THOMAS WILCOX, 
 
 New Bedford, 
 
 MASS.
 
 '-r- 
 
 -o
 
 r 
 
 f
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES.
 
 LONDON : I'RINTED BY 
 
 SPOTTISWOODB AND CO., NEW-STKEKT SQUARE 
 
 AND PARLIAMENT STREET
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES 
 
 THEIR 
 
 SOURCES AND SIGNIFICATIONS. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES WAREING BARDSLEY, M.A. 
 
 SECO.VD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED 
 
 CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY. 
 
 1875-
 
 TO 
 
 MY FATHER.
 
 PREFACE 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 I ACCEPT the early demand for a new edition of my 
 book, not so much as proof of the value of my indi- 
 vidual work, as of the increased interest which is being 
 taken in this too much neglected subject. In deference 
 to the wholesome advice of many reviewers, both in 
 the London and Provincial press, especially that of 
 the ' Times ' and the 'Athenaeum,' I have re-arranged 
 the whole of the chapters on * Patronymics ' and 
 ' Nicknames,' subdividing the same under convenient 
 heads. By so doing the names which bear any par- 
 ticular relationship to one another will be found 
 more closely allied than they were under their former 
 more general treatment. 
 
 My book has met with much criticism, partly 
 favourable, partly adverse, from different quarters. To 
 my reviewers in general I offer my best thanks for their 
 comments. The * Saturday Review '—and I say it the 
 more readily as they will see that I have not been in- 
 sensible to the value of their criticism— has not, I think,
 
 viii PREFACE TO THE SECOND KDirrOX. 
 
 sufficiently understood the nature of my work. lam well 
 aware that praise is due to them for having for some 
 length of time strenuously advocated the claim of our 
 language to be English through all its varying stages. 
 I do not see that in the general character of my book 
 I have lost sight of this fact. An ' English Directory ' is 
 not an 'English Dictionary.' The influences that have 
 been at work on our language are not the same as 
 those upon our nomenclature. Every social casualty 
 had an effect upon our names which it could not have 
 upon our words. The names found in Domesday 
 Book, casting aside the new importation, were, in the 
 great majority of cases, obsolete by the end of the 
 twelfth century, and of those which have survived and 
 descended to us as surnames, well-nigh all are devoid 
 of diminutive or patronymic desinences — a clear proof 
 that they were utterly out of fashion as personal names 
 during the era of surname formation. The Norman 
 invasion was not a conquest of our language, but it 
 was of our nomenclature. The ' Saturday Review ' 
 may still demand that we shall view all as English, 
 and obliterate the distinctive terms of Saxon and 
 Norman, but in doing so let us not forget facts. The 
 language which preceded the Norman Conquest is still 
 the vcJiiclc of ordinary converse. The nomenclature 
 of tlKit period went down like Pharaoh's chariot, and 
 like Pharaoh's chariot, which for all I know lies where 
 it did, was never recovered. 
 
 A review in the ' Guardian ' demands a brief notice
 
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. IX 
 
 on account of the mischief it may do. The end kept 
 in view by the reviewer is as transparent as his in- 
 ability to reach it. Surely the day is past for any 
 further attempt to make out that we have no metro- 
 nymic surnames. The writer is evidently unaware 
 of the fact that the use of ' ie ' and ' y,' as in ' Teddy' 
 or 'Johnnie,' in the nineteenth century, does not pre- 
 vail to as great an extent as that of 'ot' and *et' from 
 the twelfth to the fifteenth. As ' Philip ' became 
 * Philipot,' now ' Philpott ' ; as ' William ' ' Williamot,' 
 now ' Wilmott ' ; as ' Hew ' (or Hugh), ' Hewet ' and 
 'Hewetson' ; as 'Ellis' (or Elias), 'Elliot' and 'Elliot- 
 son' ; so ' Till ' (Matilda) became 'Tillot' and 'Tillot- 
 son ' ; ' Emme ' (Emma), ' Emmott,' ' Emmett,' and 
 ' Emmotson ' ; ' Ibbe ' (Isabella), ' Ibbott,' ' Ibbett,' 
 and ' Ibbotson ' ; ' Mary,' ' Mariot ' and ' Marriott ' ; 
 and ' Siss ' (Cecilia), ' Sissot ' and ' Sissotson.' ' Em- 
 mot,' the writer says, is a form of ' Amyas,' I suppose 
 because he saw ' Amyot ' in Miss Yonge's glossary. 
 According to him, therefore, Emmot is a masculine 
 name. How comes it to pass, then, that Emmot is 
 always Latinised as Emmota, or that in our old 
 marriage licences ' Richard de Akerode ' gets a dis- 
 pensation to marry ' Emmotte de Greenwood ' (Test. 
 Ebor. iii. 317), or 'Roger Prcstwick ' to marry 
 ' Emmotc Crossley ' (ditto, 338) .'' How is it we meet 
 with such entries as ' Cissot^ West,' (Index) or 
 ' Syssot that was %vife of Patrick ' (69) .'' How 
 is it asrain that Mariot is refristcrcd as ' Mariot(7
 
 X PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 in le Lane,' or 'John fil, Mariot^,' and Ibbot or 
 Ibbet as ' Ibbot^ fil. Adae,' or ' Robert fil. Ibot^,' 
 (Index) ? The fact is, we have a large class of 
 metronymics many of which doubtless arose from 
 posthumous birth, or from adoption, or the more 
 important character of the mother in the eyes of 
 the', neighbours than the father, others too from 
 illegitimacy. 
 
 Amongst other errors for which I have been called 
 to account, the oddest is that of attributing to Miss 
 Muloch the authorship of Miss Yonge's most useful 
 and laborious work on Christian names. I do not know 
 to which lady I owe the deepest apology — whether to 
 Miss Yonge for robbing her literary crown of one of 
 its brightest jewels, or to Miss Muloch for appearing 
 to insinuate that hers was incomplete. This and 
 several other mistakes of less moment I have rectified 
 in the present edition. 
 
 I have to thank the authoress of ' Mistress Mar- 
 gery,' etc., for the names in the index marked QQ., 
 RR. I, RR. 2, and RR. 3. Such entries from the 
 registry of St. James's, Piccadilly (QQ.), as * Re- 
 pentance Tompson' (1688), 'Loving Bell' (1693), 
 ' Nazareth Ruddc' (1695), ' Obedience Clerk ' (1697), 
 or 'Unity Thornton ' (1703), may be set beside the 
 instances recorded on pp. 102-104. To these I would 
 take this opportunity of adding * Comfort Starrc,' 
 ' Hopcstill Foster,' ' Love Ikewstcr,' ' Fear Brewster,' 
 ' Patience Brewster,' ' Remembrance Tibbott,' ' Re-
 
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. XI 
 
 member Allerton/ ' Desire Minter,' ' Original Lewis,' 
 and ' Thankes Sheppard,' all being names of emi- 
 grants from England in the 17th century, {Vide 
 Hotten's ' Original Lists of Persons of Quality.') 
 
 February 1875.
 
 PRr:FACK 
 
 THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 A S prefaces are very little read, I will make this 
 -^^- as brief as possible. It is strange how little has 
 been written upon the sources and significations of our 
 English surnames Of books of Peerage, of Baronet- 
 age, and of Landed Gentry, thanks to Sir Bernard 
 Burke, Mr. Walford, and others, we are not without a 
 sufficiency ; but of books purporting to treat of the 
 ordinary surnames that greet our eye as we scan our 
 shop-fronts, or look down a list of contributions, or 
 glance over the * hatches, matches, and despatches ' 
 of our newspapers — of these there are but few. 
 Indeed, putting aside Mr. I^ower's able and laborious 
 researches, we may say none. Tracts, pamphlets, 
 short treatises, articles in magazines, have at various 
 times appeared, but they have been necessarily con- 
 fined and limited in their treatment of the subject.' 
 
 ' Proofs of the ignorance of authors and authoresses in regard to 
 surnames might be cited to any extent. The novel of Aurora Floyd is 
 a case in point. When we read the account there given of the ancestry
 
 XIV PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 And yet what can be more natural than that we 
 should desire to know something relating to the 
 origin of our surname, when it arose, who first got it, 
 and how ? Of the feebleness of my own attempt to 
 solve all this I am conscious that I need not to be 
 reminded. Still, I think the ordinary reader will find 
 in a perusal of this book some slight increase of infor- 
 mation, and if not this, that he has whiled away, not 
 unpleasantly, some of his less busy hours. 
 
 During the last seven years I have devoted the 
 whole of my spare time to the preparation of a 
 ' Dictionary of English Surnames.' But about two 
 years ago it struck me that perhaps a smaller work 
 dealing with the subject in a less formal and more 
 familiar style might not be unacceptable to many, as 
 a kind of rudimentary treatise. In the course of my 
 labours I have come under obligations to several 
 writers and several Societies. To long-departed men, 
 whose works do follow after them, I must give a 
 passing allusion. Camden was the first to draw 
 attention to this subject, and though he wrote little, 
 and that little not of the most correct kind, still he 
 has afforded the groundwork for all future students. 
 Verstegan, who came next with his * Restitution of 
 Decayed Intelligence,' wrote quaintly, amusingly 
 
 of the heroine, her Scotch descent, &c., and tlien remember thai P'loyd 
 is but a corruption (tlirough the difficulty of pronunciation) of the Welsh 
 Lloyd, we may well be pardoned a smile. Walter Scbtt would never 
 have so committed himself.
 
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XV 
 
 and incorrectly ; and, with respect to surnames, his 
 definitions rather teach what they do not than what 
 they do mean. Passing over several archaeological 
 papers, and with a wide gap in regard to time, we 
 come to Mr. Lower's studies. He was the first to 
 give a real compendium of English nomenclature. 
 Of his earlier efforts I will say nothing, for the 
 ' Patronymica Britannica ' is that upon which his 
 fame' must rest. The fault of that work is that the 
 author has confined his researches all but entirely to 
 the Hundred Rolls. These Rolls are undoubtedly 
 the best for such reference ; but there are many 
 others, as my index will show, which not merely con- 
 tain a large mass of examples not to be met with 
 there, but which, by varieties of spelling in the case of 
 such names as they share in common with the other, 
 afford comparisons the use of which would have 
 made him certain where he has only guessed, and 
 would have enabled him also to avoid many false 
 conclusions. This I would say with all respect, as 
 one who has benefited very considerably by Mr. 
 Lower's labours. Others I must thank more briefly, 
 though none the less heartily. To Mr. Halliwell I 
 am under deep obligation, for to his ' Dictionary of 
 Archaisms ' I have gone freely by way of quotation. 
 To Mr. Way's notes to his valuable edition of the 
 ' Promptorium Parvulorum ' I am also indebted for 
 much interesting information regarding mediaeval life 
 and its surroundings. Miss Yonge's ' History of
 
 XVI PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 Christian Names' contains a large store of help to 
 students of this kind of lore, and of this I have 
 availed myself in several instances. In conclusion, I 
 have to acknowledge much valuable aid received from 
 the publications of the Surtecs Society, the Early 
 English Text Society, the Camden Society, and the 
 Chetham Society. It is in the rooms belonging to the 
 latter that I have had the opportunity of consulting 
 most of the records and archives, a list of which 
 prefaces my index, as well as other books of a more 
 incidentally helpful character, and I cannot allow 
 this opportunity to pass without tendering my hearty 
 thanks to Thomas Jones, Esq., B.A., F.S.A., for his 
 courtesy in permitting me access to all parts of the 
 library, and to Mr. Richard Hanby, the under- 
 librarian, for his constant attention and readiness to 
 supply me with whatever books I required. 
 
 Mancukstkr : 
 
 December 1873.
 
 PREFACE 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 THERE are several matters which I deem it 
 advisable to mention to the reader before 
 he turns his attention to the Index of Instances 
 (pp. 514-612) 
 
 I. I have not, in the various chapters that form the 
 body of this book, in all cases drawn particular atten- 
 tion when any name happens to belong to several 
 distinct classes. In the Index, however, I have tried to 
 remedy this by furnishing instances under the several 
 heads to which they have been assigned in the text. 
 
 II. While ordinarily adhering to my plan of giving 
 but two examples, I have set down three in some 
 instances that seemed more interesting, and in ex- 
 ceptional cases even four. To the majority of the 
 appended surnames more illustrations of course could 
 have been added had it been expedient or necessary. 
 There are several names, however, which, though 
 
 4
 
 XVllI PREFACE- TO THE 
 
 evidently of familiar occurrence in early days, as they 
 are now, arc yet, so far as my own researches go, 
 without any record. For instance, I cannot find any 
 Arkwright or Runchiman previous to the sixteenth 
 century. The origin is perfectly clear, but the 
 registry is wanting. Of several others, again, I can 
 light upon but one entry. Still, in a matter like this 
 one must be thankful for small mercies, and it was 
 with no small amount of rejoicing that in suCh a 
 simple record as that of 'John Sykelsmith ' I found 
 the progenitor, or one of the progenitors, of our many 
 * Sucksmiths,' ' Sixsmiths,' ' Shuxsmiths,' etc. 
 
 III. There has been a difficulty with regard to 
 Christian names also, which I have not attempted to 
 overcome because it was impossible to do so. With 
 the Normans every baptismal name, masculine or 
 feminine as it might originally be, was the comaion 
 property of the sexes. Thus by simply appending 
 the feminine desinence, ' Dructt' became ' Druetta ' 
 (v. Drewett), 'Williamet' became ' Williametta ' (v. 
 Williamot), ' Aylbrcd ' became ' Aylbreda ' (7-. All- 
 bright), ' Raulin ' became ' Raulina ' {v. Rawlings), and 
 ' Goscelin ' became ' Goscelina ' (v. Gosling). Any of 
 these surnames, Drewett, Willmott, Allbright, Raw- 
 lings, or Gosling, therefore, may be of feminine origin 
 — nay, if the reader has studied my chapter on ' Patro- 
 nymic Surnames ' with any care, he will see that this is 
 fully as probable as the opposite view. Leaving thus 
 undecided what cannot be solved, I have placed both
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. XIX 
 
 masculine and feminine forms under the one surname 
 to which one or other has given rise. 
 
 . IV. There has been another difficulty also in re- 
 spect of Christian names. These, as has been shown 
 in the chapter thereupon, were turned into pet forms, 
 and these shortened forms commonly came to be the 
 foundation of the surname. In all the more formal 
 registers, however, these surnames were never so set 
 down. 'Hugh Thomasson,' 'William Thompson,' 
 and ' Henry Tomson ' might come to have their 
 names enrolled, and up" to the beginning of the six- 
 teenth century at least they would be set down alike 
 as ' Hugh fill. Thomas,' ' William fil. Thomas,' and 
 ' Henry fil. Thomas.' Thus, again, ' Ralph Higgin- 
 son' or 'John Higgins' would be 'Radulphus' or 
 'Johannes fil. Isaac' This has prevented me from 
 giving so many instances of these curter forms 
 of the patronymic class as I should have liked. When 
 they are given, the reader will observe that they 
 come from less punctilious and more irregular sources, 
 such as for instance the Surtees' Society's collection 
 of Mediaeval Yorkshire Wills and Inventories. Where 
 I have given such an instance as ' Elekyn ' {v. 
 Elkins) by itself, it must be understood that this is 
 the Christian name, and that the owner when his or 
 her name was registered did not boast a surname 
 at all. 
 
 V. By way of interesting the reader I have occa- 
 sionally given the Latin form of entry. Thus ' Adam
 
 XX PREFACE TO THE 
 
 the Goldsmith ' is set down as * Adam Aurifaber * 
 {v. Aurifaber), ' Henry the Butcher ' as ' Henry Carni- 
 fex' {v. Carnifex), and * Hugh the Tailor ' as ' Hugh 
 Cissor ' (v. Cissor). Latin, indeed, seems to have 
 been the vehicle of ordinary indenture. Thus under 
 ' Littlejohn ' the reader will find extracted from the 
 Hundred Rolls ' Ricardus fil. Parvi-Johannis,' and 
 under 'Linota,' ' Linota Vidua,' ?>.,'Linota the Widow.' 
 In the recording of local names, Norman-French and 
 Saxon seem to have fought for the first place, and 
 even in our most formal registers they had the pre- 
 cedence over Latin. Thus if the latter can boast the 
 entry of ' Isolda Beauchamp ' as ' Isolda de Bcllo 
 Campo' (v. Beauchamp), still, if we come to such 
 generic names as Briggs or Brook, we find the entry 
 is all but invariably cither ' Henry Atte-brigg ' or 
 * Roger del Brigge ' [v. Briggs), or 'Alice de la Broke 
 or ' Ada ate Brok ' (v. Brook). As respects nick- 
 names or names of occupation, the Norman-French 
 tongue had them to itself ' Roger le Buck,' ' Philip 
 le Criour,' ' Thomas le Cuchold,' ' Osbert le Curteys,' 
 or * Thomas le Cupper' — such is their continuous form 
 of entry. Such a Saxon enrolment as * Robert the 
 Brochere ' {v. Broker) is of the rarest occurrence — so 
 rare, indeed, as to make one feel it was an undoubted 
 freak on the part of the registrar, whoever he might be. 
 VL In some few cases I have set down surnames 
 which are not treated of in the text. I have done 
 this either because the name seemed worthy of this
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. XXI 
 
 casual notice, or JDccause, though not itself mentioned, 
 it happened to corroborate some statement I have 
 made regarding a particular name belonging to the 
 same class. 
 
 In conclusion, I will not say there is no mistake 
 in the Index — that would be a bold thing to state ; 
 I will not say that I may not have given an instance 
 that does not rightly belong to the surname under 
 which it is set; but I can asseverate that I have 
 honestly attempted to be correct, and I believe a 
 careful examination will find but the most occasional 
 error, if any at all, of this class.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 TAfiR 
 
 Preface to the Second Edition ... vii 
 
 Preface to the First Edition .... xiii 
 
 Preface to the Index of Instances . . . xvii 
 
 Introductory Chapter i 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Patronymic Surnames 9 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Local Surnames 107 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Surnames of Office 172 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Surnames of Occupation (Country) ... 243 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Surnames of Occupation (Town) . . . .317 
 
 Appendix to Chapters IV. and V 415 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Nicknames 423 
 
 Index of Instances
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 npO review the sources of a people's nomenclature is 
 to review that people's history. When we remem- 
 ber that there is nothing without a name, and that 
 every name that is named, whether it be of a man, or 
 man's work, or man's heritage of earth, came not by 
 chance, or accident so-called, but was given out of 
 some nation's spoken language to denote some cha- 
 racteristic that language expressed, we can readily 
 imagine how important is the drift of each — what a 
 record must each contain. Wc cannot but see that 
 could we only grasp their true meaning, could we but 
 take away the doubtful crust in which they are often- 
 times imbedded, then should we be speaking out of the 
 very mouth of history itself For names arc endur- 
 ing — generations come and go ; . and passing on with 
 each, they become all but everlasting. Nomenclature, 
 in fact, is a well in which, as the fresh water is flowing 
 perennially through, there is left a sediment that 
 clings to the bottom. This silty deposit may accu- 
 mulate — nay, it may threaten to choke it up, still the 
 well is there. It but requires to be exhumed, and we 
 shall behold it in all its simple proportions once more. 
 
 B
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 And thus it is with names. They betoken life and 
 matter that is ever coming and going, ever under- 
 going change and decay. But through it all they 
 abide. The accretions of passing years may fasten 
 upon them — the varied accidents of lapsing time may 
 attach to them — they may become all but undistin- 
 guishable, but only let us get rid of that which cleaves 
 to them, and we lay bare in all its naked simplicity 
 the character and the lineaments of a long gone era. 
 Look for instance at our place-names. Apart from 
 their various corruptions they are as they were first 
 entitled. So far as the nomenclature of our country 
 itself is concerned, England is at this present day as 
 rude, as untutored, and as heathen as at the moment 
 those Norwegian and Germanic hordes grounded their 
 keels upon our shores, for all our place-names, saving 
 where the Celt still lingers, are their bequest, and 
 bear upon them the impress of their life and its sur- 
 roundings. These arc they which tell us such strange 
 truths — how far they had made progress as yet in the 
 arts of life, what were the habits they practised, what 
 was the religion they believed in. And as with place- 
 names, so with our own. As records of past history 
 they are equally truthful, equally suggestive. One 
 important difference, however, there is — Place-names, 
 as I have just hinted, once given are all but imperish- 
 able. Mountains, valleys, and streams still, as a rule, 
 retain the names first given them. Personal names, 
 those simple individual names which we find in use 
 throughout all pre-Norman history, were but for the 
 life of him to whom they were attached. They died 
 with him, nor passed on saving accidentally. Nor 
 were those second designations, those which we call
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 surnames as being 'superadded to Christian names,' 
 at first of any lasting character. It was not till the 
 eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, or even fourteenth centu- 
 ries that they became hereditary — that is, in any true 
 sense stationary. 
 
 Before, however, we enter into the history of these, 
 and with regard to England that is the purpose of 
 this book, it will be well to take a brief survey of the 
 actual state of human nomenclature in preceding 
 times. Surnames, we must remember, were the sim- 
 ple result of necessity when population, hitherto iso- 
 lated and small, became so increased as to necessitate 
 further particularity than the merely personal one 
 could supply. One name, therefore, was all that was 
 needed in early times, and one name, as a general 
 rule, is all that we find. The Bible is, of course, our 
 first record of these — 'Adam,' 'Eve,' 'Joseph,' 'Barak,' 
 ' David,' ' Isaiah,' all were simple, single, and expres- 
 sive titles, given in most cases from some circum- 
 stances attending their creation or birth. When the 
 Israelites were crowded together in the wilderness 
 they were at once involved in difiliculties of identifi- 
 cation. We cannot imagine to ourselves how such a 
 population as that of Manchester or Birmingham could 
 possibly get on with but single appellations. Of course 
 I do not put this by way of real comparison, for with 
 the Jewish clan or family system this difficulty must 
 have been materially overcome. Still it is no wonder 
 that in the later books of Moses we should find them 
 falling back upon this patronymic as a means of 
 identifying the individual. Thus such expressions 
 as * Joshua the son of Nun,' or ' Caleb the son of 
 Jephunah,' or 'Jair the son of Manasseh,' are not
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 unfrequently to be met with. Later on, this necessity 
 was caused by a further circumstance. Certain of 
 these single names became popular over others. 
 'John,' 'Simon,' and 'Judas' were such. A further 
 distinction, therefore, was necessary. This gave rise 
 to sobriquets of a more diverse character. We find 
 the patronymic still in use, as in ' Simon Barjonas,' 
 that is, * Simon the son of Jonas ; ' but in addition to 
 this, we have also the local element introduced, as in 
 ' Simon of Cyrene,' and the descriptive in ' Simon the 
 Zealot' Thus, again, we have 'Judas Iscariot,' what- 
 ever that may mean, for commentators are divided 
 upon the subject; 'Judas Barsabas,' and 'Judas of 
 Galilee.* In the meantime the heathen but polished 
 nations of Greece and Rome had been adopting 
 similar means, though the latter was decidedly the 
 first in method. Among the former, such double 
 names as ' Dionysius the Tyrant,' ' Diogenes the 
 Cynic,' ' Socrates the son of Sophronicus,' or ' Heca- 
 tsus of Miletus,' show the same custom, and the same 
 need. To the Roman, however, belongs, as I have 
 said, the earliest system of nomenclature, a system, 
 perhaps, more careful and precise than any which has 
 followed after. The purely Roman citizen had a 
 threefold name. The first denoted the ' pnenomcn,' 
 and answered to our personal, or baptismal, name. 
 The second was what we may term the clan-iiajiic ; 
 and the third, the cognomen, corresponded with our 
 present surname. Thus we have such treble appella- 
 tions as ' Marcus Tullius Cicero,' or 'Aulus Licinius 
 Archeas.' If a manumitted slave had the citizenship 
 conferred upon him, his single name became his cog- 
 nomen, and the others preceded it, one generally
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 5 
 
 being the name of him who was the emancipator. 
 Thus was it of * Licinius ' in the last-mentioned in- 
 stance. With the overthrow of the Western Empire, 
 however, this system was lost, and the barbarians who 
 settled upon its ruins brought back the simple appel- 
 lative once more. Arminius, their chief hero, was 
 content with that simple title. Alaric, the brave 
 King of the Goths, is only so known. Caractacus 
 and Vortigern, to come nearer home, represented but 
 the same custom. 
 
 But we are not without traces of those descriptive 
 epithets which had obtained among the earlier com- 
 munities of the East. The Venerable Bede, speaking 
 of two missionaries, both of whom bore the name of 
 
 * Hewald,' says, ' pro diversd capellorum specie unus 
 Niger Hewald, alter Albus diceretur ; ' that is, in 
 modern parlance, the colour of their hair being 
 different, they came to be called * Hewald Black,' and 
 
 * Hewald White.' Another Saxon, distinguished for 
 his somewhat huge proportions, and bearing the name 
 of ' Ethelred,' was known as ' Mucel,' or ' Great,' a 
 word still lingering in the Scottish mickle. We may 
 class him, therefore, with our ' le Grands,' as we 
 find them inscribed in the Norman rolls, the pro- 
 genitors of our * Grants,' and ' Grands,' or our 'Biggs,' 
 as Saxon as himself Thus again, our later ' Fair- 
 faxes,' * Lightfoots,' * Heavisides,' and ' Slows,' are 
 but hereditary nicknames like to the earlier ' Har- 
 fagres,' ' Harefoots,' ' Ironsides,' and ' Unreadys,' 
 which died out, so far as their immediate possessors 
 went, with the ' Harolds,' and * Edmunds,' and 
 
 * Ethelreds,' upon whom they were severally foisted. 
 They were but expressions of popular feeling to in-
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 dividual persons by means of which that individuahty 
 was increased, and, as with every other instance I have 
 mentioned hitherto, passed away with the hves of 
 their owners. No descendant succeeded to the title. 
 The son, in due course of time, got a sobriquet of his 
 own, by which he was familiarly known, but that, too, 
 was but personal and temporary. It was no more 
 hereditary than had been his father's before him, and 
 even so far as himself was concerned might be again 
 changed according to the humour or caprice of his 
 neighbours and acquaintances. And this went on for 
 several more centuries, only as population increased 
 these sobriquets became but more and more 
 common. 
 
 In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, however, a 
 change took place. By a silent and unpremeditated 
 movement over the whole of the more populated and 
 civilized European societies, nomenclature began to 
 assume a solid lasting basis. It was the result, in 
 fact, of an insensibly growing necessity. Population 
 was on the increase, commerce was spreading, and 
 society was fast becoming corporate. With all this 
 arose difficulties of individualization. It was impos- 
 sible, without some further distinction, to maintain a 
 current identity. Hence what had been but an occa- 
 sional and irregular custom became a fixed and 
 general practice — the distinguishing sobriquet, not, as 
 I say, of premeditation, but by a silent compact, be- 
 came part and parcel of a man's property, and passed 
 on with his other possessions to his direct descendants. 
 This sobriquet had come to be of various kinds. It 
 might be the designation of the property owned, as in
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 the case of the Norman barons and their feudatory- 
 settlements, or it might be some local peculiarity that 
 marked the abode. It might be the designation of 
 the craft the owner followed. It might be the title of 
 the rank or office he held. It might be a patronymic — 
 a name acquired from the personal or Christian name 
 of his father or mother. It might be some charac- 
 teristic, mental or physical, complimentary or the re- 
 verse. Any of these it might be, it mattered not 
 which ; but when once it became attached to the pos- 
 sessor and gave him a fixed identity, it clung to him 
 for his life, and eventually passed on to his offspring. 
 Then it was that at length local and personal names 
 came somewhat upon the same level ; and as the 
 former, some centuries before, had stereotyped the life 
 of our various Celtic and Sclavonic and Teutonic settle- 
 ments, so now these latter fossilized the character of 
 the era in which they arose ; and here we have them, 
 with all the antiquity of their birth upon them, 
 breathing of times and customs and fashions and 
 things that are now wholly passed from our eyes, or 
 are so completely changed as to bear but the faintest 
 resemblance to that which they have been. To 
 analyse some of these names, for all were impossible, 
 is the purpose of the following chapters. I trust that 
 ere I have finished my task, I shall have been able to 
 throw some little light, at least, on the life and habits 
 of our early English forefathers. 
 
 The reader will have observed that I have just 
 incidentally alluded to five different classes of names. 
 For the sake of further distinction I will place them 
 formally and under more concise headings : —
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 1. Baptismal or personal names. 
 
 2. Local surnames. 
 
 3. Official surnames. 
 
 4. Occupative surnames. 
 
 5. Sobriquet surnames, or Nicknames. 
 
 I need scarcely add that under one of these five 
 divisions will every surname in all the countries of 
 Europe be found.
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 
 
 T T is impossible to say how important an influence 
 have merely personal names exercised upon our 
 nomenclature. The most familiar surnames we can 
 meet with, saving that of * Smith,' are to be found in 
 this list. For frequency we have no names to be con- 
 pared with * Jones,' or ' Williamson,' or * Thompson,' 
 or * Richardson.' How they came into being is easily 
 manifest. Nothing could be more natural than that 
 children should often pass current in the community 
 in which they lived as the sons of ' Thomas,' or 
 'William,' or 'Richard,' or 'John;' and that these 
 several relationships should be found in our directories 
 as distinct sobriquets only shows that there was a 
 particular generation in these families in which this 
 title became permanent, and passed on to future 
 descendants as an hereditary surname.^ The interest 
 that attaches to these patronymics is great — for it is 
 by them we can best discover what names were in 
 
 ' The following extract will show how patronymic surnames 
 changed at first with each successive generation : — ' Dispensation for 
 Richard yohnson, son of yohn Richardson, of Fishlake, and Evott 
 daug : of Robert Palmer, who have married, although related in the 
 fourth degi-ee. Issued from Rome by Francis, Cardinal of St. 
 Susanna, 30th March, 13th Boniface IX. (1402).' Test, Ebor. vol. iii. 
 p. 318.
 
 10 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 vogue at this period, and what not, and of those which 
 were, by their relative frequency, in a measure, what 
 were the most popular. Certainly the change is most 
 extraordinary when we compare the past with the 
 present. Some, once so popular that they scarce gave 
 identity to the bearer, are now all but obsolete, while 
 numerous appellations at present generally current 
 were then utterly unknown. There are surnames 
 familiar to our ears whose root as a Christian name is 
 now passed out of knowledge ; while, on the other 
 hand, many a Christian name now daily upon our 
 lips has no surname formed from it to tell of any 
 lengthened existence. The fact is, that while our sur- 
 names, putting immigration aside, have been long at a 
 standstill, we have ever been and are still adding to 
 our stock of baptismal names.' Each new national 
 crisis, each fresh achievement of our arms, each new 
 princely bride imported from abroad — these events 
 are being commemorated daily at the font. This is 
 but the continuance of a custom, and one very natural, 
 which has ever existed. Turn where we will in 
 English history during the last eight hundred years, 
 and we shall find the popular sympathies seeking an 
 outlet in baptism. Did a prince of the blood royal 
 meet with a hapless and cruel fate. His memory was 
 at once embalmed in the names of the children born 
 immediately afterwards, saving when a mother's super- 
 stitious fears came in to prevent it. Did some national 
 
 ' Thus we find in the Manchester Directory iox 1861, 'Napoleon 
 Bonaparte Sutton, tripe-seller,' and 'Napoleon Stott, skewer-maker.' 
 Born, doubtless, during the earlier years of the present century, their 
 parents have thus stamped upon their lives the impress of that fearful 
 interest which the name of Napoleon then excited.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. II 
 
 hero arise who upheld and asserted the people's rights 
 against a grinding and hateful tyranny. His name 
 is speedily to be found inscribed on every hearth. 
 The reverse is of equal significance. It is by the fact 
 of a name, which must have been of familiar import, 
 finding few to represent it, we can trace a people's 
 dislikes and a nation's prejudices. A name once in 
 favour, as a rule, however, tept its place. The cause 
 to which it owed its rise had long passed into the 
 shade of forgotten things, but the name, if it had 
 but attained a certain hold, seems easily to have 
 kept it, till indeed such a convulsion occurred 
 as revolutionised men and things and their names 
 together. 
 
 There have been two such revolutionary crises in 
 English nomenclature, the Conquest and the Reforma- 
 tion, the second culminating in the Puritan Common- 
 wealth, Other crises have stamped themselves in 
 indelible lines upon our registers, but the indenture, 
 if as strongly impressed, was far less general, and 
 in the main merely enlarged rather than changed 
 our stock of national names. Thus was it with the 
 Crusades. A few of the names it introduced have 
 been popular ever since. Many, at first received 
 favourably, died out, if not with, at least soon after, 
 the subsidence of the spirit to which they owed their 
 rise. Some of these came from the Eastern Church, 
 of whose existence at all the Crusader seems to have 
 suddenly reminded us. Some were Bibhcal, associated 
 in Bible narrative with the very soil the Templars 
 trod. Some, again, were borrowed from Continental 
 comrades in arms, names which had caught the fancy 
 of those who introduced them, or were connected
 
 12 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 with friendly rivalries and pledged friendships. This 
 era, being concurrent with the establishment of sur- 
 names, has left its mark upon our nomenclature ; but 
 it was no revolution. 
 
 The period in which these names began to assume 
 an hereditary character varies so greatly that it is 
 impossible to make any definite statement. As a 
 familiar custom I should say it arose in the twelfth 
 century. But there are places, both in Lancashire 
 and Yorkshire, where, as in Wales, men are wont to 
 be styled to this very day by a complete string of 
 patronymics. To hear a man called * Bill's o'Jack's,' 
 'o'Dick's,' 'o'Harry's,' 'o'Tom's,' is by no means a 
 rare incident. A hit at this formerly common Welsh 
 practice is given in ' Sir John Oldcastle,* a play 
 printed in 1600, in which ran the following conversa- 
 tion : — 
 
 'Judge : What bail .-' What sureties } 
 
 ' Davy : Her cozen ap Rice, ap Evan, ap Morice, 
 ap Morgan, ap Llewellyn, ap Madoc, ap Meredith, ap 
 Griffin, ap Davis, ap Owen, ap Shinkin Jones. 
 
 ' Judge : Two of the most efficient are enow. 
 
 ' Sheriff: And 't please your lordship, these arc all 
 but one.' 
 
 This * ap,' the Welsh equivalent of our English 
 * son,' when it has come before a name beginning with 
 a vowel, has in many instances become incorporated 
 with it. Thus 'Ap-Hugh ' has given us ' Pugh,' ' Ap- 
 Rice,' just mentioned, ' Price,' or as * Reece,' ' Preece;' 
 *Ap-Owen,' 'Bowcn;' 'Ap-Evan,' 'Bevan;' ' Ap- 
 Robert,' 'Probcrt;' ' Ap-Roger,' 'Prodger;' 'Ap- 
 Richard,' ' Pritchard ;' * Ap-Humphrey,' * Pumphrcy ; '
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 1 3 
 
 «Ap-Ithell,' 'Bethell;'' or ' Ap- Howell,' ' Powell.' » 
 * Prosser ' has generally been thought a corruption of 
 ' proser,' one who was garrulously inclined ; but this is 
 a mistake, it is simply * Ap-Rosser.' The Norman 
 patronymic was formed similarly as the Welsh, by a 
 prefix, that of ' fitz,' the modern French ' fils.' Sur- 
 names of this class were at first common. Thus we 
 find such names as ' Fitz-Gibbon,' ' Fitz-Gerald,' ' Fitz- 
 Patrick; 'Fitz-Waryn,' 'Fitz-Rauf,' 'Fitz-Payn,' 'Fitz- 
 Richard,' or ' Fitz-Neele.' But though this obtained 
 for awhile among some of the nobler families of our 
 country, it has made in general no sensible impression 
 upon our surnames. The Saxon added 'son,' as 
 a desinence, as ' Williamson,' that is, ' William's son,' 
 or ' Bolderson,' that is, ' Baldwin's son,' or merely the 
 genitive suffix, as ' Williams,' or Richards.' This class 
 has been wonderfully enlarged by the custom then in 
 vogue, as now, of reducing every baptismal name to 
 some curt and familiar monosyllable. It agreed with 
 the rough-and-ready humour of the Anglo-Norman 
 character so to do. How common this was we may 
 see from Gower's description of the insurrection of 
 Wat Tyler : 
 
 ' ' Ithell,' though now unknown, was once a familiar CInistian 
 name. ' Evan ap Ithell,' Z. ; Jevan ap Ithell, Z. ; Ann Ithell, II. II. ; 
 Ithell Wynn, A. A. I. ' Bethell ' as a surname is still sufficiently common 
 in the Principality to keep up a remembrance of the fact. 
 
 ^ ' Ilowel' or ' Iloel ' was at one time a favourite Welsh baptismal 
 name. We have a 'Ilowel le Waleys,' that is, ' llovvcl the Welsh- 
 man,' or, as we should now say, 'Howell Wallace,' mentioned in the 
 Parliamentary writs of 1313. As I shall show by-and-by, our 
 ' Powells ' may in some^^cases, at least, be of more English origin.
 
 14 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * Watte ' vocat, cui ' Thoma ' venit, neque ' Symme ' retardat, 
 
 ' Bat '-que ' Gibbe ' simul, ' Hykke ' venire subent : 
 'Colle' furit, quem ' Bobbe ' juvat nocumenta parantes, 
 
 * Cum quibus, ad damnum * Wille ' coire volat — 
 
 * Grigge ' rapit, dum ' Davie' strepit, comes est quibus ' Hobbe,' 
 
 • I^rkin ' et in medio non minor esse putat : 
 'Hudde' ferit, quem 'Judde' terit, dum ' Tibbe ' juvatur 
 
 ' Jacke ' domosque viros vellit, en ense necat — 
 
 Or let the author of ' Piers Plowman' speak. ' Glutton ' 
 having been seduced to the alehouse door, we are 
 told— 
 
 Then goeth * Glutton ' in and grcte other after, 
 
 * Cesse ' the souteresse sat on the bench : 
 
 'Watte' the wamcr and his wife bothe : 
 
 ' Tymme ' the tynkere and twayne of his prentices. 
 
 ' Hikke ' the hackney man and * Hugh ' the nedlere, 
 
 ' Clarice ' of Cokkeslane, and the clerke of the churche ; 
 
 ' Dawe ' the dykere, and a dozen othere. 
 
 In these two quotations we see at once the clue to 
 the extraordinary number of patronymics our direc- 
 tories contain of these short and curtailed forms. 
 Thus ' Dawe,' from ' David,' gives us ' Daw^son,' or 
 'Dawes;' 'Hikke' from 'Isaac,' * Hickson,' or 
 ' Hicks ;' 'Watte,' from 'Walter,' 'Watson,' or 'Watts.' 
 Nor was this all. A large addition was made to this J 
 category by the introduction of a further clement,'^ 
 This arose from the nursery practice of giving pet 
 names. Much as this is done now, it would seem to 
 have been still more common then. In either period 
 the method has been the .same — that of turning the 
 name into a diminutive. Our very word ' pet ' itself 
 is but the diminutive 'petite,' or 'little one.' The *• 
 fashion adopted, however, was different. We are 
 fond of using ' ic,' or * ley.' Thus with us ' John ' 
 becomes ' Johnnie,* ' Edward,' ' Teddic,' ' Charles,'
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 1 5 
 
 Charley.' In early days the four diminutives in use 
 were those of ' kin,' ' cock,' and the terminations ' ot' 
 or *et,' and 'on' or *en,' the two latter being of Nor- 
 "man-French origin. 
 
 I. Kin. — This Saxon term, corresponding with 
 the German ' chen,' and the French ' on ' or ' en,' 
 referred to above, and introduced, most probably, so 
 far as the immediate practice was concerned, by the 
 Flemings, we still preserve in such words as 'manikin,' 
 ' pipkin,' ' lambkin,' or ' doitkin.' This is very familiar 
 as a nominal adjunct. Thus, in an old poem, entitled 
 ' A Litul soth Sermun,' we find the following : — 
 
 Nor those prude yongemen 
 
 That loveth ' Malekyn,' 
 And those prude maydenes 
 
 That loveth ' Janekyn ; ' 
 At chirche and at chepynge 
 
 When they togadere come 
 They runneth togaderes 
 
 And speaketh of derne love. 
 
 Masses and matins 
 
 Ne kepeth they nouht, 
 
 For ' Wilekyn ' and ' Watekyn ' 
 Be in their thouht — 
 
 Hence we have derived such surnames as ' Simpkins ' 
 and ' Simpkinson,' ' Thompkins ' and ' Tomkinson.' 
 
 2. CoSk. — Our nursery literature still secures in 
 its ' cock-robins,' ' cock-boats,' and ' cock-horses,' the 
 immortality of this second termination. It forms an 
 important clement in such names as ' Simcox,' ' Jeff- 
 cock,' ' Wilcock,' or 'Wilcox,' and 'Laycock' (Law- 
 rence). 
 
 3. Ot or et. — These terminations were introduced
 
 1 6 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 by the Normans, and certainly have made an impreg- 
 nable position for themselves in our English nomen- 
 clature. In our dictionaries they are found in such 
 diminutives as 'pocket' (little poke), 'ballot,' 'chariot,' 
 ' target,' ' latchet,' ' lancet ; ' in our directories in such 
 names as 'Emmett,' or 'Emmot' (Emma), 'Tillotson' 
 (Matilda), 'Elliot' (Elias), 'Harriot' (Mary), 'Will- 
 mot' (Willamot), and 'Hewet,' or 'Hewetson' (Hugh).' 
 
 4. On or 671. — These terminations became very 
 popular with the French, and their directories teem 
 with the evidences they display of former favour. 
 They are all but unknown to our English dictionary, 
 but many traces of their presence may be found in 
 our nomenclature. Thus ' Robert ' became ' Robin,' 
 ' Nicol ' ' Colin,' ' Pierre ' ' Perrin,' ' Richard ' ' Diccon,' 
 'Mary ' ' Marion,' 'Alice ' * Alison,' 'Beatrice ' 'Beton,' 
 'Hugh' 'Huon,' or 'Huguon'; and hence such sur- 
 names as ' Colinson,' 'Perrin,' ' Dicconson,' 'Allison' (in 
 some cases), ' Betonson,' 'Huggins,' and ' Hugginson.'^ 
 
 I have already said that the Norman invasion 
 revolutionised our system of personal names. Cer- 
 tainly it is in this the antagonism between Norman 
 
 ' 'Ot' and ' et ' sometimes became 'elot' and 'elet' — 'Robert 
 Richelot' (w. 15) (from Richard); Crestolot de Eratis (d. d.) (from 
 Christian) ; 'Walter Hughelot ' (A.) ; 'John Huelot' (A.) (from iluyh) ; 
 Constance Hobelot (A.) (from Hobbe) ; ' ILimclet de la Burste' (Cal. 
 and Inv. of Treasury) ; 'Richard son of Ilamelot ' (A. A. 2) (from 
 Hamon). ' Ilamlet ' and ' Hewlett ' are the commonest representatives 
 of this class in our existing nomenclature. As a diminutive suffix ' let' 
 is found in such words as ' leaflet,' 'bracelet,' 'hamlet,' or 'ringlet.' 
 
 - The French have, among others of this'class, 'Guyon,' ' I'hilipon,' 
 • Caton ' (Catharine), and ' Louison.' Sir Walter Scott, ever most accu- 
 rate in his nomenclature, makes ' Marthon ' to be domestic to Hamcline 
 de Croye (Qucntin Durward). None of these reached England.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 1 7 
 
 and Saxon is especially manifest. Occasionally, in 
 looking over the records of the twelfth and thirteenth 
 centuries, we may light upon a ' Godwin,' or ' Guthlac,' 
 or ' Goddard,' but they are of the most exceptional 
 occurrence. Were the local part of these entries 
 foreign, explanation would be unneeded. But while 
 the personal element is foreign, the local denotes 
 settlement from the up-country. Look at the London 
 population of this period from such records as we 
 possess. There is scarcely a hamlet, however small, 
 that does not contribute to swell the sum of the 
 metropolitan mass, and while ' London ' itself is of 
 comparatively great rarity in our nomenclature, an 
 insignificant village like, say Debenham, in Suffolk, 
 will have its score of representatives — so great was 
 the flow, so small the ebb. It is this large accession 
 from the interior which is the stronghold of Saxon 
 nomenclature. It is this removal from one village to 
 another, and from one town to another, which has 
 originated that distich quoted by old Vestigan — 
 
 In 'ford,' in 'ham,' in 'ley,' in 'ton,' 
 The most of English surnames run. 
 
 And yet, strange as it may seem, it is very doubtful 
 whether for a lengthened period, at least, the owners 
 of these names were of Saxon origin. The position 
 of the Saxon peasantry forbade that they should be 
 in any but a small degree accessory to this increase. 
 The very villenage they lived under, the very manner 
 in which they were attached to the glebe, rendered 
 any such roving tendencies as these impossible. 
 These country adventurers, then, whose names I 
 
 C
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 have instanced, were of no Saxon stock, but the sons 
 of the humbler dependants of those Normans who 
 had obtained landed settlements, or of Norman 
 traders who had travelled up the country, fixing 
 their habitation wheresoever the wants of an increas- 
 ing people seemed to give them an opportunity of 
 gaining a livelihood. The children of such, driven 
 out of these smaller communities by the fact that 
 there was no further opening for them, poor as the 
 villeins amongst whom they dwelt, but different in 
 that they were free, would naturally resort to the 
 metropolis and other large centres of industry. Not 
 a few, however, would belong to the free Saxons, who, 
 much against their will, no doubt, but for the sake of 
 gain, would pass in the community to which they had 
 joined themselves by the name belonging to the more 
 powerful and mercantile party. In the same way, 
 too, some not small proportion of these names would 
 belong to those Saxon serfs ^yho, having escaped 
 their bondage, would, on reaching the towns, change 
 their names to elude detection. These, of course, 
 would be got from the Norman category. But be all 
 this as it may, the fact remains that throughout all 
 the records and rolls of the twelfth and thirteenth 
 centuries, we find, with but the rarest exceptions, all 
 our personal names to be Norman. The Saxon 
 seems to have become well-nigh extinct. There 
 might have been a war of extermination against 
 them. In an unbroken succession we meet with 
 such names as 'John' and 'Richard,' 'Robert' and 
 'Henry,' 'Thomas' and 'Ralph,' 'Geoffrey' and 'Jor- 
 dan,' ' Stephen ' and ' Martin,' ' Joscelyn ' and ' Alma- 
 ric,' ' Ik-ncdict ' and ' Laurence,' ' Reginald ' and
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. I9 
 
 * Gilbert; 'Roger' and 'Walter,' 'Eustace' and 
 ' Baldwin,' ' Francis ' and ' Maurice,' * Theobald ' and 
 ' Cecil,' — no ' Edward,' no ' Edmund,' no * Harold ' 
 even, saving in very isolated cases. It is the same 
 with female names. While 'Isabel' and 'Matilda,' 
 
 * Mirabilla ' and ' Avelina,' ' Amabilla ' and ' Idonia,' 
 'Sibilla' and 'Ida,' 'Letitia' and 'Agnes,' 'Petronilla' 
 or ' Parnel ' and ' Lucy,' ' Alicia ' and ' Avice,' ' Alia- 
 nora,' or ' Anora ' and ' Dowsabell,' ' Clarice ' and 
 ' Muriel,' ' Agatha ' and ' Rosamund,' * Felicia ' and 
 'Adelina,' 'Julia' and 'Blanche,' 'Isolda' and 'Ame- 
 lia' or 'Emilia,' 'Beatrix' and 'Euphemia,' 'Anna- 
 bel' and ' Theophania,' 'Constance' and 'Joanna' 
 abound ; ' Etheldreda,' or ' Edith,' or ' Ermentrude,' 
 all of the rarest occurrence, are the only names which 
 may breathe to us of purely Saxon times. In the 
 case of several, however, a special effort was made 
 later on, when the policy of allaying the jealous feel- 
 ings of the popular class was resorted to. For a 
 considerable time the royal and chief baronial families 
 had in their pride sought names for their children 
 from the Norman category merely. After the lapse 
 of a century, however, finding the Saxon spirit still 
 chafed and uneasy under a foreign thrall, several 
 names of a popular character were introduced into 
 the royal nursery. Thus was it with ' Edward ' and 
 
 * Edmund.' The former of these appellations was 
 represented by Edward I., the latter by his brother 
 Edmund, Earl of Lancaster. Previously to this, too, 
 an attempt had been made to restore the British 
 'Arthur' in that nephew of Cceur do Lion who so 
 miserably perished by his uncle's means, and thereby
 
 20 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 gave Lackland a securer hold upon the English 
 throne, if not upon the affections of the country. The 
 sad and gloomy mystery which surrounded the disap- 
 pearance of this boy-prince seems to have inspired 
 mothers with a superstitious awe of the name, for we 
 do not find, as in the case of ' Edward ' or ' Edmund,' 
 its royal restoration having the effect of making it 
 general* On the contrary, as an effort in its favour, 
 it seems to have signally failed. Of all our early 
 historic names I find fewest relics of this. 
 
 The difficulty of subdividing our first chapter is 
 great, but for the sake of convenience we have de- 
 cided to preserve the following order : — 
 
 1. Names that preceded and survived the Con- 
 quest. 
 
 2. Names introduced or confirmed by the Nor- 
 mans. 
 
 3. Names from the Calendar of the Saints. 
 
 4. Names from Festivals and Holy-days. 
 
 5. Patronymics formed from occupations and 
 officerships. 
 
 6. Metronymics. 
 
 7. Names from Holy Scripture. 
 
 I. — Nanus that preceded ajid survived the Conquest. 
 
 The peculiar feature of the great majority of such 
 names as were in vogue previous to the Norman 
 
 ' As a Christian name, however, fashion has again brought it into 
 favour. While the memories that cluster round tiie name of the Iron 
 Duke live, 'Arthur' can never die. Indeed, there are as many ' Arthur- 
 Wellesleys' now as there were simple ^'Arthurs' before the battle of 
 Waterloo.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 21 
 
 Conquest, and which to a certain extent maintained a 
 hold, is that (saving in two or three instances) they 
 did not attach to themselves either filial or pet 
 desinences. If they have come down to us as sur- 
 names, they are found in their simple unaltered dress. 
 Thus, taking Afred as an example, we see in our 
 directories ' Alfred ' or ' Alured ' or ' Allured ' to be 
 the only patronymics that have been handed down to 
 us. Latinized as Aluredus it figures in Domesday, 
 The Hundred Rolls, later on, register an Alured Ape, 
 and the surname appears in the Parliamentary 
 Writs in the case of William Alured. It is hard to 
 separate our * Aldreds ' from our * Allureds.' The 
 usually entered forms are ' Richard Aired,' ' Hugh 
 Aldred,' or 'Aldred fil. Roger.' Besides 'Aldred' 
 there is 'Alderson,' which may be but 'Aldredson.' 
 Aylwin is met by such entries as Richard Alwine, or 
 Thomas Ailwyne: 'Adelard,' as 'Adlard' or * Alard,' 
 and * Agilward ' as ' Aylward,' are of more frequent 
 occurrence ; while Aldrech, once merely a personal 
 name, is now, like many of the above, found only 
 surnominally. 
 
 The Teutonic mythology is closely interwoven in 
 several of these names. The primary root ' god ' or 
 'good,' which stood in all Teuton languages as the title 
 of divinity, was familiarised as the chief component in 
 not a few of our still existing surnames. ' Godwin,' the 
 name which the stout old earl of Danish blood has given 
 to our Goodwin Sands, seems to have been well estab- 
 lished when the great Survey was made. The French 
 ' Godin ' seems scarcely to have crossed the Channel, 
 but ' Godwin ' and ' Goodwin ' have well filled up the 
 gap. ' Hugh fil. Godewin,' or ' Godwin de Dovre,'
 
 22 ENGLISH SURNAMES, 
 
 represent our registers. Our ' Godbolds ' are found 
 in the dress of Godbolde/ our * Goodiers ' and ' Good- 
 years ' as ' Goder ' or ' Godyer,' and our * Goddards ' 
 as 'Godard.' The Hundred Rolls give us a 'John fil. 
 Godard.' . The Alpine mountain reminds us of its 
 connection with ' Gotthard/ and Miss Yonge states 
 that it is still in use as a Christian name in Germany. 
 * Gottschalk/ a common surname in the same country, 
 was well known as a personal name in England in the 
 forms of * Godescalde,' ^ * Godescall/ or ' Godeschalke,' 
 such entries as * Godefry fil. Godescallus,' or * Godes- 
 kalcus Armorer,' or * John Godescalde,' being not un- 
 frequent. The latter name suggests to us our ' God- 
 sails" and ' Godshalls ' as the present English sur- 
 nominal forms. ' Gottschalk ' in our directories may 
 always be looked upon as a more recent importation 
 from Germany. Goderic was perhaps the commonest 
 of this class — its usual dress in our registers being 
 'Gooderick,' * Goderichc,' 'Godrick,' and * Godric' 
 An early Saxon abbot was exalted into the ranks of 
 the saints as ' St. Goderic,' and this would have its 
 influence in the selection of baptismal names at that 
 period. ' Guthlac,' not without descendants, too, 
 though less easily recognisable in our * Goodlakcs ' 
 and ' Goodlucks,' and * Geoffrey,' or ' Godfrey,' whom 
 I shall have occasion to mention again, belong to the 
 same category.'^ The last of this class I may mention 
 is the old * Godeberd/ or ' Godbcrt.' As simple 
 
 ' One John Godescalde was in 1298 forbidden to dwell in Oxford, 
 owing to some riot between Town and Gown (Mun. Acad. Oxon. p. 67). 
 
 ' Herbert fil. Godman occurs in the ' Cal. Rot. Pat. in Turri 
 Londonensi.'' As a personal name it will belong to the same class as 
 ' Bateman,' ' Coleman,' ' Sweteman.' Such entries as ' Bateman Gille,'
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 23 
 
 * Godeberd ' it is found in such a name as * Roger 
 Godeberd,' met with in the London Tower records. 
 Somewhat more corrupted we come across a 'John 
 Gotebedde' in the Hundred Rolls of the thirteenth 
 century ; and much about the same time a ' Robert 
 Gotobedd ' lived in Winchelsea. In this latter form, 
 I need scarcely say, it has now a somewhat flourishing 
 existence in our midst. Some will be reminded of 
 the lines : — 
 
 Mr. Barker's as mute as a fish in the sea, 
 Mr. Miles never moves on a journey, 
 
 Mr. Gotobed sits up till half-after three, 
 Mr. Makepeace was bred an attorney. 
 
 Still, despite its long antiquity, when I recal the pretty 
 Godbert from which it arose, I would, were I one of 
 them, go to bed as such some night for the last time, 
 nor get up again till I could dress, if not my person, 
 at least my personality in its real and more antique 
 habiliment. 
 
 ' Os,' as a rootword implicative of deity, has made 
 for itself a firm place in our ' Osbalds, ' Osberts,' ' Os- 
 wins,' ' Oswalds,' ' Osborncs,' and ' Osmunds ' or ' Os- 
 monds.' Instances of all these may be seen in our older 
 registries. We quickly light upon entries such as ' Os- 
 bert le Ferrur,' * Osborne le Hawkere,' ' Oswin Ogle,' 
 
 'Thomas Batemanson,' 'Richard Batmonson,' 'Coleman le lien,' 
 ' Swetman fil, Edith,' or ' Sweteman Textor,' are not unfrequent. 
 'Tiddeman ' is of the same class. 'Tydeman le Swarte ' and ' Tidde- 
 man Bokere ' both occur in the fourteenth century. All the above are 
 firmly established as surnames. Having referred to ' Sweetman,' I may 
 add that ' Sweet ' itself was a baptismal name. ' Swct le Bone ' (A), 
 'John Swetson' ('State Papers, Domestic, 1619-1623'), 'Adam 
 Swetcoc ' (A).
 
 24 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * Nicholas Osemund,' or ' John Oswald.' Nor must 
 'Thor,' the 'Jupiter tonans ' of the Norsemen, be left 
 out, for putting aside local names, and the day of the 
 week that still memorialises him, we have yet several 
 surnames that speak of his influence. 'Thurstan' 
 and ' Thurlow ' seem both of kin. ' Thorald,' however, 
 has made the greatest mark, and next * Thurkell.' 
 Thorald may be seen in ' Torald Chamberlain ' (A), 
 Ralph fil. Thorald (A), or Torald Benig (A); while 
 Thurkell or Thurkill is found first in the fuller form 
 in such entries as ' Richard Thyrketyll,' or ' Robert 
 Thirkettle,' and then in the contracted in ' Thurkeld 
 le Seneschal,' or ' Robert Thurkel' 
 
 We have just referred to Thurkettle. ' Kettle ' 
 was very closely connected with the mythology of 
 Northern Europe, and is still a great name in Norway 
 and in Iceland. The sacrificial cauldron of the gods 
 must certainly have been vividly present to the 
 imagination of our forefathers. The list of names 
 compounded with ' Kettle ' is large even in England. 
 The simple ' Kettle ' was very common. In Domes- 
 day it is ' Chctill,' in the Hundred Rolls ' Kctcl ' or 
 ' Cetyl ' or * Cattle.' Such entries as * Ketel le Mercer,' 
 or ' Chetel Frieday,' or ' Cattle Bagge,' are met with 
 up to the fifteenth century, and as surnames ' Kettle,' 
 ' Chcttle ' and ' Cattle ' or ' Cattell ' have a well-estab- 
 lished place in the nineteenth. Of the compound forms 
 we have already noticed ' Thurkettle ' or ' Thurkell.' 
 ' Ankctil le Mercir' (A), 'Roger Arketel ' (A), ' William 
 Asketiir (Q), and 'Robert fil. Anskitiel' (W. 12) are 
 all but changes rung on Oskcttlc. The abbots of 
 England, in 941, 992, and 1,052, were 'Turkctyl,' 
 'Osketyl,' and 'Wulfketyl' respectively. The last seems
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 2$ 
 
 to be the same as * Ulchetel ' found in Domesday.* 
 In the same Survey we light upon a ' Steinchetel,' and 
 
 * Grinketel ' is also found in a Yorkshire record of the 
 same period.^ Orm, the representative of pagan wor- 
 ship in respect of the serpent, has left its memorial in 
 such entries as ' Alice fil. Orme,' or ' Ormus Arch- 
 bragge.' The descendants of these are our ' Ormes ' 
 and ' Ormesons.' More local names abide in * Orms- 
 by,' ' Ormskirk,' * Ormerod,' and ' Ormes Head.' 
 
 A series of names, some of them connected with 
 the heroic and legendary lore of Northern Europe, 
 were formed from the root ' sig ' — conquest. Many 
 of these maintained a position as personal names 
 long after the Norman invasion, and now exist in our 
 directories as surnames. Nevertheless, as with the 
 others hitherto mentioned, they are all but invariably 
 found in their simple and uncompounded form. Our 
 
 * Sewards,' ' Seawards,' and ' Sawards ' represent the 
 chief of these. It is found in England in the seventh 
 century, and was a great Danish name. Entries like 
 ' Syward Godwin ' or * Siward Oldcorn ' are found as 
 late as the beginning of the fourteenth century. 
 Next we may mention our ' Segars,' ' Sagars,' ' Sa- 
 bers,' * Sayers,' and ' Saers,' undoubted descendants of 
 
 ' While all these fuller forms are obsolete as surnames, we must not 
 forget that most of them still exist curtailed. From early days 
 •kettle' in compounds became 'kill' or 'kell.' Thus 'Thurkettle' 
 has left us 'Thurkell' and 'Thurkill,' already mentioned. 'Osketyl' 
 has become * Oskell' (' Oskell Somenour,' A. A. 3, vol. ii. p. 184). 
 ' Ulchetel ' was registered as ' Ulkell' and ' Ulchcl' (' W. 12, pp. 19, 
 20). Our 'Arkells' (Sim. fil. Arkill, E.), I doubt not, are corniptions 
 of 'Ansketyl' or 'Oscetyl' or 'Arketel.' 
 
 * Matthew 'Paris, under date 1047, says of the bishopric of Selsey, 
 ' Defuncto Grinketel, Selesiensi pontifice, Ilecca regis capellanus suc- 
 cessit.*
 
 26 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 such men as ' Saher de Quincy,' the famous old Earl 
 of Winchester. The registrations of this as a per- 
 sonal name are very frequent. Such entries as 'John 
 fil. Saer,' * vSaher Clerk,' ' Saher le King/ or ' Eudo fil. 
 Sygar,' are common. Nor has ' Sigbiorn ' been al- 
 lowed to become obsolete, as our ' Sibornes ' and 
 'Seabornes' can testify. I cannot discover any in- 
 stance of * Sibbald ' as a personal name after the 
 Domesday Survey, but as a relic of ' Sigbald ' it is 
 still living in a surnominal form. Though apparently 
 occupative, our registers clearly proclaim that * Seman' 
 or * Seaman ' must be set here. As a personal name 
 it is found in such designations as ' Seman de Cham- 
 pagne,' or * Seaman de Baylif,' or 'Seaman Carpenter.' 
 With the mention of ' Sebright ' as a corruption of 
 ' Sigbert ' or ' Sebert,' I pass on ; but this is sufficient 
 to show that a name whose root-meaning implied 
 heroism was popular with our forefathers. 
 
 The popular notion that ' Howard ' is nothing but 
 * Hogward ' is not borne out by facts. We find no 
 trace whatever of its gradual reduction into such a 
 corrupt form. As we shall have occasion to show 
 hereafter, it is our ' Hoggarts ' who thus maintain the 
 honours of our swine-tending ancestors. There can 
 be little doubt, indeed, that ' Howard ' is but another 
 form of ' Harvard ' or ' Hereward.' That it had early 
 become so pronounced and spelt wc can prove by an 
 entry occurring in the Test. Ebor. (Surt. Soc.) where 
 one ' John Fitz-howard ' is registered. Our ' Hermans ' 
 and ' Harmans ' represent ' Herman,' a name which, 
 though in early use in England, wc owe chiefly to 
 immigration in later days. Such entries as ' Herman 
 de Francia' or 'Herman de Alemannia' are occasionally
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 2/ 
 
 met with. The fuller patronymic attached itself to 
 this name ; hence such entries as * Walter Herman- 
 son,' and * John Urmynson,' * Harmer,' and ' Hermer,' 
 seem to be somewhat of kin to the last. The per- 
 sonal form is found in * Robert fil. Hermer,' and the 
 surname in ' Hopkins Harmar.' Besid^es * Hardwin,' 
 
 * Hadwin ' is also met with as a relic of the same, 
 while * Harding ' has remained unaltered from the day 
 when registrars entered such names as ' Robert fil. 
 Harding ' and ' Maurice fil. Harding ; ' but this, as 
 
 * Fitz-harding ' reminds us, must be looked upon as of 
 Norman introduction. Nor must * Swain ' be for- 
 gotten. We find in the Survey the wife of ' Edward 
 filius Suani,' figuring among the tenants-in-chief of 
 Essex. This is of course but our present ' Swainson ' 
 or ' Swanson ; ' and when we add all the * Swains,' 
 
 * Swayns,' and ' Swaynes ' of our directories we shall 
 find that this name has a tolerably assured position 
 in the nineteenth century. ' Swain ' implied strength, 
 specially the strength of youth; and as Samson's 
 strength became utter weakness through his affection, 
 so I suppose it has fared with * Swain.' The country 
 shepherd piping to his mistress, the lovesick bachelor, 
 has monopolised the title. As a personal name it oc- 
 curs in such registrations as * Sweyn Colle,' ' Swanus 
 le Riche,' or * Adam fil. Swain.' 
 
 n. — Names introduced or confirmed by the Normans. 
 
 Of names specially introduced at the Conquest, or 
 that received an impulse by that event, we may men- 
 tion ' Serl ' and * Harvey.' ' Serl,' found in such 
 names as * Serle Morice ' or ' Serle Gotokirke,' or
 
 28 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * John fil. Serlo,' still abides in our ' Searles ' and 
 ' Series,' ' Serrells ' and ' Serlsons.' * William Serle- 
 son * occurs in an old Yorkshire register, and ' Richard 
 Serelson ' in the Parliamentary Writs. The Norman 
 diminutive also appears in Matilda Sirlot (A) and 
 Mabel Sirlot (A).* ' Harvey,' or ' Herve,' was more 
 common than many may imagine, and a fair number 
 of entries such as * Herveus le Gos ' or * William fil. 
 Hervei,' may be seen in all our large rolls. The 
 Malvern poet in his * Piers Plowman ' employs the 
 name : — 
 
 And thanne cam Coveitise, 
 Can I hym naght descryve, 
 So hungrily and holwe 
 Sire Hervy hym loked, 
 
 'Arnold,* now almost unknown in England as a 
 baptismal name, made a deep impression on our 
 nomenclature, as it did on that of Central Europe. 
 ' Earn ' for the eagle is a word not yet obsolete in the 
 North of England, and this reminds us of the origin 
 of the name. This kinship is more easily traceable 
 in our registries where the usual forms arc * Ernaldus 
 Carnifix,' or 'Peter Ernald.' Besides 'Arnold,' 'Ami- 
 son,' and the diminutive ' Arnott ' or ' Arnct ' ^ still 
 live among us. 'Alberic,' or ' Albrcc,' as wc find it 
 occasionally written, soon found its way into our 
 rolls as ' Aubrey,' although, as ALUnc, Miss Yonge 
 shows it to have existed in our country centuries 
 
 ' In these same Writs occurs also the name of ' Hugh Serelson.' It 
 is possible they are patronymics formed from ' Cyril,' but ' Serle ' is the 
 more probable parent. 
 
 ' The ' Parliamentary Writs ' give us ' Matthew Amyct,' the ' Ilun- 
 dred Rolls,' ' Milisent Arnqt,'
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 29 
 
 earlier.^ ' Albred,' probably but another form of the 
 lately revived * Albert,' is now found as ' Allbright * 
 and the German ' Albrecht.' 
 
 ' Emery,' though now utterly forgotten as a personal 
 name, may be said to live on only in our surnames. 
 It was once no unimportant sobriquet. 'Americ,' 
 ' Almeric,' * Almaric,' ' Emeric,' and ' Eimeric,' seem 
 to have been its original spellings in England, and 
 thus, at least, it is more likely to remind us that it is 
 the same name to which, in the Italian form of 
 Amerigo, we now owe the title of that vast expanse 
 of western territory which is so indissolubly connected 
 with English industry and English interests. Curter 
 forms than these were found in ' Aylmar,' * Ailmar,' 
 
 * Almar,' and ' Aymer,' and ' Amar.' The surnames 
 it has bequeathed to us are not few. It has had 
 the free run of the vowels in our ' Amorys,' ' Emerys,' 
 and * Imarys,' and in a more patronymic form we 
 may still oftentimes meet with it in our ' Emersons/ 
 
 * Embersons,' ^ and * Imesons.' ' Ingram ' represents 
 the old ' Ingelram,' ' Engleram,' ' Iggelram,' or ' Inge- 
 ram,' for all these forms may be met with ; and 
 ' Ebrardus,' later on registered as " Eborard,' still 
 abides hale and hearty in our ' Everards ' and ' Everys.' 
 The latter, however, can scarcely be said to be quite 
 extinct as a baptismal name. ' Waleran,' an English 
 form of the foreign 'Valerian,' is found in such an 
 
 ' The ' Hundred Rolls' give us a pet addendum in the entry 'Walter 
 Auberkin. ' 
 
 * ' Richard Amberson ' and * Robert Amberson ' may be seen in 
 Barret's History of Bristol (index). If not sprung from 'Ambrose,' 
 they -will be but a variation of 'Emberson,' and one more instance of 
 the change of vowels referred to a few pages further on.
 
 30 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 entry as * Walerand Berchamstead,' or * Waldrand 
 Clark/ or 'Walran Oldman.' We see at once the 
 origin of our ' Walronds ' and * Walrands.' The name 
 of * Brice ' begins to find itself located in England at 
 this time. Hailing from Denmark, it may have come 
 in with the earlier raids from that shore, or later on in 
 the more peaceful channels of trade. The Hundred 
 Rolls furnish us with ' Brice fil. William ' and ' Brice le 
 Parsun,' while the Placita de Quo Warranto gives 
 us a * Brice le Daneys,' who himself proclaims the 
 nationality of the name. The Norman diminutive is 
 met with in 'Briccot de Brainton' (M M). 'Brice' and 
 ' Bryson ' (when not a corruption of * Bride-son ') are 
 the present representatives of this now forgotten 
 name.' All the above names I have placed together, 
 because, while introduced or receiving an impetus by 
 the incoming of the Normans and their followers, they 
 have, nevertheless, made little impression on our gene- 
 ral nomenclature. The factthat, with but one or two ex- 
 ceptions, the usual pet addenda, 'kin,' 'cock,' and 'ot,' 
 or 'et,' are absolutely wanting, or even the patronymic 
 'son,' shows decisively that they cannot be numbered 
 among what we must call the popular names of the 
 period. Introduced here and there in the community 
 at large, they struggled on for bare existence, and 
 have descended to us as surnames in their simple 
 and unaltered form. 
 
 ' As with ' Brice ' so it is to the Danes we owe many entries in our 
 older records of which ' Christian ' is the root. As a';baptisnial ^name 
 it has always been most common in those parts of the eastern coast of 
 England which have been brought into contact with Denmark by trade. 
 Suchnamesas ' JoanCristina, ' 'Brice Cristian,' or 'John fd. Christian/ 
 frequently occur in mediieval registers. Their descendants are now 
 found as 'Christian,' 'Christy,' and ' Christison.'
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 31 
 
 We now turn to a batch of personal names of a 
 different character, names which, with a few excep- 
 tions, are still familiar to us at baptismal celebrations, 
 and which have changed themselves into so many 
 varying forms, that the surnames issuing from them 
 are well-nigh legion. Most of these are the direct 
 result of the Conquest. They are either!^the sobriquets 
 borne by William, his family, and his leading fol- 
 lowers, or by those whom connections of blood, 
 alliance, and interest afterwards brought into the 
 country. Many others received their solid settlement 
 in England through the large immigration of foreign 
 artisans from Normandy, from Picardy, Anjou, Flan- 
 ders, and other provinces. The Flemish influence has 
 been very strong. 
 
 I will first mention Drew, Warin, Paine, Ivo, and 
 Hamon, because, although they must be included 
 among the most familiar names of their time, they 
 are now practically disused at the font. ' Drew,' or 
 'Drogo,' occurs several times in Domesday. An 
 illegitimate son of Charlemagne was so styled, and, 
 doubtless, it owed its familiarity to the adherents of 
 the Conqueror. Later on, at any rate, it was firmly 
 established, as such names as Drew Drewery, Druco 
 Bretun, or William fil. Drogo testify. That ' Drewett' 
 is derived from the Norman diminutive can be proved 
 from the Hundred Rolls, wherein the same man is 
 described in the twofold form of * Drogo Malerbe ' 
 and * Druett Malerbe.' The feminine ' Dructta de 
 Pratello ' is also found in the same records. ' Drew ' 
 and ' Drewett ' are both in our directories.' Few 
 
 ' As a proof that 'Andrew' and 'Drew' were distinct names, we 
 may cite a fact recorded in Mr. Riley's Memorials of London. In the
 
 32 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 names were more common from the eleventh to the 
 fourteenth century than ' Warin,' or * Guarin,' or 
 ' Guerin ' — the latter the form at present generally 
 found in France. It is the sobriquet that is incor- 
 porated in our ancient * Mannerings,' or ' Main- 
 warings,' a family that came from the ' mesnil,* or 
 ' manor/ of ' Warin,* in a day when that was a 
 familiar Christian name in Norman households, A 
 few generations later on we find securely settled 
 among ourselves such names as ' Warin Chapman/ 
 or ' Warinus Ceroid/ or ' Guarinus Banastre/ in the 
 baptismal, and 'Warinus Fitz-Warin,' or 'John Wari- 
 son,' in the patronymic form, holding a steady place in 
 our mediaeval rolls. Two of the characters in ' Piers 
 Plowman/ as those who have read it will remember, 
 bear this as their personal sobriquet : — 
 
 One Waryn Wisdom 
 And Witty his fere 
 Followed him faste. 
 
 And again — 
 
 Then wente Wisdom 
 And Sire Waryn the Witty 
 And wamede wrong. 
 
 ' Robert Warinot,' in the Hundred Rolls, and ' Wil- 
 liam Warinot ' in the Placita de Quo Warranto, 
 reveal the origin of our ' Warnetts ;' while our ' Warc- 
 ings/ ' Warings/ ' Warisons,' ' Wasons/ and ' P^itz- 
 Warins ' — often written ' Fitz- Warren ' — not to men- 
 year 1400, Drew Barenlyn, twice Lord Mayor, came before the Council, 
 asking to have his name ' Drew ' set down in the list of those who 
 possessed the freedom of the city, the scribe having entered it as 
 •Andrew.'— pp. 554, 555.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. ^^ 
 
 tion the majority of our ' Warrens,' ^ are other of the 
 descendants of this famous old name that still survive. 
 A favourite name in these days was 'Payn/ or ' Pagan.' 
 The softer form is given us in the ' Man of Lawes 
 Tale '— 
 
 The Constable, and Dame Hermegild his wife, 
 Were payenes, and that country everywhere. 
 
 We all know the history of the word ; how that, while 
 the Gospel had made advance in the cities, but not 
 yet penetrated into the country, the dwellers in the 
 latter became looked upon with a something of con- 
 tempt as idolators, so that, so far as this word was 
 concerned, 'countryman' and 'false -worshipper' be- 
 came synonymous terms. In fact, 'pagan' embraced 
 the two meanings that ' peasant ' and ' pagan ' now 
 convey, though the root of both is the same. The 
 Normans, it would appear, must have so styled some 
 of themselves who had refused baptism after that 
 their chieftain, Rollo, had become a convert ; and 
 hence, when William came over, the name was intro- 
 duced into England by several of his followers. In 
 Domesday Book we find among his tenants-in- 
 chief the names of ' Ralph Pagancl ' and ' Edmund 
 fil. Pagani.' The name became more popular as time 
 went on, and it is no exaggeration to say that at one 
 period— viz., the close of the Norman dynasty — it had 
 threatened to become one of the most familiar appel- 
 latives in England. This will account for the fre- 
 quency with which we meet such entries in the past 
 as ' Robert fil. Pain,' ' Pain del Ash,' ' Pagan do la 
 
 ' 'Warren Ic Latimer' occurs in the 'Rolls of Parliament,' and 
 'Fulco P'itz- Warren' in the 'Cal. Rot. Pat.' in Turri Londoncmi. 
 
 D
 
 34 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Hale,' 'Roger fil. Pagan,' 'Payen le Dubbour,' or 
 ' Elis le Fitz-Payn,' and such surnames in the present 
 as ' Pagan,' * Payne,' * Payn,' ' Paine,' ' Pain,' and 
 
 * Pynson.' The diminutive also was not wanting, as 
 
 * John Paynett ' (Z) or ' P^mma Paynot ' (W 2) could 
 have testified. Thus, while in our dictionaries ' pagan ' 
 still represents a state of heathenism, in our directories 
 it has long ago been converted to the uses of Chris- 
 tianity, and become at the baptismal font a Christian 
 name. * Ivar,' or ' Iver,' still familiarised to Scotch- 
 men in 'Mac-Iver,' came to the Normans from the 
 northern lands whence they were sprung, and with 
 them into England. It was not its first appearance 
 here, as St. Ives of Huntingdonshire could have 
 testified in the seventh centur>'. Still its popular 
 character was due to the Norman, Such names as 
 *Yvo de Taillbois ' (12 11), mentioned in Bishop Pud- 
 sey's ' Survey of the Durham See,' ' Ivo le Mercer,' 
 'Walter fil. Ive,' 'William Iveson,' 'Iveta Millisent,' 
 or * John fil. Ivette,' serve to show us how familiar 
 was this appellation with both sexes.* Nor are its 
 descendants inclined to let its memory die. We have 
 the simple 'Ive' and 'Ives;' we have the more 
 patronymic * Iverson,' ' Ivison,' ' Iveson,' and ' Ison,' 
 and the pet ' Ivetts ' and * Ivatts,' the latter possibly 
 feminine in origin. 
 
 ' Hamo,' or ' Hamon,' requires a paragraph for 
 
 • Ivo de Usegate was Bailiff of York in 127 1. A few years after 
 we find the Church of Askam Richard, close to the city, given by 
 William de Archis and Ivetta his wife to the Nunnery of Monkton. In 
 1729 Alicia Iveson was buried in St. Martin's, Micklegate. Thus in 
 the one city we have memorials of the male, female, and hereditary \i§e 
 of this name.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 35 
 
 itself. It is firmly imbedded in our existing nomen- 
 clature, and has played an important part in its time. 
 Its forms were many, and though obsolete as baptismal 
 names, all have survived as surnames. Of these may 
 be mentioned our ' Hamons,' ' Haymons,' * Aymons,' 
 and ' Fitz-Aymons.* Formed like ' Rawlyn,' ' Thom- 
 lin,' and ' Cattlin,' it bequeathed us ' Hamlyn,' a relic 
 of such folk as ' Hamelyn de Trap ' or ' Osbert 
 Hamelyn.' Another change rung on the name is 
 traceable in such entries as ' Hamund le Mestre,' 
 * Hamond Cobeler,' or ' John Fitz-Hamond,' the 
 source of our 'Hammonds' and 'Hamonds;' while 
 in ' Alice Hamundson ' or ' William Hamneson ' we 
 see the lineage of our many ' Hampsons,' But these 
 are the least important. The Norman-French diminu- 
 tive, ' Hamonet,' speedily corrupted into ' Hamnet ' 
 and * Hammet,' became one of our favourite baptismal 
 names, and towards the reign of Elizabeth one of the 
 commonest. A ' Hamnet de Dokinfield ' is found so 
 early as 1270 at Manchester (Didsbury Ch. Cheth. 
 Soc). Shakespeare's son was baptized ' Hamnet,' 
 and was so called after ' Hamnet Sadler,' a friend of 
 the poet's — a baker at Stratford. This man is styled 
 ' Hamlet ' also, reminding us of another pet form of the 
 name. We have already mentioned ' Richard,' ' Chris- 
 tian,' ' Hugh,' and * Hobbe,' as severally giving birth 
 to the diminutives, ' Rickelot,' ' Crestelot,' ' Huelot,' 
 and ' Hobelot.' In the same way, * Hamon ' became 
 ' Hamelot,' or ' Hamelet,' hence such entries as 
 ' Richard, son of Hamelot ' (AA 2), and * Hamelot de 
 la Burste' (Cal. and Inv. of Treasury). Out of 
 fifteen 'Hamnets' set down in 'Wills and Inventories' 
 (Cheth. Soc), six are recorded as ' Hamlet,' one being 
 
 D 2
 
 36 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 set down in both forms as * Hamnet Massey ' and 
 ' Hamlet Massey' (cf. i. 148, ii. 201). If the reader 
 will look through the index of Bromefield's ' Norfolk,' 
 he will find that ' Hamlet ' in that county had taken 
 the entire place of ' Hamnet.' Amid a large number 
 of the former I cannot find one of the latter. It would 
 be a curious question how far Shakespeare was biassed 
 by the fact of having a * Hamlet in his nursery into 
 changing ' Hambleth ' (the original title of the story) 
 to the form he has now immortalized. An open Bible, 
 and, further on, a Puritan spirit have left their influence 
 on no name more markedly than ' Hamon.' As one 
 after another new Bible character was commemorated 
 at the font, ' Hamon ' got crushed out. Its last refuge 
 has been found in our directories, for so long as our 
 ' Hamlets,' ' Hamnets,' ' Hammets,' ' Hammonds,' and 
 ' Hampsons ' exist, it cannot be utterly forgotten. 
 
 ' Guy,' or ' Guyon,' dates from the * Round Table,' 
 but it was reserved for the Norman to make his name 
 so familiar to English lips. The best proof of this is 
 that the surnames which it has left to us are all but 
 entirely formed from the Norman-French diminutive 
 ' Guyot,' which in England became, of course, ' Wyot.' 
 Hence such entries as 'Wyot fil. Helias,' or 'Wyott 
 Carpenter,' or ' Wyot Balistarius.' The descendants 
 of these, I need scarcely say, arc our ' Wyatts.' But 
 the Norman initial was not entirely lost. * Alcyn 
 Gyot ' is found in the 'Rolls of Parliament;' and 
 * Guyot ' and ' Guyatt ' testify to its existence in the 
 nineteenth century.' ' Ralph,' or ' Radulf,' of whom 
 there were thirty-eight in Domesday, has survived 
 
 ' 'Guido,' as •Wydo,' is found in such entries as 'Will. fd. Wydo' 
 (A), or 'Will. fd. W)donis'(K), hence 'Widowson' and ' Widdowson,'
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 37 
 
 in a number of forms. Our * Raffs ' and * Raffsons ' 
 can carry back their descent to days when ' Raffe 
 Barton ' or * Peter Raffson ' thus signed themselves. 
 The favourite pet forms were ' RawHn ' and ' Randle ;' 
 hence such entries as ' Raulyn de la Fermerie,' * Rau- 
 lina de Briston,' or ' Randle de la Mill.' To these it 
 is we owe our ' Rawlins,' ' Rawlings,' ' Rawlinsons,' 
 'Rollins,' 'RoUinsons,' 'Randies' and 'Randalls.' Other 
 and more ordinary corruptions are found in ' Rawes,' 
 ' Rawson,' ' Rawkins,' ' Rapkins,' and ' Rapson.' The 
 reader may easily see from this that ' Ralph,' from 
 occupying a place in the foremost rank of early 
 favourites, is content now to stand in the very rear. 
 
 There are a number of names still in use, although 
 not so popular as they once were, which were brought 
 in directly by the Normans, and which were closely 
 connected with the real or imaginary stories of which 
 Charlemagne was the central figure. Italy, France, 
 and Spain possess a larger stock than we do of this 
 class, but those which did reach our shores made for 
 themselves a secure position. ' Charles,' by some 
 strange accident, did not obtain a place in England, 
 nor is it to be found in our registers, saving in the most 
 isolated instances, till Charles the First, by his mis- 
 fortunes, made it one of the commonest in the land. 
 In France, as Sir Walter Scott, in ' Quentin Durward,* 
 reminds us, the pet form was ' Chariot ' and ' Charlat.' 
 This, as a surname, soon found its way to England, 
 where it has existed for many centuries. The feminine 
 ' Charlotte,' since the death of the beloved Princess 
 of that name, has become almost a household word. 
 Putting aside * Charles,' then, the Paladins have be- 
 queathed us ' Roland,' ' Oliver,' ' Robert,' ' Richard,'
 
 38 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' Roger,' ' Reginald,' ' Reynard,' and 'Miles.' We see at 
 once in these names the parentage of some of our most 
 familiar surnames. ' Oliver ' was, perhaps, the least 
 popular so far as numbers were concerned, and might 
 have died out entirely had not the Protector Crom- 
 well brought it again into notoriety. ' Oliver,' 'Olver,' 
 ' Oilier,' and ' Olivcrson ' are the present forms, and 
 these are met by such entries as ' Jordan Olyver,' or 
 'Philip fil. Oliver.' 'Roland,' or 'Orlando,' was the 
 nephew of the great Charles, who fell in his peerless 
 might at Roncesvalles. Of him and Oliver, Walter 
 Scott, translating the Norman chronicle, says — 
 
 Taillefer, who sang both well and loud, 
 Came mounted on a courser proud, 
 Before the Duke the minstrel sprang, 
 And loud of Charles and Roland sung, 
 Of Oliver and champions mo, 
 Who died at fatal Roncevaux. 
 
 ' Roland ' was a favourite name among the higher 
 nobility for centuries, and with our ' Rolands,' ' Row- 
 lands,' * Rowlsons,' and ' Rowlandsons,' bids fair to 
 maintain its hold upon our surnames, if not the bap- 
 tismal list. Old forms are found in such entries as 
 'Roland le Lene,' ' Rouland Bloet,' 'William Rol- 
 landson,' or ' Robert Rowclyngsonnc ' ! We must not 
 forget, too, that our ' Rowletts ' and ' Rowlcts ' repre- 
 sent the French diminutive.' ' Robert ' is an instance 
 of a name which has held its place against all counter 
 influences from the moment which first brought it 
 into public favour. It is early made conspicuous in 
 the eldest son of the Bastard King who, through his 
 
 • Matthew Rowlett was Master of the Mint to Henry VHI. (>S<f^ 
 Pro. Ord. P)ivy Council.)
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 39 
 
 miserable fate, became such an object of common 
 pity that, though of the hated stock, his sobriquet 
 became acceptable among the Saxons themselves. 
 From that time its fortunes were made, even had not 
 the bold archer of Sherwood Forest risen to the fore, 
 and caused ' Hob ' to be the title of every other young 
 peasant you might meet 'twixt London and York. A 
 curious instance of the popularity of the latter is found 
 in the fact that a tradesman living in 1388 in Win- 
 chelsea is recorded under the name of 'Thomas 
 Robynhod.' The diminutives ' Robynet ' ^ and ' Ro- 
 bertot' are obsolete, but of other forms that still 
 thrive among us are ' Roberts,' ' Robarts,' ' Robertson/ 
 ' Robins,' * Robinson,' 'Robison,' and 'Robson.' From 
 its shortened 'Dob' are 'Dobbs,' 'Dobson,' 'Dobbins,' 
 ' Dobinson,' and ' Dobison,' ^ From its equally 
 familiar ' Hob ' are ' Hobbs,' ' Hobson,' ' Hobbins,' 
 ' Hopkins,' and ' Hopkinson.' From the Welsh, too, 
 we get, as contractions of ' Ap-robert ' and ' Ap-robin,' 
 * Probert ' and ' Probyn.' Thus ' Robert ' is not left 
 without remembrance. Richard was scarcely less 
 popular than Robert. Though already firmly estab- 
 lished, for Richard was in the Norman ducal gene- 
 alogy before William came over the water, still it was 
 reserved for the Angevine monarch, as he had made 
 it the terror of the Paynim, so to make it the pride 
 of the English heart. Richard I. is an instance of 
 a man's many despicable qualities being forgotten in 
 
 » ' Robinet of the Hill' (Y). ' Richard Robynet' (11). 'William 
 Robertot ' (A). 
 
 * We find the diminutive of this form in the name of 'John 
 Dobynette,' who is mentioned in an inventory of goods, 1463. {Mun. 
 Acad. Oxon.)
 
 40 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the dazzling brilliance of daring deeds. He was an 
 ungrateful son, an unkind brother, a faithless husband; 
 but he was the idol of his time, and to him a large 
 mass of English people of to-day owe their nominal 
 existence. From the name proper we get ' Richards ' 
 and * Richardson,' ' Ricks ' and ' Rix,' ' Rickson ' and 
 ' Rixon,' or ' Ritson,' ' Rickards,' and ' Rickctts.' ' 
 From the curter ' Dick ' or * Diccon,' ^ we derive 
 
 * Dicks ' or ' Dix,' ' Dickson ' or ' Dixon,' ' Dickens ' or 
 
 * Diccons,' and * Dickenson ' or * Dicconson.' From 
 ' Hitchin,' once nearly as familiar as ' Dick,' we get 
 ' Hitchins,' ' Hitchinson,' ' Hitchcock,' and ' Hitchcox.' 
 Like many another name, the number of ' Richards ' 
 now is out of all proportion less than these surnames 
 would ascribe to it some centuries ago. The reason 
 of this we shall speak more particularly about by-and- 
 by. Roger, well known in France and Italy, found 
 much favour in England. From it we derive our 
 ' Rogers,' ' Rodgers,' and ' Rogcrsons.' From Hodge, 
 its nickname, we acquired ' Hodge,' * Hodges,' ' Hodg- 
 kins,' ' Hotchkins,' ' Hoskins,' * Hodgkinson,' ' Hodg- 
 son^' and ' Hodson,' and through the Welsh ' Prodgcr.' 
 The diminutive * Rogercock ' is found once, but it was 
 
 ' The diminutive ' Richelot' was by no means unknown in England. 
 'Rikelot, tenant at Wickham ' (Domesday of St. Paul: Cam. Soc.), 
 
 * Robert Richelot ' (Great Roll of the Pipe), ' Robert Richelot ' (Feo- 
 danim Prioratus Dunelm. Sur. Soc.). 'Rickett' is probably a corrup- 
 tion of this. 
 
 * The Norman 'Diccon' was cormpted into 'Diggon.' Spencer 
 begins one of his pastorals thus, Welsh-like : — 
 
 ' Diggon Davie, I bid her "Good-day," 
 Or Diggon her is, or I missay.' 
 
 * Diccon' was popular among the English peasantry from the twelfth to 
 the eighteenth century.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 4I 
 
 ungainly, and I doubt not met with little favour. 
 Reginald, as Rinaldo, immortalized by the Italian 
 poet, appeared in Domesday as ' Ragenald ' and 
 * Rainald.' Our ' Reynolds,' represent the surname. 
 ' Renaud ' or ' Renard,' can never be forgotten while 
 there is a single fox left to display its cunning. The 
 story seems to have been founded on the character 
 of some real personage, but his iniquities did not 
 frighten parents from the use of the name. ' Renaud 
 Balistarius ' or ' Adam fil. Reinaud * are common 
 entries, and ' Reynardsons ' and ' Rennisons ' still 
 exist. Our ' Rankins,' too, would seem to have origi- 
 nated from this sobriquet since ' Gilbert Reynkin ' 
 and * Richard Reynkyn' are found in two separate rolls. 
 Miles came into England as ' Milo,' that being the 
 form found in Domesday. It was already popular 
 with the Normans, and, like all other personal names 
 from the same source, we find it speedily recorded in 
 a diminutive shape, as'Millot ' and 'Millet' ' Roger 
 Millot ' occurs in the Hundred Rolls, and ' Thomas 
 ' Mylett ' in a Yorkshire register of an early date. The 
 patronymics were 'Mills,' 'Miles,' ' Millson,' and 
 ' Mileson,' ' all of which still exist. 
 
 The great race for popularity since Domesday re- 
 cord has ever been that between ' William' and 'John.' 
 In the age immediately following the Conquest ' Wil- 
 liam ' decidedly held the supremacy. This is naturally 
 accounted for by its royal associations. There was, 
 indeed, a 'John' in the same line of descent as the 
 Bastard from Richard I. of Normandy, but the name 
 
 ' A Richard Mileson entered C.C. Coll., Cam., in 1659 (Masters' 
 Hist. C.C. Coll.). Edward Myleson occurs in the Calendar to Plead- 
 ings (Elizabeth),
 
 42 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 seems to have been forgotten, or passed by unheeded, 
 till it was revived again five generations later in 'John 
 Lackland.' * William ' enjoyed better auspices. It 
 was the name of the founder of the new monarchy. 
 It was the name of his immediate successor. What- 
 ever the character of these two kings, such a conjunc- 
 tion could not but have its weight upon the especially 
 Norman element in the kingdom. We find in Domes- 
 day that while there are 68 ' Williams,' 48 ' Roberts,' 
 and 28 'Walters,' there are only 10 'Johns.' A cen- 
 tury later than this, 'William' must still have claimed 
 precedence among the nobility at least, as is proved 
 by a statement of Robert Montensis. He says, that 
 at a festival held in the court of Henry II., in 1173, 
 Sir William St. John and Sir William Fitz-Hamon, 
 especial officers, had commanded that none but those 
 of the name of 'William' should dine in the Great 
 Chamber with them, and were, therefore, accompanied 
 by one hundred and twenty ' Williams,' all knights. By 
 the time of Edward I. this disproportion had become 
 less marked. In a list of names connected with the 
 county of Wiltshire in that reign, we find, out of a 
 total of 588 decipherable names (for the record is 
 somewhat damaged), 92 'Williams' to 88 'Johns,' 
 while 'Richard' is credited with 55; 'Robert,' 48; 
 'Roger,' 23; and 'Geoffrey,' 'Ralph,' and 'Peter,' 
 each 16 names. This denotes clearly that a consider- 
 able change had taken place in the popular estimation 
 of these two appellations. Within a century after 
 this, however, 'John' had evidently gained the supre- 
 macy. In 1347, we find that out of 133 Common 
 Councilmen for London town first convened, 35 were 
 'Johns,' the next highest being 17 under the head of
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 43 
 
 * William,' 1 5 under * Thomas,' which now, for obvious 
 reasons we will mention hereafter, had suddenly 
 sprung into notoriety; 10 under 'Richard,' 9 under 
 ' Henry,' 8 under ' Robert,' and so on ; ending with 
 one each for ' Laurence,' ' Reynald,' ' Andrew,' ' Alan,* 
 ' Giles,' ' Gilbert,' and * Peter.' A still greater dispro- 
 portion is found forty years later; for in 1385, the 
 Guild of St. George, at Norwich, out of a total of 376 
 names, possessed 128 'Johns' to 47 'Williams' and 
 41 * Thomases.'^ From this period, despite the hatred 
 that was felt for Lackland, 'John' kept the precedence 
 it had won, and to this circumstance the nation owes 
 the sobriquet it now generally receives, that of 'John 
 Bull.' Long ago, however, under the offensive title of 
 ' Jean Gotdam,' we had become known as a people 
 given to strange and unpleasant oaths. It is interest- 
 ing to trace the way in which ' William ' has again 
 recovered itself in later days. Throughout the Middle 
 Ages it occupied a sturdy second place, fearless of any 
 rival beyond the one that had supplanted it. Its dark 
 hour was the Puritan Commonwealth. As a Pagan 
 name it was rejected with horror and disdain. From 
 the day of the Protestant settlement and William's 
 accession, however, it again looked up from the cold 
 shade into which it had fallen, and now once more 
 stands easily, as eight centuries ago, at the head of 
 our baptismal registers. ' John,' on the other hand, 
 though it had the advantage of being in no way hate- 
 
 ' This rivalry seems to have made its mark upon the popular super- 
 stitions of our forefathers, for to this day the ignis fatiius of our marshy 
 districts is called either ' Will-a-Wisp' or ' Jack-a-Lanthorn.' It at 
 least reminds us that there was a day when every country clown was 
 either 'Jack' or 'Will.'
 
 44 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ful to the Puritan conscience, has, from one reason or 
 another, gone down in the world, and now has again 
 resumed its early place as second. 
 
 The surnames that have descended to us from 
 ' William ' and ' John ' are wellnigh numberless — far 
 too many for enumeration here. To begin with the 
 former, however, we find that the simple ' Williams * 
 and * Williamson ' occupy whole pages of our direc- 
 tories. Besides these, we have from the curtcr * Will,' 
 
 * Wills,' ' Willis,' and ' Wilson ; ' from the diminutive 
 ' Guillemot ' or * Gwillot,' as it is often spelt in olden 
 records, ' Gillot,' ' Gillott,' and 'Gillett;' or from 
 ' Williamot,'' the more English form of the same, 
 ' Willmot,' ' Wilmot, ' Willot,' ' Willet,' and ' Willert.' 
 In conjunction with the pet addenda, we get ' Wilks,' 
 
 * Wilkins,' and 'Wilkinson,' and 'Wilcox,' 'Wilcocson,' 
 and ' Wilcockson.' Lastly, we have representatives of 
 the more corrupt forms in such names as ' Weeks,' 
 ' Wickens,' ' Wickenson,' and ' Bill ' and ' Bilson.' Mr. 
 Lower, who does not quote any authority for the 
 statement, alleges that there was an old provincial 
 nickname for ' William ' — viz., ' Till ;' whence ' Tilson,' 
 ' Tillot,' 'Tillotson,' and 'Tilly.' That these are sprung 
 from ' Till ' is evident, but there can be no reasonable 
 doubt that this is but the still existing curtailment of 
 ' Matilda,' which, as the most familiar female name of 
 that day, would originate many a family so entitled. 
 ' Tyllott Thompson ' is a name occurring in York in 
 1 4 14. Thus it is to the Conqueror's wife, and not 
 
 ' A certain John Willimote, a taverner, was sworn before the Chan- 
 cellor of Oxford University to sell good beer, 1434. (Mun. Acad. Oxon, 
 P- 595)- ' Williametta Cantatrix,' (Rot. Lit. Clausaruni).
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 45 
 
 himself, these latter owe their rise. It is not the first 
 time a wife's property has thus been rudely wrenched 
 from her for her husband's benefit. The surnames 
 from ' John ' are as multifarious as is possible in the 
 case of a monosyllable, ingenuity in the contraction 
 thereof being thus manifestly limited. As 'John' 
 simple it is very rare ; but this has been well atoned 
 for by 'Jones,' which, adding 'John ' again as a prae- 
 nomen, would be (as has been well said by the 
 Registrar-General) in Wales a perpetual incognito, 
 and being proclaimed at the cross of a market town 
 would indicate no one in particular. Certainly 'John 
 Jones,' in the Principality, is but a living contradiction 
 to the purposes for which names and surnames came 
 into existence. Besides this, however, we have ' John- 
 son ' and 'Jonson,' 'Johncock' and 'Jenkins,' 'Jen- 
 nings' and 'Jenkinson,' 'Jackson' and 'Jacox,' and 
 * Jenks ; ' which latter, however, now bids fair, under 
 the patronage of ' Ginx's Baby,' to be found for the 
 future in a new and more quaint dress than it has 
 hitherto worn. Besides several of the above, it is to 
 the Welsh, also, we owe our ' Ivens,' ' Evans,' and 
 ' Bevans ' {i.e. Ap-Evan), which are but sprung from 
 the same name. The Flemings, too, have not suffered 
 their form of it to die out for lack of support ; for it is 
 with the settlement of ' Hans,' ' a mere abbreviation 
 
 ' A curious spelling of this is found in the entry, ' Ilaunce, the 
 Luter, ii.s — vi.d.' [Privy Puise Exp. Princess Mary, p. 104.) ' Ilan- 
 kin Booby ' was the common name for a clown. ( C/iaf pell's English 
 Songs, I. 73.) 
 
 ' Thus for her love and loss poor Hankin dies, 
 His amorous soul down flies.' 
 
 Musaru/n DeliciiP, 1655.
 
 46 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 of ' Johannes,' we are to date the rise of our familiar 
 ' Hansons,' ' Hankins,' ' Hankinsons,' and ' Hancocks/ 
 or ' Handcocks,' Nor is this all. 'John' enjoyed the 
 peculiar prerogative of being able to attach to itself 
 adjectives of a flattering, or at least harmless nature, 
 and issuing forth and becoming accepted by the world 
 therewith. Thus — though we shall have to notice it 
 again — from the praiseworthy effort to distinguish the 
 many ' Johns ' each community possessed, we have 
 still in our midst such names as ' Prujean ' and ' Gros- 
 jean,' ' Micklejohn ' and ' Littlejohn,' ' Properjohn ' 
 and ' Brownjohn,' and last, but not least, the estimable 
 * Bonjohn.' Do we need to go on to prove ' Jack's ' 
 popularity, or rather universality .-' ^ Every stranger 
 was * Jack ' till he was found to be somebody else ; so 
 that ' every man Jack of them ' has been a kind of 
 general lay-baptism for ages. Every young super- 
 numerary, whose position and age gave the licence, 
 was in the eye of his superiors simply ' Jack.' As one 
 instrument after another, however, was brought into 
 use, by which manual service was rendered un- 
 necessary and ' Jack ' unncedcd, instead of super- 
 annuating him he was quietly thrust into the new 
 ^nd inanimate office, and what with 'boot-jacks' and 
 'black-jacks,' 'jack-towels' and 'smoke-jacks,' 'jacks' 
 for this and 'jacks' for that, no wonder people have 
 begun to speak unkindly of him as ' Jack-of-all-tradcs 
 and master of none.' Still, with this uncomplimentary 
 
 ' * Jack ' was really the nickname of Jacobus or James. Jacques 
 was the common name among the peasantry of France, and as a national 
 sobriquet was to that country what John was to England. On its 
 introduction to ourselves, it seems to have been tacitly accepted as but 
 a synonym for John, and has been used as such ever since
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 47 
 
 tone, there was a smack of praise. A notion, at any 
 rate, got abroad that * Jack ' must be a knowing, 
 clever, sharp-witted sort of fellow, one who has his 
 eyes open. So we got into the way of associating 
 him with the more lively of the birds, beasts, and 
 fishes ; such, for instance, as the 'jack-daw,' the * jack- 
 an-apes,' and the 'jack-pike.' But 'familiarity,' as 
 our copybooks long ago informed us, ' breeds con- 
 tempt ; ' and so was it with ' Jack ' — he became a 
 mark for ridicule. Even in Chaucer's day 'jack-fool' 
 or ' jack-pudding ' was the synonym for a buffoon, and 
 'jackass' for a dolt ; and here it but nationalises the 
 ' zany,' a corruption of the Italian ' Giovanni,' or 
 
 * merry-John,' corresponding to our ' merry-Andrew.' 
 
 * Jack of Dover ' also existed at the same period as a 
 cant term for a clever knave, and that it still lived in 
 the seventeenth century is clear from Taylor's rhyme, 
 where he says : — 
 
 Nor Jacke of Dover, that grand jury Jacke, 
 Nor Jack-sauce, the worst knave amongst the pack, 
 But of the Jacke of Jackes, great Jack-a-Lent, 
 To write his worthy acts is my intent. ' 
 
 Altogether, we may claim for ' John ' a prominent, 
 if not distinguished, position in the annals of English 
 
 ' ' Sir John' ('sir' being the simple old-fashioned title of respect, as 
 in 'sir knight,' ' sir king,' &c.) was the familiar expression for a priest. 
 Bishop Bale speaks of them as ' babbling Sir Johns.' Bradford, too, 
 writing on the Mass, asks, ' Who then, I say, will excuse these mass- 
 gospellers' consciences? Will the Queen's highness? She shall then 
 have more to do for herself than, without hearty and speedy repentance, 
 she can ever be able to answer, though Peter, Paul, Mary, James, John, 
 the Pope and all his prelates, take her part, with all the singing " Sir 
 Johns" that ever were, are, and shall be.' — BisJwp Bradford's IVoris. 
 Park. Soc, p. 391.
 
 48 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 nomenclature. Nor must we forget ' Joan,* until 
 Tudor days the general form of the present * Jane.' 
 Then ' some of the better and nicer sort,' as Camden 
 saith, ' misliking the former, turned it into " Jane " ; ' 
 and in testimony of this he adds that 'Jane ' is never 
 found in older records. This is strictly true. There 
 can be little doubt that when the fair queen of Henry 
 VIII. gave distinction to the name it became a courtly 
 fashion to give it a different form from that borne by 
 the multitude, and thus 'Jane' arose. Thus 'Joan' 
 was left, as Miss Yonge says, ' to the cottage and the 
 kitchen ; ' and there, indeed, it lingered on for a long 
 period.' Of many another could Shakespeare have 
 sung : — 
 
 Then nightly sings the staring owl, 
 
 To-who. 
 To-whit, to-who, a merry note, 
 While greasy Joan doth keel the pot. 
 
 Previously to this, anyway, both queens and prin- 
 cesses had been content with * Joan.' I doubt not, 
 with regard to several of the surnames above-men- 
 tioned, 'John' must, if the truth be told, share the 
 honours of origination with 'Joan;' nor do I think 
 ' Jennison ' peculiar to the latter. What with ' John ' 
 and 'Jean ' for the masculine, and ' Joan ' and' Jenny * 
 
 ' Thus Thomas Ilale, a Puritan, writing in 1 660 against May 
 Games, has some versos in which tiie Maypole is represented as 
 saying— 
 
 I have a mighty retinue, 
 
 The scum of all the raskall crew 
 
 Of fidlers, pedlers, jayle scaped slaves. 
 
 Of tinkers, turncoats, tospot knaves. 
 
 Of theeves and scape-thrifts many a one, 
 
 With bouncing Bcsse and jolly Jonc.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 49 
 
 for the feminine, 1 do not see how the two could 
 possibly escape confusion. 'Jones ' and ' Joanes,' and 
 'Jane' and 'Jayne/ to say nothing of 'Jennings,' 
 seem as like hereditary from the one as the other.^ 
 Two feminines from ' Jack,' viz. ' Jacquetta ' and 
 ' Jacqueline,' were not unknown in England ; ' Jac- 
 quetta Knokyn' (A A 3), 'Jackett Toser ' (Z). The 
 latter was the more common, and bequeathed us a 
 surname ' Jacklin,' which still exists. It is found on 
 an old bell : — 
 
 This bell was broke and cast againe, as plainly doth appeare, 
 John Draper made me in 16 18, wich tyme churchwardens were, 
 Edward Dixson for the one, who stood close to his tacklin, 
 And he that was his partner there was Alexander Jacklin. 
 
 {Book of Days, i. 303.) 
 
 The peasant's leather jerkin, corresponding to the more 
 lordly coat of mail, was a jack whence the diminu- 
 tive jacket. The more warlike dress gave rise to the 
 name of ' Jackman,' of which more anon. 
 
 ' In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a popular sobriquet 
 for Jane or Joan was ' Jugg.' In Espinasses' ' Lancashire Worthies,' Joan, 
 the daughter of the celebrated Dr. Byrom, is familiarly styled 'Jugg.' 
 A song of James I.'s reign says — • 
 
 * Joan, Siss, and Nell, shall all be ladified, 
 Instead of hay carts, in coaches shall ride.' 
 
 This is Mr. Chappell's version. (English Songs, i. 327.) In Hunter's 
 ' Ilallamshire,' it runs — 
 
 'Jugs, Cis, and Nell, shall all be ladified.' 
 
 A ballad of Queen Anne's reign represents John, the swain, as 
 singing— 
 
 ' My heart and all's at thy command, 
 And tho' I've never a foot of land. 
 Yet six fat ewes and one milch cow, 
 1 think, my Jug, is wealth enow.' 
 
 (Pills to Purge MdancJwly, i. 293.) 
 
 E
 
 50 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The Angevine dynasty gave a new impulse to 
 some already popular names, and may be said in 
 reality to have introduced, although not altogether 
 unknown, several new ones. The two which owe the 
 security of their establishment to it are ' Geoffrey ' 
 and ' Fulke.' The grandfather, the father, a brother, 
 and a son of Henry II. were 'Geoffrey;' and still 
 earlier than this, * Geoffrey Grisegonelle,' ' Geoffrey 
 Martel,' and ' Geoffrey Barbu ' had each in turn set 
 their mark upon the same. Apart from these in- 
 fluences, too, the stories brought home by the Crusa- 
 ders of the prowess of Godfrey, the conqueror of 
 Jerusalem, must have had their wonted effect in a 
 day of such martial renown. Such surnames as 
 'Jeffs,' 'Jeffries,' 'Jefferson,' 'Jeffcock' 'Jeffkins,' 
 'Jephson,' and 'Jepson' still record the share it had 
 obtained in English esteem. ' Fulke,' or ' Fulque,' 
 though there had been six so early as Domesday 
 Book, when it came backed as it was by the fact of 
 having given title to five Angevine rulers, got an in- 
 evitable place. Few Christian names were so com- 
 mon as this in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 
 But it was an ungainly one, difficult to pronounce, 
 and difficult to form into a patronymic. Thus, ' F'ax- 
 son ' and ' Fawson ' are the only longer forms I can 
 find as at present existing, while the variously spelt 
 ' Fulkcs,' ' Foulkcs,' ' Fakes,' ' Faux,' ' Fawkes,' 
 ' Faulks,' ' Fowkcs,' ' Folkes,' ' Foakes,' and doubtless 
 sometimes ' Fox,' serve to show how hard it was to 
 hand it down in its original integrity. The entries 
 in our mediaeval registers are equally varied. We 
 light upon such people as ' Fowlke Grevill,' ' Fowke 
 Crompton,' ' Fulk Paifrcr,' ' Fulke le Taverner,' * Foke
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 5 I 
 
 Odeli; ' Faukes le Buteller,' ' Nel Faukes,' and ' John 
 Faux.' As an English historic name it has given us 
 two miscreants ; the hateful favourite of John, out- 
 lawed by Henry III., and the still more sanguinary 
 villain of James I.'s day, in whose dishonour we still 
 pile up the blazing logs in the gloomy nights of 
 November. Henry, again, or more properly speaking 
 Harry, owes much to the Plantagenets, for but three 
 are to be found in Domesday. With its long line 
 of monarchs, albeit it represented a curious mixture 
 of good, bad, and indifferent qualities, that dynasty 
 could not but stamp itself decisively on our registers. 
 Thus, we have still plenty of * Henrys,' ' Harrises,' 
 
 * Harrisons,' ' Hallets,' ' Halkets,' ' Hawkinses,' and 
 
 * Hawkinsons ; ' to say nothing of the Welsh ' Parrys ' 
 and ' Penrys.' ' (' Thomas Ap-Harry,' D. ' Hugh Ap- 
 harrye,' Z.) The Norman diminutive was early used, 
 as such folk as 'Alicia Henriot,' 'Robert Henriot,' 
 ' Heriot Heringflet,' ' Thomas Haryette,' or ' William 
 Haryott ' could have borne witness. ' Harriot,' or 
 
 * Harriet,' has been revived in recent days as a femi- 
 nine baptismal name. ' Hawkin,' or * Halkin,' ^ how- 
 ever, was perhaps the most popular form. Lang- 
 land represents Conscience as saying: — 
 
 Thi beste cote, Haukyn, 
 Hath manye moles and spottes, 
 It moste ben y-wasshe. 
 
 ' In the Athenct Oxoniensis the account of Martin Marprelate 
 begins 'John Penry, or Ap Henry, that is, the son of Henry, better 
 known by the name of Martin Marprelate, or Marpriest, &c.' (Edit. 
 1813, vol. i. p. 591.) 
 
 * An uncouth spelling of this is met with in the Dc Lacy Inquisi- 
 tion, where the entry occurs : ' Henry, son of llolekyn, for 17J acres of 
 
 E 2
 
 52 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Baldwin had already appeared at the Conquest, for 
 an aunt of Williams had married Baldwin, Earl of 
 Flanders, and he himself was espoused to Matilda, 
 daughter of the fifth ' Baldwin ' of that earldom. No 
 doubt the Flemings brought in fresh accessions, and 
 when we add to this the fact of its being by no means 
 an unpopular Angevine name, we can readily see why 
 ' Balderson,' ' Bolderson,' ' Balcock,' ' Bodkin,' and the 
 simple ' Baldwin,' have maintained a quiet but steady 
 position in the English lists ever since. Thus, the 
 Plantagenets are not without memorials, even in the 
 nineteenth century. 
 
 III. — Names from the Calendar of the Saints. 
 
 It is to Norman influence we owe the firm estab- 
 lishment of several names, which had already got 
 securely settled on the Continent on account of the 
 odour of sanctity that had gathered about them. The 
 Reformation threw into the shade of oblivion the 
 memories of many holy men and women who in their 
 day and generation exercised a powerful influence on 
 our general nomenclature. Many of my readers will 
 be unaware that there were three St. Geralds and 
 three St. Gerards held in high repute previous to the 
 eleventh century. The higher Norman families seem 
 to have been attached to both, though ' Gerard * has 
 made the deepest impression. * Gerald ' and ' Fitz- 
 Gerald ' are the commonest descendants of the first. 
 As respects ' Gerard,' such names as ' Garret Wid- 
 
 land, 4f. 6d. (Chcth. Soc, p. 12.) 'King Hal' is still familiar 
 to us.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 53 
 
 drington,' or 'Jarrarde Hall,' or 'Jarat Nycholson,' 
 found among our Yorkshire entries, serve to show 
 how far the spirit of verbal corruption can advance ; 
 and our many 'Garrets,' 'Jarrets,' 'Jarratts,' and 
 ' Jerards,' as surnames, will probably testify the same 
 to all ages.* As there were twenty-eight ' Walters ' 
 in Domesday Survey, we cannot attribute the popu- 
 larity of that name to St. Walter, abbot of Fontenelle 
 in the middle of the twelfth century. But, as Miss 
 Yonge shows, it had been spread over Aquitaine in 
 the earlier part of the tenth century, through the 
 celebrity of a saintly Walter who resided in that 
 dukedom about the year 990. Few sobriquets en- 
 joyed such a share of attention as this. In one of its 
 nicknames, that of * Water,' ^ we are reminded of 
 Suffolk's death in Shakespeare's Henry VI., where 
 the murderer says — 
 
 My name is Walter Whitmore. 
 How now ! why start'st thou ? ^^'hat, doth death affright ! 
 
 Suffolk. Thy name affrights me, in whose sound is death. 
 A cunning man did calculate my birth, 
 And told me that by water I should die. 
 
 University men will remember a play of another kind 
 upon its other form of * Wat,' in the poems of C. S. C, 
 whose power of rhyming, at least, I have never seen 
 surpassed, even by Ingoldsby himself. He thus 
 begins one of his happiest efforts — 
 
 ' ' To Garrett Jon«on, for slices^ xs. xd.' ' To Garratt Jonson, for 
 shoes, iiij-.' (IIous. Exp. Princess Eliz., Cam. Soc, pp. 16-18.) 
 
 * ' The account of Wattare Taylor and Wyllyam Partrynge, beyngc 
 churchewardens, in the xxxii. yere of the rayne of Kyng Henry the 
 eighth, A.D. 1 541.' (Ludlow : Churchwardens' Accounts, p. 6, Cam. 
 Soc.)
 
 54 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Ere the morn the east has crimsoned, 
 When the stars are twinkling there, 
 
 (As they did in Watts's Hymns, and 
 Made him wonder what they were. ) 
 
 This, too, it will be seen, as well as 'Water,' still 
 abides with us in its own or an extended guise, for 
 our ' Watts ' and ' Waters,' ' Watsons ' and ' Water- 
 sons,' ' Watkins ' and ' Watkinsons,' would muster 
 strongly if in conclave assembled. Our ' Waltrots,' 
 though not so numerous, are but the ancient ' Walte- 
 rot.' As a Christian name Walter stands low now-a- 
 days. ' Tonkin,' * Tonson,' and ' Townson ' (found in 
 such an entry as 'Jane Tounson') remind us of 
 'Anthony,'' a name previous to the Reformation 
 popular as that possessed by the great ascetic of the 
 fourth century. A curious phrase got connected with 
 St. Anthony, that of ' tantony-pig.' It is said that 
 monks attached to monasteries dedicated to this saint 
 had the privilege of allowing their swine to feed in 
 the streets. These habitually following those who 
 were wont to offer greens to them, gave rise to the 
 expression, ' To follow like a Tantony-pig.' Thus, in 
 * The good wyfe wold a pylgremage,' it is said — 
 
 When I am out of the towne, 
 
 Look tliat thou be wyse, 
 And run thou not from hous to hous. 
 
 Like a nantyny grice. 
 
 The connection between St. Anthony and swine, 
 which gave the good monks this benefit, seems, in 
 spite of many wild guesses, to have arisen from the 
 
 ' Agnes Antonison is found in the Troc. in Chanceiy.' (Eliza- 
 beth.)
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 55 
 
 mere fact of his dwelling so long in the woodlands. 
 As Barnabe Googe has it — 
 
 The bristled hogges doth Antonie 
 
 Preserve and cherish well, 
 Who in his lifetime always did 
 
 In woodes and forestes dwell. ' 
 
 It must have been this connexion which made 'Tony ' 
 the common sobriquet for a simpleton or a country- 
 clown. It lived in this sense till Dryden's day, and 
 certainly had become such so early as the thirteenth 
 century, if we may judge by the occurrence of such 
 names as ' Ida le Tony,' or * Roger le Tony,' found in 
 the Rolls of that period.^ If, however, St. Anthony 
 was thus doomed to be an example, how great may 
 be the drawbacks to saintly distinction : * St. Cuth- 
 bert,' who, in the odour of sanctity, dwelt at Lindis- 
 farne, may even be more pitied, for, owing to the 
 familiarity of his name in every rustic household of 
 Northumbria and Durham, he became as ' Cuddle,' a 
 sobriquet for the donkey, and is thus known and 
 associated to the present moment. Our * Cuthberts,' 
 * Cuthbertsons,' and 'Cutbeards,' however, need trouble 
 
 ' Fuller, in his Book of Worthies, writes : — ' St. Anthony is uni- 
 versally known for the patron of hogs, having a pig for his page in all 
 pictures, though for what reason is unknown, except, because being a 
 hermit, and having a well or hole digged in the earth, and having his 
 general repast on roots, he and hogs did in some sort enter common 
 both in their diet and lodging.' 
 
 * Thus in the comedy of the ' Western Lass ' (circa 1 720) the 
 heroine sings : — 
 
 ' Is Love finer than money. 
 Or can it be sweeter than honey ? 
 I'm, poor girl, such a Toney, 
 Evads, that I cannot guess.'
 
 $6 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 themselves little, I imagine, on the question of their 
 connection with the animal to whom we usually 
 ascribe the honours in regard to obstinacy and stub- 
 bornness. Our ' Cuddies,' perhaps, are not quite so 
 free from suspicion. Our 'Gobbets' undoubtedly 
 spring from ' Cuthbert' A * Nicholas Cowbeytson ' 
 occurs in a Yorkshire register of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury (Fabric Rolls of York Minster : Sur. Soc). From 
 * Cowbeyt ' to ' Cobbet ' is a natural — I might say an 
 inevitable — change. This name, however, owes no- 
 thing to the Normans. Not so ' Giles.' Everyone 
 knows the story of St. Giles, how he dwelt as an 
 anchorite in the forest near Nismes, and was disco- 
 vered by the King because the hind, which daily gave 
 him milk, pushed in the chase, fled to his feet. The 
 name is entered in our rolls alike as ' Giles,' * Gile,' 
 and ' Egedius' (Gile Deacon. A. Jordan fil. Egidius, 
 A). St. Lawrence, put on a gridiron over a slow fire in 
 the third century, made his name popular in Spain. 
 An archbishop of Canterbury, raised to a saintship 
 in the seventh century, made the same familiar in 
 England. Besides ' Lawson,' we have ' Larkins ' and 
 ' Larson.' In the lines already quoted relative to Wat 
 Tyler's insurrection, it is said — 
 
 Larkin et in medio, non minor esse putat. 
 
 The French diminutive occurs also. An 'Andrew 
 Larrett' is mentioned by Nicholls in his history of 
 Leicestershire, and the surname may still be seen in 
 our directories. ' Lambert ' received a large accession 
 in England through the Flemings, who thus preserved 
 a memorial of the patron of Liege, St. Lambert, who 
 was martyred early in the eighth century. Sue-
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 5/ 
 
 cumbing to the fashion so prevalent among the 
 Flemings, it is generally found as ' Lambkin,' such 
 entries as ' Lambekyn fil. Eli ' or ' Lambekin Taborer * 
 being common. The present sumominal forms are 
 
 * Lambert,' ' Lampson,' ' ' Lambkin,' and ' Lampkin.' 
 Thus our ' Lambkins ' cannot boast of the Moses-like 
 disposition of their ancestor on philological grounds. 
 With the mention of three other saints we conclude 
 this list. The legend of St. Christopher had its due 
 effect on the popular taste, and it is early found in 
 the various guises of ' Cristophre,' ' Cristofer,' and 
 
 * Christofer.' * Christophers ' and * Christopherson ' re- 
 present the surnames of the fuller form. To the pet 
 form we owe our ' Kitts ' and * Kitsons.' St. Christo- 
 pher's Isle in the West Indies is now familiarly St. 
 Kitts. It was of the indignity offered to Christopher 
 Marlowe's genius in calling him so generally by this 
 brief sobriquet that Heywood spoke when he said — 
 
 Marlowe, renowned for his rare art and wit. 
 Could ne'er attain beyond the name of Kit.* 
 
 The same writer has it also in one of his epigrams — 
 
 Nothing is lighter than a feather, Kytte, 
 
 Yes, Climme : what light thing is that ? thy light wytte. 
 
 We have already mentioned one abbot of Fontenelle 
 who influenced our nomenclature. Another who 
 exerted a similar power was ' St. Gilbert,' a contem- 
 porary and friend of the Conqueror. A few genera- 
 
 ' ' To our well-beloved servaunt, Antony Lanibeson.' 
 (Grants of Ed. V. Cam. Soc.) 
 « 'Walter fil. Kitte.' (Household Exp. Bishop Swinfield, p. 170, 
 Cam. Soc.)
 
 58 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 tions afterwards brought the English St. Gilbert to 
 the fore, and then the name began to grow common, 
 so common that as ' Gib ' it became the favourite 
 sobriquet of the feline species,' In several of our 
 earliest writers it is found in familiar use, and in the 
 Bard of Avon's day it was not forgotten. Falstafif 
 complains of being as melancholy as a ' gib-cat ' — 
 that is, an old worn-out cat. Hamlet also says — 
 
 For who that's but a queen, fair, sober, wise, 
 Would from a paddock, from a bat, a gib. 
 Such dear concernings hide ? (iii. 4.) 
 
 ' To play the gib ' was a proverbial phrase for light 
 and wanton behaviour.- Thus ' Gilbert ' has been 
 forced into a somewhat unpleasant notoriety in feline 
 nomenclature. But he was popular enough, too, 
 among the human kind. In that part of the ' Town- 
 ley Mysteries ' which represents the Nativity, one of 
 the shepherds is supposed to hail one of his friends, 
 who is passing by. He addresses him thus :— - 
 
 How, Gyb, good morne, wheder goys thou ? 
 
 ' In the ' Romaunt of the Rose,' it is said — 
 
 ' For right no more than Gibbe, our cat, 
 That awaiteth mice and rattes to kiilen, 
 Ne entend I but to beguilen.' 
 
 In Peele's ' Edward I.,' too, the Novice says to the Friar — 
 
 •Now, Master, as I am true wag, 
 I will be neither late, nor lag. 
 But go and come with gossips cheer. 
 Ere Gib, our cat, can lick her ear.' 
 
 * Hence the old term, 'flibber-gib,' or 'flitter-gibbett,' employed by 
 Latimer, Burton, &c. ; and later, by Walter Scott, for one of vile pro- 
 pensities.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 59 
 
 The surnames formed from Gilbert, too, prove his 
 popularity. Beside * Gilbert ' himself, we have 
 ' Gibbs,' ' Gibbins,' ' Gibbons,' ' Gibson,' ' ' Gibbonson,' 
 and ' Gipps,' to say nothing of that famous citizen of 
 credit and renown, ' John Gilpin,' who has immortal- 
 ized at least his setting of this good old-fashioned 
 name. 
 
 Having referred to Gilbert and Gib the cat, we must 
 needs notice * Theobald ' and ' Tib.' * St. Theobald,' if 
 he has not himself given much prominence to the title, 
 nevertheless represents a name whose susceptibility to 
 change was something amazing. The common form 
 with the French was ' Thibault ' or * Thibaud,' and 
 this is represented in England in such entries as 
 
 * Tebald de Engleschevile,' ' Richard Tebaud,' or 
 
 * Roger Tebbott' A still curter form was ' Tibbe ' or 
 ' Tebbe ; ' hence such registrations as ' Tebbe Molen- 
 dinarius ' or ' Tebb fil. William.' In this dress it is 
 found in the Latin lines commemorative of Tyler's 
 insurrection : — 
 
 Hudde ferit, quern Jjidde terit, dum Tibbe juvatur, 
 yacke domosque viros vellit, en ense necat. 
 
 Among other surnames that speak for its faded popu- 
 larity are ' Tibbes,' ' Tebbes,' and ' Tubbs,' ' Theobald ' 
 and ' Tibbald,' ' Tibbie ' and ' Tipple,' ' Tipkins ' and 
 
 * Tippins,' and ' Tipson,' and our endlessly varied- 
 ' Tibbats,' ' Tibbets,' ' Tibbits,' ' Tebbatts,' ' Tebbotts,' 
 and 'Tebbutts.' Indeed, the name has simply run 
 riot among the vowels. ' Hugh ' I have kept till the 
 
 • A notorious rascal named ' Gybby Selby ' is mentioned in 'Calen- 
 dar of State Papers' for 1562. This accords with ' Robert Gybbyson,' 
 found in the Corpus Christi Guild, York, a few years earlier.
 
 6o ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 last, because of its important position as an early 
 name. It was crowded with holy associations. There 
 was a 'St. Hugh,' Abbot of Cluny, in 1109. There 
 was a 'St. Hugh,' Bishop of Grenoble, in 11 32, 
 There was ' St. Hugh,' Bishop of Lincoln, in 1 200, 
 and above all there was the celebrated infant martyr, 
 ' St. Hugh,' of Lincoln, said to have been crucified by 
 the Jews of that city in 1250. This event happened 
 just at the best time for affecting our surnames. Their 
 hereditary tendency was becoming marked. Thus it 
 is that ' Hugh,' or ' Hew,' * as it was generally spelt, 
 has made such an indenture upon our nomenclature. 
 The pet forms are all Norman French, the most 
 popular being ' Huet,' ' Hugon,' and ' Huelot , ' the 
 last formed like ' Hamelot,' and ' Hobelot.' The 
 second of these was further corrupted by the English 
 into ' Hutchin ' and ' Huggin.' ^ Hence our rolls teem 
 with such registrations as ' Hewe Hare,' ' Huet de 
 Badone,' ' William fil. Hugonis,' ' Houlot de Man- 
 chester,' 'Walter Hughelot,' 'John Hewisson,' 'Simon 
 Howissone,' ' Roger fil. Hulot,' or ' Alan Huchyns.' 
 Among the surnames still common in our directories 
 may be numbered * Huggins,' ' Hutchins,' ' Hutchin- 
 son,' ' Hugginson,' 'Howlett,' ' Hullett,' 'Hewlett,' 
 • Huet,' ' Hewet,' ' Hewetson,' ' Howctt,' ' Howson,' 
 ' Hughes,' and ' Hewson.' All these various forms 
 bespeak a familiarity which is now of course utterly 
 
 ' ' Item, payde to Hew Watson, for a bawdrike to the first belle, 
 X(i.' (1546.) (Churchwardens' Accounts at Ludlow, Camden Soc. ) 
 •Item, for markynge of Hew Davis' pew, xiu/.' (1552.) (do.) 
 
 ' 'Ilugyn held of the same Earl an oxgang of land.' (De Lacy 
 Inquisit., Cheth. Soc, p. 6.) 'Huckin' seems to be a corruption of 
 •Hughkin.' ' Hughkin Byston' occurs in 'Wills and Inventories.' 
 (Cheth. Soc, i. 142.)
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 6 1 
 
 wanting, so far as our Christian nomenclature is con- 
 cerned. Indeed, after all I have said, I still feel that 
 it is impossible to give the reader an adequate con- 
 ception of the popularity of this name four hundred 
 years ago. It is one more conspicuous instance 
 marking the change which the Reformation and an 
 English Bible effected upon our nomenclature. 
 
 IV. — Names chosen from Festivals and Holydays. 
 
 We may here refer to a group of appellatives 
 which are derived from the names of certain days and 
 seasons. I dare not say that all I shall mention are 
 absolutely sprung from one and the same custom. 
 Some, I doubt not, were bestowed upon their owners 
 from various accidental circumstances of homely and 
 individual interest. Neighbours would readily affix 
 a nickname of this class upon one who had by some 
 creditable or mean action made a particular season 
 remarkable in his personal history. But these, I pre- 
 sume, will be exceptional, for there is no manner of 
 doubt that it was a practice, and by no means a rare 
 one, to baptize a child by the name of the day on 
 which it was born, especially if it were a holiday. We 
 know now how often it happens that the Church 
 Calendar furnishes names for those born upon the 
 Saints' days — how many ' Johns ' and ' Jameses ' and 
 ' Matthews ' owe their appellations to the fact that 
 they came into the world upon the day marked, 
 ecclesiastically, for the commemoration of those par- 
 ticular Apostles. This is still a custom among more 
 rigid Churchmen. In early days, however, it was
 
 62 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 carried to an extreme extent. Days of a simply 
 local interest — days for fairs and wakes — days that 
 were celebrated in the civil calendar — days that were 
 the boundaries of the different seasons — all were 
 familiarly pressed into the service of name-giving. 
 These, springing up in a day when they were no 
 sooner made part of the personal than they became 
 candidates for our hereditary nomenclature, have in 
 many cases come down to us. Thus, the time when 
 the yule log blazed and crackled on the hearth has 
 given us 'Christmas,' or 'Noel,' or 'Yule,' or ' Mid- 
 winter.' This last seems to have been an ordinary 
 term for the day, for we find it in colloquial use at 
 this time. In Robert of Gloucester's ' Life of William 
 the Conqueror,' he speaks of it's being his intention 
 
 to Midwinter at Gloucester, 
 To Witesontid at Westminster, to Ester at Wincester. 
 
 ' Pentecost ' was as familiar a term in the common 
 mouth as 'Whitsuntide,' and thus we find both occur- 
 ring in the manner mentioned. ' Wytesunday ' is, how- 
 ever, now obsolete ; ' Pentecost ' still lives.' ' Paske,' 
 for ' Easter,' was among the priesthood the word in 
 general use ; old writers always speak of ' Paske * 
 for that solemn season. Thus, ' Pask,' ' Pash,' ' Pas- 
 chal,' and ' Pascal ' ^ are firmly set in our directories ; 
 
 ' A servant of King Henry III. was called by the simple and only 
 name of ' Pentecostes.' (Inquisit. 13 Ed. I. No. 13.) 
 
 * In the old published orders for the sheriflf's annual riding in the 
 city of York, occurs this rule among others : — 
 
 ' Also, we command that no manner of men walk in the city, nor in 
 the suburbs by night, without Torch before him, i.e. from Pasche to 
 Michaelmas after ten of the clock, and from Michaelmas to Pasche after
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 6$ 
 
 as, indeed, they are on the Continent also. It is the 
 same with ' Lammas,' ' Sumption,' and ' Middlemas ; ' 
 that is, 'Assumption ' and 'Michaelmas.' Each as it 
 came round imprinted its name at the baptismal font 
 upon the ancestors of all those who still bear these 
 several titles in our midst. It would be an anachron- 
 ism, therefore, to suppose Mr. Robinson Crusoe to 
 have been the first who introduced this system, as 
 even * Friday ' itself, to say nothing of ' Munday,' or 
 ' Monday,' and ' Saturday,' and ' Tuesday,' were all 
 surnames long anterior to that notable personage's 
 existence. Nor, as I have said, are the less solemn 
 feast days disregarded. ' Loveday ' is one such proof. 
 In olden times there was often a day fixed for the 
 arrangement of differences, in which, if possible, old 
 sores were to be healed up and old-standing accounts 
 settled. This day, called a ' Loveday,' is frequently 
 alluded to. That very inconsistent friar in Piers 
 Plowman's Vision could, it is said — 
 
 hold lovedays, 
 And hear a reves rekenyng. 
 
 The latter part of the quotation suggests to us the 
 origin of 'Termday,' which I find as -existing in the 
 twelfth century, and probably given in the humorous 
 spirit of that day.^ Nor are these all. ' Plouday' was 
 
 nineof the clock.' These rules are thus prefaced. ' The sheriflfs, by 
 the custom of the city, do ride to several parts thereof every year, 
 betwixt Michaelmas and yi/w/^ww/t';-, that is Voo/f.' ('Hist, and Ant. 
 York,' vol. ii. p. 54.) Lancashire Easter-eggs are still called Pace- 
 eggs. — The harder 'Paske' is found in Wicklyffe's Version of 
 Matt. xxvi. I : — 'Whaune Jhesus hadde endid all these words he scide 
 to his disciplis, ye weten that after tweyn days, Paske schal be made.' 
 
 ' Richard Domesdaye was Rector of Caldecoto, Norfolk, in 1435. 
 (Bromefield). This would be synonymous with 'Termday.'
 
 64 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the first Monday after Twelfth Night, and the day on 
 which the farmer began his ploughing. It was a great 
 rural holiday at one time, and the ploughmen as a rule 
 got gloriously drunk. Similarly, we have ' Hockcr- 
 day,' * Hockday,' and perhaps the still more corrupted 
 ' Hobday,' the old English expression for a 'high-day.' 
 The second Tuesday after Easter was especially so 
 termed, and kept in early times as such, as commemo- 
 rative of the driving out of the Danes in the days of 
 Ethelred. This was a likely name to be given on 
 such a high day in the domestic annals as that on 
 which the first-born came into the world. Happy 
 parents would readily seize upon this at a time when 
 the word and its meaning were alike familiar. Our 
 ' Hallidays' or 'Hollidays' throw us back to the 
 Church festivals, those times of merriment and jollity 
 which have helped to such a degree to dissociate from 
 our minds the real meaning of the word (that is, a 
 day set apart for holy service in commemoration of 
 some religious event), that we have now been com- 
 pelled by a varied spelling to make the distinction 
 between a 'holyday' and a 'holiday.' Thus strongly 
 marked upon our nomenclature is this once favourite 
 but now wellnigh obsolete custom. 
 
 V. — Patronymics formed from Occupations. 
 
 We may here briefly refer to a class of patronymics 
 which, although small from the first, took its place, 
 as if insensibly, among our hereditary surnames. It 
 is a class of occupativc ox professional names, with the 
 filial desinence attached. There is nothing wonderful
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 6$ 
 
 in the fact of the existence of such. The wonder is 
 that there are not more of them. It must have been 
 all but as natural to style a man as the son of * the 
 Clerk ' as the son of * Harry ' in a small community, 
 where the father had, in his professional capacity, 
 established himself as of some local importance. 
 Hence we cannot be surprised to find * Clerkson ' in 
 our registers. It is thus the 'sergeant' has bequeathed 
 us our * Sergeantsons ;' the 'kemp/ or soldier, our 
 * Kempsons ; ' the ' cook,' our ' Cooksons,' or * Filius 
 Coci,' as the Hundred Rolls have it ; the ' smith,' our 
 ' Smithsons ;' the ' steward,' our ' Stewardsons ;' the 
 'grieve,' i.e. 'reeve,' our ' Grievesons;' the 'miller,' our 
 'Millersons;' and the 'shepherd,' our ' Shepherdsons,' 
 Of other instances, now obsolete, we had 'Masterson,' 
 'Hyneson,'^ ' Hopperson,' ' Scolardson,' and 'Priest- 
 son.' Nor were the Normans without traces of this 
 practice, although in their case all the examples I • 
 have met with have ceased to exist amongst us. 
 'Fitz-Clerk' but corresponds with one of the above; 
 while the warden of the woods gave us ' Fitz-Parker,' 
 and that of the college, ' Fitz-Provost.' Thus, those 
 who yet possess names of this class may congratulate 
 themselves upon belonging to a small but compact 
 body which has ever existed amid our more general 
 nomenclature. 
 
 VI. — Metronyniics. 
 
 We have already mentioned Joan as having be- 
 queathed several surnames. We did not then allude 
 to the somewhat difficult subject of metronyniics ; 
 
 ' I see, however, from the Clerical Directory, that 'Ilindson' is still 
 in existence. A 'Nicholas Hopperson' is found in an old college 
 register for 1582. (Hist. C. C. Coll. Cam.) 
 
 F
 
 66 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 we shall first prove by examples that there are a 
 large number of such. We shall then briefly unfold 
 their origin from our point of view. The feminine of 
 Peter, ' Petronilla,' was a name in familiar use at this 
 time. St. Petronilla, once much besought as a help 
 against fevers, would no doubt add to its popularity. 
 Barnyby Googe says : — 
 
 The quartane ague and the rest 
 
 Doth Pemel take away, 
 And John preserves his worshippers 
 
 From prison every day. 
 
 Ill the above stanza we are supplied with the com- 
 mon sobriquet taken from his name. As * Pemel ' or 
 * Parnel ' it held a high place among the poorer classes. 
 From an ill-repute, however, that attached to it in 
 the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it is now all 
 but extinct as a Christian name, and it is only among 
 our surnames that it is to be met with. It is curious 
 how associations of this kind destroy the chances of 
 popularity among names. 'Peter' was forced into 
 familiarity. 'Perncl' lost caste through its becom- 
 ing a cant term for women of a certain character. 
 'Magdalen' is another case in point. The Bible narra- 
 tive describes her briefly as a penitent sinner. Legend, 
 adding to this, portrayed her beauty, her golden 
 tresses, her rich drapery. Art added touches of its 
 own in the .shape of dishevelled hair and swelled eyes, 
 but all to make this centre scene of penitence the more 
 marked. This, and the early asylums for penitents, of 
 which she became the forced patroness, prevented her 
 name being used as a Christian name at this time — 
 I have never, at least, found an instance. But as a 
 proof how early it had become a term for what I may
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 6/ 
 
 call mental inebriety, a connection which of course it 
 owes to the portrayals alluded to above, I may instance 
 the name of Thomas le Maddelyn, found in the 
 twelfth century (H. R.), and an evident nickname 
 given to one of a sickly sentimental character. Our 
 present ' Maudlins ' and ' Maudlings ' may be de- 
 scended from one so entitled, or locally from some 
 place dedicated to the saint. 
 
 Among other female names, * Constance ' bid fair 
 to become very popular. A daughter of William the 
 Conqueror, a daughter of Stephen, and a daughter- 
 in-law of Henry II. were all so called. Chaucer in 
 his 'Man of Lawes Tale' calls his heroine by this 
 title — 
 
 But Hermegild loved Custance as her life, 
 And Custance hath so long sojourned there 
 In orisons, with many a bitter tear, 
 Til Jesu hath converted, through his grace. 
 Dame Hermegild. 
 
 This must have been its favourite form in the com- 
 mon mouth, for we find it recorded in such names as 
 * Custance Muscel,' ' Custance Clerk,' ' Robert fil. 
 Custe,' or ' Cus nepta Johannis,' with tolerable fre- 
 quency. The diminutive ' Cussot ' is also to be met 
 with. I need hardly say that in our ' Custances,' 
 ' Custersons,' * Cuss's,' and ' Custs,' not to say some of 
 our ' Cousens,' as corruptions of ' Custson,' the re- 
 membrance of this once familiar name still survives. 
 Of late years the name proper has again become 
 popular. ' Beatrice ' is another instance of a name 
 once common sunk into comparative desuetude. The 
 Norman ' Beton ' was the most favoured pet form. 
 Piers Plowman says (Passus V.) : —
 
 68 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Beton the Brewestere bade him good morrow, 
 and a little further on, 
 
 And bade Bette cut a bough, and beat Betoun therewith. 
 
 Thus it is we frequently light upon such entries as 
 'John Betyn,' ' Bctin de Friscobald,' 'Robert Beton- 
 son,' ' John Bettenson,' or ' Thomas Betanson.' These 
 latter of course soon dropped into ' Beatson ' and 
 ' Betson,' which, with ' Beton ' and ' Beaton,' are still 
 common to our directories. ' Emma,' too, as a Nor- 
 man name has left its mark. By a pure accident, 
 however, as Miss Yonge points out, it had got a place 
 previous to the Conquest among the Saxons, through 
 the fact of the daughter of Richard I. of Normandy 
 marrying first Ethelred, surnamed the Unready, and 
 then Canute the Great. Thus, though it has not un- 
 frcquently been claimed as of Saxon origin, it is not 
 so in reality. The general spelling is ' Emme,' and 
 the pet ' Emmot ' or ' Emmet ' is found in such names 
 as ' Emmota Plummer ' or ' Emmetta Catton.' This 
 at once guides us into the source of our ' Emmots,' 
 ' Emmetts,' ' ' Emmes,' ' Emsons,' ' Empsons,' and 
 ' Emmotsons.' ^ 
 
 ' This name seems to have been very popular in Yorkshire. The 
 instances given in the index are taken from papers relating to that 
 county. Thus, again, we find it occurring in the marriage dispensations 
 and licences of the period. 'Dispensation from Selow for Richard de 
 Akerode and Emmotte de Greenwood to marry, they being related in 
 the fourth degree. Issued from Rome by Jordan Bishop of Alba, Apr. 
 27th, 3rd Kugcnius IV.' (1433.) — (Test. Ebor. vol. iii. p. 317); 'Li- 
 cence to the Vicar of Bradford to marry Roger I'rcstwlck and Emmote 
 Crosslcy. Banns thrice in one day.' (1466.) — Do. p. 338. 
 
 * We must not forget that at first a certain strangeness must have 
 been felt in terming a woman by such a contradictoiy sobriquet as 
 'Alice Johnson' or ' Parnel Simjt;;/.' The feminine desinence was 
 occasionally attempted. 'Alioia Thonu/i'^^'///tv' is found in the 'Test,
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 69 
 
 Almost as equal a favourite as ' Emma ' was 
 ' Cecilia.' This was a name introduced at the Con- 
 quest in the person of Cecile, a daughter of William I., 
 and it soon found itself a favourite among high and 
 low as * Cicely,' or still shorter as ' Cis ' or ' Sis/ al- 
 though the latter seems to have been the more general 
 form. In Piers Plowman, however, is preserved the 
 more correct initial. I have already quoted him when 
 he speaks so familiarly of 
 
 Cesse the souteresse. 
 
 In all the ballads of the seventeenth century, on the 
 other hand, it is always ' Sis ' * Siss ' or ' Sys.' 
 
 Long have I lived a bachelor's life, 
 
 And had no mind to marry ; 
 But now I would fain have a wife, 
 
 Either Doll, Kate, Sis, or Mary. 
 
 Our * Sissons,' ' Sysons,' and ' Sisselsons ' * are of 
 course but the offspring of this pretty appellative, 
 while one more instance of the popular diminutive 
 may be met with in such a name as 'John Sissotson' 
 or ' Cissota West ' found in the ' Testamenta Ebora- 
 censia,' or ' Bella Cesselot ' in the Hundred Rolls.^ 
 Our ' Dowses,' ' Dossons,' and ' Dowsons ' represent 
 the once popular ' Douce,' * Duce,' or ' Dulcc,' more 
 
 Ebor.' (Sur. Soc.), ' Isabella Peers(/i9§-///«- ' and 'Isolda Ve.Qr%dogJiier' 
 in Feod. Prior. Dunelni. (Sur. Soc), and 'Avice MattcTC'y^' in the 
 ' Issue Roll.' 
 
 ■ 'Item, I gyffe to Sicille Metcalfe, my sister's doughtcr, 20J. ' — 
 * Richmondshire Wills,' p. 128. 
 
 ^ A curious proof of the popularity of this pet form is met with in 
 the Manor of Ashton-under-Lyne ' (Ch. Soc. ). In a community of some 
 20 or 25 families were the following: — 'Syssot, wife of Patrick,' 
 ' Syssot, wife of Diccon Wilson,' ' Syssot, wife of Thomas the Cook,' 
 and 'Syssot, wife of Jak of Barsley.' Robert Syssottysone, Rector of 
 Lecceworthe, 1478 (xx. 2, p. 187).
 
 70 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 correctly ' Dulcia.' Hence we find such entries as 
 'John filius Dousae,' 'Douce de Moster,' and 'John 
 Dowsson,' Diminutives are found in ' Richard Dow- 
 kin ' (F), and in ' Dowsett,' ' Doucett,' and * Duckett' 
 The Norman was the more famihar form, all the more 
 so perhaps because in the baronial kitchen a course 
 of sweets was called dowcetts. An instance will be 
 found in the Rutland papers, p. 97 (Cam. Soc). This 
 is but another form of our ' dulcet' That the more 
 literal form was not lost, such names as ' Dulcia le 
 Draper' or 'Dulcia fil. William' will show, not to 
 mention our still existing patronymic ' Dulson.' The 
 later ' Dulcibella ' underwent the same change and 
 became ' Dowsabell.' This also attained the rank of a 
 surname, for beside such entries as ' Dowzable Mill ' 
 (Z) and ' Dussabel Caplyn ' (Z) we light upon a 
 
 * Thomas Duszabeir (M). Thus familiar was 'Dulcia' 
 in former days. ' Dionisia del Lee ' or ' Dionisius 
 Garston ' are common entries, both masculine and 
 feminine forms being popular. ' Dennis,' ' Denot,' 
 and ' Dyot ' were the pet forms. Piers Plowman 
 styles one of his characters ' Denot.' Hereditary forms 
 are found in ' Dennis,' ' Dennison,' * Dyott,' ' Diotson,' ' 
 and ' Dyson.' I cannot but think that ' Tenison ' or 
 ' Tennyson ' is but a corruption of ' Dennison,' as also 
 
 * Tyson ' of ' Dyson.' That they are patronymics of 
 Antony (Tony) is the only alternative, and this I fear 
 is unsatisfactory. Mabel, although now somewhat out 
 of fashion, was very popular four hundred years ago 
 as 'Amabilla,' hence such entries as 'Amabella la 
 
 • In the Corpus Christi Guild, York, 1433 (Sur. Soc), Dyot is 
 feminine. There is set down, Robert Hayne et Dyot uxor.' The 
 patronymic ' Diotson ' is found in the same register.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 7 1 
 
 Blund,' or * Amabil fil. Emme.' The surnames de- 
 scended from it are sufficiently numerous to testify to 
 this. Besides ' Mabell ' simple, we have * Mabson,' 
 ' Mabbs,' ' Mabbes,' ' Mabbott,' and perhaps * Maple- 
 son.' ^ Catharine, always called ' Catlin ' in the North, 
 reminding us of the Irish ' Kathleen,' is the source of 
 several surnames. Entries like ' Eleonore Catlynson ' 
 (W. 12) or ' Thomas Katlynson ' (W. 1 1) are common, 
 and the shorter ' Cattlin ' is found in every Yorkshire 
 roll. 
 
 There is a certain quaint prettiness about * Hilary,' 
 * Lettice,' and ' Joyce,' three acceptable cognomens in 
 mediaeval times. The Normans liked their women to 
 be, however modest, none the less lighthearted, gay, 
 and spirited, and in the synonyms of ' mirth,' ' glad- 
 ness,' and ' sportiveness,' they would delight in affixing 
 on their newly-born children that which they hoped 
 would be in the future but the index of the real cha- 
 racter. ' Hillary ' when not local is therefore but the 
 fuller ' Hilaria.' ' Joyce,' sometimes the result of the 
 mere nickname, is nothing more than 'Jocosa,' and 
 ' Lettice,' 'Letts,' and ' Letson' are sufficiently nume- 
 rous to preserve the memory of * Laetitia.' Thus, in 
 one of the Coventry Mysteries already alluded to, 
 mention is made of 
 
 Col Crane and Davy Dry-dust, 
 Lucy Lyer and Letyce Lytyl-trust, 
 Miles the Miller and CoUe Crake-crust. 
 
 ' Letson ' is met in the fourteenth century as * Fitz- 
 Lettice.' * Thcophania ' was anything but unpopular, 
 but its length made it unavoidable but that it should 
 
 ' I say 'perhaps' because it may be but a corruption of the local 
 Mapleston.
 
 J2 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 be mutilated, or at least put in an abbreviated or nick- 
 name form, and thus it is has arisen our ' Tiffany,' 
 whence of course the surname of to-day. Thus, in 
 the Coventry Mysteries, it is demanded that 
 
 Both Bonting the Brewster and Sybyl Slynge, 
 Megge Mery-wedyr, and Sabyn ' Sprynge, 
 Tiffany Twynkeler fayle for no thynge. 
 
 Thierry in his history of the * Conquest of England ' 
 quotes an old writer, who has preserved the following 
 lines of a decidedly doggrel character : — 
 
 William de Cognisby 
 Came out of Brittany 
 With his wife Tiffany, 
 And his maid Manfras, 
 And his dogge Hardigras. 
 
 We must not forget to mention J Eleanor,' or 
 ' Alianora,' as it is more frequently registered, a 
 name of suffering royalty, and therefore to a portion 
 of the English people, at least, a popular name. Its 
 forms are too many for enumeration, but ' AHanor,' 
 
 * Annora,' * Annot,' ' Alinot,' * Leonora,' ' Eleanor,' 
 
 * Elinor,' ' Ellen,' ' Lina,' ' Linot,' and ' Ncl ' were the 
 most common. All of these were either surnames 
 themselves, or became the roots of surnames. Thus we 
 find among other entries such registrations as ' Alicia 
 Alianor,' ' Alianor Busche,' ' Annora Widow,' ' Annora 
 de Aencurt,' 'Anota Canun,' 'John Annotson,' 'William 
 Annotyson,' * Hugh fil. Elyenore,' ' William Alinot,' 
 ' Alnot Red,' ' Lyna le Archer,' ' Linota ate Field,' or 
 
 ' Sabyn or Sabina is frequently met with in the Hundred Rolls, as 
 also Sybyl, referred to in the line before. A church at Rome was 
 dedicated to a St. Sabina. Sybyl has bequeathed us 'Sibson.' In 
 Cocke Lorelles Bote, one of the personages introduced is ' Sybby Sole, 
 mylke ^vyfe of Islynton.'
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 73 
 
 ' Linota Vidua.' This list will suffice to prove the 
 place occupied by * Eleanor.' I have not mentioned 
 such entries as 'Johnfil. Nel' or ' Elisha Annyson,' 
 or ' Richard Anyson/ for though in these particular 
 instances we see the origin of some of our ' Ansons ' 
 and ' Nelsons,' both are more generally referable to a 
 different source. ' Neal ' or ' Neile ' was very common 
 in this day, and * Neilson ' would easily be corrupted 
 into ' Nelson.' 
 
 'Julian,' the abbreviated formof ' JuHana,' as a Nor- 
 man introduced name became very popular, and its 
 after history was a very curious one. Such appella- 
 tions as ' Gillian Cook,' or ' Gilian of the Mill,' found 
 in the Hundred Rolls, or that of the well-known 
 ' Dame Julyan Berners,' whose work on household 
 management I shall have occasion to quote by-and- 
 by, only represent in fuller forms the 'Gill' or 'Jill' 
 who is so renowned in our nursery literature as having 
 met with such a dire disaster in the dutiful endeavour 
 ' to fetch a pail of water ' from the hill-side. I have 
 already mentioned ' Cocke Lorell's Bote,' where allu- 
 sion is made to 
 
 Jelyan Joly at signe of the Bokeler. 
 
 The shorter and curter form is given us in Heywood's 
 Epigrams, where the following marital dialogue oc- 
 curs : — 
 
 I am care-full to see thee carelesse, Jylle : 
 
 I am wofull to see thee wytlesse, Wyll : 
 
 I am anguisht to see thee an ape, Jyll : 
 
 I am angry to see thee an asse, Wyll : 
 
 I am dumpyshe to see thee play the drabbe, Jyll ; 
 
 I am knappyshe to see thee plaie the knave, Wyll. 
 
 But ' Gill ' at some time or other got into evil odour,
 
 74 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 and this brought the name into all but absolute dis- 
 use. As a term for a wanton flirt or inconstant girl, 
 it was familiarly used till the eighteenth century. It 
 would seem as if the poet I have just quoted were 
 referring to this characteristic when he writes : — 
 
 All shall be well, Jacke shall have Gill ; 
 Nay, nay, Gill is wedded to Wyll ;' 
 
 or where in another place he says : — 
 
 How may I have thee. Gill, when I wish for thee ? 
 Wish not for me Jack, but when thou mayest have me.* 
 
 The diminutive * Gilot ' or * Juliet ' is used in the same 
 way. In an old metrical sermon it is said — 
 
 Robin will Gilot 
 
 Leden to the nale. 
 And sit ten there togedres. 
 
 And tellen their tale. 
 
 This at once reminds us of the origin of our * jilt,' 
 which is nothing more than a relic of the name for 
 inconstancy the sobriquet had obtained. In our * Gills,' 
 * Gilsons,' and many of our * Gillots,' a further remem- 
 brance is likely to remain for all time.^ Such names 
 
 ' Jack and Jill seem ever to have been associated. 
 Will squabbled in a tavern very sore, 
 Because one brought a gill of wine no more ; 
 Fill me a quart, quoth he, I'm called Will, 
 The proverbe is, each Jack shall have his Gill. 
 
 Satyricall Epigrams, 1619. 
 
 * One can scarce forbear a smile to find in the ' Townley Mysteries ' 
 Noah's wife, being pressed by her husband to enter the ark, replying — 
 
 Sir, for Jak nor for Gille 
 
 Willc I turne my face 
 Tille I have on this hille 
 
 Spun a space upon my rok (distaft). 
 
 * We must not forget a once familiar corruption of the diminutive 
 'Juliet' into 'Juet.' Such entries .is 'Juctta fil. William' (T. ), 
 ' Richard fil. Juetta' (T.), ' William Juet ' (A.), or ' Christopher Jewit-
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 75 
 
 as these, however, offer no kind of comparison with 
 that of * Margaret,' This is the only rival that 
 'Gillian' had to fear, and had the misfortunes of 
 Margaret of Anjou occurred two, or even one century- 
 earlier, it would easily have taken precedence, so far 
 as our surnames are concerned. Apart from its being 
 found in several royal lines, it had the advantage of 
 undoubted prettiness both in sound and sense. Every 
 one, too, knew its meaning, for * margarite ' and 
 ' pearl ' then, and until the seventeenth century even, 
 were interchangeable terms. Every early writer so 
 uses it. * Casting pearls before swine ' is with Wick- 
 liffe ' margaritis.' ^ The pet names too were pretty, 
 important in a day when the full name was rarely if 
 ever used.^ The Norman-French ' Margot ' seems to 
 have been quite as familiar as 'Marjorie.' Thus the 
 homely 'magpie' was at first styled the 'maggoty' 
 
 son ' (Z. ) are very common in the rolls of the xiiith and xivth centuries. 
 This, in the North, was pronounced 'Jowet,' hence such entries as 
 'Roger fil. Jowettse' (T. ), 'Jowet Barton' (W. ii), and our surname 
 'Jowett.' ' Jewitt' also exists. One of this name was a jockey in the 
 Derby of 1874. 
 
 ' So, also, in another place the same translator says : ' The kyng- 
 dom of hevenes is lyk to a marchaunt that seekith gode margarites, but 
 whanne he hath founde one precious margarite, he wente and solde alle 
 thingis that he hadde and boughte it.' — Matt. xiii. 45, 46. Foxe too, 
 in his ' Book of Martyrs,' quotes Isidorus to the effect that John the 
 Apostle ' turned certain pieces of wood into gold, and stones by the 
 seaside into margarites.' — Vol. i. p. 28, edit. 1844. 
 
 ''■ 'Barbara,' as another Greek virgin-martyr, may be set beside 
 Margaret. ' Barbe ' was the French form. As we shall see by-and-by, 
 our ' Simbarbes ' and ' Simbarbs ' hail from St. Barbe in Normandy. 
 (Jordan de St. Barbe, M., Thomas Seyntbarbe, B.) The Hundred 
 Rolls register three pet forms as surnames. ' Bertol Babbe,' 'John Bar- 
 bot,' and ' Nicholas Barbelot.' The latter belongs to the class in clot of 
 which ' Robelot ' ' Hewelot ' and • Hamelot ' are instances.
 
 ^6 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 or ' magot-pie.' Many will remember that Macbeth 
 so uses it — 
 
 Blood will have blood : 
 Stones have been known to move, and trees to speak, 
 Augurs and understood relations have 
 By magot-pies and choughs and rooks brought forth 
 The secretest man of blood. — ii. 7. 
 
 ' Madge-owlet,' too, from its occasional use by writers 
 of this later period, seems to prove that the still more 
 homely owl of the barn owed an appellation to Dame 
 Marjorie. Her issue, as we should expect, is large. 
 We have ' Maggs,' 'Maggots,' and 'Magotson ;' 'Mar- 
 gots,' 'Margetts,' and 'Margetson;' ' Margison,' *Mar- 
 gerison,' ' Meggs,' and ' Megson.' ^ It will be surprising 
 to many that we cannot place ' Mary ' in the first place 
 among female names, as it is now among those of 
 either sex, but such was far from the case. Edward I.'s 
 daughter ' Marie ' seems to have been the first instance 
 we possess of its use among the higher families of the 
 realm ; and doubtless its presence at this time must be 
 referred, as in so many other cases we have mentioned, 
 to the Crusades. Mariolatry, we must remember, was 
 not yet an article of Romish belief Indeed, the name 
 is still of the rarest for generations after this. Maid 
 Marion, the mistress of Robin Hood, seems to have 
 made thatdiminutive popular, and either from the acted 
 plays in which she frequently afterwards figured, or 
 the little ornamental image of the Virgin worn by 
 women, is come our marionette. The one only form 
 in which it can be said to occur in our English records 
 
 • The various forms of the diminutive are found as Christian names 
 in the 'Manor of Ashton-under-Lyne ' (Ch. Soc), where occur such 
 entries as 'Magot, that was wife of Richard,' 'Merget of Staley,' 
 ' Marget of Stanly,' ' Mergret, that was wife of Hobbe.' — pp. 96-7.
 
 TATRONYMIC SURNAMES. "jy 
 
 is that of * Mariot,' such names as ' Mariot Goscelyn,* 
 or * Mariota Gififard,' or ' Mariota Gosebeck,' being 
 found as a very occasional registry. Thus our ' Ma- 
 riotts ' and ' Maryatts ' are explained. With regard to 
 another batch of names said to have sprung from this, 
 I find a difficulty sets in. We have the clear statement 
 of the author of the ' Promptorium Parvulorum ' 
 that 'Malkyne' in his day was the sobriquet of Matilda, 
 that is, 'Mawdkin.' On the other hand, I find Halliwell 
 has a single quotation from a manuscript in which 
 Maid Marion is styled Malkyn also.^ All modern 
 writers, saving Mr. Lower, who has come to no deci- 
 sion at all, have comfortably put it down to this latter. 
 I have no hesitation whatever myself in deciding dif- 
 ferently, or at least in qualifying their conclusion. 
 
 ' Since writing the above, I find several notices in Brand's 'Popular 
 Antiquities' which, while corroborating the view I have taken, shed a 
 clearer light as to Maid Marian's other sobriquet of 'Malkin.' In his 
 allusion to the Morris dances, he quotes Beaumont and Fletcher as 
 saying — • 
 
 ' Put on the shape of order and humanity. 
 Or you must marry Malkin, the May-lady.' 
 Thus far, then, adding this to Mr. Halliwell's quotation, we find that 
 Maid Marian for several centuries was also 'Malkin.' But we must 
 remember that it was during this very period that Robin Hood and his 
 mistress were popularly believed to be Robert, Earl of Huntingdon, and 
 Matilda, daughter of Lord Fitzwalter. That the May Queen, therefore, 
 should be occasionally styled ' Malkin ' will appear natural enough if 
 we accept the view of the origin of that name as recorded in the text. 
 But it may be asked how did she get the sobriquet of ' Marian ' ? 
 Perhaps Mr. Steevens's quotation from an old play, ' The Downfall of 
 Rob. Earl of Huntingdon,' dated 1401, may help us— ■ 
 ' Next 'tis agreed (if thereto she agree) 
 
 That fair Matilda henceforth change her name ; 
 
 And, while it is the chance of Robin Hoode 
 
 To live in Sherwodde a poor outlaw's life, 
 
 She by Maid Marian's name be called.'
 
 78 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 There can be scarcely any doubt, I think, that Malkin 
 was originally the pet name of Matilda ; then, as that 
 favourite name gradually sunk in estimation, and Mary 
 proportionately advanced, but this much later on, it was 
 transferred. Thus, if I am correct, our ' Makinsons ' 
 and ' Makins,'^ our ' Meakins ' and ' Meekins,' and our 
 
 * Mawsons ' '^ will be sprung from Maud, rather than 
 Mary. In confirmation of this, I may quote 'Malkin,' 
 the early cant term for a 'slut,' a word as old as 
 Chaucer himself, and one that Mary could not have 
 possibly acquired in his day, as barely familiar. 
 
 * Mawdkin ' or ' Malkin,' on the other hand, w^ould be 
 the ordinary term for every household drudge. It is 
 only those who have carefully studied early registers 
 who can realize the difference of position ' Matilda ' 
 and 'Mary' relatively occupy at such a period as this. 
 There were six ' Matildas ' of royal lineage between 
 William I. and Henry II. alone. It greets one at every 
 turn; the present popularity of the latter is entirely the 
 growth of a later and more superstitious age.' 
 
 Speaking of Mary, we must not forget Eliza- 
 beth, known, generations ere Queen Bess made it 
 
 * It has been thought by some that our ' Makins ' and ' Makinsons' 
 are from Matthew, and not in any way connected with feminine nomen- 
 clature. This may be so, for akhough there is the entry ' Maykina 
 Parmunter ' in the Parliamentary Rolls, there is also ' Maykinus 
 Lappyng ' in Materials for Hist. Reign of Henry VII. 
 
 ^ Thomas Mawdeson (F. F.) would lead one to suppose that 
 Mawson was a direct corruption. It may be so, but ' Maw ' itself 
 seems to have existed as a pet form of Maud. In the ' De Lacy Inqui- 
 sition' (1311) there occurs 'Richard, son of Mawe, for 25 acres, etc' 
 — p. 10 (Chelt. Soc.) 
 
 ' The preceding paragraphs will sufficiently answer, I doubt not, 
 the questions of correspondents in ' Notes and Queries,' as to whether 
 we have any surnames derived from female baptismal names,
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 79 
 
 SO popular, as Isabella. It was in this form it came 
 into England with that princess of Angouleme who 
 married John Lackland. But it was not a favour- 
 ite ; pretty as it was, its connexion with our most 
 despicable monarch spoiled all chance of popularity, 
 and while on the Continent it gained friends on every 
 hand, it was only with the higher nobility of our own 
 land it got any place worth speaking of. Still it has 
 left its mark. As Elizabeth^ at a later stage became 
 
 * Lib ' and ' Libby,' so Isabel was fondled into 'lb ' and 
 
 * Ibby.' Thus we come across such entries as * Henry 
 Ebison,' * Thomas Ibson,' or * John Ibson.' But a 
 foreign name without the foreign desinence would be 
 impossible. With the introduction of Isabel came in 
 the diminutive ' Ibbot ' or ' Ibbet.' Registrations like 
 
 * Ibbota fil. Adam,' 'Ibote Babyngton,' or 'Ebote Gylle,' 
 and as surnames * Walter Ibbot,' ' Robert fil. Ibote,' 
 
 * Francis Ibbitson,' or ' Alice Ebotson ' are of common 
 occurrence.^ Another form of the same diminutive was 
 'Isot,' hence ' Isotte Symes,' 'Izott Barn,' or ' Ezota 
 
 ' Elizabeth came into use too late to leave any mark upon our sur- 
 names. I have not come across, to the best of my remembrance, a 
 single instance in any record earlier than the fifteenth century. * Bess,' 
 or 'Bessie,' was the first pet name formed from it, and this very proba- 
 bly began to grow into favour about the time of Elizabeth Woodville's 
 marriage. With the proud imperious Queen Bess, however, came in 
 every conceivable variety that could be played upon the name, ' Betsey,' 
 or 'Betsy,' 'Betty,' 'Eliza,' 'Lizzie,' and 'Libbie' being the favourites. 
 The first 'Bessie' I find is that of ' Bessye Tripps,' 1558; the first 
 
 * Betty ' being that of ' Bettye Sheile,' 1580, both being in a Newcastle 
 will. Betty for two centuries was, perhaps, the form most in favour in 
 aristocratic circles. How fickle is fashion ! It is entirely tabooed there 
 in the nineteenth. 
 
 2 Thomas and John Ibson are recorded in the 'Corpus Christi 
 Guild,' York. (Surt. Soc.)
 
 8o ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Hall.' ' But even with this we have not completed our 
 list. One more pet form, and one still common 
 amongst us, that of * Bell,' left its mark in * Bellot,' 
 ' Bellet,' and ' Bellson,' all of which are still to be 
 found in our directories. 
 
 The preceding pages will be sufficient proof that our 
 metronymics are a considerable class. Many have not 
 hesitated to affirm them to be wholly of illegitimate 
 descent. We cannot doubt that in some instances this 
 is the case. Nevertheless, we must not be led astray. 
 ' Poison ' is Paul's son, ' Nelson ' is Neil's son, Neil 
 or Nigel being at one time a familiar name with us. 
 And even when the name is unquestionably feminine, 
 as in Mollison, Margerison, Marriot, Emmett, or 
 Annotson, illegitimacy is anything but established as 
 a matter of fact. Adoption of children by women, 
 posthumous birth, and other peculiar circumstances 
 would often cause a boy or girl to be known in the 
 community by a metronymic. Especially, too, would 
 a child be thus styled in a family where the mother 
 was notoriously, and in an emphatic sense, the better 
 half, in a family where the husband was content to sit in 
 the chimney nook, and let the bustling Margery, or 
 Siss, or Emmot take, whether in or out of doors, the 
 lead in all that concerned the domestic relationship. 
 Thus, I doubt not, a large mass of them have arisen. 
 
 VII. — Names Derived from Holy Scripture. 
 
 We have incidentally referred to several Bible 
 names, such as John, Mary, or Elizabeth. We shall 
 find a certain characteristic appertaining to these. It 
 
 ' ' George Hall et Ezota uxor ejus.' York Guild (W. ii).
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 
 
 is only those personages who prominently figured 
 in the Scripture narrative who made any mark upon 
 our nomenclature. The others, I doubt not, were 
 unknown. It is even uncertain whether the clergy 
 themselves had any but the faintest knowledge of the 
 Bible. Indeed, such names even as were in use bear 
 no testimony to the fact that they were given as the 
 direct result of familiarity with the sacred pages. If 
 from the New Testament, they were names that figured 
 in the calendar as saints and martyrs, names to whom 
 shrines and chapels had been dedicated. If from the 
 Old, they were just those like * Adam,' or 'Isaac,' or 
 ' Joseph,' or ' Samson,' or * Daniel,' or ' Absolom,' 
 whose stories, told in the monkish performances or 
 miracle-plays, were thus forced into the acquaintance 
 of the popular mind. In a word, there is not a trace 
 of anything beyond a mere superficial knowledge of 
 the very outlines of the sacred narrative. Thus was it 
 with ' Adam,' already mentioned. That he and Eve 
 should be remembered at the font was inevitable. 
 The Hundred Rolls give us an 'Adam fil. Eve.' 
 Mr. Lower has been tempted to refer our ' Atkins ' and 
 ' Atkinsons ' to Arthur, but there can be little doubt, 
 I imagine, that these are but sharper forms of ' Adkins ' 
 and 'Adkinson.' The record alluded to above registers 
 the same person twice as ' Adam le FuUere ' and 
 ' Adekin le Fuller.' With them therefore wc must ally 
 our * Addisons,' 'Adcocks,'^ and 'Adamsons.' Eve left 
 us 'Eveson' as a nietronymic, and 'Evetts' and 'Evitts,' 
 as the diminutives, are firmly set amongst us.'* 'Abel' 
 
 ' ' Ilamne, son of Adecok, held 29 acres.' (De Lacy Inquis. p. 19, 
 Ch. Soc.) 
 
 ' A proof that this origination is correct is found in a York will dated 
 G
 
 82 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 was equally popular. The Norman desinence is found 
 in such entries as * Abalotta de la Forde,' or Richard 
 Abelot, whose descendants now figure as 'Ablett' and 
 'Ablott' As will be seen, these may be feminine 
 in origin. The reverence of the despised Jew for 
 Abraham prevented this from becoming acceptable to 
 Christians, but Isaac's sacrifice was too popular a story 
 not to leave an impression. It would be frequently 
 represented by the monks. I have already quoted 
 Langland where he speaks of 
 
 Hikke the hackney-man 
 And Hugh the nedlere — 
 
 an abbreviation now more generally known and spelt 
 as * Ike.' Gower also has it — 
 
 IVatle vocat, cui Thoma venit, neque Symme retardat, 
 Bat-i-^x. Gibbc simul, Ilykke venire subent. 
 
 From him then have arisen our ' Isaacs ' and ' Isaac- 
 sons,' our ' Hicks ' and ' Hicksons,' our ' Higgs ' and 
 ' Higsons,' and with the Norman-French diminutives 
 appended, our ' Higgins,' ' Higginsons,' ' Higgotts,' • and 
 ' Higgetts.' ' Sarah,' in the dress of ' Sarra,' had a fair 
 number of admirers. ' Sarra Ic Commongere,' 'William 
 fil. Sarra,' ' Nicholas fil. Sarre,' is the usual entry. The 
 origin of our ' Sarsons' would thus be certain, were it 
 
 1391. William de Kyrkby bequeaths articles to 'Evre uxori Johannes 
 Parvying,' and to ' Wiliielmo de Rowlay,' and then at the close he 
 speaks of them as the aforementioned ' Evotam et dictum Willielmum 
 Rowlay.' (Test. Ebon, vol. i. p. 145-6. Surt. Soc.) An old London 
 record, dated 1379, contains amongst other names those of 'Custancc 
 TiUsshe' and 'Evota de Durham.' The owner would be familiarly 
 known among her acquaintances as ' Evote ' or 'Evette.' {Memorials 
 o/Loiuhn, p. 435.) 
 
 ' ' Sacred to the memory of George Higgott,' etc. Bonsall Church, 
 Derbyshire. The more common form is 'Higgett.'
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 83 
 
 not that this name, as will be shown elsewhere, has got 
 confused with * Saracen.' Moses also failed to be ac- 
 cepted among Christians, nor was Aaron much more 
 fortunate, such registration as 'Aaron le Blund' or 
 * Aron Judde ' being rare. ' Samson ' or * Sampson,' 
 as it is more generally recorded, was of course popular 
 enough, and manj of our ' Sampsons ' are rather the 
 simple * Samson' than the patronymic of 'Samuel' 
 ' Samms ' ' Samuels' and ' Samuelson' are generally of 
 Jewish descent. ' David,' with its ' Davies,' its ' David- 
 sons,' its ' Dawes ' and ' Dawsons,' its ' Dawkes ' and 
 ' Dawkins,' or ' Dawkinsons,' its ' Dayes,' ' Daysons,' 
 and ' Dakins' (when not 'Deakin'), would be equally 
 sure of remembrance ; though doubtless, as the patron 
 saint of the Principality, and as a favourite among 
 Scottish kings, it owes much to these outer chances. 
 Here, too, we are reminded of Piers Plowman, with 
 
 his — 
 
 Dawe the dykere 
 
 And a dozen othere. 
 
 This nickname seems to have had a long reign in the 
 popular mouth, for we find, towards the close of the 
 sixteenth century, Haywood writing the following 
 epigram : — 
 
 To a justice a juggler did complaine, 
 
 Of one that dispraised his legerdemain. 
 
 What's thy name ? sayd the Justice : Dawson, sayd hec : 
 
 Is thy father alive ? Nay, dead, sir, pardee : 
 
 Then thou shalt no more be Dau's son, a clere case, 
 
 Thou art Daw thyself now in thy father's place. ' 
 
 Passing by ' Absolom,' ' Solomon,' or ' Salamon,' 'Job ' 
 and ' Jobson,' the story of Daniel would of course be 
 common. This has bequeathed us itself ifi propria pcr- 
 
 • 'Dawe Robson, et Alicia uxor ejus.' (W. il.) 
 G 2
 
 84 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 sona, and'Dancock,' 'Dankin,' 'Danett,' and 'Dannett.' 
 With regard to 'Dans,' 'Dance,' 'Danse,' and 'Danson,' 
 there is a little difficulty. We have to remember that 
 'Dan,' like 'Dame,'' figured prominently in early days 
 as a simple title of respect. They were but the ' Don ' 
 and ' Donna ' which, in one form or another, still exist 
 in Italy, France, and Spain. ' Dame,' from domina, 
 meant ' mistress.' * Don,' from dominus, meant ' mas- 
 ter.' To rank and age the two terms were equally 
 applied. A ' dame's school ' still preserves this con- 
 nexion of ideas. ' As with the mistress so with the 
 maid,' is in early Bibles ' As with the dame so with the 
 maid.' Thus there seems to be little doubt that our 
 ' Dames ' and ' Damsons ' are so sprung. Why then 
 should not ' Dans ' and ' Danse ' and 'Danson ' be the 
 masculine form } Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales, 
 represents the host as asking the Monk — 
 
 But, by my trothe, I cannot tell your name : 
 Whether shall I call you my lord Dan John, 
 Or Dan Thomas, or elles Dan Albon ? 
 
