FROM THE LIBRARY OF 
 WILLIAM A. SETCHELL,i864-i943 
 
 PROFESSOR OF BOTANY 
 
 .IOLOGY LIBRAE 
 
ANICAL EXERCISES, 
 
 INCIUDIN 
 
 Directions, "Elules 
 
 CALCULATED TO AID PUPILS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 WITH 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 ASSISTANCE OF 
 
 BY AMOS EATON. 
 
 44 
 1WTKOK OF THE MANUAL OF OTAST, BOTANICAL DICTIONAEr, SlC, 
 
 ALBANY : 
 
 PRINTED BY WEBSTERS AND SKINNERS. 
 
DISTRICT OF J\T& n> - 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twelfth day of September, 
 in the forty-fifth year of the Independence of the United States of 
 America, WEBSTERS and SKINNERS, of the said District, have deposit- 
 ed in this office, the title of a book, the rig-lit whereof they daim as 
 proprietors, in the words following 1 , to wit : 
 
 4< Botanica 1 Exercises, including Directions, Rules and Descriptions, 
 calculated to aid Pupils in the Analysis of Plants ; with a Labelling 
 Catalogue, for the Assistance of Teachers. By Amos Eaton, author 
 ' of the Manual of Botany, Botanical Dictionary, &c." 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, enti- 
 tled " an act for the encouragement of learning by securing the copies 
 of m :,j{|, chaws, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such, 
 copies, ouring the times therein mentioned," and also to an act enti- 
 tled lfl a.n act supplementary to an act entitled an act for the encourage- 
 ment of learning-, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, 
 to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein 
 mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing-, 
 , and etching historical and other prints." 
 
 RICHARD R. LANSING, 
 Clerk of the .V. District of >Ve-m-Yorlc. 
 
 OGY LIBRA 
 
AFTER giving courses of instruction in Botany to more 
 than one thousand pupils, and after having made various 
 attempts at simplifying the method of acquiring a knowl- 
 edge of this elegant arid useful science ; J perceive that 
 there still remains one very great obstacle to its progress. 
 Although the expencc of necessary hooks for pursuing 
 this study in the northern and middle states is reduced 
 to about three dollars ; yet our economical agricultural- 
 ists and mechanics are, and ought to be, unwilling to pay 
 for three or four sets of such books for the use of as many 
 children. 
 
 With a view to obviate this difficulty, I suggested to 
 one of m\ students that, as we exercise our pupils with 
 but a small portion of the plants embraced in each class, 
 a very cheap book might be compiled from the Manual of 
 Botany and the Botanical Dictionary which should con- 
 tain descriptions of as many plants as we analyze in the 
 most extensive courses. He immediately set about the 
 work ; but soon discovered, that no subject relating to 
 Botany required so much experience as that of making a 
 
 ? roper selection of materials for the exercises of students, 
 have now gone through with the labor myself, and here 
 present you with the result. The teacher "will of course 
 have other books, and many of his pupils will also pro- 
 vide themselves with complete systems. But with this 
 book in the hands of each student, one set of iarger books 
 in a large family, or even five or six to a school of twenty 
 or thirty students, will enable teachers to give instruc- 
 tion to as good effect, as though each student possessed a 
 complete Botanical Library. 
 
 About three fourths of plants collected by students must 
 be labelled tor the herbarium from the mere dictum of the 
 teacher. The remainder should be analyzed by the stu- 
 dents in the usual way at stated examinations. After a 
 student has made up an herbarium of a few hundred spe- 
 cies, and been well exercised in this abridged system, 
 no further instruction will ever be required. He will then 
 be able to analyze plants with the Manual or with any 
 ether system. 
 
 M246597 
 
TO TEACHERS 
 
 preftxed upon the plan of Dr. 
 E. James' FIRST LESSONS : and a vocabulary is annex- 
 ed, \\hich embraces all the terms used in this book. To 
 assist the pupil in spelling the name to be written on a la- 
 bel, and in setting the right class and order and natural 
 order upon the corners of the label, a Labelling* Catalogue 
 of all the genera, growing in the northern and middle 
 states, with their respective species subjoined, is annexed 
 at the end of the exercises in the genera. 
 
 The names, numbers and properties of the natural or- 
 ders, and the rules for distinguishing poisonous plants, 
 are inserted ; and the former are referred to from the la- 
 belling catalogue, 
 
 I v. ill take the liberty here to give you my opinion res- 
 pecting several late elementary publications on botany. 
 Locke's elementary work, published at Boston, 1 81.9, with 
 plates, is -in excellent elementary school book. It is very 
 cheap in proportion to its value. Sumner's elementary 
 work, published at Hartford, 1820, with plates, is con- 
 structed upon a more extensive plan than Mr. Locke's. It 
 contains a digest of most of the modern elementary works 
 on botany, lately published in Europe. Both of these au- 
 thors have very judiciously taken Smith's Elements for 
 their model and standard authority. 
 
 1 should not omit to mention a very meritorious little 
 work, entitled a BOTANICAL CATECHISM, published at 
 Northampton, 1819. It contains 34 pages, written in the 
 manner of question and answer, and embraces all the es- 
 sential principles of practical Botany. It is the best book 
 for very young students, particularly for ladies' schools, 
 which has appeared. It was written by Miss Jane K. 
 Welch, of Northampton, Mass. 
 
 The very able productions of Muhlenbcrg, Elliot, Bar- 
 ton, Pursh, Torry. Bigelow and Nuttall, are too well 
 known to require additional notices. This little book of 
 exercises is intended for preparing students to study any 
 or all of them, as well as the works of Linneus, Persoon,. 
 Michaux, Smith and others, with pleasure and profit. 
 
 Mvice respecting the method of conducting a course of Bo- 
 tanical instruction. 
 
 At your introductory lecture, it is advisable to. point out 
 flic plan and object of your course. This should be Ulus- 
 
OF BOTANY. 3 
 
 trated by analyzing a plain, simple flower/ with which 
 each of your auditors should b'e supplied. Let them be 
 shewn the method by which you arrive at the generic 
 name and general properties of the plant by merely in- 
 specting its flower. Inform them of the fact, that ai- 
 t hough several hard terms are used in this analysis, it is 
 not necessary ever to encumber the memory with but ve- 
 ry few of them. That the language of Botany is so defi- 
 nite and precise, that few terms are sufficient for distin- 
 guishing any one plant from all others, which are readi- 
 ly looked out in a Botanical Dictionary, or other vocabu- 
 lary, while we are going on with the analysis. The un- 
 reasonable horrors excited by our forbidding terminology 
 will thus be removed $ and your hearers will perceive the 
 object of the science, so far as to be able to judge of the 
 expediency of patronizing you. 
 
 During the course it is advisable to have your lectures 
 and examination exercises alternate with each other. 
 Perhaps the former at 7 or 8 o'clock in the morning, and 
 the latter at 5 or 6 o'clock in the afternoon. At your ex- 
 amination meetings, always have the whole class analyze 
 two or three of the plants described in these exercises. 
 Give each a few flowers of the same kind, and assure them 
 it is contained somewhere in this book. Then let each 
 pursue the search alone, and shew you the supposed 
 name, without making it known to the members of the 
 class. 
 
 At every examination exercise question all the mem- 
 bers of the class, (except those whom you excuse on ac- 
 cou nt of age or for other reasons) upon subjects previous- 
 ly explained. Let the remainder of the time be spent in 
 labelling plants for the herbarium from your dictum. Be. 
 sure to have every student make an herbarium containing 
 both exotic and indigenous plants, and cause all the plants 
 to be neatly preserved, and very small labels to be loop- 
 ed upon each specimen. 
 
 At your lecture exercise, explain the elementary organs 
 and illustrate them by specimens also the subdivisions 
 of the calyx, corol, stamen, pistil and pericarp. But 
 confine several of your first lectures to the illustration of 
 the classes and orders taking no further notice of the 
 subdivisions of the elementary organs, than is essential 
 to these illustrations. Never detain your students one 
 
 AS 
 
6 TO TEACHERS 
 
 moment with the study of elementary terms, separately 
 from the anlysis of plants. When a term occurs, which is 
 essential to their progress, stop and explain it. Remem- 
 ber that you are to teach the science of plants ; and that 
 technical names are hut a necessary incumbrance, always 
 to be avoided when it is possible to dispense with them. 
 After your students have made considerable progress in 
 analyzing plain simple plants, your lectures should com- 
 mence with those families of plants whose descriptions re- 
 quire a peculiar application of the language of Botany. 
 For example, the proper grasses are chiefly distinguish- 
 ed by the number of flowers to each glume calyx, forms 
 of valves, spikelets, &c. Plants of the 1st section of the 1st 
 order, of the 5th class, by the form and throat of the corol, 
 &c. The umbelliferous plants by the fruit. The plants 
 of the 14th class by the form of the lips of the corol. Plants 
 of the 18th class by the calyx, egret and receptacle, &c. 
 Every thing which requires a departure from the plain, 
 simple course of analysis in the most simple flowers, should 
 he explained in your lectures and illustrated by speci- 
 mens. 
 
 The physiology of vegetation requires very little labor 
 and still less experience. It is therefore harped upon by 
 every ignorant blockhead, who can read a book and tran- 
 scribe its contents, i advise you not to give more than four 
 or five lectures in a whole course, relating to that sub- 
 ject. And let these embrace subjects the most essential 
 to your purpose. Make practical botanists of your pu- 
 pils, and they can then read physiological botany in their 
 closets to advantage. 
 
 I have found no exercise so effectual as that of writing 
 out full descriptions of plants. Direct your pupils each to 
 select a plant, and to bring in the specimen with a writ- 
 ten description for your examination. Let the order of 
 the description follow the arrangement adopted in the 
 grammar. First the kind of calyx, next the corol, &c. 
 proceeding to the appendages. By this exercise, habits 
 of accuracy will be acquired, which you can never incul- 
 cate by any other method. 
 
 No particular mode of questioning pupils is necessary 
 to be prescribed. The proper questions will naturally 
 present themselves to every reflecting teacher. Perhaps 
 the following specimens may not be useless. 
 
OF BOTANY. 7 
 
 A Precedent for questioning respecting Classes. 
 
 Teacher. On what organs are the characters of the 
 classes founded ? 
 
 Pupil. The stamens, excepting the 22d class. 
 
 T. What circumstances respecting these organs ar& 
 noticed in distinguishing the classes ? 
 
 P. Number, proportion, connexion and position. 
 
 T. What classes are characterized by number only { 
 
 P. The eleven first classes. 
 
 T. Which by number and position ? 
 
 P. The twelfth and thirteenth. 
 
 T. Which by number and proportion ? 
 
 P. The fourteenth and fifteenth. 
 
 T. Which by connexion only ? 
 
 P. The sixteenth and seventeenth. 
 
 T. Which by number and connexion ? 
 
 P. The eighteenth. 
 
 T. Which by position only ? 
 
 P. The nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first. 
 
 T. How are plants of the 22d class distinguished from 
 the other classes ? 
 
 P. By general family habits. 
 
 Questions upon the orders, &c. may be arranged upon 
 the same principle ; and these greatly extended. 
 
 A Precedent for questioning in the Analysis of Plants. 
 The common Mullein. 
 
 T. To what class does it belong ? Why ? TQ what or- 
 der ? Why ? To what section ? What* is the generic 
 name ? [suppose the answer is verbascum] Why is the 
 corol wheel-form ? \Vhat do you mean by irregular ? How 
 are the stamens declined ? Shew me the cells and valves of 
 the capsule. 
 
 NOTE. There are frequent cases where characters are 
 given which cannot present themselves at the first flow- 
 ering ; as in the mullein the inflexed edges of the valves 
 will not appear. In most cases of this kind, there will be 
 found matured capsules, &c. while some flowers are still in 
 bloom on the same plant. But there are cases where the 
 description drawn from the matured state of the organ is 
 a factitious, not an essential character. Factitious" char- 
 acters often assist us by directing to the proper course 
 
ft TO TEACHERS, &c 
 
 of investigation by some striking part. At other times 
 they assist in determining the plant after its flowering is 
 past. But the essential characters must always be made 
 out, before we venture to name our plant. 
 
 T. Which species of the vcrbascum is this ? [suppose the 
 answer is thapsus, which species will be found described 
 under the generic name verbascum, in tSie labelling cata*- 
 logue.] What do you understand by a decurrent leaf? 
 Point out the down on the leaves. Why do you consider 
 the inflorescence a cylindric spike ? Turn to the natural 
 order of Linneus to which this plant belongs. What am 
 the general medical properties of that order ? Turn to the 
 vocabulary and see whatis meant by narcotic and what by 
 antiscorbutic. 
 
 INoTE. In labelling plants, the artificial class and or- 
 der, and the numbers of the natural orders of both Linne- 
 us and Jussieu should be written on the labels in the order 
 in which they stand in the labelling catalogue. Because 
 every botanist may have occasion to arrange plants by all 
 these methods. The artificial method is best, when we in- 
 tend an herbarium for an assistant in looking out plants. 
 The natural orders of Linneus and Jussieu will bring to- 
 gether plants of similar habits and properties. Jussieu's 
 method is merely an improvement upon that of Linneus, 
 by a subdivision'of some of the orders of Linneus, Med- 
 ical students should arrange their plants by one of these 
 natural methods. Or if they could spare time to collect 
 duplicates, so as to arrange one set by the artificial clas- 
 ses, and another by one of the natural methods, it would 
 be still more convenient. 
 
 It seems to be a prevailing opinion among those \vho 
 have no experience in this science, that access to a Botan- 
 ieaigcu'dcii is necessary fora student in botany. This is a 
 great mistake. A Botanical garden is convenient for cul- 
 tivating plants, and is a pleasant acquisition to a medical 
 institution ; but every experienced teacher would prefer 
 wild plants, selected from the fields and forests^ for the 
 .purpose of instructing his pupils. 
 
 Troy, Sept. 1st, 1820. 
 
ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 
 
 Every plant is either Phenogamous, or Cryptogamous. 
 
 Phenogamous plants have their stamens and pistils 
 sufficiently manifest lor examination. 
 
 Cryptogamous plants either lose the staminate organs 
 before they become manifest, or they are too minute for 
 inspection. 
 
 The Classes 9 Orders and Genera of the Linnean system, 
 are founded wholly on the seven elementary organs of 
 fructification. 
 
 These are, 
 
 1. Calyx. The outer or lower part of the flower, gener- 
 ally not coloured.* 
 
 2. Carol. The coloured blossom, within or above the 
 calyx. 
 
 3. Stamens. The mealy or glutinous knobs in the flower, 
 with or without filamentous organs. 
 
 4. Pistil. The central organ of the flower, whose base 
 becomes the pericarp and seed. 
 
 5. Pericarp. The covering of the seed, whether pod, 
 shell, bag, or pulpy substance. 
 
 6. Seed. The essential part containing the rudiment of 
 a new plant. 
 
 7. Receptacle. The base which sustains the other six parts, 
 being at the end of the flower-stem. 
 
 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CALYX. 
 
 Every Calyx is either monophyllous, consisting of one 
 leaf; or polyphyllous, consisting of more than one leaf. 
 
 1. Perianth. That calyx which adjoins and surrounds 
 the other parts of the flower, as of the apple, rose, &c. 
 About two thirds of all plants have perianths. 
 
 2. Involucre. That calyx which comes out at some dis- 
 tance below the flower, and never encloses it. It is 
 
 * In the language of Botany, any part of a plant is not coloured 
 when it is green ; us the calyx of the apple is said not to be coloured, 
 because it is green ; and Uut of the nusturiioii is coloured, because 
 H ia not green. 
 
10 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 commonly at the origin of the peduncles of umbels, and 
 sometimes attached to other aggregate flowers. 
 
 Involucres are either universal, placer! at the origin 
 of the universal umbel, as in caraway, lovage, &c. ; or 
 partial, placed at the origin of a particular umbel, as 
 in coriander 5 or proper, placed beneath a single flower. 
 
 3. Spathe. A kind of membrane, which at first encloses 
 the flower, and after it expands is left at a distance 
 below it, as daffodil, onion, Indian turnip. 
 
 4. Glume, That kind of calyx which is composed of one 
 two, or three valves or scales, commonly transparent 
 at margin, and often terminated by a long awn or 
 beard. All grasses have glume calyxes. 
 
 5. Jlment. An assemblage of flower-bearing scales, ar- 
 ranged on a slender thread or receptacle ; each scale 
 generally constituting the lateral calyx of a flower, as 
 in the willow, chesnut, pine, &c. 
 
 6. Caiyptre. The cap or hood of pistillate mosses, res- 
 embling in form and position an extinguisher set on a 
 candle. Conspicuous in the common hair-cap moss. 
 
 7. Volva. The ring or wrapper at first enclosing the 
 nileus or head of a fungus ; and which, after the plant 
 has arrived to maturity, contracts and remains on the 
 stem or at the root. 
 
 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE COROL. 
 
 Everycorol is either riionopetalous, consisting of one 
 petal or flower-leaf; or polypetalous, consisting of more 
 than one. 
 
 Jlonopetalous Cords are, 
 
 1. Bell-form. Hollowed out within the base, and general- 
 ly diverging upwards, as Canterbury bells, gentian. Ace. 
 
 2. Funnd-Jorm. With a tubular base, and the border 
 opening gradually in the form of a tunnel, as the thorn- 
 apple, morning-glory. 
 
 3. Salver-form. Having a flat spreading limb or border, 
 proceeding from the top of a tube, as lilac, trailing arbu- 
 tus, &c. 
 
 4. Wheel-form. Having a spreading border without a 
 tube, or with an exceeding short one, as borage, laurel. 
 
 5. Labiate A labiate corol is divided into two general 
 parts, somewhat resembling the lips of a horse or other 
 animal Labiate corols are either personate, (with \\& 
 
BOTANY. u 
 
 throat muffled,) *is snap-dragon ; or ringent, (with the 
 throat open,) as mint, motherwort, catnip, monkey- 
 flower. 
 
 Polypetalous Carols are, 
 
 1. Cruciform. Consisting of four equal petals spreading 
 out in the form of a cross, as radish, cabbage, mustard, 
 &c. 
 
 2. Caryophylleons. Having five single petals, each term- 
 inating in a long claw, enclosed in a tubular calyx, as 
 pink, catchfly, cockle, &c. 
 
 3. Liliaceous. A corol with six petals, spreading gradual- 
 ly from the base, so as altogether to exhibit a bell-form 
 appearance, as tulip, lily, &c. 
 
 4. Rosaceous A corol formed of roundish spreading pe- 
 tals without claws, or with extremely short ones, as 
 rose, apple, strawberry, &c. 
 
 5. Papilionaceous. A flower which consists of a banner, 
 two wings and a keel, as pea, clover, &c. 
 
 If a corol agrees with none of the above descriptions 
 it is called anomalous. 
 
 SuBDIVISIOJiMF THE STAMEN. 
 
 1. Anther. The knob of the stamen, which contains the 
 pollen ; very conspicuous in the lily, &c. Never wanting. 
 
 2. Pollen. The dusty or mealy substance contained in the 
 anthers. Never wanting. 
 
 3. Filament. That part of the stamen which connects 
 the anther with the receptacle, calyx, or pistil. Often 
 wanting. 
 
 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PISTIL. 
 
 1. Stigma. The organ which terminates the pistil ; very 
 conspicuous in the lily, and hardly distinguishable in 
 the Indian corn. Never wanting. 
 
 2. Germ. That part of the pistil which in maturity be- 
 comes the pericarp and the seed, as in the cherry, pom- 
 pion. Never wanting. 
 
 3. Style. That part of the pistil which connects the stig- 
 ina and the germ : very conspicuous in the lily. Want- 
 ing in the tulip and some other flowers. 
 
 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PERICARP. 
 1. Silique. That kind of pod which has a longitudinal 
 partition, with the seeds attached alternately to its op- 
 posite edges, as radish, cabbage, &c. 
 
12 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 2. Legume. Apod without a longitudinal partition, with 
 the seeds attached to one suture only, as the pea, &c. 
 
 3. Capsule. That kind of pericarp which opens by 
 valves or pores and becomes dry when ripe, as the pop- 
 py, which opens by pores, and the mullein by valves. 
 
 4. Drupe- That kind of pericarp which consists of a thick 
 fleshy or cartilaginous coat enclosing a nut or stone, 
 as in the cherry, in which it is said to be berry-like, and 
 in the walnut, where it is dry. 
 
 5. Pome. A pulpy pericarp without valves, which con- 
 tains within it a capsule, as apples, quinces, &c. 
 
 6. Berry- A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds v\ithout any 
 capsule, as currant, grape, cucumber, melon. 
 
 ". Strobile. An ament with woody scales, as the fruit of 
 the pine. 
 
 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SEED. 
 
 1. Cotyledon. The thick fleshy lobes of seeds ; very 
 manifest in beans, whose cotyledons grow out of the 
 ground in the form of two large suculent leaves. Many 
 plants, as Indian corn, wheat, the grasses, &c. have 
 hut one cotyledon. 
 
 2. Corcle. The rudiment of the future plant, always 
 proceeding from the cotyledon : easily distinguished in 
 chesnuts, acorns, &c. 
 
 5. Tegument. The skin or bark of seeds, it separates 
 from pease, beans, Indian corn, &c. on boiling. 
 
 4. Hilum. The external mark or scar on seeds, by which 
 they were affixed to their pericarps. In beans, and the 
 like, it is called the eye. 
 
 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE RECEPTACLE. 
 
 .1. Proper. That which belongs to one flower only. 
 
 2. Common. That which connects several distinct flo- 
 rets, as m the sunflower, daisy, teasel. 
 
 3. Rachis. The filiform receptacle, connecting the flo- 
 rets in a spike, as in the heads of wheat. 
 
 4. Columella. The central column in a capsule to which 
 the seeds are attached. 
 
 5. Spadix. An elongated receptacle proceeding from a 
 spathe, as Indian turnip. 
 
 GENERAL DIVISIONS OF FLOWERS. 
 1. Simple. Having a single flower on a receptacle, as in 
 the quince, tulip, &c. 
 
BOTANY. 13 
 
 2. Aggregate. Having on the same receptacle, several 
 flowers, whose anthers are not united, as teasel, button- 
 bush, &c. 
 
 S. Compound. Having several florets on the same re- 
 ceptade, with their anthers united, as sun-flower, chi- 
 na-aster, &c. 
 
 4. Staminate. Having stamens only, as those In the tas- 
 sels of Indian corn. 
 
 5. Pistillate. Having pistils only, as the fertile flower of 
 the cucumber. 
 
 ft. Perfect- Having both stamens and pistils. 
 7. Neutral. Having neither stamens nor pistils. 
 
 INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 The manner in which Flowers are situated on Plants. 
 
 1. Whorl. In which the flowers grow around the stem 
 in rings one above another, as mothenvort, catnip. 
 
 2. Raceme. Having the florets on short pedicels, ar- 
 ranged along a general peduncle, as currants. 
 
 3. Panicle. Having some of the pedicels, along the gen- 
 eral peduncle of the raceme, divided, as in oats. 
 
 4. Thyrse. A panicle contracted into a compact, some- 
 what ovate form, as in lilac. 
 
 5. Spike. Having the florets sessile, or nearly so, on the 
 elongated general receptacle, as wheat, mullein, &c. 
 
 6. Umbel. Having the flower-stems diverging from one 
 place like the braces of an umbrella, bearing florets on 
 their -extremities, as carrot, dill, fennel, &c. 
 
