Infinitesimals Pro- 
 Scientific ~noint 
 
 By 
 - J. K. Se
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 ROBERT ERNEST COWAN
 
 , ! 
 
 ompli merits 
 
 of the Author
 
 
 J 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 TTTilOSE who read the daily papers last June will remember that 
 * 1 two Homoeopathic physicians were appointed by the Mayor of the 
 City of Oakland to fill vacancies which were supposed to exist in the 
 Board of Health. Immediately on this announcement the Homoeo- 
 paths, as a School of Medicine, were held up to ridicule in the "public 
 press " by some of the Allopathic physicians. The attack was 
 promptly met by myself and others, and a spirited " discussion," 
 which was published in the Oakland Enquirer, was continued for 
 some weeks. 
 
 By one of the Allopaths it was asserted, with a great flourish ot 
 trumpets^ "that there is absolutely no medicine in even the sixth 
 dilution," which is frequently prescribed by Homoeopathic physi- 
 cians. This statement was shown) at the time, to be incorrect, as 
 the microscope had demonstrated that there were particles of gold to 
 be seen in the twelfth dilution, and the spectroscope has shown that 
 there is medicine in much higher potencies. 
 
 On other lines Science has demonstrated that the mightiest forces 
 in nature are the imponderables. As an example^ take electricity. 
 No person at all acquainted with Science will claim that it is 
 material that it is anything, in fact, but a product of the rotary 
 motion of the molecules of matter, and yet it is capable of driving 
 tifty-horse-power through a gimlet-hole. Who is there so puerile as 
 to attempt to deny the presence and power of invisible things? That 
 prejudice and bigotry will dwarf the human intellect was demon- 
 strated by the '' discussion " to which reference has been made. 
 
 The following paper was written as one of the series, but before 
 it was ready for publication the editor of the Enquirer had closed 
 his paper to the " discussion." 
 
 Among other things, it suggests a new theory of disease, which is 
 cleai'ly borne out by the discoveries of modern science. 
 
 The doctrine that all physiological phenomena whatever can be 
 accounted for without going beyond the bounds of physical and
 
 chemical science, is taught by the best informed scientists of the 
 present day. 
 
 It is claimed in this paper that disease is disturbed atomic and 
 molecular motion. It has long been held that all physiological phe- 
 nomena are the result of cell action ; and it is now known that the 
 cell is what its contained atoms and molecules make it. Any 
 change, therefore, in the motions of the molecules contained within 
 the cells must, of course, change the results wrought out by cell 
 action. It is evident, therefore, that if the normal movements of 
 the molecules be disturbed, abnormal cell action or disease must 
 be the result. This being true, it is evident that to restore the 
 disturbed molecules of the cell to their normal movements, the 
 remedy or medicine must be sufficiently minute to reach the cell, 
 not only, but to penetrate to ihe contained molecules and atoms. 
 
 This paper lias been read before three Scientific Societies and its 
 publication urged. I have, therefore, concluded to give it to the 
 public in its present form. 
 
 J.- M SELFRIDUE, M. D.
 
 INFINITESIMALS 
 
 . . FROM A . . 
 
 J. M. SELFRIDGE, M. D. 
 
 OAKLAND, CAL. 
 
 Great interest has been manifested in the study of minute organ- 
 isms ever since the microscope was first discovered, and from time 
 to time, as improvements have been made in the magnifying powers 
 of the instrument, new discoveries have been announced. About 
 two decades ago great impetus was given in this direction by the 
 discovery of those micro-fossils the diatoms. Their study and 
 classification, although pursued more for amusement than for the 
 advancement of science, was productive of good in this it stimu 
 lated the makers of optical instruments to still more improve the 
 magnifying powers of the microscope, until at the present time it 
 may with truth be said we have reached, for practical work, the 
 out-limit of the power to magnify. With this improvement in opti- 
 cal instruments scientific investigation was greatly stimulated, and, 
 as a result, great advancement in biological and histological knowl- 
 edge has been made. One of the greatest triumphs of the modern 
 microscope was the discovery and classification of those micro- 
 organisms known as bacteria, some of them being so minute as to 
 measure less than the one seventy-thousandth of an inch in diam- 
 eter. To the human intellect this is inconceivably small, and yet in 
 some instances these minute objects are armed with ciliary projec- 
 tions which are so small that, after being magnified one hundred 
 and sixty thousand times, they are scarcely visible. These micro- 
 organisms are minute cells that contain protoplasm, ''a particularly
 
 complex chemical substance out of which all living things, animals 
 and plants are formed." It is " made up of many atoms of carbon, 
 hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, with a small number of atoms of 
 sulphur and phosphorus, more than a thousand of ihem in one 
 molecule." 
 
