UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES CURSORY NOTES ON VARIOUS PASSAGES IN THE TEXT OF BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER, AS EDITED BY THE REV. ALEXANDER DYCE; AND ON HIS "FEW NOTES ON SHAKESPEARE." THE AUTHOR JOHN MITFORD. ilg \iyti ytfjov ypafi/ia. jEscuyli Fragm. cxxur. 1 7 f LONDON : JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE. 1850. Price Two Shillings and Sixpence. CURSORY NOTES ON VARIOUS PASSAGES IN THE TEXT OF BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER, AS EDITED 1ST THE REV. ALEXANDER DYCE; AND ON HIS FEW NOTES ON SHAKESPEARE," THE AUTHOR JOHN MITFOKD '£}<; Xiyei ykpov ypafifia. iEsciiYLi Fragm. cxxtit. LONDON : JOHN KUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUATIE. 1856. . • - • • , ,•,■•.•.■' . . - . • , , , TnfKFft \N1> CO., ri?lNTKRS. Plain's PMOK OXFOKD STEEEI 1 i • ^435* PREFACE. " Primo rerum aspectu, cum investigandae veritatis copia non est, falli possumus, et fallimur, idque a natura sua genus habet huraanum : ast ubi temporis ope mentis ille primus conatus deferbuit, et rationis lumine res discuti ccepta innotuit, humana id monstrat conditio, ut errorem, quem ipsi evitavimus, posteris ut eviteut, ne nobis ipsi injurii esse velimus, propona mus." " Ilabui quod verum esse pronuntiarem ; habui, quo falsitatem, sed breviter et pro temporis opportunitate depellerem." — Leonis Allatii Animadv. in Autia. Etrusc. Fragmenta ab Ingiiiramio edita 1640, 4to. " In delectu notarum, banc rationem sequebar, ut quae alibi essent obvia, fere transilirem. Id profitendum jam nunc fuit, ne quis bic quaereret, quae interpretum eruditissimorum passim extantia satis scripta declararent. Nee tamen nova me omnia glorior afferre; bene meum agi putaturus, si vel pauca protulisse judicer, quae boc serum Spicilegium, post uberrimas aliorum messes, non usquequaque infelix probent." — Petki Possini, s. 1, Prexb. Spicilegium Evangelicum, p. 1, ed. 1712. The notes, though few in number, which are here pre- sented to the reader, will form the best proof of the estima- tion in which Mr. Dyce's edition of Beaumont and Fletcher is held by me. I have emulated the diligence, though I might not possess the learning, of the editor ; and have examined the entire work with that care that is due to the high reputation of the critic, as well as to the great and varied excellence of the authors, whom he has so curiously and successfully illustrated.* Indeed Mr. Dyce has favoured us with an edition, so rich in all the required learning, as much to surpass any previous attempts of the same kind on the same text. He has collected in one view all the variety of * "After all, Beaumont and Fletcher are but an inferior sort of Sliakespeares and Sidneys." — C. Lamb. 207717 I readings which the different editions have afforded ; and he has much assisted the reader by his judgment and know- ledge in the selection of those which have the most claim to be adopted ; which arc most congenial to the spirit of the authors, and suitable to the language of the times.* By his intimate acquaintance with the dramatic vocabu- lary of our early stage he has preserved readings which former editors had rejected, and explained what they had misunderstood ; and he has often thrown light, altogether new, on those idiomatic turns and forms of expression which gradually appear to arise, and to be willingly admitted, before the full establishment of grammatical construction, and which constitute a peculiar and characteristic feature of every language;! which are not to be examined with philosophical analysis, nor subjected to grammatical restric- tion, but received at once on the authority of usage and prescription. Mr. Dyce has also shown much judgment in his decisions on the conflicting claims of conjectures made to improve a text, left inaccurate by the negligence of the * Mr. Seward's paraphrastic versions and supplements are inadmissible, as being mere guesses at the truth, and also as generally wanting in poetic spirit and feeling; he has indeed attempted what genius itself could not successfully accomplish — " Facile excidisse aliquid intelligitur. Ingenii vero solertia non sufficit ad locos restituendos, inquibus ne constat quidem, dequd re agatur." " Horuni verborum," says a learned editor of an ancient poet, "quid verum sit, explorari vix potest, nam facile quidem est ad dicendum quid poeta scribere potuerit, sed quid scripserit, per quam difficile. Quamobrem, nescire nos quid poeta spectaverit, fateri, quam \ anis hariolationibus indukrere maluimus." f The following observation of a great master of language and criticism, on the subject on which we are treating, is worthy of attention : — " Non, cum priinum fingerentur homines, Analogia demissa ccelo formam loquendi dedit ; sed inventa est, postquam loquebantur, et notatum in sermone, quid quomodo caderet. Itaque non ratione nititur sed exemplo ; nee lex est loquendi, sed observatio, ut ipsam analogiam nulla res alia fecerit, quam consuetudo." — Vide Quinctil. Inst. Orat. lib. i, c. vi. To this, let me add the authority of an acute Greek grammarian : — " Ad eos qui in omnibus verbis regulas et similitudines quserunt : non oportet (inquit magister) in omnibus rebus queerere canones firmos, et typos certos. Nam primis inventa sunt ab homiuibus vocabula propter necessitatem mutui colloquii : Postea, ars superveniens qutedam potuit in ordinem redigere et in similitudinein quondam reducere, sed qua? non potuit, tiaaiv i
. I 11, cd. var. We have known when Mr. Maloue has substituted
one word for another, without obtaining the sense.
22
influential in introducing them, to the great improvement
of cultivation in Norfolk : hence Pope's line —
" All Townsliend's turnips."
Lindsay, Bishop of Kildare, used to say, " If I know
anything, it is the management of turnips?'
I may add that the long note on potatoes, in the 15th
volume of the Variorum Shakspeare, signed Collins (i. e.
G. Steevens), needs some slight correction. . . . Whenever
this plant is mentioned by Shakespeare, the Convolvulus
batates, or sweet potato, is to be understood, not the /Solatium
tuberosum, or the one now in common use. The former was
a favourite dish, and in high repute in France, some years
previous to the introduction of the other. Tradescant *
mentioned its becoming rotten in his garden at Lambeth as
soon as winter approached, which identifies the more tender
plant. Perhaps the best account of it is in Loudon's
Encyclop. of Plants, p. 624. The sweet potato is now occa-
sionally imported to England as a curiosity, and may be seen
in the shops of the superior fruiterers and salesmen.
VOL. VII.
THE CHANCES.
P. 248. Whose hard heart never
Slew those rewarders — (second folio).
Seward conjectured,
Whose hard heart never slew
Those ill rewarded. . .
But there is nothing in this conjecture to compensate its
deviation from the printed text. I am inclined to read —
Whose hard heart never slew
Those his regarders.
Not only are the letters g and us often changed in the
printing, but " regarders " is a word used in subjects
connected with love, as the present : —
" For it sit every man to have
Regarde to love, and to his might." — Goweb, C. A.
* I am grateful to certain inhabitants of Lambeth, for having lately renewed
with much ta9te and care the decayed monument of this early and illustrious
botanist, "acer et optimus investigator natwrce" in their churchyard. It is a
monument that I, as a Kt)iroTvpavvog, piously visit during my annual sojourns in
London.
23
" And as she shall me prove,
So bid her me regarde,
And render love for love,
Which is a just rewarde."— Wyatt.
" He should advaunced bee to high regarde,
Said they, and have our ladie's love for his rewarde." — Spenser.
Reward and regard are so often and so closely joined in
these and other passages, that they may easily be confused
by such printers as were used in these dramatic pieces,
and where there was probably no reader or corrector of the
press.*
MONSIEUR THOMAS.
P. 377. Extreme strange — should thus boldly
Bud in your sight unto your son.
See a long and not satisfactory note of the commentators
on the word " bud." The editor more judiciously prints
his conjecture and, not doubting the other word to be a
corruption, in which I agree, believing the b produced by
the preceding word " boldly " to have been in the printer's
heedless and hasty eye, which caught up its initial letter.
THE ISLAND PRINCESS.
P. 444. Capt. Up, soldiers, up ! and deal like men.
Oitiz. More water,
More water, all is consumed else.
Capt. All is gone
Unless you undertake it straight ; your wealth too,
That must preserve and pay your labour bravely.
Up, up, away !
The editor writes : — " Mason says no amendment is ne-
cessary. . . . Weber gave another arrangement. I have
tried a third, but none is satisfactory. The passage seems
to be corrupted." This corruption, in my judgment,
extends only to a single letter. The captain is urging the
lower kind of citizens to exert themselves to extinguish the
fire. " All," he says, " will be consumed and gone, unless
* What mistakes even careful printers will make we may learn from the
authority of an editor who paid great attention to typography. " In three late
proof sheets," says Mr. G>. Steevens in a note on Othello, " a couple of the most
accurate compositors in general had substituted palace and less and catch, instead
of tragedy, more, and ensnare." — Vol. xix, p. 402.
24
you give immediate assistance, and with all other, our
wealth (not "your"), which is to preserve you and pay
your labour liberally, will be destroyed." — See the Go-
vernor's speech, a little before, where he uses the same
incitement to them to work.
Good worthy citizens,
Follow me all, and all your powers give to me !
/ will reward you all.
Freedom and wealth to Mm that helps. Follow, oh follow !
Fling wine or any thing. I'll see it recompensed, &c.
They are now urged in the strongest manner, by being
told that this wealth, which is held out as furnishing their
reward, is also in equal danger of being destroyed.
So read : —
Capt. All is gone. —
"Unless you undertake it straight. Our wealth too,
That must preserve and pay your labour bravely ; —
Up, up, away !"
P. 501. Read—
She 'd have laid hands on her own life.
I do not see that anything is lost, as the editors of 1778
assert. Both the folios read " have " the editor adopts
Mason's correction, " had."
VOL. VIII.
THE WILD-GOOSE CHASE.
P. 123. Altho' it be a weighty ceremony.
Although, as is said in the note (for the old editions read
"witty"), that wit and wisdom were, in the language of those
days, synonymous terms, so that any number of examples
might be quoted (Reed, in his note, saying too cautiously,
" other examples might be produced "), yet it cannot with
any propriety be introduced into this place ; and the editor
accordingly has printed as I conceive the poet wrote : the
two words, from their similarity in sound and in spelling,
being easily confounded. In Marlowe's Tamburlaine, act ii,
sc. 4, " Tamb. Are you the witty King of Persia?" for
"toise."
25
THE PROPHETESS.
P. 257. Sith that thou art dishonest, false of faith.
The first folio, " sigh," and so the modern editions; but with
great disregard to the poetical sense, which is deeply
injured, and overlooking the cause of the typographical
error. — " Sith," for since, " sithe " for sigh, and then
" sigh." Though I do not see " sithe" for sigh in Richard-
son's Dictionary, it is a legitimate word, and invariably used
in the Eastern Counties dialect, where " sigh " is seldom
heard. See J. Hawes's Temple of Glas, iiii -. —
" Then young folkes cryed and often sythed."
