat, κακώς ιτοκΐν. impossible, advvaTos, ov. incur (danger), κινδυνεύω. Indian, Ίνδοί. inhabitants, ol ivoiKovvTes. injustice, αδικία. Judge (vorb), κρίνω. judge (noun), κριτ•η$, ov. just, δίκαιοί. Kill, αττοκτίίνω. king, βασιλεύς. know, οΊδα, * yLyvώσ^κω. Lacedaemon, tj λακ^δαίμων. labour (noun), iravos. land, yri, χώρα. large, μeyas. law, νόμοί. lead, lead a life, δια-τ^λίω, with βιόν, or an ach'erb. learn, μανθάνω *. leave (=go from), βξ-βρχομαι. let loose, λύω liar, ψβύσττ;?. lie (verb), tell a lie, ψευδο^αα/. listen, ύττακούω, c. dui. live, ζάω. long, μακροί. long-ago, ττάλαι. likely, am-not-likely to do, ex- pressed by Fut. vague construc- tion, see Ex. V. longer, no-longer, ονκέτι. lot, present lot, τά τταρόντα. love (verb), (ρίλ4ω. Make, ^appoint, καθ-ίσταμαι {^Ud .). man, άνβρωπο$ ( = homo), άνί]ρ (=vir); often expressed by tis any one. ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY 61 manage, ττραττω. many, ■πό?^Κοι — how-many, ττόσοι : depend., δττόσοι — so many, τοσ- ούτοι — as-many-as, οσυι. march, ττορ^ύομαι, el.ui (of soldiers) ; 4\αύνω (of a general, lit. drive, lead). marr}', of a man, άγομαι yvvaiKa. meet-with, ^ν-τυγχάνω, e. dat. money, χρήματα, τά. month, μ-ηρ, /x77i'Js. more, πΚ^ίων, see ir6\vs. morrow, to-morrow, ttj varepah. much, TToXus, * ; how-much, ττόσον, however-much, όττόσϋν. murder, (pouos• music, 7} μουσικ•η. Naturally, ^Ικότωε. nation, (θνο5, τό. Jiecessary, is necessary, SeT, ανάγκη. lieighbouring. ireXas (adverb). never, ούδ^ποτ^ — in past time θΐ/δ67Γά•7ΓΟΤ€. ncA'ertheless, ομωε. nobody, ovSus. none (plural), ovBeues. nor, ovSf, οϋτ€. not even, ovSi. now, ^δϊ? (=jam) : uvv (=nunc). Obey, am-obedient-to, ττξίθομαι, c. dat. obtain, τυγχάνω, c. gen. *. often, ttoWUkis. of-oldj ττάλαι. once, at-once, ίί8η. only, adverb, μόνον. order {verb), κ^λίνω. order [noun), in good order, ^ύτάχ τω$. ought, one ought, Sf?, χρ-η. overcome, τΓ^ρι-γίγνομαι c, gen. owe, οφείλω, fut. νσω, aor. ώφίλον. own, one's own, expressLd \>y gei:. eavTOv, ζμαυτον, etc. Pain, have a pain, ολγώ. painful, Xvnripos. parent, yovevs. pass, a lifi-, Sia-reAea•. peace, ΐΙρτ]ν•η. Peloponnesp, ή Π€λοπ(^ι/ΐ'77σο5. ptople, = nation etc, 5ημο$. perceive, αΙσθάνομαι, αισθησομαι, aor. γσθόμην. perform-a-service, υπηρ^τίω ; ύττ-ηρ. τοΰτό σοι. do this service for you. perha[is, Ϊσω5. perish, α-π-όλλιμαι, see αττόλλυμι. permit, 4άω. Persian, Πί'ρσηί, ου. persuade, ττ^ίθω, ττβίσω. ]>hilosopher, ψι\όσυφο5. l»hysiciau, laTpos. pity (verb), οικτίρω. please, αρίσκω, c. dat. Tmpcrs. it pleases me, =it seems good to me, SoKe7 μοι ; am pleased, ηζομαι, c. dat. Plato, Πλάτω»'. plunder (verb), ζι-αρ-ττάζω. poor, TTevTjs, -tjtos. possess, κίκτημαι, see κτωμαι. possible, as — as possible, expressed by ijs with superlative, e.g. ois