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Class
THE CONDITIONAL PERIOD
IN THE WRITINGS OF
Quintus Horatius Flaccus
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOS-
OPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IN igoo
BY
WALLACE STEDMAN ELDEN
WaTervh,i,e, Maine
MAIL PUBLISHING COMPANY
1900
THE CONDITIONAL PERIOD
IN THE WRITINGS OF
Quintus Homtius Flaccus
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOS-
OPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IN /goo
BY
WALLACE STEDMAN ELDEN
Watervieee, Maine
MAIL PUBLISHING COMPANY
1900
THE CONDITIONAL PERIOD
IN THE WRITINGS OF
Oninfns Hnrqfins Fl^rrns
Page
ERRATA.
5.
Line 23,
for Johnson read Johanson.
7>
2,
" Treatment read Treatment. x
8,
" 21,
" h read «'.
8,
33.
" h read eZ.
12,
" 31.
" iuflueuee read influence.
18,
" 27,
" autique read antique.
37-
" 37.
" differe read differre.
40,
" 23,
" ncn read non.
55.
" 25,
" virtute read virtute.
57-
" 28,
" numvuam read numquam.
94.
x 5.
" vSat. II, 5, 10-12 reader;;/. 11,5, 10-12
8. Robv: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol. I, pp
197-198.
9. Seaton : Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol
VI, p. 201.
10. Sonnenschein : Notes on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol. I
pp. 214-218.
11. Sonnenschein: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol
I, pp. 238-240.
12. Sonnenschein: Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R
Vol. VI, p. 199.
UIMIV
;
THE CONDITIONAL PERIOD
IN THE WRITINGS OF
Quintus Horatius Flaccus
LITERATURE.
I). The Classification of Conditional Sentences.
1. Bayfield: The Conditional Sentence in Greek and Latin. C.
R. Vol. IV, pp. 200-202.
2. Bayfield : Conditional Sentences in Greek and Latin. C. R.
Vol. VI, pp. 90-92.
3. Chambers : The Classification of Conditional Sentences ; C. R.
Vol. IX, p. 293.
4. Clapp : Mr. Bayfield on Conditions Contrary to Fact. C. R.
Vol. V, pp. 397-399.
5. Harrison : Remarks on Mr. Bayfield's Paper. C. R. Vol. IV,
pp. 297-298.
6. Mayor : Summary of Roby vs. Sonnenschein. C. R. Vol. I, pp.
239-240.
7. Polle: Die Bedingungssatze. N. J. 1891, pp. 264-266.
8. Roby: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol. I, pp.
197-198.
9. Seaton : Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol.
VI, p. 201.
10. Sonnenschein: Notes on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol. I.
pp. 214-218.
11. Sonnenschein: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol.
I, pp. 238-240.
12. Sonnenschein: Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R.
Vol. VI, p. 199.
13. Goodwin : On the Classification of Conditional Sentences in
Greek. T. A. P. A. 1873, p. 60. (Summary in Proceed-
ings, 1873, pp. 14-16.)
14. Goodwin: Conditional Sentences in Greek Syntax. Jour. Phil.
Vol. V, p. 186ff.
15. Green ough : On Some Forms of Conditional Sentences in Latin,
Greek and Sanskrit. T. A. P. A. 1871, pp. 159-165.
16. Lawton: Fourth Class Conditions. C. R. Vol. XIII, pp. 100-
109.
17. Morris: Some Forms of Greek Conditional Sentences. T. A.
P. A. 187G. Proceedings, p. 17.
2). The Conditional Sentence in Particular Authors.
1. Gunther: Die Formen der Hypothesis aus Livius entwickelt.
Bromberg, 1871.
2. Klintberg : De formis enunciatorum condicionalium apud Taci-
turn. Holmiae, 1877.
3. Liebig : Die hypothetischen Satze bei Terenz. Gorlitz, 1863.
4. Lindskog : De enuntiatis apud Plautum et Terentium condi-
cionalibus. 1895.
5. Mansfeld : De enuntiatorum conditionalium apud elegiarum
poetas latinos formatione. Halis Saxonum, 1879.
6. Morgenroth : De condicionalium sententiarum apud Taciturn
formatione. Salznngae, 1868.
7. Rothheimer: De enuntiatis conditionalibus Flautinis. Got-
tingae, 1876.
8. Schroeter : Die Conditionalsatze des Dichters Lucrez. Wesel,
1874.
9. Hoppe : Der Conjunctivus der coniugatio periphrastica activa
in indirecten Fragen und Bedingungssatzen und der Nomi-
nativus cum infinitivo futuri activi bei Cicero. Gumbinnen,
1879.
10. Priem : Die irrealen Bedingungssiitze bei Cicero und Caesar.
Philol. Supplem. V. 2, p. 297.
11. Clapp : Conditional Sentences in Aeschylus. T. A. P. A.,
1887, p. 43—.
12. Clapp: Conditional Sentences in the Greek Tragedians. T.
A. P. A., 1891, p. 81—.
3). Miscellaneous.
1 . Basse : Zusammenstellung des Wichtigsten aus der Lehre von
den bypothetischen Siitzen. Gunibinnen, 1861-62.
2. Blase: De modorum temporumque in enuntiatis condiciotialibus
Latinis permutatione quaestioues selectae. Argentorati,
1885.
3. Blase: Geschichte des Irrealis im Lateinischen. Erlangen,
1888.
4. Blase: Zur Syntax der Bedingungssatze im Lateinischen.
Strassburg. 1889.
5. Blase: Der Konjnnctiv des Praseus im Bedingungssatze.
Archiv, Vol. IX, pp. 17-45.
6. Blase: Fntura and Konjnnctiv des Perfekts im Lateinischen.
Archiv, Vol. X, pp. 313-343.
7. Blase: Geschichte des Plusquamperfekts im Lateinischen.
Giessen, 1894.
8. Ellendt: De formis enunciatorum conditionalium linguae
Latinae commeutatio. Regimontii Prnssornm, 1827.
9. Greenongh : Some Features of the Contrary to Fact Construc-
tion. Harvard Studies, Vol. VII, p. 13 — .
10. Hale: The Syntax of General Conditions in Latin. T. A. P. A.,
1891, p. XXXVIII—
11. Johnson: De usu modorum in verbis debere, posse, sim, in
primariis sententiis condicionalibus. LTpsaliae, 1868.
12. Lilie : Conjnnctivischer Bedingungssatz bei indicativischem
Hanptsatz im Lateinischen. Berlin, 1884.
13. Palze : Ueber die Conditionalsatze der Lat. Sprache. Soest,
1846.
14. Procksch: Zura Irrealis Praeteriti. N. J. Vol. 137, pp. 866-
867.
15. Putsche : Ueber den bypothetischen Gebrauch des unabhangigen
Conjnnctiv and Indicativ oline si. N. J. Vol. 72, pp. 177-
195.
16. Riess : De enunciatorum conditionalium linguae latinae formis
ellipticis. Cassel, 1840.
17. Stamm : Zum Gebrauch der tempora im abhangigen Irrealis.
N. J. Vol. 137, p. 776.
18. Stanko : Comment, de enunc. condition, ling. lat. Monachii,
1837
19. Zimmermann : Zum Gebrauch der tempora im abhangigen
Irrealis. Fhilol. Vol. 48, pp. 376-379.
20. O. Brngmann : [Jeber den Gebrauch des condicionalen ni in
der alteren Latinitat. Leipzig, 1887.
21. Herzog: De singulari particularum nisi et ni significatione et
proprietate. 1839.
22. Loschke : Vom Gebrauch der Partikeln nisi und si non.
Bautzen, 1843.
23. C. F. W. Midler: Ueber den Gebrauch von sive. Berlin,
1871.
Abbreviations.
A. J. P. American Journal of Philology.
C. R. Classical Review.
Jour. Phil. The Journal of Philology.
N. J. Neue Jahrbucher fiir Philologie und Paedagogik.
Philol. Philologus.
R. M. Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie.
T. A. P. A. Transactions of the American Philological Association.
INTRODUCTION.
4). Value of the Historical Method of Syntactical Treatment.
The study of the use of a particular syntactical construction by in-
dividual authors, or of the employment of a certain construction
throughout the whole of Latin literature, has a threefold value. Not
only does it furnish a basis for the scientific criticism and emendation
of the text of the individual writer, but also, from an examination and
comparison of the results obtained in the case of single authors, we are
enabled to derive much information as to the origin and development
of a construction and to establish a fixed standard of grammatical usage
for the language as a whole.
5). Classification of Conditional Sentences.
A complete history of the conditional sentence in Latin would throw
much light upon the vexed question as to the proper system of classifi-
cation of such sentences. Many and conflicting views have been held.
Liebig : Die hypothetischen Satze bei Terenz, Gorlitz, 1863, pp. 3-4,
gives a summary of the methods followed prior to the appearance of
his monograph.
The traditional method of classification recognizes three classes ac-
cording to the varying degrees of reality, of possibility, of probability,
or of unreality implied in the condition ; but there is a wide divergency
of opinion among grammarians as to what the true implication of the
various forms really is.' 2
Another element is introduced by those who make a distinction as to
whether the possibility of the occurrence of a supposed case is to be
thought of as objective or subjective.
1 For the literature on the Historical Syntax of the Latin language cf.
Schmalz, Lat. Gram. pp. 202-2/3, Dritte Auflage, 1900.
At present the most comprehensive work dealing with Latin syntax
along historical lines is Dr'dger's Historische Syntax der lateinischen
Sprache, Leipzig, 1S7S-81. Although of great value, it is however by no
means complete nor exhaustive.
2 For an interesting discussion of this question cf. the articles in the
Classical Review referred to in § 1.
A. FOUR CLASSES.
Liebig (quoted above) and Schroeter, Die Conditionalsatze des
Dichters Lucrez, Wend, 1874, recognize this distinction and, explain-
ing the Latin conditional sentence alter the analogy of the Greek, make
four classes corresponding to the fourfold division of the Greek con-
ditional period. Schroeter characterizes the separate classes as
follows :
1 ). "Behandeln wir zuerst diejenigen Fiille, in denen der bedingende
sowold als audi der bedingte Satz als gewiss, mit der Wirklichkeit
iibereinstimmend gedacht oder dargestellt wird, gleichviel ob der
Redende von der Wahrheit desselben iiberzeugt ist oder nicht. Als
Modus dient der Indicativ. "
2). OBJECTIVE MOGLICHKE1T. "Behandeln wir nun in der
zweiten Klasse diejenigen Beispiele, in welchen aus dem wahrschein-
lichen oder erwarteten Eintritt irgend eines gedachten Falles etwas
gefolgert wird, das sich ergeben wird oder soil. "
In this class Schroeter places conditions with a Future tense of the
Indicative in one or both members.
8). SUBJECTIVE MOGLICHKEIT. " Kommen wir nun zu
denjenigen Beispielen, welche im Bedingungs — wie im Folgeglied den
Cj. Pr. oder Pf. aufweisen, soinit den griechischen Satzen mit " und
dem Optativ, Nachsatz Optativ mit #" entsprechen. Durch sie wird
die Bedingung ohne Riicksicht auf die Wirklichkeit oder die objective
Mbglichkeit des Eintritts nur als eine Vorstellung des Redenden, als
ein der Ansicht des Redenden nach moglicher Grund oder als die sub-
jective Voraussetzung bezeichnet, unter welcher der zweite Satz sich
verwirklichen konne."
4). "Unter der vierteu Klasse der hypothetischen Satze pflegt man
im Griechischen diejenigen zu begreifen, die ein Urtheil des Indivi-
duums liber die Unmdglichkeit oder Unwahrscheinlichkeit des als
Annahme Gesetzten involviren.
Dies Urtheil auszudriicken, bedient sich der Grieche im Vordersatze
der Partikel & mit dem Indicativ eines Praeteriti im Folgesatz des In-
dicativ Praeteriti mit &>> ; der Lateiner aber wahlte, weil der Be-
dingungssatz nur eine von aller Wirklichkeit freie Annahme, der be-
dingte hingegen eine Folge gleicher Art enthalt, den Conj. des lmperf.
und Plusq. nach Aufopferung der urspriinglichen modalen und
temporalen Bedeutung Beider."
The division into four classes had also been received by Ellendt, De
formis enunciatorom conditionalium linguae latinae, Konigsberg, 1*27,
and by others.
We find, however, among those who adopt this classification a
difference of opinion as to what forms in Latin correspond to the Greek
sentences with e'dv.
Polle, N. J. 1891. pp. 264-266, also proposes a fourfold classifi-
cation, but on a somewhat different basis:
1). The theoretical case: si habeo, do.
2). The practical case: si habebo, dabo.
3). The potential case : si habeam, dem.
-A). The unreal case : si haberem, darem.
B. THREE CLASSES.
Verv often a division into three classes has been made. So Ziunpt,
Lat. Gram. §§ 524-525; his classification follows:
1). " Beide Satz»lieder werden als wiiklich, als thatsachlich, ohne
Andeutung einer Vorstelhtng, ansgesprochen. Daun steht in beiden,
sowohl dem Bedingungs — w T ie dem Eolgernngssatze der Indicativ."
2). "Beide Satze werden als Vorstellnng ansgesprochen, aber
zngleich wird die Moglichkeit angedentet, dass die Wirkliclikeit ihr
entspricht oder entsprechen kann. Dann stehen die Conjunctive des
Prasens oder Perfectnm."
3). "Beide Satze werden als Vorstellnng ansgesprochen, aber mit
der Andentnng, dass die Wirkliclikeit nicht entspricht oder nicht
entsprechen kann, dass der angenommene Fall nnd also auch die
darans gezogene Eolgernng unmoglich ist. Dann stehen die Conjunc-
tive der Prateriten, des Imperfectnm oder Plnsqnamperfectnm."
This is also the classification of Harkness in his School Grammar, §
573. Kiihner, Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der lat. Sprache, § 214, 2,
includes the Imperfect Subjunctive in the second class in certain cases
denoting a doubtful possibility.
Bennett, Lat. Gram. § § 301-304, also makes three classes, but
thinks that in Indicative conditions nothing is implied as to the reality
of the supposed case. This view has for some time been quite gen-
erally held, and it seems entirely justifiable when we consider such
sentences as Cic. pro Clu. 62: "redargue me si mentior." Pro
Mil, ne, 91: "excitate eum, si potest is ab inferis." Cf. also Hor. Od.
Ill, 5, 31-36.
2
10
Priem, Philol. Supplem V, 2 (1885), p. 297—, even maintains
that the past tenses of the Indicative may, exceptionally, express
unreality.
In reference to the Present Subjunctive in conditions Madvig, Lat.
Gram. § 347, b, says : " The Present Subjunctive is employed when
a condition that is still possible is assumed as occurring now or at
some future time, while it is at the same time intimated that it will not
actually occur."
Others, (cf. Sonnenschein, C. R. Vol. I, p. 124), deny that the
Present Subjunctive implies the possibility of the occurrence of the
supposed case.
Gildersleeve, Lat. Gram. § § 596-599, makes three divisions which
he calls " Logical, Ideal, Unreal."
Allen and Greenough, Lat. Gram. § 305, following the example of
Goodwin in his classification of Greek conditional sentences, take the
connotation of time as the basis of their classification and recognize
three classes, which virtually amount to four, as Future Conditions are
subdivided into More or Less Vivid Conditions, expressed respectively
by a future tense of the Indicative, or by the Present or Perfect Sub-
junctive.
Bayfield, C. R. Vol. IV, pp. 200-202, advocates a similar classifi-
cation, and argues against the contrary to fact implication of the past
tenses of the Subjunctive.
C. TWO CLASSES.
Sonnenschein, Lat. Gram. § 353, assigns conditional sentences to
two main classes in accordance with a theory which he states in C. R.
Vol. I. pp. 238-239.
1). Class A. "Those in which the If-clause does not imply any-
thing as to the fact, or fulfilment of the condition (Open Condition),
and the Principal clause does not speak of what would be or would have
been. The If-clause takes the Indicative."
2). Class B. "Those in which the If-clause implies a negative
(Rejected Condition), and the Principal clause speaks of what would
be or xooidd have been. The Subjunctive in both clauses."
To these two main divisions he adds a third class, Class C, other-
wise resembling Class A, but in which the Subjunctive is used in the
If-clause, instead of the Indicative, to mark an action as merely con-
ceived, contemplated, or in prospect.
11
Roby, hat. Gram. § § 1550- 155 1, also distinguishes two main
classes :
1). "In the Indicative or Imperative mood, a condition is put simply
without its being implied that it does, or does not, occur."
2). "A conditional Subjunctive expresses an action, whose non-
occurrence is implied, but which is supposed to occur as the condition
of another supposed action."
Finally, Lane, Lat. Gram. § § 2022-2024, divides conditional sen-
tences into two classes :
1). Indeterminate Protases, i. e. such as merely suppose an action,
without implying either its occurrence or non-occurrence. These are
subdivided into :
a). Indicative Use; any tense of the Indicative required by the sense,
b). Subjunctive Use; Present Subjunctive, less frequently the Perfect
Subjunctive.
2). Protases of Action Non-Occurrent, i. e. such as suppose action
not taking place. Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive.
The whole Period, like the Protasis, is either an Indeterminate
Period, or a Period of Action Non-Occurrent.
CONCLUSION.
6). Enough has been said to show the existing state of uncertainty
as to the classification of the Conditional Sentence, and to emphasize
the need of a thorough treatment from the historical point of view.
Thus tar, Blase's GeschicJrfe des Irrealis im Laieinischen, Erlangen,
1888, is the only work, covering any considerable part of the ground,
that is based on historic principles. As regards the other forms this
work still remains to be done, although valuable contributions to the
subject have been made in various articles and monographs, and the
use of the Conditional Sentence in the case of individual poets and
prose writers has been carefully dealt with by different scholars.
In regard to the Conditional Sentence, Morris, in his review of
Lane's Grammar, A. J. P. Vol. XX, pp. 320-328, says in substance :
If we suppose that the essential characteristic of conditional sentences
is the implication of reality, probability, possibility and tlieir opposites,
we must also allow that certain other characteristics, as time, generali-
zation, vividness, emotion, although incidental, may have a greater or
less influence upon this implication. Still other elements, too, as the
person and meaning of the verb, and the presence of certain adverbs,
seem, in certain cases, to have an effect upon the meaning implied in
the condition, although at present hardly anything is known in regard
to the force of these forms.
Until a complete history of the Conditional Sentence throughout
Latin literature has been written, such as shall trace its development
from the earliest times to the latest, many points which are now a
matter of doubt, must necessarily remain obscure.
In view of these considerations we must conclude with Prof. Morris,
that Lane's system of classification both sets aside all classification
based upon accidental characteristics, and at the same time lays the
only possible basis for the observation of the elements which may have
an influence upon the meaning implied in the condition.
This method, then, I have, in the main, adopted in my classification
of the Conditional Sentence in the writings of Horace. I have, in
most instances, followed the text of Keller and Holder, although I have
not hesitated to depart from it in certain cases, especially where these
editors seem to have allowed too little weight to the authority of the
Bland in ian manuscripts.
13
CHAPTER I.
Indeterminate Protases. A. Indicative Use.
7). A Conditional Period is a complete sentence consisting of two
parts, expressed or implied ; the Protasis, or subordinate clause, con-
taining the condition and the Apodosis, or principal clause, containing
the conclusion.
The Protasis is usually, although not necessarily, introduced by a
conditional particle, as si, nisi, ni. ( For Protases introduced by sive
cf. Chap, v ).
8). The Conditional Period is an evolution from an early paratactic
stage of language, in which there was an absence of subordinate clauses
and sentences, containing each a thought complete in and of itself, were
placed in juxtaposition without connecting links, e. g. habet, dot; lie
has, he gives.
Now we can scarcely conceive of such a juxtaposition in which the
clauses are absolutely independent of each other. The very fact that
they are thus placed together implies a connection in thought between
them. 1
As language became more highly developed, this logical relation
gradually came to be expressed by means of particles, and we pass
from Parataxis, or Coordination, to Hypotaxis, or Subordination.
Thus, taking the example quoted above, habet, dot; he has, he gives,
when it is clear from the connection that the first sentence denotes an
assumption, and is related to the second sentence as condition to conse-
quence, this relation is expressed by si, and we have si habet, dot; if
he has, he gives.
In sentences like si habeat, det, the Subjunctive of the Protasis was
iPaul, Principles of the History of Language. Engl. Transl. p. 144.
"Pure Parataxis, i. e. where instead of one sentence determining the
other, the two reciprocally determine each other, exists only between
parallel sentences, whether the thoughts conjoined be of analogous or con-
trary import ; e. g ' he is blind, she is deaf '/' ' he laughs, she cries.' "
14
originally Jussive, that of the Apodosis the so-called Potential. 1 In its
early paratactic form the sentence would have been habeat, det, let him
have (i. e. assuming he should have), he would give.
Conditional Periods of Action Non-Occurrent of the type si haberet-
daret, probably had their origin in a shifting of tenses which took place
early in the history of the language. Originally the Present Subjunc-
tive was used in present conditions contrary to fact, 2 as well as in In-
determinate Periods ; and the Imperfect Subjunctive was employed
merely as a Potential of the past. Gradually, for the sake of clear-
ness,, the Imperfect took the place of the Present in contrary to fact
conditions in present time, and the Pluperfect replaced the Imperfect.
