University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LA30R NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS SOHOMA COUNTY Progress Report No. 49 ty R. L. Adams Preliminary — Subject to Correction November, 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economcs Mimeographed Report no. 53 V 4 . (Farm Labor Survey — July- Dec ember, 1956) Progress Report No. 49 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops Sonoma County Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the presentation of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — planting, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area . — Sonoma County lies just north of San Pablo Bay with its southern tip bordering the bay. It extends north to Mendocino County and west to the Pacific Ocean, the coastal range of mountains surrounding the area. The Russian River enters Sonoma County at the northern boundary through a narrow gorge flanked by rough, mountainous territory. Approximately a mile south of the northern boundary this gorge widens into a fertile valley about 1 to 1 l/2 miles in \vidth. This extends for about 13 miles in a southeasterly direction and then expands into Alexander Valley, which is 7 miles long and has a maximum width of 3 l/2 miles. Paralleling this on the west is Dry Creek Valley, which is about 2 miles wide and 12 miles in length. South of these two valleys a broad level plain stretches south- eastward to Santa Rosa, sloping down to sea level at Petaluma. V/est of this area is Sebastopol, a district of lovr, rounded hills, devoted mainly to apple growing. The important soils are recent alluvial fillings of the Yolo series. The county has a total land area of 1,012,480 acres, three fourths of which is arable. The northern part of the farming district is an extension of the hop growing area found in Mendocino County. Sonoma County is devoted chiefly to intensive truck farming, deciduous fruits, and grapes, the latter being most important from the standpoint of capital invested. Crops, Acreage, and Production. — The bases used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor in addition to that furnished by farm operators and regularly employed workers appears as table 1. 2. TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements Sonoma County Crops Acreage Production Field crops:* Alfalfa i" Corn (for grain) 'j' (for other purposes ) Grain — wheat barley oats Hay — grain hay other grasses annual legumes Hops Potatoes -- Irish Sorghums (for hay and silage) Vegetable crops: Cucumbers f Tomatoes Seed crops: Beet seed Carrot seed . Lettuce seed Radish seed Fruit and nut crops : Apricots +■ Apples Cherries Figs ^ Grapes 01 i vest Peaches - Pears — Plums t Prunes Walnuts Bushberries ^ Strawberries t ^ — mostly canned - cling and free f 99 per cent Bartlett 1,042 558 1,005 1,751 879 14,021 34,989 11,222 361 2,500 1,783 416 74 417 1,000) 300) 900) boo) 30 13,460 1,500 30 21,500 38 175 3,500 477 23,000 930 100 40 3,407 tons 15,274 bushels (on 165 farms) 26,205 bushels 27,667 bushels 434,393 bushels 60,386 tons 16,664 tons 657 tons ( ^ 15,010 bales of 200 pounds(^vui' 'ht 86,300 cwt. 3,407 tons 2,919 tons dried4 875 tons 25 tons 28,126 tons sold fresh 4,700 tons dry weight Gravenstein ^ 4,300 tons dry weight - late varieties 1,387 tons 35,000 tons 180 tons 6,845 tons — 40 per cent dried 329 tons — canning varieties 23,000 tons dry weight 4^ 205 tons — 419,900 pounds merchantable 140 tons i: 3 * Data from 1935 Census, except hops. t Use of seasonal labor on these crops inconsequential and hence ignored. + Drying ratios used in this report are: Apples 7.5 to 1 ^ Fears 5.5 to 1 Prunes 2.26 to 1 Hops 4 to 1 ^Data from Federal State Crop i^eporting Service. Acreage of specified vegetable crops by counties. 