τάχιστα, as quickly as possible, poverty, Trevia. power, in-the-power-of, eVt c. dat. practise, μ€λ€τάω. praise (verb), ^τταινίω, fut. -ίσομαι. present, am-present, ττάρ^ιμι. property, κτ-ηματα, or use neut. phir. of article c. gen. or possess. pron, e.g. τα των ^κυθών, τα, 4μά. prosecutor, δ 5ιωκων. prosperous, am, €ύτυχ€ω, e5 πράττω. punish, κολάζω, fut. -άσομαι. put-to-death, am, ά-ποθνησκω *. Q'lestion, see ask, quickly, ταχύ, cp. θάσσον, superl. τάχιστα. Rank, τάξι•;, -ews. ra.^cal, Tra^^ovpyos, or use adjective κάχιστοΒ. ravage, τίμνω *. rather, μάλλον, ίίιδιον. really, τψ υντι. receive, Ζίχομαι, pf. ζΐζ^γμαι. rejoice, χαίρω *, \ζομαι *. relax, αν-ίημι, part άν -ieis. remain, μίνω, -παρα-μίνω. G2 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY remedy, άκο5, τό. report, άπ-α77€λλω. rest, at-rest, τίισυχο$. revile, κακώ$ \4yw *. reward (noun), μισθόε, rich, irKovtTiQs ; am-rich, ιτλουτίω. right, it-is-right, χρή, opOchs exet. ride, 4\αύνω *. rout (verb), rp4irw. ruin (verb), άπ-όλλυμι *. rule, rule-over, &ρχω, c. gen. run-away, άττο-τρβχο), fut. -θρ4ξομαι or -δραμουμαι, aor. -ίΖραμον. stand, Ίστ-ημι in the middle voice, and intrans. tenses of active ; see Grammar, steil, κλβ'πτω. strike, τΰ-πτω ; for fut. use ?Γατά|ω, aor. €π(ίτα|α. sncli, ToioGros•. suffer, ττάίτχω * : 2= permit, e'ttco. summer, Oepos, τή. surprist^d, am surprised at, θαυμάζω, fut. mid. 'άσομαι. surrender (trans.), παρα-5ί5ωμι. sword, ξΙφο5, τό. Same, the, δ ahros. say, φ-ημί, \eyw, *. Scythian, "Χκύθηί, ου. sea, θάλασσα. see, δρω, *. seera-gnod, δοκ•6Γ. self-restraint, σωφροσύνη. self, with a noun, or alone if in vomin. cafte, ahros ; alone in oblique cases, 4μαυτόν, eavrov, σ€αυτόι>, etc. send, ΊΓ^μιτω ; send-for, μΐταπ4μ- ΤΓομαι. service, do a, ύττηρβτίω. servant, ύτη}ρ4τη$, -ου, shameless, άίΌΐδήί. ship, vads, τ], i/ews, irreg. noun, show, δηλόω. signal, σημ^Ίον. silver, apyxjpos. sing, αδω, &σομαι, aor. ^σα. sky, ουρανοί. slave, Βουλοί. so, οΰτω$ ; it is so, οΰτωί βχβι. soldier, στρατιώτης, -ου. some— others, some — some, ot μ\ν — 01 de. somebody, tis. so-much, ToaovTos. spare, φίίδομαι, c. gen. speak, λ4yω, φημί * ; speak ill, Well of, κακώς, fv X4yω, C. acc. stag, ί\αφθ5. stay, Sia -τρίβω. still, conj., 'όμως. state (countri/), ττόλις, -(ως. stranger, ^4uos. Take, αΙρώ, *. talent, τάΚαντον. teach, ζίΒάσκω, c. acc. of person and of subject taught, tell, K4yω, *. tell-a-lie, ψεύδομαι, ψβυσο,αοί. temple, ν4ως, gen. νβώ, δ. than, ij ; often expressed by tlie genitive of comparison, e.ij. αμ^ίνων yS^t:;iii^/po φ ί#^ ^^iS •Ώϊ5) m jy^ 2 3 198^4a.N 2 7 2008 UN O? 1982 M^Zi]^ LD 21-100m-2,'55 (Bl39s22)476 General Library University of California Berkeley υ. C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDH3n7fi33D \ "N w.