Thus both the Impel met and the Pluperfect Subjunctive came to have
a notion of unreality which originally did not belong to them, and the
Present Subjunctive was confined to the sphere of the potential, (cf.
Schmalz, Lat. Gram. § 338.)
Bennett, Lat. Gram. App. § 5.96', thinks that the Protasis in sen-
tences of this type may originally have been an Optative, i. e. si adesset,
bene esset ; lit. " that he were here! it ^vould be well."
9 ) . An Indeterminate Period is a conditional period in which the
Protasis merely supposes an action, without implying that it does, or
does not, occur.
Indeterminate Periods may be divided into two classes :
1. Any tense of the Indicative in the Protasis, the mood and tense of
the Apodosis being determined by the sense.
2. The Present or Perfect Subjunctive in the Protasis, the Apodosis
usually in the Present Subjunctive.
The following combinations with an Indicative Protasis occur in
Horace :
I. Protasis in the Present Indicative.
1C). 1. Apodosis in the Present Indicative.
This combination is common in all periods of the language.
1 Professor Hale calls the Subjunctive in the Apodosis of sentences of
this type the •'Subjunctive of Ideal Certainty," Professor Bennett the
" Subjunctive of Contingent Futurity." Various other uses of the Inde-
pendent Subjunctive are also found in the Apodosis of sentences of this
class.
-This usage is attested from Plautus and is occasionally found later in
poetry as an archaism.
15
A. I). The Protasis is introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serra. I, 4, 101-103
Quod vitiutn procul afore chartis,
atque animo prius, ut siquid promittere de me
possum aliud vere, promitto.
The construction is: ut (promitto ) , siquid aliud vere de me prornitter
possum (ita) promitto of ore, etc.
Serin. I, 4, 116-119
mi satis est, si
traditum ab antiquis morem servare tuamque,
dum custodis eges, vitam famamque tueri
incolumem possum ;
Serin. II, 3, 188-190
' Et aequam
rem imperito, ac si cui videor non iustus, inulto
dicere quod sentit permitto.'
Serin. II, 6, 8-13
si veneror stultus nihil horum : ' o si augulus ille
proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum !
o si urnam argenti fors quae mihi monstret, ut illi,
thesauro invento qui mercennarius agrum
ilium ipsum mcrcatus aravit, dives amico
Hercule ! ' si, quod adest, gratum iuvat, hac prece te oro :
Serin. II, 7, 102
Nil ego, si ducor libo fumante :
A. P. 55-56
Ego cur, adquirere pauca
si possum, invidcor,
A. P. 86-87
Descriptas servare vices operumque colores
cur ego si nequeo ignoroque, poeta salutor?
b). Second Person Singular.
Serm. II, 6, 39
Dixeris : ' experiar ' : ' si vis, potes ' addit et instat.
Epist. I, 2, 70-71
Quodsi cessas aut strenuus auteis,
nee tardum opperior nee praecedentibus insto.
Epist. I, 12, 1-3
Fructibus Agrippae Siculis, quos colligis, Icci.
Si recte frueris, ncm estut copia tnaior
ab love donari possit tibi.
Epist. I, 16, 17
Tu recte vivis, si curas esse quod audis.
Epist. II, 1, 124-125
militiae quainquam piger et malus, utilis urbi,
si das hoc, parvis quoque rebus magna iuvari.
A. P. 102-103
si vis me flere, dolendum est
primum ipsi tibi :
A. P. 154-157
si plosoris eges aulaea manentis et usque
sessuri, douec cantor ' vos plaudite ' dicat,
aetatis cuiusque notandi sunt tibi mores,
mobilibusque decor naturis dandus et annis.
c). Third Person Singular.
Od. I, 1, 7-8
Hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium
Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ;
Od. I, 1, 29-34
Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium
Dis miscent superis, me gelidum nemus
Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori
Secernunt populo, si neque tibias
Euterpe cohibet nee Polyhymnia
Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton.
Od. Ill, 15, 7-8
Non, siquid Pholoen satis
Et te, Chlori, decet :
Od. Ill, 29, 29-32
Prudens futuri temporis exitum
Caliginosa nocte premit deus
Ridetque, si mortalis ultra
Fas trepidat.
Od. Ill, 29, 53-56
Laudo manentem ; si celeris quatit
Pinnas, resigno quae dedit et mea
Virtute me involvo probamque
Pauperiem sine dote quaero.
'v
Od. JV, 9, 5-6
Non, si priores Maeonius tenet
Sedes Hornerus, Pindaricae latent
C. S. 65-G8
vSi Palatinas videt aequos aras,
Remque Ronianam Latiumque felix
Alteram in lustrum meliusque semper
Prorogat aevom.
Serin. I, 2, 83-85
Adde hue quod mercem sine fucis gestat, aperte
quod venale habet ostendit, neque, siquid honesti est,
iactat habetque palam, quaerit quo turpia celet.
Serm. I, 3, 44-47
Strabonem
appellat paetum pater, et pullum, male parvos
si cui filius est, ut abortivus fuit olim
Sisyphus ;
Serin. I, 3, 124-126
Si dives, qui sapiens est,
et sutor bonus et solus formosus et est rex :
cur optas quod habes ?
Serm. II, 3, 74-76
Si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene sani,
putidius multo cerebrum est, mihi crede, Perelli
dictantis, quod tu numquam rescribere possis.
Serm. II, 3, 126-128
Quare,
si quidvis satis est, periuras, surripis, aufers
undique?
Serm. II, 6, 13
si, quod adest, gratum iuvat, hac prece te oro :
Serm. II, 6, 78-79
vSiquis nam laudat Arelli
sollicitas ignarus opes, sic incipit :
Epist. I, 1, 95-97
si forte subucula pexae
trita subest tunicae, vel si toga dissidet impar,
rides :
3
18
Epist. I, 2, 37-39
Nam cur,
quae laeduut oculurn, festinas demere : siquid
est anirnum, differs curaudi tempus in annum?
Epist. I, 2, 49-50
valeat possessor oportet,
si comportatis rebus bene cogitat uti.
Epist. I, 11, 25-27
Nam si ratio et prudentia curas,
uon locus effusi late maris arbiter aufert,
caelum, non anirnum mutant, qui trans mare curruut.
Epist. I, 12, 12-13
Miramur, si Democriti pecus edit agellos
cultaque,
Epist. I, 14, 29-30
additopus pigro rivus, si decidit irnber,
multa mole docendus aprico parcere prato.
Epist. I, 18, 54-57
denique saevam
militiam puer et Cantabrica bella tulisti
sub duce qui templis Parthorum signa refigit
nunc, et, siquid abest, Italis adiudicat armis.
Epist. II, 1, 64-65
Si veteres ita miratur laudatque poetas,
ut nihil anteferat, nihil illis comparet, errat ;
Epist. II, 1, 66-68
Si quaedam nimis autique, si pleraque dure
dicere credit eos, ignave multa fatetur,
et sapit et mecum facit et love iudicat aequo.
Epist. II, 2, 158-162
Si proprium est, quod quis libra mercatus et aerest,
quaedam, si credis consultis, mancipat usus :
qui te pascit ager, tuus est, et vilicus Orbi,
cum segetes occat tibi mox frumenta daturus,
te dominum sentit.
Epist. II, 2, 177-179
quid vici prosunt aut horrea? Quidve Calabris
saltibus adiecti Lucani, si metit Orcus
grandia cum parvis. non exorabilis auro?
19
A. P. 19-21
Et fortasse cupressum
scis simulare ; quid hoc, si fractis enatat expes
uavibus, aere dato qui pingitur?
A. P. 31
In vitiurn ducit culpae fuga, si caret arte.
A. P. 95-98
et tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pedestri
Telephus et Peleus, cum pauper et exul uterque
proicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba,
si curat cor spectantis tetigisse querella.
A. P. 248-250
offenduntur eniru quibus est equos et pater et res,
uec siquid fricti ciceris probat et nucis emptor
aequis accipiuut animis douantve corona.
A. P. 354-356
Ut scriptor si peccat idem librarius usque,
quamvis est monitus, venia caret, et citharoedus
ridetur, chorda qui semper oberrat eadem :
(1). Third Person Plural.
Od. Ill, 24, 35-44
Quid leges sine moribus
Vanae proficiunt, si neque fervidis
Pars inclusa caloribus
Mundi nee Boreae finitimum latus
Durataeque solo nives
Mercatorem abigunt, horrida callidi
Vincunt aequora navitae,
Magnum pauperies obprobrium iubet
Quidvis et facere et pati
Virtutisque viam deserit arduae ?
p;pist. I, 15, 39-41
' non hercule miror,'
aiebat, ' siqui comedunt bona, cum sit obeso
nil melius turdo, nil volva pulchrius ampla.'
Epist. II, 1, 28-30
Si, quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque
scripta vel optima, Romani pensantur eadem
scriptores trutina, non est quod multa loquamur :
20
B. Protasis introduced by si non.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 24, 33-34
Quid tristes querimoniae,
Si non supplicio culpa reciditur ?
Epist. I, 1, 32
Est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra.
Epist. I, 1, 87-89
Lectus genialis in aula est :
nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita ;
si non est, iurat bene solis esse niaritis.
Epist. I, 11, 29-30
Quod petis, hie est,
est Ulubris, animus si te non deficit aequus.
C. Protasis introduced by nisi.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serm. I, 3, 133-136
Vellunt tibi barbam
lascivi pueri, quos tu nisi fuste coerces,
urgeris turba circum te stante miserque
rumperis et latras, magnorum maxime regum.
b). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 3, 85-89
acerbus
odisti et fugis ut Rusonem debitor aeris,
qui nisi, cum tristes misero venere Kalendae,
mercedem aut nummos unde unde extricat, amaras
porrecto iugulo historias captivus ut audit.
Epist. J, 2, 62-63
Ira furor brevis est : animum rege ; qui nisi paret,
imperat : hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catena.
I). Protasis introduced by ni.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 1, 44
At ni id fit, quid habet pulchri constructus acervus?
2) . The Present is sometimes loosely used of future time.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
•21
Epist. I, 7, 34-36
Hac ego si coinpellor imagine, cuncta resigno ;
nee sotnnum plebis laudo satur altilium nee
otia divitiis Arabum Uberrima muto.
1)). Third Person Singular.
0.1. H, 17, 5-8
A ! te meae si partem animae rapit
Maturior vis, quid moror altera.
Nee carus aeque nee superstes
Integer?
11). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.
1. A state or condition, assumed as existing in the present, is
represented as the result of action performed in the past.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. I, 6, 69-71
purus et insons,
ut me coniaudem, si et vivo carus amicis :
causa fuit pater his,
b). Second Person Singular.
Epist. II, 2, 23-24
Quid turn profeci, mecum facientia iura
si tamen adtemptas ?
c). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 6, 65-71
Atqui si vitiis mediocribus ac mea paucis
mendosast natura, alioqui recta
causa fuit pater his,
2. The Perfect of a Preteritive Verb stands in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by s*.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epist. I, 10, 12-14
Vivere naturae si convenieuter oportct,
ponendaeque domo quaerenda est area primum,
uovistine locum potiorem rure beato ?
12). Apodosis in the Future Indicative.
This combination is very common in Plautusand Terence, occurrin»-
much more frequently than si with Fut.-Fut., the proportion being
about 2-1 for the former, and 3-1 for the latter.
22
In Cato, de Agr., Auct. ad Her., and Varro, R. R., on the other
hand, only a few instances of si est-erit are found, while si eril-erit is of
frequent occurrence.
In Cicero also the latter combination predominates, and the same is
true of Lucretius, Horace, the Elegiac Poets, Vitruvius, Columella,
and Quintilian.
Si with Pres.-Fut. (si est-erit J is the more common in Sallust, Livy
in his speeches and Seneca, de Ben. In late Latin there is a return
to the usage of Plautus and Terence, and si with Fut.-Fut. becomes
comparatively rare.
Si erit-est does not occur in Varro, Sallust, Horace, Catullus, and
Tibullus, and in general is much less often found than either of the
other two combinations.
1. The Present denotes present time.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. II, 10, 17-18
Non, si male nunc, et olim
Sic erit :
Epod. 15, 12-14
Nam siquid in Flacco viri est,
Non feret assiduas potiori te dare noctes
Et quaeret iratus parem,
2. The Present refers not strictly to present time, but is used
in a general sense.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Od. IV, 1, 9-12
Tempestivius in domum
Pauli, purpureis ales oloribus
Comissabere Maximi,
Si torrere iecur quaeris idoneum :
Epist. I, 5, 1-3
Si potes Arcbiacis conviva recumbere lectis
nee modica cenare times holus omne patella,
supremo te sole domi, Torquate, manebo.
Epist. I, 12, T-'J
.Si forte in medio positorum apstemius herbis
vivis et urtica, sic vives protinus ut te
coufestim Hquidus Fortunae rivus inauret.
b). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 5, 31-33
Si pugnat extricata dcnsis
Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis,
Qui perfidis se credidit hostibus
Od. Ill, 24, 5-8
Si figit adamantinos
Sumrnis verticibus dira Necessitas
Clavos, uon auiuiuui metu,
Non mortis laqueis expcdies caput.
Serin. II, 4, 52
siquid crassi est, tenuabitur aura,
Kpist. I, 12, 5-6
Si ventri bene, si lateri est pedibusque tuis, nil
divitiae poterunt regales addere maius.
EpLst. I, 17, 6-8
Si te grata quies et primam soiiiuus in horam
delectat, si te pulvis strepitusque rotarum,
si laedit caupona, Ferentinum ire iubebo.
A. P. 48-51
Si forte necesse est,
indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerurn,
fingere cinctutis non exaudita Cethegis
continget dabiturque licentia sumpta pudenter.
3. The Present has future meaning.
A. Protasis introduced by nisi.
a). First Person Plural.
Serm. II, 8, 34
' nos nisi' datnnose bibimus, moriemur inulti,'
B. Protasis introduced by ni.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serin. II, 3, 151
' ni tua custodis, avidus iani haec auferet heres.'
Serm. II, 7, 117-118
Ocius hinc te
ni rapis, accedes opera agro nona Sabino.
24
1)). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 3, 153-154
' Deficient inopem venae te, ni cibus atque
ingens accedit stornacho fultura ruenti.
4. The Future has imperative force.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Od. IV, 12, 14-16
Sed pressurn Calibus ducere Liberum
Si gestis, iuvenum nobiliuni cliens,
Nardo vina merebere.
Epist. I, 7, 2-5
Atqui,
si rue vivere vis sanurn recteque valentem,
quam mihi das aegro, dabis aegrotare timenti,
Maecenas, veniatn :
Epist. I, 7, 32-33
cui mustela procul ' si vis ' ait ' effugere istinc,
macra cavurn repetes artum, quem rnacra subisti.'
13). Apodosis in the Imperative.
Si with Pres.-Impv., often in Plautus, not uncommon in Terence.
Occurs in Cicero, Caesar and Sallust : once only in Lucretius, II, 1042.
In the Elegiac Poets, Catullus 4, Tibullus 6, Propertius 8, Ovid 114.
In Cicero the Future Imperative is more common in this combina-
tion than the Present Imperative, cf. Drciyer, Hint. Synt. Vol. If,
j>. 700. On the other hand in the 114 instances in Ovid, the Future
Imperative occurs only three times, once only in Propertius, cf.
Ter. Eun. 100: Ad. 970.
1. Present Imperative in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Od. IV, 12, 21-22
Ad quae si properas gaudia, curu tua
Velox merce veni :
Serm. I, 9, 38
' Si me anias,' inquit, ' paulum hie ades.'
25
Serm. II, 5, 103
Sparge subinde et, si paulum potes, inlacrimare :
Serm. II, 7, 38-39
' duci ventre levem, nasum nidore supinor,
iubecillus, iners, siquid vis, adde, popino.
The conditional period siquid vis, adde, popino may be considered as
parenthetic.
Epist. I, 5, 6
Si melius quid habes, arcesse, vel imperium fer.
Epist. I, 9, 11-13
Quod si
depositum laudas ob amici iussa pudorem,
scribe tui gregis hunc et fortem crede bonumque.
Epist. II. 1, 214-218
Verum age et his, qui se lectori credere malunt
quam spectatoris fastidia ferre superbi,
curam redde brevem, si munus Apolline dignum
vis complere libris et vatibus addere calcar,
ut studio maiore petant Helicona virentem.
Epist. II, 2, 213
Vivere si recte nescis, decede peritis.
b). Third Person Singular.
C. S. 37-48
Roma si vestrum est opus Iliaeque
Litus Etruscuni tenuere turmae,
Iussa pars mutare Lares et urbem
Sospite cursu,
Cui per ardentem sine fraude Troiam
Castus Aeneas patriae superstes
Liberum munivit iter, daturus
Plura relictis :
Di, probos mores docili iuventae,
Di, senectuti placidae quietem,
Romulae genti date remque prolemque
Et decus omne ;
Serm. II, 1, 10-12
Aut si tantus amor scribendi te rapit, aude
Caesaris invicti res dicere, multa laborum
praemia laturus.'
26
Epist. I, 6, 28-29
Si latus aut renes morbo temptantur acuto,
quaere fugam morbi.
Epist. I, 6, 29-31
Vis recte vivere (quis non?) :
si virtus hoc una potest dare, fortis omissis
hoc age deliciis.
2. Future Imperative in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Epist. I, 7, 69-70
' Sic ignovisse putato
me tibi, si cenas hodie mecum.'
Note. The Present Indicative refers to the future in Serni. II, 5, 103 .
Epist. I, g, 12. Epist. I, 7, jo.
14). Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.
The Apodosis may contain a wish, a command or an exhortation, a
modest assertion, a question with negative force, etc., and thus have
its verb in the Subjunctive without any effect upon the mood of the
Protasis.
1. Optative Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. I, 8, 37-39
Mentior at siquid, merdis caput inquiner albis
corvorum atque in me veniat mictum atque cacatum
Iulius, et fragilis Pediatia furque Voranus.
Serm. I, 9, 38-40
aut valeo stare aut novi civilia iura :
et propero quo scis.'
b). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 18, 1-8
Faune, Nyrnpharurn fugientum amator,
Per meos finis et apnea rura
Lenis incedas abeasque parvis
Aequos alumnis,
Si tener pleno cadit haedus anno,
Larga nee desunt Veneris sodali
Vina craterae, vetus ara multo
Furnat odore.
Inteream, si
-'7
c). Third Person Plural.
Od. II, 6, 9-12
Unde si Parcae prohibent iuiquae,
Dulce pelHtis ovibus Galaesi
Flumen et regnata petam Laconi
Rura Phalantho.
Or petam may be taken as Future Indicative.
2. Hortatory Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 24, 45-50
Vel nos in Capitolium,
Quo clamor vocat et turba faventium,
Vel nos in mare proximum
Gemmas et lapides aurum et inutile,
Summi materiem mali,
Mittamus, scelerum si bene paenitet.
Epist. I, 6, 49-50
Si fortunatum species et gratia praestat,
mercemur servum, qui dictet nomina,
Epist. I, 6, 56-57
Si bene qui cenat bene vivit, lucet, eamus
quo ducit gula, piscemur, venemur,
b). First Person Plural.
Epist. I, 3, 28-29
Hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampli
si patriae volumus, si nobis vivere cari.
3. Jussive Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
A. P. 120-122
Scriptor honoratum si forte reponis Achilleru,
impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer
iura neget sibi nata, nihil non arroget armis.
A. P. 125-127
Siquid inexpertum scaenae committis et audes
personam formare novam, servetur ad imum,
qualis ab incepto processerit, et sibi constet.
b). Third Person Singular.
28
Epist. I, 6, 46-48
Ergo
si res sola potest facere et servare beatum,
hoc primus repetas opus, hoc postreinus omittas.
Epist. I, 6, 65-66
Si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine arnore iocisque
nil est iucundum, vivas in amore iocisque.
4. Subjunctive in a modest assertion.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epist. II, 1 , 34-35
Si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit,
scire velim, chartis pretium quotus adroget annus.
5. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 1, 41-48
Quodsi dolentem nee Phrygius lapis
Nee purpurarum sidere clarior
Delenit usus nee Falerna
Vitis Achaemeniumque costum :
Cur invidendis postibus et novo
Sublime ritu moliar atrium ?
Cur valle permutem Sabina
Divitias operosiores?
Serm. I, 2, 116-118
Tument tibi cum inguina,
num, si
ancilla aut verna est praesto puer, impetus in quern
continuo fiat, malis tentigine rumpi?
6. Subjunctive due to the hypothetical force of the claus
which it stands.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
A. P. 457-460
hie dum sublimis versus ructatur et errat,
si veluti merulis intentus decidit auceps
in puteum foveamve, licet ' succurrite ' longum
clamet ' io cives ! ' non sit qui tollere curet.
29
7. Subjunctive after miror. (Cf. § 119).
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 1, 86-87
Miraris, cum tu argento post omnia ponas,
si nemo praestet quern non merearis amorem ?
II. Protasis in the Perfect Indicative.
15). Apodosis in the Present Indicative.
Si with Perf.-Pres. is of frequent occurrence. It is a favorite com-
bination with Lucretius who employs it 20 times.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. I, 4, 91-93
ego si risi, quod ineptus
pastillos Rufillus olet, Gargonius hircum,
lividus et mordax videor tibi ?