 Small though these microbes are, how ir.tinitely minute, must be 
 the atoms of which they are composed when it takes a thousand of 
 them to make one of the molecules of which they themselves are 
 constructed. 
 
 While there are seventy or more elements, and (i it appears that 
 the individual atoms of each element are precisely alike," it does 
 not follow that all molecules are of the same size. A molecule is 
 made up of atoms chemically combined, and their size varies accord- 
 ing to the number of atoms they contain. For example, a molecule 
 of water is made up of three atoms two of hydrogen and one of 
 oxygen, while " .1 molecule of alum contains about one hundred," 
 and according to Mulder, a molecule of albumen contains nearly a 
 thousand atoms; and, according to the same authority, the diameter 
 of a molecule of alum would be equal to the one ten-million-seven 
 hundred and seventy-six thousandth of an inch, while the diameter 
 of a molecule of albumen would be the one five-millionth of an 
 inch. 
 
 The molecules of matter are exceedingly interesting objects for 
 study, but they can only be studied in combination, for when set 
 free the\ r develop a tremendous amount of energy, and the rapidity 
 of their motions precludes the possibility of & single one being seen. 
 For example, "a free molecule of hydrogen has a velocity of motion 
 at ordinary temperatures of upwards of a mile in a second, and its 
 direction of motion A changed millions of times in a second. There 
 is every reason to believe that the molecules of all bodies are so 
 perfectly transparent that they can no more be seen than the air, 
 even if there were no difficulty from their small ness? and their 
 motions. If the atoms of a single element like hydrogen are so 
 minute, so restless and so transparent that no one can hope to see 
 them so as to make out their forms and what gives them their 
 characteristic properties, what shall be said of the case of seventy 
 or more elements similarly minute and restless and transparent, yet 
 each one easily identified in several ways, physical and chemical 1 " 
 
 An atom is the chemist's unit, but " the term is not now under-
 
 stood to signify what is implied in its derivation, as something that 
 cannot lie divided, only as something that has not yet been broken 
 up into smaller fragments." 
 
 Now, as Dolhear says, "Let it be granted chat atoms are in the 
 neighborhood of the one fifty-millionth of an inch in diameter, then, if 
 a thousand of them are organized into a molecule, its diameter 
 would lie about the five-millionth of an inch." This being so, "a 
 speck of protoplasm one ten-thousandth of an inch in diameter 
 would require not less than five hundred such molecules in a row to 
 span it ; and there would be no less than one hundred and twenty- 
 five millions of such molecules in the small raass." 
 
 As I have already said, some of the microorganisms are less 
 than the one seventy-thousandth of an inch in diameter, and yet 
 they eat, (by absorption) digest and excrete material substances, so 
 minute that che human mind grows dizzy at the thought of attempt- 
 ing to determine their dimensions. Minute though these objects 
 are, they grow and multiply. This is done by what is called fission, 
 or the cutting of themselves in halves or quarters. Now, for the 
 sake of comparison, let us suppose that these minute objects are 
 human beings. If thin were so, a million of them conld waltz 
 on the point of the finest cambric needle. So far as science has 
 been able to determine these- micro-organisms are the smallest of 
 living beings, but, small as they are, they bear no comparison in 
 point of minuteness to the infinitesimal particles into which matter can 
 be divided But, before entering upon the study of the divisibility of 
 matter, it will be of interest to inquire into what is meant by matter. 
 Several attempts have been made to define it, hut it is more difficult 
 co yive a brief definition than one might at first imagine. " What 
 ever occupies space or whatever affects our senses" have been given 
 as definitions, but, ; 'if we say that it is whatever occupies space," there 
 may be any number of things in illimitable space that are not sub- 
 ject to any of the physical laws of which we have any knowledge. 
 " If we say whatever affects our senses, we are again going beyond 
 our warrant, for electricity is capable of affecting several of our 
 senses sight, taste, feeling and yet there is no good reason for 
 thinking electricity to be matter." The best definition I have yet 
 seen is given by Professor Do 1 bear in his work on " Matter, Eth'r 
 and Motion." " Whatever possesses the property of gravitative 
 attraction" is matter. From this definition il follows that th prin- 
 
