LIBRARY OF THE University of California. RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE Class THE CONDITIONAL PERIOD IN THE WRITINGS OF Quintus Horatius Flaccus A DISSERTATION PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOS- OPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IN igoo BY WALLACE STEDMAN ELDEN WaTervh,i,e, Maine MAIL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1900 THE CONDITIONAL PERIOD IN THE WRITINGS OF Quintus Homtius Flaccus A DISSERTATION PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOS- OPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IN /goo BY WALLACE STEDMAN ELDEN Watervieee, Maine MAIL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1900 THE CONDITIONAL PERIOD IN THE WRITINGS OF Oninfns Hnrqfins Fl^rrns Page ERRATA. 5. Line 23, for Johnson read Johanson. 7> 2, " Treatment read Treatment. x 8, " 21, " h read «'. 8, 33. " h read eZ. 12, " 31. " iuflueuee read influence. 18, " 27, " autique read antique. 37- " 37. " differe read differre. 40, " 23, " ncn read non. 55. " 25, " virtute read virtute. 57- " 28, " numvuam read numquam. 94. x 5. " vSat. II, 5, 10-12 reader;;/. 11,5, 10-12 8. Robv: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol. I, pp 197-198. 9. Seaton : Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol VI, p. 201. 10. Sonnenschein : Notes on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol. I pp. 214-218. 11. Sonnenschein: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol I, pp. 238-240. 12. Sonnenschein: Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R Vol. VI, p. 199. UIMIV ; THE CONDITIONAL PERIOD IN THE WRITINGS OF Quintus Horatius Flaccus LITERATURE. I). The Classification of Conditional Sentences. 1. Bayfield: The Conditional Sentence in Greek and Latin. C. R. Vol. IV, pp. 200-202. 2. Bayfield : Conditional Sentences in Greek and Latin. C. R. Vol. VI, pp. 90-92. 3. Chambers : The Classification of Conditional Sentences ; C. R. Vol. IX, p. 293. 4. Clapp : Mr. Bayfield on Conditions Contrary to Fact. C. R. Vol. V, pp. 397-399. 5. Harrison : Remarks on Mr. Bayfield's Paper. C. R. Vol. IV, pp. 297-298. 6. Mayor : Summary of Roby vs. Sonnenschein. C. R. Vol. I, pp. 239-240. 7. Polle: Die Bedingungssatze. N. J. 1891, pp. 264-266. 8. Roby: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol. I, pp. 197-198. 9. Seaton : Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol. VI, p. 201. 10. Sonnenschein: Notes on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol. I. pp. 214-218. 11. Sonnenschein: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol. I, pp. 238-240. 12. Sonnenschein: Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol. VI, p. 199. 13. Goodwin : On the Classification of Conditional Sentences in Greek. T. A. P. A. 1873, p. 60. (Summary in Proceed- ings, 1873, pp. 14-16.) 14. Goodwin: Conditional Sentences in Greek Syntax. Jour. Phil. Vol. V, p. 186ff. 15. Green ough : On Some Forms of Conditional Sentences in Latin, Greek and Sanskrit. T. A. P. A. 1871, pp. 159-165. 16. Lawton: Fourth Class Conditions. C. R. Vol. XIII, pp. 100- 109. 17. Morris: Some Forms of Greek Conditional Sentences. T. A. P. A. 187G. Proceedings, p. 17. 2). The Conditional Sentence in Particular Authors. 1. Gunther: Die Formen der Hypothesis aus Livius entwickelt. Bromberg, 1871. 2. Klintberg : De formis enunciatorum condicionalium apud Taci- turn. Holmiae, 1877. 3. Liebig : Die hypothetischen Satze bei Terenz. Gorlitz, 1863. 4. Lindskog : De enuntiatis apud Plautum et Terentium condi- cionalibus. 1895. 5. Mansfeld : De enuntiatorum conditionalium apud elegiarum poetas latinos formatione. Halis Saxonum, 1879. 6. Morgenroth : De condicionalium sententiarum apud Taciturn formatione. Salznngae, 1868. 7. Rothheimer: De enuntiatis conditionalibus Flautinis. Got- tingae, 1876. 8. Schroeter : Die Conditionalsatze des Dichters Lucrez. Wesel, 1874. 9. Hoppe : Der Conjunctivus der coniugatio periphrastica activa in indirecten Fragen und Bedingungssatzen und der Nomi- nativus cum infinitivo futuri activi bei Cicero. Gumbinnen, 1879. 10. Priem : Die irrealen Bedingungssiitze bei Cicero und Caesar. Philol. Supplem. V. 2, p. 297. 11. Clapp : Conditional Sentences in Aeschylus. T. A. P. A., 1887, p. 43—. 12. Clapp: Conditional Sentences in the Greek Tragedians. T. A. P. A., 1891, p. 81—. 3). Miscellaneous. 1 . Basse : Zusammenstellung des Wichtigsten aus der Lehre von den bypothetischen Siitzen. Gunibinnen, 1861-62. 2. Blase: De modorum temporumque in enuntiatis condiciotialibus Latinis permutatione quaestioues selectae. Argentorati, 1885. 3. Blase: Geschichte des Irrealis im Lateinischen. Erlangen, 1888. 4. Blase: Zur Syntax der Bedingungssatze im Lateinischen. Strassburg. 1889. 5. Blase: Der Konjnnctiv des Praseus im Bedingungssatze. Archiv, Vol. IX, pp. 17-45. 6. Blase: Fntura and Konjnnctiv des Perfekts im Lateinischen. Archiv, Vol. X, pp. 313-343. 7. Blase: Geschichte des Plusquamperfekts im Lateinischen. Giessen, 1894. 8. Ellendt: De formis enunciatorum conditionalium linguae Latinae commeutatio. Regimontii Prnssornm, 1827. 9. Greenongh : Some Features of the Contrary to Fact Construc- tion. Harvard Studies, Vol. VII, p. 13 — . 10. Hale: The Syntax of General Conditions in Latin. T. A. P. A., 1891, p. XXXVIII— 11. Johnson: De usu modorum in verbis debere, posse, sim, in primariis sententiis condicionalibus. LTpsaliae, 1868. 12. Lilie : Conjnnctivischer Bedingungssatz bei indicativischem Hanptsatz im Lateinischen. Berlin, 1884. 13. Palze : Ueber die Conditionalsatze der Lat. Sprache. Soest, 1846. 14. Procksch: Zura Irrealis Praeteriti. N. J. Vol. 137, pp. 866- 867. 15. Putsche : Ueber den bypothetischen Gebrauch des unabhangigen Conjnnctiv and Indicativ oline si. N. J. Vol. 72, pp. 177- 195. 16. Riess : De enunciatorum conditionalium linguae latinae formis ellipticis. Cassel, 1840. 17. Stamm : Zum Gebrauch der tempora im abhangigen Irrealis. N. J. Vol. 137, p. 776. 18. Stanko : Comment, de enunc. condition, ling. lat. Monachii, 1837 19. Zimmermann : Zum Gebrauch der tempora im abhangigen Irrealis. Fhilol. Vol. 48, pp. 376-379. 20. O. Brngmann : [Jeber den Gebrauch des condicionalen ni in der alteren Latinitat. Leipzig, 1887. 21. Herzog: De singulari particularum nisi et ni significatione et proprietate. 1839. 22. Loschke : Vom Gebrauch der Partikeln nisi und si non. Bautzen, 1843. 23. C. F. W. Midler: Ueber den Gebrauch von sive. Berlin, 1871. Abbreviations. A. J. P. American Journal of Philology. C. R. Classical Review. Jour. Phil. The Journal of Philology. N. J. Neue Jahrbucher fiir Philologie und Paedagogik. Philol. Philologus. R. M. Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie. T. A. P. A. Transactions of the American Philological Association. INTRODUCTION. 4). Value of the Historical Method of Syntactical Treatment. The study of the use of a particular syntactical construction by in- dividual authors, or of the employment of a certain construction throughout the whole of Latin literature, has a threefold value. Not only does it furnish a basis for the scientific criticism and emendation of the text of the individual writer, but also, from an examination and comparison of the results obtained in the case of single authors, we are enabled to derive much information as to the origin and development of a construction and to establish a fixed standard of grammatical usage for the language as a whole. 