Serm. II, 6, 6-13
Si neque maiorem feci ratione mala rem,
nee sum facturus vitio culpave minorem ;
hac prece te oro:
Epist. I, 1, 94-95
Si curatus inaequali tonsore capillos
occurri, rides ;
Epist. I, 19, 41-44
' Spissis indigna theatris
scripta pudet recitare et nugis addere pondus '
si dixi, ' rides ' ait 'et Iovis auribus ista
servas :
b). Second Person Singular
Serm. II, 7, 29-32
Si nusquatn es forte vocatus
ad cenam, laudas securum holus ac, velut usquam
vinctus eas, ita te felicem dicis amasque
quod nusquam tibi sit potandum.
c). Third Person Singular.
Od. I, 1, 9-10
Ilium, si proprio condidit horreo
Quicquid de Libycis verritur areis.
30
Serra. I, 1, 80-83
At si condoluit temptatuin frigore corpus
aut alius casus lecto te adflixit, habes qui
adsideat, fomenta paret, medicum roget, ut te
suscitet ac reddat gnatis carisque propinquis ?
Serm. II, 3, 321-322
Adde poemata nunc, hoc est, oleum adde camino
quae siquis sanus fecit, sanus facis et tu.
Epist. I, 1, 83-85
' Nullus in orbe sinus Bais praelucet amoenis '
si dixit dives, lacus et mare sentit amorem
festinantis eri ;
Epist. II, 1 , 73-75
Inter quae verbum emicuit si forte decorum,
si versus paulo concinnior unus et alter :
iniuste totum ducit venditque poema.
Epist. II, 2, 100-101
Si plus adposcere visus,
fit Mimnermus et optivo cognomine crescit.
A. P. 326-328
' Dicat
filius Albini : si de quincunce remotast
uncia, quid superat?
A. P. 377-378
sic animis natum inventumque poema iuvandis,
si paulum summo decessit, vergit ad imum.
A. P, 472-474
certe furit, ac velut ursus
obiectos caveae valuit si frangere clatros,
indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus ;
d). Third Person Plural.
Od. I, 3, 21-24
Nequicquam deus abscidit
Prudens Oceano dissociabili
Terras, si tamen impiae
Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada.
1 . A Preteritive Verb in the Protasis.
A. Protasis introduced by si non.
a). Third Person Singular.
31
Epist. I, 18, 26-28
aut, si non odit, regit ac veluti pia mater
plus quam se sapere et virtutibus esse priorern
volt et ait prope vera :
16). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.
This combination occurs about 12 times in Plautus, less often in
Terence, (Add. 103: Haut. 631 : ffec. 709). It is found in Cicero,
Lucretius (2), Catullus (1), Propertius (2), Ovid (12), not often in
Livy. It does not occur in Tibullus.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 23, 17-20
Immunis aram si tetigit manus,
Non sumptuosa blandior hostia.
Mollivit aversos Penatis
Farre pio et saliente mica.
Od. IV, 9, 9-10
Nee siquid olim lusit Anacreon,
Delevit aetas ;
17). Apodosis in the Imperative.
Schmalz, hat. Oram. § 341 ( Dritte Auflage, 1900), and Drager,
Hist. Synt. Vol. II, p. 707, state that this combination occurs in the
letters to Cicero (Fam. 8, 1. Caelius, 15, 19. Cassius), but elsewhere
seems to be confined to Terence, Sallust, Tacitus and Juvenal. In
addition to the following instances in Horace, examples also occur in
Plautus fcf. Capt. 1035. Bud. 323), and the Elegiac Poets. Also in
Gellius (20, 1, 49) in a citation from the Twelve Tables.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epod. 14, 13-15
quod si non pulchrior ignis
accendit opsessam Ilion,
gaude sorte tua :
Serm. II, 5, 93-94
mone, si increbruit aura,
cautus uti velet carum caput ;
b) . First Person Plural.
Od. I, 32, 1-4
Poscimur. Siquid vacui sub umbra
Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum
32
Vivat et pluris, age die Latinum,
Barbite, carmen,
1. Preteritive Verb in the Protasis.
A. Si- Si non.
a). Second Person Singular.
Epist. I, 6, 67-68
Siquid novisti rectius istis,
candidus inperti; si non, his utere mecum.
18). Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.
1. Optative Subjunctive.
A. Protasis introduced by .si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. II, 6, 54-55
At omnes di exagitent me,
si quicquam. (sc. audivi).
b). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 27, 5-7
Rumpat et serpens iter institutnm,
Si per obliquom similis sagittae
Terruit mannos :
HI. Protasis in the Imperfect Indicative.
19). Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative.
This combination occurs chiefly in general conditional periods. It
is rare in Plautus, probably does not occur in Terence. Examples are
found here and there in Cicero and Caesar. In Lucretius only
F, 1334; it is not used by Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius ; 4 times
in Ovid,
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Sevm. I, 4, 3-5
siquis erat dignus describi, quod malus ac fur,
quod moechus foret aut sicarius aut alioqui
famosus, multa cum libertate notabant.
A genera] condition expressing repeated contemporaneous action in
the past.
S3
IV. Protasis in the Future Indicative.
20). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 6, 68-71
si neque avaritiam neque sordes ac mala lustra
obiciet vere quisquarn mihi,
causa fuit pater his,
21). Apodosis in the Future Indicative.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Od. IV, 2, 45-48
Turn meae, siquid loquar audiendum,
Vocis accedet bona pars, et 'O Sol
Pulcher, o laudande ! ' canam recepto
Caesare felix.
Serm. IT, 2, 8
dicam, si potero.
b). Second Person Singular.
Od. I, 1, 34-35
Quodsi me lyricis vatibus inseres,
Sublimi feriam sidera vertice.
Serm. I, 2, 96-97
Si interdicta petes, vallo circumdata (nam te
hoc facit insanum), multae tibi turn officient res,
Serm. II, 3, 1-4
'Si raro scribes, ut to to non quater anno
membranam poscas, scriptorum quaeque retexens,
iratus tibi, quod vini somuique benignus
nil dignum sermone canas : quid fiet?
Epist. I, 1, 59-60
At pueri ludentes 'rex eris' aiunt
'si recte facies.'
Epist. I, 2, 34
si noles sanus, curres hydropicus ;
5
34
Epist. I, 10, 31-32
Siquid mirabere, pones
in vitus.
A. P. 104-105
male si mandata loqueris,
aut dorniitabo aut ridebo.
A. P. 436-437
si carmina condes,
numquam te fallent animi sub volpe latentes.
c). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 3, 41-42
hoc si erit in te
solo, nil verbi, pereas quin fortiter, addain.
Serm. II, 4, 27-29
Si dura morabitur alvus,
mitulus et viles pellent opstantia conchae
et lapathi brevis herba, sed albo non sine Coo.
Epist. I, 7, 10-12
Quodsi bruma nives Albanis inlinet agris,
ad mare descendet vates tuus et sibi parcet
contractusque leget;
Epist. I, 10, 42-43
Cui non conveniet sua res, ut calceus olim,
si pede maior erit, subvertet, si minor, uret.
Epist. I, 17, 25-26
Contra, quern duplici panno patientia velat,
mirabor, vitae via si conversa decebit.
A. P. 70-72
Multa renascentur quae iam ceciderc, cadentque
quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus,
quern penes arbitrium est et ius et norma loquendi.
A. .P. 424-425
mirabor, si sciet inter
noscere mendacem verumque beatus amicum.
d). Third Person Plural.
Od. Ill, 9, 11-12
Pro qua non metuam mori,
Si parcent animae fata superstiti.'
35
0.1. Ill, 9, 15-16
Pro quo bis patiar mori,
Si parcent puero fata superstiti.'
A. P. 52-51
et nova fictaque uuper habebunt verba fidcru, si
Graeco fonte cadent parce detorta.
A. P. 112-113
Si dicentis eruut fortunis absona dicta,
Rouiani tollent equites peditesque cachinnurxi.
B. Protasis introduced by si non.
a). Second Person Singular.
A. P. 131-135
Publica materies privati iuris erit, si
non circa vilern patulumque moraberis orbein,
nee verbo verburn curabis reddere fidus
interpres, nee desilies imitator in artum,
unde pedem proferre pudor vetet aut operis lex.
c). Nisi non.
A. Second Person Singular.
Epist. I, 2, 34-37
et ni
posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non
intendes animum studiis et rebus honestis,
invidia vel amore vigil torquebere.
1. The Future in the Apodosis has an imperative force.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Epist. I, 7, 25-28
Quodsi me noles usquam discedere, reddes
forte latus, nigros angusta fronte capillos,
reddes dulce loqui, reddes ridere decorum et
inter vina fugam Cinarae maerere protervae.
Epist. I, 17, 11-12
Si prodesse tuis pauloque benignius ipsum
te tractare voles, accedes siccus ad unctum.
b). Third Person Singular.
36
Epist. I, 13, 2-3
Augusto reddes siguata volumina Vini,
si validus, si laetus erit, si denique poscet
22). Apodosis in the Imperative.
A future tense (Future or Future Perfect) in the Protasis with an
Imperative in the Apodosis is not an uncommon combination.
In laws, treaties and legal formulae, also in formal rules and max-
ims, the Future Imperative is usual. It occurs in two passages from
the old laws cited by Gellius (IV, 3, 3. XX, 1, 45). It is often em-
ployed by Plautus, less often by Terence and Cato. It is of frequent
occurrence in Cicero, especially in the Epp. ad Att. 3 times in Catullus.
The Present Imperative occurs in Ennius, several times in Plautus,
once in Terence (Haut. 618) ; rare in Cicero, not found in Catullus.
Lucretius does not use either combination. In the only instance in
Tibullus (I, 4, 45) in which either form is found, the Present Imper-
ative is used. The Present Imperative is more common than the
Future Imperative in Propertius (5-2) and Ovid (38-6).
1. Present Imperative in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 5, 30-31
fama civem causaque prioreru
sperne, dorui si gnatus erit fecundave coniunx.
Serm. II, 5, 45-48
Sicui praeterea validus male filius in re
praeclara sublatus aletur, ne manifestum
caelibis obsequium nudet te, leniter in spem
adrepe officiosus,
Serm. II, 5, 106-108
Siquis
forte coheredum senior male tussiet, huic tu
die,
Epist. I, 8, 3
Si quaeret quid agam, die
Epist. I, 12, 22-23
et siquid petet ultro
defer :
2. Future Imperative in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by s;'.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 14, 23-24
Si per invisum mora ianitorem
Fiet, abito.
Epist. I, 13, 6-7
Si te forte meae gravis uret sarcina chartae,
abicito
3. Imperative of memini. in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular,
Epist. I, 8, 15-16
Si dicet 'recte,' primum gaudere, subinde
praeceptum auriculis hoc instillare memento :
23). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
1. Jussive Subjunctive.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 24, 27-29
Si quaeret "pater urbium"
Subscribi statuis, indomitam audeat
Refrenare licentiam,
Serm. I, 3, 69-72
Amicus dulcis, ut aequum est,
cum mea compenset vitiis bona, pluribus hisce,
si modo plura mihi bona sunt, inclinet, amari
si volet : hac lege in trutina ponetur eadem.
Epist. I, 20, 26-27
Forte meum siquis te percontabitur aevurn :
me quater undenos sciat implevisse Decembris,
2. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 3, 250-254
Si puerilius his ratio esse evincet amare,
nee quicquam differe, utrumnein pulvere, trimus
38
quale prius, ludas opus an meretricis amore
sollicitus plores : quaero, faciasne quod olim
ruutatus Polemon ?
Quaero is parenthetic and without influence upon the construction.
V. Protasis in the Future Perfect Indicative.
24). Apodosis in the Present Indicative.
A. Protasis introduced hy si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Epod. 3, 19-20
At siquid umquam tale concupiveris,
Iocose Maecenas, precor
b). Third Person Singular.
Serin. II, 1, 82-83
si mala condiderit in queni quis carmina, ius est
iudiciumque.'
est : the Present denotes the certainty of the existence of the ius
iudiciumque, apart from the condition.
Serm. II, 1, 83
Esto, siquis mala ;
i. e. esto, si</nis mala condiderit, ius est iudiciumque.
B. Protasis introduced by nisi.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. II, 2, 13-16
Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops,
Nee sitiin pellit, nisi causa morbi
Fugerit venis et aquosus albo
Corpore languor.
25). Apodosis in the Future Indicative.
The conditional act is represented as completed prior to the begin-
ning of that ot the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. I, 3, 139-140
et mihi dulces
ignosceut, siquid peccaro stultus, amici,
Serm, I, 9, 57-58
non, hodie si
exclusus fuero, desistain ;
b). Second Person Singular.
Oil. Ill, 23, 1-6
Caelo supinas si tuleris inanus
Nascente luna, rustica Phidyle,
Si ture placaris et horna
Fruge Lares avidaque porca,
Nee pestilentem sentiet Africurn
Fecunda vitis nee
Epod. 10, 21-24
Opima quodsi praeda curvo litore
Porrecta mergos iuveris,
Libidinosus irnrnolabitur caper
Et agna Ternpestatibus.
Serm. II, 3, 67
tune insanus eris si acceperis ?
Serm. II, 3, 124-126
Quantulum enim summae curtabit quisque dieruru,
ungere si caules oleo meliore caputque
coeperis inpexa foedum porrigine ?
Serm. II, 3, 319-320
'non, si te ruperis', inquit,
'par eris.'
c). Third Person Singular.
Epod. 6, 15-16
An siquis atro dente me petiverit,
Inultus ut flebo puer?
Epod. 15, 15-16
Nee semel offensi cedet constantia formae,
Si certus intrarit dolor.
Serm. U, 2, 50-52
Ergo
siquis nunc mergos sua vis edixerit assos,
parebit pravi docilis Romana iuventus.
Serm. II, 3, 290-292
'frigida si puerum quartana reliquerit, illo
mane die, quo tu indicis ieiunia, nudus
in Tiberi stabit.'
40
Serm. II, 4, 6
Quodsi interciderit tibi nunc aliquid, repetes mox,
Future time conceived as present.
Serm. II, 4, 17-19
vSi vespertinus subito te oppresserit hospes,
ne gallina malum responset dura palato,
doctus eris vivam mixto mersare Falerno :
doctus : adjective, not participle.
Serm. II, 5, 81-83
Sic tibi Penelope frugi est : quae si semel uno
de sene gustarit tecum partita lucellum,
ut canis a corio numquam absterrebitur uncto.
Epist. I, 16, 33-34
Qui dedit hoc hodie, eras, si volet, auferet, ut si
detulerit fasces indigno, detrahet idem.
A. P. 299-301
Nanciscetur enim pretium nomenque poetae,
si tribus Anticyris caput insanabile numquam
tonsori Licino commiserit.
A. P. 468-469
Nee semel hoc fecit, nee, si retractus erit iam,
fiet homo et ponet famosae mortis amorem.
B. Si ncn.
a). Second Person Singular.
Epist. I, 17, 31-32
morietur frigore, si non
rettuleris pannum.
1. The Future has imperative force.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. I, 4, 103-105
Liberius si
dixero quid, si forte iocosius, hoc mihi iuris
cum venia dabis :
b). Third Person Singulai
41
Epist. I, 1, 85-S7
cui si vitiosa libido
fecerit auspiciuui, 'eras ferrarnenta Teanuni
tolletis, fabri ! '
20). Apodosis in the Future Perfect Indicative.
Two actions are represented as contemporaneous. A conditional
period with the Future Perfect in both members is rare ; it occurs in
Plautus and Cicero, it is not found in Terence, Lucretius or the
Elegiac Poets.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serm. II, 2, 54-55
Nam frustra vitium vitaveris illud,
si te alio pravum detorseris.
b). Third Person Singular.
A. P. 47-48
Dixeris egregie, uotutn si callida verbum
reddiderit iunctura novum.
27). Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.
1. Optative Subjunctive.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epod. 3, 1-3
Parentis olirn siquis impia manu
Senile guttur fregerit,
Edit cicutis alium nocentius.
edit: an archaic form of the Present Subjunctive, used by Cicero in
his letters (cf. ad Fam. IX, 29, 3) and often by Plautus (cf. Trin.
339). It occurs again in Sat. II, 8, 90. Cf. Verg. Aen. 12, 801.
2. Jussive Subjunctive.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
A. P. 386-389
Siquid tamen olim
scripseris, in Maeci descendat iudicis auris
et patris et nostras, nonumque prematur in annum,
membranis intus positis :
42
3. Subjunctive in a Prohibition.
A. Protasis introduced by nisi.
a). Third Person Singular.
A. P. 191-192
Nee deus intersit, nisi dignus vindice nodus
inciderit ;
B. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 5, 24-26
neu, si vafer unus et alter
insidiatorern praeroso fugerit hamo,
aut spern depouas aut artern inlusus omittas.
43
CHAPTER II.
Indeterminate Protases (continued) B. Subjunctive Use.
28). In the first class of Indeterminate Periods an Indicative tense is
employed in the Protasis, in the second class the Protasis has either
the Present or Perfect Subjunctive.
The Apodosis is usually in the Present Subjunctive, less often in
the Perfect Subjunctive. Occasionally Horace uses the Present or
Future Indicative ill the Apodosis.
I. Present Subjunctive in the Protasis.
29). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
The large number of instances in which Horace uses this combination
in comparison with si sit-est and si sit-erit is noticeable. In this respect
he presents a marked similarity to Cicero in his philosophical writings.
Blase, in an article in the Archiv, Vol. IX,. p. 17//., Der Konjunhtiv
des Prasens im Bedingungssatze, presents a table in which he shows
that si sit-sit, although of more frequent occurrence than si sit-est and
si sit-erit in most writers of the Ante-Classical and Augustan periods,
becomes less and less common in following writers and almost disap-
pears in late Latin, while, on the other hand, si sit-est and si sit-erit
enjoy an ever increasing popularity.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 16, 38
Nee, si plura velim, tu dare deneges.
Epist. II, 1, 3-4
in publica commoda peccem,
si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Caesar.
44
Epist. II, 1, 70 -81
Recte necne crocurn floresque perambulet Attae
fabula si dubiteru, claiuent periisse pudorem
cuncti paene patres,
A. P. 35-37
Huuc ego me, siquid componere cureni,
non magis esse velim, quam naso vivere pravo,
spectaudurn nigris oculis nigroque capillo.
b). Second Person Singular.
Od. I, 13, 13-lo
Non, si me satis audias,
Speres perpetuum dulcia barbare
Laedentem oscula,
si-audias is not parenthetic ; did she not listen to him she might ei
lertain the hope.
Serm. I, 1,43
'Quod si comminuas, vilem redigatur ad assem.'
Quod = at id.
Serm. I, 1, 46-49
non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus, ut si
reticulum panis venalis inter onusto
forte vehas umero, nihilo plus accipias quam
qui nil portarit.
Serm. I, 1, 88-91
At si cognatos, nullo natura labore
quos tibi dat, retinere velis servareque amicos,
infelix operam perdas, ut siquis asellum
in campo doceat parentem currere frenis.
Serm. I, 4, 55-56
quern si dissolvas, quivis stomachetur eodem
quo personatus pacto pater.
Serm. I, 4, 56-62
His, ego quae nunc,
olim quae scripsit Lucilius, eripias si
tempora certa modosque, et quod prius ordine verbum est
posterius facias praeponens ultima primis,
non, ut si solvas 'postquam Discordia taetra
belli ferratos postis portasque refregit,'
invenias etiam disiecti membra poetae.
45
vs. GO: i. e. id (invenias) si solvas.
Serm. I, 4, 140-141
cui si concedere liolis,
multa poetaruin veniat rnauus,
Serm. II, 3, 128-130
Populum si caedere saxis
iucipias servosve tuos, quos aere pararis,
insanum te omnes pueri clamentque puellae ;
c). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 3, 65-68
Ter si resurgat murus aeneus
Auctore Phoebo, ter pereat meis
Excisus Argivis, ter uxor
Capta virum puerosque ploret.'
Od. Ill, 27, 45-48
Siquis infamem mihi nunc iuvencuni
Dedat iratae, lacerare ferro et
Frangere enitar niodo multuni amati
Cornua monstri.
Serm. I, 1, 15-19
Siquis deus "en ego" dicat
nolint.
Serm. I, 3, 80-83
Siquis eum servum, patinam qui tollere iussus
sernesos piscis tepidumque ligurrierit ius,
in cruce suffigat: Labeone insanior inter
sanos dicatur.
Serm. I, 4, 41-42
neque, siqui scribat uti nos
serruoui propiora, putes hunc esse poetam.
Serm. I, 4, 67-68
at bene siquis
et vivat puris manibus, conternnat utrumque.
Serm. I, 6, 30-32
Ut siqui aegrotet quo morbo Barrus, haberi
et cupiat forrnonsus, eat quacumque, puellis
iniciat curam quaereudi singula,
46
Serm. I, 7, 15-17
duo si discordia vexet inertis
aut si disparibus bellum incidat, ut Dioruedi
cum Lycio Glauco, discedat pigrior,
Serm. II, 3, 104-108
Siquis emat citharas, einptas cornportet in miuui,
nee studio citharae nee Musae deditus ulli,
si scalpra et formas uon sutor, nautica vela
aversus mercaturis, delirus et aniens
undique dicatur merito.