 7. Cyme. It agrees with the umbel in having its gene- 
 ral flower-stems spring from one centre, but differs in 
 having those steins irregularly subdivided, as clder,&c. 
 
 8 Corymb- In the corymb the peduncles take their rise 
 from different heights along the main stem 5 but, the 
 lower tines being longer, they form nearly a level top, 
 as yarrow. 
 
 9. Fascicle. In general external appearance i< resembles 
 the umbel, but~the foot-stalks arf irregular in their ori- 
 gin and subdivisions, as sweet-william. 
 
 10 Head. In this the flowers are heaped together in a 
 globular form without peduncles, or with very short 
 ones, as clover. 
 
 B 
 
14 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 ROOTS AND HERBAGE. 
 
 The substance of Roots and Herbage consists of: 
 
 1. Cuticle. The thin outside coat of the bark, which 
 seems to he without life, and often transparent. Very 
 conspicuous on some kinds of hirch, cherry, currant- 
 bushes. &c. 
 
 2. Cellular integuinent. The parenchymous substance 
 between the cuticle anO bark, often green. Easily 
 seen in the elder, &c. after removing the cuticle. 
 
 3. Bark. The inner strong fibrous part of the covering 
 of vegetables. 
 
 4. Cairib. The mucilaginous or gelatinous substance, 
 which, in the spring of the year, abounds between the 
 bark and the wood of trees. 
 
 5. Wood. The most solid part of the trunks and roots of 
 herbs and trees. 
 
 6. Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the sterns 
 and roots of most plants. Large in the elder. 
 
 ROOTS are the descending parts of vegetables, and are 
 annual, biennial 9 or perennial. They are of sevei* 
 kinds. 
 
 1. Branching. Having the whole root divided into parts 
 as it proceeds now n wards, as the. oak, apple-tree, &c. 
 
 2. Fibrous. The whole root consisting of filiform parts, 
 originating immediately from the base of the stem, as 
 many of the grasses. 
 
 3. Creeping. Extending itself horizontally, and sending 
 out fibrous radicles, as gill-overground, mint, &c. 
 
 4. Spindle. Thick at the top, and tapering downward, 
 as carrot, parsnip, &c. 
 
 5. Tuberous. Roots which are thick and fleshy, but not 
 of any regular globular form. They are knobbed, as 
 the potatoe : oval, as those of orchis ; abrupt, as the 
 birdsfoot-violet ; or fascicled, as asparagus. 
 
 6. Bulbous. Fleshy and spherical. They are either 
 solid, as the turnip ; coated, as the onion \ or scaly, as 
 the garden lily. 
 
 7. Granulated. " Consisting of several little knobs in the 
 form of grains, strung together along the sides of a 
 filiform radicle, as the wood-sorrel. 
 
BOTANY. 15 
 
 HERBAGE is all the pi ant except the root and fructification. 
 It includes stem, leaves and appendages. 
 
 STEMS. 
 
 1. Tidge. The ascending herbage-bearing trunk or stem 
 of all phenogamous plants, except the grasses, as the 
 trunk of the oak, the grape vine, the mullein stalk. 
 
 2. Culm. The stalk or stem of the grasses, as wheat- 
 straw, sugar-cane, &c. 
 
 3. Scape. That kind of flower-bearing stem which springs 
 immediately from the root, and is destitute of leaves, 
 as dandelion. 
 
 4. Peduncle. The flower-bearing stem which springs 
 from any part of the stem or branches, as apple, cucum- 
 ber, &c. 
 
 5. Petiole. The foot-stalk of the leaf. 
 
 6. Frond. Applied entirely to i ryptogamous plants. It 
 includes the herbaceous, leathery, crustaceous, or ge- 
 latinous substance, from which the fruit is produced. 
 
 7. Stipe. The stem of a fern, of a fungus, of compound 
 egret, and of a pericarp when elevi'Jed from the recep- 
 tacle, as of maiden-hair ; of a mushroom ; of a dande- 
 lion ; and of spurge caper. 
 
 LEAVES are evergreen or deciduous. 
 FOHMS OF SIMPLE LEAVES. 
 
 1. Orbicular. Nearly circular, as the leaves of red clo- 
 ver, of cabbage, &c. 
 
 2. Ovate. Resembling the longitudinal section of an egg. 
 the base being broader than the extremity. One of 
 the most common forms of leaves. 
 
 3. Oval. Differing from ovate in having both ends equal 
 in breadth. 
 
 4. Oblong. The length more than twice the breadth, and 
 the sides somewhat parallel. 
 
 5. Obovate. Ovate with the narrowest end towards the 
 stem, as those of primrose and daisy 
 
 6. Cordate. Heart-shaped, the hind-lobes being rounded, 
 as lilac. 
 
 7. Obcordate. Cordate, with the apex or narrowest end 
 towards the stem. 
 
16 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 8. Kidney-form. Hollowed in at the base, with rounded 
 lobes and rounded ends, as mallows. 
 
 9. Lanceolate. In the form of the ancient lance, tapering 
 from near the base to the apex, and of some length, as 
 the leaves of most of the willows, of ribwort, &c. 
 
 10. Linear. Continuing of the same width through near- 
 ly the whole length ; usually pointed at one or both ends. 
 
 11. Awlform. Linear at the base, and becoming more or 
 less curved at the point. 
 
 12. Acuminate. Any kind of leaf terminating more or 
 less suddenly in a point turned towards one edge of the 
 leaf. 
 
 13. Arrow-form. Shaped like an arrowhead | differing from 
 cordate in having the hind-lobes more or less acute. 
 
 14. Matuert-J'onn. Hastate. Shaped like an halbert, as iield 
 sorrel, creeping snapdragon. 
 
 1 5. 6r .,' itur-jbrM. Oblong, broadish near the base and con- 
 tracted at I he sides. 
 
 10* Lobed. Deeply parted, and the divisions large, with 
 rounded sides or ends, 
 
 17. Palmate. Resembling the hand with the fingers 
 spread, as horse-chesnut. 
 
 18. Pedatei Resembling a bird's foot. 
 
 19. Sitmate. Having the mtii-gin hollowed with deep sin- 
 uses or hays. 
 
 2J. Pinntttifid, Divided transversely by deep incisions, 
 not extending to the midrib. 
 
 21. Lyrate. Pmnatifid, with the largest division at the 
 apex, and diminishing from thence to the base, as hedge- 
 mustard. 
 
 22. Runcinate. Pinnatifid, with the divisions pointing 
 backwards, as dandelion. 
 
 EDGES OF LEAVES. 
 
 9,3. Serrate. Having sharp notches resembling saw-teeth 
 along the margin, and pointing towards the apex, as 
 those of cherry-trees, roses, &c. 
 
 24. Toothed. Having projections from the margin of its 
 own substance, which are neither serratures, nor cren- 
 atures, as those of blue-bottle. 
 
 25. Crenate. Having uniform notches on the margin of 
 the leaf, which do not incline either towards the apex* 
 or the base, as gill-overground. 
 
BOTANY. 17 
 
 ENDS OF LEAVES. 
 
 26. Emarginate. Notched at the termination of the midrib. 
 
 27. Refuse. Emarginate with a shallow sinus. 
 
 28. Obtuse. Having the apex of the leaf more or less 
 rounded. 
 
 29. JHcute. Terminating in an angle, that is not rounded. 
 
 SURFACES OF LEAVES. 
 
 1. Hairy, Having distinct strait hairs. 
 
 2. Downy. Covered with fine cotton-like down. 
 
 3. Silky. Covered with soft close-pressed hairs. 
 
 4. Bristly. Set with stiff hairs. 
 
 5. Ciliate. Edged With parallel hairs of bristles, resem- 
 bling eye-lashes. 
 
 6. Nerved. Furnished with midrib-like fibres running 
 from the base to the apex. 
 
 7. Veined. Having tendinous fibres variously branched. 
 
 POSITIONS OF LEAVES. 
 
 1. Dectirrent. When two edges of the leaf extend along* 
 the stem below the place of insertion* 
 
 2. Clasping. Sessile with the base more or less heart- 
 form, so as entirely or in part to surround the stem. 
 
 3. Sheathing. With the leaf prolonged down the stem, so 
 as to cover it, in the manner of the grasses. 
 
 4. Ferfoliate. Having the stem passing through the leaf. 
 
 5. Connate. Leaves opposite, with then-bases united. 
 
 6. Peltate. With the foot -stalk attached to the lower side 
 of the leaf, so as to resemble a shield. 
 
 7. Opposite. Standing at the same height with base a- 
 gainst base. 
 
 8* Whorled. Surrounding the stem in horizontal rings or 
 rows. 
 
 9. Imbricate. Lying over each other like shingles on a 
 roof. 
 
 10. Fascicled. Growing in bunches from the same point. 
 
 11. Radical. Proceeding immediately from the root. 
 
 COMPOUND LEAVES. 
 
 K Ternate. Having three leafets proceeding from the 
 end of one petiole. 
 
 2. alternate. Twice ternate; when the petiole is ternatej. 
 and each division bears three leafets. 
 
 3. Triternate. Three times ternate. 
 
18 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 4. Pinnate. With distinct leafets arranged on opposite 
 sides of the same petiole, as locust. 
 
 5. Hi-pinnate Twice pinnate. 
 
 6. Tripinnate. Thrice pinnate. 
 
 7. Interruptedly -pinnate. Having smaller leafets dispers- 
 ed among the larger, as potatoe. 
 
 APPENDAGES. 
 
 t. Stipule. A leafet or scale at or near the hasc of a peti- 
 ole. 
 
 3. Bract. A leaf among or near the flowers, different 
 from the other leaves of the plant. 
 
 3. Thorn. A sharp process from the woody part of a plant. 
 
 4. Prickle. A sharp process from the bark, as tlmse on 
 raspberry bushes, &c. 
 
 3. Sting. "Hair-like processes mostly from the leaves, as 
 nettles. 
 
 6. Gland. A roundish, generally minute, appendage to 
 different parts of plants. 
 
 7. Tendril. The filiform appendage by which climbing 
 plants support themselves on their bodies. 
 
BOTANY. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 The Latin and Greek numerals are so frequently com- 
 
 pounded with other words by botanical writers, that an 
 English student ought to commit them to memory, as here 
 
 laid down. Eis, Treis, tyc. are not used. 
 
 NOS. GREEK. 
 
 1 Monos single. 
 
 twice, 2 Dis twice. 
 
 3 Treis thrice. 
 
 4 Tettares 
 
 5 Pcnte 
 
 6 Ex (pronounced hex) 
 
 7 Epta (pronounced hepta) 
 
 8 Okto 
 
 9 Ennea 
 
 10 Deka 
 
 11 Endeka 
 
 12 Dod^ka 
 
 13 Dekatreis 
 
 14 Dekatettares 
 
 15 Dekapente 
 
 16 Dekaex 
 
 17 Dekaepta 
 
 18 Decaokto 
 Novendecim lp Decaennea 
 Viginti 20 Eikosi 
 Multus, Many Polus 
 
 Unus 
 
 Bis 
 
 Tres 
 
 Quatuop 
 
 QuinqueN 
 
 Sex 
 
 Sc-ptem 
 
 Octo 
 
 No vein 
 
 Derem 
 
 Undecem 
 
 Duodecem 
 
 Tredecem 
 
 Quatuordecim 
 
 Quindecim 
 
 Sexdecim 
 
 SeptendecirH 
 
fa GRAMMAR OF 
 
 LINNEAN SYSTEM OF VEGETABLES. 
 
 All Vegetables are divided into twenty -two* CLASSES, 
 These CLASSES are divided into ORDERS. ORDERS are 
 divided into GENERA; GENERA are divided into SPE- 
 CIES. SPECIES are frequently changed into varieties. 
 Varieties, however, are more properly within the pro- 
 rince of the Gardener, than of the Botanist $ at least the 
 method of procuring varieties. 
 
 When a Botanist finds a plant which he never saw be- 
 fore and wishes to know its name and uses $ he proceeds^ 
 as follows. 
 
 1. Retakes the unknown flower in his hand, (no un- 
 known plant can be ascertained without the flower,) and 
 compares its parts with the description of each class, un- 
 til he finds the class to which it belongs. 
 
 2. He then goes to the orders of that class and finds- its 
 order in the same way. 
 
 3. If the order in which he finds his plant is sub-divid- 
 ed into sections, he reads the characters of the sections 
 also. 
 
 4. Next Ke goes to the genera of that order or section, 
 and reads their descriptions, until he finds the genus to 
 which it belongs. 
 
 5. At last he looks over the species of that genus, until 
 lie finds the exact description of his plant. 
 
 *Linneus divided them into 24 classes But farther discoveries^, 
 since his death, have proved the classes Polyadelphia and Polyg-amia to 
 be too uncertain and variable lo be any longer retained. Persooa. 
 therefore, and o;her eminent botanists have rejected them. 
 
BOTANY. 32 
 
 LINNEAN CLASSES. 
 
 j. Jlonandria, one stamen in the flower, 
 
 2. Diandria-t 2 stamens. 
 
 3. Triandria, 3 stamens. 
 
 4. Tetrandria, 4 stamens. 
 
 5. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 
 
 6. Hexandricit 6 stamens. 
 7- Heptandria, 7 stamens, 
 a. Octandria, 8 s am ens. 
 9. Bnneandria, 9 stamens. 
 
 10. Decandria 9 10 stamens. 
 
 11. Dodecandria, 12 to 19 stamens. 
 
 12. Icotandria, about 20, or mot-*;, -stand ing an the calyx. 
 
 13. Potyandrid, always 20 or more, on the "receptacle. 
 
 14. Didynamia f 4 stamens, 2 of them uniformly the long- 
 est. 
 
 15. Tetradynamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them uniformly the 
 longest. 
 
 16. JWonadelphia, stamens united by their filaments in one 
 set, anthers remaining separate. 
 
 17. Diad-elphia 9 stamens united by their filaments in two 
 sets, (sometimes in one set,) (lowers papilionaceous. 
 
 18. Syngenesia, stamens 5, united by their anthers in one 
 set, flowers compound. 
 
 19. Gynandria stamens stand on tl*e germ, style, or 
 stigma, separate from the base of the calyx and corol. 
 
 20. M&ncecia, stamens and pistils in separate flowers, on 
 the same plant. 
 
 21. Dicecia, stamens and pistils on separate plants. 
 
 2. Cryptogamia, stamens arid pistils so obscure that the 
 plants can only be classed by natural families* 
 
GRAMMAR OF 
 
 2 ' M I I! I I I I I I 
 
 
 I I 155 I 
 
 3-0! 
 
 jtl 
 
 i I i I 
 
 .Q- i I 
 
 O O 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO S3 
 
 W 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 w 
 p 
 
 
 o 
 
 h^hHH 
 
 S S 5 S 
 
 - s 
 
 fcJD 1^ 
 
 x x c i 
 
 <u <u * d- 
 
 HM S HH ^1 W 
 
 o? ai 
 
 i 8 
 
 
 fct -bn r. to ^ ^ fee be fcr br 
 S5SPQPQC I fifl 
 
 wcccsccccccccepo 
 o o o c o 5 o o o- o o c o ^-- 
 
 I !^l 
 
 c. ^ a 
 
 5 5 5 i5 S 
 
BOTANY. 23 
 
 EXPLANATIONS FOR THE PRECEDING PAGE. 
 
 Or ORDERS. 
 
 1. Mon. Monogynia, 1 style, or 1 sessile stigma*. 
 
 2. Dig. Digynia, 2 styles, &c. 
 
 3. Tri. Trigynia, 3 styles, &c. 
 ^ 4. Tet. Tetragynia, 4 Styles, &c. 
 
 5. Pen. Pentagynia, 5 styles, &c. 
 
 6. Hex. Hexagynia, 6 styles, &c. 
 
 7. Hep. Heptagynia, T styles, &c. 
 10. Dec. Decagynia, 10 styles, &c. 
 
 13. Pol. Polygynia, more than 10 styles, &e. 
 
 1 of C. 14. Gym. Gymnospermia, seeds naked. 
 
 2 of C. 14. Ang. Angiospermia, seeds in capsules. 
 
 1 of C. 15. Silic. Siliculosa, having pods whose length 
 
 and breadth are nearly" equal. 
 
 2 of C. 15. Siliq. Siliquosa, having pods whose lengths 
 
 are more than double their breadths. 
 
 In the 16th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 2tst classes, the names 
 and characters of preceding classes,^re taken for orders. 
 As Mon. Monandria. Dia. Diandria. Tri. Triandria. 
 Tet. Tetrandria. Pen. Pentandria. Hex. Hexandria. 
 Oct. Octandria. Dec. Decandria. Pol. Polyandria. 
 Mon. Monadelphia. 
 
 In the 18th class. 1. JEq. Polygamia JEqualis. 2. 
 Sup. Polygamia Superflua. 3. Frus. Polygamia Frus- 
 tranea. 4. Nee. Polygamia Necessaria. 5. Seg. Poly- 
 gamia Segregata. 
 
 The 1st order in the 18th class is distinguished by 
 having all thejlorets perfect. The 2d, by having those 
 of the disk perfect, while those oftherai/ are pistillate. 
 The 3d, by having those of the disk perfect, while those 
 of the ray are neutral. The 4th, by having those of the 
 disk staminate, while those of the ray are pistillate. The 
 5th, by having the florets all perfect, while each floret 
 has a perianth of its own. 
 
 In the 22d class, the orders are distinguished by natu- 
 ral family characters. 1. Filices, (ferns) which bear 
 fruit on the back of the leaves, or in which some part of 
 the leaves seem as it were metamorphosed into a kind of 
 fruit-bearing-spike. The appendix to this order includes 
 the Pteroides, which bear fruit on a peculiar appendage. 
 2. Misci, (mosses) which bear, on leafy stems aad 
 
24 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 branches, one-celled capsules, opening at the top, where 
 they are covered by a peculiar lid. 3. Hepaticae, (liver- 
 tvorts) which bear, on herbaceous fronds, four-celled 
 capsules opening with four valves. 4. Algae, (seaweeds, 
 &c.) which bear in an aquatic or gelatinous frond, vesi- 
 culous or filamentous fruit. 5. Lic/ienes, (lichens) which 
 bear fruit on fibrous, compact or gelatinous- fronds Con- 
 tained in clefts, spangles, puffs, buttons, tubercles, hol- 
 lows, cellules, globules, shields, targets, orbs, or knobs. 
 6. Fungi, (mushi'ooii, &c.) which are destitute of her- 
 bage, consisting of a spongy, pulpy, leathery, or woody 
 substance, and bear fruit in a naked dilated membrane, 
 or within the substance of the plant. 
 
BOTANf. -25 
 
 &EXERA-L RutES FOR AVOIDING PoiSOXS. 
 
 Plants not poisonous. 
 
 1. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous. As 
 Wheat, Indian-corn, Foxtail-grass, Sedge-grass, Oats. 
 Linneus. 
 
 2. Plants whose stamens stand on the calyx, never poi- 
 sonous. As Currant, Apple, Peach, Strawberry, Thorn. 
 Smith, page 392. 
 
 3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever poison- 
 ous. As Mustard, Cabbage, Watercress, turnip. Smith, 
 page 487. 
 
 4. Plants with pupUionaceoitt flowers, rarely if ever 
 poisonous. As Pea, Bean, Locust-tree, Wild-indigo, 
 Clover. Smith, page 446. 
 
 6. Plants with labiate corols hearing seeds without pe- 
 ricarps, never poisonous. As Catmint, Hyssop, Mint, 
 Motherwort, Marjoram. Smith, page 434. 
 
 6. Plants with compound flowers, rarely poisonous. As 
 Sunflower, Dandelion, Lettuce, Burdock. Milne. 
 
 Poisonous plants. 
 
 1. Plants with 5 stamens and one pistil, with a dull- 
 coloured lurid corol, and of a nauseous sickly smell, al- 
 ways poisonous. As Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Henbane, 
 Nightshade. The degree of poison is diminished wliere 
 the flower is brighter coloured and the smell is less nau- 
 seous. As potatoe is less poisonous, though of the same 
 genus with nightshade. Smith, page 415. 
 
 2. Umbelliferous plants of the arjua'tic kind and of a nau- 
 seous scent are always poisonous. As Water-hemlock, 
 Cow-parsley. But if the smell be pleasant, and they 
 grow in dry land, they are not poisonous. As Fennel, 
 Dill, Coriander, Sweet-cicely. Smith, page 416. 
 
 3. Plants with labiate corols, and seeds in capsules, fre- 
 quently poisonous. As Snapdragon, Foxglove. 
 
 4. Plants from which issues a milky juice on being hro- 
 ken are poisonous, unless they bear compound flowers. 
 As Milkweed, Dogbane, Milne's Contorts and Lactes- 
 centia. 
 
 5. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or corol, 
 and twelve or more stamens, generally poisonous. As 
 Columbine, Crowfoot. Linneus. 
 
 C 
 
26 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Most general Rule. 
 
 Plants with few stamens, not frequently poisonous, ex- 
 cept the number be five ; but if the number be 12 or more, 
 and the smell nauseous, heavy and sickly, the plants are 
 generally poisonous. Milne's Multisiliquse and Sapor. 
 I JY'ote. Many plants possess some degree of the narco- 
 tic principle, which are still by no means hurtful. 
 
 NATURAL ORDEES OF LINNEUS. 
 
 Plants of the same natural order possess similar medi- 
 cal qualities. But the scent of plants mirst be taken into 
 consideration ; as all nauseous-scented umbelliferous 
 plants are poisonous, while the sweet-scented are pleas- 
 ant stomachics, &c. 
 
 " Several plants characterized by particular virtues 
 possess it to such a degree of strength or weakness, that 
 we may reasonably expect very different effects from this 
 difference of intensity in the same quality," Milne. See 
 qualities. 
 
 1. Palmae. Farinaceous diet. 
 
 2. Piperitae. Tonics and stomachics. 
 
 3. Calamariae. Coarse cattle fodder and tonics. 
 4- Grumina. Farinaceous diet and cattle fodder. 
 
 5. Tripetaloidcae. Tonics and rough cattle fodder. 
 
 6. Ensatae. Antiscorbutics and Tonics. 
 
 7. Ordiideae. Farinaceous diet and Stomachics. 
 
 8. Stitamineae* AY arming stomachics. 
 
 9. tipathaceae. Secernant stimulants. 
 
 10. Coronariae. The nauseous-scented and bitter are 
 antiscorbutic and cathartic, the others Emollient. 
 
 11. Sarmentaceae. Tonics and Secernant stimulants. 
 
 12. Oleraceae, or Holeraccac. If nauseous, Cathartic $ 
 others, mild stimulants and nutrientics. 
 
 13. Succulejitue. Antiscorbutic and Emollient. 
 
 14. Gruinales. Tonics and Refrigerants. 
 
 15. Imintlatae. Astringents. 
 
 16. Calyciflorae. Astringents and Refrigerants. 
 17- CcJycant/iemae. Astringents. 
 
 18. Bic.ornes Astringents. 
 
 19. Htsperides. Astringent and stomachic. 
 
 20. Rolaceae. Tonics. 
 
 21. Preciae^ Astringents. 
 
OF BOTANY. 27 
 
 22. Cariophilleae. Astringents and Sefccrnant stimu- 
 lants. 
 
 23. Trihilatae. Tonics and Nutrientics. 
 
 24. Cory dales. Narcotic and Antiscorbutic. 
 
 25. Put'amineae. Detergent and Antiscorbutic- 
 
 26. Mnltisiliquae. Cathartic and Caustic. 
 
 27. Ehceadeae. Anodyne and Antiscorbutic, 
 
 28. Lnridae. Narcotic and Antiscorbutic. 
 
 29. Campanaceae. Cathartics and Secernant stimu- 
 lants. 
 
 SO. Contoriae. Cathartics and Antiscorbutics. 
 St. Vepreculae Antiscorbutic and Emetic. 
 