See the Knave in Grain, p. 22 : —
" Like another rousing sigMh,
Would well split me, gay and blithe."
the old ed. 1640 wrongly has sigh.
" Sigh " (says Dr. Nares in his Elements of Orthoepy,
p. 106) "is by some persons pronounced as if written with
' th,' a pronunciation which our theatres have adopted."
" Spenser has written it sythe, and rhymed it to blythv,
which differs from the theatrical mode only in giving the
soft sound to th, instead of the hard." See Spenser's Colin
Clout, line 23, v. p. 106; and Tyrwhitt's Glossary on
Chaucer, voc. Sighte ; Todd's Spenser, vol. vii, 43, &c. &c.
THE SEA VOYAGE.
P. 302. Constrained us to sea, to save our lives,
Our horses and our riches,
With all we had, our kinsmen and our jewels,
In hope to find some place free from such robbers,
Where a mighty storm severed our barks, that where
My wife, my daughter, and my noble ladies
That went with her, virgins and loving souls,
To scape these pirates.
The editor says, " There is some gross corruption here,
Qy. should the second tvhere be bore?"
It appears that Sympson, at Seward's suggestion, omitted
" where," and made some alterations in the next two
speeches. This was quite unnecessary. Read —
"When a mighty storm severed our barks, whereat
My wife," &c.
26
" Whereat " is changed into " that where," which is all
the error ; and the first " where " has replaced " when," —
the original reading. See "when" for "where" in Marlowe's
Jew of Malta, act v, p. 340, ed. Dyce.
VOL. IX.
BEGGAK'S BUSH.
P. 24. "An eye of tame pheasants" (editor's note).
" Phasianorum fcetura." — Cole's Dictionary. A?i eye of
pheasants is a corruption of a nidc, or nest, of pheasants.
LOVE'S CURE.
P. 131. Thou art a proper man, if thy beard were not red.
It is observed in the note to this passage that Judas
Iscariot was painted with a red beard ; it might have been
added, with red hair also. See vol. v, p. 201 ; vol. viii,
p. 318.* And this may perhaps be the reason of the tree
called the Judas Tree, the " Cercis siliquastrum" being so
named, for it is distinguished by its red blossom, which,
coming out in profusion before the leaves are open, have a
brilliant and remarkable appearance. The tree is common
in Italy, South of Europe, and Judaea. When it is in bloom
and lit up by the rays of the setting sun, as often seen in
our garden, this last month [of June], it is most beautiful,
and its bright red flowers attract immediate attention and
admiration. This will be mentioned again.
MAID IN THE MILL.
P. 246. Mother or "mauther," a young girl or maid.
It is quite true, as stated in the note, that " mauther " is
commonly used in the Eastern Counties for a country girl ;
only "is" should be changed for "was" for it is a word,
seldom now heard, and only in the contracted and
familiar form of maw. The old Saxon and provincial
words have been dispossessed of their long dominion by
the late parochial schools, and the last quarter of a century
* On this subject I may observe, that the Italian painters never (so far as
I know, unless perhaps the later, as Carlo Dolce, &c.) give the Virgin Mary the
colour or complexion of the Eastern countries, but rather that of a fair Saxon
beauty. See Raphael as an example. Did they consider that there was less purity,
less of chaste and delicate modesty, in the dark eye, the rich brow, and the redun-
dant tresses of the South ? Among the Spanish school the case is quite different.
27
has made a great difference, in the language of the " 'country
cloivn." The children now do not understand certain
words used by their parents, and the cottage has become
so refined as to borrow from the French, to express what the
homelier Saxon used to signify ; no young female, among
the poorest of the peasantry, would think of pronouncing the
words "shift" or "smock," which was good Saxon enough
for the maternal tongue, and they go to the Franks for
a substitute. Sweat is also beginning to make way for
perspiration. Tusser's Husbandry will give the best idea
what the language of East Anglia was in his time, and up
to the commencement of the present century.*
RULE A WIFE, &c.
P. 467. Thy maid shall be thy mistress, thou the maid,
And all those servile labours that she reached at.
* * * *
And go through cheerfully or else sleep empty, &c.
The editor says, there is not the smallest doubt but that
a line is wanting ; and he has accordingly marked its place
with asterisks. I would however read —
Thy maid shall be thy mistress, thou the maid,
And all those servile labours that she reached at
Shall go through cheerfully, or else sleep empty.
The printer's eye in the last line caught the "And" which
begins the line previous — a very common mistake.
VOL. X.
THE FAIR MAID OF THE INN.
P. 31. violating
So continued and so sacred a friendship.
This verse would be much improved by reading —
" A friendship so continued and so sacred."
P. 54.
After the Duke's speech —
No interruptions ! Lady ; on- —
* On the subject of provincial words. — "Slop" is a word often used by the
dramatists for the loose Dutchman's trousers, then much worn. It is now retained
in the Eastern counties, but with a change of meaning, for the round frock worn
by country labourers. When I was chaplain to the sheriff at the assizes at Bury
St. Edmunds, at an important trial for an act of felony, where the life of the
criminal was in great danger, Lord Ellenborough in his charge, not understanding
the word slop as part of the dress, mistook it for jlap (of the breeches), and was
set right by Mr. Capel Lloft, a provincial counsel in court, and the only legal person
present who understood it.
28
to Mariana, who is entering on her story, the first folio has
inserted the words in italics.
Mariana. However!
Baptista. Afaulkner's sonne.
Mariana. Mistake not.
With these last words of Mariana the text goes on again *
Speaking of the two short speeches marked in italics, the
editor says : " They are manifestly out of place here, nor do
they suit any subsequent part of this scene." Yet, turning to
p. 57, I think there is a place where Baptista's speech may
come in not only with propriety but even with advantage.
For the first words, "How ever," of Mariana, I have nothing
to observe, but that "henceforth ever" occurs a little further
on : then for Baptista's — " a falkoner s son"
Duke. — "Go not yet —
A sudden tempest that might shake a rock,
Yet he stands firm against it. Much it moves me. —
He not Alberto's son, and she a widow —
And she a widow ! — Lords, your ear."
Now why the words " And she a widow " should be re-
peated I do not see, as the repetition adds nothing to the
sense or to the poetical expression. I would read —
" He not Alberto's son, — a falconer's sou, —
And she a widow. —
The three circumstances to be remarked are thus brought
together: 1, he was not Alberto's son; 2, he was a
falconer's son ; 3, she was a widow. Csesario's being the
son of a falconer is too important a part of the confession,
not to be enumerated here.
— My falconer'' s wife was brought a-bed
Of this Cfesario ; him I owned for mine,
Presented him unto a joyful father.
Duke. Can you prove this true ?
Thus, I think these words, now out of place, may be
accounted for, and arranged.
* At page 53, there is a line in Mariana's speech which seems to want correc-
tion : —
Yet let my griefs have vent ; yet the clearness, &c.
Nor is Mason's note on "If strict opinion cancel shame" at all satisfactory.
There is much in the speech most strangely and faultily expressed, and not to be
easily comprehended. " The style of Beaumont and Fletcher," says a critic of
taste and knowledge, " is elliptical and not very perspicuous : they use words in
peevdiar senses," &c. — See Haliam's History of Literature, vol. hi, p. 587.
29
P. 60. Perhaps it would be better to retain " then" as
the editor has done, in Mariana's speech, and read —
"And if all fail, I will learn then to conquer, &c."
P. 95. The following passage has occasioned much
doubt and perplexity. Mariana had openly denied that she
was the mother of Caesario, and disclaimed him : —
It was not hate,
But fond indulgence in me, to preserve
Cesario's threatened life, ia open court
That forced me to disclaim him, choosing rather
To rob him of his birthright and his honour,
Than suffer him to run the hazard of
Enraged Baptista's fury.
This falsehood being believed, that Ccssario was not her
son, and as the duke had sentenced her to marry him, she
being the supposed widow of the now deceased Alberto ; — to
escape the unnatural and incestuous marriage, she invented
this difficult and dangerous plan of evasion to which she
now alludes, first mentioning her daughter Clarissa's inno-
cent and consequently happy marriage, which was to be
celebrated that day, and comparing it with her own -. —
— To me,
That am environed with black guilt and horror,
It does appear a funeral. Though promising much
In the conception ......
Were hard to manage .....
But sad in the event.
It is the opinion of the commentators that a line or
more is lost, and various are the conjectures to supply it.
Seward's long and complicated amendment, as it is called,
is very tame and prosaic, his accustomed fault. I would
read, only changing the place of one word (though). —
" It does appear a funeral, promising much
In the conception (though 'twere hard to manage),
But sad in the event." —
P. 184. " Darnez." This word, generally obsolete, is
preserved in the provincial glossary of the East Anglians,
and signifies the very thick hedging gloves of labourers,
formed of strong materials to resist thorns ; probably once
made of some foreign material. It is still in common and
constant use. — Suff. Gloss. M.
30
THE ELDER BROTHER.
P. 237. Enter Charles from his study, with a book in
his hand.
Charles. What a noise is in this house. My head is broken :
Within a parenthesis — in every corner,
As if the earth were shaken with some strange colic.
— Come near
And lay thine ear down — hear'st no noise ?
Here is one of the strangest corruptions that occur in
the text of these plays, and which has occasioned much
alarm and consternation among the commentators.
Charles is a timid, retired scholar, who has gone to his
book and studies (in the last scene), saying —
Let me have no noise, nor nothing to disturb me —
I am to find a secret.
In the mean time, great preparation is making below for
his brother's wedding. Brisac says —
Wait on your master, for I know he wants you,
And keep him in his study, that the noise
Do not molest him. —
Charles, utterly ignorant of what is going forward,
hearing various noises, but knowing nothing of the cause,
nor whence they proceed, comes forward and says —
What a noise is in the house — my head is broken
With unapparent noises !
The printer having divided the words wrongly, as —
Within a parenthesis, ")
With inapparent noises : )
although Charles heard the noises, yet whence they came
was not apparent, as he was in the upper part of the house,
and nothing ivas visible. This is clear, for he says to Andrew,
Lay thine ear down — hear'st no noise ? *
* When I first considered the corruptions apparent in these lines, and the
useless attempts to set them right by any conjecture, I saw they must all fail,
while the words "Within a parenthesis" were retained as a portion of the text, and
I concluded that they formed a marginal direction ; that the words " My head is
broken" were to be understood as spoken sotta voce (aside), or in an under-tone, and
were not to be brought into the regular text, which was therefore to run thus : —
" What a noise is in this house, — in every corner,
As if the earth were shaken, &c. ; "
or, at full length, with the stage direction, —
31
THE NICE VALOUR,
P. 333. Go not so diffusedly,
beautifully used by Milton, Sam. Agon. v. 118.
Chorus. See how he lies at random, carelessly diffused,
With languish'd head unpropp'd,
As one past hope, abandoned, &c; —
where the commentator points to Euripides' Heraclid. v. 75.
— 'iSeTt rbv ykpovra
flCtWoV C7TI 7TtS(jJ
Xvfxtvov. —
P. 358. — Away, receptacle
Of luxury and dishonour ! most unfortunate
To make thyself but lucky to thy spoiler —
After thy sex's manner ! —
Seward, who is indefatigable in guessing, proposes
" lucky." Mason says, " he has entirely overlooked the
word ' but ' before ' lucky,' which must be attended to."