1S35. Operations Roquirinp: Seasona l Labor and Time of Need . — Farm operations requiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the x-arious crops raised in Sonoma County are indicated in tab]e 2. This tabulation does not include the employing of shed v/orkers needed to vmsh, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping and marketing. TABLE 2 Operations Requiring the Use of Seasonal Labor and Time of Need by Crops Sonoma County Crop Field crops: Grain — wheat, barlejf , and oats Hay - other than alfalfa Operation Binding Shocking bundles Threshing Ko^ving Raking Shocking Trimming shocks Baling — 50 per cent of crop Time of need by months Per cent of work done by seasonal help June — 60 per cent of acreage July — 40 per cent of acreage June — 50 per cent of acreage July — 50 per cent of acreage July — 50 per cent of crop"! Aurvust — 50 per cent of crop J April 25-30 — 5 pier cent of acreage May 1-31 — 75 per cent of ^ acreaf,e June 1-15 — 20 per cent of acreage May — 75 per cent of crop June — 25 per cent of crop June 1-30 — 30 per cent of job July 1-31 — 30 per cent of job 50 100 75 75 100 100 Output per man-day 10 acres 5 acres 2 acres 10 acres* 20 acres 40 acres 10 tons 8 tons (in 13 hour day) Table continued on next page. 4. Ta'ble 2 continued. Crop Hay ( cont . ) Hops Operation Potatoes Irish Tomatoes Daling (cont,) Pruning, stririodng, and training Picking Drying Baling Cutting seed — 3 cJTt. per acre Eoeing — 1 time Digging by hand — 75 per cent of crop Picking up after machine digger — 25 per cent of crop Planting in field Time of need by months Au?,ust 1-31 — 25 per cent of job 3eptem';er 1-30 — 15 per cent of job March 20-31 — 1 man-day per acre April 1-30 — 4 man-days per acre I.Iay 1-31 — 4 man- days per acre June 1-30 — 4 man-days per acre July 1-15 2 man- days — 50 per Per cent of work done by seasonal help > 100 per acre August 15-31 cent of crop September 1-12 — 50 per cent of crop August 15-31 — 50 pier cent of crop September 1-12 — 50 per cent of crop September 10-30 — all of crop iCay 1-31 — 50 per cent of job June 1-30 — 50 per cent of job June — 1/3 of job July — 1/3 of job August — 1/3 of job September 25-30 — 10 pei cent of job October 1-31 ~ 60 per cent of job November 1-15 — 30 per cent of job September 25-30 10 per cont of job October 1-31 — 60 per cent of job November 1-15 — 30 per cent of job May 1-15 — all of acreage > 100 100 66 25 75 90 90 100 Output per man- day Total of 15 man- days per acre -j- 250 pounds'! (green weight) ' 4,000 pounds (green . weight) , 12 bales: (of 190^ pounds dried v/eight) 800 pounds 2,5 acres 15 cwt. j 40 cvrt. i 0.75 acre Table continued on next page. T 5. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need by months Per cent of work done by seasonal he] p Output per man- day Tomatoes (cont. ) Seed crops: Beet seed Carrot seed Lettuce seed r i ckinf, 1 1 anting Hoeing — 2 times Cutting by hand Threshing 11 anting roots Hoeing -- 2 times Cutting by hand Threshing Thinning Hoeing Cutting by hand September 10-30 ~ 50 per cent of crop October 1-20 — 50 per cent of crop December — 50 per cent of acreatr,e January -- 50 per cent of acreage February ~ 2/3 of acreage March ~ 2/3 of acreage / April — 2/5 of acreage -z^^ July 15-31 — 50 per cent of acreage August 1-15 — 50 per cent of acreage August 15-31 — 80 per i cent of acreage September 1-7 — 20 per cent of acreage _^ December — 50 per cent '*] of acreage ( January — 50 per cent [ of acreage J February — 2/3 of acreage March — 2/3 of acreage April — 2/3 of acreage August 20-31 ~ 20 per cent of acreage Septembor 1-30 — 60 per cent of acreage October 1-10 — 20 per cnnt of acreage September 1-30 ~ 60 per cent of acreage October ]-20 — 40 per cent of acroaee April 1-30 — 2/3 of acreage May 1-15 — l/S of acreage June August — 75 per cent of acreage September — 25 per cent of acreage > I J 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 2,500 pounds 0.75 acre 0,75 acre 0,5 acre 1,8 acres 0,5 acre 0. 75 acre 0,4 acre 0.33 acre 0,5 acre 0,5 acre 0,33 acre Table continued on next page. t ; : • I .. , N....,.,.|...>,v,..-.-, ■.~fl-<,t Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need by months Far cent of work done by seasonal help Output per ina.n-day Lettuce seed (cont.) Radish seed rruit and nut crops Apples Threshing by rolling, rough screen- ing and sacking Thinning Hoeing Cutting and piling Threshing Pruning Brush burning Spraying 5 times Thinning — 50 per cent of acreage Picking for fresh shipment August — 70 per cent of acreage September — 30 per cent of acreage March — 50 per cent of acreage April — 50 per cent of acreage May July 15-31 ~ 50 per cent of acreage August 1-15 — 50 per cent of acreage July 24-31 — 30 per cent of crop August 1-20 ~ 70 per cent of crop December 1-31 ~ l/S of' acreage Januai-y 1-31 ~ l/3 of acreage February 1-28 ~ l/3 of acreage . December 1-31 — l/3 of' acreage Januarj' 1-31 — l/3 of acreage February 1-28 — l/3 of acreage December — l/3 of acreage January — l/3 of acreage February — l/3 of acreage April -- 1 time iVIay — 150 per cent of acreage June — 150 per cent of acreage l^ay 20-31 ~ 50 per cent of vob June 1-10 — 50 per cent of job July 15-31 — 28 per cent of shipment August 1-31 — 64 per cent of shipment > 80 100 100 100 75 60 75 66 90 100 0,5 acre 0,5 acre 0,66 acre 0,5 acre 1 acre 0,25 acre 1 acre 2,0 acres (varies greatly) average about 1/3 acre 2,000 pounds Table continued 'on next page. 7. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need by months Per cent of work done by- seasonal help Output per man- day Apples (cont.) Cherries Grapes Pears Picking for fresh shipment Picking up for drying and by- products Drying Picking Pruning Brush burning Picking for wineries Pruning September 1-30 — 7.0 \ per cent of shipment October 1-31 — 1.0 per cent of shipment , July 15-31 — 15 per cent of tonnage August 1-31 — 30 per cent of tonnage September 1-30 — 30 per cent of tonnage October 1-31 — 20 per cont of tonnage November 1-15 — 5 per cent of tonnage July 15-31 — 15 per cent of tonnage August 1-31 ~ 30 per cent of tonnage September 1-30 — 30 per cent of tonnage October 1-31 — 20 per cent of tonna7,e November 1-15 — 5 per cent of tonnage May 20-31 — on early season only June 1-15 — all of crop January 1-31 — 30 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 50 per cent of acreage March 1-31 — 20 per cent of acreage . January 1-31 — 30 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 50 per L cent of acreage March 1-31 — 20 per cont of acreage September 1-30 — 75 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 25 per cont of crop ] December 1-31 — 30 per cent of acreage January 1-31 — 30 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 30 per cont of acreage March 1-15 — 10 per cent of acreage 100 2,800 pounds 100 100 13 man-days per dry ton =164 pounds — dry weight 200 pounds 50 0,75 acre 50 5,0 acres 100 2,400 pounds 50 0,2 acre Table continued on next page. 8. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need by months Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- day Pears Prunes Brush burning Spraying Picking Cutting for drying Other labor in dry-yardi Pruning — 30 per cent of acreage Brush burning — 30 per cent of acreage Picking up Dipping and drying — 50 per cent by sun 50 per cent by dehydra- tors December 1-31 — cent of acreage January 1-31 — cent of acreage February 1-28 — cent of acreage March 1-15 — 25 cent of acreage largely by regular August 10-31 — crop September 1-10 - crop Auguit 15-31 — cent of job September 1-20 - per cent of job August 15-31 — cent of job September 1-30 - per cent of job December 1-31 — 30 per cent of job January 1-31 — 30 per cent of job February 1-28 — 30 per cent of job ferch 1-15 — 10 per cent of job December — 25 per cent of job January — 25 per cent of job February — 25 per cent of job March — 25 per cent of job August 15-31 — 25 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 75 per cent of crop August 15-31 — 20 per cent of job September 1-30 — 70 per cent of job October 1-15 — 10 per cent of job August 15-31 — 25 per cent of job September 1-30 — 75 per cent of job J 75 100 100 100 25 > 25 100 66 66 3.0 acres 1,600 pounds 1,000 pounds 26,5 hours per fresh ton 0,25 acre 2,5 acres 1,500 pounds 8.3 hours per fresh ton 6 hours per fresh ton Table continued on next page. • ■ - .... • ! ;■ • ' i t ! • t' \' '■' i i i. i j : ' ■ ' ■ V f \ t i. - •■ ■ i ! ! ■ i } i i 1 IV ] '■■ ■ 1 '' if i i ! ^ 'r i . ■ ■ : ! . . T .' ■ * , 1 1 ! . .. 1 { i i 1 1 \ i • j > ( • t , • i. * * "J ! i i ! ; J ) 1 \ ; f t i \ ' ' * t t : t 1 ^ * \ ! t ' 1 i ■ . i t » 1 1 :' < i • ; i"'" ■■■ ■ ' ' ■ ■ ' " •■ ■ i ' . i ! i -V ; . .... ■■ ; : ! J 1 i ■. . . - . 1 •: J -v . , .... - '■ , ■ 1 . . • ■ .. 1 'i . , . . i , . \ \ > t , \ i i < t i 4 \ , . . , . J 9. Table 2 continued. Per cent of Output Crop Operation Time of need by months work done by seasonal help per man-day Walnuts Knocking or October l-ol — 75 per shaking off cent of crop November 1-15 — 25 per cent of crop ^ *• 100 300 pounds Picking up October 1-31 — 75 per and hulling cent of crop «- 100 200 pounds by hand November 1-15 25 per cent of crop Bushberries Picking Ivlay 28-31 — 5 per cent " — mostly of crop black- June 1-30 — 50 per berries cent of crop July 1-51 — 35 per V IT y 90 150 pounds cent of crop August 1-31 — 10 per cent of crop *Power mowers, with capacity of 20 acres per day, estimated to be used on 25 per cent of acreage or more. f 1" Hop pruning, stringing, and training are generally done on contract, and ' require 1 person for each 5 to 7 acres continuously from about March 20 to July 15. ^ From Christie, A. W. and L. C. Barnard, The principles and practice of sun-dryinp: fruit. California Agr.. Exp. Sta. Bui. 388. 