 32. Papilionaceae. Emollient, Diuretic, Nutrientic. 
 
 33. Lomentaceae. Emollient, Astringent, Cathartic. 
 
 34. Cucurbitnceae. Cathartic and Refrigerant. 
 
 35. Senticosae. Astringent and Refrigerant. 
 
 36. Pmnaceae. Refrigerants. 
 
 37. Columniferae. Emollient. 
 
 38. Tricoccae. Cathartic. 
 
 39. Siliquasae. Diuretic, Antiscorbutic, Nutrientic.^ 
 
 40. Personatae. Deobstruetits and Cathartics. 
 
 41. Jlsperifoliae. Astringents and Dcobstruents. 
 
 42. Verticillatae. Stomachics and Astringents. 
 
 43. Dwnosae. Tonic and Cathartic. 
 
 44. Sepiariae. Astringent. 
 
 45. Umbellatae. Stomachic and Narcotic. 
 
 46. Hederaceae. Tonics and Refrigerants 
 
 47. Stellatae. Tonics and Deobstruents. 
 
 48. Jlggregatae. Tonics and Secernant stimulants. 
 
 49. Compositae* Tonics and Secernant stimulants. 
 
 50. rfmentaceae. Astringents. 
 
 51. Coniferac. Tonics and Stomachics. 
 
 52. Coadunatae. Tonics. 
 
 53. Scabridae. Astringents. 
 
 54. Miscdlaneae. Their qualities are various. 
 
 55. Filices. Secernant stimulants. 
 
 56. Musci. Cathartics and Secernant stimulants* 
 
 57. Jllgae. Tonics. 
 
 58. Fungi. Tonics ami Cathartics. 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIETJ. 
 
 Jussieu's System is a very great improvement upon 
 that of Linneus. According to the maxim of Linneus and 
 
.as. 
 
 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 others, the student has only to acquaint himself witTi the 
 virtues of one or two plants in an order, to be able to 
 form some general opinion of all other plants in that or- 
 der. 
 
 1st DIVISION. Seeds without lobes or cotyledons. 
 1. Fungi. 3. Hepaticae. 5. Filices. 
 
 9.. Jllgae. 4. MuscL 6. Naiades. 
 
 3d DIVISION* Seeds with a single lobe, or one cotyledon. 
 
 7. Jlroideae. 
 S. Typhae. 
 
 13. Junci. 
 
 14. Liliaceae. 
 
 9. Cifperoideae. 15. Bromdia. 
 30. Gramineae. 16. Asphoddi. 
 11. Palmae. 
 
 18. Irides. 
 
 19. Musae. 
 
 20. Cannae. 
 
 21. Orchideat. 
 
 22. Hydrocharides. 
 
 17. Narcissi 
 12. Asparagi 
 
 3d DIVISION. Seeds with twolobes 9 or two cotyledons. 
 
 23. Aristolochae. 49. Guaiacanae. 75. Magnoliae. 
 
 9A. JEleagni. 50. Rhododendra. 76. Annonae. 
 
 25. Tliymeleae. 51. Ericae. 77. Menisperma, 
 
 QQ. Proteae. 52. CampamdaceaeTS. Berberides* 
 
 27. Lauri. 53. Cichoraceae. 79. Tiliaceae. 
 
 28. Polygoneae. 54. Cinarocephalae.80. Cisti. 
 
 29. Jltr'iplices. 55. Conjmbijerae. 81. Rutaceae. 
 
 .so. flmaranthL 56. Dipsaceae. 82. Caryophyfleae 
 
 31. Plantagines. 57. Jtubiaceae. 83. Sempert'ivae. 
 
 32. Nyctagincs. 58. Caprifoiia. 84. Saxifraga. 
 
 33. Plnnibagines. 59. Araliae. 85. Car^i. 
 
 34. Lysimachiae. 60. Umbelliferae. 86. Porhdaceae, 
 
 35. Pediculares. 61. Ranunculaceae&7. Ficoideac. 
 
 36. Acanthi. 62. Papayemceae. 88. Onagrae. 
 
 37. Jasmineae. 63. Cruciferae. 89. Myrtus. 
 
 38. Viiicts. 64. CappaMes. 90. Meiastomae. 
 
 39. Labiatae. 65. Sapindi. 
 
 40. Scrophulariae. 66. Mera. 
 
 41. Solaneae. 67. Malpighiae. 
 
 42. Boragineae. 68. Hyperica. 
 
 43. Conrolvuli. 69. Guttiferae. 
 
 44. Polemonia. 70. Jlurantia. 
 
 45. Bignoniae. 71. Meliae. 
 
 46. Gentfanae. 72. Fifes. 
 
 47. Jlpocyncae. 73. Gerania. 
 
 48. Sapoiae. 74. 
 
 91. Salicariae. 
 
 92. Rosaceae. 
 
 93. Leguminosac. 
 
 94. Terebinthi. 
 
 95. Rhamni. 
 
 96. Enphorbiae. 
 
 97. Cucurbitaceqe? 
 
 98. Urticae- 
 
 99. Amentaceae. 
 1:00. 
 
BOTANY, *3 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS. 
 
 Phytology, or the physiology of vegetables, may pro- 
 perly* be divided into : 1st. The germination and growth 
 of plants from the seed ; 2d. The propagation of plants ; 
 3d. The increase of plants, or the enlargement of their 
 volume. 
 
 1. THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM 
 THE SEED. 
 
 If a seed be immersed in warm water for a considera- 
 ble time, and then subjected to a high magnifying power, 
 the elementary form of the future plant may be seen. In 
 some seeds even the embryo of the future flower becomes 
 manifest. Therefore it may not be absurd to say, that 
 the germination and growth is effected by the develope- 
 mnt of the embryo plant contained in the seed. And 
 that this developement goes on by means of successive sup- 
 plies of nutriment, whichris taken into an organized 
 structure adapted to its reception. 
 
 But where shall we stop in our views of these elemen- 
 tary forms ? Shall we say, that within the embryo of the 
 future flower which sometimes becomes manifest under 
 the microscope, there is probably another seed containing 
 the elementary form of the next generation, and so on ad 
 'infinitum ? 
 
 Fortunately the present state of the science presents 
 the means of fixing the limit in the most satisfactory 
 manner. For nothing in the physiology of organized be- 
 ings is better established, than that a perfect future seed 
 cannot be produced without the application of pollen from 
 a stamen, to the nistil of a stigma. But if the future 
 seed were perfect in the present one, such an operation 
 would not be necessary. Therefore by the aid of the mi- 
 croscope and this established law, we are enabled to in- 
 fer, that a seed may contain the elements of a future plant 
 as Car as the flower and empty tegument of the future seed, 
 and no farther. 
 
 . THE PROPA CATION OF PLANTS. 
 There are two methods of propagating plants. First* 
 by reproduction; second, by continuation. 
 
 1. A plant is reproduced, when it grows immediately 
 from the seed. 1 he potatoe is reproduced; when the 
 
 G 2 
 
30 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 seeds are taken from the berry, planted and grow. 
 
 pie trees are reproduced in the nurseries from seeds, &c. 
 
 2. A plant is continued) when parts taken from its roots, 
 stem, branches, its buds, &c. are transferred to different 
 places, and so cultivated as to continue to grow in sever- 
 al places at the same time. The living branches or twigs 
 of the same apple tree may continue to grow from the 
 original root and from hundreds of other roots in differ- 
 ent countries at the same time. And it is a fact now well 
 established, that those twigs or grafts, however recently 
 inserted, feel the effects of age in the same degree with the 
 twigs remaining on the original tree* ; all other circum- 
 stances being similar. 
 
 The roots of potatoes continue in succession in their 
 native torrid regions year after year for a limited pe- 
 riod, like the Malaxis and some others of the Orchis 
 family in our latitude. Agriculturalists and gardeners aid 
 their progress here, by housing the roots in winter and 
 setting them in the earth again in the spring season. 
 These too are greatly distributed; so that this plant is 
 vastly extended by the continuation of the same individu- 
 al. But in due time the effects of age become manifest 
 to the cultivator, and he finds it necessary to reproduce 
 this useful plant from the seed, 
 
 The Lombardy poplar is becoming enfeebled with 
 age in our country,, so that very recent shoots will hardly 
 withstand a severe winter. The reason is manifest. 
 There has never been a pistillate tree introduced from 
 Europe ; consequently this tree has never been repro- 
 duced here from the seed. We therefore see but the 
 feeble limbs of an exile in dotage, though yet sustained, 
 in a thousand localities. 
 
 3. THE INCREASE OF PLANTS, on THE ENLARGEMENT 
 
 OF THEIR VOLUME. 
 
 After the first season of growing, all woody plants 
 continue to increase their size, if no accident occurs, un- 
 til age terminates their vital energies. Their volume is 
 not enlarged from an extention of each fibre or pore; 
 but from the annual acquisition of new ones. These new 
 ones are always deposited between the bark and wood* 
 
 * See. Smith's Elements of Botany, 
 
BOTANY. 31 
 
 In the spring season a mucilage is formed between the 
 bark and wood, called the camb, or cambim. Towards 
 the decline of the year it becomes considerably indurated, 
 and separates itself into two concentric hollow cylinders 
 of very different thicknesses. The thinner one is attach- 
 ed to the bark and forms its inner membrane. The thick 
 one is attached to tlie wood, and becomes the outer layer 
 of the wood for the next year. 
 
 It is on this account that those trees, which long retain 
 their expanding cuticles, present to our land surveyors 
 those paradoxical magic-like marks. A beach tree, for 
 example, if lettered or figured with a board-marker, will 
 present these marks twenty or thirty years afterwards 
 both on the cuticle and on the wood of the year when 
 marked ; while the intervening layers are sound and 
 without a scar. These interposed woody layers, origin- 
 ating in mucilage annually deposited between the bark 
 and w r ood, gradually separate the marked bark and cuti- 
 cle from the marked wood; while they grow between 
 these marks and become continuous? 
 
PLAN OF 
 
 or A COURSE IN BOTANY.* 
 Given at 1 8 Lectures and 1 8 Examination Meetings ; to' 
 be completed in four or Jive weeks. 
 Addressed to Teachers. 
 
 Always lecture just one hour, with specimens hefore 
 you to illustrate all you say. If you fail of procuring 
 specimens for the proposed lecture, substitute some other 
 subject. Never lecture without appropriate specimens. 
 
 Divide your examination meetings into three parts. 
 1st. Half an hour for questions. 2d. Half an hour for 
 analyzing plants. 3d. Half an hour for labelling from 
 your dictum. 
 
 Let the subject of each lecture and examination meet- 
 ing be nearly as follows. (Introductory lecture not in- 
 cluded.) 
 
 1st. Lecture. The first 13 classes with their orders. 
 
 1st. Examination meeting. Questions, in the first IS 
 classes and orders. Analyze a plant or two in the same 
 classes. Instruct your class in the form of labelling and 
 of preserving plants. 
 
 2d. L. The last 9 classes, and their orders. 
 
 2d. E. Question on the last 9 classes. Analyze as 
 before. Label all the plants collected. 
 
 Hereafter always question upon the subject of the last 
 Lecture ; analyze in all the classes as you happen to ob- 
 tain plants ; and label the plants collected. 
 
 3d. L. The 7 elementary organs, and the subdivisions 
 of Stamen and Pistil. 
 
 4th. L. Subdivisions of Calyx and Corol. 
 
 5th. L. Subdivisions of the "Pericarp. 
 
 6th. L. Review all the classes. 
 
 7th. L. Review the orders of all the classes. 
 
 8th L. Inflorescence. 
 
 9th. L. Roots and Stems. 
 
 loth. L. Leaves and appendages. 
 
 llth, L. Review all the classes and their orders* 
 
 12th. L. Illustrate the analysis of grasses, and of um- 
 belliferous plants. 
 
 13th. L. Illustrate the analysis of plants in the 14th 
 and 15th classes. 
 
 * This, ought to have followed page 8. 
 
A COURSE 3S 
 
 I4th. L. Illustrate the analysis of plants in the 16th 
 and 17th classes. 
 
 loth. L. Illustrate the analysis of plants in the 18th 
 and 19th classes. 
 
 16th. L. Illustrate the analysis of plants in the 20th 
 and 2 1st classes. 
 
 17th. L. Illustrate the analysis of plants in the 1st, 2d, 
 3d, arid 4th orders of the 22d class. 
 
 1.8th. L. Illustrate the analysis of the plants of the 5th 
 and 6th orders of the sad class. 
 
 These 18 lectures will lie sufficient, if you question your 
 pupils thoroughly at the Examination meetings, and 
 cause them to collect arid analyze a great number of 
 plants. 
 
 It is best at first to give them the names of plants, and 
 direct them to read the descriptions, and then point out to 
 you the part to which each term in the description ap- 
 plies. In a few days this practice will familiarize them 
 with the method of applying the language of description. 
 
 It is found very useful to give about one public evening 
 lecture on the physiology of plants each week, gratuitous- 
 ly ; at which your pupils are to invite all their friends. 
 It is found to excite an interest very favorable to science. 
 
 Or COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 
 
 You should persuade as many of your pupils to collect 
 wild plants as possible. For there is no method of fixing 
 the name, habit and habitat of a plant in the memory e- 
 qual to seeing it in its growing state and analyzing it 
 where we collect it. You can generally persuade ladies 
 to go out by turn in small parties and collect plants in 
 the nearest open fields. And young gentlemen will 
 search the woods, swamps, and the more distant and less 
 accessable places. There should always be an arrange- 
 ment respecting the days in which each little party will 
 go out, and each party "should take pretty large baskets, 
 so as to collect specimens for the whole class. By this 
 method there will never be a want of specimens. You 
 must go whenever you can spare time, and teach those 
 who accompany you how to examine minutely and col- 
 lect with care. But you will be obliged to spend a large 
 portion of your time in collecting specimens for illustra- 
 
34 PLAN OP 
 
 ting your lectures. You Should always preserve greera> 
 in flower-pots, 'whatever you find that may be wanted in 
 a future lecture, as well as for the present one. 
 
 Do not recommend large specimens to be preserved. 
 Large specimens are useful to authors and to the learned 
 societies. But a private collection is much more conven- 
 ient, if made up of small specimens. I would never take 
 from a large plant any thing more than is necessary to 
 present something of its habit and its essential generic 
 and specific characters. 
 
 There are many methods prescribed for preserving 
 plants. The method given in the Botanical Dictionary 
 is a very good one, if you wish to collect in a large vyay 
 and to preserve several dozen specimens of each species. 
 But 1 would adopt the following simple method with a 
 class, where each individual preserves but a single set of 
 specimens. 
 
 Let each student prepare a drying book in the most 
 cheap and convenient manner. An old account book, a 
 neglected or useless printed book if large, a book made of 
 newspapers sewed together in a quarto form, or of com* 
 mon wrapping paper, &c. will subserve this purpose. See 
 that the specimens are correctly labelled and put in neatly 
 between the leaves of the drying book, and pressed with a 
 weight of about 20 pounds. Let it be well understood 
 that they are to be dried by absorption with the paper. 
 For any other method of drying plants will destroy their 
 colour and make them brittle. Plants must not be wet 
 when collected ; but may be kept from withering by be- 
 ing covered with a wet cloth. 
 
 Plants must never be in press more than two days, nor 
 more than one in damp weather, without drying the book. 
 This may be done by taking out the plants carefully and 
 spreading them on a table while the book is drying. 
 Though it is a little better to have two books, and pass 
 them from the dampened book to a dry one, then back again 
 to the former at the next change when it is dried. A 
 book is soon dried by holding it horizontally with the 
 back down near a hot fire, and letting the leaves fall down 
 singly on the side next to the fire. But the plants must 
 never be left out of the book over a few minutes. 
 
 After the plants are sufficiently dried, they will no long- 
 OS 1 excite that sensation of coolness aod moisture to the 
 
A COURSE. 35 
 
 touch, which is peculiar to green vegetables. Then they 
 may be put in press into any book which is wide enough 
 to exclude the air and light. Now they may be close side 
 by side on each leaf, and need not be separated by more 
 than one thickness of paper. But still they should be fre- 
 quently examined, lest unexpected moisture should injure 
 them. 
 
 About the last of November, when the botanizing sea- 
 son is fully past, each student should assort the whole col- 
 lection into parcels according to the classes and orders 
 marked on the labels. In this method, beginning with 
 the first class, they should be placed in a book as before. 
 Then a neat quarto volume of pretty stiff paper should be 
 made, with slips of paper making the back about three 
 times as thick as the front. In this book the plants should 
 be fastened with carpenter's glue or common paste, on 
 the left side only of each leaf 5 the labels still remaining 
 to denote the names, &c. as well as to assist in holding 
 on the specimens. 
 
 After the plants are fastened and well dried, dissolve 
 half an ounce of corrosive sublimate in half a pint of alco- 
 hol (both may be had for a trifle at any druggist shop) 
 and slightly brush over each plant with it. This will for- 
 ever defend them from insects and improve the colours of 
 all the green parts. 
 
 As your course will embrace but about one fourth or 
 one fifth of the season, you ought to visit your class or 
 classes in November or December, and assist them in la- 
 helling plants which they have preserved in your absence 
 and could not label accurately. 
 
36 ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 FOR TUB LABELLING CATALOGUE. 
 
 E. stands for exotics r. red flower p. purple y. 
 
 yellow \v. white b. blue g. green A p. that the plant 
 
 flowers first in April M. May J. June Jii. July 
 
 Au. August S. September Oc. October & annual 
 
 $ biennial 24 perennial l? woody stem. 
 
 The generic names are printed in capitals : the specific 
 names in italics ; the English name, when the plant has 
 any, is parenthesised in Roman. When species are des- 
 cribed, the descriptions are in Roman. If an English 
 name is added to one species only, the same name may 
 be given to the other species of that genus, qualified by 
 some appropriate epithet. As the general name for carex 
 is sedge, I would call the carex plantaginea the broad-leaf 
 sedge, c. 
 
 The first number preceding the generic names stands 
 for the number of the ciass, the second for the number of 
 the order. The first number following the generic names 
 refers to the natural order of Linneus, the last number 
 refers to the natural order of Jussieu. As Aster is in the 
 eighteenth class and second order in the artificial system; 
 the forty-ninth natural order of Linneus and of course 
 possesses tonic aiijd secernant stimulant properties ; and 
 in the fifty -fifth natural order of Jussieu. 
 
 FOR THE GENERA. 
 
 When the asterisk (*) is prefixed to one or more gene- 
 ric names, set down below the end of an order, it implies 
 that these genera are not described here, but stray as it 
 were into this class and order by departing from the ar- 
 tificial character Therefore \vhen a plant thus runs 
 astray, so as to lead us to a wrong place in pursuit of its 
 name, and of course when we cannot find an appropriate 
 generic description for it> we go back to where each of 
 these asterisked or advertized genera respectively belong, 
 and read over their general generic characters until we 
 find the right name. 
 
IX THE 
 
 tLASS I. MONANDRIA. 
 ORDER I. MONOGYXIA. 
 
 Salicornia. Calyx inflated, entire : corol o : seed I, 
 inclosed in the calyx. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYTVIA. 
 
 Calliiriche. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved : capsule membra- 
 jiaceousand margined : (flowers sometimes monoecious, 
 and by some the calyx is called the corol.) 
 
 Blitum. Calyx 3-cleft, berry-like : corol o : seed 1* 
 
 CLASS II. DIANDRIA. 
 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNTA. 
 
 A. Corol inferior, 1 -petalled, regular : border 4-parted~ 
 Lignstruin. Calyx 4-toothed : corol with ovate dh- 
 
 sions : berry 4 -seeded. 
 Syringa. Corol salver-form : capsule 2-celled. 
 
 B. Corol inferior, 1-petalled, irregular : seeds in capsules. 
 
 Calalixi. Corol 5-cleft : calyx 2-leaved : capsule 2- 
 eelled. 
 
 Gratiola. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted. sometimes \\ itli 
 a 2-leaved calycle : corol 4-cleft, 2-Iipped, reversed : sta- 
 mens sometitnes 4 j (2 of them barren) stigma 2-lipped ? 
 capsule 2-celled. 
 
 Veronica. Calyx 4-parted : corol 4-clcft, lower divi- 
 sion smaller : capsule 2-celled, obcordate. 
 
 Callistachia. Calvx 5 -parted : corol tubular, 4-clcffj 
 with one division smaller : capsule ovate, 2-celled. 
 
 C. Corol inferior, l-petalled, irregular: seeds naked. 
 
 Lycopus. Calyx tubular, half 5-cleft : corol tubulaiv 
 4-cleft, nearly equal, 1 division eniarginate": stamens dis^ 
 titnt : seeds tbui> retuse. 
 
33 CLASS III. ORDER iL 
 
 Monarda. Calyx cyliudric, striated* 5-toothed : cor- 
 ol ringent, upper lip somewhat linear, involving the fila- 
 ments. 
 
 Salvia. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, under lip 2-toothed : 
 corol ringent : filaments affixed to pedicels by their sides. 
 
 Cottinsonia. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped: corol unequal, 
 tinder lip many-cleft, capillary : one perfect seed. 
 D. Corol superior. 
 
 Circaea. Calyx 2-leaved : corol 2-petalled : capsule his- 
 pid, 2-celled, not gaping ; cells I -seeded. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGTNIA. 
 
 Jlntlwxanthum. Calyx, glume 2-valved, 1 -flowered : 
 corol, glume 2-valved, acuminate, awned : seed 1. 
 
 CLASS III. TRIANDR1A. 
 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 
 
 A. Corol superior. 
 
 Crocus- Spathe radical : corol funnel-form, with a 
 long slender tube : stigma deep-gashed, crested. 
 
 Iris. Calyx, spathe 2-valved : corol 6-parted, divisions 
 alternately reflected : stigmas petal-like. 
 
 B. Corol inferior. 
 
 Xyris. Calyx, glume 2-valved, in a head : corol 3- 
 petaJled, equal, crenate : capsule 3-valved, many seeded. 
 C. Plants grassy : valves of the calyx glume-like. 
 
 Cyperus. Glumes chaffy, scales imbricated 2-ways : 
 seed single, beardless : spikelets compressed. 
 
 Stirpus. Glumes chaffy, scales imbricated every way : 
 seed single, naked, surrounded with hairs or bristles. 
 
 Trichophorum. Calyx, scales imbricated every way : 
 seed beset with capillary bristles, which at length project 
 out, always 6 in number : spikelets ovatish. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGTNIA.. 
 
 The proper Grasses. 
 A. Glume l-Jiowered ; spiked. 
 