I propose (the second brother is addressing the lady) —
— " away, receptacle
Of luxury and dishonour ! most unfortunate
To make thyself unlucky to thy spoiler,
After thy sex's manner," —
the lady's reflection on the result of such connections
being —
" In midst of mirth comes ruin," &c. &c.
P. 408. A passage somewhat perplexed in its structure
and difficult of explanation : —
Your brother is a royal gentleman,
Full of himself, honour, and honesty ;
" What a noise is in this house ! {my head is broken /)
Within a parenthesis.
— in every corner,
As if the earth were shaken," &c.
Mr. Dyee says, " 'Within a parenthesis' cannot be omitted without injury to the
metre" which words I should so far alter as to say, it cannot be omitted without
injury to the sense, as it tells us that " My head is broken" is not to form part of
the regular text, but is a privately spoken interstitial observation. Now read
the whole : —
What a noise is in this house! (my head is broken.*)
— in every corner,
As if the earth were shaken with some strange colic.
* "Within a parenthesis," i.e. not to form part of the text.
See the word "parenthesis," hi Webster's 'Northward Jloe,' vol. hi, p. 242,
ed. Dyee ; Dayc's Laiv Tricks, 1600 ; sig. D 4, in another sense.
32
And take heed, sir, how Nature bent to goodness
(So straight a cedar*) to himself, uprightness
Being wrested from his true life, prove not dangerous.
The difficulty seems most to exist in the fourth line —
So straight a cedar to himself, uprightness,
and how to adapt it to the rest of the speech.
The old editions thus : —
And take heed, sir, how Nature bent to goodnesse
(So straight a cedar to himselfe) uprightnesse,
Be wrested from its true life, prove not dangerous.
On these lines Mr. Seward has made no less than five
amendments — only one of which Mr. Mason thinks to be
necessary. Heath's MS. notes also contain an alteration,
that must be put aside without hesitation. The passage
may have been originally ill expressed or materially injured
by some means, probably by the transcriber or printer's
negligence ; and no conjecture can recover the true and
exact reading of the author.
We must keep in mind, that both Sophia, the mother of
the royal brethren, and Aubrey, their kinsman, the speakers,
at the present time, are not mistrustful of Hollo, and do
not partake in Otto's suspicion and fears of his brother's
evil designs, and are trying to persuade him that they are
groundless : — thus then I would read their language : —
Your brother is a royal gentleman,
Full of himself — honour aud honesty ;
And take heed, sir, how (Nature bent to goodness,
So straight a cedar to herself) uprightness,
Being wrested from his true use, prove not dangerous.
The meaning, — " Take heed, sir, how Nature having
bent f to goodness" his disposition ("straight as a cedar") —
" this uprightness" being by you " wrested from its true
* It is curious, and shows how strong is the habit of taking words for and in
place of the things signified by them, that, frequent as is the allusion to the
"cedar-tree" by our old poets, probably not one of them had ever seen one; and,
the trees not being introduced into England till 1670, are not to be found figured
in the plates of our old Herbals. The poets borrowed their allusions to them from
the Old Testament : hence their mistakes in calling them " lofty," which they are not
in growth, but are, if the word is applied, as meant, to situation; as growing on the
lofty heights of Lebanon ; nor is the epithet straight appropriate or characteristic.
The word cedar, when used by American writers, whether poets or travellers, of
a tree of their own country, means a very different one.
t Nature bent ; i. e. having bent.
33
use, prove not dangerous. — I have retained himself;
attentive to Mr. Mason's admonition, that " the right of
personifying virtues and passions has been assumed by
all dramatic writers, and by some more frequently than
by Shakespeare." — The word straight is used in a similar
manner a little before —
Soph. Now I am straight, my lords, and young again.
Compare Ecclesiasticus, cap. iv, v. 12 :
" He himself stood ... as a young cedar in Libanus.
he behaved himself uprightly."
See also the Device of Mortimer, in Marlowe's Edward
the Second (p. 201, ed. Dyce) —
" A lofty eedar tree fair flourishing," &c.
Again, King Edward says —
" I am that cedar, shake me not too much."
P. 209. BLOODY BROTHER.
The tale of Sinon, when he took upon him
To ruin Troy.
The tale of " Sinon " forms a favourite allusion in our
older poets. See Peele's Works {Edward I) vol. i, p. 1 28 (a
corrupt passage); vol. ii, p. 188, "false Sinon had betrappcd
in his snares ;" p. 287, she-sinnow, where, with the editor,
"Sinon" or "Sinner" should be read; Marlowe's Dido,
vol. ii, p. 353; ed. 1826,* " Sinon's Perjury." Fletcher's
Pilgrim, vol. viii, p. 85 ; Braithwaite's Nature's Embassie,
p. 94 ; Sit 'b till Sinon, &c.
P. 415. The following passage is corrupt in the text, or,
if not, most obscure and ill expressed. In the course of
* Marlowe's "Works, 1826 ; an edition often wronglv attributed to Mr. Dyce, who
was then only primtBVO Jlore juventes. His edition -of the Dramatist, in 1850, is
much to be commended. Wo would inform him that the words which puzzled him-
self and the learned Mr. Crossley, " qvod tumeraris, in Dr. Faustus (vol. ii, p. 18)
should be read "quib>. nwneratis;" i.e., the names of the infernal deities invoked,
3
3 1 :
five lines, adding one a little previous and one following,
the word " all" is repeated no less than seven times !
Matilda. — tis justice still,
For goodness' sake to encounter ill with ill.
Otto. Past all doubt,
For all the sacred priviledgc* of night,
This is no time for us to slfeep or rest in.
Who knows not all thingVfioly are prevented
With ends of all impiety? — all but
Lust, gain, ambition.
Otto is fearful of the designs of his " bloody brother "
Rollo against him. His sister Matilda advises him to meet
"mines of treason with counter-mines," to which his speech,
as given above, is the answer. V'Night/' he says, " has the
sacred priviledge of security ; but in our present and
peculiar case it is no time now^/or us to take sleep and
rest." Then come the lines-j- *£-
Who knows not all things holy are prevented
With ends of all impiety ? — all but
Lust, gain, ambition. —
The argument being, that things or places, however holy
and sacred (as night is), are used to impious and wicked
purposes by the evil passions of mankind ; and then he
mentions three of the strongest and fiercest of them. I
would, with no more change than in such a passage is allow-
able, in order to restore the sense, read —
" Who knows not all things holy are perverted
To the ends of all impiety? — ''hove all,
Lust, gain, ambition."
" Perverted " is Seward's reading, followed by his para-
phrase of the author's lines. " 'bove all " for " all but " is
the only alteration I have made.*
* The commentators on Beaumont and Fletcher (with the exception of the present
editor) are far too lavish in loose conjectural alterations of the text of the authors,
and consequently must hear with the title of " Volatici et ventosi homines," as given
to persons of their class ; — a passage in that most learned prelate's (Bishop Horsley)
translation of Hosea — which has been with justice called "admirable for its de-
ference to the authority of MSS., and distrust of conjectural criticism " — is well
worth the deep attention of all who take on themselves the character of critics, and
the office of editors of works, where the integrity of the text has been injured, or
the structure of the language is peculiar, affected, and anomalous. See also
Prof. Wyttenbach's Life of D. Ruhnken, pp. 33-40.
35
VOL. XL
THE NIGHT WALKER.
P. 135. Nurse (speakiug of an old man married).
" Would he had been hanged when he first saw her,
' Termaaant: "
Lady. What an angry quean is this ! — &c.
I can make nothing of this term, if it is to belong to the
nurse's speech in the text, and to be used of a man, as it
anciently was occasionally ; vide A King and no King, vol. ii,
p. 306. " This would make a saint swear like a soldier, and
a soldier like a termagant!' But "termagant" is also used
of a female, and in the sense of " angry quean." I consider
it to be only a marginal variation of that term, as if she
said, " What a termagant is this !" Nares says, " the word
has subsided into the signification of a scolding woman."
Hear what a learned Master of the Art says on the subject
of marginal readings : —
" Perhaps you think it an affected and absurd idea, that a marginal note
can ever creep into the text ; yet I hope you are not so ignorant as not to
know that this has actually happened not merely in hundreds or thousands,
but in millions of places." — Poeson's Letters to Travis, p. 150.
LOVE'S PILGRIMAGE.
P. 230. With a Zardina and Zant oil.
The editor might with benefit have omitted Sympson's
note, in which he tells us that a sardine and an anchovy are
the same fish ! ! The catalogues of the Italian warehouses
would instruct him better. One is the "Clupca Sardinia"
of Cuvier, the other the "Clupea Encracicolus." The
■sordine is preserved and eaten with oil, which is alluded
to by the poet.
TWO NOBLE KINSMEN.
P. 332. The crow, the slanderous cuckoo, nor
The boding raven, nor chough hoar.
So in Mr. Dyce's edition; but "chough hoar" is
Mr. Sympson's correction, to make the couplet rhyme, the
30
original reading being " chough hee." But this is a most
rash conjecture, and cannot stand, being opposed to the
truth. The chough has a shining black plumage, like the
raven and crow. In the old editions it stands thus : —
" The crow, the slanderous cuckoe, nor
The boding raven, nor chough hee."
I would observe that the chough is a daw, and that
" chough " and " daw ' : are convertible terms. — 1, Corvus
monedula ; 2, Corvus graculus. See Higgins's Nomen-
clator, p. 59, ' A chough or daw " Milbourne on Dryden's
Virgil, p. 51, "The chough or daw;" Cotgrave, Chouchctte,
" the chough, daw." These words were therefore easily
interchanged, and the true reading appears to-be —
" The crow, the slanderous cuckoo, nor
The boding raven, chough, nor daw."
It is impossible to account for corruptions of a text ;
but, as the first line in the old edition stood thus —
" The crow, the slanderous cuckoe,"
an ignoraut printer might endeavour at a rhyme by
" The boding raven, nor chough hee."
However, the learned critic, Mr. Sympson, should have
remembered —
"Nip'as inter aves, avis est, quse plurima turres,
Antiquas sedes, celsaque fana colit," &c.
The dress of the chough * is the same as the daw, with
the exception of his legs, which are of a bright orange ;
and they are both, in fact, of the same colour as the
reverend editor's is, or should be, because, like him, he
is, for the same twofold purpose,
" A great frequenter of the church,
Where, bishop-like, he finds a perch,
And dormitory too."
P. 336. Theseus. It is true,
And I will give you comfort
To give your dead lords graves
Sec a note on the " Chough," in the Yariorum Shakespeare, vol. xvii, p. 257, n. 3.
37
As Mr. Dyce says both sense and measure are some-
what deficient and some words are wanting ; I think they
may be thus supplied by referring to the speeches of the
two Queens, whom Theseus is addressing : —
" And I will give you comfort in your beds,
To give your dead lords graves, who yet have none,"
Ut Queen. — think, dear Duke, think
What beds our slain kings have \
Ind Queen. — What griefs our beds,
That our dead lords have none !