 Thus he speaks also of ' Dan Constantine,' and jest- 
 ingly of the ass as ' Dan Burnell.' Thus, Lord Sur- 
 rey in one of his poems speaks of ' Dan Homer ;' 
 Spenser of ' Dan Geoffrey ;' Thomson of ' Dan Abra- 
 ham.' The best way will be, as in many another case, 
 
 ' 'Damsel' is, of course, the diminutive of this. As a surname, it 
 is found in the cases of 'Simon Damesell ' (II. R.) and 'Lawrence 
 Damysell' (W. 2). Other diminutives are met with in 'Damietta Por- 
 ceir (Hist, and Ant. SuiTej', index), 'Damietta Avenell' (F. F.), 
 ' Dametta fil. Morell ' (D. D.) ; hence as surnames our 'Damets,' 
 ' Dametts,' 'Damiots,' and 'Domitts.' Entries like 'Alice Damyctt' 
 (Z), ' Hugh Damiot ' (A), ♦ Henry Damctt ' (R), and ' Henry Domct' 
 (A) arc common.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES, 85 
 
 to divide the honours between the two ; and leaving it 
 thus undecided, I pass on. 
 
 Nor is the New Testament without its instances. 
 Let us look at the Apostles first. We have already- 
 spoken at some length about ' John,' but we purposely- 
 kept for the present opportunity the explanation of 
 its popularity in England, There can be little doubt 
 that it owes much to its religious aspect. It was the 
 name not merely of the beloved disciple, but of the 
 Baptist, New and close associations with the latter 
 were just coming into being. We must remember 
 this was the time of the Crusades, It was the custom 
 of all pilgrims who visited the Holy Land to bring 
 back a bottle of water from the Jordan for baptismal 
 purposes, A leathern bottle was an inseparable 
 adjunct to the palmer's dress. We all remember 
 Walter Scott's description — 
 
 His sandals were with travel tore, 
 Staff, budget, bottle, scrip he wore : 
 The faded palm-branch in his hand 
 Showed pilgrim from the Holy Land. 
 
 Early scenes with regard to the river in which the 
 Baptist specially figured would thus be vividly brought 
 to their notice, and in the ceremony of baptism at 
 home nothing could be more natural than to give to 
 the infant the name of the baptizer of the Holy Child 
 Jesus, This is strongly confirmed by the fact of the 
 name taking precedence at this very period. It was 
 thus ' Jordan ' itself as a surname has arisen, I need 
 not remind students of early records how common is 
 'Jordan' as a Christian name, such cognomens as 
 'Jordan de Abingdon' or 'Jordan leClerc' being of the 
 most familiar occurrence. The baptismal soon became
 
 86 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 surnominal, and now 'Jordan,'^ ' Jordanson,' * Jordson,' 
 ' Jurdan,' ' Judd,' and 'Judson'^ are with us to remind 
 us of this peculiar and interesting epoch.^ We have a 
 remarkable confirmation of what I am asserting in the 
 fact of the Baptist's other name of ' Elias ' springing 
 into a sudden notoriety at this time. If ' John ' 
 became thus so popular, it was inevitable ' Elias ' 
 should be the same ; and so it was. Indeed, there 
 was a time when it bid fair to be one of the most 
 familiar sobriquets in England. For it was not merely 
 the second Elias and the Jordan that had this effect. 
 As the armies lay before Acre, remembrance of Elijah 
 and the prophet of Carmel must have oft recurred to 
 their minds. Out of many forms to be found in every 
 early roll, those of ' Ellis,' * Elys,' ' Elice,' ' Ellice,' 
 * Elyas,' ' Helyas,' and the diminutive ' Eliot ' or 
 ' Elliot,' seem to have been the most familiar. Num- 
 berless are the surnames sprung from it. It is thus 
 we get our ' Ellises ' and ' Ellices,' our * Ellsons ' 
 and * Ellisons,' our ' Elkins ' and ' Elkinsons,' our 
 
 * Thomas Jordanson and Margery Jordanson occur in ' Three Lan- 
 cashire Documents' (Cheth. Soc). 
 
 * 'Jud,' now the pet form of George, was formerly that of Jordan. 
 In GowePs lines, already quoted, it is said — 
 
 ' Hudde ' ferit, quem ' Judde ' terit. 
 This reminds us of Aron Judde in tlie Hundred Rolls. 
 
 * Dean Stanley seems to have the impression that this custom 
 was confined to the pilgrims of Italy and Spain. In his Sinai and 
 Palestine, page 333, he says : ' The name of the river has in Italy 
 and Spain, by a natural association, been turned into a common Chris- 
 tian name for children at the hour of baptism, which served to connect 
 them with it.' Judging by existing traces merely, I doubt whether 
 the practice was quite so familiar in those countries as our own.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 87 
 
 * Elcocks ' and ' Ellcocks,' and our ' Ellicots,'^ 
 ' Elliots,' and ' EUiotsons.' In the north ' Alls ' 
 seems to have gained the supremacy. Thus it is we 
 have our many ' Allisons ' or 'Alisons,'^ 'Allkins' or 
 'Alkins,' 'Allcocks' or * Alcocks,' and 'Allots.' 
 ' Alecot,' as a synonym with ' Elicot,' I do not find to 
 be at present existing, but as a Christian name it 
 occurs at the same period with the above.^ ' Fitz- 
 ellis,' as the more aristocratic Norman form, is not 
 
 ' Ellicot seems to be a sort of feminine from Elisota. ' Item do et 
 lego Elisotse domicellse meas 40J.' (Will of William de Aldeburgh, 
 1391. Test. Ebor. vol. i. p. 151.) 'Item, lego Elisot?e, uxori Ricardi 
 Bustard unam vaccam et los.' (Will of Patrick de Barton, 1391. Test. 
 Ebor. vol. i. p. 155.) 
 
 ^ We cannot but believe, however, that in many instances these 
 two are but the offspring of ' Alice,' at this period one of the most 
 popular of female names. Nor must we forget that Alison was itself a 
 personal name, this being the Norman-French pet form of Alice, after 
 the fashion of Marion, Louison, Beaton, etc. We are all acquaint«d 
 with the * Alison ' of the ' Canterbury Tales ' — 
 
 ' This Alison answered : Who is there 
 That knocketh so? I warrant him a thefe.' 
 
 We meet with it again in an old Yorkshire will : ' Item, to Symkyn, 
 and Watkyn and Alison Meek, servandes of John of Bolton, to ilk on 
 of yaim (them) 26s. 8d.' (Test. Ebor., vol. iii p. 21. Surtees. Soc. ) 
 This name is found in our more foiTnal registers in such an entry as 
 'Alison Gelyot.' (Pari. Rolls.) With regard to 'Alls ' and ' Elis,' and 
 'Alison' and ' Elison,' recorded in the text, I may remind the reader that 
 A and E were all but convertible letters with the Normans. One of 
 their favourite female names, that of 'Aveline,' is found equally often as 
 'Eveline,' and in the form of 'Evelyn' it came down to the distinguished 
 writer of the seventeenth century. 'Arnold ' and ' Ernold,' ' Amcric ' 
 and 'Emeric,' 'Amelia' and 'Emilia,' 'Anota and Enota,'and ' Ame- 
 lot ' and ' Emelot ' are but other instances in point. 
 
 » I am confirmed in my view by finding ' Eliot ' registered as ' Aly- 
 ott.' ' Alyott de Symondston held half an oxgang of land, xixc/.' (De 
 Lacy Inquisition (131 1) Cheth. Soc.)
 
 88 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 yet, I believe, extinct. Thus the prophet at Carmel 
 and the forerunner at the Jordan have made their 
 mark upon our English nomenclature. 
 
 Peter claims our attention next. When we con- 
 sider how important has been the position claimed for 
 him it is remarkable that in an age when, so far as 
 England was concerned, this respect Avas more fully- 
 exacted than any other, his name should be so rarely 
 found, rarely when we reflect what an influence the 
 ecclesiastics of the day themselves must have had in 
 the choice of the baptismal name, and what an in- 
 terest they had in making it popular. It is to them, 
 doubtless, we must refer the fact of its having made 
 any mark at all, for 'Peter' was odious to English 
 cars. It reminded them of a tax which was the one 
 of all least liked, as they saw none of its fruits. It is 
 to country records we must look for the ' Peters ' of 
 the time. The freer towns would none of it. Among 
 the rude peasantry ecclesiastic control was wellnigh 
 absolute ; in the boroughs it was proportionately less. 
 I have already quoted an instance of 133 London 
 names where Peter is discovered but once to 35 Johns. 
 In the Norwich Guild already mentioned, the propor- 
 tion, or rather disproportion, is the same. To 128 
 Johns, 47 Williams, 41 Thomases, 33 Roberts, and 21 
 Richards, there are but 4 Peters. On the other hand, 
 in Wiltshire, out of 588 names, we find 16 Peters to 
 92 Johns. This wide difi"erence of ratio I find to be 
 fully borne out in all other groups of early names. 
 Thanks then to the ecclesiastics it did exist, and its 
 relics at any rate are numerous enough. It is hence 
 we get the shorter ' Parr,' ' Piers,' ' Pierce,' * Pears,' 
 'Pearse,' and ' Peers.' It is hence with the patronymic
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 89 
 
 added we get our ' Parsons,' ' Pearsons,' * Piersons,' 
 and the fuller ' Peterson.' It is hence once more with 
 the pet desinences attached we get our ' Perrins ' and 
 
 * Perrens,' our ' Perrets,' ' Perretts,' ' Parrots,' and 
 
 * Parrets,' • our * Peterkins,' * Perkins,' * Parkins,' and 
 ' Parkinsons,' besides our ' Perks ' and ' Perkes ' innu- 
 merable. 
 
 ' Simon,' or ' Simeon,' is represented by at least 
 sixteen different personages in the Scriptures, so we 
 may well expect to find that it has also impressed 
 itself upon our own registers. The usual forms of 
 the name in mediaeval rolls is * Sim,' ' Simkin,' and 
 
 * Simonet.' Thus we find such entries as ' Simon fil. 
 Sim,' ' Simkin Cock,' ' Symkyn Edward,' * Simonettus 
 Mercator,' or * Symonet Vaillain,' The French 
 diminutive does not seem to have been so popular 
 as that which the Flemings made so common, for I 
 find no * Simnets ' in our directories, while a whole 
 column has to be set aside for our ' Simpkins ' and 
 ' Simpkinsons.' * Simcock' must have existed also, as 
 our ' Simcocks ' and ' Simcoxes ' can testify. Other 
 forms are found in ' Sims,' ' Simms,' ' Simpson,' 
 ' Simmons,' ' Simonds,' ' Symonds,' ' Simmonds,' and 
 
 * Symondsons.' This latter is met with in the Rolls 
 of Parliament in the guise of ' Symondesson.' ' Philip,' 
 as another of the Apostles of Jesus, was also popular. 
 
 ' Perrin was formed from 'Pierre,' as 'Iluggin' from Hugh or 
 •Colin' from Nicol. 'The wife of Peryn ' is mentioned in 'Manor of 
 Ashton-under-Lyne ' (Ch. Soc), p. 97. Perrot, or Parrot, represents 
 also the French diminutive. ' Alan Fitz-Pirot was a benefactor to St. 
 Alban's Monastery.' (See Clutterbuck's Hertford, Appendix, vol. i.) 
 Prince Edward used to call the favourite, Piers Gaveston, by the 
 familiar title of ' Perot.' (See Notes and Queries, vii. 280, and Lower 
 on ' Perrot,')
 
 90 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 As with ' Simon,' most of the nursery forms are still 
 found as the chief components of its surnames. 
 Skelton, the poet-laureate — in lieu of a better — of 
 Henry VIII., reminds us of its chief contraction, 
 'Philp,' or *Phip,' in his lines on a dead sparrow, 
 named Philip : — 
 
 Many times and oft, 
 
 Upon my finger aloft, 
 
 I played with him, tittle-tattle, 
 
 And fed him with my spattle. 
 
 With his bill between my lips. 
 
 It was my pretty Phips, 
 
 Thus we derive our ' Phelps,' ' Philps,' ' Phipps,' and 
 * Phipson.' Adding to these our 'Philips,' 'Philipsons,' 
 ' Philcoxes,' 'Philpotts,' and ' Phillots,' we sec that we 
 are not likely soon to be quit of Philip. He is now, 
 however, out of fashion as a Christian name. ' Philpot,' ' 
 I need scarcely say, was very popular as the represen- 
 tative of the Norman-French ' Philipot,' found in such 
 entries as 'Thomas Phylypotte,' or 'John Philipot;' 
 but endeavours to deduce his origin as well in spelling 
 as in sound from the characteristics displayed by the 
 renowned Toby Philipot are not wanting, for I see 
 him figuring in the ' London Directory ' as ' Fillpot' 
 Archbishop Trench quotes from one of Careless's 
 letters to Philpot the following passage, which serves 
 to show that three hundred years ago at least the 
 name had been played upon in similar fashion : ' Oh, 
 good Master Philpot (he says), which art a principal 
 pot indeed, filled with much precious liquor — oh, pot 
 
 * There can be little doubt that 'Potts' comes from 'Philpotts.' 
 We light upon a 'Thomas Potkin' (H.H.), proving that the abbreria- 
 tion was in use.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 9 1 
 
 most happy ! of the High Potter ordained to honour.' 
 Some years ago, when a Philpott was appointed to the 
 episcopal chair of Worcester, Dr. Philpotts being yet 
 at Exeter, the following lines got abroad : — 
 
 \A good appointment ? ' ' No, it's not,' 
 Said old beer-drinking Peter Watts ; 
 
 •At Worcester one but hears " Phil-pott;" 
 At generous Exeter, "Phil-potts."' 
 
 * Fillpot ' as well as ' Fillip' are both found in 
 mediaeval registers in the cases of * Roger Fylpot ' and 
 
 * Walter Felip.' An old song, quoted in ' Political 
 Poems ' (i. 60), says of the defeated soldiers at Halidon 
 Hill :— 
 
 On Filip Valas fast cri they, 
 
 There for to dwell, and him avaunce. 
 
 The ' Fillpots ' of our present directories may there- 
 fore have thus spelt their names for four or five hun- 
 dred years. Anyhow they have precedent for the 
 form. 
 
 * Matthew the Publican ' seems to have been a 
 favourite alike in England and France. * Matt ' was 
 the homely appellative, and thus besides ' Mathews ' 
 and ' Mathewson,' we meet with Matts,' ' Matson,' 
 
 * Mattison, ' and ' Mattinson.' Our ' Mayhews ' repre- 
 sent the foreign dress, and can refer their origin to 
 such personages as ' Adam fil. Maheu,' or * Mayeu 
 de Basingbourne.' ' Bartholomew,' for what reason I 
 can scarcely say, was a prime favourite with our 
 forefathers, and has left innumerable proofs of the 
 same. ' Batt ' or ' Bett ' seems to have been the 
 favourite curtailment. The author of * Piers Plow- 
 man ' speaks of ' Bette the Bocher ' (Butcher), * Bette 
 the Bedel,' and makes Reason bid
 
 92 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Bette kutte 
 A bough outher tweye, 
 And bete Beton therewith. 
 
 'Batty,' 'Bates,' ' Batson,' 'Batcock,' ' Badcock,' 
 ' Batkins,' ' Badkins,' ' Betson,' ' Bedson,' and ' Betty ' 
 are relics of this. ' Bartle,' and the Norman-French 
 
 * Bartelot,' found in such entries as ' Bartel Frobisher,' 
 'John fil. Bertol,' 'Bartelot Govi,' or 'Edward Bart- 
 tlette,' at once bespeak the origin of our ' Bartles ' and 
 ' Bartletts,' ' Nor was this all. Another favourite 
 sobriquet for this same name was ' Toly ' or * Tholy,' 
 hence such registrations as ' Tholy Oldcorn,' or 
 ' Robert Toly,' or ' William fil. Tholy.' Our ' Tolleys ' 
 ' Tollys ' and ' Tolsons ' ^ are thus explained. None of 
 these could have been the offspring of any old ' Ladye 
 Betty,' as Mr. Lower seems to imagine, since that 
 name, as I have shown, did not exist in England at 
 this time, nor in fact can it be said to have been known 
 till rendered fashionable by Elizabeth Woodville, the 
 bride of Edward IV. What an influence a single in- 
 dividual may wield over our personal nomenclature 
 may be thus seen, when we remember the enormous 
 preponderance of this latter name during the two 
 centuries that followed the reign of the imperious but 
 
 * good Queen Bess,' and the glorious scattering of 
 the Spanish Armada. This, too, escaping the wither- 
 ing influences of the Puritan era, continued through 
 all, and now holds the fourth place in English esteem. 
 
 • A well-known Durham family of the name of ' Burletson' existed 
 till the close of the eighteenth century in that county, and I am not 
 sure that it does not still sur\'ivc there. This, I doubt not, is but a 
 corruption of ' Bartelotson ' or ' Bartleson.' (Fide Surtees' History of 
 Durham, vol. i. p. lo6.) 
 
 ' John Toloson was Sheriff of London in 1237.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 93 
 
 In the poem I have just quoted, Reason 
 
 Called Caton his knave 
 
 Curteis of speche, 
 
 And also Tomme Trewe-tonge. 
 
 Thus we see that ' Tom, ' as the popular form of 
 
 * Thomas,' has been in vogue for many centuries. 
 
 * Thomas,' like some of the above names, received an 
 increased impulse from the Crusades. But another 
 circumstance also befriended it. In its numerous pro- 
 geny may be read again the story of the feud that 
 arose between the haughty Archbishop and Henry II., 
 a feud that terminated so fatally for the former, and 
 made the spot where he fell hallowed for centuries 
 by the pilgrimages of shrine-worshippers. Piers, in 
 Langland's poem, says, 
 
 I nolde fange a ferthyng 
 For saint Thomas shryne. 
 
 The surnames whose origin we must undoubtedly 
 attribute, in the majority of cases, to the notoriety 
 given to the sobriquet possessed by this murdered 
 prelate are many. The patronymic is clearly marked 
 in our ' Thomasons,' ' Thomsons,' and ' Thompsons.' 
 The favoured Norman diminutive is equally assured 
 of perpetuation in our ' Thomasetts,' ' Thomsetts,' and 
 'Thompsetts ;' the Saxon being as fully popularised 
 in our * Thompkins,' ' Tompkins,' ' Tomkins,' and 
 ' Tomkinsons.' The softer termination is also firmly 
 settled in our 'Thomlins,' 'TomHns,' and 'Tomlin- 
 sons.' ^ More abbreviated patronymics are to be met 
 
 ' The romance form, ' Thomasine,' existed till recent days, and was 
 at the zenith of its popularity in Elizabeth's reign. It is found in every
 
 94 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 with also in our' Thomms,' 'Thorns,' and * Toms.' With 
 so many representatives in the list of rational beings, 
 we need not be surprised to find the lower order of 
 creation under obligations to this title. It was with 
 the death of St. Thomas of Canterbury, and the con- 
 sequent popularity of his name, arose so many sobri- 
 quets of which the same name became a component 
 part. The cat became a ' tom-cat,' a simple-natured 
 man a ' tom-coney,' a silly fellow a ' tom-noddy ' or 
 ' tom-fool,' a romping girl a ' tom-boy,' and a wren a 
 •tom-tit' Andrew has made little impression on 
 English nomenclature, but in Scotland he is universal,' 
 for not only is St. Andrew the patron saint, but 
 some of his relics are said to have been brought thither 
 in the 4th century. ' Andrew,' 'Andrews,' and ' Ander- 
 son' are its surnames, but nearly all belong to the 
 north side of the Tweed. 'James,' too, has failed to 
 be popular in England, but ' John ' in the shape of 
 ' Jack ' has robbed him, as we have seen, of nearly all 
 his property. Such entries as ' James le Queynt,' or 
 ' Ralph Jamson,' or ' William Gimmison,' were occa- 
 sionally registered, and in the form of ' James ' 
 'Jameson' ' Jimson' and 'Jimpson' they still exist.'' 
 * Jamieson ' is Scotch. Of the Gospel writers we have 
 already noticed ' Matthew ' and ' John,' In ' Mark ' 
 we see the progenitor not merely of our ' Marks' and 
 
 register of that period. It is found as ' Thomasing ' in Worksworth 
 Ch. (Derbyshire) : ' Thomasing, filia William Sympson ; buried 
 Jan. 31, 1640.' 
 
 ' Thus Skelton, in li^/iy come ye itat to Coitrtc ? says : — 
 ' Twit, Andrewe, twit, Scot, 
 Ge hanic, ge scour thy pot.' 
 * An instance of the diminutive is found in ' Tliomas Jemmitt,' 
 recorded in Clutterbuck's Hertford, Index, vol. i.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 95 
 
 the Latinized ' Marcus,' but of * Marcock,' * Markin,' 
 and ' Marson ' also. The mention of * Luke ' recalls 
 such names as ' Luckins,' * Luckock,' ' Lucock,' or 
 
 * Locock,' ' Luckett,' and perchance * Lockett.' It is 
 in the form of * Lucus,' however, that he is generally- 
 known. The author of ' Piers Plowman ' speaks of 
 
 * Marc,' ' Mathew,' ' Johan,' and ' Lucas.' 
 
 Of the later period of New Testament history, few 
 names were better represented than ' Nicholas,' but it 
 was ' St. Nicholas ' of the fourth century who chiefly 
 gave it its position. Owing to several well-known le- 
 gends that connected themselves with this famous 
 Archbishop of' Myra, he became the patron saint of 
 boys, sailors, parish clerks, and even thieves. Two 
 of the most favoured curtailments of this name were 
 
 * Nicol ' and ' Nick.' From the one we have derived our 
 
 * Nicholls' and * Nicholsons ;' from the other our 
 ' Nixs,' ' Nicks,' 'Nixons,' ' Nicksons,' and 'Nickersons,' 
 Judging from our surnames, * Nick ' was the more 
 favoured term. In the old song ' Joan to the May- 
 pole,' it is said : 
 
 Nan, Noll, Kate, Moll, 
 Brave lasses have lads to attend 'em ; 
 
 Hodge, Nick, Tom, Dick, 
 Brave country dancers, who can amend 'em ? 
 
 But the most popular form of all was that of 
 
 * Cole' ' or ' Colin,' which came to us through the Nor- 
 mans. ' Colin ' is one more instance of the diminutive 
 
 ' Thus, in Why come ye 7iat to Courte? Skelton introduces such fic- 
 titious characters as — 
 
 ' Havell, and Harvy Hafter, 
 Jack Travell, and Cole Craftcr.'
 
 96 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * on ' or * in.' Thus we derive our ' Collins,' ' Collin- 
 sons,' and * Colsons.' The more usual desinence still 
 lives in our ' Colletts ' and ' Colets.' This is the form 
 found in one of the ' Coventry Mysteries,' where allu- 
 sion is made to 
 
 Kytt Cakeler, and Colett Crane, 
 Gylle Fetyse, and Fayr Jane. 
 
 Miss Yonge mentions a ' Collette Boilet ' who, in the 
 fifteenth century, caused a reformation of the nuns 
 of St. Clara, and Mr. Lower has a ' St. Colette,' 
 whose parents had given him the name out of respect 
 to ' St. Nicholas.' ' Coletta Clarke' is found in Clut- 
 terbuck's ' Hertford ' (Index). St. Nicholas, it is 
 clear, was not neglected. 
 
 The proto-martyr Stephen has left many memorials 
 in our nomenclature of the popularity which his story 
 obtained among the English peasantry. The name 
 proper is found in such entries as ' Esteven Walays,' 
 or ' Jordan fil. Stephen,' and their descendants now 
 figure amongst us as ' Stephens,' ' Stevens,' ' Stephen- 
 son,' and ' Stevenson.' More curtailed forms arc met 
 with in ' Steenson' and ' Stinson,' and the more cor- 
 rupted ' Stimson ' and ' Stimpson.' The Norman 
 diminutive was of course ' Stcvenet ' or ' Stevenot,' 
 and this still remains with us in our ' Stennets ' and 
 ' Stennetts.' Nor do Paul and Barnabas lack me- 
 morials. Traces of the former are found in our ' Pol- 
 sons,' ^ ' Pawsons,' ' Powlsons,' and more correct ' Paul- 
 
 ' I have slated in p. 80 lliat Poison is nothing more than Paulson. 
 A proof of this is found in the case of ' Pol Withipol,' who was sum- 
 moned to attend the council to show why the statute passed 
 27th Henry VIII., for the making of broadcloths and kerseys, should 
 not be repealed. — Proc. and Ord. Privy Council, vii. 156.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 97 
 
 sons.' In one of these, at least, we are reminded of 
 the old pronunciation of this name. Piers Plowman 
 styles it 'Powel,' and even so late as 1562 we find 
 Heywood writing the following epigram : — 
 
 Rob Peter and pay Poule, thou sayst I do ; 
 But thou robst and poulst Peter and Poule, too. 
 
 This at once explains the origin of our more diminu- 
 tive ' Pauletts,' ' Pouletts,' ' Powletts,' and ' Pollitts.' » 
 * Barnabas ' has left his impress upon our ' Barnabys,' 
 and when not local, ' Barnbys.' Miss Yonge mentions 
 an epitaph in Durham, dated 1633, commemorative of 
 one of the proctors of the chapter — 
 
 Under this thorne tree 
 Lies honest Barnabee. 
 
 A century later we find it in one of D'Orsey's bal- 
 lads — 
 
 Davy the drowsy, and Bamaby bowzy, 
 
 At breakfast will flout and will jeer, boys ; 
 
 Sluggards shall chatter, with small beer and water. 
 Whilst you shall tope off the March beer, boys. — Vol. i. 311. 
 
 This name is now entirely out of fashion. 
 
 With five Alexanders in the New Testament it 
 did not need the celebrity of the great commander 
 nor that of more fabulous heroes to make his name 
 common. In Scotland it obtained great favour, both 
 in palace and cottage. The softer form was always 
 used. Chaucer says — 
 
 Alisaundre's storie is commune ; 
 
 and Langland, among other foreign places of interest, 
 speaks of ^ 
 
 Armonye and Alisaundre. 
 
 ' Capgrave, in his 'Chronicles,' under date 1394, says: ' In this 
 time the Lolardis set up scrowis at Westminster and at Poulcs.' 
 
 H
 
 98 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 This was no doubt the popular pronunciation of the 
 time, except that it was usually abbreviated into 
 ' Sander,' or ' Saunder.' Thus, in * Cocke Lorells Bote,' 
 it is said — 
 
 Here is Saunder Sadeler, of Frog-street Comer, 
 With Jelyan Joly at sign of the Bokeler. 
 
 Hence it is we find such entries as * Thomas fil. 
 Saundre,' 'John Alisaundre,' 'Edward Saundercock,' 
 or ' Sandres Ewart,' and hence again such surnames 
 as ' Sandercock,' ' Sanderson,' ' Saunderson,' ' Sanders,' 
 and 'Saunders.' ' Timothy,' saving in 'Timms,' 'Timbs,' 
 'Timson,' and 'Timcock,' seems to have been over- 
 looked, and yet Glutton in 'Piers Plowman ' is followed 
 into the tavern by 
 
 Wat the wamer, and his wife both, 
 > Tymme the tinker, and twain of his 'prentices. 
 
 But, however unfortunate Paul's spiritual son may 
 have been, the same cannot be said of Clement, his 
 fellow-labourer. Raised to high distinction as the 
 title of one of the greatest of the early fathers, a 
 popular name among the Popes (for no less than 
 fourteen were found to bear the sobriquet), Clement 
 could not fail to meet with honour. Its usual forms 
 were * Clement,' ' Clemcnce,' and ' Clemency.' Dimi- 
 nutives were found also in ' Clem ' and ' Clim.' Of 
 the noted North English archer it is said, in one of 
 the Robin Hood ballads — 
 
 And Clim of the Clough hath plenty enough, 
 If he but a penny can spare ; 
 
 and in the old song of the ' Green-gown ' a rhyme is 
 easily secured by the conjunction of such names as — 
 
 Clem, Joan, and Isabel, 
 Sue, Alice, and bonny Nell.
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 99 
 
 The chief surnames whose paternity is traceable to 
 ' Clement ' are ' Clements,' * Clementson,' ' Clemms,' 
 * Clemson,' and ' Clempson.' Archangelic names are 
 found in our ' Gabbs,' ' Gabbots,' and ' Gabcocks,' 
 from ' Gabriel ; ' and in our ' Michaelson,' ' Mitchels,' 
 and ' Mitchelsons,' from ' Michael.' 
 
 But let us somewhat more closely analyse these 
 names. As I have said before, from the most casual 
 survey one thing is evident, they represent the 
 Church's Calendar rather than the Church's Bible. 
 They are the extract of sacred legends rather than of 
 Holy Writ. There is not a single name to betray any 
 internal acquaintance with the Scriptures. Nor could 
 there well be. An English Bible was unknown, and 
 had there been one to consult, the reading powers of 
 the nation were too limited for it to have been much 
 used. Many of the clergy themselves could not read. 
 Thus the Bible, so far as extends beyond the leading 
 incidents it contains, was a sealed book. This had 
 its effect upon our nomenclature. We cannot find a 
 single trace of acquaintance with its rarer histories. 
 What a wide change in this respect did Wicklyffe 
 and the Reformation effect ! With an English Bible 
 in their hand, with the clearing away of the mists of 
 ignorance and superstition, with the destruction of all 
 forces that could obstruct the spread of knowledge, 
 all was altered. The Bible, posted up in every church, 
 might be read of all — and all who could probably did 
 read it. This at once had its effect upon our nomen- 
 clature. Names familiar enough in our own day to 
 those ordinarily conversant with the Scriptures, but 
 till then absolutely unknown, were brought forth from 
 their hiding-places and made subservient to the new
 
 lOO ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 impulse of the nation. Names associated with the 
 more obscure books, and with personages less directly 
 confronting us in our study of the Word, begin now 
 to be inscribed upon our registers. The ' Proceedings 
 in Chancery ' is the best evidence how far this had 
 affected our nomenclature towards the close of the 
 reign of Elizabeth. We come across such names, for 
 example, as ' Ezechie Newbold,' * Dyna Bocher,' 
 * Phenenna Salmon,' ' Ezekiel Guppye,' * Dedimus 
 Buckland,' * Esdras Botright,' ' Sydrach Sympson,' 
 'Judith Botswain,* 'Isachar Brookes,' 'Gamaliel 
 Capell,' ' Emanuel Cole,' * Abigaill Cordell,' ' Reuben 
 Crane,' * Amos Boteler,' ' Philologus Forth,' ' Zabulon 
 Gierke,' * Archelaus Gifford,' 'Gideon Hancock,' 'Seth 
 Awcocke,' ' Abacucke Harman,' or ' Melchizedek 
 Payn.' The ' State Papers ' (domestic) of James I.'s 
 reign are .still more largely imbued with the new 
 influence. We are now brought face to face with 
 entries such as * Uriah Babington,' ' Aquila Wykes,' 
 'Hilkiah Crooke,' 'Caleb Morley,' ' Philemon Powell,' 
 'Melchior Rainald,' 'Zachaeus Ivitt,' 'Ananias Dyce,' 
 ' Agrippina Binglcy,' ' Apollonia Cotton,' or ' Phineas 
 Pett.* So far, however, the change was of a certain 
 kind. These new names did not clash with the 
 old nomenclature. There was a greater variety, 
 that was all. Both romance and sacred names went 
 together, and in the same family might be seen 'John' 
 and 'Ralph,' 'Isaac' and 'Robert,' 'Reuben' and 
 ' Richard.' But a new spirit was being infused into 
 the heart of the nation, th"at spirit which at length 
 brought about the Puritan Commonwealth. We all 
 know how this great change came. It is neither our 
 intention, nor need we enter into it here. Sufficient
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. lOI 
 
 for our purpose that it came. This revolution mar- 
 vellously affected our nomenclature. It was not 
 simply that the old and, so to speak, pagan names 
 •William,' 'Roland,' 'Edward,' 'Ralph,' ' Aymon,' 
 and a hundred others, once household words, were 
 condemned to oblivion, but even the names of the 
 Christian saints were ignored. ' Cromwell,' says 
 Cleveland, 'hath beat up his drums clean through the 
 Old Testament — you may know the genealogy of our 
 Saviour by the names of his regiment. The muster 
 master hath no other list than the first chapter of St. 
 Matthew.' The Old Testament, indeed, seems to 
 have been alone in favour.' The practice of choosing 
 such designations borrowed therefrom as ' Enoch,' 
 'Hiram,' ' Seth,' ' Phineas,' 'EH,' ' Obadiah,' 'Job,' 
 ♦Joel,' 'Hezekiah,' ' Habbakuk,' 'Caleb,' ' Zeruiah,' 
 'Joshua,' ' Hephzibah,' or ' Zerubbabel,' has left its 
 mark to this very day, especially in our more retired 
 country districts. Self-abasement showed itself, at 
 least externally, in the choice of names of bad repute. 
 'Cains,' 'Absoloms,' ' Abners,' ' Delilahs,' 'Dinahs,' 
 ' Tamars,' ' Korahs,' 'Abirams,' and ' Sapphiras,'^ 
 
 ' Lord Macaulay has noticed this. Speaking of the Old Testament, 
 and in respect of the old Puritans, he says : ' In such a history it was not 
 difficult for fierce and gloomy spirits to find much that might be dis- 
 torted to suit their wishes. The extreme Puritans, therefore, began to 
 feel for the Old Testament a preference which, perhaps, they did not 
 distinctly avow even to themselves, but which showed itself in all their 
 sentiments and habits. They paid to the Hebrew language a respect 
 which they refused to that tongue in which the discourses of Jesus and 
 the epistles of Paul have come down to us. They baptized their chil- 
 dren by the names, not of Christian saints, but of Hebrew patriarchs 
 and warriors.' —(///>/'. E7tg. ch. i.) 
 
 ^ The most curious illustration of this class is that of * Melcom 
 Groat ' (T.T.), ' Milcom, the abomination of the children of Ammon.'
 
 102 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 abounded. Nor was this all. Of all excesses those 
 of a religious character are proverbially most intem- 
 perate in their course. Abstract qualities, prominent 
 words of Scriptures, nay, even short and familiar 
 sentences culled from its pages, or parodied, were 
 tacked on to represent the Christian name. Camden 
 mentions, as existing in his own day, such appella- 
 tions as ' Free-gift,' * Reformation,' ' Earth,' ' Dust,' 
 'Ashes,' 'Delivery,' ' Morefruit,' 'Tribulation,' 'The 
 Lord is near,' 'More trial,' 'Discipline,' 'Joy again,' 
 ' From above ' — names which, he says, ' have lately 
 been given by some to their children, with no evil 
 meaning, but upon some singular and precise conceit.' 
 ' Praise-God-Barebones ' is but another specimen of 
 this extraordinary spirit. The brother of this latter 
 could boast a still longer sobriquet. He had chosen 
 for himself, it is said, the title, ' If-Christ-had-not- 
 died-for-you-you-had-been-damned-Barebones,' but 
 his acquaintances becoming wearied of its length, 
 retained only the last word, and as ' Damned-Bare- 
 bones ' left him a sobriquet more curt than pleasant. 
 The following is a list of a jury said to have been 
 enclosed in the county of Sussex at this time, and 
 selected of course from the number of the Saints : — 
 
 Accepted Trevor of Norsham. 
 Redeemed Compton of Battle. 
 Faint-not Hewit of Heathfield. 
 Make-peace Heaton of Hare. 
 God-reward Smart of Fivehurst. 
 Stand-fast-on-high Stringer of Crowhurst. 
 
 — 2 Kings, xxiii. 13. This is a conversion by baptism which would 
 astonish equally Mr. Spurgeon and Dr. Pusey, I should imagine. A 
 sister of Archbishop Leighton (son of a much persecuted Presbyterian 
 minister) was ' Sapphira.'
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. IO3 
 
 Earth Adams of Waketon. 
 
 Called Lower of the same. 
 
 Kill-sin Pimple of Witham. 
 
 Return Spelman of Watling. 
 
 Be-faithful Joiner of Butling. 
 
 Fly-debate Roberts of the same. 
 
 Fight-the-good-fight-of-faith White of Emer. 
 
 More-fruit Fowler of East Hadly. 
 
 Hope-for Bending of the same. 
 
 Graceful Herding of Lewes. 
 
 Weep -not Billing of the same. 
 
 Meek Brewer of Oakeham. 
 
 The above list may be thought by many a mere 
 burlesque, and so I doubt not it is, but a similar cate- 
 gory could be quickly put together from more reliable 
 sources, and some of the names therein set down did 
 certainly exist. The following entries are quoted by 
 Mr. Lower from the registers of Warbleton : — 
 
 161 7. Be-stedfast Elyarde. 
 
 — Good-gift Gynnings. 
 1622. Lament Willard. 
 
 1624. Defend Outered. 
 
 1625. Faint-not Dighurst. 
 
 — Fere-not Rhodes. 
 1677. Replenish French." 
 
 The ' Proceedings in Chancery ' furnish us with 
 ' Virtue Hunt,' ' Temperance Dowlande,' ' Charitie 
 Bowes,' and ' Lamentation Chapman.' The ' Visitation 
 of Yorkshire ' gives us * Fayth Neville,' ' Grace Clay- 
 ton,' ' Troth Bellingham,' and * Prudence Spenser ; ' 
 and amongst other more general instances may 
 be mentioned * Experience Mayhew,' ^ ' Abstinence 
 
 ' The same writer quotes from the register of Waldron the following 
 curious entry : — ' Flie-fornication, the bace sonne of Catren Andrewes, 
 bapt. ye 17th Desemb., 1609.' 
 
 * 'The Rev. Experience Mayhew, A.M., born Feb, 5th, 1673,
 
 I04 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Pougher,' ^ ' Increase Mather,' * * Thankful! Frewen,' 
 'Accepted Frewen,'^ * Live-well Sherwood,' * * Faythful 
 Fortescue,' * and * Silence Leigh.' ^ The more extraor- 
 dinary and rabid phases of this spirit have now passed 
 away, but the general effect remains. It is from this 
 date, I have said, must be noted the declension of such 
 a familiar name as ' Humphrey,' or ' Ralph,' or ' Jos- 
 celyn,' and of the romance names generally. From this 
 date we perceive the use of some of our present most fa- 
 miliar and till then wellnigh unknown baptismal names. 
 With the restoration of Charles II. much of the 
 more rhapsodic features of this curious spirit died out, 
 but it is more than probable it was fed elsewhere. 
 The rigorous persecution of the Nonconformists which 
 marked and blotted his reign, the persecuting spirit 
 which drove hundreds to seek beyond the seas that 
 asylum for religious liberty which was denied them at 
 
 died of an apoplexy, Nov. 9th, 1758.' He was a missionary to Vine- 
 yard Island. (Vide 'Pulpit,' Dec. 6, 1827.) 
 
 ' 'Here lieth the body of Abstinence Pougher, Esq., who died 
 Sept. 5th, 1741, aged 62 years.' (All Saints, Leicester. F/V/f Nicholls' 
 ' Leicester.') 
 
 * Dr. Increase Mather was sent from New England to represent to 
 James II. the gratitude of the Dissenters for a Toleration Act in 1685. 
 { FiV/i? Neales' 'Puritans,' vol. v. p. 31.) 
 
 * Rev. Accepted Frewen (died 1664) was Archbishop of York, and 
 son of a Puritan minister in Sussex. (Vide Walker's 'Sufferings of 
 Clergy,' p. 38,) 'Thankful!' was his brother. 
 
 * Mr. Livewell Sherwood, an alderman of Norwich, was put on a 
 commission for sequestering Papists, in 1643. (ScobcU's 'Orders of 
 Pari.,' p. 38.) 
 
 * Faythful Fortescue. ('Visitation of Yorkshire.') 
 
 * ' Robert Thycr and Silence Leigh, married Dec. 9, 1741.' (St. 
 Ann's, Manchester.) She was evidently the daughter of some old 
 stickler for St. Paul's doctrine — 'Let the women learn in silence, with 
 all subjection' — or had he been himself a sufferer in his married life ?
 
 PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 10$ 
 
 home, could have none other effect than to make 
 these settlers cling the more tenaciously to the new 
 scheme of doctrine and practice, for which they had 
 sacrificed so much. Thus the feeling which had led 
 them at home to allow the Written Word to be the 
 only source from which to select names for their 
 children, or to make substitutions for their own, was 
 not hkely to be suppressed in the backwoods.^ Their 
 very life and its surroundings there but harmonized 
 with the primitive histories of those whose names they 
 had chosen, A kind of affinity seemed to be estab- 
 lished between them. This spirit was fanned by the 
 very paucity of population, and the difficulty of keep- 
 ing up any connexion with the outer world. They 
 were shut up within themselves, and thus the Bible 
 became to them, not so much a record of the past as 
 that through which ran the chronicle of the present. 
 It was a living thread interwoven into their very lives. 
 Their history was inscribed in its pages, their piety 
 was fed by its doctrines. Its impress lay upon all, its 
 influence pervaded all. All this has left its mark 
 upon Anglo-American nomenclature — nay, to such a 
 degree do these influences still exist, that, though 
 derived from the same sources, the American system 
 and our own can scarce be viewed otherwise than as 
 separate and distinct. Rare, indeed, are the early 
 romance and the Teutonic names in those tracts 
 
 ' Charles Chauncy died in New England, 1671. He went from 
 Hertfordshire, where the family had been settled for centuries. His 
 children were 'Isaac,' ' Ichabod,' 'Sarah,' 'Barnabas,' ' Elnathan,' 
 ♦Nathaniel,' and 'Israel.' (Clutterbuck's Hertford, vol. ii. 401.) 
 Elnathan and Nathaniel are the same, with syllables reversed, like 
 ' Theodora ' and ' Dorothea. '
 
 I06 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 where the descendants of the primitive settlers are 
 found. All are derived from the Scriptures, or are of 
 that fancy character, a love of which arose with their 
 Puritan forefathers. Appellations such as ' Seth,' or 
 'Abel,' or 'Lot,' or 'Jonas,' or 'Asa,' or ' Jabez,' or 
 ' Abijah,' or ' Phineas,' or ' Priscilla,' or ' Epaphro- 
 ditus,' abound on every hand. Sobriquets like 
 ' Faith,' and ' Hope,' and * Charity,' and * Patience,' 
 and ' Prudence,' and * Grace,' and * Mercy,' have be- 
 come literally as household words, and names yet 
 more uncouth and strange may be heard every day, 
 sounding oddly indeed to English ears. There would 
 seem to have been a revulsion of feeling, even from 
 such of the Biblical names as had lived in the earlier 
 centuries of our history, as if the connexion of ' Peter,' 
 and 'John,' and ' James,' and ' Thomas ' with others of 
 more pagan origin had made them unworthy of fur- 
 ther use ; certain it is, that these are in no way so 
 familiar with them as with us. Such are the strange 
 humours that pass over the hearts of men and com- 
 munities. Such are the changes that the nomen- 
 clature of peoples, as well as of places and things, 
 undergo through the more extraordinary convulsions 
 which sometimes seize the body corporate of society. 
 Truly it is a strange story this that our surnames tell 
 us. ' What's in a name .' ' in the light of all this, 
 seems indeed but a pleasantry, meant to denote how 
 full, how teeming with the story of our lives is each — 
 as so they are.
 
 X 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 
 
 In wellnigh every country where personal nomen- 
 clature has assumed a sure and settled basis, that is, 
 where a second or surname has become an hereditary 
 possession in the family, we shall find that that por- 
 tion of it which is of local origin bears by far the 
 largest proportion to the whole. We could well pro- 
 ceed, therefore, to this class apart from any other 
 motive, but when we further reflect that it is this local 
 class which in the first instance became hereditary, we 
 at once perceive an additional claim upon our atten- 
 tion. 
 
 I need scarcely say at the outset that, as with all 
 countries so with England, prefixes of various kinds 
 were at first freely used to declare more particularly 
 whence the nominee was sprung. Thus, if he were 
 come from some town or city he would be * William 
 of York,' or ' John of Bolton,' this enclitic being fami- 
 liarly pronounced * a,' as ' William a York,' or ' John a 
 Bolton.' For instance, it is said in an old poem anent 
 Robin Hood — 
 
 It had been better of William a Trent 
 To have been abed with sorrowe ;
 
 I08 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 where it simply means * William of Trent.' * This, of 
 course, is met in France by *de,' as it was also on 
 English soil during early Norman times. If, on the 
 other hand, the situation only of the abode gave the 
 personality of the nominee, the connecting link was 
 varied according to the humour or caprice of the 
 speaker, or the relative aspect of the site itself Thus, 
 if we take up the old Hundred Rolls we shall find 
 such entries as 'John Above-brook,' or ' Adelina 
 Above-town,' or ' Thomas Behind-water,' or ' John 
 Beneath-the-town.' Or take a more extended in- 
 stance, such as * Lane.' We find it attached to the 
 personal name in such fashions as the following : — 
 
 Cecilia in the Lane. 
 Emma a la Lane. 
 John de la Lane. 
 John de Lane. 
 Mariota en le Lane. 
 Philippa ate Lane. 
 Thomas super Lane. 
 
 ' Brook,' again, by the variety of the prefixes which I 
 find employed, may well be cited as a further example. 
 We have such entries as these : — 
 
 Alice de la Broke. 
 Andreas ate Broke. 
 Peter ad le Broke. 
 Matilda ad Broke. 
 Reginald del Broke. 
 Richard apud Broke. 
 Sarra de Broke. 
 Reginald bihunde Broke. 
 
 ' ' What is your name?' then said Robin Hood, 
 'Come, tell me, without any fail ;' 
 ' By the faith of my body,' then said the young man, 
 * My name it is Allan a Dale.' 
 
 {Robin Hood^ vol. ii, 261.)
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. IO9 
 
 These are extracts of more or less formal entries, but 
 they serve at least to show how it was at first a mere 
 matter of course to put in the enclitics that associated 
 the personal or Christian name with that which we 
 call the surname. Glancing over the instances just 
 quoted, we see that of these definitive terms some are 
 purely Norman, some equally purely Latin, a few are 
 an admixture of Norman and Latin, a common thing 
 in a day when the latter was the language of inden- 
 ture, and the rest are Saxon, 'ate' being the chief one. 
 This ' atte ' was ' at the,' answering to the Norman 
 
 * de la,' ' del,' or ' du,' and was familiarly contracted 
 by our forefathers into the other forms of * ate ' and 
 
 * att ; ' or for the sake of euphony, when a vowel 
 preceded the name proper, extended to 'atten.' Li 
 our larger and more formal Rolls these seldom occur, 
 owing to their being inscribed all but invariably in 
 the Norman-French or Latin style I have instanced 
 above, but in the smaller abbey records, and those of 
 a more private interest, these Saxon prefixes are 
 common. In the writers of the period they are fami- 
 liarly used. Thus, in the * Coventry Mysteries,' 
 mention is made of — 
 
 Thorn Tynker, and Betrys Belle, 
 Beyrs Better, and Watt at the Well ; • 
 
 ' One of the best puns extant is put to the credit of the Duke of 
 Buckingham by Walter Scott, in his Peveril of the Peak. A Mrs. 
 Cresswell, who had borne anything but a creditable character, be- 
 queathed 10/. for a funeral sermon, in which nothing ill-natured was to 
 be said of her. The duke wrote the following brief but pointed dis- 
 course : ' All I shall say of her is this : she was bom 7w//, she married 
 •well, she lived wt'//, and she died well; for she was born at "Shad- 
 well," married to "Cress-well," lived at " Clerken-well," and died in 
 ♦♦Bride-well."'
 
 no ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 while ' Piers Plowman ' represents Covetousness as 
 saying — 
 
 For some tyme I served 
 Symme aUe-Style 
 And was his prentice. 
 
 It may not be known to all my readers, probably not 
 even to all those most immediately concerned, that 
 this * atte ' or ' att ' has fared with us in a manner 
 similar to that of the Norman ' du ' and ' de la.' It 
 has occasionally been incorporated with the sobriquet 
 of locality, and thus become a recognised part of the 
 surname itself Take the two names from the two 
 poems I have but just quoted, 'Watt at the Well' 
 and ' Symme atte Style.' Now we have at this pre- 
 sent day but simple ' Styles ' to represent this latter, 
 while in respect of the former we have not merely 
 * Wells,' but ' Attwell,' or ' Atwell.' These examples 
 are not solitary ones. Thus, such a name as * John 
 atte Wood,' or ' Gilbert atte Wode,' has bequeathed 
 us not merely the familiar * Wood,' but * Attwood ' 
 and * Atwood ' also. ' William atte Lea,' that is, the 
 pasture, can boast a large posterity of ' Leighs,' 
 ' Leghs,' and ' Lees ; ' but he is wellnigh as com- 
 monly represented by our ' Atlays ' and ' Attlees.' 
 And not to become tedious in illustrations, ' atte- 
 Borough ' is now ' Attenborough ' or 'Atterbury;' 
 ' atte-Ridge ' has become ' Attridge,' ' atte-Field ' 
 ' Atfield ; ' while such other designations as ' atte- 
 Town,' 'atte-Hill,' ' atte-Water,' ' atte- Worth,' 'atte- 
 Tree,' or ' atte-Cliffe,' arc in this nineteenth century 
 of ours registered frequently as mere ' Atton,' ' Athill,' 
 ' Atwater,' ' Atworth,' ' Attree,' and ' Atclifife.' Some- 
 times, however, this prefix dropped down into the
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. Ill 
 
 simple *a.' The notorious Finder of Wakefield was 
 * George a Green ' according to the ballads regarding 
 Robin Hood. ' Thomas a Becket,' literally, I doubt 
 not, ' Thomas atte Becket ' — that is, the streamlet — 
 is but another instance from more general history. 
 The name is found in a more Norman dress in the 
 Hundred Rolls, where one ' Wydo del Beck't ' is set 
 down. In the same way 'atte-Gate' became the 
 jewelled ' Agate,' and ' atte-More ' ' Amore ' and the 
 sentimental ' Amor.' I have said that where the name 
 proper— i.e. the word of locality — began with a vowel 
 the letter ' n ' was added to ' atte ' for purposes of 
 euphony. It is interesting to note how this euphonic 
 ' n ' has still survived when all else of the prefix has 
 lapsed. Thus by a kind of prosthesis our familiar 
 'Noakes' or 'Nokes' stands for ' Atten-Oaks,' that is, 
 ' At the Oaks.' ' Piers Plowman,' in another edition 
 from that I have already quoted, makes Covetousness 
 to say — 
 
 For sum tyme I served 
 Simme atte-Noke, 
 And was his plight prentys, 
 His profit to look. 
 
 * Nash ' is but put for * atten-Ash,' or as some of our 
 Rolls records it, * atte-Nash ; ' ' Nalder ' for ' atten- 
 Alder,' ' Nelmes ' for ' atten-Elms,' ' Nail ' for * attcn- 
 Hall,' while * Oven ' and ' Orchard ' in the olden 
 registers arc found as * atte-Novene ' and ' atte-Nor- 
 chard ' respectively. That this practice, in a day of 
 an unsettled orthography, was common, is easily 
 judged by the traces that may be detected in our 
 ordinary vocabulary of a similar habit. In the period 
 we are considering ' ale ' was the vulgar term for an
 
 112 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' ale-house.' We still talk of the ' ale-stake,' that is, 
 the public-house sign. Thus *atten-ale' got corrupted 
 into *nale.' Chaucer, with many other writers, so 
 uses it. In the ' Freres Tale ' we are told how the 
 Sompnour — 
 
 Maken him gret festes at the nale. 
 An old poem, too, says — 
 
 Robin will Gilot 
 
 Leden to the nale 
 And sitten there togedres 
 
 And tellen their tale. 
 
 Thus our forefathers used to talk alike of * an ouch,' 
 or 'a nouch,' for a jewel or setting of gold. Gowcr 
 has it — 
 
 When thou hast taken any thynge 
 Of love's gifte, or nouche, or rynge. 
 
 Even now, I need scarcely remind my readers, wc 
 talk of a ' newt,* which is nothing but a contraction of 
 ' an ewt ' or ' eft,' and it is still a question whether 
 ' nedder,' provincially used for ' an adder,' was not 
 originally contracted in a similar manner. ' Nale,' or 
 * Nail,' thus locally derived, still lives in our directories 
 as a surname.' 
 
 While ' atte ' has been unquestionably the one 
 chief prefix to these more familiar local terms, it is 
 not the sole one that has left its mark. Our ' Bywa- 
 ters' and ' Bywoods' are but the descendants of such 
 mediaeval folk as ' Elias Bi-the-water,' or ' Edward 
 
 ' A will, dated 1553, among other bequests mentions : ' Also to 7>iy 
 tta7VHt Bygott an old angell of golde.' The old angel, I need not say, 
 refers to the coin, not the aunt. (Richmondshire Wills, p. 76.)
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. II3 
 
 By-the-wode,' and our * Byfords,' ' Bytheseas/ and 
 'Bygates,' or 'Byatts,' are equally clearly the off- 
 spring of some early ancestor who dwelt beside some 
 streamlet shallow, or marine greensward, or woodland 
 hatchway. 
 
 In this pursuit after individuality, however, this 
 was not the only method adopted. Another class of 
 names arose from the somewhat contrary practice 
 of appending to the place-word a termination equally 
 significative of residence. This suffix was of two 
 kinds, one ending in ' er,' the other in ' man.' Thus 
 if the rustic householder dwelt in the meadows, he 
 became known among his acquaintance as ' Robert 
 the Fielder,' or 'Filder;' if under the greenwood 
 shade, 'Woodyer,' or 'Woodyear,' or 'Woodman' — 
 relics of the old ' le Wodere ' and ' le Wodeman ; ' if 
 by the precincts of the sanctuary, ' Churcher ' or 
 ' Churchman ' in the south of England, or * Kirker ' 
 or * Kirkman ' in the north ; if by some priory, 
 ' Templer ' or * Templeman ; ' if by the village cross, 
 ' Grosser,' or ' Grossman,' or ' Groucher,' or ' Grouch- 
 man ; ' if by the bridge, ' Bridger ' or ' Bridgman ; ' if 
 by the brook, ' Brooker,' or ' Brookman,' or ' Becker,' 
 or * Beckman ; ' if by the well, the immortal ' Weller,' 
 or ' Welman,' or ' Grossweller,' if, as was often the 
 case, it lay beneath the roadside crucifix ; if by some 
 particular tree, ' Beecher,' once written ' le Beechar,' 
 or'Asher,' or ' Hollier,' or ' Holleyman,' or ' Okcr,' 
 and so on. 
 
 A certain number of names of the class we are 
 now dwelling upon have arisen from a somewhat 
 peculiar colloquial use of the term * end ' in vogue 
 
 I
 
 114 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 with our Saxon forefathers. The method of its em- 
 ployment is still common in Lancashire and Yorkshire. 
 The poorer classes still speak of a neighbour as dwell- 
 ing ' at the street end ; ' they never by any chance use 
 the fuller phrase 'the end of the street.' Chaucer 
 uses it as a familiar mode of expression. The Friar, 
 in the preface to his story, says slightingly — 
 
 A Sompnour is a rener up and doun 
 With mandments for fornication, 
 And is beaten at every tounes ende. 
 
 In the * Persones Prologue,' too, the same poet says — 
 
 Therewith the moons exaltation 
 
 In mene Libra, alway gan ascende 
 
 As we were entring at the thorpes ende. 
 
 How colloquial it must have been in his day we may 
 judge from the following list of names I have been 
 enabled to pick up from various records, and which I 
 could have enlarged had I so chosen : — 
 
 John ate Bruge-ende. 
 Walter atte Townshende. 
 John de Poundesende. 
 Margaret ate Laneande. 
 William atte Streteshend. 
 John atte Burende. 
 Adam de Wodcshendc. 
 Martin de Clyveshende. 
 John de la Wykhend. 
 William de Overende. 
 John de Dichendc. 
 Thomas atte Greaveshendc. 
 
 Besides these we have such a Latinized form for 
 ' Townsend,' or ' Townshend,' as ' Ad fincm villae,' or 
 ' End ' itself without further particularity, in such a
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. II5 
 
 sobriquet as ' William atte-Nende.' ^ The several 
 points of the compass, too, are marked in ' North- 
 ende,' ' Eastende,' and * Westende,' the latter having 
 become stereotyped in the fashionable mouth as the 
 quarter in which the more opulent portion of the town 
 reside, whether its aspect be towards the setting siin 
 or the reverse — but an exaggeration of this kind is a 
 mere trifle where fashion is concerned. 
 
 But these Saxon compounded names, numerous 
 as they are, are but few in comparison with the simple 
 locative itself, without prefix, without desinence, 
 ' Geoffrey atte Style,' ' Roger atte Lane,' ' Walter atte 
 Water,' * Thomas atte Brooke ; ' or in the more 
 Norman fashion of many of our rolls, ' John de la 
 Ford,' 'Robert del Holme,' 'Richard de la Field,' 
 * Alice de la Strete : ' all these might linger for awhile, 
 but in the end, as we might foresee, as well in the 
 mouths of men as later on in the pages of our registers, 
 they became simple * Geoffrey Styles ' and ' Roger 
 Lane,' * Walter Waters ' and ' Thomas Brookes,' ' John 
 Ford ' and ' Robert Holmes,' ' Alice Street ' and 
 ' Richard Field.' Here, then, is an endless source of 
 surnames to our hands. Here is the spring from 
 which have issued those local sobriquets which prepon- 
 derate so largely over those of every other class. To 
 analyse all these were impossible, and the task of 
 selection is little less difficult. But we may give the 
 preference to such leading provincialisms as are em- 
 bodied in our personal nomenclature, or to such terms 
 as by their existence there betoken that, though not 
 
 ' This name thus formed existed till the sixteenth century, at least, 
 for ' Christopher Nend ' is set down in the Corpus Christi Guild, 
 York, 1530. 
 
 I 2
 
 Il6 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 now, yet they did then occupy a place in the vocabu- 
 lary of every-day converse. For it is wonderful how 
 numberless are the local words, now obsolete saving 
 for our registers, which were used in ordinary talk not 
 more than five hundred years ago. That many of 
 them have been thus rescued from oblivion by our 
 hereditary nomenclature is due no doubt to the fact 
 that the period of the formation of the latter is that 
 also during which our tongue was settling down into 
 that composite form of Saxon and Norman in which 
 we now have it, and which in spite of losses in con- 
 sequence, in spite of here and there a noble word 
 crushed out, has given our English language its 
 pliancy and suppleness, its strengths and shades. 
 
 We have mentioned ' de la Woode ' and ' Atte- 
 woode.' ' De la Hirst' is exactly similar — its com- 
 pounds equally numerous. The pasture beside it is 
 ' Hursley ' — if filberts abound it is ' Hazlehurst ; ' if 
 ashes, ' Ashurst ; ' if lindens or linds, ' Lyndhurst ; ' if 
 elms, * Elmhurst.' If hawks frequented it we find it 
 styled * Hawkhurst ; ' if goats, ' Goathirst ; ' if badgers 
 or brocks, ' Brocklehurst ; ' if deer, ' Dewhurst ' (spelt 
 Duerhurst, 1375). The 'holt ' was less in size, being 
 merely a coppice or small thicket. Chaucer speaks 
 of ' holtes and hayes.' ' Dc la Holt ' is of frequent 
 occurrence in our early rolls. Our ' Cockshots ' are 
 but the ' cocksholt,' the liquid letter being elided as in 
 ' Aldershot,' ' Oakshot,' ' and ' Bagshot,' or badgers' 
 holt. A * shaw ' or * schaw ' was a small woody 
 shade or covert. An old manuscript says : — 
 
 ' William de Okholt is found in the * Inquis. post mortem.' This 
 would be the original form.
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. , 11/ 
 
 In somer when the shawes be sheyne, 
 
 And leves be large and long, 
 It is fulle mery in feyre foreste 
 
 To here the foulys song. 
 
 As a shelter for game and the wilder animals, it is 
 found in such compounds as ' Bagshaw/ the badger 
 being evidently common ; ' Hindshaw,' ' Ramshaw,' 
 
 * Hogshaw,' ' ' Cockshaw,' ' Henshaw,' and ' Earnshaw.' 
 The occurrence of such names as ' Shallcross ' and 
 
 * Shawcross,' ' Henshall ' and ' Henshaw,' and ' Kersall ' 
 and * Kershaw,' would lead us to imagine that this 
 word too has been somewhat corrupted. Other 
 descriptive compounds are found in ' Birkenshaw,* 
 or * Denshaw,' or ' Bradshaw,' or ' Langshaw,' or 
 
 * Openshaw.' As for ' Shaw ' simple, every county in 
 England has it locally, and every directory surnomi- 
 nally. Such a name as ' Richard de la Frith' or 
 
 * George ate Frith ' carries us at once to the woodland 
 copses that underlay our steeper mountain-sides — 
 they represented the wider and more wooded valleys 
 in fact We find the term lingering locally in such 
 a name as ' Chapel-en-le-frith ' in the Peak of Derby- 
 shire. The usual alliterative expression of early days 
 was ' by frith and fell.' We have it varied in an old 
 poem of the fourteenth century : — 
 
 The Duke of Braband first of all 
 Swore, for thing that might befall, 
 That he should both day and night 
 Help Sir Edward in his right, 
 In town, in field, in frith and fen. 
 
 Our ' Friths ' are by no means in danger of obsoletism, 
 
 • ' Emehna de Hogshawe ' (Inquis. post mortem). The name is 
 now extinct, I believe.
 
 Il8 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 to judge by our directories — and they are a pleasant 
 memorial of a term which was once in familiar use as 
 expressive of some of the most picturesque portions of 
 English scenery. Such a name as * De la Dene ' or 
 ' Atte Den,' of frequent occurrence formerly, and as 
 
 * Dean ' or ' Den ' equally familiar now, is worthy of 
 particularity. A den was a sunken and wooded vale, 
 where cattle might find alike covert and pasture. 
 Thus it is that we are accustomed to speak of a den 
 in connexion with animal life, in such phrases as a 
 
 * den of lions ' or a ' den of thieves.' See how early 
 this notion sprang. We have a remembrance of the 
 brock in ' Brogden,' the wolf in ' Wolfenden,' the fox 
 in * Foxden,' the ram in ' Ramsden,' the hare in ' Har- 
 den,' and the deer in ' Dearden,' ^ ' Buckden ' or ' Bug- 
 den,' ' Rayden ' and 'Roden,' or' Rowden.' The more 
 domesticated animals abide with us in ' Horsden,' 
 
 * Oxenden,' and * Cowden,' ' Lambden,' or ' Lamden,' 
 
 * Borden,' and ' Sugden,' or ' Sowden ; ' ' Swinden,' 
 
 * Eversden,' and ' Ogden,' at first written ' de Hog- 
 dene.' With regard especially to this latter class it is 
 that our ' Court of Dens ' arose, which till late years 
 settled all disputes relative to forest pannage. The 
 
 • Our ' Deardens,' however, may be in some cases but a corniption 
 of the old • Demeden ' — that is, the secret or secluded den. The 
 Hundred Rolls give us, for instance, a * Ralph de Demeden.' This 
 word ' dem ' was then in the most familiar use. Thus, in ' Cursor 
 Mundi,' mention is made of 'a mountain dern.' Chaucer speaks of 
 ' deme love,' and Piers Plowman of 'derne usurie.' Our ' Durnfords' 
 but represent such an early entry as ' Robert de Dcrneford ; ' and of 
 names now obsolete, we miglit instance ' Dcrnehus,' found also in the 
 same roll as the above. Our 'Dernes' simple probably originated in 
 the reticent and cautious disposition of their first ancestor. We may 
 take this opportunity of noticing that 'Dibdin' is but 'Deepdcn.' One 
 of our older rolls has a ' Randolph de Dcpeden.'
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. I IQ 
 
 dweller therein, engaged probably in the tendance of 
 such cattle as I have mentioned last, was the ' Denyer ' 
 or * Denman,' both surnames still living in our midst. 
 While the den was given up mainly to swine, the ley ^ 
 afforded shelter to all manner of domestic livestock, 
 not to mention, however, some few of the wilder 
 quarry. The equine species has given to us ' Hors- 
 ley ; the bovine, ' Cowley,' ' Kinley,' and ' Oxlee ' or 
 'Oxley;' the deer, 'Hartley,' 'Rowley,' 'Buckley,' 
 and ' Hindley ; ' the fox, ' Foxley ; ' ^ the hare, ' Har- 
 ley,' and even the sheep, though generally driven to 
 the scantier pastures of the rocks and steeps, has left 
 us in ' Shipley ' a trace of its footprint in the deeper 
 and more sheltered glades. Characteristic of the 
 trees which enclosed it, we get ' Ashley,' ' Elmsley,' 
 ' Oakley,'- ' Lindley,' or ' Berkeley.' Of the name 
 simple we have endless forms ; those of ' Lee,' ' Legh,' 
 ' Lea,' ' Lees,' ' Laye,' and ' Leigh ' ^ being the most 
 familiar. In the old rolls their ancestors figure in an 
 equal variety of dresses, for we may at once light 
 upon such names as ' Emma de la Leye,' or ' Richard 
 de la Legh,' or 'Robert de la Lee,' or 'William de la 
 Lea,' or ' Petronilla de la Le.' Our ' Atlays ' and 
 'Atlees,' as I have already said, are but the more 
 Sax6n ' Atte Lee.' 
 
 In some of these surnames we can trace the early 
 cuttings amongst the thickly wooded districts where 
 the larger wealds were situated. Our * Royds,' or 
 'Rodds,' or ' Rodes,' all hail from some spot ridded 
 
 ' By 'ley' I include both 'lee,' a shelter, and 'lea,' a pasture, for 
 it is impossible to distinguish the two. 
 
 * ' John de Foxlee ' is mentioned. (Fines, Ric. I.) 
 
 * More personal forms are found in ' Henry Legeman' (II.R.) and 
 'Elias Layman' (H.R.).
 
 I20 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 of waste wood. Compounds may be found in our 
 
 * Huntroyds,' that is, the clearing for the chase ; ' Hol- 
 royds,' that is, the holly-clearing ; and ' Acroyds,' that 
 is, the oak-clearing, the term 'acorn,' that is, 'oak- 
 corn,' and such local names as ' Acton ' or ' Acland,' 
 reminding us of this the older spelling ; ' Ormerod,' 
 again, is but Ormes-clearing — Orme being, as we have 
 already shown, a common Saxon personal name. Our 
 ' Greaves ' and ' Graves ' and ' Groves,' descendants of 
 the ' de la Groves ' and ' Atte Groves ' of early rolls, 
 not to mention the more personal * Grover ' and 
 
 * Graver,' convey the same idea. A ' Greave ' was 
 a woodland avenue, graved or cut out of the forest. 
 Fairfax speaks of the — 
 
 Wind in holts and shady greaves. 
 
 'Tis true we only 'grave' in stone now, but it was not 
 always so. Thus in the ' Legend of Good Women ' 
 mention is made of — 
 
 A little herber that I have 
 That benched was on turves fresh ygrave. 
 
 We still call the last resting-place of the dead in our 
 churchyards a grave, though dug from the soil. I 
 have already mentioned ' de la Graveshend ' occurring 
 as a surname. Our ' Hargreaves ' hail from the grove 
 where the hares arc plentiful ; our ' Congreves ' repre- 
 senting the same in the coney. Our ' Grceves ' we 
 shall have occasion in another chapter to show belong 
 to another and more occupative class of surnames. 
 Our ' Thwaites,' too, belong to this category. Locally 
 the term is confined to Cumberland and the north, 
 where the Norwegians left it. It is exactly equivalent
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 121 
 
 to * field,' a felled place, or woodland clearing The 
 compounds formed from it are too numerous to wade 
 through. Amongst others, however, we have, as 
 denotive of the substances ridded, ' Thornthwaite,' 
 
 * Limethwaite,' ' Rownthwaite,' and * Hawthorn- 
 thwaite ; ' of peculiarity in position or shape, * Brath- 
 waite ' (broad), and ' Micklethwaite ; ' of contents, 
 
 * Thistlethwaite,' * Cornthwaite,' and ' Crossthwaite,' 
 The very dress of the majority of these compounds 
 testifies to the northern origin of the root-word. 
 
 Our * Slade ' represents the * de la Slades ' of the 
 Hundred Rolls. A slade was a small strip of green 
 plain within a woodland. One of the numberless 
 rhymes concerning Robin Hood says — 
 
 It had been better of William a Trent 
 
 To have been abed with [sorrowe, 
 Than to be that day in the greenwood slade 
 
 To meet with Little John's arrowe. 
 
 Its nature is still more characterised in 'Robert de 
 Greneslade,' that is, the green-slade ; ' William de la 
 Morslade,' the moorland-slade ; * Richard de Wyt- 
 slade,' the white-slade ; ' Michael de Ocslade,' the 
 oak-slade, and ' William de Waldeslade,' ' the forest- 
 slade (weald) ; * Sladen,' that is, slade-den, implies a 
 woodland hollow. As a local term there is a little 
 difference betwixt it and * launde,' only the latter has 
 no suspicion of indenture about it. A launde was a 
 pretty and rich piece of grassy sward in the heart of 
 a forest, what we should now call an open wood, in 
 fact. Thus it is we term the space in our gardens 
 
 » 'William de Waldeslade' occurs in the 'Great Roll of the Pipe.'
 
 122 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 within the surrounding shrubberies lawns. Chaucer 
 says of Theseus on hunting bent — 
 
 To the launde he rideth him ful right 
 There was the hart wont to have his fliglit. 
 
 In the ' Morte Arthur,' too, we are told of hunting — 
 
 At the hartes in these hye laiinJes. 
 
 This is the source of more surnames than we might 
 imagine. Hence are sprung our ' Launds,' ' Lands,' 
 * Lowndes,' ' Landers,' in many cases, and our obsolete 
 ' Landmans.' The forms, as at first met with, are 
 equally varied. We have * atte-Lond,' * de la Laund,' 
 and ' de la Lande,' while the origin of our ' Lunds ' 
 shows itself in ' de la Lund.' ' De la Holme ' still 
 flourishes in our * Holmes,' while the more personal 
 form is found in our * Holmers ' and ' Holmans.' An 
 holm was a flat meadow-land lying within the wind- 
 ings of some valley stream. Our * Platts,' found in 
 such an entry as ' Robert del Plat,' are similarly 
 sprung, but in the 'plat' there was less thought of 
 general surroundings. As an adjective it was in 
 common use formerly. For instance, in the ' Ro- 
 maunt of the Rose,' when the God of Love had shot 
 his arrow, it is said — 
 
 When I was hurte thus in stound 
 I fell down plat unto the ground. 
 
 Our ' Knowles,' ' Knowlers,' and ' Knowlmans ' carry 
 us to the gently rising slopes in the woods, grassy and 
 free of timber, the old form of the first being ' de la 
 Cnolle ' or ' atte Knolle.' Our ' Lynches,' once written 
 ' de Linches,' I should surmise, are but a dress of the
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 23 
 
 still familiar link across our northern border — the flat- 
 land running by the river and sea-coast, while our 
 ' Kays ' (when not the old British ' Kay ') represent 
 the more artificial ' quay,' reminding us of the knitting 
 together of beam and stone. It is but the same word 
 as we apply to locks, the idea of both being that of 
 securing or fastening. 
 
 Though it is to the more open plains and wood- 
 lands we must look for the majority of our place- 
 names, nevertheless, looking up our steeps and into 
 the fissures of the hills, we may see that every feature 
 in the landscape has its memorial in our nomenclature. 
 'De la Hill ' needs no remark. * De la Helle' and 
 
 * atte Helle ' are somewhat less pleasant to look upon, 
 but they are only another form of the same. * De la 
 Hulle,' again, is but a third setting of the same. 
 Gower says — 
 
 Upon the hulles hyhe 
 
 Of Othrin and Olympe also, 
 
 And eke of three hulles mo 
 
 She fond and gadreth lierbes sweet. 
 
 ' Mountain ' is the ' de la Montaigne ' of the twelfth 
 century, but of course of Norman introduction. This 
 sobriquet reminds us of the story told of a certain Dr. 
 Mountain, chaplain to Charles H., who, when the 
 king asked him if he could recommend him a suitable 
 man for a vacant bishopric, is reported to have an- 
 swered, ' Sire, if you had but the faith of a grain of 
 mustard seed, the matter could be settled at once.' 
 
 * How } ' inquired the astonished monarch. ' Why, 
 my liege, you could then say unto this inojintaiii 
 (smiting his own breast), " be thou removed to that
 
 124 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 see',' and it should be done.' ^ Our ' Cloughs ' repre- 
 sent the narrow fissures betwixt the hills. From the 
 same root we owe our ' Clives ' (the ' de la Clive ' of 
 the Hundred Rolls), * CHffes,' ' Cleves,' and ' Clowes/ 
 not to mention our endless ' Cliffords,' ' CHftons,' 
 ' Clifdens,' ' Cliveleys,' ' Clcvelands,' ' Tunnicliffes,' 
 'Sutcliffes,' ' Nethercliffes,' ' Topliffs,' ' Ratcliffes,' or 
 
 * Redcliffes,' ' Faircloughs,' and ' Stonecloughs.' Any 
 prominence of rock or earth was a ' cop,' or ' cope,' 
 from the Saxon ' cop,' a head.^ Chaucer talks of 
 the 'cop of the nose.' In Wicklyffe's version of 
 Luke iv. 29, it says, * And thei risen up and droven 
 him out withouten the cytee, and ledden him to 
 the coppe of the hill on which their cytee was 
 bilded to cast him down.' We still talk of a coping- 
 stone. Hence, from its local use, we have derived 
 our ' Copes ' and ' Copps,' ' Copleys ' and ' Copelands,' 
 and ' Copestakes.' From ' cob,' which is but another 
 form of the same word, we get our ' Cobbs,' ' Cob- 
 hams,' ' Cobwells,' ' Cobdens,' and ' Cobleys.' Thus, 
 to consult the Parliamentary Writs alone, we find 
 such entries as ' Robert de Cobbe,' ' Reginald de 
 Cobeham,' ' John de Cobwell,' or ' Godfrey de Copp- 
 den.* As a cant term for a rich or prominent man 
 ' cob ' is found in many of our later writers, and 
 
 * cobby ' more early implied a headstrong nature. 
 Another term in use for a local prominence was 
 
 • Quite as good a story, and one less objectionable, is told of a 
 Scottish Member of Parliament called Dunlop, who, at a large dinner 
 party, having asserted that no one could make a pun upon his name, 
 met with the instant reply from one of his guests, ' Oh, yes, I can. 
 Z<7/ off the last syllable, and it is done.'' 
 
 * Thus in the ' Proverbs of Hending,' it is said ; ' When the coppe 
 is fullest, then the hair is fairest.'
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 12$ 
 
 ' ness,' or ' naze.' ' Roger atte Ness ' occurs in the 
 thirteenth century ; and * Longness ' and ' Thickness ' 
 and ' Redness ' are but compounds, unless, as is quite 
 possible, they be from the same root in its more per- 
 sonal relationship to the human face, the word nose 
 being familiarly so pronounced at this time. Our 
 
 * Downs ' and * Dunns,' when not sprung from ' le 
 Dun,' are but descendants of the old ' de la Dune,' of 
 the hilly slopes ; our * Combs ' and ' Combes ' repre- 
 senting the ' de la Cumbe ' of the ridgy hollows, or 
 
 * cup-shaped depressions ' of the higher hillsides, as 
 Mr. Taylor happily expresses it. It is thus we get 
 our terms ' honeycomb,' ' cockscomb,' ' haircomb,' &c. 
 Few terms have connected themselves so much as 
 this with the local nomenclature of our land, and few 
 have made themselves so conspicuous in our directo- 
 ries. The writer I have just mentioned quotes a 
 Cumberland poet, who says — 
 
 There's Cumwhitton, Cumwhinton, Cumranton, 
 
 Cumrangan, Cumrew, and Cumcatch, 
 And mony mair Cums i' the County, 
 
 But nin wi' Cumdivock can match. 
 
 Of those compounds which have become surnames we 
 cannot possibly recite all, but among the more com- 
 mon are ' Thorncombe ' and ' Broadcombe,' ' New- 
 combe ' and ' Morcombe,' ' Lipscombe ' and ' Wool- 
 combe,' * Withecombe ' and ' Buddicom,' and ' Slo- 
 combe.' We have already mentioned * Amore.' The 
 simple * More,' or ' Moore,' is very familiar ; ' atte 
 Mor,' or * de la More,' being the older forms. This 
 has ever been a favourite name for punning rhymes. 
 In the ' Book of Days,' several plays of this kind
 
 126 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 have been preserved. When Dr. Manners Sutton' 
 succeeded Dr. Moore in the Archiepiscopal chair of 
 Canterbury, the following lines were written : — 
 
 What say you ? — the archbishop's dead ? 
 A loss, indeed ! Oh, on his head 
 
 May Heaven its blessings pour ! 
 But if with such a heart and mind, 
 In Manners we his equal find. 
 
 Why should we wish for More ? 
 
 When Sir Thomas More was Chancellor, it is said, his 
 great attention to his duties caused all litigation to 
 come to an end in the Court of Chancery. The fol- 
 lowing epigram bearing upon this fact was written : — 
 
 When More some years had Chancellor been, 
 
 No more suits did remain ; 
 The same shall never more be seen 
 
 Till More be there again. 
 
 Our * Heaths ' explain themselves, but our 
 ' Heths,' though the same, and from the first found as 
 
 ' Talking of ' Manners,' however, we may add one on the celebrated 
 Marquis of Granby : — 
 
 ' What conquest now will Britain boast. 
 
 Or where display lier banners ? 
 Alas ! in Granby she has lost 
 
 True courage and good Manners.^ 
 
 Puns of this nature may be met with frequently in books of the last 
 century. Some complimentary verses to Dr. Gill, on account of a sup- 
 posed victory in a public controversy, in 1727, in support of immersion 
 at baptism, have a play of this kind at one part : — 
 
 'Stennet,' at first, his furious foe did meet, 
 Cleanly compelled him to a swift retreat ; 
 Next powerful ' Gale,' by mighty blast made fall 
 The Church's Dagon, the gigantic 'Wall.' 
 
 (CilVs Works, edit. 1839.)
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 12/ 
 
 ' atte Heth,' are not so transparent. Some might be 
 tempted to set them down in a more IsraeHtish cate- 
 gory as descendants of the ' children of Heth,' but 
 such is not the case. Somewhat similar to ' Cope/ 
 mentioned above, was * Knop ' or * Knap '■ — a summit.' 
 Any protuberance, whatever it might be, was with our 
 old writers a ' hto/>.' ^ Rose-buds and buttons alike, 
 with Chaucer, are ' hzops ' : — 
 
 Among the knops I chose one 
 So fair, that of the remnant none 
 Ne praise I halfe so wel as it. 
 
 North in his Plutarch says, ' And both these rivers 
 turning in one, carrying a swift streame, doe make the 
 knappe of the said hill very strong of its situation to 
 lodge a camp upon.' To our hilltops, then, it is we 
 owe our ' Knaps,' ' Knappers,' ' Knapmans,' ' Knopps,* 
 ' Knopes,' ' Knabwells,' and ' Knaptons.' Our ' Howes' 
 represent the smaller hills, while still less prominent 
 would be the abodes of our early ' Lawes,' ^ and 
 ' Lowes,' or ' de la Lawe ' and ' de la Lowe,' as they 
 are found in the Hundred Rolls. Our ' Shores ' need 
 no explanation, but our ' Overs ' are less known. An 
 old poem, quoted by Mr. Halliwell, says : — 
 
 ' Our novr vulgar term ' nob ' is a relic of this : ' To hit a man on 
 the nob ' is, in the north, to strike on the head. In the same districts 
 a ' nob ' is a rich man, one of family and influence. 
 
 * Our Authorised Version has it, in Exodus xxv. 33 : ' Three bowls 
 made like unto almonds, with a knop and flower in one branch.' Here 
 a bud is evidently intended. I need scarcely say that ' knob ' is but the 
 modern form of this word. 
 
 ' Besides 'David atte Lawe' (M.), we have the more personal 
 ' John Laweman ' (A.), or ' Ranulf Laweman ' (A.). I doubt not these 
 are also local, but one cannot help thinking of Chaucer's ' Sergeant of 
 the Lawe, ware and wise.'
 
 128 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 She come out of Sexlonde, 
 And rived here at Dovere, 
 That stondes upon the sees overe. 
 
 It seems to have been used generally to denote 
 the flat-lands that lay about the sea-coast or rivers 
 generally — what we should call in Scotland the links. 
 I have already mentioned our 'Overends' as similar 
 to our ' Townsends ; ' ' Overman * doubtless is but the 
 more personal form of the same.* 
 
 Coming gradually to more definite traces of 
 human habitation, we may mention some of our tree 
 names. Of several, such as ' Nash,' and * Nalder,' and 
 * Nokes,' we have already spoken. Such a name as 
 ' Henry atte Beeche,' or ' Walter de la Lind,' or 
 ' Richard atte Ok,' now found as simple ' Beech,' and 
 ' Lind,' and ' Oake,' reminds us that we are not with- 
 out further obligations to the tree world. Settling 
 by or under the shade of some gigantic elm or oak, a 
 sobriquet of this kind would be perfectly natural. As 
 our ' Lyndhursts ' and ' Lindleys ' prove, ' lind ' was 
 once familiarly used for our now fuller ' linden.' Piers 
 Plowman says : — 
 
 Blisse of the briddes 
 Broughte me aslepe, 
 And under a lynde 
 Upon a launde 
 Leaned L 
 
 Were the Malvern dreamer describing poetically the 
 birth and the origin of the future Swedish nightingale 
 who four hundred years after\vards was to entrance 
 the world with her song, he could not have been more 
 
 • ' William de Thornover ' and ' Walter de Aslioverc ' will repre- 
 sent compound forms.
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 29 
 
 happy in his expression. Our * Ashes ' and ' Birches,' 
 once * de la Byrche/ need Httle remark, but ' Birks,' 
 the harder form of the latter, is not so familiar, though 
 it is still preserved in such names as * Birkenhead,' or 
 * Birkenshaw,' or * Berkeley.' A small group of trees 
 would be equally perspicuous. Thus have arisen our 
 ' Twelvetrees,' and ' Fiveashes,* and ' Snooks,' a mere 
 corruption of the Kentish ' Sevenoaks.' Mr. Lower 
 mentions ' Quatrefages,' that is, ' four beeches,' as a 
 corresponding instance in French nomenclature. ^ 
 
 A common object in the country lane or by-path 
 would be the gate or hatch that ran across the road 
 to confine the deer. The old provincialism for this 
 was ' yate.' We are told of Griselda in the ' Clerkes 
 Tale ' that— 
 
 With glad chere to the yate 
 
 she is gone 
 
 To grete the markisesse ; 
 
 and Piers Plowman says our Lord came in through 
 
 Both dore and yates 
 
 To Peter and to these apostles.'^ 
 
 Our ' Yates,' written once * Atte Yate,' by their num- 
 bers can bear testimony to the familiarity with which 
 this expression was once used. ' Byatt ' I have just 
 shown to be the same as ' Bygate,' and ' Woodyat ' is 
 but equivalent to * Woodgate.' Other compounds are 
 
 ' Several local names of this class are found with 'tree' appended. 
 Thus, 'Thomas Appletree' occurs in the Chancery suits of Elizabeth ; 
 and 'Crabtree,' ' Plumtree,' or 'Plumptree,' and 'Rowntrec' (rowan- 
 tree) may still be seen in our busiest streets. 
 
 * In the * Townley Mysteries,' Jacob, in his vision, is represented as 
 laying : — 
 
 ' And now is here none othere gate 
 But Codes howse and hevens yate.' 
 K
 
 I30 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 found in the old registers. In the ' Placitorum ' of 
 the thirteenth century, for instance, we light upon 
 a ' Christiana atte Chircheyate,' and a ' John atte 
 Foldyate ; ' while in the Hundred Rolls of the same 
 period we find a ' Walter atte Lideyate,' now familiarly 
 known to us as ' Lidgate.' Our ' Hatchs,' once en- 
 rolled as ' de la Hache,' like our before-mentioned 
 ' Hatchers ' and ' Hatchmans,' represented the simple 
 bar that ran athwart the woodland pathway. We 
 still call the upper-deck with its crossbars the hatches, 
 and a weir is yet with the country folk a hatch. 
 Chaucer speaks of — 
 
 Lurking in hemes and in lanes blinde. 
 
 Any nook or corner of land was with our forefathers 
 a ' hearne,' and as ' en le Heme ' or ' atte Hurne ' the 
 surname is frequently found in the thirteenth century.^ 
 ' De la Corner ' is, of course, but a synonymous term. 
 A passage betwixt two houses, or a narrow defile be- 
 tween two hillsides, was a ' gore,' akin, we may safely 
 say, to ' gorge.* Our ' Gores,' as descendants of the 
 old ' de la Gore,' are thus explained. ' De la Gore- 
 way,' which once existed, is now, I believe, obsolete. 
 One of the most fertile roots of nomenclature was the 
 simple roadside * cross ' or ' crouch,' the latter old 
 English form still lingering in our ' crutched ' or 
 ' crouched Friars.' Langland describes a pilgrim as 
 having * many a crouche on his cloke ; ' i.e. many a 
 mark of the cross embroidered thereon. A dweller 
 by one of these wayside crucifixes would easily get 
 
 • I believe this word is not yet extinct in our North-country vocabu- 
 lary. A Yorkshire inventoiy of goods, of 1540 or thereabouts, con- 
 cludes by stating what moneys had been discovered in comers and out 
 of the way places in the house : * In hemes, x\\\s. mul. j item, x sylver 
 spones, xxiiif. imd.' (Richmondshire Wills, p. 41.)
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. I3I 
 
 the sobriquet therefrom, and thus we find ' atte 
 Crouch ' to be of early occurrence. Our ' Crouch- 
 mans ' and ' Crouchers ' I have already mentioned. 
 A 'Richard Crocheman' is found in the Hundred 
 Rolls, and a ' William Croucheman ' in another entry 
 of the same period. As for the simpler ' Cross,' once 
 written ' atte Cross,' it is to be met with everywhere. 
 ' Crosier ' and ' Crozier ' I shall, in my next chapter, 
 show to be official rather than local ; so we may pass 
 them by for the present. The more Saxon * Rood ' 
 or ' Rudd ' is not without its representatives. ' Mar- 
 gery atte Rudde ' is found in the ' Placitorum,' and 
 our ' Rudders ' and ' Ruddimans,' I doubt not, stand 
 for the more directly personal form. Talking of 
 crosses, we may mention, in passing, our ' Bellhouses,' 
 not unfrequently found as ' atte Belhus ' or * de la 
 Belhuse.' The founder of this name dwelt in the 
 small domicile attached to the monastic pile, and, no 
 doubt, had for his care the striking of the innumerable 
 calls to the supply of either the bodily or spiritual 
 wants of those within. Our ' Bellows,' I believe, are 
 but a modification of this. The last syllable has 
 undergone a similar change in several other instances. 
 Thus the form ' del Hellus ' was but ' Hill-house/ 
 ' Woodus ' is but the old * de la Wodehousc,' * Stan- 
 nus ' but * Stanehouse ' or ' Stonehouse,' ' Malthus ' but 
 ' Malthouse,' and ' Bacchus ' is found originally as 'del 
 Bakehouse.' ' The old ' Atte Grene,' a name familiar 
 
 ' Thus, also, is it with 'Dufifus.' We find it in the Hundred Rolls 
 set down in the same form as ' de Duffus' or 'del DufTus,' the more 
 literal dress being met with in the London city archives in the name of 
 'Thomas Dufhous.' (Vide Riley's Memorials of London, p. 555') 
 • Dove-house' is the root. 
 
 K2
 
 132 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 enough without the prefix, may be set beside our 
 ' Plastows,' relics of the ' Atte Pleistowe ' or ' de la 
 Pleystowe ' of the period we are considering. The 
 ' play-stowe ' (that is, 'playground') seems to have 
 been the general term in olden days for the open 
 piece of greensward near the centre of the village 
 where the may-pole stood, and where all the sports 
 at holiday times and wake tides were carried on.' 
 Our ' Meads ' or ' Meddes ' hail from the ' meadow,' or 
 ' mead.' * Ate Med ' is the early form.' 
 
 A ' croft ' was an enclosed field for pasture. Be- 
 sides * Croft ' it has given us ' Meadowcroft,' ' Rye- 
 croft,' * Bancroft ' (that is, bcan-croft), ' Berecroft ' (that 
 is, dar/ey-croft), and ' Haycraft' (that is, Jiedged-croft). 
 It seems, however, to have been freely used, also, in 
 the sense of garth or yard, the enclosure in which, or 
 by which, the house stood. Thus, in the ' Townley 
 Mysteries,' Satan is represented as calling to the 
 depraved and vile, and saying — 
 
 Come to my crofte alle ye. 
 
 With the humour of the period, which was ever largely 
 intermingled in even the most sacred themes, one of 
 the characters, acting as a demon, replies — 
 
 Souls come so Ihyk now late unto hell 
 
 As ever 
 Our porter at hell-gate 
 Is holden so strait, 
 Up early and downe late, 
 
 He rests never. 
 
 ' 'Agnes atte Punfald ' (A.) reminds us of our ' Penfold,' or 
 ' Pinfold,' i.e. the pound. 
 
 « ' Ralph ate Med' (A.). ' Philip atte Medde' (M). In the Hun- 
 dred Rolls we find ' Willianr le Medward' corresponding to ' Hay ward.' 
 (Fi/^p. 198.)
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 33 
 
 There is little distinction to be drawn between ' garth * 
 and ' yard ' in the North of England, and in reality 
 there ought to be none. Such names, however, as 
 * Nicholas de Apelyerd,' or ' Robert del Apelgarth,' 
 or ' Richard atte Orcheyerd,' the descendants of 
 whom are still in our midst, bespeak a former 
 familiarity of usage which we cannot find now. We 
 have just mentioned * Haycraft.' This reminds us of 
 our ' Hayes.' Chaucer, in his ' Troilus,' says — 
 
 But right so as these holtes and these hayes, 
 That han in winter dead been and dry, 
 Revesten them in grene when that May is, 
 When every lusty beast listeth to pley. 
 
 A ' hay ' was nothing but a ' hedge.' In the Hundred 
 Rolls we find such names occurring as ' Margery de 
 la Haye ' or ' Roger de la Hagh,' or in a compounded 
 form * Richard de la Woodhaye,' or ' Robert de 
 Brodheye.' Of the simple root the forms most 
 common now are ' Hay,' ' Hayes,' ' Haighs,' ' Haigs,' 
 and ' Hawes.' The composite forms are endless. 
 ' Roundhay ' explains itself. ' Lyndsay ' I find spelt at 
 this period as ' Lyndshay,' so that it is not the islet 
 whereon the lind or linden grows, but the hedge of 
 these shrubs. Besides these we have ' Haywood ' or 
 ' Heywood,' ' Hayland ' and ' Hayley.' From the 
 form 'hawe,' mentioned above, we have our 'Haw- 
 leys,' ' Haworths,' and * Hawtons,' or ' Haughtons,' 
 and probably the longest name in the directory, that 
 of ' Featherstonehaugh.' We still talk of the hazv- 
 thorn and haw-haw. Chaucer uses the term for a 
 farm-yard or garth — 
 
 And eke there was a polkat in his hawe 
 That, as he sayd, his capons had yslawe.
 
 134 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 This at once explains such a name as * Peter in le 
 Hawe' found in the Hundred Rolls. But Chaucer 
 has a prettier use of it than this, a use still abiding in 
 our ' Churchays,' relics of the mediaeval ' de Chirche- 
 hay.' He speaks twice of the * Churchhawe,' or grave- 
 yard. How pretty it is ! almost as pretty as its 
 Saxon synonym ' Godsacre,' only that is more en- 
 deared to us, inasmuch as since the acre always 
 denoted the sowed land (Latin ' ager '), so it whispers 
 to us hopefully of the great harvest-tide to come when 
 the seed thus sown in corruption shall be raised an 
 incorruptible body. Our * Goodacres ' are doubtless 
 thus derived — and with such names as ' Acreman ' or 
 
 * Akerman,' ' Oldacre ' or ' Oddiker,' * Longacre ' and 
 
 * Whittaker ' (or * Whytacre ' or ' Witacre,' as I find it 
 in the thirteenth century), help to remind us how in 
 early days an acre denoted less a fixed measure of 
 land than soil itself that lay under the plough. But 
 this by the way. I have just mentioned ' Hay worth.* 
 A name like 'William de la Worth' (H.R.) repre- 
 sented our ' Worths ' in the thirteenth century. Pro- 
 perly speaking, any sufficiently warded place — it had 
 come to denote a small farmstead at the time the 
 surname arose. ' Charlesworth ' is the ' churl's worth,' 
 the familiar metamorphosis of this name being identi- 
 cal with that ©f the astronomic ' Charles Wain,' and 
 with such place-names as ' Charle-wood,' ' Charlton,' 
 ' Carlton,' and ' Charley.' Our various ' Unsworths,' 
 
 * Ainsworths,' 'Whitworths,' * Langworthys,' ' Ken- 
 worthys,' 'Wortlcys,' and others of this class are 
 familiar to us all. Surnames like ' Roger de la 
 Grange,' or ' Geoffrey de la Grange,' or ' John le
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 35 
 
 Granger,' ^ remind us that grange also was commonly 
 used at this time for a farmstead, it being in reality- 
 nothing more than our granary. "^ Piers Plowman 
 portrays the good Samaritan thus — 
 
 His wounds he washed, 
 
 Enbawmed hym, and bound his head, 
 
 And ledde hym forth on ' Lyard ' 
 
 To * lex Christi,' a graunge 
 
 Wei sixe mile or sevene 
 
 Beside the newe market. 
 
 Our * Barnes,' I need not say, are of similar origin. 
 The Celtic ' booth,' a frail tenement of ' boughs,' whose 
 temporary character our Biblical account of the 
 Iraelitish wanderings so well helps to preserve, has 
 given birth to our ' Booths ' and * Bo©thmans,' once 
 written ' de la Bothe ' and ' Botheman.' They may 
 possibly have kept the stall at the fair or market. 
 Comparisons we know are ever odious, but set beside 
 the more Saxon ' Steads ' and * Steadmans ' the 
 former inevitably sufifer. The very names of these 
 latter betray to us the well-nigh best characteristics 
 of the race whence they are sprung. To be steady 
 and sUdfsist are its best and most inherent qualities — 
 qualities which, added to the dash and spirit of the 
 Norman, have given the position England to-day 
 occupies among the nations of the world. Our 
 ' Bowers ' and * Bowermans,' when not occupied in the 
 
 ' ' His tenants, the graingers, are tyed to come themselves and 
 winde the woll, they have a fatte weather and a fatte lambe killed, and 
 a dinner provided for their paines.' (Henry Best's Farming Book 
 (1641), p. 97.) 
 
 ' * John Grangeman ' occurs in the Proc. in Chancery. (Eliza- 
 beth.)
 
 136 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 bowyer's or bower's craft, represent the earlier ' de la 
 
 Bore ' or ' atte Bore,' and have taken their origin from 
 
 the old ' bower,' the rustics' abode. It is the same 
 
 word whence has sprung our bucolic * boor.' An old 
 
 English term for a house or mansion was ' bold,' that 
 
 which was built. The old ' De la Bolde,' therefore, 
 
 will in many cases be the origination of our ' Bolds.' 
 
 Our ' Halls ' explain themselves, but the older form 
 
 of 'Hale' (once *atte Hale' or 'de la Hale') is not 
 
 so easily traceable. ' De la Sale,' sometimes also 
 
 found as ' de la Saule,' was the Norman synonym of 
 
 the same. 
 
 Soon they sembled in sale, 
 Both kynge and cardinale, 
 
 says an old writer. ' Sale ' and 'Saul ' are still extant. 
 Names still more curious than these are those taken, 
 not from the residence itself, but from particular 
 rooms in such residence. They are doubtless- the 
 result of the feudal system, which, with its formal list 
 of house officers and attendants, required the presence 
 of at least one in each separate chamber. Hence the 
 Norman-introduced parlour, that is, the speaking or 
 reception room, gave us ' Henry del Parlour,' or 
 'Richard ate Parlour;' the kitchen, 'Geoffrey atte 
 Kitchen,' or ' Richard del Kechen ; ' or the pantry 
 ' John de la Panetrie,' or ' Henry de la Panctrie.' 
 But I shall have occasion to speak more fully of this 
 by-and-by, so I will say no more here. 
 
 There is a pretty word which has been restored 
 from an undcsci-vcd oblivion within the last few years 
 by Mr. Tennyson, in his ' Brook,' as an idyll perhaps 
 the distinctly finest thing of its kind in the English 
 language. The word referred to is 'thorpe,' a village,
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 137 
 
 pronounced * throp ' or ' trop ' by our forefathers. 
 Thus in the ' Clerkes Tale ' we are told — 
 
 Nought far fro this palace honorable, 
 There stood a thorpe of sight delitable, 
 In which the poor folk of that village 
 Hadden their bestes and their harborage ; 
 
 while in the ' Assembly of Fowls ' mention is prettily 
 made of 
 
 The tame ruddocke and the coward kite, 
 The cock, that horiloge is of thorpes lite. 
 
 This diversity is well exemplified in our nomencla- 
 ture. Thus the term in its simple form is found in 
 such entries as ' Adam de Thorpe,' or ' Simon de 
 Throp,' or ' Ralph de Trep,' all of which are to be 
 met with in the one same register; while compounded 
 with other words, we are all familiar with such sur- 
 names as ' Gawthorpe,' ' Winthrop,' * Hartrop,' * Den- 
 thorp,' ' Buckthorp,' ' Fridaythorp,' * Conythorp,' * Cal- 
 throp,' or ' Westropp.' Our ' Thrupps,' too, we must 
 not forget as but another corrupted form of the same 
 root. 
 
 There are two words whose sense has become so 
 enlarged and whose importance among English local 
 terms has become so great that we cannot but give 
 them a place by themselves. They are those of 
 
 * town ' and ' borough.' Such registered names as 
 
 * William de la Towne ' or ' Ralph de la Tune,' now 
 found as ' Town ' and ' Tune,' represent the former in 
 its primeval sense. The term is still used in Scot- 
 land, as it was used here some generations ago, to 
 denote a farm and all its surrounding enclosures. In 
 Wicklyffe's Bible, where we read ' and went their 
 ways, one to his farm, another to his merchandize,' it
 
 138 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 is ' one into his toun.' In the story of the Prodigal 
 Son, too, it is similarly employed — 'And he wente 
 and drough him to one of the cyteseynes of that 
 cuntre, and he sente him into his toun to feed swyn.' 
 Let me quote Chaucer also to the same effect — 
 
 Whan I out of the door came, 
 I fast about me beheld. 
 Then saw, I but a large field. 
 As farre as ever I might see. 
 Without toune, house, or tree. 
 
 It is thus a name I have already mentioned, * de la 
 Townshende,' the parent of our 'Townsends,' 'Towns- 
 hends,' and * Tovvnends,' has arisen. Another entry, 
 that of ' Robert Withouten-town,' has, as we might 
 have expected, left no issue. Such names as ' Adam 
 de la Bury,' or 'Walter atte Bure,' or 'John atte Bur- 
 ende ' (the latter now extinct, I fear), open out to us 
 a still larger mass of existing nomenclature. The 
 manorial residence is still in many parts of England, 
 with the country folk, the ' bury.' To this or 'borough' 
 we owe our ' Burys,' ' Boroughs,' ' Borrows,' ' Buroughs,' 
 ' Burkes,' ' Broughs,' ' Burghs,' and even ' Bugges,' so 
 that, though Hood has inquired — 
 
 If a party had a voice, 
 What mortal would be a Bugg by choice ? 
 
 still the possessors of that not exactly euphonious 
 cognomen can reflect with pride upon not merely a 
 long pedigree, but lofty relationships. Another form 
 of the same word, familiar, too, to early registers, was 
 ' de la Bere,' and to this we owe our ' Berrys,' ' Berri- 
 mans,' ' Beers,' and ' Beares.' It is wonderful how the 
 strict meaning of 'shelter' is preserved in all the
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 39 
 
 terms founded upon its root ' beorgan,' to hide. Is it 
 a repository to guard the ashes of the dead i* — it is a 
 barrow, the act of sepulture itself being the burial. 
 Is it a refuge for the coneys i* — it is a burrow, or beare, 
 as in ' Coneybeare,' ^ Is it a raised mound for the 
 security of man } — it is a bury, borough, bro2igh, 
 or burgh. How altered now the meaning of these 
 two words ' borough ' and ' town.' Once but the 
 abiding-place of a scattered family or two, they are 
 now the centres of teeming populations. Of these, 
 while some are still extending their tether, others 
 have passed the middle age of their strength and 
 vigour, and from the accidents of physical and indus- 
 trial life are but surely succumbing to that dotage 
 which, as in man so in man's works, seems to be but 
 premonitory of their final decay. How true is it that 
 the fashion of this world passeth away. Even now 
 this ever restless spirit of change is going on. We 
 ourselves can scarce tell the spot upon which we were 
 born. We need not wait for death to find that our 
 place very soon knoweth us no more, and when we 
 talk of treading in the footprints of the generations 
 
 ' The coney, or rabbit, Ims made a mark upon our local nomencla- 
 ture. An old form of the word was 'coning' or 'conig.' Thus Piers 
 Plowman says : — 
 
 ' The while he caccheth conynges. 
 He coveiteth naught youre caroyne, 
 But feedeth hym all with venyson.' 
 
 Relics of this are found in such an entry as ' Nicolas Conyng' or * Peter 
 Conyng,' though now met with as 'Coney.' More local registrations, 
 such as 'Thomas de Conyton,' 'John de Conington,' 'John de 
 Conyngsby,' or 'Walter de Cunnyngby,' are still familiarised to us 
 in 'Conington' and 'Coningsby.' The North English form was 
 'Cuning,' whence the ' de Cunnyngby ' above instanced and our modem 
 'Cunninghams.'
 
 140 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 that have gone before, it would seem as though it 
 were but to blind ourselves to the sober and unwel- 
 come truth that we are rather treading upon the 
 debris of the changing years. 
 
 But there is another class of surnames we may 
 fitly introduce here, which, I doubt not, forms no 
 small proportion in the aggregate mass of our nomen- 
 clature — that of sign-names. We in a cultivated age 
 like that of the present fail, as we must, to realize the 
 effect of these latter upon the current life of our fore- 
 fathers. We now pass up and down a street, and, 
 apart from the aid of the numbered doors and larger 
 windows, and a more peculiar frontage, above the 
 door we may see the name of the proprietor and the 
 character of his occupation in letters so large that it 
 is literally a fact that he who runs may read them. 
 But all this is of gradual and slowly developed growth. 
 The day we are considering knew nothing of these. 
 It was a time when the clergy themselves in many 
 cases were unable to read, when such education as a 
 child of twelve years is now a dunce not to know 
 would have given then for the possession of like 
 attainments the sobriquet of ' le Gierke ' or ' le Beau- 
 clerk.' And if this was the case with the learned, 
 what would it be with the lower grades and classes of 
 society } We may, therefore, well inquire what would 
 be the use of gilded characters such as we now-a-days 
 may see, detailing the name of the shopkeeper and 
 the fashion of his stores .'' None at all. They could 
 not read them. Thus we find in their stead the 
 practice prevailing of putting up signs and symbols 
 to denote the character of the shop, or to mark the 
 individuality of the owner. In an age of escutcheons
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. I4I 
 
 and all the insignia of heraldry, this was but natural. 
 All manner of instruments, all styles of dress, all 
 kinds of ensigns rudely carved or painted, that a 
 rough or quaint fancy could suggest, were placed in a 
 conspicuous position by the hatch or over the door- 
 way, to catch, if it were possible, the eye of the way- 
 farer. Even the name itself, when it was capable of 
 being so played upon, was turned into a symbol 
 readable to the popular mind. Nor was it deemed 
 necessary that the device should speak directly of the 
 trade. Apart from implements and utensils. Nature 
 herself was exhausted to supply sufficiently attractive 
 signs ; and what with mermaids and griffins, unicorns 
 and centaurs, and other winged monsters, we see that 
 they did not stop here — the supernatural also had to 
 be pressed into this service. The animal kingdom 
 was, however, specially popular — the hostelries pecu- 
 liarly engrossing this class from the fact that they so 
 often had emblazoned the recognizances of the family 
 with which they stood immediately connected. Thus 
 we still have * Red Lions ' and ' White Lions,' ' Blue 
 Boars ' and ' Boars' Heads,' ' White Bears ' and ' Roe- 
 bucks,' and ' Bulls' Heads.' Relics of the more 
 special emblems remain in the barber's pole, to the 
 end of which a bowl was once generally attached, to 
 show he was a surgeon also — the pawnbroker's three 
 balls, the goldbeater's mallet, or the shoemaker's last. 
 Of the more fanciful we have a capital idea given us 
 in the lines from Pasquin's 'Nightcap,' written so late 
 as 161 2 — 
 
 First there is maister Peter at the Bell, 
 
 A linen-draper, and a wealthy man ; 
 
 Then maister Thomas that doth stockings sell ; 
 
 And George the Grocer at the Frying-pan ;
 
 142 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 And maister Timothie the woollen-draper ; 
 And maister Salamon the leather-scraper ; 
 And maister Frank the goldsmith at the Rose, 
 And maister Philip with the fiery nose ; 
 And maister Miles the mercer at the Harrow ; 
 And maister Mike the silkman at the Plow ; 
 And maister Nicke the salter at the Sparrow ; 
 And maister Dick the vintner at the Cow ; 
 And Harry haberdasher at the Home ; 
 And Oliver the dyer at the Thome ; 
 And Bernard, barber-surgeon at the Fiddle ; 
 And Moses, merchant-tailor at the Needle. ' 
 
 More than three hundred years previous to this we 
 find such names figuring in our registers as 'John 
 de la Rose,' ' John atte Belle,* ' Roger Home,' and 
 ' Nicholas Sparewe,' while ' Cow ' is met by its Nor- 
 man equivalent in the instance of * Richard de la 
 Vache.' Of the rest, too, contained in the above lines, 
 all are found in our existing nomenclature with the 
 exception of ' Fryingpan.' Still more recently, the 
 'British Apollo' contained the following: — 
 
 I'm amused at the signs 
 As I pass through the town, 
 To see the odd mixture — 
 A ' Magpie and Crown,' 
 The ' Whale and the Crow,' 
 The ' Razor and Hen,' 
 The 'Leg and Seven Stars,' 
 The 'Scissors and Pen,' 
 The ' Axe and the Bottle,' 
 The ' Tun and the Lute,* 
 The ' Eagle and Child,' 
 The ' Shovel and Boot.' 
 
 A word or two about these double signs before 
 we pass on, as I cannot but think much ingenious 
 
 ' Vide Lower's Suntames.
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 43 
 
 nonsense has been written thereon. There can be no 
 difficulty in accounting for these strange combina- 
 tions, some of which still exist. A partnership in 
 business would be readily understood by the conjoin- 
 ing of two hitherto separate signs. An apprentice 
 who, on the death of his master, had succeeded to his 
 business, would gladly retain the previous well-estab- 
 lished badge, and simply show the change of hands 
 by adding thereto his own. I cannot but think that 
 such ingenious derivations as ' God encompasseth us ' 
 for the ' Goat and Compasses,' or the ' Satyr and 
 Bacchanals ' for the ' Devil and Bag-o'-nails,' or the 
 ' Boulogne Mouth ' for the ' Bull and Mouth,' are 
 altogether unnecessary. A clever and imaginative 
 mind could soon produce similar happy plays upon 
 the conjunctions contained in the above lines, and 
 yet the originations I have suggested for them all I 
 think my readers will admit to be most natural. 
 There is no more peculiarity about these than about 
 the ordinary combinations of names we are accus- 
 tomed to see in the streets every day of our lives, 
 denoting partnership. Thus the only difference is 
 that what we now read as ' Smith and Wright,' in an 
 age when reading was less universal was, say, ' Magpie 
 and Crown.' Partnerships, or business transactions, 
 often bring peculiar conjunctions of names. So early 
 as 1284, I find a 'Nicholas Bacun' acknowledging a 
 bond to a certain ' Hugh Motun,' i.e. Mutton. (Riley's 
 * London,' p. 23.) I have myself come across such 
 combinations as ' Shepherd and Calvert ' — i.e. ' Calve- 
 herd,' or ' Sparrow and Nightingale,' or ' Latimer and 
 Ridley.' During the early portion of my residence at 
 Oxford the two Bible-clerkships connected with my
 
 144 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 college were in the hands of two gentlemen named 
 
 * Robinson ' and ' Crusoe.' They lived on the same 
 staircase, and their names being (as is customary) 
 emblazoned above the door, the coincidence was the 
 more remarkable. ' Catchem' and ' Cheetham' is said 
 to have been the title of a lawyer's firm, but I will 
 not vouch for the accuracy of the statement. A story, 
 too, goes that ' Penn, Quill, and Driver' once figured 
 over a scrivener's office, but this is still more hypo- 
 thetical. 
 
 But to return. We may see, from what we have 
 stated and quoted, that up to a comparatively recent 
 period the written name seems to have been anything 
 but customary even in the metropolis. Any one who 
 will look into a book printed up to the seventeenth 
 century will see on the titlepage the fact stated that 
 it was published or sold at the sign of the ' Stork ' or 
 
 * Crown,' or ' Peacock,' or ' Crane,' as the case might 
 be. How much we owe to this fashion I need scarcely 
 say. The Hundred Rolls contain not merely a 
 
 * Henry le Hatter,' but a ' Thomas del Hat ; ' not 
 only an ' Adam le Lorimer,' but a ' Margery de 
 Styrop.' It is to some dealer in earthenware we owe 
 our existing * Potts,' some worker in metals our 
 ' Hammers,' some carpenter our ' Coffins,' once syno- 
 nymous with ' Coffer,' some osierbindcr our ' Basketts,' 
 some shoemaker our ' Lasts,' some cheesemonger our 
 ' Cheeses,' some plowright our ' Plows,' some silver- 
 smith our ' Spoons ' and ' Silvcrspoons,' and some 
 cooper our ' Tubbs ' and 'Cades,' our 'Barrills' and 
 ' Punshons,' and so on with endless others. It was 
 perfectly natural that all these should become sur- 
 names, that the same practice which led to men being
 
 LOCAI, SURNAMES. 145 
 
 called in the less populous country by such names as 
 ' Ralph atte Townsend,' or ' William atte Stile,' or 
 'Henry atte Hatch,' or 'Thomas atte Nash,' should 
 in the more closely inhabited city cause men to be 
 distinguished as ' Hugh atte Cokke,' or * Walter de 
 Whitehorse,' or ' John atte Gote ' or * de la Gote,' or 
 ' Richard de la Vache,' or ' Thomas atte Ram,' or 
 
 * William atte Roebuck,' or ' Gilbert de la Hegle,' or 
 'John de la Roe,' or ' Reginald de la Wonte ' (weasel). 
 Our only surprise would be were the case otherwise. 
 Nevertheless, as we shall see in another chapter, many 
 of these animal-names at least have arisen in another 
 manner also. 
 
 And now we come to what we may term the 
 second branch of local surnames, that branch which 
 throws a light upon the migratory habits and roving 
 tendencies of our forefathers. So far we have touched 
 upon names implying a fixed residence in a fixed 
 locality. We may now notice that class which by 
 their very formation throw our minds upon that which 
 precedes settlement in a particular spot, viz., removal 
 — that which speaks to us of immigration. Such a 
 name in our mediaeval rolls as ' Peter le Newe,' or 
 ' Gilbert le Newcomen,' or ' Walter le Neweman,' de- 
 clares to us at once its origin. The owner has left his 
 native village to push his interests and get a liveli- 
 hood elsewhere, and upon his entrance as a stranger 
 into some distant community, alone and friendless, 
 nothing could be more natural than to distinguish 
 him from the familiar ' Peters,' ' Gilberts,' and 
 
 * Walters ' around by styling him as Peter, or 
 Gilbert, or Walter the ' New,' or ' Newman.' This it 
 is which is the origin of our ' Stranges,' descendants 
 
 L
 
 146 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 as they are of such mediaeval folk as * Roger le 
 Estrange ' or ' Roger le Straunge.' There was 
 ' Roger the Cooper ' and ' Roger the Cheesemonger ' 
 round the corner close to the market cross, and 
 ' Roger atte Ram,' so, of course, this new-comer as 
 distinguished from them was ' Roger the Straunge ' 
 or ' Strange,' and once so known, the more familiar 
 he became, the more ' Strange ' he became, though 
 this may seem somewhat of a paradox. Thus, too, 
 have arisen our * Strangers ' and ' Strangemans.' 
 These, however, are the general terms. To quote a 
 name like ' Robert de Eastham ' or ' William de 
 Sutton ' is, as it were, to take up the plug from a never- 
 ceasing fountain. We are thrown upon a list of 
 sobriquets to which there is no tether. Take up a 
 subscription paper, look over a list of speakers at a 
 farmers' dinner, scan the names of the clergy at a 
 ministerial conference, all will possess a fair average 
 of this class of surnames, early wanderers from one 
 village to another, Saxons fresh escaped from serfdom 
 seeking a livelihood in a new district, Norman trades- 
 men or retainers pushing forward for fresh positions 
 and fresh gains in fresh fields. It is through the 
 frequency of these has arisen the old couplet quoted 
 by Verstigan — 
 
 In ' Ford,' in ' Ham,' in ' Ley,' in 'Ton,' 
 The most of English surnames run. 
 
 There is probably no village or hamlet in England 
 which has not subscribed in this manner to the sum 
 total of our nomenclature. It is this which is so tell- 
 tale of the present, for while a small rural spot like, 
 say ' Dcbenham,' in Suffolk, or ' Ashford,' in Derby-
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 47 
 
 shire, will have its score of representatives, a solitary 
 ' Richard de Lyverpole,' or ' Guido de Mancestre,' or 
 ' John de Burmyngham ' will be all we can find to 
 represent such large centres of population as Man- 
 chester, or Liverpool, or Birmingham. Mushroom- 
 like they sprang up but yesterday, while for centuries 
 these insignificant hamlets have pursued the even tenor 
 of their way, somewhat disturbed, it may have been, 
 from their equanimity four or five centuries agone, by 
 the announcement that Ralph or Miles was about to 
 leave them, and who, by thus becoming ' Ralph de 
 Debenham ' or ' Miles de Ashford,' have given to the 
 world to the end of time the story of their early 
 departure. 
 
 In the same class with the village names of 
 England must we set our county surnames. These 
 are of course but an insignificant number set by their 
 brethren, still we must not pass them by without a 
 word. In the present day, if we were to speak of a 
 man in connexion with his county, we should say he 
 was a Derbyshire or a Lancashire man, as the case 
 might be. That they did this five or six hundred 
 years ago is evidenced by the existence of these very 
 names in our midst. Thus we can point in our 
 records to such designations as * John Hamshire,' or 
 ' Adam de Kent,' or ' Richard de Wiltshire,' or 
 
 * Geofi"rey de Cornwayle.' Still this was not the only 
 form of county nomenclature. The Normans, I sus- 
 pect it was, who introduced another. We have still 
 
 * Kentish ' and Devonish ' and ' Cornish ' to represent 
 the ' William le Kentish's,' or * John le Devoneis's,' 
 or ' Margery le Cornyshe's,' of their early rolls ; and
 
 148 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 our ' CornwalHs's ' also yet preserve such fuller forms 
 as ' Thomas le Cornwaleys,' or ' Philip le Cornwaleys.' 
 We may here mention our 'Cockins,' ' Cockaignes,' 
 and ' Cockaynes,' instances of which are early found. 
 An old poem begins — 
 
 Fur in sea, bi west Spayne, 
 Is a lond ihote Cockaigne. 
 
 There seems to be a general agreement among those 
 who have studied the subject that our ' cockney ' was 
 originally a denizen of this fabled region, and then 
 was afterwards, from a notion of London being the 
 seat of luxury and effeminacy, transferred to that city. 
 A * William Cockayne ' is found in the ' Placitorum ' 
 of Richard I.'s reign, while the Hundred Rolls are yet 
 more precise in a ' Richarde dc Cockayne.' Speaking 
 of London, however, we must not forget our ' Lon- 
 donish's.' They arc but relics of such mediaeval 
 entries as ' Ralph Ic Lundreys,' or ' William London- 
 issh,' either of whom wc should now term ' Londoner,' 
 one who had come from the metropolis and settled 
 somewhere in the country. Chaucer in one of his 
 prose works spells it ' Londenoys,' which is somewhat 
 nearer the modern form. ' London,' once simple ' de 
 London,' needs no remark. 
 
 A passing from one part of the British Empire to 
 another has been a prolific source of nomenclature. 
 Thus we find such names as * Henry de Irlaund,' 
 'Adam de Irland,' 'John le Irreys,' or 'Thomas le 
 ' Ireis,' in the ordinary dress of ' Ireland ' and ' Irish,' 
 to be by no means obsolete in the present day. 
 ' Roger le Escot ' or ' Maurice le Scot ' represents, I 
 need scarcely say, a surname that is all but intermin-
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 49 
 
 able, the Caledonian having ever been celebrated for 
 his roving as well as canny propensities. It is to our 
 brethren over the Border, too, we owe the more 
 special form of ' Inglis,' known better in the south as 
 * English.' The Hundred Rolls furnish us with such 
 names as ' Walter le Engleis,' or * Robert le Engleys,' 
 or ' Walter Ingeleys.' Laurence Minot has the 
 modern form. Describing Edward III.'s entrance 
 into Brabant, he says — 
 
 The Inglis men were armed wele, 
 Both in yren and in stele. 
 
 The representatives of our native-born Welshmen are 
 well-nigh as numerous as those across the Scottish 
 line, and the early spellings we light upon are equally 
 varied — * le Galeys,' ' ' le Waleys,' * le Waleis,' and ' le 
 Walsshe' being, however, the commonest. The last 
 is used by Piers Plowman, who speaks of 
 
 Rose the Disheress, 
 Godfrey of Garlekhithe, 
 And Gryfin the Walshe. 
 
 In these, of course, we at once discern the progenitors 
 of our ' Welshs ' and * Wallaces.' ' Walshman ' is also 
 found as ' Walseman.' ' Langlois ' seems to be firmly 
 established in our present midst as an importation 
 from France. It was evidently returned to us all but 
 contemporaneously with its rise there, for as ' L'An- 
 gleys ' or ' Lengleyse,' it is found on English soil in 
 
 ' One of Edward III.'s regulations concerning the sale and purchase 
 of wool speaks of ' merchandises en Engleterre, Gales, ou Irlande ; ' 
 and further on more personally of ' merchantz Engleis, Galeis, ou 
 Irreis.' (' Stat, of Realm,' vol. i. p. 334.) ' Henry le Galeys,' that is, 
 as we should say now, 'Henry Welsh,' was Mayor of London in 1298.
 
 I50 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the thirteenth century. It is quite possible that our 
 ' Langleys ' are in some instances but a corruption of 
 this name. Thus the different quarters of the British 
 Empire are well personified so far as our directories 
 are concerned. 
 
 We have not quite done with the home country, 
 however. Our modern ' Norris's ' are of a somewhat 
 comprehensive nature. In the first place there can be 
 little doubt they have become confounded by lapse of 
 time with the once not unfamiliar * la Noryce,' or 
 nurse. Apart from this, too, the term * le Noreys ' 
 was ever applied in early times to the Norwegians, 
 and to this sense mainly it is that we owe the rise of 
 the name. And yet it has another origin. It was 
 used in the mere sense of ' northern,' one from the 
 north country. Thus in the Hundred Rolls we meet 
 with the two names of 'Thomas le Noreys' and 
 * Geoffrey le Northern,' and there is no reason why 
 these should not both have had the same rise. A 
 proof in favour of this view lies in the fact that we 
 have their counterparts in such entries as ' Thomas le 
 Surreys ' and ' Thomas le Southern,' the latter now 
 found in the other forms of ' Sothcrn ' and ' Sotheran.' 
 Nor are the other points of the compass wanting. A 
 ' Richard le Westrys ' and a ' Richard le Estrys ' both 
 occur in the registers of the thirteenth century, but 
 neither, I believe, now exists. ' North ' found as ' de 
 North ' needs no explanation, and the same can be 
 said for our ' Souths,' ' Easts,' and ' Wests.' 
 
 The distance from Dover to Calais is not great; 
 but were it otherwise, we should still feci bound in 
 our notice of names of foreign introducticMi first of all 
 to mention Normandy. For not merely has this
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 15I 
 
 country supplied us with many of our best family 
 names, but it enjoys the distinction of having been 
 the first to estabHsh an hereditary surname. This it 
 did in the case of the barons and their feudary settle- 
 ments. The close of the eleventh century we may 
 safely say saw as yet but one class of sobriquets, 
 which, together with their other property, fathers were 
 in the habit of handing down to their sons. This 
 class was local, and was attached only to those fol- 
 lowers of the Conqueror who had been presented by 
 their leader with landed estates in the country they 
 had but recently subdued. As a rule each of these 
 feudatories took ashis surname the place whence hehad 
 set forth in his Norman home. Thus arose so many 
 of our sobriquets of which 'Burke's Peerage' is the best 
 directory, and of which therefore I have little to say 
 here. Thus arose the 'de Mortimers' (the prefix was re- 
 tained for many generations by all), the ' de Colevilles,' 
 the ' de Corbets,' the 'de Ferrers,' the 'de Beauchamps,' 
 the *de Courcys,' the *de Lucys/ and the 'deGranvilles.' 
 Thus have sprung our ' Harcourts,' our ' Tanker- 
 villes,' our ' Nevilles,' our ' Bovilles,' our ' Basker- 
 villes,' our ' Lascelles,' our 'Beaumonts,' our 'Villiers,' 
 our ' Mohuns,' and our ' Percys.' Apropos of Gran- 
 ville, a story is told of a former Lord Lyttelton con- 
 testing with the head of that stock priority of family, 
 and clenching his argument by asserting his to be 
 necessarily the most ancient, inasmuch as the little- 
 town must have existed before the grand-ville. A 
 similar dispute is said to have occurred at Venice 
 between the families ' Ponti ' and ' Canali ' — the one 
 asserting that the ' Bridges ' were above the ' Canals,' 
 the other that the ' Canals ' were in existence before
 
 152 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the * Bridges.' So hot waxed the quarrel that the 
 Senate was compelled to remind the disputants that it 
 had power alike to stop up Canals and pull down 
 Bridges if they became over troublesome. But to 
 return : the number of these Norman names was 
 great. The muster-roll of William's army comprised 
 but an item of the foreign incomers. As the tide of 
 after-immigration set in, there was no town, however 
 insignificant, in Normandy, or in the Duchies of Arijou 
 and Maine, which was not soon represented in the 
 nomenclature of the land. From giving even a partial 
 list of these I must refrain, however tempted, but see 
 what the chapelries alone did for us. St. Denys gave 
 us our * Sidneys,' St. Clair, or Clare, our * Sinclairs,' 
 vilely corrupted at times into ' Sinkler ; ' St. Paul, our 
 ' Semples,' ' Samples,' ' Sempills, ' ' Simpoles,' and 
 sometimes * Simples ; ' St. Lowe, or Loe, our ' Sal- 
 lows ; ' St. Amand, our ' Sandemans ' and * Samands ; ' 
 St. Lis, our ' Senlis ' and ' Senleys ; ' St. Saviour, our 
 * Sissivers ; ' St. Maur, our ' Seymours ; ' St. Barbe, 
 our ' Symbarbes ; ' St. Hillary, our ' Sillerys ; ' St. 
 Pierre, our ' Sempers ' and ' Simpers ; ' St. Austin, our 
 ' Sustins ; ' St. Omer, our ' Somers ; ' St. Leger, our 
 ' Sellingers,' once more literally enrolled as ' Steleger,' 
 and so on with our less corrupted ' St. Johns,* ' St. 
 Georges,' and others. I do not say, however, that all 
 these were later comers. Some of them must un- 
 doubtedly be set among the earlier comrades in arms 
 of the Conqueror. Indeed it is impossible in every 
 case to separate the warlike from the peaceful inva- 
 sion. Looking back from this distant period, and 
 with but scanty and imperfect memorials for guidance, 
 it cannot but be so.
 
 LOCAL SURNAME?. 1 53 
 
 With respect to another class of these Norman 
 names, however, we are more certain. Their very 
 formation seems to imply beyond a doubt that they 
 had a settlement as surnames in their own arrondisse- 
 ments before their arrival on English soil. We may, 
 therefore, with tolerable certainty set them down as 
 later comers. The distinguishing marks of these are 
 the prefixes ' de la,' or ' del,' or ' du ' attached to them. 
 Thus from some local peculiarity with respect to their 
 early homes would arise such names as * Delamere,' 
 •Dupont,' 'Delisle,' ' Delarue,' 'Dubois,' ' Ducatel.' 
 ' Defontaine,' ' Decroix,' or ' Deville ' or * Deyville.' 
 This latter is now found also in the somewhat un- 
 pleasant form of * Devil.' They say the devil is the 
 source of every evil. Whether this extends beyond 
 the moral world may be open to doubt, but our 
 * Evils,' * Evills,' and ' Eyvilles,' from the fact of their 
 once being written with the prefix ' de,' seem to favour 
 the suspicion of there being a somewhat dangerous 
 relationship between them.' These names, though 
 
 ' In two different rolls we come across such cognomens as ' Osbert 
 Diabolus' and ' Roger le Diable.' These are very likely but relics of 
 early jesting upon the local forms mentioned in the text. A ' Thomas 
 de Devyle' occurs in the Parliamentary Rolls, while in the Writs of the 
 same we find a ' John de Evylle.' The former instance, again, may be 
 but a sarcastic reduplication of the prefix. Dean Milman, quoting the 
 author of Anglia yudaica, tells the following story, which shows how 
 early this name had been so played upon : — ' A certain Jew travelling 
 towards Shrewsbury in company with Richard Peche, Archdeacon of 
 Malpas, in Cheshire, and a reverend dean whose name was "Deville," 
 was told amongst other things, by the former, that his "jurisdiction 
 was so large as to reach from a place called 111 Street all along till they 
 came to Malpas, and took in a wide circumference of country." To 
 which the infidel, being more witty than wise, immediately replied : " Say 
 you so, sir ? God grant me then a good deliverance ! For it seems I
 
 154 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 commonly met with in mediaeval records, are, never- 
 theless, I say, not to be put down as coeval with the 
 Conquest, but as after-introductions when England 
 was securely won. There befell Norman names of 
 this class, however, what I have shown still more com- 
 monly to have befallen those of a similar, but more 
 Saxon, category. If these prefixes ' de la,' ' del,' and 
 ' du ' are sometimes found retained, they are as often 
 conspicuous by their absence. Thus while at an early 
 date after the Conquest we find the Saxon * Atwood ' 
 met by the Norman ' Dubois,' it is equally true that 
 they had already to battle with simple ' Wood ' and 
 
 * Boys ' or ' Boyce.' Thus it was we find so early the 
 Saxon ' Beech ' faced by the Norman ' Fail ' or 
 ' Fayle,' ' Ash ' by ' Freen,' ' Frean,' or ' Freyne,' 
 ' Hasell ' by ' Coudray,' ' Alder ' by ' Aunay,' and, let 
 us say, for want of a ' Walnut,' ' Nut ' by ' Noyes,' In 
 the same way our ' Halls ' or ' Hales ' were matched 
 by ' Meynell ' (mcsnil), ' Hill ' by ' Montaigne,' now 
 also 'Mountain,' 'Mead' or ' Medd,' or 'Field,' by 
 ' Prall ' or ' Prail,' relics of the old ' prayell,' a little 
 meadow. I have just set ' Wood ' by our ' Boys ' and 
 ' Boyces.' To these we must add our ' Busks,' 
 
 * Bushes,' ' Busses,' all from ' bois ' or ' bosc' The 
 ' taillis,' or underwood, too, gives us ' Tallis,' and the 
 union of both in ' Taillebois ' or ' Talboys,' as we now 
 have it, combines the names of two of our best church 
 musicians — ' Tallis ' and ' Boyce.' This comparison 
 of early introduced Norman with names of a Saxon 
 
 am riding in a country where Sin (Pechc) is the archdeacon, and the 
 Devil himself the dean ; where the entrance into the archdeaconry is in 
 111 Street, and the going from it Bad Steps (Malpas)." ' (^History of 
 Jews, vol. iii. p. 232.)
 
 I-OCAL SURNAMES. 155 
 
 local character we might carry on to any extent, but 
 this must suffice — illustrations and not categories are 
 all we can pretend to attempt. 
 
 But these were not our only foreign introduced 
 names. Coeval with the arrival of these later Norman 
 designations a remarkable peculiarity began to make 
 itself apparent in the vast number of names that 
 poured in from various and more distant parts of the 
 Continent. That they came for purposes of trade, 
 and to settle down into positions that the Saxons 
 themselves should have occupied, is undoubted. The 
 lethargy of the Saxon population at this period would 
 be extraordinary, if it were not so easily to be 
 accounted for. There was no heart in the nation. 
 The Saxons had become a conquered people, and, 
 although the spirit of Hereward the Wake was 
 quenched, there had come that settled sullen humour 
 which, finding no outlet for active enmity, fed in 
 spirit upon itself, and increased with the pampering. 
 To punish open disaffection is easy ; to eradicate by 
 the stern arm of power such a feeling as this is im- 
 possible. Time alone can do it, and that but slowly. 
 More than a century after this we find Robin Hood 
 the idol of popular sympathy; no national hero has 
 ever eclipsed him, and yet, putting sentiment aside, he 
 was naught but a robber, an outlawed knave. He 
 was but a vent for the still lingering current of a 
 people's feelings. It was but the Saxon and Norman 
 over again. 
 
 We can easily imagine, then, if the spirit of the 
 people was so lethargic as this, at how low an ebb 
 would be the commercial enterprise of this period. 
 No country was there whose resources for sclf-aggran-
 
 156 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 disement were greater than our own — none which had 
 more disregarded them up to the reign of the third 
 Edward. Till then she was the mere mine from 
 which other countries might draw forth riches, the 
 carcase for the eagles of many nations to feed upon. 
 Saving the exportation of wool in its raw unmanu- 
 factured state, she did nothing for her national pros- 
 perity. The Dutch cured the fish they themselves 
 caught on our coasts, and the looms of Flanders and 
 Brabant manufactured the weft and warp we sent 
 them into the cloth we wore. If our kings and 
 barons were clad in scarlet and purple, little had 
 England actively to do with that ; her share in such 
 superior tints was nought, save the production of the 
 dye, for in conjunction with the Eastern indigo it was 
 our woad the Netherlands used. That other nations 
 were advancing, and that ours was not, is a statement, 
 commercially speaking, I need not enlarge upon ; it is 
 a mere matter of history which no one disputes. 
 
 Not, however, that there was no trade. Far from 
 it. Long before Edward III. had established a surer 
 basis of order and industry, London had become a 
 mart of no small Continental importance. This out- 
 lying city, as with other towns of growing industry 
 abroad, had come under the beneficial influence of 
 the Crusades. So far as the redemption of the Holy 
 City was concerned, that strong, but noble madness 
 which had set Christendom ablaze was a failure. 
 But it effected much in another way. From the first 
 moment when on the waters of the Levant were 
 assembled a host as diverse in nation as they were one 
 in purpose ; when in their high-decked galleons and 
 oar-banked pinnances men met each other face to face
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. I 5/ 
 
 of whose national existence they had been previously- 
 all but unaware — one result, at least, was sure to 
 follow — an intercommunion of nations was inevitable, 
 and, in the wake of this, other and not less beneficial 
 consequences. Healthy comparisons were drawn, 
 jealousies were allayed, navigation was improved, 
 better ships were built, harbours hitherto avoided as 
 dangerous were rendered safe, and new havens were 
 discovered. This influence was felt everywhere. It 
 reached so far as England — London felt it. 
 
 But it was a minor influence — minor in comparison 
 with our wonderful appliances — minor in comparison 
 with the commercial spirit developing such Republics 
 as Genoa and Venice, or the Easterling countries that 
 border the Baltic and German Seas — a minor influ- 
 ence, too, especially because the Saxons had so little 
 share in it. So far as they were concerned, this in- 
 ternationality was all one-sided. Denizens of all lands 
 visited our shores, but their visits were unreturned. 
 What an infinitesimal part of our Continental sur- 
 names in the present day are traceable to English 
 sources. On the other hand, there was no town how- 
 ever small, no hamlet however insignificant, in Nor- 
 mandy, in the Duchies of Anjou and Maine, or pro- 
 tected by the cities of the Hanseatic League, that is 
 unrepresented in the nomenclature of our land. Nay, 
 it was this very lack of reciprocity of commerce that 
 held out such inducements to the dwellers in other 
 lands to visit our shores. It was to step into posses- 
 sion of those very advantages we slighted they came : 
 we became but a colony of foreign artisans. Truly 
 our metropolis in those early days of her industry was 
 a motley community. Numerous names of foreign lo-
 
 158 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 cality have died out in the lapse of centuries between ; 
 a large proportion have become so Anglicized that we 
 cannot detect their Continental birth, but there is still 
 a formidable array left in our midst whose lineage is 
 manifest, and whose nationality is not to be doubted. 
 We dare not enumerate them all. Let us, however, 
 take a short tour over Europe and the East. We 
 will begin with Normandy, and advance westerly, and 
 then southerly. The provinces that border upon 
 Normandy and Bretagne, especially to the south and 
 eastwards, large or small, have, as we should expect, 
 supplied us with many names. We have besides 
 ' Norman,' which, like ' le Northern,' is of doubtful 
 locality, 'Bret,' 'Brett,' ' Britt,' 'Britten,' 'Briton,' 
 and ' Brittain,' from ' Bretagne,' and represented in 
 our olden rolls by such men as ' Hamo le Bret,' or 
 ' Roger le Breton,' or ' Thomas le Brit,' or ' Ivo le 
 Briton.' Our 'Angers' are not necessarily so irascible 
 as they look, for they are but corruptions, as are 
 ' Angwin' and ' Aungier,' of the ' Angevine of Anjou.' 
 Like our ' Maincs' and ' Maynes' from the neighbour- 
 ing duchy, they would be likely visitors to our shores 
 from the intimate relationship which for a while en- 
 dured between the two countries through royal 
 alliances. Our ' Artcrs' and ' Artis,' once registered 
 ' dc Artoys,' came from ' Artois ; ' our ' Gaskins,' 
 and more correct ' Gascoigncs,' from ' Gascony ; ' and 
 our ' Burgons' and ' Burgoynes' from Burgundy.' To 
 Champagne it is we are indebted for our ' Champneys' 
 and ' Champness's,' descendants as they are from 
 
 ' Hall, in his 'Chronicles,' speaks of the 'Duke of Burgoyne.' 
 (F. xxiiii.)
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. I 59 
 
 such old incomers as ' Robert le Champeneis,' or 
 * Roger le Chaumpeneys,' while the more strictly local 
 form appears in our * Champagnes,' not to say some 
 of our * Champions' and ' Campions.' ^ Speaking of 
 Champagne, it is curious that next in topographical 
 order come our ' Port-wines,' sprung from the Poicte- 
 vine of Poictou. So early as the thirteenth century, 
 this name had become corrupted into ' Potewyne,' a 
 ' Pretiosa Potewyne' occurring in the Hundred Rolls 
 of that period. More correct representatives are found 
 in such entries as ' Henry le Poytevin,' and ' Peter le 
 Pettevin.' Pickardy has given us our * Pickards' and 
 ' Pycards,' Provence our * Provinces,' and Lorraine 
 our ' Loraynes,' ' Lorraines,' and ' Lorings.' ' Peter le 
 Loring ' and ' John le Loring ' are instances of the 
 latter form. More general terms for the countrymen 
 of these various provinces are found in such registered- 
 names as 'Gilbert le Fraunceis,' or ' Henry le Franceis,' 
 or * Peter le Frensh,' or * Gyllaume Freynsman.' 
 
 I have mentioned 'Norman' — one of the commonest 
 of early sobriquets is ' le Bigod' and ' le Bigot' Well- 
 nigh every record has its ' Roger le Bygod,' or its 
 ' William le Bygot,' or ' Hugh le Bigot,' or ' Alina le 
 
 ' ' Champaigne,' of course, means simply plain-land, and is found 
 locally in various parts of Western Europe. I have included ' Cham- 
 pion' with the others because, though sometimes a combative sobriquet, 
 it is as often found to be the mediseval form of the local term, ' Cham- 
 pian ' and ' Champain' being other modes of spelling the same to be 
 met with at this period. Thus we find such double entries as ' Katerina 
 le Champion' and 'Roger de Champion.' Our present Authorised 
 Version uses the word twice, as in Deut. xi. 30: — ' Are they not on the 
 other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land 
 of the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, 
 beside the plains of Moreh ? ' In the various translations of this passage 
 almost all the above modes of spelling have been used.
 
 l6o ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Bigod.' Amid the varying opinions of so many high 
 authorities, I dare not speak in anywise with confi- 
 dence ; but, judging from these very entries which are 
 found at an early period, I cannot but think Dean 
 Trench and Mr. Wedgwood wrong in their conjecture 
 that the word arose from the ' beguines ' — i.e. the 
 Franciscans, With Mr. Taylor ' I am firmly convinced 
 it is ethnic, and that as such it was familiarly applied 
 to the Normans I am equally satisfied. In proof of 
 its national character, Mr. Taylor quotes a passage 
 from the romance of Gerard of Roussillon — 
 
 Bigot, e Proven9al e Rouergues, 
 E Bascle, e Gasco, e Bordales. 
 
 The popular story ascribes its origin to the fondness 
 for oaths so peculiar to the Anglo-Norman character, 
 and in this particular instance to the exclamation 
 ' by-God.' 2 My own impression is that the origin of 
 the word has yet to be found. With regard to sur- 
 names, however, I may say that we have at this day 
 ' Bigots' in our directories as well as in everything else, 
 and it is highly probable that our Bagots are but a 
 corruption of the same. 
 
 Turning westward, such names as ' Michael de 
 Spaigne,' or ' Arnold de Espaigne,' tell us at once 
 
 . ' Viik Words and Places, p. 436. 
 * Camden says : ' When RoUo had Normandy made over to him by 
 Carolus Stultus, with his daughter Gisla, he would not submit to kiss 
 Charles's foot. And when his friends urged him by all means to kiss 
 the king's foot, in gratitude for so great a favour, he made answer in the 
 English tongue, " Ne se, l)y God" — "Not so, by God" — upon which 
 the king and his courtiers, deriding him, and corruptly repeating his 
 answer, called him " Bigod," from whence the Normans are to this day 
 termed "Bigodi."'
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. l6l 
 
 who were the forefathers of our ' Spains ' and * Espins ;'' 
 while ' John le Moor ' suggests to us at least the possi- 
 bility that English heathlands did not enjoy the entire 
 monopoly in the production of this familiar cognomen. 
 The intensive ' Blackamoor,' a mere compound of 
 ' black ' and ' moor,' seems to have early existed. A 
 ' Beatrice Blackamour ' and a ' William Blackamore ' 
 occur in a London Register of 1417 — (Riley's 
 ' London,' p. 647). Nor is Italy void of examples. 
 The sturdy old republic of Genoa has supplied us 
 with 'Janeway 'and ' Jannaway,'^ * Genese ' and * Jayne' 
 or ' Jeane.' Chaucer alludes to the Genoese coin the 
 'jane.' An old poem, too, speaking of Brabant as a 
 general mart, says — 
 
 Englysshe and Frensh, Lumbardes, Januayes, 
 Cathalones, theder they take their wayes. 
 
 The ' Libel on English Policy ' has the word in a 
 similar dress. 
 
 The Janueys comyne in sondre wyses, 
 Into this londe wyth dyverse merchaiindysses, 
 In grete karrekes arrayde withouten lack, 
 Wyth clothes of golde, silke, and pepir black. 
 
 Hall, in his Chronicles, speaking of the Duke of 
 Clarence ravaging the French coast in Henry IV. 's 
 reign, says, ' in his retournyng he encountred with 
 two greate Carickes of Jeane laden with ryche mar- 
 chandise.' (J. xxiv.) 
 
 • 'John Spaynard' is found in the Ca/. Rot. Patentium ; but the 
 name is now obsolete, I imagine. ' Peter Ispanier ' occurs in Clutter- 
 buck's Hertford (vol. i. Index). 
 
 * Hence we find Skelton speaking in one of his poems of ' That 
 gentyll Jorge the Januay. ' 
 
 M
 
 l62 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Its old rival upon the Adriatic still vies with it in 
 'Veness,' once enrolled as * de Venise.' Rome has 
 given us our early ' Reginald le Romayns ' and * John 
 le Romayns,' whose descendants now write their names 
 in the all but unaltered form of ' Romaine,' ^ and to 
 Lombardy and the Jews we owe Lombard street, and 
 our ' Lombards,' ' Lumbards,' ' Lubbards,' and perhaps 
 'Lubbers' — not to mention our 'Luckes,' and ' Luckies,' 
 a progenitor of whom I find inscribed in the Hundred 
 Rolls as ' Luke of Lucca.' Advancing eastwards, a 
 
 * Martin le Hunne ' looks strangely as if sprung from 
 a Hungarian source. Whatever doubt, however, there 
 may be on this point, there can be none on ' William 
 le Turc,' ^ whose name is no solitary one in the records 
 of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and whose 
 descendants are by no means extinct in the nineteenth. 
 ' Peter le Russe ' would seem at first sight to be of 
 Russian origin, especially with such a Christian name 
 to the fore as the one above, but it is far more pro- 
 bably one more form of the endless corruptions of 
 
 * le Rous,' a sobriquet of complexion so extremely 
 familiar to all who have spent any time over mediaeval 
 registers. I have already mentioned * le Norrys ' as 
 connected with our ' Norris.' ' Dennis,' I doubt not, 
 in some cases, is equally representative of the former 
 
 * le Daneys.' Entries like 'William le Norris,' or 
 ' Walter le Norrcis,' or ' Roger le Daneis,' or ' Joel le 
 Deneys,' are of constant occurrence. These, added 
 
 • WicklyfTe, in his preface to St. Taul's Epistle to the * Romayns,' 
 quotes St. Jeronic, and adds, ' This saith Jerom in his prologe on this 
 pistle to Romayncs.' 
 
 * ' Turk,' we must not forget, was a general term for anyone of the 
 Mahommedan faith. It still lingers in that sense in the j^aws, Turks, 
 Infidels, ami Heretics of our Book of Common Prayer.
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 63 
 
 to the others, may be mentioned as bringing before 
 our eyes the broadest limits of European immigration, 
 and with scarcely an exception they are found among 
 the English surnames of to-day. 
 
 But we must not forget the Dutch — a term that 
 once embraced all the German race.^ ' Dutchman,' 
 though I have found no instance in early rolls, is, I 
 see, a denizen of our present directories, while * Dutch- 
 women,' found in the fourteenth century, is extinct. 
 Our ' Pruces ' are but the old ' le Pruce,' or Prussian, 
 as we should now term them. The word is met with 
 in an old political song, and, as it contains a list of 
 articles, the introduction of which into England from 
 Flanders made the two countries so closely connected, 
 I will quote it fully: — 
 
 Now beer and bacon bene fro Pruse i-brought 
 Into fflaunders, as loved and fere i-soughte ; 
 Osmonde, coppre, bowstaffes, stile and wex, 
 Peltre-wai-e, and grey, pych, tar, borde, and flex. 
 And Coleyne threde, fustiane, and canvase, 
 Corde, bokeram, of old tyme thus it wase. 
 But the fflemmynges among these things dere, 
 Incomen loven beste bacon and beer. 
 
 * Fleming,' as our registers prove, was seemingly the 
 popular term for all the Low Countrymen, bands of 
 whom were specially invited over by two of our kings 
 to spread their industry in our own land. Numbers 
 of them came in, however, as simple wool-merchants, 
 
 ' Thus we find Bishop Coverdale, in his Prologue to the Neiu Testa- 
 ment, written 1535, saying, ' And to help me herein I have had sundry 
 translations, not only in Latin, but also of the Dutch interpreters, 
 whom, because of their singular gifts and special diligence in the Bible, 
 I have been the more glad to follow.' {Park : Soc. p. 12.) Here he is 
 manifestly speaking of the German reformers. 
 
 M 2
 
 l64 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 to transmit the raw material into Holland. As the 
 old * Libel on English Policy ' says — 
 
 But ye Fleminges, if ye be not wrothe, 
 
 The grete substance of your cloth, at the fulle, 
 
 Ye wot ye made it of youre English wolle. 
 
 But Flanders was not the only division represented. 
 Our ' Brabazons ' once written * le Brabangon,' to- 
 gether with our ' Brabants/ * Brabaners,' and * Bra- 
 bans,' issued, of course, from the duchy of that name ; 
 while our ' Hanways ' • and ' Hannants' hailed from 
 Hainault, the latter of the two representing the usual 
 early English pronunciation of the place-word. The 
 old enrolled forms are ' de Hanoia ' and ' de Henau.' 
 It is very likely, therefore, that our * Hannahs ' are 
 similarly derived. The poem I have just quoted, 
 after mentioning the products of ' Braban,' ' Selaunde,' 
 and * Henaulde,' proceeds to say : — 
 
 But they of Holonde at Caleyse buy our felles 
 And our wolles, that Englyshe men then selles. 
 
 This, and such an entry as * Thurstan de Holland,' 
 give us at once a clue, if clue were needed, to the 
 source whence have issued our ' Hollands.' ' Holand- 
 man,' which once existed, is, I believe, now extinct. 
 A common sobriquet for those enterprising traders 
 who visited us from the shores of the Baltic was 
 ' Easterling,' and it is to their honest integrity as 
 merchants we owe the fact of their name in the 
 form of ' Sterling ' being so familiar. In contrast 
 to the country-made money, their coin obtained the 
 name of ' Easterling,' or, as we now term it, ' Ster- 
 
 ' Andrew Porde speaks of ' Flaundcrs, Ilanvvay, and Braban, which 
 be commodious and plentiful contreys.' — Bokc of the Iittroditction of 
 Knowlalge.
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 65 
 
 ling ' money — so many pounds sterling being the 
 ordinary phrase for good and true coin. We have 
 even come to apply the term generally in such 
 phrases as sterling worth, sterling honesty, or 
 sterling character. The more inland traders were 
 styled ' Almaines,' or merchants * d'Almaine,'^ terms 
 common enough in our earlier archives, as ' le Ale- 
 man,' or * de Almania,' or ' le Alemaund,' and thus 
 have sprung our * Alemans,' * Almaines,' and ' All- 
 mans,' and through the French, probably, our ' Lalli- 
 mands,' ' D'Almaines,' * Dalmaines,' and more per- 
 verted ' Dalmans ' and ' DoUmans.' ^ Thus to these 
 enterprising and honest traders we owe a surname 
 which from the odious forms it has assumed shows 
 that their names, at least, were corruptible, if not their 
 credit. I ought to have mentioned, though I have no 
 record to quote in proof of my assertion, that our 
 * Hansards ' are, I have no doubt, descendants of such 
 Hanse merchants in our country as were members of 
 the Hanseatic League. The founder of the Hansards, 
 the publishers of the Parliamentary Debates, came 
 from Norwich in the middle of the last century, and 
 
 • An act passed in 1464 speaks of tonnage upon wines brought into 
 England *by eny Marchaunt Alien, as well by the Marchauntes of 
 Hance and of Almayn, as of eny other Marchauntes Alien.' (Rot. 
 Pari. Ed. IV.) Bishop Coverdale's exposition of the 22nd Psalm is 
 entitled, 'A very excellent and swete exposition upon the two and 
 twenty Psalme of David, called in Latyn, " Dominus regit me, et 
 nihil." Translated out of hye Almayne in to Englyshe by Myles 
 Coverdale, 1537.' 
 
 * The old form of ' Dutch ' was ' Douch ' or ' Dowch.' Skelton in 
 his ' Parrot ' says that, besides French, Lattyn, Ebrew, 
 
 'With Douch, with Spanysh, my tong can agree.' 
 Our ' Dowch's ' and ' Douch's ' still preserve this spelling.
 
 1 66 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 I need scarcely say that the city was the chief head- 
 quarters of the Flemish weaving interest at the date 
 we are considering. 
 
 Leaving Europe for a moment, a name of peculiar 
 interest is that of ' Sarson,' ^ or ' Sarasin,' a sobriquet 
 undoubtedly sprung from the Crusades in the East, 
 and found contemporaneously, or immediately after- 
 wards, in England as ' Sarrasin,' ' Sarrazein,' ' Sarra- 
 cen,' and in the Latinized form of ' Sarracenus,' The 
 maternal grandfather of Thomas a Becket was a pure- 
 blooded Saracen, settled in England. The * Saracen's 
 Head,' I need not remind the reader, has been a 
 popular inn sign in our land from the days of Coeur 
 de Lion and Godfrey, It would seem as if they were 
 sufficient objects of public curiosity to be exhibited. 
 In the ' Issues of the Exchequer ' of Henry VI.'s 
 reign is the following : — * To a certain Dutchman, 
 bringing with him a Saracen to the Kingdom of 
 England, in money paid him in part payment of five 
 marks which the Lord the King commanded to be 
 paid him, to have of his gift.' Speaking of the Sara- 
 cens, however, we are led to say a word or two about 
 the Jews, the greatest money-makers, the greatest 
 merchants, the greatest people, in a commercial point 
 
 ' Our * Sarsons ' may be metronymically descended from ' Sare ' or 
 'Sarra. ' Skelton, in 'Elynore Rummyng,' speaks of 
 
 'Dame Dorothe and lady Besse, 
 Dame Sare, our pryoresse.' 
 
 Nevertheless the same writer, in his ' Poem against Gameschc,' ad- 
 dresses a Saracen thus — 
 
 ' I say, ye solcm Sarson, alle blake is your blc.' 
 
 Such entries as ' William fil. Sare,' 'John Saresson,' ' Henry Sarrasin' 
 or ' Peter Sarracen,' show both origins to be possible.
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 6/ 
 
 of view at least, the world has known. No amount 
 of obloquy, no extent of cruel odium and persecution, 
 could break the spirit of the old Iraelitish trader. 
 Driven out of one city, he fled to another. Rifled of 
 his savings in one land, he soon found an asylum in 
 another, till a fresh revolution there also caused either 
 the king or the people to vent their passions and refill 
 their coflers at the expense of the despised Jew. 
 'Jury' would seem to be a corrupted surname taken 
 from the land which our Bible has made so familiar 
 to us. It certainly is derived from this term, but not 
 the Jewry of Palestine. It was that part of any large 
 town which in the Early and Middle Ages was set 
 apart for these people, districts where, if they chose 
 to face contumely and despite, they could live and 
 worship together. Every considerable town in 
 England and the Continent had its Jewish quarters. 
 London with its 'Jewry' is no exceptional case. 
 Winchester, York, Norwich, all our early centres of 
 commerce, had the same. Johan Kaye, in his account 
 of the siege of Rhodes, says: 'All the strete called 
 the Jure by the walles was full of their blood and 
 caren (carrion).' Our 'Jurys'^ are not, however, 
 necessarily Jews, as it is but a local name from resi- 
 dence in such quarters, and doubtless at one time or 
 another during the period of surname establishment 
 Christians may have had habitation there. ' Jew,' on 
 the other hand, as representing such former entries as 
 * Roger le Jew ' or ' Mirabilla Judaeus,' is undoubtedly 
 of purely Israelitish descent. But these are not all. 
 
 ■ This surname is found uncorrupted so late as 1626. A 'John 
 Jewry' is set down in C. C. Coll. register for that date. (Vide //w/. 
 C. C, Coll. ) ' Jewsbury ' has the same origin.
 
 l63 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Our early records teem with such names as ' Roger le 
 Convers,' or * Stephen le Convers,' ^ deserters from the 
 Jewish faith. We cannot be surprised at many of the 
 less steady adherents of the ancient creed changing 
 their religious status, when we reflect upon the cruel 
 impositions made upon them at various times,' I 
 suspect our * Conyers ' have swallowed up the repre- 
 sentatives of this name. Even in the day of its rise we 
 find it set down in one record as ' Nicholas le Conners.' 
 So much for general and national names. To 
 pretend to give any category of the town-names that 
 have issued from these wide-spread localities were, of 
 course, impossible. Such sobriquets as ' Argent,' from 
 Argentan ; * Charters ' and ' Charteris ' from Chartres ; 
 ' Bullen,' ' Bollen,' or ' Roleyn ' from Boulogne,' with 
 ' Bulness ' as representative of ' le Boloncis ; ' ' Lan- 
 dels ' from Landclles ; ' Death' or ' D'Aeth ' from Aeth 
 in Flanders ; ' Twopenny ' from Tupigny in the same 
 province ; ' Gant ' and ' Gent ' from Ghent, once ' de 
 Gaunt ; ' ' Legge ' from Liege (in some cases at least) ; 
 ' Lubbock,' once written ' de Lubyck ' and ' de Lubek,' 
 
 ' We must not forget, however, that the term ' convert ' was applied 
 to such as were lay members of a monastery. They were also working 
 brethren, and thus were distinguished from the 'monachi,' or monks, 
 who were wholly confined to religious offices and meditation. Thus, in 
 the Life of Hugh of Lincoln, it is said, ' Omnes intcrea Hugonem 
 loquebantur sive prior, sive monachus, sive conversus, gratiam attolebat 
 collatam Hugoni.' (P. 46. See, also, Glossary to same.) 
 
 * ' Edward I. went so far as to give the Dominican Friars, at their 
 particular request, power to constrain the Jews to listen to their preaching, 
 and even proceeded to waive his claim for seven years to more than a 
 moiety of the goods of the converts, the other half being given to 
 maintain the poor in the Hospital for Converts.' (Anglia "jfudnica, 
 P- 231.) 
 
 " H^ll, in his Chronicles, spells it ' Jiullcin.' (F, xxiii.)
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 69 
 
 from Lubeck in Saxony ; * Geneve,' once * de Geneve,' 
 and 'Antioch/ once * de Antiochia,' are but instances 
 taken haphazard from a list, which to extend would oc- 
 cupy all my remaining space. Many of these are con- 
 nected with particular trades, or branches of trades, 
 for which in their day they had obtained a European 
 celebrity. If the peculiar manufactures of such places at 
 home as ' Kendall ' and * Lindsey ' and ' Wolsey ' have 
 left in our own nomenclature the marks of their early 
 renown, we should also expect such foreign cities as 
 were more especially united to us by the ties of in- 
 dustry to leave a mark thereof upon our registers. 
 Such names as * Ralph de Arras ' or ' Robert de 
 Arraz,' a sobriquet not yet extinct in our midst, carry 
 us to Arras in Artois, celebrated for its tapestried 
 hangings.' Rennes in Brittany has given birth to our 
 ' Raines ' and ' Rains.' ^ Chaucer talks of pillows 
 made of ' cloth of raines.' Elsewhere, too, he makes 
 mention of * hornpipes of Cornewaile,' reminding us 
 that in all probability some of our ' Cornwalls ' hail 
 from Cornouaile in the same province. Romance in 
 Burgundy, celebrated for its wine, has left a memory 
 of that fact in our ' Rumneys ' and ' Rummeys.' 
 
 ' So late as the year 1562 we find, in an old inventory, mention 
 made of ' One bede coveringe of ariesworke, Ss. {Richmondshire Wills, 
 p. 161.) ' Grant to John Bakes, arras-maker, of the office of maker 
 and mender of the King's cloths and pieces of arras and tapestry, 
 with \2d. a day for -wziges.^ —Materials for History of Reign of Henry 
 VII. (p. 259). 
 
 ' The Gildhallte Mu7iiinenta mention, among other goods, 'mer- 
 cerie, canevas, conins-panes, fustiane, chalons, draps du Reynes, et 
 draps de soye.' (P. 231.) ' Then take a towell of reynes of two yerdes 
 and an halfe, and take the towell by ye endes double and laye it on the 
 table,' — The Boke of Kervynge,
 
 I/O ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Some of my readers will remember that in the ' Squyr 
 of low degree' the king, amongst" other pleasures by 
 which to soothe away his daughter's melancholy, 
 promises her, 
 
 Ye shall have Rumney. 
 
 Our ' Challens ' are but lingering memorials of the 
 now decayed woollen manufactures of Chalons, of 
 which we shall have more to say anon ; and not to 
 mention others, our ' Roans ' (always so spelt and pro- 
 nounced in olden times), our 'Anvers,' once *de 
 Anvers,' our ' Cullings,' ' CuUens,' ^ ' Collinges,* and 
 ' Lyons,' are but relics of former trades for which the 
 several towns of Rouen, and Antwerp, and Cologne, 
 and Lyons, were notorious. The rights of citizenship 
 and all other advantages seem early to have been 
 accorded them. In the thirteenth century we find 
 Robert of Catalonia and Walter Turk acting as 
 sheriffs, and much about the same time a ' Pycard ' 
 was Mayor of London. 
 
 I must stop here. We have surveyed, compara- 
 tively speaking, but a few of our local, surnames. 
 From the little I have been able to advance, however, 
 it will be clear, I think, that with regard to the 
 general subject of nomenclature these additional 
 sobriquets had become a necessity. The population 
 of England, less than two millions at the period of 
 the Conquest, was rapidly increasing, and, which is 
 of far more importance so far as surnames are con- 
 cerned, increasing corporatcly. Population was be- 
 coming every day less evenly diffused. Communities 
 
 ' Foxe, in his Alarlyrology, speaks of the ' Bishop of Mcntz, of 
 Cullen, and of Wonnes.' (Vol. i. p. 269, ed. 1844.)
 
 LOCAL SURNAMES. I/I 
 
 were fast being formed, and as circumstances but 
 more and more induced men to herd themselves 
 together, so did the necessity spring up for each to 
 have a more fixed and determinate title than his 
 merely personal or baptismal one, by which he might 
 be more currently known among his fellows.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 
 
 A CLASS of surnames which occupies no mean 
 "^"^ place in our lists is that which has been be- 
 queathed to us by the dignitaries and officers of 
 mediaeval times. Of these sobriquets, while some 
 hold but a precarious existence, a goodly number are 
 firmly established in our midst. On the other hand, 
 as with each other class of our surnames, many that 
 once figured in every register of the period are now 
 'extinct Of these latter not a few have lapsed through 
 the decay of the very systems which brought them 
 into being. While the feudal constitution remained 
 encircled as it was with a complete scheme of service, 
 while the ecclesiastic system of Church government 
 reigned supreme and without a rival, there were num- 
 berless offices which in after days fell into desuetude 
 with the principle that held them together. Still, in 
 the great majority of cases the names of these have 
 remained to remind us of their former heyday glory, 
 and to give us an insight into the reality of those now 
 decayed customs to which they owed their rise. 
 
 We must be careful, however, at the outset to 
 remark that a certain number of these names ought, 
 strictly speaking, to be set down in our chapter upon 
 sobriquets. They are either vestiges of the many 
 outdoor pageantries and mock ceremonies so popular
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 173 
 
 in that day, or of the numberless nicknames our fore- 
 fathers loved to affix one upon the other, and in 
 which practice all, high and low alike, joined. For 
 instance, no one could suspect such a sobriquet as 
 * Alan le Pope,' or ' Hugh le Pape,' the source of one 
 of our commonest and most familiar names, to be 
 derived from the possessor of that loftiest of eccle- 
 siastic offices.* It could be but a nickname, and was 
 doubtless given to some unlucky individual whose 
 overweening and pretentious bearing had brought 
 upon him the affix. So, again, would it be with such 
 a title as ' Robert le Keser,' that is, Caesar, corre- 
 sponding to the French ' L'empriere' and the obsolete 
 Norman * le Emperer.' This is a word of frequent 
 occurrence in our earlier poets. Langland says of our 
 Lord, there was 
 
 No man so worthie 
 To be kaiser or king 
 Of the kyngdom of Juda. 
 
 Again, he finely says — 
 
 Death cam dryvynge after, 
 And al to duste passed 
 Kynges and knyghtes, 
 Kaysers and popes, 
 Lered and levved. * 
 
 * The same remark will apply to our ' Cardinals ' and ' Pontifexs.' 
 'Cardinal' is early found in 'Walter Cardinall ' (P.)j and 'William 
 Cardynair (Z). 
 
 * In one of our old mediaeval ' mysteries, ' representing the Nativity, 
 one of the Magi says : — 
 
 Certain Balaam speakys of this thyng, 
 That of Jacob a star shall spryng, 
 That shall overcom kasar and kyng. 
 
 — Townley AfysteHes,
 
 174 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 This surname, too, is now all but equally common 
 with the other, being met with in the several shapes 
 of 'Cjesar,' ' Cayser,' * Cayzer,' ' Kaiser,' and ' Keyser.'' 
 The name of 'Julius Caesar,' as that of one of our 
 most esteemed professional cricketers, has only just 
 disappeared from the annals of that noble game. 
 The posterity of such enrolled burgesses as ' William 
 le Kyng ' or ' Thomas le Kyng ' still flourish and 
 abound in our midst. An imperious temperament 
 would thus readily meet with good-humoured censure. 
 ' Matilda le Quen' or * Simon Quene' has not quite 
 failed of issue ; but had it been otherwise, it could 
 not have been matter for any astonishment, as the 
 sobriquet was doubtless anything but a complimentary 
 affix. We must remember that, somewhat curiously, 
 the old ' quen,' or, as the Scotch still term it, * quean,' 
 at once represents the highest rank to which a woman 
 can reach and the lowest depth to which she can fall. 
 So would it be once more with our endless ' Princes,' 
 and ' Comtes' or ' Counts,' ' Viscuntes,' the heads of 
 provincial government.' There is no reason, however, 
 why our ' Dukes,' * Dooks,' or * Dues,' as they are more 
 generally found in our rolls ('Roger le Due,' E., * Adam 
 le Duk.' M.),^ should not be what they represent, 
 or rather then represented. A ' duke' was of course 
 anything but what we now understand by the term, 
 
 ' Some of these forms may be but corruptions of ' Casier,' the old 
 cheese-maker, found in the Writs of Parliament in such entries as 
 ' Michael le Casiere,' or * Benedict le Casiere.' ' Cayser' would require 
 little variation to make it such. 
 
 « 'EUice Pryncc' (Z.), 'John Ic Cunte' (E.), ' Peter leCounle' (C), 
 'John le Viscounte ' (B.). 
 
 » 'William le Duck' (T.). Our 'Ducks' may thus be ofikial 
 rather than ornithological.
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1/5 
 
 being then, as it more literally signifies, a leader, or 
 chieftain, or head. It is thus used in Scripture. Lang- 
 land, to quote him again, says of Justice — 
 
 A-drad was he nevere 
 Neither of due ne of deeth. 
 
 Elsewhere, too, he describes ' Rex Gloriae ' as 
 addressing Lucifer upon the brink of Hades, and 
 saying — 
 
 Dukes of this dymme place, 
 Anoon undo these yates, 
 That Crist may come in, 
 The kynges sone of hevene. 
 
 It is in this same category we must set, I doubt not, 
 such old registrations as ' Robert le Baron' or * Walter 
 le Baron,' 'John le Lorde' or 'Walter le Loverd,' and 
 ' Walter le Theyn' or * Nicholas le Then,' names now 
 found as ' Baron,' ' Lord,' and ' Thain,' ' Thaine,' or 
 * Thane.' ^ Even in the case of names of a more eccle- 
 siastic character, we shall have to apply the same 
 remark. We have still in our midst descendants of 
 the ' le Cardinals' and ' le Bishops' of the thirteenth 
 century, and there can be little doubt that these were, 
 in the majority of cases, but nicknames given to par- 
 ticular individuals by way of ridiculing certain charac- 
 teristics which seemed to tend in the direction the 
 name suggested. 
 
 As I have already hinted, however, there is another 
 and equally probable origin for many of the names I 
 have mentioned. Pageantries and mock ceremonies 
 
 ' This word is found as a compound in ' William Burtheyn,' a 
 Saxon title equivalent to the Norman 'Chamberlain.' The Prompt. 
 Par. has 'burmayden,' i.e. 'chamber-maid.'
 
 176 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 were at this time at the very height of their popu- 
 larity. The Romish Church fed this desire. Thus, 
 for instance, take Epiphany. In well-nigh every parish 
 the visit of the Magi, always accounted to have been 
 royal personages, was regularly celebrated. Though 
 the manner varied in different places, the custom was 
 more or less the same. There was a great feast, and 
 one of the company was always elected king, the 
 rest being, according to the lots they drew, either 
 ministers of state or maids of honour. Thus Herrick 
 
 says — 
 
 For sports, for pageantrie, and playes, 
 Thou hast thy eves and hoHdayes : 
 Thy wakes, thy quintels, here thou hast. 
 Thy Maypoles, too, with garlandes graced : 
 Thy mummeries, thy twelfe-tide kings 
 And queens, thy Christmas revellings.' 
 
 ' In the Hundred Rolls we find a 'Will Litleking.' This sobriquet 
 would readily attach to one such feast-appointed monarch whose dimi- 
 nutive stature would but impart additional merriment to the occasion. 
 'Roger Wyteking' {Testa de Neville) would owe his nont de phime to 
 the dress he wore. It is to such an institution as this, again, we must 
 ascribe the origin of such names as ' Reginald Kyngessone,' and per- 
 chance • Richard Kyngesman,' both found in the Hundred Rolls also. 
 That our ' Kings ' are but a memorial of the festivities of our forefathers, 
 is an undoubted fact. Every great nobleman had not merely a pro- 
 fessed ' fool,' but at particular seasons a ' King of Misnde.' This 'king' 
 initiated and conducted the merry doings of Christmastide, and was a 
 proper officer. Besides the 'King of Misrule,' there were also the 
 ' King ' and ' Queen ' of each village enthroned on May morning, 
 who would be sure to keep their regal title through the year at least. 
 Thus, among the twenty or thirty families that comprised the manor of 
 Ashton-under-Lyne in 1422, we find ' Hobbe the King,' while a festival 
 to be held there in that year is to be under the supervision of ' Mar- 
 garet, widow of Hobbe the King, Hobbe Adamson, Jenkin of the 
 Wood, Robert Somayster (Sum-master), etc' {Three Lancashire Docu- 
 ments. Cheth. Soc.) 'Wc, Adam Backhous and Harry Nycol, hath
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1/7 
 
 I need scarcely say that as popular nicknames these 
 titles would be sure to cling to the persons upon whom 
 they had fallen, and that they should even pass on to 
 their descendants is no more unnatural than in the 
 case of a hundred other sobriquets we shall have oc- 
 casion to recount. 
 
 Of the rest, however, and, as I have said, maybe 
 in some of the cases I have mentioned, the surname 
 was but truly indicative of the office or dignity held. 
 The Saxon has suffered here. And yet to some this 
 may seem somewhat strange when we remember how 
 little change really took place in the institutions of 
 the Kingdom by the Conquest, The Normans and 
 Saxons, after all, were but propagations from the 
 same original stock, and however distant the period 
 of their separation, however affected by difference of 
 clime and association, still their customs bore a suffi- 
 cient affinity to make coalescence by no means a 
 difficult task. William was not given to great changes. 
 He was vindictive, but not destructive. His most 
 cruel acts were retributive, done by way of reprisal 
 after sudden disaffection. If a conqueror must estab- 
 lish his power, deeds of this kind are inevitable. 
 And even these are exaggerated. The story of the 
 depopulation of the New Forest, it is now pretty 
 generally agreed, is impossible — its present condition 
 forbids of any such act to have been practicable — and 
 the notion frequently conveyed in our smaller books 
 of English history, that the curfew was a badge and 
 
 made account for the Kenggam (King-game), that same tym don Wil- 
 liam Kempe, A'enge, and Joan Whytebrede, Qucft, and all costs de- 
 ducted, 4/. 5j. od. (Ch.wardens' Accounts: Kingston-upon-Thames. 
 Lyson.) 
 
 N
 
 178 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 token of servitude, is simply absurd, the fact being 
 that the same custom prevailed over the whole of 
 Western Europe, as a mere precaution against tire at 
 a time when our towns were mainly constructed of 
 wood. A crushed people will always misinterpret 
 such ordinances. Prejudice of this kind is perfectly 
 pardonable. William then, I say, was not inclined to 
 uproot Saxon institutions. The national council still 
 remained. The ancient tribunals with their various 
 motes, the whole system of law which guided the 
 administration of justice, all was well-nigh as it had 
 been heretofore. But the language which was the 
 medium of all this was generally changed. The old 
 laws were indeed used, but in a translated form — old 
 officerships still existed, but in a new dialect — the old 
 policy was mainly upheld, but new terms of police 
 were introduced. It was not till Edward III.'s reign 
 that pleadings in the various courts were again carried 
 on in the English tongue — it was not till Henry VI. 's 
 reign the proceedings in Parliament were recorded in 
 the people's dialect — not till Richard III.'s day its 
 statutes and ordinances ceased to be indited in 
 Norman-Erench. This at once shows the difficulty of 
 any officership, however Saxon, retaining its original 
 title. The office was maintained, but the name was 
 changed. This was the more certain to ensue, so far 
 as the Church was concerned, from the fact that for a 
 considerable period all ecclesiastic vacancies were 
 filled up from abroad, liishops and abbots were 
 removed on pretexts of one sort or another, and their 
 places supplied from the Conqueror's chaplains. The 
 monasteries were hived with Normans ; the clergy 
 generally were of foreign descent. It was the same,
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 79 
 
 or nearly the same, with regard to civil government. 
 The lesser courts of judicature were ruled by 
 foreigners and the foreign tongue. The Barons, as 
 they retired into the provinces and to the estates 
 allotted them, naturally bore with them a Norman 
 retinue. All their surroundings became quickly the 
 same. Thus the French language was used not 
 merely in their common conversation — that of course 
 — but so far as their power, undoubtedly large, 
 existed, in the provincial courts also. 
 
 Such entries as ' Thomas le Shirreve ' and * Lena 
 le Shireve ' remind us not merely of our present 
 existing * Sheriffs,' ' Shcrrifs,' and ' Shreeves,' but how 
 firmly this Saxon word has maintained its hold 
 through the many fluctuations of English government. 
 The Norman ' Judge,' though it is firmly established 
 in our courts of law, has not made any very great im- 
 press upon our nomenclature. ' Justice,' a relic of 
 * William ' or * Eva le Justice,' ^ is more commonly met 
 with. Our ' Corners,' when not descendants of the 
 local ' de la Corners ' of the thirteenth century, are but 
 corruptions of many a 'John le Coroner ' or ' Henry le 
 Corouner ' of the same period. It is even found in the 
 abbreviated form of ' Corner,' in 'John Ic Corner ' and 
 
 ' The Ordinary was any ecclesiastic judge, the bishop himself, or his 
 deputy. Thus, in a statute of Edward III., dated 1341, it is said : — 
 ' Item, it is accorded and assented that the king and his heirs shal 
 have the conisance of the usurers dead, and that the Ordinaries of Holy 
 Church — les Ordinares de Seinte Esglise — have the conisance of usurers 
 in life, as to them appertaineth, to make compulsion by the censures of 
 Holy Church for the sin,' &c. {Stat. Realm, vol. i. p. 296.) We still 
 call the gaol chaplain the ordinary who conducts the condemned pri- 
 soner to the scaffold and reads the appointed service. The Parlia- 
 mentary Writs give us a 'John Ordeiner' and a ' Stephen Ordinar.' 
 
 N 2
 
 l80 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * Walter le Cornur.' Thus we see that so early as this 
 our forefathers discerned in the death of a subject a 
 matter that concerned not merely the well-being of 
 the crown, but that of which the crown as the true 
 parent of a nation's interests was to take cognizance. 
 More directly opposed to the Norman * Judge ' and 
 
 * Justice,' and in the end displaced by them, were 
 our Saxon ' Demer ' and ' Dempster ' (the older forms 
 being ' le Demere ' and * le Demester '), they who pro- 
 nounced the doom. An old English Psalter thus 
 translates Psalm cxlviii. 1 1 : — 
 
 Kinges of earth, and alle folk living, 
 Princes and all deriiers of land. 
 
 An antique poem, too, has it in its other form in the 
 following couplet : — 
 
 Ayoth was then demester 
 Of Israel foure score yeer. 
 