5). Classification of Conditional Sentences. A complete history of the conditional sentence in Latin would throw much light upon the vexed question as to the proper system of classifi- cation of such sentences. Many and conflicting views have been held. Liebig : Die hypothetischen Satze bei Terenz, Gorlitz, 1863, pp. 3-4, gives a summary of the methods followed prior to the appearance of his monograph. The traditional method of classification recognizes three classes ac- cording to the varying degrees of reality, of possibility, of probability, or of unreality implied in the condition ; but there is a wide divergency of opinion among grammarians as to what the true implication of the various forms really is.' 2 Another element is introduced by those who make a distinction as to whether the possibility of the occurrence of a supposed case is to be thought of as objective or subjective. 1 For the literature on the Historical Syntax of the Latin language cf. Schmalz, Lat. Gram. pp. 202-2/3, Dritte Auflage, 1900. At present the most comprehensive work dealing with Latin syntax along historical lines is Dr'dger's Historische Syntax der lateinischen Sprache, Leipzig, 1S7S-81. Although of great value, it is however by no means complete nor exhaustive. 2 For an interesting discussion of this question cf. the articles in the Classical Review referred to in § 1. A. FOUR CLASSES. Liebig (quoted above) and Schroeter, Die Conditionalsatze des Dichters Lucrez, Wend, 1874, recognize this distinction and, explain- ing the Latin conditional sentence alter the analogy of the Greek, make four classes corresponding to the fourfold division of the Greek con- ditional period. Schroeter characterizes the separate classes as follows : 1 ). "Behandeln wir zuerst diejenigen Fiille, in denen der bedingende sowold als audi der bedingte Satz als gewiss, mit der Wirklichkeit iibereinstimmend gedacht oder dargestellt wird, gleichviel ob der Redende von der Wahrheit desselben iiberzeugt ist oder nicht. Als Modus dient der Indicativ. " 2). OBJECTIVE MOGLICHKE1T. "Behandeln wir nun in der zweiten Klasse diejenigen Beispiele, in welchen aus dem wahrschein- lichen oder erwarteten Eintritt irgend eines gedachten Falles etwas gefolgert wird, das sich ergeben wird oder soil. " In this class Schroeter places conditions with a Future tense of the Indicative in one or both members. 8). SUBJECTIVE MOGLICHKEIT. " Kommen wir nun zu denjenigen Beispielen, welche im Bedingungs — wie im Folgeglied den Cj. Pr. oder Pf. aufweisen, soinit den griechischen Satzen mit " und dem Optativ, Nachsatz Optativ mit #" entsprechen. Durch sie wird die Bedingung ohne Riicksicht auf die Wirklichkeit oder die objective Mbglichkeit des Eintritts nur als eine Vorstellung des Redenden, als ein der Ansicht des Redenden nach moglicher Grund oder als die sub- jective Voraussetzung bezeichnet, unter welcher der zweite Satz sich verwirklichen konne." 4). "Unter der vierteu Klasse der hypothetischen Satze pflegt man im Griechischen diejenigen zu begreifen, die ein Urtheil des Indivi- duums liber die Unmdglichkeit oder Unwahrscheinlichkeit des als Annahme Gesetzten involviren. Dies Urtheil auszudriicken, bedient sich der Grieche im Vordersatze der Partikel & mit dem Indicativ eines Praeteriti im Folgesatz des In- dicativ Praeteriti mit &>> ; der Lateiner aber wahlte, weil der Be- dingungssatz nur eine von aller Wirklichkeit freie Annahme, der be- dingte hingegen eine Folge gleicher Art enthalt, den Conj. des lmperf. und Plusq. nach Aufopferung der urspriinglichen modalen und temporalen Bedeutung Beider." The division into four classes had also been received by Ellendt, De formis enunciatorom conditionalium linguae latinae, Konigsberg, 1*27, and by others. We find, however, among those who adopt this classification a difference of opinion as to what forms in Latin correspond to the Greek sentences with e'dv. Polle, N. J. 1891. pp. 264-266, also proposes a fourfold classifi- cation, but on a somewhat different basis: 1). The theoretical case: si habeo, do. 2). The practical case: si habebo, dabo. 3). The potential case : si habeam, dem. -A). The unreal case : si haberem, darem. B. THREE CLASSES. Verv often a division into three classes has been made. So Ziunpt, Lat. Gram. §§ 524-525; his classification follows: 1). " Beide Satz»lieder werden als wiiklich, als thatsachlich, ohne Andeutung einer Vorstelhtng, ansgesprochen. Daun steht in beiden, sowohl dem Bedingungs — w T ie dem Eolgernngssatze der Indicativ." 2). "Beide Satze werden als Vorstellnng ansgesprochen, aber zngleich wird die Moglichkeit angedentet, dass die Wirkliclikeit ihr entspricht oder entsprechen kann. Dann stehen die Conjunctive des Prasens oder Perfectnm." 3). "Beide Satze werden als Vorstellnng ansgesprochen, aber mit der Andentnng, dass die Wirkliclikeit nicht entspricht oder nicht entsprechen kann, dass der angenommene Fall nnd also auch die darans gezogene Eolgernng unmoglich ist. Dann stehen die Conjunc- tive der Prateriten, des Imperfectnm oder Plnsqnamperfectnm." This is also the classification of Harkness in his School Grammar, § 573. Kiihner, Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der lat. Sprache, § 214, 2, includes the Imperfect Subjunctive in the second class in certain cases denoting a doubtful possibility. Bennett, Lat. Gram. § § 301-304, also makes three classes, but thinks that in Indicative conditions nothing is implied as to the reality of the supposed case. This view has for some time been quite gen- erally held, and it seems entirely justifiable when we consider such sentences as Cic. pro Clu. 62: "redargue me si mentior." Pro Mil, ne, 91: "excitate eum, si potest is ab inferis." Cf. also Hor. Od. Ill, 5, 31-36. 2 10 Priem, Philol. Supplem V, 2 (1885), p. 297—, even maintains that the past tenses of the Indicative may, exceptionally, express unreality. In reference to the Present Subjunctive in conditions Madvig, Lat. Gram. § 347, b, says : " The Present Subjunctive is employed when a condition that is still possible is assumed as occurring now or at some future time, while it is at the same time intimated that it will not actually occur." Others, (cf. Sonnenschein, C. R. Vol. I, p. 124), deny that the Present Subjunctive implies the possibility of the occurrence of the supposed case. Gildersleeve, Lat. Gram. § § 596-599, makes three divisions which he calls " Logical, Ideal, Unreal." Allen and Greenough, Lat. Gram. § 305, following the example of Goodwin in his classification of Greek conditional sentences, take the connotation of time as the basis of their classification and recognize three classes, which virtually amount to four, as Future Conditions are subdivided into More or Less Vivid Conditions, expressed respectively by a future tense of the Indicative, or by the Present or Perfect Sub- junctive. Bayfield, C. R. Vol. IV, pp. 200-202, advocates a similar classifi- cation, and argues against the contrary to fact implication of the past tenses of the Subjunctive. C. TWO CLASSES. Sonnenschein, Lat. Gram. § 353, assigns conditional sentences to two main classes in accordance with a theory which he states in C. R. Vol. I. pp. 238-239. 1). Class A. "Those in which the If-clause does not imply any- thing as to the fact, or fulfilment of the condition (Open Condition), and the Principal clause does not speak of what would be or would have been. The If-clause takes the Indicative." 