1st Queen. — our lords
Lie blist'ring 'fore the visitating sun.
P. 351. Theseus. Since I have known fight's fury, friends' behests,
Love's provocations, zeal in a mistress' task ;
Desire of liberty, a fever, madness,
'T hath set a mark which Nature could not reach to
Without some imposition, sickness in will,
Or wrestling strength in reason.*
Mr. Dyce has omitted giving the various explanations of
the latter part of this speech, by the commentators, as not
being satisfactory to him ; and, not possessing any modern
edition of these Dramatists, I am ignorant of them. My own
interpretation of a somewhat obscure and difficult passage
is as follows. — The enthusiastic admiration felt and ex-
pressed by Theseus of the courage and character of the
two Theban brothers in arms, Arcite and Palsemon, is of the
highest kind, and his feelings of anxiety for them, their
safety and recovery, is expressed in terms of corresponding
emphasis and force.
— " their lives concern us
Much more than Thebes is worth." —
— " Minister
What man to man may do, for our sake more."
" But forty thousand-fold, we had rather have them,
Prisoners to us than death."
Again : — "For our love
And just Apollo's mercy all our best,
Their best skill tender." —
* We give the text from the editor's reading, which, on the whole, may be
considered judicious, for no one can say what was the authentic and original
207717
38
Now, observing that Theseus had just beheld these
heroic brethren for the first time in the heat of the battle,
the thoughtful tenderness and strong affection here shown,
is as unexpected as uncommon ; though we were prepared
by his previous address to the queens, for a kind, religious
feeling and affectionate disposition,
— As we are men,
Thus should we do — being sensually subdued,
We lose our human title — good cheer, ladies, &c.
This and such as this is not the ordinary characteristic of
the hero, nor the language of a monarch just flushed with
victory, and hot from the field of battle. But the attach-
ment to the wounded prisoners is also as remarkable for the
suddenness of its growth, as for the impatient and eager
manner in which it is expressed. "Bear them speedily from
our air to them unkind" is added to the other commands ;
and then the speaker breaks off into a meditative reflec-
tion, which forms the passage that has occasioned so much
difficulty : —
Since I have known fight's fury, friends' behests,
Love's provocations, zeal, a mistress' task,
Desire of liberty, a fever, madness ;
[It] hath set a mark, which Nature could not reach to
Without some imposition, sickness in will,
Or wrestling strength in reason.
I presume that the speaker felt conscious of the singular
emotions he had so strongly and vividly expressed in favour
of the prisoners, yet assuredly without any reasons that
would appear adequate to others, or justify the language he
had used ; they were the feelings of a moment, bursting
forth in the impressive energy of a full-grown passion ;
and in his consciousness of the fact, he is led to refer the
excitement, to the peculiar condition of his mind, weakened
by the injuries it had received from what he had suffered
in the various trials and temptations of his life — whether
from internal passion, or from outward circumstances,
which had impaired the power of his will and the strength
of his reason. It is the affecting picture of one conscious
of his infirmity, and reflecting on the melancholy nature
of its causes and effects. In the sudden violence of his
39
attachments, in the eagerness of his commands, in the
rapid transition of his thoughts, in the emphasis of his
language, he is aware of a deviation from the ordinary
action of a sound, temperate, and equal mind ; he says,
— " Pray for me, your soldier,
Troubled I am."—
He thus confesses his weakness, and feels that the moral
balance of the affections had been disturbed, and the
powers of nature oppressed and injured by the force of the
various conflicts to which they had been unequally exposed.
It is indeed a speech that, in its reflective and philosophical
sentiments, bears the impress of Hamlet's character, and
marks similar to those of Shakespeare's hand.* At least
the varied and beautiful groundwork here laid might have
been heightened into a character of noble lights and
shadows in the future scenes by the hand of a Master ;
but is subsequently so faded and lost sight of, that we may
be inclined to believe the remainder of the play to have
fallen into the hands of an inferior artist, who had not power
to sustain the original conception ; certainly a composition
offering stronger contrasts of excellence and weakness, of
natural powers and artificial effect, can perhaps seldom be
found. And now let me conclude with a general observa-
tion on the text of our authors as given by a critic of
learning and judgment : — " Of all our early dramatic poets,
none have suffered such mangling by the printer as
Beaumont and Fletcher. Their style is generally elliptical,
and not very perspicuous ; words are used in peculiar senses,
and there seems an attempt at pointed expression in which
its meaning has deserted them. But after every effort to
comprehend their language, it is continually so remote from
all possibility of bearing a rational sense, that we can only
have recourse to one hypothesis — that of an extensive and
irresponsible corruption of the text." — Hallam's History
of Literal tire, vol. hi, p. 587.
* In this play, concerning the authorship of which, there is so much variety of
opinion, I certainly am inclined to agree with Mr. Ilnllam in seeing imitations of
Shakespeare, rather than such resemblances as denote his powerful stamp.
to
A FEW NOTES ON SHAKESPEARE,"
BY THE REV. A. DYCE.
" At last it was agreed on all sides, to refer the matter to the decision of Shake-
speare, who delivered his sentiments as follows : — ' Faith, gentlemen, it is so long
since I wrote that line, that I hare forgot the meaning.' "
" He was then interrogated concerning some other ambiguous passages in hi;j
works ; but he declined any satisfactory answer, saying, 'If Mr. Theobald had not
wrote about it sufficiently, there were three or four more new editions of his plays
coming out, which he hoped would satisfy every one.' " — Fielding's Journey from
this World to the Next, chap. viii.
P. 12. The Merry Wives of Windsor, act i, s. 3 : —
" She discourses, she carves."
To Mr. Hunter is the praise justly due of pointing out
the more accurate and precise meaning of the word carve,
as distinguished from the more common one in present use ;
yet I can hardly agree with him when he says, " It is a
quite different word." To me it certainly appears to be
the same word derived from the same source (kerven, to
cut up), but used with a secondary meaning. In all the
instances in which it is quoted by Mr. Hunter and Mr. Dyce
it has reference to the table, which indeed Mr. Dyce allows.
I consider that the meaning of the word is transferred from
the dish carved and offered by the gentleman to the lady,
to the compliment or civility with which it was accompanied
when presented. This secondary or subservient meaning
took place of the original according to the ordinary custom
of language, and at length superseded it ; and a salutation
or mark of civility, offered without the accompanying viand,
at length assumed the same signification as it originally
possessed, when it only formed the graceful mode of pre-
senting it. The words of compliment and courtly address *
*
"To love's sweet life this is the courtly carving" — Marlowe's Hero and
Leander, third Sestiad.
4i
became the leading features of carving, while the former
disappeared before it. A person may pay a compliment
as he hands the dish, but he may often wish to pay the airy
compliment without the substantial companion of it being
present. I am more satisfied with accepting the word in
an altered meaning, easily and naturally to be explained,
than by presuming one altogether different.
P. 58. " Judas was hanged on an elder!' Mr. Dyce has
given from Pulci {Morg. Mag. cxxv, st. 77) the belief that
he selected the Carob-tree.
" Era di sopra a la fonte un carubbio,
L'arbor, si dice, ove s'irapicco Guida."
This I have not met with elsewhere. The carob-tree of
Italy and the south of Europe is the Ceratonia siliqua, or
St. John's Bread Tree, called in the modern Greek Sv\otce pa Ta,
the Ktpartia of St. Luke, cap. xv, 16.* The fruit is used
chiefly to feed the horses and mules. A large importation
of this fruit to Odessa is carried on, amounting to 80,000
rubles for this purpose ; and Denon informs us that in the
bay called La Ponzalla, vessels come to load with carob-beans,
which are brought in such quantities to this part of the
island (Sicily), that we saw piles of them on the shore like
heaps of coal (p. 297). The tree however, as I have men-
tioned, that has obtained the unenviable celebrity of being
selected by the traitor is the Judas Tree (Cercis siliquas-
trum), kovtIottio. novicXia, probably being a corruption of
"the tree of Judaa." Gerard says in his Herbal, 142.8,
' This is thought to be the tree on which Judas hanged
himself, and not upon the elder-tree, as is commonly said!'
See A Woman Killed with Kindnesse, 1017, T. Hey wood :
— " pray, pray, lest I live to see
Thee, Judas-Mke, hanged on an elder-tree."
See Mr. Dyce's note in Marlowe's Jew of Malta, act iv.
' The hat he wore, Judas left under the elder-tree on which
he hang'd himself." P. 320, Mr. D. mentions an old
' I know but of a single specimen of the carob-tree in the open ground in
England, viz. in the garden of Lord Mount Edgcumbe at Plymouth. It is
however trained against a wall.
[ft
acquaintance of his, a great traveller, who had seen the
very tree !
P. 91. "Cowslips tall"* This, in spite of the MS.
correction of Mr. Collier's volume, is a very appropriate
epithet of the cowslip. It is an upright-growing flower,
and tall compared to its common companions of the field —
the daisy, primrose, violet, &c. ; besides, there is a wild
variety called the oxlip, which is of remarkable strength
and height. Mr. Dyce's note is quite to the purpose,
and I will add an example of this very distinguishing
epithet being given to it, in an elegant and well-known
little poem —
" Where cowslips clad in mantle meek,
Nod their tall heads to breezes weak."
Ode on the Approach of Summer (T. Wabton).
P. 70. Taming of the Shrew, act iv, sc. 2 : —
— I spied
An ancient angel coming down the hill.
The MS. corrector in Mr. Collier's folio reads ambler,
a word sounding most ludicrously to our ears, as appa-
rently it does to Mr. Dyce's. It is not in this manner that
the text of our author is to be corrected, by looking out for
a word of no very distant resemblance ; for the true read-
ing may be very unlike the corrupt one, and the source of
error have no connection with the similitude of sounds and
letters. That the word " angel " is wrong I fully believe,
for I can give no proper sense to it. Secondly, the words
of the text, commencing consecutively in the same letters,
are very suspicious : — "An ancient angel" — certainly a rare
combination of letters — looking like a mistake of a hurried
compositor. I think the word is gentleman, or " gentle,"
used for gentleman. And when in act v, sc. 1, I read,
" Sir, you seem a sober ancient gentleman" I am more
confirmed in my supposition. In Hamlet, act v, sc. 11,
there is no ancient gentlemen but gardeners ; and in Love's
Labour Lost, act iv, sc. 2, "Gentles are at their game,"
* The cowslip, oxlip, and primrose, are the same flower, easily convertible into
one another by sowing the seed, varied by circumstances of soil, &c.
43
Theobald would read " Engle," the letters that compose
this are close to mine. Mr. Dyce's note on the passage
should be read and duly considered. — "JSuum cuique, et
nobis nostrum relinquimus judicium"
P. 107. Troilus and Cressida.] Where could Mr. Collier *
have learned that a falcon meant a female hawk ? " The
falcon as the Tercel," &c. — Act hi, sc. 2.-J-
The falcon is a genus of birds, containing a considerable
variety of species.