 We Still employ the term ' doom ' for judgment. 
 Chaucer speaks familiarly of one of the Canterbury 
 company as a ' Serjeant of the Lawc.' It is, in the 
 majority of cases, to the term ' sergeant ' as used in 
 this capacity we owe our much-varied * Sargants,' 
 ' Sargeants,' ' Sargeaunts,' ' Sargents,' ' Sergents,' * Ser- 
 geants,' * Sarjants,' and ' Sarjeants.' The same poet 
 says of him : — 
 
 Justice he was full often in assize. 
 By patent and by pleine commission. 
 
 ' Alured le Pledur,' or ' Henry Ic Plcidour,' and ' Peter 
 le Escuzer,' all obsolete as surnames, need little or no 
 explanation. Speaking of assizes, we are reminded of 
 our ' Siscrs ' and ' Sizcrs,' representatives of the old
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE, l8l 
 
 'Assizer' — he who was commissioned to hold the 
 court. Piers Plowman frequently mentions him : — 
 
 To marien this mayde 
 Were many men assembled, 
 As of knyghts, and of clerkes, 
 And other commune people, 
 As sisours, and somenours, 
 Sherreves, and baillifs. 
 
 We are here reminded of ' Hugh le Somenur,' or 
 * Henry le Sumenour,' now spelt ' Sumner,' the sheriffs 
 messenger, he by whom the delinquent was brought 
 up to the court. He was the modern apparitor in 
 fact. In the * Coventry Mysteries ' it is said : — 
 
 Sim Somnor, in haste wend thou thi way, 
 Byd Joseph, and his wyffby name. 
 At the coorte to apper this day. 
 Him to purge of her defame. 
 
 A ' Godwin Bedellus ' occurs so early as Domes- 
 day record, and as * Roger le Bedel,' or ' Martin le 
 Bedel,' the name is by no means rare somewhat later 
 on. He was, whether in the forest or any other court, 
 the servitor, he who executed processes or attended 
 to proclamations. The modern forms of the name 
 comprise, among others, ' Beadell,' ' Beadle,' ' Bead- 
 dall,' and ' Biddle.' Such names as ' Richard le Gaye- 
 ler ' or ' Ada le Gaoler,' are very commonly met with 
 in our mediaeval rolls. The term itself is of Norman 
 origin, reminding us that, however menial the duty, 
 the Saxon could not be entrusted with such an office 
 as this. We cannot, however, speak of the gaoler and 
 his confreres without referring to a curious sobriquet 
 of this period, a sobriquet to which we owe in the
 
 1 82 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 present day our ' Catchpoles ' and ' Catchpooles.' ' 
 The catchpole was a kind of under-bailiff or petty- 
 sergeant who distrained for debt, or otherwise did the 
 more unpleasant part of his superior's work, and was 
 so called from his habit of seizing his luckless victim 
 by the hair, or poll, as was the familiar term then. So 
 general was this nickname that we find it occupying 
 an all but official place. It is Latinized in our re- 
 cords into ' cachepollus,' a word unknown to Cicero, I 
 am afraid. In the ' Plowman's Vision ' we are told of 
 the two thieves crucified with the Saviour that : — 
 
 A cachepol cam forth 
 
 And cracked both their legges. 
 
 Another name for the catchpole was that of ' Cacherel ' 
 or ' Cacher,' both of which forms occur at this same 
 period as surnames. An old political song says, 
 murmuringly : — 
 
 Nedes I must spend that I spared of yore 
 Ageyn this cacherele cometh. 
 
 This sobriquet also abides with us still.'* ' Le Cacher,' 
 I fear, has been obsolete for centuries.' 
 
 ' The term ' poll ' for the head, was far more familiar to our fore- 
 fathers than to ourselves, as such terms as * poll-tax,' or ' going to the 
 poll,' testify. It was in great favour for nickname purposes, and beside 
 the one in the text gave rise to such sobriquets as 'ranti-poll,' i.e., 
 boisterous fellow; 'doddy-poll,' or ' doddy-poul,' as Latimer spells it, 
 i.e., blockhead; or 'withy-poll,' i.e., spoiled one. The latter was a 
 term of endearment, and as such would not be resented. Hence it is 
 found twice as a surname: — ' Poule Withipoule, taillour' [Rtitlaiid 
 Papers, Cam. Soc); 'Edmund Withipole' {State Papers, Domestic). 
 
 * An old sermon, written in the fourteenth century, upon Matt, xxiv, 
 43, speaks of those whom we should now term as the ' Devil and his 
 angels' as the ' Devil and his kachereles.' 
 
 ' We have the surname of ' Outlawe,' or ' Outlaghe,' figuring in
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 83 
 
 Of such as were accountable for duties in the 
 pubHc streets, we may mention first our 'Cryers/ 
 registered at the time we are speaking of as * Philip le 
 Criour,' or ' Wat le Greyer.' He, like the still existing 
 'Bellman,'' performed a fixed round, announcing in 
 full and sententious tones the mandates of bench and 
 council, whenever it was necessary to advertise to the 
 public such news as concerned their common well- 
 being. Our policeman may be modern in his name 
 and in his attire, but as the guardian of the peace, by 
 night as well as by day, he is but the descendant of a 
 long line of servants who have in turn fulfilled this 
 important public trust. His early title was borne by 
 ' Ralph le Weyte,' or ' Robert le Wayte,' or 'Hugh le 
 Geyt,' or ' Robert le Gait.' All these forms are of the 
 commonest occurrence in our olden registries. By 
 night he carried a trump, with which to sound the 
 watches or give the alarm, and thus it was he acquired 
 also the name of ' Trumper,' such forms as ' Adam le 
 Trompour ' or ' William le Trompour ' being fre- 
 
 several rolls, and that of ' Felon,' or 'le Felun,' in at least one. These 
 would be both unpleasant names to bear, perhaps more so then than 
 now, A ' felon ' was one who had, by court adjudicature, and for some 
 specific crime, forfeited all his property, lands, or goods. An ' outlaw ' 
 was one who had been cited to judgment for some misdemeanour, and 
 by refusing to make an appearance had put himself out of the protection 
 of the law. Thus, Robin Hood was an outlaw. ' Adam Outelaw ' signs 
 ordinances of Guild of St. John Baptist, West Lynn, 1374. {English 
 Gilds, p. 102.) This name, strange to say, lingered on to within 
 the last two hundred years, a ' Thomas Outlaw ' being found in a college 
 register for 1674. (Vide Hist. C. C. Coll. Cam.) In 1661, too, 'Ralph 
 Outlaw' was rector of Necton in Norfolk. (Hist. Norf., vi, 55.) 
 
 ' 'On the 30th ult., at Greenheys, Manchester, formerly of Oxton, 
 Cheshire, Sarah, widow of R. Bellringer, of Pendleton, aged 82.' 
 (Manchester Courier, May 2, 1874.) This is the only instance of this 
 name I have hitherto met with.
 
 ,l84 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 quently met with at this time. To the former title of 
 this official duty it is we owe the fact of our still 
 terming any company of night serenaders * waits,' and 
 especially those bands of strolling minstrels who keep 
 up the good old custom of watching in Christmas 
 morn. A good old custom, I say, even though it may 
 cost us a few pence and rouse us somewhat rudely, 
 maybe, from our slumbers. ' Wait,' ' Waite,' ' ' Wayt,' 
 and ' Whaite,' with ' le Geyt,' are the forms that still 
 exist among us. ' Trumper,' too, has its place equally 
 assured in our nomenclature. 
 
 Such names as we have just dwelt upon, however, 
 remind us of other municipal authorities, higher in 
 position than these, to whom, indeed, these were but 
 servitors. A sobriquet like * Richard le Burgess ' or 
 * John le Burges ' reminds us of the freemen of the 
 borough towns, while * le Mayor,' or * Mayer,' or 
 'Maire,' or ' Mair,' or * Meyre,' ' or 'Mire,' for all 
 these different spellings are found, is equally sugges- 
 tive of the chief magistracy of such. Piers, to quote 
 him once more, speaks of: — 
 
 The maistres, 
 Meirs and Jugges, 
 That have the welthe of this world. 
 
 The feminine form of this sobriquet appears in the 
 early but obsolete ' Margaret la^ Miresse.' Speaking 
 
 ■ 'Thomas le Await' occurs in the Rot. Curia: Regis. This reminds 
 US that our 'waiter' was once prefixed with 'a' likewise — 'xii. esquiers 
 awaiters. * ( Ord. Hoiisch old of Duke of Cla re f ice, 1 49 3 . ) 
 
 ' ' And to meyris or presidentis and to kyngis yc shall be led for me 
 in witnessyng to them.' — Matt x. 18 (WicklyfTc). In a Petition to Par- 
 liament, dated 1461, the following varieties of spelling occur within the 
 space of thirty lines : — 'Maier,' 'Mayer,' 'Mayre,' and ' Maire.' (Rot. 
 Pari. Ed. IV.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 18$ 
 
 of mayors, some lines written some years ago on the 
 proposed elevation of a certain Alderman Wood as 
 Lord Mayor are not without humour, nor out of place, 
 perhaps, here : — 
 
 In choice of Mayors 'twill be confest, 
 
 Our citizens are prone to jest : 
 
 Of late a gentle ' Flower ' they tried — 
 
 November came and checked its pride. 
 
 A ' Hunter ' next, on palfrey grey, 
 
 Proudly pranced his year away. 
 
 The next, good order's foes to scare, 
 
 Placed ' Birch ' upon the civic chair. 
 
 Alas ! this year, 'tis understood, 
 
 They mean to make a mayor of ' Wood ! ' 
 
 As a fellow to ' Meir ' we may cite * Provost,' or 
 ' Prevost,' or ' Provis,' a term still used of the mayor- 
 alty in Scotland. * Councellor ' and ' Councilman ' 
 are still familiar terms in our midst. * Clavenger,' 
 ' Claver,' and * Cleaver ' we will mention last as filling 
 up a list of civic offices entirely, so far as the lan- 
 guage is concerned, the property of the dominant 
 power. A ' Robert Clavynger ' occurs in the Par- 
 liamentary Rolls. Its root is ' claviger,' the ' key- 
 bearer,' one whose office it was at this time to protect 
 the deposits, whether of money or parchments, be- 
 longing to the civic authorities. The more common 
 term was that of ' Clavier,' such entries as ' Henry le 
 Claver,' or 'John le Clavour,' or 'John le Clavier,'^ 
 being of familiar occurrence at this time. Thus in a 
 treaty agreed upon between the Mayor, sheriffs, and 
 commonalty of Norwich in 14 14, it was declared that 
 
 ' I suspect the difference between the ' claviger ' and the ' clavier ' 
 la/ in that the former bore the key, and perhaps even the mace, in all 
 the many public processions and pageants of the day.
 
 1 86 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * the mayor and twenty-four (of the council) shall 
 choose a common clerk, a coroner, two clavers, and 
 eight constables, and the sixty common council shall 
 choose a common speaker, one coroner, two clavers, 
 and eight constables.' (' Hist. Norf,' Blomefield.) In a 
 day when there were no patent safes we can readily 
 understand the importance of appointing men whose 
 one care it was to guard the chests wherein w'cre 
 stored up the various parchments, moneys, and seals 
 belonging to the civic council. This comprises our 
 list of Norman civil officers. One name, and one only, 
 of this class is Saxon, that of 'Alderman,' but I have 
 found it occurring as a surname in only one or two 
 instances, and I believe it has now become obsolete. 
 
 Turning from municipal to ecclesiastical affairs, 
 we find the Church of mediaeval times surrounded 
 with memorials. Some of these I have already 
 hinted at as being mere sobriquets ; ' none the less, 
 however, do we owe them to the existing institutions. 
 Such names as ' Hugo le Archevesk ' or ' William le 
 Arceveske ' can be only thus viewed. In * Morte 
 Arthure ' the hero holds festival at Caerleon, 
 
 Wyth dukez, and dusperes of dyvers rewmes, 
 Erles and erchevesques, and other ynowe, 
 Byscliopes and bachelers and banerettes nobille. 
 
 While this has long vanished from our directories, the 
 descendants of 'John Ic Bissup ' or ' Robert le Biscop' 
 are firmly established therein. The more Norman 
 
 ' The old and general custom of electing a boy-bishop on St. Nicholas' 
 Day gave their title, doubtless, to most of our 'bishops.' The familiarity 
 of the ceremony is fully attested by Brand. To him I refer tlie reader. 
 The boy thus elevated by his fellows could not but retain tlie sobriquet. 
 Lyson quotes from the Lambeth Ch.wardcns' Accounts, 1523: 'For 
 the Bishop's dynner and hys company on St. Nycolas' Day, \\s, viii^/.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 8/ 
 
 * Robert le Vecke ' and * Nicholas le Vesk ' still live 
 also in our * Vicks ' and 'Vecks.' It was only the 
 other day I saw * Archdeacon ' over a hatter's shop 
 — and that it is no corruption of some other word, 
 we may cite the early ' Thomas le Arcedekne ' as a 
 proofs Whether ' Archpriest,' a sobriquet occurring 
 at the same date, was but another designation of the 
 same, or performed more episcopal functions, I 
 cannot say,' The name, however, is obsolete in every 
 sense. The old vicar has bequeathed us our ' Vicars,' 
 
 * Vicarys,' and ' Vickermans.' Chaucer says in the 
 
 * Persons Prologue ' — 
 
 Sire preest, quod he, art thou a vicary ? 
 Or art thou a Person ? say soth by thy fay. 
 
 Our ' Parsons,' as Mr. Lowther thinks, are but a 
 form of ' Piers' son,' that is, * Peters* son.' It is, 
 however, quite possible for them to be what they more 
 nearly resemble ; indeed, I find the name occurring as 
 such in the case of ' Walter le Persone,' found in the 
 Parliamentary Rolls. Well would it be if we could 
 say of each village cure now what our great early 
 poet said of one he pictured forth — 
 
 A good man there was of religioun, 
 That was a poure Persone of a town, 
 But riche he was of holy thought and werk, 
 He was also a lerned man, a clerk, 
 That Cristes gospel trewely wolde preche. 
 
 ' Daniel Archdeacon was recommended to the King for his services, 
 l6lo. {State Papers, 1623-5, p. 545.) 
 
 * 'Roger le Archeprest' (J). The term was in use in the seven- 
 teenth century. Smith, the ' silver-tongued ' preacher, speaks of ' priest, 
 or priests, or archpriests, or any such like.' (GoiVs Arrow against 
 Atheists.)
 
 l88 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Our * Priests ' and * Priestmans ' * answer for them- 
 selves, ' Thomas le Prestre ' and ' Peter le Prest,' I 
 do not doubt myself, were but other changes rung 
 upon the same, but I shall have occasion hereafter to 
 propose, at least, a different origin for the latter. The 
 lower ministerial office is suggested to us in ' Philip 
 le Dekene ' and ' Thomas le Deken,' but we must be 
 careful not to confound them with ' Deakin,' which is 
 often but another form of * Dakin,' that is, ' Dawkin,' 
 or ' little David.'' Our * Chaplains ' or ' Chaplins,' once 
 written more fully as ' Reginald le Chapeleine,' repre- 
 sent less one who officiated in any public sanctuary 
 than him who was attached to some private oratory 
 belonging to one of the higher nobility. Our * Chanters ' 
 or ' Canters ' (' Xtiana le Chauntour,' A., ' William le 
 Chantour,' M.) still maintain the dignity of the old 
 precentors who led the collegiate or cathedral choir — 
 but the once existing ' Chanster ' (' Stephen le Chan- 
 ster,' J.), strictly speaking the feminine of the other, is 
 now obsolete.' In our ' Chancellors ' we may recognise 
 the ancient 'John le Chancelcr ' or 'Geoffry le Chaun- 
 celer,' he to whose care was committed the chapter, 
 books, scrolls, records, and what other literature be- 
 longed to the establishment with which he stood con- 
 
 ' As in occupative names, svicli as 'Fisherman' and 'Poulterer,' 
 there was a tendency to repeat the suffix, or to add ' man ' to a term 
 that itself expressed a personal agent, so it was in official names. We 
 have just spoken of 'Vickerman' and ' Priestman.' 'Symon Prior- 
 man' (W. 15) and 'William Munkeman ' (W. 15) are other cases in 
 point. 
 
 ' After the fashion of ' Vicary,' from 'Vicar,' and 'Thackeray,' 
 from 'Thacker,' so ' Diacony ' seems to have been formed from 
 • Deacon.' — Michell Diacony, xx. 
 
 * 'Williametta Cantatrix ' is found in the " A't^A Lit. Clatts. in 
 Turri Lond."
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 89 
 
 neeted. * Clerk ' as connected with the Church has come 
 down in the world, for as ' clericus/ or ' clergyman,* 
 it once belonged entirely to the ordained ministry.' 
 The introduction of lay-clerks, appointed to lead the 
 responses of the congregation, has, however, connected 
 them all but wholly with this later office. Nor have 
 our ' Secretans,' or ' Sextons,' or ' Saxtons ' pre- 
 served their early dignity. The sacristan was he who 
 had charge of the church-edifice, especially the robes 
 and vestments, and such things as appertained to the 
 actual service.^ The present usually accepted mean- 
 ing of the term, that understood by our great 
 humorist poet when he said — 
 
 He went and told the sexton, 
 And the sexton tolled the bell, 
 
 is quite of later growth. In our ' Colets ' and 
 * Collets * (sometimes the diminutives of ' Colin ') 
 we are reminded of the colet, or acolyte, who 
 waited upon the priest and assisted in carrying the 
 bread and wine, in lighting the candles, and per- 
 forming all subordinate duties. Our ' Bennets,' when 
 not belonging to the class of baptismal names (as a 
 corruption of 'Benedict'), once performed the func- 
 tions of exorcists, and by the imposition of hands 
 
 ' A curious, not to say cumbrous, surname is met with in the Parlia- 
 mentary Writs — that of ' Holywaterclerk ' — a certain ' Hugh Haliwater- 
 clerk * being set down as dwelling at Lincoln. Doubtless he was con- 
 nected with the cathedral body of that city. The name, I need not say, 
 is obsolete ; and the Reformation has removed the office denoted. A 
 ' Walter le Churcheclerk ' is found in the same record. 
 
 * The charge of the vestry seems to have been given also to the ' rcve- 
 tour,' from ' revestir.' A ' William Revetour, clericus, fdius Rogeri 
 Morbet, revetour,' was admitted to freedom of York City in 1420. He 
 died in 1446, and in his will makes mention of his father as * Roger 
 Revetour.' {Corpus Christi Guild, p. 24. Surt. Soc.)
 
 190 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 and the aspersion of holy water expelled evil spirits 
 from those said to be thus possessed. Last of this 
 group we may mention our ' Croziers ' and ' Crosiers,' 
 they who at this time bore the pastoral staff. Me- 
 diaeval forms of these are met with in ' Simon le 
 Croyzer ' or ' Mabel la Croiser,' I doubt not that he 
 was a kind of chaplain to his superior, whose official 
 staff it was his duty to bear. In the Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer of the 2nd year of Edward VI. it is 
 directed : ' Whensoever the bishop shall celebrate 
 the holy communion, or execute any other public 
 office, he shall have upon him, besides his rochet, an 
 alb and cope, or vestment, and also his pastoral staff 
 in his hand, or else borne by his chaplain.' 
 
 When we turn our eyes for a moment to the old 
 monastic institutions, we see that they, too, are far 
 from being without their relics. In them we have 
 more distinctly the echo of a departed time. Many 
 of my readers will be familiar with the distinction 
 recorded in such names as 'Alexander le Seculer' 
 and ' Walter le Rcligieusc,' or ' man of religion,' as 
 Chaucer would have termed the latter. To be 
 * religious ' in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 
 was to be one of a monastic order bound by vows. 
 Thus our great mediaeval poet says in his Romance — 
 
 Religious folk ben full covert, 
 Secular folke ben more apert, 
 But nathelcss, I will not blame 
 Religious folke, ne Ihem defame 
 In what habitc that ever they go ; 
 Religion humble, and true also, 
 Will I not blame, ne despise. 
 
 The ' religieuse ' has apparently stuck to his vows, 
 for I have never found the term in an hereditary form,
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. I9I 
 
 while ' Secular,' as descended from such enrolled folk 
 as 'Walter le Secular,' or 'Joan, uxor Nicholas le 
 Secular,' still exists. I am afraid, however, the Sec- 
 ularist of that time could and would have told us a 
 different tale. Of these bound orders too, while the 
 general term, as I say, does not now exist surnomi- 
 nally, all the more particular titles which it embraced 
 do. As we catch the cadence of their names a 
 shadow falls athwart our memories, and in its wake a 
 crowd of dim and unsubstantial figures pass before 
 us. Once more we behold the fiery ' Abbot ' (Juliana 
 Abbot, A., Ralph le Abbe, C), and the portly ' Prior' 
 or 'Pryor' (Roger le Priour, B., William le Priur, E.). 
 We see afresh the * Friar,' or ' Freere,' or ' Frere ' 
 (Syward le Frere, A., Geoffrey le Frere, A.), so 'plea- 
 sant of absolution ' and ' easy of penance.' Again 
 our eye falls mistily upon the * Canon,' or ' Cannon ' 
 (William le Cannon, A., Thomas le Canun, E.), with 
 his well- trimmed beard and capped brow, and the 
 ' Moyne ' (now ' Munn ') or ' Monk ' (Beatrix le Munk, 
 A., Thomas le Mun, A., Ivo le Moyne, A.), all closely 
 shaved and cloaked, and cowled, that knew his way to 
 the cellar better than to the chapel, who loved the song 
 more than the chaunt.^ And now in quick succession 
 flit by us a train of personages all beshrouded in garbs 
 of multitudinous and quaint aspect, in cloaks and hoods, 
 and tippets and girdles, and white and dark apparel. 
 There is the wimpled, grey-eyed ' Nunn ' (Alice la 
 
 ' John Closterer.' {Three Histories of Durham. Suit. Soc. ) This 
 would be a general term for one who dwelt in a monastic institution. 
 Shakespeare uses the feminine 'cloistress.' Of a similar character would 
 be 'Nicholas Brotherhood' (NichoUs' Zw^j/^?-, 1633), 'John Brother- 
 hood' (W. 20), or ' William Felliship ' (W. il).
 
 192 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Nonne, A.), and the Dorturer, represented in olden 
 registers by such a name as ' Robert le Dorturer,' he 
 who looked to the arrangements of the dourtour, or 
 dormitory — 
 
 His death saw I by revelation, 
 
 Sayde this frere, at home in our dortour. ' 
 
 The word still existed in the sixteenth century, as is 
 evidenced by Heywood's use of it. He says — 
 
 The tongue is assigned of wordes to be sorter ; 
 The mouth is assigned to be the tongue's dorter ; 
 The teeth are assigned to be the tongue's porter ; 
 But wisdom is 'signed to tye the tongue shorter. 
 
 The figure is somewhat forced, but it has its beauty. 
 The ' Fermerer,' now found as ' Fermor ' and ' Firmer,' 
 was he who superintended the infirmary. Only a few 
 lines further on, in the earlier of the two poems from 
 which I last quoted, we find Chaucer making mention 
 of— 
 
 Our sexton, and our fermerere, 
 That have been trewe freres fifty year. 
 
 The * Tale of a Monk,' too, begins — 
 
 A black munk of an abbaye 
 Was enfeiTner of alle I herd say — 
 He was halden an hali man 
 Imange his felaus. 
 
 The fcrmery was the hospital or ' spital ' ^ attached to 
 each religious house, and was under the immediate 
 control of the above-mentioned officer. It is with him, 
 
 ' In the Monastical Church of Durham, written in 1593, we are 
 fold of the ' Cellarer' tliat ' the cliambre where he dyd lye was in the 
 dorter.' (P. 83.) 
 
 ' Hence the local surname ' Spital ' or ' Spittle : ' ' Richard ate 
 Spitale,' M. 'Gilbert de Hospitall,' A.
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 193 
 
 therefore, we may fitly ally ' Robert le Almoner,' or 
 ' Michael le Aumoner,' a name still abiding with us, 
 and representative of him who dispensed the alms to 
 the lazars and the poor. It is in allusion to this his 
 office that Robert Brunne in one of his tales says : — 
 
 Seynt Jone, the aumenere,' 
 Saith Pers, was an okerere 
 And was very coveytous 
 And a niggard and avarus. 
 
 Of the same officer in more lordly society the *Boke 
 of Curtasye ' thus speaks — 
 
 The Aumonere a rod schalle have in honde, 
 An office for almes, I understonde ; 
 AUe the broken mete he kepys in wait 
 To dele to pore men at the gate. 
 
 Many of those who were supported at this time and 
 in this manner were lepers. We can take up no 
 record, large or small, of the period without coming 
 across a ' Nicholas ' or * Walter le Leper.' Leprosy 
 was introduced into Western Europe with the return 
 of the Crusaders. To such a degree had it spread in 
 England, that in 1346 Edward III. was compelled to 
 issue a royal mandate enjoining those * smitten with 
 the blemish of leprosy ' to ' betake themselves to 
 places in the country, solitary, and notably distant ' 
 from the dwellings of men. Such a distinctive desig- 
 nation as this would readily cling to a man, even after 
 
 ' Our ' Amners ' are but a corruption of this same name. The word 
 had become early so corrupted — ' For in tymes paste kynges have geven 
 theyr bysshoprycks to theyr councellers, chaplaynes .... or to 
 suche which have taken paynes in theyr householde, as amners, and 
 deans of the chappell,' &c. (A Supplycacion to our moste Soveraign* 
 Lorde Kynge Henry tlu Eyghi, p. 34.) 
 
 O
 
 194 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 he had been cured of the disorder/ and no wonder 
 that in our ' Lepers ' and ' Leppers ' the name still 
 remains as but one more memorial of that noble mad- 
 ness which set Christendom ablaze some six centuries 
 ago. A term used synonymously at this time with 
 leper is found in such an entry as ' Richard le Masele ' 
 or * Richard le Masle,' that is, ' Measle.' Wicklyffe has 
 the word in the case of Naaman, and also of the Sa- 
 maritan lepcr.^ Langland speaks of those who are 
 afflicted with various ailments, and adds that they, if 
 
 they 
 
 Take these myschiefs meeklike, 
 
 As mesels, and others, 
 
 Han as pleyn pardon 
 
 As the plowman hymselve. 
 
 Capgrave, too, to quote but one more instance, speak- 
 ing of Deodatus, a Pope of the seventh century, says 
 ' He kissed a mysel and sodeynly the mysel was 
 whole.' Strange to say, this name also is not extinct. 
 Our 'Badmans' arc not so bad as they might seem. 
 They, and our ' Bidmans,' arc doubtless but corrupted 
 forms of the old ' bcdcman,' or ' headman, ' he who 
 professionally invoked Heaven in behalf of his patron. 
 It is hence we get our word ' bead,' our forefathers 
 having been accustomed to score off the number of 
 aves and paternosters they said by means of these 
 small balls strung on a thread. This practice, I need 
 not say, is still familiar to the Romish Church. 
 
 ' It was thus in the case of vSimon the I.cper of Bethany. The fact 
 of there being a feast in his house shows that he had been cured of his 
 disorder. None the less, however, did the surname cling to liim. 
 
 * * Go ye and tell agen to Jon those things that yc have herd and seen. 
 Blind men seen, crokide goen, mesels ben maad clcnc, defc men heren,* 
 &c. (Matt, xi., WicklyfTc.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. I95 
 
 But we have not yet done with the traces of these 
 more distant practices. The various reh'gious wan- 
 derers or sohtary recluses, though belonging to a 
 system long faded from our English life, find a per- 
 petual epitaph in the directories of to-day. Thus we 
 have still our * Pilgrims,' or ' Pelerins ' (' John Pele- 
 grim,' A., ' William le Pelerin,' E.), as the Normans 
 termed them. We may meet with ' Palmers ' 
 (' Hervey le Palmer,' A., ' John le Paumer,' M.) any 
 day in the streets of our large towns, names distinctly 
 relating the manner in which their owners have 
 derived their title. The pilgrim may have but visited 
 the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury ; the latter, 
 as his sobriquet proves, had, forlorn and weary, battled 
 against all difficulties, and trod the path that led to 
 the Holy Sepulchre — 
 
 The faded palm-branch in his hand 
 Showed pilgrim from the Holy Land.' 
 
 The * Pardoner,' with his pouch choked to the full 
 (' Walter le Pardoner,' M.) with saleable indulgences, 
 had but come from Rome. He was an itinerant re- 
 tailer of ecclesiastic forgivenesses, and was as much 
 a quack as those who still impose upon the credu- 
 lity of the bucolic mind by selling cheap medicines. 
 As Chaucer says of him — 
 
 With feigned flattering and japes, 
 
 He made the parson and the peple his apes. 
 
 * Hermit ' I have failed to find as at present existing, 
 
 ' Pilgrims to Rome were 'Romers;' whence such an entry as 
 ' Cristiana la Romere' (H.R.) Piers Plowman in ' Passus IV.' speaks, 
 within eight lines, of 'religious romares ' and ' Rome-nmners.' 
 
 o 2
 
 196 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 though ' Hermitage * or ' Armitage ' (' John Har- 
 maytayge,' W. 3), as local names expressive of his 
 abode, are by no means unfamiliar. Our 'Anchors' 
 and ' Ankers,' however, still live to commemorate the 
 old ancre or anchorite ; he who, as his sobriquet im- 
 plied, was wont to separate himself from the world's 
 vain pleasures and dwell in seclusion and solitude. 
 In the ' Romance of the Rose ' it is said — 
 
 Sometime I am religious, 
 Now like an anker in an house. 
 
 Piers in his * Vision,' too, speaks of — 
 
 Ancres and heremites 
 
 That holden them in their celles, 
 
 ' Hugh le Eremite ' or ' Silvester le Hermite ' are early 
 forms of the one, while in the other case we find the 
 aspirate added in ' John le Haneker.' The modern 
 dress of this latter, however, presents the usual early 
 and more correct spelling.' What a vision is pre- 
 sented for our notice in these various sobriquets. It 
 is the vision of a day that has faded, a day with many 
 gleams of redeeming light, but a day of ignorance and 
 lethargy ; a day which, after all, thank God, was but 
 the precursor of the brighter day of the Reformation, 
 when the Church, true to herself and true to her 
 destiny, threw off the shackles and the fetters that 
 bound her, and began a work which her greatest foes 
 have been compelled to admit she carried through 
 
 ' Capgrave, under date 1293, says: ' In the xxii. yere was Celestius 
 the Fifte, Pope, take fro' his hous, for he was a ankir.' This Celestius 
 at once passed a law that a Pope miglit resign, aad instantly gave it up, 
 returning to his old life agaiu.
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 97 
 
 amid opposition of the deadliest and most crushing 
 kind. 
 
 Before passing on to a survey of our feudal aristo- 
 cracy, I may mention our ' Latimers,' or ' le Latymer,' 
 as I find it recorded in early lists. A latinier, or 
 latimer, was literally a speaker or writer of Latin, that 
 language being then the vehicle of all record or tran- 
 script. Latin, indeed, for centuries was the common 
 ground on which all European ecclesiastics met. 
 Thus it became looked upon as the language of inter- 
 pretation. The term I am speaking of, however, 
 seems to have become general at an early stage. An 
 old lyric says — 
 
 Lyare was mi latymer, 
 Sloth and sleep mi bedyner. 
 
 Sir John Maundeville, describing an eastern route, 
 says (I am quoting Mr. Lower) — 'And men allcweys 
 fynden Latyneres to go with them in the contrees 
 and furthere beyonde in to tyme that men conne the 
 language.' Teachers of the Latin tongue itself were 
 not wanting. ' Le Scholemayster ' existed so early 
 as the twelfth century to show that there were those 
 who professed to initiate our English youth in the 
 rudiments of that which was a polite and liberal edu- 
 cation in the eyes of that period. Such sobriquets 
 as 'le Gramayre,' or ' Gramary,' or ' Grammer,' repre- 
 sented the same avocation, being nothing more than 
 the old Norman ' Gramaire,' or ' Grammarian' as wc 
 should now call him, only wc now apply the term to 
 a philologist rather than a professional teacher. As 
 * Grammar ' the surname is far from being obsolete in 
 our midst. A ' Nicholas le Lessoner ' is met with in
 
 198 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the Hundred Rolls. He was evidently but a school- 
 master also. The verb ' to lesson,' i.e. to teach, is 
 still in use in various parts of the country, and we 
 find even Shakespeare using it. Clarence says to his 
 murderer — 
 
 Bid Glostcr think of this, and he will weep ; 
 
 to which the murderer replies — 
 
 Ay, millstones ; as he lessoned us to weep. 
 
 ^Richard III., act. i. so. iii.) 
 
 In looking over the pages of our early Anglo- 
 Norman history we are at once struck by the fact of 
 the absence of any middle class ; that important 
 branch of our community which in after and more 
 civilised ages has done so much for English liberty 
 and English strength. The whole genius of the 
 feudal constitution was opposed to this. There was 
 indeed a graduating scale of feudal tenure which 
 bound together and connected each community ; but 
 there was of equal surety in the chain of these inde- 
 pendent links of society a certain ring where all 
 alliance ceased save that of service, and which 
 separated each provincial society into two widely- 
 sundered classes. On the one side were the baron 
 and his nearer feudatories and retainers ; and below 
 this, on the other, came under one common standard 
 the villein, the peasant, and the boor, looked upon by 
 their superiors with contemptuous indifference, and 
 barely endured as necessary to the administration of 
 their luxury and pleasure. We have already mentioned 
 many of those who gave the baron support. Of other 
 his vassals we may cite ' le Vavasour,' or ' Valvasor,' 
 a kind of middle-class landowner. The lower orders
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 99 
 
 of chivalry have left us in our many ' Knights ' ^ and 
 
 * Bachelors ' or ' Backlers ' a plentiful token of former 
 importance. Our ' Squiers,' * Squires,' ' Swiers,' or 
 
 * Swires ' ^ carry us, as does the now meaningless 
 Esquire, to the time when the sons of those ' Knights ' 
 bore, as the name implies, their shields. By the time 
 of Henry VI., however, it had become adopted by the 
 heirs of the higher gentry, and now it is used indis- 
 criminately enough. Those who are so surnamed 
 may comfort themselves at any rate with the reflection 
 that they are lineally descended from those who bore 
 the name when it was an honourable and distinctive 
 title. ' Armiger,* the form in which the word w^as 
 oftentimes recorded in our Latin rolls, still survives, 
 though barely, in our ' Armingers,' this corrupted form 
 being in perfect harmony with all similar instances, 
 as we shall see almost immediately. One of our 
 mediaeval rhymes speaks of — 
 
 Ten thousand knights stout and fers, 
 Withouten hobelers and squyers. 
 
 These hobelers are far from being uninteresting. 
 When we talk of riding a hobby, we little think what 
 a history is concealed beneath the term. A hobiler ^ 
 
 ' The Hundred Rolls contain ' Geoffrey Halve Knit ' and ' Nicholas 
 Halve Knycht.' They would seem to have arrived at some half stage 
 towaid chivalric rank. 
 
 '^ Swyan, in Morie Arthiire, slays Child-Chatelain, and 
 
 'The swyers swyre-bane (neck-bone) he swappes in sondre.' 
 
 * An ordinance of Edward IH. declares that 'men of arms, hoblers' 
 and archers (gentz darmes, hobelers et archers) chosen to go in tiie king's 
 service out of England, shall be at the king's wages from the day that 
 they depart out of the counties where they were chosen, till their return.' 
 {Stat. Realm, vol. i. p. 301.) Of the hobby itself, too, we have mention.
 
 200 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 in the days we are speaking of, was one who held by 
 tenure of maintaining a hobbie — a kind of small horse, 
 then familiarly so known. A song on the times, 
 written in the fourteenth century, and complaining of 
 the manner in which the upper classes plundered the 
 poor, says : — 
 
 And those hoblurs, namelich, 
 That husband benimcth cri of ground, 
 Men ne should them bury in none chirch, 
 But cast them out as a hound. 
 
 Later on, by its fictitious representation in the Morris 
 dances of the May-day sports, the hobby came to 
 denote the mere dummy, and now as such affords 
 much scope for equestrian skill in the Rotten Row of 
 our nurseries. What tricks time plays with these 
 words, to be sure, and what a connexion for our 
 ' Hoblcrs' and ' Hobblers ' to meditate upon. Our 
 ' Bannermans' are Scotch, but they represent an office, 
 whether in England or the North, whose importance 
 it would be hard to estimate at this period. Nor are 
 we without traces in our nomenclature of its existence 
 in more southern districts. Our not unfamiliar ' Pcn- 
 nigers' and 'Pcnnigars' arc but the former official 
 pcnuagcr, he who bore the ensign or standard of his 
 lord. They figure even in more general and festive 
 pageants. In the York Procession wc find walking 
 alone and between the different craftsmen the ' Penna- 
 gers.' Probably they bore the ensigns of that then 
 
 Thus a list of the royal stud at Eltham, in the seventeenth year of 
 Henry VHI., includes 'coursers, 30; young horses, 8; l)arbary 
 horses, 4 ; stallions, 8; hobbyes and geldings, 12.' {Collection of Ordi- 
 nances, p. 200.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 201 
 
 important corporate city. I have but recently re- 
 ferred to * Robert Clavynger ' (H.) and the probabiHty 
 of his having carried the club or mace or key of his 
 superiors in office. All or well-nigh all the above 
 names find themselves well represented in the registers 
 of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Our eye 
 falls at once on an ' Andrew le Gramary,' a ' Richard 
 le Gramayre,' a ' Thomas le Skolmayster,' a ' Warin le 
 Latimer,' a ' William le Latiner/ a 'Jordan le Vavasur,' 
 a * Simon le Knyt,' a * Gilbert le Bacholer,' a ' Walter 
 le Squier,' or a ' Nicholas Armiger.' 
 
 A curious relic of the military tactics of mediaeval 
 times is presented to our notice in our ' Reuters,' 
 * Ritters,' and ' Rutters.' The old English forms are 
 found in such entries as ' Thomas Ic Renter,' or 
 ' Ranulph le Ruter.' The root of the term is pro- 
 bably the German ritter, or rider, a name given at 
 this period to certain mercenary soldiers oftentimes 
 hired by our English sovereigns out of Brabant and 
 the surrounding country. Thus we find William of 
 Newburgh, under the date 1 173, saying that Henry II. 
 'stipendarias Bribantionum copias, quas Rutas vocant, 
 accersivit.' (Lib. ii. cap. 27.) Trivet, relating the 
 same fact, says (p. 73), ' Conduxit Brabanzoncs ct 
 Rutarios.' ' An old song begins — 
 
 Rutterkyn is come into owrc townc, 
 In a cloke withoute cole or gowne, 
 Save a raggid hood to kover liis crowne 
 Like a iut*cr hoyda. 
 
 • \\\ \hc Life of Hugh of Lincoln mcx\\.\or\ is made of ' Marchadeus 
 princeps Rutariorum' (p. 264). See the glossary, however, from which 
 I have derived much of the alcove,
 
 202 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Rutterkyn can speke no Englyssh, 
 His tonge runneth all on buttyrd fyssh, 
 Ecsmcarcd with grccc abowte his disshe, 
 T-ike a rutter hoyda. 
 
 The nickname ' rutterkin ' proves the Flemish origin 
 of these troopers. Their capacity for stowing away 
 food and drink, from all accounts, is not exaggerated 
 in the poem from which the above is an extract. We 
 have just mentioned our ' Bachelors,' and this reminds 
 us of our ' Childs,' and of the days of chivalry. The 
 term 'child' was a distinctly honourable title in the 
 olden times. It was borne by the sons of all the 
 higher nobility; if by the eldest son, then in right of 
 his title to his father's honours and possessions ; if 
 more generally by others, then until by some deed of 
 prowess they had been raised to the ranks of knight- 
 hood. In either case 'child' was the term in use 
 during this probationary state. Thus Byron in his 
 ' Childe Harold ' has but revived the ' Childe Waters,' 
 * Childe Rolands,' and 'Childe Thopas's' of earlier 
 times.' We owe many existing and several obsolete 
 surnames to this custom. Our ' Childs ' are but de- 
 scendants of such a sobriquet as ' Ralph le Child ; ' 
 our ' Eyres' of such an entry as 'William le Eyre ; * 
 some of our ' Barnes ' may be but the offspring of such 
 a personage as ' Thomas le Barne ' (now ' bairn,' that 
 is, the born one); while 'Stephen le Enfant' or 
 ' Walter Ic Enfaunt ' represents an appellation that is 
 now obsolete in England. ^ I need scarcely add that 
 
 ' In the Aforic Aithurc mention is made of a youth named ' Chas- 
 telayne, a chylde of the Kynges chambyre.' 
 
 ^ Such names as 'Alice Suckling' (ff.), or 'William Firstling,'
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 203 
 
 this last, in the form of Infante and Infanta, still 
 bears the same meaning in the royal families of Spain 
 that Child did in our own land in more chivalric 
 days. 
 
 The details of early feudal life are wonderfully 
 depicted by our nomenclature. Owing to the bound- 
 less and forced ceremony which arose out of the pre- 
 vailing spirit of feudal pride, our official memorials are 
 well-nigh overwhelming. Feudal tenure itself became 
 associated with office, and none seemed too servile for 
 acceptance. As has been said of Charlemagne's 
 Court, so might it be said of those of others — ' they 
 were crowded with officers of every rank, some of the 
 most eminent of whom exercised functions about the 
 royal person which would have been thought fit only 
 for slaves in the palace of Augustus or Antonine ' — 
 ' to carry his banner or his lance, to lead his array, to 
 be his marshall, or constable, or sewer, or carver, to 
 do in fact such services, trivial or otherwise, as his 
 lord might have done himself, in proper person, had 
 it so pleased him — this was the position coveted by 
 youths of birth and distinction at such a period as 
 this.' Many of these officerships, or the bare titles, 
 still linger round the court of our sovereign. The 
 higher feudatories, of course, followed the example 
 thus set them by their suzerain, and the lesser barons 
 these, and thus household officers sprang up on every 
 side. See how this has left its mark upon our sur- 
 names. ' John le Conestable,' or ' Robert le Constable,' 
 
 (ditto) — both terms familiarised to us by tlie Authorised Version — 
 belong, seemingly, to the same class.
 
 204 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 I need not say, is still well represented. In the ' Man 
 of Lawes Tale ' the poet says : — 
 
 The constable of the castel doun is fare 
 To see this wreck. 
 
 With him we may ally our not unfamiliar ' Castle- 
 mans,' ' Castelans,' and ' Chatelains,' representatives 
 of the old 'John Ic Chastilioun,' or ' Joscelin le Cas- 
 tclan,' or ' Ralph Ic Chatelaine.' The poet whom I 
 have just quoted says elsewhere : — 
 
 Now am I Iving, now chastclaine. 
 
 Doubtless this latter was but a synonym of the con- 
 stable, and his duties as govcnor but the same. Of 
 decidedly lower position, but not dissimilar in charac- 
 ter, we have also ' Wybert le Porterc,' or ' Portarius,' 
 as he is Latinized in our rolls. An old book of 
 etiquette says : — 
 
 When thou comes to a lordis gate 
 The porter thou slialle fynde therate. 
 
 He at the postern would as carefully look against 
 hostile, as our former ' Peter le Ussher,' or ' Alan le 
 Usser,' within would against informal approach.' The 
 Saxon form, however, was evidently not wanting, for 
 we have still ' Doorward ' and ' Doorman ' (' Geoffrey 
 le Doreward,' A., ' Nicholas le Doreman,' O.) in our 
 directories, not to mention their corrupted, ' Dur- 
 wards,' immortalized by Walter Scott, and ' Dormans ' 
 and ' Domans.' The term ' doorward ' is found in 
 
 ' Among otlicr duties the u.slicr lay at the door of his lord's sleeping 
 apartment. The Boke of Curtasyc says the 
 
 ' Usher before the dore 
 In outer chambur lies on the fl(}rc.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 205 
 
 many of our early writers. Thus in an old metrical 
 account of the bringing of Christ before Caiaphas, it 
 is said of John when he returned to fetch in Peter : — 
 
 He bid the dureward 
 Let in his fere. 
 
 Our ' Chamberlaynes ' and * Chambers,' ^ (' Simon 
 le Chamberlain,' M., ' Henry le Chaumberleyne,' B., 
 ' William de la Chaumbre,' B.) had access to their lord's 
 inner privacy, and from their intimacy with his mone- 
 tary affairs occupied a position at times similar to that 
 of our more collegiate bursar. We have only to look 
 at mediaeval costume, its grandeur, its colours, and its 
 varied array, to understand how necessary there should 
 be a special officer to superintend his lord's wardrobe. 
 Our ' Wardrops ' are but the former ' de la Wardrobe,' 
 or ' de la Garderoba,' while ' le Wardrober,' or ' le 
 Garderober,' has bequeathed us our ' Wardropers.' 
 Thus the ' Book of Curtasye ' says : — 
 
 The usshere shalle bydde the wardropere 
 Make redy for alle, night before they fere. 
 
 Equally important as an attendant was the ' Barbour.' 
 He especially was on familiar terms with his master — 
 when was he not .-• I need scarcely say that among 
 his other duties that of acting as surgeon in the house- 
 hold was none of the lightest. Still his tonsorial 
 capacity was his first one. No one then thought of 
 shaving himself, least of all the baron. Even so late 
 as the sixteenth century a writer defending the use 
 of the beard against Andrew Boorde employs this 
 argument : — 
 
 ' Our friends across the border have this surname in the form of 
 'Clialmers.'
 
 206 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 But, syre, I praye you, if you tell can, 
 Declare to me, when God made man 
 (I meane by our forefather Adam), 
 Whether that he had a bcrde then ; 
 And if he had, who did hym shave. 
 Since that a barber he could not have. 
 
 I have no doubt it is here we must set our' Simisters,' 
 reHcs, as they probably are, of such a name as 'John 
 Somayster,' or 'WilHam Summister.' The summaster 
 seems from its orthography to have represented one 
 who acted as a clerk or comptroller, something akin 
 to the chamberlain or breviter, whom I shall mention 
 almost immediately ; one, in fact, who cast up and 
 certified accounts. Holinshed used the word as if in 
 his day it were of familiar import. Dwelling upon a 
 certain event, he says — 'Over this, if the historian be 
 long, he is accomptcd a triflcr ; if he be short, he is 
 taken for a summister.' ^ 
 
 In such days as those, what with the number of 
 personal retainers and the excess of hospitality ex- 
 pected of the feudal chief, the culinary department 
 occupied far from an insignificant position in regard 
 to the general accessories of the baronial establish- 
 ment. Our ' Cooks,' or ' Cokes,' or ' Cookmans,* 
 relics of the old ' Roger Ic Coke,' or ' Joan le Cook,' 
 or ' William Cokcman,' even then ruled supreme 
 over that most ab.solutc of all monarchies, the kitchen ; 
 our ' Kitchenmans' (now found also as ' Kitchingham'), 
 ' Kitcheners,' and ' Kitchens,' or ' de la Kitchens,' 
 
 ' The more correct form is found in the name of ' William Sum- 
 master,' who is met willi in an old Oxford record as having deposited, in 
 1462, a caution for ' Sykyll-llalle,' of which he was principal. (Vide 
 Mutt. Acad. Oxoit.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 20/ 
 
 as they were once written, reminding us who it 
 was that aided them to turn the spit or handle 
 the posnet. Our ' Pottingers ' represent the once 
 common ' Robert le Potager,' or ' Walter le Potager,' 
 the soup-maker. Potage was the ordinary term for 
 soup, thickened well with vegetables and meat.^ 
 Thus in the * Boke of Curtasye ' the guest is bid — 
 
 Suppe not with grete sowndynge, 
 Neither potage ne other thynge — 
 
 a rule which still holds good in society. We are 
 well aware of the ingredients of the dish which 
 our Bible translators have still bequeathed to us 
 as 'a mess of potage.* In its present corrupted 
 form of ' porridge ' this notion of a mess rather than 
 of a soup is still preserved. Another interesting 
 servitorship of this class has well-nigh escaped our 
 notice— that of the hastilcr : he who turned the Jiaste 
 or spit. In the Close Rolls we find a ' Thurstan le 
 Hastier ' recorded, and in the Parliamentary Writs 
 such names as ' Henry Hastiler ' and ' William 
 
 ' A strange and yet most natural change gradually crept over this 
 word. There can be no doubt that the original ' potager,' or 'potinger,' 
 had his place in the baronial household as the superintendent of the 
 mess-making department. From his knowledge of herbs thus acquired 
 he evidently came to be looked upon in a medicinal capacity. Thus the 
 term came to be used synonymously with 'apothecary.' In \\\q Archcco- 
 logia (vol. xxii) we find it recorded that one of the horses connected 
 with the household of James V. of Scotland was called ' le Pottinger ' — 
 ' uno equo pharmacopile, vulgo le Pottinger.' In an old university 
 record, dated 1439, I find, too, a certain 'Ralph Prestbury' mentioned 
 as sworn to keep the peace towards ' Thomam Halle, potygare, alias 
 chirurgicum.' {Man. Acad. Oxou, p. 523.) Probably, however, it 
 was the lowly herbalist, rather than the professional druggist, who 
 acquired the sobriquet.
 
 208 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Hastiler.' In the will of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl 
 of Essex, among other household servants, such as 
 potager, ferour, barber, ewer, is mentioned ' William 
 de Barton, hastiler.' I need not remind Lancashire 
 people that a Jiaister, or haster, is still the term used 
 for the tin screen employed for roasting purposes. 
 The memorials of this interesting servitorship still 
 linger on in our ' Hastlers,' ' Haslers,' and ' Haselers.' 
 If, however, the supervision of the roasting and bast- 
 ing required an attendant, none the less was it so 
 with the washing-up department. How familiarly 
 does such a term as 'scullery' fall from our lips, and 
 how little do many of us know of its history. An 
 esciidle^ was a porringer or dish, and a scullery was a 
 place where such vessels were stored after being 
 washed.^ Hence a 'squiller' or ' squyler ' was he 
 who looked to this ; our modern ' scullion,' in fact, 
 which is but a corrupted form of the same word. In 
 one of Robert of Brunne's poems, we find him 
 saying — 
 
 And the squyler of the kechyn, 
 
 Piers, that hath woned (dweh) here yn.* 
 
 ' Amongst other gifts from the City of London to the Black Prince 
 on his return to London from Gascoignc, in 1 37 1, were '48 fsqucUs 
 and 24 saltcellars, weighing by goldsmiths' weight, 76/. 5^.' (Riley's 
 London, p. 350.) 'The 11 messes to the children of the Kechyn, 
 Sqiiillcry, and Pastrey, with Porters, Scowercrs, and Turnbroches, 
 every mess at 23/. i6j. 9^^/., in all 261/. I3J-. 7^/.' (Ord. Henry VIIL 
 at Eltham.) Apart from such entries as 'John le Squylier,' or ' Geoffrey 
 le Squeller,' the Pari. Rolls gave us a 'John de la Squillerye.' 
 
 * I may here mention that our brushes were almost entirely made of 
 furze or ling ; bristles were rarely used. Hence such a name as ' Robert 
 le Lingyure' (H. R.), doubtless a maker and seller of brushes and 
 brooms. 
 
 * The 'Pronip. Par.' has ' Swyllarc : Dysche-weschour.'
 
 SURNAMES OF Ol-FICE. 209 
 
 In a book of 'Ordinances and Regulations' we 
 find mention made even of a ' sergeant- squylloure.' 
 Doubtless his duty was to look after the carriage of 
 utensils at such times as his lord made any extended 
 journey, or to superintend the washing of cup and 
 platter after the open-board festivities which were the 
 custom of early baronial establishments. To provide 
 for every retainer who chanced to come in would be, 
 indeed, a care. The occurrence of a ' Roger de 
 Norhamtone, Squyler,' however, in the London City 
 rolls, seems to imply that occasionally the sale of such 
 vessels gave the title. I cannot say the name is 
 obsolete, as I have met with one ' Squiller ; ' and 
 ' Skiller,' which would seem to be a natural corrup- 
 tion, is not uncommon. Our ' Spencers,' abbreviated 
 from * despencer,' had an important charge — that of 
 the * buttery,' or ' spence,' the place where the 
 household store was kept. The term is still in use, I 
 believe, in our country farm-houses. In the ' Sum- 
 ner's Tale ' the glutton is well described as — 
 
 All vinolent as hotel in the spence ; 
 
 and Mr. H alii well, I see, with his wonted research, 
 has lighted on the following line« : — 
 
 Yet I had lever she and I 
 Were both togyther secretly 
 In some corner in the spence.' 
 
 * De la Spence,' as well as ' le Spencer,' has impressed 
 itself upon our living nomenclature. Our ' I'anters,' 
 
 ' In an inventory of household chattels, dated so late as 1574, we 
 find the furniture of the hall first described, and this begins, ' A cup- 
 board and a spence, 20s. ; xxiii pewter dublers, 20s. ; sevcntcne sawscrs 
 and potingcrs, 6j.' (Richmottdshire Wills, p. 248.) 
 
 r
 
 2IO ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' Pantlers,' and ferocious-seeming ' Panthers,' descen- 
 dants of such folk as ' Richard le Pantcr,' or ' Robert 
 le Paneter,' or ' Henry de le Paneterie,' are but relics 
 of a similar office. They had the superintendence 
 of the ' paneterie,' or pantry ; literally, of course, 
 the bread closet. It seems, however, early to have 
 become used in a wider and more general sense. 
 In the Household Ordinances of Edward IV. one 
 of the sergeants is styled ' the chief Pantrcr of the 
 King's mouth.' John Russcl in his ' Boke of Nur- 
 ture ' thus directs his student — 
 
 The fuist yere, my son, thou shalt be pantere or buttilarc, 
 TIiou must have three knyfTcs kenc in pantry, I scy thee, evcrmare, 
 One knyfe the loaves to choppe, another them for to pare, 
 The third, sharp and kene, to smothe the trenchers and square.' 
 
 Of the old ' Achatour' (found as 'Henry le Catour' 
 or ' Bernard le Acatour '), the purveyor for the 
 establishment, we have many memorials, those of 
 'Cater,' ' Cator,' and ' Caterer ' being the commonest. 
 Chaucer quaintly remarks of the ' Manciple,' "^ who 
 was so 
 
 Wise in Ijuying of victuals, 
 
 that of him 
 
 Achatours niighten take cnsample. 
 
 The provisions thus purchased were called ' catcs,' a 
 favourite word with some of our later poets. 
 
 ' 'Tlic Sewer muste speke witli tlie pantcr and oflyccrs of ye 
 spycery fur fruytcs tiial shall be elen fastynge. '— 77/c AWr of Ka-yii!:^. 
 
 '^ A manciple was an achatour for a more public institution, such as 
 an Inn of Court or College. It is (juitc j)ossiblc that our ' Manscls' and 
 ' Mi.unsels' are thus derived, relics as they un<Ioubtedly arc of the 'le 
 Maunscls ' or ' le Mansells ' of this period. The corruption colloquially
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 211 
 
 Equivalent to the more monastic *le Cellarer,' ^ which 
 is now obsolete, are our numberless ' Butlers,' the 
 most accepted form of the endless * Teobald le Bo- 
 tilers,' ' Richer le Botillers,' ' Ralph le Botelers,' 
 ' William le Botellers,' 'Walter le Butillers,' or ' Hugh 
 le Buteilliers,' of this time. As we shall observe 
 by-and-by, however, this was also an occupative name.^ 
 With so many officers to look after the prepara- 
 tions, we should expect the dinner itself to be some- 
 what ceremonious. And so it was — far more cere- 
 monious, however, than elegant in the light of the 
 nineteenth century. Our ' Senechals ' and ' Senecals ' 
 (' Alexander le Seneschal,' B., ' Ivo Seneschallus,' 
 T.), relics of the ancient 'seneschal,' Latinized in 
 our records as ' Dapifer ' (' Henry Dapifer,' A.), ar- 
 ranged the table. The root of this word is the Saxon 
 * schalk,' a servant which, though now wholly obso- 
 
 of ' manciple ' into ' maunsell ' would be a perfectly natural one. An 
 instance of the purer form is found in the name of ' Thomas Mancipill, ' 
 met with in Mnnimenta Academica (Oxon.) p. 525, under the date 1441. 
 That this was a common term at that university we may prove from an 
 indenture found in the same book, dated 1459, in which are mentioned 
 ' catours, manciples, spencers, cokes, lavenders, &c.' (P. 346.) It 
 may be interesting to some to state that to this day this is the term for 
 the chief cook in several of the colleges. 
 
 ' A ' William Celarer' is mentioned in the Churchwardens' Accounts 
 of Horley, Surrey, 1526. {Brand, vol. i. 226.) A Saxon form of this 
 existed in the term, 'Hoarder,' i.e. one. who stored up. 'Richard le 
 Hordere' (H. R.), 'Adam le Horder' (Pari. Writs). The form ' hor- 
 destre,' or cellaress, is met with in contemporaneous writings. 
 
 ' The duties of Butler and Panter being so all-important, they are 
 often found encroaching on one another's vocation. Thus the Bo/:e of 
 Curlasye says : — 
 
 ' Botlcr schalle sett for each a me.sse, 
 A pot, a lofe, wilhouten distress.' 
 P 2
 
 212 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 lete, seems to have been in familiar use in early 
 timcs.^ An old poem tells us — 
 
 Then the schalkes sharply shift their horses, 
 To show them seemly in their sheen weeds. 
 
 In ' Sir Gawayne,' too, the attendant is thus de- 
 scribed — 
 
 Clone spurs under 
 Of bright gokle, upon silk hordes, barred full rich. 
 And scholes (depending) under shanks, there the schalk rides. 
 
 We are not without traces of its existence in other 
 compounds. Thus our ' Marshalls ' were originally 
 * marechals ; ' that is, ' mare-schalks,' the early name 
 for a horse-groom or blacksmith. The Marshall, 
 however, was early turned into an indoor office, and 
 seems to have been busied enough in ordering the 
 position of guests in the hall, a very punctilious affair 
 in those days. The ' lioke of Curtasyc' says: — 
 
 In hallo marshallo alio men schallo sott. 
 After their dogro, wiihoutcn lott. 
 
 Our ' Gatcschalcs,' a name now altogether obsolete, 
 were the more simple porter, while our ' Gottschalks,' 
 a surname more frequently hailing from Germany, but 
 once common with ourselves as a Christian name, 
 denote simply ' God's servant.' But we arc wander- 
 ing. Let us come back to the dinner-table. Such 
 sobriquets as 'Ralph Ic Suur''* or 'John le Sewer' 
 
 * This was evidently in existence as a surname formerly, although I 
 have only been able to discover one instance of it. The Principal of 
 Bedel Hall, one of the numerous smaller estal)lishmcnts at Oxford in 
 medix'val times, was in the year 1462 a certain Dr. Schalke. (Afmi. 
 Acad. Oxon.) It is very likely that our present 'Chalk' represents this 
 name. 
 
 * We still use the compounds of this, as in 'pursue,' 'ensue,' rr
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 213 
 
 remind us of the sewer — he who brought in the 
 viands.* A sewe, from the old French sevre, to follow, 
 was any cooked dish, and thus is simply equivalent to 
 our course. Chaucer, in describing the rich feasts of 
 Cambuscan, King of Tartary, says the time would 
 fail him to tell — 
 
 Of their strange sewes. 
 
 I believe the Queen's household still boasts its four 
 gentlemen sewers. As a surname, too, the word is 
 still common. A curious custom presents itself to 
 our remembrance in our ' Says,' who, when not of the 
 * de Says ' (* Hugh de Say,' A.), are but descendants 
 of the ' le Says ' (' John le Say,' M.) of the Hundred 
 Rolls. An ' assay ' or ' say ' was he who assayed or 
 tasted the messes as they were set one by one before 
 the baron, to guard against his being accidentally 
 or purposely poisoned. An old poem uses the fuller 
 form, where it says — 
 
 Thine assayer schalle be an hownde. 
 To assaye thy mete before thee. 
 
 In the ' Boke of Curtasye,' too, we are told to what 
 ranks this privilege belonged — 
 
 No mete for man schalle sayed be, 
 
 But for kynge, or prynce, or duke so fre.* 
 
 'issue;' but we scarcely now employ the simple root-word so freely as 
 it evidently was employed in WicklyRe's time, lie translates Mark ii. 
 14 as follows: 'And whaune he passide he saygh Levy of Alfey 
 sittynge at the tolbothe and he seide to hym, sue me, and he roos and 
 suede him.' 
 
 ' ' The sewer must serve, and from the bordc convey all manner of 
 potages, metes, and sauces.' — 77u- Boke of A'tTzyiige. 
 
 ■•' ' Item : A Duke's eldest sonn is borne a Marquisse, and shall goe 
 as a Marquisse, and have his Assayes, the Marquisse being present."
 
 214 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Another term for the same made its mark upon 
 our nomenclature as * Gustur ' (' Robert Ic Gustur,' 
 T.) To gust was thus used till Shakespeare's day, 
 and we still speak of ^ gusto ' as equivalent to rclisJt. 
 
 We are reminded by the fact of the existence of 
 ' Knifesmith ' and * Spooner ' only among our early 
 occupative surnames that there were no forks in those 
 days.* There is no * Forker ' to be found. Even the 
 ' Carver ' (' Adam Ic Kcrver,' A., ' Richard Ic Karver,' 
 A ) had to use his fingers. In the * Boke of 
 Kervynge,' a manual of the then strictest etiquette in 
 such matters, we find the following direction : — ' Set 
 never on fyshe, flesche, beest, ne fowle, more than two 
 fyngers and a thombe.' Seldom, too, did they use 
 plates as we now understand them. Before each 
 guest was set a round slice of bread called a trencher, 
 and the meat being placed upon this, he consumed 
 the whole, or as much as he pleased. Under these 
 circumstances we can easily understand how neces- 
 sary would be the office of * Ewer,' a name found in 
 every early roll as ' Brian le Ewer,' or * Richard le 
 Ewerc,' or * Adam de la Euerie.' As he supplied water 
 for each to cleanse his hands he was close followed 
 
 (A Book of Precedence.) Ilall, speaking of King Richard's murder, 
 says of Sir Piers that he 'came to Pomfret, commanding that the esquier 
 whiche was accustomed to sewe and take the assaye before Kyng Rychard 
 should no more use that maner of service.' Y. xiv. 
 
 ' Forks, used first in Italy, were not introduced into the French 
 Court till late in the sixteenth century. In England they did not make 
 their appearance till 1608, and it is said they were there the immediate 
 result of the published travels of Thomas Coryat, who visited Italy 
 in that year. I am sorry to say that I cannot find arvy instance of 
 'Spooner' in our earlier archives. Foxe mentions, in his Martyr- 
 ology, a ' Robert Catlin, spoonmaker,' persecuted in 1552 at Byebrook, 
 Suffolk.
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 215 
 
 by the ' napper ' or ' napier,' who proffered the towel 
 or napkin. The word, I need scarcely say, is but a 
 diminutive of the old nape, which was applied in 
 general to the tablecloths and other linen used in 
 setting forth the dinner. An old book, which I have 
 already quoted, in directing the attendant how to lay 
 the cloth, says — 
 
 The over nape schall double be layde. 
 
 The Hundred Rolls and other records furnish us with 
 such names as 'Jordan le Nappere,' or 'John le Na- 
 pere,' or ' Walter de la Naperye.' Behind the lord of 
 the board, nigh to his elbow, stood the ' page,' holding 
 his cup. This seems to have been an office much 
 sought after by the sons of the lower nobility, and it 
 is to the honourable place in which it was held we no 
 doubt owe the fact that not merely are our ' Pages ' 
 decidedly numerous in the present day, but that we 
 also find such further particular compounds as 
 * Small-page,' ' 'Little-page,' or 'Cup-page' holding 
 anything but a precarious existence in our midst. 
 There seems to have been but little difference between 
 this office and that of the ' henchman,' only that the 
 latter, as his name, more strictly written ' haunchman,' 
 shows, attended his master's behests out of doors. 
 He, too, lives on hale and hearty in our ' Hench- 
 mans,' ' Hinxmans,' ' Hincksmans,' and ' Hensmans.' ^ 
 
 ' 'To Percivall Smallpage, for his expences, xxj,' {Household Ac- 
 count, Princess Elizabeth. Cam. Soc. ) 
 
 * We find the modern spelling of this sobriquet little varied from 
 that of the fifteenth century. An act, passed in 1463, to restrain excess 
 in apparel, makes a proviso in favour of ' Ilensmen, Heroldes, Purcey- 
 vantes, Swerdeberers, as Maires, Messagers, and Minstrelles.' {Stat. 
 Realm, vol. ii. p. 402.) Sir Harris Nicolas says : * No word has been
 
 2l6 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 In several of our early records of names we find 
 ' Peter le Folle,' ' Alexander le Fol,' and ' Johannes 
 Stultus ' appearing in apparently honest and decent 
 company. The old fool or jester was an important 
 entity in the retinue of the mediaeval noble. He 
 could at least say, if he might jiot do, what he liked, 
 and I am afraid the more ribald his buffoonery the 
 greater claim he possessed to be an adept in his pro- 
 fession in the eyes of those who heard him. His 
 dress was always in character with his duties, being 
 as uncouth as fashion reversed could make it. In his 
 hand he bore a mock rod of state, his head was sur- 
 mounted by a huge cap peaked at the summit and 
 surrounded with little jingling bells, his dress was in 
 colour as conflicting as possible, and the tout ensemble 
 I need not dwell upon. We still talk of a ' foolscap,' 
 and even our paper has preserved the term from the 
 fact that one of the earliest watermarks wc have was 
 that of a fool's cap with bells. ' Fools,' I need not 
 say, wherever else to be met with, arc now obsolete 
 so far as our directories arc concerned. 
 
 I have just mentioned the henchman. This at 
 once carries us without the baronial walls, and in 
 whatever scene we are wont to regard the early suze- 
 raine as engaging, it is remarkable how fully marked 
 is our nomenclature with its surroundings. Several 
 useful scrvitorships, however, claim our first attention. 
 In such days as these, when the telegraph wire was 
 
 more commented upon tlian " Ilcnclunen," or " Ilenxmen." Without 
 entering into the controversy, it may be sufficient to state that in the 
 reign of Henry VHI. it meant pages of honour. They were the sons 
 of gentlemen, and in public jirocessions always walked near the 
 monarch's horse.' {Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII., p. 327.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 21/ 
 
 an undreamt-of mystery, and highways traversed by 
 steam-engines would have been looked upon as some- 
 thing supernatural indeed, we can readily understand 
 the importance of the official ' Roger le Messager,' 
 or 'John le Messager,' nor need we be surprised by 
 the frequency with which he is met. In the * Man 
 of Lawes Tale ' it is said — 
 
 This messager to don his avantage 
 Unto the Kinges mother rideth swift. 
 
 Though generally found as ' Messinger ' or * Mas- 
 singer,' the truer and more ancient form is not wholly 
 obsolete.* But if there were no telegraphs, neither 
 was there any regular system of postage. The name 
 of ' Ely le Breviter ' or ' Peter le Brevitour ' seems to 
 remind us of this. I do not doubt myself the 'bre- 
 viter ' was kept by his lord for the writing or convey- 
 ance of letters or brevets.^ Piers Plowman uses the 
 word where, of the Pardoner's preaching, it is said — 
 
 I^wed men loved it wcl, 
 
 And liked his wordes, 
 
 Comen up knelynge 
 
 To kissen his bulles. 
 
 He bouched them with his brevet 
 
 And blered their eighen.' 
 
 ' Words terminating in this 'ager' seem invariably to iiave been 
 changed in the manner seen above. Thus, besides ' Massinger ' and 
 ' Fottinger,' we have 'Arminger' from the old 'Armiger,' 'Firminger' 
 from the once not unfamiliar ' Furmager,' or 'Clavinger' from ' Cla- 
 viger.' 
 
 * This is confirmed by the Proiiip. Par. ' Brevetowre : brevigerulus.' 
 ' Perhaps I ought to have placed ' le Breviter' in the dining-hall, as 
 but another name for the steward or steward's lieutenant. It was one 
 among other duties of this officer to set down not merely the courses as 
 they came in, but what and how much was placed before each, so that 
 all might tally with the sum allowed for culinary expenses. This is
 
 2l8 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The signet of his lord was in the hands of the 
 ' Spigurnell ' or * Spigurell,' both of which forms still 
 exist, I believe, in our general nomenclature. As the 
 sealer of all the royal writs, the king's spigurell would 
 have an office at once important and careful. The 
 term itself is Saxon, its root implying that which is 
 shut up or sealed. Our ' Coffers,' relics of the old 
 ' Ralph le Cofferer,' or * John le Cofferer,' though 
 something occupativc, were nevertheless official also, 
 and are to be found as such in the thirteenth century. 
 They remind us of the day when there were no such 
 things as cheque-books, nor banks, nor a paper-money 
 currency. Then on every expedition, be it warlike 
 or peaceful, solid gold or silver had to be borne 
 for the baron's expenditure and that of his retinue ; 
 therefore none would be more important than he who 
 superintended the transit from place to place of the 
 chest of solid coinage set under his immediate care. 
 Our early ' Passavants,' or ' Pursevaunts,' or more 
 literally pursuivants, were under the direction of the 
 * Herald,' or ' Hcraud,' as Chaucer styles him, and 
 usually preceded the royal or baronial retinue to an- 
 
 alkuled to in the Boke of Ciirtasyc. Speaking of the steward's ofiices in 
 
 the hall, it says : — 
 
 ' At counting stuanl schalle ben, 
 Tyll alio he bn~i'et of wax so grene, 
 Wiyttcn into bokes, without let, 
 That before in tabuls base been set.' 
 
 Further on, too, it adds — 
 
 ' The clerke of the kitchen shalle alle thyngs brez<e.^ 
 
 The name itself lingered on uncorrupted for some time ; for as simple 
 
 'Breviter' it is found in 1580 in a Caml)ridge University list. (///.r/. 
 
 C. C. Coll. Cam.) The corru])tcd 'Bretter' still exists, and is met 
 
 with in 'William Bretter,' a name entered in the Calendar to Pleadings 
 
 of Elizabeth's reign.
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 219 
 
 nounce its approach, and attend to such other duties 
 of lesser importance as his superior delegated to him. 
 In this respect he occupied a position much akin to 
 that of the ' Harbinger' or ' Herberger,' who prepared 
 the harborage or lodging, and all other entertainment 
 required ere the cavalcade arrived. When we reflect 
 upon the large number of retainers, the ceremonious 
 list of attendants, the greater impediments to early 
 travel, and the difficulties cf forwarding information, 
 we shall see that these officerships were by no means 
 so formal as we might be apt to imagine. To give 
 illustrations of all the above-mentioned surnames 
 were easy, were it not that the number is so large 
 that it becomes a difficulty which to select. Such 
 entries, however, as 'Jacob le Messager,' 'Godfrey le 
 Coffrer,' ' Roger Passavant,' ' Main le Heralt,' ' Her- 
 bert le Herberjur,' ' Nicholas le Spigurnell,' ' Peter le 
 Folle,' or the Latinized ' Johannes Stultus,' may be 
 recorded as among the more familiar. A reference 
 to the Index will furnish examples of the rest, as well 
 as additional ones of the above. 
 
 In a day when horses were of more consequence 
 than now, we need not be surprised to find the 
 baronial manger under special supervision. This 
 officer figures in our mediccval archives in such entries 
 as ' Walter le Avenur ' or ' William le Avcnare.' * As 
 his very name suggests, it was the avenar's care to 
 provide for the regular and sufficient feeding of the 
 animals placed under his charge.^ The ' Poke of 
 Curtayse ' tells us his duties— 
 
 ' 'To John Redyng, avener, for the expenses of le palfrais, 50/.' 
 Materials for Hist, of Reign of Henry VH., p. 407. 
 
 * * Item: It is ordeyned that the King's Avenor, with the two clerkes
 
 220 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The aveyner shall ordeyn provande good won 
 For the lordys horsis everychon, 
 They schyn have two cast of hay, 
 A peck of provande on a day. 
 
 Elsewhere, too, the same writer says — 
 
 A maystur of horsys a squyer ther is, 
 Aveyner and ferour under him i-wys. 
 
 Our ' Palfrcymans' ('John Ic Palfreyman,' M.), though 
 not always official, I do not doubt had duties also 
 of a similar character in looking after the well-being 
 of their mistress's palfrey, and attending the lady 
 herself when she rode to the cover, or took an airing 
 on the more open and breezy hillside. 
 
 The two great amusements of the period we are 
 considering were the hunt and the tournament. Of 
 the former we have many relics, nor is the latter 
 barren or unfruitful of terms connected therewith that 
 still linger on in the surnames of to-day. The ex- 
 citing encounters which took place in these chivalric 
 meetings or jousts had a charm alike for the Saxon 
 and the Norman ; alike, too, for spectator as well as 
 for him who engaged in the fierce mclce. Training 
 for this was by no means left to the discretion of 
 amateur intelligence. In three several records of the 
 thirteenth century I find such names as ' Peter le 
 Eskurmesur,' ' Ilcnry le Eskyrmcssur,' and ' Roger le 
 Skirmisour.' The root of these terms is, of course, 
 the old PVench verb ' eskirmir,' to fence. It is thence 
 we get our skirmish and scyiiiu)iagc\ the latter form, 
 
 of the said office, doe give their dayly attendance, as well as for the check 
 roll, as all other concerning ])rovisions to he made for the king's stable, 
 according to the statutes ni.ade and ordeyned for the same.' (Extract 
 from Ordinances of Henry VIII. at I'.lthain.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 221 
 
 though looked upon now as of a somewhat slang 
 character, being found in the best of society in our 
 earlier writers. Originally it denoted a hand-to-hand 
 encounter between two horsemen. We still imply by 
 a skirmish a short and sharp conflict between the ad- 
 vanced posts of two contending armies. As a teacher 
 of ' the noble art of self-defence,' ' we can easily 
 understand how important was the skirmisher. The 
 name has become much corrupted by lapse of time, 
 scarcely recognisable, in fact, in such a garb as 
 * Scrimmenger,' ' Skrymsher,' ' Skrimshire,* and per- 
 chance ' Scrimshaw,' forms which I find in our 
 present London and provincial directories. Of those 
 who were wont to engage wc have already men- 
 tioned the majority. All the different grades of 
 nobility were present, and with them were their 
 esquires, with shield and buckler, ready to supply a 
 fresh unsplintcrcd lance, or a new shield, with its 
 proudly emblazoned crest. I need scarce remind the 
 reader of what consequence in such a day as this 
 would be the costume of him who thus engaged in 
 such deadly conflict. The invention of gunpowder 
 has changed the early tactics of fight. Battles are 
 lost and won now long ere the real melee has taken 
 place. Then everything, whether in war or tourna- 
 ment, was settled face to face. To pierce his 
 opponent where an inlet could admit his spear, or to 
 unhorse him by the shock of meeting, was the knight's 
 one aim. The bloodiness of such an affray can be 
 better imagined than described. Wc still hear of 
 distorted features in the after inspection of the scene 
 
 ' The Liber Alltiis, among other entries, has the following: 'Qe nul 
 te'gne Escole de Eskermerye, nc dc liokeler dcins la cilcc.'
 
 222 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 of battle, but we can have no conception of the man- 
 gling that the bodies of horse and rider underwent, 
 the inevitable result of the earlier manner of warfare. 
 Death is mercifully quick now upon the battle-field. 
 We have still three or four professional surnames that 
 remind us of this. We have still our 'Jackmans,' or 
 'Jakemans,' as representatives of the former cavalry; 
 so called from the 'jack' or coat of mail they wore. 
 It is this latter article which has bequeathed to our 
 youngsters of the nineteenth century their more 
 peaceful and diminutive jacket. Thus mailed and 
 horsed, they had to encounter the cruel onslaught of 
 our ' Spearmans,' and ' Pikemans,' and ' Billmans,' 
 names that themselves suggest how bloody would be 
 the strife when hatchet blade, and sharp pike, and 
 keen sword clashed together. To cover and shield 
 the body, then, was the one thought of these early 
 days of military tactics, and at the same time to give 
 the fullest play to every limb and sinew. This was a 
 work of a most careful nature, and no wonder it de- 
 manded the combined skill of several craftsmen. 
 Such occupative sobriquets as ' Adam le Armerer ' 
 or * Simon le Arnmrcr ' are now represented by 
 the curter ' Armer ' or ' Armour.' In the ' Knight's 
 Tale ' it is said — 
 
 Tlicic were also of M.irtcs division 
 
 Th' armerer, and the bovvyer, and the smith, 
 
 That forgeth sharpe swerdes on his stith. 
 
 Our ' Frobishers,' * Furbishers,' and ' Furbers,' once 
 found as 'Richard le Fourbishour' or 'Alan le 
 Fourbour,' scoured and prepared the habergeon, or 
 jack just referred to, while ' Gilbert le Hauberger' or 
 'John le llaubergeour' was more immediately en-
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 223 
 
 gaged in constructing it. Our present Authorized 
 Version, I need hardly say, still retains the word. In 
 
 * Sire Thopas,' too, it is used where it is said — 
 
 And next his scliert an aketoun, 
 And over that an habergoun. 
 
 Our classical-looking ' Homers ' arc the naturally 
 corrupted form of the once familiar ' Ic Heaumer,' he 
 who fashioned the warrior's helmet.^ Our ' Sworders,' 
 I imagine, forged him his trusty blade,'^ while our 
 
 * Sheathers ' furnished forth its slip. Our ' Platers ' 
 I would suggest as makers of his cuirass, while our 
 ' Kissers ' — far less demonstrative than they look — 
 are but relics of such a name as ' Richard le Kissere,' 
 he who manufactured his cuishes or thigh armour, 
 one of the most careful parts of the entire dress.' 
 
 ' The old Norman word was either ' healme ' or ' heaume. ' The 
 more ordinary term for the former now is ' hehnet.' Hall, writing of 
 the Battle of Bosworth Field, after mentioning the fact of the armies 
 coming in sight the one of the other, says : ' Lord, how hasteley the 
 souldyoures buckled their healmes, how quickly the archers bent their 
 bowes and frushed their feathers, how redely the bilmen shoke their 
 billes and proved their staves.' (Hall, Richard III., fol. 32 b.) 
 
 ■■' It is thought by several writers that the 'Sworder' was one who 
 performed feats of jugglery, the sword, after the fashion of the times, 
 forming the most important feature in his art, his hairbreadth tricks 
 being especially popular with the countiy people. It is quite possible 
 this may be its real origin. The only early instances I find of the name 
 are in the Parliamentary Writs and the Parliamentary Rolls, where are 
 recorded respectively a 'John le Serdere' and a 'Henry Swerder.' 
 
 ' In Mr. Riley's interesting Memorials of London there is recorded 
 not merely a ' Richard le Kissere,' but the occupation itself is clearly 
 marked in the entry, ' Waller de Bcdefont, kissere.' (P. xxii.) There 
 need be no hesitation in accepting the statement that the 'kisser' was 
 thus occupied. It is merely spelt according to the then pronunciation. 
 In the Statutes of Anns it is said : ' And no son of a great lord, that is 
 to say, of an earl or baron, shall have other armour than mufflers and
 
 224 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Lastly, our * Spurriers ' were there ready to supply 
 him with his rowel, and thus in warlike guise he was 
 prepared either for adventurous combat in behalf of 
 the distressed damsel, or to seek favour in the eyes of 
 her he loved in the more deadly lists.' 
 
 I must not forget to mention our ' Kemps ' while 
 upon military affairs, a general term as it was for a 
 soldier in the days of which we are speaking. I 
 believe the phrase * to go a kcmping ' is still in use 
 in the north. In the old rhyme of ' Guy and Col- 
 brand ' the minstrel says — • 
 
 When meat and drink is great plcntye, 
 Then lords and ladys still will be, 
 
 And sit and solace lythe : 
 Then it is time for mee to speake, 
 Of kern knightes and kempes grcate, 
 
 Such carping for to kythe. 
 
 How familiar a term it must have been in the common 
 mouth the frequency with which the name is met 
 fully shows. 
 
 Our ' SHngers ' represent an all but forgotten pro- 
 fession, but they seem to have been useful enough in 
 their day and generation. The sling was always 
 attached to a stick, whence the old term ' staffsling.' 
 Lydgate describes David as armed 
 
 With a stafTe slyngc, voyde of plate and mayle ; 
 
 cuishes {" ne seit arme fors de mustilers e de quisers ").' {Stat, of Realm, 
 vol. i. p. 231.) 
 
 ' The obselete ' IJucklermaker ' must be set liere. Our Authorized 
 Version has made us familiar with ' sword and buckler.' ' Item : Payd 
 to Phillip Tynker and Mathou Buclcr-makcr, for drawycnge of the yron 
 and makynge of the stapuls, iij.' {Lu<tlovj C/iurchwariicns^ Accounts, 
 Cam. Soc.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 225 
 
 while in ' Richard Coeur de Lion ' we are told — 
 
 Foremost he sette hys arweblasteres, 
 And aftyr that hys good archeres, 
 And aftyr hys stafF-slyngeres, 
 ■And other with scheeldes and speres. 
 
 But we must not forget old England's one boast, her 
 archers, and our last quotation fitly brings them to 
 our notice. They, too, in the battle-field and in the 
 rural list, maintained alike their supremacy. If we 
 would be proud of our early victories, we must ever 
 look with veneration on the bow. ' Bowman ' and 
 ' Archer ' still represent the more military profes- 
 sional, but not alone. Even more interesting, as 
 speaking for the more specific crossbow or * arbalist,' 
 are our 'Alabasters,' * Arblasters,' 'Arblasts,' and 
 ' Balsters.' In Robert of Gloucester's description of 
 the reign of the Conqueror, it is said — 
 
 So great power of this land and of France he nom (took) 
 With him into England, of knights and squires, 
 Spearmen anote, and bowemen, and also arblasters. 
 
 Chaucer, too, describing a battlement, says — 
 
 And eke within the castle were 
 Springoldes, gonnes, bowcs, and archers, 
 And eke about at corners 
 Men seine over the wall stand 
 Crete engines, who were nere hand, 
 And in the kernels, here and there, 
 Of arblasters great plcntie were. 
 
 In the Hundred Rolls he is Latinized as 'John Alblas- 
 tarius,' and in the York Records as ' Thomas Balis 
 tarius.' The Inquisitioncs style him ' Richard le 
 Alblaster,' while the Parliamentary Writs register 
 him as ' Reginald le Arblaster.' It was to this 
 
 O
 
 226 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 class of armour our word 'artillery' was first ap- 
 plied, a fact which our Bible translators have pre- 
 served, where, in describing the meeting between 
 David and Jonathan, they speak of the latter as 
 giving his 'artillery to the lad.' Cotgrave, too, in 
 his dictionary, printed at the beginning of the seven- 
 teenth century, has the following : — ' Artellier, a 
 bowyer or bow-maker, also a fletchcr, or one that 
 makes both bows and arrows.' The mention of the 
 fletcher brings us to the more general weapon. Such 
 an entry as the following would seem strange to the 
 eyes of the nineteenth century : — ' To Nicolas Frost, 
 bowman, Stephen Sedar, fletchcr,' Ralph, the strin- 
 ger, and divers others of the said mysteries, in money, 
 paid to them, viz.: — to the aforesaid Nicholas, for 500 
 bows, 31/. 8s. ; to the aforesaid Stephen, for 1,700 
 sheaves of arrows, 148/. 15^".; and to the aforesaid 
 Ralph, for forty gross of bowstrings, 12/.' (Exche- 
 quer Issues, 14 Henry IV.) This short extract in 
 itself shows us the origin of at least three distinct 
 surnames, viz.: — 'Bowyer,' ' Fletcher,' and 'Stringer.' 
 We should hardly recognise the first, however, in such 
 entries as ' Adam le Boghiere,' or ' William le Bog- 
 hyere.' ' John le Bower ' reminds us that some of 
 our ' Bowers' are similarly sprung, while * George le 
 Boyer ' answers for our ' Boyers.' Besides these, we 
 have 'Robert Bowmaker ' or ' John Bowmaykere ' 
 to represent the fuller sobriquet. So much for the 
 bow. Next comes the arrow. This was a very care- 
 
 ' We find the Paftenmakcrs of London petitioning the Commons, in 
 1464, that they may have restored to them the use of the ' tymber called 
 Aspe,' which had been of late entirely in the hands of the manufacturers 
 of arrows, ' so that the Flecchers thorough the Reame may sell their 
 arrowes at more esy price than they were wonte to doc' The aspe was 
 a species of poplar. — Rol. Pari. Ed. IV.
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 22/ 
 
 ful piece of workmanship. Four distinct classes of 
 artizans were engaged in its structure, and, as we 
 might expect, all are familiar names of to-day. 
 'John le Arowsmyth' we may set first. He confined 
 himself to the manufacture of the arrow-head. Thus 
 we find the following statement made in an Act passed 
 in 1405 : — ' Item, because the Arrowsmyths do make 
 many faulty heads for arrows and quarels, it is 
 ordained and established that all heads for arrows 
 and quarels, after this time to be made, shall be well 
 boiled or braised, and hardened at the points with 
 steel' (Stat. Realm.)' ' Clement le Settere ' or 
 ' Alexander le Settere ' ^ was busied in affixing these 
 to the shaft, and * John le Tippere ' or ' William le 
 Tippere ' in pointing them off". Nor is this all — there 
 is yet the feather. Of the origin of such mediaeval 
 folk as 'Robert le Fleccher' or 'Ada le Fletcher,' 
 we are reminded by Milton, where, in describing an 
 angel, he says — 
 
 His locks behind, 
 Illustrious on his shoulders, fledge with wings, 
 Lay waving round. 
 
 The fletcher, or fledger as I had well-nigh called him, 
 spent his time, in fact, in feathering arrows. 
 
 Skelton in ' The Maner of the World ' says : — 
 
 ' The ' arrowsmith ' has a much longer and less euphonious title in 
 a statute of Elizabeth regarding the hiring of servants by the year. In 
 it are included ' Weavers, Tuckers, Fullers, Pewterers, Cutlers, Smithes, 
 Farrours, Sadlers, Spurryers, Turners, Bowyers, Fletchers, Arrcnvhcad- 
 ptakers, Butchers, Cookes, or Myllers.' — 5 Eliz. c. iv. 2. 
 
 ^ Thus, among the London occupations, Cocke Lovell includes 
 those of the 
 
 ' Spooners, turners, and hatters, 
 Lyne-webbers, setters, and lyne-drapers.' 
 
 Q2
 
 228 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 So proude and so gaye, 
 So riche in arraye, 
 And so skant of nion-ey 
 
 Saw I never : 
 So many l)owycrs. 
 So many fletchers, 
 And so few good arcliers 
 
 Saw I never. 
 
 While all these names, however, speak for specific 
 workmanship, our 'Flowers' represent a more gene- 
 ral term. We are told of Phoebus in the ' Manciples 
 Tale,' that 
 
 His bowe he bent, and set therein a flo. 
 
 'Flo,' was a once familiar term for an arrow. 'John 
 le Floer,' or ' Nicholas le Flouer,' therefore, would 
 seem to be but synonymous with ' Arrowsmith ' or 
 ' Fletcher.' ' Stringer ' and ' Stringfellow ' are self- 
 explanatory, and are common surnames still. What 
 a list of sobriquets is here ! WHiat a change in Eng- 
 lish social life do they declare. Time was when to be 
 a sure marksman was the object of every English 
 boy's ambition. The bow was his chosen companion. 
 Evening saw him on the village green, beneath the 
 shade of the old yew tree, and as he practised his 
 accustomed sport, his breath would come thick and 
 fast, as he bethought him of the coming wake, and 
 his chance of bringing down the popinjay, and pre- 
 senting the ribbon to his chosen queen of the May. 
 Yes, times are altered. Teeming cities cover the once 
 rustic sward, broadcloth has eclipsed the Lincoln 
 green, the clothyard, the arrow ; but still amid the 
 crowd that rushes to and fro in our streets the name 
 of an 'Archer,' or a 'Bowman,' or a ' 13utts,' or a 
 * Popgay' spoken in our ears will hush the hubbub of
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 229 
 
 the city, and, forgotten for a brief moment the greed 
 for money, will carry us, like a pleasant dream recalled, 
 into the fresher and purer atmosphere of England's 
 past. 
 
 In the poem from which I have but recently 
 quoted we hav^e the record of ' gonnes,' or ' guns,' as 
 we should now term them. It would be quite pos- 
 sible for our nomenclature to be represented by 
 memorials of the powder magazine, and I should be 
 far from asserting that such is not the case.' In the 
 household of Edward III. there are enumerated, 
 among others, ' Ingyners Ivij ; Artellers vj ; Gonners 
 vj.' Here there is a clear distinction between the 
 ' gun ' and the ' engine ; ' between missiles hurled by 
 powder and those by the catapult. Fifty years even 
 earlier than this Chaucer had used the following sen- 
 tence : — ' They dradde no assaut of gynne, gonne, 
 nor skaffaut' In his ' Romance,' too, as I have just 
 shown, he places in juxtaposition ' grete engines ' and 
 * gonnes.' Of one, if not both of these, we have un- 
 doubted memorials in our nomenclature. The Hun- 
 dred Rolls furnish us with a ' William le Engynur ' and 
 a 'Walter le Ginnur; ' the Inquisitiones with a 'Richard 
 le Enginer,' and the Writs w ith a ' William le Genour.' 
 The descendants of such as these are, of course, our 
 'Gunners,' ' Ginners,' 'Jenour,' and 'Jenners,'^ the 
 last of which are now represented by one who is as 
 renowned for recovering as his ancestor in days gone 
 
 ' Since writing this, I have discovered the names of ' Jolm Fusilier' 
 
 and ' Fuzelier.' (See Proc. and Crd. J'rhy Council^ under (hates 
 
 1437 and 1439.) 
 
 ''■ We have a similar interchange of these two initial letters in the 
 cases of 'Gervais'and 'Jervis,' 'Geoffrey' and 'Jeffrey,' and 'Gill' 
 and 'Jill.'
 
 230 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 by would be for destroying life. Our * Gunns' and 
 
 * Ginns ' also must be referred to the same source. In 
 one of the records just alluded to a 'Warin Engaine' 
 is to be met with. If we elide the first syllable, as in 
 the previous instances, the modern form at once 
 appears. 
 
 But if in the deadly tournament the baron and 
 his retainers found an ample pastime, nevertheless the 
 chase was of all diversions the most popular. In this 
 the prince and the peasant alike found recreation, 
 while with regard to the latter, as we shall see, it was 
 also combined with service. The woody wastelands, 
 so extended in these earlier days of a sparse popula- 
 tion, afforded sport enough for the most ardent hunts- 
 man. According to the extent of privilege or the 
 divisions into which they were separated, these tracts 
 were styled by the various terms of ' forest,' ' chase,' 
 
 * park,' and ' warren.' To any one at all conversant 
 with old English law these several words will be 
 familiar enough. To keep the wilder beasts within 
 their prescribed limits, to prevent them injuring the 
 tilled lands, and in general to guard the common 
 interests of lord and tenant, keepers were appointed. 
 The names of these officers, the chief of whom are 
 entitled by appellations whose root is of a local 
 character, are well-nigh all found to this day in our 
 directories. Indeed there is no class of names more 
 firmly imbedded there. In the order of division I 
 have just alluded to, we have * Forester,' with its 
 corrupted * Forster ' and ' Foster,' relics of such 
 registered folk as ' Ivo Ic Forester,' ' Henry le Forster,' 
 or ' Walter le Foster ; ' ' Chaser,' now obsolete, I be- 
 lieve, but lingering on for a considerable period as the
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 23 1 
 
 offspring of ' William ' or ' Simon le Chasur ; * 
 * Parker,' or ' Parkman,' or ' Park,' descended from 
 ' Adam le Parkere,' or ' Hamo le Parkere,' or ' Roger 
 atte Parke,' or ' John del Pare,' and ' Warener ' or 
 ' Warner,' or * Warren,' lineally sprung from men of 
 the stamp of * Thomas le Warrener,' ' Jacke le Warner,' 
 or ' Richard de Waren.' The curtailed forms of these 
 several terms seem to have been all but consequent 
 with the rise of the officership itself, ' Love ' in the 
 ' Romance ' says : — 
 
 Now am I knight, now chastelaine, 
 Now prelate, and now chaplaine. 
 Now priest, now clerke, now forstere. 
 
 In his description of the Yoman, too, Chaucer adds — 
 
 An home he here, the baudrick was of grene, 
 A fostere was he sothely as I guesse. 
 
 Thus, again, Langland, in setting forth Glutton's en- 
 counter with the frequenters of the tavern, speaks 
 familiarly of — 
 
 Watte the Warner. 
 
 But these are not all. It is with them we must asso- 
 ciate our ancestral ' Woodwards ' or * Woodards,' and 
 still more common ' Woodreefs,' * Woodrows,' ' Wood- 
 roffs,' and ' Woodruffs,' all more or less perverted 
 forms of the original wood-reeve.^ A song represent- 
 ing the husbandmen as complaining of the burdens in 
 Edward II.'s reign says — 
 
 The hayward heteth us harm to habben of his 
 The bailif beckneth us bale, and weneth wel do ; 
 The wodeward waiteth us wo. 
 
 ' ' Thomasine Woodkeeper ' is set down in the Index to Slate Papas 
 (^Dotnestic) for 1635. This is a name, I doubt not, of later origin.
 
 232 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 All these officers were more or less of legal capacity, 
 men whose duty it was, bill in hand, to guard the vert 
 and venison under their charge,' to act as agents for 
 their lord in regard to the pannage of hogs, to look 
 carefully to the lawing of dogs, and in case of offences 
 to present them to the verderer at the forest assize. 
 The ' Moorward,' found in our early records as 
 'German le Morward ' or 'Henry le Morward,' 
 guarded the wilder and bleaker districts. ' The Rider,' 
 commonly found as ' Roger Ic Rydere ' or ' Ralph le 
 Ryder,' in virtue of having a larger extent of juris- 
 diction, was mounted, though his office was essentially 
 the same. Mr. Lower, remarking upon this word, has 
 a quotation from the ballad of ' William of Cloudesley,' 
 where the king, rewarding the brave archer, says : — 
 
 I give thee cightene pence a day, 
 
 And my bowe thou shall bere, 
 And over all the north countre 
 
 I make thee chyfe rydere. 
 
 With him we must associate our ' Rangers ' and 
 ' Keepers,' who, acting doubtless under him, assisted 
 also in the work of patrolling the woodland and re- 
 covering strayed beasts, and presenting trespassers to 
 the swainmote just referred to. 
 
 The bailiff, shortened as a surname into ' Bailey,' 
 ' Baillie' {'Germanic Bailif,' J., ' Henry le Baillie,' 
 M.), like the reve, seems to have been both of 
 
 ' The stringent caic taken of the beasts of chase may be gathered 
 from the various laws passed regarding the dogs of such swineherds, &c. , 
 as had right of entry in the woods. The chief one related to what was 
 called the lawing of dogs. I?y this rule the three claws of the forefoot 
 of every mastifTwere to be cut ofT by the skin, and the f.)rcst assize was 
 to make special inquisition to see that it was in all cases done. (See 
 Sliit. (!<' Fiiiilnis, 27 I-'dward I.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 233 
 
 legal and private capacity ; in either case acting as 
 deputy.* This word ' reve ' did a large amount of 
 duty formerly, but seems now to be fast getting into 
 its dotage. In composition, however, it is far from 
 being obsolete. The ' Reeve ' (' John le Reve,' M., 
 * Sager le Reve,' H.), who figured so conspicuously 
 among the Canterbury Pilgrims, would be the best 
 representative of the term in his day, I imagine — 
 
 His lordes shepe, his nete, and his deirie, 
 Ilis swine, his hors, his store, and his pullrie, 
 Were wholly in this reves governing. 
 
 Our ' Grieves' (' Thomas le Greyve,' A.), who are but 
 the fuller * Gerefa,' fulfilled, and I believe in some parts 
 of Scotland still fulfil, he capacity here described, 
 being but manorial bailiffs, in fact. ' The Boke of 
 Curtasye ' says — 
 
 Grayvis, and baylys, and parker 
 Shall come to accountcs every yere 
 Byfore the auditoiirs of the lorde. 
 
 Thus, too, our 'Portreeves' (' William le Portrevc,' A., 
 ' Augustin le Portrcve,' A.), who in our coa.'-t towns 
 fulfilled the capacity of our more general ma}'or, arc 
 oftentimes in our earlier records enrolled as ' Port- 
 greve.' ' Hythereve' (' John le liuthercvc,' O.), from 
 hithe, a haven, would seem to denote the same 
 office, while our obsolete ' Fenrevcs' (' Adam le 
 Fenrevc,' A.), like the ' Moorward ' mentioned abo\'e, 
 
 ' 'lie seide also to hise discipilis, thcr was a riche man that hadile 
 a baylyf, and this was defamed to him as he hadde wastid hise good is. 
 And he clepide him and seyde to him, what here I tliis tiling of thee? 
 Yelde rekenyng of thi Baylyc, for thou myght not now he bnylyf.' 
 (Luke xvi. i, 2 — Wicklyffe. )
 
 234 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 had charge, I doubt not, of the wilder and more 
 sparsely populated tracts of land. Many other com- 
 pounds of this word we have already recorded ; some 
 we shall refer to by-and-by, and with them and these 
 the reeve, after all, is not likely to be soon forgotten. 
 But the poorer villeins were not without those 
 who should guard their interests also. In a day of 
 fewer landmarks and scantier barriers trespasses 
 would be inevitable. An interesting relic of primitive 
 precaution against the straying of animals is found in 
 the officership of the ' Hayward ' (or ' Adam le Hey- 
 ward,' as the Hundred Rolls have it), whose duty it 
 was to guard the cattle that grazed on the village 
 common. He was so styled from the Saxon ' hay ' 
 or ' hedge,' already spoken of in our previous chapter. 
 An old poem has it — 
 
 In tynie of hervest mery it is ynough ; 
 Peres and apples hongcth on bough, 
 The hayward bloweth mery his home ; 
 In every felde ripe is come. 
 
 In ' Piers Plowman,' too, we have the word — 
 
 I have an home, and be a liayward, 
 
 And liggen out a nyghtes 
 And kepe my come and my croft 
 
 From pykers and theves. 
 
 It will be seen from these two references that the 
 officership was of a somewhat general character. The 
 cattle might be his chief care, but the common village 
 interests were also under his supervision. The term 
 has left many surnames to maintain its now decayed 
 and primitive character ; ' Hayward ' and ' Haward ' 
 arc, however, the most familiar. * Hayman,' doubt-
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 235 
 
 less, is of similar origin. If, in spite of the hayward's 
 care, it came to pass that any trespass occurred, the 
 village ' pounder ' was ready at hand to impound the 
 animal till its owner claimed it, and paid the cus- 
 tomary fine — 
 
 In Wakefield there lives a jolly pinder, 
 In Wakefield, all on a green. 
 
 So we are told in ' Robin Hood.' I need not add 
 that our many ' Pounders,' ' Finders,' and still more 
 classic ' Pindars,' are but the descendants of him or 
 one of his confrhrs. I do not doubt myself, too, that 
 our ' Penders ' (' William le Pendere ' in the Parlia- 
 mentary Writs) will be found to be of a similar origin. 
 
 While, however, these especial officers superin- 
 tended the general interests of lord and tenant, there 
 were those also whose peculiar function it was to 
 guard the particular quarry his master loved to chase ; 
 to see them unmolested and undisturbed during such 
 time as the hunt itself was in abeyance, and then, 
 when the chase came on, to overlook and conduct its 
 course. These, too, are not without descendants. 
 Such names as * Stagman' and * Buckmaster,'' * Hind- 
 man ' and ' Hartman,' ' Deerman ' and its more ama- 
 tory ' Dearman,' by their comparative frequency, 
 remind us how important would be their office in the 
 eye of their lord. 
 
 Nor are those who assisted in the lordly hunt 
 itself left unrepresented in our nomenclature. The 
 old ' Elyasle Hunderd,' or ' hund-herd,' has left in our 
 ' Hunnards ' an abiding memorial of the ' houndsman.' 
 
 • The first instance I have met with of this name is in a formal 
 declaration against Popish doctrine, dated 1534, and signed among 
 others by 'Gulielmus Buckmaster.' (Foxe's Marty rology.)
 
 236 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Similarly the 'vaultrier' v/as he who unleashed them. 
 It has been a matter of doubt whether or no the more 
 modern * feuterer ' owes his origin to this term, but 
 the gradations found in such registrations as 'John 
 le Veutrer,' ' Geoffrey Ic Veuterer,' and ' Walter le 
 Feuterer,' to be met with in the rolls of this period, 
 set all question, I should imagine, at rest. An old 
 poem, describing the various duties of these officers 
 and their charges, says — 
 
 A halpeny the hunte takes on tlie day 
 For every houndc the sothe to say ; 
 The vewtrer, two cast of brede he tase, 
 Two lesshe of greyhounds if that he lias. 
 
 ' Fewter ' and ' Futter/ ' however, seem to be the only 
 relics we now possess of this once important care. 
 Such names as ' John le Bcrner ' or ' Thomas le 
 l^erncr,' common enough in old rolls, must be dis- 
 tinguished from our more aristocratic ' Berners.' The 
 bcrner was a special houndsman who stood with fresh 
 rela)'s of dogs ready to unleash them if the chase 
 grew heated and long. In the Parliamentary Rolls 
 he is termed a ' ycoman-berner.' Our * Ilornblows,' 
 curtailed from ' Ilornblowcr,' and simpler ' Blowers,' 
 would seem to be closely related to the last, for the 
 horn figured as no mean addition by its jubilant 
 sounds to the excitement of the chase. lie who used 
 it held an office that required all the attention he 
 could bring to bear upon it. The dogs were not un- 
 leashed until he had sounded the blast, and if at any 
 time from his elevated station he caught sight of the 
 quarry, he was by the manner of winding his instru- 
 ment to certify to the hunt.'jman the peculiar class to 
 which it belonged. In the Hundred Rolls we find 
 
 ' Tlie Hundred Rolls have the abbreviated form in * Godfrey le Futur.
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 237 
 
 him inscribed as ' Blowhorn,' a mere reversal of sylla- 
 bles. Of a more general and professional character 
 probably would be our ' Hunters,' ' Huntsmans,' and 
 'Hunts,' not to mention the more Norman 'John Ic 
 Venner' or 'Richard Fenner.' It may not be known 
 to all our ' Hunts ' that theirs, the shorter form, was 
 the most familiar term in use at that time ; hence the 
 number that at present exist. We are told in the 
 * Knight's Talc ' of the— 
 
 Ilunte and home, and houndes him beside ; 
 
 while but a little further on he speaks of — 
 
 The hunte ystrangled with the wilde licrcs. 
 
 Forms like ' Walter le Hunte ' or ' Nicholas le Ilunte ' 
 are very common to the old records. As another 
 proof of the general use of this word we may cite 
 its compounds. * Borehunte ' carries us back to the 
 day when the wild boar ranged the forest's deeper 
 gloom. ' VVolfhunt,' represented in the Inquisitiones 
 by such a sobriquet as ' Walter le Wolfhunte,' 
 reminds us that Edgar did not utterly exterminate 
 that savage beast of prey, as is oftentimes asserted. 
 A family of this name held lands in the Peak of 
 Derbyshire at this period by the service of keeping the 
 forest clear of wolves. In the forty-third year of 
 Edward HI. one Thomas Engeine held lands in 
 Pitchley, in the county of Northampton, by service of 
 finding at his own cost certain dogs for the destruction 
 of wolves, foxes, &c., in the counties of Northampton, 
 Rutland, Oxford, Essex, and Buckingham ; na}', as 
 late as the eleventh year of Henry VI. Sir Robert 
 Plumpton held one borate of land in Nottinghamshire, 
 by service of winding a horn, and chasing or frighten-
 
 238 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ing the wolves in Sherwood Forest.* Doubtless, how- 
 ever, as in these recorded instances, it would be in the 
 more hilly and bleaker districts, or in the deeper 
 forests, he found his safest and last retreat. It seems 
 well-nigh literally to be coming down from a moun- 
 tain to a mole-hill to speak of our ' Mole-hunts,' the 
 other compound of this word. But small as he was 
 in comparison with the other, he was scarcely less ob- 
 noxious on account of his burrowing propensities, for 
 which the husbandman gave him the longer name of 
 mouldwarp. His numbers, too, made him formidable, 
 and it is no wonder that people found occupation 
 enough in his destruction, or that the name of ' Mole- 
 hunt ' should have found its way into our early rolls. 
 So late, indeed, as 1641, we find in a farming book 
 the statement that I2d. was the usual price paid by 
 the farmer for every dozen old moles secured, and 6d. 
 for the same number of young ones. This speaks 
 at least for their plcntifulness. An old provincialism 
 for mole, and one not yet extinct, was ' wont * or 
 ' want.' This explains the name of * Henry le 
 Wantur,' which may be met with in the Hundred 
 Rolls. In the Sloane MS. is a method given ' for to 
 take wontes.' It would be in the deeper underwood 
 our * Todmans ' and ' Todhuntcrs,' the chasers of the 
 fox, or ' tod,' as be was popularly called, found diver- 
 sion enough. It would be here our 'Brockmans* 
 secured the badger. I doubt not these were both 
 
 ' Not very long previously to this we find Trevisa writing : 'There 
 are many harts, and wild beasts, and few wolves, therefore sheep are 
 the more sykerlyche ' (secure). Thus we have ample evidence, apart 
 from the existence of the name, that this depredator of the farming 
 stock was anything but unkno^vn during mediaeval times.
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 239 
 
 also of professional character — aids and helps to the 
 farmer. Indeed, he had many upon whose services 
 he could rely for a trifle of reward in the shape of a 
 silver penny, or a warm mess of potage on the kitchen 
 settle. Our'Burders' and 'Fowlers,' by their craft, 
 whether of falconry or netting, or in the use of the 
 cross-bow bolt, aided to clear the air of the more 
 savage birds of prey, or of the lesser ones that would 
 molest the bursting seed. I need scarcely remark 
 that the distinction between ' bird ' and ' fowl ' is 
 modern. The ' fowls of the air ' with our Saxon 
 Bible, and up to very recent days, embraced every 
 winged creature, large and small. In our very expres- 
 sion 'barndoor-fowl' we are only using a phrase which 
 served to mark the distinction between the wilder and 
 the more domesticated bird. The training and sale 
 of bullfinches seem to have given special employment 
 then, as now, to such as would undertake the care 
 thereof. A ' Robert le Fincher ' occurs at an early 
 period, and I see his descendants are yet in being. 
 As we shall see in a later chapter, this bird has set 
 his mark deeply upon our sobriquet nomenclature. 
 Our ' Trappers,' whether for bird or beast, confined 
 their operations to the soil, capturing their spoil by 
 net or gin. 
 
 We owe several names, or rather several forms of 
 the same name, to the once favourite pursuit of fal- 
 conry. Of all sports in the open air this was the one 
 most entirely aristocratic. In it the lord and his lady 
 alike found pleasure. It had become popular so early 
 as the ninth century, and, as Mr. Lower says, in such 
 estimation was the office of State falconer held in 
 Norman times that Domesday shows us, apart from
 
 240 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 others, four different tenants in chief, who are described 
 each as ' accipitrarius,' or falconer. Until John's 
 reign it was not lawful for any but those of the high- 
 est rank to keep hawks, but in the ' Forest Charter ' 
 a special clause was introduced which gave power to 
 every free man to have an aerie. So valuable was a 
 good falcon that it even stood chief among royal gifts, 
 and up to the beginning of the seventeenth century it 
 brought as much as lOO marks in the market.' Royal 
 edicts were even passed for the preservation of their 
 eggs. From all this, and much more that might be 
 adduced, it is easy to understand how important was 
 the office of falconer, nor need we wonder that it is 
 one of the most familiar names to be found in early 
 rolls. Of many forms those of Falconer,' ' Falconar,' 
 ' Faulkner,' ' Falkner,' - ' Faulconcr,' and ' Faukener,' 
 seem to be the commonest. The last form is found 
 in the ' Boke of Curtasye " — 
 
 The chaunccler answcrcs for tlieir clothyng, 
 For yonien, faukcners, and their horsyng, 
 For their wardrop and wages also. 
 
 ' Of course the breeding of falcons was a favourite as well as im- 
 portant care. 15y a special statute of Edward I.'s reign, every freeman 
 could l)ave in his own wocxl ' ayries of hawks, sparrowhawks, faulcons, 
 eagles, and herons.' {25 Edward i. c. 13.) I?y a statute passed in the 
 reign of Edward III., anyone who found a strayed hawk or tercelet was 
 to bring; it to the sheriff of the county, through whom proclamation to 
 that effect was to be made in the towns. If the finder concealed the 
 bird, he was rendered liable to two years' imprisonment. {34 Ed. III. 
 c. 22.) This will give some idea of the value attached to a good falcon 
 in those days. 
 
 ■•' This form of spelling is used by Burton in his AtnUoniy. lie 
 asks, how would Democrilus have been affocled ' to see a scholar crouch 
 and creep to an illiterate peasant for a meal's meat, a scrivener better 
 paid for an obligation, a Aiulkncr receive greater wagci Unn a itadent ? ' 
 (I'. 37.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 24I 
 
 In our former ' Idonea or Walter le Oyseler' we 
 recognise but another French term for the same. A 
 special keeper of the goshawk, or ' ostcr,' got into 
 mediaeval records in the shape of 'William le As- 
 trier,' or ' Robert le Ostricer,' or ' Richard le Hostri- 
 ciere,' or ' Godfrey Ostriciarius,' The Latin ' accipiter ' 
 is believed to be the root of the term, which 
 with such other perverted forms as ' Ostregier/ 
 ' Ostringer,' * Astringer,' and ' Austringer,' lingered on 
 the common tongue till so late as the seventeenth 
 century.* A curious proof of the prevailing passion is 
 found in the name of ' Robert le Jessmaker,' set down 
 in the Hundred Rolls. The 'jess' was the leathern 
 or silken strap fastened closely round the foot of the 
 hawk, from which the line depended and was held by 
 the falconer. That the demand for these should be 
 so great as to cause a man to give himself up entirely 
 to their manufacture, will be the best evidence of the 
 ardour with which our forefathers entered into this 
 pastime. The end of falconry was, however, sudden 
 as it was complete. The introduction of the musket 
 at one fell swoop did away with office, pursuit, with, 
 in fact, the whole paraphernalia of the amusement, 
 and now it is without a relic, save in so far as these 
 names abide with us. 
 
 In concluding this part of our subject it is pleasant 
 to remind ourselves that, however strong might be the 
 antagonism which this chapter displays between Nor- 
 man and Saxon, the pride of the one, the oppression 
 of the other, that antagonism is now overpast and 
 gone. We well know that a revolution was at work, 
 
 ' Juliana Berners says : ' Ye shall understonde that they ben called 
 Ostregeres that kepe goshawkcs or tercelles.' (Ed. 1496, b. iii.)
 
 242 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 sometimes showing itself violently, but generally 
 silent in its progress, by which happier circumstances 
 arrived, happier at any rate for the country at large. 
 We well know how this consummation came, how 
 these several races became afterwards one by the sup- 
 pression of that power the more independent of these 
 barons had wielded, by confusion of blood, by the 
 acquisition of more general liberty, by mutuality of 
 interests, by the contagious influences of commerce, 
 and, above all, by the kindly and prejudice-weakening 
 force of lapsing time. All this we know, and, as it is 
 in a sense foreign to our present purpose, I pass over 
 it now. I trust that I have already shown that there 
 is something, after all, in a name ; at any rate in a 
 surname, for that in it is supplied a link between the 
 past and the present, for that in the utterance of one 
 of these may be recalled not merely the lineaments of 
 some face of to-day, but the dimmer outline of an age 
 which is past beyond recall for ever. Viewed in a 
 light so broad as this, the country churchyard, with 
 each mossy stone, is, apart from the diviner lessons it 
 teaches, a living page of history ; and even the parish 
 register, instead of being a mere record of dry and 
 uninteresting facts, becomes instinct with the lives and 
 surroundings of our English forefathers.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 
 
 I NOW come to the consideration of occupations 
 generally, and to this I think it will be advisable 
 to devote two chapters. One reason for so doing, the 
 main one in fact, is that they seem naturally to divide 
 themselves into two classes — those of a rural character, 
 very numerous at that time on account of agricultural 
 pursuits being so general, and those of a more diverse 
 and I may say civilized kind, bearing upon the com- 
 munity's life — literature and art, dress, with all its 
 varied paraphernalia, the boudoir and the kitchen. 
 In considering the former, the character of our sur- 
 names will give us, I imagine, by no means a bad or 
 ineffective picture of the simplicity of our early rural 
 life, its retirement, and even calm. In shadowing 
 forth the latter, we shall be enabled to see what were 
 the available means of that age, and by the very 
 absence of certain names to realise how numberless 
 have been the resources that discovery has added at a 
 more recent period. It will be well, too, to give two 
 entire chapters to these surnames, as being worthy of 
 somewhat further particularity than the others. They 
 betray much more of our English life that has become 
 obsolete. Local names, as I have said already, while
 
 244 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 they must ever denote much of change, denote the 
 changes more especially of Nature herself, which are 
 slow in general, and require more than the test of four 
 or five centuries to make their transitions apparent. 
 Personal or Christian names vary almost less than 
 these. The Western European system is set upon the 
 same foundation, and whatever has been peculiar to 
 separate countries has long since, by the interming- 
 ling of nations, whether peaceful or revolutionary, 
 been added to the one common stock. Some indeed 
 have fallen into disuse through crises of various kinds. 
 A certain number, too, of a fanciful kind, as we have 
 already seen, have been added within the last two 
 centuries, but these latter have not of course affected 
 our surnames. Nicknames, which form so large a 
 proportion of our nomenclature, remain much the 
 same ; for a nation's tongue, while receiving a constant 
 deposit and throwing off ever a redundant phraseo- 
 logy, still, as a rule, docs not touch these ; they are 
 taken from the deeper channel of a people's speech. 
 But the fashion and custom of living is ever changing. 
 New wants spring up, and old requirements become 
 unneeded ; fresh resources come to hand, and the 
 more antique are at once despised and thrown aside. 
 In a word, invention and discovery cast their shafts at 
 the very heart of usage. Thus it is that we shall have 
 such a large number of obsolete occupations to recount 
 — occupations which but for our rolls even the oldest 
 and most reliable of our less formal writings would 
 have failed to preserve to us. 
 
 It is quite possible for the eye to light upon ham- 
 lets in the more retired nooks and crannies of England 
 that have undergone but little change during even the
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 245 
 
 last six centuries, hamlets of which we could say with 
 Goldsmith : — 
 
 How often have I paused on every charm, 
 
 The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm, 
 
 The never-failing brook, the busy mill, 
 
 The decent church that topped the neighbouring hill. 
 
 The hawthorn bush, with seats beneath the shade, 
 
 For talking age and whispering lovers made. 
 
 I have seen, or I at least imagined I have seen, such 
 a picture as this ; but if there be, this of all times is 
 that in which we must be prepared for a revolution. 
 Our railways are every day but connecting us with 
 the more inaccessible districts, following as they do 
 the curves of our valleys, winding alongside our 
 streams, like nature and art in parallel. As they 
 thus increase they bear with them equally increased 
 facilities for carrying the modernized surroundings 
 and accessories of life on this, on that, and on every 
 hand. Thus usage is everywhere fast giving way 
 before utility, and thus in proportion as art and in- 
 vention get elbow-room, so does the primitive poetry 
 of our existence fade from view. We can remember 
 villages— there are still such — around which time had 
 flung a halo of so simple aspect, villages whose steads 
 were grouped with so exqui;;ite a quaintncss, so 
 utterly and beautifully irregular, so full of unexpected 
 joints and curves, and all so thatched, and embrowned , 
 and treilissed, that with the loss of them we have lost 
 a pastoral. There may be indeed a certain poetry in 
 model villas of undeviating line and exact altitude; 
 there may be a beauty in an erection which reminds 
 you in perpetuity of the great Euclidian truth that a 
 straight line is that which lies evenly between its ex-
 
 246 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 treme points, but at times it puts one in sober mood 
 to think all the touches of a past time are to fade 
 away, and these be in their stead. How different the 
 tale nomenclature tells us of former rusticity and 
 simpler tastes. 
 
 The early husbandman required but little deco- 
 rative refinement for his homestead. To keep out 
 the cold blast and the driving rain, to have a niche by 
 the fireside comfortable and warm, this was all he 
 asked or wished for. His roof was all but invariably 
 composed of thack or thatch, and every village had its 
 'thatcher.' Busy indeed would he be as the late autumn 
 drew nigh, and stack and stead must be shielded from 
 the keen and chilling winter. The Hundred Roll forms 
 of the surname are 'Joan le Thaccher' and 'Thomas 
 le Thechare ; ' the Parliamentary Writs * John le 
 Thacher;' while the more modern directory furnishes us 
 with such changes rung upon the same as ' Thatcher,' 
 ' Thacker ' ' (still a common provincialism for the oc- 
 cupation), and ' Thackery,' or ' Thackeray,' or ' Thack- 
 wray,' ^ These latter are of course but akin to the old 
 ' John le Fermery,' or ' Richard le Vicary,' the termina- 
 tion added being the result of popular whim or caprice. 
 
 • 'Thackcr' represented the northern pronunciation, ' Tiiatcher' 
 the south. Compare 'kirk' and 'church,' 'poke' and 'pouch,' 'dike' 
 and 'ditch,' or the surnames ' Fisk ' and ' Fisii.' A 'Nathaniel 
 Thackman' is set down in the index to S/aU' J^ii/its (Domestic) for 1635. 
 
 ■■^ A 'John Thaxter' is met with in a college register for 1567 {//is/. 
 C. C. Coll. Cum.), and far earlier than this, in the Tarliamentary Writs, 
 we light upon a 'Thomas Thackstere. ' This is one more instance of 
 the feminine termination. That the word itself was in familiar use is 
 proved by the fact tluat in the ordinance arranging the Norwich Trades 
 Procession we find among others the 'Thaxteres' marching in company 
 with the ' Rederes.' {//isl. Norfolk, vol. iii.) As a surname the term 
 still survives.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 247 
 
 Our ' Readers ' had less to do with book lore than we 
 might have supposed, being but descendants of the 
 mediaeval ' William le Redere,' ^ another term for the 
 same kind of labour. The old ' Hellier,' or ' Helier/ 
 carries us back to a once well-known root. To ' hill,' or 
 ' hele,' was to cover, and a * hilyer ' was a roofer.^ Sir 
 John Maundville says with regard to the Tartars, * the 
 helynge of their houses, and . . . the dores ben 
 alle of woode ; ' and John of Trevisa speaks of the 
 English ' whyt cley and red ' as useful ' for to make 
 crokkes and other vessels, and barned tyyl to hele 
 with houses and churches.' Gower, too, uses the word 
 prettily, but perfectly naturally, when he says — 
 
 She took up turves (turfs) of the lond, 
 Withouten help of mannes hond, 
 All heled with the grene grass.' 
 
 Amongst other of the many forms that still survive 
 surnominally we have ' Hillyer,' ' HilHer,' ' Hellier,' 
 
 ' ' Robertas Brown, redere,' Guild of St. George, Norwich. 
 
 ' ' Also, that no tylers called hillyers of the cite compelle, ne 
 charge ne make no tyler straunger to serve at his rule and assignment, 
 etc' — The Ordinances of Wo7xester, English Guilds, 398. 
 
 * According to Walsingham, Wat the rebel was ' Walterus helier, vel 
 tyler.' The word is prettily used in an old Saxon Psalter, where, in the 
 stead of our present ' He is a buckler to all those that trust in Him,* we 
 read that a 
 
 ' Forhiler is He 
 Of all that in Him hoping be.' 
 
 The following quotations from Wicklyffe's New Testament will prove 
 how familiar was the term in his day : ' And lo a greet stiryng was 
 made in the see so that the schip was hilid with wavis ' (Matt. viii. 24) ; 
 ' For I hungride and ye gaven me to ete, I thirstide and ye gaven me to 
 drynke, I was herbarweles and ye herboriden me, naked and ye hiliden 
 me ' (Matt. xxv. 35) ; ' No man lightnith a lanterne, and hilith it with 
 a vessel, or putteth it under a bed' (Luke viii. 16).
 
 248 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' Hellyer,' and the somewhat unpleasant ' Helman ' 
 and ' Hellman.' Earlier instances may be found in 
 the Hundred Rolls in such entries as ' Robert Ic 
 Heliere' or 'Will. Heleman.' Our 'Tylers* are well 
 and quaintly represented in the early rolls. One 
 mediaeval spelling of this good old-fashioned name is 
 ' Tyghelere ' (Adam le Tyghelere, P.W.), while such 
 forms as ' le Tuglur,' ' le Tuler,' or ' le Tewler,' as 
 representatives of the Norman-French vocabulary, 
 meet us on cveiy hand. Whether any of their de- 
 scendants have had the courage to reproduce any of 
 these renderings I cannot say. I do not find any in 
 our directories. Our 'Smiths' have not been quite 
 so qualmish. With the tylers we may fitly introduce 
 our ' Shinglers,' they who u.sed the stout oaken wood 
 in the place of burnt clay. Churches were oftentimes 
 S3 covered. Mr. Halliwell quotes the following some- 
 what sarcastic couplet : — 
 
 Flouren cakes hcth tlie schinglcs alle 
 (^f clierclie, cloister, houre, and hallc. 
 
 Piers Plowman, too, speaks similarly of Noah's Ark 
 as the ' shyngled ship.' ' All these names have, occu- 
 patively speaking, now become obsolete, or nearly so ; 
 our ' Slaters,' or ' Sclaters,' or ' Slatters,' having usurped 
 the entire position they were formerly content to share 
 with their humbler brethren.^ 
 
 ' Among other items of an entry in the Issues of tlie Kxchequer we 
 fin'l for ' putting tlie shingles (>n t!ic king's kitchen, for the afores.ii.l 
 week, 17^. 4r/.' (43 Hen. III.) 
 
 * We find all these various forms of the same occupation mentioncil 
 in a statu'e of Elizabeth relating to the api)renticcship of chiUhcn. In 
 it are included ' Lymcburner, lUickmaker, I'.ricklaycr, Tyler, Slater, 
 llcalycr, Tilemakcr . . . Tha'chcr nr Sh.in<;!tr." (5 Eli/, c. 4, 23.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 249 
 
 In the majority of the above names we shall find 
 the Saxon to be in all but whole possession of the 
 field. The fact is, the roof and its appurtenances 
 were little regarded for a long period by our early 
 architects, if we may give such a grand term to those 
 who set up the ordinary homestead of the thirteenth 
 and fourteenth centuries. There were no chimneys 
 even in the residences of the rich and noble. A hole 
 in the roof, or the window, or the door, one of these, 
 whether in the homes of the peer or the peasant, was 
 the outlet for all obnoxious vapours. With the Nor- 
 mans, however, came a great increase of refinement in 
 the masonry and wooden framework of which our 
 houses are composed. Such names as ' Adam le 
 Quarreur,' or ' Hugh le Ouareur,' ' Walter le Marbiler,' 
 or ' Geoffrey le Merberer,' * Gotte le Mazoun,' or 
 * Walter le Masun,' or ' Osbert le Machun ' represent 
 a cultivation of which the earlier settled race, if they 
 knew something, did not avail themselves in their 
 merely domestic architecture. Two of these occupa- 
 tions are referred to by ' Cocke LorcUe,' when he 
 speaks of — 
 
 Masones, maicmaheis, ami mcrlelcrs.' 
 
 ' Henry le Wallcrc,' whose sobriquet was ennobled 
 later on by one of our poets, is the only entry I can 
 set by these as belonging to the Saxon tongue.''^ It 
 is the same with the Norman 'Amice le Chari)enler ' 
 and * Alan le Joygnour.' While the former framed 
 
 ' Huj^'h Mail)e!er was sheriff of I>ondon in 1424. 
 
 * Another Saxon name, that of 'John le Sclabhcrc,' is met with in 
 the Parliamentary Writs. It is, however, but an isolated instance, and 
 I do not suppose there was any particular cr.ift in masr.nrythat went by 
 that title.
 
 250 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the more solid essentials, the very name of the latter 
 infers a careful supervision of minutiae, of which only 
 a more refined taste would take cognizance. The 
 descendants of such settlers as these still hold the 
 place they then obtained, and are unchanged other- 
 wise than in the fashion of spelling their name. 
 
 Of the plaster work we have a goodly array of 
 memorials, the majority of which, of course, are con- 
 nected with a higher class work than the mere cot- 
 tager required. The ordinary term in use at present 
 for a maker of lime is ' Hmeburner.' It is quite pos- 
 sible that in our * Limebears ' or ' Limebeers ' we have 
 but a corruption of this. Such sobriquets as ' Hugh 
 leLimwryte' and John le Limer' give us, however, 
 the more general mediaeval forms. The latter is still 
 to be met with among our surnames. But these are 
 not all. We have in our ' Dawbers ' the descendants 
 of the old ' Thomas le Daubour,' or ' Roger le Daubere/ 
 of the thirteenth century, ' Cocke Lorelle,' whom I have 
 but just quoted, mentions among other workmen — 
 
 Tylers, bryckeleyers, hardehewers ; 
 Parys-plasterers, daubers, and lymeboniers. 
 
 Our ' Authorised Version ' when it speaks of ' the wall 
 daubed with untcmpercd mortar,' still preserves their 
 memorial, and our ' Plasters ' and ' Plaisters ' are but 
 sturdy scions of many an early registered ' Adam le 
 Plastier,' 'Joanna Ic Plaistercr,' or ' John Ic Cemen- 
 tarius.' The last of this class I would mention is 
 * Robert Pargctcr ' or ' William Pergitcr,' a name 
 inherited by our ' Pargitcrs ' and ' Pargeters,' This 
 was an artisan of a higher order. He laboured, in 
 fact, at the more ornamental plaster work. In the
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 25 I 
 
 accounts of Sir John Howard, A.D. 1467, is the follow- 
 ing entry : — ' Item, the vj day of Aprylle my master 
 made a covenaunt with Saunsam the tylere, that he 
 schalle pergete, and whighte and bemefelle all the new 
 byldynge, and he schalle have for his labore xiijs. 
 ivd.' ' It is used metaphorically, but I cannot add 
 very happily, in an old translation of Ovid — 
 
 THhs having where they stood in vaine complained of their wo, 
 When night drew neare they bad adue, and cche gave kisses sweete 
 Unto the parget on their side, the which did never mcete. 
 
 ' Roger le Peynture ' or ' Henry le Peintur,' ' Ralph le 
 Gilder ' and ' Robert le Stainer,' were engaged, I 
 imagine, in the equally careful work of decorating 
 passage and hall within, and all have left offspring 
 enough to keep up their perpetual memorial. Thus, 
 within and without, the house itself has afforded room 
 for little change in our nomenclature, though the 
 artisans themselves have now a very different work to 
 perform to that of their mediaeval prototypes. The 
 increase of wealth and a progressive culture have not 
 merely taught but demanded a more careful and 
 refined workmanship in the details of ordinary house- 
 building. We may readily imagine, however, even in 
 this early day, how little the simple bondsman, or 
 freer husbandman, had to do with such artisans as 
 even then existed. I do not find, at least the excep- 
 tions are of the rarest, that these workmen dwelt in 
 the more rural districts at all. Their names are to 
 be met with in the towns, where the richer trades- 
 people and burgesses were already beginning to copy 
 
 ' 'Item: Payd to a laborer for to pargytt, viii/. (P. 4, C/itirc/i- 
 7i>ardens' Accounts, Litdlmo, Cam. .Soc.)
 
 252 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the fashions and habits of life of the higher aris- 
 tocracy. 
 
 We have already noticed the ' town ' — how it 
 originally denoted but the simple farmstead with its 
 immediate surroundings, then its gradual enlargement 
 of sense as other steads increased and multiplied 
 around it. We have also seen how the old 'ham' or 
 home gathered about it such accessions of human 
 abodes as converted it in time into one of those village 
 communities, so many of which we still find in the 
 outer districts, almost, as I have said, unaltered from 
 their early foundation. It was in these various home- 
 steads dwelt the peasantry. There might be seen our 
 ' Cotmans ' and ' Cotters ' (' Richard Coteman,' A., 
 'Simon le Coterc,' F.F.), the descendants, doubtless, 
 of the ' cotmanni ' of Domesday I^ook. Similar in 
 origin and as humble in degree would be our now 
 numerous ' Cottcrcls ' or ' Cottrels ' (' William Coterel,' 
 M., ' Joice Cottcrill,' Z.), till a comparatively re- 
 cent period an ordinary sobriquet of that class of 
 our country population. A curious memorial of a 
 past state of life abides with us in our ' Boardmans,' 
 ' Boarders,' ' liordmans,' and ' l^ordcrs.' They were 
 the tenants of lands which their lord kept expressly 
 for the maintenance of his table, the rental being paid 
 in kind. Hence our old English law-books speak 
 familiarly of bord-service, or bord-load, or bord-land. 
 The term board in this same sense still lingers on the 
 common tongue, for we are }'et wont to use such 
 phrases as bed and boaid, or a frugal board, or a 
 board plentifully spread. A determinate, as distinct 
 from an unfixed service, has left its mark in our 
 ' Sockermans,' ' Suckermans,' and ' Sockmans,' they
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 253 
 
 who held by socage, or socmanry, as the old law-books 
 have it. Under this tenure, as a condition of the 
 meagre rental, the stout-hearted, thick-limbed rustic 
 was to be ready, as his lord's adherent, to stand by 
 him in every assault, either as archer, or arbalister, or 
 pikeman — that is, fealty was to eke out the remaining 
 sum which would otherwise have been due. But 
 there were of these Saxon husbandmen some under 
 no such thraldom, however honourable, as this, and of 
 these freeholders we must set as the highest our 
 ' Yomans ' and * Yeomans.' This term, however, be- 
 came an official one, and it is doubtful to which aspect 
 of the word we are to refer the present owners of the 
 name. It is possible both features may have had 
 something to do with its origination. How anxious 
 they who had been redeemed, or who had been born 
 free, though of humble circumstances, were to pre- 
 serve themselves from a doubtful or suspected position 
 such names as ' Walter le Free ' or ' John le Frcman ' 
 will fully show. We find even such appellatives as 
 ' Matilda Frewoman ' or ' Agnes I'rewyfe,' in the 
 latter case the husband possibly being yet in bond- 
 age. In our ' Frys,' a sobriquet that has acquired 
 much honour of late years and represented in me- 
 diaeval rolls by such entries as ' Thomas le Frye ' or 
 * Walter le Frie,' we have but an obsolete rendering 
 of 'free.'' These, as we see, are all Saxon — but 
 Norman equivalents are not wanting. Our ' Fran- 
 coms ' or 'Francombs' and ' Frankhams,' names by 
 no means uncommon in our existing registers, are but 
 
 ' Thus, our ' Freebodys' are found alike in this guise, and in that 
 of • Frybody.' ' Robert Frybody ' is set down in Proc. and Or J. Prny 
 Council.
 
 254 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Anglicised dresses worn by the posterity of such 
 registered folk as ' Henry le Franchome,' or* Reginald 
 le Fraunchome,' or * Hugh le Fraunch-humme.' 
 ' William le Fraunk,' too, or ' Fulco le Franc,' can 
 boast many a hale descendant in our ' Franks ; ' and 
 'Roger le Franklyn ' or 'John le Fraunkelyn ' in our 
 ' Franklins,' a name from henceforth endeared to 
 Englishmen as that of our gallant but lost Arctic 
 hero. From Chaucer's description of one such we 
 should deem the ' franklin ' to have been of decidedly 
 comfortable position, a well-to-do householder, in 
 fact. 
 
 Withouten bake mete never was his house, 
 Of fish and flesh, and that so plenteous, 
 It snowed in his hous of mete and drinke 
 Of all deintees that men coud of thinke : 
 After the sondry sesons of the yere, 
 So changed he his mete and soupere. 
 
 But we are not without vestiges of the baser ser- 
 vitudes of the time, and in this category we must set 
 the great bulk of the agricultural classes of the twelfth 
 and thirteenth centuries. The descendants of the old 
 * Ivo le Bondcs ' and ' Richard le Bondes ' are still in 
 our midst, and to judge merely from their number 
 then and now enrolled, wc see what a familiar position 
 must that of personal bondage have been. 
 
 Of alle men in londe 
 Most toileth the bonde, 
 
 says an old rhyme.' Still more general terms for those 
 who lay under this miserable serfdom were those of 
 
 ' A curiously contradictoiy name is met with in ' Robert Frebond,' 
 found in the Hundred Rolls. The same roll contains the names of 
 •Roger le Neubonde' and 'Emma Newbonde.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 255 
 
 * Knave ' or ' Villein.' ' Walter le Knave ' or * Lambert 
 le Vilein ' or ' Philip le Vylayn ' are names registered 
 at the time of which we are speaking. The odium, 
 however, that has gradually gathered around these 
 sobriquets has caused them to be thrown off by the 
 posterity of those who first acquired them as simple 
 bondmen. Indeed, there was the time when, as I 
 shall have occasion to show in a succeeding chapter, 
 our forefathers could speak of ' Goodknaves ' and 
 ' Goodvilleins,' Feudal disdain of all that lay beneath 
 chivalric service, however, has done its work, and we 
 all now speak, not merely as if these terms implied 
 that which was mean and despicable in outward con- 
 dition, but that which also was morally depraved and 
 vile. ' Geoffrey le Sweyn ' or ' Hugh le Sweyn,' how- 
 ever, by becoming the exponent of honest rusticity, 
 has rescued his sobriquet from such an ill-merited 
 destiny, and has left in many of our * Swains ' a token 
 of his mediaeval gallantry. 'John le Hyne' or 
 'William le Hyne' (found also as Hind), as represen- 
 tative of the country labourer, is equally sure of per- 
 petuity, as the most cursory survey of our directories 
 will prove.' Of the ' Reve ' in the ' Canterbury 
 Tales,' we are told : — 
 
 There was no bailif, nor herd, nor other hine 
 That he nor knew his sleight, and his covine. 
 
 In the ' Townley Mysteries,' too, the word occurs. In 
 the account of the reconciliation betwixt Jacob and 
 Esau the former is made to say : — 
 
 God yeld you, brother, that it so is, 
 That thou thy hyne so would kiss. 
 
 ' Among the peasantry of Yorkshire the simple farm labourer is still 
 a 'hine' or 'hind.'
 
 256 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 In the rural habitations we have mentioned, then 
 dwelt these various members of the lower class com- 
 munity. 
 
 The sobriquets we have just briefly surveyed, how- 
 ever, are of a more general character. We must now, 
 and as briefly, scan some of those which in themselves 
 imply the particular service which as rustic labourers 
 their first owners performed, and by which the titles 
 were got. This class is well represented by such a 
 name as ' Plowman.' Langland, when he would take 
 from a peasant point of view a sarcastic survey of the 
 low morality of his time, as exemplified in the Eng- 
 lish Church ere yet she was reformed, could fix upon 
 no better sobriquet than that of ' Piers Plowman,' and 
 has thus given a prominence to the name it can never 
 lose. What visions of homely and frugal content we 
 discern in the utterance of such a surname as this ; 
 what thoughts of healthy life, such as are becoming 
 rarer with each returning year — 
 
 For times are altered— trade's unfeeling train 
 Usurp the land, and dispossess the swain. 
 
 It was with him at early dawn would issue forth our 
 ' Till)'ers ' or ' Tillmans,' to help him cleave the fur- 
 row. A little later on we might have seen our 
 ' Mowers ' and ' Croppers ' ' hanging up their scythes 
 and sickles, as the autumn, in richly clad garb, passed 
 slowly by. Then again in due season busy enough 
 
 ' A 'Cropper ' was a farm laljourcr who superintended the growth 
 and cutting of the crops. In the Custom Roll of the Manor of Ashton- 
 under-Lyne (Ch. Soc.) occurs the following : — ' Roger the Croi)per, for 
 his tenement, and whole service, the present 8</. ; the farm, 15^-.' <S:c. 
 Lower down mention is made also of ' Robin the Cropper.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 257 
 
 would be the ' Dyker,' now spelt ' Dicker,' ^ and the 
 ' Dykeman ' or * Dickman,' With what an enviable 
 appetite would these eat up to the last relic their 
 rasher of bacon and black bread, and quaff their home- 
 brewed ale, a princely feast after the hard toil of 
 draining the field. To dike was merely to dig, the 
 root being the same. Of the kindly plowman Chaucer 
 says — 
 
 He would thresh, and thereto dike and delve, 
 For Christ's sake, for every poor wight, 
 Withouten hire, if it lay in his might. 
 
 The Malvern dreamer, too, speaks in the same fashion 
 of ' dikeres and delvers,' and among other characters 
 introduces to our notice ' Daw the Dykere,' ' Daw ' 
 being, as I have already shown, but the shorter David. 
 Our * Drayners,' I need not add, were but his com- 
 peers in the same labour. Perhaps one of the most 
 beautiful features that help to make up a truly Eng- 
 lish rural landscape is the hedgerows, following the 
 windings of our lanes, and mazy bypaths skirting our 
 meadows. England is eminently a land of enclosures. 
 Still all this has been the result of progressing time. 
 If our pinder be now an obsolete officership it is 
 because the lines of appropriation have become more 
 clearly marked. It is only thus we can understand 
 the importance of his position in every rural com- 
 munity four or five hundred years ago. No wonder, 
 
 ' ' Digger' also exists, and is found in an epitaph in St. Scpulclirc's, 
 ^liddlesex. 
 
 ' Here lyes Robert Diggs and William Digger, 
 There's no living soule knew which was the bigger, 
 They fared well and lived easy, 
 And now they're both dead, an 't shall please yc.' 
 *■ - Dinghy'' s History from Marble {Cam. Soc.^. 
 
 S
 
 258 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 then, our ' Hedgers ' and * Hedgmans ' are to be found 
 whose ancestors were once occupied in setting up 
 these pretty barriers. An old song of James I.'s day- 
 says : — 
 
 Come all you farmers out of the country, 
 
 Carters, ploughmen, hedgers, and all ; 
 Tom, Dick, and Will, Ralph, Roger, and Humphrey, 
 
 Leave off your gestures rusticall. • 
 
 If stakes or pales were used, it is to our * Pallisers ' and 
 obsolete ' Herdleres ' our forefathers looked to set 
 them up. The former term I have but come across 
 once as an absolute surname, but such entries as 
 'Robert Redman, palayser,' or 'James Foster, paly- 
 cer,' are to be met with occasionally, and at once 
 testify to the origin of the term as found in our exist- 
 ing registers. ' Pallister,' too, is not obsolete ; strictly 
 speaking, the feminine form of the above. I find it 
 written ' Fallyster ' and ' Palyster ' in an old Yorkshire 
 inventory. But there is one more term belonging to 
 this group which I am afraid has disappeared from 
 our family nomenclature — that of ' Tiner,' he who 
 tined or mended hedges. A ' John le Tynere' occurs 
 in the Parliamentary Writs. We are reminded by 
 Verstigan's book on ' Decayed Intelligence ' that 
 ' hedging and tining ' was a phrase in vogue not more 
 than 200 years ago. Mr. Taylor, in his ' Words and 
 Places,' connects our ' tine ' in the ' tines of a stag's 
 horns ' or ' the tines of a fork,' with the same root 
 implying a 'twig.' In our old English forest law a 
 ' tineman ' was an officer very similar to the ' hayward,' 
 the only apparent difference being that he served by 
 night. The two terms are exactly similar in sense. 
 
 ' Chappell's Ballad Music, vol, i. 327.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 259 
 
 We are not without relics, too, of our former means 
 and methods of enriching the glebe. Even here 
 several interesting memorials are preserved to us. 
 • Marler,' ^ ' Clayer,' and * Chalker ' (' Alice le 
 Marlere,' A., * Thomas le Chalker,' A., ' Simon le 
 Clayere,' A), still existing, remind us how commonly 
 the land was manured with marl and other substances 
 of a calcareous nature. Trevisa, writing upon this 
 very subject, says — * Also in this land (England), 
 under the turf of the land, is good marl found. The 
 thrift of the fatness drieth himself (itself) therein, so 
 that even the thicker the field is marled, the better 
 corn will it bear.' ^ An old rhyme says : — 
 
 He that marks sand may buy land ; 
 He that marles moss shall suffer no loss ; 
 But he that marles clay throws all away. 
 
 An interesting surname of this class is that of * Acre- 
 man,' or, as it is now generally spelt, 'Acherman,' 
 ' Akerman,' or ' Aikman,' for it is far from being of 
 modern German introduction, as some have supposed. 
 In the Hundred Rolls and elsewhere it appears in 
 such entries as * Alexander le Acherman,' ' Roger Ic 
 Acreman,' ' Peter le Akerman,' and 'John le Akurman.' 
 His was indeed a common and familiar sobriquet, and 
 we are but once more reminded by it of the day when 
 the acre was what it really denoted — the ager, or land 
 
 ' Thus we find in the forest charter of Edward HI.: 'Unus quisque 
 liber homo facial in bosco suo vel in terra sua, quam habet in foresta 
 marleram (marl-pit), fossatum, vel terram arabile, (S:c. {^Stat. oj Kcaliii, 
 vol i. p. 121.) 
 
 * As there was the 'Miller' and the ' Milward,' so there was the 
 *Marler' and the 'Marlward:' ' Alice le Marlere* (H.R.), 'John Marie- 
 ward '(H.R.). 
 
 s 2
 
 26o ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 open to tillage, without thought of definite or statute 
 measure. Indeed, it is quite possible the term was at 
 first strictly applied thus, for a contemporaneous poem 
 has the following couplet : — 
 
 The foules up, and song on bough, 
 And acremen yede to the plough. 
 
 If this be the case the surname is but synonymous 
 with ' Plowman ' and ' Tillman,' already referred to. 
 
 A curious name is found in the writs of this period, 
 and one well worthy of mention, that of ' Adam Ic 
 Imper.' An ' imp,' I need scarcely remind the reader, 
 was originally a * scion ' or * offshoot,' whether of 
 plants or animals, the former seemingly most com- 
 mon, to judge from instances. That nothing more 
 than this was intended by it we may prove by Arch- 
 bishop Trench's quotation from Bacon, where he 
 speaks of 'those most virtuous and goodly young 
 imps, the Duke of Suffolk and his brother.' ' Chaucer 
 says that of 
 
 feble trees their comen wretched imps — 
 
 and ' Piers Plowman ' uses the word still more ex- 
 plicitly — 
 
 I was some tyme a frcre 
 And the conventes gardyner 
 For to graflen impes, 
 
 he says. This latter quotation explains the surname. 
 ' Impcr,' doubtless, simply differed from ' Gardiner' or 
 ' Gardner ' in that he was more particularly engaged 
 in the grafting of young shoots. 
 
 ' ' He shall be called . . . a lamb of Christ's fold, a sheep of 
 his pasture, a branch of his vine, a member of his Church, an imp of 
 his kingdom.' — liishop liale.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 26l 
 
 From the consideration of the last we may fitly 
 turn to the subject of fruits. There can be no doubt 
 that in early days, so far at least as the south, and 
 more particularly the south-west of England was con- 
 cerned, the vine was very generally cultivated by the 
 peasantry, and the wine made therefrom, however 
 poor it might be, used by them. So early as Domes- 
 day Survey a ' Walter Vinitor ' lived in Surrey, and a 
 century or two later such names as ' Symon le Vynur,' 
 or * William le Viner,' or ' Roger le Vynour,' the an- 
 cestry of our ' Viners,' show that the vine-dresser's 
 occupation was not yet extinct. We have long left 
 the production of this beverage, however, to the sun- 
 nier champaign lands of the Continent, and are con- 
 tent by paying a higher price to get a richer and 
 fuller juice. Our ' Dressers ' may either belong to 
 this or the curriers' fraternity. An old poem, which 
 I have already had occasion to quote, says — 
 
 111 tyme of harvest merry it is enough, 
 Pears and apples hangeth on bough, 
 The hayward bloweth merry his home, 
 In every felde ripe is corne, 
 The grapes hongen on the vyne, 
 Swete is trewe love and fyne. 
 
 We have here the mention of pears and apples. The 
 cultivation of these by our ' Orcharders,' or * de la 
 Orchards,' or ' de la Apelyards,' was a familiar occu- 
 pation, and ' le Cydcrer,' ^ and ' le Perriman,' or ' Pear- 
 man,' and ' le Perrer,' testify readily as to the use to 
 which they were put. The home-made drinks of 
 these early days were almost all sweet. Such decoc- 
 
 • ' Peachman' must be set here. 'Daniel Peachman' occurs in 
 Bromefield's Norfolk (Index).
 
 262 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 tions as mead, piment, or hippocras, in the absence of 
 sugar, were mingled with honey. We can at once 
 understand, therefore, what an important pursuit 
 would that be of the bee-keeper.' Not merely did 
 the occasional husbandman possess his two or three 
 hives, but there were those who gave themselves up 
 wholly to the tendence of bees, and who made for 
 themselves a comfortable livelihood in the sale of 
 their produce. Many of our surnames still bear testi- 
 mony to this. ' Beman,' or ' Beeman,' or * Beaman,' 
 will be familiar to all, and ' Honeyman ' is scarcely 
 less common. In an old roll of 1183 we have the 
 name Latinised in such an entry as ' Ralph Custos- 
 apium.' But not merely honey, but spices of all kinds 
 were also infused into these various drinks, whether 
 of wine or ale. We have a well-drawn picture of this 
 in Piers Plowman's vision where * Glutton ' comes 
 across ]?cton the Brewstcre, and the latter bidding 
 him good-morrow, says — 
 
 ' I have good ale, gossib,' quoth she, 
 
 ' Glutton, wilt thou assaye ? ' 
 
 ' Hast thou aught in thy purse,' quoth he ; 
 
 ' Any hote spices?' 
 
 ' I have pcpir, and peonies,' quoth she, 
 
 ' And a pound of garleck. 
 
 And a farthing-worth of fenel-seed 
 
 For fastyng dayes.' 
 
 Such an array of hot ingredients as this poor Glutton 
 
 ' Thus it is expressly stated in the Forest Charter, as of importance 
 to the holder, that every freeman showld have a right to the honey found 
 within his woodland: 'Ilabeat similiter niel quod inventum fuerit in 
 boscis suis.' {Stat. Reahii, vol. i. p. 121.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 263 
 
 could not resist, and instead of going to Mass he 
 turned into the tavern, and having supped 
 
 A galon and a gille, 
 
 of course got uproariously drunk. Thus we see how 
 natural it is we should come across such names as 
 
 * Balmer,' or * le Oyncterer,' or ' le Hoincter,' as it is 
 also registered, or ' le Garlyckmonger,' in our early 
 records. The first still exists. The second does not, 
 but the cumbersome and ungainly appearance of the 
 last affords sufficient excuse for its absence. It is 
 quite possible, however, that our ' Garlicks ' are but a 
 curtailment of it, and this is the more likely, as such 
 forms as ' Henry le Garleckmonger,' or ' Thomas le 
 Garlykmonger,' are commonly found, and evidently 
 represented an important occupation. The Normans, 
 like the Saxons, loved a highly stimulative dish, and 
 garlic sauce went to everything ; bird, beast, fish, all 
 alike found their seasoning in a concoction of which 
 this acrid and pungent herb was the chief ingredient. 
 ' Roger le Gaderer,' or as we should now say 
 
 * Gatherer,' has left no descendant, but he may be 
 mentioned as representing a more general term for 
 many of the above. 
 
 In the woodlands and its open glades and devious 
 windings, where several of these herbalists I have 
 mentioned would be often found, we shall see, too, 
 other frequenters. It would be here, subject to the con- 
 dition of agistment and pannage, our ' Swinnarts,' or 
 swineherds, tended their hogs. It would be here by 
 the hazel bank and deeper forest pathways our * Nut- 
 ters ' and * Nutmans ' would be found, as the autumn 
 began to set in, and browner and more golden tints
 
 264 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 to fleck the trees and hedgerows. It would be here, 
 as the chills of early winter drew on, and the fallen 
 leaves lay strewn around, our ' Bushers ' or * Boshers ' 
 (relics of the old 'John le Busscher' or 'Reginald le 
 Buscher'), and our more Saxon ' Thomas le Woderes,' 
 * Robert Wudemongers,' and * Alan le Wodemans ' 
 (now ' Woodyers ' and ' Woodmans '), would be occu- 
 pied in gathering the refuse branches for firing 
 purposes — here our ' Hewers ' (once found as ' Ralph 
 ' le Heuer ') and more specific ' Robert le Wode- 
 hewers,' ' our ' Hackers ' and ' Hackmans,' would be 
 engaged in chopping timber, perchance for build- 
 ing purposes, perchance for our * Ashburncrs,' * to 
 procure their potash from. Oftentimes, no doubt, 
 would these various frequenters of the woodland bos- 
 cage be roused from their rude labours to watch as 
 the hornblowcr (now ' Hornblow ') awoke the shrill 
 echoes, the lordly chase sweep through the glade till 
 it was hidden by the embrasures of the forest, or the 
 darkening twilight, or the bending hill. 
 
 One single glance backward over the names we 
 have so far recorded in this chapter, and one thing 
 will be obvious — their all but entirely Saxon cha- 
 racter. Our agriculture terms, whether with regard 
 
 ^ 'Hewer' often occurs in composition, as in ' Robert le Wotle- 
 hycwerc,' ' Richartl .Stouhcwer,' ' Riciiard le Blockhewcre,' or ' Wil- 
 liam Flesschevver. ' This last may be but a corruption of ' Flcsher.' 
 After the prevailing fashion of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the 
 termination 'ster' was sometimes added instead of 'er.' Thus, in the 
 Chester Play we find the procession joined by the ' Hewsters.' Richard 
 le Hewster was sheriff in 1382. (Ormerod's Cheshire, vol. i. 302.) 
 
 * The ashburner is incidentally alluded to in a statute of Elizabeth's 
 reign, in which, among other occupations, is mentioned the ' Burner of 
 Oore and woad ashes.' — 5 Eliz. c. 4, 23.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 265 
 
 to the work itself or the labourer, belong to the 
 earlier tongue. There is nothing surprising in this. 
 While in the nomenclature of trade we find the 
 superior force and energy of the Norman tempera- 
 ment struggling with and oftentimes overcoming the 
 more sober humour of the conquered race, in the 
 country and all the pursuits of the country the latter 
 was far ahead of its rival. It was better versed in 
 agricultural pursuits, and ever retained them in its 
 own hands. At the same time, as we well know, this 
 very detention was but the mark of its defeat and 
 the badge of its slavery. It was a victory where, 
 nevertheless, all is lost. Wamba the jester, in 
 ' Ivanhoe,' if I may be excused such a trite illustra- 
 tion, reminds us that our cattle, while in the field, and 
 under the guardianship of the enslaved Saxon, were 
 called by the Saxon terms of ' ox,' ' sheep,' and 
 * calf,' but served upon the tables of their lords 
 became Norman ' beef,' ' mutton,' and ' veal ' — that 
 is, while the former fed them, the latter it was that 
 fed on them. Thus in the same way, if those homely 
 pursuits which attached to the tilling of the soil, 
 the breeding of cattle, the gathering in and the 
 storing of the harvest — if these maintained the terms 
 which belonged to them ere the Conquest, they are so 
 many marks of serfdom. Provided the supply on 
 his board was only profuse enough, the proud baron 
 troubled himself little as to the supplier, or how or 
 under what names it was procured. See how true 
 this is from our nomenclature. There is a little word 
 which has dropped from our lips which once played 
 an important part in our vocabulary — I mean that of 
 ' herd ' — not as applied to the flock, but the keeper.
 
 266 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 We still use it familiarly in compounds, such as 
 swincJierd or shepherd^ but that it once had a separate 
 existence of its own is proved by the many ' Heards,' 
 or ' Herds,' or ' Hurds,' that still abound sur- 
 nominally in our midst ; relics as they are of the 
 ' John Ic Hirdes,' or ' Alice la Herdes,' or * Robert 
 le Hyrdes,' of our olden records. Chaucer so uses it. 
 We now speak of our Lord as the ' Good Shepherd.' 
 He, however, gives us the simpler form where St. 
 Urban is made to say — 
 
 'Almighty Lord, O Jesu Christ,' quoth he, 
 ' Sower of chaste counsel, herd of us all.' 
 
 Thus again, in the ' Townley Mysteries ' the angel 
 who visited the shepherds as they kept their flocks by 
 night is represented as arousing them by saying — 
 
 Herkyn, hyrdes, awake ! 
 
 See now the many compounds of which this purely 
 Saxon word is the root. Are we in the low-lying 
 pastures. In our ' Stotherds ' and ' Stothards,' our 
 
 * Stoddarts ' and * Stoddards,' still clings the remem- 
 brance of the old stot or bullock-herd ; in our 
 
 * Yeathcrds ' (as in our * Yeatmans '), the heifer herd ; 
 and in our ' Cowards,' far from being so pusil- 
 lanimous as they look, the homely 'cowherd.' In 
 
 * William and the Wcrfolf ' wc arc told — 
 
 It bifel in that forest 
 
 There fast byside, 
 There woned (dwelt) a wel old churl 
 
 That was a couherdc. 
 
 Nor are these all. In our * Calvcrts ' and * Calvcrds ' 
 we are reminded of the once well-known ' Warin Ic
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 267 
 
 Calveherd,' or 'William le Calverd,' as I find him 
 recorded ; in our * Nuttards ' the more general but now 
 faded ' neteherd ' or ' noutherd,' ^ and in our obsolete 
 ' John Oxenhyrds ' and ' Peter Oxherds,' the familiar 
 ox. Are we in the grazing paddock. In our ' Coult- 
 herds,' ' Coulthards,' and ' Coultards' ('John Colthird,' 
 W. 9), not to mention our 'Coultmans' and 'Coltmans,' 
 we have ample trace of their presence. Are we again 
 on the bleak hill-side. The sheep have given us our 
 'Shepherds,' the rams our 'Wetherherds' (now gene- 
 rally written ' Weatherheads'), the kids our 'Gottards,' 
 not to say some of our ' Goddards,' memorials of the 
 once common goatherd. Are we under the woodland 
 pathways where the beech-nuts abound. There, too, 
 the herd was to be found, for in our ' Swinnarts,' 
 ' Hoggarts,' and ' Sowards ' we are not without a 
 further token of his usefulness. In three instances I 
 have found ' herd ' connected with the winged 
 creation. In the Parliamentary Writs occurs ' Wil- 
 liam le Swonherdc,' in the Corpus Christi Guild 
 (Surt. Soc), 'Agnes Gusehyrd' and ' Joan Gusehyrd,' 
 and in the Hundred Rolls ' Henry le Rocherde,' 
 zV., rook-herd.^ ' Swanherd ' reminds us that swans 
 were an important article of diet in early times. In 
 1482 an Act was passed forbidding any but free- 
 holders (and they only if they had lands of the annual 
 value of five marks) to have marks or games of 
 swans. (' Stat. Realm,' vol. ii. p. 447.) 
 
 ' This spelling lasted till tht seventeenth century. Henry Best, in 
 his Farmbig Book, 1641, says: 'The noutheard wages were, for every 
 beast, 2d. (P. 119, Sur Soc.) 
 
 * * Adam le Roc' (II. R.), represented by our modern ' Rooks,' re- 
 minds us of the older fonn.
 
 268 ENGLISH SURNAMES. " 
 
 It will have already become clear to the reader 
 that this term ' herd ' played no unimportant part 
 in the vocabulary of the thirteenth and fourteenth 
 centuries. But even now we have not done. For 
 instance, our ' Stobbarts ' and ' Stubbards ' are 
 manifestly descendants of such a name as ' Alice 
 Stobhyrd ' or ' Thomas Stobart/ the owners of both of 
 which are set down in the Black Book of Hexham 
 Priory in company with ' John Stodard,' ' William 
 Oxhyrd,' and ' Thomas Schipherde.' ' I should have 
 been in some difficulty in regard to the meaning of 
 this * stob ' or 'stub' had not Mr. Halliwell in his 
 dictionary of archaic words given it as an old rural 
 term for a bull. This surname, therefore, is satis- 
 factorily accounted for. I cannot be quite so positive 
 with regard to our ' Geldards ' and ' Geldarts,' but I 
 strongly suspect their early ancestor was but a 
 confrtre of the swineherd orhogherd, ' gelt,' or ' geld,' 
 as a porcine title, being a familiar word to our 
 forefathers of that date. Our ' Gattards ' and 
 * Gathards,' too, may be mentioned as but mcdia;- 
 valisms for the goatherd, ' Gatcard ' and ' Gatherd ' 
 being met with in North English records contempo- 
 raneously with the above. Such a sobriquet as 
 'Adam le Gayt,' while it may be but a form of the 
 old ' wayt ' or watchman, is, I imagine, but repre- 
 sentative of this northern provincialism. It occurs 
 locally in 'William de Gatesden ' or ' John de Gates- 
 den,' both found in the Parliamentary Writs. With 
 
 ' It will give the reader some idea of the importance of this root- 
 word when I say that lliese five names appear in a list of thirty-one 
 persons dwelling in tlie village of Aynwyk. (Surtees Soc Jlcxiuiin 
 J'riorv, vol. ii. p. 4.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 269 
 
 two more instances I will conclude. In our ' Hun- 
 nards ' still lives the memory of ' Helyas le Hunderd,' 
 the old houndsman, while in ' Richard le Wodehirde ' 
 or 'William le Wodehirde' we have but another, 
 though more general, sobriquet of one of those many 
 denizens of the forest I have already hinted at. How 
 purely Saxon are all these names ! What a freshness 
 seems to breathe about them ! What a fragrance as 
 of the wild heather and thyme, and all that is sweet 
 and fresh and free ! And yet they are but so many 
 marks of serfdom. 
 
 I have just incidentally referred to the swineherd. 
 It is difficult for us, in this nineteenth century of ours, 
 to conceive the vast importance of this occupation in 
 the days of which we are writing. Few avocations 
 have so much changed as this. Hog-tending as a 
 distinct livelihood is well-nigh extinct. Time was, 
 however, when the rustic community lived upon 
 bacon, when the surveillance of swine was a lazy, 
 maybe, but nevertheless an all-important care. We 
 still speak of a ' flitch of bacon,' a term which, while 
 etymologically the same as ' flesh,' shows how to the 
 early popular mind that article represented the sum 
 total of carnal luxuries. Our use of the word 
 ' brawn ' is of an equally tell-tale character. Every 
 one knows what we mean by brawn. Originally, how- 
 ever, it was the flesh of any animal. Chaucer says — 
 
 The Miller was a stout carl for the nones, 
 Full big he was of brawn, and eke of bones. 
 
 When, however, the wild boar had been brought 
 down, and salted, and put aside for winter us^l' how 
 natural that to the housewife it should engross this 
 general sense. It is to the imiiortancc this unsavoury-
 
 270 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 looking animal held in the eyes of early rustics we 
 must attribute the fact of so many names coming 
 down to us connected with its keep. As I have just 
 hinted, such sobriquets as 'John le Swineherd' or 
 
 * Nicholas le Hogherd ' were common enough in 
 the country parts, our ' Swinnarts ' and * Hoggarts ' 
 being witnesses. The sowherd remains in our 
 ' Sowards,' and is as Saxon as the others. The same 
 tongue is strong again in our ' Pigmans ' ' Sowmans,' 
 
 * Hogmans,' and still more secluded ' Denyers ' and 
 ' Denmans.' The Norman, however, is to be ac- 
 credited with our many ' Gilbert le Porchers ' and 
 'Thomas le Porkeres,' by which we may see that 
 when daintily served up under the name of ' pork ' it 
 was not disdained on the baron's table. Lastly, we 
 may mention our early ' Philip le Lardiners ' and 
 ' Hugh le Lardiners,' names that in themselves sug- 
 gest to us the one purpose of the herdsman, the 
 fattening of his charge. They would be found 
 generally, therefore, neath the fastnesses of the forest, 
 where the 
 
 Oak with his nuts larded many a swine, 
 
 and where the mast and bccch-nuts abounded, the 
 chief pannage, it would seem, of that day.' Higher up, 
 as far indeed as the bleak and barren wolds, the 
 shepherd cared for and tended his flock. His was a 
 common occupation, too, as our nomenclature shows. 
 Evidently he was as prone in those days to the oaten 
 reed as the poets of all ages have loved to depict him, 
 
 • In an old book of tenures kept in York Castle occurs, or did occur, 
 the following: ' David le Lardincr holds one Serjeantry, and he is 
 Keeper of the Gaol of the Forest, and Scizcr of the Cattle which are 
 taken for the king's debts.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 2/1 
 
 for it is to his Norman-introduced name of ' Berger ' 
 we owe the ' bergeret/ or pastoral ode. The song 
 indeed, so called, has died away from our ears, but 
 
 * Berger,' or ' Bercher,' as it was often written, still 
 lives, and may carry us back for a moment to these 
 wholesomer times. 
 
 Nor, if we approach more closely to the farmyard 
 enclosure, are we without memorials. The farm of 
 old, as applied to the soil, was of course that piece of 
 land which was rented for agricultural purposes, and 
 I doubt not the chief of the old * Robert le Fermers ' 
 and ' Matilda le Fermeres ' represent this more con- 
 fined sense. ' Farmer,' whether colloquially or in our 
 registers, is the modern form. Udal, however, main- 
 tains the more antique dress, when he says, ' And 
 that the thyng should so be, Chryst Hymself had 
 signyfied to fore by the parable of the husbandmen 
 or fermers.' 
 
 While ' herd,' as a root-word, implied the tendance 
 of cattle in the meadows and woods and on the hill- 
 sides, ' man,' I suspect, was equally significative of 
 their guardianship in the stable and the yard. Thus 
 if the * cowherd ' was in the field, the ' coiunian ' would 
 be in the stall. We may here, therefore, set our 
 familiar ' Cowmans,' ' Bullmans,' * Heiffcrmans,' and 
 ' Steermans,' or * Stiermans.' ^ One or two provincial- 
 isms, I imagine, have added also to this stock. Mr. 
 Lower thinks our ' Twentymans ' to be derived from 
 
 * Vintenarius,' a captain of twenty. This may be so, 
 but I suspect the more correct origin will be found in 
 
 * twenterman ' or * twinterman,' he who tended the 
 
 ' Nicolas Goteman (W. ii.) occurs in an old Yorkshire register, but 
 the name is now obsolete, I think.
 
 2/2 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * twentcrs ' or * txvintersl the old and once familiar 
 
 * two-winter,' or, as we now generally say, ' two-year- 
 old.' If the ' steer,' the ' heifer,' the * cow,' and the 
 ' bull ' gave a sobriquet to the farm labourer, why not 
 this .-* As a farmyard term it occurs in every pro- 
 vincial record of the fifteenth and even sixteenth 
 century. Thus, to quote but one instance, I find in 
 a will dated 1556 mention made of *6 oxen, item, 
 18 sterres (steers), item, 11 heifers, item, 21 twenters, 
 item, 23 stirks.' (Richmondshire Wills, p. 93.) An 
 inventory of the same date includes * 3 kye, item, one 
 whye.' This latter term was equally commonly used 
 at this period for a 'heifer.' Our 'Whymans' and 
 ' Wymans ' will, we may fairly surmise, be their pre- 
 sent memorial. * Cowman,' mentioned above, was 
 met by the Norman 'Vacher,' such entries as 'John 
 le Vacher ' or ' Walter le Vacher ' being common, and 
 as ' Vacher,' or more corruptly ' Vatcher,' it still abides 
 in our midst. ' Thomas le Stabeler,' or ' William Ic 
 Stabler,' too, are yet with us ; but descendants for 
 'Thomas le Milkar ' or 'William le Melkcr' are, I 
 fear, wanting. A Norman representative for these 
 latter is found in the Parliamentary Writs in the case 
 of ' John le Lactcr.' There is the smack of a kindred 
 labour in the registered ' Thomas le Charner,' for I 
 doubt not his must have been but an antique dress of 
 ' Churner.' Another form is found in an old Rich- 
 mondshire will dated 1 592, where mention is made of 
 'Robert Chirner' and his sister 'Jane Chirner.' As 
 an additional proof that his occupation was such as I 
 have surmised, I may add that in the same record in 
 the valuation of household property the churn is spelt 
 chime. (Richmondshire Wills, p. 235, note.) The
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 273 
 
 most interesting sobriquet of this class, and the one 
 which has left the most memorials, is found in such 
 mediaeval names as ' Cecilia le Day,' or * Christiana la 
 Daye,' or ' Stephen le Dagh.' A ' day ' was a dairy- 
 man, of which word it is but another form, Chaucer, 
 in one of the most charming of his descriptions, tells 
 us of a poor widow, how that she — 
 
 Since that day that she was last a wife 
 
 In patience led a ful simple life, 
 
 For litel was her cattle, and her rent : 
 
 By husbandry of such as God her sent 
 
 She found herself and eke her doughtren two. 
 
 * # * ♦ ♦ 
 
 Her board was served most with white and black, 
 Milk and brown bread, in which she found no lack, 
 Singed bacon, and sometimes an egg or twey. 
 For she was as it were a maner dey.'^ ^ 
 
 The present representatives of this name are met 
 with in the several forms of ' Deye,' ' Daye,' ' Day,' 
 * Dayman,' and the more unpleasantly corrupted 
 ' Deman.' 
 
 It is quite evident, judging from the places of 
 abode in which we find our early ' Fishers ' and 
 ' Fishermans,' that it is to followers, though profes- 
 sional, of the quaint and gentle-minded Izaac Walton 
 we owe our many possessors of these names, rather 
 than to the dwellers upon the coast, although both, 
 doubtless, are represented. Such entries as ' Margaret 
 le Fischere,' or ' Henry le Fisserc,' or ' Robert le Fis- 
 
 ' In a statute of Edward III.'s reign, dated 1363, in defining the 
 attire suitable for those whose chattels came under 40^-. value, we find 
 enumerated with others, 'tenders of oxen, cow-herds, shepherds, swine- 
 herds, deyes, and all other keepers of live-stock' (' bovus, vachers, 
 berchers, porchers, deyes, et tous autres gardeinz des bestes '). (Vide 
 Prom. Far., p. 116.) 
 
 T
 
 274 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 cere ' are very common. This latter seems a sort of 
 medium between the others and such a more hard 
 form as ' Laurence le Fisker.' The finny species 
 themselves gave us such sobriquets as * John le 
 Fysche ' or ' William Fyske,' and both * Fish ' and 
 ' Fisk ' still exist amongst us. The Norman angler 
 is seen in ' Godard le Pescher ' or ' Walter le Pecheur,' 
 while 'Agnes le Pecheresse' bespeaks the fact that 
 even women did not disdain the gentle art. 
 
 But the moment we hint of the village streamlet 
 we are thrown upon a subject vast indeed — the mill 
 and the miller. He was emphatically, you see, tJic 
 miller. Even now, in these busy grasping days, when 
 we have cotton mills and saw mills, silk mills and 
 powder mills, mills for this and mills for that, still it 
 never occurs to us, when we talk of the miller, that 
 any one could possibly mistake our meaning. And 
 well may it be so, for it is with him we entwine plea- 
 sant remembrances of the country, the wheel, the 
 stream, the lusty dimpled trout ; with him we asso- 
 ciate all of comfortable, peaceful content. A white 
 jacket and a white cap, with a black coat for Sundays 
 — how black it would look to be sure — a bluff, good- 
 humoured face, a friendly nod, and a blithe good- 
 morrow, up early and to bed betimes, and his memoir 
 is written, and a very pleasant memoir, too, with a 
 moral to boot for discontented folk, would they but 
 see it. The old word for mill was ' milne,' hence we 
 still have the earlier form, ' Milncs ' and ' Milner ' 
 being nearly as familiar to us in that respect as 
 'Mills' and 'Miller.' Besides these we have 'Mil- 
 man ' and * Milward,' who once, no doubt, acted as
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 2/5 
 
 custodian, the modern * man on the premises,' in fact. * 
 The ancestry of all these is proved by such registered 
 forms as ' John le Mellere,' ' William le Melner,' 
 ' Robert le Milleward,' 2 ' John del Mill,' or * Thomas 
 atte Milne,' all of which are found scattered over our 
 earlier rolls. ^ Our 'Threshers ' and 'Taskers ' (' Bene- 
 dict le Tasker,' H.R.) busied themselves in urging 
 the flail. I have only lit upon the latter term once 
 as in ordinary colloquial use. Burton in the preface 
 to his ' Anatomy ' says — * many poor country-vicars, 
 for want of other means, are driven to their shifts,' and 
 'as Paul did, at last turn taskers, maltsters, coster- 
 mongers, graziers, etc' * Our ' Winners,' shortened 
 from * Winnower,' winnowed the grain with the fan ; 
 our ' Boulters ' or ' Bulters,'^ 'Siviers' ' and Riddlers,' 
 ('Geoffrey le Boltere,' A., ' William Rydler,' Z., 'Ralph 
 le Siviere,' A.), still more carefully separated the 
 flour from the bran. How beautifully Shakespeare 
 
 ' ' William Wyndrailward ' occurs in tlie Cal. Rot. Chartarum. 
 
 * 'Manumissio Thomse Haale, alias dicti Mylleward de Hextone,' 
 1480 (xx. 2, p. 210). 'Milmastcr' is also found. • Mr. Andrew 
 Milmaster, of the Old Jewry, died Aug. 23, 1630.' (Smith's 
 Obituary.') 
 
 ' We may here mention several surnames whose original possessors 
 were evidently confreres of the miller. 'John le Melmongere' (M.), 
 i.e., mealmonger ; * Denis leOtemonger' (X.), 'Walter le Heymongere' 
 (G.), ' Ralph'le Commonger ' (T.), and ' Henry le Commongere' (M.). 
 These are all obsolete, I fear. 
 
 * 'Adam Taskermale' (H.R.). This would be a sobriquet taken 
 from the ' male,' or bag in which the tasker carried his day's pro- 
 vision. 
 
 * In the Ord'utanccs of the Household of Henry VL, dated 1455, we 
 find the ' Bakhous ' (bakehouse) to be under thirteen officers, and of 
 them are '6 Gromes Bulters.' (Pro. Ord. Piivy Cottiicil, vol. vi. 226.) 
 
 T 2
 
 2/6 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 presses this into his imagery many will remember, 
 where Florizel speaks of — 
 
 The fanned snow that's bolted 
 By the northern blasts twice o'er. 
 
 Our Bible translators, too, must have yet been familiar 
 with the simpler process of this earlier time when 
 they rendered one of the prophet's happier foretellings 
 into the beautiful Saxon we still possess : — 'The oxen 
 likewise, and the young asses that ear the ground 
 shall eat clean provender, which hath been winnowed 
 with the shovel and with the fan.' The manufacture 
 or use of the fan wherewith to purge the flour made 
 our ' Walter le Vanners,' ' Simon le F'anneres,' ' Richard 
 atte Vannes,' or ' William atte Fanncs,' familiar names 
 at this time. In Cocke Lorcllc's Bote, we find among 
 other craftsmen — 
 
 Barbers, bokebynders, and lymners ; 
 Repers, faiters, and homers. 
 
 We must not forget, too, our 'Shovellers' and more 
 common ' Showlers,' ' showl ' being ever the vulgar 
 form. It was for no purpose of rhyme, only the word 
 is so used where we are asked — 
 
 * Who'll di_!^ liis grave ?' 
 ' I,' said the owl ; ' with my spade and showl 
 I'll dig his grave.' 
 
 With these many reminders, it is not likely that cither 
 the miller or his men are likely to become soon for 
 gotten. 
 
 The smithy, of course, was an inseparable adjunct 
 to the small community. The smith, unlike the 
 Wright, was engaged upon the harder metals, the
 
 ^ 
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 277 
 
 latter being incidentally described to us by Chaucer 
 when he says of one of his personages in the Reeves 
 Story, that — 
 
 He was a well good wright, a carpenter. 
 