 Oryzopsis. Calyx 2-valved, lax, obovate : corol te- 
 re^tisli-ovate, leathery : valves 2, outer oner awned at the 
 apex : appendages 2, linear, chaffy. 
 
CLASS IV. ORDER I. 39 
 
 Hordeuni. Calyx lateral, 2-valved, 1 or 2-flowered ; 
 florets in threes, the middle one sessile, lateral ones often 
 barren : corol 2-valved, acute, outer valve avvned. 
 
 PMeum. Calyx hard, 2-valved, sessile, linear, trun- 
 cate, bicuspid ate : corol inclosed. 
 
 B. Glumes 2-flowered or more ; spiked. 
 
 Secale. Calyx 2-valved, 2 or many flowered, opposite, 
 solitary: glumes linear-lanceolate, smooth or channelled 
 both sides. 
 
 Tnticum. Calyx 2-valved, about 3-flowered, alter- 
 iiate ; florets obtusish and pointed : glumes beardless or 
 interruptedly bearded : spikelcts shortish. 
 
 C. Glumes Q-Jtotvered or more ; in panicles. 
 
 Briza. Calyx 2-valved, many flowered : spikelets ol* 
 the panicle 2-ranked : valvelets inflated, heart-form, ob- 
 tuse ; inner one minute. 
 
 Dactylis. Calyx 2-valved, one valve smaller : coroi 
 2-valved : awnless, compressed, carinate : style long : 
 panicles strait : spikelets imbricate with lateral florets. 
 
 Poa Calyx 2-valved, many flowered : corol ovate ; 
 valves 2-coloured, acutish, scarious at their margins : 
 spikelets of the panicle ovate, awnless. , 
 
 Bromus. Calyx 2-valved ; spikelets oblong, terete-2- 
 ranked ; valves awned below the tip, 
 
 Jlvena. Calyx 2-valved, many flowered ; valves with 
 a twisted awn on the back : glumes membranaceous and 
 somewhat follicle-like. 
 
 * Alsine. 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 
 
 Mollngo. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior : corol o : capsule 
 3-cellcd, S-vahed, many seeded. 
 
 Proserpinaca. Calyx 3-parted, superior : nut 3-sided, 
 S -eel led, crowned by the calyx. 
 
 * Alsine. 
 
 CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 
 
 A. Flowers l-petalled, inferior, calyx 4-dcft. 
 
 Plantago Corol 4-cleft reflexed : capsule 2-celled, 
 opening transversely : stamens very long. 
 
40 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 ffoustonia. Corol salvei'-form : capsule 2-cclled, '- 
 Yalved, 2-sceded. 
 
 B. Flowers 1-petalled, superior. 
 
 Mitchella. Calyx 4-toothrd : corols 2 on earhgernij 
 tubular : berry double, 4-seeded : stigmas 4. 
 
 Cephalanthus. Inflorescence in a head : general calyx 
 none : proper calyx superior : corol funnel-form : recep- 
 tacle globular, hairy : seed solitary, oblong. 
 
 Galium. Calyx 4-toothed : corol flat ; seeds 2, round- 
 ish- 
 
 C. Flmcers 4-pdaUcd 9 superior. 
 
 Cornus. Calyx 4-toothed : drupe with a 2-celled nut. 
 Some species have a 4-leaved involucre. 
 
 Ludwigin. Calyx 4 -parted, the divisions long, perma- 
 nent : capsule 4-cornered, 4-celled, perforated at the top,, 
 many seeded (petal sometimes wanting.) 
 
 * Convallaria, Cardaminc. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 
 
 TELamamdix. Involucre 3-leaved : perianth 4-leavcd : 
 petals 4, very long, linear : nut 2-celled, 4-horned. 
 
 * Cuscuta, Gentiana. 
 
 ORDER IV. TETRAGTNIA. 
 
 JPatamogeton. Calyx o : petals 4 : stylo o : seeds 4, 
 
 CLASS V. PENTANDRIA. 
 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 
 
 A. Flowers 1-petallcd, inferior ; having 4 naked seeds* 
 Rough-leaved plants. 
 
 Lithotyermum. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-forai, 
 with an open throat : seeds ovate, pointed, stoney : sta- 
 mens and pistils inclosed 
 
 Cynoglossiim. Calyx 5-partcd : corol funnel-form, 
 Taulted, throat closed : seeds depressed, afb'xcd to the 
 side of the style. 
 
 Myosoiis. *Calyx half-5-cleft : corol salver-form, curv- 
 ed, 5-cleft, vaulted, throat closed, the lobes slightly emaiv 
 ginate : seeds smooth or prickly. 
 
 Borago. Corol wheel -form, the throat closed with ra.ys 
 surrounding the stamens. 
 
CLASS V. ORDER I. 41 
 
 B. Flowers l-petalled 9 inferior ; seeds covered with a 1- 
 celled capsule. 
 
 Hydrophyllum. Corol bell-form, 5-rleft, with 5 longi- 
 tudinal honey -bearing groves inside : capsule globose, 2- 
 valved : stigma 2-cleft. 
 
 Lysimachia. Corol wheel-form : capsul e globular, 10- 
 valved, mucronate : stigma obtuse. (In some species the 
 filaments are united at the base.) 
 
 Primula. Umbellets involucred : tube of corol cylin- 
 dric, throat open, divisions of corol emarginate : capsule 
 1-celled with a 10-cleft mouth : stigma globular. 
 
 C. Flowers t-petalled, inferior) capsules 2-celled. 
 
 Convolvulus. Corol funnel-form, plaited : stigma 2- 
 cleft or double : cells of the capsule 2 or 3 ; each 2-seeded. 
 
 Datura. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous : corol fun- 
 nel-form, plaited ; capsule 4-valved, sometimes 4-celled, 
 smooth or thorny. 
 
 Verbascum. Corol wheel-form, somewhat irregular : 
 stamens declined, hairy : capsules 2-celled, 2-valvcd j 
 valves inflexed : many-seeded. 
 
 D. Flowers l-petalled, inferior ; capsules S~celled. 
 Phlox. Calyx prismatic : corol salver-forrn ; with a 
 
 tube somewhat curved : filaments unequal in length : 
 stigmas 5-cleft : capsule S -celled, 1 -seeded. 
 
 Ipomoea. Corol funnel or bell-form, with 5 plaits : 
 stigma globe-headed, papillose : capsule 2 or 3-celled, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 E. Flowers l-petalled, inferior; capsules 5 -celled. 
 Azalea. Corol tubular, half-5-cleft, somewhat oblique : 
 
 .stamens on the receptacle f stigma obtuse, usually ending 
 with 5 short papillae. 
 
 Tinea. Corol salver-form, twisted, border 5-cleft, with 
 oblique divisions ; throat 5 -angled : seed naked, oblong : 
 follicles 2, erect, terete, narrow. 
 F- Flowers 1 -petalled 9 inferior } having berries 2-celled. 
 
 Solatium. Calyx permanent : corol bell or wheel-form, 
 o-lobed, plaited : anthers thickened, with two pore^at 
 the top : berry containing many seeds. 
 
 Capsicum. Corol wheel-form : berry jtiiceless : an- 
 thers converging : calyx angular. 
 
42 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 O. Flowers 1-petalled superior : calyx 5-deft. 
 woody. J 
 
 Lonicera. Corol tubular, 5-cIeft, unequal r berry 2 or 
 4-celled : seeds many. 
 
 Xylosteum. Corol tubular, border 5-parted, nearly 
 equal : berries in pairs, whose bases are attached togeth- 
 er or which are united in one. 
 
 Diervitta. Calyx oblong : carol twice as long as calyx ? 
 funnel-form, border 5 -cleft, spreading : capsule oblong^ 
 4-celled, many-seeded. f 
 
 C Steins not woody. } 
 
 Campanula. Corol bell-form, closed at the bottom by 
 valves bearing the stamens : stigma 3 to 5-clet't : capsule 
 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral pores 
 
 Lobelia. Corol irregular, often irregularly slitted : an- 
 thers cohering and somewhat curved : stigma simple ; 
 capsule 2 or 3-celled. 
 
 Mirabilis. Corol funnel-form, contracted below : calyx 
 inferior : germ between the calyx and corol : stigtaa 
 globular. 
 
 H. Flowers 5-petalled, inferior. 
 (Stems woody. J 
 
 Ceanothus. Petals vaulted, standing in the cup-fojTtt 
 ealyx ; berry or capsule dry, 3-grained ... 
 
 Celastrus. Calyx flat : corol spreading : capsule 3-an- 
 gled, 3-celled, berry -like : stigma 3-cleft i seeds calyp- 
 tred. 
 
 Vitis. Calyx 5-toothed : petals cohering at the tip 
 hood-like, withering : berry 5-seeded, globular. (Often 
 dioecious ) 
 
 Ampelopsis. Calyx 5-toothed : petals reflexed, spread- 
 ing : berry 5-seeded, globular. 
 
 (Stems not woody.} 
 
 Impatiens. Calyx 2-leaved : corol irregular, spurred : 
 anthers cohering : capsule elastic, 5-valved. 
 
 Viola- Calyx 5-leaved : rorol irregular, with a horn 
 behind (sometime the horn is wanting :) anthers attached 
 by a membranous tip : capsule 1-ceHed, 3^-valved. 
 
 Claytonia. Calyx 2-valvcd : stigma 3-ciei't : capsujfc 
 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seedetl. 
 
CLASSY. ORDER II. *3 
 
 I. Flowers 5-petalled 9 superior. 
 Corol and stamens inserted on the calyx : style 
 2-cleft : berry many seeded. 
 * Sedum. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 
 
 A. Follicles 2 .- cowl \-petalled, with a Jive-parted border. 
 Jlpocynum. Corol bell-form : stamens with converg- 
 ing anthers adhering to the stigma, alternating with 5- 
 ne'ctaries : stigma thick : follicles long-linear. 
 B- Capsules I or 2-celled> 2-valved :eorol l-petalled : calyx- 
 
 5-cleft. 
 
 Gentiana. Corol with a tubular base, without pores i 
 eapsule 1-celled, oblong : columellas 2, longitudinal. 
 
 Cuscuta. Corol 5-cleft : capsule 2-celied, dividing 
 transversely at the base : seeds growing together in pairs. 
 
 C. Corol o. 
 
 Chenopodium. Calvx 5-leaved, 5-angled, inferior :. 
 seed 1, lens-like, invested by the calyx. 
 
 Ulmus. Calyx bell-form withering, border 5-cleft : 
 seed 1, enclosed in a flat membranaceou* samara. (Stam- 
 ens vary from 4 to 8.) 
 1). Plants UMBELLIFEROUS. Flowers 5-petalled 9 2-seeded* 
 
 (With general and partial involucres.} 
 Coriandrum. Carols radiate, with petals inflected, em* 
 argintxte : general involucre 1-leafed ; partial one halved : : 
 fruit globular. 
 
 Sanicula. Flowers of the disk abortive : umbels crowd- 
 ed into head-like heaps : seeds prickly. 
 
 BauCus. Involucres pinnatifid : flower's somewhat ra- 
 diate, those of the disk abortive : fruit hispid with hairs. 
 Ligusticum. Involucre membranaceous : calyx 5-tooth- 
 ed : petals equal, involute, entire : fruit- 3 or 5-ribbe<J 
 eftcli side, oblong, 
 
 (With a partial, and without a general^ involucre. ) 
 Myrrhis. Umbel compound : involucres erect : fruit 
 sub-linear, angled, tailed ; angles a little furrowed and his- 
 pid ; the joining sides of seeds furrowed : style subulate. 
 {Without a partial involucre, and rarely having a general 
 
 one.} 
 
 Anethum. Fruit ovatish, compressed striate : petals 
 involute, entire. 
 
44 CLASS VI. ORDER I. 
 
 Apium. Fruit ovate, striate : involucre 1 -leafed : pet- 
 als equal. 
 
 * Polygonum. 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 
 
 A. Carols. superior , 5 -cleft. 
 
 Viburnum. Calyx 5-parted : berry or drupe 1 -seeded, 
 Sambucus. Calyx 5-parted : berry 3-seeded. 
 
 JJ. Carols inferior 9 5-petalled. 
 
 Staphylea. Calyx 5-parted : capsules inflated, con- 
 nate ; nuts globular, having a cicatrice. 
 
 Rhus. Calyx 5-parted ; berry 1 -seeded. 
 
 Jttsine. Calyx 5-leaved t petals equal : capsule 1 -cell- 
 ed, 3-vaived, many seeded $ having a free central colu- 
 mella. 
 
 * Euphorbia. 
 
 ORDER IV. TETRAGYNIA. 
 
 Parnassia. Calyx 5-parted : corol 5-petalled : necta- 
 ries 5, with stamen-like divisions, globular tips : cap- 
 sule 4-valved, 2 -celled : seed membranaceous-margined* 
 
 ORDER V. PENTAGYITIA. 
 
 JJralia. Umbellets involucred : perianth 5-toothed, su- 
 perior : petals 5 : berry crowned, 5-celled -, cells 1 -seed- 
 ed. 
 
 Linum. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5 -petal led : capsule 5- 
 valved, 10-celled : seeds solitary : filaments thickening 
 at the base. 
 
 * Cerastium. 
 
 CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA, 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 
 
 A. Flowers 'with a perianth and corol 9 without a spathe. 
 
 Tradescantia. Calyx inferior, 3-leaved : corol 3-petaI- 
 led : filaments with jointed hairs : capsules 3-celled. 
 
 Berberris. Calyx inferior, 6-leaved : petals 6, with 2 
 glands at the claw of each : style o : berry 1 -celled, 2- 
 seeded. (Stigiria navelled ; stamens spring up on being 
 irritated.) 
 
VL ORDER I. 43' 
 
 B. Flowers with a spathe or glume without a perianth. 
 
 Hypoxis. Glume-like spathe 2-valvcd : corol superior, 
 6'-parted, permanent : capsule elongated, narrow at the 
 base : seeu roundish. 
 
 Jlllium. Spathe many flowered : petals inferior, ovate, 
 spreading, sessile. (Flowers in close umbels or heads.) 
 
 Narcissus. Petals 6, equal, superior : nectary bell- 
 form, 1 -leafed, including* the stamens. 
 
 Pontederia. Corol interior, 6-cleft, 2 lipped : capsule 
 fleshy, 3-ceIIed, many seeded : 3-stamens commonly in- 
 serted on the tip, and* three on the tube of the corol. 
 
 C. Flowers without a calyx. 
 
 Hemerocattis. Corol 6-parted, tub ular-funn el-form : 
 stamens declined : stigma small, simple. 
 
 Erythronium. Corol liliaceous, inferior, 6-petalled ^ 
 petals reflcxed, having 2 tubercle-form nectaries at the 
 base of the three inner alternate petals. 
 
 Asparagus. Corol inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect ; 
 the three inner divisions reflexed at the apex: berry 3- 
 celled ; many-seeded. 
 
 Hyacinthus. Corol roundish or bell-form, equal, 6-cIcft : 
 nectariferous pores at the top of the germ : stamens in- 
 serted in the middle of the corol : cells somewhat 2-seeded 
 
 Lilium. Corol inferior liliaceous 6-petalled ; petals 
 with a longitudinal line from the middle to the base : stig- 
 ma 3-Iobed | capsule, with the valves connected by hairs 
 crossing as in a sieve. 
 
 Tidipa. Corol 6-petalled, liliaceous : style none. 
 
 Fritillaria. Corol 6-petalled, bell-form, with a necta- 
 riferous cavity above the claw of each : stamens of the 
 length of the corol : seeds flat. 
 
 Convallaria. Corol inferior, 6-cleft : berry S-celled, 
 spotted before ripening. 
 
 Uvularia. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, with a nectari- 
 ferous hollow at the base of each petal : filaments very 
 short. 
 
 * Trientalis, Polygonum, Laurus, Corydalis. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 
 
 Orysca. Calyx, glume 2-valved, 1-flowered : corol 2- 
 valved, adhering to tlie seed* 
 
 * Ulmiis. 
 
46 CLASS VIII. ORDER I. 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 
 
 Medeola. Calyx o : corol deeply 6- parted, revolutc : 
 berry 3-seeded. 
 
 Veralrum. Polygamous. Calyx o : corol 6-petalled, 
 without glands : cVpsules 3. many-seeded. 
 
 Trillium. Calyx 3-leaved, inferior, spreading : corol 
 f>-petalled : berry 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Rumex. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 5, converging ; stig- 
 ma many-cleft : seed 1, naked, three-sided. 
 
 ORDER XIII. POLYGYNIA. 
 
 Misma. Calyx 3 leaved : petals 3 : capsules nnmer* 
 ous, 1 -seeded. 
 
 CLASS VII. EEPTANDRIA. 
 ORDER I. MONOGYSIA. 
 
 Trientcdis. Calyx 7 -leaved : corol 7-parted, equaf,> 
 flat : berry juiceless : number of stamens variable. 
 
 *!Esculus. Calyx inflated, 4 or 5-toothed : corol 4 or 
 5-petalled, inserted on the calyx, unequal, pubescent :^ 
 Capsule 3-ce!Ied : seeds large, chesnut-tbrm. 
 * Polygon urn orientale. 
 
 CLASS VIII. ' OCTANDRIA. 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 
 
 A. Flowers superior. 
 
 Oxycoccus. Calyx superior 4-cleft : corol 4-parted, 
 the divisions nearly linear, revolute : filaments converg- 
 ing, anthers tubular, 2 parted : berry many-seeded. 
 
 JEpilobium. Calyx 4-cleft : corol 4-petalled : capsule 
 oblong and of great length : seeds feathered. 
 
 Oenothera. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular : caducous, divisions 
 deflected : petals 4, inserted on the calyx : stigma 4- 
 eleft; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved : seeds not feathered. 
 
 B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 llhexia. Calyx pitcher-form, 4 or 5-cleft : petals 4, 
 oblique, inserted on the calyx : anthers declined : cap- 
 sule 4-celled, within the ealyx, setose ; seeds numerous, 
 cochleate. 
 
 Acer. Polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 4 or 5-pet- 
 alkd or wanting : samaras 2, united at the base, 1 -seeded. 
 
CLASS X. ORDER I. 47 
 
 Tropoeolum. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, coloured, spurred 
 petals 4 or 5, unequal : nuts leathery,' sulcate. 
 ORDER II. DYGIMA. 
 
 Chrysospknium. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. coloured : corol 
 o : capsule 2-beaked, 1 celled, many-seeded. 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 
 
 Pdygonum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, coloured, corol 
 o : seed l, angular, covered with the calyx (Stamens 
 and pistils vary in number The calyx in some species 
 might be taken for a corol.) 
 
 CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. 
 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 
 
 Laurus. Calyx 4 to 6-parted : corol o : nectaries 3^ 
 two-bristled glands, surrounding the germ : drupe 1 -seed- 
 ed. (Stamens vary from 3 to 14 often dioecious The 
 calyx may be taken for a corol.) 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 
 
 Rheum. Calyx none : corol 6- cleft, permanent : seed 
 1$ 3-sided. 
 
 CLASS X. DECANDRIA. 
 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 
 A. Flowers many-petalled, irregular. 
 Podalyria. Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped : corol 
 papilionaceous, wings of the length of the banner : legume 
 inflated, smooth, many-seeded. 
 
 Cassia. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled : anthers, 
 3 lower ones beaked : legume membranaceous. 
 
 15. Flowers 5-petalted, regular. 
 
 Fyrola. Calyx 5-parted : anthers with 2 pores : cap- 
 sule" 5-relled, dehiscent at the angles. 
 
 Chimavlitta. Calyx 5-parted : petals 5 : stigma ses- 
 sile, thick, orbiculate ; germ immersed : anthers beaked, 
 opening with a kind of 2-valved aperture : capsules 5-cel- 
 led, dehiscent at the angles. 
 
 C. Flowers l-petalled. 
 
 Andromeda. Calyx 5-parted, inferior: corol ovate or 
 romulish, with a 5-cleft reflexed mouth : capsule 5-celled- 
 \vith partitions contrary. (Stamens sometimes 8.) 
 
4S CLASS X. ORDER V. 
 
 Kalmia. Calyx 5-parted : corol wheel -sal ve-rforw* 
 with 10 horns beneath anil 10 cavities within : capsule 5- 
 celled. 
 
 Vacciniiim. Calyx 5-toothed or 5 -parted : corol bell 
 or pitcher-form, 5-clel't, the divisions reflected : filaments 
 inserted on the germ with the corol : berry 4 or 5-cellcdj 
 many seeded. 
 
 Epigaea. Calyx double, outer S-leaved, inner 5-part- 
 ed : corol salver-form ; capsule 5-ceIled, many-seeded. 
 
 Gauitheria. Calyx inferior, double, outer 2-leaved, in- 
 ner 5-cleft : corol ovate ; capsule 5-celled, invested with 
 the inner, berried, calyx : nectary surrounding the germ 
 10 pointed. 
 
 D. Calyx none. 
 
 Monotropa. Corol 10-petaIIed ; 5-outer with nectarif- 
 erous hollows at the base : capsules 5-valved. (A half 
 of the carpogenation sometimes wanting,) 
 
 * Geranium, Rhexia, Portulacca, Lythrum. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYKIA. 
 
 Saxifragn. Calyx 5-parted : corol 5-petalled : cap^ 
 sule 1 -celled, 2-beaked ; many seeded. 
 
 Tiarella* Calyx 5-partcd : corol inserted on the calyx ; 
 5-petalled, petals entire : capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, 1 
 valve larger. 
 
 Mitdia- Calyx 5-clelt : petals 5 on the calyx, pinnati- 
 fid : capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, valves equal. 
 
 niantlius. Calyx interior, cylindrical, 1 -leafed, with 4 
 to 8 scales at the base : petals 5 with claws : capsules cy- 
 lindrical, 1-celled, dehiscent at the top. 
 
 Saponaria. Calyx inferior; 1 -leafed, tubular, without 
 .scales : petals 5, with claws : capsule oblong, 1-celled. 
 
 * Chrysosplenium. 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGTNIA. 
 
 Silent. Calyx 1 -leafed, inferior, conic : petals 5, with 
 claws appcndageu at the mouth : capsule imperfectly Q- 
 celled. 
 
 ORDER V. PENTAGYNIA. 
 
 Sedum. Calyx inferior 5-cleft: petals 5 : 5 nectari- 
 ferous acalesatthe base oi* the germ : capsules 5. 
 
 Pcnthonnn. Calyx 5-10-cleft : petals 5 or : capsule 
 ff-cuspidatc, 5-cclled. 
 
CLASS XII. ORDER I. 49 
 
 Oxalis. Calyx 5-leaved inferior : petals 5, cohering 
 by the claws : capsule 5-celled, 5-cornered, dehiscent at 
 the corners : stamens with 5 shorter outer ones adher- 
 ing at their bases. 
 
 jlgrostemma. Calyx 1 -leaved coriaceous : petals 5 
 with claws, border obtuse, entire : capsule 1 -celled, ma- 
 ny-seeded. 
 
 * ' Cerastium. Calyx 5-leaved: petals 5, 2 -cleft : cap- 
 sule 1-celled, dehiscent at top, tooth-like. 
 
 Lychnis. Calyx l .leaved, oblong, petals 5, with claws: 
 the limb somewhat 2-cleft : capsule 1 or 5-celled. 
 
 * Phytolacca. 
 