P. 134. Hamlet?^ Mr. Dyce remarks that in Garrick's
time the cock crowed in Hamlet. It is said in the life of one
of the actors, I think of George Cooke, that on one occasion
not fewer than six cocks were collected in order to summon
the spirit to his diurnal residence, lest one cock, like one
single clock, might not keep time exactly, when the matter
was of importance.
ROMEO AND JULIET.
Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,
Towards Phcebus' lodging : such a waggoner
As Phaeton would whip you to the west,
And bring in cloudy Night immediately.
Spread thy close curtain, love- performing Night,
That runawayes eyes may winke, and Romeo
Leape to these annes, untalked of and unseen.
Romeo and Juliet, act iii, sc. 2.
It is not my intention to make any remarks on the
various conjectures of the commentators on this much-
disputed passage, further than by observing, that each
conjecture I believe to be supported by the single vote of its
parent — the person who brings it forward. Amid such
diversity of opinion, the ground may be considered to be
quite open for any fresh adventurer ; and perhaps my pur-
pose may be more favourably received, or at least less rcluc-
* In mentioning Mr. Collier's name, we beg to express our grateful recollection,
in the only way we now can, of the important services he has rendered to our
dramatic literature and our early poetry.
t We believe Couins to be the latest poet who has introduced the Tercel into
poetry, the language of falconry having died away. — " By whom the TarsoVs eyes
were made."
44
tantly viewed, when it is seen, that I have declined the
ambition of proposing any new reading, and have confined
myself entirely to the establishment of the old* — the object,
in fact, being to restore to the Poet the genuine coin that
has been taken out of his hands, and whose place has been
supplied with baser metal from other mints.
There is an older poem, called, The Tragicall History of
Eomeus and Juliet, printed in 1562, and reprinted by
Malone in his edition of Shakespeare. That this poem
would throw some light on the language of the play, if
known to Shakespeare, was most probable ; I therefore
read it carefully, and with particular attention to those
expressions mutually made use of in the earlier poem and
in the later play. Such verbal coincidences as were ex-
pected, appeared ; and it became clear that our great
Dramatist had that poem before him during the compo-
sition of his romantic fiction. I have made some little
division of the subject into its different parts, such as the
nature of it admitted, the quotations being chiefly confined
to the very incident related in the play which forms the
subject of inquiry.
POEM.
1. When Phoebus from our hemisphere in western wave doe sinke.
2. The hastiness of Phoebus' steeds in great dispyte they blame.
3. As oft in summer-tide, when clouds do dimme the sunne,
And straight again in clearest skye his restless steeds do runne.
4. The golden-crested Phoebus bosteth him in skye.
5. When thou ne lookest wide, ne closely dost thou winke.
6. The golden sun art gone to lodge him in the west.
Now, compare the expressions marked in italics in the quo-
tations with those in the passage placed at the head of this
article, as — 1. Fiery-footed steeds.
2. Phoebus' lodging.
3. Whip you to the west.
4. Eyes may winke,f
and we shall arrive at the conclusion, that the author of the
* "It is not the business of an editor to new-write his author's works. " — Malone.
t Shakespeare uses the word loinking with an unusual application in the
following passage : —
" Confronts your city's eyes, your winking gates"
King John, act ii, sc. 1.
45
play had the poem before him, and made use of some
remarkable expressions in it. Again —
POEM.
1. Young Romeo climbs fair Juliet's bower at night.
2. So light he wox, he leaped the toall, and then lie spyde his wyfe.
3. And from the window's top down had he leaped scarce,
But she with arms outstretched wide, so hard did him embrace.
4. And by her long and slender arms a great while then she hung.
Now, see the play —
1. When thou didst bower the spirit of a fiend.
2. Leap to these arms untalked of and unseen.
Again —
POEM.
1. But black-faced Night with Winter rough, ah ! beaten over sore.
2. But when on earth the Night her mantle black hath spread.
3. if they the heavens might gyde,
Black shade of Night, and double dark should straight all over byde.
Compare the play —
1. And bring in cloudy Night.
2. Come, civill Night,
Thou sober-suited matron, all in black.
3. With thy blacke mantle.
4. Come, loving, black-brow'd Night.
Again-
POEM.
1. Of corde I will bespeak a ladder by that time,
By which this night, while other sleepe, I will your window dim />.
2. And for the time to come, let be our busy care,
So wisely to direct our love as no wight else beware.
•
Now for the play —
And bring thee cordes made like a tackling staire,
Must be my convoy in the secret night.
2. I must another way
To fetch a ladder, by the which you, love,
Must climb a bird's nest soon when it is darke.
3. Leape to these arms, untalked of and unseen.
The quotations thus made will be sufficient to show the
close attention paid by the author of the play, both to the
46
substance of the story and language of the old poem,
through this particular portion of the drama ; for the
remainder, not coming within the present purpose, has not
been examined and collated with the same scrupulous and
verbal minuteness.
The crux criticorum in this passage is in the word
" runaway," in the sixth line ; which, being considered to
be a corrupted reading, has been rejected, and many words
by conjecture substituted by ingenious persons,* much
pleased and satisfied with their separate offspring, and not
wanting in due parental affection to recommend them to
public favour. From all such persons I am however
obliged to differ, as I consider "runaway" to be the true,
authentic, and original expression of Shakespeare ; and that
by him it is here used in the sense of Cupid or Love.
Now, there are two things which Juliet stands in need
of, to secure the success of her amorous projects and adven-
tures, i. e. that night should come, and that Cupid should
be blind ; or, in other words, that the deeds of love should
be hidden in darkness from the eyes and observation of the
world. In a line that follows, she says, what is explanatory
of the former one : —
If Love be blind,
It best agrees with Night.
Now, what says the elder poem ?
Contented both, and yet uncontented still,
Till NiffJd and Venus' child give leave this wedding to fulfil.
Thus the success of Juliet's designs depended on the junc-
tion of Night and Cupid in the poem as well as in the
^})lay. But then comes the question, Why is Love or
Cupid called Runaioay ? Now, Love is the "Epwg SpaireTt] S
of the Greek poets : and what is the interpretation of
Spcnrerrig in the dictionaries ? — Runmvay. Again, he is the
" amor fuf/itivus" of the Latin poets. How is that word
* I am more and more convinced of the truth of an observation made by a
first-rate critic and scholar of the last age. — " Pauci sunt, qui de bonis correc-
tionibus bene judicare possint." Nor is it a less rare gift, " spuria discemere
a germanis."
47
explained ? — Runaway. What is Cotgrave's translation of
fugitive ? — Again, Runaway. It is the usual word.
" When Cupid with his smacking whip issueth forth to runne*
It must also be observed, that it was necessary that the
term should be varied, as Love is mentioned not less than
eight times in this passage ; and had he been designated
here by his name, Ciqiid, that mythological term, joined to
Phoebus and Phaeton, would have given it an unnaturally
stiff and learned air. It must be especial/?/ observed, that
this speech is made by Juliet in a very excited and elevated
state of mind, absorbed entirely with the hopes of possessing
Romeo, and of gratifying her youthful and impetuous pas-
sion for him. Full of impatient feelings, of rapid transitions
of hope and fear, hope of enjoyment and fear of discovery,
strongly excited desires, gay voluptuous thoughts, leading
to wild extravagant fancies, she takes up with the first
image and expression that presented itself most forcibly, till,
in the picture of " cutting Romeo into little stars," her fancy
loses itself in its own hurried combinations, and gives unre-
strained scope and license to its wanderings. Under these
circumstances, it seems to me the very characteristic word
which gives its effect to the whole passage, and is most apt
and beautiful in its wild expression of gaiety, which is em-
blematic of the state of her mind, approaching, as she then
believes, to the consummation of all her desires ; and at
length, in the ardency of youth, only mentioning her doubts
and fears one moment, in order to forget them the next.
It is perhaps unnecessary to say, that the word "runaway"
is used elsewhere by Shakespeare, in the Merchant of Venice,
and in the Midsummer Night 's Dream. I have somewhere
read, that a passage has been discovered in some poems, in
which Cupid is called Runaioay. This is well ; but I do
not feel in want of any additional support, to convince me
that it is the very identical word demanded — that it sheds
* " Only our love hath no decay,
Running, it never runs from us away" — Donne.
" Yet, shepherd, what is love, I pray ?
It is a tiling will soon away."
Vide England's Helicon, p. 90.
1.8
a pleasing and gay light, which colours the whole passage
with its proper hue — that no word could be substituted
for it, without deeply impairing the poetical truth ; and
lastly, that Shakespeare himself placed it there.
It may also be observed that this interpretation preserves
the authentic reading of the text — Runaway es, whereas many
of the conjectural readings render it necessary to alter it to
Runaway, a license not without sufficient cause to be admitted.
I therefore, so far as my influence extends, cannot agree
to this word being removed, for the substitution of any
other that has been suggested, or for any reason hitherto
alleged.
1. It is a word much more commonly in use in Shake-
speare's days than in ours.
2. It is a familiar, playful, fanciful name, suited to
moments, as these, of pleasing excitement, hurried thought,
and joy.
3. It is the English translation of fugitivus, by which
Cupid is as well known, as Jupiter by the title of " The
Thunderer," Neptune " The Trident Bearer," Diana " The
Huntress," &c. — the " epitheton perpetuum" standing for
the " nomen."
4. It is an epithet applied to him (fuyitivo) by the
Italian poets, and this is an Italian story.
5. It is used as an emblem, in which his history and
habits and nature are described.
6. Lastly, it is the word established in the text of all
the old editions.
And now it is time that I should take my hand from
the subject, on which I may appear rather unexpectedly to
have entered, and leave the further investigation to those
who are pursuing, I believe with success, the honourable
task of preparing for public use a more pure and perfect
text of our great Dramatic Author, accompanied with
correct and appropriate illustrations, than was ever pre-
viously composed. Time has confirmed the necessity of
explaining our older poets by means brought from the age
in which they lived ; by exploring obscure channels of
49
research, by illustrating remote allusions, and explaining
language long antiquated and disused. In undertaking
so arduous a task, no little courage is required to meet
the expectations that will be raised, and much patience
in bringing the labour required to its due fulfilment.
No one can successfully attempt to achieve it who has not
previously collected ample materials, and has his treasure
of learning in reserve, and who, by frequent and practical
acquaintance with his author, cannot readily apply them.
When difficulties occur, sometimes there will be a demand
for the faculty of judgment, and the slow process of
logical reasoning ; and sometimes errors will be detected,
and disappear before the sudden and rapid flight of acute-
ness and ingenuity. Sometimes a successful emendation
will arise with an easy and spontaneous birth, and some-
times it will be the slow result of subtle thought or laborious
calculation. Much may be done by a curious happiness
of conjecture,* and much by extent of erudition. To form
a Critic, a union of rare and valuable qualities is required.
To the gifts of nature must be added the results of study,
and each will be imperfect without the assistance of the
other ; the result of this necessary combination will be
to enable the possessor to avoid those rocks on which so
many reputations have been shipwrecked — a temerity and
love of change on the one side, and a timid and super-
stitious adherence to error on the other. " Eruditio quae
ut parum, aut nihil sine ingenio ; sic sine eruditione, ne
perspicassimum quidem ingenium quicquam effecerit."