 Looking at the many compounds formed from these 
 two roots, we find that in the main this distinction 
 is maintained. Let us take the wright first. We 
 have but just mentioned ' Ralph le Siviere,' or 
 ' Peter le Syvyere.' For him our ' Sivewrights ' 
 were manifestly occupied, to say nothing of the 
 farmer's wife. The farmer himself would need the 
 services of our * Plowwrights ' ('William le Plowrittc,' 
 A., * William le Ploughwryte,' M.), and would he carry 
 his produce safely to the distant market or fair he 
 must needs have a good stout wain, for the track 
 athwart the hillside was rough and uneven, and here 
 therefore he must call into requisition the skill of our 
 many ' Wheelwrights,' or ' Wheelers,' ' Cartwrights' 
 and their synonymous ' Wainwrights.' ^ Adding to 
 these ' Boatwright,' or ' Botwright,' ' Shipwright,' and 
 the obsolete ' Slaywright,' the old loom manufacturer, 
 we see wood to have been the chief object at least 
 of the Wright's attention. But we have other names 
 of a different character. ' Limewright ' or ' Limer ' 
 (' Hugh le Limwryte,' A., 'John le Limer,' A.) ceases 
 to maintain this distinction, so do our ' Glasswrights,' 
 equivalent to our ' Glaziers ' or ' Glaishers ' (' Thomas 
 le Glaswryghtc,' X., 'Walter Glascnwryht,' W. ii., 
 ' William Glaseer,' Z.).'^ ' Le Chcesewright,' or ' Chess- 
 
 ' ' Robert le Whelere,' G., ' Walter Welwryghte,' A., ' Robert le 
 Wainwright,' H., ' Robert le Cartwright,' B., 'Hugh le Schipwryte,' 
 A., 'John Botewright,' F.F. 
 
 * So late as 1541 we have such an entry as this ; ' Item, to John
 
 2/8 ENGLISH SURNAMES, 
 
 Wright,' like ' Firminger ' and * Casier,' brings us once 
 more into the scullery, and * Breadwright ' into the 
 kitchen. * Alvvright ' is doubtless but the old ' alc- 
 wright,' and ' Goodwright,' which Mr. Lower deems to be 
 a maker of goads, I cannot but imagine to be simply- 
 complimentary, after the fashion of many others which 
 I shall mention in another chapter. Our * Tellwrights ' 
 or ' Telwrights ' have given me much trouble, and 
 though at first I did not like it, I think Mr. Lower's 
 suggestion that they have arisen from the Pauline 
 occupation of tent-making is a natural one. ' Teld ' 
 was the old English word for a tent. Li the metrical 
 Anglo-Saxon Psalter the fourteenth psalm thus com- 
 mences — 
 
 Lord, in thi teld wha sal wone (dwell) ? 
 In thi hali hille or wha reste mone (shall) ? 
 
 We still speak of a ' tilt ' when referring to the cover 
 of a cart or wagon, or to any small awning of a boat. 
 It is quite possible, therefore, that the name has origi- 
 nated in the manufacture of such canopies as these. 
 Admitting this, I would merely suggest ' Tilcwright ' 
 as requiring but little corruptive influence to bring it 
 into the forms in which we at present find the word.' 
 
 Glassier for mendynge the wyndowe over the gallery, vj. viii^/.' {Church- 
 wardens' Accounts, Luiilcru', p. 8, Cam. Soc.) A little later we find: 
 ' Item, to John Pavicr for his labour, Wui. Item, for pavinge before 
 the gate, uL' (P. lo, do.) These are both interesting instances of 
 the late formation of surnames. Both evidently took their second 
 sobriiiuets from their occupation. ' Pavier,' I need hardly say, still 
 exists. 
 
 ' Since writing the above I find my latter conjecture to be confirmed. 
 Miss Meteyard, in her interesting life of Josiah Wedgwood, says: 
 'The surname of 'Tellwright,' or 'Tilcwright,' which, variously spelt, 
 fills a considerable portion of the parish register of lUirslem down to a
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 2/9 
 
 Should this be the case, we must place it with * le Tyler,' 
 of whom we have but recently spoken. * Arkwright ' I 
 mention last as being worthy of more extended notice. 
 In this is preserved the memory of a once familiar and 
 all-important piece of cabinet furniture — that of the 
 old-fashioned ark. Much store was set by this long 
 years ago by the north-country folk, as is shown by 
 the position it occupies in antique wills, often being 
 found as the first legacy bequeathed.^ Shaped 
 exactly like the child's Noah's ark, it seems to have 
 had a twofold character. In one it was simply a 
 meal-bin. Thus in the * Tale of a Usurer ' we are 
 told :— 
 
 When this com to the kniht was sold, 
 
 He did it in an arc to hold, 
 
 And opened this arc the third day. 
 
 In the other it was more carefully put together. The 
 trick of its secret spring, known only to the house- 
 wife and her lord — sometimes I dare say, only to the 
 latter — it contained all the treasure the family could 
 
 late period of the eighteenth century, and is still common, is curious 
 evidence of the antiquity of the tilewright's craft in this locality. . . . 
 Every worker in its clays became a tilewright, whether he moulded 
 tiles or formed the homely pipkin or porringer, the slab-like dish or ale- 
 vat for the hall.' (Vol. i. p. 93.) 
 
 * In an inventory of household furniture, dated 1559, we have 
 amongst other articles, ' One trussin bed with a teaster of yealow and 
 chamlet, one old arkc, old hangyers of wuU grene and red, 6^. 8^/.' 
 (Kichmottdshire Wills, p 135.) Another writer, twenty years earlier, 
 relating the contents of the ' mylke howse,' includes 'an arke, a tube 
 (tub), a stande, a chyrne.' (P. 42, do.) The earliest instance of the 
 surname I have yet met with is found in the same book, where, in 
 a will dated 1556, the testator bequeaths a sheep to ' Ilenry Ark- 
 wright.' (Do. p. 155, note.) Both the ark itself and the trade are of 
 North English origin.
 
 28o ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 boast. Here were kept what parchments they pos- 
 sessed ; here lay stored up fold on fold of household 
 linen, venerated by the female inmates nearly as 
 much as the grandmothers themselves, whose thrifty 
 fingers had woven it in days long past and gone. We 
 see thus that upon the whole the wright wrotcght his 
 manufacture out of his own more specific material, 
 seldom, at any rate, poaching upon the preserves of 
 his friend the smith. The smith worked in iron and 
 the metals. This good old Saxon name, with the 
 many quaint changes that have been rung upon it, 
 deserves a whole chapter to itself How then can we 
 hope to do justice to it in a few sentences } We do 
 not know where to begin, and having once begun, the 
 difficulty at once arises as to where we can end. How 
 few of us reflect upon the close connexion that exists 
 between the anvil and the smith himself, and yet it is 
 because he smote thereupon that he got his name. 
 As old Verstigan has it : — 
 
 From whence comes Smith, all be he knight or squire, 
 But from the smith that forgcth at the fire ? 
 
 Putting in all the needs which in this agricultural age 
 his occupation would be necessary to supply, still we 
 could scarcely account for the enormous prepon- 
 derance he has attained over other artisans, did we 
 not remember that his services would also be required 
 in the production of warlike implements. Sword and 
 ploughshare alike would be to his hands. Chaucer 
 speaks of : — 
 
 The smith 
 That forj^cth sharpc swords on llic stilh.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 28 1 
 
 Between and including the years 1838 and 1854 there 
 were registered as born, or married, or dead, no less 
 than 286,307 Smiths. Were we indeed to put into 
 one community the persons who bear this name in 
 our land, we should have a town larger than Leeds, 
 and scarcely inferior in size and importance to that of 
 the capital of the midland counties. 
 
 The smith is often spoken of colloquially as the 
 blacksmith, a title which, while it has not itself a place 
 in our nomenclature, reminds us of others that have, 
 and of a peculiar custom of earlier days. The word 
 ' blacksmith ' dates from the days of ' Cocke Lorelle's 
 Bote,' and it is quite evident that at that time it was cus- 
 tomary for the smith to have his name compounded 
 with sobriquets according to the colour of the metal 
 upon which he spent his energies. Thus the former 
 'Thomas Brownesmythe' evidently worked in copper 
 and brass, ' William le Whytesmyth' in tinplate, ' John 
 Redesmith ' in gold, a ' Goldsmith ' in fact ; ' Richard 
 Grensmythe' in I am not sure what, unless it be lead; 
 and ' John Blackesmythe' in iron. The last is the only 
 one I fail to discover as now existing among our sur- 
 names — a circumstance, however, easily accounted for 
 from the settled position the simple ' Smith' himself had 
 obtained as an artificer of that metal. But these are not 
 the only compounds. Our ' Smiths ' are surrounded 
 with connexions of not merely every hue, but every 
 type. Thus * Arrowsmith,' already alluded to with its 
 contracted 'Arsmith,' tells its own tale of archery ser- 
 vice ; ' Billsmith ' and ' Spcarsmlth ' remind us of the 
 lances, or rather lance heads, that did such duty in 
 the golden days of Agincourt and Poicticrs. Of a 
 more peaceful nature would be the work of our
 
 282 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' Nasmyths,' like our * Naylors,' mere relics of the old 
 nailsmith. Closely connected with them, therefore, 
 we may set our * Shoosmiths,'' but Saxon representa- 
 tives of the Norman-introduced ' Farrier.' The sur- 
 name still clings chiefly to the north of England, 
 where the Saxon, retaining so much more of its 
 strength and vigour than in the south, preserved it as 
 the occupative term for centuries. Springtide and the 
 approach of sheep-washing would see our * Sheer- 
 smiths ' busy, while the later autumn would have its 
 due effect upon the trade of our 'Sixsmiths' and 
 
 * Sucksmiths,' pleasant though curiously corrupted 
 memorials of the old sicklesmith, or ' Sykelsmith,' as 
 I find the name spelt. The bucklesmith ('John le 
 Bokelsmythc,' X.), whose name is referred to in the 
 poem I have but recently quoted, has similarly and 
 as naturally curtailed himself to ' Bucksmith.' ' Our 
 ' Bladesmiths ' fashioned swords, being found generally 
 in fellowship with our ' Cutlers ' and obsolete ' Knyfe- 
 smythcs.' Our ' Locksmiths,' of course, looked to the 
 security of door, and closet, and cupboard ; ^ while 
 our ' Minsmiths ' ('John le Mynsmuth,' M.), for I 
 believe they arc not as yet quite obsolete, hard at 
 
 ' '.Shuxsmith' seems but a corruption of this. The intermediate 
 form is found in IVills ami Inventories (Ch. .Soc. ), in tiic names of 
 'Margerie Shughsmythe ' and ' Henry Shughsmy the.' 
 
 * 'Buckler' may be mentioned here. 'John le Bockeler' (A.), 
 
 • Richard Bokeler ' (Z). 
 
 * With our 'Locksmiths' we must, of course, ally our ' Lockmans,' 
 ' Lockyers,' and 'Lockers,' and perchance 'Lookers.' We find a 
 'Henry le Lokier' set down in the Hundred Rolls, and in an old 
 Oxford record, dated 1443, there occurs the name of ' Robert Harward, 
 loker,' who doubtless found jilcnly of employment in providing for the 
 .security of the various rooms attached to the difTerent colleges and halls. 
 {Mint. Acad.Oxon, p. 535.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 283 
 
 work in the mint smithy, forged the coin for the early- 
 community. As, however, I shall have occasion to 
 refer to him again I shall merely cite him, and pass 
 on.^ But we may see from the little I have said that 
 the smith never need fear obsoletism. Apart from 
 his own immediate circle, he is surrounded by many, 
 if not needy, yet closely attached relatives. We must 
 not forget, however, that the Norman had his smith, 
 too, and though the Saxon, as we have thus seen, has 
 ever maintained his dignity and position, still our 
 early rolls are not without a goodly number of ' Adam 
 le Fevres,' ' Richard le Fevers,' or ' Reginald le Feures,' 
 and their cognate ' Alan le Ferons ' and ' Roger le 
 Feruns.' Representatives of all these, minus the 
 article, may be readily met with to-day in any of the 
 large towns of our country. 
 
 We may take this opportunity of saying a word 
 about lead, inasmuch as the uses to which it was put 
 made the manufacturer therein familiar to rural 
 society. The leadbeater, in fact, was all-important to 
 
 ' There are several single representatives of occupations connected 
 with the smith which I have not mentioned in the text, not having met 
 with any trace of their continued existence amongst us. Thus, in the 
 London Alemorials we find a 'John Chietesmyth,' which, so far, I have 
 found to be wholly unintelligible. I must say the same in regard to 
 ' Cokesmyth,' occurring in the Boldon Book. 'John Rodesmith,' if not 
 a scribe's error for 'Redesmith,' would be the manufacturer of the then 
 familiar 'rood' or 'rode,' the cross which we occasionally may see still 
 standing beside our old turnpikes. ' William Watersmith,' it is quite 
 reasonable, may have spent his energies on water-wheels and such other 
 machinery as helped to turn the mill. All these are now, and probably 
 were then, almost immediately cbsolete. On the other hand, we have 
 ' Wildsmith ' existing in our midst, only one representative of which am 
 I able to discover in our olden records. It is just possible that, like the 
 obsolete ' Youngsmith,' it originally referred to the characteristics of the 
 man as well as of his trade.
 
 284 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the farmer's wife and the dairy, for the vessels which 
 held the milk, as it underwent its various processes 
 until it was turned out into butter, were commonly his 
 handiwork. Such names as ' Gonnilda le Leadbetre,' 
 or ' Reginald le Ledbeter,' we find in every consider- 
 able roll, and our modern ' Leadbeaters,' ' Ledbetters,' 
 ' Leadbitters,* ' Lid betters,' and probably ' Libertys,' 
 are but their descendants. That mixture of lead with 
 brass or copper which went by the term of ' latten ' or 
 ' laton ' has left in our ' Latoners ' and ' Latners ' a 
 memorial of the metal of which our old country 
 churchyard tablets were made, not to say some of the 
 household utensils just referred to. We find even 
 more costly and ornamental ware manufactured of 
 this, for among other relics preserved by the pardoner, 
 Chaucer tells us : — 
 
 lie had a gobbet (piece) of the sail 
 That seint Peter had, when that lie went 
 Upon the sea, till Jesu Christ him hcnt. 
 lie had a cross of laton, full of stones, 
 And in a glass he had pig's bones. 
 
 Such a name then as ' Thomas le Latoncr ' or 
 'Richard le Latoner' would be well understood by 
 our forefathers. 
 
 But we must not wander. In nothing does our 
 nomenclature bequeath us a more significant record 
 than in that which relates to the isolation of primitive 
 life. We who live in such remarkable days of loco- 
 motive appliance cannot possibly enter into the diffi- 
 culties our forefathers had to encounter in regard to 
 intercommunication. An all but impassable barrier 
 separated our villages from the larger and distant 
 towns. The roads, or rather, not to dignify them by
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 285 
 
 such a term, the tracks,^ were sometimes scarce 
 to be recognised, everywhere rough and dangerous. 
 Streams, oftentimes much swollen, must be forded. 
 Where bridges existed our ' Bridgers ' and ' Bridge- 
 mans ' took the king's levy ; where none were to be 
 found our ' Ferrimans ' rendered their necessary aid. 
 The consequent difficulties with regard to conveyance 
 were great. The larger of the county towns carried 
 on but an uncertain aud irregular communication, 
 while the remoter villages were wholly dependent 
 either on the travelling trader or peddler, or on the 
 great fair, as it came round in its annual course. 
 What a stock of goods would be laid in by the 
 bustling wife, and the farmer himself on this latter 
 occasion ! Imagine them starting forth to lay in a 
 supply for a whole year's wants. No wonder the 
 good, sound cob and the stout wagon it drew are 
 remembered in our surnames. Of the importance of 
 the former such names as ' Horsman,' if it be not 
 official, and * Palfreyman,' or ' Palfriman,' not to 
 mention ' Asseman,' are good witnesses. Such en- 
 tries as ' Agnes le Horsman,' or ' Roger le Pale- 
 freyour,' or ' John le Palfreyman ' are familiar to 
 every early register. Our * Tranters ' and * Traunters ' 
 are but relics of the old * Traventer,' he who let out 
 
 ' The roads between Cumberland and Northumberland were of the 
 roughest and most dangerous character till the seventeenth century, when 
 General Wade, in the course of his progress against the rebels, laid 
 down some of a better kind. The following couplet has been handed 
 down as the effort of some local poet : — 
 ' If you'd ever been here 
 When these roads were not made. 
 You would lift up your hands 
 And bless General Wade.'
 
 286 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 posthorses. In process of time, however, he got 
 numbered among the many itinerant peddlers or 
 carriers, of whom I shall speak shortly. Bishop Hall, 
 in one of his Satires, says — 
 
 And had some traunting chapman to his sire, 
 That trafficked both by water and by fire, 
 
 Our * Corsers ' ' or * Cossers,' too, little altered from 
 the former ' le Corsour,' represent, as did the obsolete 
 ' Horsmonger,' the dealer in horseflesh. Another 
 branch of this occupation is represented by our ' Ritn- 
 chemans,' ' Runcimans,' or ' Runchmans.' They 
 dealt in hackney-horses, * rounce ' or * rouncie ' being 
 the then general term for such. Chaucer's ' Ship- 
 man ' was mounted upon one — 
 
 For aught I wot, he was of Dertemouth, 
 He rode upon a rouncie, as he couthe. 
 
 It was, however, a term applied in common to all 
 manner of horses, and it is quite possible the names 
 given above must be classed simply with ' Horseman ' 
 and such like. Brunnc, in describing Arthur's Coro- 
 nation, mentions among other his gifts — 
 
 Gootl palfreys he gave to clerks 
 Bows and arrows he gave archers, 
 Runces good unto squicrs.* 
 
 ■ In the Rolls of Parliament special mention is made of the King's 
 Corser, he who acted as the kin ;'s agent in regard to the purchase of 
 horses. A certain 'Johannes Martyr, corsere,' occurs in an old Oxford 
 record, dated 1451. {Mun Acad. Oxo/t, p. 616.) 
 
 * Thus, in the Itincrarium of Richard I., it is said that, after a con- 
 flict with the Greeks, ' Rex igitur cum persecutus esset imperatorem 
 fugientem lucratus est nmcinum vel jumentum sacculo retro sellam 
 collocato,' &c. — P. 191. We may quote, also, the Wardrobe of 
 Edivard I. : ' Magistro Willelmo dc Appcrle, pro restauro unius run-
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 28/ 
 
 In such grand-looking entries as ' William le 
 Charreter,' or 'John le Caretter,' or 'Andrew le 
 Chareter,' ^ we should now scarce recognise the humble 
 * Carter,' but so is he commonly set down in the thir- 
 teenth century, our * cart ' itself being nothing more 
 than the old Norman-French ' charette,' so familiarized 
 to us by our present Bible version as ' chariot.' This 
 in the edition of 1611 even was spelt after the old 
 fashion as * charet' Our ' Charters ' are evidently 
 but relics of the fuller form, a ' John le Charter ' ap- 
 pearing in the Parliamentary Writs. '^ ' Char,' the 
 root of ' charet,' still remains with us as * car.' In 
 ' Cursor Mundi ' it is said — 
 
 Nay, sir, but ye must to him fare, 
 He hath sent after thee his chare. 
 
 Gower, too, has the word — 
 
 With that she looked and was war, 
 Doun fro' the sky ther cam a char, 
 The which dragons aboute drew. 
 
 This was used by people of rank as a fashionable 
 vehicle for purposes of pleasure ; oftentimes, too, by 
 ladies.^ Corresponding with the other, the driver of 
 
 cini favi appreciati pro Roberto de Burton, valletto suo, &c., 8/.' — 
 P. 172. 
 
 1 The Test. Ebor. (W. 2) gives us a 'John Charioteer,' and the Cal. 
 Proc. Chancery (Z.Z.) a 'Thomas Charietter.' 
 
 2 This is confirmed by the existence of ' Chartman,' more modernly 
 'Cartman.' A ' John Chartman ' was rector of Sedistern, Norfolk, in 
 1 36 1. (Bromefield.) 
 
 » The following entry is found in the Issue Rolls : ' To Master 
 William la Zousche, clerk of the king's great wardrobe in money, paid 
 to him by the hands of John le Charer, for making a certain chariot for
 
 288 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 such was 'John le Charer ' or 'Richard le Charrer/ 
 the present existing forms in our directories being 
 ' Charman ' and ' Carman.' ' * Cartman,' I need not 
 add, is also found as well as ' Carter.' All these 
 terms, however, are from the Norman vocabulary. 
 The Saxon word in general use was ' wagon ' or 
 ' wain,' the conductor of which now dwells in our 
 midst as ' Wagoner ' or ' Wagner,' and ' Wainman ' 
 or ' Wenman.' ' Charles Wain ' or the ' Churls Wain ' 
 is the name that constellation still bears, and which 
 has clung to it, in spite of the Norman, since the day, 
 a thousand years and more, that the Saxon so likened 
 it. As in the case of so many other double words 
 representative of our twofold language, these two 
 separate terms have come now to denote their own 
 specialty of vehicle, and it 'is even possible that so 
 early as the day in which ' le Wainwright ' and ' le 
 Cartwright ' took their rise this distinction had 
 
 the use and behoof of Lady Eleanor, the king's sister, by writ of liberate 
 containing I ooo/.' {Issues of the E\c]iC(j»er, 6 Ed. IIL) Capgrave, 
 too, may be cited. Writing of Ilelianore, daughter to the King of 
 France, when given to Richard of England, he says, under date 1394 : 
 ' .She was ful scarsly viii yere of age, but she brought oute of Frauns xii 
 chares ful of ladies 'and domicelles.' Mr. Way says that in 1294 the 
 use of this vehicle by the wives of wealthy citizens in Paris had 
 become so prevalent that it was forbidden them by an ordinance of 
 Philippe le Bel. 
 
 • 'Couchman' and 'Coachman' must be set here. 'Aug. 4, 
 1640. Dorothy Coachman, daughter of Tilncy Coachman, buried ' 
 (.Smith's Obituary, p. 17). This Tilney is recorded elsewhere as 'Til- 
 ney Couchman.' Mr. Wedgewood says, 'Coach. The Fr. couchir 
 became in Dutch kodscn — to lie ; whence " koetsc," a couch — a litter, 
 a carriage in which you may recline, a coach ' (p. 1 59). The two- 
 fold spelling of this Tilney's name is thus explained. Hence, too, 
 ' Couchmen ' represents but the older form of ' Coachman '^Richard 
 Couchman, Z., 'William Cowchcnian,' EE., John Coacheman, Z.
 
 SURNAxMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 2 39 
 
 already begun to exist. It is thus our English lan- 
 guage has become so rich, this sheep-and-mutton 
 redundancy of which Walter Scott in his * Ivanhoe ' 
 has so well reminded us. ' Richard le Drivere ' or 
 
 * John le Drivere ' of course must be placed here, not 
 to mention an ' Alice le Driveress,' who figures in the 
 Hundred Rolls. 
 
 Of such consequence was it that the horse-gear 
 should be carefully put together that it occupied the 
 full attention of several different artisans. Such 
 names as * Benedict le Sporier,' or ' Alan le Lorymer,' 
 or * Nicholas le Lorimer,' are found in every consider- 
 able roll of the period, and they still exist. The one 
 of course looked to the rowel, the other to the bit. 
 
 * John le Sadeler ' needs little explanation, his pos- 
 terity being still alive to speak in his behalf. The 
 old Norman-introduced word for a saddle was ' sell,' 
 and that it lingered on for a considerable period 
 is shown by Spenser's use of it, where he says — 
 
 And turning to that place, in which whyleare 
 He left his loftie steed with golden sell, 
 And goodly gorgeous barbes. 
 
 Every mediaeval roll has its ' Warin le Seler ' or 
 
 * Thomas le Seller.'' The pack-saddle was of such 
 importance that it required a special manufacturer, 
 and this it had in our now somewhat rare * Fusters ' or 
 
 > In the V<}r/i Pageant the ' Sellers ' and the ' Satellers ' went to- 
 gether. The latter, doubtless, made satchels, and would differ little 
 from the ' bourser ' or ' pouchemaker ' of that period. In the Prompt. 
 Parv. we find ' Sele, horsys hameys.* A 'John de Essex, Sel- 
 makere,' occurs in the London Records, 1310, and a ' Robert Newcomen, 
 Sealmaker,' 131 1. (Riley's London, pp. xxii., xxx.) The latter, 
 doubtless, was a maker of seals, like, some of the ' le Selers' of tiiis 
 period. I have mentioned them elscwlicre. 
 
 U
 
 290 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' Fewsters.' ^ In his ' Memorials of London,' Mr. 
 Riley mentions a * Walter Polyt, fuyster ' (p. xxii.). 
 A fuster was, strictly speaking, a joiner employed in 
 the manufacture of the saddle-bow, that is, the wooden 
 framework of the old saddle. It is derived from the 
 French 'fust,' wood, and that from the late Latin 
 ' fustis.' Our ' Shoosmiths,' as I have before hinted, 
 made the horseshoe, while ' John le Mareshall,' or 
 * Ranulph le Marescal,' or ' Osbert le Fcrrur,' or 
 ' Peter le Ferrour,' fitted it to the foot. The modern 
 forms are simple ' Marshall,' and ' Ferrier,' or * Ferrer,' 
 In the * Boke of Curtasye ' it is said — 
 
 For cclie a hors that ferroure schallc scho, 
 An halpeny on day he takes hym to. 
 
 Nothing could be more natural than that the shoeing- 
 forge should become associated with the doctoring of 
 horseflesh, but it is somewhat strange that when we 
 now speak of a farrier we recognise in this old term ^ 
 simply and only the horse-leech. So full of changes 
 are the lives of words, as well as places and people. 
 
 A curious insight into mediaeval travel is presented 
 to our notice in our ' Ostlers ' and ' Oastlers ' and 
 ' Osiers,' relics of such old registries as ' Ralph le 
 Hostiler' or 'William Ic Ostillcr.' This term, once 
 applied, as it rightly should, to the ' host ' or ' hosteller ' 
 himself, has now become confined to the stableman, 
 thus incidentally reminding us how important this 
 part of the hostel duties would be at such a time as 
 I am endeavouring to describe. The idea of the 
 
 ' While, as I have just said, in the i'or/: 7'(i!^m>ttkhthc *Satellers|' 
 and * Sellers' who go together, in the Chester Play it is the ' Saddlers' 
 and * Fustcrers.' 
 
 * In Holland's version of Pliny it is said that the Empress Poppxa 
 ' was knowne to cause lier ferrers ordinarily to shoe her coach horses 
 and other pnlfries, &c., with cleanc gold.' (Way's riviiipt. Par.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 29I 
 
 hosteller being one whose especial office it was to 
 tend that which was their sole means of locomotion, 
 thus in time resolved itself into a distinct name for 
 that branch of his occupation.' The old ' Herber- 
 jour ' gave lodging, whence it is we get our ' arbour.' 
 Our kings and barons in their journeys always kept an 
 officer so termed, whose duty it was to go before and 
 prepare and make ready for their coming. Owing to 
 the large number of household attendants for whom 
 lodging was required, this was an important and 
 responsible duty. Thus has arisen our 'harbinger,' 
 so often poetically applied to the sun as heralding the 
 approach of day. The older spelling is preserved in 
 the ' Canterbury Talcs,' where it is said — 
 
 The fame anon throughout the town is bom, 
 How Alia King shal come on pilgrimage, 
 By herbergeours that wenten him beforn. 
 
 It is, however, as applied to lodging-house keepers 
 our many enrolled 'Herbert le Herberjurs,' 'Roger le 
 Herberers,' ' William le Herbers,' or ' Richard le Hare- 
 bers,' are met with, and I doubt not our ' Harbers ' 
 and ' Harbours ' are their offspring. In this sense the 
 word is used by our mediaeval writers in all its forms, 
 whether verb, or adjective, or substantive. Tyndale's 
 version of Romans xii. 13 is, ' Be ready to harbour,' 
 where we now have it ' given to hospitality.' Bishop 
 Coverdale, speaking of the grave, says — ' There is 
 the harborough of all flesh ; there lie the rich and 
 the poor in one bed ' {Friiitfid Lessons). He adds 
 also, in another place, that Abraham was ' liberal, 
 
 * A suggestion I received at a dinner-table the other day that ' ostler ' 
 was merely a corruption of ' oat-stealer ' I may as well mention here. It 
 is certainly suggestive, if not overburdened with accuracy. 
 
 U Z
 
 292 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 merciful, and harborous ' — i.e., ready to entertain 
 strangers {The Old Faith). Bradford, too, to give 
 but one more quotation, prays God may * sweep the 
 houses of our hearts, and make them clean, that they 
 may be a worthy harborough and lodging for the 
 Lord ' {Bradford's Works). Market Harborough 
 still preserves this old word and its true sense 
 from being forgotten. With the bearers, therefore, of 
 the above names we may ally our ' Inmans ' and 
 * Taverners.' The latter term is frequently found in 
 early writings, and was evidently in ordinary use for 
 the occupation — 
 
 Ryght as of a tavernere 
 The grene busche that hangcth out 
 Is a sygiie, it is no dowte, 
 Outward folkys for to telle 
 That within is wyne to selle. 
 
 While, however, the tavern has undergone but little 
 change, the inn has. With our present Bible an inn 
 is ever a lodging, and this was once the sole idea the 
 term conveyed. It was not for casual callers by day, 
 but for lodgers by night. Thus Chaucer in his 
 ' Knight's Tale ' uses the verb — 
 
 This Theseus, this duk, tliis worthy knight, 
 When he had brought them into his cite, 
 And ynned them, everich (cacli) at his degrc 
 He festeth them. 
 
 Until the fair or wake came on, as I have said, the 
 community in the more retired nooks and corners of 
 the country depended entirely on the mounted mer- 
 chant. He it was who conveyed to them the gossip 
 of the time. He it was, or one of his coiifrhcs^ that
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 293 
 
 brought them everything which in those days went 
 under the category of small luxuries. The more 
 lonely parts of the highway were infested by robbers. 
 Hence the pack-horsemen and other mounted traders 
 generally travelled in company, with jingling bell and 
 belted sword — a warning to evil-minded roadsters. 
 This was all the more necessary as they but seldom 
 kept to the main thoroughfare, A straight line 
 between the adjacent hamlets best describes their 
 course. Such local terms as ' Pedlar's Way,' or * Ped- 
 der's Way,' or ' Copmansford,' still found in various 
 parts of the country, are but interesting memorials of 
 the direct and then lonely route these itinerant traders 
 took in passing from one village to another. The 
 number of these roadsters we cannot otherwise speak 
 of than as that of a small army. Many of them, so 
 far as our nomenclature is concerned, are now obsolete, 
 but not a few still survive. Amongst those of a more 
 general character we find ' Sellman ' or ' Selman.'' 
 From the old verb ' to pad,' which is still used 
 colloquially in many districts, for the sober and staid 
 pace the pack-horsemen preserved, we get our ' Pad- 
 mans ' and * Pedlers,' or * Pedlars,' once inscribed as 
 ' William le Pedeleure ' or * Thomas le Pedeler.' It 
 is of kin to ' path.' We still talk of a 'footpad,' who 
 not more than two centuries ago would aho have been 
 spoken of as a * padder.' So late as 1726 Gay, in one 
 of his ballads, says — 
 
 Will-a-wisp leads the traveller a-gadding 
 
 Through ditch and through quagmire and bog, 
 
 No light can e'er set me a-padding 
 
 But the eyes of my sweet Molly Mogg. 
 
 ' ' William le Vcndour ' is registered in the Cal. Rot, C/iarlanim.
 
 294 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Perchance of similar origin, but more probably from 
 the old ' ped,' the basket they carried, are our * Ped- 
 ders,* ' Peddars,' and ' Pedmans.' * Martin le Peddere ' 
 or 'Hugh le Pedder' or 'William Pedman' was a com- 
 mon entry at this time. On many parts of the English 
 coast a fish-basket is still familiarly known as a ' ped,' 
 and Mr. Halliwell, I see, quotes from another writer 
 a statement to the effect that in Norwich, up to a 
 recent day, or even now, an assemblage whither 
 women bring their small wares of eggs, chickens, and 
 other farm produce for sale, is called a ' ped-market.' 
 It is likely, therefore, that with these we must ally 
 ' Godewyn le Hodere' or 'John le Hottere,' who 
 derived their sobriquets, I doubt not, from the fact of 
 their carrying their Jiods or panyers on their backs, 
 just as masons do now those wooden trays for mortar 
 which bear the same name.' Their very titles remind us 
 that our 'Huckers,' 'Hawkers,' and 'Hucksters,' relics 
 of the old ' William le Huckere,' ' Simon le Hauckere,* 
 or ' Peter le Huckster,' were from the first good at hag- 
 gling and chaffering wherever a bargain was concerned. 
 Our ' Kidders,' the ' William le Kydcrcs ' of the four- 
 teenth century, were of a similar type, whatever their 
 origin, which is doubtful. Probably, however, we must 
 refer them to the ' kid ' or ' kit,' the rush-plaited basket 
 they carried their goods in. We still speak of ' the whole 
 kit of them,' meaning thereby the collective mass of 
 any set of articles.'^ This view is strengthened — we 
 
 ' Mr. Riley, in his interesting Memoriah of London, quotes from 
 ^c Rolls of Gaol Di livery, temp. Edward I., the name of 'Richard 
 Witbred, hodere,' who had l)ecn slain in one of the city streets. (Intro- 
 duction, p. xi.) 
 
 * An act of Edward VI. speaks of ' the buying of anye come, fyshe, 
 butter, or cheese by any suche Badger, Ladcr, Kyddier, or Carrier as
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 295 
 
 might almost say proved — by the fact of a ' Robert 
 Butrekyde ' being found in the Hundred Rolls of this 
 period. This would be a sobriquet given to some one 
 from the basket he was wont to bear to and from 
 the country market where he carried on his calling. 
 Later on we find it used for a large mug or bowl. 
 In the ' Farming Book of Henry Best,' written in 
 1641, we find it said — ' Some will cutte their cake 
 and putte (it) into the creame, and this feast is called 
 the creame-potte or creame-kitte ' (p. 93), The 
 kidder's usual confrhe was the * Badger ' — up to the 
 seventeenth century an ordinary term for one who had 
 a special licence to purchase corn from farmers at the 
 provincial markets and fairs, and then dispose of it 
 again elsewhere without the penalties of engrossing. 
 It is generally said the sobriquet arose from the 
 habits of the four-legged animal of that name in 
 stealing and storing up the grain. The more pro- 
 bable solution, however, is that it is but a corruption 
 of ' baggager,' from his method of carriage. 
 
 But we must not forget in our list of early English 
 strolling merchants that the wandering friars them- 
 selves were oftentimes to be met with bearing treasure 
 wherewith to tempt the housewife, and no bad bar- 
 gainers, if we may accept the statement made against 
 them by an old political song : — 
 
 There is no pedler that pak can here, 
 That half so dere can selle his gere, 
 
 shal be assigned and allowed to that office.' (5 & 6 Ed. VI. c. 14.) A 
 confirmation of this act by Elizabeth alters 'Kyddier' to 'Kydder.' 
 The lader was the old carrier or leader. I have deferred speaking of 
 him till my next chapter.
 
 296 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Than a frere can do ; 
 For if he give a ^vyfe a knyfe 
 
 That cost but penys two, 
 Worthe ten knyves, so may I thrive, 
 
 He wyl have ere he go.' 
 
 Our ' Tinklers ' and ' Tinkers,' like our more northern 
 ' Cairds,' seem to have been scarcely removed in 
 degree from the strolling gipsies. They acquired 
 their name from the plan they adopted of heralding 
 their coming by striking a kettle, a plan of attracting 
 attention more euphoniously practised by our bell- 
 men, with whom we are still familiar. Such names 
 as 'Alice Tynkeller' in the fourteenth century, or 
 ' Peter le Teneker ' found in the thirteenth century, 
 show how early had this method been adopted and the 
 sobriquet given.'* Last, but not least, come our ' Chap- 
 man ' or 'Copeman'** and * Packman.'"* The former is 
 sometimes met with as ' Walter' or 'John le Chcpman,' 
 whichat once reminds us of his origin,thatof the 'cheap- 
 man,' or ' cheap-jack,' as we should now style him. 
 
 ' The greed of these strolling ecclesiastics is frequently alluded to in 
 the writings of this period. An old song on the Minorite friars says — 
 ' They preche alle of povert, but that love they naught, 
 For gode mete to their mouthe the toun is through sought.' 
 
 {Pol. Poems, \o\. i. p. 270.) 
 
 ' An act was passed in Edward VI. 's reign to suppress in some 
 degree the nnmber of this wandering fraternity : — ' Forasmuch as it is 
 evident that Tynkers, Pcdlers, and such like vagrant persones are more 
 hurtfull than necessarie to the Commcn Wealth of this realme, be 
 it therefore ordeyncd . , , that ... no person or persones 
 commonly called Pedler, Tynkcr, or Pcty Chapman, shall wander or go 
 from one townc to another, or from place to place, out of the towne, 
 parishc, or village, where such person shall dwell, and sell pynnes, 
 poyntes laces, gloves, knyves, glasses, tapes, or any suche kynde of wares 
 whatsoever, or gather connye skynnes, &c.' (^^ 6 Ed. VI. c. 21) 
 
 * 'John le Coper' is found in the Hundred Rolls. 
 
 * ' Lambert Ilardewarcman ' (W. ii.) is met with in York in 1473. 
 Whether he was a travelling dealer or no, I cannot say.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 297 
 
 The old ' cheaping,' or ' chipping,' a market-place, still 
 lingers locally in such place-names as * Chipping- 
 Norton,' or * Chipping-Camden,' or the local surname 
 ' Chippendale ; ' and the verb ' to chop ' — i.e., to pur- 
 chase, I believe, is not yet extinct amongst us. The 
 once common phrase for selling and exchanging was 
 * chopping and changing.' Coverdale uses it. Speak- 
 ing of Christ driving out the money-changers from 
 the Temple, he says, * The Temple was ordained for 
 general prayer, thanksgiving, and preaching, and not 
 for chopping and changing, or other such like things' 
 {The Old Faith). Thus the term 'chapman' would 
 be no unmeaning one to our forefathers. But we 
 must give him a paragraph to himself 
 
 The chapman, you must know, was a great man. 
 According to more modern usage, he had a fixed 
 residence, but we may still see him at times, after the 
 olden fashion, travelling about in a large booth-like 
 conveyance or rumble. This vehicular mode of 
 transit set him far above the rank of ordinary foot- 
 pads. He was a sort of pedlar in high life, in fact, and 
 if his position was lofty, his abilities were generally 
 equal to a performance of its duties. O the sensation 
 his arrival caused ! The village green was instantly 
 instinct with life. From impossible nooks and cran- 
 nies surged forth a small army of all ages. Hoarded 
 pennies or twopennies were drawn forth from 
 cherished hiding-places, and flinty maternal pockets 
 were for the nonce assailed with comparative success. 
 To the young folks it was the next best thing to Pun- 
 chinello, the chapman was so funny. Besides, he had 
 so many things wherewith to tempt their juvenile 
 fancy. What was there he had not .-* Everything
 
 298 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 that could under any lax code of fancy possibly or 
 impossibly come under the all-expansive term of 
 hardware was crowded within the magic recesses of 
 that chapman's van. Dolls and dishes, scissors and 
 hats, cornplasters and cosmetics, lollipops in the shape 
 of soldiers, and lollipops in the shape of windmills 
 issued forth in a succession as insinuating to the 
 purse as it was tempting to the imagination. And 
 what a man was Jack himself; he had a joke for every- 
 one, a frown for none. His face was an ever-changing 
 picture, bluffed by the wind and burnt by the sun ; 
 still it was ever cheery withal, now demure, half wag- 
 gish, half impudent, anon all benevolence as he de- 
 tails the merits of his latest painless corn-suppressing 
 plaster, and assures the gaping swains that his sole 
 object in life, since the happy moment when he first 
 became acquainted with its virtues, has been to carry 
 through the world the blissful tidings to suffering man. 
 All this, he adds, with reckless impudence, has been 
 done at a great personal pecuniary sacrifice ; but an 
 approving conscience, and the blessings showered 
 upon his head by the recipients of his generosity, have 
 been his ample reward. Of course they sell like wild- 
 fire, and the profits are enormous.' 
 
 Our ' Packmans,' ' Paxmans,' and perhaps 'Packers,' 
 were, as a rule, the village commissioners.* What a 
 simple and homely state of life do their names sug- 
 
 ' It is to the humorous and familiar associations inseparably con- 
 nected with the early chapman we owe our 'chap,' a mere corruption of 
 the above. 
 
 ' Mr. William Markcttman was appointctl by the Committee of 
 Plundered Ministers in 1650 to the Rectory of Elstrcc. (Clutlerbuck's 
 Hertford, vol. i. 161.) ' Articles exhibited against Clement Marketman, 
 executor of Clement Stuppeney, &c.' (.S'/<r/<' /'//^-j-, July 25, 1623.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 299 
 
 gest. No half-hourly omnibus, or still more frequent 
 train, whisked off the bustling housewife to the big 
 town — now some sleepy old place with grass-grown 
 streets, and half a century behind the times, where 
 ' news much older than the ale goes round ' — but then 
 the thrifty emporium of cheese and butter and such 
 like stores, and great in the eyes of country bumpkins. 
 No ; if you visited the town in those days you must 
 make a day of it. And the mistress knew better than 
 do this. Leave her dairy, forsooth — what would be- 
 come of the cream if she left Malkin to forget her 
 work, and talk with Giles the cowboy behind the 
 stable door all morning ? She leave, indeed ! Of 
 course she could not, so there was the pack-horseman, 
 who for a trifling commission went to and from the 
 market for her and her neighbours. As he returned 
 in the cool of the evening, when the sun was low and 
 work over, you might see him pausing awhile at the 
 door of the farmsteads, long after he has given the 
 mistress her store, and, more slily, Malkin her ribbon. 
 He is in no hurry now, for he is telling the country 
 folk all the news ; how the great world is wagging, 
 and how there has been a great battk with the 
 Frenchers some six or eight weeks ago (news, good 
 or bad, did not travel fast in those days). The 
 Frenchmen are looked upon by the simple rustics 
 as the very impersonification of iniquity, they being 
 under a sort of impression that a Frenchman is a 
 being who defies God and man alike, and would think 
 no bones of eating you up. At once the packman is 
 plied for a full, true, and particular account of the 
 battle, and he, there being none to gainsay his de- 
 scription, and with an eye probably to the good wife's
 
 300 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 best ale, which, as he well knows from experience, will 
 be brought forth with a freedom of hospitality propor- 
 tionate to the horror of the details, fills up a bloody- 
 tale with sundry touches of a most tragic character, 
 while the country folk gape in wide-mouthed terror, 
 and the old grandmother cries * Lord, ha' mercy on 
 us ! ' His face is lost to sight once more in the ale 
 jug, and then he passes on to other steads, where a 
 similar scene and a similar reward await his thirsty 
 soul. Another name in evident use for the packman 
 was that of ' Sumpter,' ' Martin le Somcter ' or 
 ' William le Sumeter' being common entries at this 
 time. We are still familiar with the term as applied 
 to the mule or horse that carried the baggage, but in 
 a personal sense it has long been extinct,* saving in 
 our directories, where as ' Sumpter' and ' Sumter' it is 
 by no means seldom met with. How large a load 
 these animals were required to bear we may picture to 
 ourselves from a verse found in ' Percy's Reliques ' — 
 
 But, for you have not furniture 
 
 Beseeming such a guest, 
 I bring his owne, and come myselfc, 
 
 To see his lodging drest. 
 
 With that two sumpters-\vere discharged, 
 
 In which were hangings brave, 
 Silke coverings, curteins, carpets, plate, 
 
 And all such turn should have. 
 
 But useful as were all these various itinerants, it 
 was at the great yearly wakes or fairs, held in com- 
 memoration of the church dedication, that the house- 
 keepers round laid in their greatest store. The term 
 ' wake ' denotes ' a watching,' because of the vigil 
 
 ' ' Willmo Mone sometario ad unum somcrum pro amris Regis.' 
 ( JVardrohe of Ed-ward /. , p. 77-)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 3OI 
 
 observed during the night preceding the festival itself. 
 Indeed ' wake ' and * watch ' were for centuries synony- 
 mous words.' Wicklyffe translates Mark xii. 37 — 
 * Forsooth, that that I say to you, I say to all, Wake 
 ye.' ^ Thus it is that our * Wakemans ' are but me- 
 morials of the old village guardian or night watchman, 
 while our * Wakes ' can boast a title dating so far 
 back as the time when * Hereward the Wake,' or 
 Watchful, was fighting the last battle of the down- 
 trodden and oppressed Saxon.^ These fairs were by 
 no means for mere pleasure-seekers, as we might ima- 
 gine from such a term as ' church-ale,' or judging by 
 the aspect of such festivals in the present day. They 
 had an end to answer, and an important end, and in 
 early times they fulfilled it. It was here the farmers 
 round brought their produce, ready to sell their wool 
 for good sound money, or to exchange it for commo- 
 
 ' Thus the somewhat incongruous expression in Psahn cxxvii. I, 
 'the watchman waketh but in vain,' is explained. That a sentinel 
 should require rousing is opposed to all our ideas of the duties asso- 
 ciated with this office. It should be ' the watchman watcheth but in 
 vain.' 
 
 * It is in allusion to the disturbance thus created in the small hours 
 of the night we find a writer of the Stuart period saying, not unwittily, 
 to one thus rudely aroused : — 
 
 ' That you are vext their wah's your neighbours keep 
 They guess it is, because you want your sleep : 
 I therefore wish that you your sleep would take, 
 That they (without offence) might keep their 7vaJ!:e. ' 
 
 (Brand's /'i?/. A;il. iii. 9.) 
 
 * Isaac Wake was university orator in 1607. lie preached Rainold's 
 funeral sermon. Dr. Sleep was the leading preacher in Cambridge at 
 the same time. James I. , who dearly loved a pun, said ' he always felt 
 inclined to Wake when he heard Sleep, and to Sleep when he heard 
 Wake,' i.e., he could not decide on the relative merits of the two. 
 (Brooks' Furita?ts, vol. ii. p. 180.)
 
 302 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 dities of which they stood in need. It was here the 
 foreign trader came to purchase sheep-fells and other 
 skins, soon, by transmission abroad, to be worked up 
 by Flemish hands into good broadcloth, and re- 
 transmitted again to London or provincial marts. 
 Edward the Confessor obtained a sum of 70/., an 
 immense amount at such a time as this, from the toll- 
 age at a fair held in Bedfordshire. Of many cele- 
 brated fairs, those of Smithfield on St. Bartholomew's 
 Day (which still exists as a kind of perpetual one), 
 York, Winchester, and Ely seem to have been the 
 most frequented. That in the Isle of Ely was kept 
 up on and for some days after the feast of St. Aw- 
 drey, or Audrey, the corrupted name of St. Etheldreda, 
 which as a surname our ' Awdreys ' still preserve. 
 This seems to have become specially noted for its sale 
 of trinkets, toys, and cheap and gay laces — so much 
 so that in course of time * tawdry,' or St.-Awdry, ware 
 became the colloquial and general term for such. 
 Drayton we even find using the word substantively 
 when he says : — 
 
 Of which the Naiads and blue Nereids make 
 Them tawdries for their neck.' 
 
 Of the still greater one held at Winchester, we find 
 Piers the Plowman speaking : — 
 
 To Wye and to Winchester 
 
 I went to the fair, 
 With many manner merchandise, 
 
 As my master me hight : 
 But it had been unsold 
 
 These seven years, 
 
 • Thus, in the IVifi^cr's Talc, the servant says : ' I have done. Come, 
 you promised me a tawdry-lace and a pair of gloves. '
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 303 
 
 So God me help, 
 
 Had there not gone 
 The grace of guile 
 
 Among my chaffer. 
 
 The ' Wife of Bath,' too, has a word to say upon this 
 subject. Says she : — 
 
 I governed them so wel after my lawe, 
 That eche of them ful blissful was and fawe 
 To bringen me gay thinges fro the feyre. 
 
 What a picture does all this present to our eye. We 
 can see the circular stand of booths belting the rails 
 of the quaint belfried edifice, sometimes, I am afraid, 
 the sacred precincts within.^ Behind these we may 
 note how busy are our ' le Stallers ' and ' le Stall- 
 mans,' now found also as ' Stalman ; ' not to say our 
 * Stallards,' that is, stall-wards, and obsolete ' le Ven- 
 dours.' No infliction too severe can be made upon 
 their readiness to please. Elbowing and chaffering 
 and good-humoured haggling are the order of the day. 
 Here the stupid, happy swain, with his be-ribboned 
 sweetheart tucked under his arm, is buying their little 
 stock wherewith to start life ; here the child is made 
 blissful with a trumpet, and the hoary-headed rustic 
 gets a warmer cap for his crown. Here, too, it is that 
 the chapman and other of his cotifrkres, as I have 
 already hinted, are buying in their varied commodi- 
 ties. All alike are well catered for. When we talk 
 of * packing up our duds,' few of us, I imagine, are 
 aware that we are using a word of most familiar im- 
 port in long generations gone by. A ' dud ' then was 
 a coarse, patched linen gown, gaudy in colour, made 
 
 ' A law was passed at Winchester in 1285 that no fair or market 
 should be held in the churchyard, as had previously been the case.
 
 304 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 up in fact of variegated pieces of this material. Hence 
 he who sold such cheap, flashy goods at a fair, any old 
 fripperer in truth, was styled a ' dudder ' up to com- 
 paratively recent times, and the booth itself a * dud- 
 dery.' * Duderman ' and ' Dudder ' (now obsolete), 
 * Dudman ' and ' Dodman,' are all, I doubt not, but 
 interesting memorials of this once flourishing lower 
 class trade. Such names as ' Thomas Dudman ' or 
 ' Ralph Deuderman ' greet us occasionally in the olden 
 rolls. * William Fairman,' * found in the Parliamentary 
 Writs, would be, I suppose, a more general vendor. 
 He has not a few descendants. 
 
 But while bartering and the purchase and sale 
 of these varied household commodities occupied no 
 small amount of attention, such a sober mode of pass- 
 ing the fairtide was very far from being the intention 
 of the younger and gayer portion of the assemblage ; 
 nor was there, indeed, any lack of that which could 
 feed or give zest to their relish for amusement, though 
 it was not always of the most innocent nature. Our 
 ' Champions' and ' Campions' arc but relics of the old 
 'William le Champion,'^ or ' Katcrine le Chaumpion,' 
 a sobriquet which would easily affix itself to some 
 sturdy and swarthy rustic who had thrown his adver- 
 sary in the wrestling ground. This has ever been a 
 popular sport amid our more rural communities. The 
 Miller, Chaucer says : — • 
 
 ' The same record, however, contains a ' Faimmn All)ercl,' so that, 
 like 'Coleman' and 'Batcman,' it may have been but a personal 
 name. 
 
 * It is from this same root tliat our ' Kcmii' is derived, meaning a 
 soldier.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 305 
 
 Was a stout carl for the nones, 
 Fill bigge he was of braun, and eke of bones, 
 That proved wel, for over all ther he came, 
 At wrestling he would bear away the ram. 
 
 In an old poem I have already quoted, the mother 
 warns her daughter : — 
 
 Go not to the wrestling, nor shooting the cock, 
 As it were a strumpet or a giglot. ' 
 
 Doubtless such a sobriquet as ' Richard le Fytur,' that 
 is * Fighter,' would be but representative of the same. 
 The country folks were not slow, too, to copy their 
 masters, and in the friendly joust the former, ' Thomas 
 le Justere ' or ' Robert le Justure,' would brace him- 
 self amid the excited ring to unseat his fellow-swain, 
 affording much sport to the on-looking wags. 
 
 By the maypole you may see the conjuror, or 
 'Wiseman,' as he was generally termed, battening 
 himself upon the superstitious minds of the assembled 
 hinds. In the Hundred Rolls he figures as ' Wysman ' 
 and ' Wyseman.' A little further on our ' Players ' 
 would be enacting their mummery. The great crowd 
 there in the corner are watching the showman with 
 his dancing bear, a yearly treat the younger holiday- 
 seekers always appreciated. What a change has 
 come over our English habits with regard to this 
 animal. Dancing was the least cruel of the sports 
 connected with it. Time was when every noble of 
 position had his bears and his bearward, when even 
 royalty could boast a master of the king's bears, and 
 
 ' In the Complaint of the Ploiuman, too, we are told tiiat the priests 
 were always — 
 
 ' At the wrestling and the wake, 
 And chief chantours at the nale.' 
 X
 
 306 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 when as a pastime the bear-baiting took an easy pre- 
 eminence in the eyes of all holiday folk. A skit on 
 the Earl of Warwick, banished to the Isle of Man, 
 written 1399, says: — 
 
 A bereward found a rag : 
 
 Of this rag he made a bag : 
 
 lie dude in gode cntent. 
 Thorwe the bag the bereward is taken ; 
 All his beres have hym forsaken. 
 
 Thus is the berewarde schent. ' 
 
 In one of our earlier rolls I find several names that 
 bear relation to this familiar sport. Of such are 
 ' Geoffrey Bearbaste ' and ' Alexander Bcarbait.' 
 More common to us in the present day, however, are 
 the descendants of the more simple * Berward ' 
 (' Michael le Berward,' H.R.) and ' Bearman,' or 
 ' Berman ' (' Ralph Bareman,' H. R.). In ' Cocke 
 Lorelle's Bote ' mention is made of — 
 
 Jenkyne Berwarde of Barwyche. 
 
 Whether 'Jenkyne' was a mythic personage, or 
 whether any of our present * Bcnvards ' are his lineal 
 issue, I cannot pretend to say.'^ Any way, however, 
 
 ' In the Household Book of the Earl of Northumberland, in 151 1, 
 under the head of 'Rewards,' is one of '6j. %d. to the Kyngs and 
 Queencs Barward, if they have one, when they come to the Earl' (Way). 
 In the Parliamentary Rolls mention is made concerning the ' Bere- 
 maistre of the Forest of Peake.' It was not till 1835 ^'^^^ ^^^"^ o'' '^"'^ 
 baiting was finally forbidden by Act of Parliament. 
 
 * An old tavern-sign in Cheshire bore the following inscription : — 
 
 ' Good bear sold here, 
 Our own Bruin.' 
 
 The book which records this quotes from the Congleton Toaon Register : 
 ' 1599. — Paid the bearward, 4f. 4^/.' ' 1601. — Gave the bearward at 
 the great cock-fight, 6s, 8r/.' {Cheshire Ballads, p. 259.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 307 
 
 the name would be common enough then. Bull as 
 well as bear baiting, I need not say, was a popular 
 pastime with our forefathers. We still talk of bull- 
 dogs. Probably our ' BuUards ' could formerly have 
 told us something about this. Fit rival to these latter, 
 you may see the * Cockman,' or, as he was more gene- 
 rally termed, the ' Cocker,' matching his birds in the 
 adjacent pit. The author of the 'Townley Mysteries ' 
 does not give the cocker a good character — at least 
 he places him in very bad company — 
 
 These dysars, and these hullars, 
 These cokkers, and these bullars, 
 And alle purse cuttars, 
 
 Be welle ware of these men. 
 
 Among other instances the Hundred Rolls furnish us 
 with ' Simon le Cockere ' and ' William le Koker.' 
 
 Professional dancers, I need scarcely say, were 
 seldom absent from the mediaeval festival. Tripping 
 it lightly to some Moorish round, we may see such 
 folk as ' Harvey le Danser ' or ' Geoffrey le Hop- 
 pere,' inciting the younger villagers to follow their 
 example. The latter name, which occurs frequently 
 at this time, reminds us that our modern slang term 
 ' hop ' has but restored the ancient use of this word. 
 Our Prayer-Book version of the Psalms still employs 
 the verb in the verse, ' Why hop yc so, ye high 
 hills ? ' ' — and Chaucer, in picturing the merry 'pren- 
 tice, says — 
 
 At every bridale woukl he sing and hoppe ; 
 He loved bet the tavernc than the shoppc. 
 
 ' A story is tokl of an officious clerk belonging to an old rural church 
 who, overwhelmed with the honour of having a bishop presiding at a 
 visitation there, ransacked his brains for something worthy the occasion, 
 
 X 2
 
 508 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The feminine ' hoppestcre,' which he also uses, does 
 not sound quite so euphonious. In the ' Pardoner's 
 Tale,' among other of the dissolute folk in Flanders, 
 are mentioned * tombesteres ' — 
 
 And right anon in comen tombesteres 
 Fetis and smale, and yonge fruitesteres. 
 
 These, I doubt not, were female dancers, and per- 
 formers of such bodily gyrations and flexions as 
 mountebanks are still skilled in. The mascuhne 
 form is found in such an entry as 'William le Tum- 
 bere,' whom we should now, so far as his professional 
 tricks were concerned, term a tumbler. 
 
 All this time the mirth of music is at its loudest, 
 though it is somewhat hard to separate the tones of 
 the various rival minstrels. There is a trio in one 
 corner by the tavern door there, discoursing sounds 
 which are certainly equal, if not superior, to the 
 Teutonic bands of more modern days. Indeed, with 
 regard to the latter, I am beginning to suspect the 
 conjecture of a friend of mine to be perfectly true — 
 that they are German convicts shipped off, with 
 cracked and second-hand trumpets, by the Commis- 
 sioners of Police to save their keep. It is, however, 
 right perhaps that the country which sends us the 
 best should also have the option of sending us the 
 worst music in the world. The trio we may see here, 
 
 and then in stentorian voice gave out, instead of the usual Sternholdic 
 lines, the following variation : — 
 
 * Ye little hills and dales, 
 
 Why do ye skip and hop ? 
 Is it l)ecause yer glad to see 
 His Grace the Lord Bish-op ?'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 309 
 
 at any rate, have one advantage — that of their poetic 
 mediaeval costume. The first we may notice is the 
 
 * Fiddler,' represented by such men as ' Robert Fyffud- 
 lere,' or 'John le Fythelere,' or the Latinized 
 
 * Rulard Vidulator.' This last reminds us that it is 
 now also written ' Vidler.' He of course played on 
 the violin, for I must not say ' fiddle,' it is far too 
 Saxon, for modern cultivated days. The Clerk of 
 Oxenforde seems to have been superior to the 
 generality of later university men, for he had — 
 
 Liefer have at his beddes head 
 A twenty bokes, clothed in black or red, 
 Of Aristotle and his philosophic, 
 Than robes rich;, or fidel, or sautrie. 
 
 Certainly time effects wonderful changes. But I 
 doubt whether even he would have found much profit, 
 not to say pleasure, in the study of Aristotle, or any 
 other philosopher, had he been subjected to the daily 
 practice of a well-scraped viol in an adjacent dormi- 
 tory,' the author of which could boast but one tune in 
 his repertoire, and was determined that every one 
 should know it. After the Fiddler — Saxon or no 
 Saxon, I'll stick to it for the nonce — comes the ' Piper ' 
 with his reedy stop, and next to him the ' Taborer ' 
 beating his drum with such rare effect as to make him 
 the very idol of the youngsters. Spenser calls him 
 the ' tabrere,' which form, as well as ' Tabrar,' * Tab- 
 berer,' ' Tabor,' and ' Tabcr,' still exists in our 
 nomenclature. 
 
 ' Curiously enough, we have the name of ' Robert Ilarpmaker' men- 
 tioned in an old Oxford record, 1452. (Miin. Acad. Oxon.) This wc 
 may look upon, therefore, as an old -standing nuisance.
 
 3IO ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 I saw a shole of shepherds out go, 
 Before them yode a lusty tabrcre, 
 That to the merry hornpipe plaid, 
 Whereto they danced. 
 
 Such entries as ' Arnold le Pyper,' or ' Robert le 
 Pipere,' or ' William le Tabourer,' or * John le Ta- 
 burer,' are of frequent occurrence in mediaeval rolls. 
 
 The pipe, the tabor, and the trembling crowd, 
 
 is the order of the gentle author of the ' Faerie Queen ; ' 
 so having disposed of the two former, the ' Crowder 
 with his six-stringed viol duly engages our attention 
 next, though he ought more correctly to have been 
 yoked with the ' Fiddler.' ' Crouth * was but another 
 form of the same word. An old Saxon Psalter thus 
 renders Psalm cl. 4 — 
 
 Loves him in crouth and timpane, 
 Loves him in stringes and organe. 
 
 Wicklyfifc, too, translates Luke xv. 25 as follows : — 
 * But his eldre sone was in the fecld, and whaune he 
 cam and ncighcdc to the hous he horde a symfonyc 
 and a crowdc.' ' Like our ' Harpers ' and more 
 northern ' Bairds,' the ' Crowder ' or ' Crowther' (for 
 as surnames both forms exist) was oftentimes blind, 
 and thus gained the car of an audience, if not appre- 
 ciative, at least sympathetic. Seldom, indeed, did he 
 leave cottage, or hall festival, or fair, without a 
 guerdon, and a kind word to boot ; for while customs 
 fade out and die, pity, thank God, knows neither 
 change of season nor chance of time. Mediaeval forms 
 
 ' Burton, in his Anatotny of Mtlaiuhcly, says : ' Let them freely 
 fexst, sing, and dance, have tlieir poppet-jilaycs, hobby-horses, tabers, 
 crouds, bag-pipes,' &c. (P. 276.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 31I 
 
 of the above may be found in ' Richard le Cruder ' or 
 ' Thomas le Crowder.' But we have yet several more 
 surnames to mention which prove the once great popu- 
 larity of this latter class of instrument. ' German le 
 Lutrere ' and ' John le Leuter ' have left no descen- 
 dants, I think.^ The more common term was lutan- 
 ist, but of this I have found no instance. While the 
 lute had generally ten strings, and was struck by the 
 hand, the viele or viol had six, was of stronger make, 
 and was played with a bow It seems to have been a 
 favourite instrument in the thirteenth and fourteenth 
 centuries, for such registrations as * Benedict le Viler,' 
 'Nicholas le Vylour,' 'Wyot le Vilur,' or 'Jacob le 
 Vielur,' occur with tolerable frequency at that period. 
 Another Norman-introduced v/ord was that of ' gigue,' 
 or ' gig-' This, however, seems to have differed from 
 the others in being of the very roughest manufacture, 
 and made specially for professional dancers. These 
 ' giguers ' were extremely popular at rural festivals of 
 any kind. At one and the same instant they would 
 be tripping it round on the 'light fantastic toe,' 
 singing some not too select verses, accompanying 
 themselves on their sturdy instrument, and yet would 
 have a hand to spare for a trifle if you should offer it. 
 If you doubted it you had but to try them. It is 
 thus we have got our 'jig,' our 'gigot,' or leg of 
 mutton, too, being so called from its resemblance 
 thereto. The surnominal form is found in such 
 entries as ' Walter le Gigur,' or ' Alexander le Gygur,' 
 
 • The names of 'William Elyott, luter,' and 'William Spenser, 
 harpour,' occur in 1432 in an old York will. {Test. Eboracaisia, vol. ii. 
 p. 21, Surtees Soc.) ' Haunce (Ilans) the luter ' and ' Philip the luter" 
 are frequently mentioned in Privy Expenses (Princess Mary).
 
 312 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 but I doubt whether either is represented now. The 
 last of this class of instrumentalists we may mention 
 is ' William le Sautreour,' he who struck the ' gay 
 sawtrye,' as Chaucer terms it. The more correct 
 form of the word was 'psaltery.' It was specially 
 used as an accompaniment for the voice, hence it is 
 freely used in this sense in the Authorized Version. 
 I do not doubt myself that some of our * Salters ' are 
 but a change rung on the mediaeval ' Sawtrer.' The 
 ' Fluter/ I believe, has left no descendants, but in 
 ' Nicholas le Floutere ' he was to be met with at this 
 date, and, I need not say, would be as familiar as he 
 would be acceptable on such an occasion as this. The 
 lusty young Squire was so musical that — 
 
 Singing he was, or floyting alle the day, 
 He was as freshe as is the month of May. 
 
 There is one name I must mention here, that of 
 ' Peter le Organer,' ' perhaps connected with ' Orgcr ' 
 of the same date. The owner of this more modern- 
 looking term may either have been organist at some 
 monastery or abbey-church, or he may have played 
 upon the portable regal, in which latter case he too 
 might possibly have been seen here. But ' organ ' 
 was a very general term. In the old psalters it seems 
 to have been used for nearly every species of in- 
 strument. We should scarcely speak now of ' hanging 
 up our " organs " upon the willows,' but so an old ver- 
 sion of the Psalms has it. Did we not know they 
 were a modern invention we might have been inclined 
 to suspect ' le Organer ' to have been but a strolling 
 
 ' This name evidently lasted till the seventeenth century, for in 1641 
 an 'Adam Orgener' entered C. C. Coll. Cam. (Fufe Masters' history 
 of that college. )
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 313 
 
 performer upon the 'hurdy-gurdy.' That, however, 
 was an infliction mercifully spared to our forefathers. 
 In concluding this brief survey of mediaeval music, 
 I cannot, I think, do better than quote, as I have 
 done partially once before, Robert de Brunne's 
 account of the coronation of King Arthur, wherein 
 we shall find many, if not most, of the professional 
 characters I have been mentioning familiarly spoken 
 of. He says — 
 
 Jogelours weren there enow 
 
 That their quaintise forthe drew : 
 
 Minstrels many with divers glew (glee) 
 
 Sounds of hemes (trumps) that men blew, 
 
 Harpes, pipes, and tabours, 
 
 Fithols (fiddles), citoUes (cymbals), sautreours, 
 
 Belles, chimes and synfan 
 
 Other enow and some I cannot name. 
 
 Songsters that merry sung, 
 
 Sound of glee over all rung ; 
 
 Disours enow telled fables : 
 
 And some played with dice at tables. 
 
 But we are not without traces of the troubadour. 
 The simple vocalist, a strolling professionalist, too, in 
 many instances, remains hale and hearty in our 
 ' Glemans,' ' Gleemans,' and * Glemmans,' not to 
 mention our * Sangsters.' Amid such lulls as might 
 intervene, we should hear them at the popular festi- 
 vals bidding for favour with their old-fashioned stories 
 of ' hawk and hound,' and ' my ladyes bower,' set, 
 no doubt, to airs equally a la vwdc. A contemporary 
 poet tells us their song 
 
 Hath been sung at festivals 
 On ember eves, and holy-ales. 
 
 The recitation of these stories seems to have been a
 
 314 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 peculiarly popular profession. Our * Rhymers ' often- 
 times showed their skill in the art of rhythmical 
 narration by weaving the exploits they described into 
 extempore verse.' The 'Juggler' or 'Joculator,' 
 originally a minstrel or 'jester,' something akin to the 
 clown of later days, became by-and-by more cele- 
 brated for his skill in legerdemain than loquacity, and 
 now little else is understood by the word. Almost 
 every baron, and even the king himself, had his fa- 
 vourite jester ; but it was an art put to the most cor- 
 rupt purposes, and ' Jagge the Jogelour ' is set in very 
 low company by Piers Plowman. Certainly his jokes 
 were of the lewdest description, even for the rough 
 times in which he lived. His voice, too, was sufficiently 
 elevated, if we may trust the account given in the 
 ' Romance of Alexander,' for — 
 
 No scholde mon have herd the thondur, 
 
 For the noise of the taboures, 
 
 And the trumpours, and the jangelours. 
 
 The ' Dissour,' the old Norman ' discur,' similar in 
 character to the rhymer and the juggler, seems to have 
 left no memorial, saving it be in our ' Dissers ; ' ^ 
 
 ' The ' Rhymer ' is often mentioned as belonging to the royal or 
 feudal retinue. Like many of the above, he may be set among our list 
 of early ofTicerships. 
 
 * We may set here our 'Bidders,' or ' Ernald le Bidere,' as he 
 was once recorded, lie was the general beggar of that day, and no 
 doubt a rich harvest would be the result of his attendance at the fair. 
 Piers Plowman says : — 
 
 ' Bidderes and beggares 
 Faste about yede, 
 With their belies and their b.igges 
 Of bread ful y-crammed.' 
 
 '.Simon le Shobeggere' (II. R.), or 'Shoe-beggar,' as I presume 
 means, seems to have followed a more particular line of business.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (COUNTRY). 315 
 
 neither can I trace ' le Tregetour ' later than the 
 fifteenth century. Every footprint of his professional 
 existence, indeed, is now faded from our view* And 
 yet there was the day when none could be more 
 familiar than he. The Hundred Rolls record not 
 merely * Symon le Tregetor,' but ' William le 
 Tregetur' also, while * Maister John Rykele ' is 
 spoken of by Lydgate as 'sometime Tregitour of 
 noble Henrie, King of Engleland.' Chaucer, too, 
 mentions sciences 
 
 By which men maken divers apparences, 
 Such as these subtil tregetoures play. 
 For oft at feasts have I wel heard say 
 That tragetoures, within an halle large 
 Have made come in a water and a barge 
 And in the halle rowen up and down : 
 
 while in another place he speaks of seeing 
 
 Coll Tragetour 
 Upon a table of sicamour 
 Play an uncouth thing to tell ; 
 I saw him carry a wind-mill 
 Under a walnut-shell; 
 
 with other equally marvellous feats. Thus we see 
 that the art of legerdemain was not neglected at this 
 time. 
 
 I doubt whether any relics we possess so com- 
 pletely convey to our minds the radical changes which 
 have swept across the face of our English Common- 
 wealth as do these lingering surnames. They remind 
 us of the invention of printing, of the spread of litera- 
 ture, and of the slow decay thereby of the professions 
 they represented. They tell us of a changed society, 
 they tell us of a day of rougher cast and looser tram-
 
 3l6 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 mels ; they tell us of a life around which the lapse of 
 intervening years has thrown a halo of so quaint 
 aspect that we all but long, in our more sentimental 
 moods, to be thrown back upon it again. Placing 
 these tell-tale names by the life of the present, we 
 see what a change has passed over all. Let us hope 
 this change denotes progress. In some respects it 
 assuredly does : progress in the settlement of our 
 common rights and duties, progress in civilization 
 and order, progress in mental culture, progress in 
 decorum. Still we may yet ask, with all this has 
 there been any true progress .-' The juggler, 'tis true, 
 with his licentious story, and the dissolute tragetour, 
 both are gone — they would be handcuffed now, and 
 put in gaol. This speaks something for a higher culti- 
 vation. But, after all, may not this be a mere outside 
 refinement — a refinement to meet the requirements of 
 an age in which the head is educated more than the 
 heart — a refinement which may be had in our shops 
 — the refinement, in fact, of the lowest of God's 
 endowed creatures, that of the exquisite .-* This is, 
 indeed, an artificial age, and it warns us to sec to it 
 whether we are hypocrites or no ; whether our life is 
 entirely external or the reverse ; whether it is all shell 
 and no kernel, all the outside cup and platter, and 
 within naught save extortion and excess. That 
 mortal shall have attained the highest wisdom who, 
 in the light of the world to come, shall have seen to 
 the cleansing of that which is within, and if that, if 
 the heart be cleansed, then the external life will as 
 naturally, as it will of necessity, be pure.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION. (TOWN). 
 
 We have already said enough to show that our early 
 English pursuits were mainly pastoral. Even to this 
 day, as we are whisked across the midland counties 
 or driven across the Yorkshire wolds, we see what 
 advantages we must have enjoyed in this respect. 
 Our one chief staple was wool, and to export this in a 
 raw unmanufactured state was the early practice. So 
 general was this occupation that even subsidies to the 
 crown were given in wool. In 1340, 30,000 sacks of 
 wool were granted to Edward III. while engaged in 
 the French War. This would be a most valuable 
 contribution, for at this time it was held in the highest 
 repute by foreign buyers. ' The ribs of all nations 
 throughout the world,' wrote Matthew Paris, ' are 
 kept warm by the fleeces of English wool ' (Smiles). 
 So early as 1056 we find the Count of Cleves obtain- 
 ing a certain jurisdiction over the burghers of Nimc- 
 guen upon condition of presenting to the Emperor 
 every year ' three pieces of scarlet cloth of English 
 wool ' (Macullum). With the incoming of the P'lemish 
 refugees and other settlers already mentioned this 
 state of things was changed. The Conqueror himself 
 had settled one band near Carlisle, but his son Henry
 
 3l8 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 soon after coming into possession removed them into 
 Herefordshire, and the Southern Marches of the Prin- 
 cipality. Doubtless the object of both was that of 
 setting up a barrier against hostile encroachments on 
 the part of the Scotch and Welsh ; but the result was 
 the spread of a peaceful and useful industry in two 
 widely separated districts. Two other settlements, in 
 Norfolk and Suffolk, one by Henry I., the other 
 under the direction of Edward HI., made East 
 Anglia for centuries the Yorkshire of England. 
 When we talk so familiarly of ' worsted,' or ' lindsey- 
 wolsey,' or ' kerseymere,' or ' bocking,' we are but 
 insensibly upholding a reputation which centuries 
 ago the several villages that went by these names had 
 obtained through Flemish aid. Thus was it then that 
 at length our country was enabled to produce a cloth 
 which could afford a comparison with that of the 
 Flemish cities themselves. Of this incoming many 
 surnames of this date remind us, the most important 
 of which I have already mentioned in my chapter 
 upon local names, ' Fleming,' as a general name for 
 all these settlers, being the commonest. 
 
 When, however, we turn to the occupations them- 
 selves connected with the industry, we cannot but be 
 struck by the wonderful impress it has made upon our 
 nomenclature. The child's ancient rhyme — 
 
 Black sheep, black sheep, 
 
 Have you any wool ? 
 Yes, sir; yes, sir; 
 
 Three bags full — 
 
 carries us to the first stage, and to the first dealer. 
 In our ' Woolcrs ' and ' Woolmans,' in our obsolete
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 319 
 
 ' Woolmongers ' and * Woolbuyers,' ^ in our ' Packers ' ^ 
 and once flourishing 'Woolpackers,' and in our ' Lan- 
 yers' and ' Laners,' relics of the old and more Norman 
 * Bartholomew le Laner ' or ' John le Lanier,' we can 
 see once more the train of laden mules bearing their 
 fleecy treasure to the larger towns or distant coast. 
 No wonder that Piers Plowman and others should 
 make familiar mention of the * pack-needle,' when we 
 reflect upon the enormous number of sacks that would 
 be in constant use for this purpose ; and no wonder 
 'Adam le Sakkere ' (i.e. 'Sacker'), and ' Henry le Cane- 
 vaser ' are to be met with as busied in their provision.' 
 Another proof of the engrossing importance of this one 
 English article of commerce is left us in our ' Staplers,' 
 The ' stapleware ' of a town was, and is still, that 
 which is the chief commodity dealt in by that par- 
 ticular market. A 'stapler,' however, has for cen- 
 turies been a generally accepted title for a wool- 
 
 ' Here is Glyed Wolby of Gylforde squyeie, 
 Andrew of Habyngedon, apell byer. 
 
 (Cocl'e Lorelle's Bote. ) 
 
 I am afraid the reader will scarcely recognise ' Wool-buyer ' in 
 ' Wolby,' but I doubt not such was the trader referred to. ' Geoffrey 
 le Wolle-bycr ' occurs in the Parliamentary Writs. 
 
 ^ One of Edward III.'s statutes says : 'That a certain number of 
 portours, pakkers, gwynders (winders), and other laborers of wools 
 and all other merchandizes, be sufficiently ordained for the place where 
 the staple is.' {Stat, of Realm, vol. i. p. 341.) 
 
 " It is not impossible that this species of cloth was in use by the 
 lower classes for articles of apparel. Chaucer, in his Roviancc, refers to 
 such a habit when he says : — 
 
 ' She ne had on but a straite old sacke, 
 And many a cloute on it there stacke, 
 This was her cote, and her mantele.'
 
 320 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 merchant, and has therefore absorbed the more 
 general meaning the word ought to have conveyed. 
 
 The first stage towards manufacture would be the 
 process of carding the raw and tangled material, and 
 numberless are the ' Carders,' ' Combers,' and ' Kemp- 
 sters,' ^ or ' Kemsters,' who remind us of this. In these 
 latter sobriquets we have but varied forms of the 
 same root ' cemb,' to comb. We still talk poetically 
 of ' unkempt locks,' and we are told of Emelie in the 
 Knight's Tale ' that— 
 
 Her bright hair kembed \\'as, untressed all. 
 
 The Norman corresponding name is found in ' Robert 
 le Peinnur' or 'William le Puigncur,' but unless in 
 our ' Pinners ' (a supposition not unnatural) it has left 
 no descendants. But even these are not all. It is 
 with them we must associate our ' Towzers ' and 
 ' Tozers,' from the old ' touse ' allied to ' tease ' — they 
 who cleared the fibre from all entanglements. Spenser 
 talks of curs ' tousing ' the poor bear at the baiting, 
 and I need not remind the reader that in our some- 
 what limited canine nomenclature, * Towzer,' as a 
 name for a dog of more pugnacious propensities, 
 occupies a by no mea*ns mean place. As applicable 
 to the trade in question, Gowcr uses the word when 
 he says, in his ' Confessio Amantis ' : — 
 
 What schepc that is full of wnllc 
 Upon his backc they tose and pulle.- 
 
 ' A prayer to the Commons, in 1464, respecting the importation of 
 foreign goods and merchandise, mentions ' llie makers of wollen cloth 
 within this Reamc, as Wevers, Fullers, Dyers, Kctnpsters, Carders, and 
 Spynners.' {Rot. Purl. Ed. IV.) 
 
 ' A recipe from an old Ilarlcian MS. thus begins: 'Recipe brawne 
 of capons or of hennys, and dry them wele, and towse them small.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 32 1 
 
 It is here, therefore, we must place our one or two 
 solitary relics of the rough machinery then in use. In 
 ' Cardmaker ' we have the manufacturer of the * comb ' 
 or * card ' thus usefully employed ; in ' Spindler ' 
 the maker of the pin round which the thread was 
 wound ; while our ' Slaymakers, ^ * Slaymans,' and 
 obsolete * Slaywrights ' ^ preserve the once so familiar 
 'slay' — that moveable part of the loom which the 
 webbe with his fingers plied nimbly and deftly along 
 the threads. A petition to Parliament in 1467 from 
 the worsted manufacturers complains that in the 
 county of Norfolk there are * divers persones that 
 make untrue ware of all manner of worstedes, not 
 being of the assises in length nor brede, nor of good, 
 true stuffe and makyng, and the slaycs and yern 
 thereto belonging untruly made and wrought, etc' 
 (Rot. Pari. Ed, IV.) I believe the word is not yet 
 obsolete as a term of the craft, 
 I have mentioned ' Webbe.' 
 
 My wife was a webbe 
 And woolen cloth made, 
 
 says Piers in his 'Vision.' This appears, judging at 
 least from our directories, to have been the more 
 general term, and after it its longer forms, the mascu- 
 line ' Webber ' and the originally feminine ' Webster,' 
 A poem written in the beginning of the sixteenth 
 century refers to 
 
 ' In the south walk, Westminster Abbey, are gravestones recording 
 the deaths of 'George Slemaker,' 1802, and 'Susannah Slemaker,' his 
 widow, 1818. ( F?'(/^ Neale's IVestmiristcr Abbey.) 
 
 * Richard Slawright was prior of the Hermit Friars of St. Augusiin« 
 Warrington, in 15 16. {IVarringlon in 1465. Ch. Soc, p. xliv.) 
 
 Y
 
 322 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Curriers, cordwayners, and cobelers, 
 Gyrdelers, forborers, and webbers. 
 
 Such entries as ' Elyas le Webbe,' or * Clarice le 
 Webbere,' or 'John le Webestre,' are of common 
 occurrence in our mediaeval and still earlier records. 
 But the processes are anything but at an end. The 
 cloth must be dyed and fulled. Of the first our 
 ' Listers,' once enrolled as * Hugh Ic Litster ' or 
 * Henry le Littester,' ^ speak, and ' Dyer ' or * Dister,' 
 still harder of recognition in such a guise as ' Geof- 
 frey le Deghere ' or ' Robert le Dighestere,' forms 
 found at the period we are writing about. It was John 
 Littester, a dyer, who in 1381 headed the rebellion in 
 Norwich. Here the surname was evidently taken 
 from the occupation followed. Halliwell gives the 
 obsolete verb ' to lit ' or dye, and quotes an old manu- 
 script in which the following sentence occurs : * We 
 use na clathis that are Httcde of dyvcrse coloures.' 
 Such names as ' Gilbert le Teinturcr,' or ' Richard le 
 Teynterer,' or ' Philip le Tentier,' which I have come 
 across in three separate records, represent the old 
 French title for the same occupation, but I believe 
 they have failed to come down to us — at least I have 
 not met with any after instance. The old English 
 forms of 'tincture ' and ' tint' arc generally found to 
 be * teinture ' and ' tcint.' The teinturer is not without 
 relics. We still speak when harassed of * being on the 
 stretch,' or when in a state of suspense of ' being upon 
 tcntcr-hooVis,' both of which proverbial expressions 
 
 ' A cliantry to the church of All Saints, York, was erected in the 
 fifteenth century by Adam del Bank, Littester.' (Hist, and Aiit. of 
 York, vol. ii. p. 269. ) The Provip. Par, has ' Lystare, or Lytaster 
 of cloth dyynge — Tinctor.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 323 
 
 must have arisen in the common converse of cloth- 
 workers. The tenter itself was the stretcher upon 
 which the cloth was laid while in the dyer's hands. 
 On account of various deceits that had become 
 notorious in the craft, such, for instance, as the over- 
 stretching of the material, a law was passed in the first 
 year of Richard III. that 'tentering' or 'teyntering' 
 should only be done in an open place, and for this 
 purpose public tenters were to be set up. (' Stat. 
 Realm,' Rich. III.) We find many references to this 
 important instrument in old testaments. Thus an 
 inventory of goods, dated 1562, belonging to a man 
 resident in the parish of Kendall, speaks of 'Tenture 
 posts and woodde, 6d. — ii tentures 20s.' {' Richmond- 
 shire Wills,' p. 156.) The dyes themselves used in 
 the process of colouring are not without existing 
 memorials. In the York Pageant, already referred to, 
 we find, walking in procession with the woolpackers, 
 the * Wadmen,' that is, the sellers of woad, unless 
 indeed, they were the dyers themselves. The more 
 common spelling was * wode,* and when not local, 
 ' Thomas le Wodere ' or ' Alan le Wodeman,' with 
 their modern 'Wooder' and 'Woodman,' will be 
 found, I doubt not, to be the representative of this 
 calling. ' John Maderman,' and * Lawrence Madcrer ' 
 remind us of the more reddish and popular hues. 
 Great quantities of this were yearly imported from 
 Holland, especially Middleburgh. The old ' Libel on 
 English Policy ' speaks of — 
 
 The marchaundy of Craban and Selande, 
 
 as being- 
 
 The madre and woode (woad) that dyers take on hande. 
 Y 2
 
 324 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The thickening mill, however, has left us several words 
 of much more familiar import than these — viz., 
 'Tucker'' Fuller ' (or ' Fulman' '), and 'Walker.'* 
 Among other older forms we find ' Roger le Tukere,' 
 '.Percival le Toukare,' 'Walter le Fullcre,' 'Ralph le 
 Walkerc,' and ' Peter le Walkar.' Of the first Piers 
 in his ' Vision ' makes mention, where he speaks of 
 
 Wollene websteris, 
 And wevcris of lynen, 
 Taillours, tanneris, 
 And Tokkeris bothe. 
 
 ' Cocke Lorelle ' also refers to — 
 
 Multiplyers and clothe thyckcrs, 
 Called fullers everycbone. 
 
 ' Walker,' claiming as it does an almost unrivalled 
 position in the rolls of our nomenclature, reminds us 
 of the early fashion of treading out the cloth before 
 the adaptations of machinery were brought to bear on 
 this phase of the craft. In Wicklyffe's version of the 
 story of Christ's transfiguration he speaks of his clothes 
 shining so as no ' fullere or walkerc of cloth ' may 
 make white upon earth.^ Reference is made to the 
 
 ' 'William Fulman,' a learned antiquary, died in l6S8. (Vide 
 Dyce's S/iaArs/>ean; vol. i. p. 35.) 
 
 * A statute of T^lizabeth regarding the apprenticeship of poor children 
 includes among others, ' WoUen-weaver, -weaving housewiefes or house- 
 holde clothe onely and none other, Clolhe-Fuller, otherwise called 
 Tucker, or Walker.' (5 Eliz. c. 4,23.) 'Of William Reynolles, 
 wa'ker, for half a pewe with ICdward Doughtie, y. 4//.' {Churck- 
 watdi-ns' Exfcitses, LtuiUnv, p. 154 (157 1 ), Cam. Soc.) In the Chester 
 Play the 'weavers and walkers' marched together. (Kwi' Appendix.) 
 
 * This practice of treading the cloth ii referred to in a complaint 
 concerning the fulling of caps and hats in fulling mills, made to 
 Edward IV. It begins by saying that hats, caps, and bonnets hitherto
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 325 
 
 same practice by Langland also when, using this whole 
 process of cloth-making as an illustration, he says : — 
 
 Cloth that cometh fro the wevyng 
 Is nought comely to wear 
 Til it be fulled underfoot. 
 Or in fullying stokkes, 
 Washen wel with water, 
 And with taseles cracched 
 Y-touked, and y-teynted, 
 And under taillours hande. 
 
 We are here not merely furnished with the entire 
 process itself, but the terms themselves employed 
 harmonize well with the names I have mentioned. 
 ' Walker ' and ' Tucker ' or ' Towkare ' or ' Toker,' as it 
 was variously spelt, together with * Tuckerman,' have, 
 however, disappeared as terms of this trade; and it is in 
 our directories alone we can find them declaring these 
 forgotten mysteries of a more uncouth manufacture. 
 
 The * taseles ' mentioned in the poem quoted 
 above were the common * teasel ' or ' tassel,' a rough 
 prickly plant allied to the thistle, which when dried 
 was used for scratching the cloth, and thus raising a 
 nap thereupon. Thus in Willsford's ' Nature's Secrets ' 
 it is said, ' Tezils, or Fuller's Thistle, being gathered 
 or hanged up in the house, where the air may come 
 freely to it, upon the alteration of cold and windy 
 weather will grow smoother, and against rain will close 
 up his prickles.' (Brand's ' Pop. Ant.,' vol. iii. p. 133.) 
 In an inventory of the property of Edward Kyrkelands, 
 of Kendall, dated 1578, we find the following articles 
 
 had been made, wrought, fulled, and thicked in the wonted manner, 
 that is to say, with hands and feet — 'mayns et pees' — and then pro- 
 ceeds to urge that the use of mills brought inferior articles into the 
 market. (Stat, of Realm, vol. ii. p. 473. )
 
 326 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 mentioned : — iiii syckles, a pair wyes and iii stafs, 
 tazills, ^s. 8d. — more in tazills, 2s. — iiii tentors, 40J. 
 (' Richmondshire Wills,' p. 274.) The occupation it- 
 self is referred to in an old statute of Edward IV. — 
 ' Item, that every fuller, from the said feast of St. 
 Peter, in his craft and occupation of fuller, rower, or 
 tayselcr of cloth, shall exercise and use tayscls and no 
 cards, deceitfully impairing the same cloth ' — ' en sa 
 arte et occupacion de fuller et scalpier ou tezeiler de 
 drap, exercise et use teizels, &c.' (4 Ed. IV. C. I.) It 
 is probable that our ' Taylors ' have engrossed this 
 name. We find it lingering in Westmoreland, about 
 Kendal, till the middle of the sixteenth century, in 
 a form which required but little further change to 
 make it the same. In the will of Walter Strykland, 
 dated 1 568, there is mentioned among other legatees 
 a certain ' Edward Taylzer,' a manifest corruption of 
 ' Teazeler.' (' Richmondshire Wills,' p. 224.) A cen- 
 tury earlier than this, however, such names as ' Gilbert 
 le Tasseler ' or ' Matilda le Tasselere ' were entered in 
 our more formal registers. 
 
 Our ' Baters ' and ' Beaters,' relics of the old 
 * Avery le Batour ' or ' John Betere,' were all but in- 
 variably cloth-beaters, although, like the fuller ' wolle- 
 beter,' ' they may have been busied at an earlier stage 
 of the manufacture. Capgravc, in his ' Chronicles,' 
 under date 30 A.D., says, * Jacobus, the son of Joseph 
 first bishop of Jerusalem, was throwe there fro the 
 pinacle of the temple and after smet with a fuller's 
 bat.' "^ With the mention of our ' Shearers ' (' Richard 
 
 ' A •John Wollebeter ' is mentioned in an old Sufiblk will of 1370. 
 ' We have the word ' bat' used in WicklyfTe's Testament : * In that
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 32/ 
 
 le Sherere,' M.) and endless ' Shearmans,' ' Sharmans,' 
 or ' Shermans ' (* Robert le Sherman,' * John le Shere- 
 man,' M.), who represent the shearing of the manufac- 
 tured fabric, rather than that of the sheep itself, we 
 have the process complete. The cloth is at length 
 ready to be transmitted into the care of our * Drapers ' 
 and ' Clothiers,' and from them again through the 
 skilled and nimble fingers of our numberless * Tailors.' 
 From all this we may readily see what an important 
 influence has England's one great staple of earlier 
 days had upon the nomenclature of our countrymen. 
 
 Such a name as ' Ralph le Flexman,' with its many 
 descendants, reminds us of the manufacture of linen, 
 which, if not so popular as that of wool, was neverthe- 
 less anything but unfamiliar to the early craftsman. 
 Our ' Spinners ' carry us to the primary task of thread- 
 making, an employment, however, all but entirely in 
 the hands of the women. The distaff and the weaker 
 sex have been ever associated, whether in sacred or 
 profane narrative. Thus it is that 'spinster' has 
 become stereotyped even as a legal term. Chaucer, 
 four hundred years ago, somewhat uncourteously 
 said : — 
 
 Deceite, weping, spinning, God hath given 
 To women kindly, while that they may liven. 
 
 Our modern ' linen ' is formed from ' lin ' or ' line ' 
 — flax — as 'woolen' is from ' wool.' Hence we still 
 speak of the seed of that plant as 'linseed.' That 
 this was the common form of the word we might prove 
 by many quotations. 
 
 lie drank never cidre nor wyn 
 
 Nor never wered cloth of lyn, 
 
 hour Jhesus seide to the people, as to a theef ye han gon out with swerdis 
 and battis to take me.' (Matt. xxvi. 55.)
 
 328 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 says an old poem. Even Spenser speaks of 'garment 
 of line,' and in ' Cocke Lorelle's Bote ' allusion is made 
 to ' lyne-webbers ' and ' lyne-drapers.' ' We need not 
 be surprised, therefore, to meet with such names as 
 ' Elias Lyndraper,' or ' Henry le Lindraper,' or ' John 
 le Lyner,' Only this last, however, has survived the 
 changes of intervening centuries, and still holds a pre- 
 carious existence as 'Liner.' 'Weaver' was more com- 
 mon. A more Norman equivalent is found in such a 
 sobriquet as ' John le Teler,' or ' Henry le Telere,' or 
 ' Ida la Teleress,' a name which is not necessarily of 
 modern French refugee origin, as Mr. Lower would 
 lead us to suppose. Indeed, a special part of the 
 ladies' head-dress had early obtained the name of a 
 ' teler,' from the fine texture of the linen of which it 
 was composed.^ It is but too probable that this name 
 has become lost, like ' Taylzer,' in the more common 
 ' Taylor.' This process of absorption we shall find to 
 be not unfrequent. Nor are we without a memorial 
 of the bleaching of linen. ' Whiter,' if not ' Whitster,' 
 still lives in our directories. It seems strange that our 
 ' Blackers' should denote but the same occupation ; but 
 so it is — they, like our old ' Walter le Blakesters ' or 
 ' Richard le Bleckcstcrs,' being but the harder and more 
 antique form of our present ' bleacher.' ' Our term 
 
 ' God made 'flbr to cover us and clethe us also lyne, and wolle and 
 lethire.' {Mirror of St. Edmund, Early Eng. Text Soc., p. 21.) 
 
 * The bailifT of Norwich in 1250 was ' Otto le Texter or Weaver. ' 
 {Hist. Norfolk, iii. 58.) 'John Tixter' was Mayor of Gloucester in 1270. 
 (Rudder's Gloucestershire, p. 1 13.) On the 30th April 1873, the Man- 
 chester Courier announced ' the suspension of Messrs. Textor and Co., 
 silk merchants, London.' 
 
 * In the Prompt. Parv. we find the feminine termination to have 
 Ijeen in general use in Norfolk. The author has ' plcykstare — candi-
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 329 
 
 ' bleak,' preserving as it does the earlier pronunciation, 
 is but the same word, being formerly used to denote 
 pallor, or wanness, or absence of colour. From this, 
 by a natural change, it came to signify anything 
 cheerless or desolate. With perfect honesty in this 
 case, at any rate, we may ' swear that black is white.' 
 With regard to silk, we had but little to do. The 
 manufacture of this important cloth was barely carried 
 on in Western Europe during the period of the esta- 
 blishment of surnames. It was nigh the close of the 
 fifteenth century before it appeared in France. All 
 our silks were imported from the East by Venetian 
 and Genoese merchant.s. Of the latter an old poem 
 says, they come — 
 
 Into this londe wyth dyverse merchaundysses, 
 In grete karrekis arrayde wythouten lack, 
 Wyth clothes of golde, silke, and pepir black. 
 
 Still we find a company of silkwomen settled in Lon- 
 don at an early period. In the records of this city 
 occur such names as ' Johanna Taylour, Silkwyfe,' in 
 1348, and 'Agatha Fowere, Silkewoman,' in 1417.' 
 In 1455 a complaint was raised by ' the women of 
 tlite mystery and trade of silk and threadworkers in 
 
 darius,' and further on, ' whytstare, or pleykstare— candidarius, candi- 
 daria.' Earlier in the work, too, occurs ' bleystare, or wytstare 
 (bleykester or whytster) — candidarius.' That the name lingered there 
 for a considerable period is proved by the fact of a ' Robert Blaxter 
 appearing as defendant in the Court of Chancery in a Norfolk case at tlie 
 close of the sixteenth century. {Proceedings i)i Chancery (Elizabeth), 
 vol. i. p. 250.) The earlier spelling is found in such entries as 'Will le 
 Bleckestere' (H.R.) or 'Richard le Blekstare' (P. W.). Blackister, 
 like Blaxter, still exists. 
 
 ' Sylkewomen, pursers, and ganiysshers, 
 Tablemakers, sylkedyers, and shepsters. 
 
 {Cocke Lorelle's Dote.)
 
 330 'ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 London, that divers Lombards and other foreigners 
 enriched themselves by ruining the said mystery.' I 
 think, however, we shall find that all these were en- 
 gaged less in the manufacture of fabrics than of threads 
 for the embroiderers to use. Thus, as connected 
 with the throwing or winding of these silken tissues, 
 we come across such names as ' Thrower ' and 
 ' Throwster,' the former having been further corrupted 
 into * Trower.' ^ 
 
 Next to wool, perhaps leather formed the most 
 important item of early manufacture. We can hardly 
 now conceive the infinite use to which it was put at 
 this period. In military dress it had an especial 
 place, and in the ordinary costume it was far from 
 being confined to the extremities, as we have it now. 
 Jerkins, chausses, girdles, pouches, gipsire — all came 
 under the leather-dresser's hands. In 1378 we find a 
 jury, called together to decide upon a case of alleged 
 bad tanning, to have been composed of ' saddlers, 
 pouchmakcs, girdlers, botel-makers, tanners, curriers, 
 and cordwainers.' Of the more general manufacture 
 of hides we have numerous relics ; indeed, we are at 
 once introduced into the midst of a throng of trades- 
 men, the very list of which proves the then important 
 character of the article on which they spent their 
 energies. Such names as 'Jordan le Tannur,' or 
 ' Loretta le Tannur,' ' Richard le Skynnere,' or ' Hamo 
 Ic Skynnere,' arc still numerous both in the tanyard 
 and the directory, and need little explanation. Our 
 
 ' In A Complaint of Artificers to Parliament, in 1463, there is 
 included amongst other productions, ' Laces, corses, ribans, frenges of 
 silkc and of thrcdc, thrcden laces, throiven silke, silke in eny wise 
 embrauded.' {Rot. Pari., Ed. IV.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 331 
 
 * Curriers ' are also self-evident ; but I have not met 
 with any instance as yet in mediaeval times. Our 
 more rare ' Fellmongers ' were once occupied more 
 directly with the larger hides, or fells, as they were 
 called, of the farmyard stock. Less connected with 
 them, therefore, than with the others, we may mention 
 such men as ' William le Barcur,' or * Nicholas le 
 Barkere,' or * Robert Barcarius,' the ancestors of our 
 modern * Barkers,' ^ who, by the very frequency with 
 which they are met, show how important was the 
 preparation of bark in the tanners' yard. In the 
 conversation between Edward the Fourth and the 
 Tanner of Tamworth, as given by Percy, it is said — 
 
 ' What craftsman art thou ? ' said the king ; 
 
 ' I pray thee telle me trowe,' 
 * I am a Barker, Sir, by my trade ; 
 
 Now tell me, what art thou ? ' 
 
 Such names as ' John le Tawyere ' or ' Geoffrey 
 le Whitetawier ' (now found as ' Whittear,' ' Whittier,' 
 and * Whityer '), not to mention such an entry as 
 that of ' Richard le Megucer,' throw us back upon 
 the time when the terms these men severally bore as 
 surnames would be of the most familiar import. 
 Their owners spent their energies in preparing the 
 lighter goat and kid skins, which they whitened, and 
 made ready for the glovers' use.^ The verb ' to taw,' 
 however, was also used of dressing flax, and we may 
 have to place ' Tawycr ' in some instances in this 
 category. 
 
 ' 'Edmund Barkmaker' occurs in 'Calendar to Pleadings.' (Eliza- 
 beth. ) 
 
 * According to Strype, the ' Company of Megusers ' dealt in the 
 skins of dead horses, and flayed them. He mentions ' Walter le 
 Whitawyer ' in the same account. {London, vol. ii. p. 232. )
 
 332 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 And whilst that they did nimbly spin 
 The hemp he needs must taw, 
 
 we are told in ' Robin Goodfellow.' Our ' Towers,' 
 while apparently local, may be in some instances but 
 a corruption of this same term. So early as the 
 14th century we find a certain ' Eustace le Wittowere ' 
 occurring in the Hundred Rolls, and that the simpler 
 form should similarly be corrupted would be natural 
 enough.' Thus we see that leather, too, is not with- 
 out its memorials. The more furry skins, as used in 
 a somewhat more specific form as articles of dress, or 
 to attach thereto, we will allude to by-and-by. As 
 we traverse in some semblance of order the more 
 definite wants and requirements of early social life, 
 the importance of these several crafts will be more 
 clearly brought out. We must not forget that there 
 were the same needs then as now, though of a diffe- 
 rent mould. Man in all time has had to be fed, and 
 clothed, and housed ; and if in all these respects he 
 has in these modern days become more civilized and 
 polished, it has been the result of a gradual process 
 by which he has slowly, and not without many a 
 struggle, thrown off, one by one, this custom and that, 
 which belonged to a ruder era and a rougher cast of 
 society. Our surnames of occupation are a wonderful 
 guide in this respect. A tolerable picture of early 
 life may be easily set before us by their aid ; for in 
 them are preserved its more definite lineaments, and 
 all we need is to fill up the shading for ourselves. 
 
 ' .Since writing the above, I have discovered in tlie same rolls a 
 ' Gill)ert /t' Tower ' and a 'Thomas /<f Toucre,' proving my surmise to 
 be correct. The feminine form is also to be met with in a 'Juliana le 
 Touestre,' this entry, too, being found in the same register.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 333 
 
 Forgotten wants, needs now no longer felt, require- 
 ments of which a progressive civilization slowly- 
 slipped the tether, necessities of dress, of habit, of 
 routine, all, while the reality has long faded from 
 view, have left their abiding memorial in the nomen- 
 clature of those who directly supplied them. Let 
 us, however, observe, as in our other chapters, some 
 kind of order — clothing, food, and general needs, this 
 seems the proper course of procedure. And yet one 
 more observation ere we do so. We have already 
 spoken of the early system of signs as advertising 
 the character of the articles to be sold. The early 
 shop was far more prominent as a rule than the 
 modern one. The counter, instead of being within 
 the walls of the house, projected forward upon the 
 pathway, so much so that we can only compare them 
 to those tables we may often see at night, where 
 under the lee of the walls costermongers offer shell- 
 fish, or tripe, or coffee to the passers-by. This was 
 objectionable enough ; but it was not all. Each 
 dealer loudly proclaimed to the wayfarer the merits 
 of his goods, vying with his neighbour in his en- 
 deavours to attract attention to himself or distract it 
 from the other, especially if, as was often the case, a 
 number of traders trafficked in the same class of 
 merchandise. Others, and their name was legion, had 
 no shop at all, not even the street table or counter, 
 but passing up and down with wooden platters or deep 
 baskets, made the very air discordant with their loudly 
 reiterated cries of * Hot sheep's feet,' or 'Mackerel,' or 
 * Fresh-herring,' ^ or ' Hot peascods,' or ' Coloppes.' It 
 is in reference to this we find Langland saying — 
 
 ' Many of these cries originated surnames, whichj however, in most
 
 334 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Cokes and their knaves, 
 Cryden, ' Hote pies, hote ! 
 Goode gees and grys ! 
 Gowe, dyne, gowe ! ' 
 
 Lydgate has a still fuller and more detailed descrip- 
 tion of this in his ' London Lackpenny,' and as it is 
 tolerably humorous I will quote it somewhat largely, 
 using Mr. Bowen's modernization of it — 
 
 Within this hall neither rich nor yet poor 
 
 Would do for me aught, although I should die : 
 
 Which seeing, I got me out of the door, 
 When Flemings began on me for to cry : 
 ' Master, what will you copen or buy ? 
 
 Fine felt hats, or spectacles to read ? 
 
 Lay down your silver, and here you may speed.' 
 
 Then into London I did me hie — 
 Of all the land it beareth the prize. 
 
 ' Hot peascods ! ' one began to cry ; 
 
 ' Strawberries ripe, and cherries in the rise ! ' 
 One bade me come near and buy some spice : 
 
 Pepper and saffron they gan me bede. 
 
 But, for lack of money, I might not speetl. 
 
 Then to the Chepe I gan me drawen, 
 Where much people I saw for to stand. 
 
 One offered me velvet, silk, and lawn : 
 Another he taketh me by the hand : 
 ' Here is Paris thread, the finest in the land ! ' 
 
 I never was used to such things indeed, 
 
 And, wanting money, I might not speed. 
 
 Then went I forth by London Stone, 
 And throughout all Candlewick Street: 
 
 Drapers much cloth me offered anon ; 
 
 Then comes me one crying, ' Hot sheep's feet ! ' 
 One cried ' Mackerel ! ' ' Ryster green ! ' another gan me 
 greet. 
 
 One bade me buy a hood to cover my head : 
 
 But, for lack of money, I might not speed. 
 
 cases, died with their owners. * Fresh-fish ' is found as the sobriquet of 
 a fishmonger; and 'Coloppcs,' ' Mackerell,' and 'Peascod,' all figure 
 in the rolls of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 335 
 
 Then into Cornhill anon I rode, 
 
 Where there was much stolen gear among. 
 
 I saw where hong mine owne hood 
 That I had lost among the throng — 
 To buy my own hood, I thought it wrong — 
 
 I knew it as I did my Creed, 
 
 But, for lack of money, I could not speed. 
 
 If we pass on from shop to shop in a more quiet 
 and undisturbed fashion than poor ' London Lack- 
 penny,' we must not forget that we are, at least so 
 far, enjoying that which our forefathers could not. 
 
 With regard to the head-dress, and to begin with 
 this, we have many memorials. ' Tire,' once a fami- 
 liar word enough, is still preserved from decay by 
 our Authorized Version of the Scriptures. Thus, for 
 example, it is said in Ezekiel, ' make no mourning 
 for the dead, bind the tire of thine head upon thee.' * 
 I do not know how comprehensive are the duties 
 belonging to our present ' tirewoman ' or lady's- 
 maid, but in the day when the tragic story of Jezebel 
 was first translated, the sense of the word was entirely 
 confined to the arrangement of her mistress's ' tiara,' 
 which is but another form of the same term. In the 
 ' Paradise Lost ' it is found as ' tiar ' — 
 
 Of beaming sunny rays, a golden tiar circled his head. 
 
 When we remember their former size, their horned 
 and peaked character, and the variety of the material 
 used, arguing as they do the then importance of the 
 fact, we need not be surprised at meeting with com- 
 
 ' A complaint of craftsmen presented to Parliament in the reign of 
 Edward IV. speaks of 'silkc in eny wise embraudcd, golden laces, tyres 
 of silke or of gold, sadlcs, &c. (Rot. Pari. )
 
 336 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 parative frequency such a surname as ' Tyrer,' ' Tyer- 
 man,' or ' Tireman.' It is somewhat hard to say 
 whether our ' Coffers ' are reHcs of the old * Coffrer ' or 
 ' Coifer,' but as the latter business was all but entirely 
 in the hands of females, perhaps it will be safer to 
 refer them to the other. Such names, however, as 
 ' Emma la Coyfere ' or ' Dionysia la Coyfere,' found in 
 the thirteenth century, may serve to remind us of the 
 peculiar style of the head-gear which the ladies affected 
 in these earlier times. The more special occupation 
 of preparing feathers or plumes has left its mark in our 
 'Plumer' and 'Plummcr,' memorials of the old 'Mariot 
 le Plumer ' or ' Peter le Plomer.' The old ' caul ' or ' call ' 
 still lives in our ' Caimans ' and ' Callers.' ' Elias le 
 Callerc' occurs in the Parliamentary Writs, and 
 * Robert le Callerere ' in the ' Munimenta Gildhallae.' 
 Judging from the 'Wife of Bath's Tale,' we should ima- 
 gine this also to have been a female head-dress. There 
 the old witch appeals to the Queen and her court of lady 
 attendants as to them who wear ' kercheif or calle ' — 
 
 Let see, which is the proudest of them alle, 
 That wcarcth on a kercheif or a calle. 
 
 Another form of the surname is found in ' Alicia la 
 Kellere,' now simple ' Keller,' the article itself being 
 also met with in a similar dress. In the ' Townlcy 
 Mysteries ' a fallen angel is represented as saying that 
 a girl — 
 
 If she he never so foul a dowile 
 
 With her kelles and her pynnes, 
 The shrew herself can shroud 
 
 Both her chekys, and her chynnes. 
 
 In its several more general uses it has always main-
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 337 
 
 tained its strict meaning of a covering.^ Hoshea, we 
 may recollect, speaks figuratively of God's ' rending 
 the caul of Israel's heart.' Probably the word is con- 
 nected with the ' cowl ' of other monkish days, and 
 thus may be associated with our ' Coulmans ' and 
 ' Cowlers,' ' Richard le Couhelere,' an entry of the 
 fifteenth century, may belong to the same group.^ A 
 once familiar sobriquet for a hood was that of 
 
 * chapelle,' ^ whence our edifice of that name and the 
 diminutive ' chaplet.' The Parliamentary Writs give 
 us an ' Edmund le Chapeler ; ' the Hundred Rolls 
 furnish us, among other instances, with a ' Robert le 
 Chapeler.' ' Theobald le Hatter,' ' Robert le Hattare,' 
 
 * Thomas le Capiere,' ' Symon le Cappere,' or * John 
 Capman ' need no explanation. The articles they 
 sold, whether of beaver, or felt, or mere woollen cloth, 
 were largely imported from Flanders. Thus it is that 
 Lydgate, as I have but recently shown, picturing the 
 
 ' The caul, or membrane occasionally found round the head of a newly- 
 born child, was ever preserved by the midwife, in accordance with an 
 old superstition, as a preservative against accidents, but especially 
 against drowning. So late as Feb. 27, 181 3, the Times newspaper had 
 the following advertisement in its pages : ' To persons going to sea. — A 
 child's caul, in a perfect state, to be sold cheap. Apply at 5, Duke 
 Street, Manchester Square, where it may be seen.' An inventory of 
 goods, dated 1575, we fmd thus beginning: 'Imprimis, a cubborde, 
 2af. ; a calle, 5J. ; a table, 3J-. 4^.' {^Richmonds hire Wills, p. 259.) 
 With regard to the caul as an article of dress, we may quote the follow- 
 ing: 'Maydens wear sylken callis, with the whyche they kepe in ordre 
 theyrheare, made yellow with lye.' (Hormani Vulgaria.) 
 
 * Query — Did * Richard le Couhelere,' recorded in the Parliamentary 
 Writs, dress, prepare, and sell cow-heels ? There is nothing improbable 
 in it. 
 
 * ' E qe chascun esquier poxte chapel des armes son Seigneur: ' — 
 ' And that every esquire do bear a cap of the armes of his lord. ' (Stat, 
 of Realm, vol. i. p. 220.) 
 
 Z
 
 338 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 streets of London, mentions spots in his progress 
 therethrough where — 
 
 Flemings began on me for to cry, 
 
 ' Master, what will you copen or buy ? 
 
 Fine felt hats, or spectacles to read ? ' 
 
 That many of these wares, however, were of home 
 manufacture is equally undoubted, and of this we are 
 reminded by our * Blockers,' representatives of the old 
 ' Deodatus le Blokkere.' The ' block ' was the 
 wooden mould upon which the hat was shaped and 
 crowned. In * Much Ado About Nothing ' Beatrice 
 is made to say : * He wears his faith but as the 
 fashion of his hat ; it ever changes with the next 
 block.' The ' blocker,' I doubt not, was but a hat- 
 maker ; we still call a stupid man a blockhead. Our 
 ' Hurrers' (' Alan le Hurer,' H. R., ' Geoffrey le Hur- 
 were,' H. R.), once so important as to form a special 
 company with articles and overseers, as representative 
 of an old general term, arc not so familiar as we 
 might have expected them. Bonnets, caps, hoods, 
 hats, all came under their hands. Strictly speaking, 
 however, a * hure ' or ' howre,' as Chaucer spells it, 
 was a shaggy cap of fur, or coarse jagged cloth. In 
 an old political song of Edward the P'irst's time it is 
 
 said — ■ 
 
 Furst there sit an old cherle in a blake hure, 
 Of all that there sitteth seemeth best sure. 
 
 That the word itself should have dropped from our 
 vocabulary is to me a mystery.' Even in our nomen- 
 
 ' A complaint on the subject of liats, bonnets, and caps, in 1482, 
 speaks of these three specific articles as ' hccures, bonnettez, et cappez.' 
 {Stat, of Realm, vol. ii. p. 473.) ' Bonnet,' I need scarcely add, is here
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 339 
 
 clature the rarity of our * Hurers ' and * Hurrers ' is to 
 me inexplicable, bearing as it does no possible propor- 
 tion to the former importance of the occupation. But 
 this, as I have said before, is one of the peculiarities 
 of personal nomenclature, depending entirely as it 
 does on the uncertainties of descent. The head, we 
 see, was not neglected. 
 
 The sale of woollen cloth by our 'clothiers' and 
 ' drapers ' we have already mentioned. The tailor 
 then, as now, made it up into the garments which the 
 age required. Few names went through so many 
 metamorphoses as this. ' Mainwaring,' it is said, can 
 be found in over a hundred and thirty different spell- 
 ings. The exact number with regard to ' Taylor ' I 
 cannot state, as I have not dared hitherto to encounter 
 the task of collecting them. The forms recorded in 
 one register alone give us such varieties as 'le 
 Tayllur,' 'le Tayllour,' 'le Tayller,' 'le Taylir,' Me 
 Taylour,' ' le Taylur,' * le Taillur,' and ' le Talur.' We 
 have also the feminine ' la Taylurese ' in the same 
 roll.^ A name obsolete now in a colloquial sense, but 
 common enough in our directories, is * Parminter,' 
 * Parmenter,' or ' Parmitar,' a relic of the old Norman- 
 French ' Parmentier,' a term a few hundred years ago 
 familiarly used also for the snip. Among other 
 mediaeval forms are ' Geoffrey le Parmunter,' ' Saher 
 le Parmentier,' ' William le Parmeter,' and * Richard 
 le Parmuter.' The Hundred Rolls give us the same 
 
 used, as it is still in Scotland to this day, as meaning a cap or covering 
 generally for the head. 
 
 ' The ecclesiastic tailor was not wanting, judging by such an entry 
 as ' Robert Vestment-maker' (W. 2).
 
 340 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 sobriquet in a Latin dress as 'William Parmuntarius.' ' 
 As associated with the tailor, we may here set down 
 our ' Sempsters,' that is, ' Seamster,' the once feminine 
 of * Seamer,' one who seamed or sewed. Mr. Lower 
 hints that our * Seymours ' may in some instances be 
 a coriuption of this latter form, but I must confess I 
 discover no traces of it. 
 
 The sobriquet of ' William le Burreller ' introduces 
 us to a cloth of a cheap mixture, brown in colour, of 
 well-nigh everlasting wear, and worn by all the 
 poorer classes of society at this period. So universal 
 was it that they came to be known by the general 
 term of ' borel-folk,' a phrase familiar enough to 
 deeper students of antiquarian lore. The Franklin 
 premises his story by saying — 
 
 But, sires, because I am a borel man, 
 At my beginning first I you beseech 
 Have me excused of my rude speech. 
 
 Our ' Burrells ' are still sufficiently common to pre- 
 serve a remembrance of this now decayed branch of 
 trade. They may derive their name either from the 
 term ' borel ' or ' burel ' pure and simple, or from 
 * Burreller,' and thus represent the trade from which 
 the other, as a sobriquet, owed its rise. The manu- 
 facturer is referred to by ' Cocke Lorellc,' in the line — 
 
 Borlers, lapestry-work-makers, dyers. 
 
 Special articles of costume now wholly disused, or 
 confined or altered in sense, crop out abundantly in 
 
 ' Talking of Latin forms, however, we are reminded that not un- 
 frequently an artisan of this class would be recorded as ' William Scissor,' 
 or ' Walter Cissor,' a mode pi writing the name very common in our 
 more formal records.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 341 
 
 this class of surnames. At this period a common out- 
 door covering for the neck was the wimple, or folded 
 vail, worn by women. To this day, I need not say, it 
 is part of the conventual dress. The author I have 
 just quoted beautifully describes Shame as — 
 
 Humble of her port, and made it simple 
 Wearing a vaile, instede of wimple, 
 As nuns done in their abbey. 
 
 Of this princess, too, whose careful dress he so par- 
 ticularly describes, he says — 
 
 Full seemly her wimple pinched was. 
 
 The maker of such was, of course, our ' Wympler.' ^ 
 Among other ornaments belonging to the princess, 
 also, is mentioned ' a pair of beads,' that is, bracelets 
 of small coral, worn upon the arm, and in this case 
 * gauded with green.' A ' Simon Wyld, Bedemaker,' 
 is found in the London records of this time, and no 
 doubt ' Thomas le Perler ' could have told us some- 
 thing about the same. Beside these, therefore, we 
 may set our still existing ' Paternosters,' relics of the 
 old ' Paternostrer,' who strung the chaplet of beads 
 for pattering aves. ' Paternoster Row,' literally the 
 ' Paternostrer's Row ' was some centuries ago the 
 abode of a group of these, doubtless then busy 
 artisans. Mr. Riley, in his interesting 'Memorials of 
 London,' records a * William le Paternostrer ' as 
 dwelling thereby.^ It is among such valuables we 
 
 ' As a common instance of the transition process then at work we 
 may cite the name of 'John le Wympler, Goldsmith,' which occurs in 
 the London records of this time. 
 
 * A 'Robert Ornel, paternostrer,' is mentioned, under date 1 276, by 
 the same writer. [Memorials of London, p. xxi.)
 
 342 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 must undoubtedly set pins at this period. Judging 
 by those which have descended to us, we should best 
 describe them as * skewers.' So anxious was AbsoJom 
 the clerk to please Alison that, according to Chaucer, 
 he sent her — 
 
 Pinnes, methe (mead), and spiced ale. 
 
 Whatever her appetite for the latter, there can be 
 little doubt that the first would be acceptable enough 
 in a day when these were so valued and costly as to 
 be oftentimes made objects of bequeathment. Such 
 entries as * Andrew le Pynner ' or * Walter le Pinner' 
 are, of course, common at this time, and their descen- 
 dants still flourish in our midst. Our more rare 
 * Needlers ' are but relics of such folk as ' Richard le 
 Nedlere ' or ' John le Nedlemakyere.' ' Piers, in his 
 Vision, speaks of — 
 
 Tymme the tynkere 
 And tweyne of his prentices : 
 Hikke the hakeney-man, 
 And Hugh the nedlere. 
 
 ' Cocke Lorelle ' also mentions — 
 
 Pavyers, belle-makers, and brasycrs, 
 Pynners, nedelers, and glasyers. 
 
 The Norman form ' le Agguiler,' or ' Auguilcr,' still 
 lives in our ' Aguilcrs ' if not ' Aguilars.' A ' Thomas 
 le Agguiler ' represented York in the Parliament of 
 1305. Chaucer uses 'aguiler' in the sense of a 
 needlccase — 
 
 A silver needle forth I drew, 
 Out of an aguiler quaint 'ynow. 
 
 ' 'Richard le Nedeler' represented Chichester in Parliament in 
 1305. (I/ist. IVcst. Div. 0/ Sussex.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 3 
 
 But if pins and needles were valued more highly then 
 than they are now, none the less did ' buttons ' fulfil 
 their own peculiar and important use. ' Henry le 
 Botoners ' or ' Richard le Botyners ' ' may be found in 
 most of our records. I do not see, however, that 
 their descendants have preserved the sobriquet, 
 unless, after the fashion of several other words in our 
 vocabulary, they are flourishing secretly among our 
 * Butlers,' and thus helping to swell the already strong 
 phalanx that surname has mustered. While, however, 
 all these representatives of so many though kindred 
 occupations seem to have flourished in their separate 
 capacities, I do not doubt but that * Richard le 
 Haberdasher ' would have been able to supply most 
 of the wares they dealt in. His was a common and 
 lucrative employment in a day when, to judge by the 
 contents of a shop of this kind as set down in the 
 London Rolls, he could ofler for purchase such a wide 
 assortment as spurs and shirts, chains and nightcaps, 
 spectacles and woollen threads, beads and pen-cases, 
 combs and ink-horns, parchments and whipcords, 
 gaming-tables and coffins (Riley's ' London Memo- 
 rials,' p. 422). There seems to be little doubt, however, 
 that in the first place he dealt simply in the ' hapertas,' 
 a kind of coarse, thick cloth much in vogue at this 
 time, and that it was from this he acquired the name 
 he bore.^ 
 
 ' The different materials used for the manufacture of buttons are 
 incidentally declared in such entries as 'Jacob le Homer et Botoner,' or 
 ' John le Botoner et Latoner, ' found in the Cal. and Inventories of the 
 Treasury. 
 
 * Among other entries in the Liber Albiis occurs a list of customs for 
 exposure of merchandise to sale : —
 
 344 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The now, I fear, obsolete ' Camiser ' made the 
 'camis' or chemise, or linen underdress — he was the 
 shirtmaker, in fact. The former spelling lingered on 
 to Spenser's time, who writes of a 
 
 Camis light of purple silk. 
 
 It is with him we must properly associate our 
 ' Smockers,' ' Smookers,' and anachronistic ' Smokers,' 
 who, though their chief memorial remains in the 
 rustic smockfrock still familiar in our country dis- 
 tricts, were nevertheless chiefly busied with the 
 'smok,' such as the patient Griselda wore. Of one 
 of his characters Chaucer says — 
 
 Through her smocke wroughte with silke 
 The flesh was scene as white as milke. 
 
 Such phrases as ' smock-treason,' * smock-loyalty,' 
 and ' smock-race,' and the flower ' Lady-smock,' ^ 
 still remind us that the word was once generally 
 understood of female attire. Of the flower Shake- 
 speare makes beautiful mention when he says — 
 
 And ladysmocks all silver white, 
 Do paint the meadows with delight. 
 
 ' La charge de mercerie, 
 
 La charge de leyne d'Espagne, 
 
 La charge de canevas, 
 
 La charge de hapertas, 
 
 La charge de chalouns et draps du Reyns,' etc. 
 An entry almost immediately ensu'ng, after mentioning most of the 
 above, when come to ' hapertas,' speaks of 'haberdashery.' {Gildhallcz 
 Mutiimeiita. ) 
 
 ' Capgrave says that when Charles was at Constantinople the Em- 
 peror gave him 'a part of Jcsu crownc, that flowered therein their 
 sight, and a nayle with which oure Lord was nayled to the tre, and a 
 part of oure Lordis crosse: the smok of ourc Ladi: the armc of Scynl 
 Simeon. AUc these relikcs broute he to Acou.' (P. io6.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 345 
 
 The word slop is now well-nigh confined to the 
 nether garments of our youngsters, but though, in 
 this pluralized sense, it can date back to the time 
 when the bard of Avon said of one of his personages 
 that he was — 
 
 From the waist downwards all slops, 
 
 still, singularly used, it was in vogue far earlier. A 
 ' slop ' in Chaucer's day, and even up to the fifteenth 
 century, was a kind of frock or overmantle.' In the 
 ' Chanon Yemannes's Tale,' the host expresses his 
 surprise that the Chanon, a ' lord of so high 
 degree,' should make so light of his worship and 
 dignity as to Avear garments well-nigh worn out. He 
 says — 
 
 His overesc sloppe is not worth a mite. 
 
 Our ' Slopers ' still remind us of this. Our ' Pilchers,' 
 relics of ' Hugh le Pilecher ' or ' Nicholas le Pilchere,' 
 are equally interesting. In his proverbs on covetous- 
 ness and negligence, the writer I have just instanced 
 thus speaks — 
 
 After great heat cometh cold, 
 No man cast his pylche away. 
 
 A ' pilch ' was a large outer tippet made of fur, and 
 worn in winter. The modern ladies' * pelisse ' is but 
 another form of the same root. Speaking of furs, 
 however, we must not forget our ' Furriers,' and once 
 common ' Pelters ' and ' Pellipcrs.' They were en- 
 gaged in the preparation of the more furry coats of 
 the wilder animals. In the Hundred and other Rolls 
 
 ' ' A Marquise (to have) for liis gowne, slope, and mantell, xvi yards, 
 and livery for .\vi servants.' (A Book of Precedence.)
 
 346 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 mention is frequently made of such names as 
 ' Geoffrey le Pelter ' or ' Reyner le Peleter.' A ' pell' 
 or ' pelt ' was any undressed skin. The ' clerk of the 
 Pells ' used to be the guardian of the rolls of the Ex- 
 chequer, which were written upon a coarse parchment 
 of this kind. As a general term of dress it was once 
 of the most familiar import. Wicklyffe, in his com- 
 plaint to the king, speaks of the poor being compelled 
 to provide gluttonous priests with ' fair hors, and jolly 
 and gay saddles and bridles, ringing by the v/ay, and 
 himself in costly cloth and pelure.' An old song 
 written against the mendicant friars, too, says — 
 
 Some friars beren pelure aboute, 
 For grete ladys and wenches stoute, 
 To reverce with their clothes withoute, 
 All after that they are. 
 
 Among the many ordinances passed to curtail the 
 subject's liberty in regard to his attire, much is 
 written on the fashion of wearing furs. It seems to 
 have been the great mark between the higher and 
 lower classes. In 1337 it was enacted by Edward III. 
 that no one of those whom we now term the opera- 
 tive class should wear any fur on his or her dress, the 
 fur to be forfeited if discovered. The names I have 
 mentioned above still remain in fair numbers as a 
 memorial of this period. 
 
 Such a name from the ' Rolls of Parliament ' as 
 that of ' John Orfroiser,' although now obsolete, 
 reminds us of an art for which English craftsmen 
 obtained a well-nigh European reputation in mediaeval 
 times, that of embroidery. ' Aurifrigium ' was the 
 Latin word applied to it, and this more clearly betrays
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 347 
 
 the golden tissues of which its workmanship mainly- 
 consisted. In the * Romance of the Rose,' it is said 
 of the fair maid * Idlenesse ' — 
 
 And of fine orfrais had she eke 
 A chapelet, so seemly on, 
 Ne wered never maide upon. ' 
 
 The term * Broiderer,' ^ however, was the more com- 
 mon, and with him all textures and all colours and 
 all threads came alike. The Hebrew word in our 
 Bible, variously rendered as ' broidered work,' ' needle- 
 work,' and * raiment of needlework,' was translated 
 in a day when this would be of the most familiar im- 
 port. Our * Pointers ' and ' Poynters ' manufactured 
 the tagged lace which fastened the hose and doublet 
 together. In Shakespeare's ' i Henry IV.' there is a 
 playful allusion to this where Falstaff, in the act of 
 saying — 
 
 Their points being broken, 
 
 ' ' To William Courteray, of London, Embroiderer, in money paid 
 to him for orfries, and other things by him purchased for a velvet vest 
 for the King, therewith embroidered with pelicans, images, and taber- 
 nacles of gold, etc., 20/.' (40 Edward III. Issues of Exchequer.) 
 ' Brouderers, strayners, and carpyte-makers.' 
 
 {Cocke Lor elk's Bote.) 
 
 ^ As a proof of the costliness of this raised needlework, we may 
 quote the following entry found in the Issues of the Exchequer : ' To 
 William Mugge, chaplain of the King's Chapel at Windsor, in money 
 paid to Thomas Cheiner, of London, in discharge of 140/. lately due to 
 him for a vest of velvet embroidered with divers work, purchased by 
 him for the chaplain aforesaid.' (24 Edward III.) 
 
 The higher nobility seem to have had their special embroiderers. 
 There was certainly a court craftsman of this kind. An act of the first 
 year of Edw. IV. speaks of ' ourc Glasier, Messagiers of oure Ex- 
 chequer, Browda-er, Plumber, Joynour, Maker of Arrows within the 
 Toure of London,' &c. {Rot. Farl, Edward IV.)
 
 348 ENGLISH SURNAMES, 
 
 is interrupted by the response — 
 
 Down fell their hose. 
 
 It has been asserted that the presence of this name 
 in our modern directories is entirely the result of later 
 French refugee immigration ; but such registered 
 forms as ' John le Poyntour,' * Robert le Poynter/ or 
 ' William Poyntmakere ' are found in the records of 
 the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries with sufficient 
 frequency to justify the belief that it was a much earlier 
 denizen than many suppose.^ In the former * Henry 
 le Lacer ' or ' Richard le Lacer ' we have, too, but a 
 fellow-manufacturer. Lace, it is true, is now rather a 
 delicate fabric of interwoven threads ; once, however, 
 it Avas but the braided string for fastening the 
 different articles of dress together. Thus, the * shoes- 
 latchct'' mentioned in Scripture is a mere diminutive 
 of the word as thus used. The hose and doublet 
 were invariably so attached. The verb ' to lace,' 
 I need not add, is still entirely employed in this its 
 literal sense. There were other means, however, of 
 holding the several garments together, and not a few 
 of which are still brought to our remembrance in our 
 nomenclature. ' Adam le Gurdlere ' or ' Robert le 
 Girdlere* speaks for himself. It was for the girdle 
 our former ' Agnes Pouchemakers,' ' Henry Pouchers,' 
 * Robert le Purscres,' and ' Alard le Bursers ' (when 
 not official) made the leathern pouch carried thus at 
 her side for greater readiness by the careful housewife. 
 
 ' An act, elsewhere referred to, passed in the first year of Edward 
 IV., mentions among others the ' Kepcr of oure Armour in the Toure 
 of London, maker of Poyntes, Constaljle of oure Castcll or Lordship 
 of Iladleigh,' etc.— AV/. rarl. Edward IV.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 349 
 
 Chaucer, whose sharply-cut descriptions of the dress of 
 his company are invaluable to those who would study 
 more closely the habits of the time, tells us of the 
 Carpenter's wife that — 
 
 By her girdle hung a purse of leather, 
 Tasseled with silk and pearled with laton. 
 
 The Norman equivalent of Girdler was ' le Ceynturer' 
 ('Nicholas le Ceynturer,' A.) or ' le Ceinter,' but I 
 have failed to find any traces of it beyond the four- 
 teenth century.^ Our decayed ' Brailers ' ^ and ' Bre- 
 girdlers * represent but the same occupation in more 
 definite terms. The old English ' brayle ' (from the 
 Norman ' braie ' or ' braye,' meaning ' breeches ') was 
 a waistband merely, a kind of strap, oftentimes 
 attached to and part of the trousers themselves. The 
 nautical phrase of * brailing up sails ' is, I fear, the 
 only relic we possess conversationally of this once 
 useful term. A ' brailer ' (' Roger le Braeler,' A., 
 
 * Stephen le Brayeler,' X.) or 'bregirdler' ('John le 
 Bregerdelere,' X.) was, of course, a manufacturer of 
 these. Maundeville, in his ' Travels,' speaks of a 
 ' breek-girdille ' (p. 50). The now almost universal 
 suspender was a later introduction, the names of 
 
 * Bracegirdler ' and * Bracegirdle,' which are not yet 
 extinct, denoting, seemingly, the process of change by 
 which the one gradually made way for the other. A 
 ' brace,' from the Latin ' brachium,' the arm, encircles 
 
 ' ' Hugh le Ceinter' was Mayor of Gloucester in the reign of Henry 
 the Third. (^wMqx'?, Hist. Glouccstoshire, y>. 1 1 3.) ' Benet Seinturer ' 
 was Sheriff of London in 1216. (Strype.) 
 
 * Under date 1355, Mr. Riley, in his interesting Alcniorials 0/ 
 London, gives the 'Articles and Ordinances of the Biaelers.' He also 
 has an account of the burning of some gloves and hraels for being of 
 false make and fashion in 1350. {Vide pp. 277 and 249.)
 
 350 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the shoulder as a 'bracelet' does the wrist. It is 
 quite possible, however, they may be but a form of 
 * breek-girdle.' * Ivo le Glover ' or ' Christiana la 
 Glovere ' have left descendants in plenty, but they 
 had to fight a hard battle with such naturalized 
 foreigners as ' Geofifery le Ganter ' or ' Philip le Gaun- 
 ter.' At one time these latter had firmly established 
 themselves as the nominees of the manufacture, and 
 the only wonder to me is how we managed to prevent 
 ' gants ' from superseding ' gloves ' in our common 
 parlance. The connexion of the * gauntlet ' with 
 military dress, however, has preserved that form of 
 the term from decay. Both ' Ganter ' and ' Gaunter,' 
 I need scarcely say, are firmly set in our midst. 
 
 And now we must descend once more till we come 
 to the lower extremities, and in a day of so much 
 tramping it on foot we need not feel surprised if we 
 find many memorials of this branch of the personal 
 outfit. The once common expression for a shoe- 
 maker or cobbler was that of soiiter} It is of con- 
 stant occurrence in our olden writers. Thus the 
 Malvern Dreamer speaks of — 
 
 Plowmen and pastours, 
 
 And othere commune laborers, 
 
 Sowters and shepherdcs. 
 
 Elsewhere, too, he uses the feminine form when he 
 makes mention of — 
 
 Cesse the souteresse. 
 
 The masculine term, I need not remind Scotchmen, 
 is still in colloquial use across the Border, and that 
 it was once so in England our many ' Souters,' * Sow- 
 
 ' And * also, every sowtere that makcth shoon of new rothcs' lether,* 
 etc. {Usages of IVifichcster. English Guilds, T,t^().)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (tOWN). 35 1 
 
 ters,' and * Suters,' and * Suitors,' misleading as these 
 latter are, are sufficient evidence. Such entries as 
 ' Andrew le Soutere,' ' Robert le Souter,' or ' Richard 
 le Sutor' are common to old registers. In the 
 
 * Promptorium Parvulorum ' ' sowtare ' is defined as a 
 
 * cordewaner ' or ' cordynare,' and this at once brings 
 us to our ' Cordwaners,' ' Cordiners,' and ' Codners.' 
 They were so termed because the goatskin leather 
 they used came, or was supposed to have come, from 
 Cordova in Spain. In the ' Rime of Sire Thopas,' 
 that personage is thus described : — 
 
 His hair, his beard was like safroun, 
 That to his girdle raught adown, 
 
 His shoon of cordewane ; 
 Of Brugges were his hosen brown. 
 His robe was of ciclatoun. 
 
 That cost many a jane. 
 
 In the ' Libel on English Policy,' too, we find it said 
 of Portugal — 
 
 Their londe hath oyle, wyne, osey, wex, and grain, 
 Fygues, reysyns, honey and cordwayne. 
 
 In the Hundred Rolls it is represented by such a 
 name as ' Hugh le Cordwaner ' or * Ranulph le Corde- 
 waner.' ' ' William le Corviser,' from the same records, 
 or * Durand le Corveser,' held a name which struggled 
 for some time for a place, but had finally to collapse.'* 
 
 ' ' Item, received of John Bent and John Davies, cordiner, for one 
 pew, iis.' 1571. {Church'cvardens' Exp. Lndlmv, p. 148. Cam. Soc.) 
 
 * In the Mysteries composed for the City Pageant by Randie, a 
 monk of Chester Abbey, in the thirteenth century, a part in it is 
 directed to be sustained by the ' Corvesters and Shoemakers.' (Orme- 
 rod's Cheshire, p. 301). In this case we have the strictly speaking 
 Saxon feminine termination appended to a Norman word. I have 
 found three ' Shoemakers. ' ' Harry Shomaker ' was an attendant of
 
 352 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ■* Cobbler ' ('Richard le Cobeler,' A ), though it has 
 existed as a name of occupation fully as long as any 
 of the above, has, I believe, never been able so far to 
 overcome the dislike to the fact of its being a mere 
 mending or patchwork trade as to obtain for itself an 
 hereditary place in our nomenclature. * Cosier ' has 
 fared better, as have ' Clouter ' and ' Cloutman,' relics 
 of the old * John ' or ' Stephen le Clutere,' why I do 
 not know. We all remember how the inhabitants of 
 Gibeon 'did work wilily, and went and made as if 
 they had been ambassadors, and took old sacks upon 
 their asses, and wine bottles, old and rent, and bound 
 up, and old shoes and clouted upon their feet, and old 
 garments upon them.' Another name we may notice 
 here is that of 'Patten-maker,' a 'James Patyn- 
 makere ' being found enrolled in a Norwich guild of 
 1385. Cocke Lorelle mentions among others : — 
 
 Alys Easy a gay tale-teller. 
 Also Peter Patynmaker. ' 
 
 A patten seems in the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- 
 turies to have been very similar to our clog, only that 
 the former was more easily put on and off. It was of 
 a wooden sole, rimmed with iron. We find in 1464 
 
 the Princess Mary (1542). (Prky Piu-sc Ex/c-nst's, \>. 2.) 'Christopher 
 Shoemaker' was burnt at Newbury (15 18), wliose story is related by 
 Foxe. The name seems to have lingered on till the close of the 
 xviiith cent., for it is found in St. Anne's register, Manchester, in 1 78 1, 
 as ' Showmaker : ' 'Mary, wife of John Showmaker, burietl Aug. 26, 
 1781.' This spelling reminds me of an entry in the Household of 
 Princess Elizabeth, Cam. Soc. : — ' Robert Waterman for showing 
 (shoeing) xviij.' (p. 29.) 
 
 ' And that the corvesers bye ther lelhcr in the seid Gild-halle. 
 {Ordinamcs of \Vorc(stcr. Euglish Guilds, 371). 
 
 ' Another form of the name and occupation is met with in the 
 Cor/>. Christi Guild, York, in the case of ' Robert Patcner, et Mariona 
 uxor ejus' (W. ii,).
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 353 
 
 the Patynmakers of London presenting a grievance in 
 that the fletchers alone were allowed to use aspen- 
 wood, whereas it was the ' lightest tymbre to make of 
 patyns or clogges.' (Rot. Pari. iv. 567.) Mr. Way, 
 in his Notes to the * Promptorium Parvulorum,' says 
 they were worn much by ecclesiastics to protect the 
 feet from chill when treading the cold bare pavements 
 of the churches, and he quotes a Harleian MS. dated 
 1390 regarding an archiepiscopal visitation at York : 
 ' Item, omnes ministri ecclesie pro majore parte utun- 
 tur in ecclesia et in processione /«/(?;/i" et clogges con- 
 tra honestatem ecclesie, et antiquam consuetudenem 
 capituli.' The patten-maker was evidently of some 
 importance at this time.^ 
 
 Perhaps fashion never went to such an absurd ex- 
 treme as it did in the fourteenth century with respect 
 to wearing peaked shoes. An old poem entitled the 
 ' Complaint of the Ploughman,' says of the friars, and 
 alluding to their inconsistencies, that they wear — 
 
 Gutted clothes to shewe their hewe, 
 
 With long pikes on their shoon : 
 Our Goddes Gospel! is not trewe 
 
 Either they serve the devill or none. 
 
 Piers Plowman, too, speaks of a knight coming to be 
 dubbed — 
 
 To geten him gilte spurs 
 Or galoches y-couped. 
 
 This last reminds us that they were commonly styled 
 ' copped shoon.' Such a sobriquet as ' Hugh le Cop- 
 pede ' or 'John le Copede' would seem to refer to this. 
 Probably the owner had carried on the practice to an 
 even more extravagant length than his neighbours, and 
 
 ' 'John Rykedon, patynmaker,' occurs in the Patent Rolls (R.R., i). 
 A A
 
 354 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 very likely he was one of those who caused a law to be 
 passed in 1463 forbidding any knight, or any one 
 beneath that rank, to wear any shoes or boots having 
 pikes passing the length of two inches ! Even this 
 curtailment, I imagine, would astonish the weak 
 minds of pedestrians in the nineteenth century. Of 
 a similar craft with the shoemaker came * the hosier ' or 
 'chaucer,' the latter of which has become, surnomi- 
 nally, so famous in English literature. Though now 
 obsolete, such a name as ' Robert le Chaucer ' or 
 
 * William le Chaucier ' was anything but uncommon 
 at this time. Like * Suter,' above mentioned, it has a 
 Latin source, its root being ' calcearius.' Chausses, 
 however, were not so much boots as a kind of leathern 
 breeches worn over mail armour. There is probably, 
 therefore, but little distinction to be made between 
 them and the 'hose' of former days, though it is 
 somewhat odd that leather, which once undoubtedly 
 was the chief object of the hosier's attention, should 
 now in his shop be conspicuous by its absence. While 
 ' Chaucer ' has long ago become extinct, ' Hosier ' or 
 
 * Hozier ' is firmly established in our nomenclature. 
 Thus we see that clothing is not without its memen- 
 toes. 
 
 A curious surname is presented for our notice in 
 our ' Dubbers,' not to be confounded with our * Dau- 
 bers ' already mentioned. To ' dub ' was to dress, 
 or trim, or decorate. Thus, with regard to military 
 equipment, Minot says in one of his political songs — 
 
 Knightes were there well two score 
 That were new clubbed to that dance. 
 
 It is thus we have acquired our phrase ' to dub a 
 knight.' The term, however, became ver>' general in
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN), 355 
 
 the sense of embellishing, rather than mere dressing, 
 and it is to this use of the word we owe the surname. 
 Thus, in the * Liber Albus ' we find a ' Peter le 
 Dubbour ' recorded, whose trade was to furbish up 
 old clothes ; he was a fripperer in fact. In the York 
 Pageant, already referred to more than once, we see 
 the * Dubbers ' walking in procession between the 
 * Bookbinders ' and ' Limners,' and here they were 
 evidently mere trimmers or decorators externally of 
 books. In another register we find a ' dubbour,' so 
 called because as a hawker of fish he was in the habit 
 of putting all the fine ones at the top of his basket, a 
 trick still in vogue in that profession, I fear.' In all 
 these cases we see that ' adornment ' or ' embellish- 
 ment ' is the main idea. I need not remind my 
 more North-country readers how every gardener 
 still speaks of ' dubbing ' when he heaps up afresh 
 the soil about his flowers and plants. The old forms 
 of the name were * Jordan le Dubber,' ' Payen le 
 Dubbour,' and * Ralph le Douber,' which last most 
 nearly approaches its root, the old Norman-French 
 ' adouber,' to arrange. 
 
 A curious occupation is preserved from oblivion in 
 our somewhat rare ' Raffmans.' We have the root 
 meaning . of the word in our * reft ' and ' bereft,' im- 
 plicative of that which is snatched away or swept off. 
 Thus we still use ' riff-raff' in regard to the off- 
 
 ' It is evidently in a depreciatory sense that Bishop Latimer in one 
 of his sermons makes use of this word, while his very employment of 
 it shows how familiar was its meaning as a term of occupation, even in 
 the sixteenth century. He says, speaking of a certain bishop, ' There 
 stood by him a dubber, one Doctor Dubber : he dubbed him by and 
 by, and said,' &.c. Second Sermon before Edward VI. 
 
 A A 2
 
 356 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 scouring of the people. A raff-merchant was a dealer 
 in lumber of any kind. In the Guild of Saint George, 
 Norwich, 1385, we find not merely the name of * John 
 Raffman,' but such entries as ' Robert Smith, raff- 
 man,' or 'John Smith, rafman.' The term 'raff' for 
 a low fellow is not yet obsolete, and Tennyson, when 
 he says 
 
 Let raffs be rife in prose or rhyme, 
 
 is only using a sobriquet which, until recently, was a 
 very familiar one in the mouths of our peasantry. I 
 have placed the surname here because I doubt not 
 the occupation whence it sprung was chiefly in respect 
 of trimmings, and the shearings of cloth, wool, and 
 such-like articles of merchandise. 
 
 Another surname we must consider here is that 
 belonging to 'Ketel le Mercer' or ' Henry le Mercer,' 
 now found also as ' Marccr.' We sec in the very 
 title that the term has engrossed a sense not strictly 
 its own, and that, though we visit the mercer's shop 
 for silken goods, he was originally a dealer in every 
 kind of ware. He represented in mediaeval times, 
 in fact, the storekeeper of our colonies. Indeed I 
 believe that to this day in some of our more retired 
 country parts the mercer will supply his customers 
 with haberdashery, drugs, draperies, hardware, and 
 all general wants, saving actual comestibles. Mr. 
 Lower quotes an old political song against the friars, 
 in which this more correct sense of the word is 
 conveyed — 
 
 For thai have nought to live by, 
 
 They wandrcn here and there, 
 And dele with divers marcerye 
 
 Right as thai pedlars were.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 357 
 
 Our * Chaloners ' and * Challenors,' representatives 
 of such old names as 'Peter le Chaloner,' 'Jordan 
 le Chaluner,' or ' Nicholas le Chalouner,' originated 
 in a foreign but most useful manufacture. Chalons- 
 sur-Marne, at this time one of the most thriving towns 
 of the Continent, was chiefly renowned for its woollen 
 and worsted stuffs, and a peculiar coverlet of this 
 sort, called by the special name of a ' chalon,' became 
 celebrated over the more civilized world. In the 
 ' Reves' Tale ' we are told of the miller that — 
 
 In his owen chambre he made a bedde 
 With sheles, and with chalons fair yspredde,' 
 
 Any importer or manufacturer of these was a 
 ' Chaloner.' In a public solemn pageant held in 141 5 
 in the City of York, at the end of a list of trades to be 
 represented, there follows this : ' It is ordained that 
 the Porters and Coblers should go first, then, of the 
 right, the Wevers and Cordwaners : on the left, the 
 Fullers, Cutlers, Girdellers, Chaloners, Carpenters, and 
 Taillyoures : then the better sort of citizens,' etc. 
 ('History and Antiquities of York,' vol. ii. p. 126.) 
 The trade name seems to have died out about the end 
 
 ' The word was evidently in familiar use. Thus in the will of one 
 William Askame, dated 1390, it is said, ' Item, Margaretse prenticiae 
 Willielmi Askham do et lego a fedir bedd and i matras, ii shetes and 
 a coverlet, i bacyn and i laver, and a bras potte and volette of crysp. 
 Item Johanna; Dagh crisp volet and a cJtalou.'' — Test. Ebor., vol. i. 
 p. 130. {Surt. Soc.) 
 
 ' And that no chalon of ray, or other chalon, shall be made, if it be 
 not of the ancient lawful assize, ordained by the good folks of the 
 trade.' (Ext. from Ordinances of tlic Tapiccrs, Riley's London, 
 p. 179.) 
 
 ' Also, non of the Citce ne shal don werche qwyltes ne chalouns 
 withoute the walles of the Citee [i.e. Winchester). [English Guilds, 
 
 P- 35I-) 
 
 The Chaloner is styled the ' Chaloun-makyere ' in this ordinance.
 
 358 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 of the fifteenth century. How corrupted a word may 
 become in the lapse of time may be seen in the 
 modern ' shalloon,' a term used for a species of 
 worsted cloth. In such a name as * Hugh le Shetare ' 
 or * Roger le Shetere ' we recognize him who provided 
 that other portion of the bed gear which is referred to 
 in the extract from Chaucer. This name is now 
 extinct. Not so, however, our ' Quilters,' who still 
 thrive in our midst hale and hearty, and need never 
 fear obsoletism. Doubtless, as the cold of winter set 
 in, and its warm padded qualities began to be appre- 
 ciated, the quilters would be busy enough in providing 
 such a coverlet as this. ' Quiltmaker ' ('John le Quylte- 
 maker, (H.) is also found as a variation of the above : 
 an old poem mentions among others — 
 
 Quyltemakers, shermen, and armorers ; 
 Borlers, tapestry-work makers, and dyers. 
 
 Such a name as ' Christiana le Heldere ' or ' Robert le 
 Holdere ' must, I doubt not, be set here, both forms 
 being still in existence. They belonged, I think, to the 
 craft of upholdsters or upholders, at this time confined, 
 it would seem, entirely to the manufacture and sale 
 of mattresses, bolsters, pillows, and quilts, anything 
 of a padded nature connected with bed furniture.' 
 The insertion of flocks and feathers and the stitching 
 together of such would seem to be a woman's work, 
 and this is the clue, I suspect, to the fact of our now 
 using the feminine form of upholdster. There is a 
 curious complaint made to Parliament in 1495, by 
 
 ' In the Guikl of St. George, Norwich, 1385, is mentioned tlie 
 name of 'Geoffrey Bedwevere.' He would \x: either a quiltcr, or one 
 of tliosc artisans alhided to by Cocke Lorcllc. 
 ' Fyners, plummers, and peuters, 
 Bcdmakers, fedbedrnakcrs, and wyredrawcrs.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 359 
 
 the metropolitan upholders, that ' Quyltes, mattres, 
 and cussions (were) stuffed with horse hair, fen downe, 
 neetis here, deris here (deers' hair), and gotis here, 
 which is wrought in lyme fattes and by the hete of 
 mannys body the savour and taste is so abhomynable 
 and contagious that many of the King's subgettis 
 thereby been destroied.' ' It is prayed, therefore, 
 that only one kind of stuff be allowed to be inserted 
 in any one of these articles (' Stat : of Realm,' Henry 
 VII.). In ' Henry le Canevacer' or 'Richard le 
 Canevacer ' we are carried back to a class of now all 
 but entirely decayed trade. The canvaser, of course, 
 turned out canvas, and this more especially for bags 
 for the conveyance of the raw wool, or for tapestry 
 purposes. In an old poem relating to German im- 
 ports, it is said at the close — 
 
 Coleyne threde, fustaine, and canvase, 
 Carde, bokeram, of olde time thus it wase. 
 
 Tapestry work would engage much of this. Hangings 
 of this kind, ere wainscot came into use, were the ordi- 
 nary decorations of the baronial apartment, covering 
 as they generally did the entire length of the lower 
 wall. In the ' Boke of Curtasye ' we are told of the 
 duties of one officer — 
 
 Tapetis of Spayne on flore by side 
 
 That sprad shall be for pompe and pryde, 
 
 The chambur sydes rygt to the dorc 
 
 He hangs with tapetis tliat ben fulle store. 
 
 ' I find several writers speaking (Mr. Riley among them) as if the 
 upholder was simply an undertaker. He may have been this, but it is 
 evident it was but a subordinate branch of his occupation. We find in 
 1445 a certain ' Richard Upholder ' appraising the bedroom furniture of 
 James Hedyan, the Principal of ' Eagle Ilall.' {Mttn. Acad. Oxo>t., 
 P- 544)
 
 360 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The name of * Tapiser,' for one who wove this 
 article, is familiarized to us as that of one of the im- 
 mortal company who sat down together at the 'Tabard ' 
 in Southwark. Our modern ' Tapsters,' I doubt not, 
 afford but another example of a surname engrossing 
 what have been originally two separate and distinct 
 titles. In an old sacred pageant given in York in 141 5, 
 amongst other trades represented we find coupled 
 together the * Couchers ' and ' Tapisers.' ^ Our ' Cou- 
 chers ' and * Couchmans ' are thus explained. They 
 were evidently engaged less in the wooden framework, 
 as we might have supposed, than in the manufacture 
 of the cushions that covered it, and doubtless, like 
 the broiderer mentioned above, worked in gold and 
 silver and coloured threads the raised figures thereon.'^ 
 Thus we must ally them with such names as ' Robert 
 le Dosier ' or ' Richard le Dosyere,' makers of the 
 ' doss,' a technical term given at this time for cushions 
 
 ' The ordinances for the Guild of St. Katharine, Lynn, are signed 
 by 'Peter Tapcser.' — English Guilds, p. 68. (E. E. Text Soc.) 
 
 The following entry from the Exchequer Issues will give the 
 reader a fair idea of the work that came under the tapiser's hands : — 
 ' To John Flessh, tapestry maker. In money paid to him for a side 
 cushion, or carpet, a bench, and five cushions worked with the king's 
 arms . . . to be placed about, and hung at the back of the king's 
 justice seats of his common bench within Westminster Hall.' — 14 
 Henry VI. 
 
 * It is only right to say that there seems to have been a term 
 ' coucher ' to imply one who resided in certain towns for purjioses of 
 trade of a somewhat doubtful character. In this sense it was but a 
 French sobriquet, meaning in English 'a lurker.' A statute of Edward 
 III. concerning the prices of wine and tlieir import speaks of 
 • Cochoures Engleys' (English couchers, or lurkers), living in Rochelle, 
 Bordeaux, etc., who traded in wines. The tenor of the allusion to them, 
 however, is such that we could hardly expect them to be represented 
 openly in an English pageant.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 36 1 
 
 or stools worked in tapestry.^ Thus the same book 
 which I have just quoted says of the groom's duties — 
 
 Tlie dosurs, curtines to hang in halle, 
 These offices needs do he shalle. 
 
 As a specific name for productions of this class the 
 word is now quite obsolete, though familiar enough 
 in early days ; tapestry indeed, in general, has ceased 
 to be popular, and is now all but entirely confined 
 professionally to the weaving of carpets, and as an 
 amateur art among ladies to those figured screens so 
 much in vogue not more than one or two generations 
 ago, traces of which still remain in the framed embroi- 
 deries yet lingering in many of our drawing-rooms — 
 embroideries of cats with grizzly whiskers and tawny 
 terriers — embroideries which as children we heard 
 with bated breath had been worked by our grand- 
 mothers when they were little girls, and thus we 
 realised for the first time, not so much that they had 
 done these wonderful things as that they had once 
 been small at all, like ourselves. 
 
 We have no surname to represent the weaving of 
 carpets, as this was an introduction of much later 
 date than most of our other household comforts in 
 the way of furniture. In Brand's ' Popular Antiqui- 
 ties ' an interesting quotation is given from Hentzner's 
 ' Itinerary,' who, describing Queen Elizabeth's Pre- 
 sence Chamber at Greenwich, says, ' The floor, after 
 the English fashion, was strewed with hay.' The 
 strewing of church pews with rushes was common 
 
 ' An old Yorkshire will, dated 1383, contains the following bequest: 
 ' To John Couper, a docer, and a new banacjucr (a seat-cover) and ij 
 cochyns (cushions),' (Surtees Soc. )
 
 362 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 until recent times, and in the North of England the 
 peculiar customs attaching to the * Rush-bearing,' a 
 kind of ' wakes,' are not yet extinct. It is fair to add, 
 however, that carpets were in course of introduction 
 at the beginning of the sixteenth century ; an old 
 poem of that date mentions — 
 
 Broudurers, strayners, and carpyte-makers, 
 Spooners, tamers, and liatters. 
 
 Before proceeding any further we had better intro- 
 duce our 'Lavenders,' or washers, for be it linen or 
 woollen stuff, be it garment for the back or covering 
 for the bed, all needed washing then as now. The 
 contracted feminine 'laundress' is still in common 
 use. That the masculine form, however, was early 
 applied to the other sex is proved in the ' Legend of 
 Good Women,' where we are told — 
 
 Envie is lavender of the court ahvay, 
 For she ne parteth neither niglit ne day. 
 
 The gradation from 'lavcnderic' to 'laundry' is 
 marked by Stowe, who in his ' Chronicles ' writes it 
 ' laundery.' By similar contractions our ' Lavenders' 
 are now found also in the other forms of ' Launder ' 
 and * Lander.' An old poem says — 
 
 Thou shalt be my launder, 
 
 To washc and keep clean all my gere.' 
 
 'Alicia la Lavendar' figures in the Hundred Rolls. 
 Doubtless, like our more Saxon ' Washers,' she was a 
 
 ' Beatrice ap Rice, laundress to Princess Mary (daughter of Henry 
 'VIII.), is always set down as ' Mistress Launder.' ' Item, paid for 
 2 lb. of starchc for Mts Launder, viiid.' [Privy Purse Expenses^ 
 p. 160.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 363 
 
 professional washerwoman. The stiffening process, of 
 infinitely more consequence then than now, has left its 
 mark in such a name as ' Ralph le Starkere,' or even 
 in that of ' William Starcman,' starch and stark being 
 once but synonymous words. Whether it were the 
 carefully pinched wimple or the kerchief, whether it 
 were of silk or lawn, both alike required all the 
 rigidity that could be imparted to them, would the 
 head be befittingly adorned. Employed, therefore, 
 either in the sale of the starch itself or in the work 
 of stiffening the dress, we find men of such a title as 
 the above. Doubtless they are referred to by the 
 author of * Cocke Lorclle's Bote ' where he speaks of — 
 
 Butlers, sterchers, and mustard-makers, 
 Hardeware men, mole seekers, and ratte-takers. 
 
 From the outer we may now naturally and fitly 
 turn to the provision for the inner man. Nor are we 
 without interesting relics also in this respect. We 
 have already described the process by which the flour 
 was provided. The agencies in the towns for the sale 
 of this, and the uses to which it was put, are all more 
 or less well defined, and well established also in our 
 present directories. I do not know whether French 
 rolls had obtained celebrity so early as this, but the 
 name of ' Richard Frenshbaker ' would seem at least 
 to give some kind of credence to the supposition. 
 There can be no doubt, however, that he dealt in a 
 fancy way, for in solid bread-baking the Saxon 
 'Baker' has ever kept his hands in the kneading- 
 trough, and need never fear, so far as our nomencla- 
 ture is concerned, being ousted therefrom. The 
 feminine form has become almost equally well estab-
 
 364 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Hshed among us, ' Bagster ' or ' Baxter ' ^ or ' Backster' 
 (the latter spelling found in Foxe's Roll of Marian 
 martyrs) being among other forms of the old female 
 bakester.' Piers Plowman speaks of — 
 
 Baksteres, and brewcsteres, 
 And bochiers manye ; 
 
 and such good folk as ' Elias le Baxter ' or ' Ralph le 
 Bakster ' or ' Giliana le Bacster ' arc very plentifully 
 represented in our olden registers.^ Still the foreigner 
 did not give way without a struggle. We have 
 ' Pollinger,' ' Bullingcr,' ' Bollinger,' and ' Ballinger,' as 
 corruptions of the ' boulanger ' or ' Richard le Bulen- 
 ger,' as he is recorded. In our 'Furners' we see the 
 representatives of such a name as 'William le Furner' 
 or ' Walter le Fernier,' he who looked to the oven, 
 while in the all but unaltered form of ' Pester ' we 
 may still not uncommonly meet with the descendants 
 of many an old ' Richard le Pestour ' or ' Herman le 
 Pestur,' who had spent the best of his days in the 
 bakehouse. Such a name as ' John Pastemakere ' or 
 ' Gregory le Pastemakere ' or ' Andrew le Pycbakere,' 
 which once existed, reminds us of the pastrycook, a 
 member, as he then was, no doubt, of a by no means 
 unimportant fraternity — that of the ' Pastclers ' or 
 ' Pie-bakers.' An old poem speaks of — 
 
 Drovers, cokes, and pulters, 
 Yermongcrs, pybakers, and \\aferers. 
 
 ' The ordinances of the Guild of tlie Purification, Bishop's Lynn, 
 1367, are signed by 'Johannes Austyn, Baxter.' (English Guilds, p. 90.) 
 
 Capgrave, under date 205 B.C., says, ' hi tliis same tynie lyved the 
 eloquent man which hite (was called) I'lautus, and for al liis eloquens 
 he was compelled for to dwel with a baxter, and grinde his corn at a 
 querne.' 
 
 '^ The curious name of ' Sara le Bredeinongesterc ' occurs in the 
 ' London Memorials' (Kiley),
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 365 
 
 Best known, however, to most people would he be 
 under the simple professional name of ' cook.' I need 
 not remind any student of olden English records how 
 familiar is ' Roger le Coke ' or * William le Cook ' or 
 'John Cokeman,' nor will he be astonished at his 
 being so well represented in all those forms in the 
 directories of the nineteenth century. I could give 
 endless references to show that this term was not 
 confined to the kitchen servitor. The 'City Archives' 
 give us an ordinance passed 2 Rich. II. (A.D. 1378) by 
 the * Cooks and Pastelers,' as an associated company, 
 and Piers Plowman speaks of 
 
 Punishing on pillories, 
 
 Or on pynnyng stools, 
 
 Brewesters, Bakers, 
 
 Bochers, and Cookes, 
 
 For these be men upon molde (earth) 
 
 That most harm worken 
 
 To the poor people. 
 
 ' Cook ' or * Coke ' certainly holds a high position in 
 the scale of frequency at present, and, as I have had 
 occasion to notice in another chapter, is one of those 
 few tradal names that have taken to them the filial 
 desinence, ' Cookson ' being by no means uncommon. 
 Of all these we might have said much, but to mention 
 them must suffice, and to pass on. Solid bread- 
 baking, however, as I have just hinted, was not the 
 sole employment of this nature in early days. A 
 poem I have recently quoted speaks of 'waferers.' 
 Our 'Wafers,' relics of the old ' Simon' or ' Robert le 
 Wafre,' seem to have confined themselves all but 
 entirely to the provision of eucharistic bread, though 
 they W'Cre probably vendors also of those sweet and
 
 366 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 spiced cakes which, under the name of ' marchpanes,' 
 were decidedly popular. Among other gifts that 
 Absolom the clerk gave Alison, Chaucer hints of — 
 
 Wafers piping hot out of the glcde,' 
 
 and the ' Pardoner,' in enumerating the company of 
 lewd folks of Flanders, speaks of ' fruitsters,' ' singers 
 with harps,' and 'waferers.' Piers Plowman puts 
 them amid still more disreputable associates. No 
 doubt, true to the old adage, * near the church, never 
 in it,' they were wont to hang about the sacred edifice 
 abroad and at home, ofiering their traffic to the de- 
 vouter worshippers as they entered in. We ourselves 
 know how searing to heart and conscience is such a 
 life as this. That all were not of this kind we are 
 reminded by the will of an Archbishop of York of the 
 thirteenth century, who therein bequeaths a certain 
 sum to two ' waferers,' evidently on account of their 
 exemplary conduct while conducting their trade at 
 the Minster door. 
 
 Chaucer, describing the prioress, says that — 
 With rested flesli, and milk, and wastel brede, 
 
 she fed her small hounds. Cakes of wastel were of 
 the purest flour and most careful bake, and were only 
 second to the simnel in quality. Wasteler, found in 
 such an entry as ' John Wasteler,' is extinct, but the 
 shorter * Wastel ' still exists in our midst. Probably, 
 in the latter case, it was originally but a sobriquet 
 
 ' It is in this more general sense we find the word used in our present 
 Authorized Version. Thus in Lev. ii. 4, it is said : ' And if thou bring 
 an oblation of a meat offering baken in the oven, it shall be unleavened 
 cakes of fine flour mingled with oil, or unleavened wafers anointed with 
 oil.' — Tay to Ralph Crast the wafercr, 40?. of our gift.' ('Issues of 
 Exchequer,' 26 Henry III.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 367 
 
 affixed to a baker of this peculiar kind of bread. 
 It is in a similar manner, I doubt not, arose such 
 early nicknames as 'William Wytebred,' or 'John 
 Holibread,' or ' Roger Blancpain,' or ' Josce Barlibred,' 
 or ' Matilda Havercake,' or ' Lambert Simnel,' the 
 latter a name familiarized to the youngest student of 
 English history. Strange to say, ' Barlibred ' is the 
 only one of this list that has disappeared from our 
 directories, although ' Barleycorn ' was in existence, 
 I believe, but a few years ago. But to keep more 
 strictly to tradesmen : I have no doubt myself it is 
 here we must place our ' Mitcheners,' as makers of 
 the 'mitche' or 'mitchkin.' The diminutive was 
 the modern cracknel, while the larger seems to have 
 been a small loaf of mixed flour. Chaucer, in his 
 praise of contentment, says — 
 
 For he that hath mitches tweine, 
 Ne value in his demeine, 
 Liveth more at ease, and more is rich 
 Than doeth he that is chich (niggardly), 
 And in his barne hath sooth to saine, 
 A hundred mavis of wheat grain. 
 
 I have, however, no proof of the connexion I deem 
 exists, so I merely mention it and pass on. We 
 are more certain about our rare * Flawners ' and 
 * Planners,' ^ once the manufacturers of the ' flaon ' 
 or ' flawn,' so popular as to have left its mark in 
 our * Pancake Tuesday.' Caxton, in his ' Boke for 
 Travellers,' says, ' of mylke and of eggs men make 
 
 ' This corruption seems to have early become the accepted one. A 
 John Flanner entered C.C. Col., Cambridge, in 1649. [Hist. C.C. 
 Coll.). In 1641 another John Flanner was Rector of Kilverstone. 
 {Hist. Nor/., I. 546.)
 
 Tt68 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 flawnes.' In the story of Havelok the Dane, too, 
 mention is made of — 
 
 Brede an chese, butere and milk, 
 Pasties and flaunes. 
 
 A ' Roger le Flaoner ' comes in the London Cor- 
 poration records, A.D. 1307, while much about the 
 same time I find a ' Walter le Flawner' in the Parlia- 
 mentary writs. 
 
 I have kept our ' Panyers' and * Panniers' till the 
 last, because there is just a shade of doubt as to 
 whether they owe their name to the manufacture of 
 the basket so-called or to the hawking of bread, the 
 very practice of which custom, so familiar as it was 
 then, has given us the term. The original meaning 
 of ' pannier,' the French * panier,' was bread-basket, 
 and the word seems to have acquired a peculiar pro- 
 minence from the fact that in mediaeval times bakers, 
 through being the subjects of a careful supervision, 
 were forbidden to sell their bread anywhere but in 
 the public market — nay, so particular were the 
 authorities with regard to this that an officer was 
 specially appointed to watch the * hutches,' boxes, or 
 baskets in which the loaves were exposed. A surname 
 ' Robert le Huchereve' is even found in the Guildhall 
 records as a relic of this. We can thus readily under- 
 stand how hawkers of these portable covers or baskets 
 would acquire the sobriquet of ' panyers.' Certain it 
 is we find such entries as ' Simon le Pannier,' ' Robert 
 le Pannere,' ' Amiscus Panarius,' or ' Geoffrey Pany- 
 man,' while in another register the occupation of 
 ' panycre ' is distinctly mentioned. We can equally 
 readily understand how from this the term itself
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 369 
 
 would, in course of time, obtain a wider and more 
 general sense. That it has done so the donkey's pan- 
 niers are a proof. It is, however, somewhat strange, 
 when we reflect upon it, that perhaps the last thing 
 we should expect to see borne in this fashion in the 
 present day would be that very article to which the 
 receptacle itself owed its name. 
 
 It is somewhat remarkable that while our direc- 
 tories possess many records of the early manufacture 
 of and traffic in cheese, yet there are no names what- 
 ever in the present day, I believe, and barely any in 
 the past, which arc associated with the most impor- 
 tant of all country produce — butter.^ The most satis- 
 factory clue to the difficulty will be to suppose that 
 the cheese-merchant of that day, as often in the 
 present, dealt in both articles. This is the more 
 likely, as the many sobriquets given to dealers in 
 cheese in the fourteenth century would appear to give 
 that edible, important as it was and is, a greater 
 prominence than singly it deserved. Thus we find 
 such names as ' Edward le Chescman' or ' Robert le 
 Chesemaker,' 'John Ic Chesewright,' or 'William 
 le Cheswright,' or ' Alen Ic Chesmongere,' as repre- 
 sentatives of the Saxons, figuring somewhat conspicu- 
 ously in the registers of the period.^ For the foreign 
 element, too, cognomens were not wanting. ' Bene- 
 dict' or 'Michael le Casiere' may even now be living 
 
 ' Since writing the above I have found a ' William Buttyrman ' in 
 the Test. Ebor., vol. iii., Surtees Soc, but I can discover no trace 
 of its continuance beyond its immediate possessor. 
 
 - The Hundred Rolls furnish us with the local ' Adam del Cheshus,' 
 i.e., Cheese-house. He would be connected with some country dairy 
 or city store-room. The name is formed like 'Malthus,' from 'Malt- 
 house,' or ' Loftus,' from 'Loft-house.' 
 
 £ B
 
 370 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 in our ' Cayzers,' if they be not but another form of 
 ' Kaiser,' and ' Wilkin le Furmager ' or ' Wilham le 
 Formager' in our ' Firmingers,' is in no risk of imme- 
 diate obHvion. The majority of the Saxon forms, I 
 need scarcely add, are also thriving in our midst. 
 
 It may seem somewhat strange that ' grocer,' of 
 all trades the most important, so far as the kitchen is 
 concerned, should be so rarely represented in our 
 nomenclature. But the reason is simple enough. To 
 sell in the gross, or wholesale, was a second and later 
 step in commercial practice. A 'John Guter, Gros- 
 sarius,' appears in the London City Rolls so early as 
 1 310, but it had scarcely become a familiar name of 
 trade till the close of the fourteenth century.^ In 
 1363 a statute of Edward III. speaks concerning 
 ' Merchauntz nomez Grossers,' so termed because 
 they ' engrossent totes maners des marchandises ven- 
 dables,' and then enhanced the price on each separate 
 article. Before this they had been known as the 
 Fepperers, or Spiccrs Guild, such names as ' John le 
 Espicer' or ' Nicholas le Espiccr ' occurring not unfre- 
 quently at this period. Spice, indeed, was the then 
 general term for all manner of drugs, aromatic and 
 pungent, which were brought into England by foreign 
 and especially Venetian merchants from the East. 
 These were carried up and down the country again 
 
 ' In the country, and more north, wc shall scarcely find the teiin to 
 have made any way till even the fifteenth century. In tlie York Pa- 
 geant which occurred in 141 5, and was supposed to represent, as a 
 survey of its programme shows it evidently did, every trade or occupa- 
 tion that could claim the slightest right to attention, we do not find it 
 having a place. The 'Spicers' and '.Sauce-makers' are prominent, 
 however, and they, no doubt, even then were upholding the interests of 
 the trade which by-and-by was to go under this new sobriquet.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 37 1 
 
 by the itinerant traders, so many of whom I have 
 already referred to in a previous chapter. An old 
 song, written against the mendicant friars, relates 
 that, among other of their vagaries — 
 
 Many a dyvers spyse 
 
 In bagges about they bear. 
 
 As I have just stated, however, the term ' Grocer ' 
 superseded that of ' Spicer,' and as such seems to 
 have confined its dealings to the modernly received 
 limit at an early date. As we must have already seen, 
 each want had always hitherto been met by its own 
 special dealer. With us now the Cutler would supply 
 all the 'Knifesmith' and * Spooner' then separately 
 furnished ; while our * Ironmongers ' or * Hosiers ' 
 or ' Upholdsters ' would each swallow up half-a-dozen 
 of former occupations. Thus it was here. Our 'John 
 le Saucers' or ' Ada la Saucers ' provided salt pickle.* 
 As with the * Frankelein,' so with many another 
 there — 
 
 Wo was his cook, but if his sauce were 
 Poinant and sharpe, and redy all his gear. 
 
 'Peter le Salter' or 'Hugh Saltman' furnished forth 
 the chloride itself; ' William le Mustarder' or ' Peter le 
 Mustardman,' or 'Alice Mustard-maker/ the mustard ; 
 ' Thomas le Pepperer,' ^ now spelt 'Pepper,' the pepper; 
 
 ' 'Joan Sausemaker' occurs in the Corpus Christi Guild, York. 
 
 ^ 'John Nutmaker' gave to a loan upon Middlesex in 1463. (Viiie 
 ScobelFs Declarations of Pari., 429.) This name has troubled me 
 much. Halliwell has 'nut,' a term for sweet-bread in the eastern 
 counties. Failing this, I can only suggest 'nutmegger,' and place it 
 among those set down in the text. 
 
 B B 2
 
 372 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 'Ralph le Soper' or 'Adam le Savonier,' the soap. 
 Each set before his customers' eyes those pecuHar 
 articles of household consumption their names seve- 
 rally represent. All these, having flourished in the 
 earlier age, established for themselves a better place 
 in our register than our rare ' Grosers ' or ' Grossers,' 
 who in this respect only appeared in time to save 
 themselves from oblivion, though they have long ago 
 revenged themselves on their humbler brethren by 
 swallowing up entire the occupations they followed. 
 It is curious to note that in later days, through the 
 various accessions of luxury, the result in well-nigh 
 every case of foreign discovery, even ' Grocer ' has 
 failed to comprehend all. In our country villages 
 we all but invariably find added 'and licensed dealer 
 in tea, coffee, tobacco, snuff, &c.' In our towns, 
 however, this addendum has been dropped, and a 
 ' grocer's shop ' is the place we turn to, without 
 thought of refusal, for these modern introduced 
 luxuries. What changes in our domestic resources 
 are here presented for our notice ! In my previous 
 chapter it was the ovcr-abundancc of certain rural 
 and primitive surnames which told the story of the 
 times in which they sprang. The contrary is here the 
 case. It is in the absence of particular names, some 
 of which I have already noticed, we have the best 
 guide to the extraordinary changes that have taken 
 place in our household economy. Look at our tea- 
 table. Already in the two short centuries from its 
 introduction this article has given its name to a 
 special meal, having thrown the once afternoon supper 
 into a nocturnal repast. Even Shakespeare could only 
 say —
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 373 
 
 Now can I break my fast, dine, sup, and sleep, ' 
 
 How strangely would it have affected our nomencla- 
 ture had this and other like novelties been brought in 
 earlier. We should have had ' William le Coffyer ' 
 giving us endless anxiety in the endeavour to separate 
 it from the actual ' Godfrey le Coffrer.' We should 
 have had, too, such folk as 'John le Riceman,' 'Walter 
 le Snuffer,' ' Ralph le Tobacconer,' shortened into 
 ' Bacconer,' and the still more awkward ' le Potato- 
 man,' almost as inconvenient as ' Garlickmonger,' 
 though doubtless it would have been quickly curtailed 
 into ' Taterman ' or ' Taterer ' or ' Tatman ' and 
 ' Tatter,' and later on again into other forms too 
 obscure to contemplate. The very recounting of 
 these changes, which are strictly on a par with other 
 names of a less hypothetical character, serve to im- 
 press us with the difficulties we have to encounter in 
 the task of deciphering many of our surnames after 
 the wear and tear they have undergone through 
 lapsing generations. 
 
 But I must not wander. The sale of vegetables 
 and fruits left its mark in our former ' John le Frue- 
 mongers ' and 'Ralph le Frueters,' and 'Hugh le 
 Fruters ;' ' Richard le Graper ' testifying seemingly to 
 
 ' We are all familiar with the old adage, 
 
 'After dinner sit awhile, 
 After supper walk a mile ': 
 
 it often used to puzzle me that this last line, while speaking from a 
 medical point of view, should so calmly give up the general question as 
 to whether suppers were or were not advisable as a part of the domestic 
 regime. When we remember, however, that the couplet doubtless 
 arose in a day when dinner was at twelve and supper at five or six, we 
 can better understand its intent.
 