 ORDER X. DECAGYNIA. 
 
 Phytolacca. Calyx o : corol 5-petalled, calyx-like, in- 
 ferior : berry 10-celled, 10-secded. 
 
 CLASS XI. DODECANDRIA. 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNTA. 
 
 ^sarum 9 Calyx 3 or 4 -cleft, superior : corol o : stigr 
 ma 6-( left : capsule coriaceous, crowned with the calyx. 
 
 Portulacca. Calyx 2-cleft, inferior : corol 5-pctalJod : 
 capsule 1-celled, opening transversely : columella 5, fili- 
 form. 
 
 Lythrum. Calyx 6, 8, 10 or 12-toothcd, inferior : pet- 
 als 5 or 6 on the calyx : capsule 2-cellcd, many-secde<f, 
 covered. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA, 
 
 Jlgrimoniq,. Calyx 5-toothed, invested with an oute~? 
 one : petals 5 : seeds 2, in the bottom of the calyx. 
 
 * Delphinium, 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 
 
 Euphorbia. Calyx I -leaved, inflated : petals 4 or $> 
 standing on the calyx : capsule 3 grained. Flowers not 
 umbelled. 
 
 OlIDER XIII. PoLYGYMA. 
 
 fiempervium. Calyx 9 to 12-parted : petals 8 to 12 : 
 capsules 12, many seeded. (Stamens 16 or 20.) 
 
 CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA. 
 
 ORDER I. MOXOGYNIA. 
 
 PJnladelphuS. CaJyx 4 or 5-parted, superior : cofpl 5* 
 
 E 
 
50 CLASS XIII. ORDER L 
 
 petallcd : style 4 -cleft : capsule 4 or 5-celled, many seeded : 
 seed arilled. 
 
 Primus. Calyx 5 -cleft, inferior : corol 5-petalled : nut 
 of the drupe smooth with prominent seams at the sutures. 
 
 Amygdalus. Calyx 5 -cleft, inferior : petals 5 : drupe 
 with a nut perforated with pores : flowers sessile. 
 rum. 
 
 IROM ORDER II, DIGYNIA, TO ORDER V. PENTAGYMA. 
 
 Crataegns. Calyx superior, 5-cleft : petals 5 : styles 
 generally- 3 or 5 : berry mealy : seeds 2 to 5, hony. 
 
 Jlronia. Calyx 5 -toothed : petals 5 : fruit pomaceous : 
 berry 5 or 10-celled $ cells 1 or 2-secdcd ; seeds cartila- 
 ginous. 
 
 Pyrus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior : corol 5-petalled : 
 pome 5 celled, many seeded : seeds ovate, thick, not mem- 
 uranaceous or cartilagenous. 
 
 Spiraea. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, spreading : corol 5-- 
 petalled : capsule 2-valved within, many-seeded. 
 
 ORDER XIII. POLYGYNIA. 
 
 Rosa. Calyx urn-form, 5-cleft, fleshy, contracted to* 
 wants the top : petals 5 : seeds numerous, bristly, fixed 
 to the sides of the calyx within. 
 
 Rubus. Calyx 5-cleft, corol 5-petalled : pistils nume- 
 rous : hcrry composed of many juicy, 1 --seeded acines. 
 
 Fragaria. Calyx 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions small- 
 er : corol 5-pc tailed ; receptacle ovate, berry-like, cadu- 
 cous. 
 
 Comarum. Calyx 10-cleft, 5-alternate divisions small- 
 er : petals 5, smaller than the calyx ; receptacle ovate, 
 spongy, permanent, villous. 
 
 CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA. 
 ORDER I. MOXOGYXIA. 
 
 Cimicifuga. Calyx ahout 4 -leaved, hecoftiing colored 
 before expanding, caducous : corol o : stigma sessile* 
 converging towards the gibbous side of the germ : cap- 
 sule 2-valved. 
 
 Cistus. Calyx 5-leaved, 2 of them smaller : corol &.- 
 petalled : capsule S-valved, opening at the top.. 
 
CLASS XIII. ORDER V. 51 
 
 Sarracema. Calyx double, 3 and 5-Ieaved : corol 5- 
 petalled ; stigma peltate, covering the stamens : capsule 
 5-ceIled. 
 
 Tilia. Calyx 5-parted : corol 5-petalled : capsule 5-cell- 
 ed, globular, coriaceous, dehiscent at the base, 1-seeded. 
 
 tianguinaria. Calyx caducous, 2-!eaved : corol about 
 8-petailed : capsule pod-like, ovate, 1 -celled. 
 
 Podophyiium. Calyx S-leaved : corol about 9-petalled : 
 berry 1 -celled, crowned with the stigma. 
 
 Nymphaea. Calyx 4 to 7 -leaved, equalling the pet- 
 als : corol many-pe'talled : stigma marked with radiated 
 lines : berry many-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Ntiphar. Calyx 5 or 6-lcaved, petals numerous, much 
 smaller than the calyx, inserted on the receptacle with 
 the stamens, nectariferous on their backs : stigma with 
 radiate furrows, sessile : berry many-celled, many-seeded, 
 
 FROM ORDER II. DIGYNIA, TO ORDER V. PEXTAGYNIA. 
 
 Hypericum. Calyx 5-parted, divisions subovate : corol 
 5-petalled : filaments often united at th base in 3 or 5 
 sets : styles 2 to 5 : capsules roundish with a number of 
 cells equal to the number of styles. 
 
 Delphinium. Calyx o : corol 5-petalled, unequal : nec- 
 tary 2-cleft, horned behind : capsules 1 or 3, pod-like. 
 
 Jlconituin. Calyx o : petals 5, upper one vaulted : nec- 
 taries 2, hooded, peduncled, recurved : capsules 3 or 5, 
 pod -like. 
 
 Aquilcgia. Calyx o : petals 5 : nectaries 5, alternating 
 with the petals and ending in horns beneath : capsules 
 5, distinct. 
 
 NigeUa. Calyx none : petals 5 : nectaries 5, three- 
 cleft, within the corol : capsules 5, convex. 
 * Caltha, Hepatica. 
 
 ORDER XIII. POLYGAMIA. 
 
 Clematis. Calyx o : petals 3, 4, 5 or 6 ; seeds com- 
 pressed : styles permanent* becoming long tails. (Some 
 species are dioecious.) 
 
 Thalictrum. Calyx o : petals 4 or 5 : filaments very 
 long : seeds without tails, striate, terete. (Some species 
 are dic&cious.) 
 
 Coptis. Calyx o : petals 5 or 6, caducous : nectaries 
 5 or 6, cowled : capsules 5 to 8, stipcd, stellate, Deaked, 
 many-seeded. 
 
under 
 
 52 CLASS XIY. ORDER I. 
 
 Caltha. Calyx o : petals 5 to 9 : capsules numerous} 
 many-seeded : nectaries o : (styles variable in number.) 
 
 Hepatica. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 6 to 9 : seed naked. 
 
 Ranunculus. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5, with claws 
 and a nectariferous pore or scale on the inside of each : 
 seeds numerous. 
 
 Jldonis. Calyx 4 or 5-Ieavcd : petals 5 or more,, without 
 nectariferous pores : seeds awnless. 
 
 CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA. 
 OKDER I. GYMXOSPERMIA. 
 
 A. Cfl/^.r 5 -parted ivith the divisions or teeth nearly equal. 
 
 Lamhim. Corol with the upper lip entire, vaulted $ 
 
 dt-r lip 2-lobcd : throat with a tooth at each margin. 
 
 Nepetti.- Calyx dry, striated : corol with a longish 
 tube, under lip with the middle division crenatc, throat 
 with a reflected margin * stamens approaching. 
 
 Mentha* Corol nearly equal, 4-cleft : broadest divi- 
 sion emarginate : stamens erect, distant. 
 
 Leonnrus. Calyx 5-angled, o -toothed, corol with the 
 upper lip villose, flat entire $ lower lip 3-parted, middle 
 division undivided. 
 
 Glechoma. Calyx 5-cleft : each pair of anthers ap- 
 proaching so as to exhibit the form of a cross. 
 
 B. Calyx 2-lipped. 
 
 Trichostema. Corol with the upper lip falcate : the un- 
 der lip 3 -parted with the middle division small, oblong : 
 filaments very long-exsert, curved. 
 
 Scutellaria. Calyx with an entire mouth, which is 
 closed with a lid after the corol falls out : tube of corol 
 bent. 
 
 Origanum. Calyxes collected into a 4-sided strobile- 
 like cone, with broad intervening bracts : corol with the 
 upper lip erect, flat ; under lip 3-parted, divisions nearly 
 equal. 
 
 'Thymus. Calyx with the throat closed with hairs : 
 rorol with the upper lip flat, emarginate ; lower lip lon- 
 ger. 
 
 Prunella. Calyx with the upper lip dilated : filaments 
 2-forked with an anther on one of the points : stigma 2- 
 cleft. 
 
CLASS XV. ORDER I. 53 
 
 ORDER II. ANGIOSPERMIA, 
 A. Calyx 4-clcft. 
 
 Sartsia. Calyx lobed, emarginate, coloured : corol 
 less than calyx j upper lip longest : capsules-celled; 
 seed angled. 
 
 M'lampyrum. Corol with the upper lip compressed, 
 the margin folded hack : capsule 2-celled, oblique, de- 
 hiscent on one side : seeds 2, gibbous. 
 
 B. Calyx 5 -deft or 5-leaved. >- 
 
 Scrophnlaria. Calyx 5-cIeft : corol sub-gk>bose-,resiipi- 
 nate, middle division of lower lip reflexcd : capsule 2- 
 celled. Generally a rudiment of a fifth filament. 
 
 Antirrhinum. Calyx 5-leaved or deeply 5 -parted, the 
 two lower divisions remote : corol ringent, spurred of 
 with a prominent base, throat closed with a prominent 
 pallate : capsule ovate, 2-vaIved, dehiscent at the apex. 
 
 Gerardia. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed : corol some- 
 what bellform, unequally 5-lobed : capsule 2-celled, de- 
 hiscent at the top. 
 
 Pedicularis. Calyx 5 cleft or obliquely truncate : cor- 
 ol ringent : capsule 2-celled, nlucronate, oblique : seeds 
 numerous, coated* 
 
 Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed : corol ringent, 
 upper lip folded back upon its sides : stigma thick : cap- 
 sule 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Chelone. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved : corol ringfcnt, in- 
 flated ; the upper lip emarginate, obtuse ; under lip slight- 
 ly 3-cleft : the rudiment of a smooth filament between the 
 two tallest stamens: capsule 2-celled. 
 
 Pentstemon. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved : corol ringent, 
 inflated ; the rudiment of a bearded filament between 
 the two tallest stamens : capsule 2-celled. 
 * Linnsea, Verbena. 
 
 CLASS XV. TETRAD YNAM1A. 
 ORDER I. SILICCLOSA. 
 
 AH plants of this class* have flowers with 4 -leaved 
 calyxes and cruciform corols. 
 
 Cochlearia. Silicic thick, to rulose, many-seeded, 2-val- 
 ved ; the valves gibbous 1 obtuse. 
 
 Lepidium. Calyx spreading : corol regular : silicic 
 
 E 2 
 
54 CLASS XV. ORDER II. 
 
 emargiriate, cordate, many-seeded : valves carinate, par- 
 tition contrary. 
 
 Thlaspi. Calyx spreading : silicle emarginatc, obcor- 
 date, many-seeded ; valves resemble 2 boats with the 
 keels outward. 
 * Sisymbrium. 
 
 ORDER II. SILIOJJOSA. 
 
 A. Calyx leaves converging or closed dpon the corols, when 
 thejlowers are mature. 
 
 Gratis. Glands 4, one within each leafet of the calyx, 
 of the size of the reflected scale : siiique compressed, 
 torulose, sub-divaricate. 
 
 Turritis. Calyx converging, erect : corol erect : sili- 
 que very long, angled, striate. 
 
 Hesperis. Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the 
 petals : petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate : siiique 
 sub-terete : stigma forked, with converging apexes. 
 
 Brassica. Calyx erect, converging : partition extend- 
 ing beyond the valves of the siiique : seed globose : glands 
 between the short stamens and pistil, and between the 
 long stamens and calyx. 
 
 Raphanus. Calyx closed, setose : siiique torose, some- 
 what jointed, terete, not opening by valves, 1 or 2-cell- 
 ed : glands between the short stamens and pistil, and 
 between the long stamens and calyx. 
 
 Cheiranthus. Calyx closed, two of the leafets gibbous 
 at the base : petals dilated : siiique when young with a 
 glandular tooth each side : stigma 2-lobed : seed flat. 
 
 B. Calyx-leaves spread, not lying closed upon the corol 
 when the flowers are mature. 
 
 Cardamine. Calyx-leaves spreading but little : stig- 
 ma entire : a single gland between each of the short sta- 
 mens arid the calyx : siiique long, bursting elastically 
 with re volute valves. 
 
 Sisymbrium. Calyx and corol spreading : siiique 
 bursting, with a short terete beak, valves straitish. 
 
 Sinapis. Calyx spreading : corol with strait claws : 
 glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between 
 th* Jong stamen* and calyx : partition extending beyond 
 the valves oi the siiique, ensiform. 
 
CLASS XVII. OEDER X. 55 
 
 CLASS XVI. MONADELPHIA. 
 ORDER III. TRIANDRIA. 
 
 Sisyrinchium- Spathe 2-leaved : perianth : corol 
 superior, 6-cIeft, tubular : style 1 : capsule 3-celled. 
 
 * Lysimachia, Linum, Anagallis. 
 
 ORDER X. DECANDRIA. 
 
 Geranium. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled ? regular : 
 nectariferous glands 5, adhering to the base of the long 
 filaments : arils 5, 1 -seeded, awned, beaked at the head 
 of the receptacle : awn naked, strait. 
 
 * Oxalis. 
 
 ORDER XIII. POLYANDRIA. 
 
 Sida. Calyx simple, angular, 5-cleft : style many- 
 parted : capsules many, 1 01* 3-seeded. 
 
 Hibiscus. Calyx double, outer one many-leaved, in- 
 ner one about 5-cleft : stigmas 5 : capsule 5 or 10-celled, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 Mdlvci. Calyx double, outer one 3 -leaved, inner on 
 5-cleft : capsules many, 1 seeded. 
 
 Jttthaea. Calyx double, outer one 6 or 9-cleft : cap- 
 sules many, 1 -seeded. 
 
 Lavatera. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft : capsules 
 many, many-seeded. 
 
 CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA. 
 
 FROM ORD&R V. PBNTANDRIA, TO ORDER VIII. 
 
 OCTANDRIA. 
 
 Fumaria. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol irregu- 
 lar, spurred at the base : filaments , each with 3 an- 
 thers : capsule drupe-like, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, not open- 
 ing by valves ; seed affixed to the side of the cell. 
 
 Corydalis. Calyx 2-leaved : corol ringent, 1 or 2- 
 spurred : filaments 2, inembranaceous, each with 3-an- 
 thers : capsule silique^like, many-seeded. 
 
 Polygala. Calyx 5-lcaved, unequal, 2 of the leafets 
 wing-like, larger, coloured : corol irregular (or rather, 
 calyx 3-leaved, corol imperfectly papilionaceous) capsule 
 obcordate, 2-ceiled, 2-vaived. Keel of corol sometimes 
 appendaged, 
 
 ORDER X. DECANDHIA. 
 A. Stamens united in one set. 
 
 Lupinus. Corol 2-lipped : anthers, 5 oblong and 5 
 roundish : legume coriaceous; torulouse. 
 
& CLASS VII. ORDERS V. VIII. 
 
 Crotolaria. Corol with the banner cordate, large; 
 keel acuminate : filaments connate, with a dorsal fissure ; 
 style curved : legume pedicelled, turgid. 
 
 B. Stamens in 2 sets ; generally 9 in one set, and I alone 
 
 1. Legume many-seeded, stigma pubescent 
 
 Pisum. Calyx with the divisions leaf-like, about equal : 
 banner protruding 2 folds : style compressed, carinate, 
 villose above : legume without down at the suture. 
 
 Lathyrus. Calyx with the two upper divisions shorter : 
 style flat, villose above, broader towards the top. 
 
 Vida. Calyx emarginate above, 2-toothed ; 3 strait 
 long teeth below : banner emarginate : stigma bearded a 
 short space on the lower side. 
 
 Phaseolus. Keel, stamens and style spirally twisted 
 together. 
 
 Uobinia- Calyx 4-cleft, upper division 2-parted : 
 banner large, reflexed, roundish : legume gibbous, elon- 
 gated. 
 
 2. Legume many-seeded, stigma without hairs. 
 Glycine. Calyx 2-lipped, the tooth of the lower lip 
 longest : the end" of the keel curling upwards, and in ap- 
 pearance pushing back the banner : style incurved with 
 the keel : legume oblong, compressed. 
 
 Galega. Calyx with subulate teeth nearly equal : 
 legume toralose, teretish. 
 
 3. Legumes few-seeded. 
 
 Medicago* The keel deflected from the direction of 
 the banner ; legume compressed, cochleate. 
 4. Legumes about 1 -seeded- 
 
 Tnfolium. Flowers sub-capitate : legume included in 
 the calyx, not opening by valves, 1 to 4-seeded. 
 
 Melilotus. Flowers racemed : calyx tubular, 5-tooth- 
 ed : keel simple, shorter than the wings and banner : le- 
 gume rugose, longer than the calyx. 
 
 Lespedeza. Calyx 5-parted, divisions nearly equal : 
 keel of the corol transversely obtuse : legume lens-form$ 
 unarmed, 1 -seeded. 
 
 5. Legumes jointed) or in loments. 
 L Hedysarum. Calyx 5-cleft : keeLof corol transversely 
 
CLASS XYIIT. ORDER II. 57 
 
 obtuse: loment many-jointed, joints 1 -seeded, compres- 
 sed, generally hispid. 
 
 CLASS XVIII. SYNGENESIA. 
 
 ORDER I. POLYGAMIA ^^UALIS. 
 
 A. Florets ligulate. 
 
 Tragopogon. Calyx simple, many-leaved : receptacle 
 naked : egret plumose and stiped. 
 
 Leontod'on. Calyx double : receptacle naked : egret 
 stiped. 
 
 Ldduca. Calyx imbricate, cylindric, with the margin 
 mcmbranaceous : receptacle naked: egret simple, stiped : 
 seed smooth. 
 
 Hieracium* Calyx imbricate, ovate ; egret simple, 
 sessile : receptacle naked or sub-pilose (From white 
 becoming yellowish.) 
 
 Sonclins. Calyx imbricate, inflated : egret pilose, ses- 
 sile : receptacle naked. 
 
 Krigia. Calyx simple, many-leaved : egret 5 mem- 
 branous Ieav 7 es with 5 alternating bristles : receptacle 
 naked. 
 
 B . Florets tiibulous ; flowers capitate. 
 
 Cnicus. Calyx imbricate, witli prickly scales : recep^ 
 tacle villose : egret plumose. 
 
 Carthainns. Calyx ovate, imbricate, with scales ova- 
 tish-leafy at apex : egret chaff-hairy or none : receptacle 
 chaff-bristly. 
 
 JUrctium. Calyx globose, with scales hooked at apex : 
 egret chaff-bristly : receptacle chaffy. 
 
 C. Florets tubulous ; Jiowers discoid. 
 
 Bidens. Calyx calyrled, nearly equal ; sometimes the 
 flower is furnished with a few radiate florets . rerepta- 
 cle chaffy, flat : egret 2, 3 or 4 awns with reflexed and 
 erect lateral prickles : seed 4-rornered. 
 
 Eupatorium. Calyx imbricated (rarely simple) ob- 
 long : style long, cloven half way down : egret pilose or 
 rough papillose : receptacle naked. 
 
 ORDER II. POIYGAMIA SUPERFIUA. 
 A. Flowers discoid. 
 
 Gnaphalium. Calyx imbricate, with the marginal 
 scales rounded, scarious, shortish, glossy, coloured ; rd* 
 
58 CLASS XVIII. ORDER. IV. 
 
 eeptacle naked : egret pilose or plumose. (Florets of- 
 ten all perfect.) 
 
 Artemisia. Calyx imbricate, with scales rounded, 
 converging : egret : receptacle somewhat villose or na- 
 kedish (Flowers mostly round-headed.) 
 B. Flowers radiate. 
 
 Chrysanthemum. Calyx hemispherical, imbricate, with 
 the scales membranous at the margin : receptacle naked ; 
 egret none, or a narrow margin. 
 
 Inula. Calyx imbricate or squarrose : egret simple : 
 .anthers ending in 2 bristles at tiie base : receptacle na- 
 ked : ray florets numerous. 
 
 Erigeron. Calyx imbricate : egret pilose : receptacle 
 naked : florets of the ray linear, very narrow, numerous. 
 
 Solidago. Calyx-scales imbricate, closed : egret sim- 
 ple : receptacle naked, furrowed with dots or punctures : 
 ray -florets about 5, always fewer than 10, ^-toothed. 
 
 Senecio. Calyx cyliridric ; leaiets with withering, 
 blackish tips, and a few small calycle leafets at the base : 
 egret simple : receptacle naked. 
 
 Jlstsr. Calyx imbricate, the inferior scales spreading ; 
 egret simple : receptacle naked, scrobiculate. (Florets 
 of the ray more than 10, except in soHdaginoides, and a 
 few other species.) 
 
 JJnthcmis. Calyx hemispherical, nearly equal : egret 
 0, or a membraneous margin : florets of the ray more 
 than 5 : receptacle chaffy, the chaffs flat, with a rigid 
 acuminate apex. 
 
 ORDER III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. 
 
 Rudbeckia. Calyx with a double order of scales : re- 
 eeptacle chaffy, conic : egret a 4-toothed margin or 0. 
 
 Helianthus. Calyx imbricate, sub-squarrose, leafy : 
 receptacle flat, chaffy, egret 2-Ieaved, caducous. 
 
 Centaurea. Calyx various, mostly imbricate, roundish : 
 egret simple, various: receptacle bristly: corols of the 
 ray funnel-shape, longer, irregular. 
 
 ORDER IV. POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA. 
 
 Calendula. Calyx many -leaved, equal : receptacle na- 
 ked : egret none : seeds of the disk mem bran aceous. 
 
 Iva. Calyx 3-leaved : styles 2, long : seed naked, ob- 
 tuse : receptacle hairy : ray 5-flowered. 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER III. 59 
 
 ORDER V. POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA. 
 Echinops. Proper calyx 1 -flowered : corol tubular, 
 perfect : receptacle setose : egret obsolete. 
 
 CLASS XIX. GYNANDRIA. 
 
 OKDER I. MONANDRIA or ORDER li. DIA\DRIA. 
 
 Calyx 5 -leaved coloured, (or corol 5-petallcd.) 
 
 A. With a spur under thz lower lip. 
 
 OrcMs. Calyx ringent like, the upper leafets vaulted : 
 lip dilated, spur long : anthers terminal, adnate. 
 
 Satyrmm* Calyx ringent-like, upper leafet vaulted : 
 lip linear, parted or sub-entire : spur short, sub-inflated 
 and somewhat 2-lobed : anthers terminal, adnate. 
 B. Lower lip without a spur. 
 