 93165
 
 8 
 
 ciples which Sir Isaac Newton and others applied to large masses of 
 matter applies with equal force to the smallest atom. Our best 
 microscopes have enabled us to see particles of matter the one- 
 hondred-thousandth of an inch in diameter, and yet this inconceiv- 
 ably minute particle is governed by the same laws as those that 
 govern the earth, with a diameter of eight thousand miles, or the 
 sun with its diameter of eight hundred thousand miles. 
 
 Although the smallest visible thing seen with the microscope is 
 the one-hundrod-thous <ndth of an inch in diameter, yet "there is no 
 reason for thinking that such a degree of fineness is any approach 
 to the ultimate fineness of the parts into which it is possible to 
 divide matter. For a long time philosophers have considered 
 whether or not there could, in the nature of things, be an actual 
 limit to the divisibility of matter, so that the smallest fragment 
 could not be again divided into two or more parts by the applica- 
 tion of appropriate means, thus making matter infinitely divisible." 
 As examples of this, "gold may be hammered into leaves no more 
 than one-three-hundredth-thousandth of an inch thick. Platinum 
 can be drawn out into a wire finer than a spider's web a single 
 grain may be drawn into a mile of wire. A spider's web is some- 
 times so delicate that an ounce of it would reach three thousand 
 miles, or from New York to London. No one would think it 
 likely that such a web would be made up of a single row of atoms 
 like a string of beads, for it would not seem probable that such a 
 string could have such H degree of cohesion as spiders' webs are 
 known to possess. A grain of musk will keep a room scented for 
 many years, giving out its particles to the currents of air to be 
 wafted presently out of doors, yet in all this time the musk seems 
 to lose but little in weight." Faraday estimated that the particles 
 of gold in the ruby liquid, made by the action of phosphorus on a 
 solution of gold, formed only the five hundred-thousandth part of 
 the volume of the liquid that is, that one five-hundred-thousandth 
 of each drop was gold, and yet the particles reflected light when 
 rays of the sun were thrown into the liquid with a lens. "The 
 spectroscope will indicate the millionth of a grain by the gas flame. 
 and the color of a drop of water is appreciably changed by the one- 
 three-millionth of a grain of fuschine. Some substances, like the 
 essential oils, sulphuretted hydrogen, and the odor of flowers, can 
 be perceived when the quantity is certainly less than the fifty-
 
 millionth of a grain." Dr. Thomson obtained sensibly appreciable 
 quantities of sulphuret of lead, which, according to his computa 
 tions, must have been divided into at least five hundred billion 
 parts. 
 
 Professor Dolbear says there are five hundred millions of millions 
 of millions of molecules in a cubic inch of gas. Again, ^one- 
 eighth of a grain of indigo dissolved in sulphuric acid will give dis- 
 tinctly blue color when dissolved in two and a half gallons of 
 water." Now, suppose the. amount of water be doubled, the blue 
 color would, doubtless, disappear, but the particles of iudigo would 
 not be obliterated they would be merely divided in halves, and 
 this process of dilution might bn carried on ad injinitum, and still 
 particles of indigo would be present, for it is a well established 
 principle in science "that whatever else may decay, atoms do not, 
 but_ remain as types of permanency through all imaginable 
 changes." Think for a moment, as Dolbear says, of the wonderful 
 " amount of intelligence associated with the minute brain structure 
 of some of the smallpst forms of animal life say the ant, and, so 
 far as such intelligence is associated with atomic and molecular 
 brain structure, the size of the brain in the smallest ant, thougli 
 measured in thousandths of an inch, is sufficiently large to involve 
 billions of atoms, and the permutations possible are almost un? 
 limited." But the most striking example of the extent to which 
 matter may be divided and still manifest its presence, by the exhibi- 
 tion of energy, is given by Tyndall, who proved that a quantity of 
 watery vapor, so small as to be absolutely inappreciable by any 
 other test, increased the absorptive power of dry air to the obscure 
 rays of heat to such an extent as to cause a marked difference in 
 the deflection of the needle of a galvanometer. 
 