 374 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 a more specific dealing. Our ' Butchers ' of course 
 have been busy enough from the day that the Nor- 
 mans brought them in. The variety of spelhng which 
 is found in olden records of this name is so great 
 that I dare not attempt a list, but I believe there still 
 exist, sans the article, such of the old forms as *le 
 Bouchier,' ' le Bowcher,' and ' le Bowsher,' while 
 ' Botcher' is at least not altered in sound from * le 
 Bochere ' of the same period — ' Labouchere,' which 
 preserves this article, is of more modern introduction 
 from the Gallic shore. But the Norman was not 
 without his rivals. Such names as * Walter le Flesh- 
 mongere,' or ' Eudo le Flesshemongere,' or ' Richard 
 le Flesmongere,' ' prove that the Saxon did not give 
 up even this branch of daily occupation without a 
 struggle, and in the two isolated cases of ' William 
 Fleschour' and 'John Fleshcwer' that I have lit upon 
 we are reminded that Scotland, with its still flourishing 
 ' flesher,' is but the asylum where this truly Saxon 
 term found its latest retreat. Even yet in England 
 with the country folk the butchers' shambles are the 
 ' flesh-market.' That ' Fleshmonger ' was the col- 
 loquial term, we may prove from a list of tradesmen 
 mentioned in ' Cocke Lorelle's Bote,' a poem I have 
 already quoted several times ; reference is there made 
 to— 
 
 Woolemen, vyntcrers ami flcsshcmoiigers, 
 
 Salters, jewelers, and liaberdashers. 
 
 • William Fleshmonger, D.C.L., was Dean of Chichester in 1528. 
 (I/ist. Univ. Oxford. Ackermann, p. 154.) 
 
 'Also, the usage of fleshemongcres ys svvych, tliat everych fleshe- 
 niongcre ' not a freman shall pay 25(/. a year to the King if he have a 
 stall. (Usages of IVituhcstcr. £ng/is/i GiMs, ^$^.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 375 
 
 The ' Pardoner,' too, in the same poem, thus begins 
 his roll — 
 
 Here is first Cocke Lorelle the Knyght, 
 
 And Symkyn Emery, mayntenaunce agaynz ryght ; 
 
 With Slyngethryfte Fleshemonger. 
 
 But if not in the common mouth, yet in our rolls 
 there were two other names of this craft, which we 
 must not pass over unrecorded. They were those of 
 ' Carnifex ' and ' Massacrer,' both representing the 
 slaughter-house, I doubt not. The existence of the 
 former would lead us to suppose that the old Roman 
 hangsman was settled in our midst, but it was merely 
 a mediaeval Latinism for a butcher.^ After the fashion 
 of the time nicknames were affixed upon everybody, 
 and our ' Butchers ' and ' Slaughters ' did not escape. 
 The Hundred Rolls alone register the names of 
 ' Reginald CuUebol,' ' Henry Cullebulloc,' * William 
 Cullehare,' and ' William Culle-hog,' or in more 
 modern parlance 'Kill-bull,' 'Kill-bullock,' 'Kill- 
 hare,' and ' Kill-hog.' The original and more correct 
 
 ' The following list in one of our early statutes will help to fami- 
 liarize the reader's mind with some of these niediteval Latinisms : 
 
 ' Item, sallarii, pelletarii, allutarii, sutores, cissores, fabri, carpen- 
 tarii, cementarii, tegularii, batellarii, carectarii, et quicunque alii arti- 
 fices non capiant pro labore et artificio suo,' etc. 
 
 ' Item, quod carnifices, piscenarii, hostellarii, braciatorcs, pislores, 
 pullctarii et omnes alii vcnditores victualium teneantur hujus-modi 
 victualia vcndere,' etc. {Stat, of Realm, vol. i. p. 308.) 
 
 The first list refers to the ' saddlers, skinners, whitetawyers, shoe- 
 makers, taylors, wrights, carpenters, masons, tylers, boatwrights, and 
 carters ; ' the second to the ' butchers, fishmongers, taverners, . 
 brewers, bakers, and poulterers.' With regard to the 'Carnifex' we 
 may add that among other items of expenditui^e belonging to Edw. I.'s 
 Queen at Cawood is mentioned ' cxpensa duorum carnificum eosdem 
 boves emencium.'
 
 376 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * poulter,' he who dealt in ' poults ' or poultry, as we 
 now term it, has bequeathed his name to our ' Poul- 
 ters ' and ' Pulters.' Such names as ' Adam le Puleter,' 
 or * Bernard le Poleter,' or ' William le Pulter,' by the 
 frequency with which we come across them, show how 
 much did the farmyard help to provide in these days 
 for the supply of the dining-table. 
 
 I have no peny, 
 Poletes to biigge (buy), 
 
 says Langland, showing that in his time they were 
 commonly exhibited for sale. Indeed, the fact that 
 in the York Festival of 141 5 the 'bouchers' and 
 ' pulterers ' walked in procession together clearly 
 proves their importance at the period in which the 
 surname arose. 
 
 We have already mentioned the fishmonger, or 
 what was practically the fishmonger, the fisherman, in 
 our last chapter while surveying rural occupations. 
 Our rare 'Pessoners'' as representative of the Norman, 
 and common * Fishers ' of the Saxon, lived in a day 
 when under Roman ecclesiastic influences fish was of 
 infinitely more importance than it is in this nineteenth 
 century, when it is merely used as a go-between or 
 mediator to soothe down the differences betwixt soup 
 and beef Then the year was dotted with days of 
 abstinence, or strongly indented with seasons like 
 Lent. Among the higher circles it mattered but 
 little. So much had the culinary art excelled in 
 
 ' ' Egeas Fisher, or Pessoner,' was Mayor of Gloucester in 1 24 1. 
 (Rudder's Gloucestershire, \i. 113.) ' Ralf Ic Pecimer ' was bailiff of 
 Norwich in 1 239. {Broniefield, iii. 58.) This is a manifest corruption 
 of Pessoner.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 377 
 
 respect of fish that such periods as they came round 
 only brought to the epicurean mind visions of gas- 
 tronomic skill that put the sterner and weightier joints 
 utterly in the background for the time being. Pasties 
 of herrings, congers, or lampreys were especially popu- 
 lar, and, judging from the lists of courses contained in 
 some of our records, that only one of our mediaeval 
 monarchs should have succumbed to the latter is 
 simply an historic marvel ! Dishes too were prepared 
 from the whale, the porpoise, the grampus, and the 
 sea-wolf 'It is lamentable,' says, facetiously, a 
 writer in ' Chambers's Book of Days,' referring to 
 these viands as Lent repasts, ' to think how much sin 
 they thus occasioned among our forefathers, before they 
 were discovered to be mammalian.'' 
 
 A curious name is found in the Hundred Rolls, 
 that of ' Symon Haryngbredere.' In what particular 
 way he carried on his occupation I do not know. 
 * Richard le Harenger ' is more explicable. Our 
 ' Conders ' were partners in the fishing excursions of 
 the above. A full account of their duties may be 
 found in Cowel's 'Interpreter,' published in 1658. 
 The conder stood upon the higher cliffs by the sea 
 coast in the time of herring fishing, and with a staff 
 or branch of a tree made signs to the boatmen which 
 way the shoal was going. It seems there is a certain 
 discoloured aspect of the water as they pass along, 
 which is more apparent from an elevation than from 
 the level of the sea.^ In mediaeval times the plaice 
 
 ' That this is the real origin of this name may be proved by I 
 James I. c. xxiii., which is entitled an 'Acteforthe better preserva- 
 tion of Fishinge in the Counties of Somersett, Devon, and Cornwall, 
 and for the relief of Balkers, Conders, and Fishermen against malicious
 
 378 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 was a very favourite dish. The term it usually went 
 by was that of 'but.' Thus it is, I doubt not, we 
 meet with such entries, as ' William le Butor ' or 
 ' Hugh Butmonger.' From some fancied resemblance 
 to this fish, too, it would be that such humorous 
 sobriquets as ' Walter le But ' or * John le But ' would 
 arise. 
 
 But while good and solid food could thus be pur- 
 chased on every hand, we must not forget drink, for 
 our forefathers were great tipplers. I have already 
 mentioned our ' William le Viners ' or ' Roger le 
 Vinours,' in most cases, I doubt not, strictly cultiva- 
 tors of that plant on English soil. None the less 
 certain, however, is it that our many early 'John le 
 Vineturs ' or ' Alexander le Vineters ' were also, as 
 merchants, employed in the importation of the varied 
 wines of the Continent into our land. How abundant 
 and how diverse they were an old poem shall tell us — 
 
 Ye shall have Spayneshe wyne and Gascoyne, 
 
 Rose colure, whyt, claret, rampyon, 
 
 Tyre, capryck, and malvesyne, 
 
 Sak, raspyce, alycaunt, nimney, 
 
 Greke, ipocrase, new made clary, 
 
 Such as ye never had. 
 
 The entry ' Adam le W^ncter ' reminds us that in all 
 probability it is to our early wine-merchants also we 
 
 suites.' In it too is found the folio A'ing: 'And whereas also for the 
 necessarie use of the takinge of the said Herring . , . divers 
 persons . . . called Balcors, Huors, Condors, Directors, or 
 Guidors, at the fishing tymes . . . tyme out of mynde have used 
 to watch and attend upon the high hilles and groundc near adjoining to 
 the sea coast ... for the discoverie and givinge notice to the 
 fisherman,' etc. (Stat, of Realm.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 379 
 
 owe our ' Winters.' ' Walter le Brewers/ or 'Emma le 
 Brewsteres,' or * Lawrence Beerbrewers,' ^ abound on 
 every hand. We are reminded of the last by ' Cocke 
 Lorelle' — 
 
 Chymney-swepers, and costerde-mongers, 
 Lodemen and berebrewers. 
 
 The Norman equivalent for our * brewer ' was ' bracer,' 
 and thus it is we meet with such a name as ' Stephen 
 le Bracer ' or ' Clarissa la Braceresse.' Latinized 
 forms are found in 'Reginald Braciator' or * Letitia 
 Braciatrix.' Brewing was at first entirely in the hands 
 of women. We have here ' brewster,' ' braceress,' 
 and ' braciatrix,' and such phrases as ' alewife ' and 
 the obsolete ' brewife ' (though it lingered on till 
 Shakespeare's day) show the ale-making and ale- 
 selling business to have been mainly hers. ' Malter ' ^ 
 and ' Maltster ' or ' Malster ' both exist, but the latter 
 has ever denoted the avocation.^ 'Tapper' and 
 ' Tapster,' too, are both occupants of our directories, 
 but as a term of industry the latter has ever held its 
 own.'* It is the same with several other occupations 
 
 ' ' Lawrence Beerbrewer' occurs in a Norfolk register. {Hist. Nor/. 
 iv- 357') ' Lambert Beerbrewer' was one of the Corp. Christi Guild, 
 York. (Surt. Soc.) 
 
 ^ ' Malter' I have failed to discover in our archives, but ' Aleyn le 
 Maltestere ' and ' Hugh le Maltmakere ' are both found. On the other 
 hand, while I have no feminine ' Tapster ' to adduce, I have hit upon 
 'Robert leTappere' and 'John le Tapper' in two separate records. 
 
 * A curious name is found in the St. Edmund's Guild, Bishop's 
 Lynn, the ordinances of which are signed by ' Johannes Mashemaker ' 
 {English Guilds, p. 96), evidently a maker of mash-vats or of the 
 mashel, i.e., the rudder used for mixing the malt. (v. Maschd 
 Pr. Par.) 
 
 * Another proof of this is contained in the fact that in all allusions 
 in our olden ordinances to false dealings in the brewing and sale of ale
 
 38o ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 which we have already noticed. It is so with ' bread- 
 baking,' manifesting a woman's work. As we have 
 already seen, the familiar expression in olden times 
 was ' bakester,' now represented by our * Baxters.' It 
 is so with weaving. Our nomenclature, as I have 
 previously shown, still preserves the 'Webster' and 
 the * Kempster ' from being forgotten. In the winter 
 evening, as the logfire crackled on the hearth, and 
 while the good man was chopping wood, or tending 
 his cattle, or mending his outdoor gear, who but his 
 wife should be drawing woof and warp in the chimney 
 nook .'' Whose work but hers should this be to clothe 
 with her own thrifty fingers the backs of them who 
 belonged to her .'' But, as with the others, her work 
 in time became less a home occupation than a public 
 
 the punishment affixed is that of the tumbrel, the instrument for women, 
 corresponding to the pillory for men. I would not be mistaken. I 
 cannot doubt but that malster, tapster, baxter, webster, and kempster 
 were feminine occupations, and arose first in these forms as such. But 
 in the xivth century the distinction between *er' and 'ster' was 
 dropped through the Norman-French ' ess ' becoming the popular 
 termination. As 'ess' became still more strongly imbedded in the 
 language, ' ster ' came into but more irregidar use, and by the time 
 of Eliz.ibcth men spoke of 'drugster,' 'teamster,' 'rhymster,' 
 'whipster,' 'trickster,' 'gamester.' {Eiii^lish Accidence, p. 90.) 
 That this confusion was marked even in the earlier part of the xivth 
 century, not to say the close of the xiiith, is clearly proved by such 
 registered names as 'Thatcher' and ' Thaxter,' 'Palliser' and 
 ' Pallister,' 'Hewer' and ' Hewster,' ' Bcgger ' and ' Bcggister,' 
 'Blacker' (bleacher) and ' Blaxter,' 'Dyer' and ' Dystcr,' 
 'Whiter' and 'Whitstcr,' 'Corviser' and 'Corvester,' and 
 ' Bullinger, ' or 'Billinger,' and ' Billingster.' An old statute of 
 Ed. HI. (Statute jRealtu, I, 380) mentions 'filesters,' 'throwsters,' 
 and ' brawdesters ; ' and Dr. Morris quotes ' bellringster,' ' hoardster,' 
 and 'washster.' These latter are xiith and xiiith century words, and 
 were strictly confined to women.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 38 1 
 
 craft, and thus it got into the hands of the male 
 creation. While ' Spinner ' still flourishes as a sur- 
 name, the feminine * spinster ' never obtained a place 
 in our nomenclature.' This is no doubt to be attri- 
 buted to that early position it took in regard to 
 female relationship, which it still holds. This would 
 naturally prevent it from losing its strictly feminine 
 character.'-* 
 
 A vintner went commonly by the name of a wine 
 tunner, tunner itself being the ordinary term for one 
 engaged in casking liquor. 'Tun ' rather than ' barrel ' 
 was in use. In the ' Confessio Amantis ' it is said of 
 Jupiter that he — 
 
 Hath in his cellar, as men say, 
 Two townes full of lovedrink. 
 
 Thus have arisen such words as ' tunnel ' or ' tun-dish,' 
 the vessel with broad rim and narrow neck, used for 
 transferring the wine from cask to bottle. That our 
 nomenclature should possess tokens of all this was 
 inevitable. We find such names as ' Edmund le 
 Tonder ' (F.F.),^ ' William Tundcr ' (F.F.), ' William le 
 Toneleur ' (H.), ' William le Tonier ' (H.), ' Richard le 
 Tundur' (T.), 'Hugh le Tundcr' (A.), or 'Ralph le 
 Toneler ' (A.) Till the close of the fifteenth century 
 wine of home-production was the common drink, for, 
 though beer was not by any means unknown to us, it 
 was not till the Flemings brought us the hop that it 
 
 ' I find the term used occupatively once. Cocke Lorellc speaks of 
 ' Spynsters, carders, and cappe-knytters.' 
 
 * 'Juliana Rokster ' occurs in an old record of 1388 (R.R. 2). The 
 *rock' was the old distaff. (Vide p. 74, note 2.) 
 
 • 'Edmund le Tonder' was bailiff of NorM'ich, 1237.
 
 382 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 became a familiar beverage. We all know the old 
 couplet — 
 
 Hops, Reformation, baize, and beer, 
 Came into England all in one year. 
 
 Previous to this various bitter ingredients had been 
 admixtured, chiefly, however, wormwood. 'John de 
 la Bruere ' or ' William de Bruario ' are the local sur- 
 names met with in early records. 
 
 But we have been wandering. The Mayor of 
 York in 1273 was 'John le Espicer, aut Apotecarius ' * 
 (so the record is put), and while the two trades were 
 distinct in character, there can be no doubt at the 
 period referred to there would be much in common 
 between them. The one would sell certain spices 
 and drugs as ingredients for dishes, while the other 
 disposed of the same for medicinal uses. Our ' Potti- 
 carys,' of course, represent the latter. The term itself, 
 professionally speaking, is fast becoming obsolete, 
 having been forced into the background by our 
 ' chemists ' and ' druggists.' But in the fourteenth 
 and fifteenth centuries it was the one name for all 
 such. In the ' Pardoner's Tale ' the abbreviated form'^ 
 is familiarly used — 
 
 ' The bailiffof Gloucester, in the year 1300, was ' Robert L'espicer, 
 or Apothecary.' (Rudder's G/ouccsiers/iin; \->. 114.) 
 
 ^ We have a similar curtailment in our ' Prentices' or ' Prentis's ' 
 (relics of ' William le Prentiz ' or ' Nicholas Apprenticius ') a name of 
 the most familiar import at the time of which we are speaking. 
 Chaucer begins his ' Cook's Tale ' by saying — 
 
 'A prentis whilom dwelt in our citec, 
 And of a craft of vitaillers was he.' 
 In the early days of national commerce and industry, when the jealousy 
 of foreign craftsmen was at its^lcight, the prentice boys showed them- 
 selves on various occasions a fomiidable body, capable of arousing riots 
 and tumults of the most serious character.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 383 
 
 And forth he goth, no longer would he tarry, 
 
 Into the town unto a Potecary, 
 
 And praied him that he him wolde sell 
 
 Some poison, that he might his ratouns (rats) quelL 
 
 Such men as 'John le Chirurgien ' or 'Thomas le 
 Surigien' are occasionally found,. but through the fact 
 of the craft being all but entirely in the hands of the 
 barber, they are rare, and I do not see that they have 
 surnominally bequeathed us any descendants. Even 
 so late as the reign of Elizabeth this connection seems 
 to have commonly existed. In the orders and rules 
 for an academy for her wards the following passage 
 occurs with respect to the teaching of medicine : — 
 'The Phisition shall practize to reade Chirurgerie, 
 because, thorough wante of learning therein, we have 
 verie few good Chirurgions, yf any at all, by reason 
 that Chirurgerie is not now to be learned in any other 
 place than in a Barbor's shoppe. And in that shoppe 
 most dawngerous, especially in time of plague, when 
 the ordinary trimming of men for clenlynes must be 
 done by those which have to do with infected per- 
 sonnes.' ' That ' Thomas Blodlettere ' and ' William 
 Blodlettere ' should be conspicuous by their absence 
 in modern rolls is not surprising. Their former exist- 
 ence, however, reminds us how in the past the fleshy 
 arms of our forefathers were constantly exposed to 
 this once thought panacea for all physical ills. It has 
 long ceased, however, to be the resortment it was, 
 and science, by taking it out of the tonsor's hands, 
 has left it to the wiser discretion of a more cultivated 
 and strictly professional class. We have no traces of 
 the dentist, as he too was absorbed in the barbi- 
 • Early Eng. Text Soc, Extra Series, vol. viii. p. 6.
 
 384 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 tonsorial craft. Some lines, quoted by Mr. Hotten 
 in his interesting book on ' Signboards,' remind us of 
 this — 
 
 His pole with pewter basons hung, 
 
 Black, rotten teeth in order strung, 
 
 Rang'd cups that in the window stood, 
 
 Lined with red rags to look like blood, 
 
 Did well his threefold trade explain, 
 
 Who shaved, drew teeth, and breathed a vein. 
 
 Here, therefore, we see one more explanation of the 
 plentifulness of our ' Barbers,' ' Barbours,' * Barbors,' 
 and more uncouth-seeming * Barbars.' The old 
 records give us an equal or even greater variety in 
 such registrations as * John le Barber,' ' Richard Ic 
 Barbour,' ' Nicholas le Barbur,' ' Thomas le Barbi- 
 tonsor,' or 'Ralph Tonsor;'^ while feminine skill in 
 operating upon the chins of our forefathers is comme- 
 morated in such an entry as ' Matilda la Barbaresse.' 
 It is just possible, however, that she kept an appren- 
 tice, although such things are still to be seen, I believe, 
 as women-shavers. But the one chief sobriquet for 
 the medical craft, and the one which, excepting our 
 * Barbers,' has made the deepest indenture upon our 
 nomenclature, was that of * Leech ' — zaas, I say, for 
 saving in our cow-leeches it is now, professionally 
 speaking, obsolete. In our many 'Leeches,' 'Leaches,' 
 and ' Leachmans,' however, its reputation is not likely 
 soon to be forgotten. With the country folk it was 
 the one familiar term in use. Langland, while speak- 
 ing of — 
 
 ' The surname of ' Shaver ' was not miknown then as now. 
 ' JefiTery Schavere' was rector of Fincham, Norfolk, in 1409 (Brome- 
 field). ' Henry Shavetail,' an evident nickname, occurs in the Patent 
 Rolls (R.R.I).
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 385 
 
 One frere Flaterie, 
 Physician and surgien, 
 
 makes mention also of — 
 
 Conscience called a Leche 
 That could well shryve, 
 To go salve those that sike ben, 
 And through synne y- wounded. 
 
 • Le Leche ' is the general spelling of earlier times, 
 and it is that of the lines just quoted.' The Hundred 
 Rolls furnish us with a ' Hugh le Leche,' while 
 ' Robert le Leche ' figures in the Parliamentary Writs. 
 Having just referred to the barber, we may here 
 introduce an obsolete surname somewhat connected 
 with his craft, that of ' le Loveloker.' In the fifteenth 
 and sixteenth centuries the lovelock was as familiar 
 as the chignon is in the nineteenth, only that the 
 former was worn alike by men and women. They 
 wore curls or plaits of hair, oftentimes adorned with 
 bows or ribbons, and hung in front of the ear and 
 about the temples. If false, the hair was fastened by 
 means of adhesive plaster. In the ' Affectionate 
 Shepherd ' it is thus alluded to — 
 
 Why should thy sweete love-locke hang dangling downe, 
 
 Kissing thy girdle-stud with falling pride ? 
 Although thy skin be white, thy hair is browne ; 
 
 Oh let not then thy haire thy beautie hide. 
 
 How long this custom existed, and how commonly 
 the exquisites of the period wore these pendants, we 
 
 ' In a popular poem of Henry the Eighth's time mention is made 
 of— 
 
 ' Ilarpemakers, leches, and upholdsters. 
 Porters, fesycyens, and corsers. * 
 C C
 
 386 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 may judge by the fact of a 'Walter le Loveloker' 
 occurring in the Hundred Rolls of the fourteenth 
 century. Probably he added to this the craft of 
 peruke-maker, and between the two, I doubt not, 
 throve and grew fat — for wigs too were an early 
 institution. The surname of occupation has been 
 long obsolete, but the simpler ' Lovelock ' is firmly 
 set in our registers. 
 
 In a day when the luxury of gas was unknown, 
 and the hearth, burning more generally with wood 
 than coal, would throw but a chequered light athwart 
 the room, we ought not to be surprised to find the 
 chandlery business to be somewhat demonstrative, 
 and so it is. In such a name as ' Michel le Oyneter ' 
 or ' Hointer,' we are reminded of the old melter of 
 grease, and of the equally old English term ' to oint,' 
 for to 'anoint.' With him, therefore, we may asso- 
 ciate such of his confreres as ' William le Candel- 
 maker,' ' Roger le Chaundeler,' ' Richard le Chaund- 
 ler,' 'William le Candeler,' ' or 'Thomas le Candleman,' 
 names all in existence formerly, some of which still 
 abide with us. In ' William le Cirgier ' we are once 
 more reminded of the earlier religious rites of our 
 Church and its many vigils, from a performance of 
 which he who dealt in wax tapers, or ciergcs, as they 
 were then styled, would derive no doubt a steady 
 gain. In the ' Romance of the Rose ' wc arc told — 
 
 The nine thousand maidens dere, 
 That bcren in Heaven their cierges clere. 
 Of which men rede in church and sing, 
 Were take in secular clothing. 
 
 • Johannes Thurton, Candelerc. (Guild of St. George, Norwich.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 387 
 
 With these latter then it is we must associate such a 
 name as ' John Wexmaker.' 
 
 While, however, we are dwelling upon such and 
 similar wants in the domestic consumption, we are 
 naturally led to make inquiry concerning the utensils 
 in fashion at this period, and of those who provided 
 them. Of drinking vessels we have many, for, as we 
 have previously hinted, this was a decidedly drinking 
 age. Chief of all was the ' Mazerer.' No word 
 could be in more familiar use in the day we are speak- 
 ing of than the ' macer ' or * maslin,' carved from the 
 maple. It was the favourite bowl of all classes of 
 society. By the rich it was valued according as it 
 was made from the knotted grain, or chased and 
 rimmed with gold and silver and precious gems. We 
 are told of Sire Thopas how that — 
 
 They fetched him first the swete win, 
 And made eke in a maselin, 
 And real spicerie. 
 
 There is scarce a record of any magnitude or impor- 
 tance which has not its several surnames derived from 
 the occupation of carving this cup, and as the term 
 itself was variously pronounced and spelt, so did the 
 name vary. For instances the Hundred Rolls give us 
 ' Adam le Mazerer ;' the Close Rolls, * William le 
 Macerer ;' the Warranty Rolls, ' William le Mazeliner ;* 
 and the London Records give us again a 'John le 
 Mazerer.' Besides these we have ' Mazclyn,' ' Maselyn,' 
 and ' Mazarin,' probably sign-names, the latter fami- 
 liarised to us in the celebrated Cardinal of that name. 
 Strange to say, ' Maslin ' and ' Masscr,' or ' Macer,' 
 all rare, are now the only relics we possess of this 
 
 c c 2
 
 388 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 once well-known surname and occupation. No instance 
 I can furnish more clearly demonstrates the uncer- 
 tainty of descent in our personal nomenclature. Such 
 a name as ' Geoffrey le Hanaper ' or * William Ham- 
 permaker' bequeaths us a strange story of changed 
 circumstance. The shorter appellation, common 
 enough at this time, still lives in our ' Hampers.' 
 While the macer was invariably of maple, the ' hanap,' 
 or two-handed goblet, might be of wood or metal. 
 From the fact of a ' hanaper,' Latinized in our 
 archives into ' hanaperium,' being the crate where 
 these hanaps were kept, it acquired a secondary sense 
 of a repository for things of a more general character. 
 Thus has arisen the * Hanaper Office' ' in Chancery, 
 where writs were treasured up in a basket ; and thus 
 also it is that we now talk of a ' hamper,' a term so 
 delightfully familiar to schoolboys about Christmas 
 time. Our common ' Bowlers ' represent such olden 
 personages as ' Robert le Bollere ' or ' Adam le 
 Boloure,' they who made the cheap wooden ' bowl ' 
 or ' boll.' The old spelling still survives botanically 
 in such a phrase as we find in the Authorized Version, 
 where it speaks of the ' flax being boiled,' that is, the 
 seed vessel was forming. It is always so spelt with 
 our mediaeval writers. Thus Glutton, in the ' Plow- 
 
 ' Thus we find in an indenture of Henry the Seventh's reign it is 
 said at the close : ' And over this oure said Souveraigne Lorde 
 grauntctli by these presents to the said Ahbas and Convent that they 
 shall have as well this present Indenture as all other grauntes necessary, 
 wythout eny fyne, fee, or other thyng to hym orto his use in 
 his Chauncerie, or Hanapore, or other place to be payde.' (Stat, of 
 I\ealm, vol. ii. p. 671.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 389 
 
 man's Vision,' after sleeping away his last drunken 
 bout, wakes, and — 
 
 The firste worde that he warpe 
 Was, ' Were is the bolle ? ' 
 
 ' William le Cuppere ' and ' Richard le Kuppere,' 
 while engaged in the same occupation, are, speaking 
 surnominally, absorbed, I doubt not, by our' Coopers' 
 and ' Cowpers.' ' Copper ' may be but another antique 
 form of the same. Langland speaks of — ■ 
 
 Coupes of clere gold 
 And coppes of silver. 
 
 I shall have occasion almost immediately to mention 
 Chaucer, as speaking of ' turning cups,' which would 
 seem to infer that they too were often made of wood. 
 Another name once existing was that of ' Doubler,' 
 a maker or seller of the ' doubler ' or ' dobeler,' or 
 dish ; a term derived from the French ' doublier,' 
 The word is still in use in the North of England,' and 
 both ' Doubler ' and ' Doubleman ' are in our directories 
 of to-day. The name of ' Scutelaire ' must be set 
 here also, though when we think of our modern coal- 
 scuttle we might imagine it somewhat of an interloper. 
 A change, however, has come over the stricter mean- 
 ing of the word. A 'scutcl' was formerly nothing 
 more nor less than a wooden or metallic dish or platter 
 used on our early dressdirs for culinary purposes. It 
 seems ever to have had its place in the dining-hall, for 
 in the household expenses of Bishop Swinfield (Cam- 
 den Soc.) we find the entry, 'xv. scutellis, xvii. 
 
 ' Vide V^Siy'% Fro tn^t Fan.'., p. 124.
 
 390 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 salsariis.' The learned editor of this book, com- 
 menting upon this passage, says, ' " scutella " is a word 
 of somewhat extensive appHcation to dishes or platters, 
 saucers or salvers, and it is retained in our .present 
 English " scuttle." ' I doubt not Avith him that while 
 
 * scutum,' a shield, is the root, the term is here in- 
 tended to refer to the large flat spoons or plates used 
 for the sauce-dishes. It is from his resemblance to 
 these that some wide-mouthed country bumpkin is 
 set down in the Hundred Rolls as ' Arnold Scutel- 
 muth,' while the occupation of making them finds its 
 memorial in the Rolls of Parliament in such a 
 sobriquet as 'James le Scutelaire.' Speaking, how- 
 ever, of the dining table, we may here mention the 
 cutler. Of such a name as ' Henry Knyfesmythe ' I 
 have already had occasion to hint. The cutler enjoyed, 
 or perhaps I ought to say was the victim of, a very 
 uncertain orthography in mediaeval times, and some of 
 the forms found are extremely curious. I may cite 
 such personages as 'Richard le Cutyler,' ' John le 
 Cotiler,' ' Peter le Cotyler,' ' Henry le Cotelcr,' or 
 
 * Solomon le Cotillcr ' as representative of those which 
 were then most in vogue. All are now content, it would 
 seem, to be absorbed in the simple ' Cutler.' Strange 
 to say, I cannot find a single ancestor of our familiar 
 ' Spooner.' A mediaeval rhymester, however, speaks of 
 ' sponers, turners, and hatters.' With many of these 
 names I have just mentioned • the ironmonger would 
 have much to do. The uncertain form of the term 
 used for this material gave rise to three familiar words, 
 those of ' iron,' ' ise,' or ' ire.' Trevisa speaks of Eng- 
 land as being plenteous in ' vcynes of mctayls, of
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 39 1 
 
 bras, of yre, of leed, of tyn, of selver.'^ Thus while 
 ' Henry le Ironmonger ' dealt, as no one of my readers 
 will doubt, in vessels and utensils of the material his 
 name suggests, it is not to be supposed that ' Geoffrey 
 le Iremonger ' or ' William le Irremongere' was but a 
 cant nickname for one of splenetic temperament ; or 
 that in * Isabel le Isemonger ' or ' Agnes la Ismongere' 
 we have traces of any disposition for those frozen 
 creams which in the hot summer time we of the nine- 
 teenth century are so glad to seek on the confectioner's 
 counter. All alike were hardware manufacturers. 
 The present forms are ' Iremonger,' ' Irmonger,' and 
 
 * Ironmonger.' 
 
 It may seem strange that wood should hold such 
 a conspicuous position in work of a culinary nature, 
 but it is with good reason. We must remember all 
 our ornamental fictile vessels were unknown to our 
 forefathers. It was not till the close of the sixteenth 
 century they came into any settled use. It is to this 
 circumstance we must doubtless refer the extraordinary 
 prevalence of our * Turners.' Not the least important 
 articles of their workmanship would be the vessels 
 they turned off from the lathe. That Jack-of-all- 
 trades, the Miller of Trumpington, could, according 
 to Chaucer, amongst his many other achievements, 
 
 * turn cuppes.'^ When wood, however, was not used, 
 the utensils were of the roughest character — mugs, 
 jars, and such like vessels, formed of the common 
 
 ' Thus the author of Cocke Lordle's Bote refers to — 
 ' Yermongers, pybakers, and waferers, 
 Fruyters, chesemongers, and mynstrelles.' 
 
 2 * There dwelled also turners of beads, and they were patemoster- 
 makers' (Stow, iii. 174). The term was evidently very general.
 
 392 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 baked and glazed clay, and reserved for the ruder 
 requirements of the household. Our * Stephen le 
 Crockers ' and ' John le Crokers ' (P. W.) — for both 
 forms then as now are found — made simply the glazed 
 crock, or ' crouke,' as Chaucer has it, used for holding 
 butter or milk or such like store — vessels, in fact, re- 
 served for the scullery or the pantry rather than the 
 parlour or hall. John de Trevisa, writing in 1387, 
 says in his description of Britain : * There is also 
 white clay, and red for to make of crokkes, and 
 steenes (stone jars) and other vessels.' The same may 
 be said of our * Jarmans.* Most of our domestic utensils, 
 therefore, if not of wood or clay, were made of metal, 
 and this generally of a mixed kind. * Henry le Brasour ' 
 or' Robert leBrazur,' now' Brazier' or' Brasher,' worked 
 in brass ; ' Thomas le Latoncr,' or ' William Ic Latoner,' 
 in latten or bronze ;' while a mixture of lead and tin 
 fully employed the wits and hands of our ' Pewters,' 
 ' Pewtrers,' and ' Founders.'^ We must not suppose 
 
 ' 'Founders, latcn- workers, and brochc-makers.' [Cocke Lonile's 
 Bote.) 
 
 ' A law passed in the fust year of Richard II. forbids halfpennies 
 and farthings to be melted for vessels or other things, on pain of forfeit- 
 ing the money so melted and the imprisonment of the founder — 'sur- 
 peine de forfaitre del monoie founder et imprisonement del foundour.' 
 {Siaf. I^ealm.) The 'founder,' as his name implies, melted down the 
 metal, and then poured it (fundere) into the mould. We still speak 
 familiarly of a foundry; but the term 'founder' as a worker therein 
 is now, I believe, obsolete. Such names, however, as ' Robert le 
 P'undour' or 'John le Funder,' whose descendants are still with us, 
 show that this was once in common use. As an additional proof that 
 they were formerly more distinctively engaged in the manufacture of 
 pots and vessels, we may state that in the ^'ork Pageant, elsewhere 
 spoken of, the 'Pewterers' and ' Founders ' marched together. Speak- 
 ing of ' Founder,' we are reminded of ' Alcfounder.' In 1374 William 
 Alcfounder was Rector of Bichamwcll. {//isl. Norf., vii. 295.) The
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 393 
 
 therefore, that ' John le Discher ' or ' Robert le 
 Disshere ' (with their once feminine partner, * Margaret 
 la Disheress '), and ' Ranulf le Poter' or 'Adam le 
 Potter ' or * Thomas Potman,' ^ laboured after the 
 modern style. The ' disher ' all but invariably worked 
 in pewter,^ and the ' potter,' if not in the same, could 
 only resort to common clay as an alternative. 
 ' Calisher ' is probably the old ' le Calicer ' or ' Chali- 
 cer.' The more modern spelling is found in the 
 London Records, in 13 10, where mention is made of 
 ' Ralph de Chichestre, Chalicer.' The ' chalice ' has 
 now, however, allied itself so entirely with the sacra- 
 mental office of our Church that it is hard to regard 
 it in the light of an ordinary utensil. As a trade-sign 
 a chalice would be readily conspicuous, and to this 
 we owe, no doubt, our * Challis's ' and ' Challices.' 
 
 While speaking, however, of drinking vessels, I 
 must perforce allude to the horner. I need not remind 
 my reader how many are the descendants of such a 
 
 alefounder took his name from his duty as an inspector, appointed by 
 the Court Leet, of assizing and supervising the brewing of malt Hquor. 
 He examined it as it was /(7«;y(/ out. Thus ' fundere,' and not 'fun- 
 dare,' is its root. Another name he bore was that of 'ale-conner.' A 
 poem of James the First's reign says — 
 
 ' A nose he had that gan show, 
 What liquor he loved I trow ; 
 For he had before long ' ' seven yeare, 
 Been of the towne the ale-conner." ' 
 ' The following entry appears in the Issues of Exchequer : — '20/. 
 paid to John le Discher, of London, for him and his companions to 
 provide plates, dishes, and saltsellers for the coronation.' (i Ed. II.) 
 ^ As an illustration of the use to which the art of working in 
 pewter was put, we may instance one of the ' Richmondshire Wills' in 
 which the following articles of this mixture are bequeathed : ' iij basyns, 
 ij uers, one doson plait trenchers, one brode charger, iiij potijjers, xx"« 
 platters, x dishes, and vj sausers.' {Surtces Soc.)
 
 394 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 man as * Richard le Horner ' or * John le Horner,' but 
 it may not equally have struck him how all-important 
 would be his trade at such a period as this. That his 
 chief manufacture was that of the musical horn I 
 cannot doubt, so used as it was officially or ordinarily, 
 at fair and festival, at dance and revelry, in time of 
 peace and in time of war. The ' Promptorium Par- 
 vulorum ' describes it as ' hornare, or home-maker.' 
 Still this would not be all — far from it. Windows 
 were commonly made of this material, frames were 
 constructed of it, the child's horn-book being but a 
 memory of this ; lanterns were formed of it, cups of 
 all sizes were fashioned from it, chessmen were manu- 
 factured out of it. In the ' Franklin's Tale' de- 
 scriptive of Winter it is said — 
 
 Janus sils by the fire with double berd, 
 And diinketh of his bugle-horn the wine. 
 
 As a sign-name ' at the horn ' would be a common 
 expression, and certainly we have had plenty of 
 ' Horns,' if not the ' horn of plenty,' at all times 
 during the last six hundred years. 
 
 Turning for a moment to vessels of a more general 
 character, our ' Coopers ' or ' Cowpers ' ^ or ' Coupers ' 
 have ever flourished extensively. Such forms as 
 * Thomas le Cuper,' ' Warin le Coupcr,' or ' Richard le 
 Cupare ' are found on every side ; while even such 
 entries as ' Richard Cowpcman ' or ' Roger Cowperese' 
 may be occasionally alighted upon. The term * coop ' 
 is not in itself in common use now — indeed, saving in 
 
 ' We find this now well-known surname thus spelt in a statute 
 passed in Elizabeth's reign, in which are included the ' lynncn-weaver, 
 turner, cowper, millers, earthen -potters.' (5 Eliz. c. iv. 23.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 395 
 
 composition, as in hencoop, for instance, it is all but 
 obsolete. The Norman and more correct ' cuve ' gave 
 us such early names as ' Ralph le Cuver ' or ' John le 
 Cover,' or * Adam le Covreur ' or ' Robert le Coverur,' 
 the latter being one more example of a reduplicated 
 termination.' Our modern * Covers,' however, pre- 
 serve the earlier and more simple form. Our ' Cad- 
 mans,' once written * Cademans,' framed the cade or 
 barrel, the sign-name of which gave us the notorious 
 Jack Cade of early insurrectionary times. Shake- 
 speare facetiously suggests a different origin when he 
 makes Dick the butcher to insinuate that it was for — • 
 
 Stealing a cade of herring. 
 
 In either case the same word is used, and the deriva- 
 tion in no Avay impeached. Our * Barrells ' are either 
 sign-names also, or but corruptions of such an old 
 entry as 'Stephen le Bariller.' 'Alexander le Hopere' 
 and ' Andrew le Hopere,' now ' Hooper,' explain 
 themselves.^ Doubtless they would be busy enough 
 at this time in strengthening these several barrels, 
 cuves, coops, and cades with pliant bands, whether of 
 wood or metal. Speaking, however, of wooden bands, 
 reminds us of our ' Leapers,' ' Leapmans,' and ' Lip- 
 mans.' A ' leap ' was a basket of flexible, but strong, 
 materials, its occurrence in our old writers being so 
 
 ' In the Issues of the Exchequer we find a ' Ric. le Cuver ' at one 
 time providing three buckets, and at another working with other eight 
 carpenters upon the outer chamber of the King's Court. (43 Henry 
 III.) 
 
 "^ 'John Busheler' occurs in Valor. Eccles. Henry VIII. He 
 probably made the old bushel measure, once in. common use. ' Is a 
 candle bought to be put under a bushel?' (Mark iv. 26.)
 
 396 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 frequent as to need no example.^ The ' maund ' was 
 similar in character, but made of more pHant bands, 
 probably of rushes, for we find it in common use by 
 our early fishermen. Our ' Maunders ' and ' Manders ' 
 are, I think, to be set here, therefore, either as manu- 
 facturers or as wayside beggars, who bore them as 
 the receptacles of the doles they got. Another sup- 
 position is that they were beggars who acquired the 
 sobriquet because they maundered out their petition 
 for alms. I cannot but think the former is the more 
 likely derivation, our Maundy Thursday itself having 
 got its name from the practice of doling out the gifts 
 for the poor from the basket then so named. 
 
 But we have not even yet completed our list of 
 surnames derivable from manufactures of this class. 
 Our ' Coffers ' represent seemingly the same word in 
 a twofold capacity. We find occasional records where 
 the cofferer was undoubtedly an official servant, a 
 treasurer, one who carried the money of his lord in 
 his journeys up and down.'^ More often, however, he 
 was a tradesman, a maker or dealer in coffers or 
 
 ' Mr. AVay, in his valuable series of notes to the Proiii/torium 
 Parvulorum, quotes a later Wicklyfiite version, in which the * basket 
 of bulrushes' in which Moses was placed is termed 'a leep of segg' 
 (sedge). An old list of words which he also quotes has 'a lepe maker, 
 copliinarius.' {Cat/t. Aug.) I mention this latter especially, as I 
 have not been able so far to light upon any instance of the sobriquet. 
 I have no hesitation in saying, however, that if ' Leaper' and ' Leap- 
 man ' be not manufacturers, they have, at any rate, as fish-scllers, ori- 
 ginated from the same root. 'And thei ceten and weren fulfilled, and 
 thei taken up that that leltc of relifs sevene leepis.' (Matt. viii. 8. 
 Wicklyffe.) 
 
 ^ 'Ihus in the Trcvelyan papers (Cam. Soc.) we fre juently come 
 across such a record as the following : ' Item, to Edmund Peckham, 
 cofcrer of the Kinge's House for th'cxpenses and charges, etc'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 397 
 
 coffins, the two words being once used altogether 
 indiscriminately.' Many of my readers who are 
 familiar with Greek will recognise the more literal 
 translation and meaning of the word in Wicklyffe's 
 rendering of Mark vi. 43. 'And they token the 
 relyves of broken mete, twelve cofifyns full.' Lacking 
 any other name to represent the undertaker's busi- 
 ness, I doubt not our early ' William le Cofferers' and 
 ' Godfrey le Coffrers ' were quite able and willing to 
 furnish forth this portion of the funeral outfit. These 
 early surnames, then, must be set beside our already 
 explained ' Arkwrights,' while, as sign-names, our * Cof- 
 fins ' and ' Coffers ' (supposing the latter not to be a 
 curter form of 'Coffrer') will be as readily recognisable. 
 While, however, wood, clay, and the various 
 cheaper metals were thus brought into requisition to 
 provide the utensils of the household and the means 
 of carriage, we must not forget that leather, too, had 
 its uses in these respects. It is this lets us into the 
 secret of the numerosity of our ' Butlers.' Important 
 as undoubtedly was the ' Boteler ' to the feudal resi- 
 dence, that fact alone would scarcely account for the 
 large number of ' le Botillers ' or ' Ic Botelers ' we find 
 in every considerable roll. The fact is, the name was 
 both official and occupative. Of this there can be no 
 doubt. In the York Pageant of 141 5 we find walk- 
 ing in procession together with the ' Pouchmakers ' 
 the ' Botillers ' and the ' Cap-makers,' all obviously 
 engaged in the leather manufacture. The phrase 
 'like finding a needle in a bottle of hay ' still preserves 
 
 ' The list of tradesmen in Cock LorclL's Bote includes — 
 ' Pype-makers, wode-mongers, and orgyn-makers, 
 Coferers, carde-makers, and carvers.'
 
 398 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the idea of a bottle as understood by our forefathers 
 four hundred years ago — that of a leathern case, 
 whether for holding liquid or solids.^ The hay-bottle 
 was doubtless the bag that hung at the girth, from 
 which, as is still the case, the driver baited his horse. 
 Bottles for liquids were commonly of leather. The 
 'black-jack' was always such. It is of this an old 
 ballad sings — 
 
 Then when this bottle doth grow old, 
 And will no longer good liquor hold, 
 Out of its side you may take a clout, 
 Will mend your shoes when they are worn out. 
 
 Thus we see that the * Botiller ' was, after all, in some 
 cases but identical with the old pouch-maker, repre- 
 sented in our old rolls by such folk as ' Henry 
 Poucher ' or ' Agnes Pouchmakcr.' Another and 
 more Norman term for this latter was that of 'Purser' 
 or ' Purser,' though in later days both forms have 
 come to occupy a more official position. Such names 
 as ' Alard le Purser ' or ' Robert Ic Pursere ' are of 
 frequent occurrence. Nor, again, while speaking of 
 leather, can we omit a reference to the old ' Henry 
 Male-maker,' who made up travelling bags. ' Cocke 
 Lorelle' mentions — 
 
 Masones, male-makers, and merbelers, 
 Tylers, bryckc-leyers, and harde hewers. 
 
 The modern postal mail has but extended its earlier 
 use. We may remember in the ' Canterbury Tales ' 
 
 ' An Act of Edward VI. relative to the buying of tanned leather 
 speaks of the ' mysterie of Coriar (currier), Cordewainer, Sadler, 
 Cobler, Girdler, Lether-seller, Bottelmaker.' (3 and 4 Ed. VI. c. 6.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 399 
 
 SO pleased were the company at the end of the first 
 story, that the host said — 
 
 Unbuckled is the male, 
 ' Let see now who shall tell another tale, 
 For trewely this game is wel begun. 
 
 We must not forget, however, that many of these 
 baskets and boxes would require cordage then as 
 now. Piers Plowman mentions ' Robyn the Ropere,' 
 and both name and occupation are still familiar 
 amongst us. In the Fabric Roll of York Minster is 
 mentioned a 'William Raper,' 1446; and again in 
 1457, under the head of 'Custos canabi,' one 'Thomas 
 Kylwake, rapor.' Both forms are equally common in 
 our directories. As representative of the more tech- 
 nical part of the industry we may cite * Thomas le 
 Winder' and 'Richard le Windere,' whose progeny 
 still dwell among us. ' Adam le Corder ' or * Peter le 
 Corder, ' or ' George le Stringer ' or ' Thomas Streng- 
 fellowe,' carry us back to names of the commonest 
 import in the fourteenth century. The — 
 
 Lanterners, stryngers, and grynders 
 
 are set together by an old rhymer. But I have 
 already said something about them in connection 
 with our 'Bowyers' and ' Fletchers,' so I will pass on. 
 There are but few traces in our nomenclature of 
 more delicate workmanship. Much of our jewellery 
 came from abroad. Most of that fashioned in Eng- 
 land was under the skilled eye of the Jew. Still 
 ' Robert le Goldbeter ' or ' Henry le Goldsmith ' is 
 not an uncommon entry at this time. The Norman 
 equivalent was met by such a name as ' Roger le
 
 400 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Orfevre ' or ' Peter Ic Orfeure,' and these lingered on 
 in a more or less full form till the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. Their memorial, too, still survives in our 
 ' Offers ' and ' Ofifors.' ^ Ivory was much used, too, and 
 our ' Turners ' here also were doubtless very busy. A 
 pretty little casket of this material, called a 'forcer,' 
 small and delicately carved, used in general for stor- 
 ing away jewellery and other precious gems, was 
 decidedly popular among the richer ranks of the 
 thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In an old poem, 
 sometimes set down to Chaucer, it is said — 
 
 Fortune by strength the forcer hath unshete, 
 Wherein was sperde all my worldly richesse. 
 
 Our present 'Forcers' and early 'Nicholas le Forcers' 
 and ' Henry le Forcers ' represent this. Our use of 
 ivory tablets is not yet obsolete, though of late years 
 the wondrous cheapness of paper and the issue of 
 pocketbooks and annuals have threatened to absorb 
 their existence. Of somewhat larger size were the 
 ' tables ' of this time. Chaucer, in portraying the 
 Limitour, speaks of him as followed by an attendant, 
 bearing — 
 
 A pair of tables all of ivoiy, 
 
 And a pointel, ypolished fetisly, 
 
 And wrote alway the names, as he stood, 
 
 Of alle folk that gave them any good. 
 
 It is in a yet larger sense of this same word our early 
 translators introduced the phrase ' tables of stone,' 
 found in the Mosaic record — not, however, that the 
 smaller 'tablet' was unknown. Apart from such a 
 
 ' • William le Orbater ' (goldbeater) is also found in the Hundred 
 RoUs.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 4OI 
 
 registration as * Bartholomew le Tabler,' found in the 
 London Rolls (1320), we have mentioned as living in 
 Cambridge in 1322 one 'Richard le Tableter.'' We 
 can readily understand how useful would be his occu- 
 pation to the students, who were thus provided with 
 a writing material capable of erasure, at a time when 
 paper was infinitely too expensive to be simply 
 scribbled upon.^ The pointel, or pencil, mentioned 
 above, seems to have required also a separate manu- 
 facture, as we find the surnames ' Roger Poyntel ' and 
 'John Poyntel' occurring in 13 15 and 13 19, the latter 
 the same date within a year as the ' Tabler ' just re- 
 ferred to. These tablets, I need not say, were, whe- 
 ther the framework were ivory, or box, or Cyprus, 
 overlaid with smeared wax, the pointel being, as its 
 name more literally implies, the stile with which the 
 characters were impressed. The pointel was a com- 
 mon ornament and hung pendent from the neck. 
 
 Two surnames far from being uninteresting must 
 be mentioned here. They are those of ' Walter 
 Orlogyr ' ' and * Thomas Clokmaker,' the one being 
 found in the 'Guild of St. George, Norwich' (1385), 
 the other in the ' Proceedings and Ordinances of the 
 
 ' A ' Bartholomew le Tableter ' is also found in the ' Memorials of 
 London' (Riley). The date being the same or nearly the same as that 
 of ' Bartholomew le Tabler ' inscribed in the Parliamentary Writs for 
 the capital, we may feel assured both are one and the same person. 
 
 2 ' And thei bikenyden to his fadir, that he wolde that he were 
 clepid. And he axinge a poyntel wrote seiynge Jon is his name.' 
 (Luke i. 63. Wicklyffe.) 
 
 ' I have since discovered another instance of this name — 
 ' To Bartholomew le Orologius, after the arrival of William de 
 Pikewell, 23 gallons.' 1286 (Domesday Book, St. Paul's, Cam. Soc). 
 
 D D
 
 402 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Privy Council.' ' It is just possible also that ' Clerk- 
 wright,' set down in the former record, may be but a 
 misspelling or misreading for ' Clockwright' The 
 two first-mentioned names remind us that if not of 
 clocks, as now understood, yet the manufacture of 
 dials did make a transient mark upon our English 
 nomenclature. I say transient, for I find no trace of 
 either being handed down even to the second genera- 
 tion by those who took these sobriquets. The 
 ' horologe ' seems to have become a pretty familiar 
 term in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, for we 
 find Wicklyfie translating 2 Kings xx. 1 1, ' Isaye the 
 profete clepide ynwardly the Lord, and browgte agen 
 bacward by x degrees the schadewe bi lynes, bi 
 whiche it hadde gone down thanne in the orologie of 
 Achaz.' The transition from clocks to bells is not 
 a great one, as both have to do with the marking of 
 time. I will here therefore refer to the old bell- 
 founder, and then pass on. The ' Promptorium 
 Parvulorum' gives us ' Bellezeter' as the then usual 
 term for the trade, and from the occurrence of such 
 entries as ' Robert ie Belzctere ' or ' William Ic Bel- 
 zetere' we cannot doubt but that it was so. Of course 
 a corruption of so awkward a word was inevitable, 
 and Stow, by informing us that ' Billiter Lane ' was 
 formerly nothing more nor less than ' Belzetars Lane,' 
 has prevented dispute from arising regarding the 
 origin of our ' Billitcrs.' ^ If, however, further proof 
 
 ' ' Imprimis Thomrc Clokmakcr for makyng of the sail when it 
 was broken, viiij.' 1428 (Pro. Ord. Privy Council). 
 
 - Stowc and Strype, however, while aware of the corraption, were 
 both ignorant of its meaning. Speaking of the woodmongers, the 
 former says, ' Whether some of these woodmongers were called ' IJilliters
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 403 
 
 were necessary, we could bring forward ' Esmon Belle- 
 yeter' from the Privy Council Ordinances.^ Stripped 
 of its uncouth orthography, we are here shown, the 
 process by which the changed pronunciation gradu- 
 ally came into use. 
 
 We must say a word or two about former coinage, 
 and weights and measures, for all are more or less 
 carefully memorialized in our directories of to-day. 
 The two chief names, however, by which the early 
 scale was represented, ' le Aunserer' and ' le Balancer,' 
 are, I am sorry to say, either wholly, or all but wholly, 
 extinct. Such entries as ' Rauf le Balancer' ^ or ' John 
 Balauncer ' or ' Thomas le Aunsercmaker ' were per- 
 fectly familiar with our forefathers. The ' balance ' 
 was of the simplest character, a scale poised by the 
 hand. The manufacture of such is mentioned by the 
 author of 'Cocke Lorelle's Bote,' when he includes — 
 
 Arowe-heders, maltemen, and cornemongers, 
 Balancers, tynne-casters, and skiyveners. 
 
 By its repeated occurrence in our present Autho- 
 rized Version this word is sure of preservation from 
 obsoletism. The ' auncel ' or ' auncer ' was strictly 
 
 from dealing in billets I leave to conjecture. In the register of >vills, 
 London, mention is made of one William Burford, billeytere.' (ii. p. i26. 
 The Woodmongers were sellers of fuel. ' Robert Wudemonger ' is 
 found in the H. R. 
 
 ' I may quote a statement recorded of Congham Manor. ' In 1349 
 Thomas de Baldeswell presented to the church aforesaid, as chief lord 
 of this fee ; in 1367, Adam Humphrey, of Refham, and in 1385, but 
 soon after, in 1388, Adam Pyk ; and in 1400, Edmund Belytter, alias 
 Belzeter, who M'ith his parceners,' &c. {[list. Norf., viii. 383.) The 
 said Edmund is also met with elsewhere as ' Belleycter ' and ' Bel- 
 yetter.' 
 
 * Another ' Ralph Balancer' was sheriff of London in 1316. 
 D D 2
 
 404 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the vessel in which the provisions were weighed. Piers 
 Plowman says — 
 
 And the pound that she paied by 
 Peised a quatron moore 
 Than myn owene auncer. 
 
 In an appraisement of goods in 1356 mention is made, 
 among other chattels, of ' one balance called an 
 auncer.' ^ Thus our somewhat rare ' Ansers ' are 
 not such geese as they look ! Our modern notion of 
 the Mint is that of a place where with a certain amount 
 of State secrecy our money is coined and sent forth. 
 Nothing of this kind existed formerly : each consider- 
 able town had its own mint, and even barons and 
 bishops, subject to royal superintendence, could issue 
 coin. Thus it is that we meet with more or less 
 frequency such a name as ' Nicholas le Cuner,' from 
 the old *cune' or 'coin;' or 'John le Meneter,' or 
 ' John Monemakere,' or ' William Ic Moneur,' or 
 ' William le Mynsmith,' mint-smith, that is ; and thus 
 it is our present ' Moniers ' or ' Moneyers ' and ' Min- 
 ters ' have arisen. Our ' Stampers ' remind us of the 
 chief feature of coinage, the die. The system being 
 thus general, and subject to but an uncertain and 
 irregular supervision, abuse of alloy crept in, and it 
 was to remedy this, it is said, our ' Testers ' and 
 
 ' This weight was abolished in 1 35 1, and the balance made universal. 
 ' Item, whereas great damage and deceit is done to the peoj)lc by a 
 weight which is called Auncel (par une pois qu'cst appelle Aunsell), it 
 is accorded and estaliHshed that this weight called Auncel betwixt 
 buyers and sellers shall be wholly put out, and that every person do sell 
 and buy by the balance.' (Stat. Realm, vol. i. j>. 321.) Cowell, in 
 his Interpreter, suggests as the origin of the term 'auncel' hand"- 
 sale, that is, (hat which is weighed by the poised hand !
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 405 
 
 ' Sayers,' corrupted from assayers, 'were appointed. 
 ' Sayer' or 'Sayers,' however, I have elsewhere derived 
 differently, and in most cases I feel confident the 
 account there given is more approximate to the truth. 
 
 Literature and art in regard to the market are not 
 without their relics. So far as the outside of books 
 was concerned, our former ' John le Bokbinders ' or 
 ' Dionisia le Bokebynders ' are sufficiently explicit. 
 These, judging from their date, we must suppose to 
 have bound together leathern documents and parch- 
 ments of value, or books of manuscript. Speaking 
 of parchment, however, we are reminded of the im- 
 portance of this for testamentary and other legal 
 purposes. Thus we find such names as ' Stephen le 
 Parchemyner ' or ' William le Parchemynere ' to be 
 common at this time. They afford but one more 
 instance of an important and familiar name failing of 
 descent. In the York Pageant, mentioned elsewhere, 
 the ' Parchemyners ' ' and ' Bukbynders ' marched 
 together.'^ 
 
 The old sealmaker, an important tradesman in a 
 
 • Another form is found in 1389. William Parchmenter was seized 
 for holding independent views of the Sacraments. (Nicholls' Leicester.) 
 
 ' In the Exchequer Jssties we find the following: — 'To John 
 Ileth, one of the clerks in the office of privy seal of the Lord the King, 
 in money, paid to his own hands, in discharge of G6s. which the said 
 Lord the King, with the assent of his Council, commanded to be paid 
 to the said John, for 66 great "quaternes" of calf skins, purchased and 
 provided by the said John to write a Bible thereon for the use of the 
 said King.' In an old Oxford indenture between the University and 
 the Town, dated 1459, we find the more usual ' parchemener' spelt 
 'pergemener.' The agreement includes 'Alle Bedels with dailly 
 servants, and their householdes, alle stacioners, alle bokebynders, 
 lympners, wryters, pcrgemeners, harbours, the bellerynger of the uni- 
 versitie,' &c. [Mini. Acad. Oxon., p. 346.)
 
 406 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 day when men were much better known by their 
 crests than now, left its mark in the early ' Seler.' In 
 the ' Issues of the Exchequer ' we find a certain 
 ' Hugh le Seler ' commissioned to make a new seal 
 for the See of Durham. The modern form is ' Sealer.' 
 Professional writers and copiers were common. The 
 calling of scribe has given us our many ' Scrivens ' 
 and ' Scriveners,' descendants of the numerous 
 'William le Scrivayns' and 'John le Scrivryns' of our 
 mediaeval rolls. Piers Plowman employs the word — 
 
 I wel noght scorae, quoth Scripture, 
 But if scryveynes lye. 
 
 Our ' Writers ' are but the Saxon form of the same, 
 while ' le Cirograffer ' would seem to represent the 
 Greek. A ' William le Cirograffer ' occurs in the 
 Hundred Rolls. As a writer of indentures he is 
 frequently mentioned. An act passed in the first 
 year of Edward IV. speaks of such ofificers as ' clerk" 
 of our council, clerk or keeper of oure Hanaper, office 
 of cirograffer, and keeper of oure Wills.' ' Employed 
 in the skilled art of text-letter wc may next mention 
 such men as ' Godfrey le Lomynour ' or ' Ralph Illu- 
 minator ' or ' Thomas Liminer.' A poem, already 
 quoted more than once, makes reference to — 
 
 Parchemente makers, skynners, and plowcrs, 
 Barbers, Boke-bynders, and lyniincrs." 
 
 How beautiful were the decorations and devices upon 
 
 ' Another ordinance has the following : — ' And that all Jews shall 
 dwell in the Kings own cities and boroughs, where the chests of chiro- 
 graphs of Jewry are wont to be' ('ou les Whuches (hutches) cirografTes 
 de Geuerie soleient estre '). (S/uf. of Realm, vol. i. p. 221.) 
 
 * ' Nicholas Cotes, lummcr.' {Corpus Christi Ciiil J, York.)
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 407 
 
 which they spent their care, some of the missals and 
 other service books of this early period show.^ This, 
 I need scarcely add, was a favourite monastic pursuit. 
 I do not know that * Limner' still exists as a surname, 
 unless it be in our ' Limmers.' That it lingered on 
 in its more correct form till the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century is certain, as the Tostock register 
 serves to show, for it is there recorded that 'John 
 Limner of Chevington, and Eliz : Sibbes of this town, 
 were married, August 22nd, 1700.' (Sibbes' 'Works,' 
 vol. i. p. cxlii.) 
 
 Before closing this necessarily hurried resume of 
 mediaeval trade, we must say a word or two about 
 early shipping. We have mentioned certain articles, 
 especially those of spicery and wines, which were then 
 used, as the result of foreign merchant enterprise. 
 Much of all this came as the growth and produce of 
 the opposite Continent. Much again reached our 
 shore brought hither from Eastern lands in caravan 
 and caravel by Venetian traders. Our ' Marchants,' 
 * Merchants,' or ' le Marchants,' we doubtless owe to 
 this more extended commerce. Apart from these, 
 however, we are far from being without names of a 
 more seafaring nature. It is a strange circumstance 
 that our now one general term of ' sailor ' had in the 
 days we are considering but the barest existence sur- 
 nominally or colloquially. In the former respect I 
 only find it twice, the instances being those of ' John 
 
 ' In the Mun. Acad. Oxon., p. 550, we find a quarrel settled by 
 the Chancellor between ' John Conaley, lymner,' and 'John Godsend, 
 stationarius.' Through him it is arranged that the former shall occupy 
 himself in ' liminando bene et fideliter libros suos.' In the York 
 Pageant the ' Escriveners ' and ' Lumners ' went together.
 
 408 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 le Saillur ' and ' Nicholas le Saler,' both to be found 
 in the Hundred Rolls, It may be said to be a word 
 of entirely modern growth. The expression then in 
 familiar use was 'Shipman,'' and * Shipman ' is the 
 surname best represented in our nomenclature. It is 
 by this name one of Chaucer's company at the 
 Tabard is pictured forth — 
 
 A Shipman ther was wonecl far by West, 
 He knew wel alle the havens as they were, 
 Fro' Gotland to the Cape de Finisterre, 
 And every creke, in Bretagne, and in Spainc ; 
 His barge ycliped was the ' Magdelaine.' 
 
 This, intended doubtless to set forth the wide extent 
 of his adventure, would seem cramped enough for the 
 seafarer of the nineteenth century. The word itself 
 lingered on for some length of time, being found both 
 in our Homilies and in the Authorized Version, but 
 seems to have declined towards the end of the seven- 
 teenth century. ' Henry le Mariner's ' name still lives 
 among us, sometimes being found in the abbreviated 
 form of * Marner,' and ' Shipper ' or ' Skipper ' is not 
 as yet obsolete. The strictly speaking feminine 
 * Shipster ' comes in the quaint old poem of * Cocke 
 Lorelle's Bote,' where mention is made among others 
 of— 
 
 Gogle-eyed Tomson, shipster of Lyn. 
 
 ' Cogger,' found in such an entry as ' Hamond Ic 
 Cogger ' or ' Henry le Cogger,' carries us back to the 
 
 ' Thus in Kaye's description of the siege of Rhodes it is said : 
 ' Anone after that the Rhodians had knowledge of thees werkes a ship- 
 man wel cxperte in swymmyng, wente by nyghte and cutted the cordes 
 fro' the ancre.'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 409 
 
 old ' cogge ' or fishing smack, a term very familiar on 
 the east coast, and one not yet altogether obsolete. 
 It seems to have been often used to carry the soldiery 
 across the Channel to France and the Low Country 
 border, or even further.^ Our cockswain was, I doubt 
 not, he who attended to the tiller of the boat. We 
 still speak also of a cock-boat, written in the ' Promp- 
 torium Parvulorum ' as ' cog bote,' and doubtless it 
 was originally some smaller craft that waited upon 
 and attended the other. Thus it is highly probable 
 that • le Cockere ' may in some instances have been 
 but equivalent to ' le Cogger.' - ' Richard le Bots- 
 weyn,' ' Edward Botswine,' ' Peter Boatman,' * Jacob 
 Boatman,' or the more local * Gerard de la Barge,' 
 are all still familiar enough in an occupative sense, 
 but surnominally have been long extinct, with the 
 exception of the last.^ 
 
 Coming to port, whether it were York, or King- 
 ston, or Chester, or London, we find ' Adam le 
 
 ' In the Itinerarium of Richard I. we find it recorded that while 
 the Christians were besieging Acre Saladin's army began to hem them 
 in, ' In hoc itaque articulo positos visitavit eos Oriens exalto ; nam 
 ecce ! quinquagintas naves, quas vulgo coggas dicunt, cum duodecim 
 millibus armatorum, tanto gratias venenint quanto nostris auxilium in 
 angustia majore rcpendunt.' — p. 64. The Cog was evidently in common 
 use as a transport. To judge from the following entries, it was, in some 
 cases, at any rate, of considerable size: — 'Henrico Aubyn, magistro 
 f^^o,? Sancti Marie, et 39 sociis suis nautis, 23/. \2s. bd.' ' Thomo de 
 Standanore, magistro f<7jv:' Sancti Thonia;, et 39 sociis suis, 23/. 12s. 6d.' 
 (Ed. I. Wardrobe.) 
 
 * ' Benjamin Cogman ' occurs in an old Norfolk register. Hence 
 'Cockman,' like ' Cocker,' may in some instance belong to this more 
 seafaring occupation. 
 
 • ' John Shipgroom ' occurs in the Rot. Orig. (G. ) ; ' John 
 Shypward' in Cal. Rot. Chartarum (D.) ; and ' Alexander Schipward ' 
 in Rolls of Pari. (H.).
 
 4IO ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Waterman,' or ' Richard Waterbearer,' or ' William le 
 Water-leder ' busy enough by the waterside.* The 
 latter term, however, was far the commonest in the 
 thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. I have already 
 mentioned the sense of ' lead ' at this time, that of 
 carrying. Piers Plowman, to quote but one more 
 instance, says in one place — 
 
 With Lumbardes letters 
 I ladde gold to Rome, 
 And took it by tale there. 
 
 In the York Pageant of 141 5 we find two separate 
 detachments of these water-leaders in procession, one 
 in conjunction with the bakers, the other with the 
 cooks. It would be doubtless these two classes of 
 shopkeepers their duties of carrying stores, especially 
 flour, to and from the different vessels would bring 
 them in contact with most. Our ' Leaders,' ' Leedcrs,' 
 * Leders,' and ' Lodcrs ' are either the more general 
 carrier or an abbreviated form of the above.'^ * Gager,' 
 though rarely met with now, is a descendant of 
 
 ' ' Richard Drawater ' (A.) would be a tiicknamc. 
 
 * This word ' lead ' is worthy of some extended notice. We 
 still speak of a path leading our steps to a place, but we scarcely now 
 would say that we lead our steps to it. Shakespeare, however, does so, 
 where Richard III. addresses Elizabeth — 
 
 ' Dorset your son, that with a fearful soul 
 Leads discontented steps in foreign soil.' 
 
 Several commentators on Shakespeare have proposed * treads ' in the 
 place of Meads,' not knowing, seemingly, how familiar was this 
 sense of carrying or bearing in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A 
 century earlier the Malvern Dreamer says — 
 
 ' And maketh of Lyere a lang cart 
 To leden all these othere :'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPAflON (TOWN). 411 
 
 'William le Gageour,' or 'Alexander le Gauger,' or 
 * Henry le Gaugeour,' of many a mediaeval record. 
 His office was to attend to the King's revenue at our 
 seaports, and though not strictly so confined, yet his 
 duties were all but entirely concerned in the measure- 
 ment of liquids, such as oil, wine, honey.' The tun, 
 the pipe, the tierce, the puncheon, casks and barrels 
 of a specified size — these came under his immediate 
 supervision, and the royal fee was accordingly. Such 
 a name as ' Josceus le Peisur,' now found as ' Poyser ' 
 or ' Henry le Waiur,' that is, ' Weigher,' ^ met with 
 now also in the form of ' Weightman,' represented 
 the passage of more solid merchandise. The old 
 form of ' poise ' was ' peise.' Piers Plowman makes 
 Covetousness to confess — 
 
 I lerned among Lumbardes 
 And Jewes a lesson, 
 To weye pens with a peis, 
 And pare the heaviest. 
 
 while just before he writes — 
 
 * And cart-saddle the commissarie, 
 Oure cart shall he lede 
 And fecchen us vit?illes.' 
 
 In North Yorkshire to this very day they do very little carting. 
 They all but invariably 'lead hay,' ' lead corn,' etc. An old form of 
 'lead' was 'lode.' We still talk of a 'lode-stone.' This cxplams such 
 an entry as ' Emma le Lodere ' or ' Agnes le Lodere.' They were both 
 doubtless 'leaders' or 'carriers,' that is, wandering hucksters. 
 
 ' ' Item, that all wines, red and white, which shall come unto the 
 said realm shall be well and lawfully gauged by the King's Gangers, or 
 their deputies' ('bien et loialment gaugcz par le gaujeour le Roi, ou 
 son depute.'). {Stat, of Realm, vol. i. p. 331.) 
 
 ^ An epitaph in St. Anthony's, London, dated 1400, says of the 
 deceased that he was — 
 
 ' The King's weigher more than yeres twentie, 
 Simon Street, callyd in my place.' 
 
 {Maitland, ii. 375.)
 
 412 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Richard in ' Richard the III.' finely says — 
 
 I'll strive, with troubled thoughts, to take a nap, 
 Lest leaden slumber peise me do\ui to-morrow, 
 
 (Act V. scene 3.) 
 
 With the above, therefore, we must associate our 
 ' Tollers,' once registered as ' Bartholomew le Tollere' 
 or 'Ralph le Toller,' together with our 'Tolemans' 
 and * Tolmans,' they who took the King's levy at fair 
 and market — by the roadside and the wharf.' Piers 
 Plowman, in a list of other decent folk, includes — 
 
 Taillours and tynkers, 
 And tollers in markettes. 
 Masons and mynours, 
 And many other crafts. 
 
 Cocke Lorcllc is not so complimentary. He says — 
 
 Then come two false towlers in nexte, 
 
 lie set them by pykers (thieves) of the beste." 
 
 In concluding this chapter, and our survey of trade 
 generally, it will be necessary to the completion 
 thereof that we should say a word or two about the 
 money trading of four hundred years ago or more. 
 Banks, bank-notes, bills of exchange, drafts to order — 
 all these arc as familiar to the tongues of the nine- 
 teenth century as if the great car of commerce had 
 ever gone along on such greased and comfortable 
 
 ' The local form is found in the case of 'Jcffery Talbothe,' a 
 Norfolk Rector in 1371. (Bromeficld). The 'receipt of custom ' is 
 with WicklifTe the 'tolbothe.' 
 
 ■^ Skelton seems of the same mind as the author of Cocke LordU. 
 ' .So many lolle:-s. 
 So few tme tollers. 
 So many pollers, 
 
 Saw I never,'
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 413 
 
 wheels. But I need not say it is not so. Very little 
 money in the present day is practically coin. Our 
 banks have it all. It was different with our ancestors. 
 As a rule it was stored up in some secret cupboard 
 or chest. Hence it is, as I have shown, the trade of 
 * le Coffer ' and the office of ' le Cofferer ' are so much 
 thrust before our notice in surveying mediaeval 
 records. Still, trading in money was largely carried 
 on, so far, at any rate, as loans were concerned. The 
 Jew, true to his national precedents, was then, I need 
 not say, the pawnbroker of Europe, and as his disciple, 
 the Lumbard soon bid fair to outstrip his master. 
 Under the Plantagenet dynasty both found a pros- 
 perous field for their peculiar business in England, 
 and, as I have elsewhere said, Lombard Street ' to this 
 day is a memorial of the settlement of the latter. In 
 such uncertain and changeful times as these, kings, 
 and in their train courtiers and nobles, soon learnt 
 the art, not difficult in initiation, of pawning jewels 
 and lands for coin. The Malvern Dreamer speaks 
 familiarly of this — 
 
 I have lent lordes 
 And ladies my chaffare, 
 And been their brocour after, 
 And bought it myselve ; 
 Eschaunges and chevysaunces 
 With such cheffare I dele. 
 
 This species of commerce is early marked by such 
 names as ' Henry le Chaunger ' or ' Adam le Cheves- 
 
 • I need not remind the majority of my readers of the origin of our 
 term 'lumber room,' that it is but a corruption of lombard-room, or 
 the chamber in which the mediaeval pawnbroker stored up all his pledges. 
 Hence we now speak of any useless cumbrous articles as 'lumber;'
 
 414 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 tier,' 1 while still better-known terms are brought to 
 our notice by entries like ' John Ic Banckere,' ' Roger 
 le Bencher,' 'Thomas le Brokur,' or 'Simon le Brokour.' 
 Holinshed, in the form of ' brogger,' has the latter to 
 denote one who negotiated for coin. As * Broggers,' 
 too, we met them in the York Pageant. There, 
 probably, they would transact much of the business 
 carried on between ourselves and the Dutch in the 
 shipping off of fleeces, or the introduction of the 
 cloth again from the Flemish manufacturers.^ The 
 pawnbroker of modern days, dealing in petty articles 
 of ware, was evidently an unknown personage at the 
 date we are considering. The first distinctive notice of 
 him I can light upon is in the ' Statutes of the Realm ' 
 of the Stuart period. It will be there found that 
 (chapter xxi.) James I., speaking of the change from 
 the old broker into the more modern pawnbroker, 
 refers to the former as one who went ' betweene 
 Merchant Englishe and Merchant Strangers, and 
 Tradesmen in the contrivinge, makinge and concluding 
 Bargaines and Contractes to be made betweene them 
 concerning their wares and merchandises,' and then 
 adds that he ' never of any ancient tymc used to buy 
 and sell garments, household stuffe, or to take pawnes 
 
 • Mr. Halliwell gives ' chevisance,' an agreement, and 'chevisli,' 
 to bargain. Mr. Way commenting on 'chcvystyn,' quotes Fabyan 
 as saying — ' I will assaye to have hys Erklom in morgage, for wclle I 
 knowe he must chevyche for money to perfourme that journey.' Mr. 
 Wright's Glossary to Piers Phrd<maii has ' chevysaunce, an agree- 
 ment for borrowing money.' The word often occurs in medieval 
 writers, and no wonder at least one surname arose as a consequence. 
 
 ' An act of Richard II. speaks of officers and ministers made by 
 brocage, and of their broggers, and of them that have taken the said 
 brocage, ' pour brogage, et de lor broggers, et de,' etc.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 415 
 
 and bills of sale of garments and apparele, and all 
 things that come to hand for money, laide out and 
 lent upon usury, or to keepe open shoppes, and to 
 make open shevves, and open trade, as now of late 
 yeeres hathe and is used by a number of citizens, etc' 
 
 Appendix to Chapters IV. and V. 
 
 It will perchance help to familiarize the reader with 
 the manner in which the occupative names contained 
 in the two preceding chapters arose, if I transcribe 
 several lists of tradesmen which have come across my 
 notice while engaged in the work of collecting sur- 
 names for my index. The first is found in most of 
 the Yorkshire County Histories, and is a record of the 
 order of the Pageant for the City of York in 141 5. 
 The second is the order of the Procession of the 
 Craftsmen and Companies of Norwich from the Com- 
 mon Hall in 1533. This list will be found in Brome- 
 field's 'Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 148. The third is the order 
 of the Chester Play, inaugurated 1339, and discon- 
 tinued 1574. This list will be found in Ormerod's 
 ' Cheshire,' vol. i. p. 300. These records possess an 
 intrinsic value, apart from other matters, as proving 
 to the reader the leading position which these several 
 cities held as centres of industry in the thirteenth, 
 fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. The 
 last list I would furnish is that met with in the quaint 
 poem entitled ' Cocke Lorelle's Bote,' pubhshed about
 
 4i6 
 
 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the beginning of the reign of Henry VIII., and pur- 
 porting to give a list of the tradesmen and manufac- 
 turers of the metropolis at that time. I have quoted 
 merely the portion that concerns my purpose, and it 
 is taken from the edition published by the Percy 
 Society. Though not perfect, that edition is un- 
 doubtedly the best. 
 
 I. 
 
 The Order for the Pageants of the Play of Corpus Christi, //; 
 the time of the Mayoralty of William Alne, /// the third 
 Year of the Reign of King Henry V. Anno 141 5, com- 
 piled by Roger Burton, Totun Clerk. 
 
 Tanners. 
 
 Plasterers. 
 
 Carde-makers. 
 
 Fullers. 
 
 Coupers. 
 
 Armourers. 
 
 Gaunters. 
 
 Shipwrights. 
 
 Fyshmongers. 
 
 Pessyners. 
 
 Mariners. 
 
 Pthemyners. 
 
 Bukbynders. 
 
 Hosyers. 
 
 Spicers. 
 
 Peutcrers. 
 
 Founders. 
 
 Tylers. 
 
 Chaundclers. 
 
 Goldsmithes. 
 
 Orfeures. 
 
 Gold-beters. 
 
 Mone-makers. 
 
 Masons. 
 
 Marashals. 
 
 Girdellers. 
 
 Naylers. 
 
 Sawters. 
 
 Sporiers. 
 
 Lorymers. 
 
 Barbers. 
 
 Vyntners. 
 
 Smythcs. 
 
 Fevers. 
 
 Pcnnagers. 
 
 Plummers. 
 
 Patten-makers. 
 
 Pouch-makers. 
 
 Botillers. 
 Cap-makers. 
 Vestment-makers. 
 Skynners. 
 Cuttellers. 
 Blade-smythes. 
 Shethers. 
 Scalers. 
 
 Buckle-mekers. 
 Horners. 
 Bakers. 
 Waterleders. 
 Cordwaners. 
 Bowers. 
 Fletchers. 
 Tapisers 
 Couchers. 
 •Littesters. 
 Cukes.
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 417 
 
 Waterleders. 
 
 Carpenters. 
 
 Hostilers. 
 
 Sauce-makers. 
 
 Joyners. 
 
 Mercers. 
 
 Milners. 
 
 Cartwrights. 
 
 Porters, 8 torches. 
 
 Tiel-makers. 
 
 Carvers. 
 
 Coblers, 4 torches. 
 
 Ropers. 
 
 Sawyers. 
 
 Cordwaners. 14 
 
 Cevers. 
 
 Wyndrawers. 
 
 torches. 
 
 Turners. 
 
 Broggers. 
 
 Carpenters, 6 
 
 Hayresters. 
 
 Wool-pakkers. 
 
 torches. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 Wadmen. 
 
 Chaloners, 4 
 
 Sherman. 
 
 Escriveners. 
 
 torches. 
 
 Pynners. 
 
 Lumners. 
 
 Fullers, 4 torches. 
 
 Lateners. 
 
 Questors. 
 
 Cottellers, 2 
 
 Payntors. 
 
 Dubbors. 
 
 torches. 
 
 Bouchers. 
 
 Taillyoures. 
 
 Wevers, torches. 
 
 Pulterers. 
 
 Potters. 
 
 Girdellers, torches. 
 
 Satellers. 
 
 Drapers. 
 
 Taillyoures, 
 
 Sellers. 
 
 Lynwevers. 
 
 torches. 
 
 Glasiers. 
 
 Wevers of Wolle 
 
 
 It is ordained that the Porters and Coblers should go 
 first; then, of the Right, the Wevers and Cordwaners ; on 
 the Left, tbe Fullors, Cutlers ^ Girdellers, Chaloners, Car- 
 penters, and Taillyoures ; then the better sort of Citizens ; 
 and after the Twenty-four, the Twelve, the Mayor, and four 
 Torches of Mr. Thomas Buckton. 
 
 II. 
 
 The Order of the Procession of the Occupations, C^'afis, or 
 Companies {Norwich) to be made on Corpus Christi Day, 
 from the Common Hall. (1533 a.d.) 
 
 I. The Company of Masons, Tilers, Limeburners, and 
 Smiths. 
 
 £ E
 
 41 8 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 2. The Carpenters, Gravours, Joiners, Sawers, Seive- 
 
 makers, Wheehvrights, Fletchers, Bowers, and 
 Turners. 
 
 3. The Reders, Thaxters, Rede-sellers, Cleymen, and 
 
 Carriers. 
 
 4. The Butchers, Glovers, and Parchment-makers. 
 
 5. The Tanners. 
 
 6. The Cordwaners, Coblers, Curriers, and Collamiakers. 
 
 7. The Shermen, Fullers, Woolen and Linnen Weavers, 
 
 and Wool-chapmen. 
 
 8. The Coverlet-weavers, Darnick-weavers, and Girdlers. 
 
 9. The Combers, Tinmen. 
 
 10. The Vintners, Bakers, Brewers, Inn-keepers, Tiplers, 
 
 Coopers, and Cooks. 
 
 11. The Fishmongers, Freshwater-fishers, and Keelmen. 
 
 1 2. The Waxchandlers, Barbers, and Surgeons. 
 
 13. The Cappers, Hatters, Bagmakers, Paintmakers, Wier- 
 
 drawers and Amiourers. 
 
 14. The Pewterers, Brasiers, Plombers, Bellfounders, 
 
 Glaziers, Steynors. 
 
 15. The Tailors, Broiderers, Hosiers, and Skinners. 
 
 16. The Goldsmiths, Diers, Calanderers, and Sadlers. 
 
 1 7. The Worsted-weavers and Irlonderes. 
 
 18. The Grocers and Raffmen. 
 
 19. The Mercers, Drapers, Scriveners, and Hardwaremen. 
 
 20. The Parish Clerks and Sextons, with their banner- 
 
 wayts, and minstrals. 
 
 Bromefield's ' Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 148. 
 
 III. 
 
 The Chester Play was inaugtirated 1339. The following 
 trades, guilds, and companies took part in it : —
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 419 
 
 First List. 
 
 1. The Barkers and Tanners. 
 
 2. Drapers and Hosiers. 
 
 3. Drawers of Dee and Water Leaders. 
 
 4. Barbers, Waxchandlers, Leeches. 
 
 5. Cappers, Wyerdrawers, Pynners. 
 
 6. Wrightes, Slaters, Tylers, Daubers, Thatchers. 
 
 7. Paynters, Brotherers (i.e. embroiderers), Glasiers. 
 
 8. Vintners and Marchants. 
 
 9. Mercers, Spicers. 
 
 Second List. 
 
 1. Gouldsmithes, Masons. 
 
 2. Smiths, Forbers, Pevvterers. 
 
 3. Butchers. 
 
 4. Glovers, Parchment-makers. 
 
 5. Corvesters and Shoemakers. 
 
 6. Bakers, Mylners. 
 
 7. Boyeres, Flechers, Stringeres, Cowpers, Turners. 
 
 8. Irnemongers, Ropers. 
 
 9. Cookes, Tapsters, Hostlers, Inkeapers. 
 
 Third List. 
 
 1. Skinners, Cardemakers, Hatters, Poynters, Girdlers. 
 
 2. Sadlers, Fusters. 
 
 3. Taylors. 
 
 4. Fishmongers. 
 
 5. Sheremen. 
 
 6. Hewsters and Bellfounders. 
 
 7. Weavers and Walkers. 
 
 The last procession occurred in 1574. 
 
 Ormerod's ' Cheshire,' vol. i. p. 300. 
 
 E E 2
 
 420 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Extract fro7n '■Cocke Lorellis Bote.' 
 
 The fyrst was goldesmythes and grote clyppers 
 Multyplyers and clothe thyckers : 
 Called fullers everychone : 
 There is taylers, taverners, and drapers : 
 Potycaryes, ale-brewers, and bakers : 
 Mercers, flelchers, and sporyers : 
 Boke-prynters, peynters, bowers : 
 Myllers, carters, and botylemakers : 
 Waxechaundelers, clothers, and grocers : 
 Wollemen, vynteners, and flesshemongcrs : 
 Salters, jowelers, and habardashers : 
 Drovers, cokes, and pulters : 
 Yermongers, pybakers, and waferers : 
 Fruyters, chesemongers, and mynstrelies : 
 Talowe chaundelers, hostelers, and glovers : 
 Owchers, skynners, and cutlers : 
 Bladesmythes, fosters, and sadelers : 
 Coryers, cordwayners, and cobelers : 
 Gyrdelers, forborers, and webbers : 
 Quyltemakers, shermen, and armorers : 
 Borlers, tapestry-worke-makers, and dyers : 
 Brouderers, strayners, and carpytc-makers : 
 Sponers, torners, and hatters : 
 Lyne-webbers, setters, with lyne-drapers : 
 Roke-makers, copersmythes, and lorymers : 
 Brydel-bytters, blackcsmythes, and forrars : 
 Bokell-smythes, horseleches, and goldbeters : 
 Fyners, plommers, and peuters : 
 Bedmakers, fedbedmakers, and wyre-drawers : 
 Founders, laten workers, and broche-makers : 
 Pavyers, bell-makers, and brasyers :
 
 SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION (TOWN). 42 1 
 
 Pynners, nedelers, and glasyers : 
 Bokeler-makers, dyers, and lether-sellers : 
 Whyte-tanners, galyors, and shethers : 
 Masones, male-makers, and merbelers : 
 Tylers, bryck-leyers, harde-hewers : 
 Parys- plasterers, daubers, and lymebomers : 
 Carpenters, coupers, and joyners : 
 Pype-makers, wode-mongers, and orgyn makers : 
 Coferers, carde-makers, and carvers : 
 Shyppe-wrightes, whele-wrights, and sowers : ^ 
 Harpe-makers, leches, and upholsters : 
 Porters, fesycyens, and corsers : 
 Parchemente-makers, skynners, and plovvers : 
 Barbers, bokebynders, and lymners : 
 Repers, faners, and horners : 
 Pouche-makers, below-farmes, cagesellers : 
 Lantemers, stryngers, grynders : 
 Arowe-heders, maltemen, and corne-mongers : 
 Balancers, tynne-casters, and skryveners : 
 Stacyoners, vestyment-svvoers, and ymagers : 
 Sylke-women, pursers, and garnysshers : 
 Table-makers, sylkedyers, and shepsters : 
 Goldesheares, keverchef, launds, and rebone makers : 
 Tankarde-berers, bougemen, and spereplaners : 
 Spynsters, carders, and cappeknytters : 
 Sargeauntes, katche-poUys, and somners : 
 Carryers, carters, and horsekepers : 
 Courte-holders, bayles, and honters : 
 Constables, hede-borovves, and katers : 
 Butlers, sterchers, and mustarde-makers : 
 Hardewaremen, mole-sekers, and ratte-takers ; 
 Bewardes, brycke-borners, and canel-rakers : 
 Potters, brome-sellers, pedelers : 
 Shepherds, coweherdes, and swyne-kepers : 
 Broche-makers, glas-blowers, candelstycke-casts :
 
 422 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Hedgers, dykers, and mowers : 
 Gonners, maryners, and shypmasters : 
 Chymney-swepers and costerde-mongers 
 Lodemen and bere-brewers : 
 Fysshers of the sea and muskel-takers.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 * Nicknames.' 
 
 IF we may trust the accredited origin of the term 
 nickname — viz., that it is prosthetically put for ' an 
 ekename,' that is, an added name — it may seem some- 
 what inconsistent to entitle a special branch of my 
 book by that which in reality embraces the whole. 
 But I do not think I shall be misunderstood, since, 
 whatever be the original meaning intended, the word 
 has now so thoroughly settled down into its present 
 sphere of verbal usefulness that it would be a matter 
 of still more lengthened explanation if I were to put 
 it in its more pretentious and literal sense. By 
 * nickname,' in this chapter, at any rate, I intend to 
 take in all those fortuitous and accidental sobriquets 
 which, once expressive of peculiar and individual 
 characteristics, have survived the age in which they 
 sprang, and now preserved only in the lumber-room 
 of our directories, may be brought forth once more 
 wherever they help to throw a brighter light upon the 
 decayed memorials of a bygone era. It will be seen 
 at a glance that it is no easy task that of assorting a 
 large body of nondescript and unclassed terms, but I 
 will do my best under pleaded indulgence. 
 
 We are not without traces of this special kind of 
 sobriquets even in the early days before the Norman
 
 424 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Conquest was dreamt or thought of. I have already 
 instanced the Venerable Bede as speaking of two 
 missionaries who, both bearing the name of Hewald, 
 were distinguished by the surnames of ' White ' and 
 ' Black,' on account of their hair partaking of those 
 respective hues. In the ninth century, too, Ethelred, 
 Earl of the Gaini, was styled the ' Mucel' or ' Mickle ' 
 — ' eo quod erat corpore magnus et prudentia grandis.' 
 With the incoming of the Normans, however, came a 
 great change. The burlesque was part of their nature. 
 A vein for the ludicrous was speedily acquired. It 
 spread in every rank and grade of society. The 
 Saxon himself was touched with the contagion, ere 
 yet the southern blood was infused into his veins. 
 Equally among the high and the low did such sobri- 
 quets as ' le Bastard,' ' le Rouse,' ' le Beauclerk,' * le 
 Grisegonel ' (Greycloke), ' Plantagenet,' ' Sansterre,' 
 and ' Cceur-de-lion ' find favour. But it did not stay 
 here ; the more ridiculous and absurd characteristics 
 became the butt of attack. In a day when buffoonery 
 had become a profession, when every roughly-sketched 
 drawing was a caricature, every story a record of 
 licentious adventure, it could not be otherwise. The 
 only wonderment is the tame acquiescence on the 
 part of the stigmatized bearer. To us now-a-days, 
 to be termed amongst our fellows ' Richard the 
 Crookbacked,' ' William Blackinthemouth,' ' Thomas 
 the Pennyfathcr' (that is, the Miser), or 'Thomas 
 Wrangeservice ' (the opposite of Walter Scott's 
 'Andrew Fairscrvice'), would be looked upon as 
 mere wanton insult. But it was then far different. 
 The times, as I have said, were rougher and coarser, 
 and the delicacy of feeling which would have shrunk
 
 'NICKNAMES.' 425 
 
 from so addressing those with whom we had to deal, 
 or from making them the object of our banter, would 
 have been perfectly misunderstood. Apart from this, 
 too, the bearer, after all, had little to do with the 
 question. He did not give himself the nickname he 
 received it ; pleasant or unpleasant, as he had no voice 
 in the acquisition, so had he none in its retention. 
 There was nothing for it but good-tempered acquies- 
 cence. We know to this very day how difficult was 
 the task of getting rid of our school nicknames, how 
 they clung to us from the unhappy hour in which 
 some sharp-witted, quick, discerning youngster found 
 out our weak part, and dubbed us by a sobriquet, 
 which, while it perhaps exaggerated the characteristic 
 to which it had reference, had the effect which a 
 hundred admonitions from paternal or magisterial 
 head-quarters had not, to make us see our folly and 
 mend our ways. None the less, however, did the affix 
 remain, and this was our punishment. How often, 
 when in after years we come accidentally across some 
 quondam schoolfellow, each staring strangely at the 
 other's grizzly beard or beetled brow, the old sobriquet 
 will crop up to the lips, and in the very naturalness 
 with which the expression is uttered all the separation 
 of years of thought and feeling is forgotten, and we 
 are instantly back to the old days and the old haunts, 
 and pell-mell in the thick of old boyish scrapes again. 
 Yet perchance these names were offensive. But they 
 have wholly lost their force. We had ceased to feel 
 hurt by them long before we parted in early days. 
 See how this, too, is illustrated in the present day in 
 the names of certain sects and parties. We talk 
 calmly of * Capuchins,' * Quakers,' ' Ranters,' ' Whigs'
 
 426 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 and * Tories,' and yet some of these taken literally 
 are offensive enough, especially the political ones. 
 But, as we know, all that attached to them of odium 
 has long ago become clouded, obscured, and forgotten, 
 and now they are the accepted, nay, proudly owned, 
 titles of the party they represent. Were it not for 
 this we might be puzzled to conceive why in these 
 early times such a name as ' le Bonde,' significant of 
 nothing but personal servitude and galling oppression, 
 was allowed to remain. That * le Free ' and * le Fre- 
 man ' and * le Franch-homme ' should survive the 
 ravages of time is natural enough. But with ' Bond ' 
 it is different. It bespoke slavery. Yet it is one of 
 our most familiar names of to-day. How is this .? 
 The explanation is easy. The term was used to 
 denote personality, not position ; the notion of condi- 
 tion was lost in that of identity. It was just the same 
 with sobriquets of a more humorous and broad cha- 
 racter, with nicknames in fact. The roughest humour 
 of those rough days is oftentimes found in these early 
 records, and the surnames which, putting complimen- 
 tary and objectionable and neutral together, belong to 
 this day to this class, form still well-nigh the largest 
 proportion of our national nomenclature. There is 
 something indescribably odd, when we reflect about it, 
 that the turn of a toe, the twist of a leg, the length of 
 a limb, the colour of a lock of hair, a conceited look, 
 a spiteful glance, a miserly habit of some in other 
 respects unknown and long-forgotten ancestor, should 
 still five or six centuries afterwards be unblushingly 
 proclaimed to the world by the immediate descendants 
 therefrom. And yet so it is with our ' Cruickshanks * 
 or 'Whiteheads ' or ' Meeks ' or ' Proudmans ; ' thus it
 
 NICKNAMES.' 427 
 
 is with our ' Longmans ' and * Shortmans,' our * Biggs' 
 and ' Littles,' and the endless others we shall speedily 
 mention. Still these represent a better class of sur- 
 names. As time wore on, and the nation became 
 more refined, there was an attempt made, successful 
 in many instances, to throw off the more objectionable 
 of these names. Some were so utterly gross and 
 ribald as even in that day to sink into almost instant 
 oblivion. Some, I doubt not, never became hereditary 
 at all. 
 
 In glancing briefly over a portion of these names 
 we must endeavour to affect some order. We might 
 divide them into two classes merely, physical and 
 moral or mental peculiarities ; but this would scarcely 
 suffice for distinction, as each would still be so large 
 as to make us feel ourselves to be in a labyrinth that 
 had no outlet. Nor would these two classes be 
 sufficiently comprehensive .-' There would still be left 
 a large mass of sobriquets which could scarcely be 
 placed with fitness in either category : nicknames 
 from Nature, nicknames from oaths, or street-cries, or 
 mottoes, or nicknames again in the shape of descrip- 
 tive compounds. Names ffom the animal kingdom, 
 of course, could be set under either a moral or phy- 
 sical head, as, in all cases, saving when they have 
 arisen from inn-signs or ensigns, they would be 
 affixed on the owner for some supposed affinity he 
 bore in mind or body to the creature in question. 
 Still it will be easier to place them, as well as some 
 others, under a third and more miscellaneous cate- 
 gory. These three divisions I would again sub- 
 divide in the following fashion : —
 
 428 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 I. — Physical and External Peculiarities. 
 
 (1) Nicknames from peculiarities of relationship, 
 
 condition, age, size, shape, and capacity. 
 
 (2) Nicknames from peculiarities of complexion. 
 
 (3) Nicknames from peculiarities of dress and 
 
 its accoutrements. 
 1 1. — Mental and Moral Peculiarities. 
 
 (i) Nicknames from peculiarities of disposition — 
 
 complimentary. 
 (2) Nicknames from peculiarities of disposition — 
 objectionable. 
 I II. — Miscellaneous. 
 
 (i) Nicknames from the animal and vegetable 
 kingdom. 
 
 (2) Descriptive compounds affixed as nicknames.' 
 
 (3) Nicknames from oaths, street-cries, and 
 
 mottoes. 
 
 I. — Physical and External Peculiarities. 
 
 (i) Nicknames from Peculiarities of Relationship, 
 Age., Size, and Capacity. 
 
 {a) Relationship. — There is scarcely any position in 
 which one man can stand to another which is not found 
 recorded pure and simple in the surnames of to-day. 
 The manner in which these arose was natural enough. 
 We still talk of 'John Smith, Senior,' and 'John 
 
 ' I use this phrase as the most convenient. I shall have to record 
 many descriptive compounds under every separate division, but it is the 
 most suited for my purpose, and will embrace all the more eccentric 
 nicknames that I have met with in my researches, especially those 
 made up of verb and substantive, a practice which opened out a wide 
 field for the inventive powers of our forefathers.
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 429 
 
 Smith, Junior,' when we require a distinction to be 
 made between two of the same name. So it was then, 
 only the practice was carried further. I find, for 
 instance, in one simple record, the following in- 
 sertions : — 'John Darcy le fiz,' 'John Darcy le frere,' 
 
 * John Darcy le unkle,' ' John Darcy le cosyn,' ' John 
 Darcy le nevue,' and ' John Darcy, junior.' How easy 
 would it be for those in whose immediate community 
 these different representatives of the one same name 
 lived to style each by his term of relationship, and 
 for this, once familiarised, to become his surname. 
 ' Uncle,' • once found as ' Robert le Unkle,' or 'John 
 le Uncle,' is now quite obsolete, I think ; but the 
 pretty old Saxon ' Eame ' abides hale and hearty 
 in our numberless ' Fames,' ' Ames,' ' Emes,' and 
 
 * Yeames.' We find it used in the ' Townley Mys- 
 teries.' In one of them Rebecca tells Jacob he must 
 flee for fear of Esau — 
 
 Jacol'. Wheder-ward shuld I go, dame ? 
 
 Rebecca. To Mesopotameam 
 
 To my brother and thyne erne, 
 That dwellys beside Jordan streme. 
 
 The ' Promp. Par.' defines a cozen to be an * emys son,' 
 and it is from him, no doubt, our many ' Cousens,* 
 
 * Cousins,' ' Couzens,' and ' Cozens ' have sprung, 
 descended as they are from ' Richard le Cusyn' (A.), 
 or 'John le Cosyn' (G.), or 'Thomas le Cozun' (E.). 
 'Kinsman' ('John Kynnesman,' Z. Z.) may be of the 
 same degree. 'Widowson' ('William le Wedweson,' 
 R., ' Simon fil. Vidue,' A.^) is apparently the same as 
 
 ' ' Lease to Thomas Unkle of a wood within the manor of 
 
 Bolynbroke, Nov. 30, 1485.' (Materials for Hist. Henry VH. 593 p.) ■ 
 
 * The English form of Guido was commonly Wydo — hence such
 
 430 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 the once existing * Faderless ' (' John Faderless,' M.),' 
 while 'Brotherson' and 'Sisterson' ('Jacob Systerson,' 
 W. 3) seem to be but old-fashioned phrases for a 
 nephew, in which case they are but synonymous with 
 the Norman ' Nephew,' * Neve,' ' Neave,' or ' Neaves ;' 
 all these forms being familiar to our directories, and 
 descendants of 'Reyner le Neve' (A.), or ' Richard le 
 Nevu' (E.), or 'Robert le Neave' (Z.). Capgrave, 
 giving the descent of Eber, says : ' In this yere (anno 
 2509) Sala begat Heber ; and of this Eber, as auc- 
 touris say, came the people Hebrak, for Heber was 
 neve unto Sem.' Thus again, the Saxon ' Arnold le 
 Fader ' was met by the Norman ' John Parent,' and 
 the still more foreign ' Ralph le Padre,' while ' Wil- 
 liam le Brother ' found his counterpart in ' Geoffrey le 
 Freer,' or 'P'rere;' but as in so many cases this 
 latter must be a relic of the old freere or friar, we had 
 better refer it, perhaps, to that more spiritual relation- 
 ship.'* 
 
 {b) Condition. — We have still traces in our midst 
 of sobriquets relating to the poverty or wealth of the 
 original bearer. Our ' Poores,' often found as ' Powers,' 
 are descended from the ' Roger le Poveres,' or ' Robert 
 le Poors,' of the thirteenth century, while our 'Riches ' 
 
 entries as ' Wydo Wodecok,' or ' William fil. Wydo.' Thus, as I have 
 already said, ' Widowson ' may be a patronymic. 
 
 ' The curious name of 'John Orphan -strange' is found in a Cam- 
 bridge register for 1544. (Hist. C.C. Coll. Cam.) Doubtless he had 
 been a foundling. 
 
 * Some Norman-French terms of relationship have been translated, 
 resulting in names of utterly different sense. Thus Beaupere, a step- 
 father, has become 'Fairsire ;' 'Beaufils,' a step-son (still surviving in 
 Boffill), ' Fairchild' ; and ' Beaufrere,' a step-brother, ' Fairbrothcr,' or 
 • Farebrother.'
 
 •nicknames.' 431 
 
 are set down at the same period as * Swanus le Riche ' 
 or * Gervase le Riche.' Of several kindred surnames 
 we may mention a ' John le Nedyman,' now obsolete, 
 and an ' Elyas le Diveys,' which, in the more Biblical 
 form of Dives, still exists in the metropolis. It is 
 somewhat remarkable that we should have the Jewish 
 ' Lazarus ' also, and that this too should have arisen 
 in not a few instances from the fact that its first 
 possessor was a leper. * Nicholas le Lepere ' and 
 ' Walter le Lepper ' speak for themselves. With the 
 above we may ally our early 'Robert le Ragiddes' and 
 'Thomas le Raggedes,' which remind us that our 
 vagabonds, if not our ' Raggs' and * Raggetts,' are 
 of no modern extraction, but come of a very old 
 family indeed ! 'Half-naked,' I unhesitatingly at first 
 set down as one of this class, but it is local.^ 
 
 {c) Age, Size, Shape, Capacity. — This class is very 
 large, and embraces every possible, and well-nigh im- 
 possible feature of human life. A glance over our old 
 records, and we can almost at once find 'Lusty' and 
 ' Strong,' ' Long ' and ' Short ' ' Bigg ' ' and ' Little,' 
 * High ' and ' Lowe ' (both perchance local), ' Large ' 
 and 'Small,' 'Thick' and 'Thin,' 'Slight' and 'Round,' 
 'Lean' and ' Fatt,' ' Megre' and ' Stout,' ^ 'Ould* 
 and ' Young,' and ' Light ' and ' Heavy.' Was this 
 not sufficient ? Were there several in the same 
 community who could boast similarity in respect 
 
 » 'Adam de Halfnaked' (H.), 'Adam de Halnaked' (M.). 
 
 * The Hundred Rolls have a ' Henry Mucklebone.' 
 
 * 'Lusty,' 'Fat,' and ' Stout' evidently were not expressive enough 
 for some of our forefathers, to judge by such entries as ' Henry 
 Pudding,' 'William Broadgirdel,* or 'Joan Broad-belt.' The last still 
 lives.
 
 432 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 to one or other of these varieties ? Then we got 
 'Stronger,* 'Shorter,' 'Younger,'* 'Littler,' 'Least,'' 
 ' Senior,' ' Junior,' and in some cases ' Elder,' Some 
 of these are of course Norman ; but when Saxon 
 occur we can all but invariably find the Norman 
 equivalent. Thus, if ' Large ' be Saxon, ' Gros ' (now 
 ' Grose' and 'Gross ') is Norman ; if 'Bigge' be Saxon, 
 * Graunt ' or ' Grant' or ' Grand ' is Norman ;' if ' Small' 
 be Saxon, ' Pettitt ' or ' Pettye ' or ' Petty ' or ' Peat ' 
 is Norman. Thus again, ' Lowe ' meets face to face 
 with ' Bas ' or ' Bass,' ' Short ' with ' Curt,' ' Fatte ' with 
 'Gras' or 'Grass' or 'Grace,'* ' Strong ' with 'Fort,' 
 ' Ould ' with ' Viele,' ' Twist ' with ' Tort,' and ' Young ' 
 or ' Yonge ' with ' Jeune.' Sometimes the termination 
 
 ' Epitaph on William Younger, Rector of Great-Melton, deceased 
 March 6th, 1661, setat. 57 — 
 
 ' Younger he was by name, but not in grace, 
 Elder than he, in this, must give him place.' 
 (Hist, of Norfolk, vol. v. p. 13.) 'Youngerman' may be seen 
 over a shop in Cheetham Hill Road, Manchester. 
 
 * ' Littler ' and ' littlest ' were once the common degrees of compari- 
 son, Shakespeare uses the superlative. Mr. Halliwell gives the Nor- 
 folk dialect a large range. Besides 'less' and 'least' he adds 'lesser' 
 and 'lessest,' 'lesserer' and 'lesserest,' 'lesserer still' and 'lessest 
 of all,' and 'littler' and 'littlest.' 
 
 * The former ' Haut,' that is, high or tall, is obsolete, I think. 
 ' Robert le Haut' is met with in a Norfolk register. (Hist. Norf, 
 Index.) 
 
 * It is curious to compare local registers with local dictionaries. 
 Thus the Promptorium Parvulorum gives as a familiar Norfolk term 
 in the fourteenth century, ' craske, fryke of fatte,' or 'lusty,' as wc 
 should now say. This crask was a vulgar form of the French ' eras ' 
 (Latin, 'crassus'). Turning to our registers, we find that while our 
 ' Grass's ' are found in our more general rolls as ' Richard le Cras ' or 
 'John le Cras' or 'Stephen Crassus,' our 'Crasks' must go to a 
 Norfolk entry for a 'Walter le Crask.' (Vide Hist. Norfolk, IndeXi 
 Bromefield.)
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 433 
 
 ' man ' is added, as in ' Strongman,' ' Longman,' 
 ' Smallman,' ' Oldman,' and ' Youngman,' or if a 
 woman, dame, as in such a case as * Matilda Lene- 
 dame,' which as a surname died probably with its 
 owner. Sometimes, again, we have the older and 
 more antique form, as in ' Smale ' and ' Smaleman,* 
 that is, small ; * Yonge' and ' Yongeman,' that is, young ; 
 and ' Lyte ' and * Lyteman,' that is, little ; ' Wight ' 
 and 'Wightman,' now obsolete in our general voca- 
 bulary, referred to personal strength and activity. In 
 the * Vision of Piers Plowman,' one of the sons of 
 ' Sire Inwit ' is described as being — 
 
 A wight man of strength. 
 
 • Manikin,' found at the same period, needs no ex- 
 planation.* 
 
 Of the less general we have well-nigh numberless 
 illustrations. It is only when we come to look at our 
 nomenclature we find out how many separate limbs, 
 joints, and muscles we individually possess, and by 
 what a variety of terms they severally went in 
 earlier days. No treatise of anatomy can be more 
 precise in regard to this than our directories. Some 
 prominence or other peculiarity about the head or 
 face has given us our 'Chins,' ' Chekes,' or 'Cheeks,' 
 and 'Jowles,' or 'Joules.' We are all familiar with 
 the protruding fangs of our friend ' Jowler ' of the 
 canine community. Thus even here also we must 
 place 'cheek by jowl.' ' Glossycheck ' ('Bertholomew 
 Gloscheke,' A.) once existed^ but is obsolete now. 
 
 ' • Robert Manekin,' A. Nevertheless this is a baptismal name 
 also with the diminutive ' kin' appended. 'Manekyn le Heaumer,' H. 
 
 F F
 
 434 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The same is true in respect of ' Duredent ' (' Walter 
 Duredent,' E.), or ' Dent-de-fer,' i.e., ' Irontoothed ' 
 (' Robert Dent-de-fer/ E.), which spoke well no doubt 
 for the masticatory powers of its owner. * Merry- 
 mouth ' (' Richard Merymouth,' X.) would be a stand- 
 ing testimony to its possessor's good humour. It is 
 decidedly more acceptable than 'Dogmow'^ ('Arnulph 
 Dogmow,' A.) or ' Calvesmawe ' (' Robert Calves- 
 maghe,' M.), recorded at the same period. 'Sweet- 
 mouth ' (' Robert Swetemouth,' D.) also speaks for the 
 sentiment of the times. In modern days, at least, 
 the eye is supposed to be one of the chief points of 
 personal identity. I only find one or two instances, 
 however, where this feature has given the sobriquet in 
 our mediaeval rolls. In the * Calendarium Genealogi- 
 cum' a 'Robertas Niger-oculus,' or 'Robert Black- 
 eye,' is set down as having been ' pro felonia sus- 
 pensus.' We are reminded in his name of the ' Black- 
 eyed Susan ' of later days, but whether Nature had 
 given him the said hue or some pugilistic encounter 
 I cannot say. Judging by his antecedents, so far as 
 the above Latin sentence betrays them, the latter 
 would seem to be the more likely origin.'* 'William 
 le BIynd,' or ' Ralph Je Blinde,' speak for themselves.' 
 The ' Saxon Head,' in lome cases local, doubtless^ 
 is still familiar to us. Its more Norman * Tait ' fitly 
 
 ' ' To make a mow ' was to put on a mocking expression. The 
 word was once very familiar, though rarely used now. Bishop 
 Bradford, speaking of the Romish priesthood, says — ' They never 
 preach forth the Lord's death but in mockery and mows.' (Parker 
 Soc, p. 395.) MoTv has no relation to mouth. 
 
 ' 'William Malregard ' (T.), or 'Geoffrey Malreward ' (T.), i.e. 
 Evil-eye, would not possess enviable sobri(juets, but the name lingered 
 on for several centuries. 
 
 » 'John Monoculus ' occurs in Memorials of Fotmtaitis Abbey.
 
 'NICKNAMES.' 435 
 
 sits at present upon the archiepiscopal throne of 
 Canterbury. Grostete, one of which name was a dis- 
 tinguished bishop of Lincoln in the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, is now represented by ' Greathead ' and ' Broad- 
 head' only, Butler, in his ' Hudibras,' records it in 
 the more colloquial form of Grosted — 
 
 None a deeper knowledge boasted, 
 Since Hodge Bacon, and Bob Grosted. 
 
 The equally foreign * Belteste ' (' John Beleteste,' A.) 
 is content, likewise, to allow ' Fairhead ' (' Richard 
 Faireheved,' H.) to transmit to posterity the claims 
 of its early possessor to capital grace. 'Blackhead'^ 
 existed in the seventeenth, and * Hardhead ' in the 
 fifteenth century. These are all preferable, however, 
 to * Lambshead ' (' Agnes Lambesheved,' A.), found 
 some generations earlier, and still firmly settled in 
 our midst, as the ' London Directory ' can vouch,^ 
 So much for the head. * Neck ' and ' Swire ' are both 
 synonymous, Chaucer describes Envy as ready to 
 * scratch her face,' or ' rend her clothes,' or ' tear her 
 swire,'^ in respect of which latter feat we should now 
 more generally say * tear her hair.' Either operation, 
 however, would be unpleasant enough, and it is just 
 as well that for all practical purposes it only occurs in 
 poetry. Some characteristic of strength, or beauty, or 
 
 > A ' William Blackhead ' entered C. C. Coll. Cam. in 1669, and 
 a 'Thomas Hardhede' in 1467. (^Hist. C. C. Coll.) 
 
 ^ The Abbot of Leicester in 1474 was one * John Sheepshead.' 
 ' William Sheepshead ' is also mentioned in the Index to NichoUs* 
 Leicester. 
 
 ' We must not forget, however, that ' swier ' is early found as a 
 provincialism for 'squier,' so that it may be referred in some cases to 
 that once important officer, (v, p. 199.) 
 
 F F 2
 
 436 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 deformity (let us assume one of the former) has given 
 us our * Hands,' ' Armes,' and ' Brass's,' from the old 
 ' Braz.' * Finger,' once existing ('Matilda Finger,' H,), 
 is now obsolete. Whether this sobriquet was given 
 on the same grounds as that bestowed on the redoubt- 
 able * Tom Thumb,' I cannot say, ' Brazdifer * 
 (' Simon Braz-de-fer,' E., ' Michael Bras-de-fer,' B.B.), 
 arm of iron, once a renowned nom-de-plume, still 
 dwells, though obsolete in itself, in our ' Strongithams' 
 and 'Armstrongs.'' A common form of this north 
 country name was 'Armstrang' or 'Armestrang' 
 (' Adam le Armstrang,' G.), reminding us that our 
 ' Strangs ' are but the fellows of our more southern 
 'Strongs' ('John le Strang,' E., 'Joscelin le Strong,' 
 H.). ' Lang'' and ' Long' represent a similar differ- 
 ence of pronunciation. The 'Armstrongs ' were a 
 great Border clan. Mr. Lower reminds me of the 
 following lines : — 
 
 • Ye need not go to Liddisdale, 
 
 For when they see the blazing bale 
 Elliots and Armstrongs never fail. 
 
 (Lay of the Last Minstrel.) 
 
 Another and more foreign form of this sobriquet, 
 ' Ferbas* (' Robert Ferbras,' M.), has come down to us 
 in our somewhat curious-looking * Firebraces.' Still 
 earlier than any of these we find the sobriquet 
 ' Swartbrand.' Thus we see the arm wielded a 
 powerful influence over names as well as people, no 
 mere accident in a day when ' might was right.' 
 
 ' ' Guy le Armerecte' (A.) would seem to be a Latinization of the 
 name. 
 
 ^ 'Henry Langbane' occurs in the list of the Corpus Christi 
 Guild, York. (Surt. Soc.)
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 437 
 
 'Main,' when not local, corresponds to the Saxon 
 * Hand,' and is found in composition in such designa- 
 tions as * Blanchmains,' that is, white-hand, ' Graunt- 
 mains,' big-hand, * Tortesmain,' twisted-hand, ' Male- 
 meyn,' evil-hand, or perhaps maimed-hand, equivalent 
 therefore to * Male-braunch ' (found at the same early- 
 date) in 'Mainstrong,' a mere variation of 'Armstrong,' 
 and in * Quarterman,' scarcely recognisable in such an 
 English-like form as the Norman ' Quatre-main,' the 
 four-handed. In the reign of the second Richard it 
 had become registered as 'Quatremayn' and 'Quatre- 
 man,' and the inversion of the two letters in this latter 
 case was of course inevitable.' * Brazdifer,' I have 
 said, is extinct — not so, however, ' Pedifer ' (* Bernard 
 Pedefer,' G., ' Fulbert Pedefer,' X.), that is, iron-footed, 
 which, occurring from the earliest times, still looks 
 stout and hearty in its present guise of ' Petifer,' 
 'Pettifer,' ^ and ' Potiphar,' though the last would seem 
 to claim for it a pedigree nearly as ancient as that of 
 the Welshman who, half-way up his genealogical tree, 
 had made the interesting note : ' About this time 
 Adam was born.' Even this name, however, did not 
 escape translation, for we find an ' Ironfoot ' (' Peter 
 Yrenefot,' A.) recorded at the same date as the above.' 
 Our ' Legges,' our * Shanks ' and ' Footes,' "* are all 
 
 • I see 'Catterraan' also exists. This is early faced by ' Richard 
 Catermayn ' (H.). 
 
 * Robert Pettifer was Sheriff of Gloucester in 1603. (Rudder's 
 Gloucestershire, p. 116,) 
 
 • The famous old surname of ' Ironsides ' is found so late as 1 754, 
 the Lord Mayor of London for that year being 'Edward Ironside.' 
 The Bishop of Bristol in 1689 was 'Gilbert Ironside.' His father, 
 ' Gilbert Ironside,' preceded him in the same see. 
 
 * 'Antony Knebone' (Z.), This would seem to belong to a similar 
 class,
 
 438 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 familiar to us, though the first is in most cases un- 
 doubtedly local, as being but an olden form of 
 ' Leigh.' ' We all remember the inimitable couplet 
 placed over the memorial to Samuel Foote, the 
 comedian — 
 
 Here lies one Foote, whose death may thousands save, 
 For death has now ont foot within the grave. 
 
 * Jambe ' was the Norman synonym of ' Shank,' and 
 by way of more definite distinction we light upon the 
 somewhat flattering ' Bellejambe,' the equally un- 
 flattering 'Foljambe,' the doubtful ' Greyshank,' ^ the 
 historic ' Longshank,' the hapless ' Cruikshank ' or 
 ' Bowshank,' ^ the decidedly uncomplimentary * Sheep- 
 shank,' and, last and worst, ' Pelkeshank,' seemingly 
 intended to be ' Pelican-shanked,' which, when we 
 recall the peculiar disproportion of that bird's ex- 
 tremities to the rest of its body, afibrds ample reason 
 for the absence of that sobriquet in our more modern 
 rolls. Some fifty years ago a certain Mr. Sheepshanks, 
 of Jesus College, Cambridge, while undergoing an 
 examination in Juvenal, pronounced ' satire ' ' satyr.' 
 
 ' 'Leg' did not come into use till the beginning of the xiiith 
 century, when it was imported from Norway. ' Shank,' as the various 
 compound sobriquets found below will fully prove, did duty. 
 
 * Mr. Halliwell quotes the following couplet from an old manu- 
 script : 
 
 ' Hir one schanke blak hir other graye, 
 And all her body like the lede. ' — (Die. L i.) 
 
 * 'Gerald Bushanke' (A.). This might be 'Beau-shank,' and 
 therefore equivalent to ' Bellejambe,' but such an admixture of 
 languages is not likely. We still speak of ' bow-leg,' and this is the 
 more probable origin.
 
 * NICKNAMES.' 439 
 
 A wag, thereupon, wrote the following epigram, which 
 soon found its way through the University : — 
 
 The satyrs of old were satyrs of note, 
 
 With the head of a man, they'd the shanks of a goat : 
 
 But the satyr of Jesus all satyrs surpasses, 
 
 Whilst his shanks are a sheefs, his head is an ass's. 
 
 Swiftness of foot was not allowed to go unrecorded, 
 and we have an interesting instance of the way in 
 which this class of surnames arose from an entry 
 recorded in the ' Issues of the Exchequer.' There 
 we find a ' Ralph Swyft ' mentioned as courier to 
 Edward III. Nothing could be more natural than 
 for such a sobriquet to become affixed to a man 
 fulfilling an office like this, requiring, as it did at 
 times, all the running and riding powers of which he 
 could be capable.^ Other memorials of former agility 
 in this respect are still preserved in our ' Golightlys ' " 
 and ' Lightfoots,' while of still earlier date, and more 
 poetical form, we may instance ' Harefoot ' and ' Roe- 
 foot.' These, however, are altogether inexpressive in 
 comparison with such a sobriquet as ' Scherewind ' or 
 ' Shearvvind,' which seems to have been a familiar ex- 
 pression at this time, for I find it recorded in three 
 several rolls. It is strange, and yet not strange, that 
 every peculiarity that can mark the human gait is 
 
 ' Siuift, however, is not the only courier's sobriquet preserved to us. 
 ' In the Countess of Leicester's service were several whose real names 
 weresunk in titles ridiculouslydescriptiveof theirqualities. *'■ Slingaway,^' 
 the learned editor of the Household Roll, has pointed out, he might 
 have added " Gobitheslie'^ (go a bit hasty) and " Bolctt" (bullet), so de- 
 nominated from their speed, and " Tritcbodit''^ (true body) from his fidelity. 
 These were all couriers.' {lions. Exp. Bish. Swittficld, p. 143.) 
 
 * ' C. P. Golightly,' ' Thomas Golightly.' Vitii Clergy List, 1848, 
 and other directories.
 
 440 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 distinctly preserved in our nomenclature. ' Isabel 
 Stradling ' or ' William Stradling ' represent the 
 straddle ; 'Thomas le Ambler ' or ' Ralph le Ambuler ' 
 (when not occupative), the amble ; our ' Shailers,' 
 * Shaylors,* and ' Shaylers,' the sJiuffle ; ' Robert le 
 Liltere,' the hop ; our ' Scamblers ' and ' Shamblers,' 
 the weak-kneed shamble ; ' Ralph le Todeler,' the 
 toddle ; and ' Samuel Trotman ' or ' Richard Trotter ' 
 (when not occupative), the trot, if that be possible on 
 two legs. Besides these, we may mention the obsolete 
 ' Thomas Petitpas ' or ' John Pctypase,' ' William 
 Noblepas,' and * Malpas,' which we might Saxonize 
 into ' Short-step,' ' High-step,' and ' Bad-step.' 'Chris- 
 tiana Lameman ' and ' William Laymeman ' remind 
 us of more pitiable weaknesses. ' Barefoot ' may have 
 been the designation of some one under penitential 
 routine, unless it be a corruption of ' Bearfoot.' 
 ' Proudfoot ' and * Platfoot ' (plat = flat; need no com- 
 ment, while ' Sikelfoot,' found by Mr. Lower as exist- 
 ing in the thirteenth century, seems, as he says, to 
 bespeak a splayed appearance or outward twist.' If 
 this be so, the owner was not alone in his distress. 
 We have just mentioned ' Cruikshank.' Our ' Crooks' 
 are, I doubt not, of similar origin, and another com- 
 pound of the same, now obsolete, was ' Crookbone ' 
 (' Henry Crokebane,' A.). Our ' Crumps ' are but 
 relics of the old ' Richard le Crumpe ' or ' Hugh le 
 Crump,' the crookbacked, and perhaps our 'Cramps' 
 and * Crimps' arc but changes rung on the same. Our 
 nursery literature still preserves the story of the ' cow 
 
 ' I have mentioned 'Matilda Finger' (H.). I do not find any ' Toe ' 
 in our Directories, but ' Peter Pricktoe ' (M.) and 'Thomas Pinchsliu ' 
 (A.) existed in the xivth century.
 
 NICKNAMES. 44I 
 
 with the crumpled horn.' Thus, also, was it with our 
 ' Cams,' once ' William le Cam.' As a Celtic stream- 
 name, denoting a winding course, it has sur\dved the 
 aggressions of Saxon and Norman, and is still familiar. 
 Cambridge and Camford are on two different streams 
 of this name. In the*north a man is still said to * cam 
 his shoe ' who wears it down on one side. I have 
 heard the phrase often among the poorer classes of 
 Lancashire. ' Camoys ' or ' Camuse,' from the same 
 root, was generally applied to the nasal organ. In 
 the description of the Miller, which I shall have occa- 
 sion to quote again shortly, Chaucer says — 
 
 A Sheffield t-hwitel bare he in his hose, 
 Round was his face, and camuse was his nose. 
 
 As, however, I find both ' John le Camoys ' and 
 ' Reginald de Camoys,' it is only a fair presumption 
 that in some cases it is of Norman local origin. With 
 one of our leading families it is undoubtedly so. The 
 two great clans of ' Cameron ' and ' Campbell,' I may 
 say in passing, though treading upon Scottish soil, are 
 said to mean severally ' crook-nosed ' and ' crook- 
 mouthed.' If this be so, we may see how firmly has 
 this little word imbedded itself upon our nomencla- 
 ture, if not upon our more general vocabulary. Not to 
 mention ' Crypling,' ' Handless,' and * Onehand,' ' we 
 find ' Blind ' significative of blindness ; ' Daffe ' and 
 ' Daft,' of deafness ; ' Mutter ' and ' Stutter,' not to say 
 * Stuttard ' and ' Stammer,' of lisping speech ; and 
 
 ' Accidents of this kind naturally became sobriquets, and then 
 surnames. Hence such entries as ' William Crypling' (A.), 'William 
 Onhand'(B.), 'John Onehand' (D.), or 'John Handless' (W. 11). 'John 
 Gouty' (V. I) represents a still troublesome complaint, and may be 
 mentioned here.
 
 442 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * Dumbard,' of utter incapacity in that respect. Such 
 a sobriquet as ' Mad ' • of course explains itself. As 
 we might well presume, this. has not come down to us. 
 Still less pleasant in their associations are our ' Burls* 
 (' Henry le Burle,' A.), that is, blotch-skinned. But 
 complimentary allusions to the smoothness of the 
 hands and face were not wanting. Apart from a 
 touch of poetry, such names as ' Elizabeth Lyllywhite,' 
 now * Lilywhite ; ' ' William Beauflour,' now spelt 
 'Boutflower' and 'Buffler;' and 'Faith Blanchflower,' 
 still existing also, are not without a certain prettiness. 
 Of equally clear complexion would be the obsolete 
 ' William Whiteflcsh ' or ' Gilbert Whitehand ' 2 or 
 ' Robert Blanchmains,' not to mention our ' Chits ' 
 and 'Chittys' ('John Ic Chit,' A., 'Agnes Chittye,' Z.). 
 We still talk in our nurseries of a ' little chit,' a word 
 which, though strictly speaking confined to no age, 
 had early become a pet name as applied to young 
 children. It is with these, therefore, we must ally our 
 ' Slicks,' from* ' sleek,' ' smooth,' •"' ' Sam Slick ' being 
 by no means in possession of an imaginary name. 
 Chaucer says of * Idleness,' in his Romance — 
 
 Her flesh tender as is a chicke 
 
 With bent browes ; smooth and slicke. 
 
 It is astonishing how carefully will a sobriquet of an 
 
 ' ' Jordan le Madde ' occurs in the Placita de Quo Warranto. 
 
 ' 'William Whitehand* is set down in the C. C. Coll. records for 
 1665. {Hist. C. C. Coll. Cam.) 'Humbert IJlanchmains' is found in 
 Nicholls' Leicestershire. 
 
 ' In the Prompt. Parv. we fmd not merely 'slyke, or smothe,' but 
 ' slykeston.' The slick or sleek stone was used for smoothing linen or 
 paper ; vide Mr. Way's note thereon, p. 458. ' The eban stone which 
 goldsmiths used to sleeken theirgold with,' etc. (Burton's Anatomy.)
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 443 
 
 undoubtedly complimentary nature find itself pre- 
 served. Such a name as * Hugh le Bell ' or * Richard 
 le Bell ' is an instance in point.^ While objectionable 
 designations, or even those of but equivocal character, 
 have been gradually shuffled off or barely allowed to 
 survive, the mere fact of this being at the present day 
 one of the most familiar, and in respect of sobriquet 
 nomenclature the absolutely most common, of our 
 surnames, shows that the human heart is not altered 
 by lapse of generations, and that pride then, as now, 
 wielded a powerful sceptre over the minds of men. 
 Our 'Belhams ' represent but the fuller ' Bellehomme' 
 (* William Bellehomme,' M.). Thus the two may be 
 set against our Saxon ' Prettys ' and ' Prettimans,' ' 
 though ' pretty ' would scarcely find itself so accept- 
 able now, denoting as it does a style of beauty rather 
 too effeminate for the lords of creation. In the Hun- 
 dred Rolls occur ' Matilda Winsome ' and * Alicia 
 Welliking.' Both these terms, complimentary as they 
 undoubtedly were, are now obsolete, so far as our 
 directories are concerned. 
 
 (2) Nicknames from Peculiarities of Complexion. 
 
 After all, however, it is, perhaps, complexion which 
 has occupied for itself the largest niche in our more 
 general nomenclature. Nor is this unnatural. It is 
 
 ' Thus ' Bell' comes into three categories — the local, the baptismal, 
 and the sobriquet, represented in our registers by three such entries as 
 •John atte Bell' (X.), 'Richard fil. Bell' (A.), and 'Walter le Bel' (G.). 
 
 ' 'Katharine Pretty man' (Z.), ' William Prettiman ' (F.F.). Thename 
 still flourishes, and as ' Miss Prettiman ' figures in the Caudle JLeclurcs,
 
 444 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Still that which, in describing people, we seize upon as 
 the best means of recognition. Sobriquets of this 
 kind were so numerous, indeed, that there was no 
 term in the vocabulary of the day which could be 
 used to denote the colour of the dress, the hair, or the 
 face, which did not find itself a place among our 
 surnames. 
 
 It was the same with our beasts of burden or 
 animals of the chase. In these days their hides 
 almost invariably furnished forth their current de- 
 signations. Thus we find the horse familiarly 
 known by such titles as ' Morell,' from its moorish 
 or swarthy tan, or ' Lyard,' that is, dapple-grey, or 
 ' Bayard,' bay, or * Favell,' dun, or Blank,' white. 
 The dark hide of the ass got for it the sobriquet 
 of ' Dun,' a term still preserved in the old pro- 
 verb, ' As dull as Dun in the mire,' while again 
 as * Burnell ' its browner aspect will be familiar 
 to all readers of Chaucer. Thus, also, the fox was 
 known as ' Russell,' the bear as ' Bruin,' and the 
 young hind, from its early indefinite red, ' Sorrell.' 
 How natural that the same custom should have its 
 effect upon human nomenclature. How easy for a 
 country community to create the distinction between 
 'John le Rouse' and 'John Ic Black,' 'William le 
 Hore' and 'William le Sor' or ' Sorrell,' if the com- 
 plexion of the hair or face were sufficiently distinctive 
 to allow it. Some of these adjectives were applied 
 to human peculiarities of this kind till within recent 
 times. Burns uses ' lyart ' for locks of iron grey, 
 and Aubyn, in his ' Lives,' describes Butler, author 
 of ' Hudibras,' as having ' a head of sorrell haire.' 
 We ourselves talk of ' brunettes ' and ' blondes/ of
 
 NICKNAMES.' 445 
 
 ' dark ' and ' fair,' Thus it was then such sobriquets 
 as 'PhiHp le Sor,' 'Adam le Morell,' 'William le 
 Favele ' or ' Favell,' ' Walter le Bay ' or ' Theobald 
 le Bayard,' ' Henry le Dun ' or ' Thomas le Lyard/ 
 arose. Thus was it our ' Rouses ' and ' Russells,' 
 our ' Brownes ' ^ and ' Brunes,' with the obsolete 
 ' Brunman,' or 'Brunells' and 'Burnells,' our 'Whites' 
 and * Whitemans,' our ' Hores ' and ' Hoares,' our 
 * Greys ' and ' Grissels ' ' sprang into being. Nor are 
 these all. Our ' Reeds,' ' Reids,' and ' Reads ' are all 
 but forms of the old * rede ' or red, once so pro- 
 nounced ;^ while ' Redman,' when not a descendant 
 of 'Adam' or 'Thomas de Redmayne,' is the be- 
 quest of some 'Robert' or 'John Redman' of the 
 thirteenth century. Our ' Swarts ' are but relics of 
 the old ' John le Swarte,' applied no doubt to the 
 tawny or sunburnt face of its original owner. The 
 word was in common use at this time. In ' Guy of 
 Warwick ' we are told : — 
 
 His nek is greater than a bole, 
 His body is swarter than ani cole. 
 
 The darker-hued countenances of our forefathers are 
 immortalised also in such entries as ' Reyner le 
 Blake ' or .* Stephen le Blak,' now found as ' Blake ' 
 
 ' ' Nutbrown ' is found in several early records, and existed till 
 1630 at least. ' George Nutbrowne was sworne the same daye 
 pistler, and Nathaniel Pownell, gospeller.' (Cheque Bk., Chapel 
 Royal (Cam. Soc), p. 12.) 
 
 * 'White' and ' Grissel' are combined in 'Anne Griselwhite,' 
 a name occurring in an old Norfolk register. {Vide Index, Hist. 
 Norfolk, Bromefield.) 
 
 * ' Thomas Pock-red ' in the Hundred Rolls would not be accept- 
 able.
 
 446 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 and ' Black,' or ' Elias le Blakeman ' or ' Henry Blac- 
 man,' now ' Blakeman ' and ' Blackman ' respectively. 
 ' John le Blanc ' and ' Warin Blench ' find themselves 
 in the nineteenth century supported by our 'Blanks' 
 and ' Blanches ;' ' while the descendants of such people 
 as 'Amabilla le Blund,' or 'Walter le Blunt,' or ' Regi- 
 nald le Blond,' or ' Richard le Blount ' still preserve a 
 memorial of their ancestry in such familiar forms as 
 'Blund,' 'Blunt,' 'Blond,' and 'Blount' 'Blanket' 
 and ' Blanchet,' as fuller forms, we shall notice shortly, 
 and ' Blondin,' ' Blundell,' and the immortalised but 
 mythic 'Blondel' are but changes rung upon the 
 others. Our ' Fallows ' are but relics of the ' Fales ' 
 and ' Falemans ' of the Hundred Rolls. The some- 
 what pallid yellow they represented we still apply to 
 park deer and untilled earth. We find it, however, 
 used more personally in the * Knight's Tale,' where it 
 is said of Arcite that he began to wax lean — 
 
 His eye hollow, and grisly to behold, 
 His hewe falew, and pale as ashen cold. 
 
 * Scarlet ' doubtless was a sobriquet given, as may 
 have been some of the above, from the colour of the 
 dress, this being a very popular complexion of cloth 
 in early days. Tripping it — 
 
 In skerlet kyrtells, every one, 
 
 would be a familiar and pretty sight, no doubt, as the 
 village maidens went round to the tune of the fife and 
 
 • • Blanchfront ' seems to have been common, as I find it in three 
 distinct registers. 'Joan Blaunkfrount.'anunof Molseby. {Letters from 
 Northern Registers, p. 3 1 9. ) ' Philip Blanchfront' (F. F. ), 'Amabil Blanch- 
 front* (Fines, Ric. i.)
 
 NICKNAMES.' 447 
 
 tabor at the rural feast or ingathering, nor would 
 umbrage be taken at the title. Several ' Blues ' are 
 recorded in the more Norman-French form of ' le 
 Bleu.' Whether they still exist I am not quite sure, 
 nor are we helped to any satisfactory conclusion by 
 the epitaph which Mr. Lower wisely italicises, when he 
 says it is said to exist in a church in Berkshire — 
 
 Underneath this ancient pew 
 Lieth the body of Jonathan Blue. 
 N.B, — His name was 'Black,' but that wouldn't do. 
 
 There may be more or less doubt as to the pre- 
 cise reference some of the above-mentioned names 
 bear to the physical peculiarities of their owners, 
 whether to the complexion of the face, or the hair, 
 or, as I have lately hinted, to the dress. But in 
 many other cases there can be no such controversy. 
 For instance, no one can be in perplexity as to how 
 our 'Downyheads,' 'Ruf heads,'' 'Hardheads,' 'White- 
 heads,' ' Redheads,' ' Flaxenheads,' * ' Shavenheads,' 
 ' Goldenheads,' 'Weaselheads,'^ 'Coxheads' or 'Cocks- 
 heads,' and ' Greenheads ' arose, many of which, now 
 extinct, were evidently intended to be obnoxious. 
 Nor is there any greater difficulty in deciphering 
 the meaning of such names as ' Whitelock ' or ' Whit- 
 lock,' 'Silverlock' or ' Blacklock.' ' Shakelock' seems 
 to refer to some eccentricity on the part of the owner, 
 unless it be but a corruption of ' Shacklock,' a likely 
 
 ' It was in the house of a Josias Roughead, of Bedford, that John 
 Banyan was first licensed to preach in 1672. 
 
 * ' Richard Flaxennehed ' occurs in the Hundred Rolls. 
 
 • ' Antony Wiselheade ' is registered in Elizabeth's reign in the 
 Calendar to Pleadings.
 
 448 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 sobriquet for a gaoler, from the fetterlocks, once so 
 termed, which he was wont to employ — 
 
 And bids his man bring out the fivefold twist, 
 
 His shackles, shacklocks, hampers, gyves, and chains. 
 
 ' Whitehair,' ■ ' Fairhair,'* and ' Yalowhair,' are equally 
 transparent. The latter was once a decidedly favourite 
 hue, as I believe it is still, only we now say ' golden.'^ 
 With the gross flattery so commonly resorted to by 
 courtier historians, every princess was described as 
 having yellow tresses. How they allowed themselves 
 to be so cajoled is an equally historic mystery. Queen 
 Elizabeth had more obsequious adulation uttered to 
 her face, and possessed a greater stomach for it, than 
 any other royal personage who ever sat upon or laid 
 claim to a crown, but nothing pleased her more than 
 a compliment upon her golden locks, carroty as they 
 really were. In a description of another Elizabeth, 
 the Queen of Henry VH., as she appeared before her 
 coronation, 1487, quoted by Mr. Way, it is said that 
 she wore * her faire yellow hair hanging down pleyne 
 behynd her back, with a calle of pipes over it,' and 
 further back still, when Chaucer would describe the 
 beauty of Dame Gladness, he must needs finish off 
 
 * 'William Whiteheare ' was Dean of Bristol, 1551, (Barrett, 
 Hist. Bristol. ) 
 
 * ' 1522, 31 Dec. To Mr. William Farehaire, Doctor of Laws.' 
 (Letters of Fraternity (DvLrhvim Priory), p. 119. Surt. Hoc.) 
 
 Names like 'William Harebrown,' 'Ralph Lightred,' and 'John 
 Litewhyte' seem to belong to the same category with the above. 
 
 ' Burton, in his Anatomy of Melancholy, says, ' ApoUonius will 
 have Jason's golden hair to be the main cause of Medea's dotage on 
 him. Castor and Pollux were both yellow-haired. Homer so com- 
 mends Helen, makes Patroclus and Achilles both yellow-haired ; 
 Pulchricoma Venus, and Cupid himself was yellow-haired.'
 
 NICKNAMES.' 449 
 
 the portrayal by touching up her locks with the 
 popular hue — 
 
 Her hair was yellow, and clear shining, 
 I wot no lady so liking. 
 
 ' Yalowhair ' is obsolete, but in our ' Fairfax ' is pre- 
 served a sobriquet commemorative no doubt of the 
 same favoured colour. In ' Sir Gawayne ' we are told, 
 after the alliterative style of the day, how ^ fair fanning 
 fax ' encircled the shoulders of the doughty warrior. 
 In the * Townley Mysteries,' too, a demon is repre- 
 sented in one place as saying — 
 
 A home, and a Dutch axe. 
 
 His sleeve must be flecked, 
 A syde head, and a fare fax, 
 
 His goune must be specked. 
 
 * Beard,' once entered as ' Peter Wi'-the-berd,' or 
 
 * Hugo cum-Barba,' still thrives in our midst; and 
 even ' Copperbeard,' ' Greybeard,' ' Blackbeard,' ^ and 
 ' Whitebeard ' contrive to exist. * Redbeard ' * to- 
 gether with 'Featherbeard,' ' Eaglebeard,' 'Wisebeard,' 
 and ' Brownbeard,' ^ have long disappeared, and * Blue- 
 beard,* of whose dread existence we were, as children, 
 only too awfully assured, has also left no descendants ; 
 but this, I fancy, we gather from his history. ' Love- 
 lock ' is a relic of the once familiar plaited and 
 
 ' This sobriquet, as old as tlie Hundred Rolls, is found in the 
 xviith cent., at Durham. ' Peter Blackbeard ' was ' brought up for not 
 paying Easter reckonings, 1676.' {Dean Granville^ s Letters, p. 235.) 
 
 * A contributor to N'otes and Queries, Jan. 14, i860, quotes an 
 old Ipswich record in which is mentioned an * Alexander Redberd ' 
 dwelling there in the early part of the sixteenth century. 
 
 ^ 'John Brounberd, son of William, a hostage from Galloway.' 
 
 {Letters from Northern Registers, p. 163.) 
 'Janet Brounebeard ' was an inmate of St. Thomas's Hospital, York, 
 February 6, 1553. (W. il, p. 304.) 
 
 G G
 
 450 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 beribboned lock which I have already alluded to, as 
 having been familiarly worn by our forefathers of 
 the more exquisite type. To the same peculiar, if 
 not effeminate propensity," we owe, I doubt not, 
 ' Locke ' (' Nicol Locke,' A.) itself, not to mention 
 ' Curl ' (' Marcus Curie,' Z.) and * Crisp ' (' Reginald le 
 Crispe,' J.). The former of these two, however, seems 
 to denote the natural waviness, the latter the arti- 
 ficial production. In the poem from which I have 
 but just quoted we find the same hero described as 
 having his hair — 
 
 Well crisped and cammed (combed) with knots full many, 
 
 and a memorial of the fashion still lingers in the 
 ' crisping pins ' of our present Bible version. In the 
 Hundred Rolls appears the sobriquet of ' Prikeavant.' 
 This, as Mr. Lower proves, lingered on till the close 
 at least of the seventeenth century, in the form of 
 ' Prick-advance.' ' I cannot agree with him, however, 
 that it arose as a mere spur-expression. I doubt not 
 it is but the earlier form of the later ' pickedevaunt,' 
 the pointed or spiked beard so much in vogue in 
 mediaeval times. The word occurs in the ' Taming 
 of a Shrew ' — 
 
 Boy, oh ! disgrace to my person ! Sounes, boy, 
 Of your face ! You have many boys witli such 
 Pickedevaunts, I am sure. 
 
 Nothing could be more natural than for such a custom 
 as this to find itself memorialised in our nomenclature, 
 
 ' I find this name still exists as ' Pickavant.' It maybe seen over a 
 boot and shoe warehouse by the Railway Station at Southport, Lancashire. 
 Probably ' Pickance ' is an abbreviated form. ' Charles, son of Daniel 
 and Eliza Pickance, bapt. March 26, 1754.' (St. Ann's, Manchester.)
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 45 I 
 
 Exaggeration in the habit would easily affix the name 
 upon the wearer, and though not very euphonious as 
 a surname, the popularity of the usage would take 
 from its unpleasantness. This also will explain 
 ' Thomas Stykebeard,' found in the H. R. at this 
 time. But let us turn for a moment to an opposite 
 peculiarity. Though we often talk of getting our 
 heads polled, few, I imagine, reflect that our ' Pollards' 
 must have obtained their title from their well-shorn 
 appearance. It is with them, therefore, we must set 
 our ' Notts,' ' Notmans,' and doubtless some of our 
 ' Knotts.' The term ' nott ' was evidently synony- 
 mous with ' shorn,' and to have a nothead was to 
 have the hair closely cut all round the head. It 
 is still commonly done in some parts of the country 
 among the peasantry. Chaucer, describing the ' Yeo- 
 man,' says — 
 
 A not-hed hadde he, with a browne visage. 
 
 Andrew Boorde, too, later on, writing of the ' Mores 
 whyche do dwel in Barbary,' says : ' They have gret 
 lyppes and nottyd heare, black and curled.' ^ The 
 name as a sobriquet is very common in the old 
 registers. Among other instances may be mentioned 
 ' Henry le Not ' and ' Herbert le Notte ' in the. 
 ' Placitorum ' at Westminster. Nature, however, did 
 for our ' Callows ' what art had done for the latter. 
 The term is written ' calewe ' with our earlier writers, 
 and in this form is found as a surname in 13 13, one 
 * Richard le Calewe,' or bald-headed, occurring in the 
 
 ' Many of my readers will be familiar with the sobriquet 'nott- 
 pated,' which Shakespeare puts in Prince Henry's mouth several 
 times. 
 
 GG 2
 
 452 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Parliamentary Writs for that year. We still talk of 
 fledgelings as ' callow young.' From its Latin root 
 ' calvus,' • and through the French ' chauve,* we get 
 also the early ' John le Chauf,' ' Geoffrey le Cauf,' 
 and * Richard Ic Chaufyn ' — forms which still abide 
 with us in our ' Corfcs' and ' Gaffins.' Our ' Balls' are 
 manifestly sprung from some ' Custancc Balde ' or 
 ' Richard Bald.' But there is yet one more name to 
 be mentioned in this category, that of ' Peel ' or 
 ' Peile,' descended, as it doubtless is in many cases, 
 from such folk as ' Thomas Ic Pelc ' Or ' William Ic 
 Pyl.' 
 
 As pilled as an ape was his crown 
 
 is the not very complimentary description Chaucer 
 gives of the Miller of Trumpington. It is but the 
 same word as occurs in our Authorised Version of 
 Ezekiel xxix. 1 8, where it is said : ' Every head was 
 made bald, and every shoulder was peeled.' In 
 Isaiah xviii. 2, too, we read of a ' nation scattered 
 and peeled,' the marginal reading being ' outspread 
 and polished.' ^ Used as a surname, it seems to have 
 denoted that glossy smoothness, that utter guiltless- 
 
 ' ' Calvus protests for foes he cloth not care ; 
 
 For why ? They cannot take from him one hair.'' 
 
 {Salyrical Epii^rams, 1 6 1 9. ) 
 * The Alhendtmi thinks the more manifest origin is the local 
 'peel,' a small fortress used by Chaucer in the House of Fame — 
 
 'God save the lady of this/t7<'.' 
 
 I was not ignorant of the word, but as I could not find any examples 
 in the old rolls, I gave the preference to the nickname. I have since 
 met with an entry which justifies the At/ten<runt's remark : ' 1605, 
 Nov. 14, Rodger of ye Peele.' Also, ' 1621, July 10, Robarte Rodley, 
 of ye Peele in Chetham.' (Memorials of Manchester Streets, p. 282.)
 
 'NICKNAMES.' 453 
 
 ness of capillary protection which belongs only to 
 elderly gentlemen, and even then to but a few.' 
 
 It can be no matter of astonishment to us, when 
 we reflect upon it, that our nomenclature should owe 
 so much to this one single specialty of the human 
 physique. The face is the mark of all recognition 
 among men, and how much of its character belongs 
 to the simple appanage we have been speaking of 
 we may easily gather from the difference the slightest 
 change in the style of dressing or cutting it makes 
 among those with whom we are most familiar. Look- 
 ing back at what has been recorded, what a living 
 proof they afford us of the truth of Horace Smith's 
 assertion that surnames ' ever go by contraries.' The 
 art of colouring may be hereditary, but certainly not 
 the dyes themselves. Who ever saw a ' Whytehead ' 
 who was not dark, or a ' Blacklock ' who was not a 
 blonde .-* Who ever saw reddish hair on a ' Russell,' 
 or a swarthy complexion on a ' Morell ' .'' How 
 invariably does it happen that our * Lightfoots ' are 
 gouty, and our ' Hales ' dyspeptic, our ' Bigges ' are 
 manikins, and our * Littles ' giants. Such are the 
 tricks that Time plays with us. Recorded history 
 gives us the slow development of change in the habits 
 and customs of domestic life, but here we can com- 
 pare the physical shifts of the family itself As 
 history and everything else, however, are said to 
 repeat themselves, we may comfort or condole with, 
 
 • ' John Lytlehare ' occurs in a Norfolk register. Query, is it 
 meant for ' Littlehair ' ? Probably it is. (Bromefield's Norfolk.') 
 'Simon Lyt;hare' (lyte = little) is found in the Pari. Writs. 'Richard 
 le Ilerprute' occurs in the II. R. The modern form would be ' Hair- 
 proud.'
 
 454 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 as the case may require, those who, if this dictum, 
 like the Pope's, be infallible, shall some time or other 
 return to their primitive hues and original proportions. 
 
 (3) Nicknames from Peculiarities of Dress and 
 Accontrements. 
 
 An interesting peep into the minuter details of 
 mediaeval life is given us in the case of names derived 
 from costume and ensigncy, whether peaceful or war- 
 like. The colour of the cloth of which the dress was 
 composed seems to have furnished us with several 
 surnames. For instance, our * Burnets ' would seem 
 to be associated with the fabric of a brown mixture 
 common at one period. Our great early poet, in 
 describing Avarice, says — 
 
 A mantle hung her faste by 
 Upon a benche weak anci small, 
 A burnelte cote hung there withail, 
 Furred with no minevere. 
 But with a furre rough of hair. 
 
 It was the same with our ' Burrels' (' Roger Burell,' J., 
 ' Robert Burcll,' R.), whom I have already had occa- 
 sion to mention. So familiar was this cloth that the 
 poorer classes acquired from it the sobriquet of ' borel- 
 folk.' This is only analogous to the French 'grisctte,' 
 from the grey cheap stuff she usually wore. Our 
 * Blankets' ('Robert Blanket,' B., 'John Blanket,' X.) 
 or ' Blanchets ' or ' Plunkets,' ' for all these forms are 
 
 • * Plunket ' was in early use as a perversion of ' l)lanket.' Thus 
 a statute of Richard 111. relating to this stuff calls it 'plonket.' The
 
 'NICKNAMES.' 455 
 
 found, are in the same way but relics of the time when 
 the colourless woollen mixture, called by all these 
 names, was in everyday demand, whether for dress or 
 coverlet. A story has been spread abroad that our 
 woollen * blanket ' owes its origin to a man of that 
 name, who first manufactured it. Even otherwise 
 well-informed writers have lent themselves to the 
 furtherance of this fable. ' Blanket ' was originally 
 the name of a cheap woollen cloth, used for the 
 apparel of the lower orders, and so entitled from its 
 pale and colourless hue, just as russet and burrel were 
 in vogue to express similar manufactures of more 
 decided colours. It was but the Norman form of the 
 Saxon 'whittle,' once the household word for this 
 fabric. Thus we find it occurring in an old Act, 
 already referred to, passed in 1363, to restrict the 
 dress of the peasantry : — All people not possessing 40 
 shillings' worth of goods and chattels ' ne usent nule 
 manere de drap, si noun blanket et russet, laune de 
 xii^.,' that is, shall not take nor wear any manner of 
 cloth, but blanket and russet wool of twelvepence, 
 {Stat. Realm, vol. i. p. 381.) An old indenture of 
 goods contains the following : — ' Item, i olde Kendale 
 gowne, and a hood of the same, pris ix^., the gowne 
 lynyd with white blanket.' {Miin. Acad. Oxoji, 
 p. 566.) Both ' Whittle ' and ' Blanket ' are existing 
 surnames. The reader will sec from these references 
 alone that, whether in the case of the man or the 
 manufacture, it is the colour, or rather lack of colour, 
 which has given the sobriquet. Our ' Qreenmans,' 
 
 form in the Prompt. Part', is ' pluuket ;' and Mr. Way, commenting 
 iipon it, quotes a line from the Aivntyrs 0/ Art/mre — 
 
 ' Hir belte was of plonkete, with birdis fulle baulde.'
 
 456 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 whether as surname or tavern sign, are but sprung 
 from the old forester — 
 
 Clad in cote and hode of grene, 
 
 of Lincoln or Kendal make. The ' Greenman ' was 
 a favourite rural signboard, and I doubt not the 
 reader will have seen it occasionally swinging still in 
 the more retired parts of the country. Crabbe knew 
 it well in his day — 
 
 But the ' Green Man ' shall I pass by unsunjj, 
 Which mine own James upon his signpost hung ? 
 His sign, his image —for he once was seen 
 A squire's attendant, clad in keeper's green. 
 
 Turning from the colour of the cloth to the gar- 
 ments into which it was fashioned, nothing could be 
 more natural to our forefathers than to take off with 
 a sobriquet the more whimsical aspects of dress in- 
 dulged in by particular individuals. Royalty itself 
 did not escape. It was through his introduction of 
 a new fashion our second Henry got his nickname of 
 ' Curtmantel,' and this was matched by ' Capet ' and 
 ' Grisegonel ' across the water. ' Richard Curtepy ' 
 reminds us of the poor clerk of whom Chaucer says — 
 
 Full thrcdbare was his overest courtepy, 
 
 that is, his cloak or gabardine. ' Henry Curtmantle,' 
 just mentioned, * Martin Curtwallet,' and ' Robert 
 Curthose' (still existing in Derbyshire in the more 
 Saxon form of * Shorthose '),' satirise the introduction 
 
 ' This was a nickname of Sir Thomas Woodcock, Lord Mayor of 
 London, 1405 — 
 
 ' Hie jacet, Tom Shorthose, 
 Sine tomb, sine sheets, sine riches.' 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Belper this surname may be commonly met 
 with. Some change of fashion at this date, encouraged by the mayor-
 
 NICKNAMES.' 457 
 
 of a curtailment in the general as ' Reginald Curt- 
 brant ' does in the more military habit ; ' Richard 
 Widehose ' and the Scotch ' Macklehose,' on the other 
 hand, suggesting a change of an opposite and more 
 sailorlike character. ' Hose,' itself a surname, is again 
 found in composition in ' Richard Goldhose,' ' Nicholas 
 Strokehose,' 'John Scrothose (' Scratchhose,'), and 
 ' Richard Letherhose ; ' the latter still to be met with 
 in Germany as ' Ledderhose.' ' Emma Wastehose,' 
 though now obsolete, evidently bespoke the reckless 
 habits of the wearer, while 'John Sprenhose ' {i.e., 
 ' Spurnhose ') seems to have declared its owner's want 
 of appreciation of that article altogether. The old 
 * paletoque ' or doublet, a loose kind of frock often 
 worn by priests, left itself a memorial in ' Thomas 
 Pyletok,' which is now extinct, but ' Pylch ' {' Symon 
 Pylche,' A.), the maker of which has already been 
 mentioned, remains hale and hearty in our midst. 
 'Mantel ' (' Walter Mantel,' L.) and ' Fremantel ' ' are 
 well established among us, the latter probably owing 
 its origin to the frieze-cloth which the Frieslander of 
 the Low Countries once manufactured out of our own 
 wool. It is Latinized in our records into ' Hugh 
 de Frigido-Mantello,' and the cloth itself as ' Frisius 
 pannus.'^ The herald's tunic, barely covering the 
 
 alty, would readily give rise to the sobriquet in the metropolis. Some 
 country squire or bumpkin carried the new style into Derbyshire, and 
 the Belper people still relate the fact of the grotesque appearance he 
 then made in their eyes by the nom-de-plume that as a necessary conse- 
 quence arose. ' Sic est vita nomimim.^ 
 
 ' ' Agnes Blakmantyll' (\V. 1 1) occurs in an old York register, 1455, 
 but must have become obsolete with the bearer, I should imagine. 
 
 * 'John Caury-Maury ' (V. 8) belongs to this class. It was a 
 nickname given to him on account of the exceedingly coarse cloth in
 
 458 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 chest and open from the shoulder downwards, gave 
 us our ' Tabards.' It must have had plenty of last 
 in it, for Piers Plowman talks of — 
 
 A tawny tabard of twelf wynters age. 
 
 The variegated dress, much in favour then apparently, 
 still survives in our * Medlecote ' and * Medlicott.' ' 
 The stuffed doublet gave us ' Thomas Gambeson,' 
 now perhaps ' Gamson,' while the short petticoat is 
 memorialised in ' John Grenecurtel.' ' Alicia Caperon ' 
 and ' Thomas Chaperoun ' are early found. The 
 cJiaperon was a hood by which the entire face could 
 be concealed if it were so desired. Taylor, in the 
 seventeenth century, mentions it as but recently out of 
 fashion — 
 
 Her sJiappcrooncs, her periwigs and tires, 
 Are reliques which this flattery much admires. 
 
 It is thus, by a somewhat strange but easy association 
 
 of ideas, has come our modern protector in society so 
 
 called. 
 
 Excess of apparel has often in olden days been 
 
 under penal statute. Chaucer, in his time, decried 
 
 its abuse, and an old rhyme of Edward III. date is 
 
 still preserved, which is scathing enough — 
 
 Longbeards, heartlesse, 
 Painted hoods, witlesse, 
 Gaycoates, gracelesse, 
 Mai<es England thriftiesse. 
 
 which he was attired. In Skelton's Elynotir Kiiiniiiyug, some slatterns 
 arc thus described— 
 
 ' Some loke strawry. 
 Some cawry mawry.' 
 'Item, presentatum est quod 'Johannes Caurymaury,' 'Johannes le 
 Fleming,' 'Hugo Ikinting,' 'Isaac de Stanford,' et Lucas de eadem 
 consueti fuerunt currere cum canibus suis sine warento,' etc. (Chrotiicon 
 Pctroburgensc. Cam. Soc, ]i. 138.) 
 ' This may be local.
 
 NICKNAMES. 459 
 
 We are reminded in this of * Gai-cote ' (' William 
 Gaicote,' A.), which once was a surname, though now 
 extinct. 'Wool ward' or'Woolard' (' Geoffey Wole- 
 ward,' A., ' Reginald Wolleward,' N.) still thrives. 
 To go 'woolward' was to undergo the penance of 
 wearing the outer woollen cloth without any linen 
 under-dress. It was often prescribed by the priest- 
 hood. Piers, in his Vision, says — ■ " 
 
 Wolleward and weetshoed 
 Wente I forth ; 
 
 while another old poem bids us — 
 
 Faste, and go ivohvard, and ^\ake, 
 And suffre hard for Godys sake.' 
 
 The name was not an unfrequent one at the 
 time of which I am writing, and I doubt not was 
 oftentimes familiarly applied to friars. We must 
 probably refer to more warlike accoutrements for the 
 origin of our ' Gantletts ' or ' Gauntletts ' (' Henry 
 Gauntelett,' Z., ' Roger Gauntlet,' Z.), our ' Pallets ' 
 and ' Vizards.' The latter was that part of the hel- 
 met which was perforated for the wearer to see 
 through, 'pallet' being the general term for the 
 helmet itself ' Ranulf Strong-bowe ' was a likely 
 sobriquet for a brawny-armed bowman to acquire, 
 and, like * Isabella Fortiscue ' (brave shield) and 
 ' Emelina Longespee,' belongs to more general his- 
 tory. 'Sword,' 'Buckler,' ' Lance,' ^ 'Spear,' 'Pike,' 
 ' Bill,' the renowned ' Brownbill,' and others too many 
 
 ' We all remember in Love's Labour'' s Lost ' how Armado, being 
 pressed to fight, refuses to undress, and says: 'The naked truth of it 
 is, I have no shirt ; I go woolward for penance.' 
 
 ^ One feels much tempted to add ' Roylance ' to this list. It cer- 
 tainly has a most kingly aspect. Still there can be little doubt that it 
 is but a corruption of ' Rylands.'
 
 460 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 for enumeration, have similarly found a place in our 
 nomenclature. What a revolution in the mode of 
 warfare do they betoken. What a sweeping change 
 has the invention of gunpowder effected on the battle- 
 grounds of Europe. 
 
 But I mentioned ' badges.' It is amusing to see 
 how the early love of distinctive ensigns has made its 
 mark here. While it is an English instinct to reve- 
 rence authority, this authority itself has ever been 
 distinguished by the outward manifestation of dress 
 and emblem. The ceremonious requirements of the 
 feudal state have had their effect. As I endeavoured 
 to show in a previous chapter, these were simply over- 
 whelming. The office of each was not more distinct 
 than his outward accompaniments, and it was by the 
 latter his precise position was known. The ' baton,' 
 however, seems to have held the foremost place as a 
 token of authority — a sword, a javelin, a spear, a 
 wand, a rod, it mattered not what, a something borne 
 in the hand, and you might have known in that day 
 an official. Nor arc we as yet free from its influence. 
 Royalty still has its sceptre, the Household of State 
 its ' black rod,' magistracy has its mace, proctorship 
 its poker, the churchwarden his staff, the beadle — far 
 the most important of all to the charity children and 
 himself — his stick. From official, this rage for badges 
 .seems to have passed on to the quieter and more 
 ordinary avocations. The shepherd was not better 
 known by his crook, the huntsman not better known 
 by his horn, than the pilgrim by his ' bourdon,' the 
 woodward by his ' bill,' or the surveyor by his ' mete- 
 yard ' ' or ' metewand.' How easy then for all these 
 
 ' I need not stay to point out the early familiar use of ' yard ' as a
 
 * NICKNAMES.' 461 
 
 words to be turne"d into sobriquets. How natural 
 they should become slang epithets for those who 
 carried them. How natural that we should find them 
 all in our directories, ' Meatyard,' ' Burdon ' or 
 ' Bourdon,' ' Crook,' 'Wand,' 'Staff,' ' Rodd,' ' Home,' ^ 
 all are there. Nor did the personal characteristics of 
 such bearers escape the good-humoured raillery of our 
 ancestors. Far from it, ' Waghorn,' ^ would easily 
 fix itself upon some awkward horn-blower ; ' Wag- 
 spear '(' Mabill Wagspere,' W. i.), or 'Shakespeare' 
 ('William Shakespeare,' V. i,), or ' Shakeshaft ' ^ or 
 ' Drawsword ' (' Henry Drawswerde,' A.), or ' Draw- 
 espe' ('Thomas Drawespe,' A,') upon some over- 
 demonstrative sergeant or clearer of the way ; or 
 ' Wagstaffe ' (' Robert Waggestaff,' A.) on some ob- 
 noxious beadle* ' Tipstafife ' we know for certain as 
 a name of this class — he was a bumbailifif. In 1392 
 one Roger Andrew was publicly indicted for pretend- 
 stick or staff of any length. In Wicklyffe's New Testament we find the 
 following : — ' And he seide to hem nothing take ye in the weye — 
 neither yerde, ne scrippe, neither breed, ne money.' (Luke ix. 3.) Our 
 Authorized Version still preserves the meteyard from obsoletism : * Ye 
 shall do no unrighteousness in judgment, in meteyard, in weight, or in 
 measure.' (Lev. xix. 35.) 
 
 ' The horn was carried by the watchman as well as the huntsman 
 and the cryer, ' Henry Watchorn ' was mayor of Leicester in 1 780, 
 and the name occurs in the Nottingham Directory for 1864. Other 
 compounds besides 'Waghorn' are ' Crookhorn,' 'Cramphorn' (i.e., 
 Clocked horn), 'Langhorn' and ' Whitehorn.' 
 
 - It was a Captain Waghorn who was tried by court-martial for 
 the wreck of the Royal George, which went down off Portsmouth in 1782, 
 lie was acquitted, however. 
 
 ' ' Anne, daughter of Hugh and Elizabeth Shakeshaft, baptized 
 Dec. 6, 1744.' (St. Ann's, Register, Manchester.) 
 
 * ' Robert Go-before ' in the Rolls of Pari, is an evident sobriquet 
 affixed upon some official of this class.
 
 462 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ing to be an officer of the Marshalsea, which he did 
 by bearing a * wooden staff with horn at either end, 
 called a " tippestaffe." ' It does not seem, however, 
 to have been confined only to him. Chaucer says of 
 the frere, that — 
 
 With scrippe, and tipped staf, tucked high 
 In every house he gan to pore and pry ; 
 
 and but two lines further on he tells us — 
 
 His felaw had a staff tipped with horn, 
 
 which thus explicitly explains the term. The same 
 humour found vent in ' John Swyrdebrake,' ' ' Adrian 
 Breakspear,' 'William Longstaffe,' 'Antony Halstaff' 
 (perchance 'Hale-staff'),^ and 'Thomas Ploghstaf 
 (Plowstaff). With one or two more general terms of 
 this class wc may proceed. ' Robert Hurlcbat'^ and 
 ' Matthew Winspear,' ' Richard Spurdaunce ' and 
 ' Robert Bruselancc,' ' Simon Lovelauncc' and 'Thomas 
 Crakyshield,' * ' Roger Benbow,' ' Cicely Brownsword,' 
 and ' Thomas Shotbolte,* are evidently nicknames 
 fastened upon certain individuals for special prowess 
 in some of the sports of the Middle Ages, probably 
 at some church-ale or wakes. 
 
 ' 'John Sw/rdebrake,' alias 'John Taillour.' 
 
 {Materials for Hist. Henry VII., p. 441.) 
 
 ' In a list of bankrupts, dated the thirteenth year of Elizabeth, and 
 quoted in Notes and Queries, Jan. i860, occurs an ' Anthony Ilalstaffe,' 
 doubtless originally ' HalestafFe,' from 'hale,' to drag, and thus a 
 likely sobriquet for a catchpoll or bailiff. 
 
 'In the biographical notice appended to Archbishop Sandys' Sermons, 
 published by the Parker Society, we find that one of his friends was 
 called ' Hurlcstone.' This will be of similar origin with ' Ilurlebat.' 
 (pp. 13, 1 4-) 
 
 * ' Thomas Crakyshield ' was Rector of North Creak in Norfolk in 
 the year 141 2. (//;>/. Norfolk, vii. 77. )
 
 NICKNAMES.' 463 
 
 II. — Mental and Moral Peculiarities. 
 
 (i) Nicknames from Peculiarities of Disposition — 
 Complimentary. 
 
 Let us now turn to the varied characteristics of 
 the human heart. If we wish to know how many- 
 good and excellent qualities there are in the world, 
 and at the same time deceive ourselves into a belief 
 that the evils are few, we must look into our direc- 
 tories. Scan their contents, and we might almost per- 
 suade ourselves that Utopia was a fact, and that we 
 were consulting its muster-roll. At every turn we meet 
 with virtue in the guise of a ' Goode,' or an ' Upright,' 
 or a ' Righteous,' ' or a * Patient,' or a ' Best,' or a ' Faith- 
 ful;' or infallibility in a ' Perfect' or 'Faultless.' We 
 are ever coming across philosophy in the shape of a 
 ' Wise ' or a * Sage.' Conscience must surely trouble 
 but little, where ' Merry ' and ' Gay,' ' Blythe ' and 
 'Joyce,' that is, joyous, are all but interminable; and 
 companionship must be ever sweet with such people 
 to converse with as 'Makepeace'^ and 'Friend,' 
 
 ' ' William Ryghtwys ' was Vicar of Fouklon in 1497. (Brome- 
 field's Norfolk.) ' Upright' appeared in a trial at Exeter in October 1874. 
 
 ^ 'Make' was a familiar compomul. 'Joan Make-peace' was 
 sister to Henry IIL, and so named by the Scotch through her betrowal 
 to their monarch, by which peace was brought about. Bishop Hall 
 uses the opposite for a quarrelsome fellow — 
 
 ' If brabbling Makefray, at each faire and 'size, 
 Picks quarrels for to show his valiantise.' 
 
 •Julian Make-blisse' and 'JohnMake-blythe' occur in two separate rolls, 
 and Mr. Lower mentions a ' Maud Make-joy ' in an old Wardrobe 
 Account: '1297, Dec. 26. To Maud Make-joy for dancing before
 
 464 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * Goodhart ' and ' Truman/ ' True ' and ' Leal,' * Kind 
 and * Curtis ' or ' Curteis.' ' Fulhardy ' and ' Giddy- 
 head/ ' Cruel ' and ' Fierce,' ' Wilfulle ' and ' Sullen,' 
 and ' Envious ' did indeed find a habitation in its' 
 pages, but they have long since disappeared, being 
 quite out of place in the presence of such better folk 
 as ' Hardy' ' and ' Grave,' and ' Gentle' and ' Sweet ;' 
 or if the cloven foot of pride be still visible in ' Proud ' 
 and 'Proudfoot,' it is nevertheless under constant re- 
 buke by our familiarity with such lowly characters as 
 ' Plumble ' and ' Meek.' ^ Nevertheless, this was any- 
 thing but so in the old time. The evil roots of sin 
 may still abide hale and strong and ineradicable in the 
 heart of man, but he has carefully weeded the more 
 apparent traces of this out of his nomenclature. I do 
 not mean to say we are utterly without names of ob- 
 jectionable import, but we shall see that what I have 
 stated once before is true in the main. We shall see 
 that as a rule it is only when the sobriquet word has 
 changed its meaning, or that meaning become obscure 
 and doubtful, or when the name itself has lost the 
 traces of its origin — easy enough in the lapse of so 
 many days of unsettled orthography — that the sur- 
 
 Edward Prince of Wales, at Ipswich, 2j.' Here the sobriquet is adopted 
 in compliment to the profession. 
 
 • Our ' Ilardmans' are but a corruption of ' Ilardyman.' John 
 Ilardyman, D.D., was installed prebend of Chester in June, 1563. 
 (Ormerod's Clic:hire, vol. i. p. 223.) 
 
 ' 'Reginald Littleprowe' was Mayor of Norwich in 1532, and 
 'John Littleproud ' was buried at ' Attleburgh ' in 1619. (///>/. 
 Nor/., iii. 219, and i. 535.) This sobriquet, I doubt not, was in 
 sarcastic allusion to the haughty demeanour of its first possessor. As 
 in so many cases, however, there seems to have been no objection to its 
 acceptance on the part of his posterity.
 
 NICKNAMES.' 465 
 
 name has lingered on. This will make itself apparent 
 as we advance. 
 
 Such names as' Walter Snel,' 'Richard Quicke' (A.), 
 including the immortal Quickly, ' Richard le Smert ' 
 (M.),now ' Smart,' 'Thomas Scharp,' now ' Sharp,' ' ' Gil- 
 bert Poygnant' ( A.), 'Thedric le Witte' (A.), now ' Witt' 
 and ' Witty," Nicholas le Cute' (A.), and 'Ralph le 
 Delivre ' ^ (M.M.), argue well for the keen perceptions 
 and brisk habits of early days.^ The slang sense of 
 several of these, strangely enough, is but the original 
 meaning restored. 'Witty' arose when the word implied 
 keenness of intellect rather than of humour. Chaucer 
 thus speaks of ' witty clerkes,' using the latter word 
 too in a perfectly unofficial sense. Our numberless 
 ' Clarkes ' and ' Clerkes,' sprung from equally number- 
 less ' Beatrix le Clercs ' or ' Milo le Clerks,' may there- 
 fore belong either to the professional class or to the 
 one we are considering. ' William le Frek ' (M.) or 
 ' Ralph Frike ' (A.), now found as ' Freak,' ' Frick,' and 
 * Freke,' was a complimentary sobriquet implicative of 
 
 ' ' Oswin Sharparrovv ' (W. 3), 'John Sharparrow' (W. 2), 'William 
 Sharparrow ' (W. 1 1). The original nominee was probably of a sarcastic 
 turn. The following inscription was once to be seen in York Minster: 
 ' Orate pro anima dom. Johannis Sharparrowe, quondam parsone in 
 Eccles. Cath. Ebor., qui obiit xxv. die Oct. an. 141 1.' (Drake's Ebora- 
 cum, p. 498.) 
 
 "^ 'Deliver' as an adjective meant 'nimble,' 'lithe.' It was 
 familiarly used. Chaucer has 'deliverly,' ' deliverness,' and 'deliver.' 
 Of the young squier he says — 
 
 ' Of his stature he was of even lengthe, 
 And wonderly deliver, and great of strengthe.' 
 
 ' Ralph le Delivre ' is found in the Rot. Curije Regis. 
 
 * The names of ' Thomas le Busteler' (F.F.) and ' Robert le Bustler' 
 (T.) are less complimentary than most of the above. 'Nicholas le 
 Medler' (A.) would be quite as objectionable. 
 
 H H
 
 466 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 bravery and daring even to rashness.^ Minot in his 
 political songs tells us in alliterative verse how the 
 doughty men of Edward the Third's army were — 
 
 Fill frek to fight. 
 
 The old 'William le Orpede,' or ' Stephen le Horpede,' 
 or ' Peter Orpedeman ' denotes a disposition equally 
 stout-hearted.'* It is a term found in well-nigh all our 
 mediaeval writers, and was evidently in common and 
 familiar use. Trevisa, in his account of the Norman 
 invasion, represents ' Gurth ' as saying to Harold, 
 
 * Why wilt thou unwary fight with so many orped 
 men ?' The monk of Glastonbury also, speaking of 
 Edward the Third's expedition to Calais in 1350, re- 
 lates that he ' towke with him the nobleis, and the 
 gentelles, and other worthi and orpedde menne of 
 armes.' Our ' Keats ' and ' Ketts ' are the old ' Walter 
 le Ket ' (G.) or ' Osbert le Ket ' (J.), that is, the fierce, 
 the bold. Thus the cowherd in ' William of Pelerne ' 
 directs the child how to conduct himself — 
 
 When thou komcst to kourt 
 Among the kete Ionics. 
 
 With these therefore we may associate ' William le 
 Prew,' now * Prcw,' ' ' Nicholas Vigerous,' now found 
 also as 'Vigors,' 'Helen Gallant,' 'John le Stallworth,'* 
 
 ' ♦ Craske, fryke of fatte,' I'.i:, lusty, fresh. (/'/-. /'<;;-.) 
 
 * ' Richard Curtevalur' (A.) would seem to have had an instinctive 
 acquaintance with the moral of that couplet which asserts that 
 
 ' He who fights and runs away 
 Shall live to fight another day.' 
 There are a good many people, I fancy, who thus ' take thought for the 
 morrow.' 
 
 * Fr. Preux = valiant. 
 