 Ncottia. Calyx ringent-like, the outer side leafets uni- 
 ted before about the inflated base of the lip : anther par- 
 allel to the acuminate style, affixed behind. 
 
 Cymbidium. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved, erect or spreading : 
 lip concave at the base, with a spreading border : anther 
 a caducous lid ; pollen globose. 
 
 Malaocis. Calyx spreading, turned upside down by 
 the twisting of the peduncle when the petals open : lip 
 ascending, concave, spreading : anther a lid. 
 
 Arethusa. Calyx somewhat ringent-like ; leafets some- 
 what converging : anther a permanent lid : pollen pow- 
 dery-granulated. 
 
 ORDER II. DIANDRIA. 
 
 Cypripedium. Calyx coloured, 4-leaved, spreading : 
 lip inflated, hollow : style with a terminal lobe ; and a 
 petal-like appendage on the upper side. 
 
 ORDER V. PENTANDRIA. 
 
 Jlsclepias. Petals 5, reflexed : nectaries 5, concave, 
 containing little horns : each stamen, with a pair of pendu- 
 lous anthers, suspended from the stigma. 
 
 CLASS XX. MONOECIA, 
 ORDER III. TRIAXDRIA. 
 
 Typha. Amcnt cylindric. Staminate flowers -calyx 
 obsolete, 3-leaved : coral 0. Pistillate flowers below the 
 
69 CLASS XX. ORDER IT. 
 
 staminate : calyx : corol : seed 1, pedicelled ; the pe- 
 dicels surrounded at the base with long hairs resembling 
 egret. 
 
 Spar gaiiium. Staminate flowers ament roundish : 
 calyx 3-leaved : corol 0. Pistillate flowers calyx 3-lea- 
 ved : corol : stigma 2-cleft ; drupe juiceless, 1 -seeded. 
 
 Zea. Staminate flowers- calyx-glume 2-flowered, 
 awnless : corol glume awnless. Pistillate flowers calyx- 
 glume 2-valved : style 1, filiform, pendulous : seed sol- 
 itary, immersed in an oblong receptacle. 
 
 Carex. Aments imbricate (usually in cylindric spikes.) 
 Staminate flowers calyx"-scales solitary : corol 0. Pistil- 
 late flowers calyx-scales solitary : corol inflated, mon- 
 opetalous, 2-toothed at the apex : stigmas 2 or 3 ; nut 3- 
 sided, inclosed in the permanent corol, which becomes 
 an utriculus-like permanent aril. 
 
 Comptonia Staminate flowers ament cylindric with 
 calyx-scales : corol 2-petalled : filaments 2-forked. Pis- 
 tillate flowers spike or ament ovate, corol 6-petalled 
 styles 2 : nut ovate. 
 
 ORDER IV. TETRAXDKIA. 
 
 Urlica. Staminate flowers calyx 4-leaved : corol : 
 nectary central cyathiform. Pistillate flowers calyx 2- 
 leaved (2-valved :) corol : seed l, glossy. 
 
 Morns. Staminate flowers calyx 4-parted : corol 0. 
 Pistillate flowers calyx 4-leaved : corol : styles 2 : 
 calyx berry-like : seed 1. 
 
 Mnus. \ Staminate flowers ament composed of wedge- 
 form truncate 3-flowered receptacles : calyx a scale : 
 corol 4-parted. Pistillate flowers calyx 2-floweret! 
 scales : corol : seed compressed, ovate, wingless. 
 
 ORDER V. PENTANDRIA. 
 
 Jlnibrosia. Staminate flowers common calyx 1-leav- 
 d : corol 1-petalled, 5-cleft, funnel-form : receptacle na- 
 ked. Pistillate flowers calyx 1 -leaved, entire, theswell- 
 ing part 5-toothed, 1-flowered; corol : nut from the in- 
 durated calyx, 1 -seeded. 
 
 Amaranthus. Staminate flowers calyx 3 or 5-leaved : 
 corol : stamens 3 or 5. Pistillate flowers ra'yx and 
 corol as the staminate : styles 3 : capsule 1-celled, open- 
 JTng transversely : seed 1. 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER XIII. 61 
 
 ORDER VI. HEX AND RI A* 
 
 Zixania. Staminate flowers calyx : corol -glume 
 -valved, awnless, with pistillate flowers intermixed. Pis- 
 tillate flowers calyx : cored-glume 2-vahed, cowled, 
 awned : styles 2-parted ; seed 1 invested in the plaited 
 corol. 
 
 ORDER XIII, POLYAXDSIA. 
 
 Sagittaria. Starninatc flowers calyx 3-Ieaved : corol 
 8-petalled : filaments mostly 24. Pistillate flowers 
 calyx and corol as in the staminate : pistils many : cap- 
 sules aggregate, 1 -seeded. 
 
 Calla Spathe ovate becoming expanded : spadix cov- 
 ered with the fructification : stamens intermixed. Stam- 
 inate flowers calyx arid corol : anthers sessile. Pis- 
 tillate flowers calyx and corol : herries 1 -celled 
 crowned with the short style. 
 
 *ftnnn. Spathe cowled : spadix not entirely covered 
 with the fructification ; being more or less naked above, 
 \vitli pistillate flowers beneath and staniinatc in the mid- 
 die ; (sometimes a few are staminate beneath :) berry 
 mostly 1 -seeded : generally cirrose-glamhiiar beneath 
 (often dioecious.) 
 
 Querciis. Staminate flowers calyx sub-5-cleft : sta- 
 mens 5 to 10. Pistillate flowers calyx 1 leafed, entire, 
 scabrous, a woody cup : styles 2 to 5 : nut coriaceous, 
 surrounded at the base by the permanent calyx. 
 
 Juglans. Staminate flowers ament imbricate : calyx 
 a scale : corol 6-parted : filamentes A- to 18. Pistillate 
 flowers calyx 4 -cleft superior : corol 4-cleft styles 2 : 
 drupe coriaceous or woody : nutsulc ate. 
 
 Castanea. Polygamous. Staminate flowers ament 
 naked, linear : corol 5-petalled : stamens 10 to 20. Pis- 
 tillate flowers calyx 5 or 6-leaved, muricate : germs 3 : 
 stigmas pencil -form ; nuts 3, -with coriaceous putamen, 
 inclosed iit the calyx becoming cchinate. 
 
 Setul a. Staminate flowers ament imbricate, scales 
 peltate S-fiowered : calyx a scale : stamens 10 to 12. 
 Pistillate flowers calyx a 2 -flowered scale : seed 1, 
 \\inged, 
 
 Carpinus. Ament imbricate. Staminate flowers ca- 
 lyx-scales ciliate : stamens 10. Pistillate flowers calyx- 
 scales 2-flowered : corol 3-cleft : nut ovate sulcate; 
 
 F 
 
6% CLASS XXL ORDER II. 
 
 Ostrya. Ament imbricate. Staminate flowers calyx 
 a scale : filaments ramose. Pistillate flowers ament 
 naked : capsule inflated, imbricate, with one seed at its 
 base. 
 
 Corylus. Staminate flowers ament imbricate : calyx 
 a scale : stamens about 8. Pistillate flowers calyx 2- 
 parted, lacerated : styles 2 : nut ovate, surrounded by 
 and included in the permanent leaf-like calyx. 
 
 ORDER XVI. MONADELFHIA. 
 
 Pinus. Staminate flowers calyx 4-leaved : stamens 
 many : anthers naked. Pistillate flowers calyxes in 
 strobiles or cones, scales 2-flowered : pistil 1 : nut with 
 a membranaceous wing (Perhaps more properly a sama- 
 ra.) 
 
 Cupressus. Staminate flowers ament imbricate : calyx 
 a scale : corol : anthers 4, sessile. Pistillate flowers 
 ament strobilaceous : calyx a 1-flowered scale : corol : 
 stigmas 2, with concave points : nut angled. 
 
 Jtidnus. Staminate flowers calyx 5-parted : stamens 
 numerous. Pistillate flowers calyx 3-parted : styles 3, 
 2-cleft : capsules echinate, 3-cclled, 3-seeded. 
 
 Cucurbita. Staminate flowers calyx 5-toothed : cor- 
 ol 5-cleft : filaments 3. Pistillate flowers calyx and 
 corol like the staminate : pistil 3-cleft : pomaccous berry 
 large, 3 to 5-celled : seeds thickened at the margin. 
 
 Cucumis. Staminate flowers calyx 5-toothed : corol 
 5-parted : filaments 3. Pistillate flowers calyx and cor- 
 ol like the staminate : stigmas 3, thick, 2 -parted : berry 
 with sharpish seeds. 
 
 CLASS XXL DIOECIA. 
 ORDER II. DIANDRIA. 
 
 8alix. Staminate flowers ament cylimlric : calyx a 
 scale, with a nectariferous gland at the base Pistillate 
 flowers ament and calyx like the staminate : styles 2- 
 cleft : capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved : seed with egret-lijkc 
 down. 
 
 Fraxinns. Perfect flowers calyx 0, or 4 -parted : cor- 
 ol 0, or 4 -pe tailed : pistil 1 : samara 1 -seeded with a lan- 
 ceolate wing, Pistillate flowers ; calyx, corol and pis- 
 tils same as perfect. 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER XIIL qs 
 
 ORDER III. TRIANDRIA. 
 
 Ficus. Common receptacle fleshy enclosing the ape- 
 talous florets, either in the same or in a distinct individ- 
 ual. Staminate flowers calyx 3-parted. Pistillate flow- 
 ers calyx 5-parted : pistil 1, lateral : ceed i, coveretl 
 with the closed permanent somewhat fleshy calyx. 
 
 * Carex. 
 
 ORDER IV. TETRANDRIA. 
 
 Myrica. Staminate flowers ament oblong : calyx an 
 ovate scale : corol 0. Pistillate flowers calyx and corol 
 like th staminate : styles 2 : drupe or berry 1 -seeded. 
 
 OKDF.R V. PENTANDRIA. 
 
 Spinada. Staminate flowers calyx 5-parted : corol 
 0. Pistillate flowers styles 4 : seed 1, within the indu- 
 rated calyx. 
 
 Ilumulus. Staminate flowers calyx 5-leaved : corol 
 0. Pistillate flowers calyx 1-leafed, entire, oblique, 
 spreading : styles 2 : seed 1, within the leaf-like calyx: 
 inflorescence strobile-form. 
 
 Cannabis. Staminate flowers calyx 5-parted. Pis- 
 tillate flowers calyx 5-leaved, entire, gaping laterally : 
 styles 2 : nut 2-valved, within the closed calyx. 
 
 * Vitis. 
 
 ORDER VI. HEXANDRIA. 
 
 Lapathnm. Calyx 3-leaved : not marked with grains : 
 petals 3, converging : seed 1, 3-sided. (Distinguished 
 from rumcx, by always being dioecious,) 
 
 Smilax. Staminate flowers calyx 5-leaved : corol 0. 
 Pistillate flowers calyx and corol like the staminate : 
 .styles 3 : berry S-celled : seeds 2, 
 
 FROM ORDER VIII. OCTANDRIA, TO ORDER XIII. 
 
 POLYANDRIA. 
 
 fopulus. Staminate flowei s ament cylindric ; calyx a 
 torn scale : corol turbinafe, oblique, entire. Pistillate 
 flowers ament, calyx and corol like the staminate : stig- 
 ma 4 -cleft : capsule 2-cellcd : seed with *gret-like hairs. 
 
 Menispermum. Staminate flowers calyx 2-leaved : pet- 
 als 4 or 6 outer and 8 inner : stamens 16. Pistillate flow- 
 ers corol like the staminate : 8 barren stamens : genus 
 .% or 3 : berries paired, 1 -seeded. 
 '* Thalictrum. Arum. 
 
64 CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 
 
 ORDER XVI. MOXADEIPHIA. 
 
 Juniperus. Staminate flowers amcnt ovate : calyx a 
 scale : stamens 3. Pistillate flowers calyx 3-parted ; 
 petals 3 : styles 3 : berry 3-seeded, consisting of the 
 three unequal tubercles of the calyx. (Nut bony, l-cell* 
 ed with balsamy glands at the base.) 
 
 Taxus. Staminate flowers calyx about 4 bud-leaves ;. 
 corol : stamens many, anthers peltate, 8-cleft. Pistil- 
 late flowers style : receptacle acoi ncup-form $ nut 
 ovate. 
 
 CLASS XXII. CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 ORDER I. FILICES. 
 
 Ferfis aro annulated, when each capsule has a kin;! 
 ot'chahi passing around it at about right angles with the 
 suture. When the fruit is ripe, the chain in straitening 
 opens the capsule $ it being attached by its ends to two 
 contiguous edges of it. 
 
 A. With annulated capsules. 
 1. Without involucres, 
 
 Potypodium. Capsules disposed in round scattered 
 dots, on various parts of the lower surface of the frond. 
 2. With involucres. 
 
 Onodea. Fruit-dots indeterminate, capsules covering 
 the whole lower surface of the frond ; involucre formed 
 by turning in or rolling back the margin of the leaf, which 
 opens inwards, in maturity, towards the midrib, or re- 
 mains closed. (The fertile leaves are contracted and nar- 
 rower than the barren ones,) 
 
 Pteris. Capsules arranged in a continued line along 
 the very margin of the frond : involucre opening inwards. 
 (When the leaves are extremely small, the rows of cap- 
 sules on opposite sides meet and cover the lower surface 
 like the above.) 
 
 Jlspteninm. Capsules in lines parallel to each other, 
 situated exactly upon the secondary veins of the frond : 
 involucres opening inwards. (By the secondary veins is 
 meant those of the middle part of the disk, not the larger 
 ones at the margin or midrib. The parallel lines of cap- 
 siilcs may stand obliquely with respect to the midribj but 
 their direction must be parallel to each other.) 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 65 
 
 Capsules disposed in obloug spots arrang- 
 ed along the margin of the frond : involucre is formed 
 by turning back the margin of the frond over the cap- 
 sules, and it opens inwards. (The lines of oblong 
 spots are generally along that margin, which may be con- 
 sidered the end of the leaf or of the segments of the leaf.) 
 
 JUspidium. Capsules in scattered roundish spots on 
 various parts of the whole lower surface of the frond : in- 
 olucre a kidney-form or round membrane, fastened to 
 the frond in or near the centre of the fruit-dot, and open- 
 ing on all sides. (The involucre, when a little opened, is 
 strictly peltate.) 
 
 Dicksonia. Capsules in small roun dscattered fruit-dote 
 at the margin of the frond : involucre double ; one part 
 is formed of the thin margin of the frond turned over- 
 apon the fruit-dots, the other is from the frond on the 
 inward side of the fruit-dots, each part opening opposite 
 to where it is fastened to the frond. 
 
 B. Wiih capsules not annulatcd. 
 
 Osmunda. Capsules globose, pedicelled, radiate-stri- 
 ate or wrinkled, having a hinge at the joining of the two 
 valves, which resembles part of the jointed rings of annu- 
 lated ferns : the capsules either occupy the whole lower 
 surface of the frond, or a panicled-raceme. (The parts 
 of the frond occupied by the fruit are always more con- 
 tracted than the barren parts.) 
 
 APPENDIX TO THE ORDER FILICES. 
 PTEROIDES. 
 
 Botrychium. Capsules coriaceous, globose, one-celled, 
 smooth ; they are disposed in spikes or racemes, general- 
 ly open lengthwise, sometimes irregularly. 
 
 Lycopodium. Capsules mostly kidney-form or round- 
 ish, 2 or 4-valved opening elastically ; they are placed 
 under separate scales in a spike, or sometimes in the axils 
 of leaves. 
 
 Eqidselum. Fruit placed under peltate bodies which are 
 arranged in whorls forming a spike-form raceme ; four 
 spiral filaments surround the seed (probably) which re- 
 semble green globules, ^Fertile plants mostly leafless, 
 the stems of all are jointed with toothed sheaths at every 
 ioint, and usually longitudinally striated and hollow.) 
 
 F 2" 
 
6 CLASS XXIL ORDER Ml. 
 
 ORDER II. Musci. 
 
 A- Capsules with a lid and without a peristome.. 
 Sphagnum- Calyptre breaks off transversely, leaving 
 the lower half on the capsule : lid caducous. 
 15. Capsule with a lid and furnished with a single peris- 
 tome, proceeding from the outer surface of the capsule, 
 or from both inner and outer. 
 
 Dicranum. Each tooth split part of the way from the 
 tip towards the base, incurved and solid, 16 in number. 
 Polytrichum. Tips of the teeth all meet in a flat mem- 
 brane, which extends over most of the mouth of the cap- 
 sule : calyptre mostly composed of hair. 
 &. Capsule with a lid, and furnished with a single per- 
 istome proceeding only from the inner surface of the cap- 
 sule. 
 
 Jiarbula. Peristome consists of twisted filaments. 
 Diphifscium. Peristomes consist of wedge-shaped 
 rein-like processes. 
 
 B. Capsules With a Hd, and furnished with a double per- 
 istome, the outer one consisting of 8 or 16 distinct teeth. 
 
 firyum. Inner peristome consists of a membrane ter- 
 minating in pointed teeth not perforated, having between 
 them very fine delicate hairs : peduncles terminal. 
 
 Hypnum. Inner peristome consists of a membrane 
 terminating in pointed teeth not perforated, having be- 
 tween them very tine hairs, to be seen with a good mag- 
 nifier : peduncles axillary. 
 
 K Capsule with a lid, and furnished with a double per- 
 istome 9 outer one consisting of 16 connected teeth. 
 
 Funaria. Outer teeth oblique and connected at the 
 tips ; inner are 16 filaments lying flat : peduncles terminal. 
 ORDER' III. HKPATICAE. 
 
 Jangermannia; Capsules 4-valved with chain-like 
 seed-dispersers, peduncled, arising from a bell-form ca- 
 lyx. (An apophysis adjoins the capsule, and it has a sil- 
 very filamentous peduncle, which often grows several in- 
 ches in one night. The peduncle rises from a bell-form 
 calyx, which is more permanent than the fruit. In this 
 calyx the fruit lies concealed a while, at length it opens 
 and discloses a small shining black globule, which rises 
 on the silvery peduncle and bursts into 4 valves.) 
 
GLASS XXII. ORDER V. 67 
 
 Marcliantla. Capsules peduncled, bursting at their 
 summits : seeds attached to elastic fibres : the capsules 
 are placed beneath umbrella-like stars or cones. (It a- 
 grees with some species of jungerniannia in external ap- 
 pearance, but it is of a much firmer texture. The frond 
 is always leafy, lobed, .furnished with a strong midrib 
 and beset beneath with villous roots. The disk of the 
 leaf consists of a beautiful green net- work.) In the 
 spring one of the leading species sends up ovate anthers 
 or buds on pellucid filaments from the disk of the fVond. 
 Near the middle of the summer the umbrellas appear, 
 bearing tj^e fruit on or under the rays. 
 
 ORDER IV. ALGAE. 
 
 Fucus. Germs imbedded in the gelatinous substance 
 of the frond, aggregate : seeds produced in clustered tu- 
 bercles, which burst at their summits. 
 
 Uh'd. Frond niembranaceous or gelatinous : fruit in 
 semi-transparent visicular membranes within the sub- 
 stance or under the general cuticle of the frond, either 
 solitary or clustered. 
 
 Conferva. Consisting of herbaceous tubes or fibres, 
 generally separated within by transverse partitions : 
 seeds scattered through the joints, or contained in solita- 
 ry closed tubercles attached to the tubes or fibres. 
 
 ORDER V. LICUEXES. 
 
 Lecidea. Spangles sessile, with a flattish or convex 
 disk : frond various, crustaceous ; uniform and limited, 
 scattered and indeterminate, leafy, membranous, or stel- 
 late. 
 
 Ghfrophora. Buttons superficial, flattish : frond leafy, 
 peltate, between membranous and leafy. 
 
 Punnelia. Shields superficial or elevated, thick or sub- 
 membranous* flattish, convex or concave, crowned with 
 a Tree accessory border : frond various, crustaceous, 
 leaty, branched or lariniated, cartilaginous, membran- 
 ous or gelatinous. A vast genus. One of its best char- 
 a< I -i-a is that the shield has no border of its own sub- 
 si (i. e ; but ahvays has an accessary one of the substance 
 Oi die crust. 
 
 Usnca> Orbs sub-coriaceous, flattened, peltate, na- 
 ke and smooth on both sMes, mostly much dilated ; disk 
 first concave, then fiat, even, subsequently rather convex 
 
68 f.LASS XXII. ORDER VI. 
 
 and cracked, or warty, scarcely coloured ; border either 
 none or accessary, which is entire or toothed in the cir- 
 cumference, very often radiated : knobs on the same, or 
 on a different plant, which are sessile, lateral, scattered ; 
 at first shield-like and sometimes in a manner bordered, 
 finally convex and warty, coloured. This is the filamen- 
 tous lichen, tapering, more or less jointed, having a 
 central elastic medullary thread. It is sometimes called 
 tree-moss. 
 
 ORDER VI. FUNGI. 
 
 Jlgaricus. Fungus with laminae underneatfe. 
 
 Merulius. Fungus with veins underneath. 
 
 Boletus. Fungus with pores underneath. 
 
 Hijdnum. Fungus prickly underneath. 
 
 Pexiza. Fungus concave above ; hemispherical or 
 bellform \ seeds contained in the cup. 
 
 Lycoperdon. Fungus becoming powdery and fibrous 
 within : seeds attached internally to the fibres. 
 
 Uredo. Fungus parasitical, consisting of a mealy pow- 
 der, destitute of a case, growing from under the cuticles 
 of leaves and stems, bursting at last, with an even mar- 
 gin. 
 
 Mucor. Fungus fugacious, heads at first semi-trans- 
 parent, then becoming opake, fixed to simple or branch- 
 ed stalks. 
 
 Xylostroma. Fungus leathery, expanded, deformed, 
 penetrating, smooth^ even : seeds among the fibres, glo- 
 bular minute. (Growing in cleavages of decaying wood.) 
 
2016. ACALYPHA, SB. 96. 
 t'irgimca (three seed mercury.) 
 
 81. ACER, 23. 66. 
 
 riibrum (soft maple, red maple. (X r. Ap. ^ ) leaves 
 5-lobed, unequally sub-dentate, glauroiis beneath : flow- 
 ers in sessile umbels. Rarely dioecious, dasycarpiiui 
 (silver maple.) sacckarinum (suajar maple.) O. y-r. M. 
 J? .) leaves 5-parted, palmate, sinuate, acuminate-tooth- 
 ed, pubescent beneath. Polygamous, striatum (false 
 dogwood, striped maple bush, Indian tobacco. O. g. M. 
 h stem marked with white longitudinal lines : leaves 3* 
 lobed, acuminate, serrate : racemes pendant, petals oval. 
 spicatum (mountain maple bush.) negunao (ash leaf ma- 
 ple.) nigrum (sweet tree.) 
 
 18 2. AGHILLEA, 49. 55. 
 miUefolium (yarrow.) pt'armica. 
 
 215. ACA'IDA, 53. 29. 
 cannabina (water hemp.) rursocarpa. 
 
 135. ACON1TUM, 26. 61. 
 
 napellus (monk's hood. E. b. J. 1|.) flower cowled , 
 spur strait, obtuse ; lip lanceolate, bifid ; leaves 5-parted. 
 uncinatum (vvolf-bane. P. b. S. 24.) stem zigzag: flow- 
 ers with about 5 styles : leaves many lobed. 
 