2). Class B. "Those in which the If-clause implies a negative (Rejected Condition), and the Principal clause speaks of what would be or xooidd have been. The Subjunctive in both clauses." To these two main divisions he adds a third class, Class C, other- wise resembling Class A, but in which the Subjunctive is used in the If-clause, instead of the Indicative, to mark an action as merely con- ceived, contemplated, or in prospect. 11 Roby, hat. Gram. § § 1550- 155 1, also distinguishes two main classes : 1). "In the Indicative or Imperative mood, a condition is put simply without its being implied that it does, or does not, occur." 2). "A conditional Subjunctive expresses an action, whose non- occurrence is implied, but which is supposed to occur as the condition of another supposed action." Finally, Lane, Lat. Gram. § § 2022-2024, divides conditional sen- tences into two classes : 1). Indeterminate Protases, i. e. such as merely suppose an action, without implying either its occurrence or non-occurrence. These are subdivided into : a). Indicative Use; any tense of the Indicative required by the sense, b). Subjunctive Use; Present Subjunctive, less frequently the Perfect Subjunctive. 2). Protases of Action Non-Occurrent, i. e. such as suppose action not taking place. Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive. The whole Period, like the Protasis, is either an Indeterminate Period, or a Period of Action Non-Occurrent. CONCLUSION. 6). Enough has been said to show the existing state of uncertainty as to the classification of the Conditional Sentence, and to emphasize the need of a thorough treatment from the historical point of view. Thus tar, Blase's GeschicJrfe des Irrealis im Laieinischen, Erlangen, 1888, is the only work, covering any considerable part of the ground, that is based on historic principles. As regards the other forms this work still remains to be done, although valuable contributions to the subject have been made in various articles and monographs, and the use of the Conditional Sentence in the case of individual poets and prose writers has been carefully dealt with by different scholars. In regard to the Conditional Sentence, Morris, in his review of Lane's Grammar, A. J. P. Vol. XX, pp. 320-328, says in substance : If we suppose that the essential characteristic of conditional sentences is the implication of reality, probability, possibility and tlieir opposites, we must also allow that certain other characteristics, as time, generali- zation, vividness, emotion, although incidental, may have a greater or less influence upon this implication. Still other elements, too, as the person and meaning of the verb, and the presence of certain adverbs, seem, in certain cases, to have an effect upon the meaning implied in the condition, although at present hardly anything is known in regard to the force of these forms. Until a complete history of the Conditional Sentence throughout Latin literature has been written, such as shall trace its development from the earliest times to the latest, many points which are now a matter of doubt, must necessarily remain obscure. In view of these considerations we must conclude with Prof. Morris, that Lane's system of classification both sets aside all classification based upon accidental characteristics, and at the same time lays the only possible basis for the observation of the elements which may have an influence upon the meaning implied in the condition. This method, then, I have, in the main, adopted in my classification of the Conditional Sentence in the writings of Horace. I have, in most instances, followed the text of Keller and Holder, although I have not hesitated to depart from it in certain cases, especially where these editors seem to have allowed too little weight to the authority of the Bland in ian manuscripts. 13 CHAPTER I. Indeterminate Protases. A. Indicative Use. 7). A Conditional Period is a complete sentence consisting of two parts, expressed or implied ; the Protasis, or subordinate clause, con- taining the condition and the Apodosis, or principal clause, containing the conclusion. The Protasis is usually, although not necessarily, introduced by a conditional particle, as si, nisi, ni. ( For Protases introduced by sive cf. Chap, v ). 8). The Conditional Period is an evolution from an early paratactic stage of language, in which there was an absence of subordinate clauses and sentences, containing each a thought complete in and of itself, were placed in juxtaposition without connecting links, e. g. habet, dot; lie has, he gives. Now we can scarcely conceive of such a juxtaposition in which the clauses are absolutely independent of each other. The very fact that they are thus placed together implies a connection in thought between them. 1 As language became more highly developed, this logical relation gradually came to be expressed by means of particles, and we pass from Parataxis, or Coordination, to Hypotaxis, or Subordination. Thus, taking the example quoted above, habet, dot; he has, he gives, when it is clear from the connection that the first sentence denotes an assumption, and is related to the second sentence as condition to conse- quence, this relation is expressed by si, and we have si habet, dot; if he has, he gives. In sentences like si habeat, det, the Subjunctive of the Protasis was iPaul, Principles of the History of Language. Engl. Transl. p. 144. "Pure Parataxis, i. e. where instead of one sentence determining the other, the two reciprocally determine each other, exists only between parallel sentences, whether the thoughts conjoined be of analogous or con- trary import ; e. g ' he is blind, she is deaf '/' ' he laughs, she cries.' " 14 originally Jussive, that of the Apodosis the so-called Potential. 1 In its early paratactic form the sentence would have been habeat, det, let him have (i. e. assuming he should have), he would give. Conditional Periods of Action Non-Occurrent of the type si haberet- daret, probably had their origin in a shifting of tenses which took place early in the history of the language. Originally the Present Subjunc- tive was used in present conditions contrary to fact, 2 as well as in In- determinate Periods ; and the Imperfect Subjunctive was employed merely as a Potential of the past. Gradually, for the sake of clear- ness,, the Imperfect took the place of the Present in contrary to fact conditions in present time, and the Pluperfect replaced the Imperfect. Thus both the Impel met and the Pluperfect Subjunctive came to have a notion of unreality which originally did not belong to them, and the Present Subjunctive was confined to the sphere of the potential, (cf. Schmalz, Lat. Gram. § 338.) Bennett, Lat. Gram. App. § 5.96', thinks that the Protasis in sen- tences of this type may originally have been an Optative, i. e. si adesset, bene esset ; lit. " that he were here! it ^vould be well." 9 ) . An Indeterminate Period is a conditional period in which the Protasis merely supposes an action, without implying that it does, or does not, occur. Indeterminate Periods may be divided into two classes : 1. Any tense of the Indicative in the Protasis, the mood and tense of the Apodosis being determined by the sense. 2. The Present or Perfect Subjunctive in the Protasis, the Apodosis usually in the Present Subjunctive. The following combinations with an Indicative Protasis occur in Horace : I. Protasis in the Present Indicative. 1C). 1. Apodosis in the Present Indicative. This combination is common in all periods of the language. 