Serin. II, 3, 111-120
Siquis ad ingentem frumenti semper acervum
porrectus vigilet cum longo fuste, neque illinc
audeat esuriens dominus contingere granum,
ac potius foliis parcus vescatur amaris ;
si positis intus Chii veterisque Falerni
mille cadis, nihil est, ter centum milibus, acre
potet acetum ; age, si et stramentis incubet unde-
octoginta annos natus, cui stragula vestis,
blattarum ac tinearum epulae, putrescat in area :
nimiruminsanus paucis videatur,
Serm. II, 3, 214-218
Siquis lectica nitidam gestare amet agnam,
huic vestem ut gnatae, paret ancillas, paret aurum,
Rufam aut Pusillam appellet fortique marito
destinet uxorem : interdicto huic omne adimat ius
praetor et ad sanos abeat tutela propinquos.
Serm. II, 3, 248-249
ludere par impar, equitare in harundine longa
siquem delectet barbatum, amentia verset.
Serm. II, 3, 268-271
haec siquis tempestatis prope ritu
mobilia et caeca fluitantia sorte laboret
reddere certa sibi, nihilo plus explicet, ac si
insanire paret certa ratione modoque.'
Serm. II, 7, 24
siquis ad ilia deus subito te agat, usque recuses,
Epist. I, 1, 70-74
Quodsi me populus Romanus forte roget, cur
47
Epist. I, 16, 25-29
Siquis bella tibi terra pugnata inarique
dicat et his verbis vacuas perinulceat auris :
'Tene inagis salvuni populus velit an populum tu,
servel in ambiguo qui consulit et tibi et urbi,
Iuppiter,' Augusti laudes adgnoscere possis :
Epist. II, 2, 2-17
siquis forte velit puerum tibi veudere natum
Tibure vel Gabiis et tecum sic agat "hie et
des nummos, excepta nihil te si fuga laedit"
ille ferat pretium poenae securus, opinor.
B. Si noii.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serin. II, 3, 259
si non des, optet
C. Nisi.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serm. I, 3, 85
quod nisi concedas, habeare insuavis :
1. Jussive Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, it, 33-34
loquaces,
si sapiat, vitet simul atque adoleverit aetas." '
Serm. II, 5, 70-72
mulier si forte dolosa
libertusve senem delirum temperet, illis
accedas socius ; laudes, lauderis ut absens.
Epist. I, 6, 15-16
Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui,
ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam.
2. Prohibitive Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 5, 16-17
ne tamen illi
tu comes exterior, si postulet, ire recuses.'
48
3. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question in the Apodosis,.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serm. II, 6, 30-31
'tu pulses omne quod obstat,
ad Maecenatem meinori si rnente recurras ? '
b). Third Person Singular.
Epist. I, 16, 36-38
Idem, si claruet furem, neget esse pudicurn,
conteudat laqueo collum pressisse paternum :
rnordear obprobriis falsis tnuteuique colores ?
30). Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epod. 2, 39-50
Quodsi pudica mulier iu partem iuvet
Domum atque dulcis liberos,
estruat
siccet
apparet :
Non me Lucrina iuverint conchylia
Magisve rhombus aut scari,
b). Third Person Plural.
Od. IV, 8, 20-22
neque
Si chartae sileant quod bene feceris,
Mercedem tuleris.
Possibly tuleris may be Future Perfect Indicative.
31). Apodosis in the Present Indicative.
1 . General Conditions.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serm. I, 2, 7-11
Huuc si perconteris, avi cur atque parentis
praeclaram iugrata stringat malus ingluvie rem,
omnia conductis coemens obsouia nummis,
sordidus atque animi quod parvi nolit haberi,
respondet.
49
Serm. II, 1, 20
cui male si palpere, recalcitrat undique tutus.
1)). Third Person Singular.
(3d. Ill, 29, 57-59
Non est meum, si rnugiat Africis
Malus procellis, ad miseras preces
Decurrere et votis pacisci,
Epist. I, 16, 46-47
'Nee furtum feci nee fugi' si mihi dicat
servos: 'habes pretium, loris non ureris' aio.
2. A verb or expression of duty, obligation, or the like in the
Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serm. I, 3, 111-112
Iura inventa metu iniusti fateare necesse est,
tempora si fastosque velis evolvere muudi.
b). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 3, 43-44
Ac pater ut gnati, sic nos debemus, amici
siquod sit vitium, non fastidire :
3. Si modo in the Protasis with the force of chtmmodo, intro-
ducing a proviso.
a). Second Person Singular.
Serm. I, 2, 73-76
At quanto meliora monet pugnautiaque istis
dives opis natura suae, tu si modo recte
dispensare velis ac non fugieuda petendis
inmiscere.
b). Third Person Singular.
Epist. I, 1, 39-40
nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit,
si modo culturae patientem eommodet aurem.
32). Apodosis in the Future Indicative.
1. The Subjunctive is due to the close relationship originally
existing between the Present Subjunctive and the Future Indicative,
7
50
so that the Present Subjunctive, Future Indicative, and Present Indie
ative might easily be interchanged.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 3, 7-8
Si fractus inlabatur orbis,
Inpaviduru ferient ruinae.
Epod. 11, 15-18
'Quodsi rueis inaestuet praecordiis
libera bilis, ut haec ingrata ventis dividat
fomenta volnus nil malum levantia ;
desinet imparibus certare summotus pudor.'
2. The subject of the Protasis is the indefinite quis, the condi
tion referring not to a particular person, but general in character.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
A. P. 4G1-464
Si curet quis opem fcrre et demittere funem,
'qui scis, an prudens hue se deiecerit atque
servari nolit?' dicam, Siculique poetae
narrabo interitum.
3. A verb of ability in the Apodosis.
A. Ni.
a). First Person Singular.
Epist. II, 2, 52-54
sed quod non desit habentem
quae poterunt umquam satis expurgare cicutae,
ni melius dormire putem quam scribere versus?
4. Si has the force of etiamsi.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Plural.
Serin. I, 6, 42-44
At hie, si plostra duceuta
concurrantque foro tria funera magna, souabit
cornua quod vincatque tubas :
51
II. Perfect Subjunctive in the Protasis.
33). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
The Protasis represents the action as completed prior to the begin-
ning of that of the Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 4, 93-95
Mentio siquae
de Capitolini furtis iniecta Petilli
te coram fuerit, defendas ut tuus est mos :
Epist. I, 11, 15-16
nee, si te validus iactaverit Auster in alto,
idcirco navem trans Aegaeum mare vendas.
1 The Present Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question in the
Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 3, 94-95
Quid faciam, si furtum fecerit, aut si
prodiderit commissa fide sponsumve negarit ?
Conversion to Past Time.
34). An Indeterminate Subjunctive Period is occasionally identical
in form with a Period of Action Non-Occurrent. This takes place
when a future subjunctive condition is transferred to the past, becom-
ing relatively future, i. e. denoting future action from the standpoint
of the past. The Present Subjunctive is then replaced by the Imper-
fect Subjunctive, the Perfect by the Pluperfect.
This transference occurs only when the context clearly shows that
past action is supposed. The tense of the Subjunctive does not imply
that the condition is contrary to fact; the supposition may, or may not,
have been fulfilled.
35). The Imperfect Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodosis.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a) . Second Person Singular.
52
Epist. II, 1, 241-244
Quodsi
iudicium subtile videndis artibus illud
ad libros et ad haec Musarum dona vocares,
Boeotum in crasso iurares aere natuni.
b). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 2, 68-72
Huic si muttonis verbis mala tanta videnti
diceret haec animus: 'quid vis tibi ? numquid ego a te
magno prognatum deposco consule cunnum
velatumque stola, mea cum conferbuit ira? '
Quid respouderet?
Serm. I, 3, 4-6
Caesar, qui cogere posset,
si peteret per amicitiam patris atque suam, lion
quicquam proficeret ;
B. Nisi.
a,). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 3, 285-286.
mentem, nisi litigiosus,
exciperet dominus, cum venderet.
Cf. Serm. /, 6, 85-87
36). Protasis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive, Apodosis in the Imper-
fect.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a) . Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 3, 6-7
si collibuisset, ab ovo
usque ad mala citaret ' io Bacchae'
Collibuisset : the Pluperfect is due to the fact that the Present Sys-
tem of this verb was not in use.
Serm. I, 6, 78-80
Vestem servosque sequentis,
in magno ut populo, siqui vidisset, avita
ex re praeberi sumptus niihi crederet illos.
Vidisset: Pluperfect because the action of seeing is prior to that of
believing. Expressed as a future subjunctive condition it would be
si viderit-credat.
53
CHAPTER III.
Periods of Action Non-Occurrent.
37). Conditional Periods implying the non-occurrence of the action
have the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive in both Protasis and
Apodosis.
For exceptional cases in Horace cf. § § 34-36.
I. Protasis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.
38). Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.
1. Protasis and Apodosis both denoting present action.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). First Person Singular.
Epist. I, 19, 17-18
quodsi
pallerem casu, biberent exaugue cunrinuiii.
i. e. if I were pale (as I am not. Cf. Epist. I, 20, 24.)
Epist. II, 1, 250-257
Nee sermones ego mallem
repentis per humum quam res componere gestas,
terrarumque situs et flumiua dicere et arces
montibus impositas et barbara regna tuisque
auspiciis totum confecta duella per orbem,
claustraque custodem pacis cohibentia Ianuui
et forruidatam Parthis te priucipe Roniam,
si, quantum cuperem, possem quoque ;
b). Second Person Singular.
Od. II, 5, 21-24
Quern si puellarum insereres choro,
Mire sagacis falleret hospites
Discrimen obscurum solutis
Crinibus ambiguoque voltu.
54
The reference to present action is clearly brought out by a para-
phrase : If he were standing among a group of young girls, he would
deceive even a shrewd man.
Od. Ill, 10, 1-4
Extremum Tanain si biberes, L3'ce,
Saevo nupta viro, me tamen asperas
Porrectum ante fores obicere iucolis
Plorares Aquilonibus.
Serm. I, 9, 45-47
Haberes
magnum adiutorem, posset qui ferre secundas,
hunc hominem velles si tradere.
Epist. I, 3, 25-27
Quodsi
frigida curarum fomenta reliuquere posses :
quo te caelestis sapientia duceret, ires.
Epist. I, 7, 92-93
'Pol me miserum, patrone, vocares,
si velles' inqnit 'verum mihi ponere nomen.
i. e. you would not call me durum, attention, as you do, but rather
miserum.
c). Third Person Singular.
Od. IV, 8, 22-24
Quid foret Iliae
Mavortisque puer, si taciturnitas
Opstaret meritis iuvida Romuli?
Serm. I, 2, 49-53
At hie si,
qua res, qua ratio suaderet, quaque modeste
munifico esse licet, vellet bonus atque benignus
esse, daret quantum satis esset, nee sibi damno
dedecorique foret.
Serm. I, 4, 52-53
Numqui Pomponius istis
audiret leviora, pater si viveret?
Serm. I, 6, 93-97
Nam si natura iuberet
a certis annis aevom remeare peractum,
atque alios legere, ad fastum quoscumque parentis
optaret sibi quisque, meis contentus houestos
fascibuset sellis nollem mihi sumere,
55
Epist. I, 17, 13-14
'Si pranderet holus patieuter, regibus uti
nollet Aristippus.'
Epist. I, 17, 14-15
'Si sciret regibus uti,
fastidiret holus, qui rue notat.'
Epist. II, 2, 146-147
si tibi uulla sitim fiuiret copia lyruphae,
narrares ruedicis :
The contrary to fact implication is made clear by a paraphrase,
practically the sentence means: If you were suffering from the
dropsy, yon would consult your physician.
Epist. II, 2, 156-157
nempe ruberes,
viveret in terris te siquis avarior uno.
B. Si non.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epist. II, 2, 149-151
Si volnus tibi monstrata radice vel herba
non fieret levius, fugeres radice vel herba
proficiente nihil curarier :
i. e. If you were employing a method of treatment which did you no
good you would discontinue it.
A. P. 289-291
Nee virtnte foret clarisve potentius armis
quam lingua Latium, si non offenderet unum
quemque poetarum limae labor et mora.
C. Ni.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm I, 5, 58-59
'O tua cornu
ni foret execto frons,' inquit 'quid faceres,
2. Protasis and Apodosis both denoting past action.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epist. I, 17, 50-51
Sed tacitus pasci si posset corvus, haberet
plus dapis et rixae multo ruiuus invidiaeque.
56
B. Ni.
a). Third Person Singular.
Semi. II, 8, 59-61
Quis esset
finis, ni sapiens sic Nomentanus aniicurn
tolleret :
3. Protasis denoting past action, Apodosis present action.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Od. II, 8, 3-5
Deute si nigro fieres vel uuo
Turpior ungui,
Crederein.
II. Pluperfect Subjunctive in the Protasis.
39). Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.
1. Protasis denoting past action, Apodosis present action.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. II, 8, 1-5
Ulla si iuris tibi peierati
Poena, Barine, nocuisset umquarn,
Crederem.
Serm. I, 10, 67-71
sed ille,
si foret hoc nostrum fato dilatus in aevum,
detereret sibi multa, recideret omne quod ultra
perfectum traheretur, et in versu faciendo
saepe caput scaberet, vivos et roderet unguis.
Epist. II, 1, 90-92
Quodsi tarn Graecis novitas invisa fuisset
quam nobis, quid nunc esset vetus ? Aut quid haberet,
quod legeret tereretque viritim publicus usus?
B. Ni.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epist. II, 1, 132-133
Castis cum pueris ignara puella mariti
disceret unde preces, vatem ni Musa dedisset?
57
2. Protasis and Apodosis both denoting past action.
A. Ni.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. IV, 6, 13-24
Ille non inclusus equo Minervae
Sacra mentito male feriatos
Troas et laetam Priami choreis
Falleret aulam,
Sed palam captis gravis, heu nefas heu !
Nescios fari pueros Achivis
Ureret flammis, etiam latentem
Matris in alvo,
Ni tuis victus Venerisque gratae
Vocibus divom pater adnuisset
Rebus Aeneae potiore ductos
Alite muros.
40). Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.
A. Protasis introduced by si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Epist. I, 2, 24-26
quae si cum sociis stultus cupidusque bibisset,
sub domina meretrice fuisset turpis et excors,
vixisset canis immundus vel arnica luto sus .
B. Nisi.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 5, 78-80
et quos
numvuam erepsemus, nisi nos vicina Trivici
villa recepisset lacrimoso non sine fumo,
Serm. I, 9, 47-48. Cf. § 48, c. § 53, 2.
Indicative Apodosis.
41). To Periods of Action Non-Occurrent belong also the following
cases in which a past tense of the Indicative stands in the Apodosis
expressing, with a certain rhetorical emphasis, the certainty with which
58
an event would have taken place, had it not been for the intervention
of some other event, or that an action had actually begun, but was
checked or interrupted by the'action of the Protasis.
I. Protasis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.
42). Apodosis in the Pluperfect Indicative.
A. Si non.
a). Third Person Plural.
Od. Ill, 16, 1-7
Inclusam Danaen turns aenea
Robustaeque fores et vigilum canum
Tristes excubiae munierant satis
Nocturnis ab adulteris,
Si non Acrisium virginis abditae
Custodem pavidum Iuppiter et Venus
Risissent :
B. Nisi.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od, II, 17, 27-29
Me truncus inlapsus cerebro
Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum
Dextra levasset,
NOTE. Verbs expressing ability, duty, necessity and the like, when
in the Apodosis of a Period of Action Non-Occurrent, commonly are in a
past tense of the Indicative Madvig, Lat. Gram. § 348, c. Schmalz,
Lat. Gram. § 339. Blase, De Modorum Temporumque Permutatione ,
Argentorati, 1888, p. 38 ff.
In Serm. II, 1, 6-7 the Apodosis is an expression of propriety with the
Imperfect Indicative, and the Protasis is omitted. Cf. § 48.
59
CHAPTER IV.
General Past Conditions.
43). In sentences introduced by si, with the verb in the Imperfect or
Pluperfect, expressing repeated action, "as often as," "every time
that" or action taking place at uo definite time, the Indicative is used
in early Latin.
Plant. As. 143. Atque ea si erant, mag nam habebas dis gratiam.
Aid. 427. Bacch. 426.
Caesar, Cicero and Sallust generally use the Indicative, rarely the
Subjunctive.
Gaes. B. G. Ill, 110, 4. Si quis prehenderetur, consensu miUtum
eripiebatur.
Sail. lug. 58, 3. Sin Numidae propius accessissent ibi virtutem osten-
dere.
Gatull. 84, 1. Chommoda dicebat, si quando commoda vellet dicer e
Arrius.
In Livy and Tacitus the Subjunctive is of frequent occurrence,
Suetonius uses it almost exclusively. In late Latin both Indicative
and Subjunctive are used, one about as often as the other.
In two instances in sentences introduced by si, Horace uses the
Imperfect Subjunctive in the Protasis of a General Past Condition*
with the Imperfect Indicative in the Apodosis.
a). Second Person Singular.
A. P. 438-439
Quintilio siquid recitares, 'corrige sodes
hoc' aiebat 'et hoc'
A. P. 442-443
Si defendere delictum quam vertere malles,
nullum ultra verbum aut operam insumebat inanem,
*I have, for the most part, made no special classification of General Conditional Periods with the
Indicative or Present and Perfect Subjunctive.
6.0
Conditional Periods in Oratio Obliqua.
44). There are but few instances in Horace of a Conditional Period
in Oratio Obliqua.
1. A. Si.
Serm. I, 5, 101-103
namque deos didici securum agere aevom,
nee, siquid miri faciat natura, deos id
tristis ex alto caeli demittere tecto.
B. Sive.
Serm. II, 5, 108-109
2. After a verb or expression of threatening.
A. Si.
Serm. I, 3, 120-124
Nam ut ferula caedas meritum maiora subire
verbera non vereor, cum dicas esse paris res
furta latrociniis et magnis parva mineris
falce recisurum simili te, si tibi regnum
permittant homines.
Serm, II, 1, 47-49
Cervius iratus leges minitatur et urnam,
Canidia Albuci, quibus est inimica, venenum,
grande malum Turius, siquid se iudice certes.
Serm. II, 3, 9-10
Atqui voltus erat multa et praeclara minautis,
si vacuum tepido cepisset villula tecto.
B. Nisi.
Od. I, 10, 9-12
Te, boves olim nisi reddidisses
Per dolum amotas, puerum minaci
Voce dum terret, viduus pharetra
Risit Apollo.
3. Informal Oratio Obliqua.
A. Ni.
Serm. I, 9, 36-37
et casu turn respondere vadato
debebat; quod ni fecisset, perdere litem.
61
Fecisset represents a fecerit of the bail contract ; quod has the force
of et hoc and debebat is felt with perdere.
Serm. II, 3, 84-87
Heredes Staberi summam incidere sepulcro,
ni sic fecissent, gladiatorum dare centum
damnati populo paria atque epulum arbitrio Arri,
frumenti quantum metit Africa.
Fecissent represents a fecerint in the terms of the will.
Conditional Periods with Dependent Apodosis.
45). The Apodosis, although it is the principal clause of a condi-
tional period, may itself be subordinate.
I find in the writings of Horace the following instances of a depen-
dent Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
1. Final Subjunctive with ut.
A. Si.
Serm. II, 5, 47-50
leniter in spem
adrepe officiosus, ut et scribare secundus
heres et, siquis casus puerum egerit Oreo,
in vacuom venias :
Epist. I, 18, 78-81
Fallimur et quondam non dignum tradimus : ergo
quern sua culpa premet, deceptus omitte tueri,
ut penitus notum, si temptent crimina, serves
tuterisque tuo fidentem praesidio :
B. Si-si non.
Epist. I, 1, 65-66
Isne tibi melius suadet, qui rem facias, rem,
si possis, recte, si non, quocumque modo rem,
The Subjunctive depends upon a supplied suadet ut.
2. Final Subjunctive with ne.
A. Si.
Serm. I, 2, 86-89
Regibus hie mos est, ubi equos mercantur: opertos
inspiciunt, ne, si facies, ut saepe, decora
molli fulta pedest, emptorem inducat hiantem,
quod pulchrae clunes, breve quod caput, ardua cervix.
62
Serm. I, 6, 85-87
nee timuit, sibi ne vitio quis verteret, olim
si praeco parvas aut, ut fuit ipse, coactor
mercedes sequerer :
Epist. I, 3, 15-20
Quid mihi Celsus agit, monitus multumque monen-
dus,
privatas ut quaerat opes et tangere vitet
scripta Palatinus quaecumque recepit Apollo,
ne, si forte suas repetitum venerit olim
grex avium plumas, moveat cornicula risum
furtivis nudata coloribus ?
Epist. I, 16, 19-23
sed vereor, necui de te plus quam tibi credas,
neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum,
neu, si te populus sanum recteque valentem
dictitet, occultam febrem sub tempus edendi
dissimules, donee manibus tremor incidat unctis.
3. Subjunctive in a Relative Final clause.
A. Si.
Serm. II, 8, 25-26
Nomentanus ad hoc, qui, siquid forte lateret,
indice monstraret digito :
4. Subjunctive in a Consecutive clause with ut.
A. Si.
Serm. I, 1, 56-58
Eo fit,
plenior ut siquos delectet copia iusto,
cum ripa simul avolsos ferat Aufidus acer.