It may probably happen, that when (for example) the
expected edition by Mr. Dyce appears, some who have been
accustomed to the bolder proposals and frequent alterations
of the former commentators, may slightly regard the changes
made by a gentler and more careful hand, and consider
that little has been gained when so little seems to appear ;
but this apparent defect would be the certain sign of a
* Such i3 the dyxivoia, required by the Greek writers on the subject — "rem acu
tangere," of the Lutins. " Bed hoc fingere est, inquit 6 St7va ; — Immo totum hoc
entices negotiom eat fingere : modo ita Sat, ul ne a verisimilitudine aberrel j" but
when texts are corrupt, a little experience will teach the critic: to he content with
•n>/trovemen/, when- complete restitution is unattainable. " Locus corruptus quem
nisi sanituti restituere, morbi tamen parte levare poterimus "
1
50
skilful and happy application of the true principles of the
art. "In summa artis intcntione" (such is the sound and
acute observation of Pliny when speaking of Protagoras)
" minor erat fertilitas."
We may now look back with something like wonder at
the manner in which the older editors approached their
voluntary task, apparently without any preparation or re-
flection on that proper system to be pursued which could
alone be successful : — when Pope altered what he did not
approve — when Warburton called on his ready invention,
his discursive erudition, and his ingenious fancy, to supply
the place of patient investigation and inquiry — and when
Steevens forced his own unauthorized system of versifica-
tion into a theory, to be maintained at the costly sacrifice
of his author's genuine reading ; nor can any one, deeply
jealous of the integrity of Shakespeare's text, be led to
approve the strange deviations from the original which
have been made by some later editors, in opposition to the
earlier authorities, and to the just laws of sound criticism.*
Prom want of sufficient preparation for a task which de-
manded long previous studies, chiefly arise, I believe,
those rash and inconsiderate innovations, and this delusive
and dangerous plan of supplying the want of knowledge by
unsupported assertion and a confident boldness of conjec-
ture ; and we trust that the system (if such it can be
called) so utterly destructive of truth, and so unworthy of
all acknowledged talent and finished learning, has altogether
passed away. "We had indeed," to use another's language,
" much to learn, much to obliterate, and much to mend."
Prom any such future deviation from all that could
inspire confidence or increase sound instruction we are now,
I believe, quite safe. It is of the utmost importance that
we should, whether by separate or combined efforts, possess
as perfect an edition of our greatest Poet as by any means
or appliances we can command. It is the noblest subject
any commentator could desire ; for it will call out at once all
a scholar's learning, all a critic's acuteness, and all a poet's
* " Satius est ulcus intactum relinquere, cui raederi non possis ; multum in Ms
rebus, valet tempus."
51
genius. Here Philology may exhaust her stores of erudition ;
and here Philosophy may be induced awhile to leave the
severity of the schools, to preside over the mimic repre-
sentations of Truth, and to clothe the august lessons of
Wisdom, with the brightest hues of imaginative decoration.
The names of Jonson and Fletcher, and of others scarcely
of lesser fame, are pre-eminently great — sufficient to stand
at the head of any drama of any country, and to render it
illustrious. In variety of character, in richness of inven-
tion, and wisdom of reflection, even the muse of the Athenian
stage must retire before them. Irreparable would indeed
be the loss of their writings to our literature and language ;
but when compared to Shakespeare they shrink into a
narrower compass, and seem comparatively wanting in the
treasures of imaginative wealth (which in him seem in-
exhaustible), and weak in that inventive and creative power
by which he has formed an imperishable world of his own.*
There is that in Shakespeare's mind that thus appears to
separate itself from all others. He seems alone to have
ascended into the highest sphere of intellectual life; — to-
have surveyed, as from an eminence never reached before,
the entire framework of human society — the whole internal
structure of the moral universe ; to have penetrated into the
deepest recesses of the human heart, and to have commanded
the boundless prospect of the thoughts, the passions, and
the affections of mankind. There is however one view
more of this mighty mind which, without disrespect, may
be mentioned as bringing with it an interest altogether of
a different kind: — it is when disengaging himself from the
attraction of fiction, and quitting that world of ideal beauty
in which he chiefly delighted to dwell, he addresses us in
his own person, and unfolds the secret memorials of private
life. Far above all local interests, all written records, all
* "Thinking as 1 do," says Mr. Dyce, "that Shakespeare is unlike the other
dramatists of Elizabeth ami James's age; (hat his method of conceiving and ivork-
ing out character (to say nothing of his diction) is peculiarly his own — I deny the
truth of a passage in Hazlitt's Lectures on the Dramatists of the Age of Elizabeth:
— 'He towered above his fellows, in shape and gesture proudly eminent ; but he
was one of a race of giants, the tallest, the strongest, the mosi graceful and beau-
tiful of them, but it was a common and noble //rood.'" P. 12, ed. IS lo. We hope
that this opinion, here casually given, will be more fully expanded and illustrated
in the forthcoming edition of our great Poet's works.
historic documents (though these are not to be willingly
disbelieved or disregarded), is that wonderful disclosure of
himself made, as it were, confidentially to us in a separate
portion of his poetry, which I never can read without feel-
ings of deep and painful emotion, for it is the picture of
one by his own hand self-accused, confessing that he has
been unfaithful to himself and to the guardianship of that
matchless treasure entrusted to his care. It is the lan-
guage of him (if I rightly interpret it) who has awakened
but too late to the conviction, that much of the noble gifts
bestowed on him by Nature he has permitted to be pro-
faned by worldly and worthless hands, and that he has endan-
gered at once the purity and independence of the noblest
of created minds. Well indeed might a writer who has
done justice to Shakespeare's genius, and never mentioned
his name without feelings of deep respect, while tracing his
narrative through this portion of the poet's history, which
contains a voice from the profound depths of the afflicted
spirit, exclaim, "There was a time in Shakespeare's life when
that mighty heart was ill at ease."* This combination of
anxious thought, mental suffering, and intellectual power,
has always been to me a portion of our poet's history more
deeply attractive and affecting than any ideal representa-
tions could be ; and therefore what are called his Sonnets,
in my estimation, are wanting neither in poetical beauty
nor depth of feeling, nor moral grandeur and dignity. f
And now, lest I should be wanting in due respect to my
readers, in leaving them with only this very imperfect
testimony of my own opinion, on a subject worthy of the
greatest minds, I will lay before them a few other records
of those who, having themselves received the full meed of
* Of B. Jonson I have only room now to say, that had he not bequeathed to us that
memorable page in which he has delighted to express his admiration of one who.
he believed, had no superior, and scarcely knowing who could claim a second place
beside him — on whom he had gazed with admiration in his meridian splendour, and
followed with eyes of love and veneration in the darkness of his late decline — we
should have wanted a most impressive and affecting picture of the grateful attach-
ment of one great mind to another still greater than itself, expressed in that pure
and native eloquence, that as it comes from, so it goes directly to, the heart. Our
historic gallery possesses nothing superior to the passage in which Jonson speaks
of the illustrious Bacon in his closing days of adversity. The lines are few, but it
is a noble subject treated by a masterly hand.
t See on this subject .Mr. Wordsworth's Supplement to the Preface to his Poems,
vol. i, p. ;>:il .
53
praise — some in life and some m death — are worthy of all
attention and belief, when they bestowed it on others.
" Laudari a laudato viro," is the highest reward that man
can receive ; for it enables him with justice to praise
himself.
OF SHAKESPEARE,
Dryden says : " He was the man of all modern and
perhaps ancient poets, who had the largest and most com-
prehensive soul."
Coleridge has applied to him the epithet of fiv P i6vov S , or
thousand-souled, and speaks of his oceanic mind. — Table
Talk, vol. ii, p. 361.
Goethe says : " I regard Shakespeare as a being of a
superior nature."
Dr. Chalmers : " I look on Shakespeare as an intellectual
miracle. I dare say Shakespeare was the greatest man
that ever lived."
Mr. Hallam declares : " The name of Shakespeare is the
greatest in literature — it is the greatest in all literature.
No man comes near to him in the creative power of his
mind. Compare him with Homer — the tragedians of Greece,
the poets of Italy; Plautus, Cervantes, Moliere ; Addison,
Le Sage, Fielding, Richardson, and Scott — the romances
of the later or older schools — 'One man has far more than
surpassed them all."*
Lastly, Mr. W. S. Lanclor (who is to be placed among
the foremost writers of the present day, in genius as in
learning) says well : — " A great poet represents a great
portion of the human race. Nature delegated to Shake-
speare the interests and direction of the whole.
# Mr. Wordsworth lias made this observation, that Lord Bacon, in his
multifarious writings, nowhere quotes or allude- to Shakespeare; and that the
learned Hakewill (a third edition of whose book bears the date of 1636), writing to
refute the error "touching Nature's perpetual decay," cites triumphantly the
nanus of Ariosto, Tasso, Bartas, and Spenser, as instances that poetic genius had
not degenerated, but he makes no mention of Shakespeare ; on which I have to
observe, thai I do not believe thai the public theatres on the Bankside were much
resorted to by the statesmen and senators of that age; that only some of his plays
were printed, and these very imperfectly, and in a manner very different from
the beautiful editions of Spenser; and that in his lifetime there was no collection
of his works. No douW the lives of many of the early dramatists (such as thoso
of Peele, Green, Nash, Middleton, &c.) served to keep them in greai poverty and
iirity, and did much injury to their reputation, so as to lower the character
"!' the w hole 'i' .'in,., ic ti.H. : n. i \
•I
ADDITIONAL NOTES.
"H ydjO twp \6ywp Kpiffig,7ro\\i)g scr-i irtipag rtXevralov iiriy'twiffia. — LONGINUS.
P. 18. " Cedar."] In Elegy, xiv, p. 13G, Marlowe places the cedar
of Lebanon on Mount Ida — the Mountain of Pines — without arguing as
to the propriety of the location : —
" Such as in hilly Ida's watery plains,
The cedar tall, spoil'd of his bark, retains."*
P. 26. "So continued."] In perusing Marlowe's plays, it may be seen
that several lines would be rendered more euphonious by a slight trans-
position of the words, without any other alteration ; but such must be
cautiously made, and no general rule seems established, nor has received
Mr. Pyce's authority, while the habitual carelessness of the early printers
might seem to permit its application, ex. gr. in Tamburlaine, vol. i,
p. 167.
" Raise mounts, batter, intrench, and undermine,"
might be read —
" Batter, intrench, raise mounts, and undermine. 1 '
In Dido, Queen of Carthage, p. 277 : —
When suddenly gloomy Orion rose,
read —
When suddenly Orion gloomy rose.
In Edward the Second, vol. ii, p. 252 : —
"Come Spenser, come Baldock, come sit down by me,"
dele the second " come."
" Come Spenser, Baldock, come sit down by me."
I am, however, aware that the authors were often careless in these
matters as well as the printers.
In the same page, it would not only improve the metre, but the force of
expression, to make a slight alteration.
* Of late years another variety of cedar has been discovered on the Himalaya
Mountains of India, and a third in Northern Africa, on the Hills of Taunus.
55
Bald. — to pine in fear
Of Mortimer and his confederates.