 61. ACORTJS, 2. 7. 
 calamus (sweet flag.) 
 
 221 ACUOSTICHUM, 55. 5. 
 aureum (fbrk-fernO 
 
 131. ACTAEA, 26- 61. 
 rubra (bane-berry.) alba (necklace weed.) 
 
 221. AD1ANTUM, 55 5. 
 
 pedatum (maidenhair. O. J. 2|.) frond pedate branch- 
 es pinnate, leafets halved. 
 
 1313. ADONIS, 26. 61. 
 
 autumnalis (pheasant's eye. E. Au. 0.) flowers 5 to 8- 
 pctallcd 5 fruit sub-cylindric. 
 
re ALE 
 
 29 0. JECID1UM, 58. 1. 
 
 anemones, elaytoniae. pyrolae. rubi. 
 
 1710. JESCHYNOMENE, 32. 93. 
 Jdspida (false sensitive plant.) 
 
 71. JESCULUS, 23. 66. 
 
 hippocastanum (horse ckesnut. E. J. \i .) leaves digi- 
 tate, divisions about 5 : corol 5-petalled. 
 
 226. AGARICUS, 58. 1. 
 
 campestris (eatable mushroom) convex, whitish -brown, 
 spotted : laminae pink, becoming liTer-colour: stem white 
 and ruffled. coccir,+:(s* scarlet, conic, small : stem long, 
 solid, a little crooked, woolly at the base, piperitus. 
 Gustaneus. caiidicinus. rufo-vioUiceus. hypnornm. cortico- 
 la. dissemiuatus. doiuesticus. rosaceus. inconstans. co- 
 riaceas. papyraceu*. narcoticus. mroluius. epiphijl- 
 lus. 
 
 61. AGAV3, 10. 15. 
 
 virginica, (agave.) 
 
 112. AGRIMONIA, 35. 92. 
 euputoria (agrimony. O. y. Au. l(.) cauline leaves in- 
 terruptedly pinnate, the terminal one petioled : fruit his- 
 pid, par-vijlora. 
 
 105. AGROSTEMMA, 22. 82. 
 githago, (cockle. O. r. J. ^.) hirsute : calyx and corol 
 about equal ; petals entire, coronaria (rose companion.) 
 
 32. AGROSTIS, 4 10. 
 
 spicaventi (bent-grass.) tenitijiora. dtffusa. sericea. 
 Jiliformis. strida. setosa. solmlifera. juncea. involuta. 
 vulgaris (redtop.) clandestiua. rirginica. glauca. alba 
 (white top.) mex-i&md. laterlflora. pungens. 
 
 32. AIRA, 4. 10. 
 
 melicoides (hair-grass.) pumila. obtusata. 
 Jlexuosa. mottis. pattens, precox. purpurea. 
 
 525. ALECTURIA, 57. 2. 
 j ubuta. 
 
A M A H 
 
 61. ALETRiS, 10. 16. 
 farinosa (false aloe, unicorn root.) 
 
 613. ALISMA, 5. 13. 
 
 plantago (water-plantain. O. w. Ju. if.) leaves ovate 
 acute : fruit obtusely 3-cornered. parviflora. subulata. 
 
 61. ALLIUM, 9. 16. 
 
 porrum (leek.) sativum (garlic.) vineale (field e>ar- 
 Iic.1 oleraceum (striped onion.) ascalonicum (shallot) 
 trWorum (mountain leek.) canadeiise (meadow garlic.) 
 cepa (garden onion.) tncoccum (three-seed leek.) Jis- 
 tidosum (welch onion.) sclioenoprasum (cives.) fragrans 
 (false snow-drop. E. w. A.) 
 
 204. ALNUS, 50. 99. 
 
 incana. undulata. serulata (alder.) glutinosa. 
 
 S 2. ALOPECURUS, 4. 10. 
 pratensis (meadow-grass, foxtail.) geniculatus (float* 
 ing foxtail.) 
 
 53. ALSINE, 22. 82. 
 
 media (chickweed. O. w. M. If.) stem with alternate 
 lines of hairs on the sides : petals 2-parted : leaves heart* 
 ovate. 
 
 1613. ALTHAEA, 37. 74. 
 
 qffidnalis (marsh mallows.) rosea (hollyhock. E. $ .) 
 stem erect : leaves rough, heart-form, 5 to 7-angled, cre- 
 nate. Jicifolia. (fig-hollyhock.) 
 
 151. ALYSSUM, 39. 63. 
 
 saxatilc (madwort, basket of gold.) hyperboreum. sa* 
 Ovum* incanum. 
 
 205. AMARANTHUS, 54. SO. 
 
 albus (white coxcomb.) graccizans. melancholicus 
 (love lies-bleeding.) tricolor (three-coloured coxcomb.) 
 I'midns (lead amaranth.) oleraceus (pot amaranth.) hy- 
 bridus. paniculatus. retroflexus (rough amaranth. O. Au. 
 0.) racemes pentandrous, triply -compound, compact, 
 erect: branches pubescent : leaves ovate undulate* hy- 
 pochondriacus (spleen amaranth.) spinosns. 
 
72 -AND 
 
 61. AMARYLLUS, 9. IT. 
 
 ciiamasco (atamasco lily.) formosissima (jacobea.) 
 205. AMBROSIA, 54. 32. 
 
 trifida. integrifolia. elatior (hog weed. 0. S. 0.) leaves 
 doubly pinnatitid, smoothish : petioles long ciliated : ra- 
 cemes terminal, panicled : stem wand-like, artemisifo- 
 lia- paniculata. heterophylla. 
 
 41. AMMANNIA, 17. 91. 
 
 humilis (tooth -cup.) 
 
 5 ^2. AMMI. 45. 60. 
 capillaccum (biyhop-vvecd.) 
 
 1710. AMORPHA, 32. 93. 
 fruticosa (fal^e indigo.) 
 
 51. AMPELOPS1S, 46. 72. 
 quinqnefolia (false grape, creeper. O. w. Ju. J?.) leaves 
 in fives, toothed. 
 
 52. AMSCTNIA. 
 latijolia (beard throat.) 
 
 121. AMYGDALUS, 36. 92. 
 persica (peach. E. r. M. b.) serratures of the leaves all 
 acute, flowers sessile, solitary, nana, (flowering almond.) 
 
 51. ANAGALLIS, 20. 34. 
 arvensis (red rhickweed.) 
 
 51. ANCHUSA, 41. 42. 
 qffidnalls (buglos.) 
 
 101. ANDROMEDA, 18. 51. 
 l/ijpnohles (rnoss bush.) mariana. pulverulenta (d?t 
 leatV) polifoha. arlorea (sorrel tree.) paniculate 'white 
 bush. \v. j. ^ .) pubescent: leaves obovate-lanceolate 
 acute sub-entire : branches flower-bearing, terminal, pan- 
 icled, uakedish : glomerulcs peduncled : corol sub-globu- 
 lar, pubescent : anthers obtuse, beardless, racemosa. 
 axillaris. calycitlata (leather leaf.) ligustrina. 
 
 32. ANDROPOGON, 4. 10. 
 n&tans (beard grass.) macrourus (Indian grass.) di& 
 
A P 73 
 
 sttiflorus. purpurascens. furcatus (forked spike.) am- 
 biguus- 
 
 ri3 13. ANEMONE, 26. 61. 
 hortensis (garden anemone.) virginiana (mn& flower.) 
 aconitrfolia. dichotoma. nemorosa (low anemone.) Ian- 
 eifolia. thai fctro ides (rue anemone.) 
 
 52. ANETHUM, 45. 60. 
 
 graveolens (dill E.) fruit co mpressed : plant annual. 
 foeniculum. (fennel.) 
 
 52. ANGELICA, 45. GO. 
 
 archangelica (archangel.) atropurpurca. triquinala 
 (angelica.) lucida (nondo.) 
 
 1313. ANNONA, 52. 76. 
 glabra (custard apple.) 
 
 182. ANTHEMIS, 49. 55. 
 
 nobilis (chamomile.) arvensis. cotula (mayweed, w. 
 J. 0.) receptacle conic, chaff-bristly : seed naked : 
 leaves 2-pinnate, leafets subulate 3-partcd, 
 
 223. ANTHOCEROS, 57. S. 
 levis (wax-liverwort.) punctatus. 
 
 22. ANTHOXANTHUM, 4. 10. 
 odoratum, (sweet vernal grass. M. K.) spike ob- 
 long ovate ; florets subpeduncled, longer than the awn. 
 
 142. ANTIRRHINUM, 40. 40. 
 elatine (creeping snap-dragon.) triornitlwpho'nim 
 (three-birds.) linaria (snap-dragon.) canadense (flax 
 snap-dragon.) 
 
 181. APARGIA, 49. 53. 
 autumnalis (false hawk-weed.) 
 
 52. APIUM, 45. 60. 
 
 petrosdinum (parsley. E. Ju. S .) cauline leaves linear ; 
 involucres minute, gnmeolens (celery.) 
 
 52. APOCYNUM, 30. 47. 
 androsaemifolium (dog-bane, r-w. J. m.) leaves 
 G 
 
74 A R I 
 
 ovate, glabrous : cymes lateral and terminal : tube of 
 the coral longer than the calyx, canndbinum (Indian 
 hemp.) hyperidfolium (John's dog-bane.) 
 
 " 135. AQU1LEGIA, 26. 61. 
 vidgaris (garden columbine.) canadensis (wild colum- 
 bine, r. & y. Ap. 1|.) horns strait: stamens exsert. 
 
 152. ARABIS, 39. 63. 
 
 rhomloidea (wall cress.) thaliana (mousear cress.) 
 reptans. lyrata (w. Ap. $.) leaves glabrous, radical 
 ones lyrate, caulirie ones linear, hispida. hastata. fal- 
 cata. 
 
 17 10. ARACHIS, 32. 93. 
 
 hypogaea (false ground-nut, pea-nut.) 
 
 55. ARALIA. 46. 59. 
 
 spinosa (shot bush, angelica tree.) hispida (bristly 
 stem sarsaparilla.) racemosa (spikenard) nndicaulis 
 (wild sarsai)arilla. w. M. 2/.) hardly a proper stalk, 1- 
 leafed ; the leaf thrice-temate or thrice-quinate ; leaiets 
 oblong-oval : scape naked, shorter than the leaf ; um- 
 bels few. 
 
 101. ARBUTUS, 18. 51. 
 
 uva-ursi (bear-berry.) alpina. 
 
 181. ARCTIUM, 49. 54. 
 
 lappa (burdock, r. Au. 11.) cauline leaves heart-form 
 petioled toothed :' flowers panicled, globose : calyx smooth. 
 
 103. ARENARIA, 22. 82. 
 
 laterifiom (sandwort.) serpylli/olia. glabru. stricta* 
 squarrosa. rubra. 
 
 191. ARETHUSA, 7. 21. 
 
 ophioglossoides (snakemouth. r. Ju. 1|.) root fi- 
 brous : scape with 2 distant leaves, 1 or 2 flowered ; 
 leaves, oval-lanceolate : lip fringed. Flowers large, bul- 
 losa (arethusa.) trianthophoras. verticillata. medcoloi- 
 des. 
 
 J3 1. ARGEMOKE, 27. 62. 
 
 inexicana (horned I>oppey.) 
 
 32. ARISTIDA, 4. 10, 
 dichotoinu (beard-grass.) oligantha* 
 
A S C 75 
 
 196. ARISTOLOCHIA, II. 23. 
 sipho (birthwort.) scrpcntaria. 
 
 121. ARMENIACA, 36. 92. 
 vulgaris (apricot.) dasycarpa (black apricot.) 
 
 132. ARNICA, 49. 55. 
 montana (arnic.) 
 
 125. ARONIA, 36. 92. 
 
 arbuti^olia (red choak-bcrry.) bdtryapium (shad-bush, 
 w. Ap. i?.)" leaves oblong-oval ; cuspidate, glabrous: 
 flowers racenied ; petals linear : germs pubescent : seg- 
 ments of the calyx glabrous, sanguineu (bloody cboak- 
 beiTy.) melanocarpa (black choak-berry.) ovulis (med- 
 lar bush.) 
 
 182. ARTEMISIA, 49. 55 
 
 abrotanum (southern woo i.) canadensis (wild worm- 
 wood.) pontica (roman artcmisia.) absynthium (worm- 
 wood.) vulgaris (mugwort.) 
 
 2013. ARUM, 2. T. 
 
 dracontium (green dragon.) airorubens (brown drag- 
 on.) triphyllum (Indian turnip, wild turnip, false wake- 
 robin, p. & g. M. .) sub -caulescent : leaves ternate ; 
 leatets ovate acuminate : spadix club-form : spathe ovate 
 acuminate peduncled, with the lamina as long as the spa- 
 dix. virgin icum { poison arum.) 
 
 32. ARUNDO, 4. 10. 
 
 donax (reed grass.) phr-igftiites (marsh reed grass.) 
 conoides (compact reed grass.) epigejos. canadensis. 
 arenaria (sand reed grass), agrostoides. 
 
 111. ASARUM, 11.23. 
 
 canadense (white snake root, wild ginger, p. M. If.) 
 leaves broad-kidney-form in pairs : calyx woolly deeply 
 S-parted, divisions sub-lanceolate reflected. Root aro- 
 matic, vtrginicum* 
 
 195. ASCLEPIAS, 30. 47. 
 
 syriaca (common milkweed, w-p. Ju. 24.) stem very 
 simple : leaves lanceolate-oblong gradually acute, downy 
 beneath : umbels subnodding, downy. 3 to 5 feet high 5 
 
76 AST 
 
 flowers in large close clusters sweet-scented, oibtusifolia. 
 acuminate, anioena. purpurascens. "viridifiora. oarie* 
 gaUL incarnata. debilis. quadrifolia. laurifoiid. ver- 
 ticilldti. tuberosa. lanceolata. 
 
 131. ASCYRUM, 20. 68. 
 crux-dndreae (peter's wort.) hypericoides. 
 61. ASPARAGUS, 11. 12. 
 qffidnalis (aspr.ragus. E. Ju. if.) stem herbaceous un- 
 armed sub-erect terete: leaves bristle-form soft : stipules 
 sub -solitary. 
 
 61. ASl'HODELUS, 10. 14. 
 hiteus (asphodel, king's spear.) ramosus. 
 
 221. ASP1DIUM, 55. 5. 
 
 clcutanum. acrostichoides. noveboracense. cristatum. 
 obtnsum. aculeatum. marginalc ( Ju. u ) frond doubly- 
 pinnate : lesser leafets oblong obtuse Recurrent crenate, 
 more deeply crenate at tliebase r fruit dots marginal : stipe 
 chaffy, jiiix-mas (Ju.) frond doubly-pinnate, lesser leaf* 
 ets oolong obtuse serrate, serratures beardless : fruit-dots 
 of the middle rib approximate : stipe and rachis chaffy. 
 2 or 3 feet high, intermedium spinulosum. dilatatum. 
 
 221. ASPLENIUM, 55. 5. 
 rhizophyllum (walking leaf.) angustifolium (spleen- 
 wort.) ebetieum. mdanocaulon. t/ielyptcroides* ruta- 
 muraria* montanum. 
 
 182. ASTER, 49. 55. 
 1. Leaves entire. 
 
 hyssopifolius (starflower.) solidaginoides. ledifolius. 
 rigidus. linariifoluis. linifolius. subulatus. foliolosus* 
 tenuifolius. dumosus. ericoides. multiflorus. sparsiflo- 
 rus concolor. cornifdius. humilis. amygdalinus. so.- 
 licifolius. aestiv-us. no-va-angliae. cyaneus. phlogifo~ 
 Hits, patens. 
 
 2. Leaves heart- form and ovate, serrate, 
 iindidatus. paniculatus. cordifolius.. corymbosus. 
 rovhyllus. chinensis (china aster.) 
 
A f l A W 
 
 3. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, lower ones serrate. 
 
 amplexicaulis. prenanthoidcs. lacvigatus. versicolor. 
 mutabilis. laevis. coccinneus. puniceus. novi-belgii. 
 spectabilis. serotinus. tardiflorus. blandus. acuminatus. 
 conyzoides. tadula. strictus. tradescanti. recurvatus. 
 la&us. junceus. dracunculoides. miser, dirergens. dif- 
 fusus. pendulus. 
 
 1710. ASTRAGALUS, 32. 93. 
 glaux (milk vetch.) depressus (trailing vetch*) se- 
 cundus* canadensis caroliniamts. 
 
 S 2. ATHEROPOQON, 4. 10. 
 apludoides (hair-beard.) 
 
 221. ATHYRIUM, 55. 5. 
 
 thelypteris (snuffbox fern.) JilLx-femina. asphnoides. 
 angustum. bulbiferum. tenue. rujidulum. pnmtilobum, 
 
 1313. ATRAGENE, 26. 61. 
 amcricana (false virgin bovver.) 
 
 52. ATRIPLEX, 12. 29. 
 
 halimus (orarh.) hortensis (garden orach.) laciniata* 
 patula, arcnaria. 
 
 51. ATROPA, 28. 41. 
 belladonna (deadly nightshade.) physaloides. 
 
 204. AUC.UBA. 
 japonica (japan shrub.) 
 
 32. AVENA, 4. 1Q. 
 
 satiroa (oats.E. J. 0.) panicled : calyx 2-seeded ; seeds 
 smooth, one of them awned. First discovered in the is- 
 land of Juan Fernandes. A variety is awnless and has 
 black seeds, sterilis (animated oats.) fatua. elatior, 
 spicata. pensyhanica. 
 
 51. AZALEA, 18. 50. 
 
 lapponica (mountain honeysuckle.) procumbens. cnl~ 
 endulacea. cancscens. nudiflora (early honeysuckle.) 
 nitida (swamp honeysuckle.) viscosa (white honeysuckle.) 
 lauca (fragrant honeysuckle.) 
 
 e 2 
 
78 BEL 
 
 18 2. BACCHARIS, 49. 55. 
 
 halimifolia (groundsel tree.) angusti/olia (ploughman's 
 spikenard.) 
 
 225. BAEMYCES, 57. 2. 
 
 rosea. byssoides. cariosa. coccifera. deformis. pyx- 
 Ida ta. cornuta. (brittle lichen.) parecha, lobes sub- 
 erect, deep- many-cleft, subpinnate, narrowed ; cups supra- 
 foliaceous, turbinate, horned-toothed : stems becoming 
 branched, thick inflated; branches very short pro jecting,. 
 denticulate at top \ knobs clustered, bay. uncialis. ran* 
 giferina. 
 
 14 i. BALLOTA, 42. 39. 
 nigra (false motherwort.) 
 
 181. BALSAMITA, 49, 55. 
 suavolens (costmary, sweet tansey.) 
 
 222. BARBULA, 56. 4. 
 
 apiculata (spiral tooth moss,) stem short, simple : leaves 
 remotish lance-oblong, acuminate, erect, spread> capsule 
 oblong ; lid beaked, acuminata, leaves linear : capsule 
 rylindric, erect ; lid acuminate, tortuosa* 
 
 411. BARTONIA. 
 panieulata (screwstem.) 
 
 22__2. BARTRAMIA, 56. 4. 
 fontana (paper-tooth moss.) crispa. 
 
 142. B ARTS! A, 40. 35. 
 
 coccinea (painted cup. y. & r. J. S .) leaves alternate 
 linear gash-pinnatifid ; divisions linear : bracts dilated 
 generally 3-cleft longer than the flowers, paliida. 
 
 225. BATHELIUM, 57. 2. 
 mastoideum (olive lichen.) 
 
 51. BATSCHIA, 41. 42. 
 ^anescens (puccoon, false bugloss.) 
 
 182. BELL1S, 49. 55* 
 %ercnnis (daisy.) 
 
B L 7& 
 
 61. BERBERRIS. 
 
 cidgaris (barberry, y. M. h .) branches punctate 
 prickles mostly in threes : leaves obovate, remotely ser 
 rate : flowers racemed. 
 
 52. BETA, 12, 29. 
 vulgaris (beet.) cicla (white beet, scarcity.) 
 
 141. BETONICA, 42. 39. 
 qfficinalis (betony.) 
 
 2013. BETULA, 50. 99. 
 
 popnlifolia (white birch, poplar birch.) excelsa (tall 
 birch, yellow birch.) rubra Creel birch.) papyracea 
 (paper 'birch, canoe birch.) lenta (spicy birch, cherry 
 birch. M. T? .) leaves heart-ovate sharp-serrate acumi- 
 nate ; nerves and petioles pilose beneath : scales of the 
 strobile glabrous with obtuse equal lobes having elevated 
 veins, glandulosa (scrub birch.) pumila (dwarf birch.) 
 
 182. BTDENS, 49. 55. 
 
 cernua (water beggar-ticks.) beckii [lately discovered 
 near Schenectady by Dr. Lewis Beck, and named by Dr. 
 John Torry.] chrysanthemoides ^daisy beggar-ticks.) 
 frondosa (burr- mary gold.) connata. pilosa. bipmnata 
 (hemlock beggar-ticks.) 
 
 142. BIGNONIA, 40. 45. 
 radicans (trumpet flower.) 
 
 221. BLECHNUM, 55. 4. 
 borealis (Roman fern.) 
 
 12. BUTIJM, 12. 29. 
 
 eapitatum (strawberry blite. r. J. 0.) heads in a terini- 
 ml spike, not intermixed with leaves : leaves triangular 
 toothed, mrgatum (slender blite.) 
 
 204. BOEHMERIA, 53. 98. 
 cylindrica (false nettle, round head.) laterjflora. 
 
 226. BOLETUS, 58. 1. 
 
 tiovinus (honey-comh toadstool.) edulis. communis. per- 
 ennis. lucidus. villosus, igniarius (touchwood,) tubes 
 
80 B R O 
 
 very slender with fine pores, yellowish changing to red- 
 brown : pileus in the form of a horse's hoof, versicolor, 
 tubes short minute : pileus thin, velvety, striped with va- 
 rious-coloured concentric circles. Smaller than ignia- 
 rius. frumentarius. fiepaticus. cinnabarinus. 
 
 182. BOLTONIA, 49. 55. 
 aster aides (false aster.) glastifplia (false chamomile.) 
 
 51. BORAGO, 41. 42. 
 
 officinalis (borage. E. b. Ju. 0.) leaves alternate : ealyx 
 spreading, ajricana. 
 
 221. BOTRYCHIUM, 55. 5. 
 fumarioides (grape fern.) obliquum. dissectum. vir- 
 ginicum. gracile. 
 
 141. BRACHYSTEMUM, 42. 39. 
 verticillatum (-Virginian thyme.) lancedatum. virgin- 
 icum. 
 
 152. BRASSICA, 39. 63. 
 
 arientalis (perfoilate cabbage.) napus (kale or cole.) 
 rapa (turnip.) oleracea (common cabbage, including all 
 the varieties caused by culture. E. .) root caulescent 
 terete fleshy : leaves smooth glaucous repand and lo- 
 bate. ruta-baga. 
 
 32. BRIZA, 4. 10. 
 
 canadensis (quake grass, u .) panicle lax ; spikelets 
 erect 4 to 20-flowered, the common glume smallish ; out- 
 er valve of the flower acute ovate : leaves long : culm er- 
 ect, eragrostis. media, maxima (rattlesnake grass.) 
 