Serm. II, 3, 91-94
Quoad vixit, credidit ingens
pauperiem vitium et cavit nihil acrius, ut, si
forte minus locuples uno quadrante periret,
ipse videretur sibi nequior :
5. Subjunctive in a clause of Characteristic.
A. Si.
A. P. 361-362
erit quae, si propius stes,
te capiat magis, et quaedam, si longius apstes.
63
6. Indicative Apodosis with verb dependent upon cum.
A. Si.
Serm. II, 3, 272-273
Quid? Cum Picenis excerpens semina potnis
gaudes, si cameram percusti forte, penes te es ?
Epist. II, 1, 221-222
cum laedimur, unum
siquis amicorum est ausus reprehendere versum ;
Complex Conditions.
46). Either the Protasis or the Apodosis may be of a complex
nature, containing a statement that is modified by a condition, ex-
pressed or implied.
I, The Protasis a Complex Idea.
47). Present Indicative (supplied) in the Apodosis.
A. Si.
Epist. I, 6, 12-14
Gaudeat an doleat, cupiat metuatne, quid ad rem,
si, quicquid vidit melius peiusve sua spe,
defixis oculis animoque et corpore torpet ?
Quicquid has a conditional force. The Protasis to quid (attinet) ad
rem is contained in the whole statement si-torpet?
48). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
1. Optative Subjunctive.
A. Si.
Epist. II, 1, 180-181
Valeat res ludicra, si me
palma negata macrum, donata reducit opiruum.
B. Si non.
Serm. II, 1 , 6-7
Peream male, si uou
optimum erat ;
64
Peream is Apodosis to the rest of the sentence ; the true Protasis to
optimum erat, i.e. si quievissem, is omitted.
C. Ni.
Serm. I, 9, 47-48
dispeream, ni
summosses omnis.'
The same construction as in the preceding example. The Protasis
to summosses, i. e. si me tradidisses is not expressed.
48 b). Apodosis implied in vel merito.
A. Si non.
Serm. I, 6, 19-22, cf. § 166, b.
II. The Apodosis a Complex Idea.
49). Present Indicative in the Protasis.
A. Si.
Serm. II, 2, 9-13
Leporem sectatus equove
lassus ab indomito vel, si Romana fatigat
militia adsuetum graecari, seu pila velox
molliter austerum studio fallente laborem,
seu te discus agit, pete cedeutem aera disco :
The Apodosis to si-fatigat is seu pila-disco.
Epist. I, 17, 25-26
Contra, quern duplici panno patientia velat,
mirabor, vitae via si conversa decebit.
Quern has a conditional force and the clause quem-velat forms the
Protasis to the sentence mirabor -decebit.
A. P. 422-425
Si vero est, unctum qui recte ponere possit
et spondere levi pro paupere et eripere artis
litibus implicitum, mirabor, si sciet inter
noscere mendacem verumque beatus amicum.
B. Nisi.
Epist. I, 2, 54
Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcumque infundis acescit.
65
50). Future Indicative in the Protasis.
A. Si.
Serm. II, 3, 66-68
'Accipe quod numquam reddas mihi' si tibi dicain,
tune insanus eris si acceperis, an magis excors
reiecta praeda, quam praesens Mercurius fert?
Serm. II, 4, 51-53
Massica si caelo suppones vina sereno,
nocturna, siquid crassi est, tenuabitur aura,
et decedet odor nervis inimicus ;
Serm. II, 5, 27-30
Magna minorve foro si res certabitur olim,
vivet uter locuples sine gnatis, improbus, ultro
qui meliorem audax vocet in ius, illius esto
defensor ;
51). Present Subjunctive in the Protasis
A. Si.
A. P. 1-5
Humano capiti cervicem pictor equinam
iungere si velit et varias inducere plumas
undique conlatis membris, ut turpiter atrum
desinat in piscem mulier formosa superne :
spectatum admissi risum teneatis amici ?
52). Imperfect Subjunctive in the Protasis
A. Si.
Epist. II, 1, 194-196
Si foret in terris, rideret Deruocritus, seu
diversum confusa genus panthera camelo
sive elephans albus volgi converteret ora :
Epist. II, 2, 155-157
At si divitiae prudentem reddere possent,
si cupidum tiinidumque minus te : nempe ruberes.
viveret in terris te siquis avarior uno.
66
Earnest Asseverations.
53). I find in the works of Horace four instances of an earnest
asseveration with peream, or the like, in the Apodosis. The form of
the Protasis is determined by the sense.
1 . Affirmative Protasis.
Serm. I, 9, 38-40
'Inteream, si
aut valeo stare aut novi civilia iura :
Serm. II, 6, 54-55
At omnes di exagitent me,
si quicquam.
2. Negative Protasis.
Serm. I, 9, 47-48
dispeream, ni
summosses omnis.'
Cf. Catull. 92, 2. Dispeream, nisi amat.
Serm. II, 1, 6-7
Peream male, si non
optimum erat ;
Adversative Use of Nisi.
54). Often, especially in colloquial language, nisi has the meaning
but, except, and serves to introduce a limitation. This occurs in con-
nection with negative words (as nullus, non, nolo, etc.), in questions
with negative force, and in propositions where a negative is implied.
55). 1 . In connection with negative words.
A. The negative precedes,
a). Non-nisi.
Serm. I, 7, 1 1-15
Hectora Priamiden, animosum atque inter Achillem
ira fuit capitalis, ut ultima divideret mors,
non aliam ob causam, nisi quod virtus in utroque
summa fuit ;
Epist. II, 1, 114-115
habrotouuin aegro
noil audet nisi qui didicit dare ;
A. P. 475-476
quern vero arripuit, tenet occiditque legendo,
non missura cutem nisi plena cruoris, hirudo.
b). Nec-nisi.
Serm. I, 4, 73
nee recito cuiquarn nisi amicis,
e). Nihil (nil )-nisi.
Serm. II, 4, 25-26
mendose, quoniam vacuis committere venis
nil nisi lene decet :
Serm. II, 6, 4-5
Nil amplius oro,
Maia nate, nisi ut propria haec mini munera faxis.
Epist. I, 12, 23
.... nil Grosphus nisi verum orabit et aecum.
Epist. II, 1 , 49
miraturque nihil, nisi quod Libitina sacravit.
Epist. II, 1, 83
vel quia nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt,
•I). Nullus-ni&i.
Serm. I, 2, 30
contra alius nullam nisi olenti in fornice stantem.
e ) . Numq uam- nisi .
Epod. 7, 11-12
Neque hie lupis mos nee fuit leonibus
Numquam nisi in dispar feris.
Epist. I, 19, 7-8
Ennius ipse pater numquam nisi potus ad arma
prosiluit dicenda.
68
f). Nolo-nisi.
Serm. I, 2, 28-29
Sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas,
quarum subsuta talos tegat instita veste :
B. The negative follows.
a). Nisi-non.
Serm. II, 1, 18-20
nisi dextro tempore, Flacci
verba per atteutam non ibunt Caesaris aurem,
b). Nisi-ne.
Serm. II, 2, 15-16
nisi Hymettia mella Falerno
ne biberis diluta.
Serm. II, 4, 87
quae nisi divitibus nequeunt contingere mensis? '
56). 2. With implication of negative.
Serm. II, 2, 58
ac nisi mutatum parcit defundere vinum,
Serm. II, 5, 7-8
atqui
et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior alga est.
Epist. II, 1, 18-22
Sed tuus hie popnlus, sapiens et iustus in uno
te nostris ducibus, te Grais anteferendo,
cetera nequaquam simili ratione modoque
aestimat et, nisi quae terris semota suisque
temporibus defuncta videt, fastidit et odit,
57). 3. Question with negative force.
Serm. II, 1, 52-53
Dente lupus, cornu taurus petit : unde, nisi intus
monstratum ?
69
Epist. I, 10, 39-40
Falsus honor iuvat et mendax infamia terret
quern nisi mendosum et medicandum ?
Epist. II, 2, 99-100
Discedo Alcaeus puncto illius ; ille meo quis ?
Quis nisi Callimachus ?
58). 4. Ni occurs once in this construction.
Epod. 1, 7-8
Utrumne iussi persequemur otiuni
Non dulce, ni tecum simul,
59). 5. Nisi quod, introducing a limitation, occurs in one instance
in an affirmative proposition.
Serm. I, 4, 47-48
nisi quod pede certo
differt serrnoni, sermo merus.
70
CHAPTER V.
Protases Introduced by Sive.
60.) Sive-sive disjunctively connect conditional sentences. Plautus
and Terence use si-sive where later writers employ sive-sive.
Sive-sive occurs in Cato and from the time of Cicero is in general
use, si-sive being seldom found.
Si-sive, introducing Protases each with its own Apodosis, first
occurs in Cicero and is rarely found in later writers.
Sive-ve (cf. Od. Ill, 4, 1-4. IV, 2, 9-24. A. P. 63-69), and
sive-vel (cf. Od. I, 22, 1-8) are poetical.
For a thorough historical treatment of sive, cf. C. F. W. Midler,
Ueber den Gebrauch von Sive, Berlin, 1871.
The Indicative mood is more frequently used with sive-sive than the
Subjunctive. Cicero and Caesar rarely employ the Subjunctive, in
Livy and Tacitus it is more often found and in late Latin becomes
common.
A. Indicative Protasis.
I. Present Indicative in the Protasis.
61). Present Indicative in the Apodosis.
a) . Third Person.
Od. II, 17, 17-22
Seu Libra seu me Scorpios aspicit
Formidolosus, pars violeutior
Natalis horae, seu tyrannus
Hesperiae Capricornus undae,
Utrumque nostrum incredibili modo
Consentit astrum.
71
Od. Ill, 6, 29-32
Sed iussa coram non sine conscio
Surgit marito, seu vocat institor
Seu navis Hispanae magister,
Dedecorum pretiosus emptor.
Serm. II, 6, 25-26
Sive Aquilo radit terras seu bruma nivalem
interiore diem gyro trahit, ire necesse est.
Serm. II, 6, 67-70
Prout cuique libido est,
siccat inaequalis calices conviva solutus
legibus insanis, seu quis capit acria fortis
pocula seu modicis uvescit laetius.
Serm. II, 7, 78-80
Adde super, dictis quod non levius valeat : nam,
sive vicarius est qui servo paret, uti mos
vester ait, seu conservos : tibi quid sum ego?
62). Future Indicative in the Apodosis.
a) . Second Person.
Epist. I, 3, 23-25
Seu linguam causis acuis seu civica iura
respondere paras seu condis amabile carmen,
prima feres hederae victricis praemia.
b). Third Person.
Od. I, 16, 2-4
Quern criminosis cumque voles modum
Pones iambis, sive flamma
Sive mari libet Hadriano.
63). Imperative in the Apodosis.
a). Second Person.
Od. Ill, 21, 1-8
O nata mecum consule Manlio,
Seu tu querellas sive geris iocos
Seu rixam et insanos amores
Seu facilem, pia testa, somnum,
72
Quocumque lectum nomine Massicum
Servas, moveri digna bono die,
Descende, Corvino iubente
Promere languidiora vina.
Epist. I, 12, 21
Verum, seu piscis seu porrum et caepe trucidf
utere Pompeio Grospho,
64). Gerundive Participle in the Apodosis.
a). Third Person.
Od. IV, 2, 9-24
Laurea donandus Apollinari,
Seu per audacis nova dithyrambos
Verba devolvit numerisque fertur
Lege solutis ;
Seu deos regesve canit, deorum
Sanguinem, per quos cecidere iusta
Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae
Flamma Chimaerae ;
Sive quos Elea domum reducit
Palma caelestis pugilemve equomve
Dicit et centum potiore signis
Munere donat,
Flebili sponsae iuvenemve raptum
Plorat et viris animumque moresque
Aureos educit in astra nigroque
Invidet Oreo.
65). Apodosis represented by an adjective,
a). Third Person.
Serm. II, 4, 7
sive est naturae hoc sive artis, mirus utroque.
II. Perfect Indicative in the Protasis.
66). Present Indicative in the Apodosis.
a). Third Person.
73
Od. I, 1, 25-28
Manet sub love frigido
Venator tenerae coniugis immenior,
Seu visa est catulis cerva fidelibus
Seu rupit teretis Marsus aper plagas.
Od. I, 13, 9-12
Uror, seu tibi candidos
Turparunt umeros inmodicae mero
Rixae, sive puer furens
Inpressit memorem dente labris notani.
Od. I, 23, 5-8
Nam seu mobilibus vepris inhorruit
Ad ventos foliis, seu virides rubum
Dimovere lacertae,
Et corde et genibus tremit.
Serm. II, 4, 78-80
Magna movet stomacho fastidia, seu puer unctis
tractavit calicem manibus, dum furta ligurrit,
sive gravis veteri craterae limus adhaesit.
67). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
1. Jussive Subjunctive,
a). Third Person.
Od. I, 11,4-6
Seu pluris hiemes seu tribuit Iuppiter ultimam,
Quae nunc oppositis debilitat puniicibus mare
Tyrrhenum, sapias :
2. Prohibitive Subjunctive,
a). First Person.
Serm. II, 3, 87-88
'Sive ego prave
seu recte hoc volui, ne sis patruus mihi.'
III. Imperfect Indicative in the Apodosis.
68). Imperfect Indicative (supplied) in the Apodosis.
a). Third Person.
10
74
Serm. I, 4, 120-124
Sic me
formabat puerum dictis, et sive iubebat
ut facerem quid, 'habes auctorem quo facias hoc,'
unum ex iudicibus selectis obiciebat;
sive vetabat,
IV. Pluperfect Indicative in the Protasis.
69). Imperfect Indicative in the Apodosis.
a). Third Person.
Serm. II, 2, 118-121
Ac mihi seu longum post tempus venerat hospes
sive operum vacuo gratus conviva per imbrem
vicinus, bene erat non piscibus urbe petitis,
sed pullo atque haedo ;
V. Future Indicative in the Protasis.
70). Imperative in the Apodosis.
a). Third Person.
Serm. II, 5, 39-41
persta atque obdura, seu rubra Canicula findet
infantis statuas, seu pingui tentus omaso
Furius hibernas cana nive conspuet Alpis.
71). Gerundive Participle in the Apodosis.
a). First Person.
Od. II, 14, 7-12
qui ter amplum
Geryonen Tityonque tristi
Compescitunda, scilicet omnibus,
Quicumque terrae munere vescimur,
Enaviganda, sive reges
Sive inopes erimus coloni.
75
VI. Future Perfect Indicative in the Protasis.
72). Future Indicative in the Apodosis.
a). Third Person.
Od. I, 12, 53-57
Ille seu Parthos Latio imminentis
Egerit iusto domitos triumpho,
Sive subiectos Orientis orae
Seras et Indos,
Te minor latum reget aequos orbem ;
Serin. II, 2, 86-88
tibi quidnam accedet ad istam,
quam puer et validus praesumis, mollitiem, seu
dura valetudo inciderit seu tarda senectus?
73). Apodosis represented by a Future Participle,
a). Second Person.
Od. II, 3, 4-8
moriture Delli,
Seu maestus omni tempore vixeris,
Seu te in remoto gramine per dies
Festos reclinatum bearis
Interiore nota Falerni.
VII. Periphrastic Protasis.
74). Present Indicative in the Apodosis.
a). Third Person.
Od. I, 22, 1-8
Integer vitae scelerisque purus
Non eget Mauris iaculis neque arcu
Nee venenatis gravida sagittis,
Fusee, pharetra,
Sive per Syrtis iter aestuosas,
Sive facturus per inhospitalem
Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus
Lambit Hydaspes.
76
Mixed Protases.
75). In the following instances sive-sive connect sentences in which
different tenses of the Indicative are used.
A. Indicative Protasis.
76). Present and Future in the Protasis-Imperative in the Apodosis.
Od. I, 7, 17-21
sic tu sapiens finire memento
Tristitiam vitaeque labores
Molli, Plance, mero, seu te fulgentia signis
Castra tenent seu densa tenebit
Tiburis umbra tui.
77). Present and Perfect in the Protasis Future in the Apodosis.
A. P. 63-69.
sive receptus
terra Neptunus classes Aquilonibus arcet,
regis opus sterilisve palus diu aptaque remis
vicinas urbes alit et grave sentit aratrum,
seu cursum mutavit iniquom frugibus amnis,
doctus iter melius : mortalia facta peribunt :
nedum sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax.
78). Future Perfect and Future in the Protasis-Future in the Apodosis.
Serm. II, 2, 82-86
Hie tamen ad melius poterit transcurrere quondam,
sive diem festum rediens advexerit annus,
seu recreare volet tenuatum corpus, ubique
accedent anni, tractari mollius aetas
inbecilla volet.
79). Future Perfect and Future in the Protasis-Imperative in the
Apodosis.
A. P. 426-428
Tu seu donaris seu quid donare voles cui,
nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum
laetitiae ; clamabit enim ' pulchre ! bene ! recte ! '
77
80). Future Perfect and Future in the Protasis-Perfect Participle in
the Apodosis.
Epod. 17, 38-41
Paratus expiare, seu poposceris
Centum iuvencos, sive mendaci lyra
Voles sonari :
81). For Serm. II, 1, 57-60 cf. § 92.
B. Subjunctive Protasis.
I. Present Subjunctive in the Protasis.
82). Present Indicative in the Apodosis.
Od. I, 4, 11-12
Nunc et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis,
Seu poscat agna sive malit haedo.
83). Apodosis represented by an adjective.
Od. Ill, 24, 56-58
ludere doctior,
Seu Graeco iubeas trocho,
Seu malis vetita legibus alea,
II. Imperfect Subjunctive in the Protasis.
84). Imperfect Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
Epist. II, 1, 194-196
rideret Democritus, seu
diversum confusa genus panthera camelo
sive elephans albus volgi converteret ora :
C. Special Cases with sive-sive.
85). I. Oratio Obliqua.
Serm. II, 5, 108-109
die, ex parte tua seu fundi sive domus sit
emptor, gaudentem nummo te addicere.
78
86). 2. Final Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
Serm. It, 1, 36-39
missus ad hoc, pulsis, vetus est ut fama, Sabellis,
quo ne per vacuum Romano incurreret hostis,
sive quod Apula gens seu quod Lucania belluin
incuteret violenta.
87). 3. Sentences introduced by sive-sive with different Apodoses.
Serm. II, 2, 9-13
Leporem sectatus equove
lassus ab indomito vel, si Romana fatigat
militia adsuetum graecari, seu pila velox
molliter austerum studio fallente laborem,
seu te discus agit, pete cedentem aera disco :
With pila (11) we must supply te agit from seu te discus agit, and
also an Imperative Apodosis, 'Play ball,' corresponding to pete aera
disco.
We have, then, two co-ordinate sentences with different Apodoses
introduced by seu. All from vel to disco might be enclosed in a
parenthesis.
88). 4. In two instances sive(seu)-sive (seu) are purely disjunctive
and without conditional force.
Serm. I, 1, 1-3
Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem
seu ratio dederit seu fors obiecerit, ilia
contentus vivat, laudet diversa sequentis?
Epist. I, 3, 31-34
an male sarta
gratia nequicquam coit et rescinditur ac vos
seu calidus sanguis seu rerum inscitia vexat
indomita cervice feros ?
89). 5. Sometimes a relative clause, or a clause introduced by a re-
lative conjunction, where such clauses are conditional in meaning,
stands in co-ordination with the subordinate clause with sive (seu).
Only one instance of this occurs in Horace, the co-ordinate clause
being introduced by quando.
79
Epod. 16, 27-31
Neu conversa domum pigeat dare lintea, quando
Padus Matina laverit cacumina,
In mare seu celsus procurrerit Appenninus,
Novaque monstra iunxerit libidine
Mirus amor,
Sive Used Alone.
90). 1. Sometimes sive is expressed once only, but implies a preced-
ing sive.
Od. I, 3, 15-16
Quo non arbiter Hadriae
Maior, tollere seu ponere volt freta.
Serm II. 8, 16-17
Hie erus : 'Albanum, Maecenas, sive Falernum
te magis adpositis delectat: habemus utrumque.'
91). 2. Sive (seu)=vel si. Different from the examples in the pre-
ceding section is the use of sive (seu) with its own Apodosis, either
complete or abbreviated, not implying a preceding sive (seu) but hav-
ing the force of vel si, the vel belonging strictly only to the Apodosis,
which is contrasted with a preceding clause, the si going with the
conditional sentence.
Od. I, 6, 17-20
Nos convivia, nos proelia virginum
Sectis in iuvenes unguibus acrium
Cantamus vacui, sive quid urimur,
Non praeter solitum leves.
Od I, 15, 23-26
Urgent impavidi te Salaminius
Teucer, te Sthenelus sciens
Pugnae, sive opus est imperitare equis,
Non auriga piger.
80
Od. Ill, 27, 58-64
Potes hac ab orno
Pendulum zona bene te secuta
Laedere collum ;
Sive te rupes et acuta leto
Saxa delectant, age te procellae
Crede veloci, nisi erile mavis
Carpere pensum
92). 3. Different, again, from the examples in the last two sections
(90, 91) and combining to a certain extent the characteristics of both,
is the use of sew in Serm. II, 1, 59.
Serm. II, 1, 57-60
Ne longum faciam : seu me tranquilla senectus
expectat seu mors atris circumvolat alis,
dives, inops, Romae, seu fors ita iusserit exul,
quisquis erit vitae scribam color .