1 Professor Hale calls the Subjunctive in the Apodosis of sentences of this type the •'Subjunctive of Ideal Certainty," Professor Bennett the " Subjunctive of Contingent Futurity." Various other uses of the Inde- pendent Subjunctive are also found in the Apodosis of sentences of this class. -This usage is attested from Plautus and is occasionally found later in poetry as an archaism. 15 A. I). The Protasis is introduced by si. a). First Person Singular. Serra. I, 4, 101-103 Quod vitiutn procul afore chartis, atque animo prius, ut siquid promittere de me possum aliud vere, promitto. The construction is: ut (promitto ) , siquid aliud vere de me prornitter possum (ita) promitto of ore, etc. Serin. I, 4, 116-119 mi satis est, si traditum ab antiquis morem servare tuamque, dum custodis eges, vitam famamque tueri incolumem possum ; Serin. II, 3, 188-190 ' Et aequam rem imperito, ac si cui videor non iustus, inulto dicere quod sentit permitto.' Serin. II, 6, 8-13 si veneror stultus nihil horum : ' o si augulus ille proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum ! o si urnam argenti fors quae mihi monstret, ut illi, thesauro invento qui mercennarius agrum ilium ipsum mcrcatus aravit, dives amico Hercule ! ' si, quod adest, gratum iuvat, hac prece te oro : Serin. II, 7, 102 Nil ego, si ducor libo fumante : A. P. 55-56 Ego cur, adquirere pauca si possum, invidcor, A. P. 86-87 Descriptas servare vices operumque colores cur ego si nequeo ignoroque, poeta salutor? b). Second Person Singular. Serm. II, 6, 39 Dixeris : ' experiar ' : ' si vis, potes ' addit et instat. Epist. I, 2, 70-71 Quodsi cessas aut strenuus auteis, nee tardum opperior nee praecedentibus insto. Epist. I, 12, 1-3 Fructibus Agrippae Siculis, quos colligis, Icci. Si recte frueris, ncm estut copia tnaior ab love donari possit tibi. Epist. I, 16, 17 Tu recte vivis, si curas esse quod audis. Epist. II, 1, 124-125 militiae quainquam piger et malus, utilis urbi, si das hoc, parvis quoque rebus magna iuvari. A. P. 102-103 si vis me flere, dolendum est primum ipsi tibi : A. P. 154-157 si plosoris eges aulaea manentis et usque sessuri, douec cantor ' vos plaudite ' dicat, aetatis cuiusque notandi sunt tibi mores, mobilibusque decor naturis dandus et annis. c). Third Person Singular. Od. I, 1, 7-8 Hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ; Od. I, 1, 29-34 Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium Dis miscent superis, me gelidum nemus Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori Secernunt populo, si neque tibias Euterpe cohibet nee Polyhymnia Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton. Od. Ill, 15, 7-8 Non, siquid Pholoen satis Et te, Chlori, decet : Od. Ill, 29, 29-32 Prudens futuri temporis exitum Caliginosa nocte premit deus Ridetque, si mortalis ultra Fas trepidat. Od. Ill, 29, 53-56 Laudo manentem ; si celeris quatit Pinnas, resigno quae dedit et mea Virtute me involvo probamque Pauperiem sine dote quaero. 'v Od. JV, 9, 5-6 Non, si priores Maeonius tenet Sedes Hornerus, Pindaricae latent C. S. 65-G8 vSi Palatinas videt aequos aras, Remque Ronianam Latiumque felix Alteram in lustrum meliusque semper Prorogat aevom. Serin. I, 2, 83-85 Adde hue quod mercem sine fucis gestat, aperte quod venale habet ostendit, neque, siquid honesti est, iactat habetque palam, quaerit quo turpia celet. Serm. I, 3, 44-47 Strabonem appellat paetum pater, et pullum, male parvos si cui filius est, ut abortivus fuit olim Sisyphus ; Serin. I, 3, 124-126 Si dives, qui sapiens est, et sutor bonus et solus formosus et est rex : cur optas quod habes ? Serm. II, 3, 74-76 Si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene sani, putidius multo cerebrum est, mihi crede, Perelli dictantis, quod tu numquam rescribere possis. Serm. II, 3, 126-128 Quare, si quidvis satis est, periuras, surripis, aufers undique? Serm. II, 6, 13 si, quod adest, gratum iuvat, hac prece te oro : Serm. II, 6, 78-79 vSiquis nam laudat Arelli sollicitas ignarus opes, sic incipit : Epist. I, 1, 95-97 si forte subucula pexae trita subest tunicae, vel si toga dissidet impar, rides : 3 18 Epist. I, 2, 37-39 Nam cur, quae laeduut oculurn, festinas demere : siquid est anirnum, differs curaudi tempus in annum? Epist. I, 2, 49-50 valeat possessor oportet, si comportatis rebus bene cogitat uti. Epist. I, 11, 25-27 Nam si ratio et prudentia curas, uon locus effusi late maris arbiter aufert, caelum, non anirnum mutant, qui trans mare curruut. Epist. I, 12, 12-13 Miramur, si Democriti pecus edit agellos cultaque, Epist. I, 14, 29-30 additopus pigro rivus, si decidit irnber, multa mole docendus aprico parcere prato. Epist. I, 18, 54-57 denique saevam militiam puer et Cantabrica bella tulisti sub duce qui templis Parthorum signa refigit nunc, et, siquid abest, Italis adiudicat armis. Epist. II, 1, 64-65 Si veteres ita miratur laudatque poetas, ut nihil anteferat, nihil illis comparet, errat ; Epist. II, 1, 66-68 Si quaedam nimis autique, si pleraque dure dicere credit eos, ignave multa fatetur, et sapit et mecum facit et love iudicat aequo. Epist. II, 2, 158-162 Si proprium est, quod quis libra mercatus et aerest, quaedam, si credis consultis, mancipat usus : qui te pascit ager, tuus est, et vilicus Orbi, cum segetes occat tibi mox frumenta daturus, te dominum sentit. Epist. II, 2, 177-179 quid vici prosunt aut horrea? Quidve Calabris saltibus adiecti Lucani, si metit Orcus grandia cum parvis. non exorabilis auro? 19 A. P. 19-21 Et fortasse cupressum scis simulare ; quid hoc, si fractis enatat expes uavibus, aere dato qui pingitur? A. P. 31 In vitiurn ducit culpae fuga, si caret arte. A. P. 95-98 et tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pedestri Telephus et Peleus, cum pauper et exul uterque proicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba, si curat cor spectantis tetigisse querella. A. P. 248-250 offenduntur eniru quibus est equos et pater et res, uec siquid fricti ciceris probat et nucis emptor aequis accipiuut animis douantve corona. A. P. 354-356 Ut scriptor si peccat idem librarius usque, quamvis est monitus, venia caret, et citharoedus ridetur, chorda qui semper oberrat eadem : (1). Third Person Plural. Od. Ill, 24, 35-44 Quid leges sine moribus Vanae proficiunt, si neque fervidis Pars inclusa caloribus Mundi nee Boreae finitimum latus Durataeque solo nives Mercatorem abigunt, horrida callidi Vincunt aequora navitae, Magnum pauperies obprobrium iubet Quidvis et facere et pati Virtutisque viam deserit arduae ? p;pist. I, 15, 39-41 ' non hercule miror,' aiebat, ' siqui comedunt bona, cum sit obeso nil melius turdo, nil volva pulchrius ampla.' Epist. II, 1, 28-30 Si, quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque scripta vel optima, Romani pensantur eadem scriptores trutina, non est quod multa loquamur : 20 B. Protasis introduced by si non. a). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 24, 33-34 Quid tristes querimoniae, Si non supplicio culpa reciditur ? Epist. I, 1, 32 Est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra. Epist. I, 1, 87-89 Lectus genialis in aula est : nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita ; si non est, iurat bene solis esse niaritis. Epist. I, 11, 29-30 Quod petis, hie est, est Ulubris, animus si te non deficit aequus. C. Protasis introduced by nisi. a). Second Person Singular. Serm. I, 3, 133-136 Vellunt tibi barbam lascivi pueri, quos tu nisi fuste coerces, urgeris turba circum te stante miserque rumperis et latras, magnorum maxime regum. b). Third Person Singular. Serm. I, 3, 85-89 acerbus odisti et fugis ut Rusonem debitor aeris, qui nisi, cum tristes misero venere Kalendae, mercedem aut nummos unde unde extricat, amaras porrecto iugulo historias captivus ut audit. Epist. J, 2, 62-63 Ira furor brevis est : animum rege ; qui nisi paret, imperat : hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catena. I). Protasis introduced by ni. a). Third Person Singular. Serm. I, 1, 44 At ni id fit, quid habet pulchri constructus acervus? 