Edw. " Mortimer ! who talks of Mortimer ? "
read-
" Of Mortimer ! who talks of Mortimer ?"
Ho! young man ! saw you as you came ?
" IIo ! young man ! saw you as you hither came ?"
P 373
rend —
P. 272.
" Oh ! level all your looks upon these daring men."
dele " oh " and " all."
"Level your looks upon these daring men."'
Vol. i, p, 115.
Then, after all these solemn exequies,
We will our celebrated rites of marriage solemnize.
There are several marks of corrupt reading here — 1, " celebrated rites ;"
2, "solemn" and "solemnize;" 3, the redundant metre of the second
line. Read —
" We will our rites of marriage celebrate."
In vol. ii, p. 306, Dido, Queen of Cartilage, I should prefer,
"And headless carcases pil'd up in heaps,"
to
" Headless carcases piled up in heaps."
P. 23. " Parenthesis.] This is an assumed name of Jusliniano, in
W ebster's TFestward Ho.
P. 29. " C r «apparent, ^apparent."] The syllables un and in are often
interchanged. So ^fortunate and wafortunate in Marlowe's Edward the
Second, vol. ii, p. 248 ; into and ?mto, p. 416.
P. 30. So straight a cedar.] See Marlowe's Hero and Leander, vol. iii,
p. 6.
"Her body was as straight as Circe's wand."
And, now that I am come to the conclusion of my slender labours,
\. may say these few words in explanation, or perhaps apology, for having
undertaken them : that, having been in certain instances consulted by the
editor on some passages in which the reading was doubtful, I was inclined,
partly from a natural curiosity, as the lover of nature is loath to leave the
56
scenes of beauty lie has admired, and partly out of my great respect for
him, to continue my perusal of the work on which he was employed,
keeping the same object in view. My services indeed, have been but
slight, but every man must act according to the measure of his own strength;
and no doubt but there are many who, like myself, would feel it to be a
sufficient reward of their industry to be permitted to remove a few of
those injuries and imperfections which by time and neglect may have
gathered round some of the finest productions of genius. Yet when
[ reflected how little I could contribute, in comparison with what others
who preceded me had effected, I was not seldom reminded of an
apologue that proceeded from the fancy of some ancient fabulist, and
applied it to my own case. In an assembly of the birds, it was proposed
to offer a prize to whichsoever of them was able to soar to the loftiest
elevation. The eagle's bold and powerful pinions speedily bore him far
above all his competitors, and as he arrived at the summit of his flight,
the palm of victory seemed already in his possession ; when suddenly
a wren, who had nestled in concealment beneath his wing, darted out,
flew a few yards higher, and from weak and unjust judges carried off the
prize. And now, if there remains any other point that may be thought
to require explanation, let that be given in the words of a writer who at
once expresses my feelings and his own : —
" Nil minus egit Wyttenbachius, quam ut supra amicum mum sapere
velle videretur. Qui hoc suspicantur, aut ignorantia labuntur aut
malevolentia ducuntur. . . Ignorant utriusque viri mores, veritatis
studium, mutuam consuetudinem ; ignorant Socraticam rationem, Atti-
eamque venustatem, huic Scriptionis generi debitam. Malevolentiae
autem summae est conari amicos ab amicis abalienare ; si quidem
verissime dicitur, maximas esse divitias, bonos amicos habere. Censori
quidem non major cum animi benevolentia, quam cum ingenii elegantia
communio est."
ft. L. Mahne.
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QN THE ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH, Germanic, and Scandinavian
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J. Boswoeth, D.D. Royal 8vo, Ids. £1.
A new and enlarged edition of what was formerly the Preface to the First Edition of the Anglo-Saxon Dic-
tionary, and now published separately.
ANGLO-SAXON DELECTUS ; serving as a first Class-Book to the Lan-
guage. By the Rev. W. Baenes, B.D., of St. John's Coll. Cainb. 12mo, cloth,
2s. 6d.
" To those who wish to possess a critical knowledge stated, and illustrated by references to Greek, the Latin,
of their oum Native English, some acquaintance with French, and other languages. A philosophical spirit
Anglo - Saxon is indispensable ; and we have never pervades every part. The Delectus consists of short
seen an introduction better calculated than the pre- pieces on various subjects, with extracts from Anglo-
sent to supply the wants of a beginner in a short space Saxon History and the Saxon Chronicle. There is a
of time. The declensions and conjugations are well good Glossary at the end." — Athenmum, Oct. 20, 1819.
GUIDE TO THE ANGLO-SAXON TONGUE : on the Basis of Pro-
feasor Rask's Grammar ; to which are added, Reading Lessons in Verse and Prose,
with Notes for the use of Learners. By E. J. Veknon, B.A., Oxon. 12mo, cloth, 5s. 6d.
" The author of this Guide seems to have made one care and skiU ; and the latter half of the volume eon-
Btep in the right direction, by compiling what may be sists of a well-chosen selection of extracts from Anglo-
pronounced the best work on the subject hitherto Saxon writers, in prose and verse, for the practice ot
published in England."— Athenaum. the student, who will find great assistance in reading
" Mr. Vemon has, we tldnk, acted wisely in taking them from the grammatical notes with wluch they are
Rask for his Model ; but let no one suppose from the acconipanied.and froru the glossary which follows them,
title that the book is merely a compilation from the Tliis volume, well studied, will enable any one to read
work of that philologist, the accidence is abridged with ease the generality of Anglo-Saxon writers ; and
from Rask, with constant revision, correction, and its cheapness places it within the reach of every
modification; but the syntax, a most important por- class. It has our hearty recommendation."— Literary
teoo of 'V book, is original, aud is compiled with great Gazette.
John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.
A NALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA.— Selections, in Prose and Verse, from
-^*- Anglo-Saxon Literature, with an Introductory Ethnological Essay, and Notes,
Critical and Explanatory. By Louis E. Klipstein, of the University of Giessen. 2 thick
vols, post 8vo, cloth. 12s. {original price IBs.)
Containing an immense body of information on a have a thorough knowledge of his own mother-tongue;
language which is now becoming more fully appre- while the language itself, to say nothing of the many
dated, and which contains fifteen-twentieths of what valuable and interesting works preserved in it, may,
we daily think, and speak, and write. No Englishman, in copiousness of words, strength of expression, and
therefore, altogether ignorant of Anglo-Saxon, can grammatical precision, vie with the modern German.
INTRODUCTION TO ANGLO-SAXON READING; comprising
■*■ iElfric's Homily on the Birthday of St. Gregory, with a copious Glossary, &c. By
L. Langley, E.L.S. 12mo, cloth, 2s. 6d.
JElfric's Homily is remarkable for beauty of composition, and interesting as setting forth Augustine's mission
to the " Land of the Angles."
A NGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE LIFE OF ST. GUTHLAC,
■*-*- Hermit of Croyland. Printed, for the first time, from a MS. in the Cottonian
Library, with a Translation and Notes. By Charles Wtcliffe Goodwin, M. A., Eellow
of Catharine HalL Cambridge. 12mo, cloth, 5s.
ANGLO-SAXON LEGENDS OF ST. ANDREW AND ST.
-^*- VERONICA, now first printed, with English translations on the opposite page. By
C. W. Goodwin, M.A. 8vo, sewed. 2s. 6d.
ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE HEXAMERON OF ST.
-* *• BASIL, and the Anglo-Saxon Remains of St. Basil's Admonitio ad Filium
Spiritualem ; now first printed from MSS. in the Bodleian Library, with a Translation and
Notes. By the Rev. H. W. Norman. 8vo, Second Edition, enlarged, sewed. 4s.
ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE HOLY GOSPELS.
■**■ Edited from the original MSS. By Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A. Post 8vo, cloth.
8s. (original price 12s.)
A NGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE STORY OF APOLLO-
■**- NILS OF TYRE ;— upon which is founded the Play of Pericles, attributed to
Shakespeare ; — from a MS., with a Translation and Glossary. By Benjamin Thoepe.
12mo, cloth. 4s. 6d. (original price 6s.)
A NALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA.— A Selection in Prose and Verse, from
-^"*- Anglo-Saxon Authors of various ages, with a Glossary. By Benjamin Thorpe,
F.S.A. A new edition, with corrections and improvements. Post Svo, cloth. 8s. (original
price 12s.)
POPULAR TREATISES ON SCIENCE, written during the Middle Ages,
-*• in Anglr-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and English. Edited by Thos. Weight, M.A.
8vo, cloth, 3s.
Contents.— An Angiu-Saxon Treatise on Astronomy morning, and explanatory of all the symbolical signs
of the Tenth Ck.ntley, now first ■published from, a in early sculpture and painting) ; the Bestiary of Phil-
MS. in the British Museum, with a Translation; Livre lippe de Thaun, with a translation; Fragments on Po-
des Creatures, by l'hillippe de Thaun, now first printed pular Science from the Early English Metrical Lives
with a translation, (extremely valuable to Philologists, of the Saints, (the earliest piece of the kind in th»
as being the earliest specimens of Anglo-Norman re- English Language.)
■pRAGMENT OF ^ELFRIC'S ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR,
•*- JLlfric's Glossary, and a Poem on the Soul and Body of the Xllth Century, dis-
covered among the Archives of Worcester Cathedral. By Sir Thomas Phillips Bart.
Fol., privately printed, sewed. Is. 6d.
QKELTON'S (John, Poet Lawreat to Henry VIII) Poetical Works : thoBowgeof
Court, Colin Clout, Why come ye not to Court ? (his celebrated Satire on Wolsey),
Phillip Sparrow, Elinour Rumming, &c. ; with Notes and Life. By the Rev. A. Dyce.
2 vols, Svo, cloth. 14s. (original price £1. 12s.)
K Tliepowcr,thestrangcncss,thevolubilityofhi3lan- great a scholar as ever lived (Erasmus), 'the li»ht
pun^-.tlir audacity of his satire, and the perfect origin- and ornament of Britain.' lie indulged very freely
ality of his manner, made Skelton one of the most extra- in his writings in censures on monks and Dominicans •
ordinary writers of any age or country."— Southcy. and, moreover, had the hardihood to reflect in no very"
Skelton is a curious, able, and remarkable writer, mild terms, on the manners ami life of Cardinal
with strong sense, a vein of humour, and some irna- Wolsey. We cannot help considerin" Skelton as an
pimtion; he had a wonderful command of the English ornament of his own time, and a benefactor to those
language, and one who was ftyled, in bis turn, by as who conie after bun,"
Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by
OEMI-SAXON.— The Departing Soul's Address to the Body, a Fragment of a
*-* Semi-Saxon Poem, discovered amoving the Arcluves of Worcester Cathedral, by Sir
Thomas Phillipps, Bart., with an English Translation by S. W. Singer. 8vo, only
100 PRIVATELY PRINTED. 2s.
TJICTIONARY OF ARCHAIC AND PROVINCIAL WORDS,
-"-^ Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, and Ancient Customs, from the Reign of Edward I.
By James Orchard Halliwell, F.R.S., P.S.A., &c. 2 vols, 8vo, containing upwards
of 1000 pages, closely printed in double columns, cloth, a new and cheaper edition. £1. Is.