 * ' Simon Stallworthe ' is mentioned in the Grants of Edward the 
 Fifth. (Cam. Soc. ) The modem form of the tcnn colloquially used is 
 
 * stalwart. '
 
 * NICKNAMES.' 467 
 
 * Thomas Doughtye,' and * Robert le Bolde,' all 
 still well-known names, ' Prest,' * Peter le Prest ' 
 (M.), when not the archaic form of ' Priest/ is 
 of kin to the mountebank's ' presto,' and means — 
 quick, ready. It was thus used till the seventeenth 
 century. ' Kean,' found as ' Hugh le Kene ' or ' Joan 
 le Kene,' implies impetuosity. All these names speak 
 well for the pluck of our forefathers. They are found 
 with tolerable frequency, and naturally have not been 
 suffered to die out for lack of pride. The Norman 
 element, as we see, is strong in these chivalrous sobri- 
 quets. Nor is it less so with many other terms of 
 no unpleasant meaning. Our ' Purefoys ' or * Purfeys ' 
 represent the pure faith of their countrymen.' Our 
 
 * Parfitts ' are but the quainter form of * Perfect.'^ Our 
 'Bones,' 'Boons,' and'Bunns' are but variously cor- 
 rupted forms of Duran le Bon,' or ' Richard le Bone,' 
 or ' Alice le Bonne,' or ' William le Boon,' equivalent 
 therefore to the earlier ' Goods.' ' Bunker ' is similarly 
 but 'Bon-coeur' ('William Bonquer,' O.),^ our Saxon 
 
 * Goodhart ,' and ' Bonner,' and the longer ' Debonaire' 
 (' Philip le Debeneyre,' A.),"* our more naturalized 
 
 * 'Arthur Purefoy' or Turefaye' was Rector of Redcnhall in 
 1584. (Hist. No?-/., V. 363.) 
 
 * Thus Archbishop Sandys commences a sermon at Paul's Cross: — 
 'The Apostle St. Peter, like a perfit workman and a skilful builder, 
 first layeth a sure foundation.' {Parker Soc, p. 386.) 
 
 * ' Thomas Bontemps ' appears in a Norfolk register of the fourteenth 
 century, {//is/. Norfolk, Index.) It seems somewhat analogous to 
 the now familiar ' Bonheur.' 
 
 * The son and successor of Charlemagne, Louis First, went by the 
 sobriquet of 'le Debonnaire,' on account of his courteous and affable 
 character. 
 
 H U 2
 
 468 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 'Gentle' ('William le Gentil,' M.), ' Gentilman ' 
 (' Robert Gentilman/ V. i.)/ and * Curteis ' or ' Curtis' 
 ('Walter le Curteys' J., ' Richard le Curteis,' C), 
 Chaucer says — 
 
 AH men holde thee for musarde, 
 That debonaire have founden thee. 
 
 ' Amiable ' (' Edward Amiable,' Z., ' Joan Amiable,' Z.) 
 once existed, but in our registers, at least, that sweet 
 grace is now wanting. Equivalent to these latter, but 
 more Saxon in character, come our ' Hendys' or 
 ' Hentys ' (' Thomas le Hendy,' F.F., * John le Hendy,' 
 F.F.), a term found in all our early writers, and prettily 
 expressive of that which was gentle and courteous 
 combined. In the ' Canterbury Tales* thehost reproves 
 the friar for lack of civility to one of the company by 
 saying — 
 
 Sire, ye should be hcnde. 
 And curteis as a man of your estate, 
 In company we will have no debate. 
 
 In the Hundred Rolls we find a' William Hendiman' 
 occurring, and a 'John Hende' was Lord Mayor of 
 London in 1391. We have just mentioned the word 
 ' musarde.' This reminds us of our ' Musards ' 
 (' Malcolm le Musard,' M.), who were originally of a 
 dreamy temperament.* With our Saxon ' Moodys ' ^ 
 (' Richard Mody,' G.), however, their title has fallen in 
 general estimation, the one now denoting, when used 
 
 ' 'Thomas Genlilhomme' in the Writs of Paul represents the 
 Norman-French form. The surname still exists in France, as does 
 'Gentlem.in' in England. 
 
 * Akin to 'Malcolm le Musard' (M.) was 'Alan le Mute' (A.). 
 'Henry Duceparolc' (T. ) or 'Richard Parlebien'(M.) is decidedly compli- 
 mentary, but ' William Spekelital ' (P. ) would seem to have been morose. 
 
 * 'John Strictman' (A.) and 'John le Severe' ( A. ) may be set here.
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 469 
 
 at all, a trifling, the other a morose and gloomy dis- 
 position. Our * Sadds ' (' Robert Sad,' H.), too, from 
 being merely serious, sedate folk, have become sorrow- 
 ful of heart. Our great early poet speaks in the nega- 
 tive sense of — 
 
 People unsad and eke untnie, 
 
 that is, unstable and fickle. In a short poem, ascribed 
 to Lydgate, pointing out to children their course of 
 behaviour in company, we are told — 
 
 Who spekithe to thee in any maner place, 
 
 Rudely cast not thyn eye adowne, 
 
 But with a sad cheer look hym in the face.' 
 
 Here of course sobriety of demeanour, rather than 
 sorrowfulness, is intended.^ That ' Henry le Wepere' 
 (A.), and ' Peter le Walur ' (A.), and ' William le Blu- 
 bere ' (A.), however, must have been of rueful coun- 
 tenance we need not doubt. 
 
 Many changes too have passed over the names as 
 well doubtless as over the lives of another section of 
 our nomenclatural community. Our ' Cunnings,' we 
 will hope, dated from the time when he who kenned 
 his work well was so entitled without any suspicion of 
 duplicity.^ Very likely too our *Slys' {'John Slye,' 
 H.), and ' Sleighs ' (' Simon le Slegh,' M.), ' Slees ' 
 (' Isabella Slee,' W.G.), and ' Slemmans ' and ' Sly- 
 mans ' were simply remarkable for being honestly 
 
 ' The Babces' Book (Early Eng. Text. Soc). 
 
 * * Every midwyfe shulde be presented with honest women of great 
 gravity to the Bysshop,' for she ' shulde be a saddc woman, wyse and 
 discrete, having experience.' (Andrew Boorde.) 
 
 * The Hundred Rolls give us a 'Robert le Sotele.' * Salomon le 
 Sotel' was .Sheriff of London in 1290, according to Stow. There is 
 no reason to suppose that either of these was distinguished for any of 
 the unpleasant features that often belong to sharp characteristics.
 
 470 ^ ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 dexterous in their several avocations.* The * mighty- 
 hand and outstretched arm ' of modern psalters was 
 once translated ' a hand that was slegh.' But as sly- 
 ness got by degrees but more and more associated 
 with the juggler's sleight-of-hand tricks, the word fell 
 into disrepute. Such is the invariable effect of keep- 
 ing bad company. So late, however, as the seven- 
 teenth century, one of our commonwealth poets Avas 
 not misunderstood when he spoke of one whom — 
 
 Graver age had made wise and sly. 
 
 But the same predisposition to give ' cra!fty ' and ' sly' 
 and ' cunning ' and ' artful ' a dishonest sense has not 
 been therewith content, but must needs throw ridicule 
 upon the unsophisticated and artless natures of our 
 ' Simples ' (' Jordan le Simple,' A.), who would scarcely 
 feel complimented if their surname were to originate 
 in the present day.'^ It is the same with our ' Seeleys' 
 (' Benedict Sely,' D.) and ' Selymans ' (' George Sely- 
 man,' D.), the older forms of ' Silly ' and ' Sillyman.' 
 Perhaps the phrase * silly lamb ' is the only one in 
 which we colloquially preserve the former idea of 
 'silly,' that of utter guilelessness. A 'silly virgin' 
 with Spenser was no foolish maiden, but one helpless 
 in her innocence, and the 'silly women' Shakespeare 
 hints at in his * Two Gentlemen of Verona ' were but 
 inoffensive and unprotected females.^ ' Scaley,' ' Silly,' 
 
 ' The Issue Roll gives us an opposite characteristic in ' Thomas 
 Litilskill.* 
 
 * ' Christopher Greynhome ' (W. 15) would represent the modem 
 sense of this word. 
 
 * There used to be an old proverb — 
 
 ' Whylst grasse doth growe oft sterves the seely steede.'
 
 NICKNAMES.' 471 
 
 * Sillyman,' and ' Selyman,' ' are all pleasant memorials 
 of the earlier sense of this word. Our ' Quaints ' and 
 ' Cants have gone through a changeful career. They are 
 but the descendants of the old ' Margaret le Coynte ' or 
 ' Richard le Queynte,' from the early French ' coint,' 
 neat, elegant, A shadow fell over it, however, and a 
 notion of artfulness becoming attached to the word, 
 to be quaint was to be crafty. Thus Wicklyfife, in his 
 translation of St. Mark's account of Christ's betrayal, 
 makes Judas say to the servants of the high priest, 
 ' Whomever I shall touch, he it is, hold ye him, and 
 lead him warily, or queintly.' Thus, too, Lawrence 
 Minot, in his ' Political Songs,' tells us how — 
 
 The King of Berne was cant and kene, 
 But there he lost both play and pride. 
 
 Strange to say, the word has well-nigh recovered its 
 original sense, betokening as it does a whimsical and 
 antique prettiness, if not the bare quality itself Our 
 original 'Careless' ('Antony Careless,' Z.) was of 
 that happy disposition which the petty worries and 
 anxieties of life do not easily disturb, and, to judge 
 from our nomenclature, he forms but one of a large 
 band of cheery and easy-minded mortals. 'Joyce,* 
 that is, ' Jocose,' when not a Christian name,^ and 
 
 Vuie Dyce's notes to ' All's Well that luids Well' {Shakespeare'' s 
 Works, vol. iii. p. 288.) One of the best illustrations of this word, 
 however, is to be met with in Foxe's Martyrology, where, describing 
 the martyrdom of a young child not seven years old, he says : ' The 
 captain, perceiving the child invincible and himself vanquished, com- 
 mitted the silly soul, the blessed babe, the child uncherished, to the 
 stinking prison.' (Vol. i. p. 126, Edit. 1844.) 
 
 ' Thomas Selybarn (/.<'. Silly-cliild) occurs in the ^'ork Guild. 
 (W. II.) 
 
 * Joyce may belong either to the nickname or the baptismal class. 
 •Richard le Joyce,' J., 'Joyce Faukes,' II., 'Joice Frankline,' W. 9.
 
 472 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 * Jolly ' must be set here, not forgetting the older and 
 prettier 'Jolyfife' ('Henry Jolyfife,' M,). In the 
 ' Miller's Tale ' we are told of ' Absolon,' how that 
 when at eventide he had taken up his 'giterne' — 
 
 Forth he goth, jolif and amorous, 
 
 to the window of his lady-love. 'Gay' ('William le 
 Gay; R.), and ' Blythe ' (' Richard Blythe,' Z.)/ and 
 'Merry' ('William Merrye,' Z.), or ' Merriman' ('John 
 Meryman,' X.), and ' Gaillard,' or ' Gallard,' or * Gay- 
 liard,' or 'Gaylord' ('Nicholas Gaylard,' T., 'William 
 Gallard,' A., ' Sabina Gaylard,' H.), must all be placed 
 also in this category.^ I am not quite sure, however, 
 that the last are without a suspicion of that conviviality 
 which the buxom alewife was but too ready to bestow. 
 Our merry, versatile friend Absolon, whom I have just 
 referred to, among other his unclerkly arts, could play 
 on the 'giterne' as well as any 'galliard tapstere.' 
 It seems to have been a common epithet, and would 
 readily find a place in our nomenclature, where it is 
 now firmly fixed. Our ' Merryweathers ' ('Andrew 
 Meriweder,' A.) and ' Fairweathers ' ('John Fayr- 
 weder,' A.)^ may seem somewhat difficult of explana- 
 tion to those who are unaware of the colloquial use 
 of these expressions in former times, 'Mery-weder' 
 
 ' 'William Gladchere' (' Gladcheer ') (F.F.) would be a pleasant 
 sobriquet. 
 
 * 'Alicia Blissewenche' occurs in the Hundred Rolls— a light-hearted 
 ruddy-faced country girl of happy disposition and blithe expression. I 
 doubt not he was a lucky swain who got her to go to the priest with 
 h m to sue wedlock. Cf. 'JeiTery Joyemaiden' in the same record. 
 
 • The early ' John Bellewether ' (II.) may be either a partial transla- 
 tion of this, or that which is more likely, a sobriquet taken from the 
 custom of fastening a bell around the neck of the leading sheep, by 
 which to conduct the rest. We still tenii such an one the 'bell-wether,'
 
 NICKNAMES.' 473 
 
 especially being of the most familiar import. In the 
 * Coventry Mysteries ' mention is made of — 
 
 Bontyng the Brewster, and Sybyly Slynge, 
 Megge Mery-wedyr, and Sabyn Sprynge. 
 
 A happy sunshiny fellow would easily acquire the 
 sobriquet, and indeed both are found at a very early 
 day as such.* 
 
 Not a few of those expressive terms of endear- 
 ment, some of which still flourish in our nurseries, 
 have made their mark upon our directories. We have 
 already alluded to our ' Chittys.' Our * Leafs' repre- 
 sent the old ' Alice le Lef ' or ' Matilda la Lef,' beloved 
 or dear. We still use it in the well-nigh solitary 
 expression * lief as loth,' but once it was in familiar 
 request. Robert of Brunne, in one of his stories, 
 says — 
 
 Blessed be alle poor men, 
 For God Almyghty loveth them : 
 And weyl is them that poor are here. 
 They are with God bothe lefe and dere. 
 
 Akin to this latter is ' Love,' which, when not the old 
 ' Robert le Love' or wolf, is found in composition in 
 not a few instances. * Lovekin' and ' Lovecock,' after 
 the remarks made in our first chapter on these termi- 
 nations, will be readily explainable ; and ' Truelove,' 
 
 ' We never use 'merry' now in relation to sacred things, though 
 our P^nglish Bible does. The fact is, the word has somewhat sunk in the 
 social scale. Few preachers would say, as Bishop Bradford could say 
 quite naturally in his day, ' The Lord for Christ's sake give us merry 
 hearts to drink lustily of His sweet cup.' A monument in Marshfield 
 Church on A. Meredeth ends thus — 
 
 'Judge then, what he did lose who lost but breath. 
 Lived to die wel), and dyed A MEREDETH. 
 
 ( Rudder's Gloucestershire, )
 
 474 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' Derelove,' ' Honeylove,' and ' Sweetlove ' ' supply us 
 with expletives of so amorous a nature, wc can but 
 conjecture them to have arisen through the too pub- 
 licly proclaimed feelings of their early possessors. 
 * Newlove ' sounds somewhat inconstant, ' Winlove ' 
 attractive.'^ ' Goodlove,' * Spendlove,' and * Likelove,' 
 1 believe, are now obsolete — a lot, too, which has 
 befallen the hardened ' Lacklove,' while our ' Fulli- 
 loves ' ^ still declare the brimming affection which 
 belongs to their nature — or at least did to that of 
 their progenitor. But even they are commonplace 
 beside our 'Waddeloves ' or 'Waddelows,' the early 
 form of which, 'Wade-in- love,' would seem to tell of 
 some lovesick ancestor so helplessly involved in the 
 meshes cast about him as to have become the object 
 of the unkind sarcasms of his neighbours. A longer 
 and equally curious sobriquet abides in our ' Well- 
 beloveds' and ' Wellbiloves.' It is this latter form in 
 which it is found in the ' Issues of the Exchequer.' * 
 The French form of this was ' Bienayme ' (' William 
 Bienayme,' A.), and to some settler of that name upon 
 
 ' ' Sweetlove ' is met by ' Duzaniour ; ' ' Felicia Duzamour' occurs 
 in the Domesday, .St. Paul's (Cam. Soc). ' Dulcia Fynamour' is set 
 down in the IVardrobc Accounts Ed. i. 
 
 * ' Wooer,' and even ' Wooeress,' seem to have existed. 'John le 
 Wower' (A.), 'Hugh le Wewer' (R. ), 'Emma Woweres' (A.). 
 
 * ' Ralph Full-of- Love' was Rector of West Lynn in the year 1462. 
 (Hist, of Norfolk, vol. viii. p. 536.) 
 
 * ' Well beloved ' was the usual tenii applied in any formal address 
 in the Middle Ages, such as when a king in council made .any public 
 announcement, or when a priest addressed his people, or when a testa- 
 tor mentioned a legatee. It was then a perfectly familiar expression, 
 and would easily affix itself as a sobriquet. A Rev. C. Wcllbeloved 
 published a translation of the Bible in 1838, printed by Smallfield and 
 Co., London.
 
 * NICKNAMES.' 475 
 
 our shores I suspect it is we owe our ' Bonamys ' 
 ('William Bonamy,' A.). I have just mentioned 
 
 * Sweetlove.' Associated with this are our simpler 
 
 * Sweets,' the nursery * Sweetcock,' and ' Sweetman,' ' 
 variously corrupted into * Sweatman,' * Swetman,' and 
 ' Swatman.' ' Bawcock ' and ' Baucock/ if not from 
 
 * Baldwin,' will be the endearing ' beau-coq,' once in 
 familiar use. Our ' Follets,' ' Follits,' and * Foliots,' 
 the last the original form, meant nothing more than 
 
 * my foolish one ' or ' fond one,' and were very com- 
 mon. They are but varied in the longer ' Hugh 
 Folenfaunt,' but I am afraid 'Walter Fulhardy' at 
 the same period is less complimentary. ' Poppet,' or 
 puppet, once the doll of English infancy, only remains 
 in the gilded and waxen manikins of the showman. 
 The surname, however, abides with us, as does also 
 ' Poplett.' The old ' fere,' a companion, has left its 
 mark in our ' Fairs.' We all remember Byron's 
 resuscitation of the word. In ' Troilus and Cressida,' 
 mention is made of — 
 
 Orpheus and Euridice his fere. 
 
 Thus ' Playfair,' once written ' Playfere,' is simply 
 
 * playfellow,' while the obsolete ' Makefere ' (' Hugh 
 Makefare,' A.) would seem to be but intensive, ' make' 
 being the invariable dress with olden writers of our 
 more familiar ' mate.' ^ 
 
 ' ' Sweet ' and its compounds, however, are most probably to be 
 referred to our baptismal nomenclature. A ' Swet le Bone ' is found in 
 the Hundred Rolls, and in the same record occur such other forms as 
 'Swetman fil. Edith' and ' Sweteman Textor.' 
 
 "^ In All Saints Church, Hertford, exists or existed a tablet with an 
 inscription dated 1428, beginning thus — 
 
 ' Here lyeth under this stone William Wake, 
 And by him Joane his wife and make.' 
 
 (Clutterbuck's /Av-//&n/j-///>i', vol. ii., p. 165.)
 
 476 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 There is something in obtrusive virtue that instinc- 
 tively repels us. We always like a man's face to be 
 the index to the book of his heart, but when he would 
 seem to have carefully turned down each leaf for our 
 inspection, we get a revulsion of feeling — we like to 
 look out the page for ourselves. An elevated sense 
 of self-esteem was decidedly approved of by our fore- 
 lathers, but its too demonstrative exhibition soon 
 showed itself condemned in our ' Prouds,' ' Prouts,' 
 Proudmans,' ' Proudloves,' and ' Proudfoots ' (' Hugh 
 le Proud,' A,, ' John le Prute,' H., ' George Proude- 
 love,' Z.Z., 'Robert Prudefot,' A.). A very interesting 
 name which has escaped the notice of surname hunters 
 is that of * Gerish ' or ' Gerrish,' both forms being 
 found in our modern directories-. They are but the 
 truer representatives of the word ' garish ' as used by 
 our later poets. Shakespeare's Juliet, we may remem- 
 ber, apostrophizes Night, and bids her, when Romeo 
 be dead, cut him into stars, and thus — 
 
 All the world M-iil be in love with night, 
 And pay no worship to the garish sun. 
 
 This splendidly describes the term, expressing as it 
 does that which glares ostentatiously and showily 
 upon the eye. Lydgate, far earlier, had used it thus, 
 in the form of ' gerysshe ; ' and such names as 
 ' Umfrey Ic Gerische ' or ' John le Gerisse,' found yet 
 more remotely, testify to its once familiar and fre- 
 quent use. Wc now talk of a prude as one who ex- 
 aggerates woman's innate modesty of demeanour. 
 Formerly it denoted the virtue pure and untravestied. 
 The root, the Latin ' probus,' excellent, still remains 
 in our 'Prudhommes' ('William Prodhomme,' R.,
 
 NICKNAMES.' 4/7 
 
 • Peter Prodhomme,' A.), with their more commonly 
 corrupted 'Pridhams' and 'Prudames' and 'Prudens,' ' 
 a sobriquet which once referred simply to the honest 
 and guileless uprightness of their owners. How truly 
 do such words as these remind us of the poor estimate 
 man, after all, forms of himself Man often rebels at 
 the declaration of Revelation that he is a fallen being, 
 and yet how strongly does he assert this fact in the 
 changes he himself has made in the meaning of words. 
 Our 'Bauds' ('William le Baud,' B., 'Wauter le 
 Baud,' M.) were once but the Norman equivalent of 
 our ' Merrys ' already mentioned.^ Must lightness of 
 heart inevitably end in wanton levity .-' There was a 
 day when our ' Parramores ' (' Roger Paramour,' M. ; 
 ' Henry Parramore,' Z.) ^ were but the simple honest 
 lover of either sex, when our ' Lemons,' ' Lemans,' 
 and 'Lemmans' (' Eldred Leman,' A., 'John 
 Leman,' M.) meant but the beloved one from ' lief,' 
 
 * dear.' Both Chaucer and Piers Plowman employ the 
 term ' lef-man ' or ' leef-man ' as an expression of 
 endearment, with no thought of obloquy. Thus, too, 
 in the ' Townley Mysteries,' God is represented as 
 bidding Gabriel to go to Nazareth — 
 
 And hail that madyii, my lemman, 
 As hcyndly (courteously) as thou can. 
 
 ' ' Prudens ' should more properly, perhaps, be placed among 
 abstract virtues. ' Richard Prudence ' F. F. Later on it became a 
 baptismal name — ' Prudence Howell.' (Proceedings in Chancery : Eliza- 
 beth.) 
 
 * ' Richard Merricocke' (F. F. ) was evidently a jovial fellow. 
 
 ' ' Parramore ' is always found as ' Paramour ' in early rolls, and in 
 this form existed till the xviith century. ' April 18, 1635, Whitehall. 
 Captain Thomas Paramour appointed to the Adventure,'' State 
 Papers, 1635 (Domestic).
 
 478 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Still, SO early as the days of Gower, its corrupted 
 leman had become a sobriquet for one of loose, dis- 
 orderly habits.' 
 
 (2) Nicknames from Peculiarities of Disposition — 
 Objectionable. 
 
 The mention of such names as ' Baud,' ' Parra- 
 more,' 'Leman' or 'Lemon,' 'Proud,' 'Proudman,' 
 and 'Proudfoot,' which we have charitably set in 
 the list of complimentary nicknames, as having, 
 perchance, risen at a time when the meaning of the 
 words conveyed a totally different idea from that 
 which they now convey, brings us to the category of 
 those which can scarcely seek any shelter of such a 
 kind. ' Lorel,' ' Lurdan,' and ' Lordan,' together with 
 the once familiar ' losel ' and ' losard,' denoted a 
 waif, or stray, one who preyed upon society, exactly 
 identical, in fact, with the Latin ' perditus.' Thus 
 we find Herod, in the * Townley Mysteries,' saying 
 to his officers — 
 
 Fie, losels and lyars, lurdans each one, 
 
 Tratours and well worse, knaves, but knyglits none. 
 
 Cocke Lorel le,' too, speaks of — 
 
 Lollers, lordaynes, and fagot l)erers, 
 Luskes, slovens, and kechen knaves. 
 
 " It was a favourite joke some few years ago in the House of Com- 
 mons to say that there were in it two Lemons and but one Peel. 
 While Sir Robert Peel was Irish Secretary, from 1812 to 1818, and was 
 somewhat remarkable in that capacity for his opposition to the Roman 
 Catholics, it was customary to style him by the sobriquet of * Orange 
 Peel.'
 
 NICKNAMES.' 479 
 
 Cotgrave explains a ' loricard ' to mean a biske, lowt^ 
 or lorell. This hiske, from the old French lasqiic, or 
 lache — slothful — though now wholly obsolete, did 
 much duty formerly. The adjective htskisJi and the 
 substantive liiskishness are often found. In law lache 
 still survives as a term for culpable remissness; Our 
 * Laches,' ' Lashes,' * Laskies,' and ' Lusks,' I am 
 afraid, therefore, come of but an indifferent ancestry. 
 Nor can anything better be said of our ' Paillards' or 
 ' Pallards.' We still talk of a ' pallet,' the old ' paillet,' 
 or straw bed, from ' paille,' chaff. A paillard was a 
 cant term for a lie-a-bed. 
 
 By ' ribaldry ' we always mean that which is foul- 
 mouthed in expression. This was ever its implication. 
 A ' ribaud,' or ' ribaut ' belonged to the very scum of 
 society. He was a man who hung on to the skirts of 
 the nobility by doing all their more infamous work 
 for them. Chaucer, wishing to comprise in one 
 sentence the highest and the lowest grades of 
 society, speaks in his 'Romance' of 'king, knighte, 
 or ribaude.' ' William le Ribote,' therefore, men- 
 tioned in the ' Chapter House Records of Westmin- 
 ster,' or 'William Ribaud ' (W. 15), could not have 
 borne the best of characters, I am afraid. Although 
 not quite so degraded in the world's esteem as 
 some of these last, we may here include our ' Gcd- 
 lings,' reminiscences of the old 'Gadling' or 'Gedling,' 
 one who gadded about from door to door to talk the 
 gossip and scandal — the modern tattler, in fact. Our 
 former ' Gerard le Gaburs ' and ' Stephen le Gabbers ' 
 were equally talkative, if not such ramblers. As 
 overmuch talking and jesting always beget a sus- 
 picion of overstretching the truth, so was it here.
 
 480 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Wicklyfife uses ' gabbing ' in the sense of lying, and 
 an old poem says : — 
 
 AUe those false chapmen 
 
 The fiend them will habbe, 
 Bakeres and breowares 
 • For alle men they gabbe. ' 
 
 (A litd soth Sen/iun.) 
 
 In the North of England, I need scarcely add, this is 
 the ordinary and colloquial sense of the term to the 
 present day. The name of ' John Totillcr ' might 
 well-nigh induce us to believe that teetotalism was not 
 unknown by that name at this period, but it is not so. 
 A ' totillcr ' was a ' whisperer ' of secrets. In the ' Le- 
 gend of Good Women,' one says to the God of Love — 
 
 In ye court is many a losengeour 
 And many a queinte totoler accusour. 
 
 The name of 'Dora Gibelot ' or 'John Gibbclote'^ 
 reminds us of a term now obsolete, but once familiar 
 as denoting a giddy, flighty girl.^ It is found in 
 various forms, the commonest being that of ' giglot.' "* 
 Mr. Halliwell quotes an old proverb by way of adding 
 a further variation — 
 
 The smaller pesun (peas), the more to pott, 
 The fayrer woman the more gylott. 
 
 ' ' Lyare, or gabbare — mendax, mendosus.' (Pronipi. PinT.) 
 'Henry le Lierc' (H.R.) speaks for himself, unless he liclhs himself. 
 
 " Like ' Gabelot,' ' Ilamelot,' 'Hughelot,' Crestelot,' etc., ' Gibelot ' 
 may be a diminutive, in which case ' Gilbert ' will be the root, and the 
 name will belong to the patronymic class. (ViJc p. i6, note i.) 
 
 * A • William Gidyheved ' (Giddyhead) is mentioned by Mr. Riley 
 as living in London in the xivth century. (X. index.) 
 
 ♦ In the Pr. Far., 'Gybelot' (or Gyglot) is rendered 'ridax.'
 
 NICKNAMES.' 48 1 
 
 I would, however, suggest this as but the pet form of 
 
 * Gill,' mentioned in my chapter on Christian names. 
 In either case the meaning is the same. An often 
 met with sobriquet in the fourteenth century is that of 
 
 * Robert le Burgulion,' or ' Geoffrey le Burgillon,' the 
 old term for a braggart. It is now, however, wholly 
 obsolete. ' Robert le Lewed,' or * William le Lewed,' 
 is also lost to our directories, and certainly would be 
 an unpleasant appellation in the nineteenth century. 
 Its general meaning four hundred years ago, however, 
 was its more literal one, that of simplicity or igno- 
 rance. It is connected with our word ' lay' as opposed 
 to * cleric,' and arose at a time when knowledge was 
 all but entirely in the hands of the clergy. Thus in 
 the ' Pardoner's Tale ' it is said — 
 
 Lewed people loven tales olde, 
 
 Such things can they vvel report and holde. 
 
 Such a name then, we may trust, implied nothing 
 beyond a lack of knowledge in respect of its possessor. 
 ' William Milksop,' or ' Thomas Milkesop,' or ' Mau- 
 rice Ducedame ' were but types of a class of dandified 
 and effeminate beings who have ever existed, but 
 even their names would be more acceptable than 
 those which fell to ' Robert le Sot,' or ' Maurice Drun- 
 card,' or ' Jakes Drynk-ale,' ' or ' Geoffrey Dringke- 
 dregges,' ^ or ' Thomas Sourale.' ' It is evident that 
 
 ' Teetotalism was not without its representatives — ' Thomas le 
 Sober' (M.), 'Richard Drynkewatere ' (M.), 'John Drinkewater (A.). 
 There is no proof for Camden's statement that this is a corruption of 
 Derwentwater. From the earliest days it appears in its present dress. 
 
 ^ ' Memorandum, quod die sancti Leonard i, fecit Galfridus Dringked- 
 regges de Ubbethorp homagium.' (V. 8, p. 151.) 
 
 * 'Thomas Sourale ' (A.) is met by 'John Swetcale,' a member of 
 I I
 
 482 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 there were those who were disposed to follow the 
 dictate of at least one portion of the old rhyme — 
 
 Walke groundly, talkc profoundly, 
 Drinke roundly, sleape soundly.. 
 
 ' Ralph Sparewater,' I fear, was a man of dirty habits, 
 while ' John Klenewater ' was a model of cleanliness. 
 
 But we have not yet done with sobriquets of an 
 unpleasant nature. Men of miserly and penurious 
 habits seem to have flourished in plentiful force in 
 olden days as well as the present. ' Irenpurse ' figures 
 several times in early rolls, and would be a strong, if 
 somewhat rough, sarcasm against the besetting weak- 
 ness of its first possessor. ' Lovegold ' is equally 
 explicable. ' Pennifather,' however, was the favourite 
 title of such. An old couplet says — 
 
 The liberall doth spend his pelfe, 
 The pennyfather wastes himself. 
 
 It is found in the various forms of ' Penifader,' ' Pany- 
 fader,' and ' Pcnifadir,' in the fourteenth centur}'. 
 ' Pennypurse,' ' ' Halfpcny,' and ' Turnpcny ' - are met 
 with at the same time, and somewhat later on ' Thick- 
 peny.' ' Broadpeny,' ' Manypcnny,' now corrupted 
 into ' Moneypcny,' ' Winpcny,' now also found as 
 * Wimpenny,' ' Pinchpenny,' with its more directly 
 
 St. George's Guild, Norwich (V.). The foiTncr, I doubt not, was a 
 crabbed peevish fellow. 
 
 ' 'Simon le Chuffere' occurs in the II. R, This was a common 
 term of opprobrium for a miser. As ' ChufTcr ' it is found in the 
 Toiunley Mysteries. 
 
 * * The wife of Mr. Turnpenny, newsagent, Leeds, was yesterday 
 delivered of two sons and one daughter, all of whom are doing well 
 {Manchester Evening Nezvs, July i, 1873.)
 
 * NICKNAMES.' 483 
 
 Norman * Pinsemaille,' and ' Kachepeny,' with its 
 equally foreign * Cache-maille,' are all also of the 
 same early date, and with one or two exceptions 
 are to be met with to this very day.' It is a 
 true criticism which, as is noticed by Archbishop 
 Trench, has marked the miserly as indeed the em- 
 phatically miserable soul. * Whirlepeny ' is now ex- 
 tinct, but alone, so far as my researches go, existed 
 formerly to remind men that the spendthrift character 
 is equally subversive of the true basis of human 
 happiness.^ Several names combined with 'peck' and 
 ' pick,' as ' Peckcheese,' ' Peckbean,' ' Peckweather,' 
 and ' Pickbone,' seem to be expressive of the glut- 
 tonous habits of the possessors, but it is possible 
 they may be but the moral antecedents of our modern 
 'Pecksniffs '[3 
 
 Our ' Starks ' and ' Starkies,' if not ' Starkmans,' 
 represent a word which can hardly be said to exist in 
 our vocabulary, since it now but survives in certain 
 phrases, such as ' stark-mad,' or ' stark-naked.' We 
 should never say a man was ' stark ' simply. A 
 forcible word, it once expressed the rude untutored 
 nature of anything. Thus, on account of his unbridled 
 
 ' ' William Taylemaylc ' is found in the Chronicon retrobtirgense. 
 
 (Cam. Soc.) 
 
 '■' We may also mention 'Gilbert le Coveliose' (M.) and 'Robert 
 Would-have.' We still say ' much would have more.' ' Robert Would- 
 have, sergeant-at-mace, witness in trial before the Mayor of Newcastle, 
 March 23, 1662.' (W. 16.) 
 
 ' • William Rakestraw' reminds us of ' Piers Plowman's ' ratoner and 
 rakyer of Cheape,' i.e., ratcatcher and scavenger of Chcapside. A 
 still more objectionable name was that of * Adam Ketmongere ' (II. R.), 
 Ket = filth, carrion. ' Honorius le Rumonjour ' (Rummager) (N.) would 
 seem to have followed a similar calling. These sobriquets would 
 readily be affixed upon men of a penurious and scraping character. 
 
 I I 2
 
 484 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 passion, the Bastard King is termed in the Saxon 
 chronicle ' a stark man, and very savage,' while just 
 before he is asserted to be ' stark beyond all bounds 
 to them who withsaid his will.' Thus it will be akin 
 to such names as ' Walter le Wyld,' ' or ' Warin Cruel,' 
 or ' Ralph le Ferce,' or 'John le Savage,' or ' William 
 le Salvage,' or ' Adelmya le Sauvage,' or ' William 
 Ramage.' Chaucer speaks somewhere of a ' ramage 
 goat.' 
 
 III. — Miscellaneous. 
 
 (1) Nicknames from t]ie Aii'u)ial and Vegetable 
 Kingdom, 
 
 Mr. Lower, in his ' English Surnames,' gives a long 
 list of names from what he calls vegetable pro- 
 ductions, but, although he does not say so, I am con- 
 fident he would be the first to admit that the great 
 majority of those which he instances should really be 
 set among our local surnames. For example, he 
 includes ' Cherry,' ' Broome,' ' Bramble,' ' Feme,' 
 ' Holyoak,' ' Peach,' * Rowntrce,' in this category. 
 While ' Cherry ' and ' Peach ' might possibly be 
 sobriquets of complexion, the manifest course is to 
 look upon them as of local origin. So persuaded am 
 I of this, after a long perusal of mcdia:val records, 
 that I shall notice but some half-dozen names from 
 the vegetable kingdom, and only those of which I can 
 find memorials in past registers. This is a place 
 which of all others might well tempt me to run riot 
 among our directories, and collect a curious list from 
 our present existing nomenclature ; but I would even 
 
 • ' William Wildeblood ' is found in a Yorkshire Roll (W. 9), and 
 'Jordan Kite-wilde' in the II. R.
 
 'NICKNAMES.' 485 
 
 here persistently adhere to the idea with which I set 
 out, and* to which I have mainly been true, viz., to 
 instance names about which I can speak somewhat 
 positively, because I have found them imbedded in 
 the nomenclature of the period in which surnames 
 had their rise. ' Blanchflower,' ' Lilywhite,' and ' Bout- 
 flower ' I have already dealt with. * Robert Daisye * 
 occurs in the ' Trial of Dame Alice Kyteler ' (Cam, 
 Soc), ' Nicholas Pescodde ' in the ' Proceedings in 
 Chancery ' (Elizabeth), ' Godfrey Gingivre ' (Ginger) 
 in the ' Writs of Parliament,' ' ' Geoffrey Peppercorn ' 
 in the Hundred Rolls, ' Robert Primerose ' and ' Sara 
 Garlek' in the 'History of Norfolk' (Bromefield), 
 and 'Roger Pluckerose' and 'John Pullrose' in a 
 Sussex Roll of 1296.^ I doubt whether more than 
 one or two of these can be said rightly to belong to 
 the nickname class. As sign-names — for I feel 
 assured they thus arose — they will have their place 
 in our second chapter on ' Local Names.' ' 
 
 But when we come to the Animal Kingdom we 
 are on clearer and more definite ground. The local 
 class must undoubtedly embrace a large number of 
 these names, as such an entry as ' William atte Roe- 
 buck ' (M.), or 'Richard de la Vache' (A.), or 
 ' Thomas atte Ram ' (N.), or 'John de la Roe ' (O.), 
 or 'Gilbert de la Hegle ' (A.), or ' Hugh atte Cokke' 
 (B.), or 'Walter de Whitchorse ' (C), or 'John atte 
 
 ' Also ' Agnes Gyngyvcrc ' in Riley's Memorials of London. 
 Like 'John Vergoose' (W. 13) i.e., vincgarish, they would seem to hit 
 off the sharp temperament of their owners. 
 
 ^ Vide Lower's English Surna/nes, i. 242. 
 
 ' Thus it is with our 'Roses.' The Rot. Fin. in Turri London. 
 give us a 'John de la Rose,' while the Hundred Rolls furnish us with a 
 'Nicholas de la Rose.'
 
 486 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Gote' (M.) clearly testifies. But on the other hand 
 we find a class, set by which the last is insignificant — 
 a class which has its own entries — * William le Got ' 
 (A.), 'Katerina le Cok ' (B.), 'Alicia le Ro ' (A.), 
 'Philip la Vache' (C), or 'Joachim le Ram ' (T.), 
 corresponding to the former, only differing in that 
 such entries are vastly more numerous and embrace a 
 wider range, taking in, in fact, the whole genus and 
 species that belong alike to ' the fish of the sea, the fowl 
 of the air, the cattle, and every creeping thing that 
 creepeth upon the earth.' In dealing with this large 
 and varied assortment of sobriquets, I would say 
 then that, where there is no proof positive to the 
 contrary, the course is to survey a name of this class 
 as referable to three distinct origins, and I put them 
 in the following order of probability : — i. A nickname 
 taken from that animal whose generally understood 
 habits seemed to bear affinity to those of the nominee. 
 2. A local sign-name. 3. An heraldic device. With 
 these preliminary statements, let us proceed. 
 
 As we find all the moral qualities seized upon to 
 give individuality to the possessors, so, too, we find 
 the names of animals whose peculiarities gave pretext 
 for the sobriquets pressed into the service of our 
 nomenclature. In our earlier Pagan history it had 
 been the wont of Saxon fathers to style their children 
 by the names of such beasts as from their nobler 
 qualities it was hoped the little one would one day 
 copy. The same fashion still existed, only that the 
 nickname as the exponent of popular feeling was 
 really more or less appropriate to him who was made 
 to bear it. In the latter case, too, it was the ridicu- 
 lous aspects of character that were most eagerly
 
 NICKNAMES.' 487 
 
 caught at. Our general vocabulary is not without 
 traces of this custom. We still term a shrewish wife 
 a vixen, i.e. a she fox. Men of a vile, mean character 
 are rascals, i.e. lean deer ; and rough boys are tirchins^ 
 a corruption of the old herison, or hedgehog. Apply- 
 ing this to surnames, we come first to 
 
 {a) Beasts. — Our ' Bests,' when not local, are but 
 the ' Richard le Bestes ' or * Henry le Bestes ' of the 
 thirteenth century. Their superlative excellence is 
 therefore imaginary, I fear, but we may be permitted 
 to hope that they are what they appear. ' Edith 
 Beest,' in the sixteenth century, is nearer our mo- 
 dern form. Our ' Oliphants,' ' Olivants,' and ' Olli- 
 vants' represent but the elephant, and owe their 
 origin, doubtless, to the huge and ungainly propor- 
 tions of some early ancestor. In the * Romance of 
 Alexander' is a strange description of the fabled mono- 
 ceros, which would seem to have been a kind of pot- 
 pourri of all other beasts, for besides a tail like a hog, 
 tusks like a dog, and a head like a hart's — 
 
 Made is his cors 
 After the forme of a hors, 
 Fete after olifant, certis.' 
 
 This sobriquet, in a day when size and strength went 
 for much, does not seem to have been thought ob- 
 jectionable, for its owners have left issue enough to 
 prevent its ever falling into abeyance.^ Thus we see 
 
 » ' Paid John of the hall, of tow (two) urchines, o/. os. ^d.' [Hist, 
 and Attt. Staffordshire, i. 1 97-) 
 
 2 George Camel and Jane Camel were apprehended as Popish 
 recusants, Maya, 1673. {Dean Granville's Letters, p. 225.) 'William 
 Cammille' (V. 4), 'George Camil' (W. 20). 
 
 ' '1438.' "Item, pro aula 'Olefantc,' Magister Kyllynworth."
 
 488 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 we may meet with elephants every day in our streets 
 without going to the Zoological Gardens for them. 
 Our ' Lions ' (' Richard Lion,' V. 2) and ' Lyons,' when 
 not local,' speak doubtless for the brave heart of 
 some early progenitor. Our ' Bears,' relics of ' Richard 
 le Bere ' (A.) or ' Lawrence le Bere ' (M.), as a reflec- 
 tion upon a surly temper, would be less corriplimen- 
 tary, or perhaps the original nominee wore his hair 
 shaggy and long. A fierce disposition would meet with 
 rebuke or praise, as the case might be, in such a sobri- 
 quet as 'John Lepard,' or 'Tiger,' now all but obsolete, 
 saving for our striped and liveried youths ; or 'Wolf 
 (' Elena le Wolfe,' A., ' Philip Ic Wolf,' M.), with its more 
 Norman ' Lupe'^ ('Robert le Lupe,' B.), or ' Lovel'^ or 
 ' Love ' (' Robert le Love,' A.), the latter being in flat 
 contradiction to the usually ascribed instincts of the 
 animal. Timidity or reserve, or perchance fleetness 
 of foot, would soon find itself exalted in ' Geofl*rey le 
 Hare,' ' Reginaldc le Raye,' ' Walter le Buk,' ' Hobart le 
 Hart,' ' Dorothie le Stagge,' ' Henry Rascal,' * ' William 
 
 {Mun. Acad. Oxon. p. 522.) This hall or smaller college was so 
 called from the sign over the door. Skclton has both ' olyfant ' and 
 • olyphante.' lie describes a woman in ' Eleanor Rummyng' as 
 
 ' Necked lyke an olyfant. ' 
 
 ■ ' Herveus de Lyons,' C, ' Richard de Lyouns,' M. 
 ' It was ' Ilugues le Loup' the Conqueror appointed Second Count 
 of the Cheshire Palatinate. 
 
 * ' Lovel' is the diminutive. ' Maulovel ' will thus be 'Bad-wolfkin.* 
 
 * A Rascal was a lean, ragged deer ; Shakespeare so uses it. Very 
 early, however, the term was applied to the vulgar herd of human kind, 
 but with far less opprobious meaning than now. Ilall, quoting Henry 
 of Northumberland, speaks of Henry IV. as having obtained his crown 
 ' by the counsadl of thy frcndcs, and by open noising of the rascale 
 people' (f. xxi.), i.e. the rabble. An extract from the Ordinances of 
 Henry VIII. at Eltham says, ' It is ordained that none of the sergeants
 
 * NICKNAMES.' 489 
 
 le Do/ or * Alicia le Ro,' the ancestors of our * Hares,' 
 
 • Rays,' or ' Wrays,' ' Bucks,' ^ ' Harts,' * Stags,' ' Does,' 
 or * Roes,' of legal notoriety, and ' Prickets.' That 
 old spoiler of hen-roosts, the polecat, has left us in 
 ' Fitch ' and * Fitchett ' no very happy relationship of 
 ideas. Craftiness would be very properly stigmatised 
 in ' Henry le Fox ' or ' John le Tod,' and a ' John le 
 Renaud ' occurring in the Parliamentary Rolls reminds 
 us that some of our ' Renauds ' and * Renards ' may 
 be more closely associated with this wily denizen of 
 our forest fastnesses than they think. The badger has 
 originated ' Walter le Broc ' or ' Henry le Brok ' (now 
 Brock) ; the beaver ' John le Bever,' or ' Johnle Bevere ' 
 (now Beaver).^ The rabbit gave us ' Henry Cony ' and 
 ' John Conay ; ' the weasel ' Mathew le Martun ' (now 
 Marten) ; the mole * Walter le Want ' (now Want) ; 
 the nimble haunter of our forest boughs * Thomas le 
 Squyrelle ' (now Squirrell), and the otter ' Alan Otere,' 
 or ' Edward Oter ' (now Otter). 
 
 Nor must we forget the farmyard and its acces- 
 sories, which, as we might readily presume, are well 
 represented. ' Alice le Bule,' or ' William le Bule ' 
 (now Bull), is a sobriquet which has now such a firm 
 
 at arms, heralds . . . have, retain, or bring into the court any boyes or 
 rascalles, nor also other of their servants.' The surname was very 
 common, and lasted a long time — 'John Raskele' (H.), 'Henry Ras- 
 call' (Z.). Robert Rascal was persecuted for his religion in 15 17 (Foxe). 
 
 • Received for a pcwe in the lower end of the churche set to Richard 
 Rascalle, vij.' (Ludlow Churchwardens' Accounts, Cam. Soc.) 
 
 • As we have Cock and Cockerell, Duck and Duckrell, so we have 
 Buck and Buckerell—' Peter Bokerel' (A.), 'Matthew Bokerel' (A.). 
 Cf. Mackarel and Pickerell. 
 
 * Sometimes this is local, and a mere corruption of Bcauvoir — 
 'Roger de Bel voir' (M.).
 
 490 ENGLISH SURNAMES." 
 
 place as symbolic of our national character that we 
 need not show to what peculiarities of temperament 
 they owed their name. ' Simon le Steer,' ' Peter le 
 Vache,' with its Saxon ' Thomas le Cu ' or ' Ralph le 
 Cou/ * Richard le Calf, ^ ' Godwin le Bulloc,' ' Peter le 
 Stot,' ' Roger le Colt,' are all of common occurrence, 
 and still abide with us. ' Roger le Mule,' as repre- 
 sentative of obstinacy, we might have suspected, would 
 have become early obsolete, but it still survives.' ' 
 * Robert le Veyle,' or 'William le Veel,' now written 
 'Veale,' 'Philip le Mutton,' and 'John le Boeuf,' or 
 ' Robert le Bef,' ^ carry us back to the day when these 
 several terms denoted the living animal. Thus, with 
 respect to the last, Burton in his ' Anatomy,' translat- 
 ing Plautus, says — 
 
 Like other cooks I do not supper dress, 
 
 That put whole meadows into a platter, 
 And make no better of their guests than beeves, 
 
 With herbs and grass to feed them fatter. — p. 69. 
 
 Alongside our ' Muttons ' we may place our ' William 
 
 ' 'Duncalf may be seen over a window in Oklham Road, Man- 
 chester. ' William Duncalf (A.A. i), 'John Duncalf ' (A. A. i). 
 
 - Such names as Roger Runcy, Richard Palefray, John Portehors, or 
 Ralph Portehos represent terms very familiar to our forefathers. 
 
 * This word 'beef as denotive of the living animal was in vogue 
 in the seventeenth century at least. The plural ' beeves ' is still to be 
 found in our Authorized Version. P'or instance, Levit. xxii. 19, is trans- 
 lated, ' Ye shall offer at your own will a male without blemish of the 
 beeves, of the sheep, or of the goats.' Sliakespeare, also, has the word 
 in this sense. He speaks in his ' Merchant of Venice ' of the — 
 
 'Flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats.' 
 
 We have here mutton used in the same manner. Edward the Second 
 was accustomed ' to breedc upp beeves and motonnes in his parkes 
 to serve his household.' [Liber A7[^rr, Ed. IV,)
 
 NICKNAMES.' 49I 
 
 le Lambs ' and ' Richard le Lombs,' ^ and if they were 
 remarkable for their meek disposition, playfulness, I 
 doubt not, was equally characteristic of our ' Reginald 
 Kidds' and ' Cheevers,' relics of the old 'Henry le 
 Chivre ' or goat. I am afraid the connexion of ideas 
 that gave rise to such sobriquets as were represented 
 by 'Alice le Hog,' 'John le Bacun,' 2 'William le 
 Gryse,' ' Gilbert Gait,' ' Walter Pigge,' ^ ' Roger Sugge,* 
 ' Richard le Bor ' (Boar), 'Richard Wildbore,' 'John 
 Pork,' and ' John Purcell ' (little porker, that is), is 
 not of the pleasantest — terms, too, as they are, all 
 familiar to our directories to this present day. Several 
 of these words are now colloquially obsolete. ' Grice/ 
 I fancy, is one such. We still speak of the ' griskin,' 
 Locally it comes in such names as ' Grisdale ' and 
 * Grisvvood.' As a sobriquet of the animal, it was 
 quite familiar in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 
 Piers Plowman says — 
 
 Cokes and their knaves 
 Cryden, ' Hote pies, bote ! 
 Goode gees and grys !' 
 
 ' Sug ' was provincial for ' sow,' and comes in the local 
 'Sugden' mentioned in my first chapter. Richard 
 HI. was sometimes styled the 'Boar' or 'Hog.' It 
 was in allusion to this that the rhyme got abroad — 
 
 ' Apart from such entries as 'William le Lamb,' we find a 'John 
 Lambgrome' in the Himdred Rolls. Though obsolete, we must set him 
 by our ' Shepherds.' A brother-in-law of John Wesley bore the name 
 of ' Whitelamb.' I am not sure whether this surname has died out or 
 not. In the Visitation of Yorkshire, 1665, it is found in the person of 
 ' Isabel Whitlamb.' 
 
 2 'Robert Spichfat' (X.), ' William Spichfat' (W. 11.), fromthcold 
 'spic,' bacon, seem to refer to the greasy habits of their owners. 
 
 ' Christopher Pigg was Mayor of Lynn Regis in 1742.
 
 492 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 The Rat, the Cat, and Lovel the Dog, 
 Rule all England under the Hog. 
 
 The first two referred of course to Ra/c\if(e and 
 Caieshy. But the mention of these reminds us of 
 our household pets and indoor foes. * Elias le Cat,' 
 or * Adam le Kat,' or ' Milo le Chat ' still boasts de- 
 scendants, and the same can be said for ' Nicholas 
 Dogge,' or ' Eborard le Kenn,' or * Thomas le Chen.' 
 The usual forms are Catt, Ken, and Kenn. In our 
 kemiel we still preserve a memorial of this Norman- 
 introduced word. Our ' Hunds ' and ' Hounds ' are 
 but the old ' Gilbert le Hund ' or ' William le Hund,' 
 and carry us to the forest and the chase. The especial 
 bugbear of cat and dog alike found remembrance in our 
 early ' Nicholas le Rat ' and 'Walter le Rat,' or * Ralph 
 Ratun,' ' and in 'John le Mous,' 'Hugh le Mus,' or 
 ' Richard Mowse.' ' Ratton,' ' Ratt,' and ' Mowse ' still 
 exist. With one more name we conclude. Through 
 Spain and the Moors of Barbary monkeys were early 
 introduced for the amusement of the English people. 
 In the ' Miller's Tale ' it is said of Alison — 
 
 And thus she maketh Absolom her ape, 
 And all his earnest turneth to a gape.* 
 
 that is, she was wont to make a fool of him. The 
 sobriquet is found in such an entry as ' John le Ape,' 
 registered in the Hundred Rolls, or 'John Jackanapes,' 
 in the Parliamentary Writs. 
 
 ' Raton is still the term in the North. Langland uses it, and in 
 Chaucer the Potccary is asked by a purchaser — 
 ' That he him woukl sell 
 Some poison, that lie might his ratouns quell.' 
 ' An old political poem says the Italians bring in 
 ' Apes and japes and mamusetts taylcde, 
 Nifles, trifles, that litellc have avaylcd.'
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 493 
 
 (/;) Birds.— The surname that represents the genus 
 is ' Bird,' the name being met with as ' John le Bryd ' 
 or ' David le Brid/ a pronunciation still in vogue in 
 many parts of England. Falconry has given us many 
 sobriquets of this class. Accustomed as our fathers 
 were to seeing the fierce and eager instincts of the bird, 
 to nickname a man of rapacious and grasping habits 
 by such a term as ' John le Kyte,' or ' William le 
 Hawk,' or Richard le Falcon,' would be the most 
 natural thing in the world. And just as the difference 
 in breed and disposition in these birds themselves gave 
 rise to separate definitions, so an imagined resemblance 
 to these distinct qualities must have originated such 
 different names as ' Muskett,' ' Buzzard,' * Puttock,' ' 
 ' Goshawk,' ' Tassell,' ' Gleed,' or * Glide,' ^ and ' Spar- 
 rowhawk,' or ' Spark,' or ' Sparke,' as it is now more 
 generally spelt. So early as Chaucer, however, this 
 last was written 'Spar-hawk,' ^ and that once gained the 
 further contraction in our nomenclature became inevi- 
 table. Thus was it with other birds. Did a man 
 develop such propensities as showiness, then he was 
 nicknamed 'Jay;' if pride, 'Peacock' or ' Pocock,' 
 
 ' ' Some bileve that yf the kite or the puttock fle ovir the way afore 
 them that they should fare wel that daye, for sumtyme they have 
 farewele after that they see the puttock so fleyinge.' (Brand, iii. 113.) 
 
 ^ Our present Authorized Version retains the term in Deut. xiv. 13, 
 wliere mention is made of ' the glcdc, and the kite, and the vuUure 
 after his kind.' Locally it is found in 'Gledhill' and 'Gladstone,' or 
 more correctly ' Gledstane,' that is, the hill or crag which the kites were 
 wont to frequent. A 'William de Gledstanys' is met with in the 
 Coldingham Priory Records of the date of 1357, proving its North 
 English origin. ' Ilawkstone' and ' Gladstone' are thus synonymous. 
 
 » 'Richard Sparhawke ' was Rector of Fincham in 1534. (Hisi. 
 Nor/., vii. 358.)
 
 494 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 as it was once pronounced ; if guile, ' Rook ; ' if pert- 
 ness, ' Pye,' with its diminutive 'Pyet ' or ' Pyett ; ' if 
 garrulity, ' Parrott ' or ' Parratt ; ' if he was a votary 
 of song he was styled ' Nightingale ' or ' Lark,' or in 
 its more antique dress ' Laverock ' or ' Woodlark,' or 
 ' Finch,' or ' Bulfinch,' or ' Goldfinch,' or ' Chaffinch,' 
 or ' Spink,' or ' Goldspink,' or ' Thrush,' or ' Thrussel,' 
 or ' Cuckoo.' If jauntiness displayed itself in his actions 
 he was nicknamed ' Cock ' or ' Cockerell ' or ' Chaunte- 
 cler ; ' if homeliness, 'Sparrow; ' if tenderness, ' Pigeon ' or 
 
 * Dove,' and so on with our ' Swans,' * Herons,' ' Cootes,' 
 ' Gulls,' * Storks,' ' Ravens,' ' Crows,' ' Speights,' ' Cranes,' 
 ' Capons,' * Henns,' * Chickens,' ' ' Ducks,' ' Duckerells,' 
 
 * Drakes,' ' Sheldrakes ' or ' Sheldricks,' * Wildgooses,' 
 'Mallards' {i.e. wild duck), ' Gooses ' or ' Goss-'s,'^ 'Grey- 
 gooses,' * Goslings,' ^ ' Ganders,' ' Woodcocks,' ' Par- 
 tridges,' ' Partricks,' ' Pheasants,' or ' Fesants,' as once 
 spelt, and 'Blackbirds.''' These are names ornithologi- 
 cally familiar to us. Many a pretty name, however, 
 once on the common tongue but now obsolete, or well- 
 nigh so, still abides in our surnames. Thus our ' Pop- 
 jays ' still preserve the remembrance of the once 
 common popinjay or parrot, ' the popinjay, full of deli- 
 
 ' * Philip Chikin' (A.), 'John Chiivin' (A.). The name existed in 
 the xviithcent., for one 'George Chicken' was summoned at Ryton 'for 
 not payeinghis assessments, July 28, 1673.' {Dean Giain'tlle's Letters, 
 Sur. Soc.). 
 
 * ' Peter leGoos,' F.F., ' Walter leGows,' A., 'Amicia Ic Gos,' J., 
 'John le Gos,' M. The latter, as ' Goss,' is the present most common 
 form. 
 
 * This is as often from Joscelyn. ' Goscelinefil. Gawyn,' A., ' Roger 
 fil. Gocelin,' A. 
 
 * A tablet with the inscription ' Sacred to the Memory of Priscilla 
 Blackbird ' has been put up in Stepney churchyard within the last few 
 years.
 
 * NICKNAMES.' 495 
 
 easy,' as Chaucer styles her.* In * Culver' or ringdove 
 we are reminded of the pathetic story of Philomine, 
 where the same writer likens her to 
 
 the lamb that of the wolf is bitten, 
 Or as the culver, that of the eagle is smitten.* 
 
 Our « Ruddocks ' or ' Ruddicks ' (' Ralph Ruddoc,' A.), 
 again, are but the old ruddock or robin-redbreast, * the 
 tame ruddock,' as he is termed in the ' Assembly of 
 Fowls.' The hedge-sparrow still lives represented by 
 our ' Pinnocks 'or * Pinnicks ' * John Pynnock ' (G.), 
 
 * Richard Pinnoc ' (A.)— 
 
 Thus in the pinnick's nest the cuckoo lays, 
 Then, easy as a Frenchman, takes her flight. 
 
 So an old writer says. Our ' Turtles ' (' Roger Turtle') 
 D.) are but" pleasant memorials of the bird that has 
 been so long emblematic of constancy, the dove ; our 
 ' Challenders,' if not a corruption of ' Callender,' are 
 representatives of the chelaiinder or goldfinch, so often 
 mentioned by early poets ; and in our * VVoodalls,' 
 ' Woodales,' and ' Woodwalls,' not to say some of our 
 
 * Woodwells,' we are but reminded of the woodwale, 
 the early woodpecker. Our ' Rains ' are but the old 
 
 * Robert or William le Rain,' another term for the 
 same ; ^ while our * Stars ' and ' Stares ' (' Robert Stare,' 
 
 ' ' The bailiffs and commons granted to Robert Popingeay, their 
 fellow citizen, all their tenement and garden in the Parish of St. Mary 
 in the Marsh.' 1371. {Hist. Norf.,m. ()"].) ' Richard Popingay,' T.T. 
 *To a servaunt of William ap Howell for bringing of a popyngay 
 to the Quene to Windesore, xiiij. iiii(/.' {Privy Puise Expenses of 
 Elizabeth of York, 1502.) 
 
 * ' He turnede upso down the boordis of chaungeris, and the chayers 
 of men that solden culvers. ' (Matt. xxi. 12. v. WicklyfTe.) 
 
 ' The Prompt. Par. has 'reyn-fowle, a bryd,' so called, the Editor 
 says, because its cry was supposed to prognosticate rain.
 
 496 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 A.) carry us back to the day when the starling was 
 so familiarly styled. In the * Assembly of Fowls ' 
 the author speaks of — 
 
 The false lapwing, full of trccherie, 
 The stare, that the counsaile can beurie. 
 
 In the * Romance of the Rose ' a list of birds is given 
 embracing many of the above — 
 
 For there was many a bird singing, 
 
 Throughout the yard all thringing, 
 
 In many places were nightingales, 
 
 Alpes, finches, and wodewales. 
 
 That in their sweet song delighten. 
 
 In thilke (such) places as they habiten. 
 
 There might men see many flocks 
 
 Of turtles, and laverocks, 
 
 Chelaundres fele (many) saw I there, 
 
 That very nigh forsongen were (tired of singing). 
 
 Every one of these birds so styled is still to be met 
 with in our directories, for even the alpe or bull-finch 
 is not absent. It is only in the investigation of sub- 
 jects like this we see how great are the changes that 
 creep over a people's language. What a list of words 
 is this, which if uttered now would fall dead and 
 meaningless upon the ear of the listener, and yet they 
 were once familiar as household words. 
 
 {c) Fish. — 'John le Fysche' or 'William Fyske' 
 have left descendants enough to prove that many a 
 Fish can live out of water, although much has been 
 advanced to the contrary. At a time when the 
 peasants lived daily on the products of the inland 
 streams and sandy sea-banks, and when the supply 
 was infinitely more plentiful than it is now, we can 
 easily perceive the naturalness of the sobriquets that 
 belong to this class. Terms that are all but obsolete
 
 * NICKNAMES.' 497 
 
 to US now, were household words then. Hence it is 
 that we find our directories of to-day abounding with 
 such entries as ' Whale,' ' ' Shark,' ' Dolphin,' * Her- 
 ring,' 2 ' Codde,' ' Codling,' ' Salmon,' ^ ' Trout,' ' Macka- 
 rel,' ' Grayling,' ' Smelt,' ' Pilchard,' ' Whiting,' ' Tur- 
 bot,' ^ ' Keeling,' ' Crabbe,' ' Chubb,' ' ' Tench,' « ' Pike,' 
 and * Pickerel.' * John Sturgeon ' is mentioned by 
 Foxe in his ' Martyrology,' under date 1541, and still 
 remains. The Hundred Rolls contain a ' William 
 Lampreye.' ' Barnacle ' is still common, and * Mus- 
 sell ' and ' Spratt ' ^ are not unknown. But perhaps 
 the most curious of these early nicknames are those 
 belonging to * Matilda le Welke ' and * William 
 Welkeshorn.' Probably they were notorious for a 
 weakness towards that mollusk, which is still eaten in 
 large quantities in some parts of England. 
 
 (d) Insects and Reptiles. — This is not a large class. 
 The Hundred Rolls furnish us with a ' Magge Flie ' 
 and an ' Oda ^ Flie.' The same records contain a 
 
 ' ' Thomas le Whal ' (B.), ' Ralph le Wal ' (A.). As with Oliphant, 
 over-corpulence would give rise to the sobriquet. 
 
 * * Reymund Heryng' (INI.). The diminutive is found in the case 
 of ' Stephen Ilarengot' (D.D.), i.e., 'Little Herring.' 
 
 ' 'Elizabeth Salmon' (G. ). It is said, a Mr. Salmon having been 
 presented by his wife with three boys at one birth, gave them the names 
 of 'Pickled,' 'Potted,' and 'Fresh.' I would call the reader's 
 attention to the italicised words that preface the statement. 
 
 * Daniel Turbot was summoned ' for not paying Easter reckonyngs, 
 Aug. 23rd, 1674.' (^Granville's Letters. Sur. Soc.) 
 
 * 'Matthew Chubb,' a member of the 'Gild of Tailors, Exeter.' — 
 21 Ed. IV. {English Gilds, 323 p.) 
 
 ^ ' John Tenche' (A.). Tcnche is the name of one of the yeomen of 
 the Guard to Queen Mary when I'rincess Mary. {Priv. Purse Exp. 
 
 1 543-) 
 
 ' Thomas Spratt was Bishop of Rochester in 1688. 
 
 * This is doubtless but a feminine form of Odo. 
 
 K K
 
 498 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' Margaret Gnatte' and a 'William Gnatte.' ' Baldewin 
 Bugg ' (B.) and ' Bate Bugge ' (A.) are also found, but 
 although the question has been asked — 
 
 If a party had a voice, 
 What mortal would be a Bugg by choice, 
 
 I fancy the cognomen is local, one of the endless 
 forms, like ' Brough,' ' Burgh,' * Burkes,' of the old 
 * Borough.' ' Roger le Waps ' ' reminds us of the still 
 existing provincialism for wasp, and ' William Snake * 
 or 'John Frog' would be as little acceptable.^ The 
 smallest and most repulsive insect we have, the para- 
 sitic louse, is found in ' Nicholas le Lus' (J.), but our di- 
 rectories have now got rid of it — an example that might 
 be followed with no small advantage in other quarters. 
 
 (2) Descriptive Compoimds affixed as Nicknames. 
 But in an age like that of the thirteenth and four- 
 teenth centuries we cannot imagine that society would 
 be merely required to come under a verbal castigation 
 such as, after all, did nothing more than strike off the 
 names of the animals that entered into Noah's Ark. 
 To call a man a 'wolf or a 'bull' or a 'grayling' or 
 a ' salmon ' or a ' peacock,' after all, is not very 
 dreadful. Terms of a more compound form, sobriquets 
 more minutely anatomical, arc also met with, the un- 
 pleasantness of which is proved by the fact of so few 
 of them having come down to us, while not a small 
 portion, as not fit for ears polite, must be altogether 
 left in their obscurity. There are others, however, 
 of which none need to be ashamed. For instance, 
 
 ' * Roger le Waps ' is found in a Sussex subsidy roll of 1 296. (Lower, 
 i. 242.) 
 
 « In Ricart's Kalcudar of Bristol (Cam. Soc), William and Robert 
 Snake are set down among the earlier ' Prepositi.'
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 499 
 
 the kingly denomination of ' Quer-de-lyun' ('Ralph 
 Querdelyun,' T,, * William Querdelion/ X.), ^ found in 
 several lists, could not but be agreeable, while ' Dan- 
 de-lyun,' or 'lion-toothed' ('William Daundelyun,' B.), 
 would be in thorough harmony with the spirit of the 
 age. ' Colfox ' (' Thomas Colfox,' Z.), still existing, 
 would be less pleasant. The term ' fox ' is supposed 
 in itself to be synonymous with deceit, but the inten- 
 sive ' col-fox ' or ' deceitful-fox ' must have implied 
 duplicity indeed ! Chaucer, in his ' Nunn's Story,* 
 speaks of 
 
 A col fox full of sleigh iniquity. 
 
 Clenehog ' (' William Clenehog,' A.) or ' Clenegrise ' 
 (* Roger Clenegrise,' A.) would seem to be a sarcasm 
 upon the dirty habits of its early owner, while 
 ' Piggesflesh ' (' Reyner Piggesflesh,' M.) or ' Hogges- 
 flesh ' (' Margery Hoggesflesh,' Z.) ^ is as obviously 
 intended to be a reflection upon the general appear- 
 ance. 'Herring' ('Robert Heryng,' A.), already 
 mentioned, is not objectionable, but ' Goodherring ' 
 
 ' In 1433 it had got corrupted into ' Querdling,' a ' Thomas Querd- 
 ling* occupying an official position in Norwich in that year. Of him 
 the following rhyme speaks — 
 
 ' Whoso have any quarrel or pie, 
 If he but withstand John Hankcy, 
 John Querdlyng, Nic Waleys, John Belagh, John Meg, 
 
 Sore shall him rcwc 
 For they rule all the court with their lawes newe.' 
 
 (Bromefield, iii. 145.) 
 I doubt not 'Curling' is the modern representative of this name. 
 
 ' This name is not obsolete. Mr. Lower quotes a local rhyme thus — 
 
 ' Worthing is a pretty place, 
 And if I'm not mistaken, 
 If you can't get any butcher's meat, 
 There's "hogs' flesh" and "bacon."' 
 K K 2
 
 500 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ('Adam Godharing,' A.) and ' Redherring' ' ('William 
 Redhering,' M.) are, ' Fish ' one would not for a 
 moment find fault with, but few young ladies, I 
 imagine, would be found to face at the matrimonial 
 altar a 'John Pourfishe' (M.). Objection, too, if not 
 by the fair inamorata, yet by her parents, would be 
 raised, I suspect, to an alliance with a * Roger Feldog,' 
 or ' Thomas Catsnose,' or ' William Cocksbrain,' or 
 'Robert Calvesmaw,' or 'Peter Buckeskyn,' or ' Arnulph 
 Dogmaw,' or ' Henry Crowfoot,' or ' Matthew Goose- 
 beak,' or 'John Bullhead.' ' Talking of the last, how- 
 ever, it is interesting to notice how much the bull has 
 entered into compounds of this kind. Thus we light 
 upon such names as ' Walter Oyl-de-beof ' or ' William 
 Oldbeof,' that is, bull-eyed ; ' Ralph Front-de-boeuf,' 
 that is, bull-faced ; 'John Cors-de-boeuf ' or 'Thomas 
 Cordebeofe,' that is, bull-bodied ; ' John Queer-de- 
 boef,' that is, bull-hearted, or 'Amice le Wildeboef or 
 ' Nicholas Waldebeof,' seemingly like ' Wild-bore,' 
 referring to some wild untutored characteristics of the 
 bearer. In all these the genius of the age is quite 
 apparent, and probably not one was looked upon as 
 otherwise than complimentary. ' William Scorche- 
 bouef was evidently some unlucky young kitchener 
 who had mismanaged his duties as spit-turner, but it 
 betrays the process by which the term ' boeuf ' has 
 come into its present position of verbal usefulness. 
 In this light 'Cors-de-boeuf also is further interesting 
 as reminding us that there was a time when ' corpse ' 
 
 ' 'William Wolfheryng' occurs in a Sussex subsidy roll, 1296. 
 (Lower, i. 242.) 
 
 * 'Joan Blackdam ' occurs in Hist. Norfoll;. (Bromcfield, v. 
 Index.)
 
 * NICKNAMES.' $01 
 
 did not necessarily imply the inanimate frame. 
 'Behold, they were all dead corpses,' found in our 
 Authorized Version, was no tautology, it would appear, 
 even in the seventeenth century. Thus do changes 
 creep over the lives of words as well as men. 
 
 We might fill a book with these descriptive 
 compounds — surnames so whimsical, so absurdly 
 humorous that they manifestly could not live. For 
 instance, we meet in the thirteenth and fourteenth 
 centuries with such a sobriquet as 'William Honde- 
 shakerC)' which no doubt spoke for the hearty good- 
 will of its easy possessor. ' Geoffry Chese-and-brede* 
 seems to refer to the peculiar taste of its owner, 
 while ' Arnold Scutelmouth ' would be a sarcasm on 
 personal capacity for such things. ' Alan Swet-in- 
 bedde ' would not be an acceptable cognomen, nor 
 'William Badneighbour,' nor 'Thomas Two-year-olde,' 
 nor 'Geoffrey Dringke-dregges,' nor 'Anna Hellicate' 
 (hell-cat).' 'Alice Gude-ale-house ' was evidently a 
 homely landlady, who kept her tavern in good repute 
 by assiduous attention and good-humoured ways. 
 ' William Kepegest ' would seem to bespeak the kindly 
 cheer of more private hospitality, while ' John Dry- 
 bread,' if not stingy, was doubtless crusty, ' John 
 Ratelle-bagge,' or ' John Leve-to-day,' or ' Serle 
 Go-to- Kirk,' or 'Thomas Horsenail,' or 'John Light- 
 harness,' or ' Richard Myldew,' or ' John Buckleboots,* 
 or 'Edward Tortoise-shell,'^ or 'John Hornbuckle,* 
 
 ' ' Anna Hellicate' was called before the Archdeacon of Durham, for 
 not coming to the Church, 27th July, 1673.' {Dean Granville's Letters, 
 Surt. Soc.) 
 
 * This most curious name appears in the Manchester Directory for 
 1861.
 
 502 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 while conveying no slight upon the character, would 
 be obnoxious enough as surnames. Our * Doolittles,' 
 * Lovejoys,' ' Scattergoods,' ' Makepeaces/ and ' Hate- 
 wrongs ' belong to this same category. ' A large and 
 varied assortment of this class will be found in the 
 notes to this chapter, and to them I refer the reader. 
 They are of a class which were especially popular at 
 the time of which we are writing. Many of them are 
 used as expletives in the railing poets and writers of 
 the period. For instance, the author of * Cocke 
 Lorelle's Bote ' speaks of — 
 
 ' Slingthrlft Fleshmonger,' 
 Also 'Fabian Flatterer,' and 'Cicely Claterer,' 
 With 'Adam Avenis,' flail-swinger, 
 And ' Francis Flaproach, ' . . . 
 With ' Giles Unreste,' mayor of Newgate, 
 And 'Lewis Unlusty, the leesing-monger. ' 
 Here is ' Will Wily,' the mill-pecker (thieQ, 
 And ' Patrick Peevish,' hairbeater. 
 With ' Davy Drawlatch ' ' of Rockingham. 
 Also 'Hick Crookneck,' the rope-maker, 
 And 'Steven Meascllmouth,' mussell-taker, 
 With 'Gogle-eyed Thompson,' shepster of L)mn. 
 
 The above selection of fancy names will give us a 
 fair idea of the kind of sobriquet which went down 
 with the lower orders during the Angevine and 
 Plantagenet dynasties. 
 
 But the largest branch of descriptive compounds 
 is yet to be mentioned. We find not a few instances 
 where names of simple relationship or occupation or 
 office, or even, we may add, of patronymic character, 
 having become compounded with adjectives expres- 
 sive of the feeling of those with whom the nominee 
 had to deal, naturally place themselves under this 
 
 * This seems to have been a surname— 'John Drawlace' (W. l8).
 
 NICKNAMES.' 503 
 
 same category. These, so far as they have come 
 down to us, are generally of a favourable, or at least 
 harmless, description. Thus, to notice Christian 
 names first, this has especially been the case with 
 * John.' Probably as this sobriquet grew into favour 
 the practice became the means of distinguishing be- 
 tween several of the same title. Thus, as I hinted in 
 my previous chapter, if John were doughty, he became 
 'Prujean,'^ that is, preux-jean ; if fat, 'Grosjean;' if 
 young, ' Youngjohn ; ' '^ if clownish, * Hobjohn ; ' if big, 
 ' Micklejohn ; ' if small, ' Littlejohn,' ^ or ' Petitjean ; ' * 
 if of a sunburnt countenance, ' Brownjohn ; ' ^ and if 
 comely or well proportioned, ' Properjohn ; ' thus pre- 
 serving a once familiar sense of ' proper,' which we 
 may meet with in such an olden phrase as a ' proper 
 knight,' or in our present Authorized Scripture 
 Version, where our translators make St, Paul speak of 
 
 ' The President of the College of Physicians in 1665 was Sir 
 Francis Prujean. Bramston, in his Autobiography (Cam, Soc), styles 
 him ' Prugean.' 
 
 * The newspapers for June 6th, 1874, mention a 'Mr. Youngjohn ' 
 in connection with an election petition at Kidderminster. 
 
 ' We have already noticed that ' Robin-hood ' had become in itself a 
 surname. It is quite possible our ' Little-johns ' have arisen in a simi- 
 lar manner. Little John, I need not say, was as carefully represented 
 at the May-day dance as Robin himself or Maid Marian. Ritson has 
 preserved us a rhyme on the subject — 
 
 ' This infant was called John Little,' quoth he 
 ' Which name shall be changed anon ; 
 The words we'll transpose, so wherever he goes, 
 His name shall be called " Little John." ' 
 
 * ' Item, to Guillam de Vait, Guillam de Trope, and Pety John 
 mynstralles, iv/.' {Trcvelyan Papers, ii. 20. Cam. Soc.) 
 
 ' We might be tempted to place our ' Brownbills ' here, but I have 
 recently shown them to be representative of the old and famous pikes 
 known as 'brownbills,' used so commonly in war previous to the 
 introduction of gunpowder.
 
 504 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Moses in his infancy as a ' proper child.' ' Lastly, we 
 have the estimable ' Bonjohn,' the origin, I doubt not, 
 of ' Bunyon ' and ' Bunyan,' the familiar bearer of the 
 latter form of which we shall all doubtless admit to 
 be well worthy his name. It is happy chance that 
 when we speak, as we often do, of ^ good John Bun- 
 yan,' we simply give him a reduplication of that very 
 title which none more richly merits than he. In 1310 
 there was a ' Jon Bonjon ' in London, and still earlier 
 than this a ' Durand le Bon Johan' figures in the 
 Hundred Rolls. ^ Several others we may mention, 
 more Saxon in their character, and all long obsolete, 
 save one. Indeed, I doubt not they died with their 
 original possessors. These are ' Robert Good-robert ' 
 (P.) and ' Richard White-richard ' (J.), ' William Holy- 
 peter ' (A.) ' William Jolif-wiU ' (A.) {i.e. ' Jolly-Will '),' 
 and ' William Prout-picrrc ' (M.). ' William Good- 
 hugh ' (M.), however, has contrived to hold his own, 
 unless, as Mr. Lower thinks, it belongs not to this 
 category, but one I have already surveyed, that re- 
 garding complexion. Its early form of ' Godhewc ' 
 would seem perhaps to favour his notion. Names of 
 this class, however, are rare. When wc come to oc- 
 
 ' Thus Desdemona says to Emilia {Othello, iv. 3) — ■ 
 ' Tliis Lodovico is a proper man ; ' 
 and the latter responds — 
 
 ' A very handsome man.' 
 
 * ' Apple-John' must be looked upon as a nickname taken from the 
 fruit of that name. An apple-john was a species of apple which was 
 never fully ripe till late in the season, when it was shrivelled. Hence 
 Shakespeare's allusion in 2 Heniy IV. ii. 4. ' Sweet-apple' will belong 
 to this category. 
 
 * ' Full-James' must be looked upon as a corruption of Foljambe. I 
 prefer the original, though that is not complimentary.
 
 ' NICKNAMES.' 505 
 
 cupation the instances are much more common. 
 Thus if we have ' Husband,' who doubtless owes his 
 origin to his economical rather than his marital posi- 
 tion, we have, besides, ' Younghusband ' — in his day, 
 I dare say, a somewhat precocious youth — the now 
 obsolete ' Goodhusband ; ' if ' Skinner,' then ' Lang- 
 skinner ; ' if ' Wright,' then ' Longwright ' or ' Longus- 
 Faber,' as it is Latinized in our rolls ; if ' Smith,' then 
 ' Gros-smith,' that is ' big-smith,' or ' Wild-smith ' or 
 
 * Youngsmith ;' or if ' Groom,' then ' Good-groom '' and 
 
 * Old-groom.' If we have * Swain,' we had also 
 
 * Goodswain,' or ' Brownswain,' or ' Madswain,' or 
 ' Summerswain,' or ' Cuteswain,' or ' Colswain ' (that 
 is, deceitful swain , or ' Littleswain ; ' if ' King,' ^ then 
 ' Littleking,' ' Coyking,' ' Brownking,' ' Whiteking,' 
 and 'Redking;' if ' Hine,' or ' Hyne,' or 'Hind,' 
 a peasant somewhat similar to Swain, then also 
 
 * Goodhyne ; ' if ' Bond,' then ' Youngbond ; ' if 
 
 * Knave ' or servant, then ' Smartknave,' ' White- 
 knave,' ' Brov/nknave,' and ' Good knave,' the latter a 
 strange compound to modern ears ; ^ if ' Clerk,' then 
 ' Bonclerk,' * Bcauclerk,' ' Goodclerk,' * Mauclerk,' '' and 
 
 ' This name lingered on till 1674 at least, for one of the private 
 musicians attached to the household of Charles II. was 'John Gode- 
 groome.' (Vide Chappell's Ballad Literattire, p. 469.) 'Robert le 
 Godegrom ' had appeared three centuries before in the Hundred Rolls. 
 
 ' ' King ' I have already suggested as a sobriquet given to one who 
 represented such a rank in some mediaeval pageant. Peculiarities of 
 stature, manner, or dress would readily give rise to the compound forms. 
 
 ' Archbishop Chichele, when founding All Souls' College, purchased 
 for this purpose the sites of • Beresford's Hall, St. Thomas's Hall, 
 Tyngewyck Hall, and Godknave Hall.' {IHst. Univ. Oxon, vol. i. 
 
 P- 195) 
 
 Probably its founder bore that name. 
 
 * 'Godfrey Mauclerk' was mayor of Leicester in 1286. Also,
 
 506 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 'Redclerk;'' if 'Page/ then ' Littlepage ' ^ and 
 
 * Smallpage,' and to put it here for convenience, ' Law- 
 page ; ' if * Wayt,' a ' watchman,' then * Smartwayt,' 
 
 * Stertwait ' (active, on the alert), and ' Goodwayt ;' if 
 'Man' or 'Mann,' a relic of the old ' le Man' or 
 menial, then also ' Goodman,' a term, however, which 
 became early used of any honest householder.' ^ ' Le 
 Mayster' or 'Master' was common enough, but I am 
 sorry to say I have not lighted upon a ' Goodmayster ' 
 as yet. Thus ' Fellowe ' also, or ' Fellowes,' as we now 
 have it, is met by ' Goodfellow ' and ' Longfellow ; ' 
 ' Child ' by ' Goodchild ' and the obsolete ' Evilchild ; ' 
 ' Son ' by ' Littleson ' and ' Fairson ; ' ' Sire ' by ' Lit- 
 tlesire ' and ' Fairsire ; ' ' Nurse ' by ' Goodnurse,' and 
 
 * Fowl ' by ' Goodfowl.' Norman equivalents for these, 
 however, were not wanting. ' Goodfellow ' had its 
 mate in ' Boncompagnon,' ' Goodbody ' in ' Bonecors,' 
 ' Goodwait ' in ' Bonserjeant,' ' Goodclerk ' * in ' Bon- 
 
 ' Walter Malclerk' (P.P.). Corrupted into 'Manclerk,' this name still 
 exists. (Cf. Clerical Directory, 1874.) 
 
 ' ' Johan le Redeclerk, hosier dc Coventry.' (V. 9, p. xxiv.) 
 
 * The first ' Littlepage ' I can light upon is in the case of ' John 
 Littlcpnge ' and 'Joan Littlepage,' persecuted for their religion in 1521. 
 (Foxe's Marty rology.) 
 
 ' 'Man' in the sense of servant is found appended to several 
 Christian names. Thus we come across such combinations as ' Mathew- 
 man,' 'Harriman,' and 'Thomasman.' The wonder is more are not 
 to be met with. The customary way of registering servants in the old 
 rolls is 'William Matthew's man,* or 'John's man Thomas.' Thus 
 the surname arose. The Proceedings in Kent, 1640 (Cam. Soc), 
 contained the name of 'Nicholas Ilodgman,' and 'John Ilobman' was 
 buried May 17th, 1649. {Smith's Obitnaty. Cam. Soc.) 
 
 * 'Grant to Henry Goodclerk for his services in the parts beyond 
 the sea, 23rd Sep. 1485.' {Materials for Hist. Henry VII., p. 557.)
 
 'NICKNAMES.' $0/ 
 
 clerk,' and ' Goodman ' Mn * Bonhomme ' (our present 
 
 * Bonham ') "^ and ' Prudhomme ' or ' Pridham.' * Evil- 
 child ' found itself face to face with * Malenfant,' 
 ' Littlesire ' with ' Petitsire,' * Goodchild ' with ' Bony- 
 fant,' * Bonenfant,' or ' Bullivant,' as we now have it, 
 and * Godson ' or ' Goodson,' it may be, with ' Bonfils ' 
 or 'Boffill.' We have still 'Clerk,' but 'Bonclerke,' 
 if not ' Beauclerk,' is obsolete ; * Squier,' but ' Bon- 
 squier ' has disappeared ; * Chevalier ' also thrives, 
 while ' Bonchevalier ' is extinct. In some cases the 
 simple and the compound forms are both wanting. 
 It is so with our former ' Vadlets ' and ' Bonvalets,' 
 our ' Vileins,' ' Beauvileyns,' and ' Mangevileyns ' 
 (scabby), our ' Queynts ' and ' Bonqueynts,' and our 
 
 * Aventures ' and ' Bonaventures,' the latter sobriquet 
 evidently given to one who had acquitted himself well 
 in some mediaeval joust or tournament. It is found 
 in several records. Piers Plowman uses the term 
 simple, when he speaks of Faith crying — 
 
 As dooth an heraud of armes, 
 When aventrous cometh to justes. 
 
 'Christian,' which may be but the proper name, still 
 lives, though ' Bonchristien ' is gone ; and ' Count/ 
 too, lingers, ' Boncount ' being obsolete. Sometimes, 
 strangely enough, the French idiomatic compounds 
 got literally translated into Saxon, resulting in terms 
 of utterly different meaning. Thus, as I have already 
 shown, ' Beaupere ' met face to face with * Fairsire,' 
 
 ' ' Goodwife ' seems to have existed formerly. A ' William Good- 
 wyfe' was Rector of Stapleford, Herts, in 1443. (Clutterbuck's 
 Hertfordshire, vol. ii. p. 218.) 
 
 * ' Alan Bondame' represents the feminine (P.P.).
 
 508 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 ' Beaufiz '^ with ' Fairchild,' and * Beaufrere ' with * Fair- 
 brother.' But this bare and naked translation into 
 the vernacular seems to have been a general prac- 
 tice. The Norman * Petyclerk,' for instance, was 
 speedily met by ' Smalwritere,' ' Blauncpayne ' by 
 ' Whitbred,' and * Handsomebody,' over which much 
 obscurity has lingered, is, I have no hesitation in as- 
 serting, a directly Saxonised form of ' Gentilcors,' a 
 name not unfrequently met with at this date. 
 
 Many of the names I have mentioned above, how- 
 ever, are, strange to say, being reproduced in the 
 present day after a curious fashion. The multiplica- 
 tion of forenames has been the primary cause of this.'* 
 In many cases these, by becoming as it were adjec- 
 tives to the surname, form sobriquets no less ludicrous 
 and striking than those which for that very reason 
 so soon became obsolete. Thus such a combination 
 as ' Choice Pickrell ' is exactly equivalent to * Good- 
 herring ' just alluded to. ' Arch Bishop ' restores the 
 archiepiscopal name which fell into abeyance in the 
 twelfth century ; while such other names as ' Perfect 
 Sparrow,' * Savage Bear,' ^ ' Royal King,' ' Sing Song,' 
 
 ' John Beaufitz was Sheriff of Warwick in 1485. 
 
 ' A curious circumstance happened, 1 believe, but a few years ago, 
 causing the increase of a forename, unintended, we may feel sure, by 
 those most immediately concerned. A child was taken to church to 
 be baptized. The clergyman at the usual place turned to the mother 
 and asked what name the infant was to bear. ' Robert,' was the reply. 
 'Any other name?' he inquired. 'Robert honly,' she answered, 
 her grammar not being of the best description. 'Robert Honly, I 
 baptize thee, in the name,' etc., at once continued the clergyman, and 
 the child was therefore duly so registered. 
 
 • A 'Savage Bear' was at large in Kent a few years ago. (Lower 
 i. 177.)
 
 NICKNAMES.' 509 
 
 ' Ivory Mallet/ ^ * More Fortune,' "^ * Christmas Day,' 
 ' Paschal Lamb,' ' River Jordan,' ^ or * Pine Coffin,' * 
 may be met by designations equally absurd, if less 
 travestied. These, of course, must be attributed to 
 mere eccentricity on the part of parents, rather than 
 to accident. Combinations of this kind, however^ 
 have arisen of late years through another circum- 
 stance. It not unfrequently occurs that through 
 certain circumstances two family names are united. 
 Thus we have such conjunctions as ' Burdett-Coutts ' 
 or ' Sclater-Booth.' Speaking of these reminds me of 
 a story I have heard anent a combination of this kind. 
 A certain gentleman, it is said, of the name of CoUey, 
 in bequeathing in his will a considerable estate to a 
 friend of the name of * Mellon,' made it the condition 
 of his acceptance that the legatee added his bene- 
 factor's name to his own. His friend had no objec- 
 tion to the property, but when he found that his ac- 
 quiescence in the terms imposed would make him 
 ' Mellon-Colley ' to the end of his days, he considered 
 the matter afresh and declined the offer. 
 
 ' ' Ivory Malet' (D.D.) This, though registered in the xiiith, would 
 seem to have anticipated the croquet of the xixth cent. ' Ivray ' was a 
 baptismal name at the earlier date. 
 
 ^ 'More Fortune, bayliff of St. Martin's, died May 17th, 1367.' 
 (^Smith's Obituary, p. 13.) 
 
 ' 'May 27th, 1805. River, son of River and Rebecca Jordan.' 
 (^Christenings, St. Ann's, Manchester.) 
 
 * Several ' Pine Coffins ' may be seen in the Clerical Directories of 
 I 840- I 850.
 
 5IO ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 (3) Nickjtames from Oaths, Exclamations ^ Street- 
 cries, and Mottoes. 
 
 {a) Oaths. — A remarkable, though not a very- 
 large, batch of surnames is to be referred to perhaps 
 the most peculiar characteristic of all — that of the use 
 of profane, or at least idle oaths. The prevalence of 
 imprecations in mediaeval times was simply extraor- 
 dinary,^ If the writings of that period bear but the 
 faintest comparison to the talk of men, their conver- 
 sation must have been strangely seasoned. F'or in- 
 stance, in the ' Canterbury Tales ' we find introduced 
 without the slightest ceremony such oaths as 'for 
 Cristes passion,' ' by Goddes saule,' ' for Cristes 
 saule,' ' by Goddes dignitee,' ' Goddes banes,' ^ 
 ' Cristes pcin,' * Goddes love,' ' Goddes hate,' 'Cristes 
 foot,' ' God me save,' and the more simple ' By-God,' 
 or ' Parde ' or ' Pardieu.' That they are mostly mean- 
 ingless is their chief characteristic. 'JohnPardieu' inthe 
 Rolls of Parliament will represent our many ' Pardews,* 
 ' Pardows,' ' Pardoes,' and ' Pardies ; ' and although I 
 have given a different origin in my second chapter,^ I 
 may mention ' Alina le Bigod ' (J.), or 'John le Bygot' 
 (M.). ' Barbara Godselve ' ■* (F.F.), 'Richard Godes- 
 
 ' 'Jean Gottam,' the Frenchman's title for 'John Bull,' is old. A 
 witness in the trial of Joan of Arc used the term *Godon,' and ex- 
 plained it to be a sobriquet of the English from their use of the oath 
 'Goddamn.' 
 
 * A clever article in the Edinburgh Revinv, April 1855, suggests 
 'Blood' and 'Death' from ' S'Blood' and ' S'Death,' the abbreviated 
 ' God's blood ' and ' God's death.' 
 
 ' Vide page 160. Camden says the Normans were so called because 
 ' at every other word they would swear l>y God.' 
 
 * ' Henry Godsalvc' entered C.C. Coll. Cam. in 1614. (Masters^ 
 Hist., C.C. Coll.)
 
 'NICKNAMES.' 51 1 
 
 name' (X.), 'Richard Godbeare' (Z.), (now 'Godbeer,' 
 
 * Godbehere,' and ' Goodbeer '), ' Roger Godblod ' (E.) 
 (God's blood), 'Alicia Godbodi ' (A.) (God's body), 
 seem all to be representative of familiar imprecations. 
 
 [b) Mottoes. — In many cases we can scarcely doubt 
 that ensigncy has had something to do with the 
 origin of our surnames. Edward III. at a tourna- 
 ment had his trappings embroidered with the couplet — 
 
 Hay, hay, the white swan, 
 By God's soule I am thy man. 
 
 ' Godsol ' and ' Godsoule ' formerly existed, and may 
 have so risen. Among other names of this class may 
 be mentioned ' Janett God-send-us '^ (W. 13), 'Roger 
 Deus-salvet-dominas/ 2 'John God-me-fetch,' 'John 
 Dieu-te-ayde,' ' John Flourdieu,' ' Henry Grace-dieu,' ' 
 
 * Henry Warde-dieu,' 'John Depart-dieu,' and 'John 
 Angel-dieu.' ^ From the escutcheons of their wearers 
 these would easily pass on to the men themselves 
 who first bore them as surnames. 
 
 {c) Exclamations. — ' Peter Damegod ' (M.) and 
 'John Domegode' (O.), meaning literally 'Lord God,' 
 represent a once favourite expletive.^ We are here 
 
 ' * Item, to Jannett God-send-iis, I give a caldron, and a pare of 
 tonges.' (Extract of will of William Hardinge, Vicar of Heightington, 
 1584. W. 13.) The editor suggests she was a foundling. 
 
 ^ The Saturday Review, in a criticism of my book, mentions a 
 Rogerus Deus-salvet-dominas in the Essex Domesday. 
 
 ' * Mr. Gracedieu, Incumbent of St. James's, Duke's Place.' (Strype, 
 London. ) 
 
 * A curious heraldic name is found in the 17th cent. John 
 Poyndexter, fellow of Exeter Coll., Oxford, was dispossessed, 
 (Walker, Sufferings of the Clergy.) 
 
 5 Our ' Olyfadres ' will similarly be the expletive ' Holy-father,' 
 unless, like ' Thomas Worthship ' (Z, ), the name be but a title of respect 
 to some ecclesiastic functionary.
 
 512 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 reminded that there was a time when ' Dame,' from 
 dominus and domina alike, was applied to either 
 sex. One or two exclamations of less objectionable 
 import are also to be met with. ' William Godthanke' 
 (A.) seems but a reversal of our ' Thank God,' while 
 ' Ralph Godisped ' (A.), fossilised in our ' Goodspeeds,' 
 may represent ' God-speed-thee.' ^ ' Richard Fare- 
 wel' (A.), 'Simon Welfare' (A.), ' John Welcome' (Z.Z.), 
 'William Adieu ' (M.), would possess affixes readily 
 given for their kindly and oft utterance. Our ' Rumme- 
 lows,' ' Rummileys,' and ' Rumbelows,' without dis- 
 pute, represent but the old well-known cry of ' Rom- 
 bylow' or * Rummylow,' the sailor's 'Heave-ho' of 
 later days. In the ' Squire of Low Degree ' it is said — 
 
 Your mariners shall synge arow, 
 Hey how, and rumbylow. 
 
 The ancestor of those who bear the name was doubt- 
 less a sailor at some period of his career.'^ 
 
 (d) Strcet-crics. — The calls of hawkers could not 
 of course escape the good-humoured raillery of our 
 forefathers. We find 'Robert Freshfissh' (X.) to 
 have been a fishmonger, and ' John Freshfisch ' is set 
 down in the Rolls of Parliament. About the same 
 time ' Margaret Fressheharyng ' dwelt in the Me- 
 tropolis. ' Agnes Godcfouclc ' (A.) and ' Basilia God- 
 fowele ' (A.) were manifestly poultry-women, for even 
 the most respectable occupations were then, as I have 
 already shown, itinerant. But perhaps the most 
 curious thing of all is to notice the price-calls that have 
 
 ' 'Good-speed' may belong to the same class as Swift, Golightly, 
 Lightfoot, Roefoot, etc.— V. p. 388. 
 
 * The Constable of Nottingham Castle in 1369 was one Stephen 
 Rummelowe, or Runibilowc, for both forms are to be found.
 
 'NICKNAMES.' $13 
 
 found themselves inscribed in our registers. The 
 larger sums will have a different origin, but I place 
 them here for convenience sake. The Writs of Parlia- 
 ment give us a ' Robert Peny ; ' the ' Wills and In- 
 ventories ' ^Surt. Soc), a ' Thomas Fourpeni ; ' the 
 Hundred Rolls, a ' John Fivepeni ; ' the * Cal. 
 Rot. Originalium,' a ' Thomas Sexpenne ; ' the ' York- 
 shire Wills and Inventories' (Surt. Soc), a 'John 
 Ninepennies ; ' and the Hundred Rolls, a ' Fulco 
 Twelpenes.' ^ 'James Fyppound ' (Fivepound) is men- 
 tioned in ' Materials for History of Henry VII.' So 
 early as 1342 we find 'John Twenti-mark ' to have 
 been Rector of Risingham (Norfolk, i, 64); while 
 ' William Hunderpound ' was Mayor of Lynn Regis in 
 1417 (do. viii. 532). This latter may be a translation 
 of a Norman sobriquet, for * Grace Centlivre ' and 
 'Joseph Centlivre ' are set down in a Surrey register 
 of the same date. (' Hist, and Ant. Survey,' Index.) 
 In both cases, I doubt not, the nickname was acquired 
 from the peculiarity of the source whence the income 
 was derived. 'Centlivre' existed in the eighteenth 
 century at least, for it was Mrs. Centlivre who wrote 
 the 'Platonic Lady,' which was issued in 1707, 
 ' Thomas Thousandpound,' the last of this class, ap- 
 pears in the 'Wardrobe Accounts' (Edward I.), and 
 concludes a list as strange as the most ardent ' lover 
 of the curious ' could desire.^ 
 
 ' ' Fulco Twelvepence ' was perhaps related to 'Robert Shillyng,' 
 found in the ' Patent Rolls ' (State Paper Oflice). 
 
 * A most anachronistic name is met with in the ' Calend. Inquis. 
 Post Mortem,' 30 Henry VI., in the entry 'Robert Panknolt.' A 
 • knot' was a small local prominence. On the bank or side of this the 
 nominee doubtless dwelt.
 
 514 ENGLISH SURNAMES. 
 
 Looking back, however, upon these eadier names, 
 how many varied and conflicting qualities of the 
 human heart do they all reflect, some honourable, 
 some harmlessly innocent, the greater part, I fear, dis- 
 creditable. Of all how much might be said, but I 
 refrain, lest I be liable to a charge of acting contrary 
 to the spirit of the kindly old adage, ' de mortuis nil 
 nisi bonum ' — ' speak no evil of the dead.' Thus tell- 
 tale, however, are our surnames, and if it be no plea- 
 sant task to expose the weaknesses and the frailties 
 of them whose bones have so long ere this crumbled 
 into decay, still we may comfort ourselves with the 
 remembrance that their names, with many others I 
 could have adduced had space permitted, offer no 
 kind of reflection upon their present possessors. It is 
 not unseldom we see the bearer of a worthy name 
 dragging the same through the dust and mire of an 
 ignoble life. It is amongst these names of somewhat 
 unsavoury origin we oftentimes meet with the best, 
 and the truest, and the noblest of our fellows.
 
 The Alphabetical Letters appended to the Navies furnished 
 in the Ijidex refer to the Documents in the List here 
 cited. 
 
 Hundred Rolls. A. 
 
 Calendarium Inquisitionum Post Mortem. B. 
 
 Calendarium Rotulorum Patcntium in Turri Londinensi. C. 
 
 Calendarium Rotulorum Chartanim. D. 
 
 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum in Turri Londonensi. E. 
 
 Valor Ecclesiasticus. F. 
 
 Calendarium Rotulorum Originalium. G. 
 
 Rolls of Parliament. H. 
 
 Placitorum in Dom. Cap. Westminster. J. 
 
 Testa de Neville, sive Liber Feodorum. K. 
 
 Calendarium Genealogicum. L. 
 
 Writs of Parliament. M. 
 
 Munimenta Gildhalloe Londoniensis. N. 
 
 Issues of the Exchequer. O. 
 
 Issue Roll. P. 
 
 History and Antiquities of York (Pub. 1785). Q. 
 
 Placita de Quo Warranto. R. 
 
 Guild of St. George, Norwich. 5. 
 
 Excerpta e Rotulis Finium in Turri Londinensi. T. 
 
 V. Camden Society Publications. 
 
 V. I. Bury St. Edmunds Wills. 
 
 V. 2. Dingley's History from Marble. 
 
 V. 3. Trevelyan Papers. 
 
 V. 4. Camden Miscellany. 
 
 v. 5. Smith's Obituary. 
 
 V. 6. Diary of John Rous. 
 
 V. 7. Liber Famelicus^Sir James Whitelock. 
 
 V. 8. Chronicon Pctroburgense. 
 
 V. 9. Proceedings against Dame .Mice Kytcler. 
 
 V. 10. Autobiography of Sir John Bramston. 
 
 V. II. Doomsday Book of St. Paul's. 
 
 V. 12. Ricart's Kalcndar. 
 
 V. 13. Proceedings in Kent. 
 
 v. 14. Rutland Papers. 
 W. Surtces' Society Publications. 
 
 \V. I. Coldingham Priory. 
 
 \V. 2. Testamenta Ebor. 
 
 W. 3. Durham Household Book. 
 L L 3
 
 w. 
 
 4- 
 
 w. 
 
 5- 
 
 w. 
 
 6. 
 
 w. 
 
 7- 
 
 w. 
 
 8. 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 w. 
 
 lO. 
 
 w. 
 
 II. 
 
 w. 
 
 12. 
 
 w. 
 
 13- 
 
 w. 
 
 14. 
 
 w. 
 
 15- 
 
 w. 
 
 16. 
 
 w. 
 
 17- 
 
 IV. 
 
 18. 
 
 w. 
 
 19. 
 
 IV. 
 
 20. 
 
 516 ALPHABETICAL LETTERS REFERRED TO. 
 
 Kirkby Inquest. 
 
 Knight's Fees. 
 
 Nom. Villarum. 
 
 Illustrative Documents. 
 
 Priory of Finchdale. 
 ( Fabric Rolls of York Minister. 
 I Wills and Inventories. 
 
 Hexham Priory. 
 
 Corpus Christi Guild. 
 
 Hist. Dunelm. 
 
 Barnes' Eccles. Proceedings. 
 
 Visitation of Yorkshire. 
 
 Feodarum Prior. Dunelm. 
 
 Depositions from York Castle. 
 
 Memorials of Fountains Abbey. 
 
 Depositions and Eccles. Proceedings. 
 
 Liber Vitce. 
 
 Remains of Dean Granville. 
 Memorials of London (Riley). X. 
 
 Proceedings and Ordinances : Privy Council. Y. 
 
 Calendar of Proceedings in Chancery (I'Llizabeth). Z. 
 
 The Publications of the Chetham Society. A A. 
 
 Wills and Inventories (Lancashire). A A. i. 
 
 Three Lancashire Documents. A A. 2. 
 
 Lancashire Chauntries. A A. 3. 
 
 Birch Chapel. A A. 4. 
 
 Rotuli Normanniae in Turri Londinensi. B D. 
 
 Documents Illustrative of English History. D D. 
 
 Index to 'Originalia et Memoranda.' E E. 
 
 History of Norfolk (Bromefield). /''/•'. 
 
 Fines (Richard I.). G G. 
 
 History of Hertfordshire (Cluttcrbuck). H H. 
 
 Rotuli Curias Regis. MM. 
 
 Calendar and Inventories of the Treasury. A'^ A'. 
 
 History of Leicestershire (Nicholl's). P P. 
 
 Register — St. James, Piccadilly. Q Q. 
 
 State Paper office. R R. 
 
 Patent Rolls. A' R. i. 
 
 Compoti. R R. 2. 
 
 Issue Rolls. R R. 3. 
 
 History of Durh.am (Surtees). .S 5. 
 
 State Papers (Domestic). T T. 
 
 Materials for History of Reign of Henry VH. X X. i. 
 
 Registrum Abbatia; Johannis Whethamstede. XX. 2. 
 
 Letters from Northern Registers. X X. 3. 
 
 Calendar to Pleadings (Elizabeth). Z Z.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Ablett, 
 Ablott, 
 
 AAR 
 A ARON, 83. Aaron le Blund, T. 
 "^ Aron Judde, A. 
 A'Becket {v. Beckett) 85. 
 Abbe, 191. Radulf le Abbe, C. 
 Abbott, 191. Juliana Abbot, A. Ric. 
 
 Abbot, M. 
 Abel, 82. Abel le Orfeure, T. Thomas 
 
 Abel, A. 
 Abigail, 100. Abi^jail Cordell, Z. Abi- 
 gail Tayler, W 16. 
 
 82. Abalotta de la Forde, 
 A. William Abelot, M. 
 J Ric. Abelote, V xx. 
 Abner, 77. 
 Above-brook, 108. John Abovebrok, 
 
 A. 
 Above-town, 108. Adelina Abovetoun, 
 
 A. William Abovetoun, M. 
 Abraham. Gerard Abbraham, A. 
 
 Robert Abraam, A. 
 Absolom, 83. Absolon in le Dyche, A. 
 
 Absolon fil. Simon, C. 
 Abstinence, 103. Abstinence Rougher, 
 
 104, n. 
 Acatour, 210. Bernard le Acatour, M. 
 
 John le Acatour, M. 
 Accepted, 104. Accepted Frewen, 
 
 104, n. 
 Achatour, 210. Jocius le Achatur, A, 
 
 Henry le Achator, H, 
 
 Acherman {v. Acreman), 259. Alex. 
 
 Acherman, A. 
 Acland, 120. John Acklande, Z. 
 Acreman, 259. Roger le Acreman, A. 
 Acroyd, 120. Henry Aykeroid, Z. Ric. 
 
 de Akerode, W 2. 
 Acton, 120. Reiner de Acton, jl/. En- 
 
 gelard de Actone, A. 
 Adam, 3, 81. Adam fil. Warin, M. 
 
 Adam le Flecher, T. 
 Adams, 81. Juliana Adams, /i. Richard 
 
 Addames, Z.Z. 
 Adamson, 81. Hugh fil. Adam, A. 
 
 Hoel fil. Adam, A. 
 
 )8i. William Adcock, IF 9. 
 Stephen Adcock, Z. 
 Hamme, son of Adecok, 
 AA 2. 
 Addison, 81. Gilbert fil. Adae, C. 
 
 Thomas Adesone, R. 
 Adcla (z/. Adelina), 19. Adela uxor 
 
 Roberti, C. 
 Adelaid [v. Alard), 21. Adam Adelaad, 
 
 A. 
 Adelina, 19. Adelina le Heyr, A. 
 
 Henry fil. Adelyne, A. 
 Adieu, 512. William Adieu, M. 
 Adkins, 81. Adekin le Fuller, A. Wil- 
 liam Adekyns, EE. 
 Adkinson, 81. William Adkinson 
 (London: Maitland).
 
 5i8 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Adlard (v. Adelard), 
 
 Agate, III. Richard Atte-gate, A. 
 
 Leonard Agate, Z. 
 Agatha, 19. Agatha le Kareter, A. 
 
 Agatha de Dene, B. 
 Agnes, 19. Thomas fil. Agneta, y. 
 
 Agnes le Bruno, A. 
 Agrippina, 100. Agrippina Bingley, 
 
 TT. 
 Aguiler, 342. Thomas le Aguiler, A/. 
 
 William le Aguiler, Q. Lucas le 
 
 Aguler, A. 
 Aikman (v. Acrcman), 259. 
 Ainsworth, 134. Margaret Aynes- 
 
 worthe, Z. 
 Akerman (v. Acreman), 259. Peter le 
 
 Akerman, A. John le Akurman, B. 
 Alabaster, 225. Richard le Alblaster, B. 
 
 Henry le Alblaster, A/. Reginald le 
 
 Arbelestre, A. 
 Alan (v. Allen). Alan fil. Warin, Af. 
 
 Alan le Chapelein, L. 
 Alanson {v. Allinson). Brien fil. Alan, 
 
 C. William Alynson, IV 2. Thomas 
 
 Allason, Z. 
 Alard, 21. Alard ie Fleminge, B. Alard 
 
 le Burser, //. Robert Alard, A/. 
 Alaric. Robert Alrych, A. Agnes Al- 
 
 rich, A. 
 Albert, 29. John Albert, A. Robert 
 
 Alberd, A. 
 Alcock, 55. John Alcoc, A. John Al- 
 
 kok, //. 
 Alder, 154. 
 Alderman, 186. Thomas Alderman, 
 
 F 8. Robert le Alderman, A. 
 
 Benjamin Aldermannus, A. 
 Alderson, 21. John fil. Aldrech, C. 
 
 Christopher Alderson, IV 8. 
 Aldershot, 116. Robert de Alreshawc, 
 
 Af. Thomas Allshawe, XX. 
 Aldred, 21. Aldred fil. Roger, y. 
 
 Aldred Andre, A. 
 Aldrech, 1 21. John Alrich, Af. John 
 Aldrich, 1 Aldrich, A. 
 
 Alecot {v. Alicot), 87. 
 
 Alefounder, 392, n. William Ale- 
 founder, FF. Mary Alfounder, PP. 
 Richard Alefounder, Z. 
 
 Aleman, 165. Custance de Alemania, 
 A. William Alcmannus, C. John 
 le Aleman, IV 7. 
 
 Alexander, 98 (v. Saundcr). William 
 Alexandre, Af. Nicholas Alesandre, 
 A. Alexander fil. Seman, y. 
 
 Aleyn (v. Allen). Aleyn Forman, If. 
 Aleyn, Af. 
 
 Alfred, 21. Alurod fil. Ivo, y. Alfred 
 Dionysius Langsomer, A. Robert 
 fil. Alfridi, A. 
 
 Alianora, 19, 72. Alianora Bushe, ££. 
 Alicia Alianor, P. 
 
 Alice, Cig, 87, //. Nicholas fil. Alicia, 
 
 Alicia, (^ A. Richard fil. .Alice, .ff. 
 
 Alicot, 87. Alecot fil. Almar, C. Wil- 
 liam Alicot, A. 
 
 Alina (v. Alinot), 72. Alina Atte-broc, 
 A. 
 
 Alinot, f^9. 72. William .Minot, A. 
 
 .,• ,' -| Alnot Red, A. Havisia 
 Almet, ... , 
 
 ( Alinet, A 
 
 Allot, 19, 72, 87. Robert Aliot, A. 
 
 Walter Allot, A. Alyott de Symond- 
 
 ston, A A 2. 
 
 Alison (i), 87, «. Ric. fil. Ahse, A. 
 
 Goselin fil. Alice, A. John 
 
 Alicesone, A" A* i. 
 
 (2), 87, ;/. Alisccon de Tux- 
 
 forth, 11^2. Alison Gclyot, 
 
 //. Alison Wrangwish, IV 
 
 ir. 
 
 .Alkins, 87. John Alkyn, Af 
 
 Allbright, 29. Aylbreda de Chcny, A. 
 
 Aylbricht le Turner, A. Albred de 
 
 l.-x'Hayc, 7. 
 
 .Mlcock, 87. William .Mlcockc, Z2. 
 
 John AUcock, ZZ. 
 
 Allen. Thomas fil. Alani, Af. Will. 
 
 fil. Alani, P. 
 
 Allinson (v. Alanson). John Alleyn-
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 519 
 
 sone, S. William Aleynsonne, BB. 
 
 George Alonsonne, ZZ. 
 Allison (v. Alison), 16, 87. 
 Allkins (v. Alkins), 87. 
 AUman (v. Aleman), 165. 
 Allott, 87. Alote le Messer, A. Alot 
 
 Chapman, FF. Thomas fil. Alote, 
 
 M. 
 Allured (v. Alfred), 21. Alured Ape, 
 
 A. William Alured, M. 
 Almaine {v. Aleman), 165. 
 
 Almaric, f 18, 29. Almaric Breton, AI. 
 Almeric, | Almaricus le Botiller, B. 
 Almoner, 193. Robert le Almoner, //. 
 Alured {v. Allured), 21. 
 Alwright, 278. Richard Alwright, Z. 
 Amabilla, 19, 70. Amabilla le Blund, 
 
 B. Amabil fil. Emma, % 
 
 Amand (v. Samand), 125. Aymer de 
 
 St. Amand, A/. 
 Amary, 29. Rob. Amary, A. Roger 
 
 Ammary, A. 
 Amberson, 29. Richard Amberson, 
 
 29, ;/. Robert Amberson, 29, n . 
 Ambler, 440. Thomas le Amblur, A. 
 
 William Ambler, IF 9. 
 Ame {v. Eame), 429. 
 Amelia (v. Emilia), 19, 87, «. 
 Amclot {v. Amelia), 87, «. Nic. Amelot, 
 
 A. Ric. fil. Amelot, A. 
 Americ, 29. Americus Balistarius, £. 
 
 Americ Wylson, I V 3. 
 Amery {-j. Emery), 29. Hugh Amery, 
 
 //. 
 Amiable, 468. Edward Amiable, Z. 
 
 Joan Amiable, Z. Thomas Amable, 
 
 A. 
 Amice, 17. Geoff, fil. Amice, A'. Amice 
 
 le Noble, A. Robert fil. Amicie, Af 
 Amiger {v. Armiger), 199. Robert 
 
 Amiger, Z. 
 Amiot (v. Amy). Amiot de Pontefracto, 
 
 DD. Walter fil. Amiot, C7G. Wil- 
 liam Amiot, A. 
 Amner {v. Almoner), 193. 
 
 III. Agnes atte-More, B. 
 
 Amor, 1 
 
 Amore, f ' 
 
 Amy {v. Amelia). Thomas Amye, BE. 
 
 Amy le Strange, FF. 
 Ananias, 100. Ananias Dyce, TT. 
 Ancell (v. Ansell). William Auncell, AI, 
 Anchor, 196. Sarra Ancorita, A. 
 Anderson, 94. Alice fil. Andre, A. 
 
 Colyn Andresonne, BB. John An- 
 
 drewson, ZZ. 
 
 , J (QA.. Nic. fil. Andree, A. 
 
 Andrew, ^^^ , , . , 
 
 , , 4 Emma Andreu, A. An- 
 
 Andrews, ) , r^ r r 
 
 (. dreas le Orfeure, L. 
 
 Angel-Dei, 511. Henry Angel-Dei, A. 
 
 Anger, 158. Isabella Anger, H. Hugh 
 
 de Angiers, y. Robert Angier, XX. 
 Angwin, 158. Geoffrey leAungevyn, Z,. 
 
 Maurice le Anjevin, A. Simon le 
 
 Angevin, F. 
 Anker {v. Anchor), 196. 
 Anketell, 22. Anketil le Mercer, A. 
 
 Peter fil. Anketill, C. Ankelill fil. 
 
 Thomas, /C. 
 Annabel, 19. Anabilla de Harpham, 
 
 JF2. Peter fil. Annabel, il/. 
 
 V. Alianora), 72. John 
 
 IAnnotson, FF. Enota 
 Coley, A. William An- 
 notyson, /''/'". Anota 
 Canun, A. 
 Anora (v. Alianora), 72. Annora Vidua, 
 A. Annora le Aencurt, A'. Annore 
 Beine, y/. 
 , „,, I'll. William Ansel, /^. An- 
 
 Anselm, ^'^^'^ '^^ Bamburgh, A. 
 
 [ John fil. Anselmi, A. 
 Anser, 403. 
 Ansketil {v. Asketil), 24. Robert fil. 
 
 Anskitiel, IV 12. 
 Anson, 72. Elisha Annyson, FF. 
 
 Richard Anyson, /''F. 
 Anthony [v. Antony). 
 Antioch, 169. Nicholas Antioch, Af. 
 
 Robert de Antiochia, F. 
 Antonison, 54. Agnes Antonison, Z.
 
 520 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Antony. John fil. Antony, A. Antony 
 
 Stilman, //. 
 Anvers, 170. Richard de Anvers, A. 
 
 Thomas de Anvers, R. 
 Ape, 492. John le Ape, A. Alured 
 
 Ape, A. 
 Apollonia, 100. ApoHonia Cotton, TT. 
 Applegarth, 133. Robert del Apelgargh, 
 
 A. Geoffrey de Appelgarth, K. 
 Appletree, 129. Thomas Appletree, Z. 
 Apple-john, 504. 
 Appleyard, 261, 133. Nicholas de Apel- 
 
 yerd, A. Thomas Appleyeard, ZZ. 
 (225. John le Arblaster, A. 
 ' \ Reginald le Arblaster, B. 
 ' \ Urric le Arbelastrc, J. 
 Archbishop [v. Archcvesk), 186, 508. 
 
 Hugh Archiepiscopus, C. 
 Archdeacon, 187. Richard I'Ercedekne, 
 
 V 9. Thomas le Arsdekene, A. 
 
 Adam Ercedekne, A. 
 Archer, 225. William le Archer, D. 
 
 Pagan Ic Archier, E. 
 Archevesk, 186. Hugo le Archcvesk, C. 
 
 William le Arcevcske, E. 
 Archpriest, 187. Roger leArcheprest, y. 
 Argent, 168. Reginald de Argente, ^i. 
 
 John de Argcntcyn, A'. 
 
 25, n. Simon fil. Arkill, 
 E. William ArkcU, W 2. 
 Roger Arketel, A. 
 Arkwright, 279. Hugh Arkewright, ZZ. 
 
 Lawrence Arkewrighte, ZZ. 
 Arme, 436. 
 
 222. Gwydo le Armcrcr, A. 
 Armcr, Simon le Armurer, G. 
 
 Armcrcr, Adam le Armercr, M. 
 
 Marion Armourer, 1 1'' 18. 
 Armiger, 199. Thomas Armigcr, C. 
 
 Nicholas Armigcr, E. 
 Arminger (v. Armigcr), 199. JefTry Ar- 
 
 mingcr, Z. 
 Armitagc, 196. John Harmaylayge, IF3. 
 
 Gregory Armitagc, Z. 
 Armour [v. Armcr), 222. 
 
 Arkell, 
 Arkettle, 
 
 ASH 
 
 (436. Adam le Armstrang, 
 G. William le Arme- 
 strang, G. Guy le 
 
 Armerecte, A. 
 Arnison, 28. 
 Arnald, 28. Walter fil. Amald, A. 
 
 Arnald atte Brok, A. 
 Arnet, 28. Hugh Arnyet, M. Milisent 
 
 Amet, A. 
 Arnold {v. Ernald), 28. Amoldus 
 Bassctt, E. Arnold Lym, H. Arnold 
 Lupus, H. 
 Arnott (v. Amett), 28. Ernot Stead, 
 
 Amulph. Amulph Dogmaw, A. Arnul- 
 
 fus de Derham, C. 
 Arras, 169. Ralph de Arras, A. Robert 
 
 de Arraz, A'. 
 Arrowsmith, 227, 281. William Arowe- 
 
 smythe, ZZ. John Arrowsmyth, 
 
 /'. 
 Arsmith (v. Arrowsmith), 227, 281. 
 
 Richard Arsmith, Z. 
 Arter, 158. Robert de Artoys, //. 
 Arthur, 19, 20. William fil. Arthuri, 
 
 A. Harthurus Bosewyll, It' 2. 
 Aquila, 100. Aquila Wykes, TT. 
 Ash [v. Ashe), 154. 
 Ashbunicr 264. Peter Ashbumer, ZZ. 
 
 Thomas Ashbumer, ZZ. 
 Ashe 154. Pagancl del Ash, M. Roger 
 
 atte Ashe, FE. 
 Asher, 113. 
 Ashes, 129. 
 Ashford, 146. Walter de Ashford, M. 
 
 Roger Ashford, Z. 
 Ashley, 119. John de Ashlegh, A'. 
 
 Oliva de Esscligh, E. 
 Ashman, 113. Walter Ascheman, A. 
 
 Thom. Asheman, B. 
 Ashover, 128. Walter de Ashoverc, -V-V 
 
 4- 
 Ashurst, 116. Adam de Ashurst, M. 
 John Asshenhyrst, Z.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 521 
 
 Attenborough, 
 Atterbury, 
 
 Attwell 
 Atwell, 
 
 Asketil f^' ^^- J°'''^^" Asketil, A. 
 A kell I ^'^"''^'" Asketil, Q. Askill 
 
 ' ( le Fisherman, V8. 
 Assman, 285. Richard Asseman. A. 
 
 Roger Asman, A. 
 Astrier, 241. William le Astrier, £. 
 Atcliffe, no. 
 Atfield, no. Linota Ate-felde, A. John 
 
 Atefelde, A. 
 Athill, no. Bateman Ate-hil, A. Gre- 
 gory Attehill, FF. 
 Atkins, 81. William Atkyns, F. Thomas 
 
 Atkyns, //. 
 Atkinson, 81. John Attechenson, XX. i. 
 
 Raufe Atkinson, Z. Mariona Atkyn- 
 
 sone, IV ig. 
 Atlay, (119, no. Lawrence Atlee, Z. 
 Atlee, I Hugh Atlee, Z. 
 
 no. Walter Atteburg, 
 A. John Atte-bury, 
 M. 
 
 Alton, no. William Atton, B. 
 Attridge, no. Jacob Atteriche, A. 
 Attree, no. 
 
 no. Agnes Atte-well, B. Wil. 
 Atte Welle, Af. John At- 
 welle, Af. 
 Atwater, no. Elias Atwatere, A. 
 
 William Atte- Water. (Lower's Eng- 
 lish Surnames.) 
 Atwood, no, 154. Richard Ate-wode, 
 
 A. Adam Atte-wood, C. 
 Atworth, no. 
 Auberkin (v. Aubrey), 29. Walter 
 
 Auberkin, A. 
 Aubrey, 28. Albericus Balister, C. Al- 
 
 bricus le Child, T. Aubrey Bunt, A. 
 Audrey (v. Awdrey), 302. 
 Aumeric {v. Almaric), 17, 26. Robert 
 
 fil. Aumeric, C. 
 Aumoner (v. Almoner), 106. Michael 
 
 le Aumoner, B. Walter le Aumoner, 
 
 M. Adam le Aumener, G. 
 Aunay, 154. 
 Aunger {v. Anger), 158. Charles de 
 
 Angers, H. John de Aungiers, M, 
 
 Robert Aungier, XX. i. 
 Aunsermaker, 403. Thomas le Aunserc- 
 
 maker, X. 
 Aurifaber. Adam le Aurifaber, A/. 
 
 Andrew Aurifaber, i?. 
 
 iAwsteyne Mayne, Z. Astin 
 de Bennington, A. Wilekin 
 fil. Austin, C. 
 19, 87, n. Avehna Batayl, 
 FF. Wydo Aveline, A. 
 Avelina le Gros, y. 
 219. Walter le Avenur, A. 
 William le Avenare, G. Ralph le 
 Avener, Af. 
 Aventure, 507. William Aventur, A. 
 
 Andrew Aventur, A. 
 Avery (v. Every), 27. Avery le Batur, 
 
 A. Avere de Dayce, A. 
 Avice, 19. Avice le Aubergere, //. 
 Avicia de Breaute, £. Hawisia le 
 Gros, y. 
 
 Austen, 
 Austin, 
 
 Avelina, 
 Aveline, 
 
 Avener, 
 
 Avis, 
 Avison, 
 
 (v. Avice), 19. Avis Tailor, 
 F2. Richard fil. Avice, A. 
 William Avison, ZZ. 
 Await {v. Wait), 184. Thomas le 
 
 Await, A/A/. 
 Awdrey f3°^' Etheldreda Plote, A. 
 Awdry,' ] Audrey Bendish, /•'/'•. 
 
 ( Awdrie Butts, Z. 
 
 Aylmar, 29. Aylmar Child, A. Elyas 
 
 fil. Ailmar, C. Pleysaunt Aylmair, //. 
 
 Aylward, 21. Simon fil. Aylwardi, /?. 
 
 Alan Alward, A. Ranulph Aluard, 
 
 A/. 
 
 Aylwin, 21. Richard Alwine, A. 
 
 Thomas Ailwync, A/. 
 Aymon, 35. 
 
 T) ABBE (v. Barbara), 75, «. Bertol 
 
 -*-' Babbe, A. 
 
 Bacchus, 131. Edmund atte Bakhus, 
 
 Af. Henry del Bakehouse, Af. 
 
 Thomas Bacchus, ZZ. 
 Bacheldor (v. Bachelor), 166.
 
 522 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Bachelor, 199 - Jordan le Bacheler, L. 
 
 Backler ( Gilbert le Bacholcr, E. 
 
 Backhouse (y. Bacchus). Robert Back- 
 house, V. 5. 
 
 Backster, 364. Giliana le Bacstere, A. 
 Geoffrey le Bakestere, M. 
 
 Bacon, 491. John le Bacun, T. Roger 
 Bacon, R. 
 
 Badcock (f. Batcock), 92. Roger Bade- 
 cok, M. Richard Badcok, H. 
 
 Badger, 295. Nicholas Badger, ZZ. 
 Thomas Badgger, ZZ. 
 
 Badkins (z/. Batkins), 92. 
 
 Badman, 194. Simon Bademan, A. 
 
 Badneighbour, 501. William Badneigh- 
 bour, PP. 
 
 Bagger (i/. Badger), 295. Thomas le 
 Baggere, A. John Bagger, XX . i. 
 
 Bagot (f. Bigot) 160. Margery la Ba- 
 gode, K. Harvey Bagod, E. 
 
 Bagshaw, 117. Nicholas Bagshawe, Z.. 
 Humphrey Bagshawe, ZZ. 
 
 Bagshot, 116. John Bagshot, ////. 
 
 Bagster [v. Baxter), 364 
 
 Bailey, \ 
 
 Bailif, [232. Seman Ic Baylif, J. 
 
 Baillic, 1 Henry le Baillie, M. John 
 
 Baillif, ) le Baillif, B. 
 
 Baird, 310. 
 
 Baker, 363. Robert le Baker, B. Wal- 
 ter le Bakare, M. 
 
 Balancer, f 403- R^uf Ic Balancer. M. 
 
 Balauncer, John Ralauncer, G. Ra- 
 
 ^ dulf le Balauncer, N. 
 
 Balcock, 52. 
 
 Bald, 452. Custancc Balde. A. Richard 
 Bald. A. 
 
 Balderson, 52. Ric. fil. Baldewin. A. 
 John fil. Baldevvini. R. Allaine Baw- 
 dyson. F3. 
 
 Baldwin. 18, 52. Baudewin de Bitton. 
 A. Baldwin Boton, C. Bawdcn 
 Maynard (English Gilds, 320). 
 
 Ball [v. Bald). 452. Roesia Ballc, A. 
 
 Ballinger {v. BuUinger). 364. 
 
 BAR 
 Balmer, 263. Christiana de (le?) Bal- 
 
 mere, PP. 
 Balster. 225. Thomas Balistarius, Q. 
 Bancroft, 132. 
 
 Banker, 414. John le Bancker, M. 
 Banknott, 513. Robert Banknott. B. 
 Bannerman. 200. 
 Barbar (v. Barber), 384, 205. Richard 
 
 le Barbar. A. 
 Barbara. 75. ;/. Barbara Bickerdyke, 
 
 \V. 16. Barbara Cla.xtone, IF 19. 
 Barbelot, 75. ;/. Nicholas Barbelot, A. 
 Barbot 75, n. John Barbot, A. 
 Barberess, 384. Matilda la Barbaresse, 
 
 A. Isabel le Barbaresse. A. 
 Barber. 205. 384. Bela le Barber, A. 
 
 Luke le Barber. M. 
 Barbitonsor. 384. Thomas le Barbi- 
 
 tonsor, J. William le Barbitonsor. H. 
 Barbour, 205. 384. Richard le Barbour, 
 
 M. Robert le Barbour. M. 
 Bardsley. William de Bardesley. H. 
 
 Robert de Bardesle. A. 
 Barefoot, 440. Norman Barefoot, A. 
 
 Roger Barefoot. Z. 
 Barge. 409. Gerard de la Barge, C. 
 Barker, 331. William Ic Barcur, A. 
 
 Osbert le Barker. .1/. Robert Barca- 
 
 rius, A. 
 Barkmaker, 290. Edmund Barkmaker, 
 
 ZZ. 
 Barkman [v. Barker). John Barkman, 
 
 \V\Z. 
 Barleybrcad. 367. Toser Barlibrcd. M. 
 Barleycorn. 367. Richard Barlccorn. A. 
 \ 96. 97. Barnabc le Teyl, 
 Barnabas (_ A. Burnaybc Brooke. 
 Barnaby 1 Z. Barnaby Benison. 
 
 '' Z. 
 Barnacle, 497. 
 Bamc. 202. William le Bame, A. 
 
 Thomas le Bame. T. 
 Barnes. 135. Warin de la Bame, A 
 Baron. 175. Robert le Baron, A. Wal- 
 ter le Baron, M.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 523 
 
 Barrel!, 144, 395. John Baryl, A. Ralph 
 
 Barel, A. Gilbert Barrel], F 5. 
 Barreller, 395. Stephen le Bariller, £. 
 Barter. Hugh le Bartur, A. 
 Bartholomew, 91. John Bartylmewe, 
 
 ZZ. Lawrence fil. Bartholemew, A. 
 Bartle, 92. John fil. Bertol, A. Bartcl 
 
 Frobisher, W 9. Bartly Bradforth, 
 IV g. 
 Bartlett, 92. Bartelot Govi, A. Thomas 
 
 Bartholot, A. Edward Barthlette, 
 
 FK Thomas Berthelett, F3. 
 Baskerville, 151. Sibilla de Baskervillc, 
 
 Af. Isolda Baskerville, £. 
 Baskett, 144. 
 Bass, 432. Alice la Basse, A. Robert 
 
 le Bas, BB. 
 Bastard, 378. Peter le Bastard, B. 
 
 Robert le Bastard, £. Nicholas le 
 
 Bastard, A. 
 Batcock, 92. Robert Batecoc, A. John 
 
 Batekoc, Af. 
 Bateman, 22. Bateman Gille, A. Bate- 
 man Taye, A. Bateman de Capele, 
 
 A. 
 Batemanson, 22. Thomas Batemanson, 
 
 F. Geoffrey Batmanson, IV 2- Richard 
 
 Batmonson, W 12. 
 Batcr, 327. Avery le Batour, A. Adam 
 
 le Batur, A. William Ic Batur, B. 
 Bates, 92. Bate Bugge, A. Bate le 
 
 Tackman, A. Bate fil. Robert, A. 
 Batkins, 92. Batekyn le Clerk, A. 
 
 Batekin Lahan, A. 
 Batson, 92. John Bateson, F. Gilbert 
 
 Batessone, Af. 
 Batt, 439. Geoffrey Ic Batt, B. Walter 
 
 le Bat, G. 
 Battenson [v. Betonson), 68. John 
 
 Battenson, Z. 
 Batty, 92. William fil. Battay, IF 5. 
 
 Ralph Baty. A'. 
 Baucock, 475. 
 Baud, 477. William le Baud, B. 
 
 Wauter le Baud, Af. 
 
 Bawcock, 475. 
 
 Baxter, 364. Elias le Baxtere, Af. 
 
 Barth le Bakesture, B. Andrew le 
 
 Bakester, G. 
 Bay, 445. Walter le Bay, A. Robert 
 
 le Bey, B. 
 Bayard, 445. Thebald le Bayard, A. 
 
 Thomas Bayard, A 
 Bayley {v. Bailey), 197. 
 Beaddall, "j 
 
 Beadell, I {v. Bedell), 181. 
 Beadle, J 
 
 Beaman {v. Beeman), 262. 
 Beanover (v. Over). Richard Beanover, 
 
 B. 
 Bear, 488. Richard le Bere, A. Law- 
 rence le Bere, AI. 
 Bearbait, 306. Thomas Barebat, A. 
 
 Alex. Barebat, A. 
 Bearbaste, 306. Geoffrey Barebast, A. 
 
 John Barbast, A. 
 Beard, 449. Peter Wi-the-Berd, D. 
 
 Hugo cum-Barba, A. 
 Bearman, 306. Ralph Bareman, A. 
 Bearward, 306. Michael le Bereward, 
 
 A. 
 Beater, 326. John le Betere, A. 
 Beaton {v. Beton), 68. 
 Beatrice, f 19, 67, Beatrix Cokayn, B. 
 Beatrix, | Beatrice de Knol, y. 
 Beatson, 63. Walter fil. Betricie, A- 
 
 Richard fil. Beatrice, F. 
 Beau. Richard le Beau, Af. 
 Bcauchamp, 151. William de Beau- 
 champ, A'. Isolda di; Bello-Campo, 
 
 F. 
 Beauclerkc, 505. Charles Beauclerke, 
 
 PP. 
 Beaufils, 430. Henry Beaufitz, Af. 
 
 Hugh Beaufiz, A. John Beaufitz, 
 
 XX. I. 
 Bcauflour, 508. Thomas Beauflour, Af. 
 
 Jacobus Beauflour, G. 
 Bcaufrcre, 430. Roger Beaufrere, Af. 
 
 Walter Beaufrere, Af.
 
 524 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Beaumont, 151. Alice de Beaumont, M. 
 
 Robert de Beaumond, M. 
 Beaupere, 430. 
 Beauvileyn, 507. William Beauvilayn, 
 
 R. William Belvilein, E. 
 Beauvoir, 489. Roger de Bclvoir, M. 
 Beaver, 489. John le Bever, G. Ino 
 
 le Bevere, N. 
 Beck, 113. William en le Bee, A. 
 
 William atte Beck, M. 
 Becker, 113. 
 
 Beckett (i), iii. John de Beckote, A. 
 Wydo del Beck't, R. 
 (2), Becket fil. Emeric, E. 
 Beckman, 113. 
 Bedell, 151. Reginald le Bedel, B. 
 
 Roger le Bedel, M. 
 Bt dson (v. Betson), 92. 
 Bedweaver, 358. Geoffrey Bedwevere, S. 
 Bee (v. Wasp), Nicholas le Be, y. 
 
 Cuthbert Bee, IF 9. 
 Beech, 128. Eufemia de la Beche, B. 
 
 Robert de la Beche, A'. 
 Beccher, 113. John Becher, ^. Henry 
 
 le Beechur, A. 
 Boechman, 113. 
 Beef, 490. Robert le Bef, A. Richard 
 
 b Beef, A. John le Bcuf, M. Mary 
 
 Beefe, QQ. 
 Beeman, 262. 
 Becrbrewer, 379. Lawrence Bcrbrewer, 
 
 EF. Lambert Beerbruer, W. 11 
 Bcere, 138. Thomas de la Beere, B. 
 B'-hind-the-brook, 108. Reginald Be- 
 
 liundebroke, A. 
 Bchind-the-water, 108. Thomas Be- 
 
 liundewattre, A. 
 Bflham, 443. William Belhom, A. 
 
 William Belhomme, Af. 
 Bell (i), 443. Peter le Bel, A. Walter 
 le Bel, G. Robert le Bel, 
 B. 
 (2), 80. Richard fil. Bell, A. 
 Bele le Fciawe, A. Bcvll 
 Horsle, IV <j. 
 
 (3), 142. John atte Belle, V. 
 Richard atte Bell, M. John 
 atte Belle, X. 
 Bellejambe, 438. Peter Belljambe, A. 
 
 Richard Beljaumbe, M. Alex. Bele- 
 
 jambe, A. 
 Bcllet, 80. Robert Belet, A. Belet le 
 
 Pestour, H. 
 Bellewether, 472. John Bellewcther, M. 
 
 Stephen de (le ?) Behvether, MM. 
 Bellhouse, 131. Thomas de la Belhous, 
 
 A. Walter atte Belhous, M. 
 Bellman, 183, 296. John Belman, ZZ. 
 
 Christopher Bellman, ZZ. 
 Bellot {v. Bellet), 80. Adam Belot, A. 
 Bellows [v. Bellhouse), 131. John Bel- 
 hows, W 2. Isabel Bellows, \V 2. 
 Bellringer, 183, tt. Sarah Bellringer, 
 
 183 n. 
 Bellson, 80. John Bcllesone, M. Ann 
 
 Bellson, IF 9. 
 Beltcste, 435. John Beletestc, A. 
 Belzeter, 402. Robert le Belzetere, B. 
 
 William le Belzetere, B. 
 Beman (v. Beeman), 262. 
 Benbow, 462. Roger Benbow, E. Wil- 
 liam Bendebow, X. 
 Benchjr, 414. Roger le Bencher, A. 
 Bendbow (z: Benbow), 462. 
 Beneath-tlie-town, 108. Alyva Benethe- 
 
 ton, A. Roger Benethenton, A. 
 Benedict {v. Bennet). 
 Benison {v. Bennet). Bamaby Benjr- 
 
 son, Z. Simon Benesson, E. 
 Benn (f. Bennet). Eborard Benne, A. 
 
 Benne fil. Ive, M. Antony lien, 
 
 I' 7- 
 
 Bennet, 189. Reginald fil. Beneyt, A, 
 Benet Lorkyn, A^. 
 
 Bennetson (v. Bennet). Roger Bennet- 
 son, /•'. William Bennetson, //. Wil- 
 liam Bcnetson, IF17. 
 
 Benson (t: Bennet). Alison Benson, 
 IF 17. Ann Bensone, IF 9.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 525 
 
 BER 
 Bercher, 271. Thomas le Bercher, R. 
 
 Dorken le Bercher, A. 
 Berecroft, 132. William Barecrofte, 
 
 ZZ. 
 Berger (v. Bercher), 271. 
 Berkley, 119, 129. Robert de Berchelay, 
 
 E. Maurice de Berkelay, A. 
 Berman, 306. Alan Berman, M. Wil- 
 liam Herman, A. 
 Bernard. William fil. Bernard, A. 
 
 Bernard Coronator, A. 
 Berner, 236. Reginald le Birner, A. 
 
 Richard le Berner, R. 
 Berners, 236. John de Berncrs, E. 
 
 Matilda de Berners, E. 
 Berriman, 138. John Buryman, /-". 
 
 Jane Berryman, Z. 
 Berry, 138. Alex, de Bery, B. Nicholas 
 
 de la Bere, B. 
 Bertie. Alexander fil. Bcrtc, A. 
 Berward [v. Bearvvard). 
 Bessie, 52, n. 
 Best, 463, 487. Richard le Beste, A. 
 
 Henry le Beste, X. Edith Beest, Z. 
 Be-steadfast, 103. Be-steadfast Elyarde. 
 Bcthell, 13. Evan ap Ithell, Z. Jevan 
 
 ap Ithell, Z. 
 Beton, 68. Betin de Friscobald, O. 
 
 John Betyn, HH. 
 Betonson, 16, 68. Robert Betonson, W 
 
 II. John Bettenson, PP. Thomas 
 
 Betanson, HH. 
 Betson, 68, 92. William Beteson, IV'z. 
 
 Thomas Betisson, FP''. 
 Betsy, 52, n. 
 Betton (v. Beton), 68. James Bctton, 
 
 HH. 
 Betts, 92. Margery Bettes, W 2. 
 
 Thomas Betts, Z. 
 Betty, 92. 
 Bevan, 45. Eygncnn ap Yevan, D. 
 
 Howel ap Evan, Af. 
 Bidder, 314, n. Ernald le Bider, J. 
 Biddle [v. Bedell), 181. John Biddle, 
 
 Bidman, 194. 
 
 Bigg, 431. Agatha Bigge, A. Elias 
 Bigge, A. 
 
 (^59' S^o- Roger le Bygod, A. 
 Alina le Bigod, J. William 
 le Bygot, A. John le Bygot, 
 M. 
 Bill, 44, 459 
 
 Billingster, 380, «. Henry Billingster, £7^'. 
 Billiter {v. Belzetere), 402. Margaret 
 
 Billyetter, /''/''. Edmund Belletere, PP. 
 Billman, 222. Richardus Billman, IV 
 
 19. Stephen Bylman, P"F. 
 Bills, 44. 
 Billsmith, 281. 
 Bilson, 44. Henry Bilson, Z. Edmund 
 
 Bilsone, PP. Thomas Bilson, V-j. 
 Birch, 129. Hugh de la Byrche, A. 
 
 John atte Birche, M. 
 Bird, 493. John le Bird, A. David le 
 
 Bird, A. Ralph le Brydde, ^12. 
 Birkenshavv, 129, 117. William Burch- 
 
 ingshawe, Z. Robert Beckinshaw, Z. 
 Birks {v. Birch), 129. Bartholomew 
 
 Birks, PP. 
 Birmingham, 147. John de Burmyng- 
 
 ham, M. William de Bermingham, 
 
 A. 
 Bishop, 186. John le Bissup, A. Robert 
 
 le Biscop, C. 
 Bithewater [v. Bywater). 
 Black, <]44. Ederick le Blackc, A. 
 
 Ste])hen le Blak, G. 
 Blackamoor, i6i. Simon Blakamour, 
 
 ER 1. Beatrix Blakamour, X Richard 
 
 Blackaiiiore, PP\ 
 Blackbeard, 449. Richard Blacbcrd, 
 
 A. Thomas Blackberd, lFi8. I'ctcr 
 
 Blackbeard, IK 20. 
 Blackbird, 494. Briscilla Blackbird, 
 
 494. "■ 
 Blackdam, 500. Joan Blackdam, PP. 
 Blacker, 328. Roger Ic Blackcrc, M. 
 
 Geoff, le Blakere, J/. 
 Blackestcr, 328. William Ic Bleckcstcre,
 
 526 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 BLA 
 
 A. Richard le Bleckstere, jl/. Robert 
 
 Blaxter, Z. 
 Blackeye, 434. Roger Niger-oculus, L. 
 Blackhat. Henry Blakhat, /^/? i. 
 Blackhead, 435. William Blackhead, 
 
 435i ^- John Blackhead, FF. 
 Blackinthemouth, 424. William Black- 
 
 inthemouth, X. 
 Blackleach (v. Leach), John Blakeleach, 
 
 AA 3. Thomas Blakelache, AA 3. 
 Blacklock, 447. Peter Blacklocke, A. 
 
 Dame Blaikclocke, IV g. 
 Blackman, 446. Elias le Blakeman, B. 
 
 Henry Blacman, A. 
 Blackmantle, 457. Agnes Blackmantyll, 
 
 14^11. 
 Blacksmith, 281. Nicholas the Black- 
 smith, FF. John Blacksmythe, ZZ. 
 Bladesmith, 282. John Bladesmylh, 
 
 SS. John Bladsmith, FF. Thomas 
 
 Bladesmith, S. John Bladesmithe, 
 
 Blake, 445. Soman Ic Blake, A. Warin 
 
 le Blake, A". 
 Blakeman (v. Blackman), 446. Thomas 
 
 Blakman, IV 17. 
 Blamestcr. Robert le Blaimcstcr, A. 
 Blanche (i), 19, 446. Warin Blanche, A. 
 
 (2), Blanche Chalons, B. 
 Blanchct, 446, 454. 
 Blanchflower, 442. Faith Blanchflower, 
 
 Z. 
 Blanchfront, 446, 437. Philip Blanch- 
 front, /'"/•'. Joan Blaunkfront, XX a,. 
 
 Amabil Blancfront, GG. 
 Blanchmains, 437. Robert Blanchmains, 
 
 /•'/'". Humbert Blanchmains, PP. 
 Blanchpain, 367, 508. Roger Blancpain, 
 
 A. Edmund Blankpayn, D. 
 Blank, 446. Riolle le Blanc, C. John 
 
 le Blank, M. 
 Blanket, 446, 454. Robert Blanket, B. 
 
 John Blanket, X. 
 Blaxter (f. Blackestcr), 328. 
 
 BOA 
 Blind, 434. Ralph le Blinde, A. Wil- 
 
 le Blynd, J. 
 Bliss, 452. John Blisse, A. 
 Blisswench, 472. Alicia Blissewenche, A. 
 Blocker, 264. Deodatus le Blokkere, A. 
 
 Richard le Blockhewere, E. 
 Blond, 446. Reginald le Blond, A. 
 
 Gilbert Blond, FF. 
 Blondel, 446. Amicia Blondelle, FF. 
 
 Olive Blondell, /•"/•'. 
 Blood, 510. William Blood, X. Tho- 
 mas Blood, FF. 
 Bloodletter, 383. Thomas Blodletere, 
 
 A. William Bloodletter, X. John 
 
 Bloodlatter, W 12. 
 Blount, 446. David le Blound, B. 
 
 Hugh le Blount, M. ' 
 
 Blower, 236. Mabil le Blouer, A. 
 
 Robert le Blowere, T. 
 Blov.hom [v. Hornblow), 236. Gilbert 
 
 Blouhom, A. 
 Blubber, 469. William Ic Blubere, A. 
 
 Nicholas Blubcr, A. 
 Blue, 447. Walter le B!cu, E. 
 Blund, 446. Herbert le Blund, A. Ama- 
 
 bclla le Blund, B. 
 Blundcll, 446. Jordan Blundel, N. 
 
 Petronilla Blundel, T. 
 Blunt, 446. Alicia le Blunt, B. Sibil 
 
 le Blunt, G. 
 Blythe, 463, 472. Antony BIythe, Z. 
 
 Richard BIythe, Z. 
 Blythman, 463. William Blythmari, W 
 
 3. Jasper Blithman, Z. 
 Boar, 491. Richard le Bor, A. Robert 
 
 le Bor, E. 
 Boarder, 252. 
 Boardman, 252. Hugh Boardman, ZZ. 
 
 Peter Boordnian, Z.Z. 
 Boatman, 409. Peter Boatman, FF. 
 
 Jacob Boatman, FF. 
 Boatswain, 409. Richard le Botsweyn, 
 
 ;1/. Edward Botswine, Z. 
 Boatwright (t'. Botwright), 277.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 527 
 
 Bodkin, 51. Robert Bodekin, A. An- 
 drew Bawdkyn, W g. 
 Body, 455. William Body, A. Robert 
 
 Body, FF. 
 Boffill (v. Beaufils), 430, 507. 
 Bold (i), 467, William le Bold, M. 
 Robert le Bolde, R. 
 (2), 136, John de la Bold, A. 
 Elias de la Bolde, A. 
 Bolderson (z/.Balderson), 52. 
 „ , ( 168. Simon de Boleyn, FF. 
 
 r, ,, i Richard de Bolovgne, A. 
 BoUen, x u ^ n i ^ 
 
 V John de Boloyne, A. 
 
 Bollinger, 364. Richard le Bollinger, E. 
 
 Boloneis, 168. Stacius le Boloneis, A. 
 
 Bolter, 275. Johnle Boltere, A. Geoffrey 
 
 le Boltere, A. 
 Bon, 467. John le Bon, O. Duran le 
 
 Bon, M. 
 Bonamy, 474. William Bienayme, A. 
 
 William Bonamy, A. 
 Bonaventure, 507. John Bonaventure, 
 
 //. Giot Bonaventure, y. 
 Bonchivaler, 507. John Bonchivalcr, B. 
 
 William Bonchevaler, A'. 
 Bonclerk, 505. Emma Bonclerk, ff. 
 
 John Boneclerk, JI. 
 Boncount, 507. Guido Boncunte, O. 
 Boncristien, 507. Andrew Boncristien, 
 
 O. 
 Boncompagnon, 506. 
 Bond, 254. Ivo le Bonde, A. Robert 
 
 le Bond, B. Richard le Bonde, 71/. 
 Bondame, 507. Alan Rondame, PP. 
 Bondman, 254. William Bondman, 
 
 XX. I. 
 Bone (v. Bon), 467. Thom. le Bone, A. 
 
 Richard le Bone, //. 
 Bonecors, 506. Manellus Bonccors, F. 
 Bonenfant, 507. Nicholas Bonenfaunt, 
 
 AI. John Boncfaunt, A. Walter 
 
 Bonenfaunt, A. 
 Bones, 455. 
 Bonfils, 507. 
 
 ii f 507. William Bonhome, A. 
 me, I Agnes Bonhomme, A. 
 
 Bonham, 
 
 Bonhomne, 
 
 Bonjohn, 46, 504. Durand le Bonjohan, 
 
 A. John Bon-John, X. 
 Bonner, 467. William le Bonere, A. 
 
 Alice le Bonere, A. 
 Bonnivant, 507. John Bonnyvaunt, Z. 
 
 John Bonyfant, Z. 
 Bonqueynt, 507. Andrew le Bonqueynt, 
 
 7- 
 
 Bonserjeant, 506. John Bonserjeant, A. 
 
 Richard Bonsergaunt, G. 
 Bonsquier, 507. Wiliam Bonsquier, A. 
 
 Walter le Bonesquier, J\fA/. 
 Bontemps, 467. Thomas Bontemps, FP\ 
 Bonvalet, 507. John Bonvalet, y. 
 
 Richard Bonvallet, A. 
 Bonyfant {v. Bonenfant), 507. Henry 
 
 Bonyfant, A. 
 Bookbinder, 405. John Bokbyndere, X. 
 
 Dionisia le Bokebyndere, X. Robert 
 
 Bukebynder, IF 9. 
 Boon (z'. Bon), 4G7. Alice le Bonne, ^-f. 
 
 William Boon, B. 
 Boor, Robert le Boor, B. Robert le 
 
 Boor, G. 
 Booth, 135. Nicholas de la Bothe, A. 
 
 Odo de la Booth, FI\ 
 Boothman, 135. Roger Bothman, A. 
 
 Henry Boolheman, ZZ. 
 Borden, 118. John de Borden, C. 
 
 Mathew de Borden, F. 
 Border (v. Boarder), 252. 
 Bordman (v. Boardman), 252. Ralph 
 
 Bordman, ZZ. James Bordman, /-Y''. 
 Rorehunt, 238. Henry Borehuntc, D. 
 Bonoughs, 138. 
 Borrows, 138. 
 Boshcr, 264. 
 Boswell. Henry de Bosevil, /:/. John 
 
 de Boseville, A. 
 Botcher (i'. Butcher), 374. Elias le 
 
 Rochcr, 71/. John le Bocher, Af. 
 Botcler (v. Butler), 21 r. Ralph le Botc- 
 
 ler, B. Walter le Boteler, Af.
 
 528 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Botiler {v. Butler), 117. Teobald le 
 
 Botiler, A. Richer le Botiller, A. 
 Botwright, 277. John Botewright, FF. 
 
 Bartholomew Botwright, Z. 
 Boulter (v. Bolter), 275. 
 Bourdon (v. Burdon) 461. 
 Boutflower {v. Beauflour), 442. Mar- 
 garet Butflower, FF. William Beau- 
 flour, B. 
 Boville, 151. Warin dc Boville, A. 
 
 William de Bo vile, A. 
 Bowcher, 374. John Bowcher, ZZ. 
 
 William Bowcher, ZZ. 
 Bowen, 12. Griffin ap Oweyn, I?. Jane 
 
 Abowen, Z. James Aphowen, XX 2. 
 „ f (i), 226, John le Bower, A. 
 
 ' I (2), 135, Richard atteBowre, Af. 
 Bowerman, 135. William Bourman, F. 
 Bowler, 388. John le Bolur, A. Robert 
 
 le Boiler, Af. Adam le Bolour, M. 
 Bowmaker, 226. George Bowmaker, 
 
 SS. Robert Boumakcr, IV 1. John 
 
 Bowmaykere, IV 3. 
 Bowman, 225. Robert Bowman, Z. 
 
 John Bowman, ZZ. 
 Bowshank, 438. Gerald Bushanke, A. 
 Bowsher, 374. Katerin Rowghshere, /•'. 
 
 George Beawsher, /•'. 
 Bowyer, 226. William le Boghyere, A. 
 
 Adam le Boghiere, A/. William le 
 
 Bowyer, //. 
 Boyce {v. Boys) 154. 
 Boyer (v. Boyer) 226. Geoffry le Boyer 
 
 T. Adam le Boiere, F. 
 Boys, 154. Ral^h del Boyes, A. Henry 
 
 du Boys, Af. 
 Braban, 164. Saher de Braban, F. 
 
 Arnald de Braban, A/. 
 Brabaner {v. Braban), 164. Isabel Bra- 
 
 bancr, ZZ. Robert Brabaner, ZZ. 
 Brabant (r. Braban), 164. Margaret 
 
 Brabant, Z. John Brabant, ZZ. 
 Brabazon, 164. Roger le Brabanzon, Af. 
 
 Reginald le Brebanzon, //. Roger le 
 
 Brabanson, //. 
 
 Bracegirdle, 349. Justinian Bracegirdle, 
 
 Z. 
 Bracegirdler (f. Bregirdler), 349 
 Bracer, 379. Robert le Bracer, A. 
 
 William le Bracur, T. Reginald 
 
 Bracciator, A. 
 Braceress, 379. Clarice le Braceresse, A. 
 
 Letitia Braciatrix, A. Emma le Bra- 
 ceresse, T. 
 Bradshaw, 117. Mabel de Bradschaghe, 
 
 A A 2. 
 Brailer, 349. Roger le Braeler, A. 
 
 Stephen le Brayeler, X. 
 Braithwaite, 121. Roger de Bratwayt, 
 
 A. Richard Braythwait, XX. i. 
 Branson {v. Brainson), John fil. Briani, 
 
 A. Edward Bransonne, Z. 
 Brasher {v. Brazier), 392. 
 Brass, 436. Simon Braz, A. John 
 
 Brass, Af. 
 Brazdifer, 436. Walter Brasdefer, E. 
 
 Simon Brazdefer, F. Michael Bras- 
 defer, BB. 
 Brazier, 392. Robert le Brazur, G. Wil- 
 liam le Brasour, A''. 
 Breadmongster, 364, Sara la Brede- 
 
 mongestere, X. 
 Brcadwright, 278. 
 Breakspeare, 462. Adrian Brakspere, 
 
 ////. Alexander Brekspere, AfAf. 
 Bregirdler, 349. John le Bregerdelere, X. 
 Brclson (v. Burletson). Henry Brel- 
 
 son, Z. 
 Bret, j 158. Hamo le Brett, ^. Milo 
 Brett, ( le Bret, Af. 
 Bretter (v. Breviter), 217. William Brct- 
 
 ter, ZZ. 
 Breviter, 217. Peter le Brevctour, Af. 
 
 Ely le Brevcter, O. Richard Brexy- 
 
 ter, Z. 
 Brewer, 379. Walter le Browcre, B. 
 
 William le Brcwere, y. 
 Brewery, 379, 382. John de la Bruerc, 
 
 A. Walter de la Bruario, Af. 
 Brewster, 379. Emma le Breuslcrc, A.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 529 
 
 Brianson (i), Giles de Brianzon, M. 
 William de Brianzon, DD. 
 (2), Thomas fil. Brian, A. 
 William fil. Brian, A. 
 
 Bricot {v. Brice), 30. Bricot de Brain- 
 ton, MM. 
 
 Brice, 30, Brice fil. William, A. Brice 
 de Bradelegh, A. Bricius le Daneys, 
 R. Brice Persona, A. 
 
 Bridge-end, 114. John ate Bruge-ende, 
 A. Stephen atte Brigende, B. Wil- 
 liam atte Brigende, M. 
 
 Bridgeman [v. Bridgman), 113. John 
 Bridgeman, Vj. 
 
 Bridger, 113, 285. John Bridger, Z. 
 
 Bridgman, 113, 285. Jasper Bridge- 
 man, Z. Giles Bridgman, FF. 
 
 Briggs [i.e., Bridge). Roger del Brigge, 
 M. Sarra atte Brigge, B. 
 
 Briton, 158. Wygan le Bretun, A. 
 Robert le Breton, B. Ivo le Breton, E. 
 
 Britt, 158. Thomas le Brit, B. Wydo 
 Ic Brit, A. Nicholas Britte, XX i, 
 
 Brittain (v Briton), 158. 
 
 Britten (v. Briton), 158. 
 
 Britton {v. Briton), 158. 
 
 Broad, 381. John le Erode, B. Richard 
 le Brod, M. 
 
 Broadbelt, 431. Joan Broydbelt, IF 11. 
 Robert Brodebelte, W 17. 
 
 Broadcombe, 125. Robert de Brude- 
 combe, M. 
 
 Broadgirdle, 431. William Brodgirdel, 
 A. 
 
 Broadhay, 133. Robert de Broadheye, 
 A. 
 
 Broadhead, 435. Walter Brodheved, A. 
 Edmund Broadheade, /.Z. 
 
 Broadp'.nny, 482. William Brodepeny, 
 M. 
 
 Brock (i), 489. Walter le Broc, T. 
 Henry le Brok, A. 
 (2), {v. Brook), 108. Edeline de 
 Broc, E. Elias del Broc, T. 
 
 Brocklehurst, 116. 
 
 Brockman, 238. John Brockeman, H, 
 
 Robert le Borckman, A. 
 Brogden, 118. Alice Brockden, ZZ. 
 
 James Brocden, FF. 
 Brogger, 414. 
 
 Broiderer, 347. John Brauderer, O. 
 Broker, 414. Robert the Brochere, B. 
 
 Thomas le Brokur, M. Simon le 
 
 Brokour, G. 
 Brook f ^°^' ■^^''^^ ^^ ^^ Broke, A. 
 Brooke I ^^^ ^'^ Brok, B. Laurence 
 
 \ del Broc, A. 
 Brooker, 113. 
 
 Brookman, 113. John Brokeman, C. 
 Brother, 430. William le Brother, A. 
 
 Wymond Brother, M. 
 Brotherhood, 191. Nicholas Brother- 
 hood, PP. John Brotherhood, Wuo. 
 Brotherson, 430. 
 Brough, 138. 
 Brown, 445. Wymarc Brown, A. Simon 
 
 le Brown, AI. John le Broune, G. 
 Brownbeard, 449. John Brownberd, 
 
 XX t^. Janet Brownebeard, IV 11. 
 Brownbill, 459. 
 Brownjohn, 46, 503. 
 Brownking, 505. Simon Brun-king, F. 
 Brownknave, 505. Richard Brownknave, 
 
 Z. 
 Brownman, 445. Richard Broneman, A. 
 Brownsmith, 281. Thomas Browne- 
 
 smythe, ZZ. Hester Brownsmith, FF. 
 Brownson. Roger fil Broun, A. Regi- 
 nald fil. Brun, MM. 
 Brownswain, 505. John Brounsweyn, P. 
 Brownsword, 462. Richard Brown- 
 
 sworde, AA 3. Thomas Browne- 
 
 sworde, ZZ. Cicely Brownsword, 
 
 A A 4. 
 Bruges. Saber de Bruges, E. Oliva de 
 
 Bruges, E. 
 Brun, 445. Hugh le Brun, B. Nigel le 
 
 Brun, C. 
 Brune, 445. Alicia le Brune, B. Robert 
 
 le Brune, Af. 
 
 M M
 
 530 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES, 
 
 Erunell, 445. Brunellus Carpenter, E. 
 Brunman, 445. Henry Brunman, A. 
 
 Robert Brunman, O. 
 Brunne, 445. William le Brunne, G. 
 Bruselance, 462. Robert Bruselance, A. 
 Eryson (i^. Brice), 30. Henry fil. Brice, 
 
 F8. Bamabe Brisson, F4. 
 Buck, 488. Walter le Buk, C. Roger 
 
 le Buck, M. 
 Buckden, 118. Sarra de Bokeden, A. 
 
 Richard Buckden, Q. 
 Buckleboots, 501. John Bukelboots, 
 
 AA I. 
 Buckler, 282, 459. Johnle Bockcler, A. 
 
 Richard Bokeler, Z. 
 Bucklermaker, 224. Mathew Buckler- 
 maker (Ludlow. Cam. Soc). 
 Buckley, 119. Michael de Bokele, A. 
 
 William de Bucley, SS. 
 Buckman, 235. Alan Bokcman, A. 
 Euckmaster, 235. William Buckmaster, 
 
 /''. Thomas Buckmaster, Z. Elias 
 
 Buckmaster, F5. 
 Buckrell, 489. Peter Bokerel, ,1 Mathew 
 
 Bokcrel, A. 
 Buckskin, 500. Peter Euckeskyn, D. 
 
 Nicholas Buxskyn, M. 
 Bucksmith, 282. John le Bokclsmyth, A'. 
 Buckthorp, 137. Hamalin de Dugtorp, 
 
 A. Thomas Bugthorppe, If-' 11. 
 Buddicom, 125. 
 Buflfler (v. Boutflovver), 442. James 
 
 Beauflur, X. 
 Bugden (f . Buckden), 118. William de 
 
 Bugenden, A. 
 Bugge, 138, 498. Bate Bugge, A. 
 
 Baldewin Bug, B. 
 Bulfmch, 494. Edward Bolfynch, X. 
 Bull, 489. Alice le Bule, A. William 
 
 le Bulc, n. 
 BuUard, 306. 
 Bullen {v. Boleyn), i63. William BuUen, 
 
 rr. Robert Bulcyn, Z. 
 Bullhead, 500. Richard Bolchcvod, A. 
 
 John Bolehcvcd, M, 
 
 Bullinger, 364. Richard le Bulengcr, .C. 
 Bullivant (ta Bonenfant), 507. Robert 
 
 Ballyfaunt, Z. 
 Bullock, 490. Godwin Bulloc, A. 
 
 Kdmund Bullok, D. 
 Bulman, 271. Vv'illiam Bulman, D. 
 
 Walter Bulleman, FF. 
 Bulness, 168. Stacius le Boloneis, A. 
 Bultcr (t'. Bolter), 275. 
 Bunker, 467. John le Bonccr, B. Wil- 
 liam Bonquer, O. 
 Bunn (f. Bonn), 467. Rocelin le Bun, 
 
 A. 
 Bunyan (z'. Bonjohn), 504. 
 Bunyon (v. Bonjohn), 504. 
 Burdcr, 239. Thomas Burdcr, F. 
 Burdett-Coutts, 509. 
 Burdon, 461. Richard Burdun, E. 
 
 Maria Burdun, R. 
 Burelman, 454. John Burclman, X. 
 Burend, 114. John atte Bur-ende, R. 
 Burgess, 1S4. John le Burges, A. 
 
 Richard le Burgeis, E. 
 Burgh, 138. Walter atte Bergh, B. 
 
 \\'illiam atte Burgh, R. 
 Br.rghman, 138. William Burgman, B. 
 Burgon, f 158. John Burgoyne, A. 
 Burgoyne, | Thomas Burgoyn, B. 
 Burguillun, 481. Geoff, le Burgillon, 
 
 T. Robert le Burgulion, M. 
 Burke, 138. Hubert de Burk, A. John 
 
 de Burk, A. 
 Burlc, 442. Henry le Burle, A. 
 I'urktson [v. Bartlett) 92, n. William 
 
 Byrtletson, IT 17. William Burletson, 
 
 SS. Bryan Burletson, SS. 
 Burman [v. Burghman). Isabel Burc- 
 
 man, A. John Burman, B. 
 Burnell, 445. Pagan Burnel, J. Bur- 
 
 nellus Carpenter, E. 
 Burnett, 454. Thomas Burnet, 7.. 
 Burroll, 340. Roger Burell, J. Robert 
 
 BurelC R. 
 Burroughs, 138. Robert de la Bcrwc, B. 
 Henry Burroughe, Z.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 531 
 
 Burser (v. Purser), 398, 348. Adam le 
 
 Burscr, £. Alard le Burser, //. 
 Burtheyn, 175, fi. William Burtheyn, G. 
 Bury, 138. Geoffrey de la Bure, A. 
 
 John atte Bury, M. 
 Bush {v. Busk), 154. 
 Busheler, 395, «. John Busheler, F. 
 Busher, 264. Reginald le Buscher, y. 
 
 John le Busscher, M. 
 Busk, 154. Hamo de Bosco, A. John 
 
 ad Bosc, A. 
 Buss, 154. Alicia Busse, A. 
 Bustard. Richard Bustard, Jf^2. 
 Bustler, 465. Thomas le Busteler, FF. 
 
 Robert le Bustler, T. 
 But, 378. Roger le But, £. John le 
 
 But, 7 
 Butcher, 374. Michael le Bucher, T. 
 Butler, 211, 397. Robert le Butiler, A. 
 
 William le Butiller, B. Hugh le 
 
 Butellier, £. John le Butteller, M. 
 Butmonger, 378. Hugh Butmonger, 
 
 A. 
 Butrekyde, 294. Robert Butrekyde, 
 
 A. 
 Butt, 228. 
 
 Butter, 378. William le Butor, P. 
 Butterman, 327. William Buttyrman, 
 
 P. George Butman, Z. Lancelot 
 
 Butiman, PFi8. 
 Buttoner, 343. Henry le Botoner, A. 
 
 Richard le Botyncr, //. Lawrence le 
 
 Botaner, N. 
 Buzzard, 493. Eustace Busard, A. 
 
 Peter Buzard, A. 
 Byatt {v. Bygate), 129, 113. 
 Byford, 113. Abalotta de la Forde, A. 
 
 Stephen de la Forde, A. 
 Bygate, 113, 129. Philip de la Gate, A. 
 
 Walter de la Gate, A. 
 Bythesea, 113. Roger Bythesca, Z. 
 
 Pagan de la Marc, A. 
 Bytheway, 113. Richard Bytheway, Z. 
 Bythcwood, 113. Edward Bythcwode, 
 
 A, William Bythcwood, M. 
 
 M 
 
 By water, 112. Elyas Bithevvater, A. 
 
 Robert Bithewater, 3f. 
 By\vood (v. Bythcwood), 112. 
 
 /^ACHEMAILLE, 483. 
 
 ^ Cacherell, 152. Grig le Cacherel, 
 
 A. Adam le Cacherel, M. 
 Cade, 144. Margery Cade, A. Walter 
 
 Cade, A. 
 Cadman, 395. Walter Kademan, A. 
 
 Robert Cademan, y. 
 CKsar {v. Kaiser), 174. Susan C^sar, 
 
 Z. 
 Caffin, 452. Richard Chauffin, A. 
 Caird, 296. 
 
 Caitiff. Richard Caytyf, DD. 
 Caleb, 100. Caleb Morley, TT. 
 Calf, 490. Nicholas Calf e,.<4. Richard 
 
 Calf, M. 
 Calisher, 393. Elena Calicer, D. 
 Callender, 495. 
 Caller, 336. Elias le Callere, M. Robert 
 
 le Callere, ^V. Robert le Callererc, 
 
 N. 
 Callow, 451. Richard Calewe, M. 
 
 Richard le Calue, FF. 
 Caiman, 336. 
 
 Calthrop, j 137. William de Calthorpe, 
 Caltrop, \ M. Ralph de Kalthorp. H, 
 Calve [v. Calf), 444. Henry le Calve, 
 
 M. Idonia le Calwe, T. 
 Calverd f^^^- Henry Calvehird, M. 
 Calvert ' 1 J°''" '® Calvehird, H. 
 
 \ Warin le Calvehird, IK 4. 
 Calvesmawe, 434. Robert Calvesmaghc, 
 
 M. 
 Cam, 441. William le Cam, A. Wil- 
 liam le Cam, A'. 
 Camamilla. Camamilla Helewys, RR 1. 
 Camden, 389. John de Campeden, A. 
 
 Maurice de Campeden, FF. 
 Camel, 487. George Camel, IV 20. 
 Richard Camill, V e,. William Cam- 
 mille, ^"4. 
 M 2
 
 532 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Cameron, 441. 
 
 Camiser, 344. Bartholomew le Camisur, 
 
 X. 
 Camoys, 441. John le Camoys, A. 
 Campbell, 441. Thomas Cambell, Z. 
 Campion (i), 304. Walter le Campion, 
 A. John le Campion, T. 
 (2), 159. [v. Champion, 2.) 
 Camuse {v. Camoys), 441. 
 Candeler (v. Candler), 386. 
 Candleman, 386. Adam Candeleman, 
 
 M. 
 Candlemaker, 386. John le Candle- 
 
 makere, M. 
 Candler, 386. Mathew le Candeler, A. 
 
 John le Candeler, E. 
 Cane. Hugh de Caen, C. Richard de 
 
 Cane, H. 
 Cannon, 191. John le Cannon, A. 
 
 Richard Cannon, Z. 
 Canon, 191. William le Canon, A. 
 
 Thomas le Canun, E. 
 Cant (f. Quaint), 471. 
 Canter {v. Chanter), 188. 
 Canute, 20. 
 
 Canvaser, 319, 359. Henry le Cane- 
 
 vacer, M. Richard le Canvaser, M. 
 
 Capcron, 458. Alicia Caperun, A. 
 
 Thomas Chaperoun, "J. 
 Capet, 456. 
 
 Capmaker, 337. Thomas Capmaker, //. 
 Capman, 337. John Capman, M. James 
 
 Kapman, Z.. 
 Capon, 494. Robert le Capon, DD. 
 
 Agnes Capun, A. 
 Capper, 337. Symon le Cappierc, A. 
 
 Thom.as le Capicre, A. 
 Carboncr. Geoffrey Ic Carbonere, W 
 
 15. Alfred Carbonator, MM. 
 Carder, 320. Peter Carder, Z. John 
 
 Carder, Z. 
 Cardinal, 173. Walter Cardinall, /'. 
 
 William Cardynall, Z. 
 Cardmaker, 321. Robert Cardcmaker, 
 II. 
 
 CAT 
 Careful. Robert Carefull, MM. 
 Careless, 471. Roger Carles, H. Antony 
 
 Careless, Z. 
 Carlton, 134. Geoffrey de Carlton, A. 
 
 Audeley Carleton, Z. 
 Carman, 288. Henry Carman, A. 
 
 Matilda Carman, A. 
 Carnifex, 375. Hugh Carnifex, A. 
 
 Henry Carnifex, M. 
 Carpenter, 249. Amice le Charpenter, 
 
 T. Stephen le Charpenter, B. Robert 
 
 le Carpenter, M. 
 Carter, 288. Magge le Carter, A. Wil- 
 liam le Caretter, E. Robert le Carec- 
 
 ter, A. Robert le Karetter, A. 
 Carteress. Cristina le Carteres, A, 
 Cartman, 288. 
 Cartwright, 277. Robert le Cartwright, 
 
 B. Thomas Cartwright, Z. 
 Car\'er, 214. Adam le Karv'er, A. 
 
 Richard le Kerver, A. 
 easier, 174, n, 278, 369. Michael le 
 
 Casiere, M. Benedict le Casiere, M. 
 
 Cassell. John de Castell, A. William 
 de Castell, A. 
 
 204. Jocelin le Castlelyn, 
 
 A'. John le Chastilioun, 
 
 R. Thomas le Chastelain, 
 
 M. William Castleman, 
 
 ^ Z. 
 
 Catalonia, 170. Robert de Catalonia, p. 
 
 170. 
 Catcher, 182. Adam le Cachcr, A. 
 
 Richard le Catchcre, A. 
 Catchcrel, 182. Nicholas le Cachcrcl, 
 
 A. Lucas Cachcrellus, A. 
 Catchhare. Hugh Cachehare, M. 
 Catchman, 152. Edmund Catchman, 
 
 ZZ. 
 Catchpeny, 483. Nicholas Kachepeny, 
 
 A. 
 Catch pole, 182. Hugh le Cachepol, il/. 
 Geoffrey le Cachepol, A, 
 Michael Catchpoole, Z. 
 
 Castclan, 
 Castleman, 
 
 Catchpoll, 
 Catchpool, ,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 533 
 
 CAT 
 
 Cater, \ 210. Henry le Catour, A. 
 Caterer, I John le Catur, y. Nicholas 
 Catour, ) le Catour, B. 
 Catlinson, 71. Richard Catlynson, 55. 
 
 Eleonore Catlj-nsson, IV 12. Thomas 
 
 Katlynson, W 11. 
 Cats-nose, 500. Agnes Cattesnese, A. 
 Catt, 492. Adam le Kat, C. Mi!o le 
 
 Chat, E. Elyas le Cat, A. 
 Catterman {v. Quarterman), 437. 
 
 Richard Catermayn, H. 
 Cattell, Uv. Chettle), 24. Cattle 
 Cattle, ( Bagge, A. 
 Cattlin, 71. Robert Catelyne, ////. 
 
 Richard Kateline, A. 
 Caury-Maury 457. John Caury-Maury, 
 
 Cayser, (174. Samson le Cayser, A. 
 Cayzer, 1 Thomas le Cayser, A. 
 Cecil, 19. Richard fil. Cecille, A. 
 
 Thomas Cicell, Z. 
 Cecilia, 69. Cecilia in the Lane, A. 
 
 Cecilia la Grase, T. Sissilie Linscale, 
 
 W 16. 
 Ceinter, 349. Girard le Ceinter, C. 
 
 Robert le Ceynter, M. 
 Cellarer, 211. Richard le Cellarer, O. 
 
 John Cellarer, D. 
 Centlivre, 513. Grace CentlivTe, Joseph 
 
 Centlivre, v. p. 513. 
 Centurer, 349. Nicholas le Ceynturer, 
 
 A. Richard le Ceynturer, A. Benet 
 
 Seinturer, v. p. 349. 
 Cesselot (v. Sisselot), 69. Bella Cesse- 
 
 lot, A. Alicia fil. Scsselot, A. 
 Chaffinch 494. Abraham Caffinch, v. 13. 
 Chalk (v. Schalk), 212 n. 
 Chalker, 259. Thomas le Chalker, A. 
 
 Gilbert le Chalker, A. 
 Challen, 170. Rodger dc Chaluns, A. 
 
 Piers de Chalouns, M. 
 Challender, 495. 
 Challenor [v. Chaloner), 357. 
 Challice, 
 
 Challoner, 
 Chaloner, 
 
 Chamberlain, 
 Chamberlayne, 
 
 Chambers, 205. 
 