2) . The Present is sometimes loosely used of future time. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). First Person Singular. •21 Epist. I, 7, 34-36 Hac ego si coinpellor imagine, cuncta resigno ; nee sotnnum plebis laudo satur altilium nee otia divitiis Arabum Uberrima muto. 1)). Third Person Singular. 0.1. H, 17, 5-8 A ! te meae si partem animae rapit Maturior vis, quid moror altera. Nee carus aeque nee superstes Integer? 11). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative. 1. A state or condition, assumed as existing in the present, is represented as the result of action performed in the past. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). First Person Singular. Serm. I, 6, 69-71 purus et insons, ut me coniaudem, si et vivo carus amicis : causa fuit pater his, b). Second Person Singular. Epist. II, 2, 23-24 Quid turn profeci, mecum facientia iura si tamen adtemptas ? c). Third Person Singular. Serm. I, 6, 65-71 Atqui si vitiis mediocribus ac mea paucis mendosast natura, alioqui recta causa fuit pater his, 2. The Perfect of a Preteritive Verb stands in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by s*. a). Third Person Singular. Epist. I, 10, 12-14 Vivere naturae si convenieuter oportct, ponendaeque domo quaerenda est area primum, uovistine locum potiorem rure beato ? 12). Apodosis in the Future Indicative. This combination is very common in Plautusand Terence, occurrin»- much more frequently than si with Fut.-Fut., the proportion being about 2-1 for the former, and 3-1 for the latter. 22 In Cato, de Agr., Auct. ad Her., and Varro, R. R., on the other hand, only a few instances of si est-erit are found, while si eril-erit is of frequent occurrence. In Cicero also the latter combination predominates, and the same is true of Lucretius, Horace, the Elegiac Poets, Vitruvius, Columella, and Quintilian. Si with Pres.-Fut. (si est-erit J is the more common in Sallust, Livy in his speeches and Seneca, de Ben. In late Latin there is a return to the usage of Plautus and Terence, and si with Fut.-Fut. becomes comparatively rare. Si erit-est does not occur in Varro, Sallust, Horace, Catullus, and Tibullus, and in general is much less often found than either of the other two combinations. 1. The Present denotes present time. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Od. II, 10, 17-18 Non, si male nunc, et olim Sic erit : Epod. 15, 12-14 Nam siquid in Flacco viri est, Non feret assiduas potiori te dare noctes Et quaeret iratus parem, 2. The Present refers not strictly to present time, but is used in a general sense. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Second Person Singular. Od. IV, 1, 9-12 Tempestivius in domum Pauli, purpureis ales oloribus Comissabere Maximi, Si torrere iecur quaeris idoneum : Epist. I, 5, 1-3 Si potes Arcbiacis conviva recumbere lectis nee modica cenare times holus omne patella, supremo te sole domi, Torquate, manebo. Epist. I, 12, T-'J .Si forte in medio positorum apstemius herbis vivis et urtica, sic vives protinus ut te coufestim Hquidus Fortunae rivus inauret. b). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 5, 31-33 Si pugnat extricata dcnsis Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis, Qui perfidis se credidit hostibus Od. Ill, 24, 5-8 Si figit adamantinos Sumrnis verticibus dira Necessitas Clavos, uon auiuiuui metu, Non mortis laqueis expcdies caput. Serin. II, 4, 52 siquid crassi est, tenuabitur aura, Kpist. I, 12, 5-6 Si ventri bene, si lateri est pedibusque tuis, nil divitiae poterunt regales addere maius. EpLst. I, 17, 6-8 Si te grata quies et primam soiiiuus in horam delectat, si te pulvis strepitusque rotarum, si laedit caupona, Ferentinum ire iubebo. A. P. 48-51 Si forte necesse est, indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerurn, fingere cinctutis non exaudita Cethegis continget dabiturque licentia sumpta pudenter. 3. The Present has future meaning. A. Protasis introduced by nisi. a). First Person Plural. Serm. II, 8, 34 ' nos nisi' datnnose bibimus, moriemur inulti,' B. Protasis introduced by ni. a). Second Person Singular. Serin. II, 3, 151 ' ni tua custodis, avidus iani haec auferet heres.' Serm. II, 7, 117-118 Ocius hinc te ni rapis, accedes opera agro nona Sabino. 24 1)). Third Person Singular. Serm. II, 3, 153-154 ' Deficient inopem venae te, ni cibus atque ingens accedit stornacho fultura ruenti. 4. The Future has imperative force. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Second Person Singular. Od. IV, 12, 14-16 Sed pressurn Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, iuvenum nobiliuni cliens, Nardo vina merebere. Epist. I, 7, 2-5 Atqui, si rue vivere vis sanurn recteque valentem, quam mihi das aegro, dabis aegrotare timenti, Maecenas, veniatn : Epist. I, 7, 32-33 cui mustela procul ' si vis ' ait ' effugere istinc, macra cavurn repetes artum, quem rnacra subisti.' 13). Apodosis in the Imperative. Si with Pres.-Impv., often in Plautus, not uncommon in Terence. Occurs in Cicero, Caesar and Sallust : once only in Lucretius, II, 1042. In the Elegiac Poets, Catullus 4, Tibullus 6, Propertius 8, Ovid 114. In Cicero the Future Imperative is more common in this combina- tion than the Present Imperative, cf. Drciyer, Hint. Synt. Vol. If, j>. 700. On the other hand in the 114 instances in Ovid, the Future Imperative occurs only three times, once only in Propertius, cf. Ter. Eun. 100: Ad. 970. 1. Present Imperative in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Second Person Singular. Od. IV, 12, 21-22 Ad quae si properas gaudia, curu tua Velox merce veni : Serm. I, 9, 38 ' Si me anias,' inquit, ' paulum hie ades.' 25 Serm. II, 5, 103 Sparge subinde et, si paulum potes, inlacrimare : Serm. II, 7, 38-39 ' duci ventre levem, nasum nidore supinor, iubecillus, iners, siquid vis, adde, popino. The conditional period siquid vis, adde, popino may be considered as parenthetic. Epist. I, 5, 6 Si melius quid habes, arcesse, vel imperium fer. Epist. I, 9, 11-13 Quod si depositum laudas ob amici iussa pudorem, scribe tui gregis hunc et fortem crede bonumque. Epist. II. 1, 214-218 Verum age et his, qui se lectori credere malunt quam spectatoris fastidia ferre superbi, curam redde brevem, si munus Apolline dignum vis complere libris et vatibus addere calcar, ut studio maiore petant Helicona virentem. Epist. II, 2, 213 Vivere si recte nescis, decede peritis. b). Third Person Singular. C. S. 37-48 Roma si vestrum est opus Iliaeque Litus Etruscuni tenuere turmae, Iussa pars mutare Lares et urbem Sospite cursu, Cui per ardentem sine fraude Troiam Castus Aeneas patriae superstes Liberum munivit iter, daturus Plura relictis : Di, probos mores docili iuventae, Di, senectuti placidae quietem, Romulae genti date remque prolemque Et decus omne ; Serm. II, 1, 10-12 Aut si tantus amor scribendi te rapit, aude Caesaris invicti res dicere, multa laborum praemia laturus.' 26 Epist. I, 6, 28-29 Si latus aut renes morbo temptantur acuto, quaere fugam morbi. Epist. I, 6, 29-31 Vis recte vivere (quis non?) : si virtus hoc una potest dare, fortis omissis hoc age deliciis. 