Here seu (59) implies a preceding seu with Romae and must be
taken as having the force of vel si ; the vel belonging to exul, which
forms an Apodosis to fors ita iusserit, and the si belonging to fors ita
iusserit. Romae and exul are antithetic, as are dives and inops, i.e.
sive dives sive inops ero.
93). 4. Often sue is employed to add an alternative, with which a
condition is connected, to one or more words of a preceding clause, not
to the whole clause. Sive then has the force of vel si, the vel contrast-
ing the Apodosis, expressed or implied, of the added clause to the word
or words to which it is added, and the .si belonging to the Protasis.
This use of sive is wide spread, cf. Miiller, Ueber den Gebrauch von
sive, p. 15 ff, Berlin, 1871.
Od. I, 2, 30-32.
Tandem venias precamur
Nube candentis umeros amictus,
Augur Apollo ;
Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens,
Sive neclectum genus et nepotes
Respicis, auctor
Sive mutata iuvenem figura
Ales in terris imitaris, almae
Filius Maiae, patiens vocari
Caesaris ultor :
Serus in caelum redeas
Vs. 33 : i. e. vel tu (venias), si mavis, Erycina ridens, etc.
Od. I, 32, 6-10
Qui, ferox bello, tamen inter arma,
Sive iactatam religarat udo
Litore navem,
Liberum et Musas Veneremque et illi
Semper haerentem puerum canebat
Od. Ill, 4, 1-4
Descende caelo et die age tibia
Regina longum Calliope melos,
Seu voce nunc mavis acuta
Seu fidibus citharave Phoebi.
Od. Ill, 4, 21-24
Vester, Camenae, vester in arduos
Tollor Sabinos, seu mihi frigidum
Praeneste seu Tibur supinurn
Seu liquidae placuere Baiae.
C. S. 13-16
Rite maturos aperire partus
Lenis, Ilithyia, tuere matres,
Sive tu Lucina probas vocari
Seu Genitalis :
Serm. II, 5, 10-12
Turdus,
sive aliud privum dabitur tibi, devolet illuc
res ubi magna nitet domino sene ;
The clause sive-tibi is parenthetic.
Serm. II, 6, 20
Matutine pater, seu lane libentius audis,
i. e. vel lane, si i Iane' libentius audis.
11
82
CHAPTER VI.
Elliptical Conditions and Variations in the Form of
Conditional Periods Introduced by a
Conditional Particle.
94). The following cases of ellipsis in Protasis or Apodosis and of
special forms of Conditional Periods introduced by a conditional parti-
cle are to be noted.
A. Protasis.
95). 1. In a number of instances the verb of the Protasis is sup-
pressed, but may easily be supplied from the context.
Cf. Serm. II, 1, 83. II, 6, 54-55. Epist. I. 10, 43. II, 2, 100-
101, and elsewhere.
96). 2. When two Conditional Periods are opposed to each other,
the second being introduced by si non, the verb is omitted after the
negative when, if expressed, it would be the same as in the preceding
condition.
Epist. I, 1, 65-66. I, 6, 67-68
97). 3. Sometimes no verb is expressed either in the Protasis or in
the Apodosis.
Epod. 1, 5-6
Quid nos, quibus te vita si superstite
Iucunda, si contra, gravis?
The ellipsis has been supplied in various ways by the editors. Por-
phyron, in commenting on the passage, says: '■bis posuit particulam
83
si, sed semel abundat. Melius est sic loqueretur: quibus te superstite vita
iucunda est, si contra sit grave est. Ergo verbum extrinsecus bis accipi-
enduin ex eo sit, ut plena fiat eloquutio.'
Epist. I, 1, 66
si possis, recte, si non, quocumque modo rem,
98). 4. Several Protases with a common Apodosis may have a predi-
cate in common.
1). Si-si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. I, 4, 103-105
Liberius si
dixero quid, si forte iocosius, hoc mihi iuris
cum venia dabis :
b). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 3, 104-108. Epist. I, 12, 5-6. I, 13, 2-5. I, 17, 7-8.
II, 1, 66-68. II, 1, 73-75.
c). First Person Plural.
Epist. I, 3, 28-29.
d). Third Person Plural.
Epist. II, 2, 155-157.
2). Sive (seu)-sive (seu).
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. II, 3, 87-88.
b). Second Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 21, 2-7. Epist. I, 12, 21-22.
c). Third Person Singular.
Od. I, 11, 4-6. I, 12, 53-57. 1, 16, 2-4. I, 22, 2-6. Ill, 6, 29-31.
Serm. II, 1, 37-39. II, 2, 86-88. II, 2, 118-120. II, 4, 7. II,
5, 108-109. II, 7, 79-80. Epist. II, 1, 194-196.
d). First Person Plural.
Od. II, 14, 11-12.
84
99). 5. Several Protases with different predicates may have a com-
mon Apodosis.
1). Si-si.
Od. II, 8, 1-5
Ulla si iuris tibi perierati
Poena, Barine, nocuisset umquam,
Dente si nigro fieres vel uno
Turpior ungui,
Crederem :
Od. Ill, 23, 1-8. Serin. I, 6, 65-71. II, 3, 104-108. II, 3, 111-
120. 11,6, 6-13. 11,8, 71-72. Epist. I, 13, 2-5. I, 17, 6-8.
II, 1, 66-68.
2). Si^aut si.
Serm. I, 3, 94-95
Quid faciam, si furtum fecerit, aut si
prodiderit commissa fide sponsumve negarit ?
Serm. I, 7, 15-17
duo si discordia vexet inertis
aut si disparibus bellum incidat, ut Diomedi
cum Lycio Glauco, discedat pigrior,
3). Si^vel si.
Epist. I, 1, 95-97
si forte subucula pexae
trita subest tunicae, vel si toga dissidet impar,
rides :
4). Ni-si non.
Epist. I, 2, 34-37
et ni
posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non
intendes animum studiis et rebus honestis,
invidia vel amore vigil torquebere.
5). Sive (seu)-sive (seu).
Cf. Chapter V.
85
1 00). 6. Several clauses having a common Apodosis sometimes follow
one after another with a conditional particle expressed with the first
clause only, although its conditional force extends to all.
A. Si.
Od. Ill, 18, 4-8.
Si tener. .cadit. . ., (si) larga. .desuut. . ., (si) vetus. . fuinatodore.
Od. Ill, 24, 36-44.
Si neque.. abigunt, (si) horrida. .vincunt. . , (si) inagnain. .iubet..?
Epod. 2, 39-48.
Quodsi-.iuvet. . -extruat (43). . .siccet (46). . . apparet (48).
Serm. II, 3, 104-108.
Siquis ernat.. .si (emat). . .(si ernat) nautica vela
Serm. II, 3, 214-218.
Siquis amet . . paret . . paret . . appellet . . . destinet . . .
Epist. I, 16, 36-38.
Si clamet. . .neget. . .contendat. . .
Note. In Serm. II, j, 74-76, and Epist. II, 2, 158-162, two condi-
tional clauses occur, each with its own Apodosis. In the first case si is
to be supplied before contra (77), and in the second si or et before quae-
dam {159).
B. Apodosis.
101). 1. Often the verb of the Apodosis is not expressed when it
may easily be supplied from the context.
Od. Ill, 15, 7. Ill, 24, 33. Epist. II, 2, 177-178, aud often.
102). 2. In some instances it is probable that no definite verb was
distinctly felt.
Serm. I, 2, 120-122
Illam 'post paulo ; ' 'sed pluris ; ' 'si exierit vir'
Gallis ; hanc Philodemus ait sibi, quae neque maguo
stet pretio neque cunctetur, cum est iussa venire.
86
Here an Imperative, or perhaps a Future, may be supplied from the
general thought as Apodosis to si exierit vir.
Epist. I, 5, 12
Quo mihi fortunam, si non conceditur uti?
In this sentence the accusative (fortunam) depends upon some verb
to be supplied ; it is not necessary, however, to think of any particular
verb as being conceived. 'Whv wealth for me, if I may not enjoy
it?'
For the ellipsis cf. Serin. II, 5, 102. Unde mihi tarn fortem tam-
quefidelem? Serm. II, 7, 116. Unde mihi lapidem? . . . Unde sagittasf
Ov. Am. II, 19, 7. quo mihi fortunam, quae numquam fallere curetf
Serm. II, 1, 83-84
sed bona siquis
iudice condiderit laudatus Caesare?
Serm. II, I. 84-85
Siquis
obprobriis dignum latraverit, integer ipse ?
103). 3. The Apodosis is sometimes represented by a noun, adjec-
tive, participle, etc. (For variations of the Apodosis in sentences in-
troduced by sive cf. Chapter V.
104). 1). The condition explains a noun.
A. Si.
Serm. II, 8, 71-72
Adde hos praeterea casus, aulaea ruant si,
ut modo ; si patinam pede lapsus frangat agaso.
105). 2). Apodosis represented by a Vocative.
A. Nisi.
Od. II, 2, 2-4
inimice lamnae
Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperato
Splendeat usu.
Cf. Od. II, 6, 1
87
106). 3). Apodosis represented by an adjective.
A. Si non.
Serm. II, 8, 92-93
suavis res, si non causas narraret earum et
naturas dominus :
B. Ni.
Epist. I, 16, 5-6
Continui montes, ni dissocientur opaca
valle,
The Apodosis is implied in continui, to which ni dissocientur is
added as a correction, as it were.
107). 4). The condition qualifies a participle.
Present Participle.
A. Si.
Serm. II, 1, 31-32
neque si male cesserat usquam
decurrens alio, neque si bene :
B. Si non.
Od. Ill, 5, 13-18
Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli
Dissentientis condicionibus
Foedis et exemplo trahentis
Perniciem veniens in aevom,
Si non periret inmiserabilis
Captiva pubes.
C. Ni.
Serm. I, 2, 95
cetera, ni Catia est, demissa veste tegentis.
Perfect Participle.
A. Si.
Epist. II, 1, 184-185
et depugnare parati,
si discordet eques,
Serm. II, 3, 85-86
ni sic fecissent, gladiatorum dare centum
damnati populo paria atque epulum arbitrio Arri,
Future Participle.
A. Si.
Serm. I, 10, 88-90
quibus haec, sint qualiacumque,
adridere veliin, doliturus, si placeant spe
deterius nostra.
108). 5). Apodosis implied in quid.
In Rhetorical Questions the Apodosis is sometimes represented by
quid alone, without verb expressed. The ellipsis may be supplied in a
general way by a word of saying, happening, or the like, as fiat, dicas,
etc. Cf. English ' What if you ect. .?'
Quid begins the period and either the Indicative or Subjunctive may
stand in the Protasis. Obbarius, cited by Keller, Epilegomena zu
Horaz, Od. I, 24, 13, well states the distinction between the two
moods, when used in this connection, in the following words: 'Mit
dem Indicativ des Prasens verbunden dient es (nemlich quid si) zur
Einleitung eines Auftrags oder einer AufForderutig, deren Erfullung
man bestimmt erwartet, wahrend bei dem Conjunctiv nach den Folgen
gefragt wird, welche eintreten wurden, wenn das in dem Fragesatze
Ausgesprochene in Erfullung gienge.'
As Keller adds : 'Ob iibrigens das in Frage stehende wirklich
geschehen konne, liegt nicht in den gesetzten Temporibus, wie neulich
behauptet wurde, sondern in dem im Satze ausgesprochenen Gedanken
selbst.'
Sometimes the question is followed by another by which it is more
closely defined, the second question implying what the result would be
if the content of the first were realized.
A. Od. Ill, 9, 17-20
Quid si prisca redit Venus
Diductosque iugo cogit aeneo,
Si flava excutitur Chloe
Reiectaeque patet ianua Lydiae ?
89
Serm. II, 7, 42-43
Quid, si me stultior ipso
quingentis empto dragniis deprenderis ?
B. Epist. I, 16, 8-11
Quid, si rubicunda benigni
corna vepres et pruna ferant ? Si quercus et ilex
tuulta fruge pecus, multa dominuin iuvet umbra?
Dicas adductum propius frondere Tareutum.
C. Od. I, 24, 13-18
Quid, si Threicio blandius Orpheo
Auditam moderere arboribus fidem ?
Num vanae redeat sanguis imagini,
Quam virga semel horrida
Non lenis precibus fata recludere,
Nigro compulerit Mercurius gregi ?
Serm. II, 3, 159-160
'Quid, siquis non sit avarus ?
continuo sanus? ' Minime.
Serm. II, 3, 219-220
Quid, siquis gnatam pro muta devovet agna ?
integer est animi? Ne dixeris.
Epist. I, 19, 12-14
Quid, siquis voltu torvo ferus et pede nudo
exiguaeque togae simulet textore Catonem ?
virtutemne repraesentet moresque Catonis ?
109). 6). Apodosis a clause.
A. P. 270-274
At vestri proavi Plautinos et numeros et
laudavere sales, nimium patienter utrumque,
ne dicam stulte, mirati, si modo ego et vos
scimus inurbanum lepido seponere dicto,
legitimumque sonum digitis callemus et aure.
The sentence introduced by si modo limits the words nimium-mirati.
110). 7). Apodosis represented by an adverb.
A. Serm. I, 2, 23
vSiquis nunc quaerat 'quo res haec pertinet? ' illuc :
12
90
B. Od. II, 14, 2-7
uec pietas moram
Rugis et instanti senectae
Afferet indomitaeque morti ;
Non, si trecenis quotquot eunt dies,
Amice, places inlacrimabilem
Plutona tauris,
Serin. II, 3, 264
Exclusit : revocat. redeam? Non, si obsecret.'
111). 8). In poetry a wish sometimes takes the form of a condi-
tional Protasis with si or si. Where is used, the Apodosis may
be considered as implied in the particle itself.
Serm. II, 6, 8-10
si veneror stultus nihil horum : 'o si angulus ille
proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum !
o si urnam argenti fors quae mihi monstret,
C. Parenthetic Conditions.
112). 4. A Conditional Protasis, introduced by si or nisi, is often
used parenthetically with omission of its proper Apodosis.
113). 1). Present Indicative.
A. Si.
a) . First Person Singular.
Od. IV, 3, 24
Quod spiro et placeo, si placeo, tuum est.
b). Second Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 27, 50-52
O deorum
Siquis haec audis, utinam inter errem
Nuda leones !
Epod. 6, 3-4
Quin hue inanis, si potes, vertis minas
Et me remorsurum petis ?
Serm. I, 4, 14-15
' accipe, si vis,
accipe iam tabulas ;
Epist. I, 16, 15
Hae latebrae dulces, etiam, si credis, anioenae,
Epist. I, 18, 67-68
Protinus ut moneam, siquid monitoris eges tu :
quid de quoque viro et cui dicas, saepe videto.
Epist. I, 19, 1-3
Prisco si credis, Maecenas docte, Cratino,
nulla placere diu nee vivere carrnina possunt,
quae scribuntur aquae potoribus.
Epist. II, 2, 95
mox etiam, si forte vacas, sequere et procul audi,
Epist. II, 2, 159
quaedam, si credis consultis, niancipat usus :
c). Third Person Singular.
Serm. I, 6, 104-105
Nunc mini curto
ire licet mulo vel si libet usque Tarenturn,
Serm. II, 3, 32-33
insanis et tu stultique prope otnnes,
siquid Stertinius veri crepat,
Serm. II, 5, 61
Quid tamen ista velit sibi fabula, si licet, ede.
Epist. II, 2, 16
des nummos, excepta nihil te si fuga laedit :
d). Third Person Plural.
Serm. I, 3, 69-71
Amicus dulcis, ut aequum est,
cum mea compenset vitiis bona, pluribus hisce,
si modo plura mihi bona sunt, inclinet,
92
Epist. I, 18, 107-108
' Sit mihi quod nunc est, etiam minus, ut mihi vivam
quod superest aevi, siquid superesse volunt di ;
B. Si non.
a). Third Person Singular.
Serm. II, 8. 4-5
Da, si grave non est,
quae prima iratum ventrem placaverit esca.
Epist. I, 20, 9-10
Quodsi non odio peccantis desipit augur,
carus eris Romae, donee te deserat aetas ;
C. Msi.
a). Second Person Singular.
Od. I, 14, 15-16
Tu, nisi ventis
Debes ludibrium, cave.
Od. Ill, 27, 62-66
age te procellae
Crede veloci, nisi erile mavis
Carpere pensum
Regius sanguis, dominaeque tradi
Barbarae paelex.'
Serm. II, 1, 77-79
et fragili quaerens inlidere dentem,
offendet solido, nisi quid tu, docte Trebati,
dissentis.
b). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 17, 9-13
eras foliis nemus
Multis et alga litus inutili
Demissa tempestas ab Euro
Sternet, aquae nisi fallit augur
Annosa cornix.
Epist. I, 1, 108
praecipue sanus, nisi cum pituita molesta est.
93
Epist. I, 2, 5
Cur ita crediderim, nisi quid te distinet, audi.
Epist. I, 5, 26-28
Butraru tibi Septiciumque
et nisi cena prior potiorque puella Sabinum
detinet adsumam ;
114). 2). Perfect Indicative.
A. Si.
a). Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 14, 17-20
I, pete unguentum, puer, et coronas,
Et cadum Marsi memorem duelli,
Spartacum siqua potuit vagantem
Fallere testa.
Epod. 5, 5-1
Per liberos te, si vocata partubus
I/ucina veris adfuit,
Per hoc inane purpurae decus precor,
115). 3). Perfect of a Preteritive Verb.
A. Si.
a). First Person Singular.
Serm. I, 9, 22-23
'si bene me novi, non Viscum pluris amicum,
non Varium facies :
Serm. II, 8,20-22
'Summus ego, et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra,
si memini, Varius, cum Servilio Balatrone
Vibidius, quos Maecenas adduxerat umbras.
Epist. I, 18, 1-2
Si bene te novi, metues, liberrime Lolli,
scurrantis speciem praebere, professus amicum.
94
116). 4). Future Indicative.
A. Si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Epist. I, 7, 12-13
te, dulcis amice, reviset
cum Zephyris, si concedes, et hirundine prima.
b) . Third Person Singular.
Od. Ill, 21, 21-23
Te Liber et, si laeta aderit, Venus
Segnesque nodum solvere Gratiae
Vivaeque producent lucernae,
Epist. I, 16, 33
Qui dedit hoc hodie, eras, si volet, auferet,
B. Sive.
Sat. II, 5, 10-12. Cf. § 93.
117). 5). Present Subjunctive.
A. Si.
a). Second Person Singular.
Epist. II, 2, 106-108
verum
gaudent scribentes et se venerautur et ultro,
si taceas, laudant quicquid scripsere beati.
b). Third Person Singular.
Od. II, 17, 13-15
Me nee Chimaerae spiritus igneae,
Nee. si resurgat, ceutimanus Gyas
Divellet umquam :
Od. IV, 3, 19-20
O mutis quoque piscibus
Donatura eyeni, si libeat, sonum,
Epod. II, 51-52
Siquos Eois intonata fluctibus
Hiems ad hoc vertat mare ;
95
118). SODES. Sodes is a colloquial expression especially frequent
in Plautus and Terence, not often used by other writers. It generally
occurs in connection with an Imperative to soften its force, ' If you
please.'
Ter. Ad. 643. Die sodes. Persius, III, 89. Inspice, sodes ! Catull.
103, 1. Sometimes also in other connections, Ter. Haut. 738. At
scin quid sodes ?
Cicero probably gives the correct explanation of the word in Or.
45, 154, " libenter etiam copidando verba iungebant, ut ' sodes', pro 'si
audes', '•sis' pro ' si vis.'" Audere in early Latin often has the force
otvelle, avidum esse. The uncontracted form occurs in Plaid. Trin.
244. Da mihi hoc, mel meum, si me amas, si audes.
Sodes occurs five times in Horace.
Serm. I, 9, 40-41
' Dubius sum quid faciam ' inquit,
' tene relinquam an rem.' ' Me, sodes.'
Epist. I, 1, 62 die sodes. Epist. I, 7, 15 vescere sodes. Epist. I,
16, 31 die sodes. A. P. 438 corrige sodes.
96
CHAPTER VII.
A. Special Uses of Si.
119). A Conditional Protasis after Verbs of Emotion.
Verbs of emotion are commonly construed with a causal clause intro-
duced by quod (sometimes quia or cum, cf. Lane, Lat. Gram. § 1851),
or with an Accusative with an Infinitive. Occasionally verbs of this
class are found in connection with a Conditional Protasis introduced
by si (rarely ni or nisi). In such cases si retains, to a greater or less
extent, its conditional character and is not to be considered as a purely
causal particle.
Miror si and mirum si occur with considerable frequency in early and
classical Latin. Cf. Drager, Hist. Synt. Vol. II, pp. 734-735.
Mirum ni is found in the early colloquial style, once also in Livy,
III, 28, 5 : Mirum esse ni castra hostium oppugnentur.
Other verbs, as gaudeo, indignor, terreo, seldom occur with si.
1 ) . Miror si.
A. With Indicative.
Epist. I, 12, 12. I, 15, 39-40
In two instances si retains its full conditional force.
Epist. I, 17, 26. A. P. 424-425
B. With Subjunctive.
Serm. I, 1, 86-87
Miraris, cum tu argento post omnia ponas
si nemo praestet quern non merearis amorem ?