 (2) 
 
 Champness, 
 Champneys, 
 
 Challis, 
 
 393- 
 
 CHA 
 357. Jordan le Chaluner, T. 
 John le Chaloner, B. 
 Peter le Chaloner, M. 
 Nicholas le Chalouner,y4. 
 , 205. Walter le Cham- 
 bcrleyne, A. Simon 
 le Chamberlain, AT. 
 Henry le Chaumber- 
 leyne, B. 
 Henry de la Chambre, 
 A. William de la Chaumbre, B. 
 Champagne, 159. Robert de Chaum- 
 
 paigne, M. 
 Champion (i), 304. Katerina le Cham- 
 pion, A. William le 
 Chaumpion, A. 
 
 159. Roger de Cham- 
 pion, B. 
 
 158. Robert le Cham- 
 peneis, E. Roger le 
 Chaumpeneys, A. Ste- 
 phen le Champenays, L. 
 Chancellor, 188. Thomas le Chanceler, 
 
 M. Geoffrey le Chaunceler, R. 
 Chandler, 386. Jordan le Chaundler, C. 
 
 Roger le Chaundcler, B. 
 Changer, 413. Henry le Chaunger, M. 
 
 Adam Chaunger, FF. 
 Chanster, 188. Stephen le Chanster, J. 
 
 Williamctta Cantatrix, /:. 
 Chanter, 188. Christiana le Chaunter, 
 
 A. William le Chantour, M. 
 Chapell. Henry atte Chapelle, M. 
 
 Hugh de la Chapele, A. 
 Chapeller, 337. Robert le Chapeler, A. 
 
 Edmund le Chapeler, Af. 
 Chaperon, 458. Almeric Chaperon, O. 
 8. Reginald le Chape- 
 lein, y. Hamo le Chapc- 
 leyn, T. 
 Chapman, 296. Geoffrey le Chapman, 
 
 M. Alard le Chapman, 7". 
 Charer, 287. John le Charcr, O. 
 Richard le Charrcr, ;!/. John Ic 
 Charrer, A, 
 
 Chaplain, 
 Chaplin,
 
 534 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Charioteer, 287. John Charioteer, IV 
 
 2. Thomas Charietter, Z. 
 Charity, 103. JohnCharite, ^i. Charitie 
 
 Bowes, Z. 
 Chariesworth, 134. 
 Charlewood, 134. Isabelle Chariewood, 
 
 Z. John Charlewood, Z. 
 Charley, 134. Philip de Charleyc, M. 
 
 John Charley, ZZ. 
 Charlton, 134. Thomas de Charlton, 
 
 Af. Henry de Charewelton, A. 
 Charman, 288.- -John Charman, FF. 
 
 John Charcman, ////. 
 Charner, 272. Thomas Ic Charner, A. 
 Charter, 287. William le Charetter, 
 
 G. 
 
 Andrew le Chareter, A/. John le 
 
 Charter, M. 
 Charteris, j 168. Ralph de Chartres, M. 
 Charters^ | Alan de Chartres, A/. 
 Chartman(i'. Cartman), 287. JohnChart- 
 
 man, FF. 
 Chaser, 230. Simon le Chasur, A. 
 Chatelain (v. Castelan), 204. Ralph le 
 
 Chatelaine, A. 
 Chaucer, 354. Gerard le Chaucer, //. 
 
 Mary le Chaucer, A'^. Ralph le Chau- 
 cer, £. Robert le Chaucer, .1/. 
 Chauntccler, 494. Roger Chauntcclcr, B. 
 
 Agnes Chauntler, Z. 
 Cheek, 433. John Checke, Z. 
 Cheese, 144. Nicholas Chcse, T. John 
 
 Chese, X. 
 Cheese-and-brcad, 501. Geoffrey Checse- 
 
 and-brcde, I V 5. 
 Cheese-house, 369. Adam del Cheshus, 
 
 A. 
 Cheesemaker, 369. Robert le Chese- 
 
 maker, A. 
 Chccseman, 369. John le Chcseman, 
 
 A. Edward Cheseman, //. 
 Cheesemonger, 369. Adam lo Chis- 
 
 mongcr, H. Alan Ic Chcsmongcre, L. 
 Cheesewright, 277, 369. John Chcse- 
 
 wright, Z. 
 
 Child, 
 Childe, 
 
 Cheever, 491. Henry le Chivere, Af. 
 
 Jordan Chevre, C. 
 Cheke (v. Cheek), 433. 
 Chen (v. Ken), 492. Reginald le Chen, 
 
 Af. William le Chien, £. 
 Chcpman, 296. Walter le Chepeman, 
 
 Af. John le Chcpman, B. 
 Chesswright (v. Cheesewright), 369. 
 
 William Cheswright, Z. 
 Chettle (v. Kettle), 24. Chetel Frieday, 
 
 FF. 
 Chevalier, 507. Walter le Chevaler, A. 
 
 Roger le Chevaler, A. 
 Chevestrer,4i3. Adam le Chevestrcr, A. 
 Chicken, 494. John Chikin, A. Philip 
 
 Chikin, A. 
 Chietsmith, 283. John Chictsmyth, 
 
 X. 
 
 202. Mihsent le Child, A. 
 Walter le Child, Af. Roger 
 le Childe, A. 
 Chin, 433. John Chyne, A. 
 Chippendale, 296. 
 Chit, 442. John Ic Chit, J?. 
 Chittcrling. Richard Chitcrling, A. 
 Chitty, 442. Agnes Chittyc, Z. John 
 
 Chittie, Z. 
 Choice-Pickrcll, 508. 
 Christian, 30, 507. Christian Forman, 
 
 IV 2. Bricc Christian, A. 
 Christiana, 30. Joan Crislina, A. Cristina 
 
 Alayn, A. 
 Christie (z'. Christian), 30. 
 Christison, 30. John fil. Christian, A. 
 
 Robert fil. Christine, Af. 
 Christmas, (62. Simon Christcmassc, A. 
 Cristmas, ( Richard Cristemassc.jl/. 
 Christmas-Day, 509. 
 Christoferson, 57. Richard Christo- 
 
 fcrson, ZZ. 
 Christopher, 57. John Christophre, Af. 
 
 William Cristofer, Z. 
 Chubb, 497. John Chubbe, Z. Isabel! 
 
 Chubb, Z. 
 Chuffer, 482. Simon Ic Chuffcrc, A,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 535 
 
 Church, 113. Robert atte Chyrche, A. 
 
 Alicia atte Chirche, B. 
 Churchay, 134. William atte Churche- 
 
 haye, A. Robert atte Churchey, IV. 
 Churchclerk, 189. Walter le Churche- 
 
 clerk, M. 
 Churcher, 113. Richard Churcher, Z. 
 
 Johan Churcher, Z. 
 Churchdoor. Reginald atte Churche- 
 
 door, Af. 
 Churchgate, 130. Robert atte Chirch- 
 
 yate, Af. 
 Churchman, 113. Ouse le C'hurcheman, 
 
 A. Simon le Cherchman, A/. 
 Churchstile. John atte Churchestighele, 
 
 AI. 
 Churner (v. Charner), 272. Robert 
 
 Chirner, H'^g. 
 Cicely {v. Cicilia), 69. Cicely Harbord, 
 
 Z. 
 Cirgier, 386. William le Cirgier, X. 
 Cirograioher, 406. William le Ciro- 
 
 grapher, A. Isaac Cyrographer, E. 
 Cissor, 340. Walter Cyssor, A. Hugh 
 
 Cisssor, AI. 
 Clare (z'. Sinclair), 124. 
 Clarice. 19. Alanfil. Clarice, ^^. Claricia 
 
 Crowe, A. Richard Clarisse, A. 
 Clark. 
 Clarke, 
 Claver, 185. Henry le Claver, E. Agnes 
 
 le Claver, FF. John le Clavier, BB. 
 
 Clavenger, ] Robert Clavynger, //. 
 
 Clavmgcr, J 
 
 Clay. Alice in le Clay, A. Thomas de 
 
 la Cley, A. 
 Clayer, 259. Simon le Clayere, A. 
 Cleangrise (t'. Cleanhog), 499. Roger 
 
 Clenegrise, A. 
 Cleanhand. John Cleanhond, X. 
 Cleanhog, 499. William Clenehog, A. 
 Cleanwater. John Klenc\\ater. Lower 
 
 I, 242. 
 Cleaver (f. Claver), 154. John Cleaver, 
 
 /'■/'; William Cleaver, V (>. 
 
 (v. Clerk), 412. 
 
 COA 
 Clement, <'98. Richard Clement, W 
 Clements, 16. Ralph fil. Clemence, 
 
 Clementson, I A. Eustace fil. Clement, 
 Clemms, " A. Roger Clempson, Z. 
 Clempson, Peter fil. Clem, A. 
 
 Clemson, (^ Joyce Clem son, Z. 
 Clerk, I 189, 465. Beatrix le Clerc, A. 
 Clerke, | Milo le Clerk, A. 
 Clerkson, 65. Geoffrey fil. Clerici, A. 
 
 William Clerkessone, AI. 
 Clerkwright, 402. Robert Clerkwright, 5. 
 Cleve, 124. Plenry de la Clyve, A. 
 
 Thomas de Cleve, FF. 
 Cleveland, 124. 
 Clever (v. Cleaver), 154. William le 
 
 Clever, FF. 
 Clifden, 124. Raymund de Clifden, A. 
 
 Thomas de Cliffedon, A. 
 Cliffe, 124. Thomas del Clif, A. Henry 
 
 de Clyf, AI. 
 Clifford, 124. Robert de Clyfford, AI. 
 
 Roger de Clyfford, E. 
 CHffshend, 114. John de Cleveshend, 
 
 E. Martin de Clyveshend, A. 
 Clifton, 124. Ralph de Clifton, A. 
 
 Gervase Clifton, XX i. 
 Clive, 124. Humfrey de la Clive, A. 
 
 William atte Clyve, M. 
 Cliveley, 124. John de Clyveley, A. 
 
 Nicholas Cleveley, XX i. 
 Clockmakcr, 401. Thomas Clokmaker, Y. 
 Cloisterer, 191. Johannes Closterer, 
 
 IK 12. 
 Clothier, 
 Clothman, 
 Clougli, 124. Roger Clough, A. Richard 
 
 Cloughe, Z. 
 Clouter, 352. John le Clutcre, A^. 
 
 Stephen le Clutere, N. 
 Cloutman {^. Clouter), 352. 
 Clowes, 12^. John Clowes, Z. Thomas 
 
 Clowes, Z. 
 Coachman, 288. Dorothy Coachman, V<,. 
 
 Tclney Coachman, V^. John Coache- 
 
 man, Z. 
 
 Robert Clothman, A'A' 2.
 
 536 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 COB 
 Cobb, 124. Robert de Cobbe, M. 
 
 Milisent Cobbe, A. 
 Cobbett {v. Cuthbert), 56. 
 Cobbler, 352. Robert le Cobeler, A. 
 
 Edward Cobler, H. 
 Cobden, 124. Godfrey de Coppden, 
 
 M. John Copedenne, A. 
 Cobham, 124. Reginald de Cobcham, 
 
 M. John de Cobbeham, A. 
 Cobley, 124. 
 
 Cobwell, 124. John de Cobvvell, M. 
 Cock (i), 145. Peter atte Cok, B. Wil- 
 liam atte Cok, G. 
 {2), 485. John le Koc, A. Ka- 
 terina le Cok, D. 
 Cockaigne, ( 148. Alan de Cokayne, A. 
 Cockayne, \ Richard de Cockayne, ^. 
 Cocker, 307. Simon le Cockere, A. 
 
 William le Kokcrc, A. John le 
 
 Coker, M. 
 Cockerell, 494. Giot Cockerel, M. Jac. 
 
 Quoquerell, C. 
 Cockeyn (v. Cockaigne), 148. 
 Cockin {v. Cockaigne), 148. Richard 
 
 Cokyn, H. 
 Cockman, 307. Maud Cockman, FF. 
 
 Robert Cokeman, M. 
 Cockney, 148. John Cokcney, D. 
 Cocksbrain, 500. William Cockes- 
 
 brayne, A. 
 Cockshead, 447. Adam Cockshevcd, 
 
 M. Antony Cockshead, Z. 
 Cocksha\s', 117. Adam de Cokeshaw, 
 
 A. John de Cokeshaw, A. 
 Cockshot, n6. Alan Cockshott, /■". 
 
 John Cockshott, Z. 
 Cockson {v. Cookson), 65. lid- 
 ward Cockson, 7,. John Cockson, 
 
 EE. 
 Codde, 497. Thomas Codde, /-"/•'. Joan 
 
 Codde, FF. 
 Codiner {v. Cordwaner), 351. 
 Codling, 497. Alan Codling, /•"/•'. Simon 
 
 Codlyng, FF. 
 Codner (v. Cordwaner), 351. 
 
 COL 
 Coeurdebeef, 500. Thomas Cordebeofe, 
 
 A. John Queerdeboef, B. 
 
 Coffer, f^^^' 336. 396. Godfrey le 
 
 Cofferer, j ^offrer, A. Ralph le Cof- 
 
 ( frer, H. John le Coffrer, il/. 
 
 Coffin, 144, 397. Richard Coffyn, H. 
 
 Eiias Coffyn, "J. 
 Cogger, 408. Hamond le Cogger, O. 
 
 Henry Cogger, P. 
 Cogman, 408. Benjamin Cogman, /'7^ 
 Coifcr, 336. Emma leCoyfcre, A. Ralph 
 
 le Coifier E. Dionysia la Coyfcre, A. 
 Coke (y. Cook), 206, 365. Roger le 
 
 Coke, M. Alexander Coke, A. 
 Cole (v. Colin), 95. 
 Coleman, 22. Editha Coleman, A. 
 
 Coleman le Hen, A. 
 Colet (f. Collet), 189, 96. Nicholas 
 
 Colyt, il/. William Kolytte, IF 11. 
 Colfox, 499. Thomas Colfox, Z. 
 
 Richard Colvox, A. 
 Colinson, 16, 96. William fil. Colin, A. 
 
 Colin le Balistar, E. 
 Collet {v. Colet), 189, 96. Collctta 
 
 Clarke, HH. Henry Collette, XX i. 
 Collier. Robert le Cohere, A. Johnle 
 
 Collier, C. 
 CoUinge [v. Culling), 170. 
 Collins (i'. Collinson), 96. Colinus de 
 
 liarcntyn, E. Colin le Fcrur, A. 
 Collinson (f. Colinson), 96. John Col- 
 
 lynson, Z. Lanclot Colynson, W ix. 
 CoUopp, 333 n. John CoUop, A. Mabil 
 
 Collope, A. 
 Colson (f. Colinson), 96. George Col- 
 
 lison, HH. RolxTt Colson, HH. 
 Colswain, 505. Stephen Colcswcyne, 
 
 A. Richard Colswcyn, T. 
 Colt, 490. Roger le Colt, .'/. William 
 
 lo Colt, /f. Joan Coke, Vj. 
 Coltman, 267. John Collman, //. 
 
 Geoffrey Coltman, M. Richard 
 
 Coltman, IK 11. 
 Colville, 151. William de Colville, M. 
 
 Felip de Colville, A.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 537 
 
 Colj-er (v. Collier). Henry le Colyer, A. 
 Cnmh (■'•^S- Elias de Comb, A. 
 
 Combe, 
 
 William atte Combe, M. 
 Nicholas atte Combe, Af. 
 Comber, 320. John le Comber, A. 
 
 Walter le Comber, E. 
 Commander. William le Comandur, A. 
 
 William Commander, Z. 
 Conder, 377. 
 Coney, 139, 489. Henry Cony, D. John 
 
 Conay, A. 
 Coney beare, 139. 
 Coneythorp, 137. Robert de Conig- 
 
 thorpe, XX ^. 
 Congreave, 120. Robert de Concsgrave, 
 
 A. William Congrove, //. Henry 
 
 Conygrave, XX 2. 
 Coning, 139. Nicholas Conyng, //. 
 
 Peter Conyng, /-". Michael Conning, 
 
 IF 20. 
 Coningsby, 139. John de Conyngsby, 
 
 P. Walter de Cunnyngby, A. 
 Conington, ( ^39- John de Conyngton, 
 Connington, ^^- Thomas de Cony^ 
 
 l ton, A. 
 Conqueror. William Conqueror, A. 
 
 Robert Conqueraunt, A. 
 Constable, 203. John le Conestabic, B. 
 
 Robert le Conestable, G. 
 Constance, 19, 67. William fil. Con- 
 stance, A. 
 Convert, 167. Dyonis le Convers, A. 
 
 Stephen le Convers, B. Nicholas le 
 
 Conners, B. 
 Conyers {v. Convert), 197. 
 
 Cook, {^°^' 3^5- ^'^'"''^ <^oca, A. 
 r- ,' i Roger le Cook, J/, loan 
 ^°°''^' i le Cook, /.•/.•. ^ 
 
 Cookman, 206, 365. William Cokcnian, 
 
 y. John Cookman, IF 9. 
 Cookson, 65, 365. Robert fil. Coci, A. 
 
 John Cokesson, /'V\ Henry Cukeson, 
 
 IF II. 
 Cooper, 389, 394. Richard le Cupare, 
 
 A. John le Cuper, Af. 
 
 Coote, 494. 
 
 Cope, 124, Robert Cope, A. Adam 
 
 Cope, Af. 
 Copeland, 124. William de Copelaunde, 
 
 £. John Copland, Z. 
 Copeman, 296, 124. Laurence Copiman, 
 
 A. Hugh Cowpman, A'. 
 Coper, 296. John le Copere, A. 
 Copestakc, 124. William Copcstake, 
 
 Z. 
 Copley, 124. Avery Copley, Z. Christo- 
 pher Copley, Z. Thomas de Coppc- 
 ley, XX 4.' 
 Copp (i). John le Coppe, A. Thomas 
 le Coppe, A. 
 (2), 124. John de la Coppe, FI'\ 
 Richard de la Coppe, FF. 
 Copped 353. Hugh le Coppede, A. 
 
 John le Copede, A/. 
 Copperbeard, 449. Robert Coperberd, A''. 
 Corbet, 151. Nicholas Corbet, A/. 
 
 Felicia Corbet, A. 
 Cord' r, 399. Adam le Corder, A. Peter 
 le Corder, A. 
 
 ('351. Durant le Cord- 
 Cord iner, J waner. A/. Roger le 
 Cordwaner, 1 Cordewaner, C. Ger- 
 \ vaise le Cordewaner, A^. 
 Corfe, 452. John Chauf, A. Geoffrey 
 
 le Cauf, F. 
 Coroner, 179. John le Coroner, A/. 
 
 Henry le Corouner, A. 
 Corner (i), 179. John le Corner, A. 
 Waiter le Cornur, A'. 
 (2), 130, 179. William de la 
 Cornere, A. Robert Atte 
 Cornere, A/. 
 Cornmongcr, 275. Ralph le Corn- 
 monger, T. Henry le Cornmongere, 
 A/. 
 Cornish, 147. William Cornish, D. 
 
 Margery Cornish, //. 
 Cornthwaite, 121. 
 
 Cornwall, 169, 147. Geoffrey de Corn- 
 wayle, B. Wauter de Cornwaille, A/,
 
 538 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Comwallis, 148. Thomas le Corn- 
 
 waleys, A. Philip le Cornwaleys, L. 
 
 Walter le Comewaleys, X. 
 Corsdebeef, 500. Thomas Cors-de-boef, 
 
 A. Thomas Cor-de-beofc, B. Galiena 
 
 Cordebeof, y. 
 
 /•286, 351. Ralph le Core- 
 Corser, ] viser, A. William le 
 Corviser, I Con-iser, B. Durand le 
 
 \ Corvescr, Af. 
 Cosier, 352. 
 
 Cosscr (v. Corser), 286. 
 Cotman (i), 252. Richard Coteman, A. 
 William Coteman, A. 
 (2). Thomas fil. Cotman, A. 
 John fil. Cotman, A. 
 Cotter, 252. William le Cotier, A. 
 ■ Simon le Cotere, FF. 
 Cotterel, j 252. William Coterel, M- 
 Cottrell, I Joice Cotterill, Z. 
 Cotwife, 252. Beatrix Cotewife, A. 
 Coucher, 360. John le Cochere, A. 
 
 William Coucher, IV 2. 
 Couchman [v. Coachman), 288. Richard 
 
 Couchman, Z. William Cowcheman, 
 
 EE. 
 Coudray, 154. William de Coudrayc, 
 
 Af. Peter de Coudray, H. 
 Coulman, 337. Launcelot Coulman, 
 
 Z. 
 
 Coullhard, 1=^7- John Colthirde, Wg. 
 
 Coulthcrd, J D'-^vy Cowlhird, (P^iS. 
 
 Coultman, 267. 
 
 Councillor, ) 
 
 Councilman, 
 
 Count, 174. John le Cuntc, E. 
 
 Peter le Countc, G. Richard Ic 
 
 Counte, A^. 
 Countess, 174, 507. Judctha Comm.i- 
 
 tissa, A. John Countcsse, A. 
 Countryman. John Cuntrcman, A. 
 Couper, 394. Nicholas le Coupcr, A. 
 
 Warin le Couper, J/. 
 Coupcrcss, 394. Roger Coupcrcsse, A. 
 
 i8i 
 
 Coupman. Richard Coupman, A. 
 
 Courcy, 151. 
 
 Court. Baldwin attc Curt, M. Godfrey 
 
 ate Curt, M. 
 Cousen, ("429. Richard le Cusyn, A. 
 Cousin, \ John le Cosyn, G. Thomas 
 Couzen, \ le Cozun, E. 
 Cover, 395. Richard le Cuver, O. 
 
 Walter le Cuver, E. Michael le 
 
 Cuver, A. 
 Coverer, 395. Robert le Covcrour, A. 
 
 Adam le Covrcur, M. 
 Covetous, 483. Gilbert le Covetiose, 
 
 M. 
 Cow (i), 490. Thomas le Cu, A. 
 Ralph le Cou, M. 
 (2), 485. Thomas del Cou, M. 
 Coward, 266. William le Kuhcrde, A. 
 
 John le Couhcrde, B. Adam le Cow- 
 
 hirde, M. 
 Cowbcvtson, 56. Nicholas Cowbeytson, 
 
 IV9. 
 Cowden, ii3. Thomas Cov.-den, I-F. 
 
 Nathaniel Cowden, FF. 
 Cowlcr, 337. Richard le Couhelere, 
 
 J/. 
 Cowley, 119. Alexander de Couleye, 
 
 A. Roger de Couele, A. 
 Cowman, 271. 
 Cowpcr (v. Coupcr), 389, 394. Willel- 
 
 mus Cow])ere, Wig. 
 Cowjiman, [v. Coupman) 394. Richard 
 
 Cowpeman, A. 
 Coxhcad {v. Cockshead), 447. Thomas 
 
 Co.xhead, HH. 
 Coxon {v. Cockson), 65. 
 Coyking. 505. John Coyking, Rf. 
 Crabb, 497. 
 
 Crabtrce. John Crabtre, IF 16. Wil- 
 liam Crabtrcc, W 16. 
 Crackshicld, 462. Thomas Cracky- 
 
 shiekl. 
 Cramp [v. Crumj)), 440. William Cramp, 
 
 Z. 
 Cramphom, 461. Joseph Cramphome,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 539 
 
 Crane, 144, 494. Hugh le Crane, G. 
 William le Crane, E. 
 
 Crask, 432. Walter le Crask, FF. 
 
 Crass, 432. Richard le Cras, A. John 
 le Cras, AI. Stephen Crassus, y. 
 
 Crestolot, 16. Crestolot de Pratis, D. D. 
 
 Crimp {v. Crump), 440. 
 
 Cripling, 441. William Crypling, A. 
 
 Crisp, 450. Robert le Crespe, A. Regi- 
 nald le Crispe, y. 
 
 Crocker 392. Simon le Crockere, A. 
 Stephen le Crockere, M. 
 
 Croft, j 132. Roger de Croft es, A. 
 
 Crofts, I Agnes de Croftis, A. 
 
 Croiser, 158. Simon le Croiser, M. Wil- 
 liam Croiser, //. 
 
 Croker, 392. Robert Croker, /-'. John 
 le Croker, M. 
 
 Crook, 461. Roger le Cruk, M. John 
 Cruke, A. 
 
 Crookbone, 440. Henry Croakbane, A. 
 Geoffrey Crokebayn, 11^4. 
 
 Crooke [v. Crook), 440. Vincent Crooke, 
 Z. 
 
 Crookhom, 461. John Crokehorn, B. 
 Robert Crokehorn, T. 
 
 Cropper, 256. Roger tlie Cropper, 
 A A 2. Robin the Cropper, A A 2. 
 
 Crosier {v. Crozier), 190. William Croy- 
 ser, G. 
 
 Cross f^3°" J°'^" '^"'^ Cross, M. 
 Crosse, ^°Ser del Cros, R. Jordan 
 
 ( ad Crucem, A. 
 Crosser, 113. 
 Crossman, 113. Julyan Crosman, Z. 
 
 Emme Crossman, Z. 
 Crossthwaite, 121. Henry de Cros- 
 
 thwcyte, M. John de Crostwyt, R. 
 Crossweller {v. Crcssweller), 113. 
 Crotch, j 130. John attc Cruche, A. 
 Crouch, I Mrailda atte Crouche, B. 
 Croucher, 113, 130. John le Crocher, 
 
 K. John Crowcher, FF. 
 Crouchman, 113, 130. Richard Croche- 
 
 man, A. William Croucheman, B. 
 
 Crow, 494. Claricia Crowe, A. Robert 
 
 Crowe, AI. 
 Crowder, 310. Ricard le Cruder, A. 
 
 Thomas le Crouder, 1^2. 
 Crowfoot, 500. William Crowfoot, FF. 
 
 Henry Crowfoot, FF. 
 Crowther [v. Crowder), 310. 
 Crozier, 190. Simon le Croyscr, AI. 
 
 Mabel le Croyser, G. 
 Cruel, 464, 484. Warin Cruel, A. 
 Cruikshank, 438. 
 Crump, 440. Richard le Crumppe, A. 
 
 Hugh le Crumpe, T. 
 Cryer, 183. Philip le Criour, E. Wat 
 
 le Creyer, G. Edward le Crciour, 
 
 N. 
 Cuckhold. Thomas le Cuckold, A. 
 
 Matilda Cuckold, A. 
 Cuckoo, 494. Stephen Cuckoo, FF. 
 
 William Cuckow, FF. I'homas 
 
 Cuckowe, V. 13. 
 Cuddie [v. Cuthbert), 55. 
 Cullen C ^70- Jo''^'^ ^e Coloigne, FF. 
 Cullin<^ ^1 WiUiam de Culinge, A. 
 
 ^' i Alan Culling, ^. 
 Culver, 495. 
 Cuner, 404. Ada le Cuner, A. Henry 
 
 Cunator, A. 
 Cunerer, 404. Samson le Cunercr, A. 
 Cunning, 139, 469. 
 Cunningham, 139. 
 
 Cuppagc, 215. John Cupnge, A A 3. 
 Cupper, 389. William le Cuppere, G. 
 
 Thomas le Cupper, AI. 
 Cure. John le Cure, A. Anno Cure, 
 
 Z. 
 Curl, 450. Marcus Curie, Z. William 
 
 Curie, Z. 
 Curling [v. Qucrdclyun), 499. 
 Currier, 331. 
 
 Curt, 432. Thomas le Curt, A'. Wil- 
 liam le Curt, L. 
 Curtman. Adam Curtman, A. 
 Curtbrand, 457. Reginald Curtbrant, 
 
 B.
 
 540 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Curteis, 468, 464. Walkelin le Curteis, 
 
 C. Richard le Curteis, E. 
 Curtepy, 456. Richard Curtepie, A. 
 
 William Cortepy, A. 
 Curthose, 456. Robert Curthose, A. 
 
 Robert Curthose, PP. 
 Curtis, 468, 464. Osbert le Curteys, A. 
 
 Walter le Curteys, f. 
 Curtmantel, 456. Henry Curtmantel, 
 
 PP. 
 Curtvalor, 456. Richard Curtevalur, 
 
 A. 
 Curtwailet, 456. Martin Curtwallet, A. 
 
 f{v. Custson), 67. Eliza Cusse, 
 W 9. Matilda fil. Cusse, 
 A. Osbert Cuson, A. Cuss 
 Balla, A. 
 Cussot, 67. Cussot Colling, A. 
 Cust, 67. Custe Newman, A. Robert 
 
 fil. Cust, A. Custe Alver, A. 
 Custance, 67. Custance la Braceresse, 
 A. Henry fil. Custance, W 6. Rey- 
 ner Custance, A . 
 Custerson, ( 67. William Custson, W8. 
 Custson, I Henry fil. Custance, A. 
 Cutbeard, 56. Thomas Cutbcrt, //. 
 John Cutbert, A. William Cutteberd, 
 
 Cute, 465. Nicholas le Cute, A. Bene- 
 dict le Cuyt, A. 
 
 Cuteswain, 505. John Cutsweyn, A. 
 
 Cuthbert, 56. Cuthbert Capun, P. 
 Cuthbert Ricerson, IV $■ 
 
 Cuthbertson, 56. Elizabeth Cuthbcrtson, 
 W 16. Thomas Cuthbertson, IV 11. 
 
 Cutler, 282, 390. Walter le Cotiler, A. 
 Peter le Cotelcr, M. Jordan le 
 Cotiler, N. 
 
 Cydercr, 261. 
 
 ■pv'AETH {v. Death), 140. 
 •^ Uaffe, 441. Lcfcke DafTc, .-/. 
 Daft, 441. William Daft, A. 
 Daisy, 485. Roger Daisye, V 9. 
 
 Thomas de la 
 
 Cus- 
 tance de Alemania, A. 
 
 Damet, 
 Damiot, 
 
 Dakins, 188, 83. 
 
 Dale, Sibill de Dale, B. 
 
 Dale, M. 
 
 Dallman, \ , m _. \ ^ 
 „, , .' I (V. Aleman), i6t;. 
 D Almaine, ' ^ " o 
 
 Dalmaine, . 
 Dalman, 165. John Dalman, FF. Wil- 
 liam Dalman, /'Y'. 
 Dame, 84. Henry Dame, A. Alexan- 
 der Dame, A/. 
 Damegod, 511. Peter Damegod, M. 
 
 John Domegode, O. 
 Damsell, 84. Simon Damsell, A. 
 
 Lawrence Damysell, IV 2. 
 Dameson, 84. John Damson, Z. 
 
 r 84, Dametta, A. Dametta 
 
 I fil. Morrell, DD. Henry 
 
 ■i Damett, P. Hugh Damiot, 
 
 A. Damietta Avenel, FF. 
 
 l^ Alice Damyett, Z. 
 
 Damned-Barebones, 78. 
 
 Damsel (v. Damsell), 84. Damosel 
 
 Skren, QQ. 
 Dance {v. Dans), 84. 
 Dancer, 307. Herveus le Danser, A. 
 
 Henry Dawnser, Z. 
 Dancock, 84. John Dancock, G. 
 Dandelyan, 499. William Daundelyun 
 
 B. 
 Danett, 84. Ralph Danett, PP. 
 
 Thomas Danet, XX i. 
 Daniel, 84. Daniel fil. John, E. Richard 
 
 Danyel, .-I/. 
 Dankin {v. Daniel), 84. Gunnilda 
 Danekin, A'. 
 
 ^84. Daniel Dann, PP. Henry 
 Dannn, j Dann, PP. Moses Dan- 
 Dannett, ") nett, F 5. John Dannctt, 
 L ^4. 
 
 Dans, 84. \. , ^ ~ 
 
 11 . } John Danse, Z. 
 
 Danser (v. Dancer), 307. 
 
 Danson, 84. Christoiihir Danson, Z. 
 John Danson, Z. Marmaduke Dan- 
 son, IV II.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 541 
 
 Dawe, 
 Dawes, 
 
 DAP 
 Dapifer, 2ir. Henry Dapifer, ^. Sewall 
 
 Dapifer, y. 
 Darling. Jane Darling, W 20. 
 Dason (v. Davison), 83. 
 Dauber, 250. Roger le Daubere, A. 
 
 Silvester Daubere, //. 
 David, 83. David Faber, A. Gilbert 
 
 David, A. 
 Davidson, 83. Robert fil. David, A. 
 
 Thomas Davydson, Af. 
 Davies, 83. Davey ap Davidson, Z. 
 
 Gerves Daves, IV 9. Davy Cow- 
 third, IV 18. 
 Davison, 83. James Davyson, IV g. 
 
 Thomas Davyson, /'7^ 
 Davitt (v. David), 83. Robert fil. Davit, 
 
 A. Isabel uxor Davit, A. 
 Dawber {v. Dauber), 250 
 
 83. Daw le Pestour, //. 
 Dawe le Falconer, DD. 
 Lovekin Dawes, A. 
 Dawkes, 83. Charles Dawkes, FF. 
 
 Robert Dawkes, F5. 
 Dawkins, 83. John Dawkyns, F. Henry 
 
 Dawkins, Z. Dorken le Bercher, A. 
 Dawkinson, 83. 
 Dawson, 83. Richard fil. Dawe, A. 
 
 Raffe Dawson, Z. 
 Day, (273. CecilialeDay, y. Stephen 
 Daye, \ leDagh, T. Thomas le Day, .1/. 
 Dayes, 83. 
 Dayman, 273. 
 Dayson {v. Davison), 83. 
 Daystar. Robert Daystcrre, A. 
 Deacon, 188. Senxa le Dekcnc, A. 
 
 Philip le Dekene, M. 
 Deakin, 188. 
 
 Dean (i), 156. Roger le Dene, A. John 
 
 le Dene, FF. 
 
 (2), 118. William do la Dene, A. 
 
 A lam atte Dene, Af. 
 
 Dearden, 11 i Ralph de Dernedcn, A. 
 
 Dearlove, 47 William Derelove, F. 
 
 Richard Lcrclove, ZZ. Thomas 
 
 Dearlove W 16 
 
 Dearman (v. Deerman), 235 
 
 Death, 168, 510. John Deth, M. Hugh 
 
 de Dethe, A. 
 Debenham, 17, 146. John de Deben- 
 
 ham, A. Giles de Debenham, FF. 
 Debonaire, 467. Philip le Debeneyre, A. 
 Decroix, 153. 
 Deer, 443. Robert leDere,^^. Lawrence 
 
 le Deer, AI. 
 Deerman, 235. John Dereman, A. 
 
 William Dereman, A. 
 Defend, 103. Defend Outered. 
 Defontaine, 153. 
 Delamere, 153. Reginald de la Mere, 
 
 A. Grigore de la Mere, A. 
 Delarue, 153. 
 Delilah, 77. 
 Delisle, 153. 
 
 Deliver, 465. Ralph le Delivere, MAI. 
 Delivery, '^j. 
 
 Deman, 273. Roger Deyman, Z. 
 Demer, 180. Simon le Demer, B. 
 Dempster, 180. Christopher Dempster, Q. 
 Den, 118. Henry de Denn, A/. William 
 
 ate Denne, Af. 
 Denis (v. Dennis), 70. 
 Denison (v. Dennison), 70. 
 Denman, 119, 270. Ralph Denmane, ZZ. 
 Dennis (i). Denneyse Fowler, Z. Denes 
 Lister, IV 9. Richard Dio- 
 nys, Af. 
 (2), 162. Joel le Deneys, A. 
 Brice le Daneis, Af. James 
 le Danoys, XX i. 
 Dennison (i), 70. Henry Dennison, IV 
 16. John Denyson, IF 13. 
 Michael fil. Dionysioe, A. 
 (2). Walter Denizen, A. 
 Dcnt-de-fer, 434. Robert Dent-de-fer, F. 
 Denthorp, 137. Catherine Denthorp, 
 
 XX 4. 
 Denyer, 119, 270. 
 Departedieu, 511. John Departe-dieu, 
 
 f'F. 
 Deputy. Thomas Deputy, IV 20.
 
 542 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Despencer, 
 Despenser, 
 
 Derbyshire, 147. Henry Derbyshyre, 
 
 ZZ. Thomas Derbyshire, 7,Z. 
 Deme, ii8 n. 
 Denihouse, ii3 n. Thomas Derne- 
 
 huse, A. 
 Denventwater, 429. Henry de Der- 
 
 wentwater, M. Thomas de Dertsent- 
 
 water, L. 
 
 175. Thurstan le De- 
 spencer, A. Edward le 
 Despenser, B. 
 Deus-saUet-dominas, 511. Roger Deus- 
 
 salvet-dominas, v. p. 511. 
 Devil, (153. John Deyvyle, ^. Tho- 
 Devjlle, I mas de Dey\7le, T. 
 Devoni h, 147. John le Deveneis, E. 
 
 Isabel le Deveneis, A. Xichol le 
 
 Devenys, M. 
 Dewhurst, 116. John Derhurste, XX \. 
 
 Grace Dewhirste, ZZ. 
 Deye (v. Day), 273. Hugh le Deye, G. 
 
 Cecily le Deye, FF. 
 Deyville, 153. Goscelin de Eyville, M. 
 
 John de Eyville, M. 
 Diacony, 188 «. Micheli Diacony, XXx. 
 Diable, 153. Osbert Diabolus, C. 
 
 Roger le Diable, y. 
 Dibden, ii3 ». Randoljibde Depcnden, 
 
 A. John Debden, XX i. 
 
 '65. (i),Johnfil. Decani, ^. 
 Amice fil. Decani, A. 
 (2), John Dyconson, H. 
 Anlhonye Dickon- 
 son nc, \V 9. 
 Dick, 40. Agatha Dick, FF. John 
 
 Dik. FF. 
 Dickens, 40. William Dicons, FF. 
 
 Richard Dikkins, FF. 
 Dickenson (f. Dicconson), 16, 40. 
 
 Robert Dickenson, ZZ. William 
 
 Dykynson, Z/Z. 
 Dicker, 257. Symon le Dikcr, A. 
 
 Geoffrey le Dykero, A. 
 Dickcrson, 40. Henry Dickcrson, FF. 
 Dickman, 257. Walter Dikeman, A, 
 
 Diccons, 
 Dicconson, 
 
 DOD 
 Agnes Dykman, B. Henry Dickman, 
 
 Vs. 
 
 Dicks, 40. William Dikkys, FF. 
 Thomas Dykys, FF. 
 
 Dickson, 40. Ralph Dikson, F. Nicho- 
 las Dykson, W 2. 
 
 Dieu-te-ayde,5ii. John Dieu-te-ayde, J/. 
 
 Digger, 257. William Digger, V 2. 
 
 Diggs (f. Dicks), 40. Robert Diggs, 
 257 n. Anne Digges, Z. 
 
 Digginson (w. Dickenson), 40. John 
 Digginson, Z. Agnes Digison, Z. 
 
 Dinah, 100. Dyna Bocher, 100. 
 
 r7o.Dionisius Garston, \V\\. 
 
 Dionisia, J Dionise Argentein, HH. 
 
 Dionisius, | Dionysia la Coyfere, A. 
 ^.Michael fil. Dionisie, A. 
 
 Discipline, 77. 
 
 Disher, 393. John le Discher, O. Robert 
 le Dishere, X. 
 
 Disheress, 393. Margaret le Disheresse, 
 A. 
 
 Disser, 
 
 I qi4. Roger le Disser, A. 
 Dissour, ) ^ ^ " 
 
 Dister, 322. Robert le Dighestere, G. 
 
 Walter le Dighestere, G. Thomas 
 
 Dyster, B. 
 Ditchcnd, 114. John dc Dichende, R. 
 Dives, 431. Elyas le Diveys, A. 
 Dix [v. Dicks), 40. William Dixe, Z. 
 
 Thomas Dickcs, /•"/''. 
 Dixon (i'. Dickson), 40. Bayll Dixson, 
 
 J Kg. Agnes Dixson, Z. 
 Dobbins, 39. Toby Dobbin, FF. John 
 
 Dobbins, Z.. Matilda Dobin, A. 
 Dobbs, 39. Roger Dobbs, M. Richard 
 
 Dobbys, >S£. Robert Dobbis, 1^17. 
 Dobinett. John Dobyncttc, v. p. 39, «. 
 Dobinson, ^39. Miles Dobsonne, ZZ. 
 Dobison, \ Richard Dobyson, W 2. 
 Dobson, i Henry Dobbinson, W 20. 
 Dodman, 304. Peter Dodcman, A. 
 
 John Dodman, FF. 
 Dodson (f. Davidson), 83. John Daud- 
 
 son, M. Adam Doddson, ZZ.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 543 
 
 Doe, 489. John le Doe, A. William 
 
 le Do, A. 
 Dog, 492. Nicholas Dogge, A. 
 Dogmow, 434. WilHam Dogmow, A. 
 
 Araulph Dogmow, A. 
 Dollman, 165. Ales Dolman, Z. 
 
 Mathew Dolman, ££. 
 Dolphin, 497. John Dolfin, Z. William 
 
 Dolfin, A. 
 Doman (v. Doorman), 204. 
 Domitt, 84. Henry Domet, A. 
 Dook (v. Duke), 174. 
 Doolittle, 500. 
 Doomsday. Richard Domesdaye, FF. 
 
 Margery Domesday (Lower). 
 Doorman, 204. Nicholas Doreman, O. 
 Doorward, 204. Geoffrey le Doreward, 
 
 A. Elias Dorewarde, B. Isabel 
 
 Dorewarde, //. 
 Dorman (v. Doorman), 204. 
 Dorturer, 192. Robert le Dorturer, B. 
 
 William le Dorturer, DD. 
 Dosier, 360. Robert le Dosier, A. 
 
 Richard le Dosyere, A. 
 Dosser {v. Dosier), 360. Gilbert le 
 
 Dosser, A. John Dawsor, ££. 
 Dosson, 69. 
 Doubleman, 389. 
 Doubler, 389. Hans Doublcr, O. John 
 
 Doblere, X. 
 Doublcrosc. Annabell Doublerose. 
 Douce {v. Dowse), 69. 
 Doucett [v. Dowsett). John Doucctt, 
 
 FF. 
 Douch, 165. 
 Doughty, 467. John Doughty, FF. 
 
 Thomas Doughtye, ZZ. 
 Dove, 494. Richard le Duv, Af. Nicho- 
 las le Duv, Af. 
 Dowch, 165. 
 
 Dowkin {v. Dowse), 69. Richard Dow- 
 kin, /'•. 
 Downe, 125. John de la Dounc, B. 
 
 Nicholas atte Doune, AI. 
 Downyhead, 447. John Downyhead, M. 
 
 Dowsabell, 19, 70. Dowsabell Cobbe, 
 
 FF. Dowzable Mill, Z. Dussabell 
 
 Caplyn, Z. Thomas Duszabell, Af. 
 Doomsday, 63. Richard Domesday, 
 
 FF. 
 Doucett (z>. Duckett), 70. 
 Dowse, 69. Duce Mercatrix, A. Douce 
 
 de Moster, A. William Douce, Af. 
 Dowsett (v. Dowse), 69. Walter fil. 
 
 Dussote, A. 
 Dowson, 69. John fil Dousje, W 5. 
 
 John Dowsson, Z. Stephen Dowson, 
 
 F. 
 Dragon, 428. Walter le Dragon, A. 
 
 William le Dragon, A. 
 Drake, 494. Adam le Drake, B. Martin 
 
 le Drake, F. 
 Draper, 286. Roger le Draper, A. 
 
 Henry le Drapier, Af. 
 Drawespe, 461. Thomas Drawespe, A. 
 
 William Drauespe, A. 
 Drawlace, 502. John Drawlace, W 18. 
 Drawsword, 461. Henry Draweswerd, 
 
 A. Maurice Draugheswerd, Af. 
 Draw-water, 410. Richard Drawater, 
 
 A. 
 Drayncr, 257. Elizabeth Draner, Z. 
 
 Thomas Draner, Z. 
 Dresser, 261. Raphe Dresser, Z. John 
 
 Dresser, IV i6. 
 Drew, 31. William fil. Drogo, A. Dru 
 
 Rarentyn, //. Drcwe Drewery, Z. 
 Drewett, 31. Druett Malerbe, A. 
 
 Dnietta de Pratello, A. 
 Drynk-ale, 481. Jakes Drynkale, XX i. 
 Drink-dregs, 481. Geoffrey Dringke- 
 
 dreggcs, ^' C. 
 Drink water, 481. John Drinkewater^^/. 
 
 Richard Drynkewatere, Af. 
 Driver, 288. John le Drivere, .4/. 
 
 Richard le Drivere, Af. James Driver, 
 IF 16. 
 Drivcrcss, 281. Alice le Driveress, A. 
 Drunkard, 481. Maurice Dnmcard, A. 
 Drybread, 501. John Drybrcd, A.
 
 544 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Dubber, 354. Jordan le Dubbere, P. 
 
 Stephen le Dubbere, AI. Payen le 
 
 Dubbour, N. 
 Dubois, 153. John Dubois, A. 
 Ducatel, 153. 
 Duce, (v. Dowse), 6g. Duce Vidua, A. 
 
 Agnes fil. Duce, A. John fil. Duce, 
 
 A. 
 Ducedame, 481. Roger Ducedame, A. 
 Duceparole, 468. Henry Duceparolc, 
 
 T. 
 Duck, 174 «. Roger le Due, ^. Adam 
 
 le Duk, M. William le Duck, T. 
 Ducket (v. Dowsett), 70. Margery 
 
 Duckett, HH. Robert Duckett, PP. 
 
 Dulcia Duket, A. 
 Duckrell, 494. 
 Dudder, 303. 
 
 Dudderman, M03. Simon Dudeman, Z). 
 Duderman, \ Ralph Deudeman, M. 
 Dudman, ( Obbe Dudeman, E. 
 Duffus, 131. Thomas Dufhouse, X. 
 
 John del Duffus, A. 
 Duke, 174. Nicholas Duke, ^. Thomas 
 
 Duke, B. 
 Dukeson {v. Douce). Robert Dukeson, 
 
 Z. 
 Dulcia (i'. Duce), 69. Robert fil. Dulcie. 
 
 A. Dulcia le Drapcre, G. Dulcia fil. 
 
 Willliam, E. Dulcia Boveton, A. 
 Dulcibella [v. Dovvsabcll), 70. 
 Dulson {v. Dulcia), 70. 
 Dull. Alicia le Dul, A. 
 Dumbard, 442. Robert Dumbard, A. 
 Dun (i), 125. Gilbert attc Dune, A. 
 Henry de la Dun, A'. 
 (2), 445. Henry le Dun, A. Wil- 
 liam le Dun, n. 
 Duncalf, 490. John Duncalf, AA i. 
 
 William Duncalf, A A 1. 
 Dunman, 395. William Dunman, A. 
 
 John Dunman, A. 
 Dunn (f. Dun), 395. William le Dunne, 
 
 A. 
 Dupont, 153. 
 
 Durand, 
 Durant, 
 
 Dyot, 
 Dyott, 
 Dyotson, 
 
 EDE 
 Henry fil. Durant, A. Durand 
 le Bonjohan, A. Ivo Du- 
 raunt, A. 
 
 Duredent, 434. Walter Durcdent, E. 
 Durnford, 118 n. Radegund Derneford, 
 
 HR I. Robert de Derneford, A. 
 Durward {v. Doorward), 204. John 
 
 Dunvard, B. 
 Dust, -jj. 
 Dutchman, 163. 
 
 Dutchwoman, 163. Katherine Dutch- 
 woman, X. 
 Duzamour, 474. Felicia Duzamour, z: p. 
 
 474- 
 Dyer, 322. John le Deyere, A. Geoffrey 
 le Deghere, G. Nicholas le Deighere, 
 M. 
 
 [v. Dionisia), 70. Diota de 
 Walworte, W 19. Dyot 
 Hayne, 11^ 11. Diotson, 
 
 Dyson [v. Dionysia), 70. William Dy- 
 
 sone, M. 
 Dyster iv. Dister), 322. 
 
 T7AGLE, 14s, 485. (i), Gilbert de la 
 ^ Hegle, A. 
 
 (2), Custance le Egle, A. 
 Eaglebcard, 449. Ismay Egleberd, A. 
 Eame {v. Erne), 429. 
 Earl, 145. Roger leErl, /f.John Erie, B. 
 Famshaw, 117. 
 Earth, 77. 
 East, 150. Robert dc la Este, A. 
 
 Christopher Easte, /. 
 Eastcnd, 115. Emma ate Estende, A. 
 
 Adam in Estend, A. 
 Eastcrling, 164. 
 
 ILastcrn, 150. Thomas Esteme, A. 
 Eborard, 27. Geoffrey fil. Eborard, A. 
 
 r21)orard le Ken, A. 
 Edcline (v. Adeline), 19. Robert fil. 
 
 JCdeline, A. Edclina del Brok, K. 
 
 Edelina Aylevc, A.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 545 
 
 Edelota (v. Edeline). Edelota Darby, 
 
 y1. Ydelot Binytheton, A'. 
 Edith, 19. John fil. Edithe, A. Editha 
 
 uxor Edwardi, C. 
 Edmond, j 19. Edmon le Ussher, M. 
 Edmonds, | Walter Edmonds, Z. 
 Edmondson, 19. Robert Edmondson, 
 
 Z. 
 Edmund, j 5, 19. Robert Eadmund, 
 Edmunds, \ A. Edmund Bullok, Z. 
 Edmundson, 19. John fil. Eadmundi, 
 
 A. Alexander fil. Eadmund, A. 
 Edred. John Edred, A. Thomas 
 
 Edrede, A. 
 Edward, (19. Roger Eadward, A. 
 Edwardes, | Robert Edward, Af. 
 Edwardson, 19. George Edwardson, 
 
 XX r. Emma fil. Edward, A. 
 Eimeric, 26. 
 Elcock, 87. Francis Elcock, Q. Roger 
 
 Hellecok, A. 
 Elder, 432. 
 lileanor (v. Alianora). Eleanor Lovet, 
 
 H. Hugh fil. Elyenore, A. Elner 
 
 Martin, Z. 
 . Elias, 86. 
 
 Eliot f^7' ^'^°' ^^ ^^P- ^''^^' ^• 
 Eliott I ^l'°""s ^^ Balliol, E. 
 
 ' I Richard Eliot, Af. 
 Elizabeth, 79 n. Elizabeth Draner, Z. 
 Elcock, 87. John Elcock, ZZ. Henry 
 
 Elcocke, ZZ. 
 Elkins, (86. Elekyn, A'. Robert 
 Elkinson, | Elkyn, X. 
 EUcock (v. Elcock), 87. 
 Ellen (JA Eleanor), 72. David fil. Elene, 
 
 A, Elene le Fleming, y. 
 EUice, 86. Duce Elice A. Ellice C^w- 
 
 per, Z. Elice Apprice, Z. 
 Ellicot, 87 «. Elisoip, A. Ellisotc 
 
 Dispenser, A. Elisott! Domicella, 
 
 IV 2. Elisot Bustard, U^' 2. 
 Elliot (v. Eliot), 16, 87. Richard fitz 
 
 Elote, Af. Henry Elyot, A. 
 Elliotson, 87. Robert Elyotson, /•'. 
 
 N 
 
 EMP 
 
 Ellis, 86. Elis le Fitz-Hugh, Af. Elis 
 de Albrighton, Af. Nicholas Ellys, 
 F. 
 Ellison, 86. Henry fil. Elis, A. John 
 
 Ellison, F. Elias fil. Elye, Af. 
 Ellson, 86. Roger fil. Elie, A. Wil- 
 liam Elson, H. 
 Elmer (v. Aylmer), 29. Richard Eilmar, 
 
 A. William Elmer, Af. 
 Elmhurst, 116. 
 
 Elmsley, 119. Albred de Elmsleie, A. 
 Elwyn {v. Aylwin), 29. Elwyn le Hey- 
 
 ward, A. William Elwin, A. 
 Ember, 61. Ember SoleiroU, QQ. 
 Emberson (v. Emerson), 29. 
 Eme, 429. Nicholas Eme, A. 
 I Emelia, 19, 87 n. Emelia la Prys, M. 
 i Emelot, 87 n. Emelot, y. Elena Erne- 
 lot {v. Emelia), A. 
 I Emeric, 29, 87 «. Emeric de Bezill, A. 
 j Emericus de Sacy, B. Emericus de 
 I Bosco, C. 
 
 j Emerson, 29. Richard Emryson, VV 
 ! 12. John fil. Emerici, Af. William 
 j Emeryson, IV 8. Richard Emerson, 
 
 PV2. 
 I Emery, 29. Emerius Monetarius, C. 
 I William Emery, D. 
 I Emlott {v. Emelot), 87 n. 
 I Emma, 68. Emma mater Andreas, C. 
 I Emma la Gradere, A. limma uxor 
 I Saer, J. 
 
 68. Walter Em, A. Wil- 
 liam Emms, A. Edmund 
 Emmes, /•'/•'. 
 16, 68. Emmetta Catton, X. 
 Em met Flessour, IV 9. 
 Emmet Chapman, IVg. 
 Emmot (v. Emmott), 16, 68. 
 Emmotson, 68. 
 
 Emmott, 68. Emmota Plummer, IV2. 
 Emmota Fysscher, IV 2. Emmot 
 Kneyt, A. 
 Emperor, 173. Richard le Emperer, 
 O. 
 
 Em me, 
 Emmes, 
 
 Emmet, 
 Emmett, 
 
 N
 
 546 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 EMP 
 Empson, 68. Richard Empson, H. 
 
 John Emmeson, FF. 
 Emson, 68. Elyas fil. Emme, A. John 
 
 Emyson, F. 
 Enfant, 202. John le Enfaunt, A. 
 
 Walter le Enfaunt, H. John le En- 
 fant, E. 
 Engineer, 229 (w. Jenner), William le 
 
 Engynur, A. Richard le Enginur, B. 
 
 Emulf le Enginnur, E. 
 English, 149. Walter le Engleis, A. 
 
 Richard le Engleys, B. John le Eng- 
 
 lisshe, M. 
 Enota, 87 «. Enota Coly, A. 
 Envious, 464. Hamo le Enveyse, A. 
 
 William le Enveise, C. 
 Epiphany, 61. Epiphania Jackson, QQ. 
 Eremite (v. Hermit), 196. Hugh le 
 
 Ermite, E. 
 Emald (f. Arnold), 28. Ernaldus de 
 
 Baiona, C. Ernaldus Camifex, C. 
 
 Peter Emald, R. 
 Escot (w. Scott), 148. Roger le Escot, 
 
 A. Adam le Escot, //. 
 Escriveyn (v. Scriven), 362. Robert le 
 
 Escriveyn, E. William le Escrevyn, 
 
 G. 
 Eskirmesur (v. Skrimshire), 220. Henry 
 
 le Eskirmessur, A. Peter le Eskur- 
 
 mesur, E. John le Eskirmesour, K. 
 Espaigne (f. Spain), 161. Arnold de 
 
 Espaigne, H. John de Ispania, A. 
 Espicer (z/. Spicer), 329. Alan le Espe- 
 
 cer, A. Milo le Espicer, N. Richard 
 
 le Espicer, B. 
 Espigumell [v. Spigumell), 183. Nicho- 
 las Espigurnel, A. Edmund le Espi- 
 
 gumel, L. 
 Espin (z/. Espaigne), 161. 
 Esquier (v. Squier), 166. Thomas le 
 
 Esquier, E. Gilbert le. Esquier, J. 
 
 Esquiler (w. Squiller), 174. William le 
 
 Esquiler, //. Robert le Escuyllcr, E. 
 
 ■^■''.Strange (v. Strange), 146. Robert le 
 
 P' Estrange, A. John le Estrange, R. 
 
 Estraunge (v. Straunge), 146. Roger le 
 
 Estraunge, H. John le Estraunge, y. 
 Estrys, 150. Moyne le Estrys, A. 
 
 Richard le Estreys, T. 
 Etheldreda [v. Audry), 19. Etheldreda 
 
 Castell, FF. Etheldred or Audrey 
 
 Clerc, FF. 
 Ethelred, 5. 
 Euphemia, 19. Eufemia de Grey, K. 
 
 Eufemia de Heslarton, W <). 
 Eustace, 18. Herveus fil. Eustace, A. 
 Evans, j Howell ap Yevan, H. David 
 Evanson, 1 ap Evan, Z. 
 Eve, 3, 81. Eva Te.xtrix, A. Eva la 
 
 Warre, J. Eva fil. Dolphini, J. 
 Evelyn, I 87 n. Evelina Coynterel, A. 
 Eveline, \ George Evelynge, 7.. 
 Everard, 29. Fulco fil. Everardi, R. 
 
 Everard Gallicus, E. Geoffrey fil, 
 
 Everard, A. 
 Everardson {tj. Evorard). Nicholas Eve- 
 
 rardsonne, BB. Peter Everadsonne, 
 
 BB. 
 Eversden, 118. John de Eversdene, A. 
 
 Luke de Eversden, DD. 
 Eversholt, 116. Richard de Eversholt, 
 
 M. John de Everesholt, R. 
 Every, 29. John Every, H. William 
 
 Everye, Z. 
 Eves {v. Eveson), 81. 
 Evesk (z'. Vesk), 156. Henry le Eveske, 
 
 E. Elyas le Eveske, T. 
 Eveson, 81. John fil. Eve, M. Cecilia 
 
 fil. Evae, T. Richard fil. Eve, A. 
 Evett, 81. Evota de Durham, A". Evota 
 
 de Stanley, W 2. William Evote, X. 
 
 ^^''' \ 153- Peter de Evyille, M. 
 Evill, I 
 
 Evilchild, 506. Alan Evilchild, A. 
 
 Evitt (v. Kvett), 81. 
 
 Evott [^. Evett), 81. 
 
 Ewe (i), 445. Leticia le Eue, M. 
 
 Nicholas le Ewe, FF. 
 {2), 118. Jordan del Ewe, A. 
 
 John del Ewe, A,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 547 
 
 EWE 
 Ewer, 214. Brian le Ewer, E. Richard 
 
 le Ewere, H. William le Ewer, T. 
 Ewery, 214. Adam le Euere, A. Roger 
 
 de Euere, M. 
 Excuser, 180. Peter le Es-cuzer, H. 
 Experience. Experience Mayhew, 103 
 Eyre, 202. William le Eyr, B. Simon 
 
 le Heir, A. Robert le Eir, M. 
 Eyville, 153. Nicholas de Eyvil, A. 
 
 John de Eyvill, R. 
 Ezekiel, 100. Ezekiel Guppye, Z. 
 Ezota (t'. Elizabeth). Ezota Hall, 
 
 WXT.. 
 
 ■pABER. Silvester Faber, A. Nicho- 
 
 las Faber, H. 
 Fail, 154. Gilbert Fayel, E. Matilda 
 
 Faiel, E. 
 Faint-not, 103. Faint-not Dighurst, 
 . 103. 
 Fair, 475. Richard le Fay re, A. Marcus 
 
 le Faire, C. 
 Fairbrother, 508. 
 Fairchild, 508. Robert Fayrchild, A. 
 
 Godfrey Fairchilde, C. 
 Fairclough, 124. William Fairclough, 
 
 Z. Hugh Faierclugh, Z. 
 Fairfax, 449. Thomas Fayrfax, M. 
 
 Guy Fairefax, H. William Farefaxe, 
 
 Fairhair, 448. Geoffrey Fairher, N. 
 
 Edward Fayreheire, Z. 
 Fairhead, 435. William Fairheved, A. 
 
 Richard Faireheved, H. , 
 Fairman (i), 304. John Fayerman, A. 
 Richard Fayrman, A. 
 (2), 304. Fairman Alberd, M. 
 Fairesire, 506. Henry Fairesire, X. 
 Fairson, 506. Richard Fairsone, M. 
 Fairweather, 472. John Fayrweder, A. 
 
 Hugh Fairweder, A. 
 Faith, 103. Faythe Childe, W 14. 
 
 Fayth Neville, W 14. 
 Faithful, 104. Faythful Fortescue, 104. 
 
 Fakes [v. Fawkes), 50. Fakes de 
 
 Breante, E. 
 Falcon, 493. William le Falcon, M. 
 Falconar, /240. Guide le Falconare, ^. 
 Falconer, Geoffrey le Falconer, M. 
 Falkener, | William le Falkoner, M. 
 Falkner, ( Antony Falkner, Z. 
 Fallow, 446. Roger le Falewe, A, 
 
 Alicia la Falour (?), A. 
 Fallowman,446. William Faleman (?),^. 
 False. Agnes le P'aleise, J. 
 Fanner, 276. Walter le Fannere, X. 
 
 Simon le Fannere, X. 
 Fanne, 276. William atte Fanne, R. 
 
 Margery Fanne, Z. 
 Farebrother, 430. 
 Farewell, 512. Thomas Farewel, A. 
 
 Richard Farewell, A. 
 Farmer, 271. William le Farmere, A. 
 
 Robert le Fermere, A. 
 Farrier (v. Ferrier), 290. Sibilla le 
 
 Feryere, A. 
 Farthing, 456. Geoffrey Ferthing, A. 
 
 William Ferthing, M. 
 Father, 430. Arnold le Fader, A. 
 
 Robert le Fader, R. 
 Fatherless, 430. John Faderless, M. 
 
 Ralph Faderles, 55. 
 Fatman, 431. Richard Fatman, FF. 
 Fatt, 431. William le Fatte, M. Alan 
 
 Fatt, FP. 
 Fauconer, c(^- Falconer), 240. Bernard 
 P , '^ Fauconer, M. John le 
 
 FaulcTner, 1 Faukcncr, A. Henry le 
 
 \ raucuner, E. 
 Faulkes [v. Fawkes), 50. Edmund 
 
 Falkes, H. 
 Faulkner (v. Falconer), 240. 
 F'aultless, 463. 
 Faucet {v. Fauset). 
 
 Fauset {v. Fawkes). Richard Fauset, /'/', 
 Faux {v. Fawkes), 50. Nel Faukes, A, 
 
 John Faux, H. Nicholas Faukes, A, 
 Favell, 445. Hugh Fauvel, M. John 
 
 Fauvel, M. 
 
 NN2
 
 548 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 FAW 
 
 Fawcett (v. Fawsett). 
 
 Fawkes, 50. Faukes le Buteller, A. 
 
 Faukesius de Breant, A. Fauke de 
 
 Glamorgan, £. 
 Fawsett (v. Fawkes). Robert Fawcett, 
 
 PP. 
 Fawson, ] 
 Faxson, J ^ 
 Fayle (v. Fail), 154. 
 Fear-not, 103. Fere-not Rhodes, 103. 
 Fearon (v. Feron), 244. 
 Featherbeard, 449. John Featherberde, 
 
 //. 
 Featherstonehaugh, 133. 
 Feelgood. William Felegod, A. 
 Felicia, 19. Felicya Pudforth, A. Felicia 
 
 de Quoye, A. Warner fil. Felice, A. 
 Fell-dog, 500. Roger Feldog, 11^15. 
 Fellmonger, 331. 
 
 Fellowe, ( 506. Bele le Felawe, A. 
 Fellowes, \ Robert le Felawe, A. 
 Fellowship, 191. William Felliship, 
 
 W II. 
 Felon, 182 n. Henry le Felun, A. 
 Fenn. Roger del Fen, A. Thomas 
 
 atte Fenne, B. Gonnilda in le 
 
 Fenne, A. 
 Fenner, 237. Richard le Fenere. //. 
 
 Ralph le Fenere, P. 
 Fenreve, 233. Adam Fen re ve,^. Symon 
 
 Fenreve, A. 
 Fermer (v. Farmer), 271, 192. Robert 
 
 le Fermere, A. Matilda la Fermer, G. 
 Fermerie, 192. Idonia de la Fermerie, 
 
 B. John le Fermery, H. 
 Fermor (v. I'ermer), 192. 
 Feron, 283. Alan le Feron, A. Mar- 
 gery la Feron, B. 
 Ferrers, 151. Wydo de Ferreris, /'/''. 
 
 Elizabeth de Ferreris, PF. 
 Ferrier, 290. Osbert le Ferrur, A. 
 
 Peter le Ferrour, G. Colin le Ferur, 
 
 A. 
 Ferriman, 285. Peter Feryman, Z. 
 
 Richard Ferryman, Z. 
 
 Ferron {v. Feron), 283. Roger leFemn,^. 
 
 Fesant (z-. Pheasant), 494. 
 
 Feure, 283. Reginald le Feure, B. 
 
 Thomas le Feure, M. 
 Feuterer (v, Fewter), 236. Walter le 
 
 Feuterer, A. 
 
 (283. Richard le Fevere, A. 
 John le Fever, A/. Torald 
 le Fevre, y. Achard le 
 Fevre, T. 
 Fewster (v. Fuster), 289. Ralph Few- 
 
 ster, 55. 
 Fewter, 236. Geoffrey le Wewtercr, A. 
 
 John le Vautrer, A. Godfrey le 
 
 Futur, A. 
 Fidler, 308. Robert Fyflfudlerc, X. 
 
 John Fydler, ZZ. Ruelard Vidulator, 
 
 DD. Thomas le Fytheler (Lower). 
 
 Robert Fediller,A'A' I. John le Fythe- 
 
 ler, AA i^. 
 Field, 115. Linota ate Feld, A. 
 
 Thomas atte Felde, Af. 
 Fielder, 113. Alice Feylder, ZZ. Rich- 
 ard Feilder, IV g. 
 Fierce, 464. Ralph le Fere, A. 
 Fighter, 305. Richard le Fytur, A. 
 Filder (f. Fielder), 113. 
 Fillpot, 91. John Filpot, P. Roger 
 
 Fylpot, PP. 
 Fillip, 91. Walter Fell]), A. Jon fiz 
 
 Felyp, DD. Felipp Clerk, A. 
 Finch, 494. Thomas Finch, A. James 
 
 Fynch, //. 
 Fincher, 239. Robert le Fincher, B. 
 Fine-amour, 474. Dulcia Fynamour, 
 
 V. p. 474. 
 Finger, 436. Matilda Finger, //. 
 Firebrace, 436. Robert Ferbras, Af. 
 Firminger (v. Furminger) 278, 370. 
 
 Andrew Firminger, Z. John Far- 
 
 mynger, Z. 
 Firstling, 202. Bartholomew Firstling 
 
 (Strype). William Firstling, PP. 
 Fish, 274, 496. John le Fysche, Q. 
 
 Richard Fishe, PP.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 549 
 
 Fisher, 273, 376. Thomas le Fishere, 
 
 D. Henry le Fisscre, J. Margaret 
 
 le Fischere, A. 
 Fisherman, 273. Antony Fisheman, 
 
 FF. Andrew Fishman, FF. 
 Fishmonger, 334. William Fyshmon- 
 
 ger, F. 
 Fiske, 274, 496. William Fyske, Q. 
 
 Catherine Fiske, FF. 
 Fisker, 273. Robert le Fys-cer, A. 
 
 Lawrence Fisker, E. 
 Fitch, 489. William Fitche, A. Wil- 
 liam Fitch, FF. 
 Fitchett, 489. John Fichet, M. William 
 
 Fychet, H. 
 Fitz-amice, 13. Robert Fitz-amice, M. 
 Fitz-bennet (z-. Bennet). John le Fitz- 
 
 beneit, H. Alan Fitz-bennet, FF. 
 Fitz-clerk, 65. Alexander Fitz-clerk, H. 
 Fitz-ellis, 86. Robert Fitz-elis, M. 
 
 William Fitz-elias, M. 
 Fitz-garret [v. Garret). Edward Fitz- 
 
 garret, EE. Agnes Fitz-garret, FF. 
 Fitz-gerald, 13, 52. Gerald Fitz-gerald, 
 
 M. Thomas Fitz-gerot, H. 
 Fitz-gibbon, 13. 
 Fitz-hamond {v. Hammond), 13, 35. 
 
 John Fitz-hamond, D. Sibil Fitz- 
 
 hamon, FF. 
 Fitz-herbert (v. Herbert), 13. William 
 
 Fitz-herbert, Z. Thomas Fitz-her- 
 bert, EE. 
 Fitz-howard, 26. John Fitz-howard, 
 
 Wz. 
 Fitz-james (v. James), 13. John Fitz- 
 
 james, Z. James Fitz-james, EE. 
 Fitz-lettice, 71. Roger Fitz-lettice, H. 
 
 John Fitz-lettice, M. 
 Fitz-neel, 13. Robert Fitz-neel, D. 
 
 Thomas Fitz-neel, M. 
 Fitz-parker,65. Thomas Fitz-parkere, ^V. 
 Fitz-patrick, 13. Thomas Fitz-patrick, 
 
 M. 
 Fitz-payn, 13. Ela le Fitz-payn, //. 
 
 Elis le Fitz-payn, M, 
 
 Fitz-peers (v. Peers), 13. Lucia Fitz- 
 
 peers, li. Aveline Fitz-piers, FF. 
 Fitz-provost, 65. Simon Fitz-provost, H. 
 Fitz-rauf, 13. John Fitz-rauf, B. Rich- 
 ard Fitz-ralph, M. 
 Fitz-richard, 13. John Fitz-richard, B. 
 
 Rauf le Fitz-richard, M. 
 Fitz-simon {u. Simon), 13. Edward le 
 
 Fitz-simon, B. Robert Fitz-simon, M. 
 Fitz-water (v. Walter), 13. W^illiam 16 
 
 Fitz-water, A. Humfrey Fitz-wau- 
 
 ter, B. 
 Fitz-warin, 13, 32. Ino Fitz-Waryn, B. 
 
 Fulco Fitz-warr^n, C. 
 Fitz-william (v. William), 13. Jarvis 
 
 Fitzwilliam, Z. Roger Fitz-wilham, 
 
 FF. 
 Five-ashes, 129. 
 
 Fivepenny, 513. John Fivepeni, A. 
 Five-pound, 513. James Fyppound, 
 
 XX I. 
 Flanner [v. Flaoner). John Flanner, 
 
 FF. John Flanner, 367;/. 
 Flaoner, 367. William le Flaoner, A. 
 
 William le Flaoner, B. Roger le 
 
 Flaoner, X. 
 Flawner (z/. Flaoner), 367. John Flaw- 
 
 ner, X. 
 Flaxenhead, 447. Richard Flaxenne- 
 
 hed, A. 
 Flaxman, 327. William Flexman, A. 
 
 Ralph le Flexman, K. 
 Flaxwife, 327. Christina le Flexwyf, X. 
 Fleming, 163, 318. Ascelyn le Flemyng, 
 
 A. Alard le Fleminge, B. Baldwin 
 
 le Fleming, M. Jordan le Flem- 
 
 Fleshmonger, 374. William le Fles- 
 mongere, A. Eudo le Flcshmongere, 
 M. William Fleshemongere, /•". 
 
 Flcsher, 374. Robert Flessher, IF 2. 
 Miles Flesher, V $. 
 
 Fleshewer, 264. William Flesschcwer, 
 W "2.. John Fleshewer, y/. 
 
 Fletcher, 226. Henry le Fletcher, A,
 
 550 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Robert le Fleccher, E. Adam le 
 
 Fletcher, G. 
 Flexman (w. Flaxman), 287. 
 Flinthard, 416. Jacob Flinthajd, A. 
 
 Richard Flinthard, H. 
 Florence, 134. John de Florence, R. 
 Florianora. Florianora de Barkworth, 
 
 RR I. 
 Flouredieu, 511. John Flouredieu, FF. 
 Flower, 228. John le Floer, A. Nicho- 
 las le Flouer, J. Reginald le Flower, B. 
 Fluter, 312. Nicholas le Floutere, B. 
 Fly, 497. Maggie Flie, A. Oda Flie, 
 
 A. 
 Foakes (w. Fulkes), 50. Foke OdeU, H. 
 
 Ralph Foke, A. 
 Foldyate, 130. John atte Foldyate, J. 
 Foliot, 475. Jordan Foliot, A. Richard 
 
 Foliot, B. 
 Foljambe, 438. Thomas Folejamb, A. 
 
 Richard Foljamb, M. 
 Folkes [v. Fulkes), 50. 
 Follenfant, 475. Hugh Folenfaunt, A. 
 Follet, f 475. Margery la Folyet, M. 
 Follit, I Jordan Folyot, A. 
 Fool, 216. Peter le Folle, A. Alexander 
 
 le Fol, C. Johannes Stultus, DD. 
 Foolhardy, 475, 464. Walter Ful- 
 
 hardy, X. 
 Foote, 437. Thomas Fot, A. Matilda 
 
 Fot, A. 
 Forager. William le Forager, B. 
 Forcer, 400. Nicholas le Forcer, A. 
 
 Henry le Forcer, B. John le Forcer,^/. 
 Ford, 115. Peter ate Ford, jT/. Nicho- 
 las de la Forde, A. 
 
 230. Gilbert le Forester, 
 A. Richard le Forester, 
 M. Ivo le Forester, J. 
 Forster (w. Forester), 230. William le 
 
 Forster, A. Henry le Forster, M. 
 Fort, 432. John le Fort, E. William 
 
 le Fort, M. 
 Fortescue, 459. Isabella Fortescue, B. 
 
 John Fortescu, //. 
 
 Forester, 
 Forrester, 
 
 Foster {v. Forester), 230. Walter le 
 
 Foster, J. 
 Founder, 392. William le Fonder, A. 
 
 John le Funder, E. 
 Fourpeny, 513. Thomas Fourpeni, 
 
 W<). 
 Foulkes (w. Fulkes), 50. Fowlke Grevill, 
 
 Z. 
 Fowkes (v. Fulkes), 50. FowkedeCou- 
 
 drey, A. Fowke Crompton, Z. 
 Fowl, 434. Walter le Fowel, A. 
 
 Nicholas le Foghele, M. 
 Fowler, 239. Warin le Fowlur, A. Wil- 
 liam le Fougheler, D. John le Fo- 
 
 gheler, M. 
 Fox, 489. Henry le Fox, A. Walter 
 
 le Fox, M. 
 Foxden, 118. 
 
 Foxley, 119. John de Foxlee, NN. 
 Francis, 159. Richard leFraunceys, ^. 
 
 Gilbert le Franceys, B, Henry le 
 
 Franceis, C. 
 Francom (v. Frankham), 253. 
 Francomb (z/. Frankham), 253. Wil- 
 liam Francombe, Z. 
 Frank, 254. Walter le Frank, A. 
 
 Fulco le Frank, E. 
 Frankham, 253. Robert Frankhome, 
 
 G. Reginald le Fraunchome, A. 
 
 Hugh Fraunch-humme, A. 
 Franklin, 254. Geoffrey le Fraunkelyn, 
 
 A. John le Fraunkelyn, B. Miles 
 
 le Franklein, M. 
 Frean (v. Freen), 154. 
 Frebom (f. Freeborn), 253. 
 Free, 253. Walter le Free, A. 
 Freebody, 253. Richard Freebody, 
 
 CC 3. 
 Frcebond, 254 «. Robert Frebond, A. 
 Freeborn, 253. Richard Frebem, A. 
 
 Agnes Frebem, A. Geoffrey Frebem, 
 
 Freegift, 77. 
 
 Freeman, 253. John le Freman, A. 
 Martin le Freman, A,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 551 
 
 FRE 
 
 Freen, 154. Fulk de la Freigne, G. 
 
 Stephen ad Fren, A. 
 Freer, (430, 191. Geoffrey le Frere, 
 Freere, | A. Syward le Frere, A. 
 Freke, 465. William le Frek, M. 
 
 Henry Freke, A. 
 Freman {v. Freeman), 253. 
 Fremantel, 457. Richard de Fremantell, 
 
 M. Hugh de Frigido-Mantello, E. 
 French, 159. Simon le Frensch, A. 
 
 Eborard le Frenshe, G. Richard le 
 
 Frensh, M. 
 French-baker, 363. Richard Frensh- 
 
 baker, D. 
 Frenchman, 159. Gyllame Freynsman, 
 
 Frere [v. Freer), i6r, 430. John le 
 
 Frere, A. Henry le Frere, B. 
 Freshfish, 333 n., 512. John Freshfisch, 
 
 H. Robert Freshfissh, X. 
 Freshherring, 512. Margaret Fresshe- 
 
 haryng, X. 
 Frewife, 343. Agnes Frewife, A. 
 Frewoman, 253. Matilda Frewoman, 
 
 A. 
 Freyne (v. Freen), 154. Robert le 
 
 Freyne, A. William le Freyne, A. 
 Friar (v. Frere), 191. 
 Frick, 465. Ralph Frike, A. 
 Friday, 63. Simon Fridey, A. Thomas 
 
 Fryday, B. Henry Friday, M. 
 Fridaythorp, 137. John de Fridaythorpe, 
 
 XX :^. 
 Friend, 410. Hugh le Frend, A. Wil- 
 liam le Frend, H. 
 Frith, 117, Richard de la Frith, A. 
 
 John attte Frith, FF. 
 Frobisher [v. Furbisher), 222. Peter 
 
 Frobysher, Z. Antony Frobiser, ZZ. 
 Frog, 437. John Frog, A. 
 Fromabove, 77. 
 Front-de-beuf, 500. Ralph Front-de- 
 
 bceuf, M. 
 Fruiter, 373. Ralph le Frueter, A. 
 Peter le Fruter, E. Hugh le Fruter, N. 
 
 Fulke, 
 Fulkes, 
 
 Fruitmonger, 373. John le Fruemonger, 
 
 M. 
 Fry, 253. Walter le Frie, A. Roger le 
 
 Frye, H. Thomas le Frye, T. 
 Frybody (v. Freebody), 253. Robert 
 
 Frybody, Y. 
 Fryer (v. Frere), 159, 437. 
 Fulchon [v. Fulke). Ralph fil. Fulchon, 
 
 A. Faulcon Pursevaunt, XX i. 
 
 {SO. Fulk Paifrer, H. Fulke 
 Paynel, A . Fulke le Taver- 
 ner, B. Fulco Fitz-warin, B. 
 Fuller, 324. Grigge le Fulur, A. Wal- 
 ter le FuUere, N. Mathew le Fullere, 
 
 M. 
 Fullilove, 474. Ralph FuU-of-love, FF. 
 
 Roger Full-of-love, FF. 
 Full-James, 504. 
 Fulman {v. Fuller), 324. William Ful- 
 
 man, v. p. 324. 
 Furber, 222, John le Furber, E. Alan 
 
 le Fourbour, G. 
 Furbisher [v. Frobisher), 222. Thomas 
 
 le Furbisur, M. Edmund Furbyssher, 
 
 ZZ. 
 Furminger, 370. William le Formager, 
 
 A. Ely le Furmager, O. Wilkin le 
 
 Furmager, O. 
 Furner, 364. William le Furner, A. 
 
 Walter le Fernier, A. 
 Furrier, 345. Richard Furryour, W3. 
 Fusilier, 229 n. Johannes Fusilier, Y. 
 
 Fuzelier, Y. 
 Fuster, 289. Ralph le Fuster, M. 
 
 Robert Fuster, F. 
 Futter (v. Fewter), 236. Ful«her le 
 
 Fewtrer, FF. Simon le Futur, A. 
 Fynamour, 474. Dulcia Fynamour, 
 
 474 «. 
 
 /"* A B B E R , 479. Stephen le Gabbere 
 ^^ A. Gerard le Gabur, A. 
 Gabbot, 99. Anable Gabbot, A. 
 Gabbs, 99.
 
 552 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Gabcock, 99. William Gabecoky, A. 
 Gabriel, 99. John Gabriel, M. Gabriel 
 
 Carye, Z. 
 Gadling, 479. 
 Gager {v. Gauger), 410. William le 
 
 Gageour, G. 
 Gaicote, 459. William Gaicote, A. 
 Gaillard (v. Gayliard), 472. 
 Gaite, 183. Robert Ic Gait, M. 
 Galer {v. Gayler), 151. 
 Galeys, 149. Thomas le Galeis, E. 
 
 Henry le Galeys, R. 
 Gallant. Thomas Galaunt, A. Helen 
 
 Gallant, FF. 
 Gallard {v. Gayliard), 472. William 
 
 Gallard, A. 
 Gait, 491. Gilbert Gait, A. 
 Gamaliel, 100. Gamaliel Capell, Z. 
 Gamson, '458. Robert Gamson, Z. 
 
 William Gamson, Z. 
 Gander, 494. Roger Gandre, A. Thomas 
 
 Gandre, X. 
 Gant (i), (v. Gaunt). Warin le Gant, A. 
 John le Gant, A. 
 (2), 168. Gilbert de Gant, J. 
 Reginald de Gante, E. 
 Ganter {v. Gaunter), 350. 
 Gantlett (v. Gauntlett), 459. 
 Gardiner, 290. Amabilla la Gardiner, 
 
 A. Thomas le Gardener, M. 
 Gardner (v. Gardiner), 260. William 
 
 le Gardner, J. Raffe Gardner, Z. 
 Garlick, 485, 263. Robert Garlick, A. 
 
 Sara Garlek, FF. 
 Garlickmonger, 263. John Garleke- 
 
 mongere, B. Henry le Garlekemon- 
 
 gere, M. Thomas le Garlykmonger, 
 
 M. 
 Garrett (v. Gerald), 52. Garrett Fitz- 
 
 garrett, Z. Garret Hawkinson, Z. 
 
 Garratt Jonson, v. p. 52. 
 Garretson (v. Gerald), 52. John Gar- 
 
 redsone, Z. Andrew Garretson, TT. 
 Gascoigne, 158. Jacob Gascoigne, B. 
 
 Philip le Gascoyne, T. 
 
 Gaskin (v. Gascoigne), 158. William 
 
 Gascon, B. Robert Gaskyn, /•'. 
 Gate (i), 230. Adam le Gfiyt, B. 
 Robert le Gait, M. 
 (2), 102. Richard atte Gate, J/. 
 William atte Gate, M. 
 Gateschale, 212. JohnGateschale, VVi, 
 
 Percevall Gatescalle, ZZ. 
 Gatesden, 268. William de Gatcsden, 
 
 iM. John de Gatesden, FF. 
 Gathard (v. Gaytherd), 268. 
 Gatherer, 263. Roger le Gaderer, A. 
 Gattard {v. Gaytherd), 268. 
 Gauger 411. Alexander le Gauger, A''. 
 
 Henry le Gaugeour, A^. Alan Gauger, 
 
 M. 
 Gaunt (i), 140. Simon de Gaunt, M. 
 Maurice de Gaunt, C. 
 (2), 432. Thomas le Gaunt, A. 
 Juliana le Gaunt, A. 
 Gaunter, 350. John le Gaunter, A''. 
 
 Stephen le Gaunter, AI. Geoffrey le 
 
 Ganter, A. 
 Gauntlett, 459. Kenry Gauntelett, Z. 
 
 Roger Gauntlet, Z. 
 Gawthorpe, 137. 
 Gay, 463. Robert le Gay, A. William 
 
 le Gay, K. 
 Gnyler, 181. Rich.ard le Gayeler, A. 
 
 John le Gaoler, B. 
 Gayliard, (472. Sabina Gaylard, H. 
 Gaylord, ( Nicholas Gaylard, T. 
 Gayt [v. Gate), 268. Adam le Gayt, B. 
 Gaytherd, 268. Roland Gateard, VV g. 
 
 Robert Gatherd, W g. 
 Gedling, 479. 
 
 Geldard, J 268. John Gildderd, IK 11. 
 Geldart, ( John Gcldert, \V z. 
 Gencse, 161. 
 Geneve, 168. Nicholas de Geneve, O. 
 
 Walter de Jeneve, A". 
 Gent (v. Gant, 2), 168. Alicia Gent, A. 
 
 JudaL'Us Gent, E. 
 Gentilcorps, 508. William Gentilcorps, 
 
 M. Richard Gentylcors, JC.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 553 
 
 Gentilhomme (v. Gentleman), 467. | 
 
 Tliomas Gentilhomme, //. j 
 
 Gentle, 464. Robert le Gentill, A. 
 
 William le Gentil, M. John Jentill, 
 
 Fir. 
 Gentleman, 467. Robert Gentilman, V. 
 
 Xicholas Gentilman, A. William 
 
 Gentilman, Fii. 
 Geoffrey (v. Godfrey), 18. Geoffrye 
 
 Gerard, A. Geoffrey de Grenville, 
 
 A. 
 Gerard, 52. 
 
 Cierald, 52. Warin fil. Gerold, A. Mar- 
 garet fil. Geraldi, J. 
 Gerish, 476. William le Geriss, A. 
 
 John le Gerisse, A. 
 Gerrish (v. Gerish), 476. Umfrey le 
 
 Gerische, A.' 
 Gervase. William fil. Gervasii, A. 
 
 Gervase fil. Hamo, C. 
 Geyt, 183. Hugh le Geyt, A. Robert 
 
 le Geyt, M. 
 
 Gibb /S^' Thomas Gybbys, XX i. 
 
 p.. ■ ' J Adam Gibbe, Af. Robert 
 
 y Gybbys, FF. Gybby Selby. 
 
 Gibbins, 59. John Gybbyn, Z. John 
 
 Gybbyns, ZZ. 
 Gibbons, 59. John Giboun, Af. Robert 
 
 Gybbon, //. 
 Gibbonson, 59. John Gibbonson, 
 
 F. 
 Giljelot, 480. Dera Gibelot, A. John 
 
 Gibbelote, IV 2. 
 Gibson, 59. Thomas Gibson, F. Cicell 
 
 Gibson, VV 9. Perseval Gybson, IV 
 
 II. Robert Gyb'jyson, W 11. 
 Giddyhead, 480. William Gidyheued, 
 
 X. 
 Giggler. Robert le Giglere, A. Peter 
 
 le Gigelore, A. 
 Gigur, 311. Walter le Gigur, ^. Ale.x- 
 
 ander le Gigur, T. Bigelot le Gigur, 
 
 DD. 
 Gilbert, 18, 58. Warin fil. Gilbert, 
 
 JJD. Gilbert de Gaunt, T. 
 
 Gilbertson, 58. William fil. Gilbert, A. 
 
 Henry fil. Gilbert, A/. 
 Gilcock (v. Giles), 56. Cecilia Gilkoc, 
 
 A. 
 Gildensleeve, 404. Roger Gyldenesleve, 
 
 A. 
 Gilder, 251. Ralph le Gilder, X. 
 Giles, 56. Gile Deacon, A. Jordan fil. 
 
 Egidius, A. 
 Gill, 73. Richard fil. Gille, A. Gille 
 
 HuUe, A. 
 Gillian {v. Julia), 73. Gillian Cook, A. 
 
 Gilian de' la Mill, A. 
 Gillett ('^'^' ^"'^1°^ '^ Balister, E. 
 Cillot ' J G''o* '^ Heauberger, X. 
 Gillott I ^''^°' Carrel, BB. Gwil- 
 
 ' \ lottus Clerk, C. 
 Gilpin, 58. Gilbert Gilpyn, H. 
 Gilson, 74. Robert fil. Gyle, A. 
 
 Thomas Gylson, F. William Gelson, 
 
 M^i8. 
 Giltspur, 409. Agnes Giltspur, FF. 
 
 Jeffrey Giltspur, FF. 
 Ginger, 485. Godfrey Gingivre, Af. 
 
 Agnes Gyngyvere, X. 
 Ginn, 230. Alexander Gin, A. 
 Ginner (v. Jenner),229. Hugh le Gin- 
 
 nur, m. William le Ginnur, A. John 
 
 Ginour, Af. 
 Gipps (v. Gibbs), 59. 
 Girdler, 348. Adam le Gurdlere, A. 
 
 Rol e:t le Girdlere, Af. Simon le 
 
 Gcrdlere, If. 
 Gladcheer, 472. William Gladchere, 
 
 FF. 
 Gladstone (v. Gledstane), 493. 
 Glaisher {v. Glaizer), 277. 
 Glassman, 277. John Glassman, IV g. 
 
 Robert Glasman, IV g. 
 Glasswright, 277. Nicholas lo Glas- 
 
 wryght, X. 'I'homas le Glaswryghte, 
 
 X. Walter Glasonwryght, IV 11. 
 Glazier, 277. William Glascar, Z. 
 
 Robert Glazier, Z. 
 Gledhill, 493.
 
 554 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Gledstane, 493. William de Gledstanys, 
 Wi 
 
 deed {v. Glide), 493. Simon Clyde, B. 
 
 Glceman, \ 
 
 Gleman, - 313 
 
 Glemman, ) 
 
 Glide, 493. Henry le Glide, M. Adam 
 le Glide, M 
 
 Glorious. Robert le Glorius, E. 
 
 Glossycheek, 433. Bertholomew Glos- 
 cheke, A. 
 
 Glover, 350. Richard le Glovere, A. 
 Ivo le Glover, M. Christiana la 
 Glovere, //. 
 
 Glutton. Gilbert Glutun, L. 
 
 Gnat, 498. Margaret Gnatte, A. Wil- 
 liam Cnatte, A. 
 
 Qoat (i), 486. Simon le Got, A. Wil- 
 liam le Got, A. 
 (2), 486. John atte Cote, M. 
 John de la Cote, IV 2. 
 
 Goathirst, 116. Simon de Gotehirst, A. 
 
 Coalman, 271. Nicholas Coteman, 
 
 Go-be-fore, 461. Robert Gobefore, N. 
 
 God-beer (v. Goodbeer) 511. 
 
 Godbert, 22. Roger Godberd, A. Roger 
 
 Godeberd, y. 
 Godblod, 511. Roger Godblod, .£. 
 Godbold, 22. Godebold, y. Alice God- 
 
 bolde, Z. 
 Goddard, 17, 22. John fil. Godard, A. 
 
 Goddard Freebodye, Z. 
 Godfrey, 21. John fil. Godfrey, C. Alen 
 
 Godefrai, M. 
 Godin (v. Godwin), 21. Godin de Bere, 
 
 A. Codunle Bere, A. 
 Godman, 22. Herbert fil. Godman, C. 
 Godmefetch (v. Lower's Die.) 511. 
 Godrich, 22. William Godrick, //. 
 
 Robert fil. Godric, J. 
 Godsall, 511, 22. Cecilia Godsol, A. 
 Codsalve, 510. Thomas Codsalfe, iV 9. 
 
 Barbara Codsalve, fF. 
 Godsave (v. Codsalve), 51a 
 
 God-send-us, 511. Jennett Cod-send-us, 
 
 W 13. • 
 Codshall (v. Codsall), 22. 
 Godsname, 5x0. Richard Godesname X. 
 Godson (v. Coodson), 507. Ralph fil. 
 
 Godde, A. William fil. Gotte, A. 
 
 Amisius Godeson, M. 
 Godthank, 512. William Codthanke, A. 
 Godwin, 17, 21. Hugh fil. Codewin, A. 
 
 Godwin de Dovre, C. Codun le Bere, 
 
 A. 
 Co-in-the-Wind, 388. John Co-ir.-the. 
 
 Wynd, X. 
 Goldbeater, 399. Robert le Goldbeter, 
 
 A. Bartholomew le Goldbetter, C. 
 Coldenhead, 447. Richard Golden- 
 
 heved, CC i. 
 Goldfinch, 494. Agnes Goldfinche, A. 
 
 William Coldfynch, B. 
 Coldhose, 404. Richard Goldhose, A. 
 Goldsmith, 281, 399. Hervey le Gold- 
 smith, M. Robert le Coldsmyth, M. 
 Coldspink, 494. 
 Golightly, 439. Roger Galichtley, Af. 
 
 James Colyghtlye, W g. 
 Cooch, 24. John fil. Cuch, A. Roger 
 
 Cuch, A. Evan ap Couch, M. 
 Good, 463. Hugh Godde, A. Roger 
 
 Godde, M. 
 Coodacre, 134, 
 
 Goodalehouse, 501. Joan Good-ale- 
 house, IV 2. 
 Coodbarn, Christopher Goodbarne, W 
 
 Goodbeer, 511. Richard Codbearc, Z. 
 Goodbehere (v. Goodbeer), 511. 
 Coodbody, 506. Alicia Godbodi, A. 
 Goodchild, 506. Ralph Godchild A. 
 
 John Codchyld, M. 
 Coodclerk, 505. Henry Goodclerk, 
 
 XX I. 
 Coodenough. John Codynogh, G. 
 
 William Godyinogh, M. 
 Goodfellow, 506. John Coodefelagh, O. 
 
 Thomas Godfelawe, //.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 555 
 
 Goodfowl, 506. Agnes Godefouele, A. 
 
 Basilia Godfowele, A. 
 Goodgift, 103. Goodgift Gynnings, 103. 
 GoodgToom, 505. Robert le Godegrom, 
 
 A. John Godgrom, H. 
 Goodhart, 463. Alexander Godherte, E. 
 
 Walter Godherte, E. 
 Goodherring, 499. Adam Godharing, A. 
 Goodhugh, 504. John Godhug', A. 
 
 Hugh Godhewe, M. William God- 
 
 hugh, M. 
 Goodhusband, 505. Agnes Godhus- 
 
 bonde, y4. Nicholas Godhosbonde, ^4. 
 Goodhyne, 505. Alexander Godhine, 
 
 A. John Godhyne, M. 
 Goodier, 22. William Godier, M. Joan 
 
 Goodyere, W 2. 
 Goodknave, 505. Geoffrey Godeknave, 
 
 A. Gilbert Godknave, B. William 
 
 Goodknave, D. 
 Goodlake, 22. Guthlake Folyot, Z. 
 Goodlove, 474. William Godelove, M. 
 Goodluck {v. Goodlake), 22. 
 Goodman (i), 506. Henry le Godman, 
 A. 
 (2), Herbert fil. Godman, C. 
 Gcodmother. William Godmoder, A. 
 Goodnurse, 506. William Godenurs, A. 
 Goodrich [v. Goderich), 22. Walter 
 
 Goderiche, A. Richard Gooderick, Z. 
 Goodrobert, 504. Robert Goderoberd, P. 
 Goodson, 507. Emma fil. Gode, A. 
 
 William Godeson, A. John Gode- 
 
 sone, A. 
 Goodspeed, 512. Ralph Godisped, A. 
 Goodsvvain, 505. Henry Godeseweyn, 
 
 A. John Godsweyn, A. John Gode- 
 
 sweyn, M. 
 Goodwayt, 506. Roger Godweyt, A. 
 Goodwife, 507. William Goodwyfe, 
 
 507 n. 
 Goodwin, 21. William Godewyn, A. 
 
 Thomas Godwine, M. 
 Goodwright, 278. 
 Goodyear {v. Goodier), 22. 
 
 GRA 
 Goose (v. Goss), 494. John le Goos, 
 
 M. Peter le Goos, FF. Walter le 
 
 Gows, A. 
 Goosebeak, 500. Mariota Gosebeck, A, 
 Gooseherd, 267. Joan Gushyrde, W 11. 
 
 Agnes Gusehyrd, W 11. John Goos- 
 
 hewed, W 19. 
 Gore, 130. Robert atte Gore, A. Tho- 
 mas de la Gore, H. 
 Goreway, 130. William ad le Gore- 
 way, A. 
 Goshawk, 493. William Goshawke, 
 
 FF. 
 Gosling (v. Joscelyn), 494. Goscelina fil. 
 
 Gawyn, A. Roger fil. Gocelin, A. 
 Goss {v. Goose), 494. Amicia le Gos, 
 
 7. John le Gos. M. 
 Gotobed {v. Godbert), 22. Johannes 
 
 Go-to-bedde, RR i. John Gotebedde, 
 
 A. Henry Gotobed, Z. 
 Gotokirk, 501. Serle Gotokirke, A. 
 Gottard {v. Goddard), 267. 
 Gottschalk, 212, 22. Godeschalke de 
 
 Estlaund, A. Godefry fil. Godescal- 
 
 lus, C. Godeskalcus Armorer, Wz 
 Gouty, 441. John Gouty, V. 
 Grace, 103, 432. Grace Clayton, W 14. 
 
 Grace Prest, W 16. 
 Gracedieu, 511. 'Mr. Gracedieu,' v. \ 
 
 511 n. 
 Gramary, 197. Andrew le Gramary, G, 
 
 William Grammary, M. 
 
 ('197. Andrew le Gramayre, 
 Grammar, 1 A. Richard le Gramayre, 
 Grammer, 1 G. William Gramma- 
 
 L ticus, y. 
 
 Grand {v. Grant), 432 
 
 Grange, 134. Jordan de la Grange, A. 
 
 William de la Grange, M. 
 Grangeman, 135. John Grangeman, Z. 
 Granger, 134. Richard le Granger, A. 
 
 John le Graunger, G. 
 Grant, 432. Richard le Grant, C. 
 
 Walter le Grant, M. 
 Granville {v. Grenville), 151.
 
 556 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Graper, 374. Agnes Graper, B. Richard 
 
 le Graper, H. 
 Grass, 432. Ralph le Gras, B. Walter 
 
 le Gras, G. Amabel le Gras, Af. 
 Graunt, 432. Jurdan le Graunt, A. 
 
 Richard le Graunt, M. 
 Grave, 464. 
 
 Graver, 120. Thomas Graver, Z. 
 Graves, 120. Sibilla de le Grave, B. 
 
 Robert atte Grave, M. 
 Graveshend, 114. Richard de laGraves- 
 
 hend, A. Stephen de Graveshende, B. 
 
 Gray (f. Grey) (i), 395. William le Gray, 
 
 O. Nicholas le Gray, A. 
 
 (2). Norman de Gray, ^. 
 
 Graycock {v. Grayson). Peter Gray- 
 
 cocke, W 16. Francis Graycocke, 
 W xb. 
 Grayson [v. Grierson). Mary Gray- 
 son, W xb. 
 Great. William le Grete, M. Hugh 
 
 le Gret, R. 
 Greathand. John Greathand, M. 
 Greathead, 435. Thomas Gretehed, H. 
 
 Agnes Greatheved, R. 
 Greaves {v. Graves), 120. 
 Greavesend (v. Graveshend), 114. 
 Green, 131. Deonisia ate Grene, A. 
 
 Warin de la Grene, A. 
 Greenett {v. Green). Simon atte 
 
 Grenette, B. 
 Greenhead, 447. Richard Greenhead, 
 
 IF 2. 
 Greenhorn, 470. Christopher Greyn- 
 
 horne, W 15. 
 Greenkirtle, 458. John Grenecurtel, FF. 
 Greenman, 456. 
 Greenslade, 121. Robert de Greneslade, 
 
 A'. Antony Greneslade, '/.. 
 Grccnsmith, 281. Henry Greensmith, 7.. 
 
 Edward Greensmith, FF. Richard 
 
 Grensmythe, Z. 
 Greeves, 120. 
 
 Greg, ) {v. Gregory) Simon fii. Greg, 
 Gregg, j A. Robert Grege, A. 
 
 GRO 
 Gregory. Peter Gregory, A. Richard 
 fil. Gregorii A. Gregory Washer, 
 
 Gregson (v. Greg). William fil. Greg, 
 
 A. Robert Gregson, W \\. 
 Grenville, 151. Richard de Grenville, 
 
 A. Matilda de Grenewille, A. 
 Grey (v. Gray) (i). Reginald de Grey, R. 
 William de Grey, R. 
 (2), 445. John le Grey, A. 
 Adam le Grey, G. 
 Greybeard, 449. Richard Greyberd, A. 
 Greygoose, 404. 
 
 Greyling, 497. Gilbert Greyling, R. 
 Greyshank, 438. Gilbert Greyschanke, 
 
 A. 
 Grierson (v. Gregson). 
 Grice, 445. John le Gris, A. Thomas 
 
 le Grise, M. 
 Grieve, 233. Thomas le Greyve, A. 
 Grieveson, 65. John Greveson, W ^. 
 
 William Greffeson, SS. 
 
 {v. Greg). Richard fil. Grigge, 
 A. Grigge le Fulur, A. 
 Serle Grigg, A. 
 Grinchetyl, 25. Grinchetyl, Q. Grim- 
 kettle, FF. Grinketel, v. p. 25 n. 
 Grimkelson. Only Grimkelson (Lower). 
 Grinder. Stephen le Grindar, .^. Ralph 
 
 Grindour, C. 
 Grinkle (z'. Grinchetyl), 22. 
 Grisdale, 491. Thomas Grisedale, 1^4. 
 
 John Grysdale, W 16. 
 Grise (v. Grice), 491. William le Gryse, 
 
 ■/.. 
 Griselwhite. 445. Annie Griselwhite, 
 
 FF. 
 Grissel, 445. John Grissel, 7.. 
 Griswood, 491. 
 Groome, 505. Seman Ic Groin, A, 
 
 Simon le Grom, H. 
 Grose, 432. John le Gros, B. Bertram 
 
 le Gros, E. Hugh le Gros, G. 
 Groser, 370. 
 Grosjean, 46, 503. 
 
 Grig, 
 Grigg,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 557 
 
 GRO 
 Grosser, 370. 
 Grossmith, 505. 
 
 (435- Richard Grostete, A. 
 ' \ Peter Grossetest, IV 4. 
 Grostete, [ ^^^^^^ Groteste, X. 
 
 Grosvenur. Robert le Grovenur, y. 
 
 Robert le Grosvenur, T. 
 Grote. Roger le Grote, A. William 
 
 Grote, A. 
 Grover, 120. 
 
 Groves, 120. William atte Grove, Af. 
 Guard. Robert le Gard, FF. 
 
 i(v. Waring), 32. Guarinus 
 de Chauncy, E. Guarinus 
 Banastre, C. Ivo fil. 
 Guarin, C. 
 Gull, 494. Hugh le Gul, A. Clement 
 
 le Gul, A. 
 Gunn (i), Matilda fil. Gunne, A. Roger 
 Gunne, y. 
 (2), 230. 
 Gunner (v. Ginner), 229. 
 Gunson {v. Gunn, i). Richard fil. 
 
 Gunne, i?. Eustace Gunson, A. 
 Gunter (v. Gaunter), 309. Roger 
 
 Gunter, B. John Gunter, Z. 
 Gumey. Hugh de Gumay, A. Anselm 
 
 de Gumey, A. 
 Guster, 214. Robert le Gustur, T. 
 Guthlac, 17. 
 Guy, 36. Guy de Boys, //. Imbert fil. 
 
 Guido, T. 
 Guyatt, ( (v. Guy), 36. Aleyn Gyot, 
 Guyot, \ H. 
 
 TTABBAKUK, 100, Abacucke Har- 
 man, Z. 
 
 Haberdasher, 343. Richard le Haber- 
 dasher, P. 
 
 Hacker, 264. Adam le Hacker, E. 
 Richard Hacker, F. 
 
 Hackman, 264. Thomas Hakeman, A. 
 Joan Hakeman, FF. 
 
 Hadwin (f. Hardwin), 27. 
 
 Haig, 
 Haigh, 
 
 HAM 
 ^133. Robert atte Haghe, 
 J FF. Richard atte Haghe, 
 i FF. 
 Hairproud, 453. Richard le Herprute, 
 
 A. 
 Half-Knight, 199. Geoffrey Halve 
 
 Knit, A. Nicholas Halve-Knight- 
 
 A. 
 Halfpeny, 482. William Halpeni, A. 
 
 Walter Halpeni, A. 
 Halfnaked, 431. Adam de Halnaked, 
 
 M. Adam de Halfenaked, H. 
 Hale, 136, 154. Pagan de la Hale, A. 
 
 Thomas ate Hale, M. 
 Halket, 51. 
 Hall, 136, 154. Walter de la Halle, A. 
 
 John atte Halle, B. 
 Hallett, 51. Matthew Halyet, FF. 
 
 Nathaniel Hallyet, FF. 
 Halliday, 64. Gerard Haliday, A. Alan 
 
 Halyday, H. 
 Halse, 385. John Halse, H. Andrew 
 
 Halse, W<^. John Hals, XX i. 
 Halstaff, 462. Anthony Halstaffe, 462. 
 Hamlet {v. Hamnett), 16, 35. Hamlet 
 
 Ashton, A A i. Hamelet de la Burste, 
 
 A'^A'^. Richard fil Hamelot, A A 2. 
 Hamlyn 35. Hamelyn de Trap, H. 
 
 Hamalin Prepositus, C. Osbert 
 
 Hamelyn, M. 
 Hammer, 144. 
 Hammett (z/. Hamnett), 35. 
 Hammond, 35. Hamund le Mestre, A. 
 
 Hamond Cobeler, H. John Fitz- 
 
 hamond, D. 
 Hamnett {v. Hamlet), 35. Hamnet, 
 
 Stockley, A A i. Humfrey Hamnett, 
 
 AA I. Hamnet Sadler, v. p. 35. 
 
 Hampnet Clegge, XX 1. 
 Hamo, / (v. Hammond), 35. Hamole 
 Hamon, • Bret, A. Hamo le Bard, A. 
 Hamond, (. Hamo fil. Ricardi, M. 
 Hamondson (i/. Hampson), 35. Alice 
 
 Hamundson, W 2. John Hawmund- 
 
 son, W \i.
 
 558 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Hamper, 388. Geoffrey le Hanaper, A. 
 John Hanaper, A. 
 
 Hampermaker, 388. William Hamper- 
 maker, H. Walter Hampermaker, 
 /?^3. 
 
 Hampshire, 147. John Hamshire, A. 
 
 Hampson, 35. Nicholas fil. Hamon, 
 y. Hamo fil. Hamonis, C. Wil- 
 liam Hamneson, ZZ. John Hamson, 
 
 Hamsher (v. Hampshire), 120. 
 
 Hancock (v. Handcock) 46. 
 
 Hand, 436. Richard Hand, A. Thomas 
 
 Hande, A. 
 Handcock, 46. Hanecock Birun, A. 
 
 John Hancock, O. 
 Handless, 441. John Handelesse, Wii. 
 Handshaker, 501. William Honde- 
 
 shakere, M. 
 Handsomebody, 508. 
 Hanker, 196. John le Haneker, A. 
 
 William Hanekare, A. 
 Hankins, 46. Hancken de Fine, E. 
 
 Hanekyn Jocelyn, .V. Hankyn MayTi- 
 
 waryng, H. 
 Hankinson, 46. Garrett Hankinson, Z. 
 
 Randolph Hankynson, ZZ. 
 Hannah (v. Hannay), 164. 
 Hannant, 164. 
 Hannay, 136. John de Henau, C. 
 
 William Hannay, H. 
 Hans, 45. Hans Berner, O. Hans 
 
 Doubler, O. 
 Hansard, 165. 
 Hanson, 46. Roger Hanson, F. Richard 
 
 Hanson, W 2. Bamby Hanson, ^"4. 
 Hanway (v. Hannay), 164. 
 Harber, 291. William le Harl>ciour, B. 
 
 William le Herber, E. Richard le 
 
 Hareber, N. 
 Harbinger, 219, 291. 
 Harbour {v. Harber), 291. 
 Harcourt, 151. Sacr de Harccurt, A. 
 
 Alicia de Harecurt, K. 
 Hardcorse. bimon Hardcoric, E. 
 
 HAR 
 Harden, 118. Richard de Harden, B. 
 
 William de Harden, C. 
 Hardfish. Richard Hardfysshe, FF. 
 
 John Hardfish, FF. 
 Hardgripe. Robert Hardgripe, MM. 
 Hardhead, 435, 447. Robert Hard- 
 
 heved, A. Simon Hardheved, T. 
 Harding, 27. Maurice fil. Harding, 
 
 E. Harding Faber (Lower). William 
 
 fil. Harding, MM. 
 Hardman, 464. John Hardiman, 494 «. 
 Hardwareman, 296. Lambert Hard- 
 
 wareman, W 11. 
 Hardwin, 27. 
 Hardy, 464. Thomas Hardi,^. Richard 
 
 Hardy, M. 
 Hare, 488. Geoffrey le Hare, B. John 
 
 le Hare, M. 
 Harebrown, 448. William Harebrown, 
 
 FF. 
 Harefoot, 439. 
 Harengot, 497. Stephen Harengot, 
 
 DD. 
 Harfagje, 5. 
 Hargreaves, 120. John de Haregrave, A. 
 
 John de Hargreve, C. 
 Harley, 119. Roger de Harlege, A. 
 
 Richard de Harleg, A. 
 Harlot. John Harlot, A'. John le 
 
 Harlet, A. 
 Harman (v. Herman), 26. Cecilia 
 
 Hercman, A. Herman de Francia, 
 
 C. 
 Harmanson (v. Harman), 27. Walter 
 
 Hermanson, O. John Urmynson, 
 VV II. 
 Harmcr (v. Hcrmer), 27. Robert fit 
 
 Hcrmer, C. Hopkins Harmar, Z. 
 Harold, 5. 19. Gilbert fil. Harold, J. 
 
 Harold fil. Roberti, J. 
 Harper, (310. Ralph le Harpur, A. 
 Harpour, j Gilbert le Harponr, B. 
 IIar]nir, ( Hugh Ic H.-irper, M. 
 Harpmaker, 309. Robert Harpmaker, 
 
 309 «.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 559 
 
 HAR 
 
 (SI. Heriot Heringflet, FF. 
 Thomas Haryette, G. Wil- 
 liam Haryott, F. 
 Harriman, 506. John Harriman, PP. 
 Harriot (i'. Harriet), 51. 
 Harris, 51. John Harryes, H. Ezekias 
 
 Harrys, FF. 
 Harrison, 51. Henricus fil. Henry, C. 
 
 George Herrison, W 9. Reginald 
 
 Herryesson, FF. 
 Harrold (i'. Harold), 5, 19. James 
 
 Harrold, FF. 
 Hart, 488. Hobart le Hart, FF. 
 
 Richard le Hert, M. 
 Hartley, 119. Richard de Hertleye, A. 
 
 Robert Harteley, Z. 
 Hartman, 235. 
 
 Hartop, I 137. John Hartop, FF. 
 Hartrop, ( Elizabeth Hartopp, FF. 
 Harvard, 26. 
 
 128. Eustace fil. Hervei, A. 
 Herveus le Gos, A. Wil- 
 liam fil. Hervei, E. 
 Haseler [v. Hastiler), 207. 
 Hasell, 54. Oliver de Hassell, A. 
 
 William de Hasele, A. 
 Hasler (z'. Hastiler), 207. 
 Haster (w. Hastier), 174. Philip le 
 Haster, A. John Haster, W <). 
 
 12<yy. Thurstan le Hastiler, F. 
 William Hastiler, Af. Henry 
 le Hastelier, HR. John 
 Hastier, Fio. 
 Hatch, 130. Richard de la Hache, A. 
 
 Philip atte Hache, M, 
 Hatcher, 130. 
 
 Hatchman, 130. Roger Hatchman, Z. 
 Hatechrist. William Hatecrist, A'. 
 Hatewrong, 500. Henry Hatewrong, B. 
 Hatmaker, 337. William Hatmaker, 
 
 H. 
 Hatt, 144. Thomas del Hat, A. John 
 
 atte Hatte, R. 
 Hatter, 144, 337. Henry le Hatter, A. 
 Robert le Hattare, M. 
 
 HAY 
 Hauberger, 222. Gilbert le Hauberger, 
 
 B. John le Haubergere, N. 
 Haughton, 133. John de Houghtone, 
 
 X. Thomas Haughton, Z. 
 Havercake, 367. Matilda Havercake,^. 
 Haverpenny, 428. William Haverpenny, 
 
 FF. 
 Haward (v. Hayward), 234. William 
 
 Haward, M. Piers le Hawarde, H. 
 Hawes, 133. Peter in le Hawe, ^. John 
 
 de la Hawe, A. 
 Hawke, 493. 
 Hawker, 294. John le Haucker, A. 
 
 Simon le Hauckere, B. John le Hau- 
 
 kere, M. 
 Hawkhurst, 116. 
 Hawkins, 51. Haukin de Hauvill, R. 
 
 Haukyn Mayne, H. Haukyn Ferers, 
 
 O. 
 Hawkinson, 51. 
 Hawkstone, 493. Roger de Haukes- 
 
 tane, A. 
 Hawley, 133. John Hauley, Z. 
 Hawman (v. Hayman). Thomas Haw- 
 man, W II. 
 Haworth, 133. 
 Hawthornthwaite, 121. 
 Hawton (v. Haughton), 133. Hugh de 
 
 Hawtone, A. Henry Hawton, Z. 
 Hay, 133. Anna de la Hay, B. John 
 
 de la Hay, M. 
 Haycraft, 132. Hugh de la Heycroft, 
 
 A. William a la Heycrofte, A. 
 Have ( ^33- Stephen de la Haye, A. 
 Ha e's 1 <^''ciliadelaHaye, Z?. Wil- 
 
 ' ^ ' i Ham atte Haye, 7. 
 Hayland, 133. Thomas de Heyclonde, 
 
 A. Richard de Haulaund, Z:'. 
 Hayley, 133. Eborard de Heyle, A. 
 
 Gavin de Haule, £. 
 Hayman, 234. Peter Hayman, F. Ralph 
 
 le Hayman, Z. 
 Haymon {v. Haymon), 35. 
 Haymonger, 275. Walter le Hey- 
 
 mongere, G,
 
 S6o 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Hay ward, 234. Adam le Hay ward, A. 
 
 Richard le Hayward, B. Nicholas le 
 
 Hayward, AI. 
 Haywood, 133. William de Haywode, 
 
 M. Isabell Heywode, A. 
 Hazleholt. Simon de Hasleholt, G. 
 Hazlehurst, 116. William de Hasel- 
 
 hurst, R. 
 Head (i), 434. William Heved, M. 
 
 (2), 434. Thomas del Heved, A. 
 Heard (v. Herd), 266. William Hearde, 
 
 Z. 
 Heame (i), 130. Thomas ate Hume, 
 A. Henry en le Hurne, A. 
 (2), 494. Henry le Heme, A. 
 Heath, 126. William atte Hethe, B. 
 
 Nicholas atte Hethe, M. John de la 
 
 Hethe, A. 
 Heavy, 431. 
 Hedge {v. Hedges). 
 Hedger, 258. 
 Hedges. Geoffrey atte Hegge, M. John 
 
 atte Hegge, Af, 
 Hedgman, 258. Alan Hagheman, A. 
 Hefterman, 271. 
 Heir (v. Eyre), 169. Richard le Heir, 
 
 M. 
 Helder, 358. Christiana le Heldere, 
 
 A. 
 Hell (v. Hill), 122. Roger de la Helle, 
 
 A. Alexander atte Helle, /^. 
 Hell-cat, 501. Anna Hellicat, H^2o. 
 Hellier, 247. Robert le Helliere, A. 
 
 Thomas Hellier, Z. 
 Hellman, 247. William Heleman, A. 
 Hellus, 131. Nicholas del Hellus, A. 
 Hellyer(v. Hellier) 247. John Hellyer, 
 
 Z. 
 Helman (v. Hellman), 247. 
 Henchman, 215. Henry Henchman, Z. 
 
 Joseph Henchman, /•'/■". 
 Hendiman, 468. William Hendiman, 
 
 A. William Hendeman, M. 
 Hendy, 468. Thomas le Hendy, FF. 
 
 John le Hendy, FF, 
 
 Henman {v. Henchman), 180. John 
 
 Henman, FF. William Henman, 
 
 FF. 
 Henn, 494. Coleman le Henn, A. 
 
 Thomas le Henn, A. 
 Henriot (v. Henry), 51. Alicia Henriot, 
 
 W 2. Robert Henriot, IV 2. 
 Henry, 51. Henry fil. Isolda, T. Henry 
 
 fil. Justina, T. 
 Henryson, 51. William Henryesson, G. 
 
 Catherine Henryson, W 2 
 Henshall, f"7- Benjamin Henshaw. 
 Henshaw. 1 ^5- Joseph Henshaw, /•/<; 
 
 \ WilUam Hanshaw, H. 
 Hensman (v. Henchman), 215. 
 Henty [v. Hendy), 468. 
 Herald, f 218. Main le Heralt, B. 
 Heraud, | Roger Herald, FF. 
 Herberer [v. Harber), 291. Roger le 
 
 Herberer, O. 
 Herberger, 219, 291. Herbert le Her- 
 
 berjur, F. 
 Herbert. Herbert le Francis, E. Gilbert 
 
 Hereberd, A. 
 Herd, 266. John le Hirde, A. Roger 
 
 le Herde, Af. Alice le Herde, H. 
 Herdler, 258. Gilbert le Herdlere, A, 
 Herdman, 228. William le Herdeman, 
 
 B. Martin Herdman, A. 
 Herdson, 65. Henry Herdson, FF. 
 
 James Hirdson, ZZ. 
 Hereward, 26. Emma Hereward, A. 
 
 Howel ap Herewarde, Af. 
 Herman, 27. Herman de Alemannia, 
 
 G. Alan Herman, J/. 
 Hermer {v. Harmer), 27. 
 Hermit, 196. Gerard Heremite, A. 
 
 Silvester le Hermite, B. 
 Hermitage (v. Armitage), 196. 
 Heron, 494. Robert Heyron, A. Wil- 
 liam Heron, B. 
 Herring, 497. Robert Heryng, A. 
 
 Rcymund Heryng, Af. 
 Herringer, 377. Thomas le Haringer, 
 
 F. Richard le Harenger, A,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 561 
 
 Herringbreeder, 377. Symon Haryng- 
 
 breeder, A. 
 Herriot {v. Harriot). William Heryot, 
 
 XX r. 
 Heth, 126. Matilda atte Heth, A. John 
 
 del Heth, J. 
 Hewe (v. Hugh), 60. Hew Her>'son, 
 
 FF. Hewe Hare, Z. Hewe Why thede, 
 
 Hewer, 264. Walter le Howere, A. 
 
 Ralph le Heuer, B. Benedict le 
 
 Huwere, A. 
 Hewet, 16, 60. Robert Hughet, M. 
 
 John Hewette, H. 
 Hewetson, 16, 60. William Heuetson, 
 
 W^. Elizabeth Hewetson, Z. John 
 
 Hewetson, W 16. John Huetson, 
 
 W12. 
 Hewlett, 16, 60. Walter Hughelot, A. 
 
 William Hughlot, N. John Huelot, 
 
 A. Houlot de Rancheste, AA 4. 
 Hewson, 60. Jordan fil. Hugh, A. 
 
 John Hewisson, Z. Eliz. Hewson, 
 
 VV16. 
 Hewster, 264. Richard le Hewster [v. 
 
 p. 264 «). 
 Heyward, 234. Elwin le Heward, A. 
 
 Henry le Heyward, B. William le 
 
 Heyward, AI. 
 Heywood [v. Haywood), 133. 
 Hicks, 82. Geoffrey fil. Hicke, A. 
 
 Baptist Hickes, Z. Thomas Hix, Z. 
 Hickson, 82. John Hixson, F. William 
 
 Hikson, W 3. Nicholas Hichesone, 
 
 PP. 
 Higgett (v. Higgott), 32. 
 Higgins, 82. John Hyggyns, F. Edward 
 
 Hyggons, /''. William Higons, //. 
 Higginson, 82. Thomas Hyggenson, 
 
 IV g. Robert Higynson, ZZ. 
 Higgott, 82. George Higgott, 82 n. 
 Higgs, 82. George Higges, F. Tiionuis 
 
 Higges, Z. 
 High, 431. Robert le Hey e, /4. Robert 
 
 le Hey, M. 
 
 Higson, 82. Peter Higson, Z. 
 
 Hill, 122. Geoffrey del Hil, A. John 
 
 at Hil, M. 
 Hillary, 71. Hillary Constabularius, A. 
 
 lUaria Purcel, T. Hillaria la Waleyse, 
 
 A. 
 Hillier (v. Hellier), 247. 
 Hillyer (v. Hellier), 247. 
 Hind, 255. Francis Hind, Z. John 
 
 Hynd, ZZ. 
 Hinde, 255. Mildred Hynde, Z. Law- 
 rence Hynde, ZZ. 
 Hindley, 119. Hugh Hyndeley, ZZ. 
 
 John Hyndley, ZZ. 
 Hindman, 235. Richard Hindman, Z. 
 Hindshaw, 117. 
 
 Hindson, 65 n. Jenet Hyndsone, A A 4. 
 Hine, 255. Stephen le Hine, M. John 
 
 le Hyne, A. 
 Hinxman (v. Henchman), 215. William 
 
 Hinxman, Z. Joseph Hinxman, Z. 
 Hiredman. Thomas Hiredman, RR i. 
 Hirst, 116. Simon de la Hirst, A. John 
 
 de Herst, E. 
 Hitchcock, 40. Higecok de Trent, X. 
 
 Hichecok Bedell, /i. WilliamHychcok, 
 
 Hitchcox, 40. 
 
 Hitchins, 40. William Hychyns, F. 
 
 Hitchinson, 40. David Henchenesson, • 
 FF. 
 
 Hithereve (John le Huthereve, A^.), 233. 
 
 Hoarder, 211. Richard le Hordere, A. 
 Adam le Horder, H. John le Hor- 
 dere, A*. 
 
 Hoare {v. Hore), 444. Adam le Horc, 
 A. 
 
 Hob {v. Hobbs), 39. 
 
 Hobbins, 39. Hobbyn, FF. 
 
 Hobbler, 200. 
 
 Hobbs, 39. Obbe Dudeman, y?. Hobbc 
 fil. Ralph, DD. Hobbe the Wcre- 
 wede, (". 
 
 Molxlay, 64. Richard Hobday, Z. 
 
 Hobelot, 16, 39. Constance Hobelut, A. 
 

 
 562 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 John Hobman, F5. 
 William Hobson, F. 
 
 ■ 64. John Hockeday, Z. 
 
 Hobkins (v. Hopkins), 39. Nicholas 
 
 Hobekyn, A. Roger Hobekyn, A. 
 Hobjohn, 503. John Hobjohn, Z. 
 Hobler, 200. 
 Hobman, 506. 
 Hobson, 39. 
 
 Thomas Hobbessone, H. 
 Hockday, 1 
 Hockerday, j 
 Hodder, 294. Godewyn le Hodere, N. 
 
 John le Hottere, X. 
 Hodges (w. Roger), 40. William Hodgys, 
 
 F. Robert Hodge, H. 
 Hodgkins [v. Roger), 40. John Hoge- 
 
 kyn, H. Charles Hodgskines, Z. 
 Hodgkinson {v. Roger), 40. John 
 Hoddeskynson, ZZ. Robert Hodge- 
 kynson, F. 
 Hodgman, 506. Nicholas Hodgman, 
 V. p. 506. 
 
 (v. Roger), 40. John 
 Hodgson, _ Hoggeson, F. Richard 
 Hodson, Hodggessone, H. Evan 
 
 ^ Hodson, ZZ. 
 Heel (v. Howell), 13. Hoel fil. Philip, 
 
 C. Isabel Hoel, ZZ. 
 Hogg (i), 485. Richard del Hog, M. 
 (2), 491. AliceleHog, ^. Philip 
 le Hog, A. 
 Hoggart, 267. Nicholas Hogherde, F. 
 Margaret Hoggard, F. John Hogerd, 
 Wit. 
 Hogman, 270. John Hogeman, A. 
 Hogsflesh, 499. Margery Hoggesflesh, 
 
 Z. William Hoggesflesh, Z. 
 Hogshaw, 117. Emelina de Hogshawe, 
 
 117 «. 
 Hointer, 386, 263. Michelle Hointer, A. 
 Holder, 358. Robert le Holdere, A. 
 Holland, 164. Thurstan de Holland, M. 
 
 John de Holland, H. 
 Hollandman, 164. William Holand- 
 
 man, Wi. 
 Holleyman, 113. William Holyman, /i, 
 Richard Holly man, Z. 
 
 IIOR 
 Holliday, 64. Leonard Hollidaie, Z, 
 
 Ralph Holiday. FF. 
 Hollier, 113. William Holycr, FF. 
 Holman, 122. Digone Holman, Z. 
 Holme, 115. Joscelyn de Holme, A, 
 
 Robert del Holm, R. 
 Holmer, 122. 
 
 Holmes (v. Holme), 122, 115 
 Holt, n6. Henry de la Holte, A. Ralph 
 
 atte Holt, M. William del Holt, A. 
 Holtman [v. Holt), 116. John Holtman, 
 
 H. Thomas Holtman, FF. 
 Holroyd, 120. Richard Oldroyd, W16. 
 Holy-bread, 367. John Stokes, alias 
 
 Holibread. 
 Holy-peter, 504. William Halupetir, A. 
 Holy-water-clerk, 189. Hugh Hali- 
 
 watere-clerk, M. 
 Homer, 223. Manekyn le Heaumere, 
 
 H. 
 Honeyman, 262. Osbert Honiman, A, 
 
 Gilbert Honyman, D. 
 Hooker. William le Hoker, M. John 
 
 Hoker, X. 
 Hooper, 395. Alexander le Hopere, A. 
 
 Andrew le Hopere, M. 
 Hope. Roger de la hope, A. David 
 
 atte Hope, O. 
 Hopkins, 39. Henry ap Hopkyn, B, 
 
 Hopkyn ap Rees, C. 
 Hopkinson, 39. Henry Hopkynson, ZZ. 
 
 Richard Hopkinson, Z. 
 Hopper, 307. Richard le Hoppar, A. 
 
 Geoffrey le Hoppere, H. Adam le 
 
 Hoppere, "J. 
 Hopperson, 65. Nicholas Hopperson, 
 
 V. p. 65 n. 
 Hore, 444. Richard le Hore, A. Peter 
 
 le Hore, B. Thomas le Hore, M. 
 Horn, 142, 394. Roger Horn, A. 
 
 Richard Horn, R. 
 Homblow (v. Blowhom), 236 
 Hornbuckle, 501. John Hornbuckle, PP. 
 Homer, 394. Matilda le Hornere, 
 A,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 563 
 
 Homer, 394. John le Horner, B. 
 
 Richard le Horner, M. 
 Horsden, 118. William de Horsden, A. 
 
 William de Horsenden, Q. 
 Horsley, 119. Beyll Horsle, W 9. 
 
 Roger de Horssele, DD. 
 Horsman, 285. Agnes le Horsman, A. 
 
 John Horseman, H. 
 Horsemonger, 286. Leo le Horse- 
 
 mongere, A. 
 Horse-nail, 501. Thomas Horsenail 
 
 (Hist. Ant. Surrey). 
 Hosier, 354. Philip le Hosier, M. 
 
 Lawrence Hosyer, H. 
 Hoskyns (^u. Hojigkins), 40. Thomas 
 
 Hoskyns, H. Elizabeth Hoskyns, 
 
 Z. 
 Host. Roger le Hoste, C. John le 
 
 Host, A. 
 Hostricier {v. Ostricer), 241. Geoffrey 
 
 le Hostriciere, E. 
 
 (w. Hodgkinson), 40. 
 John Hotchekynson, 
 ZZ. 
 
 Hound (zJ. Hund), 493. 
 Hound-dealer. John Houndealler, F. 
 Housewife. John Hosewyf, G. 
 Howard, 26. John Fitz-Howard, W 2. 
 
 William Howard, A. 
 Howe (i), 127. Letitia atte Howe, M. 
 John de la How, FF. Robert 
 adleHo, V8. 
 (2), Ralph le Howe, M. William 
 le Howe, M. 
 Howell {v. Powell), 13. Howel le 
 
 Waleys, M. Elizabeth ap Howell, B. 
 
 Howel ap David, M. 
 Howett (v. Hewett), 60. 
 Howlett (v. Hewlett), 60. JohnHowlett, 
 
 F. Humfrey Howlett, Z. 
 Howson, 60. Carolus Howson, F. 
 
 Simon Howissone, FF. 
 Hozier (v. Hosier), 354. 
 Hucker, 294. William le Huckere 
 
 M, 
 
 O 
 
 Hotchkins, 
 Hotchkinson, 
 
 Huckin {v. Hughkin) 60 
 
 Huckster, 294. Peter le Huckster, M. 
 
 Hudd. Hudde de Knaresborough, E. 
 
 Hudde Garcio de Stabulo, DD. 
 Hudson (v. Hudd). Richard Huddeson, 
 
 //. John Hudeson, VV 2. 
 Huet (v. Hewett). 60. Huet de Badone, 
 
 F. Joan Huet, W 2. 
 Huggins, 16, 60. William fil. Hugonis, 
 
 John Hugonys, FF. Hugyn, A A 2. 
 Hugginson, 16, 60. Nicholas fil. Hugo- 
 nis, A. William Huggynson, ZZ. 
 
 Mary Huggison, ]V 16. 
 Hugh, 60. Edde fil. Hugh, A. Hugh 
 
 le Chepman, T. 
 Hughes, 60. Richard Hewys, F. 
 
 Richard Hewes, Z. 
 Hughkin, 60. Hughkin Byston, AA i. 
 Hughson, 60. John Hughson, Z. 
 
 Richard Hughesson, FF. 
 Hull, 97. Nicholas atte Hulle, B. 
 
 Jordan de la Hulle, y. 
 Hullett (v. Hewlett), 60. William 
 
 Houghlot, O. Roger fil. Hulot, IV 8. 
 Humble, 464. Richard Humble Z. 
 Humphrey, f^^'^- ^chard Umfrey. 
 Humfrey, ^. Humfndus de Bas- 
 
 [ singbourn, C. 
 Hund, 492. Gilbert le Hund, A. Wil- 
 liam le Hund, B. 
 Hundredpound (v. Centlivre), 513. Wil- 
 
 ham Hundredpound, FF. 
 Hungry. William Hungry, F. 
 Hunnard, 269, 235. Helyas le Hun- 
 
 derd. A, 
 Hunne, 162. William le Hunne, A, 
 
 Martin le Hunne, A. 
 Hunt, 237. Nicholas le Hunte, A. 
 
 John le Hunt, B. Gilbert le Hunt, M. 
 Hunter, 237. Henry le Huntere, A. 
 
 Thomas le Hunter, M. 
 Huntsman, 237. Walter Hunteman, A. 
 
 Joan Hunteman, C. 
 Hurd(i'. Herd), 266. Robert le Hyrde, 
 
 A. 
 O 2
 
 564 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 HUR 
 
 Hurdman (v. Herdman), 266. Mawde 
 
 Hurdman, A. Christopher Hurds- 
 
 man, Wt.6. 
 Hurer (v. Hurrer), 338. Alan le Hurer, 
 
 A. 
 Hurlebat, 462. Robert Hurlebat, X. 
 
 Matilda Hurlebatt. V. John Hurle- 
 
 batt, Z. 
 Hurlstone. 462. 
 Hurrer (v. Hurer), 338. Geoffrey le 
 
 Hunvere, A. 
 Hursley, 116. William de Hurslee, 
 
 A. 
 Hurst (v. Hirst), 116. William de la 
 
 Hurst, B. John atte Hurst, M. 
 Husband, 505. Robert le Hosebonde, 
 
 A. Walter le Husebonde, A. 
 Husbandman. Christopher Husband- 
 man, VV II. 
 Huskisson, 60. John Hocheskynson, 
 
 F. 
 Hutchins, 60. William Huchyn, F. Alan 
 
 Huchyns, H. 
 Hutchinson, 60. Johannes Huchesson, 
 W19. Thomas Hochinson, F. Chris- 
 topher Huchynson, F. 
 Hutchreve, 368. Robert le Huchereve, 
 
 N. 
 Hyde. Leticia de la Hyde, A. Adam 
 
 atte Hyde, M. 
 Hyldsmith. William Hyldsmyth, A. 
 Hyne, 255. John le Hyne, A. William 
 
 le Hyne, J. 
 Hyneson, 65. Ellen Hyneson, W 9. 
 
 Thomas Hynson, Z. 
 Hythe, 233. Walter de la Hythe, A. 
 
 Eustace de la Hythe, A. 
 Hythereve, 233. John le Huthereve, O. 
 
 TBBETSON {v. Ibbotson), 79. Joseph 
 Ibbetson, VV i6. Francis Ibbit- 
 son, H^20. 
 Ibbet [v. Ibbot), 79. 
 Ibbot, 79. Ibbota fil. Adae, W a. 
 
 IRO 
 
 Walter Ibbot, A. Ebote Gylle, Z. 
 
 Ibote Babyngton, Z. Ybote de 
 
 Chalar, A. 
 Ibbotson, 79. Robert fil. Ibotre, B. 
 
 Alice Ebotson, IF 2. Henry Ebison 
 
 or Ibbotson, TT. 
 Ibbs, ( 79- Thos Ibson, IV 11. John 
 Ibson, I Ibson, IF 11. 
 Icemonger, 391. Isabel le Isemongere, 
 
 G. Richard Ismongere, A/. Agnes 
 
 la Ismongere, X. 
 Ida, 19. Ida Salter, PF2. Ida Carle, 
 
 A. Ida de Bello Campo, ./. 
 Iddison (v Ida), 19. Emma fil. Ido, IV 
 
 5. Thomas Idessone, 5. 
 Idonia, 19. Joan fil. Idonea, T. 
 
 Idonea le Engleys, y. 
 Ilbert. Ilbert le Cementer, 55. Ilbcrt 
 
 de Hereford, DD. 
 Imary, 29. Eymerus de Melinges. M. 
 
 Eimcricus de Chaworth, £. Aimaric 
 
 Gedge, M. 
 Imbert. Imbertus de Salinis, B. Isem- 
 
 bert Burrellus, C. Henry Isemberd, A. 
 I meson, 29. 
 
 Imper, 260. Adam le Imper, M. 
 Imray (t/. Imray), 29. 
 Increase, 104. Increase Mather, 104 «. 
 Inglis, 149. William Inglish, B. Roger 
 
 Ingleys, M. Walter Ingeleys, A. 
 Ingram, 29. Ingeram de Betoyne, A. 
 
 Engeram Betencurt, £. Ingram Ger- 
 
 mayn, Af, 
 Inman, 292. Toby Inman, IV g. Henry 
 
 Inman, Z. 
 Ireland, 148. Adam de Irlond, //. 
 
 Henry de Irlaund, Af. 
 Iremonger, 391. John le Irmongere, A. 
 
 Daniel le Irmongere, A/. William le 
 
 Irremongere, AI. 
 Irish, 148. Adam le Ireis, B. Henry 
 
 le Ireys, A/. John le Irreys, //. 
 Irishman, 148. Edward Irishman, FF. 
 Ironfoot, 437. Peter Yrenefot, A. 
 Ironmonger (v. Iremonger), 391.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 565 
 
 Ironpurse, 482. Jordan Irenepurs, A. 
 
 Robert Irenpurse, A. 
 Ironsides, 437. Margery Ironside, IF9. 
 
 Gillaert Ironside, ^5'. 
 Invin. Augustus fil. Envin, A. 
 Isaac, 82. John Ysac, A. Samuel fil. 
 
 Ysaac, DD. Ysaac do Norwich, y. 
 Isaacson, 82. Geoffrey fil. Isaac, y. 
 
 William fil. Isaac, T. 
 Isabel, 19. Isabel de Arcy, A. William 
 
 Isabelles, FF. 
 Ismay. Isemay Eglebird, A. Roger fil. 
 
 Ysmay, A. Isamaya Hibernicia, DD. 
 Isolda, 19. Isolda Longespe, ^i. Richard 
 
 fil. Isolda, .'i. Isolda fil. Hugh, R. 
 Ison {v. Iveson), 34. 
 Isott (v. Issot), 79. Isotte Symes, Z. 
 
 Izott Barn, Z. Ezotta Hall, W xi. 
 Ispanier, 161. Peter Ispanier, 161 n. 
 Issot [v. Isott), 79. John Issot, W 16. 
 
 Sarah Issot, W 16. 
 Ithell {v. Bethell), 13. Ann Ithell, HH. 
 
 Ithell Wynne, AA i. 
 Ivatts [v. Ivetts), 34. 
 Ive (v. Ivo), 34. Ive Hook, A. Wil- 
 liam fil. Ive, A. 
 Ivens, 45. Peter fil. Ivone, A. John 
 
 Ivyn, H. David ap Ivan, XX i. 
 Iverson {v. Iveson), 34. 
 Ives, 34. Thomas fil. Ivonis, £. 
 
 Aimeric fil. Yvo, C. 
 Iveson, 34. William Iveson, W 2. 
 
 Walter fil. Ive, A. Antony Iveson, 
 
 W.ri. 
 Ivetts,34. John fil. Ivette,y4. Thomas fil. 
 
 Ivettse, F. Ivetta de Inglethorpe, FF. 
 Ivison [v. Iveson), 34. 
 Ivo {v. Ive), 34. Ivo le Merch, A. Ivo 
 
 fil. Warin, M. 
 Ivory-Malet, 509. 
 Ivot [v. Ivetts), 34. Ivote le Bolure, A. 
 
 'ACKANAPES, 492. John Jacka- 
 napes, M, 
 
 JAR 
 
 Jack, 46«. Jackele Warner, .<4. Catherine 
 Jak, W2. 
 
 Jackett, 49. Jackett Tozer, Z. Jaket 
 Owdet, Y. Jacquetta Kuskyn, A A 3. 
 Henry Jaket, V 11. 
 
 Jacklin. Alexander Jacklin, v. p. 49. 
 
 Jackman, 222, 49. Bennett Jackman, Z. 
 Annejackman, FF. 
 
 Jack's, 45, 46 n. Agnes Jakkes, A. 
 Jakes Amadur, A. 
 
 Jackson, 45. Robert fil. Jake, A. Ed- 
 mund Jacson, F. Thomas Jaxsonn, 
 VV g. Richard Jaqueson, V 2. 
 
 Jacobs, 46 «. Jordan Jacob, A. Agnes 
 Jacob, //. 
 
 Jacobson. Robert fil. Jacob, A. Thomas 
 fil. Jacob, M. 
 
 Jacox, 45. 
 
 Jakeman {v. Jackman), 222. John 
 Jakeman, F. 
 
 Jake, 45. Jake Heriet, A. Robert fil. 
 Jake, A. 
 
 Jakes {v. Jacks), 45. Robert Jacques, 
 M. Jakys Breton, IV 2. 
 
 Jambe, 438. Hugh Jambe, A. Tho- 
 mas Jaumbe, M. 
 
 James, 94. James le Queynt, H. John 
 Jamys, H. Christianajames, A. 
 
 Jameson, J 94. Thomas Jamson, H. 
 
 Jamieson, \ Ralph Jamson, ZZ. 
 
 Jane (i), 48. Jane Jay, FF. Jane 
 Swcte, H. Thomas Jeynes, 
 V2. 
 
 (2). 133- 
 Janet (v. Jane), 48. John Janet, H. 
 
 Janekin Jonet, H. Janeta Barker, 
 
 A. 
 Janeway, 161. Benedict dejanua, E. 
 
 Peter de Jueigny, E. 
 Jankin {v. Jenkins), 45. John Janekyn, 
 
 B. Janekin Jonet, H. 
 Jannaway (v. Janeway), 161. 
 Janson (i/. Jennison), 45. Roger Janne- 
 
 son, FF. Peter Janson, /•'/''. 
 Jarman, 392. Robertjarman, ZZ,
 
 566 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 JAR 
 Jarrard, ({v. Gerard), 52. JarrardGore, 
 Jarratt, J Z. Jarrett Dashwood, /-Y-'. 
 Jarrett, ( Jarat Nycholson, IV g. 
 Jarvis (v. Gervase). Ellen Jarvyes, Z. 
 Jay, 493. John le Jay, A/. Walter le 
 
 Jay. B. 
 Jayne. ] ^^ ,^^ ^^^ 
 
 Teane, j 
 
 Jeffcocks, so. John Jeffcocke, Z. 
 Jefferson, 50. Warin Fitz-Geffrey, M. 
 
 Geoffrey Jeffreson, F. Peter Geffrey- 
 son, ZZ. 
 Teflfkins, 50. 
 Jeffries, 50. John Geffereys, H. Richard 
 
 Jefiferaye, Z. 
 Teflfrison (v. Jefferson). Mathew Jeffrey- 
 son, ^FI6. 
 Jeff, f 50. Nicholas Jeff, Z. John 
 Jeffs, ( Jeffes, ZZ. 
 Jemmitt, 94 n. Thomas Jemmitt, 94 n. 
 
 James Jemett, CC 3. 
 Jenkins, 45. Jenkyn le Messer, //. 
 
 Jevan ap Jeynkyns, F. 
 Jenkinson, 45. Katerine Jankynson, F. 
 
 Gilbert Jenkynson, N. 
 Jenks, 45. Rowland J enks, F. Thomas 
 
 Jenks, Z. 
 Jeniier, 229. William le Genour, Af. 
 
 Henry Jenner, Z. 
 Jennings, 45, 49. Janyn Godard, //. 
 
 Thomas Jennyns, F. 
 Jennison, 45, 48. Alan fil. Jene, A. 
 
 John Jenanson, N. John Jenysyn, F. 
 
 Joan Geneson, W^ii. 
 , Jenour {v. Jenner), 229. 
 Jephson, 50. Thomas Jephson, FF. 
 Jepson, 50. Richard Jepson, W 2. John 
 
 Jepsonne, ^^ 4. MosesGipson, CC3. 
 Jerard (v. Jarrard), 53. Jerard Watson, 
 
 W<). Jerrett Bulloke, IV g. 
 Jervis {v. Gervase). Alexander Jervis, 
 
 Z. Edyth Jervice, ZZ. 
 ]essmakcr',24i. Robert leJessemaker,/4. 
 Jeune, 432. William lejeune, A. Joceus 
 
 lejouene, G, 
 
 JOS 
 Jew, 167, Mirabilla Judseus, C. John 
 le Jew, M. Moses le Jew, /?. 
 
 ((v. Jowett). Christopher 
 Jewitson, Z, 74 n. Henry 
 Jewel, XX I. Mary 
 Jewitt, W 16. 
 Jewry (v. Jury), 166. 
 Jewsbury (v. Jewry), 167. 
 Jewson (v. Jewitson), 74 n. 
 Jimson, ) 94. William Gimmison, W 
 Jimpson, ) 20. 
 JiU (v. Gill), 73- 
 Joan, 48. Joan Peny, ff. Joan de la 
 
 Pomeroy, Ff. Joan fil. Idonea, T. 
 Joanes, 48. 
 Joanna, 19. Johanna le Curteys, T. 
 
 Tob (^3' J°'^" '^'- i°^' ^- "^'"Jam 
 
 Jobson, I Jobbe,^/. Edward J obson. 
 
 John, 41, 45. Thomas John, A. John 
 
 leGris, T. 
 Johncock, 45. 
 Johnson, 45. Ivo fil. John, A. Edmund 
 
 Jonson, H. Robert J ohanson, /-. 
 Joiner, 249. Hugh le Joignour, G. Alan 
 
 lejoygnour, N. 
 Jolifwill, 504. William Jolifewille, y. 
 Jolly, 472. William Golye, .^. Thomas 
 
 Joly, O. 
 Jolyflfe, 472. John Jolif, A. Henry 
 
 Joly fife, M. 
 Jones, 45. Walter fil. Jone, A. William 
 
 Jon, A. Geoffrey Johns, /•'. David 
 
 Jonys, F. Johan Johans, //. Robert 
 
 Johnys, F. 
 Jonson {v. Johnson), 45. 
 Jordan, 18, 85. Stephen fil. Jordan, A. 
 
 Jordan atte MuUe, M. Jordan le 
 
 Flemynge, y. 
 - , Hohn fil. Tordan, C. Ralph 
 
 Jordanson, ^ ge.fil.jirdan,^. Thomas 
 lordeson, i , , o^ m 
 
 i ,. \ Tordanson, w. p. 86. Mar- 
 
 Jordison, I , j o*- 
 
 V gery jordanson, v. p. 86. 
 
 Joscelyn, 18. Jocelidus fil, Joscelini, T. 
 Ralph Josselyn, //.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 567 
 
 JOS 
 Joseph, 3. Henry fil. Josep, A. Adam 
 
 Josep, M. Jospp le Tavemer, y. 
 Joule, 433. 
 Jowetson {v. Jowett), 74. Christopher 
 
 Jewitson, Z. Roger fil. Jouettae, 
 T. 
 Jowett, 14 n. Jowett Barton, IV 11. 
 
 Joette de Sudmarle, W 19. Juetta 
 
 fil. William, T. Richard fil. Juette, T. 
 
 William Juet, A. 
 Jowl, 433. 
 Joy. Adamjoye, A. William Joye, 
 
 Joyagain, 102. 
 
 Joyce (i), 71. Joyce Faukes, .^. Joyce 
 Tibetot, H. Joice Frankline, 
 
 (2), 463, 471. Richard le Joyce, 
 
 7- 
 
 Joymaiden, 472. Geoffrey Joyemaiden, 
 
 A. 
 Judd, 
 Judkins, 
 Judge, 179. 
 Judson, 86. William J udson, Z. James 
 
 Jurdeson, 55. 
 Jugg- Jugg Byron, v. p. 49. 
 Juggour, 313. Richard le Juggour, M. 
 Juggler, 313. Thomas Joculator, M. 
 Julia, j 19, 73. Emma fil. Juliana, A. 
 Juliana, | Juliana Loveday, y. 
 Juliet {v. jowett), 74. Julita u.xor 
 
 Widonis, CC. 
 June (z'. Jeune), 432. Stephen le Juvene, 
 
 A. William le June, i¥. 
 Junior, 429. John le Junior, FF. Egi- 
 ' dius Junior, C. 
 Jurdan (W.Jordan), 86. Roger fil. Jurdan, 
 
 A. Thomas Jurdan, FF. 
 Jury {v. Jewry), 166. 
 Justcr, 305. Thomas le Justere, T. 
 
 Robert lejusture, H. William Jous- 
 
 ter, Z. 
 Justice, 179. William le Justice, A. 
 
 Robert lejustise, E, 
 
 cins, j 
 
 86. Aronjudde, A. 
 
 TT" AISER {v. Cayser), 174. 
 
 Katherine, II. Katerina le Bakere, 
 T. AveUna fil. Katerine, T. 
 
 Kay, 123. John Kay, W 9. Jordan 
 Kay, A. 
 
 Kean, 467. Hugh le Kene, A. Joan 
 le Kene, FF. 
 
 Keat, 466. Mary Kete, Z. Roger 
 Kete, Z. 
 
 Keeling, 497. Josiah Keeling, HH. 
 Henricus Keylynge, W 19. 
 
 Keen {v. Kean), 467. 
 
 Keeper, 232. William Kepere, A. John 
 Keeper, Z. 
 
 Keepguest, 501. William Kepegest, A. 
 
 Keller, 336. Alicia la Keller, F. Ro- 
 bert le Kallere. H. Alias le Keller. R. 
 
 Kempe, 224. Roger Kemp, M. Nicho- 
 las Kemp, M. 
 
 Kemper, 320. 
 
 Kempson, 65. 
 
 Kempster, j 320. Johanna la Kemp. 
 
 Kemster, 1 ster, X. 
 
 Kendal, 169. Roger de Kendale, M. 
 Hugh de Kendale, R. 
 
 Kenn, 492. Eborard le Ken, A. Tho- 
 mas le Chene, A. Geoffrey le Ken, B. 
 
 Kent, 147. Adam de Kent, M. Wil- 
 liam de Kent, y. 
 
 Kentish, 147. Alan le Ksnteis, A. 
 William le Kenteys, E. Robert le 
 Kenteys, A. 
 
 Kenworthy, 134. 
 
 Kerr. William dele Ker, .(4. John del 
 Ker. H. 
 
 Kersall (r'. Kershaw), 117, 
 
 Kershaw, 117. Gilbert Kyrshawe, ZZ. 
 Henry Kyrshawe, ZZ. 
 
 Kcsar, 173. Robert le Keser, R. Lam- 
 bert Keser, R. 
 
 Ketnionger,"483. Adam Ketmongere, A. 
 
 Kelt, 466. Walter lo Ket, G. Osbert 
 le Ket, y. 
 
 Kettle (t'.CIicttle), 24. Emmafil. Kctcl,.-i. 
 Robert til. Ketell, j. KelleleMercer,/i.
 
 568 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 KEW 
 Kew (v. Cow). Agnes le Keu, .1/- 
 
 ]ohn le Keu, A. 
 Keyser {v. Keser), 173. Richard Key- 
 
 ser, FF. 
 Kidd, 491. Reginald Kyd, A. John 
 
 Kidd, FF. 
 Kidder, 294. William le Kydere, B. 
 
 Richard Kydder, Z. 
 Kidman, 271. Alan Kydeman, A. 
 
 John Kideman, FF. 
 KillbuU, 375. Reginald Cullebol, A. 
 Killbullock, 375. Henry CuUebulloc, A. 
 Killhare, 375. William Cullehare, A. 
 Killhog, 375. William CuUehog, A. 
 Kind, 464. Adam Kind, Z. Andrew 
 
 Kynd, FF. 
 King, 174. HamondleKing, ,4. Robert 
 
 le Kynge, C. Saher le King, //. ij6ft. 
 Kingsman, 176 n. Richard Kynges- 
 
 man, A. Ralph Kyngesman, M. 
 Kingson, 176 n. Reginald Kynges- 
 
 sone, A. Simon Kyngeson, M. 
 Kinley, 119. 
 Kinsman, 429. John Kynnesman, ZZ. 
 
 Leonard Kinsman, Z. 
 Kirk, 113. Joan atte Kirke, ^. Robert 
 
 atte Kirke, y. 
 Kirker, 113. 
 Kirkman, 113. Roger le Kyrkeman,^}. 
 
 Thomas Kirkeman, IV 2. 
 Kisser, 223. Richard le Kissere, X. 
 Kitchen, 136, 206. Henry atte Kychene, 
 
 M. Richard del Kechin, //. 
 Kitchener, 206. Thomas Kitchvnner, 
 
 Kitchenman, 206. Alice Kitchinman, 
 
 IV 2. Robert Kytchinman, ZZ. 
 
 Christopher Kychman, IV g. 
 Kitchingham, 206. 'I'homas Kitching- 
 
 ham, W 16. 
 Kite, 493. Agnes Kite, FF. John 
 
 Kyte, /••/'■. 
 Kitewild, 484. Jordan Kitewilde, A. 
 Kitson, 57. John Kitson, H^9. Mary 
 
 Kitson, Z, 
 
 Kitts, 57. Nicholas Kitte, A. William 
 
 Kitte, A. 
 Knabwell, 127. Robert de Cnapwell, 
 
 A. John de Cnabwelle, A. 
 Knapman, 127. James Knapman, Z. 
 
 William Knapman, ZZ. 
 Knapp, 127. John Knappe, ^. Cajiella 
 
 de la Cnappe, DD. 
 Knapper, 127. William Knappere, G. 
 Knapton, 127. Thomas de Cnapeton, 
 
 A. William Knapton, W^i6. 
 Knave, 255. Simon Knave (Lower, i. 
 
 242.) Walter le Knave, F. 
 Kneebone, 437. John Knebone, Z. 
 
 Antony Knebone, Z. 
 Knifesmith, 282, 214. Henry Knyfe- 
 
 smythe, F. 
 Knight, 198. Reginald le Knicht, A. 
 
 Juliana le Knit, A. Emmot Kneyt, A. 
 
 Simon le Knyt, A. 
 Knope {v. Knapp), 127. 
 Knopp (v. Knapp), 127. 
 Knott, 451. Isolda Knotte, A. William 
 
 Knotte, y. 
 Knowler, 122. 
 Knowlman, 123. 
 Knowles, 122. Roger de la CnoUe, A. 
 
 |ohn atte Knolle, B. 
 Korah, loi. 
 
 T ABORER. Isabel Laberer, ZZ. 
 
 ^ Robert Laborer, ZZ. 
 
 Labouchere (f. Butcher), 374. 
 
 Lacer, 348. Henry leLacer, //. Richard 
 le Lacer, X. 
 
 Lache, 479. John le Lache, A. Wil- 
 liam Lache, A. 
 
 Lacklove, 474. Simon Lacklove, A. 
 
 I-acter, 272. John le Lacter, M. 
 
 Lake. William atte Lake, A. Walter 
 de la Lake, A. 
 
 I^iUimand, 165. 
 
 Lamb, 491. William le Lamb, A. 
 Richard le Lomb, A.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 569 
 
 LAM 
 Lambden, (118. William Lambdene, 
 Lamden, | A. 
 Lambert, 57. Lambert fil. Thome, C- 
 
 Robert Lamberd, N. 
 Lambgroom, 445. John Lambegrom, 
 
 A. 
 Lambkin (v. Lampkin), 57. Lambekin 
 
 Taborer, P. 
 Lambshead, 435. Agnes Lambesheved, 
 
 A. 
 Lament, 103. Lament Willard, 103. 
 Lameman, 440. William Laymeman, 
 
 V. p. 440. Christiana Lameman, W 
 
 II. Alex. Lameman, fFii. 
 Lamentation, 103. Lamentation Chap- 
 man, Z. 
 Lammas, 62. Richard Lammasse, A. 
 
 Thomas Lammas, FF. 
 Lampkin, 57. Lambekyn fil. Eli, C. 
 
 Lamkyn Lokyr, O. 
 Lamprey, 497. William Lampreye, A. 
 Lampson, 57. William Lampson, ZZ. 
 
 Edward Lamson, FF. Antony Lambe- 
 
 son, 57 ti. 
 Lance, 459. Mabil Lance, A. Johanna 
 
 Lance, A. 
 Land, 122. Richard dc la Lande, B. 
 
 William atte Land, M. 
 Landells, 168. 
 
 Lander, 122, 362. William Landre, A. 
 Landman, 122. Richard le Landman, 
 
 M. 
 Lane, 108, 115. Cecilia-in-the-Lane, A. 
 
 Alexander atte Lane, B. 
 Lane-end, 144. Margaret atte Lane- 
 
 ende, H. Alice atte Lane-ende, X. 
 Laner, 319. Bartholomew le Laner, A. 
 
 John le Laner, T. 
 Lang, 436. Hamo le Lang, M. John 
 
 le Lange, L. 
 Langbane, 436. Henry Langbane, IV 
 
 II. 
 Langhorn, 461. Benjamin Langhorne, 
 
 Wii. 
 Langley, 150. John de Langeleye, M. 
 
 Langley, 150. Thomas de Langeleghe, E. 
 Langshaw, 117. Henry Langshawe, 
 
 XX I. Robert Langschawe, \V 11. 
 Langskinner, 505. Henry Langeskyn- 
 
 nere, M. 
 Langstaff, 409. Agnes Langstaff, G. 
 
 Langstaf, DD. 
 Langworthy, 134. John Langworth, Z, 
 
 Christopher Langworthie, Z. 
 Lanyer, 319. William Lannator, A. 
 
 Toke Lanarius, A. 
 Lapwater. Henry Lapewater, X. 
 Lardiner, [^7°- PhiHp le Lardiner, 5. 
 Lardner "l Thomas le Lardiner, M. 
 
 \ Hugh le I^ardiner, L. 
 Large, 431. William le Large, A. 
 
 Robert le Large, M. William le 
 
 Large, E. 
 Lark, 494. Richard le Laverock, A, 
 
 Hamo Larke, A. 
 Larkins, ({v. Lawson), 56. William 
 Larrett, \ Lareson, PP. Andrew Lar- 
 Larson, ( rett, PP. 
 Lascelles, 151. Alan de Lascelle, A. 
 
 Robert de Laceles, E. 
 Lashe {v. Lache), 479. 
 Laskie, 479. 
 Last, 144. 
 Latimer, 197. William le Latiner, G, 
 
 Alan le Latymer, jf. Warin le Lati- 
 mer, B. Nicholas le Latimer, M. 
 
 (284, 392. Richard le La- 
 tonere, V 9. Thomas le 
 Latoner, AI. Richard La- 
 toner, FF. 
 Laugh-well. Henry Laughwell, Z. 
 Laund, 122. Robert de la Laund, A. 
 
 Nicholas atte Launde, FF. 
 Launder, 362. John Launder, Z. Jef- 
 
 fery Lawnder, FF. 
 Laura. Laureta Picot, MM. Loreta 
 
 del Piatt, AA ^. 
 Laurence, 18. John fil. Laurence, M. 
 
 Ester l^aurence, FF. 
 Lavender, 362. Alice la Lavander, A.
 
 570 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Lavender, 362. Robert le Lavender, 
 
 A. Isabel la Lavendre, E. 
 Laverick (v. Lark), 494. Cuthbert La- 
 
 vericke, W 20. 
 I^awe, 127. David atte Lawe, AI. 
 
 Thurston Lawe, Z. 
 Lawman, 127. Raulf Laurence, A. 
 
 William Lawrence, V 8. 
 Lawpage, 506. Agnes Lawpage, VV 2. 
 
 Richard Lawpege, Z. Christopher 
 
 Lawpage, FF. 
 Lawrence {v. Laurence), 17, 56. Piers 
 
 Lawrence, Z. 
 Lawson {v. Lawrence). John fil. Law- 
 rence, A. Thomas fil. Launce, A. 
 
 Thomas Lauson, F. Edward Lason, 
 
 V7. 
 
 Laycock, 15. Josiah Laycocke, W 16. 
 Peter Laycocke, W 16. 
 
 Laye, 119. Emma de Lay, A. Ber- 
 nard de Lay, A. 
 
 Layman, 119. Elias Layman, A. 
 
 Lazarus, 431. 
 
 Lea, 1 19. William de la Lea, A . Ralph 
 de la Leye, A. 
 
 Leach, 384. Hugh le Leche, A. Ro- 
 bert le Leche, M. John le Leche, X. 
 
 Leachman, 384. 
 
 (284. Gonnilda le Led- 
 betere, /i. Rcs,nnaldle 
 Ledbeter, M. Thomas 
 Leadbeatcr, ZZ. 
 Leader, 410. Oliver Leader, Z. John 
 
 Leder, ZZ. 
 Leaf, 473. Alice le Lef, A. ' Matilda le 
 
 Lef, A. 
 Leal, 464. 
 Lean, 431. Roland le Lene, y4 . Richard 
 
 Lene, H. 
 Leaper, 395. 
 Leapman, 395. 
 
 Least, 432. Richard le Lest, J. 
 Leave-to-day, 501. John Leve-to-day, A. 
 Leatherhose, J 457. John Letherhose, A. 
 e. \ " ■ • 
 
 Lee, 119. Roger de la Lee, B. John 
 
 atte Lee, M. 
 Leech (v. Leach), 384. Sibil le Leche, 
 
 FF. 
 Leeder {v. Leader), 410. John Leeder, 
 
 FF. 
 Lees, 119. Roger de Lees, /4. William 
 
 de Leghes, y. Avelina de Leys, J. 
 Legate. Geoffrey le Legal, y4. Nicholas 
 
 Legat, M. 
 Legge, 437, 168. John de Leg, A. 
 
 Philip de Leg, J. 
 Legh, 119. Pagan a la Legh, A. 
 
 Adam de la Legh, J. 
 Leghman, 119. Henry Legeman, A. 
 Leigh, 119. William de la Leigh, M. 
 
 William de Leigh, FF. 
 Leighman. Henry Legeman, A. 
 Leman, (477. Eldred Leman, A. 
 Lemman, -j John Leman, M. Thomas 
 Lemon, I Lemon, V e^. 
 Lenebaud {v. Baud), Thomas Lene- 
 
 baud, A. William Lenebaud, E. 
 Lenedame, 433. Matilda Lenedame, 
 
 A. 
 Leopard, 488. John Lepard, H. 
 , ( 193, 431. Nicholas le Lepere, 
 
 T \ M. Walter le Lepere, A. 
 
 ' I Geoffrey le Lepere, A. 
 Lessoner, 198. Nicholas le Lessoner, 
 
 A. 
 Letitia (v. Lettice), 19, 71. Leticia Pal- 
 mere, A. 
 Letson, 71. John fil. Lettice, .^. John 
 
 Lettesone, M. 
 Lettice, 71. Warin Letice, A. Letice 
 de Uggele, X. Lettice Leicester, Z. 
 John Lettice, PP. 
 Letts {v. Letson), 71. 
 Lewd, 481. Robert le Lewed, M. Wil- 
 liam le Lewed, M. 
 
 John Lewis, V ii. Lewes 
 
 Ledderhose, 1 Richard Letherhose, /?. 
 
 Lewis, 
 Lcwison, . 
 Lewson, 
 
 Robson, tK 16. James Lew- 
 sone, Vii. James Lusone, 
 Kii. John Lewson, K 10.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 571 
 
 Liar, 480. Henry le Liere, A. 
 Liberty (v. Leadbeater), 284. 
 Lickpeny, 483. 
 
 Lidbitter {v. Leadbeater), 284. 
 Lidgate, 130. Thomas de Lidgate, M. 
 
 Walter atte Lideyate, H. 
 Light, 431. Thomas le Leht, A. Wil- 
 liam le Light, M. 
 Lightfoot, 439. Robert Lightfot, M. 
 
 Thomas Lightfot, G. 
 Lighthamess, 501. John Lighthamess, 
 
 W j'^. Thomas Lighthamess, Wi'^. 
 Light-red, 448. Ralph Light-red, M. 
 Light-white, 448. John Lite-whyte, M. 
 Likelove, 474. 
 
 Lilter, 440. Roger le Liltere, A. 
 Lilywhite, 442. Ehzabeth Lilywhite, 
 
 Wii. 
 Limebear, ) 
 Limebeer, j ^^°' 
 Limer, 250. John le Limer, A. 
 Limethwaite, 121. 
 Limewright, 277, 250. Hugh le Lim- 
 
 wryte, A. 
 Limmer, 406. 
 Limner, 406. Ralph Illuminator, A. 
 
 Thomas Liminer, A. Godfrey le 
 
 Lomynour, T. William le Lomner, 
 
 E. 
 Lina, 72. Lyna le Archer, A. Lena 
 
 Aylmen, RR 1. 
 Lind, 128. Henry de la Lynde, B. 
 
 Robert ate Lynde, M. 
 Lindley, 119, 128. 
 Lindraper, 328. Wymund le Lynge- 
 
 draper, ^. William le Lyndraper, G. 
 
 Elias le Lyndraper, M. 
 Lindsey, 169. 
 Liner, 328. Gilbert le Lyner, A. 
 
 Michael le Linere, A. 
 Linger, 208. Robert le Lingure, A. 
 Linnet, (72. Linota ate Feld, A. 
 Linota, | Linota Vidua, A. 
 Lion, 488. Richard Lion, V2. 
 LipScombe, 125. 
 
 Lister, 322. Nicholas le Lystere, G. 
 
 Andrew le Litster, M. Hugh le Lit- 
 
 ster, R. 
 Little, 431. William le Letle, A. 
 
 Robert le Litele, M. 
 Littlebond. William Lutebonde, A. 
 Littleboy. John Littleboye, Z. George 
 
 Littleboy, CC 3. 
 Littlecope. John Littlecope, A. 
 Littlehair, 453. John Lytlehare, FF. 
 
 Simon Lytehare, M. 
 Littlejohn, 46, 503. Richard fil. Parvi- 
 
 Johannis, A. 
 Littleking, 176 n, 505. William Litel- 
 
 king, A. 
 Littlepage, 215, 506. 
 Littleproud, 462. John Littleproud, 
 
 FF. Reginald Littleprowe, FF. 
 Littler, 432. Ranulph Lyttylore, XX 1. 
 
 Richard Lytteler, Z. 
 Littlesire, 506. Hugh Litilsir, IV 8. 
 Littleskill. Thomas Litilskill, P. 
 Littleson, 506. Ralph Littulsone, R. 
 Littleswain, 505. Philip Litsweyn, A. 
 Liverpool, 147. Richard de Lyveqjole, 
 
 M. 
 Livewell, 104. Live-well Sherwood, 
 
 104 n. 
 Locke, 450. Nicol Locke, A. 
 Locker (v. Lockyer), 282. 
 Lockman, 282. John Lockman, N//. 
 Locksmith, 282. John Locksmith, IVz. 
 
 Robert Locsmyth, A. William Lok- 
 
 smyth, M. 
 Lockyer, 282. Henry le Lokier, A, 
 
 John Lokare, A. 
 Locock, 95. 
 Loder, 410. Emma le Lodere, A. 
 
 Agnes le Lodere, A. 
 
 369. William Loftliouse, 
 VV 16. John Loftous, 
 
 Lombard, 162. Richard Loniberd, A. 
 
 Jacob le Luniberd, /;'. 
 London, 148. Robert de London, A. 
 
 Lofthouse 
 Loftus,
 
 572 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 LON 
 
 London, 148. Walter de London, M. 
 
 Thomas de London, y. 
 Londonish, 148. William Londonissh, 
 
 M. Ralph le Lundreys, T. Richard 
 
 Londoneys, A. 
 Long, 431. Hamo le Long, A. Walter 
 
 le Long, C. Gilbert le Longe, M. 
 Longacre, 134. Roger le Langacre, Af. 
 Longespe, 459. Isolda Longespe, A. 
 
 Thomas Longespe, M. Emelina 
 
 Longespee, y. 
 Longfellow, 506. Peter Langfollay, 
 
 W 11. Elizabeth Longfellow, IF 16. 
 Longman, 433. Thomas Longman, O. 
 
 William Longman, FF. 
 Longness, 125. 
 Longshank, 438. 
 Longshaw (v. Langshaw). 
 Longstaff, 462. William Longstaf, A. 
 
 William Longstaff, FF. 
 Longwright, 505. John Longus-faber, 
 
 M. 
 Looker, 282. 
 Lord, 175. Walter le Loverd, ^, John 
 
 le Lorde, B. Robert le Lord, C. 
 Lordan, 478. 
 4 Lorayne (v. Lorraine), 159. 
 Lorel, 478. 
 Lorimer, 144, 289. Alan le Lorymer, 
 
 T. Nicholas le Lorimer, C. Thomas 
 
 le Lorimer, M. 
 Loring, 159. Peter de Loring, A. John 
 
 le Loreng, A. Dux Lotharing, Ji. 
 Lorn. Imbert le Lorn, F. 
 Lorraine (v. Loring), 159. 
 Lorrimer (v. Lorimer), 144, 289. 
 Losewit, 470. Henry Losewyt, L. 
 Louse, 498. Nicholas le Lus, y. 
 Love, 473, 488. Robert le Love, A. 
 
 Mabil I^ve, 7. 
 Lovechild. John Lovechild, A. 
 Lovecock, 473. Roger I^vccock, B. 
 
 Philip Lovecok, D. 
 Lovcday, 63. Alexander Loveday, A. 
 
 Ralph Loveday, M. 
 
 Lovegold, 482. John Lovegold, FF. 
 Lovejoy, 500. Thomas Lovejoy, Z. 
 Lovekin (i), 473. Lovekyn Piscator, v4. 
 Lovekyn Stukepenne, A. 
 (2), 473. John Lovekyn, D. 
 Richard Lovekyn, M. 
 Lovelance, 462. Simon Lovelaunce, T. 
 Lovelock, 386, 449. Thomas Lovelok, 
 
 A. 
 Loveloker, 385. Walter le Loveloker, 
 
 A. 
 Loving, 103. Loving Bell, QQ. 
 Lowe (i), 431. Brian le Lo, A. Robert 
 le Low, M. 
 (2), 127. Hugh de Lowe, A, 
 Robert atte Lowe, M. 
 Lowman. Parthenia Lowman (Mait- 
 
 land's 'London,' ii. p. 605). 
 Lowndes, 122. John de la Lound, R. 
 
 Beatrice atte Lound, FF. 
 Lubbard, ) 
 Lubber, J <^- Lombard), 162. 
 
 Lubbock, 168. Robert de Lubyck, A. 
 
 Hildebrand de Lubek, y. 
 Lucas (v. Luke). Lucas Barcator, A, 
 
 Thomas fil. Lukas, fFi5. 
 Lucca. Luke of Lucca, O. 
 Lucke, 162. John de Luke, Af. 
 Luckett, 95. Matilda Luket, If 11. 
 
 Walter Luket, VV ii. 
 Luckins, 95. Jane Luckin, FF. Robert 
 
 Lukyn, Z. 
 Luckock, 
 Lucock, 1 
 Lucy (i), 19. Richard fil. Lucia, y. 
 William fil. Lucias, T. 
 (2), 151. Geoffrey de Lucy, O. 
 Robert de Lucy, G. 
 Luke, 95. Luke Morel, AI. Walter 
 
 Luke, H. 
 Lukctt (v. Luckett), 95. 
 Lukic, 162. 
 Lumbard, 162. Michael le Lumbard, //. 
 
 Iacol)ina la Lumbard, ^V. 
 Lumner [v. Limner), 406. Edmund 
 
 95. Richard Luccock, Z.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 573 
 
 LUN 
 
 I.umner, ZZ. Henry Lominour, FF. 
 
 Thomas Lumpner, W w. 
 Lund, 122. Richard de la Lund, A. 
 
 William de la Lund, K. 
 Lupe, 488. Robert le Lupe, B. Robert 
 
 le Lup, L. 
 Lurdan, 478. 
 Lusk, 479. 
 Lusty, 431. 
 Luter, 310. German le Lutrere, T. John 
 
 le Leuter, K. Haunce the Luter 
 
 (Privy expenses Princess Mary). 
 Lyard, 445. Henry Lyard,^. William 
 
 Liard, M. Walter Lyhert, H. 
 Lyndholt, 128. Robert de Lindholt, A. 
 Lyndhurst, 116. Heniy de Lindhurst, 
 
 P.. Henry de Lindeherst, K. 
 Lyndsay, 133. Robert de Lindesay, A. 
 
 William de Lindesia, E. 
 Lyon [v. Lion), 488. 
 Lyons, 170. Hen^eus de Lyons, C. 
 
 Richard de Lyouns, M. 
 Lyte, 433. William le Lyt, M. Gon- 
 
 nilda le Lyth, A. 
 Lyteman, 433. Richard Liteman, A. 
 
 John Lytman, Z. 
 
 ■jV/T ABBOTT, 71. George Mabbott, 
 ^^ ^ PP. William Mabbott, PP. 
 Mabbs {v. Mabson). Giles Mabbes, 
 
 FF. Mary Mabbs, FF. 
 Mabil (w. Amabilla). Amabilla de Tyne- 
 
 dale, SS. Richard Mable, M. 
 Mabson (v. Mabil). Thomas Mabson, 
 
 SS. Richard Mabson, Wi^. Michael 
 
 Mabson, IV 11. 
 Macer, 387. John le Macher, A. 
 Mackarel, 497. Richard Makarel, A. 
 
 Ralph Makereir, //. 
 Macklehose, 457. 
 Mad, 442. Jordan le Madde, /?. 
 Maddelyn, 67. Thomas le Maddelyn, A. 
 Maderer, 323. Laurence Maderer, //. 
 
 Thomas Maderer, XX 1, 
 
 Maderman, 323. John Maderman, Af. 
 Madison (v. Mawson). Thomas Maw- 
 I deson, FF. John Madison, V 3. 
 I Ralph Maddison, W 16. 
 I Madswain, 505. Alan Madsweyn, A. 
 Magdalen (v. Maddelyn), 67. Mag- 
 dalen Garison, ^F 16. 
 Maggot, 76. Magota del Hill, W 2. 
 j Magot Catell, H^2. Maggot Fin, yi. 
 Richard Maggote, A. 
 Maggs, 76. Magge Flie, A. Henry 
 
 fil. Mag, A. Robert Magges, A/. 
 Magotson {v. Magot), 76. 
 Main, ) 
 Maine, j ^'^^' 437- 
 Mainstrong, 437. Thomas Mainstrong, 
 
 A. 
 Mainwaring {v. Mannering), 32, 339. 
 
 Mair, 1 / n^- \ o 
 
 . ' }-(v. Mn-e , 184. 
 Maire, j 
 
 Major. William le Magere, A. 
 
 Makeblisse, 463. Julian Makeblisse, A. 
 
 Makeblithe (v. Makebliss). John Make- 
 blythe, IV 11. 
 
 Makefere, 475. Hugh Makefere, A. 
 William Makefair, JV. 
 
 Make-joy, 463. Maud Makejoy. 
 
 Makepeace, 463. Joan Makepeace, 
 John Makepeace, PP. Richard Make- 
 peace, IV 20. 
 
 Makin, 78. Henry Maykin, A. May- 
 kina Parmunter, ff. Makinus Hap- 
 py ng, XX I. 
 
 Makinson, 78. John Makinson, Z. 
 William Makinson, PF. 
 
 Malcbraunch, 437. Roger Malebraunchc, 
 
 A. Matilda Malebraunch, B. 
 Malemaker. Henry Malemaker, A'P 2. 
 Malemeyne, 437. Nicholas Malemayne, 
 
 B. John Malemeyne, P. 
 Malenfant, 507. Robert Malenfant, T. 
 
 John Malefaunt, ZZ. 
 Malkin, 77. JohnMalekyn, (9. William 
 
 Malkyn, M. 
 Mallard, 494.
 
 574 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 MAL 
 
 Malpas, 440. 
 