It contains above 50,000 words (embodying all the are not to be found in ordinary Dictionaries and books
known scattered glossaries of the English language), of reference. Most of the principal Archaisms areil-
forming a complete key for the reader of our old Poets, lustrated by examples selected from early inedited
Dramatists, Theologians, and other authors, whose MSS. and rare books, and by far the greater portion,
works abound with allusions, of which explanations will be found to be original authorities.
ESSAYS ON THE LITERATURE, POPULAR SUPERSTI-
TIONS, and History of England in the Middle Ages. By Thomas Wright, M.A.,
F.R.S. 2 vols, post 8vo, elegantly printed, cloth. 16s.
Contents. — Essay I. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. II. Anglo- Rush, and the Frolicsome Elves. XI. On Dunlop's
Norman Poetry. III. Chansons de Geste, or Historical History of Fiction. XII. On the History and trans-
Romances of the Middle Ages. IV. On Proverbs and mission of Popular Stories. XIII. On the Poetry of
Popular Sayings. V. On the Anglo-Latin Poets of History. XIV. Adventures of Hereward the Saxon,
the Twelfth Century. VI. Abelard and the Scholastic XV. The Story of Eustace the Monk. XVI. The His-
Philosophy. VII. On Dr. Grimm's German Mythology. tory of Fulke Fitzwarine. XVII. On the Popular Cycle
VIII. On the National Fairy Mythology of England. of Robin-Hood Ballads. XVIII. On the Conquest of
IX. On the Popular Superstitious of Modern Greece, L-eland by the Anglo-Normans. XIX. On Old English
and their Connexion with the English. X. On Friar Political Songs. XX. On the Scottish Poet, Dunbar.
X^ARLY HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY IN ENGLAND.
-*-^ Illustrated by an English Poem of the XIV th Century, with Notes. By J. O.
Halliwell, Post 8vo, Second Edition, with a facsimile of the original MS. in the
JBritish Museum, cloth. 2s. 6d.
" The interest winch the curious poem, of wluch which is not common with such publications. Mr.
this publication is chiefly composed, has excited, is Halliwell has carefully revised the new edition, and
proved by the fact of its having been translated into increased its utility by the addition of a complete and
German, and of its having reached a second edition, correct glossary." — Literary Gazette.
^TORRENT OF PORTUGAL; an English Metrical Romance, now first pub-
-"- lished, from an unique MS. of the XVth Century, preserved in the Chetham Library
at Manchester. Edited by J. O. Halliwell, &c. Post 8vo, cloth, uniform with Ritson,
Weber, and Ellis's publications. 5s.
"This is a valuable and interesting addition to our bling to a modern reader, yet the class to which it
list of early English metrical romances, and an in- rightly belongs will value it accordingly ; both because
dispensable companion to the collections of Ritson, it is curious in its details, and possesses philological
Weber, and Ellis." — Literary Gazette. importance. To the general reader it presents one
"A literary curiosity, and one both welcome and feature, viz., the reference to Way land Smith, whom
serviceable to the lover of black-lettered lore. Though Sir W. Scott has invested with so much interest." —
the obsoleteness of the style may occasion sad stum- Metropolitan Magazine.
XT ARROWING OF HELL; a Miracle Play, written in the Reign of Edward
■*■ ■*■ II, now first published from the Original in the British Museum, with a Modem
Reading, Introduction, and Notes. By James Orchard Halliwell, Esq., F.R.S., F.S. A.,
&c. 8vo, sewed. 2s.
This curious piece is supposed to be the earliest glish Poetry; Sharon Turner's England; Co/)ier's
specimen of dramatic composition in the English Ian- History of English Dramatic Poetry, Vol. II, p. 213.
fuage; vide Hallam's Literature of Europe, Vol. I; All these writers rejer to the Manuscript.
trutt's Manners and Customs, Vol. II ; Walton's En-
TVTUGiE POETICA ; Select Pieces of Old English Popular Poetry, illustrating the
■*■ ' Manners and Arts of the XVth Century. Edited by J. O. Halliwell. Post 8vo,
only 100 copies printed, cloth. 5*.
Contents: — Colyn Blowbol's Testament; the De- Lobe, Henry Vfflth's Fool; Romance of Robert of
bate of the Carpenter's Tools; the Merchant and Sicily; and five other curious pieces of the same
his Son; the Maid and the Magpie ; Elegy on kind
\ NECDOTA LITERARIA : a Collection of Short Poems in English, Latin,
■**■ and French, illustrative of the Literature and History of England in the Xlllth
Century ; and more especially of the Condition and Manners of the different Classes of
Society. By T. Wright, M.A., F.S.A., &c. Svo, cloth, only 250 printed. Is. 6d.
POPULAR ERRORS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, particularly in
-*- Pronunciation, familiarly pointed out. By George Jackson. 12mo, Third
Edition, with a coloured frontispiece of the " Sedes Busbeiana." 6d.
John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.
"P* ARLY MYSTERIES, and other Latin Poems of theXIIth and XHIth centuries.
-" Edited, from original MSS. in the British Museum, and the Libraries of Oxford,
Cambridge, Paris, and Vienna, by Thos. Weight, M.A., F.S.A. 8vo, bds. 4s. 6d.
"Besides the curious specimens of the dramatic on the people of Norfolk, written by a Monk of Peter-
Etyle of Middle-Age Latimty, Mr. Wright has given borough, and answered in the same style by John of
two compositions in the Narrative Elegiac Verse (a St. Omer ; and, lastly, some sprightly and often grace-
favourite measure at that period), in the Comoedia ful songs from a MS. in the Arundel Collection, which
Babionis and the Geta of Vitalis Blesensis, which form afford a very favourable idea of the lyric poetry of
a link of connection between the Classical and Middle- our clerical forefathers." — Gentleman's Magazine.
age Literature: some remarkable Satyrical Rhymes
T) ARA MATHEMATICA ; or a Collection of Treatises on the Mathematics and
■"* Subjects connected with them, from ancient inedited MSS. By J. O. Halliwell.
8vo, Second Edition, cloth. 3s.
Contents .— Johannis de Sacro-Bo3CO Traetatus de Duration of Moonlight, from a MS. of the Thirteenth
Arte Numerandi; Method used in England in the Century; on the Mensuration of Heights and Dis-
Fifteenth Century for taking the Altitude of a Steeple; tances j Alexandri de Villa Dei Carmen de Algorismo ;
Treatise on the Numeration of Algorism ; Treatise on Preface to a Calendar or Almanack for 1430 j Johannis
Glasses for Optical Purposes, by W. Bourne ; Johannis Norfolk in Artem progressionis suminula; Notes on
Robyns de Cometis Commentaria; Two Tables showing Early Almanacks, by the Editor, &c. &c.
the time of High Water at London Bridge, and the
PHILOLOGICAL PROOFS of the Original Unity and Eecent Origin of the
-*- Human Race, derived from a Comparison of the Languages of Europe, Asia, Africa,
and America. By A. J. Johnes. 8vo, cloth. 6s. (original price 12s. 6d.)
Printed at the suggestion of Dr. Prichard, to whose works it will be found a useful supplement.
A MERICANISMS. — A Dictionary of Americanisms. A Glossary of Words and
■**■ Phrases coUoqmaUyusedm the UnitedStates. ByJ.R.BABTLETT. Thick 8vo,cloth. 12s.
TJHILOLOGICAL GRAMMAR, founded upon English, and framed from a
■*■ comparison of more than Sixty Languages, being an Introduction to the Science of
Grammar, and a help to Grammars of all Languages, especially English, Latin, and Greek.
By the Rev. W. Baenes, B. D., author of the "Anglo-Saxon Delectus," "Dorset
Dialect," &c. Post 8vo, in the press.
ttafotmial dialects jof €itfllantr*
"DIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST of all the Works which have been published
- L ' towards illustrating the Provincial Dialects of England. By John Russell Smith.
Post 8vo. Is.
" Very serviceable to such as prosecute the study of our provincial dialects, or are collecting works on that
curious subject. We very cordially recommend it to notice."— Metropolitan.
TTALLIWELL'S HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PRO-
L± VINCIAL DIALECTS OP ENGLAND. Illustrated by numerous Examples,
(extracted from thelntroduction to the Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words.) 8vo. 2s.
GLOSSARY OF PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL WORDS USED
*~* IN ENGLAND ; by P. Geose, F.S.A. ; with which is now incorporated the Sup-
plement, by Samuel Pegge, F.S.A. Post 8vo, cloth. 4s. 6d.
The utility of a Provincial Glossary to all persons de- would be entirely a work of supererogation. Grose
sirous of understanding our ancient poets, is so uni- and Pegge are constantly referred to in Todd's " John-
versally acknowledged, that to cuter into a proof of it son's Dictionary."
CORNWALL.— Specimens of Cornish Provincial Dialect, collected and arranged by Uncle
Jan Teeenoodle, with some Introductory Remarks and a Glossary by an Antiquarian
Friend, also a Selection of Songs and other Pieces connected with Cornwall. Post
8vo. With curious portrait of Dolly Pentreath. Cloth. 4s.
CHESHIRE. — Attempt at a Glossary of some words used in Cheshire. By Rogeb
Wilbeaham, F.A.S., &c. 12mo, bds. 2s. 6d, (original price 5s.)
DEVONSHIRE. — A Devonshire Dialogue in Four Parts, (by Mrs. Palmee, sister to Sir
Joshua Reynolds,) with Glossary by the Rev. J. Phillipps, of Membury, Devon.
12mo, cloth. 2s. 6d.
DORSET. — Poems of Rural Life, in the Dorset Dialect, with a Dissertation and Glossary.
By the Rev. William Baenes, B.D. Second Edition, enlarged and corrected,
royal 12mo, cloth. 10s.
A fine poetic feeling is displayed through the various Burns; the " Gentleman's Magazine" for December,
pieces in this volume; according to some critics no- 1844, gave a review of the First Edition sonic pages
thing has appeared equal to it since the time of in length.
Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by
DURHAM. — A Glossary of Words used in Teesdale, in the County of Durham. Post
8vo, with a Map of the District, cloth. 6s.
"Contains about two thousand words ... It is be- guagc and literature ... the author has evidently
lieved the rust and only collection of words and brought to bear an extensive personal acquaint-
phrases peculiar to this district, and we hail it there- ance with the common language." — Darlington
lore as a valuable contribution to the history of Ian- Times.
ESSEX. — John Noakes and Maty Styles : a Poem ; exhibiting some of the most striking
lingual localisms peculiar to Essex ; with a Glossary. By Charles Clark, Esq., of
Great Totham Hall, Essex. Post 8vo, cloth. 2s.
" The poem possesses considerable humour.— Tait's " Exliibits the dialect of Essex perfectly." — Eclectic
Magazine. Review.
" A verv pleasant trifle " — Literary Gazette. " Full of quaint wit and humour." — Gent.'s Mag.,
" A very clever production."— Essex Lit. Journal. May, 1841.
" Full of rich humour."— Essex Mercury. " A very clever and amusing piece of local descrip-
" Very drolL"— Metropolitan. tion."—Arch