1925. \ Findin;g;s of Seasonal Labor Needs . — Details and sanimaries of seasonal labor requirements of Sonoma County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of task" are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, boxes, or other units as indicated in the table. If the work is of a nature that requires a crew, different members of which perform different tasks, then the average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, November to February; 10 hours March to October, unless othenvise stated. Wide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, v/oeds, yields, and other factors influencing the. amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moroo\-er, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker v/ithout reference to use of women, children, and more or less inoxperienced help tliat is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning,, weeding, and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, i inclement weather reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed^ The "required number of indi^'iduals " is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection v;ith "output per man-day." It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in table 3, v/ill often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. This would naturally require a much greater number of vrorkers than when the work is spread over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor (in man-days) remains the same. 4. TABLE 3 Seasonal Labor Needs -- Sonoma County ■ — by Months and Tasks Output per Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task man- day man -days days or workers* January Beets (for seed): Planting 500 acres 0.75 acre 667 15 45 Carrots (for seed): Planting roots 400 acres 0-5 acre 800 15 54 Radishes (for seed): Thinning 800 acres 1.5 acres 534 15 36 Apples: Pruning c,692 acres' C.25 acre 10,768 15 718 Brush burning 3,365 acres'/' 1.00 acre 3,365 15 225 Spraying 2,991 acrest 2.0C acres 1,496 15 100 Grapes: Pruning 3,<;2o acresT C.75 acre 4,300 15 287 Brush burning 3,225 acres/" 5.0 acres 645 15 43 Pears: Pruning 525 acres T 0.2 acre £ , 625 15 175 Brush burning 656 acres 3.00 acres 219 15 15 Prunes: Pruning sl8 acres/ 0.25 acre 2,072 15 139 Brush burning 431 acres T 2»5 acres 173 15 12 Totals 27.564 15 1 , 845 man-months February Beets (for seed): Hoeing 666 acres 0.75 acre 888 18 50 Carrots (for seed): Hoeing 534 acres 0.75 acre 712 18 40 Radishes (for seed): hoeing 800 acres 1.75 acres 458 18 26 Apples: Pruning 2,692 acres f" C.25 acre 10,768 18 599 Brush burning 3,365 acres"/" 1.0 acre 3, 565 18 187 Spraying 2,991 acres'/" 2.0 acres 1,496 18 84 Grapes: Pruning 5,375 acres'/ 0.75 acre 7,167 18 399 Brush burning 5,375 acres■^ 5.0 acres 1,075 18 60 Pears: Pruning 525 acrssi' 0.2 acre 2,625 18 146 Brush burning 656 acresf* 3.0 acres 219 18 13 Prunes: Pruning 518 acres-j" 0.25 acre 2,072 18 116 Brush burning 452 acres/ 2.5 acres 173 18 10 Totals 31.018 18 1 .724 man-months March Hops: Pruning, stringing, and training 2,500 acres 1.0 acre 2,500 7 358 (Mar. 20-31) Beets (for seed): Hoeing 667 acres 0.75 acre 890 21 43 Carrots (for seed): Hoeing 533 acres 0.75 acre 711 21 34 Table continued on next page. ^ o iabie ^ 5 continued - Output per Required rtvai labia Required number Month Crop and task Size of task man-day man -days days of workers* March Grapes: Pruning c,15G acres / 0.75 acre 2,867 21 137 (cont . ; Brush burning 2,150 acres-/" 5.0 acres 430 21 21 Pears: Pruning 1,75 acresT 0.2 acre 875 10 88 (Mar. 1-15) Brush burning 657 acres f" 3.0 acres 219 10 22 (Mar. 1-15) Prunes; Pruning 17^ acres-r 0.25 acre 588 10 69 (Mar. 1-15) Brush burning 431 acres'/" 2.5 acres 173 21 9 Totals 9.353 21 446 tTi£n-months April Hay pother tnan s,lfalfa;: Mov;ing 