 It is difficult to understand how such minute particles of matter 
 can affect the senses in any appreciable way, and yet we have some- 
 thing akin to it in the acute sense of smell of the dog. It is well 
 known that he can track his master hours after the tracks have 
 been made, showing very conclusively that minute particles of 
 matter from the master's feet must have passed, not only through 
 the leather of his boots, but have left characteristic matter at each 
 footfall. 
 
 Ever since the discovery of cell structure it has been held tha* 1 
 the primal cell per se was the seat of activity in all organized bodies
 
 10 
 
 While this in a sense is true, we must not lose sight of the fact that 
 the primal seat of life (and, therefore, of all physiological activities) 
 is in that highly complex, that wonderful substance protoplasm 
 that is contained within the cell, which, structureless though it be, 
 is the wheel within a wheel whence emanates the power to build. 
 
 It' we dissect this structureless mass, we will find it composed of 
 numberless molecules, and each molecule composed of from three to 
 one thousand atoms, so curiously combined that they are the very 
 seat of life Sifted to its ultimates, the first physical form of all 
 material bodies is the atom. Here, then, we have the order of 
 growth. Atoms variously combined form molecules, and molecules 
 with their contained life-principle, constitute protoplasm, which, 
 when in normal condition, is capable of organizing itself into cells, 
 tissues and organs 
 
 It was formerly .thought that the cell was the unit of the physiolo- 
 gist ; but, as the microscope was improved and anatomical research 
 continued, it became evident that the cell, with its more or less com- 
 plicated structure, was itself built by the structureless protoplasm, 
 which, as we have already seen, is composed of different kinds of 
 atoms. Strange, though it may seem, this structureless protoplasm 
 is capable of organizing itself into cells and tissues in the same 
 sense as atoms organize themselves into molecules and molecules into 
 crystals of various sorts, having properties that depend upon the 
 different kind of atoms, their number and arrangement in the 
 molecules. Thus we see that atoms play an important part in the 
 structure of the universe. To accomplish what is claimed for th^m y 
 it is evident that they possess the property of chemism, and by 
 some it is thought there is good reason for believing they are mag- 
 nets. But, notwithstanding they possess these properties, condi- 
 tions sometimes exist when they will not arrange themselves accord- 
 ing to the laws of chemism or magnetism, a condition that resembles 
 the living organism when disease prevents its normal activities. 
 For example, " some^supersaturated solutions seem unable to initiate 
 the^process of crystallization, but the smallest crystal of the sub- 
 stance starts i r . ;in<! the v.'lmle !>o<ly is solidified in a few seconds. 
 Here it is evident that the crystal, taken as a nucleus, had & field 
 that compelled other and similar molecular groups to arrange 
 themselves in similar order. When two tuning forks, having the 
 same pitch, are separated from each other a distance of several feet,,
 
 11 
 
 and one of them be made to produce a sound, the other one will be made 
 to sound likewise by the action of the sound waves upon it. The effect 
 is called sympathetic vibration. Other forks having different rates 
 of vibration will not be similarly affected, so the vibrations in the 
 air select out the particular fork having the same rate as the 
 one vibrating and cause it to enter into a similar state of vibration. 
 Raise the damper of the piano and sing a sound of any particular 
 not* ; then listen. The same note will be heard prolonged by the 
 piano. The particular string which can give that pitch of sound 
 has been thrown into similar vibrations and continues to sound as 
 it would if caused to in any other way. When a single key of a 
 piano is struck there is produced a musical sound. There is a defi- 
 nite pitch that is maintained. Strike half a dozen adjacent keys at 
 once and the effect is what we call a noise, though each component 
 by itself would give a pleasing sound. Nearly every body has its 
 own musical pitch, but if a number of bodies with different un- 
 related pitches are listened to at once the effect upon the ear is a 
 discordant one and is called a noise." 
 
 So it appears with a magnet. Any magnetic bodies in its field 
 become magnetized there that is, they are brought into the same 
 physical state as the body that incited the field. 
 