The Subjunctive. p>raestef, is due to a kind of Oratio Obliqua after
miraris. i. e. ' Do you wonder if (because) , as you say, noone shows
affection for you ? '
2). Gaudeo si.
Serm. II, 3, 272-273
Cum Picenis excerpens semina pomis
gaudes, si cameram percusti forte, penes te es?
Drager, Hist. Synt. Vol. II, p. 735, cites only one example of
gaudeo in this connection, Cic. Verr. 4, § 37 Gaudeo etiam, si quid ah
Mo abstulisti.
3). Satis esse si, satis habere si.
These expressions are seldom found, cf. Plaid. Most. 654 Sat habeo
si crasfero.
Scattered examples also occur in Nepos, Livy, Tacitus and Suetonius.
In Horace only Serm. I, 4, 116
mi satis est, si
traditum ab antiquis morem servare tuamque,
120). Interrogative Use of Si.
Si is sometimes used with interrogative force, -whether,' intro-
ducing an Indirect Question.
1). With Indicative.
Epist. I, 7, 39
inspice, si possum donata reponere laetus.
The Indicative is probably after the analogy of the Comic Poets,
who commonly employ that mood in this connection.
2). With Subjunctive.
Serm. II, 5, 85-88
ex testamento sic est elata : cadaver
unctum oleo largo nudis umeris tulit heres,
scilicet elabi si posset mortua ; credo,
quod nimium institerat viventi.
Si posset depends, not directly upon tulit heres, but upon the thought
implied in ex testamento sic est elata. It was in accordance with the
13
98
terms of the will that her heir thus bore her corpse ; she wished to see
whether after death she could slip away from him, she had never been
able to do so while alive.
Epist. I, 6, 40-42
Chlamydes Lucullus, ut aiunt,
si posset centum scaenae praebere rogatus,
'qui possum tot? ' ait ;
Epist. I, 17, 4-5
tamen aspice siquid
et nos, quod cures proprium fecisse, loquamur.
Epist. II, 1, 164
Temptavit quoque rem si digne vertere posset,
121). Si with the Indicative is often used in conditions as to the
truth or reality of which there is no doubt : ' If, as is certainly the
case, as is surely a fact,' or the like. The inference as to the reality
of the condition is left to the reader or hearer, thus producing a livelier
impression than would be the case had it been directly stated as a fact.
C. S. 65-68
vSi Palatinas videt aequos aras,
Remque Romanam Latiumque felix
Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper
Prorogat aevom.
i. e. as surely as Apollo looks with favor upon the Roman State.
So also: Od. I, 1, 29-34. Epod. XV, 12. Serm. I, 9, 22. II,
3, 33. Epist. I, 18, 1.
2). In a Formula of Earnest Request.
Serm. I, 9, 38
' Si me amas,' inquit, ' paulum hie ades.'
Here, however, the assumption is not warranted by the facts.
3). Similar is the use of si with the Indicative in statements of the
speaker in regard to himself, a fact being modestly expressed as a
hypothesis.
99
Serm. I, 6, 68-71
si neque avaritiarn neque sordes ac mala lustra
obiciet vere quisquam mihi, purus et insons,
ut me conlaudem, si et vivo carus amicis :
causa fuit pater his,
So Serm. II, 2, 8
122). In some instances .si has a causal force, being nearly equiva-
lent in meaning to 'seeing that,' or 'since.'
1). Od. I, 3, 21-24
Nequicquam deus abscidit
Prudens Oceano dissociabili
Terras, si tamen impiae
Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada.
i. e. If, as is the case (since), ships course over the waves, it is a
proof that Providence has to no purpose set apart the lands from the
sea.
Od. Ill, 1, 41-48
Quodsi dolentem nee Phrygius lapis
Nee purpurarum sidere clarior
Delenit usus uec Falerna
Vitis Achaemeniumque costum :
Cur invidendis postibus et novo
Sublime ritu moliar atrium ?
Cur valle permutem Sabina
Divitias operosiores?
Here the Protasis states the reason why the course of action indi-
cated by the Apodosis should not be adopted. ' Since wealth has no
power to soothe the troubled mind, why should I desire it?'
Od. Ill, 24, 5-8
Si figit adamantinos
Summis verticibus dira Necessitas
Clavos, non animum metu,
Non mortis laqueis expedies caput.
Si has a causal force, the clause si figit, &c, explaining non expedies.
' Although you may be the possessor of boundless wealth, since
Destiny overtakes all alike, you will not escape from death.'
Also, Epist. I, 11, 25. II, 2, 178.
100
2). In an adjuration.
Epod. 14, 13-15
quodsi non pulchrior ignis
Accendit obsessam Ilion,
Gaude sorte tua :
i. e. If, as is undoubtedly the case (since), your mistress is as fair
as Helen, rejoice in your happy lot.
3). In appeals and prayers si with the Indicative is sometimes used
in a merely formal condition, implying no doubt as to its fulfilment.
The condition, rather, is assumed as a fact and is made to serve as a
reason for the granting of the favor asked.
a). With an Imperative in the Apodosis.
Od. I, 32, 1-4
Poscimur. Siquid vacui sub umbra
Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum
Vivat et pluris, age die Latinum,
Barbite, carmen,
Also, C. S. 37-48
b). An Optative Subjunctive in the Apodosis.
Od. Ill, 18, 1-8
c). A Formula Orandi in the Apodosis.
Serm. II, 6, 6-13.
123). In negative sentences an Indicative Protasis sometimes stands
assuming a fact which is declared in the Apodosis to be no reason for
another fact. (Cf. Lane, Lot. Gram. § 2067). The negative begins
the period, and si has more or less of a causal or concessive force.
Od. II, 10, 17-18
Non, si male nunc, et olim
Sic erit :
i. e. if things go ill now, it does not follow that they will do so
hereafter.
Od. Ill, 15,
Non, siquid Pholoen satis
Et te, Chlori, decet:
101
i. e. if (because) a thing is becoming to Pholoe, it does not follow
that it will be so to Chloe.
Od. IV, 9, 5-8
Non, si priores Maeonius tenet
Sedes Homerus, Pindaricae latent
Ceaeque et Alcaei minaces
Stesichorique graves Catnenae ;
i. e. because Homer has a higher place, it does not follow thai
others are lost to sight.
124). Si sometimes involves a concessive force, approaching 'even
if,' or 'although,' in meaning.
Serm. I, 6, 42. I, 9, 57. II, 3, 319. Epist. I, 1, 32.
125). Si sometimes has a quasi-temporal sense, involving both a
conditional and a temporal force.
Serm. II, 3, 9-10
Atqui voltus erat multa et praeclara minantis,
si vacuum tepido cepisset villula tecto.
In Epist. I, 7, 10 si seems to have a purely temporal force, ' when.'
Quodsi bruma nives Albanis inliuet agris,
ad mare descendet vates tuus et sibi parcet
contractusque leget ;
126). Si=sin. Sin, ' but if,' 'if on the other hand,' does not occur
in Horace. In several instances si occurs with the force of sin, where
one condition is opposed to another.
a). Serm. I, 3, 6. Epist. I, 5, 6. I, 10, 43 (si minor J. I,
12,7. I, 17, 11. II, 1, 66.
b). Twice where no express statement of condition precedes.
Od. Ill, 29, 53-56
Laudo manentem ; si celeris quatit
Pinnas, resigno quae dedit et mea
Virtute me involvo probamque
Pauperiem sine dote quaero.
Manentem implies a condition to which si <jiinfif is opposed.
102
Epist. I, 2, 37-39
Nam cur,
quae laedunt oculum, festinas demere : siquid
est animum, differs curandi tempus in annum ?
A conditional idea is implied in the first clause to which the condi-
tion introduced by si is opposed.
c). In Epod. 1, 5-6 the second condition is introduced by si
contra.
In Serm. II, 3, 74-76 contra alone, with omission of conditional
particle, follows the preceding condition.
B. Si Forte, Si Modo, etc.
127). Si, early sei, is a Locative particle, primitive form *sva—i. For
the origin of its use as a conjunction cf. Bennett, Lat. Gram. App. §
394. Sic is formed from si by the addition of the enclitic c (e).
The force of si is more precisely determined by the use of various
particles as si modo, si tamen, si forte, etc.
128). SI FORTE. Forte is an adverbial Ablative (or Instrumental,
Bennett, Lat. Gram. App. § 257, 3) of the Nominative fors, and
when used in combination with si adds an element of vagueness or
uncertainty to the condition : ' if perhaps,' l if hapjhj.' Si forte frequent-
ly occurs in the Satires and Epistles, it is not found in the Odes or
Epodes.
a). Serm. I, 4, 104. II, 3, 92-93. II, 5, 70. Epist. I, 1,
95. I, 3, 18. I, 12, 7. II, 1, 73. II, 2, 95.
A. P. 48. 120.
b). Sometimes forte is separated from si by the intervention of
one or more words.
Serm. I, 1, 46-48. II, 3, 273. II, 7, 29. Epist. I, 13, 6.
So siquis (quid) forte.
Serm. II, 5, 106-107. II, 8, 25. Epist. II, 2, 2.
c). In one instance forte stands before si.
Epist. I, 20, 26.
103
129). SI MODO. In derivation modo is probably an Instrumental
for * modo where the o arose by contraction from *modo—a, modo then
becoming modo through the influence of the preceding short syllable.
Si modo is first used by Cicero, occurs also in Caesar, Sallnst, and
rarely in Livy. By these writers it is generally construed with the
Indicative.
In Propertius and Ovid it is often found in connection with the Sub-
junctive.
Si modo serves to introduce a limitation upon the thought contained
in the proposition to which it is annexed.
a). With Indicative.
Serm. I, 3, 71. A. P. 272.
b). With the Subjunctive, in the sense of dummodo.
Serm. I, 2, 74. Epist. I, 1, 40.
130). SI TAMEN. Tamen bears a close relationship to tarn, which
in Old Latin often has the force of tamen. (For a discussion of the
various theories as to its derivation cf. Lindsay, Latin Language, p.
601.)
Si tamen occurs three times in Horace.
Od. I, 3, 23. Epist. II, 2, 24. A. P. 386.
131). SI VEEO. Si vero occurs but once in Horace, A. P. 422,
where vero is purely adversative and does not, as some editors think,
introduce a climax.
132). QUODSI. Quodsi, "but if,' 'andif,' 'now if,' connects the
sentence before which it stands with the preceding.
The origin of quod in this connection is doubtful. Some regard it
as the Accusative Singular Neuter of the relative pronoun.
On the other hand, Ritschl, Neue Plautinische Excurse, p. 57, and
Bergk, Philologus, Vol. XIV, p. 185, support the view that it is the
old form of the Ablative, 'therefore,' 'accordingly.'
In reference to the use of quodsi by the poets, Reisig, Lateinische
Syntax, § 212, says : "Das sorgfaltige Anreihen an das Vorgehende
und das demonstrierende Weiterschliessen, was in diesem 'quod'
104
liegt, ist ganzlich unpoetisch. Bei Vergil findet es sich mir selten ; bei
Horaz nur einmal."
This statement must, however, be essentially modified. Quodsi oc-
curs in Plautus (cL Trin. 217) and Terence (And,: 258. Eun. 924.
Phorm. 201.)
It is found also in Lucretius, at least 20 times (often in connection
with forte), Vergil, Catullus (3), Tibullus (2), 3 times in the Carmina
Pseudotibulliana, 26 times in Ovid, 20 times in Propertius, also in
Juvenal, Persius, Martial, and Phaedrus (at least 5 times in the
latter).
In Horace 1 find 17 instances of quodsi (not including Od. I, 24,
13, where quid si is the better reading, nor Serin. I, 1, 43, where
quod probably has the force of at id) ; twice in the Odes, /, 1, 35.
Ill, 1, 41, four times in the Epodes, //, 39. X, 21. XI, 15.
XIV, 13; once in the Satires, II, 4, 6 ; ten times in the Epistles,
I, 1,70 (quodsi.... forte), 1,2, 70. I, 3, 25. I, 7, 10. I, 7,
25. I, 9, 11. I, 19, 17. I, 20, 9. II, 1, 90. II, 1, 241. It
does not occur in the Ars Poetica.
In prose quodsi occurs first in Cicero, who uses it very frequently,
then in Nepos, Caesar, and Sallust. In Livy it is rare, as also in the
later writers.
105
CHAPTER VIII
Implied Conditions.
133). A condition may be implied in an adjective, participle, abla-
tive, etc., oi" in the general nature of the thought.
134). Condition implied in a noun,
a). Nominative.
Epod. I, 15-18
Roges, tuum labore quid iuvem rueo
Inbellis ac firmus parum ?
Comes minore sum futurus in nietu,
Qui maior absentis habet ;
Comes: i. e. si comes ero. Roges is best taken, not as hypothetic,
but as Subjunctive in an Indignant Question. We may suppose
Maecenas to have said : ' What aid can you be to me ? ' This ques-
tion Horace takes up in the words Roges — farum .'
A. P. 234-235
Non ego inoruata et dominantia nomina solum
verbaque, Pisones, Satyrorum scriptot amabo,
b). Ablative.
Od. I, 1, 11-13
Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo
Agros Attalicis condicionibus
Numquam demoveas,
A Protasis to demoveas is implied in Attalicis condicionibus.
135). Condition implied in an adjective.
Serm. I, 6, 26
Invidia adcrevit, privato quae minor esset.
14
106
Serm. II, 1, 47-49
Cervius iratns leges minitatur et urnam,
Canidia Albuci, quibus est inimica, venerium,
grande malum Turius, siquid se iudice certes.
Iratus, with conditional force, is felt also with Turius.
Serm. II, 2, 71-73
Nam variae res
ut noceant homini credas, mentor illius escae,
quae simplex olim tibi sederit :
Serm. II, 5, 95
aurem substringe loquaci.
Epist. I, 1, 8
' solve senescentem mature sanus equum, ....
Epist. I, 1, 29
non tamen idcirco contemnas lippus inungui ;
Epist. I, 10, 44
Laetus sorte tua vives sapienter, Aristi,
Epist. I, 14, 29-30
addit opus pigro rivus, si decidit imber,
multa mole docendus aprico parcere prato.
Epist. I, 20, 16
quis enim invitum servare laboret ?
A. P. 28
serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae ;
A. P. 319-322
Interdum speciosa locis morataque recte
fabula nullius veneris, sine pondere et arte,
valdius oblectat populum meliusque moratur,
quam versus inopes rerum nugaeque canorae.
A. P. 380
indoctusque pilae discive trochive quiescit,
A. P. 385
Tu nihil invito, dices faciesve Minerva ;
107
A. P. 419-421
Ut praeco, ad inerces turbain qui cogit ernendas,
adsentatores iubet ad lucrum ire poeta
dives agris, dives positis in faenore nummis.
A. P. 467
invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti.
Od. Ill, 14, 27-28
Non ego hoc ferrem calidus iuventa
Consule Planco.
136). Condition implied in titer.
Serm. II, 3, 180-181
uter aedilis fueritve
vestrum praetor, is intestabilis et sacer esto.
Serm. II, 5, 27-30
Magna minorve foro si res certabitur olim,
vivet liter locuples sine gnatis, improbus, ultro
qui meliorem audax vocet in ius, illius esto
defensor ;
137). Condition implied in an Ablative Absolute.
Od. IV, 5, 25-27
Quis Parthum paveat, quis gelidum Scythen,
Quis Germania quos horrida parturit
Fetus, incolumi Caesare ?
Od. IV, 8, 1-6
Donarem pateras grataque commodus,
Censorine, meis aera sodalibus,
Donarem tripodas, praemia fortium
Graiorum, neque tu pessima munerum
Ferres, divite me scilicet artium,
Quas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas,
Serm. I, 1, 69-70
Mutato nomine de te
fabula narratur :
Serm. I, 1, 74-75
adde,
quis humana sibi doleat natura negatis.
108
Serm. I, 2, 134
Deprendi miserum est: Fabio vel iudice vincam.
A concessive force is here prominent.
Serm. II, 3, 66-68
' Accipe quod numquam reddas mihi ' si tibi dicam,
tune insanus eris si acceperis, an magis excors
reiecta firaeda, quam praesens Mercurius fert?
Serm. II, 4, 81-82
vilibus in scopis, in mappis, in scobe quantus
consistit suniptus? Nedectis, flagitium ingens.
Epist. II, 2, 133-134
posset qui ignoscere servis
et signo laeso non insanire lagoenae,
Signo laeso may be taken as conditional or causal.
138). Very often a participle has a conditional force.
A. Present Participle.
Od. Ill, 3, 61-62
Troiae renascens alite lugubri
Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,
Od. Ill, 29, 53-54
Laudo manentem ; si celeris quatit
Pinnas, resigno
Serm. I, 10, 5
Nee tamen hoc tribuens dederim quoque cetera :
Epist. I. 18, 91-92
[potores bibuli media de nocte Falerni]
oderunt porrecta negantem pocula,
A. P. 26-27
sedantem levia nervi
deficiunt animique ;
B. Perfect Participle.
Od. Ill, 5, 25-26
Auro repensus scilicet acrior
Miles redibit.
100
A Perfect Participle often occurs involving the force of a General
Condition.
Cf. neclectus, Od. Ill, 2, 30. medicaid, Od. Ill, 5, 28. vocata,
Od. Ill, 22, 3. relictis, Epod. I, 21. rogati, Serm. I, 3, 2.
vitiata, Serm. II, 4, 54. iniussi, Serm. I, 3, 3. neclecta, Kpist. I,
18,85. Cf. also, esuriens, Serm. I, 2, 115. posilo pavone, Serm. II,
2, 23. impransus, Epist. I, 15, 29.
Serm. I, 2, 105-106
'Leporem venator ut alta
ill nive sectetur, posiium sic tangere nolit'
Serm. I, 2, 111-113
Nonne, cupidinibus statuat natura modum quern,
quid latura, sibi quid sit dolitura negatum,
quaerere plus prodest et inane abscindere soldo?
Serm. II, 5, 104-105
Sepulcrum
permissiim arbitrio sine sordibus extrue :
Epist, I, 1, 23 26
sic tuihi tarda fluunt ingrataque tempora, quae spem
consiliumque rnorantur agendi naviter id quod
aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque,
aeque neclectum pueris senibusque nocebit.
Epist. I, 10, 30-31
Quern res plus nimio delectavere secundae,
mutatae quatient.
Epist. II, 1, 180-181
Valeat res ludicra, si me
palma negata niacrum, donata reducit opiinum.
A. P. 27
professus grandia turget ;
A. P. 51
dabiturque licentia sumpta pudenter :
A. P. 240-242
Ex noto rlctum carmen sequar, ut sibi quivis
speret idem, sudet multum frustraque laboret
ausus idem :
110
A. P. 365
haec placuit semel, haec deciens repetita placebit.
C. Future Participle.
Od. II, 6, 1-4
Septimi, Gadis aditure mecum et
Cantabrum indoctum iuga ferre nostra et
Barbaras Syrtis, ubi Maura semper
Aestuat unda :
aditure, i. e. si opus sit, ready to go. Cf. Od. IV, 3, 20.
Serm. I, 10, 72-73
Saepe stilum vertas, iterum quae digna legi sint
scripturus,
Cf. Serm. II, 8, 44
'capta est,' deterior post partum carnefutura.
i.e. quae qaidem came deterior esset, si post partum capta esset.
139). Gerund implying a condition.
Od. II, 2, 9-10
L,atius regnes avidum domando
Spiritum, quam si
Od. II, 10, 1-4
Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum
Semper urgendo neque, dum procellas
Cautus horrescis, nimium premendo
Litus iniquom.
140). Condition implied in an adverb.
a). Od. II, 10, 22-24
sapienter idem
Contrabes vento nimium secundo
Turgida vela.
Contrahes: the Future has imperative force.
Serm. I, 10, 5-6
Nee tamen hoc tribuens dederim quoque cetera : nam sic
et Laberi mimos ut pulchra poemata mirer.
Ill
b). Sic is often used, especially in petitions and prayers, to anticipate
or resume a condition, upon the fulfilment of which a promise or wish
is made, or a blessing invoked.
1 . The sic clause precedes the clause containing the condition.
Od. I, 3, 1-8
Sic te diva potens Cypri,
Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera,
Ventorumque regat pater
Obstrictis aliis praeter Iapyga,
Navis, quae tibi creditum
Debes Vergilium, finibus Atticis
Reddas incolumem precor
Et serves animae dimidium meae.
i. e. If you bring Vergil safe to Attica (vss. 6-8), — on this condi-
tion — ma y the deities guide you and may your voyage be prosperous.
Serm. II, 3, 300-302
Stoice, post damnum sic vendas omnia pluris,
qua me stultitia, quoniam non est genus unum,
insanire putas?
i. e. On this condition, viz : that you answer my question, may you
sell your property to advantage.
2. The sic clause follows the clause containing the condition.
Od. I, 28, 23-27
At tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus harenae
Ossibus et capiti inhumato
Particulam dare : sic, quodcumque minabitur Eurus
Fluctibus Hesperiis, Venusinae
Plectantur silvae te sospite,
i. e. If you grant my prayer (at-dare) , on this condition, may, etc.
3. The condition is explicitly stated in a following clause with si.
Epist. I, 7, 69-70
'Sic ignovisse putato
me tibi, si cenas hodie mecum.'