1,747 acres'/' 10.0 acres 175 21 9 ■ Raking 1,747 acresy 20.0 acres 88 21 5 bhockmg 1,747 acres 40.0 acres 44 21 3 Hops: Pruning, stringing, and training 2,500 acres 0»25 acre 10,000 21 477 Beets (for seed;: Hoemg 667 acres 0.75 acre 890 21 43 Carrots (for seed;: Hoeing 534 acres 0.75 acre 712 21 34 Lettuce (for seed): Thinning 600 acres 0.5 acre 1,200 21 58 Apples: Spraying 8,974 e.cresT 2.0 acres 4.487 21 214 iotuls 17.596 21 838 man-months May Hay pother than alfalfa;: Mowing 26,197 acres-/- 10,0 acres 2,620 22 120 Making 26,197 acres 20.0 acres 1,310 22 60 Shocking 26,197 acres -f 40.0 acres 655 22 30 Trimming shocks 58,280 tons 10.0 tons 5,828 22 265 * Hops: Pruning, stringing, and training 2,500 acres 0.25 acre 10,000 22 455 Potatoes (Irish): Cutting seed 1,783 cwt."!" 800.0 pounds 223 22 11 iomaxoes. riantmg lor field 417 acres 0.75 acre 556 11 51 (May 1-15) Lettuce (for seed): Thinning 300 acres i',5 acre 600 11 55 (May 1-15) Apples: Spraying 13,450 acres'/" 2.0 acres 6,730 22 306 Thinning 3,028 acres f 0.33 acre 9,176 8 1,147 (May 20-31) Bushberries: Picking 6 tons 7^ 150.0 pounds 80 4 20 (May 28-31) J une i otais - 37,778 22 1.718 man-months uram: binding 4,995 acresT 10.0 acres 500 25 20 ohockmg 8,325 acres 5.0 acres l,o55 25 67 Hay (other than alfalfa): Mowing 6,985 acres/' 10.0 acres 699 25 28 Raking 6,985 acres'/" 20.0 acres 350 25 14 Shocking 6,985 acres 40.0 acres 175 25 7 TY'immTno mr^v^ + Inc? J. « jOiJ mcLli""UlUli Lilo July Grain: Binding .J- — 3,330 acresT 10.0 acres V T '2 26 T 7. Shocking OfOdo acres 5 »0 acres i , Doo ou Threshing 6,244 acresT 2.0 acres O , Idei do Hay (other than alfalfa): Baling 11, boo tonsy o.U tons 1 , 40 / do 57 Hops: Pruning, stringing. ■'^fi'^ ( Till V 1 _1 ^ and training 2,500 acres 0.5 acre 0 , UUU X O Potatoes (Irish): Hoeing 446 acres -j- 2.5 acres 179 26 7 Beets (for seed): Cutting by 77 (July 15-31) hand 500 acres 0.5 acre 1 , 000 lo Radishes (for seed): Cutting 4■.* V Potatoes (Irish): Hoeine P S A f* V* Pc; 1 7Q 7 f cont. - ) Beets (for seed): Cuttine bv head BOO 77 ( £i\\a- ^ Thre shine 64-0 acres i 1 ft ft f*yp «2 CO \nUIE. XD — OXy Carrots (for seed): Cutting hi7 hand 160 acres 0.4- T p 400 g AS ( AncT PO-'^n ^ Lettuce (for seed): Cutting by hand 675 acres f)-.!^3 AC TP 2 046 ?fi 7Q Threshing, rough screening, and sacking 504 acres 0-5 fi.cT*p 1 008 Radishes (for seed): Cutting and piling 400 acres 0-75 a r.T'P S34 AP ^ Aiicr 1 1 S ^ Threshing 420 acres"f" 1 .0 acre 420 1 7 X 1 PS fAno- T-PO^ Apples: Picking for shipment 18,000 tons 1.0 ton 1 8 000 O ? «J Picking up for drying and 20,250 tons^ by-products 2 800.0 Dounris 1 4 465 Pfi SS7 Drying 2,700 tons 6 z 35 1 00 Pfi 1 , 350 Pears: Picking 4.564 tons 17 Cutting for drying 1.369 tons ? 73fl PT 1 ^ flu tr 1 ^ "^1 ^ Other dry— yard labor 913 tons 9 X o 1 Or^ ^ flu 1^ 1 R "^l ^ lyu vitug. lo—ox) Prunes: Picking up 12.937 tons 1 7 ?S0 X , OC r \iiUg. XO— OX^ DioDinE and drviner (hv «3un) 3,415 tons-j- 1 digger 40.0 cwt. 146 11 14 (Nov. 1-15) Apples: Picking up for drying and by-products OyOlz> tons I 2,000.0 pounds 2,411 11 220 (Nov. 1-15) Drying 4DU tons 5,850 11 532 (Nov. 1-15) Walnuts: Knocking or shaking off xiej xons ouu.u pounds 347 11 32 (Nov. 1-15) Picking up and hulling by hand oci tons 200.0 pounds 520 11 48 (Nov. 1-15) Totals -— — 10 , 440 21 498 man-months December Beets (for seed): Planting 500 acres 0.75 acre 667 15 45 Carrots (for seed): Planting roots 400 acres 0.5 acre 800 15 54 Apples: Pruning