 "Such physical fields are capable of compelling bodies within 
 them to assume the state of motion or similar position or both as 
 the body that produced the field, provided the substance itself be 
 constituted inolecularly like the first. It is a kind of induction 
 common throughout the whole domain of physics." So also in the 
 animal economy, "growth consists in the formation of similar cells 
 out of suitable molecular constituents in the neighborhood." 
 
 From all this it is evident that there is a law of similars in 
 science as well as in medicine, and the examples given above (which 
 have been gleaned from scientific works) suggest a scientific expla- 
 nation as to the manner in which the most similar remedy produces 
 a cure. From what we have seen, it is evident that every medici- 
 nal substance is capable of producing what is known in science as a 
 field. This being true, the remedy that is similar to the atoms and 
 molecules that compose the primal cell, which is the seat of the 
 disease, creates a healthy field in the vicinity of the diseased mole- 
 cules, and, like the similar crystal in the supersaturated solution (to 
 which reference has already been made), a healthy movement is in-
 
 12 
 
 augurated from within outward, which continues until the whole 
 economy is restored to health. 
 
 From what we have already seen, it is evident that when, from 
 the interference of any cause, the atoms and molecules of -the proto- 
 plasm which constitutes the primal cell are distuned, as Hahnemann 
 has it, a healthy field or condition can only lie established by the 
 action of a similar substance or medicine, the vibrations of whose 
 molecules are similar to the vibrations of the molecules of the 
 diseased cell. Like the tuning fork in the example given above, 
 the disordered molecules of the primal cell will vibrate in a normal 
 manner only when acted upon by a remedy whose molecules have 
 similar vibrations ; or, as Hahnemann teaches us, by a remedy that 
 is able to produce symptoms like the symptoms of the disease. This 
 being true, it is evident that to give more than one remedy at a time 
 in the same case is unscientific. As every drug is capable of pro 
 ducing & field peculiar to itself, it would certainly be unscientific to 
 produce two or more fields in the vicinity of the diseased cells atone 
 and the same time. It would be like the example of the piano given 
 above a discord would be the inevitable result. The single remedy, 
 therefore, is the only scientific mode for prescribing for the sick. 
 
 Science also suggests a reason for making the infinitesimal dilu- 
 tions used in Homreopathic practice. Atoms, as we have already 
 seen, are the ultimates of all physical forms, and, to reach them 
 successfully when diseased, it is evident that atoms should be used, 
 for it is a well established principle of science that atoms combine 
 with atoms for which they have an affinity. 
 
 The method of dividing and subdividing medicines which Hahne- 
 mann found from experience to be the best adapted to the cure of 
 disease, and especially of all chronic diseases, is, therefore, in full 
 accord with the principles of science. It matters not, then, whether 
 we view Hahnemann's teachings from the standpoint of the physician 
 or the physicist, his conclusions are incontrovertible, for science and 
 Homeopathy rest on the same foundation. 
 
 It may be said that the dilutions of Hahnemann, and especially of 
 those of his followers, who have carried potencies much higher than 
 those of the master, exceed in minuteness anything that has been 
 attained by science. Admitting this to be true, it does not violate 
 the teachings of science, for, as we have already seen, the conclusion
 
 13 
 
 of philosophers is that " by the application of appropriate means, 
 matter may be infinitely divisible." 
 
 There is no reason, therefore, for supposing that the curative 
 principle of drugs is separated from material substances in making 
 the highest potencies.* 
 
 There are those in the Homoeopathic School who will challenge 
 this statement, for it is well known that their claim is that dynam- 
 ization not only separates the " vital force " of drugs from the 
 material with which it is combined, but^ also increases its curative 
 power. While this may be true, it is only a theory for which, so 
 far as I am informed, there is no analogy in science. In fact, the 
 conclusion of "all students of biology of the present age is that vital 
 force as an entity has no existence, and it is the opinion of all biolo- 
 gists at the present time that there are no special forces of any kind 
 that all physiological phenomena whatever can be accounted for 
 without going beyond the bounds of physical and chemical science." 
 As to the origin of life, science is agnostic. 
 