 Malregard, 434. William Malregard, 
 
 T. Geoffrey Malreward, y. 
 Malster, 379. John Malster, B. Aleyn 
 
 le Maltestere, H. 
 Malter, 379. 
 Malthus, 131. Beatrix Malthus, W \b. 
 
 Simon Malthus, W 16. 
 Maltmaker,379. HughleMaltmakere,^. 
 Man, 506. Henry le Man, A. Richard 
 
 le Man, E. 
 Manchester, 147. Guido de Mancestre, 
 
 M. William de Mauncestre, A. 
 Manciple,' 210. Thomas Mancipill, 
 
 210 n. 
 Manclerk (v. Mauclerk), 505. 
 Mander (f. Maunder), 396. 
 Mangevileyn, 507. Robert Mangevileyn, 
 
 Wxo. 
 Manikin, 433. Robert Manekin, A. 
 
 Manekyn le Heaumer, H. 
 Mann (i*. Man), 506. 
 Mannering, 32. Robert de Meynwaring, 
 
 A. Warin de Menwarin, B. 
 Mansel, 210 n. Sampson le Maunsel, 
 
 A. John le Maunsel, M. Robert le 
 
 Mansel, J. 
 Mantel, 457. Robert Mantel, C. Walter 
 
 Mantel, L. 
 Manyword. John Maniword, M. Regi- 
 nald Maniword, R. 
 Mapleson, 71. 
 
 249. Geffrey leMerberer, 5. 
 e Merbrer, X. Wal- 
 Marbiler, X. 
 Marcer (w. Mercer), 356. 
 Marchant, 407. Henry le Marcant, A. 
 
 Robert le Marchaunt, M. William 
 
 le Marchant, B. 
 Marcock, 95. 
 A^arcus. q i;. 
 Margaret, 75. Margaret fil. Olivae, T. 
 
 Margaret le Grey, J. 
 Margerison, 76. Henry fil. Margaret, 
 
 A. Richard fil. Margaret, J. 
 
 Marbiler, 
 Marbrer, 
 
 (249. Gef 
 '^«'"' \ Johnle 
 ^^'- i terlal 
 
 MAS 
 
 Margery, 76. John Margerie, A. Mar- 
 gerie le Bercher, T. Majoria Comyn, 
 
 Margetson (v. Margerison), 76. Francis 
 Margetson, FF. Thomas Margetson, 
 FF. Joyce Margetson, PP. 
 
 Margetts, 75. Margota Servant, W 2. 
 Robert Margets, Z. 
 
 Margison, 76. Richard fil. Marge, A. 
 John fil. Marge, A. 
 
 Maria, 76. William fil. Marie, A. 
 Maria le Chaucer, y. Ediva fU. 
 Mariae, T. 
 
 Mariot {v. Marriot), 16, 76. 
 
 Mark, 95. 
 
 Markettman, 298. William Markett- 
 man, v. p. 298 n. Nicholas Market- 
 man, TT. Clement Marketman, TT. 
 
 Markin, 95. 
 
 Marks, 95. 
 
 Marler, 259. Alice le Marlere, A. Joha 
 Marlere, B. 
 
 Marlward, 259. John Marleward, A. 
 
 Mamer, ( 408. Henry le Mariner, H. 
 
 Marriner, ( Roger le Mariner, A, 
 
 Marriott, 16, 77. Mariota in le Lane, 
 
 A. Walter fil. Mariot, ^. Adam fil. 
 Mariot, ..-/. John fil. Mariotas, T. 
 
 Marshall, 212, 290. Gunnilda le 
 Marescal, A. William le Marchal, 
 
 B. John le Mareshall, B. Henry le 
 Marshall, B. 
 
 Marson, 95. 
 Marten, 489. 
 
 Martin (i), 18. Martin le Freman, A, 
 Richard fil. Martin, A. 
 (2), 489. Mathew le Martun, 
 E. 
 Martyr, 443. John le Martre, G. Wil- 
 liam le Martre, y. 
 Maryatt (v. Marriott), 77. John 
 
 Maryott, F. Nichol Maryot, A. 
 Mashmaker, 379. John Mashemaker, 
 
 379 «• 
 Maslin, 387.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 575 
 
 MAS 
 
 Mason (i), Roger fil. Maye, A. 
 
 (2), 249. Osbert le Machun, A. 
 Gotte le Mazoun, A. Adam 
 le Mazon, M. 
 Massacrer, 375. Laurence leMacecrer,^. 
 Masser (v. Mazerer), 387. 
 Massinger (v. Messager), 217. 
 Master, 506. Thomas le Maistre, M. 
 Alan le May ster, ^. John le Mayster, 
 B. 
 Masterman. Richard Masterman, H. 
 Thomas Mastermen, Q. Syth Maister- 
 man, 1-^16. 
 Masterson, 65. Roger le Maistrcssone, 
 G. Dorothy Masterson, Z. Robert 
 Maystreson, A'Jf 4. 
 Mathew, 91. Oliver Matheu,yl/. Mathew 
 
 le Vineter, L. 
 Mathewman, 506. John Mathewman, 
 W 16. Richard Mathewman, W 16. 
 Mathews, 91. Edward Mathewes, Z. 
 
 Mark Mathews, W 16. 
 Mathewson, 91. William fil. Mathew, 
 A. Richard fil. Mathaei,' C. Alex. 
 Mathewson, XX i. 
 Matilda, 19, 44, 78. Juetta fil. Matilda, 
 
 A. Sabina fil. Matilda, T. 
 Matkin, 91. Richard Matkyn, ZZ. 
 
 Jermayne Matkyn, ZZ. 
 Matthew {v. Mathew), 91. 
 
 91. Richard Mattyson, Z. 
 Launcelott Matterson, 
 W 16. Marmaduke Mat- 
 teson, W 16. Anne 
 Mattson, W 16. 
 Matt, (91. Andrew Matts, /^/^. Adam 
 Matts, I Matt, A. 
 Mattwife, 52. Avice Mattewife, P. 
 Mauclerk, 505. Walter Malclerk, PP. 
 
 Godfrey Mauclerk, PP. 
 Maud, 78. Maud de Holland, H. John 
 Maude, M. 
 
 [drj. Maudlin !hoby, V 2. 
 Maudelyn David, Z. 
 Robert Maudelyn, O, 
 
 Mattinson, 
 
 Mattison, 
 
 Matson, 
 
 Maudlin, 
 Maudling, 
 
 Maugason {v. Mauger). Hugh Mauga- 
 
 son, H. William Maugesson, FF. 
 Mauger. Malgerle Gierke, ^4. Thomas 
 fil. Mauger, A. Mauger fil. Elie, M. 
 Maunder, 396. John Mawndour, W g. 
 Maunsel {v. Mansel), 210 n. 
 Maurice, 19. Serl fil. Morice, A. 
 
 Mauricius Capellanus, C. 
 Mawkin {v. Mawson). Auriana Mawkin, 
 
 QQ. 
 Mawson, 77. Simon fil. Matilda, y. 
 William Mawson, Z. Thomas Mawde- 
 son, FF. Richard son of Mawe, 
 AA 2. 
 May. Bateman le May, A. Robert le 
 
 Mey, G. Ralph le May, M. 
 Maycock [v. Matthew), 91. Hugh 
 
 Maykoc, A. 
 Mayer, 184. James Mayer, Z. 
 Mayhew [v. Mathew). Adam fil. Ma- 
 heu, A. Mayeu de Basingboume, M. 
 Maykin (v. Makin), 78, 91. Henry 
 
 May kin, A. 
 Mayne, 158. 
 Mayor (z/. Mayer), 184. 
 Mazeliner, 387. John le Mazelyner, M. 
 
 William le Mazeliner, R. 
 Mazerer, 387. Adam le Mazerer, A. 
 John le Mazerere, N. William le 
 Mazerer, X. 
 Mead, 132. Robert atte Mede, M. 
 
 Richard ate Med, A. 
 Meadow, 132. John Atte-medowe, FF. 
 
 William Atte-medow, FF. 
 Meadowcroft, T32. Nicholas de Medu- 
 
 croft, A'. 
 Meagre {y. Megre), 431. 
 Meagresauce. Peter Meagresause, R. 
 Mealmonger {v. Oatmonger), 275. John 
 
 le Melmongere, AI. 
 Meakin, 78. Robert Meykin, C. Jolm 
 
 Meakin, Z. 
 Measel, ( 194. Richard le Masle, L, 
 Measle, \ Richard le Masele, T. 
 Meatyard, 461.
 
 576 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Medde, 132. Ralph ate Med, A. Philip 
 
 atte Medde, M. 
 Meddler, 465. Nicholas le Medler, A. 
 Medlicote, J 458. Thomas Modlycoit, 
 Medlicott, | Z. 
 Medward, 132. William le Medward, 
 
 A. 
 Meek, 464. Robert le Meke, B. Robert 
 
 le Meeke, Q. 
 Meekin (v. Meakin), 78. 
 Meggs, 76. John fil. Megge, A. Henry 
 
 Megges, Z. 
 Megre, 431. John le Meaugre, O. 
 
 Hugh le Megre, M. Basilia le 
 
 Megre, T. 
 Megson, 76. Adam Meggessone. Af. 
 
 Roger Megson, IV 9. John fil. 
 
 Megge, A. 
 Megucer, 331. John le Megucer, A^. 
 
 Richard le Megucer, ^V. 
 Meir, 185. David le Meir, A. Henry 
 
 le Mere, AI. 
 Melchior, 100. Melchior Rainald, TT. 
 Melchizedek, 100. Melchezedek Payn, 
 
 Z. 
 Mellon-Colley, 509. 
 
 Mendfault. Walter Mendfaute, IF 11. 
 Mercer, 356. Ketel le Mercer, A. 
 
 Henry le Mercer, B. 
 Merchant (v. Marchant), 407. 
 Mercy, 106. Mercy Bagley, IV 16. 
 Meredeth, 473. 
 Merriman, 472. William Merryman, F. 
 
 John Meryman, X. Gerard Merri- 
 man, IV 16. 
 Merry, 463, 472. William Merrye, Z. 
 
 Roger Merrey, Z. 
 Merrycock, 472. Richard Mcrricocko, 
 
 K 
 Mcrrymouth, 434. John Mcrrymouth, 
 
 V. Richard Mery mouth, X. 
 Merryweather, 472. Andrew Muriweder, 
 
 A. Henry Muriweder, O. 
 Messager, 217. Roger le Messager, B. 
 
 John le Messager, C. 
 
 Messinger {v. Messager), 217. Robert 
 
 Messinger, W 11. Eliz. Messinger, 
 
 IK 16. 
 Meteyard, 408. 
 Meyneli, 154. Hugh de Meynill, T, 
 
 Robert de Meynnill, A. 
 Meyre {v. Meir), 184. 
 Michael, 99. Gilbert Michel, A. Michael 
 
 le Jovene, Af. 
 Michaelmas (v. Middlemas), 62 
 Michaelson, 99. Roger fil. Michael, A. 
 
 Harvey fil. Michael, A. 
 Micklejohn, 46, 503. 
 Micklethwaite, 121. 
 
 Middlemas, 62. Shorman Myglemas, A. 
 Midwinter, 62. Gonnilda Midewynter, 
 
 A. John Midwinter, //. 
 Milchom, loi n. Melcom Groate, TT. 
 Mildew, 501. Richard Myldew, 501 «. 
 Milend, 114. Simon de la Milende, 
 
 £. 
 Miles, 41. Milo le Messer, A. Milo 
 
 Basset, /(. Wy chard Miles, A. 
 Mileson, 41. Alicia fil. Milo, A. Richard 
 
 Mileson, v. p. 41. 
 Milicent. Joan fil. Milicente, ^4. Mille- 
 
 sent Cruche, A. 
 Milker, 272. Thomas le Milkar, A. 
 
 William le Milkar, T. 
 Milksop, i8r. William Milksop, Af. 
 
 William Milkesop, y. Hugh Milkesop, 
 
 J?/? I. 
 Millard (v. Milward), 274. 
 Miller (v. Milner), 274. John le Mel- 
 
 lere, Af. 
 Millerson, 65. Gilbert Millerson, W 3. 
 Richard fil. Milot, AfAf 41. 
 Roger Millot, A, Thomas 
 Mylett, 1^9. 
 Millikin. Agnes Myllykin, 55. 
 Mills {v. Milnes), 274. John del Mill, Af. 
 
 Roger atte Mille, A. 
 Millson, 41. John fil. Mille, A. Edward 
 
 Myleson, ZZ. Anne Millison, IV 16. 
 Milman, 274. 
 
 Millet, 
 Millot,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 577 
 
 MIL 
 Milhvard, 274. Walter le Meleward, A^. 
 
 Robert le Milleward, A. William le 
 
 Milward, G. 
 Milmaster, 275 n. Andrew Milmaster, 
 
 275 «. 
 Milner, 274. Alan le Milner, G. Wil 
 
 liam le Melner, M. Emmot Mylner, 
 
 Milnes, 274. John atte Melne, A. 
 
 Thomas atte Milne, B. 
 Minsmith, 282, 404. John le Mynsmuth, 
 
 M. 
 Minter, 404. Henry le Munetar, A. 
 
 Ralph le Myneter, N. 
 Mirabilla, 19. Mirabella Wal, \V 2. 
 Belina fil. Mirabilis, DD. Lucia 
 Mirable, A. 
 Mire (v. Meir), 184. John le Mire, y. 
 
 Agnes le Myre, y. 
 Miress, 184. Margaret la Miresse, 
 
 E. 
 Mirorer. Crispiana le Mirorer, A. John 
 le Mirorer, H. Richard le Mirourer, 
 X. 
 Mitchell [v. Michael), 99. 
 Mitchelson, 99. Thomas Mychelson, 
 W 3. Seth Meculson, ZZ. John fil. 
 Mich. A. 
 Mitchener, 367. 
 
 Mock-king. N'ichol Mokkynge, Y. 
 Mohun, 151. John de Mohun, H. 
 Moigne, 191. William le Moigne, D. 
 
 Ivo le Moyn, A. 
 Molehunte, 238. William Molehunte, 
 
 A. 
 Mollison, 80. Hugh fil. Mary, A. 
 Monday, 63. Symon Moneday, ^4. An- 
 drew Monday, Z. 
 Moneyer, 404. Haco le Muner, A. 
 John le Muner, B. Gilbert le Muner, 
 G. 
 Moneymaker, 404. John Monemaker, 
 
 Moneyman, 404. Robert Moneyman, 
 FI'. 
 
 Moneypeny, 482. Richard Monypeny, 
 A. Thomas Monipeni, \V2. Alex- 
 ander Moneypenny, FF. 
 
 Monier, 404. Henry le Moneur, A. 
 John le Monnier, A''. Hamole Monner, 
 
 't. 
 
 Monk, 191. William le Monek, A. 
 
 Peter le Monek, M. John le Monck, 
 
 G. 
 Monkman, 188. William Munkeman, 
 
 Montaigne, 123. Peter de Monetania, 
 
 A'. Hamond de Monetania, FF. 
 Moody, 468. Richard Mody, G. John 
 
 Mody, W 9. 
 
 ^(i), 161. Robert le More, E. 
 Moor, John le Moor, R. 
 
 Moore, 1 (2), 125. John atte Mor, A. 
 
 \ Jordan de la Mor, A. 
 Moorslade, 121. William de la Morslade, 
 
 R. 
 Moorvvard, 232. German le Morward, 
 
 A. Henry le Morward, B. 
 Morcombe, 125. 
 More, 125. Adam del More, M. Oliva 
 
 ate More, A. 
 Morefniit, 102. 
 Morell, 445. Thomas Morel, A. Ralph 
 
 Morell, J. 
 Moretrial, 102. 
 Morley. Milo de Morlee, ^. Robert de 
 
 Morlegh, M. 
 
 / (v. Maurice) Morice ap- 
 Morris, Owen, XX. Mauricius 
 
 Morrison, 1 Capellanus, C. William 
 
 ( Morrison, W 16. 
 Mortimer, 151. Roger de Mortimer, 
 
 A. Hugh de Mortumare, A. 
 Mountain (v. Montaigne), 123. 
 Mouse, 492. John le Mous, M. Richard 
 
 Mowse, Z. Hugh le Mus, F. 
 Mower, 256. 
 
 Moyne {v. Moigne), 191. 
 Mucklebone. Henry Mucklebone, A. 
 Muckleman. Robert Muchulnian, A. 
 
 r r
 
 578 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 MUL 
 Mule, 490. Roger le Mul, J. 
 Munday (f. Monday), 63. Edward Mun- 
 
 day, FF. 
 Munk, 191. Beatrix le Munk, ^. Peter 
 
 le Munk, FF. 
 Munn, 191. Geoffrey le Moun, A. 
 
 Thomas le Mun, A. 
 Muriel, 19. Muriel ad Fontcm, A. 
 
 Adam fil. Muriel, T. 
 Musard, 468. Malcolm le Musard, M. 
 Muskett, 493. Robert Musket, A. John 
 
 Musket, D. 
 Mussele, 497. Nicholas le Musele, J. 
 Mustarder, 371. Richard le Mustarder, 
 
 A. Robert le Mustarder, H. Thomas 
 
 le Mustarder, X. 
 Mustardman, 371. Peter leMustardman, 
 
 A. 
 Mustardmaker, 371. Alicia Mustard- 
 maker, W 2. 
 Mute, 463. Alan le Mute, A. 
 Mutter, 441. John le Mutare, A. 
 Mutton; 490. Philip le Mutton, B. 
 
 Robert Mount, T. 
 
 "NT AIL, 112. John Nail, Z. Thomas 
 
 ^ Naile, Z. 
 
 Nailor (v. Naylor), 282. John Naler, 
 
 F. 
 Nalder, in. John Nclder, H. Alice 
 
 Attenalre, J . 
 Nale (y. Nail), 112. 
 Nail, III. 
 
 Napery, 215. Walter dela Naperye, L. 
 Napier, 215. John le Naper, A. Robert 
 
 le Naper, O. John le Naper, C. 
 Naples, Lewis of Naples, O, 
 Napper, 215. Jordan le Napperc, A. 
 
 Robert Napparius, /;. 
 Nash, III. Sarra Attcneshe, B. Pagan 
 
 atte Nash, B. William atte Nasche, 
 
 M. 
 Nasmyth, 282. James Nasmite, If 9. 
 
 John Naysmith, IF 13. 
 
 NEW 
 
 Natkin (Nathaniel). Robert Natkyn, 
 
 FF. 
 Naylor, 282. John le Naylere, R. Ste- 
 phen le Naylere, X. 
 Nazareth, 103. Nazareth Rudde, QQ. 
 Neave (f. Neve), 430. Robert Neavc, 
 
 Z. 
 Neck, 435. Henry Nekke, A. 
 Neddlemaker, 342. John Nedlemakyere, 
 
 M. 
 Needier, 342. Reginald le Nedlere, A. 
 
 Richard le Nedlere, M. 
 Needyman, 431. John le Nedyman, B. 
 Neele, 73. Neel le Bret, E. Thomas 
 
 Fitz-neele, M. 
 Neilson (v. Nelson), William Neilson, 
 
 If II. 
 Nell, 73. Nel Fawkes, A. John fil. 
 
 Nel, A. 
 Nelmes, iii. 
 Nelson, 73. John fil. Nel, A. William 
 
 Neleson, H. Thomas Nelson or 
 
 Neilson, W \\. 
 Nend, 115. John atte Nende, ^. Clwis- 
 
 topher Xend, If ir. 
 Nephew, 430. John Neveu, A. Richard 
 
 le Nevu, E. Elias le Nevou, DD. 
 Ness [v. Xose), 125. 
 Xethercliffe, 124. 
 Neve, 430. Robert le Neve, M. \\'al- 
 
 ter le Neve, E. Reyner le Neve, 
 
 A. 
 Neville, 151. Orme de Neville, R. Wal- 
 ter de Nevill, E. 
 New, 145. Simon le Neue. A. Richard 
 
 le Newe, A. 
 New-bond, 145, 254 ;/. Roger le New- 
 
 bonde, A. Emma Newbondc, A. 
 Newcombe, 125. 
 Newcomen, 145. Gilbert le Neucomen, 
 
 A. Robert le Xeucomen, T. 
 New love, 474. 
 
 Newman, 145. Richard le Neuman, A. 
 John le Neuman, M. Simon le Newe- 
 man, E.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 579 
 
 NIC 
 Nicholas, 95. Nicholas le Chapeler, T. 
 
 Nicholas le Hunte, A . 
 Nichol, /95. Henry fil. Nicholei, 
 
 Nicholls, -j M. John Niccolson, ZZ. 
 Nicholson, ( Nichol Crump, F9. 
 Nickerson, 95. 
 Nicks (f. Nix), 95. 
 Nickson (tj. Nixon), 95. 
 Nigel {v. Neele), 73. Simon fil. Nigel, 
 
 A. Nigel fil. John, E. 
 Nightingale, 494. Robert Nitingal, A. 
 
 Thomas Nightegale, R. 
 Ninepence, 513. John Ninepennies, 
 
 fF9. 
 Nix (v. Nicholas), 95. Richard Nix, 
 
 FF. Joan Nykkes, FF. 
 Nixon, 95. William fil. Nyck, M. An- 
 drew Nyxson, W 9. 
 Noakes (v. Nokes), iii. 
 Noble, 463. Amice le Noble, A. Hugh 
 
 le Noble, M. 
 Noblepas, 440. William Noblepas, MM. 
 Noel (f. Nowell), 62. Richard Noel, 
 
 M. William Noel, B. Noel de 
 
 Aubianis, A. 
 Nokes [v. Oakes), in. Richard At- 
 
 tenok, B. William atte Noke, X. 
 
 Richard atte Noke, P. 
 Norchard (i'. Orchard), in. Robert atte 
 
 Norcharde, M. Richard Atenorchard, 
 
 A. 
 Norfolk, 147. Thomas de Xorthfolch, 
 
 M. Robert de Northfolk, A. 
 Norman (i), 158. Ralph le Norman, 
 E. Mathew le Norman, 
 A. 
 (2), Norman de Arcy, A. Roger 
 fil. Norman, C. 
 Norrice(t'. Nurse), 150. William Xorricc, 
 
 Z. 
 Norris, 150, 162. Robert le Norys, B. 
 
 William le Noreis, E. Walter le 
 
 Noreis, M. 
 North, 150. William de Northe, H. 
 
 Henry North, M. 
 
 V 
 
 Northend, 114. Peter de Northende, A. 
 
 William Northend, ZZ. 
 Northern, 150. Geoffrey le Northern, A. 
 
 Thomas le Northern, M. John 
 
 Northeron, H. 
 Northman, 150. William Northman, A. 
 
 Robert Northman, A. 
 Nose, 125. Roger atte Ness, A. 
 Notman {v. Nott), 451. John Notman, 
 
 Nott, 451. Alice le Notte, A. Richard 
 le Not, M. Henry le Not, J. 
 
 Noven, in. Thomas atte Novene, B. 
 
 Nowell (y. Noel), 62. Nowell Harper, 
 XX 1. 
 
 Noyes, 154. 
 
 Nunn, 191. Alice le Nonne, A. Mar- 
 garet Nunne, FF. 
 
 Nurse, 506. Maria le Noreyse, A. 
 Thomas Nurse, B. Alicia le Noryce, 
 B. 
 
 Nutbrown, 445. William Nutbrowne, Z. 
 William Notbrone, W 11. George 
 Nutbrowne, v. p. 445. 
 
 Nutmaker, 371. John Nutmaker. 371 n. 
 
 Nutman, 263. William Nuteman, A. 
 
 Nutt, 154. 
 
 Nuttard, 267. Richard le Netehird, .M. 
 
 Nutter, 263. Christopher Nutter, ZZ. 
 
 r\.\YA\ 128. Thomas del Oke, A. 
 
 ^-^ Richard atte Oke, B. 
 
 Oakes, 128. Roger of the Okes, M. 
 
 Philip del Okes, A. 
 Oakliolt, 116. William de Okholte, /.'. 
 
 William de Okolt, A. 
 Oakley, 119. Walter deOclee, A. Simon 
 
 de Akelegh, E. 
 Oakover, 128. Roger de Okovere, M. 
 
 Alice de Okeovere, J. 
 Oakshot (t^. Oakholt), 116. 
 Oakslade, 121. Michael de Ocslade, 
 
 A. 
 Oastler (;'. Ostler), 290. 
 P 2
 
 58o 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Oatmonger (t'. Mealmon£;er), 275. Denis 
 
 le Otemonger, X. 
 Obedience, 103. Obedience Clerk, QQ. 
 Oddiker, 134. 
 Odger. Alan fil. Oger, E. Roge fi!. 
 
 Oger, E. Oger fil. Oger, GO. 
 Offer, ( [v. Orfevre), 400. William le 
 Offor, '( Orfeure, R. Richard Orfer, /'. 
 Ogden, 118. William de Hogdene, A. 
 
 John Ogden, ZZ. 
 Ointer (v. Hointer), 386, 263. Michael 
 
 le Oynter, X. 
 Oker, 113. Thomas Oker^ B. Henry 
 
 Oker, A. 
 Old [V. Ould), 431. 
 Oldacre, 134. 
 Oldbeof, 500. William Oldbcof, /?. 
 
 Walter Oyldcbeof, X. 
 Oldgroom, 505. Henry Eldegrome, O. 
 
 John Eldegrom, O. 
 Oldman, 433. Walran Oldman, A. 
 
 Richard Oldeman, M. 
 Oliphant, I g 
 Olivant, ) ^ 
 Oliver, 38. Oliver Crane, A. Jordan 
 
 Olyver, H. Oliver de Eynciirt, ./. 
 Oliverson, 38. Philip fil. Oliver, A. 
 
 Simon fil. Oliver, A. 
 Oilier (v. Oliver), 38. 
 Ollivant, 487. 
 Olver (i-. Oliver), 38. 
 Olyfader, 511. 
 Onehand, 441. William Onhand, /?. 
 
 John Onehand, D. 
 Onesiphonis, 102. Oncsiphonis Kittie, 
 
 QQ. 
 Openshaw, 117. Samuel Oiicnshawe, ZZ. 
 Orbater, 400. Walter le Orbater, A. 
 Orchard, in, 133. John de la Orcharde, 
 
 A. Richard atte Orcheyerd, (/'. 
 Orcharder, 261. 
 Ordcincr, 179 n. John le Ordeiner, M. 
 
 Stephen Ordinar, M. 
 Orfevre, 400. John le Orfe\Te, A. 
 Roger le Orfevre, M. 
 
 Orfroiser, 346. John Orfroiser, H. 
 Organer, 312. Peter le Organer, M. 
 
 Adam Orgener, 312 ;/. 
 Orger, 312. Robert Orger, M. Matilda 
 
 Oregare, A. 
 Orlando (v. Roland), 38. 
 Orloger, 401. Walter Orlogyr, S. Bar- 
 tholomew the Orologius. 
 Orme, 25. William Orm, A. Ormus 
 
 Archebragge, H. 
 Ormcrod, 25, 120. Pcares Armerod, ZZ. 
 
 Richard Ormerode, ZZ. 
 Ormesby, 25. Richard Ormesbye, Z. 
 
 Henry Ormesby, Z. 
 Ormeson, 25. .Mice fil. Orme, ^. Adam 
 
 fil. Orme, R. John fil. Orm, IF 19. 
 Orped, 466. Stephen le Horpede, A. 
 
 William le Orpede, A. 
 Orpedman, 466. Thomas Orpedeman, 
 
 A. Peter Orpedeman, P.. 
 Orphanstrange, 430. John Orphan- 
 strange, 430 //. 
 Osbald, 23. 
 Osbert, 23. Osbert de Bellebeck, R. 
 
 Osbert le Ferrur, A. William fil. 
 
 Osbert, C. 
 Osborne, 23. Gerard fil. Osebernc, A. 
 
 Osborne le Haukere, //. 
 Os-ceytl, 24. Oscetyl, t-. yt. 24. 
 Osgood, John Osegod, A. John Ose- 
 
 gode, A'. 
 Oskell {v. Osketyl), 25. 0.skell Somc- 
 
 nour, A A 3. 
 Osketyl (v. Oscetyl), 24. Osketyl, p. 2^ 
 Osier, 290. Reginald le Osiler, T. 
 
 Godfrey le Hoselur, A. 
 Osmond, (23. Nicholas Osemund, ./f. 
 Osmund, ( Richard Osmund, M. 
 Ostler (i'. Osier), 290. Ral])h leHostiler, 
 
 A. Richard le Hosteler, yl/. William 
 
 le Ostiller, J. 
 Ostriccr (r'. Astrier), 241. Robert le 
 
 Ostricer, ,/. Alan le Ostrizer, L. 
 
 William Ic Ostricer, T. 
 Oswald, 23. John Oswald, M.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 581 
 
 Oswin, 23. Oswin Ogle, Wg. 
 
 Otter, 489. Alan Otere, A. Edward 
 
 Oter, A. 
 Ould, 431. John le Olde, M. 
 Outlaw, 182 //. William Outlawc, Vg. 
 
 John Outlagh, A/. Richard Utlawe, 
 
 A. 
 Over, 127. Richard de Overe, A. Lucas 
 
 de Overe, A/. 
 Overend, 114, 128. William de Overende, 
 
 A. Michael de Overende, A. 
 Overman, 128. 
 Owen, 12. Richard fil. Owen, .1. Alan 
 
 Owayn, A. 
 Oxenden, ii3. Alice de Oxcnden, B. 
 
 Ivo de Oxinden, A/. 
 Oxenhcrd, 267. Thomas Oxenhyrde, 
 
 IV 2- John Oxenhyrde, 1^3. 
 
 Oxherd, 267. Peter Oxhird, ll'' 2. 
 
 Oxlee, ] 
 
 I- 119- 
 Oxiey, j 
 
 Oysiler, 241. Walter le Oyselur, T. 
 
 William le Oysellur, £. Idonea le 
 
 Oyselur, A. , 
 
 pACKER, 298. Mathew le Pakkere, 
 -*• D. Adam le Packer, A/. William 
 
 le Packere, y. 
 Packman, 296, 298. Agnes Pakcman, 
 
 B. Robert Pakeman, T. 
 Padman, 293. 
 
 Padre, 430. Ralph le Padre, A/. 
 Pagan, 33. Paganala Legh, ^. Pagan 
 
 de la Hale, A. Roger fil. Pagan, A. 
 Page, 215. John le Page, A/. WilHam 
 
 le Page, BB. 
 Paillard, 479. 
 
 Pain, 
 Paine, 
 
 I {v. Pagan), 33. Robert fil. 
 -' Pain, A. Pain del Ash, Af. 
 [ Robert Pain, li. 
 Painter, 251. William le Painter, A/. 
 
 Henry le Peintur, li. 
 Palfrey, 490. Thomas Palfrei, A. Ri- 
 chard Palefray, A. 
 
 Palfreyer, 220, 285. Gill Palfreur, A. 
 
 Roger le Palefreyour, IV 2. 
 Palfreyman, 220, 285. John le Palfrey- 
 man, Af. Robert Palfreyman, A. 
 Palfriman (v. Palfreyman), 220, 285. 
 
 Clement Palfryman, FF. 
 Pallard, 479. 
 Pallet, 459. 
 Palliser, 258. John Pallyser, VV 9. 
 
 Thomas Palysar, IV g. 
 Pallister, 258. William Pallyster, IV g. 
 
 John Palyster, IV 9. Robert Pay- 
 
 lyster, I^Kii. 
 Palmer, 195. Hervey le Palmer, A. 
 
 Geoifrey le Palmere, B. John le 
 
 Paumer, Af. 
 Pannier, 368. Simon le Pannier, FF. 
 
 Jordan Pannare, A. Editha Panier, 
 
 A. 
 Panter, f2io. Richard le Paneter, C. 
 Panther, Robert le Panter, A. Geof- 
 Pantler, ( frey le Paneter, G. 
 Pantry, 136, 210. John de la Paneterie, 
 
 A. Henry de la Paneterie, Af. 
 Panyer, 368. Robert le Pannere, //. 
 
 Amisius Panarius, A. Richard Pan- 
 yere, N. 
 
 Panyman, 368. Godfrey Panyman, 
 //. 
 
 Pape, 173. Hugh le Pape, y. Wil- 
 liam le Pape, 7'. 
 
 Parchmentcr, 405. William Parch- 
 mentar, P/\ 
 
 Parchmyner, 405. John le Parchmyner, 
 
 B. Hamo le Parchemener, L. Chris- 
 tiana le Parchemyner, (/. Geoffrey 
 le Parcheminer, y. 
 
 Pardew, 510. John Pardicu, //. 
 
 Pardie (v. Pardew), 510. 
 
 Pardoe (v. Pardew), 510. 
 
 Pardoner, 195. Walter le Pardoner, Af. 
 
 Thomas Pardoner, O. 
 Pardow (v. Pardew), 510. 
 Parent, 430. John Parent, A. Wil- 
 liam Parent, /'.
 
 582 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Parfay (v. Purefoy), 467. Geoffrey Par- 
 fay, //. Eudo Parfey, A. 
 
 Parfitt, 467. Robert Parfyte, B. Ro- 
 bert Parfite, //. 
 
 Pargeter, f^^^o- William Pargct^r. Z. 
 
 PaiKiter ) ^'^^^^^^ Pi-rgitcr, Z. Eliza- 
 ' ( beth Pergetor, /-V-'. 
 
 Paris. John de Parys, B. Simon do 
 Paris, Af. 
 
 Parke, 231. Roger atte Parke, M. Jolin 
 del Pare, A. 
 
 Parker, 231. Hamo le Parkere, B. 
 Robert le Parkere, G. Adam le Par- 
 kere, M. 
 
 Parkes, 89. Edward Parkes, Z. John 
 Parkes, Z. 
 
 Parkin, (89. William Parkyns, //. 
 
 Parkins, | John Parkynne, FF. 
 
 Parkinson, 89. Ann Parkinson, IV 9. 
 Roger Parkinson, Z. James Parkyng- 
 son, IV 2. 
 
 Parkman, 231. 
 
 Parlebien. Richard Parlebien, Af. 
 Hervey Parleben, A. 
 
 Parlour, 136. Henry del Parlur, B. 
 Richard ate Parlur, Af. William Par- 
 lour, VV 19. 
 
 1339. Geoftrey le Parmun- 
 ter, A. Saher le Par- 
 mentier, //. Hamo le 
 Parmenter, T. 
 
 Parmitcr, 339. William le Parmctcr, 
 Af. Richard le Parmuter, .-/. 
 
 Pamall, ((^- P^tronilla), 19, 66. Paniel 
 
 r! „' i de la Le, A. Parnell Cot- 
 Parnell, 
 
 i, ton, Z. 
 
 Parr, 88. 
 
 Parramore, 477. Roger Paramour, Af. 
 
 Henry Parramore, Z. 
 Parrat, 88, 494. William Parrat, Z. 
 
 Ralph Parratt, Z. 
 Parrott, 88, 494. John Parrott, Z. 
 
 Alice Parrott, Z. John Parol, IP' 
 
 II. 
 Parry, 51. Thomas ap-Harr)-, D. 
 
 Pask, 
 Paske, 
 
 Hugh ap-Harrye, Z. Watkin ap- 
 
 Parry, Z. 
 Parson (i), 88. Robert Parson, F 10. 
 John Paressone, I-'J'. 
 (2), 187. William Persona, ./. 
 Walter le P»rsone, //. 
 Partrick, 494. William Partricke, Z. 
 Partridge, 494. Richard Partriche, A. 
 
 Ancelm Partrich, Af. 
 Pascal, 62. Pascall Sloman, Z. Pascal 
 
 the Physician, O. 
 Paschal, 62. Paschal Balistarius, E. 
 
 Paschal de Arnold, //. 
 Paschal-Lamb, 509. 
 Pascheson {v. Paschal). Antony Pasche- 
 
 son, FF. Hugh fil. Pasche, A. 
 Pash, 62. John Passhe, /'". Hugh fil. 
 
 Pasche, A. 
 
 62. Alice Pascke, FF. Pas- 
 kinus Mercator, C. John 
 Pask, A. 
 Passavant, 218. Roger Passavant, F. 
 
 William Passavaunt, ff. 
 Pastemaker, 364. Gregory le Paste- 
 
 makere, X. John le Pastemakere, 
 
 Af 
 Paternoster, 341. William le Pater- 
 noster, X. John Paternoster, A. 
 Patience, 103. Edward Patience, QQ. 
 Patient, 463. 
 
 Pattener, 352. Robert Patener, H^ii. 
 Pattenmaker, 352. James Patynmakerc, 
 
 5. 
 Paul, 96. Paulinus de Bointon, .-f . 
 Paulett, 97. John Paulctt, //. .\nne 
 
 Pawlett, Z. 
 Paulson, 97. 
 Pauper, 430. Mathew le Paujjer, A. 
 
 William le Pauper, A. 
 Pavicr, 278, ;/. Gerard le Pavier, F. 
 Pawlett, 97. Isabel Pawlett, B. Amys 
 
 Pawlct, //. 
 Pawson, 96. William Pavison, F 
 
 William Pawson, IF 13. 
 Paxman, 298. Roger Paxman, FF.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 583 
 
 Payn, 
 Payne, 
 
 Paynett, 
 Pay not, 
 
 Daniel Peachman, 
 
 Robert Pearce, 
 
 PAY 
 '33. Payen le Doubbour, N. 
 Payn le Fitz-waryn, M. 
 Elis le Fitz-payn, M. 
 [v. Payn), 33. John Paynett, 
 Z. Henry Paynot, A. 
 Emma Paynot, IV 2. 
 Paynter, 251. Roger le Peyntur, T. 
 
 Walter le Peyntur, J. 
 Pe (-L>. Peacock), 493. Richard le Pe, 
 
 A. 
 Peacock, 144, 493. Ilenry Pecock, A. 
 
 John Pekok, H. 
 Peachman, 261. 
 
 FF. 
 Pearce [v. Piers), 
 
 Z. 
 Pearman, 261. Antony Pereman, Z. 
 Pears, (v. Piers), 88. Peares Armerod, 
 
 ZZ. John Pears, Z. 
 Pearse (f. Piers), 88. Pearse Clement, 
 
 Z. Pearse Edgcombe, Z. 
 Pearson, 88. Edward Pereson, /''. John 
 
 Peyrson, F. John Peresone, H. 
 Peascod, 333 it, 485. Godwin Pescodde, 
 
 FF. Nicholas Pescodde, Z. 
 Peate, 432. 
 Pecheress, 274. Agnes la Pecheresse, 
 
 A. 
 Pecheur, 274. Walter le Pecheur, A. 
 Pecimer {v. Pessoner). Ralf le Pe- 
 
 cimer, FF. 
 Peckbean, 483. William Peckebcne, 
 
 A. 
 Peckbone, 483. 
 
 IFir. 
 Peckcheesc, 483. 
 Pecksniff, 483. 
 Peckweather, 483. 
 
 A. 
 Peddar, (293. Martin le Peddere, A. 
 Pedder, \ Hugh le Peddcr, M. 
 Pedifer, 437. Bernard Pedefer, G. Ful- 
 bert Pedefer, X. William Pedefer, E. 
 Pedlar, ( 293. W illiam Pedeleure, M. 
 Pedler, | Thomas le Pedeler, DD, 
 
 Thomas Pikebone, 
 
 Alice Pcckeclicse, A. 
 
 Ralph Peckewether, 
 
 PEP 
 Pedman, 293. William Pedman (Pipe 
 
 Roll. Ric. i). 
 Peel (i), 452. Thomas le Pele, M. Hugh 
 le Pele, T. 
 (2), 452. Roger of the Peele, 452 n. 
 Robart of ye Peele, 452 n. 
 Peers (f. Piers), 88. Richard Peers, F. 
 
 Alice Peres, //. 
 Peersdaughter. Isabella Peersdoghter, 
 W 15. Isolda Peersdoghter, W 15. 
 Peerson {v. Pearson), 88. Thomas 
 Peerson, F. Laurence Perysson, //. 
 Peile (v. Peel), 452. 
 Peirs (v. Piers), 88. 
 Peirson (f. Pearson), 88. William 
 
 Peirson. 
 Peiser (^'. Poyser), 411. 
 Pelerin, 195. Simon Pellerin, A. \\'il- 
 
 liam le Pelerin, E. 
 Pelkeshank, 438. Thomas Pelkeshanke, 
 
 X. 
 Pelliper, 345. Joan Pellipar, FF. Miles 
 
 Pellipare, A. Simon Pelliparius, A. 
 Pelter, 345. Adam le Peleter, A. John 
 le Peleter, G. Reyner le Peleter, M. 
 Pender, 235. William le Pendere, A^. 
 Penfold, 132. Agnes atte Punfald, A. 
 Pennigar, j 200. Thomas le Penniger, 
 Penniger, | E. William le Pennager, E. 
 Penny, 513. Robert Peny, M. Richard 
 
 Peny, H. 
 Pennyfather, 482. Robert Pcnifader, 
 R. Richard Penifadir, A. Roger 
 Pcnyfader, X. 
 Pennypuise, 482. Aluric Pcnipurs 
 
 (Domesday). 
 Penry (». Parry), 51. John Ap-Hcnry, 
 
 51 n. 
 Pentecost, 62. Pentecost de London, 
 E. Pentecost Serviius, E. John 
 Pentecost, A. 
 Pepper, 371. John Ic Pcpor, //. Mar- 
 tin Peper, A. 
 Peppercorn, 485. Geoffrey Pej^pcr- 
 corn, A,
 
 584 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Percy, 151. Henry de Percy, A. Wil- 
 liam de Percy, A. 
 Perfect (v. Parfitt), 463. 
 Perfect-Sparrow, 508. 
 
 _ . (h. Perkins), 88. Edmund 
 
 Perkes 
 
 _ , ' i Perke, /'V''. Thomas Perkes, 
 
 Perks, I y 
 
 Perkins, 88. Perkin Snode, Z. Perekin 
 
 de Camera, £. Adam Perkyn, //. 
 Perkinson, 88. Robert Perkynson, F. 
 
 William Perkinson, H^g. 
 Perler, 341. Thomas le Perler, X. 
 
 William Pirler, IF 2. 
 Pernell (v. Parnell), 66. Pernel Clcrc, 
 
 A. Pernell Boulton, Z. 
 Perot {v. Perrott), 89 «. 
 Perrer, 261. Josceus le Pcrrer, E. Wil- 
 liam le Perier, £. 
 Perret, 89. Simon Pcret, .1/. Thomas 
 
 Perret, //. 
 Perriman, 261. William Peryman, A. 
 
 Arthur Peryman, Z. 
 Perren, | jg_ g^ p^^,,^ ^j ^ 
 Perrin, | 
 Perrott, 89. Perot Grucr, //. IIenr\- 
 
 Perot, Af. . ■ ' 
 
 Pessoner, 376. William le Pcssoner, A. 
 
 Henry le Pessoner, C. Richard le 
 
 Pessoner, 71/. 
 Pessur, 274. Richard Ic Pessur, A. 
 
 Hugh le Pesour, y. Godard le 
 
 Pcscher, T. 
 Pestur, 364. Herman le Pestur, A. 
 
 Walter le Pestur, B. Richard le 
 
 Pestour, Af. 
 Peter, 88. Peter fil. Wnrin, Vl/. Hore- 
 
 bert fil. Petri, T. 
 Peterkin (i-. Perkin), 88. 
 PetersQn, 88. Walter fil. Peter, ./. 
 
 Adam fil. Petri, C. 
 Peticurteis. Walter Peticurteis, A. 
 
 William Petitkorteys, A. 
 Petifer {v. Pcdifcr), 437. William Pctti- 
 
 fer, /•■/'. 
 Pelitjean (f, Littlcjohn), 503. 
 
 PIC 
 Petitpas, 440. John Petypasc, IV 11. 
 
 Thomas Petitpas, MM. 
 Pctitsire, 507. Warin Petitsire, A'. 
 Petronilla, 19, 66. Simon fil. Petronillc, 
 
 A. Nicholas fil. Petronelle, C. 
 
 Petronil le Saucer, G. 
 Pettifer (v. Pedifer), 437. 
 Pettitt, 432. Hamo le Petit, A. Emma 
 
 la Petite, T. Richard le Petit, C. 
 Pettovine, 159. Peter le Pcttovin, B. 
 
 Robert le Peytevinc, A^ 
 Petty, (432. Simon Pctte, A. Hugh 
 Pettye, ( Pety, A. 
 Petyclerk, 508. Richard Pctyclerk, M. 
 
 William Peticlerk, //. John Petielerk, 
 
 11^2. 
 
 Petygard. Richard Petygard, /•"/■'. 
 Petyson (f. Peterson), 88. William 
 
 Pety son, /'"!/•". 
 Pewter, ) _, ^ 
 
 Pewterer U^s- Henry Pewterer, ZZ. 
 Pewtrer.'J William Peuterere. 5. 
 Pheasant, 494. William Phesant, Z. 
 
 James Phesaunte, ZZ. Robert Fesant, 
 
 A. 
 Phelps {v. Philps), 90. John Phelpes, Z. 
 Philcox, 90. 
 
 Philemon, 100. Philemon I'owcU, TT. 
 Philip, f90- John Phelip, M. Sibill 
 Philips, 
 
 Philip le 
 
 fil. Philippi, 7'. 
 Grant, 7". 
 Philipson, 90. Thomas fil. Philip, Af. 
 
 Christofer Philipson, ZZ. 
 Phillot, 90. 
 
 Phillpot (f. Philpol), 90. 
 Philps (t'. Philips), 90. John Philpe, 
 
 Z. 
 Philpot, 90. Thomas Phylyjjotte, B. 
 John Philipot, N. John Philypot, ff. 
 Phipps, J90. William Phippes, //. 
 Phipson, ( Thomas Phippes, Z. 
 
 159. Milo Pichard, Af. Colin 
 le Picart, BB. Baldwin 
 I'ikard, ./. 
 Pickavant (f. Prikeavant), 450. 
 
 Picard, 
 Pickard
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 585 
 
 PIC 
 
 Pickerell, 497. German Pikerel, H. 
 
 Sabina Pikerel, A. 
 Picot (i-. Pigott). 
 Pidgeon, 494. Richard Pigun, A. 
 
 Honore Pidgeon, Z. 
 Pierce, 83. Pierse Lloyd, Z. Pierce 
 
 Butler, Z. 
 Piers, 83. Pierres de Belegrave, M. 
 
 Piers Emerik, H. 
 I'ierson, 88. John Pierson, F. Mathew 
 
 Pierson, H. 
 Pigg, 491. John Pyg, H. Walter 
 
 Pigge, A. 
 Pigman, 270. Jordan Pigman (Pipe 
 
 Roll. Ric. I.). John Pegeman, A. 
 Pigott. Peter Pykot, R. Robert 
 
 Pigot, A. 
 Pigsflesh, 499. Reyner Piggesflesh, M. 
 Pike, 459, 497. Richard Pyke, M. 
 
 Randal Pike, ZZ. 
 Pikeman, 222. Thomas Pikeman, R. 
 
 Giles Pykeman, X. 
 Pilate (v. Pilot). 
 
 Pilchard, 497. Robert Pilchard, Y. 
 Pitcher, 345. Hugh le Pilechcr, A. 
 
 John Pilcher, G. 
 Pilgrim, 195. John Pilegrim, A. Alice 
 
 Pilgrim, Z. 
 Pilot. Ivcta Pilate, J. William Pilot, 
 
 J. Walter Pilat, A. 
 Pimple. 
 
 Pinchpenny, 482. 
 
 Pinchshoc, 440. Thomas Pinchshu, A. 
 Pindar, (^35- John le Pinder, E. 
 j>- , ' \ Henry le Pynder, M. John 
 
 ( le Pindere, T. 
 Pinfold {v. Penfold), 132. 
 Pinner, 320, 342. Andrew le Pynner, 
 
 G. Walter le Pinner, X. 
 Pinnick, | 495. John Pynnok,(^;. Richard 
 Pinnock, \ Pinnoc, A. 
 Pinsemaille, 483. 
 Pinson, 34. Elias fil. Pagani, M. Robert 
 
 Pynson, //. John Penyson, V\i. Wil- 
 liam I'onison, / '3. 
 
 Piper, 309. Robert le Pipere, M. 
 
 Richard le Pipere, M. Arnald le 
 
 Pyper. P. 
 Pitkins, 90. 
 Pitt. Robert in the Pyt, M. Nicholas 
 
 de la Putte, A. 
 Plaister, f^^o- John le Cementarius, 
 
 ■n^ ■ ' B. Adam le Plastier, X. 
 
 Plaisterer, \ ' 
 
 p, Joanna Plaisterer, W 13. 
 
 v William Plaisterer, tF 13. 
 
 Plastow, 132. Robert atte Pleistowe, 
 
 A. Nicolas de la Pleystowe, A. 
 Plater, 223. Anna Playter, K Walter 
 
 Playter, A. 
 Platfoot, 440. Margaret Platfoot, FF. 
 Piatt (i), 122. Roger del Plat, J. 
 
 (2), Roger le Plat, H. 
 Player, 305. Arthur Player, Z. 
 Playfair, 475. William Plaifare, IK 9. 
 Pleader, 180. Alured le Pledur, T. 
 
 Henry le Pleidour, A. 
 Plow, 144. John Plu, A. John Plough, 
 
 FF. 
 Plowday, 63. William Plouday, A. 
 Plowman, 256. John le Plouman, A. 
 
 John le Ploghman, A. 
 Plovvright, 277. William le Plowritte, ^f. 
 
 William le Ploughwryte, M. Catha- 
 rine Ploughwright, IK 2. 
 Plowstaff, 462. Thomas Ploghstaf, I K 1 1. 
 Pluckrose, 485. Roger Pluckrose. 
 Plumber. Johnle Plumber, O. 
 Plumer, 336. Peter le Plomer, M. 
 
 Jileyn Plomier, //. Mariot le Plumer, 
 
 T. 
 I'himmcr, 336. Simon le Plummcr, O. 
 
 Walter Plummer, Z. 
 
 Plumiitree, ) 
 
 \ 129 
 Plumtree, j 
 
 Plunket, 454. 
 
 Pockred, 445. Thomas Pockred, A. 
 
 Pocock, 493. William Pocock, M. 
 
 Geoffrey Pococ, A. 
 Poer, 430. Arnald le Poer, M. Walter 
 
 k' Poer, /;". Nicholas le Poer, A,
 
 586 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Poignant, 465. Gilbert Poygnant, y. 
 
 rointdexter, 511. J. Poyndexter, 511 «. 
 
 Pointer, 347. John le Poyntour, B. 
 Robert le Poyntour, T. 
 
 Pointmaker, 347. William Poyntmakere, 
 S. 
 
 Pollard, 451. Henry Pollard, M. Wil- 
 liam Polard, A. 
 
 Pollinger {v. Bollinger), 364. William 
 Pal linger, Z. 
 
 PoUitt (v. Paulett), 97. James Polet, O. 
 
 Poison (v. Powlson), 80, 96. 
 
 Pond. Sewal atte Ponde, M. Thomas 
 atte Ponde, B. 
 
 Pontifex, 173. 
 
 Pontiff, 174. Richard Puntif, A. 
 
 Poore, 430. Roger le Povere, A. Wil- 
 liam le Poure, B. Robert le Poor, 
 R. 
 
 Poorfish, 500. John Pourfisshe, M. 
 
 Pope, 173. Hugh le Pope, A. Alanle 
 Pope, A. 
 
 Popgay, (228, 494. Robert Popin- 
 
 Popingay, \ geay, FF. Richard Pop- 
 Popinjay, i ingay, TT. 
 
 Popkins (v. Hopkins). Hopkyn ap Pop- 
 kin, Z. 
 
 Poplett, 475. 
 
 Poppett, 475. 
 
 Porchcr, 270. Emma la Porchcr, A. 
 Roger la Porcher, B. Gilbert le 
 Porchcr, H. 
 
 Pork, 491. John Poik, Af. 
 
 Porkeller, 270. Geoffrey Ic Porkuiller, E. 
 
 Porker, 270. John le Porker, A. Thomas 
 le Porkere, A. 
 
 Port. Charles le Port, BB. Oliva Ic 
 Port, BB. 
 
 Porter, 204. Alan le Porteur, E. Albin 
 le Portour, A'. Wybert le Porteur, /,. 
 
 Portgreeve [v. Portreeve), 233. 
 
 Porthorse, 490. John Portehors, ^"8. 
 Ralph Portehors, F8. 
 
 Portman. Christina Port man, B. Wil- 
 liam Portman, //. 
 
 Portreeve, 233. William le Portreve, A. 
 
 Augustin le Portreve, A. 
 Portwine, 159. Presiosa Potewyne, A. 
 
 Henry le Poytevin, y. Peter le Pet- 
 
 tevin, L. 
 Potiphcr (v. Pedifer), 437. 
 Potkin, 90. Thomas Potkin, HH. 
 Potman, 393. Thomas Potman, FF. 
 
 Henry Potcman, H. 
 Potter, 393. Ranulph le Potcr, ./. Wal- 
 ter le Poterc, ^V. Adam le Potter, M. 
 Potticary, 382. William Apotecarius, 
 
 A. 
 Pottinger, 207. Robert le Potager, G. 
 
 Walter le Potager, M. John Potengcr, 
 
 F. 
 Potts, 90, 144. Roger Potts, W 16. 
 
 Deborah Potts, W 16. 
 Poucher, 348, 398. Henry Pouchcr, 
 
 B. 
 Pouchmaker, 348, 397. William Pouche- 
 
 maker, H. Agnes Pouchemaker, 
 
 IV 2. 
 Poulet (v. Paulelt), 97. 
 Poulter (i'. Pulter), 376. 
 Pounder, 235. Richard le Pundere, T. 
 
 William le Pondere, A. 
 Poundsend, 114. John de Poundesend, 
 
 D. 
 Pourtraycr. Richard le Pertriur, IP' 4. 
 
 Geoffrey le Purtreour, X. 
 Powell, 13, 97. Elizabeth Ap-Howcll, 
 
 B. John Ap-Howcll, D. John Ap- 
 
 powell, F. 
 Power, 430. Thomas le Power, B. Wil- 
 liam le Povere, H. Walter le Powere, 
 
 -V/. 
 Powlett (v. Paulett), 97 
 Powlson, 96. Geoffray Poulson, Z. 
 
 Alberte Powlson, Z. James Poulson, 
 \Vi6. 
 Poyntel, 401. John Povntel, X. Roger 
 
 Poyntcl, X. 
 Poynter {t: Pointer), 347. Thomas Ic 
 
 Poyntour, Af, Vasse le Poyntur, A,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 587 
 
 Poyser, 411. Josceus le Peisur, DD. 
 
 Frail, 154. William de Prahell, E. 
 
 Praise-God-barebones, 102. 
 
 Prall (z: Prail), 154. 
 
 Preacher, 191. Thomas le Prechur, T. 
 
 John le Precheur, A. Jacob Preacher, 
 
 W-zo. 
 Preece, 12. Hopkin ap Rees, C. Robert 
 
 Prees, H. 
 Prentice, (382. William le Prentiz, G. 
 Prentis, | Nicholas Apprenticius, G. 
 Prest, 467. Peter le Prest, M. Walter 
 
 le Prest, H. 
 Prester, 187. Joseus Presbiter, B. 
 . Thomas le Prestre, A. Richard le 
 
 Presture, FF. 
 Prettiman, 443. William Prettiman, /'"/•'. 
 
 Katharine Prettyman, Z. 
 Pretty, 443. Edmond Prettie, Z. Thomas 
 
 Prettye, Z. 
 Prevost (v. Provost), 185. 
 Prew, 466. William le Prue, B. 
 Price, 12. Philip ap Rys, C. Lodovicus 
 
 Apprise, F. John Apryce, /''. 
 Prickadvance (v. Prikeavant), 450. 
 Prickett, 489. Richard Priket, M. 
 Prickherring. John Prikehering, A. 
 Pricktoe, 440. Peter Pricktoe, M. 
 Pride, 464, 476. Richard Pride, T. Roger 
 
 Pr)'de, R. 
 Pridham, 477. William Prodhomme, 
 
 R. Peter Prodhomme, A. 
 Priest (v. Prest), 187. Thomas Freest, 
 
 A. 
 Friestman, 187. Robert Frestman, A. 
 
 George Prestman, W 9. 
 Priestson, 65. William le Prestessonc, 
 
 G. Simon fil. Presbiter, A. 
 Prikeavant, 450. William Prikeavant, A. 
 
 Simon Prickadvance (Lower's Die.) 
 Primate, 187. William Primate, /•"/''. 
 Primrose, 485. Richard Frimerose, FF. 
 
 Robert Primerose, FF. 
 Prince, 174. Ellice Prince, /,. Jeffrey 
 
 Prynce, Z. 
 
 Prior, 191. Roger le Priour, B. Richard 
 
 le Prior, A. WilHam le Priur, E. 
 Priorman, 188. Symon Priorman, W i^. 
 
 Agnes Priorman, IVz^. 
 Pritchard, 12. John Aprichard, F. \\o 
 
 Ap-Richard, G. 
 Probert, 12, 39. Lloyd ap Robert, ZZ. 
 
 Ellice ap-Robert, Z. 
 Probyn, 39. William ap Robyn, H. 
 
 William Ap-robyn, XX i. 
 Proctor. William le Procurator, R. 
 
 John le Procuratour, D. 
 Prodger, 12, 40. Roger Aproger, ZZ. 
 Properjohn, 46, 503. 
 Prophet. John Prophete, V 2. 
 Prosser, 13. David ap-Rosser, F. Robert 
 
 ap Rosser, H. John Approsser, Z. 
 Proud, 464, 476. Hugh le Proud, A. Ro- 
 bert le Proude,/)/). Lewis Prowd, V7. 
 Proudfoot, 440, 464, 476. Robert Prude- 
 
 fot, A. William Proudfot, H. 
 Proudman, 476. 
 Proudlove, 476. Peter Froudlove, FF. 
 
 George Proudelove, ZZ. 
 Prout, 476. Thomas le Prute, A. John 
 
 le Prute, H. Cristma le Prute, A. 
 Proutpiere, 504. William Proutepiere, 
 
 M. 
 Provence, ) 
 Province, j 
 
 Provis, I 185. Geoffrey le Provost, 
 Fro\ost, I H. Walter le Provost, J. 
 Frovostson, 65. Robert fil. Provost, 
 
 r. 
 
 Fruce, 163. Hugh le Fruz, M. \\'il- 
 
 liam le Pruz, y. 
 Prudame (v. Fridham), 477. 
 Prude, 464, 476. Elias le Prude, A. 
 
 William le Prude, T. 
 Frudcn, 477. 
 Prudence, 103. Richard Prudence, FF. 
 
 Prudence S_penser, W 1^. 
 Frudhomme, 477, 507. John Prudhomc, 
 
 A. William I'rodhomme, //. John 
 
 Frudhome, Af,
 
 588 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Puigneur, 
 Puinnur, 
 
 Prujean, 46, 503. Anne Prujean, V 10. 
 
 Francis Pnijan, F5. 
 Pryor {v. Prior), 191. Robert Pryer, 
 
 A. 
 Pudding, 431. Peter Pudding, A. 
 
 Henry Pudding, X. 
 Pugh, 12. Morice Apew, H. 
 
 [320. Robert le Puigneur, 
 C. William le Pugneor, 
 C. Robert le Puinnur, E. 
 Pulter, 376. Osbert le Puleter, A. 
 
 Adam le Poleter, M. 
 Pumphrey, 12. John ap Houmfrey, 
 
 Z. Humfrey ap Humfrey, Z. 
 Punch. Roger Punch, T. Robert 
 
 Punche, A. 
 Punshon, 144. Elizabeth Puncheon, 
 
 Purcell, 491. John Purcel, M. Roger 
 
 Purcell, 7. 
 Purcfoy, 467. Arthur Purejoy, /''/•'. 
 Puregold, 428. Margaret Puregold, 
 
 FF. 
 Purfey (v. Purefoy), 467. 
 Purser, 348, 398. William Purser, D. 
 
 Robert le Purscre, G. 
 Pursuivant. Thomas Purscvaunt, I'j. 
 
 Faulcon Pursevaunt, XX. r. 
 Puttinger (:'. Pottinger). Robert Pcw- 
 
 tinger, Z. 
 Puttock, 493. Richard Puttak, A. 
 
 Letice Puttoc, A. 
 Pyatt, 494. 
 Pycard {v. Picard), 159. Henry Pykard, 
 
 M. Roger Pycard, //. 
 Pye, 494. William Pye, A/. Jolin le 
 
 Pie, A. 
 Pyebaker, 364. Andrew le Pyebakcre. 
 
 X. 
 Pyet, 
 Pyett 
 
 Pylch, 457. Symon Pylche, A. 
 Pyletok, 457. Thomas Pyletok, A 
 
 494. 
 
 QUAINT, 471, 507. Margaret le 
 Coynte, B. Richard le Queynle, 
 B. Michael le Queynt, j\f. 
 Quarrier, 249. Adam le Quarreur, M. 
 
 Hugh le Quareur, A. 
 Quarterman, 437. Guy Quatreman, B. 
 
 Richard Catermayn, H. Thomas 
 
 Quatermains, .Af 
 Quatrefages, 129. 
 Queen, 174. Matilda Ic Qucn, A. 
 
 Simon Queue, A. 
 Queenmay 176 n. Warin le Quenc-may 
 
 E. 
 Querdelynn, 499. Ralph Querdelynn, 
 
 T. William Querdelion, X. 
 Quick, 465. Robert Quic, A. Richard 
 
 Quicke, Z. 
 Qaickly, 465. 
 Quickman, 465. Adam Quikeman, A. 
 
 Thomas Quikman, M. 
 Quilter, 358. Egidius le Quylter, y. 
 
 Thomas le Queylter; T. Richard le 
 
 Quilter, A. 
 Quiltmaker, 358. John Quyltemaker, 
 
 H. 
 
 n AFF {v. Ralf), 36. Amice Raffe. A. 
 
 ■^ Raffe Barton, Z. 
 
 Raffman, 355. John Raffman, 356. 
 
 Raffson {v. Raft), 36. Peter Ralfson, 
 
 ZZ. 
 Ragg, 431. 
 
 Ragged, (431. Robert le Ragidde, A. 
 Raggett, I Thomas le Raggede, B. 
 Ragman. Richard Ragman, A. 
 Rain, 495, Robert le Rain, J. Wil- 
 liam le Rain, J. 
 Raines, ( 169. Richard de Rcnncs, R. 
 Rains, i William de Rainis, K. 
 Rakestraw, 483. William Rakestraw, 
 
 Wii. 
 „ .- (^36. Ralph le Gras, /?. Ralph 
 
 n' , ', i fil. Ivo, 7". John Radul- 
 ''"'''"• i fus./.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 589 
 
 Ram (i), 145, 485. Thomas atte Ram, 
 .V. Hugh de Ram, A. 
 (2), 485. Geoffrey le Ram, A. 
 Jocelin le Ram, T. 
 Ramage, 484. \\'illiam Ramage, B. 
 Ramsden, 118. Geoffrey de Ramesden, 
 
 A. Adam de Rammesdene, A. 
 Ramshaw, 117. William Ramshaw 
 (Court of High Com. Sur. Soc.). 
 John Ramshaw, IV 16. 
 
 '(■^ 
 
 Randle, 
 Randall, 
 
 Ranger, 232. 
 
 . Ralph), 37. Randal 
 Wylmyslow, F 11. Ran- 
 dle de la Mill, A. Ran- 
 dulf Cissor, A. 
 Francis Ranger, Z. Ro- 
 bert Ranger, Z. 
 Rankin, 41. Gilbert Renekyn, A. 
 
 Richard Reynkyn, H. 
 Ranson {%'. Rankin), 41. Thomas 
 
 Ranson, I V 20. 
 Raper(t'. Roper), 399. William Raper, IVg. 
 Rapkin, 37. 
 
 Rapson, 37. John Rapson, Z. 
 Rascal, 488. John Raskele, //. Henry 
 
 Rascall, Z. Maria Rascall, J^/e r. 
 Rash. Roger le Resh, /-V-". 
 Ratcliffe, 124. Richard dc Radcclivc, 
 
 A". William de Radeclive, A. 
 Ratt, 493. Walter le Rat, J. Nicholas 
 
 le Rat, A. 
 Rattlebag, 501. John Rattilbaggc, A. 
 Raton, 493. Ralph Ratun, A. 
 Raven, 494. John Raven, /'. Alex- 
 ander Raven, //. 
 Rawes, 37. Roger Rawe, Z, Humfrey 
 
 Rawe, Z. 
 Rawkins, 37. Joane Rawkyns, Z. Wal- 
 ter Ravvkyns, Z. 
 
 37. Raulyn de la Fer- 
 merie. A/. Raulina de 
 Briston, F/''. Raulinus 
 Bassett, £, 
 
 ' 37. Robert Rawlyng- 
 son, ZZ. John Raw- 
 lynson, F. 
 
 Rawlings, 
 Rawlins, 
 
 Rawlingson, 
 Rawlinson, 
 
 Rawson, 37. John Rawson, F. Diony- 
 
 sia Rawson, IV 2. 
 Ray, 488. Reginald le Raye, A. Philip 
 
 le Rey, £. 
 Rayden, 118. 
 Reade, 445. Roger le Rede, C. Adam 
 
 le Rede, H. 
 Reader, 247. William le Redere, X. 
 
 Emma le Redere, A. 
 Receiver. Richard le Receyvour, A A 3. 
 
 Ric le Recevour, IV. 15. 
 Red, 445. William le Red, A'. Isabel 
 
 le Red, A. 
 Redbeard, 449. Alexander Redbeard, 
 
 449 «• 
 Redclerk, 506. John le Redeclerk, Vg. 
 Redclitfe, 124. 'I'homas de Radcliff, 
 
 //. 
 Redhead, 447. John Redheved, A. 
 
 William Redehead, IV 2. Thomas 
 
 Readhead, 11^20. 
 Redherring, 500. William Redherring, 
 
 Af. 
 Redking, 505. Rjchard Redeking, A. 
 
 Walter Redeking, A. 
 Redman, 445. Robert Redeman, A. 
 
 John Redman, A. Brian Redman, 
 
 IK 16. 
 Redmayne, 125. William Redmaine, 
 
 IF 16. Adam de Redmayne, H. 
 Redness, 125. John Redness, IF 9. 
 
 Thomas Redness, IF 2. 
 Redsmith {z'. Rodesmith), 281. 
 Recce {v. Rees), 12. 
 Reed, 445. Hamo le Rede, A. Ama- 
 
 billa la Rede, A. 
 Rees, 12. Hopkin ap Rees, C. Henry 
 
 fil. Reys, A. Rees ap Howell, J/. 
 Reeve, 233. John le Reve, A/. Sager 
 
 le Reve, H. Thomas le Reve, y. 
 Reformation, 102. 
 Reginald, 18, 41. Roysia fil. Reginald, 
 
 A. Reginald le Porter, y. 
 Reid {v. Readc), 445. 
 Religious, 190. Walter Ic Religieuse, £.
 
 590 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 REN 
 Renard {v. Reynard), 41, 489. 
 Renaud (i), 41. Adam fil. Reinaud, A. 
 Renaud Balistarius, C. 
 (2), 489. John le Renaud, //. 
 Rennison (v. Reynerson), 41. Anne Ren- 
 nison, IV 14. Thomas Rennison, 
 IF 20. William Renyson, F. 
 Repentance, 103. Repentance Tomp- 
 
 son, QQ. 
 Replenish, 103. Replenish French, 
 
 103. 
 Reuter, 201. Thomas le Renter, N. 
 
 Ranulph le Ruter, 7. Adam le 
 
 Ruter, £. 
 Revetour, 189 n. Will, le Revetour, 
 W II. Joan Revetour, IF 11. Wil- 
 liam Revetour, IF 17. 
 Reynard {v. Renaud, i), 41. Godfrey 
 
 Reynaud, A. 
 Reynardson, 41. William fil. Reynaud, 
 
 A. Joseph Reynardson, IF 11. 
 Reyner. Reyner de Aula, A. Reyner 
 
 le Blake, A. Reyner Custance, A. 
 
 Henry Reyner, IF 16. 
 Reynerson (v. Reyner). John Reyner- 
 son, IF 10. 
 Reynold, 1^41. Robert Reynold, X. 
 Reynoldson, j Robert Reynoldson, IF. 
 Reynolds, i 16. Emme Raynold, ^. 
 Reyson. Peter Rcysonnc, IF. 18. 
 Rhymer, 313. Ralph Rymer, IF 16. 
 Ribaud, 479. Philip Ribaud, IF 15. 
 
 Will, le Ribote, y. 
 Rice (v. Price), 12. Hugh ap Rys, C. 
 
 Rice Mansel (Princess Mary, Privy 
 
 E.\penses). 
 Richard, 40. Richard fil. Milo, T. 
 
 Durand fil. Richard, A. 
 
 (40. John Richardesonne, 
 Z/.. Thomas Rychcrde- 
 son, /''. John Rychart- 
 son, IF 19. 
 Riche, 430. Swanus le Riche, A. 
 Reimbal le Riche, C. Genasc le 
 Riche, //. 
 
 Richelot, 16, 40. Robert Richelot, IV 15. 
 Robert Richelot, J?J?. Rikelot, CC i. 
 
 Richson, 40. Thomas Richeson, IF 9. 
 
 Rickards, 40. Thomas fil. Ricard, A. 
 Hugh Ricard, y4. Rycardus, IF 19. 
 
 Ricketts, 40. 
 
 Ricks, J40. Cuthbert Ricerson, IF3. 
 
 Rickson, I John Rycerson, IF 3. 
 
 Rider, 232. Roger le Rider, ^. Stephen 
 le Ridere, A. Robert le Rider, F8. 
 
 Ridler, 275. John Ridler, Z. William 
 Rydler, Z. 
 
 Righteous. John Rightwyse, H. John 
 Rightwys, X. 
 
 Ritson (v. Rickson), 40. 
 
 Ritter (v. Reuter), 200. 
 
 River-Jordan, 509. 
 
 Ri.x (7: Ricks), 40. 
 
 Ri.\on (v. Rickson), 40. Laurence 
 Ri.xon, Z. 
 
 Roan, 170. 
 
 Robarts, 39. Thomas Robart, //. 
 
 Robelot (v. Robert), 75 //. Henry Robe- 
 lot, A. Ric Robelot, A. Rus Roba- 
 lot, A. 
 
 Roberds, 39. Walter Roberd, H. Wil- 
 liam Roberd, A. 
 
 Robert, 39. Robert fil. Ivo, T. Robert 
 de Romeny, A. 
 
 Robcrtot {v. Robert), 39. William 
 Robertot, A. 
 
 39. Bate fil. Robert, A. 
 Wacius fil. Robert, G. 
 Edmund Roberteson, //, 
 
 Robin {v. Robins), 39. 
 
 Robinet, 39. Richard Robynet, //. 
 Robinet of the Hill, Y. 
 
 Robinhood, 39. Thomas Robynhod, 
 
 <■• P- 39- 
 
 Robins, 39. William Robyn, A'. Robin 
 le Herberjur, /?. Dera Robins, A. 
 
 Robinson, 39. Roland Robynson, H. 
 John Robbynson, Z. 
 
 Robison, 39. John Robeson, IF9. Ro- 
 bert Robcrson, II' 16. 
 
 Roberts, 
 Robertson,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 591 
 
 Robkin {v. Robert), 39. Adam Robe- 
 kin, A. Stephen Robekin, /I/. 
 Robson, 39. Edward Robson, //. 
 
 Thomas Robson, IV g. 
 Robuck, 145, 485. WilHam atte Roe- 
 buck, Af. Roger Robuck, IV 16. 
 Rodd, 461. 
 
 Rodds, 119. Francis Rods, Z. 
 Roden, 118. William Rodden, Z. 
 Rodes, 119. Raffe Rodes, Z. Godfrey 
 
 Rodes, Z. 
 Rodesmith, 283. John Rodesmithe, D. 
 Rodgers, 40. Hugh Roggers, //. 
 Roe (i), 443. Alicia le Ro, A. 
 
 (2), 145, 485. John de la Roe, O. 
 Roefoot, 439. 
 Roger, 18, 40. James fil. Roger, T. 
 
 Roger le Riche, N. 
 Rogercock {v. Roger), 40. Stephen 
 
 Rogekoc, A. 
 Rogers, 40. William Rogers, ^. Henry 
 
 Rogers, A. 
 Rogerson, 40. Richard Rogersonne, 
 
 ZZ. Ranulf fil. Roger C. 
 Rokster, 381. Juliana Rokster, /?J? 2. 
 Roland {v. Rowland), 38. Rolond le 
 
 Lene, A. John Roland, //. 
 Rolfe {v. Ralph). John Rolff, //. Sarra 
 
 Rolf, A. 
 Rollins (v. Rawlins), 37. 
 RoUinson (v. Rawlinson), 37. 
 Romaine, f^^^" J°^" le Romayn, Z. 
 Romayne, ^^^'"^'^ ^'^ Romayn, A. 
 
 ( John Roman, VV 17. 
 Romer, 195. Christiana la Romere, A. 
 
 Stephen Romer, ZZ. 
 Rood, 130. William de la Rude, A. 
 
 Richard de la Rude, //. 
 Rook, 267 », 494. Geoffrey le Roke, 
 A. William le Ruk, A. Adam le 
 Roe, A. 
 Rookherd, 267. Henry le Rochyrde, A. 
 Roper, 399. Simeon le Roper, A. Ro- 
 bert le Ropere, A^. Alvena le Roper, 
 
 RUD 
 Rosamund, 19. Rosaxnunda, A. 
 Rosser (v. Prosser), 13. Rosser Morres, 
 
 Z. 
 Rose, 142, 485. John de la Rose, T. 
 
 Nicholas de la Rose, A. 
 Roughead, 447. Robert Rogheved, R. 
 
 Josias Roughead, 447. John Rough- 
 
 heved, RR i. 
 Round, 431. Robert Rounde, Z. 
 Roundhay, 133. 
 Rountree {v. Rowntree). 
 Rous, 444. Jordan le Rous, B. Henry 
 
 le Rous, A". Ivo de Rous, J. 
 Rouse, 444. Juliana le Rouse, ^. Alice 
 
 Rouze, A. 
 Rowden, 118. William de Ruweden, A. 
 
 Simon de Ruweden, A. 
 Rowe, 443. William le Roo, A. Thomas 
 
 le Roo, A. 
 
 Rowland, (S^- Roulandus Bloet, C. 
 
 Rowlands, Ro^^land Robynson, H. 
 
 \ Rowland fil. Roulandi, T. 
 
 Rowlandson, 38. William Rollandson, 
 
 F. Richard Rowlinson, W 2. Ro- 
 bert Rowelyngsonne, ZZ. 
 Rowlett, ( ^\ Ro^^lf "d), 38 Joane Row- 
 
 Rowlet, I 'f""i ^^'^^ ^°"'f ' 
 \ HH. Mathew Rowlett, Y. 
 
 Rowley, 119. Geffery Rowley, Z. Hew 
 
 Rowley, Z. 
 Rowlson [v. Rowlandson), 38. Francis 
 
 Rowlson, Z. 
 Rownthwaite, 121. Thomas Rounth- 
 
 waite, W 16. Henry Rownthwaite, 
 
 ZZ. 
 Rowntree, 129. William Rowentree, 
 
 W \(> Ralph Roentree, n'20. 
 Royds, 119. 
 Royal-King, 508. 
 Fioylance, 459. 
 Rudd, 130. Margaret atte Ruddr, y. 
 
 Agnes Rudde, A. 
 Rudder, 130. William Rudder, /., 
 Ruddick {v. Ruddock), 495. 
 Ruddiman, 130.
 
 592 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 RUD 
 Ruddock, 495. Ralph Ruddoc, A. 
 
 Edward Ruddock, \V 16. 
 Rufhead (v. Roughead), 397. 
 Rumbelow, 512. Stephen Rumbilowe,//. 
 Rummager, 483. Ilonorius le Rumon- 
 
 gour, A'. 
 Rummelowe (v. Rumhelow), 512. 
 Rummcy (v. Rumney), 169. 
 Rummiley (v. Rumbelow), 512. 
 Rumney, 169. Alan de Romeny, T. 
 
 John de Romeneye, O. Robert de 
 
 Romeny, F. 
 Runchiman, \ 
 Runchman, j-286. 
 Runciman, ) 
 Runcy, 286, 490. Lawrence Runcy, A. 
 
 Thomas Runcy, ^. Roger Runcy, FB. 
 Russe, 162. Martin le Rus, A. Wil- 
 liam le Ruse, B. Hugh le Ruse, E. 
 Russell, 445. Willecoccus Russel, A. 
 
 Miriel Russel, A. 
 Ruler, 1 , ^ 
 Rutter, [ ^''- R^"'^"")' =°°- 
 Ryecroft, 132. Richard de Ricroft, R. 
 
 Robert Ryecroft, Z/.. 
 Ryder, 232. Roger le Rydere,^/. Ralph 
 
 le Ryder, J. 
 Rylands, 459. 
 
 ^72. Sabina Pikerel, A. 
 
 gABIN, Sabina Gay lard, //. 
 
 Sabma, Sabinus Chambre, r4. 
 
 Sacker, 319. John Sakkcre, //. Adam 
 
 le Sakkere, X. 
 Sadd, 469. Robert Sad, //. William 
 
 Sad, R. 
 Sadler, 289. John le Sadelcr, AT. John 
 
 Sadeler, //. 
 Saer (v. Saher), 25. Sacr Batagle, A. 
 
 John fil. Saeri, A. Sacr Rude, A. 
 Sage, 463. Jacob le Sage, C. Geoffrey 
 
 le Sage, T. 
 Saher, 25. Sahcnis de Braban, E. 
 
 Saher Clerk, C. Saher le King, //, 
 
 SAR 
 
 Sailor, 408. JohnleSaillur, ^. Nicholas 
 
 le Saler, A. 
 Saint. William le Seynt, DD. 
 Sale, 136. Alexander de la Sale, /?. 
 
 Katerina de la Sale, J. John de la' 
 
 Sale, T. 
 Sallow, 152. Giles St. Lowe, //. Mar- 
 garet St. Lcwe, //. 
 Salmon, 446. Elizabeth Salmon, G. 
 Salter, 31^;, 371. Walter le Salter, A. 
 
 John le Salter, M. 
 Salmon, 83. Salomon. 
 Salvage (f. Savage), 484. William Iq. 
 
 Salvage, D. Geoffrey Ic Salvage, 
 
 E. 
 Samand, 152. Almaric de St. Amando, 
 
 B. John de St. Amand, M. 
 Sample (v. Semple), 152. 
 Samms (v. Samuel), 83. 
 
 (83. Samson deBattisford, 
 Sampson, J A. Sampson de Box, A. 
 Samson, Sampson Darnebrougli, 
 
 ^ Jri6. 
 
 Samuel, U .samucll Ellis. rri6. 
 
 Samuelson, ) 
 
 Sandeman {v. Samand), 152. 
 
 .Sandcrcock, 98. 
 
 Sanders (v. Saunders), 98. Sanders 
 
 Ewart, W 9. Roger Alisander, R. 
 
 William Sandre, A. 
 Sanderson, 98. 
 
 Sanger, 313. Adam le Sangere, T. 
 Sangster, 313. Willametta Cantatrix, 
 
 E. 
 Sapphira, 101. Sapphira Leighton, 
 
 loi //. 
 Sarah, 23. Sarra Malet, A. Sarra le 
 
 Cornmongerc, T. William fil. Sarra, 
 
 T. 
 Sarasin, 166. Peter Sarracen, C. Henry 
 
 Sarrasin, y. William Sarazein, C. 
 Sargant, a 
 Sargeant, 
 Sargeaunt, 
 Sargent, 
 
 (f. S;irjant), 180.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 593 
 
 Sarjant 
 Sarjeant, ' 
 
 SAR 
 ■ 1 80. John le Serjant, A. 
 Roesia la Seijaunte, y. 
 Gocelin le Seijaunt, N. 
 Sarra {v. Sarah), 82. 
 Sarson (i), 82, 166. Nicholas fil. Sarre, 
 A. William fil. Sare, Z?Z). 
 (2), {v. Sarasin), 166. John Sarcs- 
 son, FF. 
 Saturday, 63. 
 Saucemaker, 371. Joan Sausemaker, 
 
 Saucer, 371. Robert le Sauser, H. 
 Matilda le Sausere, B. Roger le Sau- 
 ser, A^. 
 
 Saul, 136. 
 
 Saundercock, 98. Edward Saundercock, 
 
 Q- 
 
 Saunder, f ('-^^ Sanders), 98. John Ali- 
 
 c J A saundre, AI. John Saun- 
 
 i dors, ZZ. 
 
 Saunderson, 98. Thomas fil. Saundre, 
 A. George Saunderson, ZZ. 
 
 J, i 484. Adelmya le Sauvagc, 
 
 J, ' \ y. Henry le Sauvage, B. 
 
 \ John le Savage, H. 
 
 Savonier, 372. Agneta le Savoner, A. 
 Adam le Savonier, E. 
 
 Savvard (v. Seward), 25. 
 
 Sawkin {v. Saunder). John Sawkyn, 
 ZZ. 
 
 Sawtrer, 311. William le Sautreour, X. 
 
 Sawyer. Geoffrey le Savvere, A. Walter 
 le Sawyere, G. Henry le Saghier, M. 
 
 Saxton {v. Sexton), 189. 
 
 Say (i), 213. William le Saye, A. John 
 Ic Say, M. 
 (2), 213. Geoffrey do Say, M. Hugh 
 de Say, A. 
 
 Sayer {v. Saher), 25, 405. Sayer Herberd, 
 A. Sayer Lorimer, D. Agnes Sayer, N. 
 
 Saykin [v. Sayer). Saykin Budc, ^/. 
 
 Scambler, 440. 
 
 Scarlett, 446. Hugh Skarlet, D. Eliza- 
 beth Scarlet, //. 
 
 Scattergood, 500. Wimcotc Schatregod, 
 
 Q 
 
 Scriven, 
 Scrivener, 
 
 SFX 
 
 A. Thomas Skatergoode, F. Mathew 
 
 Scatcrgude, IV 2. 
 Schalk, 212. Doctor Schalke, 212 n. 
 Scharpe [v. Sharp), 412. 
 Schoolmaster, 197. Thomas Skolmaystcr, 
 
 B. 
 Scissor, 340. William le Scissor, C. 
 
 German Scissor, T. 
 Sclater, 248. Adam le Sclattcrc, ..-/. 
 
 Roger Sclatiere, A. 
 Scolardson, 65. John Scolardesson, M. 
 Scorchbeef, 500. Simon Schorchebef, 
 
 A. Roger Scorchebof, A. 
 
 Scot (v. Escot), 148. William le Scot, 
 
 B. Walter le Scot, C. Maurice le 
 
 Scot, y. 
 
 Scratchhose, 457. John Scrothose, M. 
 
 Scrimminger, 220. 
 
 Scrimshaw {v. Skrimshire), 220 
 
 406. William le Scnvayn, 
 y. John le Scriveyn, L. 
 Clara le Scrivyn, A. 
 Scuteler, 389. James le Scutelairc, //. 
 
 Robert Scutellarius, E. 
 Scutehnouth, 390, 501. Arnald Scutcl- 
 
 muth, A. 
 Seabourne, 26. .\lexander S;jbcrn, A. 
 Sealer {v. Seller), 406. 
 Sealey, 470. Nicholas Sely, .1/. Thomas 
 
 Sely, N. 
 Seaman, 26. Seaman le Baylif, y. Sea- 
 man Carpenter, A. Seaman Cham- 
 
 payne, B. 
 Seamer (?■. Seymour), 340. James Sca- 
 
 mer, IV 16. 
 Scarle (i'. Serlc), 27. William Scrle, 
 
 C. 
 Searson {v. Saer), 25. Seer le Fabcr, A. 
 
 Seer do Freville, A. 
 Seaward (t'. Seward), 25. 
 Secretain {v. Sexton), 189. 
 Secular, 190. Alexander le Seculer, /,. 
 
 Nicholas le Secular, //. Walter le 
 
 Seculer, A. 
 Seculer {v. Secular), 158. 
 
 Q
 
 594 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Sempill, 
 Semple, 
 
 Seeley(r. Sealey), 470. William Sely, ^. 
 Segar, 25. Eudo fil. Sygar, C. Eudo 
 
 fil. Seger, E. 
 Seller, 289, 406. John le Seler, G. 
 
 Waxin le Seler, N. Hugh le Seler, 
 
 O. 
 Bellinger (y. Steleger), 152. Roger de 
 
 Seint-Leger, M. 
 
 Sellman, \ Thomas Selman, Z?. 
 
 Selman, ) ^^ 
 
 Selyman, 470. George Selyman, D. 
 
 Robert Selyman, H. 
 Seman (f. Seaman), 26. 
 Semper, 152. Agnes Seynpere, D. John 
 
 Seyntperc, C. Robert de Seyntpere, 
 
 M. 
 
 {v. Semple), 152. John de St. 
 Paul, H. Robert de Seint 
 Poul, M. 
 Sempster, 340. Peter le Scmestre, A. 
 
 Elen Semster, IF 2. Emma Scmister, 
 W^. Hellen Simstcr, IFi6. 
 Senecal {v. Senechal), 211. 
 Senechal, 211. Alexander le Seneschal, 
 
 B. William le Seneschal, H. Ivo 
 
 Seneschallus, T. 
 Senior, 429. Michael le Seigneur, E. 
 
 William le Seignour, M. Edmund 
 
 Seignyowr, W 2. Thomas Senior, 
 
 W\6. 
 Senlez, [ 152. Guy de Saintliz, M. Si- 
 Senlis, | mon de Seintliz, E. 
 Serelson (f. Serlson), 28. Ri. Serelson, 
 
 M. 
 Sergcantson, 65. Thomas Sergcauntson, 
 
 H. 
 Sergent, 
 Sergeant 
 Sergcantson. Thomas Sargandson, \V 
 
 II. Henry Serchauntson, \V \\. 
 Scrgison (v. Sergcantson), 65. Mary 
 
 Sergison, IF 16. 
 Scrlc, 27. Serle Gotokirke, A. John 
 
 fil. Serlo, A. Scrl fil. Ade, A. 
 Serlson, 27, ;/. Hugh Serlson, M. 
 
 (f. Scrjant), 180. 
 
 SHA 
 
 Richard Serelson, M. William Serle- 
 
 son, I^^2. 
 Serrell (f. Serle and Serlson), 27. 
 Setter, 227. Clement le Settere, N. 
 
 Alexander le Settere, X. 
 Severe, 468. John le Severe, A. 
 Seward, 25. Syward Godwin, y. Siward 
 
 Oldcorn, L. Richard Seward, A. 
 Sewer, 212. Robert le Suur, A. Henry 
 
 le Suur, Cr. Nicholas le Suur, A. 
 Sexton, 189. William Sexten, '/.. Robert 
 
 Sextin, Z. Richard Sekkesteyn, /•'/■". 
 
 John Sixton, \V 16. 
 Seymour, 152. Elizabeth Seyntmaur, 
 
 D. Henry de St. Maur, M. 
 Shacklock, 447. Johannes Schaklok, 
 
 IF 2. 
 Shailer, 440. 
 Shakelance, 461. Henry Shakelauncc, 
 
 A. 
 Shakelock, 447. Hamo Shakeloc, A. 
 
 Simon Shakclok, .1/. 
 Shakeshaft, 461. Anne Shakcshaft,i'. p. 
 
 461. Hugh Shakeshaft, v. p. 461. 
 Shakespeare, 461. William Shakesjxirc. 
 
 V. 
 Shallcross, 117. Humfrey Shallcross, £■. 
 Shambler, 440. 
 
 Shanks, 437. Stephen Schankes, A. 
 Shark, 497. 
 
 Sharman [v. Sherman), 327. 
 Sharp, 465. Thomas Scharp, //. Alex- 
 ander Scharp, A. 
 Sharparrow, 465. John Sharparrow, 
 
 IF 2. William Siiarparrow, IF ir. 
 
 Oswin Sharparrow, W '^. 
 Shavenhead, A., 447. Robert Shevene- 
 
 hod, A. 
 Shaver, 384. Jeffery Schavcre, EE. 
 Shave-tail, 384. Henry Shavetail, A' A" i. 
 Shaw, 117. John altc Schawe, H, 
 
 Thomas de Shaghc, M. 
 Shawcross (v. Shallcross), 117. 
 Shayler, 
 Shaylor, 
 
 440.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 595 
 
 Shearer, 327. Richard le Sherere, M. 
 
 Reginald le Scherere, M. 
 Shearman {v. Sherman), 327. John le 
 
 Sheremon, M. 
 Shearsmith, 282. Walter le Schere- 
 
 smythe, M. 
 Sheather, 223. 
 Sheerwind, 439. Richard Sherewynde, 
 
 D. Henry Scherewind, A. 
 Sheepshank, 438. 
 Sheepshead, 435. John Schepished, PP. 
 
 William Schepished, PP. 
 Sheeter, 358. Hugh le Shctare, AI. 
 
 Roger le Schetere, AI. 
 Sheldrake, ( 494. John Sheldrake, D. 
 Sheldrick, ( Adam Sceyldrake, A. 
 Shepherd, 267. Margaret le Shepherde, 
 
 A. John le Shepherde, .1/. Josse Ic 
 
 Sephurde, A. 
 Shepperdson, 65. Alice Shippcrdson, 
 
 IV g. William Shipperdson, SS. 
 Sherman, 327. Robert le Sherman, M. 
 
 William le Sherman, R. 
 Sherriff. Thomas le Shirreve, B. Lena 
 
 le Shireve, A. 
 Shilling, 513. Robert Shillyng, RR i. 
 Shingler, 248. 
 
 Shipgroom, 409. John Shipgroom, G. 
 Shipley, 119. 
 Shipman, 408. William Shypman, B. 
 
 Alexander Schipman, //. 
 Shipper [v. Skipper), 408. 
 Shipward, 409. John Shypward, D. 
 
 John Shipward, H. 
 Shipwright, 277. Hugh le Schipwryte, 
 
 A. Simon Shepewright, ZZ. 
 Shirriff (f. Sherriff). Roger le Shyrcve, 
 
 L. Nicholas Sherreve, L. 
 Shoebeggar, 314 «. Simon le Shobeg- 
 
 gere, A. 
 Shoemaker, 351 ti. Christopher Shoo- 
 
 maker. John Showmakcr, v. p. Harry 
 
 Shomaker, v. p. Richard Shomaker, 
 
 Shoosmith,282, Henry Shughsmy the, IV. 
 
 Q 
 
 Shore, 127. 
 
 Short, 431. Richard Ic Shortc, M. 
 
 Richard Short, J. 
 Shorter, 432. John Shorter, H. Anna 
 
 Shawter, W 20. 
 Shorthose, 456, 
 Shortman, 431. 
 Shotbolt, 462. John Shotbolt, ////. 
 
 Thomas Shotboltc, Z. 
 Shoveller, | g 
 Showier, j 
 
 Shreeve {v. Sherriff), 179. 
 Shunchrist. William Shonecrist, A. 
 Shuxsmith, 282. Margerie Shughsmythe, 
 
 AA I. Henry Shughsmythe, A A 1. 
 Sibbald, 26. Sibbald Jones, QQ. 
 Sibbes (z'. Sibson), 72. 
 Sibilla, [v. Sybilla), 72. 
 Siborne (y. Seabourn), 26. 
 Sibson, 72. Richard fil. Sibille, A. John 
 
 Sybson, 11^9. 
 Sicklefoot, 440. Gilbert Sikclfot, M. 
 Sicklesmith, 282. John Sykelsmith, B. 
 Sidney, 152. 
 
 Silence, 104. Silence Leigh, 104 11. 
 Sillery, 152. 
 
 Silly, 470. Benedict Sely, D. 
 Silly barn, 471. Thomas Selybam, IV 11. 
 Sillyman, '470. George Selynian, D. 
 
 John Seliman, A. 
 Silverlock, 447. Richard Selverlok, A/. 
 
 James Silverlock, HH. Alex Silver- 
 lock, Vs- 
 Silverspoon, 144. 
 Silvester. Silvestrc le Enncysc, A. 
 
 Thomas fil. Silvestrc, A. 
 Simbarb, 75 n., 152. Thomas Seynt- 
 
 barbe, B. Jordan de St. Barbe, M. 
 
 William Sembarbc, V 2- 
 
 Simcock, I o t ~ c \ itr 
 
 •89. Tames Sympcock, IVo. 
 Snncox, J 
 
 Simister {%: Summistcr), 206. Jolin 
 Somayster, /•'. William Summaster, 
 Z. 
 
 Simkins (f. Simpkins), 89. 
 Q 2
 
 596 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Simms, 89. William Symmes, X. James 
 
 Symmes, Z. 
 
 c.. , /8q. Ingilram fil. Simon, 
 
 Simmonds, ( cv r. \ c- 
 
 ... 7. Robert fevmondson, 
 
 bimmons, J -;,,„,, '. „ 
 
 „. I It' 8. Marqms Svmon- 
 
 Simmonson, , ,, ' 
 
 \ desson, H. 
 
 Simnel, 367. Lambert Simnel. 
 
 Simon, 89. Simon fil. Peter, C. Simon 
 
 le Gras, T. 
 Simonet, 89. Simonettus Mcrcator, E. 
 
 Symonet Villain, CC 4. 
 Simper {v. Semper), 152. 
 Simpkins, 89. Robert Symkyn, /■'. Sim- 
 kin Cock, FF. Ann Symkynes, Z. 
 
 SjTnkyn Edward, V. 
 Simpkinson, 89. John Symkynson, Z. 
 
 William Simpkinson, ZZ. 
 Simple (i), 470. Henry le Simple, Af. 
 Jordan le Simple, A. 
 (2), 152. 
 Simpole (v. Scmple), 152. 
 Simpson, 89. William Sympson, F. 
 
 Dorothy Sympson, Z. 
 Sims [v. Simms), 89. John Symcs, Z. 
 
 Thomas Symes, ZZ. 
 Simson, 89. Simon fil. Sim, A. Hugh 
 
 fil. Sim, A. 
 Sinclair, 152. Robert de Sender, A. 
 
 Thomas de Seint Clere, M. 
 Sing-Song, 508. 
 Sinkler [v. Sinclair), 152. 
 Sire. Alexander le Sire, y4. William le 
 
 Syre, A'. 
 Sirlot [v. Serle), 28. Matilda Sirlot, .-/. 
 
 Mabil Sirlot, . /. 
 Siscr, 180. 
 Sisselot, 69. .\licia fil. Sissclot, A. 
 
 Bella Cessclot, .-/. 
 Sisselson, 69. Richard Sisselson, //. 
 Sissiver, 152. HughSanzaver, .,4. Ralph 
 
 Saunsavoir, j1/. Henry Syssivcr, IP' 9. 
 Sisson, 69. John Sisson, IF2. Henry 
 
 Sysson, \V ^. Cuthbert Sisson, H'20. 
 Sissot, 69. Cissota West, IV 2. Syssot 
 
 Wilbon, AA 2. .Syssot Cook, A A 2. 
 
 SLI 
 Sissotson, 69. John Sissotson, \V 2. 
 
 Agnes Sissotson, W ii. 
 Sisterson, 430. Jacob Systerson, \V 
 
 3- 
 Sivew right, 277. 
 
 Sivier, ( 275. Ralph le Siviere, A. 
 Sivyer, 1 Peter Syvyere, D. 
 Sixpeny, 513. Thomas Sexpenne, G. 
 Sixsmith {v. Sicklesmith), 282. 
 -Sizer, 180. 
 Skilful. John Skilful, O. Geoffrey Scil- 
 
 ful, A. 
 Skiller (v. Squiller), 209. 
 Skilman. John Skilman, M. Henry 
 
 Skileman, A. 
 Skinner, 330. Richard le Skynnerc, D. 
 Hamo le Skynner, y. Robert le 
 Skynnere, .1/. 
 Skipper, 408. Robert .Skeppcr, IF 9. 
 ■;■. ICskirmisour), 220. 
 Elizebetha Skrymsher, 
 EE. Alexander Schir- 
 missure, SS. William 
 leShyrmisur, .4. Roger 
 le Skirmisour, X. 
 Slabber, 249. John le Sclabbere, Af. 
 I Slade, 121. John Atte Slade, M. Nicho- 
 I las de la Slade, M. 
 I Sladen, 121. 
 
 I Slater, ( 248. Adam le Sclattcre, A. 
 I Slatter, \ John Sclatter, //. 
 ! Slaughter, 375. Paris .Slaughter, V 2. 
 ' Siaymakcr, 321. George Slemaker, i'. p. 
 
 321. Susannah Slemaker, v. p. 321. 
 I Slay man, 321. Henry Slayman, A. 
 Slaywright {v. Slywright), 277, 321. 
 Thomas Slawrvght, W 11. Richard 
 i Slawr\-ght, A A 3. 
 ! Slee, 469. Isabell Sice, W c). Richard 
 Sle, A. 
 .Sleeper. Simon le Slepare, A. 
 Sleigh, 469. Simon le Slegh, M. Nigel 
 
 le Sieygh, .1/. John le Siege, A. 
 Slemman. 469. Davy Slemen, Z. 
 Slick, 442. 
 
 Skirmisher, 
 Skrimshire, 
 Skrymsher,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 597 
 
 Slight, 431. Allan Sleight. Q. John 
 
 Slyt, A. 
 Slinger, 224. Thomas Slinger, W 16. 
 
 William Slynger, Z. 
 Slocombe, 125. John Slocombc, Z. 
 
 Richard Slocombe, Z. 
 Sloper, 345. Agatha le Slopere, A. 
 
 William Sloper, HH. 
 Sly, 469. John Slye, //. Alexander 
 
 Slye, O. Thomas Sly, RJi i. 
 Slyman, 469. 
 Slywright, 277, 321. Margery Slywright, 
 
 ZZ. Thomas Slywright, ZZ. 
 Smale, 433. John le Smale, A. John 
 
 le Smale, M. 
 Smaleman, 433. Richard Smaleman,^. 
 
 Stephen Smaleman, Z. 
 Small, 431. Nicholas le Smalle, D. 
 
 Robert le Small, A. 
 Smallman {v. Smaleman), 433. William 
 
 Smallman, V 2. Lucy Smallman, V2. 
 Smallpage, 215, 506. Thomas Small- 
 page, IV 2. Ralph Smallpage, I' 3. 
 
 Percivall Smallpage, v. p. 215. 
 Smallwriter, 508. William Smalwritere, 
 
 A. William le Smalewritere, R. 
 mart (v. Smert), 465. John Smart, M. 
 
 William Smart, A. 
 Smartknave, 505. Christiana Smart- 
 knave, A. 
 Smartwayt, 506. James Smartwayt, FF. 
 
 Geoffrey Smartwayt, F. Robert Smart- 
 
 wate, /•'. 
 Smelt, 497. 
 Smert, 465. Richard le Smert, M. 
 
 Walter Smert, H. 
 
 / 281. Philip le Smethe, A. 
 Smijth, I Henry Lc Smcyt, A. Gil- 
 Smith, j bert le Smyth, A/. Wil- 
 
 ( ham le Smyt, Af. 
 Smithman. John Smythman, /•'. Henry 
 
 Smytman, H. 
 Smithson, 65. Thomas Smythson, /•". 
 
 William le Smithssone, A/. John fil. 
 
 Fabri, A'. 
 
 Smocker, \ 
 Smoker, [ 
 
 344- 
 
 Smooker, ) 
 
 Smythe {v. Smith), 281. Peter le Smyth, 
 
 A/. William le Smyth, A. 
 Snake, 498. Roger Snake, 498 ;/. Wil- 
 
 ham Snake, 498 ;/. 
 Snell, 465. William Snel, A. Walter 
 
 Snel, X. 
 Snooks, 129. William Sevenokes, //. 
 Snowball. William Snowball, IF 16. 
 Soaper {v. Soper), 371. 
 Sober. Thomas le Sober, Af. 
 Sockerman {v. Sockman), 252. 
 Sockman, 252. Sokemannus de Castro, 
 
 A. William Sokeman, A. 
 Solomon, 83. 
 Somer, 152. William St. Omer, C. 
 
 Thomas de St. Omer, A/. 
 Soper, 371. Julian le Soper, A. Aleyn 
 
 le Sopere, X. 
 Sor, 444. John le Sor, //. Philip le 
 
 Sor, T. 
 Sorrell, 444. Robert Sorcl, y. Richard 
 
 Sorel, Af. 
 Sot, 481. Robert le Sot, O. Thomas 
 
 leSot, T 
 Sotheran, | 
 Sothern, j ^^°" 
 Sour. Gilbert le Sour, A. 
 Sour-ale, 481. Thomas Sourale, A. 
 Souter (v. Sowter), 350. Robert le 
 
 Souter, Af. D.avid le Souter, Af. 
 South, 150. Henry Suth, A. 
 Southern, 150. 
 Soward, 267. 
 Sowden, 118. William de Soudon, Af. 
 
 Robert de Sowdcne, A. 
 Sowman, 270. 
 Sowter, 350. Andrew le Soutere, D. 
 
 Richard le Sutor, Af. 
 Spain (v. Espin), 161. William do 
 
 Spaigne, B. Michael de Spane, A. 
 Spaniard, i6r. John Spaynard, C. 
 Sparewater, 482. Ralph Sparewatcr.y.
 
 598 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Spark (V. Sparrowhawk), 493. Nicholas 
 
 Sparke, A. Hugh Spark, A. 
 Sparling, 497. Robert Sparling, //. Wil- 
 liam Sparling, I?. 
 Sparrow, 142, 494. Nicholas Sparewe, 
 
 A. Walter Sparewe, B. 
 Sparrowhawk, 493. Richard Sparhawke, 
 
 FF. Olive Sparrehawke, Z. 
 Speaklittle, 468. William Spekelitel, P. 
 
 William Spekelitel, GG. 
 Speakman. Isolda Spekenian, A. 
 
 Richard Spekeman, A. 
 Spear, 459. Ralph Sper, A. John 
 
 Spere, A. 
 Spearman, 222. 
 Spearsmith, 281. 
 Speight, 494. John Spight, ]V 16. 
 
 Richard Speight, W 16. 
 Speller. Gerard le Speller, //. 
 Spence, 209. Cecily Spence, IV 16. 
 
 Marmaduke Spence, IV 16. 
 Spencer, 209. John le Spencer, A. 
 
 Richard le Spencer, A. 
 Spendlove, 474. John Spendlove, P. 
 
 Alicia Spendlove, A. 
 Spenser (i: Spencer), 209. Henry le 
 
 Spenser, A. Roger le Spenser, A. 
 Spicer, 370. Harry le Spicerc, M. 
 
 Saer le Spicer, N. Amphelisa le 
 
 Spicer, O. 
 Spichfat, 491. Robert Spichfat, A'. 
 
 William Spichfat, IV 11. 
 
 Spigurell f^'^' ^''cholasleSpigumcll, 
 
 Spigumell, ^- Godfrey SpigurnelO. 
 
 V Henry Spigumer, A A i. 
 
 Spillwine. Emma Spilleweyne, //. John 
 
 Spillwyne, A. 
 Spindler, 321. John Spyndelere, A' i. 
 
 Thomas Spendelcr, /''/•'. 
 Spink, 494. 
 Spinner, 381. 
 
 Spittal, j Richard ate Spitele, A/. Gil- 
 Spittle, ( bert do Hospitall, .-/. 
 Spoon, 144. 
 Spooner, 214, 390. 
 
 Spratt, 497. Thomas Spratt, I' 10. 
 
 Edward Spratt, Vji. 
 Springald. John Springald, A. Wil- 
 liam Springald, J?. 
 Spurdance, 462. Margaret Spurdaunce, 
 
 V. Richard Spurdaunce, FF. 
 Spumhose, 457. John Sprenhose, A. 
 Spurrier, 224, 289. Benedict le Sporier, 
 
 y. Nicholas le Sporiere, X. 
 Squier (v. Squire), 199. Walter le 
 
 Squier, Af. John le Squier, A. 
 Squiller, 209. John le Squylier, //. 
 
 Geoffrey le Squeller, O. 
 Squillery, 209. John de la SquiUeryc, 
 
 //. 
 Squire {v. Esquire), 199. 
 Squirrell, 489. Thomas Squyrelle, A''. 
 Stabler, 272. Thomas le Stabeler, A. 
 
 William le Stabler, F. Anne Stabler, 
 
 IV 16. 
 Staff, 461. 
 
 Stag, (488. Dorothie Stagge, ZZ. 
 Stagg, I John Stagge, V8. 
 Stagman, 235. Robert Stagman, N. 
 Stainer, 251. William Steynour, //. 
 
 Robert Stainer, M. 
 Stallard, 303. Geoffrey Stallard, Af. 
 Staller, 303. John le Stallere, A/. Elias 
 
 Staller, A. 
 Stallman, 303. 
 Stalwart, 466. Henry Staleworth, A. 
 
 John Ic Staleworthe, A. 
 Stammer, 441. 
 
 Stamper, 404. John Stamper, A. An- 
 tony Stamper, ZZ. Robert Stami^er, 
 IV 16. 
 Stannus, 131. Robert deStanehouse, .'/. 
 Stapler, 319. 
 
 ' l-49i- Robert Stare, /f. 
 Stare, P^^ 
 
 Starker, 363. Ralph le Starker, A. 
 Starkie, 483. Humfrey Starkey, //. 
 Starkman, 363, 483. Geoffrey Stark- 
 man, T. William Starcman, A. 
 Stead, 135. John Stedc, A.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 599 
 
 Steadman, f 135. John le Stedman, M. 
 
 Stedman, | Simon le Stedman, B. 
 
 Steenson {v. Stevenson), 96. 
 
 Steer, 490. Roger le Star, A. Simon 
 le Ster, M. 
 
 Steerman, 271. Thomas Sterman, M. 
 William Sterman, M. 
 
 Steerson {v. Stevenson). Francis Stear- 
 son, W 16. John Stearson, W 16. 
 
 Stein-kettle, 25. Steinchetel (Domes- 
 day B.). 
 
 Steleger {v. Sellinger), 152. Ranulph 
 Steleger, //. 
 
 Stennet, ] , 
 
 Stennett, j 
 
 Stephen, 96. Stephen le Fox, L. 
 Stephen le Bor, T. 
 
 Stephens, (96. Jordan fil. Stephen, ^. 
 
 Stephenson, \ Simon fil. Stephen, A. 
 
 Stepkin {v. Stephen). John Stepkin, 
 F 10. Theodosia Stepkin, K 10. 
 
 Sterling, 165. John Sterlyng, A/. 
 
 Stertwayte, 506. William Stertwayte, 
 
 Stevens, 96. Robert Stevene, ''-/. Esteven 
 
 Walays, I V 2. 
 Stevenson, 96. Thomas Stcvison, IF 11. 
 
 Joseph Stinson, IF 11. 
 Stewardson, 65. Rowland Stewardson, 
 
 ZZ. 
 St. George, 152. Baldwin de Seyn- 
 
 george, -'/. Thomas Sayntegeorge, 
 
 XX I. 
 Stickbeard, 451. Thomas Stikeberd, A. 
 Stierman (v. Steerman), 271. 
 Stinson (v. Stevenson), 96. 
 Stimson, j {v. Stephenson), 96. John 
 Stimpson, | Stimpson, I''/\ 
 Stirling (v. Sterling), 165. 
 Stirrup, 144. Margery de .Styrop, P. 
 
 Roger de Stirap, A. 
 St. John, 152. John de .St. Johanne, 
 
 Af. 
 St. Leger (v. .Sellinger), 152. P,ar- 
 
 tholomew Seintleger, XX i. 
 
 Stoddard, 
 Stoddart, 
 
 STR 
 Stobbart, 268. Thomas Stoberd, IF 3. 
 
 Janet Stobart, IF 9. Simon Stobbart, 
 
 IV 16. 
 
 1^266. Cuthbert Stoddert, 
 \ Wg. Walter Stodhirde, 
 ( .^. JohnStuddart, IF16. 
 Stone. John de la Stone, A. Richard 
 
 Stone, Z. 
 Stoneclough, 124. Matthew Stonecliflfe, 
 
 IF 16. 
 Stonehewer, 264. Richard Stonhewer, 
 
 SS. John Stonehewer, AA 4. 
 Stonehouse (v. Stannus), 131. 
 Stork, 144, 494. Thomas Storck, A. 
 Stothard, J 266. Matilda Stotehard, A. 
 Stotherd, \ William Stothard, A. 
 Stott, 490. Peter Slot, A. Hugh Stote, 
 
 A. 
 Stout, 431. John Stout, BB. Richard 
 
 Stout, M. 
 Stradling, 440. Isabel Stradling, //. 
 
 Edward Stradelyng, V. 
 Straitbarrel. James Straytbarrel, AA 3. 
 
 Richard Streteburell (Hist. Leeds, 
 
 P- 359)- James Stratberell, XX i. 
 Strang (?■. Strong), 436. John le Strang, 
 
 £.' 
 Strange, 146. John le Strange, A. Fulk 
 
 le Strange, A/. 
 Stranger, 146. 
 Strangeman, 146. Ellen Strangman, Z. 
 
 John Strangman, lili. 
 Strange-woman, 146. Alicia Strange- 
 woman, A' A' I. 
 Straunge, 146. Richard le Straungc, B. 
 
 Amice le Straunge, A/. 
 Street, 115. Alice de la .Strete, A. Wil- 
 liam atte Strete, A/. 
 Streeter, 113. James Strcater, IF 16. 
 
 John Streteer, /'. 
 Streetman, 113. 
 Streetshend, 114. John atte Strete- 
 
 send, /■/''. Walter ate Stretende 
 
 A. 
 Strictman, 468. John Strictman, A.
 
 6oo 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 STR 
 Stringer, 226, 399. George Stringer, 
 
 ZZ. Thomas Stringer, I V 16. 
 Stringfellow, 228, 399. John Stringe- 
 
 fellowe, Z. Thomas Strengfellowe, 
 
 ZZ. 
 Strokehose, 457. Nicholas Strokchose, 
 
 M. 
 Strong, 431. Joscelin le Strong, H. 
 
 William le Strong, T. 
 Strongbow, 459. Ranulf Strongbowe, 
 
 A. Simon Strongebowe, H. 
 Stronger, 432. Henry le Stronger, 
 
 M. 
 Strongfellow, 433. Robert StrongfcUowe, 
 
 Z. Frances StrongfcUowe, Z. 
 Strongitharm (i'. Armstrong), 436. 
 Strongman, 433. Bridget Strongman, 
 
 FF. 
 Strut. John le Strut, A. Cecil Strut, 
 
 A. 
 Stubbard, 268. William Stubbard, ]'. 
 
 Augustin Stubbard, Z. 
 Sturdy. Walter Sturdi, A. Henry 
 
 Sturdy, /•'/•'. 
 Sturgeon, 497. Nicholas Sturgeon, D. 
 
 John Sturgeon, //. 
 Stuttard (f. Stoddart), 266, 441. John 
 
 Stouthirde, M. 
 Stutter, 441. Nicholas le Stotere, M. 
 Styles, no, 115. Richard de la Style, 
 
 A. William atte Style, B. John atte 
 
 Stighele, .1/. 
 Subtle, 469. Robert k: Sotele, A. 
 
 Salomon le Sotell, 469 //. 
 Suckerman (j'. Sockman), 252. William 
 
 Sucheman, A. Robert Suckerman, 
 
 Z. 
 Suckling, 202. Amice Suckling, FF. 
 Sucksmith (;-. Sicklesmith), 282. Bryan 
 
 Sukesmythe, Z.Z.. 
 Sugden (t'. Sowden), 118. John Sug- 
 
 den, Z. Raynbroun Sugden, Z.Z. 
 Sugg, 491. John Sugge, A. Roger 
 
 Sugge, A. 
 Suitor {v. Sowter), 351. 
 
 SWA 
 Sullen, 464. Andrew Sullen, B. 
 Summerswain, 505. Eve Summersweyn, 
 
 FF. 
 Summister [v. Simister), 206. William 
 
 Sumaster, Z. William Summayster, 
 
 B. 
 Sumner, 180. Hugh le Somenur, A. 
 
 Henry le Sumenour, B. Ralph le 
 
 Somenur, T. 
 Sumpter, 300. William le Sumeter, A. 
 
 Philip le Someter, M. 
 Sumption, 62. 
 Sumter (f. Sumpter), 300. \\'illiam le 
 
 Somter, M. 
 Sumterman, 300. Richard Somterman, 
 
 RR -z. 
 Surgeon, 382. William le Surgien, G. 
 
 John le Chirurgien, M. Thomas le 
 
 Surigien, T. 
 Surreys, 150. Thomas le Surreys, J. 
 
 Simon le Surreis, DD. Avcline le 
 
 Surrys, FF. 
 Sustin, 152. 
 Sutcliffe, 124. 
 Suter(r'. Souter), 351. William leSutere, 
 
 A. Isabel la Sutare, A. William le 
 
 Suter, M. 
 Sutton, 146. Henry de Sutton, M. 
 
 Robert de Suttone, X. 
 
 /(i), 27. Sweyn CoUe, R, 
 J Swanus le Richc, A. 
 
 (2), 255, 505. Geoffrey le Sweyn, 
 V A. Hugh le Sweyn, O. 
 Swainson, 27. .'\dain fil. Suani, A. 
 
 Adam fil. Swain, J. 
 Swallow, 494. John Swalowe, //. Hele- 
 
 visa Swalwe, A. 
 Swan, 494. Ifenry le Swan, //. Simon 
 
 le Swoii, ^1/. 
 Swanhcrde, 267. William le Swonherde, 
 
 M. 
 Swanson {v. Swainson), 27. Agnes 
 
 Swanson, Z.Z.. 
 Swart, 445. John le Swarte, N. Tydy- 
 
 man le Swarte, A^. 
 
 Swain,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 6oi 
 
 Swartbrant, 436. Swartebrant, IV 12. 
 
 Swatman, 475. 
 
 Swatson, 23. John Swetson, TT. 
 
 Swayn {v. Swain), 27, 255. 
 
 Swayne (v. Swain), 27, 255. 
 
 Sweat-in-bed, 501. Alan Swetinbedde, 
 
 F8. 
 Sweatman {z: Swetman), 22, 475. 
 Sweet, 23, 464. Swet la Bone, A. 
 
 Adam Swet, A. 
 Sweetale, 481. John Swetea'.e, F i. 
 Sweetapple, 504. Edward Swetapple, 
 
 v?i? I. 
 Sweetcock, 23, 475. Adam Swetcoc, A. 
 Sweetlove, 474. Margery Swetelove, A. 
 
 Peter Swetlove, A. 
 Sweetman, 22, 475. Sweteman Tex- 
 
 tor, A. Avice Sueteman, A. 
 Sweetmouth, 434. Robert Swetemouth, 
 
 n. William Swetmouth, Q. 
 Swetman (r-. Sweetman), 22, 420. Swet- 
 man fil. Edith, A. Swetman de Helig- 
 
 ham, A. 
 Swier {v. Swyer), 199. 
 Swift, 439. Robert Swifte, //. Amice 
 
 Swift, A. 
 Swimmer. William le Swymmer, /^/?. 
 Swmden, 118. 
 
 Swinnart, 267. John Swynhird, IJ''2. 
 Swire {v. Swyer), 199, 435. 
 Sword, 459. Alice Swerde, A. 
 Sworder, 223. John le Serdere, Af. 
 
 John Swerder, Z. Henry Swerder, //. 
 Swyer, 199. Geoffrey le Swyer, .4. Wil- 
 liam Swyer, W 2. 
 Sybilla, 72. Sybilla fil. Geoffrey, A. 
 
 SibiUa de Dale, B. 
 Symbarbe (v. Simbarbe), 152. 
 Syson {v. Sisson), 59, 69. Richard fil. 
 
 Cecilia, A. 
 
 -T^ABARD, 458. 
 
 Tabberer, 309. John le Taburcr, 
 A. William le Tabourer, B. 
 
 TAY 
 
 Taber (v. Tabor), 309. 
 
 Tabler, 401. Bartholomew le Tabler, 
 
 M. Roger Tablour, M. 
 Tableter, 401. Richard le Tableter, .1/. 
 
 Bartholomew le Tableter, X. 
 Tabor, 309. Edmond Tabour, F. 
 Tabrer {v. Tabberer), 309. William le 
 
 Taburer, A. 
 Tailor, 339. Roger le Tailour, M Miles 
 
 le Taillur, A. 
 Tailoress, 339. Alicia la Tayleurese, A. 
 Tait,434. John Tate, //. George Taytte, 
 
 Wg. 
 Talboys, 154. Walter Talebois, B. 
 
 William Tailboys, //. 
 Tallis, 154. 
 Tamar, loi. 
 Tanken-ille, 151. Camberlane de Tan- 
 
 kervile, A. 
 Tanner, 330. Jordan le Tannur, A. 
 
 Gilbert le Tanur, B. Loretta le Tan- 
 nur, T. 
 Tapiser, 360. Simon Tapser, //. Peter 
 
 Tapiser, 360 «. 
 Tapper, 379. Robert le Tappere, A/. 
 
 John le Tapper, A. 
 Tapster, 360, 379. 
 Tasker, 275. Alexander Tasker, Af. 
 
 Benedict le Taskur, A. 
 Taskermale, 275. Adam Taskermale, A. 
 
 Tassel, ) John Tassel, /7^. 
 
 Tassell, ^^^^ ■> 
 
 Tasseller, 326. Gilbert leTasselero, //. 
 
 Matilda la Tasselere, //. 
 Tate {v. Tail), 384. Nicholas Tate, A. 
 Taverner, 292. Walter le Taverner, B. 
 
 John le Tavcmour, C. Thomas le 
 
 Taverner, D. 
 Tawyere, 331. John le Tawyere, A'. 
 
 Ralph le Tawyere, A. 
 Tayler (v. Taylor), 339. Margery la 
 
 Taillere, B. 
 Taylor, 326, 339. Henry le Talyur, A. 
 
 Roger le Tayllur, B. Richard le 
 
 Taillour, N.
 
 6o2 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Tebbott, 
 Tebbutt, 
 
 TAY 
 Taylour, 339. Alan le Taylour, M. 
 
 Adam le Taliour, H. 
 Taylzer, 326. Edward Taylzer, \V 9. 
 Tebbatt, 59. Teobald le Botiler, A. 
 
 Teobald Bussel, A. 
 Tebbes, 59. Tebbe Molendinarius, A. 
 Tebb fil. William, J. Margery Tebbe. 
 11^ II. Thomas Teblie, \V ii. 
 
 f'59. Tebald de Englesche- 
 vile, A . Richard Tebaud, 
 A. Roger Tebbott, Z. 
 Tibot Fitz-piers, F. Ti- 
 1^ baud de Russell, PP. 
 Teinter, 322. Warin le Teyntour, T. 
 
 John le Teyntour, H. 
 Teinturer, 322. Robert leTeynturer, ^. 
 
 William le Teinturer, E. 
 Teler, 328. John le Teler, E. Robert 
 
 le Teler, J. Henry le Telere, M. 
 Teleress, 328. Ida le Teleresse, T. 
 Teller (f. Teler), 328. 
 Telwright, 
 Tellwright, 
 Temperance, 103. Temperance Dow- 
 lande, '/.. Temperance Gell, v. p. 103. 
 Templeman, 113. Ambrose le Temple- 
 man, A. Robert Templeman, A. 
 Templer, 113. William le Templer, y. 
 
 Adam le Templer, M. 
 Tench, 497. John Tenche, A. William 
 Tench, P. George Tench, V ^. 
 
 I [v. Denison), 70. Francis 
 Ten>son, J ^^^^^^^ ^y ^^ ^^^^, 
 
 Tennison, ^ ^^^^^ Tenison, W 14. 
 
 Tennyson, ( Thomas Tenison, V 10. 
 
 Tenter (i'. Teinter), 322. Richard le 
 
 Tenter, H. Philip le Tentier, H. 
 Termday, 63. Margery Termeday, ./. 
 Tester, 404. 
 Testimony. Ralph Teslimonic, ./. 
 
 Adam Testimonie, A. 
 Tcxter, 328. Otto le Textcr, FF. John 
 
 Ti.vtor, 328 //. 
 Thacker, 246. Philij) Thackcn-, //. 
 
 William Thockcr, M. 
 
 278. 
 
 ly. f (i/. Th: 
 i, \ Thai 
 
 Thackery, | Thackwray, \V 16. 
 Thackman, 246. Nathaniel Thackman, 
 
 TT. 
 Thackster, 246. Thomas Thackstere, 
 
 H. John Thackster, FF. 
 Thackwray, 246. Thomas Thackwray, 
 
 iri6. 
 Thain, [175. Nicholas le Then, T, 
 Thaine, \ John le Theyn, A. Roger 
 Thane, ( le Theyn, T. 
 Thankful, 104 ;/. Thankfull I'^rewin, 
 
 Vs. 
 
 Thatcher, 246. Reginald le Theccher, 
 
 L. John le Thacher, M. 
 Thaxter (f. Thackster), 246. John 
 
 Thaxter, 246. 
 Tlie-Lord-is-near, 102. 
 Theobald, 19, 59. Thebold le Bayard, 
 
 A. Fulco fil. Theobald, C. 
 Theophania, 19,72. Thefamafil. Henry, 
 
 A. Theofania Brid, E. Typhania 
 
 Hauteyn, FF. 
 Thick, 431. 
 Thickness, 125. Thomas Thykenasse, 
 
 //. James de Thykcnesse, M. 
 Thickpcny, 482. William Thickpenj', 
 
 I V 2. Rychard Thickpenny, I V 9. 
 Thin, 431. Thomas Thynne, A. 
 Thistlcthwaite, 121. 
 Tholy, 92. Tholy Oldcorn, A. 
 Thom, 93. 
 Thomas, 93. Thomas fil. Odo, T. 
 
 Thomas fil. Lambert, T. 
 Thomasett, 93. 
 Thomasine, 93 ;/. Thomasena Raw- 
 
 lyngson, \V 11. Thomazin CoUing- 
 
 Wixdi, SS. George Thomasin, ^'5. 
 Thomasman, 506. William Thomas- 
 man, V 13. 
 Thomason, 93. John Thomason, F. 
 
 William Tomasson, //. 
 Thomlin, 93. Thomlyn of the Leghes, 
 
 A A 2. 
 Thompkins, 15, 93.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 603 
 
 Thompson, 93. Gerard fil. Thomas, A. 
 
 Walter fil. Thomas, C. 
 Thorns, 93. Thomas Tomse, V 5. 
 
 Nathan Tomse, F'5. 
 Thomsett, 93. 
 Thomson, 93. Thome fil. Thome, A. 
 
 Maurice fil. Thome, C. 
 Thorald, 24. Torald Benig, A. Torald 
 
 Camerarius, yi. Ralph fil. Thorald,//. 
 Thorncombe, 125. Robert de Thorn- 
 
 coumbe, AI. 
 Thomover, 128. William de Thorn- 
 over, XX ^. 
 Thornthwaite, 121. 
 Thorowgood. William Thogood, L. 
 
 Nicholas Thorowgood, Z. 
 Thorp, J 137. Adam de Thorp, B. 
 Thorpe, ( Robert de Thorpe, M. 
 Thousandpound, 513. Thomas Thou- 
 
 sandpound, 513. 
 Thresher, 275. 
 Thropp, 137. Adam de la Thropp, A. 
 
 Simon de Throp, B. 
 Thrower, 330. John Thrower, FF. 
 Throwster, 330. 
 Thrupp [v. Thropp), 137. 
 Thrush, 494. 
 Thrussel, 494. Thomas Tiirustle, Z. 
 
 John Throssell, ZZ. 
 Thurkell, 24. William Thurkel, M. 
 
 Thurkeld le Seneschal, R. 
 Thurkettle, 24. Richard Thyrketyll, /•'. 
 
 Robert Thirkettle, FF. 
 Thurkill, 24. Thomas Thurkill, D. 
 
 Robert Thurkil, T. 
 Thwaites, 120. Thomas de Thwaytes, 
 
 B. John del Thwaites, M. 
 Tibbald [v. Tebbott), 59. Thebald ad 
 
 Cap. Ville, A. Tebald Archep. Cant. 
 
 A. 
 Tibbat {v. Tebbott), 59. Robert Tebaud, 
 
 M. 
 Tibbes, 59. John Tibbs, Z. 
 Tibbet, Uv. Tebbot), 59. Tibota 
 Tibbett, 1 Foliot, A. 
 
 TIR 
 
 Tibbie (v. Theobald), 59. 
 
 Tiddeman, 23. Tethingman de Auste, 
 A. Tiddeman Boker, H. Tydyman 
 le Swarte, N. Tideman de Winch- 
 comb, H. 
 
 Tiffany, 72. Nicholas fil. Tiffaniae, T. 
 Thifania Simme, A. Tyffanie Sea- 
 mor, Z. Teffania de Wildeker, E. 
 
 Tiger, 488. 
 
 Tileman, 211, 212. Walter Tileman, A'. 
 Geoffrey Tileman, A. 
 
 Tile Wright, 278. 
 
 Till, 44. Alexander fil. Tylle, DD. 
 
 Tillman, 256. Henry Tilman, BB. 
 
 Tillot, 16, 44. Tyllot Thomson, If '9. 
 William Tulyot, H. Cecilia Tillote, 
 A. 
 
 Tillotson [v. Tillot), 16, 44. 
 
 Tillyer, 256. William TilUer, H. 
 
 Tilly, 44. John Tilly, A. 
 
 Tilson, 44. Roger Tilson, F. John 
 Tilson, IV 2. Alexander fil. Tyllc, 
 DD. 
 
 Timberman. John Timberman, Z. 
 
 Timbs {v. Timms), 98. 
 
 Timcock, 98. John Tymcock, ////. 
 John Tymcock, V 5. 
 
 Timms, 98. John Timms, V 11. 
 
 Timson, 98. 
 
 Tinker (v. Tynker), 296. Richard le 
 Tinekere, 7'. Peter le Teneker A. 
 
 Tinkler, 296. Richard Tynkler, W 9. 
 Alice Tynkeller, IF 9. 
 
 Tipkins, 59. 
 
 Tipler. William Tipeler, A. 
 
 Tipper, 227. John le Tipper, M. Wil- 
 liam le Tipper, A. 
 
 Tippet, I (,^, ^i-ibbetts), 59. 
 Tippetts, ] ^ '^^ 
 
 Tippins, 59. 
 Tipple (v. Tibbie), 59. 
 Tipson, 59. 
 Tipstaffe, 461. 
 
 Tireman (v. Tycrman), 336. John Tire- 
 man, FF.
 
 6o4 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Todd, 489. Ive Todde, DD. John le 
 
 Tod, M. 
 Toddler, 440. Ralph leTodeler, A. 
 Todhunler, 238. 
 
 Todman, 238. Robert Todman, SS. 
 Toleman (t'. Tolinan), 367. 
 Tollbooth, 412. Jeffrey Taltoth, FF. 
 
 Ermstrud Taleboth, NN. 
 Toller, 412. Ralph le Toller, D. Bar- 
 tholomew le Tollere, M. 
 Tolly {v. Toly), 92. 
 Tolman, 412. Thomas Tolman, D. 
 Tolson (i'. Bartholomew), 92. Henry 
 
 Tolson, 7//.. Thomas Tolson, IF 16. 
 
 William the son of Tole (English 
 
 Gilds, p. 150). 
 Toly {v. Bartholomew), 92. William fil. 
 
 Tholy, E. Duce Toly, A. 
 Tom {v. Thomas), 93. 
 Tomkin, f 15, 93. Nicholas Tomkins, 
 Tomkins, | 7.. Richard Tomkins, 7.. 
 Tomkinson, 15, 93. 
 Tomline, 93. 
 Tomlinson, 93. Thomas Tomplynson. 
 
 F. Bernard Thomlynson, /•'. Robert 
 
 Tomlynson, //. 
 Tompkins, 93. Katharine Tompkyns, Z. 
 
 Richard Tompkins, Z. 
 Tompsctt, 93. 
 Tompson, 93. Reginald Tompson, F. 
 
 John Tomison, FF. Thomas Tom- 
 
 sone, \V \<^. 
 Tomsett, 73. Henry Tomsct, 7.. 
 Tonder, 381. Edmund le Tonder, FF. 
 Toneler, 381. William le Toneleur, //. 
 
 Ralph le Toneler, . /. 
 Tonkin, 54. 
 
 Tonson [v. Townson), 54. 
 Tonsor, 384. Ralph Tonsor, J . 
 Tony, 54. Richard le Tony, /J. Stephen 
 
 le Tony, A. 
 Topliff, 124. 
 
 Tort, 432. Ralph le Tort, R. 
 Tortesmaine, 437. IClias Tortman, 
 
 RK. 
 
 TRU 
 
 Tortoiseshell, 501. Edward Tortoise- 
 shell, V. p. 501. 
 
 Totiller, 480. John Totillcr, //. Richard 
 leTitteler, A. 
 
 Tower (i), 332. Hugh de la Tour, D. 
 Henry atte Torre, T. 
 (2), Gilbert le Tower, /4. Thomas 
 le Toure, A. 
 
 Towester, 332. Juliana la Touestre, A. 
 
 Towler (f. Toller). Thomas Towler, 
 IF 16. 
 
 Town, 137. William de la Tounc, A. 
 
 Towncnd {v. Townsend), 114, 138. 
 
 Townegreen, 138. John atte Towne- 
 greene, M. 
 
 Townsend, 114,138. John Attounsend, 
 D. Henry ate Tuneseiide, A. 
 
 Townsend, 114, 138. Adam ate Tunes- 
 hende, A. Alice ate Tunishende, 
 A. 
 
 Townson, 54. Jane Tounson, E. Rolx-rt 
 Townson, F7. 
 
 Towzer, ) 
 
 Tozer, j 
 
 Tragetour, 314. Symon leTregetor, /4. 
 William le Tregetur, A. 
 
 Tranter, 285. Annes Tranter {;■. Lud- 
 low Church: Cam. Soc.) 
 
 Trapper, 239. 
 
 Traunter, 285. Agnes Trauntcr (f. Lud- 
 low Church : Cam. Soc.) 
 
 Tribulation, 102. 
 
 Trop, 137. Walter de Torp, J. Osbcrt 
 de Trop, T. 
 
 Trotman f-^^' ^amuelTrotman, ////. 
 
 Trotter ' ] Thomas Trotter. 11' 13. 
 \ Richard Trotter, C. 
 
 Trout, 497. 
 
 Trower, 330. 
 
 True, 464. 
 
 Truebody, 439. Stejihen Trewbody, H. 
 
 Truelove, 474. Richard Trewlove, 0. 
 Stephen Truelove, //. 
 
 Truman, 464. Agnes Treueman, A, 
 Thomas Treweman, .,-/. 
 
 JohnToser, F.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 60s 
 
 Trumper, 183. William le Trompour, 
 
 M. John le Trompour, M. 
 Truth, 103. Troth Bellingham, 1(^14. 
 Tubbs, 144. 
 Tubman. Henry Tubman, IV 16. lohn 
 
 Tubman, /•'. 
 Tucker, 324. Roger le Tukere, A. Wil- 
 liam le Touker, G. Peter Tuker, T. 
 
 Percival le Toukere, M. 
 Tuckerman, 324. 
 Tuesday, 63. Richard Twyssoday, IV 11. 
 
 Thomas Twysday, //. John Tcwsi- 
 
 daye, IV 17. 
 Tumber, 308. William le Tumbere, A/. 
 Tunder, 381. Hugh le Tundur, A. 
 
 Ric. le Tundur, T. 
 Tune {v. Town), 137. Ralph de la 
 
 Tune, B. Geoffrey de la Tune, A. 
 Tunner, 381. William le Tonier, //. 
 Tunnicliffe, 124. 
 Turbot, 497. Daniel Turbot; IF 20. 
 
 Thomas Turbot (Ct. of High Com. 
 
 Sur. Soc.) 
 Turk, 162. Jacob le Turk, DD. Wil- 
 liam le Turc, A. 
 Turner, 391, 400. Aylbricht le Turnur, 
 
 A. William le Tournour, G. Robert 
 
 le Tornour, N. 
 Turnpeny, 482. John Turnpeny, Z>. 
 
 Robert Turnepeny, (7. 
 Turtle, 495. Roger Turtle, D. Regi- 
 nald Turtel, A. 
 Twelvepence, 513. Fulco T\velpenes,y4. 
 Tvvelvetrees, 129. 
 Twentimark, 513. John Twentimark, 
 
 /•7''. William Twentymark, A'A* i. 
 Twcntyman, 271. Henry Twentyman, 
 
 TT. 
 Twist, 432. 
 Twopenny, 168. 
 Two-year-old, 501. Thomas Twoycar- 
 
 olde, AA I. 
 Tyerman, 336. Henry Tyerman, Q. 
 
 John Tyerman, Z. 
 Tyler, 248, 279. Ralph le Tilere, A. 
 
 Hugh le Tygheler, //. Adam le 
 
 Tyghelere, Af. 
 Tyner, 258. John le Tynere, Af. 
 Tynker (v. Tinker), 296. Thomas le 
 
 Tyneker, A. 
 Tyrer, 336. Richard Tyrer, A'. 
 Tyson {t: Dyson), 70. 
 
 T TL-KETTLE,25«. Ulchetel (Domes- 
 
 ^ dayB.)Ulchell, IV12. Ulchil, IV12. 
 
 Uncle, 429. John le Uncle, A. Robert 
 Unkle, //. 
 
 Unity, 103. Unity Thornton, QQ. 
 
 Unsworth, 134. 
 
 Upholder, 359. Richard Upholder, 359 n. 
 
 Ujjright. Richard Upright X. 
 
 Uriah, 100. Uriah Babington, TT. 
 
 Usher, 204, Alan le Usser, A. Nicho- 
 las le Usher, B. Julian le Usher, C. 
 
 yACHE (i), 142. Richard dc la 
 Vache, A. 
 (2), 485. Peter le Vache, A. 
 Philip la Vache, C. 
 
 Vacher (7'. Vatcher), 272. 
 
 Vadlct, j 507. John le Vadlet, T. 
 
 Vallct, I Robert le Vallet, !■:. 
 
 Vanne, 276. Richard Atte Vanne, A". 
 Robert de la Vanne, A'. 
 
 V^anner, 276. Henry Vannere, A". Wal- 
 ter le Vanner, A. 
 
 Vatcher, 272. John le Vacher, A'. Wal- 
 ter le Vacher, A. 
 
 Vavasor, 198. Jordan le Vavasur, A'. 
 William le \'avasor, //. 
 
 Vavasour, 198. Robert Ic \';ivasour, B. 
 Richard le V^avasour, //. 
 
 Veale, 432. Robert le \'ele, //. Wil- 
 liam le Veol, A'. 
 
 Veck, i36. Robert le Vecke, A. - 
 
 Veile, 490. Thomas le Veylc, A. Hu- 
 bert le Veyll, B. 
 
 Vender, 293. William le Vendour, D.
 
 6o6 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Veness, 162. John de Venuz, A. Leo- 
 nard de Venetia, E. 
 
 Venner, 237. Robert le Venur, A. John 
 le Venour, B. Thomas le Veneur, T. 
 
 Verjuice. John Vergoose, IV 13. 
 
 Vesk {v. V'eck), 186. Jacob le Veske, T. 
 Nicholas Levesk, R. 
 
 Vestmentmaker, 339. Robert Vesment- 
 maker, M^2. 
 
 Vicar, 187. Reyncr Vicarius, A. Gil- 
 bert Vicare, A. 
 
 Vicary, 187. Richard Vicary, B. 
 
 Vick (v. Veck), 186. 
 
 Vickerman, 187. 
 
 Vidler (v. Fiddler), 308. 
 
 Vielur {v. Vyler), 311. Jacob le Vielur, 
 T. Uter le Vileur, E. 
 
 Vigorous, 466. Nicholas Vigcrous, R. 
 John Vygerous, X. 
 
 Vigors {v. Vigorous), 466. 
 
 Viler {v. Vyler), 311. 
 
 Villain, 255. Lambert le Vilein, C. 
 Terri le Vileyn, H. Philip leVylayn, 
 T. 
 
 Villiers, 151. Gilbert de Vilers. E. 
 Robert de Vilers, E. 
 
 Viner, 378, 261. Symon Ic Vynur, A. 
 William le Viner, C. Roger le Vynour, 
 G. 
 
 Vinter, 378. John le Vinetur, B. Ralph 
 le Vinetcr, N. Alexander le Vineter, y. 
 
 Virtue, 103. Virtue Hunt, Z. 
 
 Viscount, 174. Eustace de Vechountc, 
 A. John le Viscounte, ^. 
 
 Vyler, 311. Benedict le Viler, 5. Nicho- 
 las le Vylour, H. Wyot le Vilur, 
 
 WADDILOVE, f47-4- J'^'^^^y^.t"'"' 
 
 VV waddilow, ^Z% , T 
 \ \\ ade-m-love, A. 
 
 Wadman, 323. 
 
 Wafer, 365. Simon Ic Wafrc, A'. Robert 
 
 le Wafre, A, 
 
 Waferer, 365. William le Wayfrc, y. 
 
 Theobald Wayferer, W 2. 
 Wag. Robert le Wag, A. Robert 
 
 Wagge, A. 
 Waghorn, 461. 
 
 Wagner f ^^^' Godemar le Wag- 
 Wagoner, '^^"^'■- ^^- J°hn Wig- 
 
 \ goner, W 16. 
 Wagspear, 461. Mabill Wagspcr, VV'\. 
 Wagstaffe, 461. Robert Waggestaflf, ./. 
 
 P:d\vard Wagstaffe, PP. 
 Wagtail, Richard \\'agetail, Y. 
 Waller, 469. Rol:)crt le Walur, .-/. 
 
 Peter le Walur, A. 
 Wainman, 288. Henry Wayneman, F. 
 
 Hugh Waynenian, IV ■^. 
 Wainwright, 277. Thomas Wainwright, 
 
 //. Henry Wainwright, IV 2. 
 Wait, f '^3- Ralph le Weyte, A. 
 Waite 1 Henry le Weyte, D. Robert 
 
 ' i le Wayte, //. 
 Wake, 3or. Thomas le Wake, B. John 
 
 leWake, E. 
 Wakeman, 301. Jacob Waykman, F. 
 
 Joan Wakeman, //. 
 Waldebeof, 50c. Nicholas Waldebeof, 
 
 B. 
 Waldeslade, 121. William Waldeslade, 
 
 RR. 
 Walker, 324. Geoffrey le Walkere, A. 
 
 Ralph le Walkere, T. Peter le Walkar, 
 
 R. 
 Wallace, 149. John le Waleis, B. 
 
 Ingleram le Waleys, B. Mabil le 
 
 Walleys, y. 
 Waller, 249. Henry le Wallere, A. John 
 
 le Wallere, X. Johann le Wallere, Vg. 
 
 (30. Walrand Clerk, A. 
 Walran Oldman, A. Wal- 
 lerand Ic Tyes, ./. Robert 
 Wallerond,' G. 
 Walsh, 149. Howel le Walsshc, y. 
 
 William le Wales, A. 
 Walshman, 149. Alan Walseman, R, 
 William Walssheman, X,
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 607 
 
 :■} 
 
 53. Thomas Waltrot, N. 
 
 WAL 
 
 Walter, 18, 53. Geoffrey fil. Walter, A 
 
 Walter le Graunt, T. 
 Walterot, 
 Waltrot, 
 Wand, 461. 
 
 Wanhope. Thomas Wanhope, IV 11. 
 Want, 489. Walter le Wante, J. John 
 
 Want, A. 
 Wanter, 238. Richard Wantcr, y. 
 
 Henry le Wantiir, A. 
 Ward. Thomas le Ward, A. John le 
 
 Ward, B. 
 Wardman. Christoplier Wardeman, 
 
 It^ii. Alice Wardeman, 11^16. 
 Warde-dieu, 511. Henry Wardedieu, 
 
 FF. 
 Wardrop, 205. Adam de la Garderoba, 
 
 B. Thomas de la Wardrobe, R. 
 Wardroper, 205. Elizabeth Wardraper, 
 
 Z. Robert Wardropper, IV ij. 
 Ware. John le Ware, A. Peter le 
 
 Ware, E. 
 Wareing [v. Waring), 32. 
 
 ['32. Warin Cruel, yi. Warin 
 de la Stane, A. Robert 
 fil. Warin, A. 
 Warinot, 32. William Warinot, R. 
 
 Robert Wannot, A. 
 Warison, 32. Warinus fil. Warin, B. 
 
 JohnWarison, 5. Mabil Warison, G 
 Warner, 231. Jacke le Warner, A. 
 
 Eustace le Warner, T. 
 Warnett {v. Warinot), 32. 
 Warren (i), 231. Richard de Waren, A. 
 (2), 32. Robert fil. Warin, A. 
 Warren le Latimer, //. 
 Warrener, 231. William le Warrener, 
 
 A. Thomas le Warrener, /i^. 
 Warson [v. Warison), 32. 
 
 Washer, 362. John Wasshcre, X. 
 
 Gregory Wasshcr, V 3. 
 Wason {v. Warison), 32. 
 Wasp, 498. Roger le Waps, 498 ;/. 
 Waste-hose, 457. Emma Wastchose, 
 
 B. Richard Wastehose, J. 
 
 Warin, 
 Waring, 
 
 WEB 
 Waste], 366. Richard Wastel, H. 
 Wasteler, 366. John Wasteler, M. 
 Watchorn, 461. Isaac Watchorn, 461 ;/. 
 
 Henry Watchorn, PP. 
 Water (i), 115. Walter atte Watre, X. 
 John de la Watre, A. 
 (2), 53. Wauter Goldbeter, G. 
 Wattare Taylor, v. p. 53 u. 
 Water le Chesman, NN. 
 Waterbearer, 410. Richard Water- 
 bearer, H. 
 Watcrleader, 410. William Waterleadcr, 
 
 D. 
 Waterman, 410. Adam le Waterman, 
 
 A. Robert le Waterman, A. 
 Waters [v. Water), 54. 
 Watersmith, 283. William Watersmith, 
 
 Af. 
 Waterson, 54. William Watterson, IVii. 
 
 John Waterson, IV 16. 
 
 Watkins f54- Thomas ap Watkyn, 
 
 Watkin,' ^- Richard Watkins. Z^. 
 
 \ Nicholas Watkin, IV 16. 
 
 Watkinson, 54. Thomas Watkynson, 
 
 H. John Watkynson, ZZ. 
 Watson, 54. Humfrey fil. Walter, '/'. 
 
 Joan Wattson, IV 2. 
 Watte, 54. Wat le Chevalier, A. 
 Wat le Greyer, G. Watte fil. William 
 DD. 
 Watts {v. Watson), 54. John Wattys, 
 
 1^20. 
 Waxmaker, 387. John Wexmaker, /'. 
 Wayte, 184. Ralph le Wayte, B. Ste- 
 phen le Wayte, T. 
 Weaselhead, 447. Antony Wiselheade, 
 
 ZZ. 
 Weathercock, John Wcdercoc, E. 
 
 {{v. Wctherherd), 267, 
 William Wederhcrd, 
 IP^i. Richard Wcth- 
 erherd, A. 
 Weaver, 322. Bcnnet W'ever, //. 
 
 Richard le Wovcre, M. 
 Webbe, 322. Elyas le Webbe, A,
 
 6o8 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Wellbelove, 
 Wellbeloved, 
 
 WEB 
 
 Roger le Webbe, B. Simon le Webbe, 
 
 N. 
 Webber, 321. Robert le Webber, B. 
 
 Clarice le Webbere, B. 
 Webster, 321. John le Wcbestre, A. 
 
 John le Webstere, G. 
 Weeks, 44. William Weeks, Z7.. John 
 
 Weks, ZZ. 
 Weeper, 469. JohnleWepcr, A. Henry 
 
 le Weper, A. 
 Weigher, 411. Henry le Waiur, A. 
 Weightman, 411. JohnWeightman, 7.Z. 
 Welsh ('.'. Walsh), 149. 
 Welcome, 512. John Welcome, ZZ. 
 Welfare, 512. Simon Welfare, A. 
 Weliking, 443. Alice Weliking, A. 
 Well (y. Atwell), 113. Jordan atte 
 
 Welle, M. Henry de la Welle A. 
 
 ' 474. William Welbilove, 
 O. Charles Well- 
 beloved, 420 n. 
 Waller, 113. 
 Wells (f. Well), 113. 
 Welman, 113. 
 Welsh (v. Walsh), 149. 
 
 149 «. 
 Welshman (v. Walshman) 
 
 Welsheman, XX i. 
 Wenman, 288. Thomas Weynman, F. 
 
 Thomas Wenman, Z. 
 West, 150. Simon West, R. Emma 
 
 West, A. 
 West-end, 115. Mabil ate Westendc, 
 
 A. William atte Westende, M. 
 Westrop, 137. 
 Westrys, 150. Richard le Westrcys, T. 
 
 Roger le Westcreys, A. Geoffrey le 
 
 Westreys, /'8. 
 Wetherhead, f (f. Weatherhcrd), 267. 
 Wetherherd. | John Wetherhird, O. 
 Whaite, 184. Robert Ic Whaylc, B. 
 Whale, 497. Thomas le Wlial, B. 
 
 Ralph le Wal. ./. 
 Wheeler, 277. Robert le Whclcre, G. 
 
 Hugh le Welcre, A. 
 
 Hcnrv Welsh, 
 
 Lewis 
 
 WHI 
 
 Wheelwright, 277. Walter Wehvryghte, 
 
 A. Alan Quelewrighte, \V 2. John 
 Quwelewright, W 9. 
 
 Whelk, 497 n. Matilda le Welke, A. 
 Welkshorn, 497 «. William Welke- 
 
 shom, A. 
 Whirlpeny, 483. Ralph Whirlepeni, 
 
 A. 
 Whitbread, 367, 508. Henry Whitbread, 
 
 H. William A'^hitebread, Z. 
 Whitbred, 367, 508. William Wyte- 
 
 bred, A. John Whitebread, C. 
 Whitbeard, 449. Philip Wytberd, J. 
 
 William Witberd, R. 
 White, 445. Stephen le Whyte, B. 
 
 Roger le White, G. Hugh le Wyt, A. 
 Whiteflesh, 442. William Whiteflesh, A. 
 Whitehair, 448. William Whiteheare, 
 
 V. p. 448. George Whitehair, QQ. 
 Whitehand, 442. Gilbert Whithand, T. 
 
 William Whitehand, 442. Humlx;rt 
 
 Whitehand, PP. 
 Whitehead, 447. Reginald Whiteved, 
 
 T. Rauf Whytehed, IT 2. Henry 
 
 Quytheved, R. John Qhwiteheved, 
 
 \V(). 
 Whitehom, 461. John Wytthorne, 
 
 HH. George Wythorne, HH. 
 Whitehorse, 145, 485. Walter de 
 
 Whitehorse, C. Walter Whithors, 
 
 RR I. 
 Whiteking, 176 ;/, 505. Roger Wyte- 
 
 king, K. 
 Whiteknave, 505. Acelin Wyteknave, 
 
 A. 
 Whitelamb, 491 ;/. Isabel Whitlamb, 
 
 IF 14. 
 Whitelock, 447. Henry Wytloc, 
 
 William Witloc, A. 
 Whiteman, 445. William Whytman, 
 
 B. Audrey Whiteman, Z. 
 Whiter. 328. 
 
 White-richard, 504. Richard Wliyt- 
 
 rychard, y. 
 Whiting, 497. 
 
 A.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 609 
 
 Whiteslade, 121. Richard de Wytslade, 
 
 H. Ralph Wyttslayd, DD. 
 Whitesmith, 281. Robert leWithsmyth. 
 
 A. William le Wytesmyth, M. 
 Whitlock, 447. Philip Whytelock, G. 
 
 John Whitelock, P. 
 Whitster, 328. 
 Whitsunday, 62. William Wytesone- 
 
 day, A. 
 Whittaker, 134. Richard de Whytacre, 
 y. Jordan de Whitacre, R. 
 
 1 331. Thomas le Wytewere, 
 Whittear, j A. Geoffrey le White- 
 Whittier, 1 tawier, N. Eustace le 
 
 \ Wittowere, A. 
 Whittle, 455. 
 Whitworth, 134. 
 Whityer (v. Whittier), 331. 
 Whyman, 272. 
 Wick, 114. Henry de la Wyk, A. 
 
 Richard at Wyke, M. 
 Wickend, 114. Johnde la Wykend, ^. 
 Wickerson, 44. 
 Wickins, 44. 
 
 Wickman. Richard Wycman, A. 
 Widehose, 457. Richard Wydhose, A. 
 Widowson (i), 429. William le Wed- 
 wesone, J?. Simon fil. 
 Vidue, A. William 
 Widowson, Z. 
 (2), 429 «. William fil. 
 Wydo, A. William fil. 
 Wydonis, E (v. Guy). 
 Wight, 433. 
 Wightman, 433. Gilbert Wyghtman, 
 
 B. WiUiam Wightman, P. 
 Wilcocks, 15, 44. Willecoccus Russell, 
 
 A. Wylekoc Hervy, A. William 
 Wilkokys, ff. 
 
 Wilcockson, 15, 44. Richard Wylcokson, 
 F. John ap Wilcok, B. 
 
 Wilcox {v. Wilcocks), 15, 44. 
 
 Wilcoxon {v. Wilcockson), 15, 44. 
 
 Wild, 484. Nicholas le Wild, A. Wil- 
 liam le Wild, M. 
 
 Wildblood, 484. Richard Wyldeblode, 
 Wg. 
 
 Wildbcef, 500. Amice le Wildeboef, A. 
 David Wyldebuff, A. 
 
 Wildbore, 491. Robert Wildboar, M. 
 Richard Wildbore, ZZ. 
 
 Wild, j Walter le Wilde, A. Emma 
 
 Wilde, ( la Willde, A. 
 
 Wildgoose, 494. John Wildgoose, Z. 
 Edric Wildegos, GG. Ursula Wild- 
 goose, TT. 
 
 Wildsmith, 283. Thomas Wildsmith, 
 H^i6. 
 
 WilfuU, 464. William le Wilfulle, A. 
 
 (44. Wilkin le Furmager, O. 
 Wilekin fil. Austen, C. 
 Ralph Wylkyns, F. Do- 
 rothy Wilkin, IF 16. 
 Wilkinson, 44. John Wylkynson, F. 
 
 Christopher Wilkynson, //. 
 Wilks, 44. Henry Wylkys, F. Eliza- 
 beth Wilkes. Z. 
 Willert (v. Willett), 44. 
 Willett (v. Willott), 44. Thomas Wy- 
 
 lott, F. 
 William, 41. William fil. Karoli, T. 
 
 William fil. Letitiae, T. 
 Williamet (v. Wilmot), 44. Willametta 
 
 Cantatrix, E. Gwillimett, E. 
 Williams (v. Williamson), 44. John 
 
 Willyams, XX 1. Richard Williamys, 
 
 XX I. 
 Williamot (v. Wilmot), 16, 44. Gilemota 
 
 Carrecke, IV2. John Willimote, 48 «. 
 Williamson, 44. John fil. William, C. 
 
 Avice fil. William, T. Thomas Wil- 
 
 liamssone, XX i. 
 Willis, 44. Robert Willys, F. 
 Willison, 44. Richard Willyson, F. 
 
 Richard Wyllyson, F2. 
 Willmot (v. Wilmot), 16, 44. 
 Willott, 44. Richard Wylyot, A. Thomas 
 
 Wiliot, y. John Wylot, A/. 
 Wills, 44. Richard Willes, A. Hamon 
 
 Wills, Z. 
 
 R R
 
 6io 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Willsher, 147. Richard Wilteshire, B. 
 
 Almaric de Wilteshire, Z. William de 
 
 Wiltesire, MM. 
 Wilmot, 44. John Wylemot, M. WTil- 
 
 mot Furze, Z. John Wylmott, F. 
 Wilson, 44. Robert Wylson, F. Americ 
 
 Wylson, W^. 
 Wimpeny, 482. 
 Wimpler (y. Wympler), 341. Henry le 
 
 Wimpler, A, William le Wympler, 
 
 N. 
 Winder, 399. John le Winder, A. 
 
 Richard le Windere, A. 
 Winlove, 474. Hugh Winne-love, M. 
 Windmillward, 275 n. William Wynd- 
 
 milward, D. 
 Winner, 275. Roger le Wyner, R. 
 Winpeny, 482. 
 Winsome, 443. Matilda Wensom, 
 
 A. 
 Winspear, 462. 
 Winter, 378. Adam le Wyneter, R. 
 
 John Winter, H. 
 Winthrop, 137. Bartholomew Wintrup, 
 
 W 16. John Wynthropp, Z. 
 Wiredrawer. William le Wirdrawere, 
 
 X. Rauf le Wyrdrawere, X. 
 Wisdom. Stephen Wysdom, A. Wil- 
 liam Wisdom, E. 
 Wise, 463. Thomasle Wise, y4. Emald 
 
 le Wyse, T. 
 Wisebeard, 449. John Wisebeard, HH. 
 
 Ellen Wisebeard, HH. 
 Wiseman, 305. John Wyseman, H. 
 
 William Wysman, X. 
 Withecomb, 125. Robert Wythecomb, 
 
 M. 
 Withibeard (v. Beard), 449. John 
 
 Wytheberd, RR i. Peter Wi-the- 
 
 berd, D. 
 Withipoll, 182. PouleWithipoule, CC4. 
 
 Edmund Withipole, TT. Sir Wil- 
 liam Withipole, V 6. 
 Without-the-town, 138. Robert With- 
 
 outentoun, A. 
 
 Woodwale), 495. 
 
 Witty. 465. Thomas Witte, A. Thedric 
 
 le Witte, A. 
 Wolf, 488. Adam le Wolf, H. Philip 
 
 le Wolf. M. 
 Wolfenden, 118. Robert Wolveden, Wg. 
 
 Robert Wolfenden, ZZ. 
 Wolfhunt, 237. Richard le Wulihunt, A. 
 
 Walter le Wolfhunt, B. John Wolf- 
 
 hunte, G. 
 Wolsey, 169. Johanna Wolsy, X. 
 Wonte, 145. Reginald de la Wonte, A. 
 Wood, no. JohnatteWode, 5. Richard 
 
 de la Wode, A. 
 Woodale, ) , 
 Woodall, J ^ ■ 
 Woodard (v. Woodward), 231. Alan 
 
 Wodard, A. 
 Woodcock, 494. Wydo Wodecok, A. 
 
 Walter Wodekok, B. 
 Wooder, 264, 323. Roger le Woder, H. 
 
 Thomas le Wodere, M. Robert Ic 
 
 Woder, E. 
 Woodgate, 129. Richard atte Wode- 
 
 gate, M. 
 Woodhaye, 133. Thomas de la Wood- 
 
 haye, A. Richard de la Wodehaye, R. 
 Woodhewer, 264. Robert le Wode- 
 
 hyewere, H. 
 Woodhird, 269. Richard le Wodehird, 
 
 A. William le Wodehirde, M. 
 Woodhouse, 131. Petronilde la Wode- 
 
 house, B. John atte Wodehouse, X. 
 Woodkeeper, 231. Thomasine Wood- 
 keeper, TT. 
 Woodlark, 494. Robert Wodelark, H. 
 Woodman, 113, 264,323. EudoWude- 
 
 man. A. Alan Wodeman, B. 
 Woodmonger, 264, 403. Robert Wude- 
 
 mongere, A. 
 Woodreefe. J23i- JohnWoodrofc, lVi%. 
 Woodroff, I Walter Woderove, A. 
 Woodrow, 231. Hugh Woderoue, A. 
 
 Ralph Woderoue, A. 
 Woodruff, 231. George Woodniffe, 
 
 Z. Edmund WoodnifiF, Z.
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 6ii 
 
 woo 
 Woodshend, 114. Adam de Wodeshend, 
 
 A. John Wodeshend, IV 8. 
 Woodus (v. Woodhouse), 131. Richard 
 
 del Wodehus, A. 
 Woodward, 231. Aylward le Wode- 
 
 ward, A. Walter le Wodeward, B. 
 
 William le Wodeward, G. 
 Woodwale, 1 ^ 
 Woodwall, j 
 
 Woodyat, j {v. Woodgate), 129. Wil- 
 Woodyate, \ liam de Wudyate, £. 
 Woodyear (v. Wooder), 113. 
 Woodyer (v. Wooder), 113. 
 Wooer, 474. Hugh leWewer, J?. John 
 
 leWower, A. 
 Wooeress, 474. Emma Woweres, ^. 
 Woolard {v. Woolward), 459. 
 Woolbeater, 326. John Wollebeter, 
 
 326 n. 
 Woolbuyer, 319. Geoffrey le Wollebyer, 
 
 M. 
 Woolcombe, 125. 
 Wooler, 318. David le Woller, C. John 
 
 Wooler{Maitland's London). 
 Woolman, 318. Agnes Woleman, G. 
 
 Walter Woleman, y. 
 Woolmonger, 319. Walter le Wolle- 
 
 monger, A. Morekin le Wolemongere, 
 
 A. Roger le Wolmonger, M. 
 Woolpacker, 319. 
 Woolward, 459. Geoffrey Woleward, 
 
 A. Reginald Wolleward, N. Michael 
 
 Wollward, y. 
 Workman. Gilbert le Worcman, A. 
 
 John Workman, TT. 
 Worship, 511. Thomas Worthship, G. 
 
 Hugh Worshipp, Z. 
 Worth, 134. Richard de la Worthe, A. 
 
 Reginald de la Wurth, £. 
 Wortley, 134. 
 Would-have, 483. Robert Wouldhave, 
 
 IV 16. 
 Wrangservice, 424. Thomas Wrange- 
 
 servis, M. 
 Wray [v. Ray), 489. 
 
 R R 
 
 Wren, 494. Geoffrey Wren, O. Alice 
 
 Wrenn, A. 
 Wright, 277. Richard le Wryght, Af. 
 
 Roger le Wricte, A. Margery le 
 
 Wrytte, A. 
 Wrightson, 65. Ann Wrighteson, Wg. 
 
 John Wrightson, Z. Michael Wright- 
 son, IV 16. 
 Writer, 406. 
 Wulfketel, 24. William Ulfketel, /?. 
 
 Wulfkeytl, p. 24. 
 Wyatt, 36. Wyot fil. Helias, DD. 
 
 Wyott Carpentarius, A. Wyot Balis 
 
 tarius, £. 
 Wyld {v. Wild). 
 Wyman, 272. 
 Wympler {v. Wimpler), 34!. John 
 
 le Wympler, X. Alan le Wympler, 
 
 A. 
 
 TT'ATES, 129. John atte Yate, B. 
 John At-yates, FF. Henry atte 
 
 Yate, M. Roger atte Yate, H. 
 Yeame {v. Eame), 429. 
 Yeatherd, 266. 
 Yeatman, 266. 
 Yellowhair, 448. Thomas Yalowehair, 
 
 E. 
 Yeoman, 253. William Yeaman, Z. 
 Yeomanson. Robert Yomanson, F. 
 Yoman (v. Yeoman), 253. 
 Yonge {v. Young), 433. William le 
 
 Yonge, B. John le Yonge, A. 
 Yongeman, 433 William Yongeman, 
 
 M. 
 Young, 431. Richard le Yunge, L. 
 
 Ralph le Younge, A . 
 Youngebond, 505. Nicholas le Yonge- 
 
 bond, Af. 
 Younger, 432. Robert Yonger, IV 3. 
 
 William Yongere, M. 
 Younghusband, 505. Roger le Yong- 
 
 husband, G. Thomas le Voung- 
 
 husbond, M.
 
 6l2 
 
 INDEX OF INSTANCES. 
 
 Young-John, 503. 
 
 Youngman, 382. William le Yungeman, 
 
 B. William Yungman, H. 
 Youngservant. Ricardus Yongesuaynt, 
 ■ XXs. 
 Youngsmith, 283, 505. John Yongsmith, 
 
 F. Bartholomew Youngesmithe, VV 
 
 13- 
 Yule, 62. John Yule, Q. 
 
 VABULON, 100. Zabulon Gierke, Z. 
 Zachoeus, 100. Zachceus Ivott, TT. 
 
 THOMAS WILCOX, 
 New Bedford, 
 
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 THE 
 
 CYCLOPEDIA OF COSTUME; 
 
 OR, A 
 
 DICTIONARY OF DRESS, 
 
 From the Earliest Period in England to the Reign 
 of George the Third. 
 
 INCLUDING NOTICES OF CONTHMPORAKEOUS 
 
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 OF THE 
 
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 BY 
 
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 (0\ER
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 IN collecting materials for a History of Costume of more import- 
 ance than the little Handbook which has met with so much 
 favour as an elementary work, I was not only made aware of 
 my own deficiencies, but surprised to find how much more vague 
 are the explanations and contradictory the statements of our best 
 authorities than they appeared to me when, in the plenitude of my 
 ignorance, I rushed upon almost untrodden ground, and felt bewil- 
 dered by the mass of unsifted evidence and unhesitating assertion 
 which met my eyes at every turn. 
 
 During the forty years which have elapsed since the publication 
 of the first edition of my * History of British Costume ' in ' The 
 Library of Entertaining Knowledge,* archaeological investigation 
 has received such an impetus by the establishment of metropolitan 
 and provincial peripatetic antiquarian societies, that a flood of 
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 find facts to authenticate. 
 
 That the former greatly preponderate is a grievous acknowledg- 
 ment to make after assiduously devoting the leisure of half my life 
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 interestins; state of society. A no7fel w/iich no noz'el-reader should miss, and which 
 People w/to generally shun novels may enjoy."— S\tvrdav Review, j
 
 28 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Piccadilly '^o^y.\j&— continued. 
 Patricia Kernball. By E. Lynn Linton. 
 
 With Frontispiece by G. Du Maurier. 
 " Displays genuine humour, as ivell as keen social observation. Enough graphic 
 portraiture and viitty observation to furnish materials for half-a-dozen novels of 
 the ordhiary kind." — Saturday Review. 
 
 The Atonement of Learn. Dundas. By E. Lynn Linton. 
 With a Frontispiece by Henry Woods. 
 " In her narrowness and her depth, in her boitndless loyalty, her self -forgetting 
 passion, that exclusiveness of love which is akin to cruelty, and t/ie fierce 
 humility which is vicarious pride. Leant Diiudas is a striking figure. In one 
 quality the aut/wress has in some measure surpassed herself." — Pall Mall Gaz. 
 
 The Waterdale Neighbours. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 My Enemy s Daughter. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 Linley Rochford. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 A Fair Saxon. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 Dear Lady Disdain. ^ By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 The Evil Eye,and other Stories. By Katharine ^.Macquoid. 
 Illustrated by Thomas R. Macquoid and Percy Macquoid. 
 "Cameos delicately, if not very minutely or vividly, wrought, and quite finished 
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 Oakshott Castle. By henry Kingsley. 
 
 With a Frontispiece by Shirley Hodson. 
 "A brisk and clear north wind of sentiment — sentiment that braces instead of 
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 Open ! Sesame I By Florence Marryat. 
 
 Illustratt-d by F. A. Fraser. 
 " A story which arouses and sustains tJie reader s interest to a higlier degree 
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 Whiteladics. By Mrs. Oliphant. 
 
 With Illustrations by A. HoPKiNS and H. Woods. 
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 TJu Best of Husbatids. By James Payn. 
 
 Illustrated by J. MoYR SMITH. 
 
 Fallen Fortunes. By j ames Payn. 
 
 Halves. By James Payn. 
 
 With a Frontispiece by J. Mahoney. 
 
 Walter 's Word. By James Payn. 
 
 Illustrated by J. Moyr Smith. 
 What he Cost her. By James Payn. 
 
 " His no^iels are always commendable in the sense of art. 'I hey also possess 
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 observe nature represented by girls." — Spectator.
 
 CHATTO 6* WIND US, PICCADILLY. 29 
 
 The Piccadilly Novels — continued. 
 Her Mother's Darling. By Mrs. j. h. Riddell 
 
 The Way we Live Now. By Anthony Trollope. 
 
 With Illustrations. 
 The American Senator. By Anthony Trollope. 
 
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 Diamond Cut Diamond. By t. a. Trollope. 
 
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 Bound to the Wheel. By John Saunders. 
 
 Guy Waterman. By John Saunders. 
 
 One Against tlie World. By John Saunders. 
 
 The Lion in the Path. By John Saunders. 
 
 "A carefully ■written and beautiful story — a story of goodness and truth, 
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 . . . Certainly a very interesting booh." — Times. 
 
 Ready- Money Mortiboy. By W. Besant and James Rice. 
 
 My Little Girl. ByW. Besant and James Rice. 
 
 The Case of Mr. Lucraft. By W. Besant and James Rice. 
 
 This Son of Vulcan, ByW. BESANTandjAMEs rice 
 
 With Harp and Crown. By w. Besant and James Rice. 
 
 The Golden Butterfly. By W. Besant and James Rice, 
 
 With a Frontispiece by F. S. WALKER. 
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 defy anybody to read it with a gloomy countenance." — Times. 
 
 NE W NO VEL BYJUS TIN MC CA R Til Y. 
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 Miss Misanthrope. 
 
 By fusTiN McCarthy, Author of "Dear Lady Disdain," &c. 
 With 12 Illustrations by ARTHUR Hopkins. 
 
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 or good contfiany,for it is pervaded by a perfume of honesty and humour, of high 
 feeling, of kindly penetratinz humour, of good sense, and wide knoxvledge of thf 
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 3© BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 MRS. LINTON'S NEW NOVEL. 
 Two Vols. 8vo, cloth extra, Illustrated, 2ij., the Second Edition of 
 
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 MR. JAMES PAYN'S NEW NOVEL. 
 Two Vols., 8vo, cloth extra. Illustrated, 2ij., the Second Edition of 
 
 By Proxy. 
 
 By James Payn, Author of "Walter's Word," &c. With 12 
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 NEW NOVEL BY MR. JAMES GRANT. 
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 The Prince of A r go lis : 
 
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 CHATTO &> WINDUS, PICCADILLY. 31 
 
 Post 8vo, illiistrated boards, 2s. each. 
 
 Cheap Editions of Popular Novels, 
 
 [WiLKiE Collins' Novels may also be had in cloth limp at 2J. (>d. Sec, 
 too, t/ie Piccadilly ^o\b.i.s, /or Library Editions.'] 
 
 The Woman in White. By Wilkie Collins. 
 
 Antonina. By Wilkie Collins. 
 
 Basil. By Wilkie Collins. 
 
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 Miss or Mrs. f B^ ^^^^^^ Collins. 
 
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 The Frozen Deep. By Wilkie Collins. 
 
 TJie Law and the Lady. By Wilkie Collins. 
 
 Gaslight and Daylight. By George Augustus Sala. 
 
 TJie Waterdale Neighbours. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 My Ene^ny's Daughter. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 Linley Rochford. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 A Fair Saxon. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 Dear Lady Disdain. By Justin McCarthy. 
 
 A n Ldle Excursion. By mark twain. 
 
 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. By mark Twain. 
 Pleasure Trip on the Continent of Europe, mark Twain. 
 
 Oakshott Castle. By henry Kingsley. 
 
 Botmd to the Wheel. By John Saunders. 
 
 Guy Waterma7l. By John Saunders. 
 
 One Against the World. Bv John Saunders. 
 
 The Lion in the Path. By John and Katherine Saunders. 
 
 Surly Tim. By the Author of "That Lasso' Lowries." 
 
 Under the Greenwood Tree. By Thomas Hardy, 
 
 Ready-Money Mortiboy. By Walter Besant and James Rice 
 The Golden Butterfly. By Authors of " Ready-Money Mortiboy." 
 This Son of Vulca7l. By the Authors of " Ready-Money Mortiboy." 
 My Little Girl. By thf Authors of " Ready-Money Mortiboy," 
 
 The Case of Mr. Lucraft. Authors of "Ready-Money Mortiboy,*' 
 Wltll Harp and Crozvn. Authors of " Ready-Money Mortiboy,"
 
 32 BOOKS PUBLISHED B Y 
 
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 Plutarch's Lives of Illustrioits Men. 
 
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 In Two Series, small 4to, blue and gold, gilt edj^es, 6.f. each. 
 
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 or. Thoughts Wise and Other- Why's, A New Collection of 
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 CHATTO dr* WIND US, PICCADILLY. 33 
 
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 Rabelais' Works. 
 
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 lated by C. B. Pitman. Profusely Illustrated. 
 
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 Daily Telegkai-h.
 
 34 
 
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 Handsomely printed, price 5j. 
 
 T/ie Roll of Battle Abbey ; 
 
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 The Art of Amusing : 
 
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 rades. By Frank Bellew. 300 
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 The Merry Circle : 
 
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 The Secret Out : 
 
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 With engraved facsimile of Dkokshout's Portrait, and 37 beautiful 
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 CHATTO &* WINDUS, PICCADILLY. 35 
 
 In reduced facsimile, small 8vo, half Roxburghe, ioj. 6d. 
 
 The First Folio Shakespeare. 
 
 Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, and Trage- 
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 Printed by Isaac Iaggard and Ed. Blount, 1623. — An exact 
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 but it is as distinct as in a genuine copy of the original, and will be found to be as 
 useful and far more handy to the student than the latter." — Athen^cum. 
 
 Two Vols, crown 8vo, cloth extra, \%s. 
 
 The School of Shakspere. 
 
 Including "The Life and Death of Captain Thomas Stukeley," 
 with a New Life of Stucley, from Unpublished Sources ; *' No- 
 body and Somebody," " Histriomastix," "The Prodigal Son, 
 "Jack Drum's Entertainement," "A Warning for Fair Women," 
 with Reprints of the Accounts of the Murder ; and " Faire Em." 
 Edited, with Introductions and Notes, and an Account of Robert 
 Green and his Quarrels with Shakspere, by Richard Simpson, 
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 Signboards : 
 
 Their History. With Anecdotes of Famous Taverns and Re- 
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 The Slang Dictionary : 
 
 F^tymological, Historical, and Anecdotal. An Entirely New 
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 oddity, and grotesQueness. hi a word, it provides valuable material both fort 
 student of language and the student of human nature." — Academy.
 
 36 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
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 Sheridan s Complete Works, 
 
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 Poetry, Translations, Speeches, Jokes, Puns, &c. ; with a Collec- 
 tion of Sheridaniana. 
 
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 is prefixed a short but luell-ivritten memoir, giving the chief facts in Sheridan's 
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 — The Times. 
 
 Imperial 410, containing 150 beautifully-finished full-pa};e Engravings 
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 colours, half-morocco, £,^ (js. 
 
 Stothard' s Monumental Effigies of Great 
 
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 *^* A few Large Paper copies, royal folio, with the arms illuminated 
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 Stedinan '5 Victorian Poets : 
 
 Critical Essays. By Edmund Clarence Stedman. 
 
 " We ought to be thankful to those who do critical wo>k with comf>etent skill 
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 of execution. And Mr. Stedman, having chosen to wprk in this line, deserves the 
 thanks of English scholars by these qualities and by something more; .... 
 he is faithful, studious, and discerning."— SktuV-Uay Review.
 
 CHATTO (Sr* WINDUS, PICCADILLY. 
 
 37 
 
 Mr. Swinburne' s Works : 
 
 The Queen Mother and 
 
 Rosamond. Fcap. 8vo, 51. 
 
 Atalanta in Calydon. 
 
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 Songs before Sunrise. 
 
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 Bothwell: 
 
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 Songs of Two Nations. 
 
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 Essays and Studies. 
 
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 Note of an English Re- 
 
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 38 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
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 Strut fs Sports and Pastimes of the 
 
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 in Search of the Picturesque, in Search of Consolation, and in 
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 "It •mould have been a real loss to bihliographiccU literature had copyright 
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 blank pages of the books lie had in use ivith caricature illustrations of their 
 conttnts. This gave special value to the sale of his library, and is almost cause 
 for regret that it could not have been preserved in its integyity. Thackeray's 
 place in literature is eminent enough to haz'e made this an interest to future 
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