2. Future Imperative in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Second Person Singular. Epist. I, 7, 69-70 ' Sic ignovisse putato me tibi, si cenas hodie mecum.' Note. The Present Indicative refers to the future in Serni. II, 5, 103 . Epist. I, g, 12. Epist. I, 7, jo. 14). Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive. The Apodosis may contain a wish, a command or an exhortation, a modest assertion, a question with negative force, etc., and thus have its verb in the Subjunctive without any effect upon the mood of the Protasis. 1. Optative Subjunctive in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). First Person Singular. Serm. I, 8, 37-39 Mentior at siquid, merdis caput inquiner albis corvorum atque in me veniat mictum atque cacatum Iulius, et fragilis Pediatia furque Voranus. Serm. I, 9, 38-40 aut valeo stare aut novi civilia iura : et propero quo scis.' b). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 18, 1-8 Faune, Nyrnpharurn fugientum amator, Per meos finis et apnea rura Lenis incedas abeasque parvis Aequos alumnis, Si tener pleno cadit haedus anno, Larga nee desunt Veneris sodali Vina craterae, vetus ara multo Furnat odore. Inteream, si -'7 c). Third Person Plural. Od. II, 6, 9-12 Unde si Parcae prohibent iuiquae, Dulce pelHtis ovibus Galaesi Flumen et regnata petam Laconi Rura Phalantho. Or petam may be taken as Future Indicative. 2. Hortatory Subjunctive in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 24, 45-50 Vel nos in Capitolium, Quo clamor vocat et turba faventium, Vel nos in mare proximum Gemmas et lapides aurum et inutile, Summi materiem mali, Mittamus, scelerum si bene paenitet. Epist. I, 6, 49-50 Si fortunatum species et gratia praestat, mercemur servum, qui dictet nomina, Epist. I, 6, 56-57 Si bene qui cenat bene vivit, lucet, eamus quo ducit gula, piscemur, venemur, b). First Person Plural. Epist. I, 3, 28-29 Hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampli si patriae volumus, si nobis vivere cari. 3. Jussive Subjunctive in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Second Person Singular. A. P. 120-122 Scriptor honoratum si forte reponis Achilleru, impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer iura neget sibi nata, nihil non arroget armis. A. P. 125-127 Siquid inexpertum scaenae committis et audes personam formare novam, servetur ad imum, qualis ab incepto processerit, et sibi constet. b). Third Person Singular. 28 Epist. I, 6, 46-48 Ergo si res sola potest facere et servare beatum, hoc primus repetas opus, hoc postreinus omittas. Epist. I, 6, 65-66 Si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine arnore iocisque nil est iucundum, vivas in amore iocisque. 4. Subjunctive in a modest assertion. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Epist. II, 1 , 34-35 Si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit, scire velim, chartis pretium quotus adroget annus. 5. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 1, 41-48 Quodsi dolentem nee Phrygius lapis Nee purpurarum sidere clarior Delenit usus nee Falerna Vitis Achaemeniumque costum : Cur invidendis postibus et novo Sublime ritu moliar atrium ? Cur valle permutem Sabina Divitias operosiores? Serm. I, 2, 116-118 Tument tibi cum inguina, num, si ancilla aut verna est praesto puer, impetus in quern continuo fiat, malis tentigine rumpi? 6. Subjunctive due to the hypothetical force of the claus which it stands. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. A. P. 457-460 hie dum sublimis versus ructatur et errat, si veluti merulis intentus decidit auceps in puteum foveamve, licet ' succurrite ' longum clamet ' io cives ! ' non sit qui tollere curet. 29 7. Subjunctive after miror. (Cf. § 119). A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Serm. I, 1, 86-87 Miraris, cum tu argento post omnia ponas, si nemo praestet quern non merearis amorem ? II. Protasis in the Perfect Indicative. 15). Apodosis in the Present Indicative. Si with Perf.-Pres. is of frequent occurrence. It is a favorite com- bination with Lucretius who employs it 20 times. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). First Person Singular. Serm. I, 4, 91-93 ego si risi, quod ineptus pastillos Rufillus olet, Gargonius hircum, lividus et mordax videor tibi ? Serm. II, 6, 6-13 Si neque maiorem feci ratione mala rem, nee sum facturus vitio culpave minorem ; hac prece te oro: Epist. I, 1, 94-95 Si curatus inaequali tonsore capillos occurri, rides ; Epist. I, 19, 41-44 ' Spissis indigna theatris scripta pudet recitare et nugis addere pondus ' si dixi, ' rides ' ait 'et Iovis auribus ista servas : b). Second Person Singular Serm. II, 7, 29-32 Si nusquatn es forte vocatus ad cenam, laudas securum holus ac, velut usquam vinctus eas, ita te felicem dicis amasque quod nusquam tibi sit potandum. c). Third Person Singular. Od. I, 1, 9-10 Ilium, si proprio condidit horreo Quicquid de Libycis verritur areis. 30 Serra. I, 1, 80-83 At si condoluit temptatuin frigore corpus aut alius casus lecto te adflixit, habes qui adsideat, fomenta paret, medicum roget, ut te suscitet ac reddat gnatis carisque propinquis ? Serm. II, 3, 321-322 Adde poemata nunc, hoc est, oleum adde camino quae siquis sanus fecit, sanus facis et tu. Epist. I, 1, 83-85 ' Nullus in orbe sinus Bais praelucet amoenis ' si dixit dives, lacus et mare sentit amorem festinantis eri ; Epist. II, 1 , 73-75 Inter quae verbum emicuit si forte decorum, si versus paulo concinnior unus et alter : iniuste totum ducit venditque poema. Epist. II, 2, 100-101 Si plus adposcere visus, fit Mimnermus et optivo cognomine crescit. A. P. 326-328 ' Dicat filius Albini : si de quincunce remotast uncia, quid superat? A. P. 377-378 sic animis natum inventumque poema iuvandis, si paulum summo decessit, vergit ad imum. A. P, 472-474 certe furit, ac velut ursus obiectos caveae valuit si frangere clatros, indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus ; d). Third Person Plural. Od. I, 3, 21-24 Nequicquam deus abscidit Prudens Oceano dissociabili Terras, si tamen impiae Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. 1 . A Preteritive Verb in the Protasis. A. Protasis introduced by si non. a). Third Person Singular. 31 Epist. I, 18, 26-28 aut, si non odit, regit ac veluti pia mater plus quam se sapere et virtutibus esse priorern volt et ait prope vera : 16). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative. This combination occurs about 12 times in Plautus, less often in Terence, (Add. 103: Haut. 631 : ffec. 709). It is found in Cicero, Lucretius (2), Catullus (1), Propertius (2), Ovid (12), not often in Livy. It does not occur in Tibullus. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 23, 17-20 Immunis aram si tetigit manus, Non sumptuosa blandior hostia. Mollivit aversos Penatis Farre pio et saliente mica. Od. IV, 9, 9-10 Nee siquid olim lusit Anacreon, Delevit aetas ; 17). Apodosis in the Imperative. Schmalz, hat. Oram. § 341 ( Dritte Auflage, 1900), and Drager, Hist. Synt. Vol. II, p. 707, state that this combination occurs in the letters to Cicero (Fam. 8, 1. Caelius, 15, 19. Cassius), but elsewhere seems to be confined to Terence, Sallust, Tacitus and Juvenal. In addition to the following instances in Horace, examples also occur in Plautus fcf. Capt. 1035. Bud. 323), and the Elegiac Poets. Also in Gellius (20, 1, 49) in a citation from the Twelve Tables. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Epod. 14, 13-15 quod si non pulchrior ignis accendit opsessam Ilion, gaude sorte tua : Serm. II, 5, 93-94 mone, si increbruit aura, cautus uti velet carum caput ; b) . First Person Plural. Od. I, 32, 1-4 Poscimur. Siquid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum 32 Vivat et pluris, age die Latinum, Barbite, carmen, 1. Preteritive Verb in the Protasis. A. Si- Si non. a). Second Person Singular. Epist. I, 6, 67-68 Siquid novisti rectius istis, candidus inperti; si non, his utere mecum. 18). Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive. 1. Optative Subjunctive. A. Protasis introduced by .si. a). First Person Singular. Serm. II, 6, 54-55 At omnes di exagitent me, si quicquam. (sc. audivi). b). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 27, 5-7 Rumpat et serpens iter institutnm, Si per obliquom similis sagittae Terruit mannos : HI. Protasis in the Imperfect Indicative. 19). Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative. This combination occurs chiefly in general conditional periods. It is rare in Plautus, probably does not occur in Terence. Examples are found here and there in Cicero and Caesar. In Lucretius only F, 1334; it is not used by Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius ; 4 times in Ovid, A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Sevm. I, 4, 3-5 siquis erat dignus describi, quod malus ac fur, quod moechus foret aut sicarius aut alioqui famosus, multa cum libertate notabant. A genera] condition expressing repeated contemporaneous action in the past. S3 IV. Protasis in the Future Indicative. 20). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Serm. I, 6, 68-71 si neque avaritiam neque sordes ac mala lustra obiciet vere quisquarn mihi, causa fuit pater his, 21). Apodosis in the Future Indicative. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). First Person Singular. Od. IV, 2, 45-48 Turn meae, siquid loquar audiendum, Vocis accedet bona pars, et 'O Sol Pulcher, o laudande ! ' canam recepto Caesare felix. Serm. IT, 2, 8 dicam, si potero. b). Second Person Singular. Od. I, 1, 34-35 Quodsi me lyricis vatibus inseres, Sublimi feriam sidera vertice. Serm. I, 2, 96-97 Si interdicta petes, vallo circumdata (nam te hoc facit insanum), multae tibi turn officient res, Serm. II, 3, 1-4 'Si raro scribes, ut to to non quater anno membranam poscas, scriptorum quaeque retexens, iratus tibi, quod vini somuique benignus nil dignum sermone canas : quid fiet? Epist. I, 1, 59-60 At pueri ludentes 'rex eris' aiunt 'si recte facies.' Epist. I, 2, 34 si noles sanus, curres hydropicus ; 5 34 Epist. I, 10, 31-32 Siquid mirabere, pones in vitus. A. P. 104-105 male si mandata loqueris, aut dorniitabo aut ridebo. A. P. 436-437 si carmina condes, numquam te fallent animi sub volpe latentes. c). Third Person Singular. Serm. II, 3, 41-42 hoc si erit in te solo, nil verbi, pereas quin fortiter, addain. Serm. II, 4, 27-29 Si dura morabitur alvus, mitulus et viles pellent opstantia conchae et lapathi brevis herba, sed albo non sine Coo. Epist. I, 7, 10-12 Quodsi bruma nives Albanis inlinet agris, ad mare descendet vates tuus et sibi parcet contractusque leget; Epist. I, 10, 42-43 Cui non conveniet sua res, ut calceus olim, si pede maior erit, subvertet, si minor, uret. Epist. I, 17, 25-26 Contra, quern duplici panno patientia velat, mirabor, vitae via si conversa decebit. A. P. 70-72 Multa renascentur quae iam ceciderc, cadentque quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus, quern penes arbitrium est et ius et norma loquendi. A. .P. 424-425 mirabor, si sciet inter noscere mendacem verumque beatus amicum. d). Third Person Plural. Od. Ill, 9, 11-12 Pro qua non metuam mori, Si parcent animae fata superstiti.' 35 0.1. Ill, 9, 15-16 Pro quo bis patiar mori, Si parcent puero fata superstiti.' A. P. 52-51 et nova fictaque uuper habebunt verba fidcru, si Graeco fonte cadent parce detorta. A. P. 112-113 Si dicentis eruut fortunis absona dicta, Rouiani tollent equites peditesque cachinnurxi. B. Protasis introduced by si non. a). Second Person Singular. A. P. 131-135 Publica materies privati iuris erit, si non circa vilern patulumque moraberis orbein, nee verbo verburn curabis reddere fidus interpres, nee desilies imitator in artum, unde pedem proferre pudor vetet aut operis lex. c). Nisi non. A. Second Person Singular. Epist. I, 2, 34-37 et ni posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non intendes animum studiis et rebus honestis, invidia vel amore vigil torquebere. 1. The Future in the Apodosis has an imperative force. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Second Person Singular. Epist. I, 7, 25-28 Quodsi me noles usquam discedere, reddes forte latus, nigros angusta fronte capillos, reddes dulce loqui, reddes ridere decorum et inter vina fugam Cinarae maerere protervae. Epist. I, 17, 11-12 Si prodesse tuis pauloque benignius ipsum te tractare voles, accedes siccus ad unctum. b). Third Person Singular. 36 Epist. I, 13, 2-3 Augusto reddes siguata volumina Vini, si validus, si laetus erit, si denique poscet 22). Apodosis in the Imperative. A future tense (Future or Future Perfect) in the Protasis with an Imperative in the Apodosis is not an uncommon combination. In laws, treaties and legal formulae, also in formal rules and max- ims, the Future Imperative is usual. It occurs in two passages from the old laws cited by Gellius (IV, 3, 3. XX, 1, 45). It is often em- ployed by Plautus, less often by Terence and Cato. It is of frequent occurrence in Cicero, especially in the Epp. ad Att. 3 times in Catullus. The Present Imperative occurs in Ennius, several times in Plautus, once in Terence (Haut. 618) ; rare in Cicero, not found in Catullus. Lucretius does not use either combination. In the only instance in Tibullus (I, 4, 45) in which either form is found, the Present Imper- ative is used. The Present Imperative is more common than the Future Imperative in Propertius (5-2) and Ovid (38-6). 1. Present Imperative in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Serm. II, 5, 30-31 fama civem causaque prioreru sperne, dorui si gnatus erit fecundave coniunx. Serm. II, 5, 45-48 Sicui praeterea validus male filius in re praeclara sublatus aletur, ne manifestum caelibis obsequium nudet te, leniter in spem adrepe officiosus, Serm. II, 5, 106-108 Siquis forte coheredum senior male tussiet, huic tu die, Epist. I, 8, 3 Si quaeret quid agam, die Epist. I, 12, 22-23 et siquid petet ultro defer : 2. Future Imperative in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by s;'. a). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 14, 23-24 Si per invisum mora ianitorem Fiet, abito. Epist. I, 13, 6-7 Si te forte meae gravis uret sarcina chartae, abicito 3. Imperative of memini. in the Apodosis. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular, Epist. I, 8, 15-16 Si dicet 'recte,' primum gaudere, subinde praeceptum auriculis hoc instillare memento : 23). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 1. Jussive Subjunctive. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Od. Ill, 24, 27-29 Si quaeret "pater urbium" Subscribi statuis, indomitam audeat Refrenare licentiam, Serm. I, 3, 69-72 Amicus dulcis, ut aequum est, cum mea compenset vitiis bona, pluribus hisce, si modo plura mihi bona sunt, inclinet, amari si volet : hac lege in trutina ponetur eadem. Epist. I, 20, 26-27 Forte meum siquis te percontabitur aevurn : me quater undenos sciat implevisse Decembris, 2. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question. A. Protasis introduced by si. a). Third Person Singular. Serm. II, 3, 250-254 Si puerilius his ratio esse evincet amare, nee quicquam differe, utrumnein pulvere, trimus 38 quale prius, ludas opus an meretricis amore sollicitus plores : quaero, faciasne quod olim ruutatus Polemon ? Quaero is parenthetic and without influence upon the construction. V. Protasis in the Future Perfect Indicative. 24). Apodosis in the Present Indicative. A. Protasis introduced hy si. a). Second Person Singular. Epod. 3, 19-20 At siquid umquam tale concupiveris, Iocose Maecenas, precor b). Third Person Singular. Serin. II, 1, 82-83 si mala condiderit in queni quis carmina, ius est iudiciumque.' est : the Present denotes the certainty of the existence of the ius iudiciumque, apart from the condition. Serm. II, 1, 83 Esto, siquis mala ; i. e. esto, siraestef, is due to a kind of Oratio Obliqua after miraris. i. e. ' Do you wonder if (because) , as you say, noone shows affection for you ? ' 2). Gaudeo si. Serm. II, 3, 272-273 Cum Picenis excerpens semina pomis gaudes, si cameram percusti forte, penes te es? Drager, Hist. Synt. Vol. II, p. 735, cites only one example of gaudeo in this connection, Cic. Verr. 4, § 37 Gaudeo etiam, si quid ah Mo abstulisti. 3). Satis esse si, satis habere si. These expressions are seldom found, cf. Plaid. Most. 654 Sat habeo si crasfero. Scattered examples also occur in Nepos, Livy, Tacitus and Suetonius. In Horace only Serm. I, 4, 116 mi satis est, si traditum ab antiquis morem servare tuamque, 120). Interrogative Use of Si. Si is sometimes used with interrogative force, -whether,' intro- ducing an Indirect Question. 1). With Indicative. Epist. I, 7, 39 inspice, si possum donata reponere laetus. The Indicative is probably after the analogy of the Comic Poets, who commonly employ that mood in this connection. 2). With Subjunctive. Serm. II, 5, 85-88 ex testamento sic est elata : cadaver unctum oleo largo nudis umeris tulit heres, scilicet elabi si posset mortua ; credo, quod nimium institerat viventi. Si posset depends, not directly upon tulit heres, but upon the thought implied in ex testamento sic est elata. It was in accordance with the 13 98 terms of the will that her heir thus bore her corpse ; she wished to see whether after death she could slip away from him, she had never been able to do so while alive. Epist. I, 6, 40-42 Chlamydes Lucullus, ut aiunt, si posset centum scaenae praebere rogatus, 'qui possum tot? ' ait ; Epist. I, 17, 4-5 tamen aspice siquid et nos, quod cures proprium fecisse, loquamur. Epist. II, 1, 164 Temptavit quoque rem si digne vertere posset, 121). Si with the Indicative is often used in conditions as to the truth or reality of which there is no doubt : ' If, as is certainly the case, as is surely a fact,' or the like. The inference as to the reality of the condition is left to the reader or hearer, thus producing a livelier impression than would be the case had it been directly stated as a fact. C. S. 65-68 vSi Palatinas videt aequos aras, Remque Romanam Latiumque felix Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper Prorogat aevom. i. e. as surely as Apollo looks with favor upon the Roman State. So also: Od. I, 1, 29-34. Epod. XV, 12. Serm. I, 9, 22. II, 3, 33. Epist. I, 18, 1. 2). In a Formula of Earnest Request. Serm. I, 9, 38 ' Si me amas,' inquit, ' paulum hie ades.' Here, however, the assumption is not warranted by the facts. 3). Similar is the use of si with the Indicative in statements of the speaker in regard to himself, a fact being modestly expressed as a hypothesis. 99 Serm. I, 6, 68-71 si neque avaritiarn neque sordes ac mala lustra obiciet vere quisquam mihi, purus et insons, ut me conlaudem, si et vivo carus amicis : causa fuit pater his, So Serm. II, 2, 8 122). In some instances .si has a causal force, being nearly equiva- lent in meaning to 'seeing that,' or 'since.' 1). Od. I, 3, 21-24 Nequicquam deus abscidit Prudens Oceano dissociabili Terras, si tamen impiae Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. i. e. If, as is the case (since), ships course over the waves, it is a proof that Providence has to no purpose set apart the lands from the sea. Od. Ill, 1, 41-48 Quodsi dolentem nee Phrygius lapis Nee purpurarum sidere clarior Delenit usus uec Falerna Vitis Achaemeniumque costum : Cur invidendis postibus et novo Sublime ritu moliar atrium ? Cur valle permutem Sabina Divitias operosiores? Here the Protasis states the reason why the course of action indi- cated by the Apodosis should not be adopted. ' Since wealth has no power to soothe the troubled mind, why should I desire it?' Od. Ill, 24, 5-8 Si figit adamantinos Summis verticibus dira Necessitas Clavos, non animum metu, Non mortis laqueis expedies caput. Si has a causal force, the clause si figit, &c, explaining non expedies. ' Although you may be the possessor of boundless wealth, since Destiny overtakes all alike, you will not escape from death.' Also, Epist. I, 11, 25. II, 2, 178. 100 2). In an adjuration. Epod. 14, 13-15 quodsi non pulchrior ignis Accendit obsessam Ilion, Gaude sorte tua : i. e. If, as is undoubtedly the case (since), your mistress is as fair as Helen, rejoice in your happy lot. 3). In appeals and prayers si with the Indicative is sometimes used in a merely formal condition, implying no doubt as to its fulfilment. The condition, rather, is assumed as a fact and is made to serve as a reason for the granting of the favor asked. a). With an Imperative in the Apodosis. Od. I, 32, 1-4 Poscimur. Siquid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum Vivat et pluris, age die Latinum, Barbite, carmen, Also, C. S. 37-48 b). An Optative Subjunctive in the Apodosis. Od. Ill, 18, 1-8 c). A Formula Orandi in the Apodosis. Serm. II, 6, 6-13. 123). In negative sentences an Indicative Protasis sometimes stands assuming a fact which is declared in the Apodosis to be no reason for another fact. (Cf. Lane, Lot. Gram. § 2067). The negative begins the period, and si has more or less of a causal or concessive force. Od. II, 10, 17-18 Non, si male nunc, et olim Sic erit : i. e. if things go ill now, it does not follow that they will do so hereafter. Od. Ill, 15, Non, siquid Pholoen satis Et te, Chlori, decet: 101 i. e. if (because) a thing is becoming to Pholoe, it does not follow that it will be so to Chloe. Od. IV, 9, 5-8 Non, si priores Maeonius tenet Sedes Homerus, Pindaricae latent Ceaeque et Alcaei minaces Stesichorique graves Catnenae ; i. e. because Homer has a higher place, it does not follow thai others are lost to sight. 124). Si sometimes involves a concessive force, approaching 'even if,' or 'although,' in meaning. Serm. I, 6, 42. I, 9, 57. II, 3, 319. Epist. I, 1, 32. 125). Si sometimes has a quasi-temporal sense, involving both a conditional and a temporal force. Serm. II, 3, 9-10 Atqui voltus erat multa et praeclara minantis, si vacuum tepido cepisset villula tecto. In Epist. I, 7, 10 si seems to have a purely temporal force, ' when.' Quodsi bruma nives Albanis inliuet agris, ad mare descendet vates tuus et sibi parcet contractusque leget ; 126). Si=sin. Sin, ' but if,' 'if on the other hand,' does not occur in Horace. In several instances si occurs with the force of sin, where one condition is opposed to another. a). Serm. I, 3, 6. Epist. I, 5, 6. I, 10, 43 (si minor J. I, 12,7. I, 17, 11. II, 1, 66. b). Twice where no express statement of condition precedes. Od. Ill, 29, 53-56 Laudo manentem ; si celeris quatit Pinnas, resigno quae dedit et mea Virtute me involvo probamque Pauperiem sine dote quaero. Manentem implies a condition to which si