 It has been said that when chemists " shall be able to form the 
 substance protoplasm, it will possess all the properties it is now 
 known to have, including what is called its life." That this state- 
 ment is incorrect it is only necessary to remark that chemists have 
 formed " the substance protoplasm," but they cannot make it act. 
 This shows most conclusively that life is that mysterious principle 
 which pervades all organized bodies and without whose dynamic 
 influence all physiological processes cease. While this is undoubtedly 
 true, it is also equally true (hat when the phenomena of things about 
 us and the functions within us are carefully studied and well under- 
 stood, it will be found that motion plans an important part in 
 everything that occurs. For example, heat is the result of the 
 vibratory motion of atoms and molecules, while " electricity is a 
 phenomenon of rotary molecules." "Light is undulatory move- 
 ments, or ether waves, the source of which is the vibratory motions 
 of the atoms and molecules of the sun, which come to us at the rate 
 
 This is taught by Hahncmann in the Organon, see note to Sec. 280, wherehesays: 
 "Let these ordinary practitioners ask mathematicians to demonstrate the truth 
 that, although a substance be divided into ever so many parts, some portion of this 
 substance, however minute, must still constitute each one of these parts; that the 
 most inconceivably minute fractional particle never ceases to be something of the 
 original substance and, hence, that it can never become nothing. 
 
 293165
 
 14 
 
 of one hundred and eighty-six thousand miles per second." Sci- 
 ence teaches us that "all phenomena involves the motions of 
 matter." 
 
 A favorite expression of Homoeopaths, and especially of the high 
 dilutionists, is that disease is disturbed vital force; but, if the con- 
 clusions of scientists are worthy of consideration, a better definition 
 would be that disease is disturbed atomic and molecular motion, which, 
 as we have already seen, can be most readily restored to its normal 
 condition by the administration of the most similar remedy in atomic 
 quantities. 
 
 In close connection with the theory that disease is disturbed vital 
 force, is that other theory to which reference has just been made, viz: 
 that the vital force or spiritual essence of drugs can be separated 
 from its material relations and attached to other substances, such as 
 sugar of milk or alcohol. To sustain this theory, it is argued that 
 certain substances which in the crude state are inert, become active 
 remedies when carried through several degrees of potentization. That 
 this is true of such drugs as gold, vegetable carbon, silicia, platinum, 
 and others, cannot be successfully denied. But to explain this really 
 wonderful result it is not necessary to introduce a mysterious theory 
 which requires us to believe that the curative principle of drugs is a 
 spiritual essence. The attempt to maintain such a theory is not 
 only a stumbling block in the way of many minds, but it is contrary 
 to all scientific experience. As is well understood, this so-called 
 spiritual development is attained by potentization. But what is 
 potentization? It is nothing more mysterious than the divisibility 
 of matter according to an arbitrary but very convenient rule. Is 
 there any mystery about its action in the case of those substances 
 which in the crude state are inert? Certainly not. It merely sets 
 free their atoms and molecules, and, as we have already seen, gives 
 them an opportunity for greater freedom of action. An example of 
 this is found in metallic mercury, which in its crude state is abso- 
 lutely inert, but when vaporized by heat and its molecules set free, 
 it becomes a most potent and rapid poison. If we admit that the 
 curative power of drugs is a spiritual force that can be detached 
 from its material mother, can it be made more spiritual and its 
 curative powers increased by being still further potentized? Skinner, 
 who is an authority on Homoeopathic science, claims that it is
 
 15 
 
 not potentization hut dilution.* Is it possible to dilute that which 
 is characterized by the absence of the properties that distinctly be. 
 long to matter? This would seem to involve an absurdity. It is 
 certainly not scientific. 
 
 These thoughts are not uttered with a desire to reflect upon 
 IJahnemann, for I have the most exalted opinion of his genius; but 
 the facts set forth in this paper show how far he was in advance of 
 the men of his time. The explanations given by Hahnemann in re- 
 gard to the action of medicines can be accounted for on the round 
 
 O 
 
 that science, in his time, was in its infancy, and as the results 
 (which his keen observation and experience had %vrought out) could 
 not be explained by science as it was then understood, he very 
 naturally attributed whatever he could not explain to those spiritual 
 influences for which he had the most profound reverence. 
 
 * I do not agree with Skinner. It is undoubtedly potentization or the divisibility 
 of matter by which its molecules and atoms are set free.
 
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