4. Ita is used in a like, manner.
Serm. II, 2, 124-125
ac venerata Ceres, ita culmo surgeret alto,
explicuit vino contractae seria frontis.
112
Surgeret is a quotation in Oratio Obliqua of the prayer, '■surgas,' in
Oratio Recta. l Ita Ceres alto culmo sargas : seriafrontis nobis explica.
141). Aut is twice used elliptically, implying a following condition.
Od. Ill, 12, 1-3
Miserarum est neque amori dare ludutn neque dulci
Mala vino lavere, aut exanimari metuentis
Patruae verbera linguae.
Aut: i.e. or (if they do).
Od. Ill, 24, 24
Et peccare nefas aut pretium est mori.
i. e. aut (si peccatur) .
142). Vel twice occurs in a conditional sense, with a meaning closely
corresponding to its etymology, 'if you (he) will.'
Od. Ill, 11, 47-48
Me vel extreiuos Numidarum in agros
Classe releget.
Epist. I, 5, 14-15
Potare et spargere flores
incipiam patiarque vel inconsultus haberi.
143). A Conditional Protasis may be involved in a phrase.
Od. IV, 14, 1-6
Quae cura patrum quaeve Quiritium
Plenis honorurn muneribus tuas,
Auguste, virtutes in aevom
Per titulos memoresque fastus
Aeternet, o qua sol habitabilis
Illustrat oras, maxinie principum ?
Aeternet forms the Apodosis to a Protasis involved in plenis honorurn
muneribus.
Serm. II, 4, 35-36
Nee sibi cenarum quivis temere arroget artem,
non prius exacta tenui ratione saporum.
113
Arroget is Potential Subjunctive, forming the Apodosis to a Protasis
involved in vs. 36.
144) . Special mention may be made of the construction in Od. I, 2, 22.
Audiet civis acuisse ferrum,
Quo graves Persae melius perirent,
Here perirent serves as Protasis to an Apodosis involved in melius.
145). A condition may be involved in the general meaning of the
context.
Serm. I, 6, 85-87
nee timuit, sibi ne vitio quis verteret, olim
si praeco parvas aut, ut fuit ipse, coactor
mercedes sequerer : neque ego essem questus ;
i. e. Nor should I have complained, if it had turned out so.
Serm. I, 6, 100-104
Nam mihi continuo maior quaerenda foret res
atque salutandi plures, ducendus et unus
et comes alter, uti ne solus rusve peregreve
exirem, plures calones atque caballi
pascendi, ducenda petorrita.
A Protasis may be supplied from the preceding (93-99) : For forth-
with (i. e. if I were a distinguished man), I should have to acquire a
larger fortune, etc.
Epist. I, 2, 37-39. Cf. § 126.
A. P. 136-139
Nee sic incipies, ut scriptor cyclicus olim :
'fortunam Priami cantabo et nobile bellum.'
Quid dignutn tan to feret hie promissor hiatu?
Parturient niontes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
i. .-.
(If you do begin so), it will be a case of mountains in labor, etc.
A. P. 265-268
Idcircone vager scribamque licenter, an omnis
visuros peccata putem mea, tutus et intra
spem veniae cautus? Vitavi denique culpam,
non laudem nierui.
15
114
A. P. 427-428
nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum
laetitiae; clamabit enim 'pulchre ! bene! recte!"
146). IMPERATIVE IN A CHALLENGE. The Imperative is
sometimes used in an ironical exhortation or admonition to do some-
thing which, after what has been said, or under the existing conditions,
is out of all reason, or even inconceivable. A Protasis, as si potes is
implied.
Serm. II, 2, 14-15
cum labor extuderit fastidia, siccus, inanis
sperne cibum vilem ;
i. e. Under such conditions scorn, if you can, plain food.
Epist. I, 6, 17-18
I nunc, argentum et marmor vetus aeraque et artes
suspice, cum gemmis Tyrios mirare colores ;
Epist. II, 2, 76
i nunc et versus tecum meditare canoros !
115
CHAPTER IX,
Parataxis.
147). There remain those cases in which sentences are expressed as
independent and co-ci'dinate, instead of being subordinated one to the
other by means of conditional particles.
This usage is not to be explained by the omission of si, but is a sur-
vival from the early paratactic stage of language which was character-
ized by the absence of connecting particles, and where sentences of
different syntactic value were placed side by side, leaving it to the
hearer to infer the logical connection between them. Cf. § 8.
Kiihner, Led. Gram. § 178, distinguishes two varieties of Parataxis :
1. Rhetorical, or Artistic, used to give a particular effect, and
occurring with greater or less frequency throughout Latin literature.
2. Natural, arising from an ease or carelessness in the expression
of thought; found most often in authors who employ the colloquial
style in their writings, as in the Comic Poets, especially Plautus, in
the Satires and Epistles of Horace, in the Satires of Juvenal, and in
the philosophical dialogues and the letters of Cicero.
This co-ordinate structure occurs in the writings of Horace in all
moods and tenses, except the Imperfect Indicative.
I. Indicative in the First Sentence.
148). Present Indicative-Present Indicative,
a). First Person.
A. P. 25-26
brevis esse laboro,
obscurus fio ;
b). Second Person.
116
Serm. II, 3, 258-259
Porrigis irato puero cum potna, recusat ;
'sume, catelle.' Negat.
i.e. (If you say) 'Take them,' he refuses.
Epist. I, 1, 36-37
Laudis amore tumes : sunt certa piacula, quae te
ter pure lecto poterunt reereare libello.
c). Third Person.
Serm. I, 3, 49-51
Ineptus
et iactantior hie paulo est : concinnus amicis
postulat ut videatur.
Serm. I, 3, 56-58
Probus quis
nobiscum vivit, multum demissus homo ; illi
tardo cognomen pingui damus.
Serm. I, 3, 58-62
Hie fugit omnis
insidias nullique malo latus obdit apertum,
cum genus hoc inter vitae versetur, ubi acris
invidia atque vigent ubi crimina : pro bene sano
ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus.
Serm. I, 3, 63-66
Simplicior quis et est, qualem me saepe libenter
obtulerim tibi, Maecenas, ut forte legentem
aut taciturn impellat quovis sermone molestus :
'communi sensu plane caret' inquimus.
Serm. II, 3, 64-65
insanit veteres statuas Damasippus emendo:
integer est mentis Damasippi creditor ? Esto.
Serm. II , 6, 50-51
Frigidus a rostris manat per compita rumor:
quicumque obvius est, me consulit :
Epist. I, 1, 33-35
Fervet avaritia rniseroque cupidine pectus :
sunt verba et voces quibus hunc lenire dolorem
possis et magnam morbi deponere partem.
117
Epist. 1, 1, , 87-88
Lectus genialis in aula est:
nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita ;
Epist. I, 2, 32-33
Ut iugulent hominem, surgunt de nocte latrones :
ut te ipsurn serves, nou expergisceris ?
Epist. I, 16, 35
'Pone, meum est' inquit : pono tristisque recede
Epist. II, 2, 77-80
scriptoruin chorus omnis amat nernus et fugit urbem,
rite cliens Bacchi somno gaudentis et umbra :
tu me inter strepitus nocturnos atque diurnos
vis canere et contracta sequi vestigia vatum ?
A. P. 329
Redit uncia, quid fit ?'
149). Present Indicative — Future Indicative,
a). Third Person.
Serm. II, 2, 16-18
Foris est promus, et atrum
defendens piscis hiemat mare : cum sale pauis
latrantem stomachum bene leniet.
Epist. I, 1, 57-59
Est animus tibi, sunt mores et lingua fidesque,
sed quadringentis sex septem milia desunt :
plebs eris.
150). Present Indicative — Imperative,
a). Third Person.
Serm. II, 5, 9G-97
Importunus amat laudari : donee ' ohe iam!'
ad caelum manibus sublatis dixerit, urge :
b). Second Person.
Epist. I, 6, 31-32
Virtutem verba putas et
lucum ligna : cave ne portus occupet alter,
11:
151). Present Indicative — Present Subjunctive.
1). Potential Subjunctive,
a). Third Person.
Serm. I, 3, 29-32
Iracundior est paulo, minus aptus acutis
naribus horum hominum ; rideri possit eo quod
rusticius tonso toga defiuit et male laxus
in pede calceus haeret ;
2. Jussive Subjunctive,
a). Second Person.
Epod. 16, 15-17
Forte, quod expediat, communiter aut melior pars
Malis carere quaeritis laboribus :
Nulla sit hac potior sententia :
b). Third Person.
Serin. I, 3, 49
Parcius hie vivit : frugi dicatur.
Serm. I, 3, 51-52
At est truculentior atque
plus aequo liber : simplex fortisque habeatur.
Serm. I, 3, 53
Caldior est : acris inter numeretur.
3. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question,
a). Third Person.
Epist. II, 2, 81-86
Ingenium, sibi quod vacuas desumpsit Athenas
et studiis annos septem dedit insenuitque
libris et curis, statua taciturnius exit
plerumque et risu populum qnatit : hie ego rerum
fluctibus in mediis et tempestatibus urbis
verba lyrae motura sonum conectere digner?
152). Present Indicative —
a). Second Person.
119
Serm. II, 2, 94-96
Das aliquid famae, quae carmine gratior aurem
occupet huiuanam : grandes rhombi patinaeque
grande ferunt una cum damno dedecus.
The second member is suppressed. The thought is : You have
some regard for good repute, I suppose ; if you have, bear it well in
mind that gluttony leads to disgrace and ruin.
153). Perfect Indicative — Perfect Indicative of a Preteritive Verb —
Present Indicative.
a.) . Third Person.
Serm. I, 3, 84-86
paulum deliquit amicus
(quod nisi concedas, habeare insuavis) : acerbus
odisti et fugis ut Rusonem debitor aeris,
154). Perfect Indicative — Future Indicative,
a). Second Person.
Serm. II, 7, 68
Evasti : credo, metues doctusque cavebis ;
155) . Perfect Indicative — Present Subjunctive,
a). Third Person.
Serm. I, 3, 90-94
Commixit lectum potus mensave catillum
Euandri manibus tritum deiecit : ob hanc rem,
aut positum ante mea quia pullum in parte catini
sustulit esuriens, minus hoc iucundus amicus
sit mihi ?
156). Pluperfect Indicative —
a). Second Person.
Epist. II, 2, 151-154
audieras, cui
rem di donarent, illi decedere pravani
stultitiam, et cum sis nihilo sapientior, ex quo
plenior es, tamen uteris monitoribus isdem?
The Apodosis of audieras is to be supplied from the text, "Would
you believe it?" or the like.
120
157). Pluperfect Indicative — (Imperfect Indicative),
a). Third Person.
Serm. II, 6, 48-49
Ludos spectaverat una,
luserat in campo : 'Fortunae filius !' omnes.
Omnes : sc. clamabanf, or dicebant.
158). Future Indicative — Future Indicative,
a). Second Person.
Epist. I, 10, 24-25
Naturam expelles furca, tamen usque recurret
et mala perrumpet furtim fastidia victrix.
159). Future Indicative — Imperative,
a). Third Person.
Serm II, 5, 74-75
Scribet mala carmina vecors :
laudato.
Serm. II. 5, 75-76
Scortator erit : cave te roget ; ultro
Penelopam facilis potiori trade.'
160). Future Perfect Indicative — Future Indicative,
a). Third Person.
Serm. I, 1, 45-46
Milia frumenti tua triverit area centum,
non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus,
Serm. II, 3, 292-294
Casus medicusve levarit
aegrum ex praecipiti : mater delira necabit
in gelida fixum ripa febremque redueet.
II. Subjunctive in the First Sentence.
161). Present Subjunctive — Present Subjunctive.
a). Second Person.
121
Epist. I, 1, 28-29
Non possis oculo quantum contendere I/ynceus :
non tamen idcirco contemnas lippus inungui ;
Possis: conditional or concessive.
162). Present Subjunctive — Perfect Subjunctive,
a). Third Person.
Serm. II, 3, 57-60
Clatnet arnica,
mater, honesta soror, cum cognatis pater, uxor :
'hie fossa est ingens, hie rupes maxima : serva ! '
Non magis audierit, quam Fufius
Clamet: conditional or concessive.
163). Present Subjunctive — Present Indicative,
a) . Second Person.
Od. IV, 4, 65
Merses profundo : pulchrior evenit ;
164). Present Subjunctive — Future Indicative,
a) . Second Person.
Od. IV, 4, 66-68
Luctere : multa proruet integrum
Cum laude victorem geretque
Proelia coniugibus loquenda
Serm. I, 9, 54-55
'Velis tantummodo : quae tua virtus,
expugnabis ;
b). Third Person.
Serm. II, 2, 126-127
Saeviat atque novos moveat Fortuna tumultus :
quantum hinc imminuet?
Epist. I, 16, 54
sit spes fallendi, miscebis sacra profanis.
165). Perfect Subjunctive — Present Indicative.
a). Second Person.
16
122
Serra. II, 6', 39
Dixeris : 'Experiar:' 'Si vis, potes ' addit et instat.
b). Third Person.
Serm. II, 7, 32-35
Iusserit ad se
Maecenas serum sub lumina prima venire
convivam : 'nemon oleum feret ocius? Ecquis
audit? ' cum magno blateras clamore fugisque.
166). Imperfect Subjunctive — Imperfect Indicative,
a). Second Person.
A. P. 439-441
Melius te posse negares,
bis terque expertum frustra, delere iubebat
et male tornatos incudi reddere versus.
166, b). Imperfect Subjunctive —
a). Third Person.
Serm. I, 6, 19-22
Namque esto, populus Laevino mallet honorem
quam Decio mandare novo, censorque moveret
Appius, ingenuo si non essem patre natus :
vel merito, quoniam in propria non pelle quiessem.
Mallet and moveret have a conditional force and refer to present
time. The Apodosis is implied in vel merito.
167). Pluperfect Subjunctive — Imperfect Indicative,
a). Second Person.
Serm. I, 3, 15-17
Deciens centena dedisses
huic parco, paucis contento : quinque diebus
nil erat in loculis.
III. Interrogative Parataxis.
A question may be used with conditional force.
168). Present Indicative — Future Indicative,
a). Second Person.
123
Serm. II, 3, 13-14
Invidiam placare paras virtute relicta?
Contetunere, miser !
169). Present Indicative — Present Subjunctive.
a). Second Person.
Od. I, 27, 9-12
Voltis severi me quoque sumere
Partem Falerni? Dicat Opuntiae
Frater Megyllae, quo beatus
Voluere, qua pereat sagitta.
Od. I, 28, 30-33
Neclegis iumeritis nocituram
Postmodo te natis fraudem committere? P'orset
Debita iura vicesque superbae
Te maneaut ipsum :
IV. Imperative in the First Sentence.
170). Imperative — Present Indicative.
Serm. I, 4, 25-26
Quemvis media elige turba,
aut ab avaritia aut misera ambitione laborat.
Epist. I, 10, 32-33
Fuge magna : licet sub paupere tecto
reges et regum vita praecurrere amicos.
171). Imperative — Future Indicative.
Od. I, 22, 17-24
Pone me, pigris ubi nulla campis
Arbor aestiva recreatur aura,
Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque
Iuppiter urget ;
Pone sub curru nimium propinqui
vSolis in terra domibus negata :
Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo,
Dulce loquentem.
124
Serm. II, 1, 58 54
Scaevae vivacern crede nepoti
matrem : nil faciet sceleris pia dextera
Serm. II, 3, 69-71
Scribe decern a Nerio : non est satis ; adde Cicutae
nodosi tabulas centum, mille adde catenas ;
effugiet tamen haec sceleratus vincula Proteus.
Serm. II, 7, 73-74
Tolle periclum :
iam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis.
172). Imperative —
Serm. II, 3, 275-276
Adde cruorem
stultitiae, atque ignem gladio scrutare.
The Imperative has a hypothetical force, the conclusion is not ex-
pressed : 'Suppose them added, will you then be convinced that love
is madness?'
Note. It is possible to regard some of the examples given above as
having either a conditional or a concessive force. For instances of con-
cessive Parataxis cf. Od. III. 29, 44-48., Serm. I, 10, 64500., Ebist. I, 1,
38-39., I,i,8i-8 2 .
125
SUMMARY.
I. Indeterminate Periods.
I. si.
Mood.
Mood.
Mood.
Tense.
Tense.
Times
Prot.&Apod.
Protasis.
Apodosis.
Protasis.
Apodosis.
Used.
Indic.
Pres.
Pres.
5i
Indic.
Pres.
f Perf.
\ Novisti.
3
1
Indic.
Pres.
Fut.
17
Indic.
IMPV.
Pres.
\ Pres.
j Fut.
12
1
Indic.
Subjunc.
Pres.
Pres.
18
Indic.
Perf.
Pres.
16
Indic.
Perf.
Perf.
2
Indic.
Impv.
\ Perf.
\ Novisti.
Pres.
3
1
Indic.
Subjunc.
Perf.
Pres.
2
Indic.
Imperf.
Imperf.
1
Indic.
Fut.
Perf.
1
Indic.
Fut.
Fut.
r Pres.
27
5
Indic.
Impv.
Fut.
1 Fut.
( Memento.
2
1
Indic.
Subjunc.
Fut.
Pres.
4
Indic.
Fut. Perf.
Pres.
3
Indic.
Fut. Perf.
Fut.
21
Indic.
Fut. Perf.
Fut. Perf.
2
Indic.
Subjunc.
Fut. Perf.
Pres.
3
SUBJUNC.
Pres.
Pres.
40
Subjunc.
Indic.
Pres.
Pres.
8
SUBJUNC.
Indic.
Pres.
Fut.
4
SUBJUNC.
Perf.
Pres.
3
SUBJUNC.
Conversion
:o Past Time.
Imperf.
Imperf.
3
SUBJUNC.
Conversion
General Pas
to Past Time.
: Conditions.
P^uperf.
Imperf.
2
Subjunc.
Indic.
Imperf.
Imperf.
2
2. SI NON.
Indic.
Pres.
Pres.
4
Indic.
Odit.
Pres.
1
Indic.
Impv.
Novisti.
Pres.
1
Indic.
Fut.
Fut.
2
Indic.
Fut. Perf.
Fut.
1
Subjunc.
Pres.
Pres.
1
126
NISI.
Mood.
Mood.
Mood.
Tense.
Tense.
Times
Prot.&Apod.
Protasis.
Apodosts.
Protasis.
Apodosts.
Used.
Indic.
Pres.
Pres.
3
Indic.
Pres.
Fut.
Indic.
Fut. Perf.
Pres.
Indic.
SUBJUNC.
Fut. Perf.
Pres.
SUBJUNC.
Pres.
Pres.
SUBJUNC.
Conversion to Past Time.
Imperf.
Imperf.
4. NI.
Indic.
Indic.
Indic.
SUBJUNC.
Indic.
Pres.
Pres.
Fut.
Pres.
Pres.
Fut.
Fut.
Fut.
II. Periods of Action Non-Occurrent.
5. SI.
Subjunc.
SrBjuNC.
Subjunc.
Imperf.
Pluperf.
PLUPERF.
Imperf.
Imperf.
PLUPERF.
17
3
i
6. SI NON.
Subjunc.
Subjunc.
Indic.
Imperf.
Pluperf.
•
Imperf.
Pluperf.
2
1
7- NISI.
Subjunc.
Subjunc.
Indic.
Pluperf.
Pluperf.
Pluperf.
Pluperf.
I
I
8. NI.
Subjunc.
Subjunc.
Imperf.
Pluperf.
Imperf.
Imperf.
2
2
127
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
( The numbers refer to sections.)
Literature on the Conditional Sentence 1-3
Introduction 4-6
Chapter I. Indeterminate Protases. Indicative Use.
Conditional Periods. Origin 8
Indeterminate Conditional Periods 9
Classification of Indeterminate Periods with Indicative Protasis 10-27
Chapter II. Indeterminate Protases. Subjunctive Use.
Classification 2 9"33
Conversion to Past Time 34 -36
Chapter III. Protases of Action Non-Occurrent.
Classification 3 8 "42
Chapter IV. Special Cases.
Past General Conditions 43
Conditional Periods in Oratio Obliqua 44
Conditional Periods with Dependent Apodosis 45
Complex Conditions 46-5 2
Earnest Asseverations 53
Adversative Use of Nisi 54-59
Chapter V. Protases Introduced by Sive.
Sive—Sive 6 °- 88
Qnando—Sive 8 9
Sive Used Alone 9°-93
Chapter VI. Elliptical Conditions.
Variations of the Protasis 95- IO °
Variations of the Apodosis ioi-iii
Parenthetic Conditions 112-117
Sodes Il8
128
Chapter VII. Special Uses of Si.
Conditional Protases After Verbs of Emotion 119
Interrogative Use of Si 120
Si = 'If, as is the case' 121
Si with Causal or Concessive Force 122-124
Si with Temporal Force 125
Si = Sin 126
Etymology of Si 127
Si forte 128
Si Jiiodo 129
Si tamen 13°
Si vero 131
Quodsi 132
Vffr- Chapter VIII. Implied Conditions.
Implied Conditions 133-145
Imperative in a Challenge 14 6
Chapter IX. Parataxis.
Indicative in the First Sentence 148-160
Subjunctive in the First Sentence 161-167
Interrogative Parataxis 168-169
Imperative in the First Sentence 170-172
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