 61. BROMEUA, 10. 
 ananas (pine apple.) 
 
 32. BROMUS, 4. 10. 
 
 secalinus. (chess. .1. 0.) panicle nodding ; spikelets 
 ovate compressed : glumes naked distinct ; awns subulate 
 straitish-zigzag. ciliatus. pubescens (broom grass.) pur- 
 
 214. BROUSSONETIA, 50. 99. 
 papyrifera (paper mulberry.) 
 
C A L 81 
 
 142. BROWALLIA, 40. 40. 
 elata. 
 
 22. BRYUM, 56. 4. 
 
 conoideum (thread moss.) androgynum. palnstre'. uii~ 
 croodontum . heterostachum. 
 
 142. BUCHNERA, 40. 31. 
 americaiia (blue-hearts.) 
 
 151. BUNIAS, 39. 63. 
 maritima (sea rocket.) edentula. 
 
 182. BUPHTHALMUM, 49, 55. 
 grandiflorum (ox-eye.) 
 
 222. BUXBAUMIA, 56. 4. 
 aphylla (leafless moss.) 
 
 204. BUXUS, 38. 96. 
 sempen'irens (box.) 
 
 225. BYSUS, 57. 2. 
 lactifera. aurea (Castleton on rocks.) 
 
 181. CACAUA, 49- 55. 
 
 suaveolens (wild caraway.) atriplicifolia (orach cara- 
 way.) reniformis. 
 
 12 1. CACTUS, 13. 85. 
 flagellifonnis (creeping cereus. ) opuntia (prickly pear.) 
 
 184. CALENDULA, 49. 55. 
 offidnalis (pot-marygold. E. y. 0.) seed keeled, muri- 
 cate, incurved. 
 
 225. CAL1CIUM, 57. 2. 
 strigonelium (fungus lichen.) 
 
 2013. CALLA, 2. 7. 
 
 palustris (water arum. w. Ju. 7/1.) leaves suh-roundish 
 heart-form acute : spathe ovate cuspidate spreading when 
 mature. Grows in wet places. 
 
 41. GALLIC ARPA, 43. 38, 
 amencana (bermuda mulberry.) 
 
82 CAR 
 
 21. CALLISTACHIA, 40. 35. 
 virginica (Culver's physic, w. An. u .) spikes termi- 
 nal : leaves in fours or fives. 
 
 12. CALLITRICIIE, 12. 6. 
 
 verna (water chick weed or starwort. w. M. f^.) upper 
 leaves spatulate obovate, lower ones linear obtuse and 
 etna ruinate, C. heterophylla. intermedia, autumnalis. 
 brevijolia. 
 
 1313. CALTHA, 26. 61. 
 
 palustris (American cowslip, y, Ap. if.) stem erect co- 
 rymbed : leaves heart-kidney-form, lobe* spreading, a- 
 cute-crenate all around ; floral leaves sub-sessile : petals 
 ovate. Jicaroides (fig cowslip.) fuibeliifolia. (tooth-leaf 
 cowslip.) rntegerrima. 
 
 1213. CALYCANTHUS, 35. 92. 
 Jloridus (carolina allspice.) 
 
 51. CAMPANULA, 29. 52. 
 
 grandiflora (great bellflower.) rotundifolia (flax bell- 
 flower, hair-bell, b. Ju. i;.) glabrous; radical leaves kid- 
 iiey-heartform crenate ; cauline ones linear entire, a- 
 mertcuna. nitida acuminata. erinoides (prickly bell- 
 : flotver.) medium (canterbury bells.) speculum (venus* 
 looking glass.) perfoliata (clasping bellflower.) 
 
 215. CANNABIS, 53. 98. 
 
 saliva (Hemp. E. g. Au. @.) stem pilose : leaves digi- 
 tate serrate pilose. 
 
 51. CAPSICUM, 28. 41. 
 
 annuum (guinea pepper, E. vv. Au. $.) stem herba- 
 ceous : peduncles solitary. 
 
 152. CARDAMINE, 39. 63. 
 impatiens (cuckow flower.) rotundi/olia. pensylvanica 
 (american watercress, w. M. if.) glabrous, branching : 
 leaves pinnate : leafets roundish-oblong, obtuse, tooth - 
 angled, 'virginica, teres. hirsuta. 
 
 83. CARDIOSPERMUM, 23. 65, 
 halicacabum (heart-seed.) 
 
C A T g3 
 
 181. CARDUUS, 49. 54. 
 pcctiiiatus (comb thistle.) 
 
 203. CAREX, 3. 9. 
 Stigmas two. 
 
 scirpoidea (sedge.) stcrilis csphalophora. areiutria. 
 bromoides. retrqflexa. stipata. muricata. innhlenbergii. 
 multiflora. sparganioides. dirulsa. rosea. paniculata. 
 leporiiia. scirpoides. lagopodi aides, ovalis. scoparia. 
 curia, remota. jestucacea. saxatilis. caespitosa. crm- 
 ita. acuta. 
 
 Stimds three. 
 
 
 fraseri. wildonowii. polytrichoides. pedunculdtd. o- 
 vatci. "virescens. hirsnta. buxbaumii. trichocarpa. ra- 
 ria. subulata. murginata. vestita. tentaculata. milia- 
 ris. InpnlirM. /lava, oligocarpa. folliculata. pubescens. 
 plantaginea. anceps. granularis. conoidea. tetanica. 
 laxiflora. hystericina. distans. flexuosa. digitalis. 
 umbellata. miliacea. pseudo-cyperus. recurva. pellita. 
 lacustris. -vesicaria. bullata. 
 
 2013. CARPINUS, 50. 99. 
 
 americana (hornbeam, g. M. \ ) leaves ohlong-ovate, 
 acuminate, unequally serrate : scales of the strobile 3- 
 pai'ted. 
 
 181. CARTHAMUS, 49. 54. 
 tinctorius (false saffron. E. y. J. 0.) leaves ovate, en- 
 tire serrate- aculeate, coerulius. 
 
 52. CARbM, 45. 60. 
 carui (caraway.) 
 
 10 1. CASSIA, S3. 93. 
 
 senna '(Egyptian senna.) marilandica (senna.) cha~ 
 inaecrista (cassia, partiitlge pea.) Jasciculata. nictitans. 
 
 2213. CASTANEA, 50. 99. 
 americana (chesnut. g. J. h ) leaves lance-oblong, sin- 
 uate-serrate, with the serratures mucronate, glabrous 
 t)oth sides, pwnila (chinquapin.) 
 
 21. CATALPA, 40. 45. 
 
 syringaefolia (catalpa tree, w. & p. Ju h ) leaves cor- 
 date, flat. 
 
84 C E R 
 
 52. CAUCALIS, 45. 60. 
 mauritania (base parsley.) 
 
 61. CAULOPHYLLUM, 24. 61- 
 
 thalictroides (poppose root, false cohosh.) 
 
 51. CEANOTHUS, 43. 95. 
 americanus (New-Jersey tea. w. J. b leaves ovate acu- 
 minate, serrate, 3-nerved, pubescent beneath. 
 
 51. CELASTRUS, 43. 95. 
 scaiidens (false bittersweet, staff tree. y-w. J. fc .) stem 
 twining. 
 
 51. CELOSIA, 42. 30. 
 
 cristata (cock's crest E. Ju. @.) leaves oblong-ovate: 
 peduncles terete, sub-striate : spikes oblong. 
 
 52. CELTIS, 53. 99. 
 
 occidentalis (nettle tree.) crassifolia (hag-berry, hoop- 
 ash.) 
 
 31. CENCHRUS, 4. 10. 
 
 echinatus (hedgehog grass.) tribuloides. 
 
 183. CENTAUREA, 49. 54. 
 
 solstitialis. cijanus (blue-bottle. E. b. Ju/ 0.) scales of 
 the calyx serrate leaves linear entire ; lower ones toothed. 
 scabiosa tscabious centaury.) centaurium (great centau- 
 ry.) jacea (knapweed.) "suiweolens (yellow sultan.) 6e- 
 tiedicta (blessed thistle.) moschata (sweet sultan.) 
 
 41. CEPHALANTHUS, 48. 57. 
 occidentalis (button bush. g. Ju. T?.) leaves opposite and 
 in threes. 
 
 105. CERASTIUM, 22. 82. 
 vidgatum (rnousear chickweed w. Ap. 0.) hirsute, vis- 
 cid, cespitose : leaves ovate : petals oblong, about equal 
 to the calyx : flowers longer than the peduncle, semide- 
 candrnm. arvense. dichotomum. viscositm. tenuifolium* 
 
 2013. CERATOPHYLLUM, 15. 16. 
 demersum (hornwort.) 
 
 101. CERCIS, 53. 93. 
 canadensis (red bud, judas tree.) 
 
CHI 85 
 
 5~'l. CEttlNTHE, 41. 42. 
 major (honey wort.) 
 
 225. CETRARIA, 57. 2. 
 islandica (Iceland lichen.) lacunosa. juniperina* 
 
 52. CHAEROPHYLLUM, 45. 60. 
 procumbens .(chervil.) daytoni (poison cicily.) 
 
 201. CHAR A, 15. 6. 
 vulgaris (feather-beds.) foliosa. flcxilis. 
 
 221. CHEILANTHES, 55. 5. 
 vestifa (lip fern,) 
 
 152. CHEIRANTHUS, 39. 63. 
 cheiri (wall-flower.) fenestratis (waved wall-flower.) 
 anivtus (stock July -flower. E.Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate, 
 subdentate, obtuse, hoary : siliquecylindric with an acute 
 apex, incanus (brompton stock, brompton queens.) 
 
 131. CHELIDONIUM, Z7. 63. 
 mrijus (celandine.) 
 
 142^ CHELONE, 40. 45. 
 
 glabra (snakehead. w. & r. Ju. y.) leaves opposite, 
 iance-oblong, acuminate, serrate ^ spikes terminal, dense- 
 flowered. 
 
 52. CHENOPODIUM, 12. 29. 
 lonus-henricus (english mercury.) rubrnm (rusty pig- 
 weed.) album (pigweed, g. Ju. O-) leaves rho'mboia- 
 ovate, erose, entire behind, the ujiper ones oblong entire, 
 seeds smooth, viride (green pigweed. hybr:di*m. bo- 
 trys (oak of Jerusalem.) ambrosiofdes (sweet pigweed.) 
 anthelmenticum (wormseed.) muritimnm ^sea pigweed.) 
 glacum. scoparium (summer cypi-ess.) 
 
 101. CHIMAPHILA, 18. 51. 
 maculata Tspotted winter-green.) um^ellata (prince's 
 pine, bitter wintergrcen. pipsisewa. r-w. Ju. 14..) leaves 
 wedge-lanceolate, with an acute base : scape corymbed .* 
 filaments glabrous. 
 
 H 
 
8-6 CIS 
 
 21. CHIONANTHES, 44. 37. 
 virgimca (fringe tree.) 
 
 51. CHIRONIA. 20. 40. 
 
 angularis (American century.) gracilis. chloroides. 
 stellaris. calycosa. panlculata. 
 
 182. CHRYSANTHEMUM, 49. 55. 
 
 leucdnthemum (J. w. &y. if.) leaves clasping, lanceo- 
 late serrate, cut-toothed at the base : stem erect branch- 
 ing, parilienium (feverfew.) coronarium (garden chrys- 
 anthemum.) 
 
 83. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, 23. 65. 
 oppositifolium (golden saxifrage, water-carpet, y-r. M, 
 1.) leaves opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering 
 for a little distance to the petiole. 
 
 181. CICHORIUM, 49. 53. 
 
 intibus (succory or endive.) endivia (garden endive.) 
 
 52. CICUTA, 45. 60. 
 
 wirosa (water hemlock.) bulbifera. maculata (mus- 
 quash plant.) 
 
 131. CIMICIFUGA, 26. 62. 
 
 serpentaria (hugbane, black snakeroot, cohosh. w. Ju. 
 Z(.) leaves decompound; leafets ovate-oblong, gash- 
 toothed ; racemes in wand-like spikes : sometimes monp- 
 gynious. 
 
 182. CINERARIA, 49. 55. 
 
 fieterophyllg. (ash wort.) 
 
 lr~-2. CINNA, 4. 10. 
 arundinacea (indian reed.) 
 
 2 U CIRCAEA, 48. 88. 
 
 lutetiana (enchanter's nightshade, r-w. Ju. %' .) stem 
 erect : leaves ovate, denticulate, somewhat glabrous. 
 Var. alpiw. 
 
 131. CISTUS, 20. 80. 
 
 canadensis (rock-rose, frost plant, y. J. if .) without 
 stipules, erect 5 leaves alternate erect linear -lanceolate. 
 
C N I 87 
 
 flat, tomcntosc beneath ; divisions of the calyx broad- 
 ovate acuminate : stamens declined : capsules shorter 
 than the calyx. 
 
 131. CITRUS, 18. 70. 
 
 aurantimri (orange tree.) medico, (lemon tree.) Var. # 
 mo. (lime tree.) 
 
 226. CLATHRUS, 58. 1. 
 cancellatus (latticed fungus.) 
 
 26. CLAVARIA, 58. 1. 
 
 gyraus (cluh fungus,) cylindric, white, rather tapering 
 at the'ends : stem capillary, pellucid, simple, p'stillaris- 
 formosa. grisect. corniculata. 
 
 51. CLAYTON I A, 13. 86. 
 
 virginica (spring beauty, w. & r. Ap. 1|.) leaves lance- 
 linear : raceme solitary : leaves of the calyx acutish : 
 petals obovate, retuse : root tuberous, spatulata (spring 
 beauty.) 
 
 1313. CLEMATIS, 26. 61. 
 viticella (purple virgin's bovver.) viorna (leather flow- 
 er.) virginica (virgin's bower, w. Ju. h .) climbing : 
 leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, subcordate, gash-toothed 
 and lobate : corymbs dichotomous, few flowered : petals 
 longer than the stamens. Often dioecious, flammula 
 (sweet virgin's bower.) ochroleucz, 
 
 61. CLEOME, 25. 64. 
 dodecandra (false mustard.) ptntaphyllct* 
 
 la 1. CLETHRA, 18. 51. 
 alnifolia (spiked alder, sweet pepper bush.) 
 222. CLIMACIUM, 56, 4. 
 dendroides (tree moss ) 
 
 141. CLINOPOD1UM, 42. 59. 
 vulgare (field thyme.) 
 
 181. CNICUS, 49. 54. 
 
 lanceolatus (common thistle, p. J. S .) leaves decurrent, 
 hispid, pinnatifid ^ divisions 2-lobcd, divaricate, spinose i 
 
88 CON 
 
 calyx ovate with spiderweb-like pubescence ; scales lan- 
 ceolate, spinose, spreading, discolor, altis&iiiws vtall 
 thistle.) arvensis (canada thistle.) horriduhts. muticus. 
 
 151. COCiiLEARIA, 39. 63. 
 
 offic'nnlis (scurvy grass.) armoracia (horse radish. E 
 w J. ?_f.) radical leaves lanceolate, crenate j cauline 
 ones gashed. 
 
 SO 3. C01X, 4, 10. 
 lackryma (job's teat 1 .) 
 
 141. COLLINSBNIA, 42. 39. 
 eanadtus'S (horse balrn> rich- weed, y. Au. if.) leaves 
 heart-oval : teeth of the calyx short, subulate, about equal 
 to the tube. 
 
 1710. COLUTEA, 32. 93. 
 arloresvens (bladder senna.) vesicaria (E. y. Ju.) 
 1213. COMARUM, 35. 92. 
 
 palustre (marsh fivefinger. p. Ju. if.) leaiets in threes, 
 fives or sevens, serrate. 
 
 51, COMMELINA, 6. 13. 
 
 communis (day-flower.) erecta- virginica (long-leav- 
 od day flower.) 
 
 20^3. COMPTONIA. 50. 99. 
 
 asplenifolia (sweet fern.) 
 
 224. CONFERVA, 57. 2. 
 
 rivHlaris, black-green, closely compacted and often 
 twisted, joints shortish, "velutina, green entangled, erect, 
 vshort, slender, obtuse, joints short and slightly swelling. 
 flu-viatilis (river greenhair.) divisions rather rigid, 
 mostly alternate, tape ring to both ends : joints long, di- 
 lated 2- ways, partitions warty, swelled, glomcrata, 
 branches alternate ; branchlets one-way, fascicled pencil- 
 form : joints cylindric, rather long : partitions pellucid. 
 diaphana . 
 
 52. CONIUM, 45. 60. 
 
 maculatum (poison hemlock.) 
 
 61. CONOSTYLJS. 
 
 americana ^weed-grass.) 
 
COR 39 
 
 6 1. CONVALLARIA, 41. 12. 
 majalis (lily of the valley. E. w. Ju. ^ .) scape naked* 
 smooth : leaves ovate, augiistifolia. canaliculata. pu- 
 bescens. multiflora (giant solomon seal.) umbettulata. 
 lati f olia. raeemosa. stellata. ciliata. trifolia. bifolia. 
 (dwarf solomon seal ) 
 
 61. CONVOLVULUS, 29. 43. 
 
 arcensis (bind-weed.) sepium (field bind-weed. w. & r. 
 J. T.) twining : leaves sagittate, with the apex acute 
 and the lobes truncate entire, panduratus (mechoacan.) 
 batatas (sweet potatoe.) jalapa (jalap.) stans (dwarf 
 morning glory,) repens. sagittifolius (arrow bindweed.) 
 spithameus. tricolor. 
 
 182. CONYZA, 49. 55. 
 bifrons (plowman's wort.) marilandica (camphor plant.) 
 
 1313. COFHS, 26. 61. 
 
 trifolia (gold-thread, w. M. y.) scape 1 -flowered t 
 leaves ternate. 
 
 183. COREOPSIS. 49. 55. 
 
 tripteris (tickseed sunflower,) trichosperma. dicJtolo- 
 ma. alternifolia. 
 
 52. CORIANDRUM, 45. 60. 
 
 sativum (coriander. E. w. J.,0.) fruit globose calyx 
 and style permanent. 
 
 225. CORNICULABIA, 57. 2> 
 tristis (^horned lichen.) 
 
 41. CORNUS, 45. 55. 
 
 canadensis (dogweed. w. M. 11 .) liarbaceous : leaves at 
 the top, whorled, veiny : involucres ovate, acuminate : 
 fruit globose, ftorida (false box, dogwood tree.) mascu- 
 la (cornelian cherry.) sangitinea (red osier.) a/6a(wliitc 
 dogwood.) sericea. alternyolia. circinata. stricta, pan- 
 ic ulata (bush dogwood ) 
 
 1710. CORONILLA, 32. 93. 
 enurus (E. Au. % .) 
 
 176. CORYDALIS, 24. 62. 
 
 cucullaria (colic weed.) fungosa (climbing colic \veed,.? 
 glauca* formosa, aurea* 
 
 &,\ w 
 
90 CUP 
 
 013. CORYLUS, 50. 99. 
 
 avellana (filbert.) americana (hazel nut. Ap. h ) leaves 
 broad-cordate : calyx oi' the fruit hispid with glandular 
 heads at the ends of the hairs, campanulate, longer than 
 the roundish nut, limb spreading, tooth-serrate, rostrata 
 ^beaked hazel.) 
 
 CRATAEGUS, 36, 92; 
 eoccinea (thorn bush. ) j)yrifolia (pearleaf thorn.) pop- 
 ulifolia. elliptica. glandulosa. ftava (yellow-berried 
 thorn.) punctata. crus-gaUi. oxyacantha (quickset.) 
 
 31. CROCUS, 6. 18. 
 
 qffi'cinalis (saffron. E. y. if.) leaves linear with revolute 
 margins: stigma exsert, with long linear segments. Var. 
 sativuSf having violet corols. 
 
 1810. CROTOLARIA, 32. 93. 
 sagiUalis (rattle-box, y. Ju. 0.) hirsute, erect* branch* 
 ing : leaves simple lance-oblong : stipules lanceolate^ 
 accumulate dccurrent. parvrflora- 
 
 61. CRYPTA. 
 minima* 
 
 103. CUCUBALUS, 22. 82. 
 lehen (bladder campion.) stellatus. 
 
 2016. ClJCUMIS,. 34.. 97. 
 
 colocynthis (bitter apple.) anguna (prickly cucumber.) 
 anguinis (snake cucumber.) mdo (musk-melon^ sati- 
 vus (cucumber.) 
 
 2016. CUCURBITA, 34. 97. 
 
 ovifera (egg-.squash.) verntcosa (club squash.) mdo- 
 pcpo (flat squash.) pepo (pumpkin.) citrutlus (water mel* 
 on.) lagenaria, (gourd, calabash.) 
 
 14^-1. CUJS T ILA, 42. 39. 
 mariana (dittany.) 
 
 111. CUPHEA, 
 Twwsissima (waxvveed.) 
 
 2016. CUPRESSUS, 51. 100. 
 disticha (cypress tree.j tliyome$\ white -cedar* h-} 
 
C Y P 91 
 
 branchlets compressed : leaves imbricate four ways, ovate, *> 
 tubercled at the base : strobile globular. 
 
 52. CUSCUTA. 
 
 americana (dodder. \v. An. 0.) flowers ])eduncled ? urn-* 
 belled, 5-cleft. A bright yellow leafless vine, 
 
 26. CYATHUS, 58. 1. 
 striatus (tunnel fungus.) lentiferns. olla. 
 
 191. CYMBIDIUM, 7, 1. 
 
 pulchellum (grass pink* r. Ju. 24.) leaves radical, ensi- 
 form, nerved: scape few^flowered : lip erect, slender at 
 the base ; lamina spread : disk concave bearded. Jiye- 
 male (adam and eve, putty root.) coraliorhizum (coral 
 root.) odontorhizmn {toothed coral.) 
 
 195. CYNANCHUM, 30. 47V 
 obliquum (choak-dog.) 
 
 181. CYNARA, 49. 54. 
 
 cardunculus (cardoon.) scolymus (garden artichoke.) 
 51. CYNOGLOSSUM, 41. 42. 
 
 offieinale (hound tongue, p, J. .) very. soft-pubescent: 
 leaves broad-1 anceolate, sessile : panicled-racemes. am~ 
 vlexicaule. 
 
 S 1. CYPRUS,3. 9. 
 
 kyllingeoides. poaeformis (g-p. Au. ir.) spikelets ob- 
 long, flat, fasicle^corynibed ; fascicles sessile and pedun- 
 eled : inyoluci-e 3 -leaved, very long, uncinatus. com* 
 pressus. fliculmis., tennis, brizeus, injlextis. diandrus. 
 jlavicomus. phymatodes. erythrorhizus. parviflorus. 
 jiavescens. strigosiis. vireus. . tuberosus (nut-grass.) 
 aestuarius. 
 
 192. CYPRIPEDIUM> 7. 21. 
 
 candidum (white ladies' slipper.) parvijlorum. pubes- 
 eens (yellow ladies' slipper. M. H-) stem leafy : lip of the 
 style triangular oblong, obtuse : outer petals oblong- 
 ovate, acuminate ; inner ones very long* linear, contort- 
 ed : lip compressed, shorter than the-petals. spectabite 
 (gay ladies' slipper.) humile (low ladies' slipper, w. & 
 p. iM. y.) scape leafless 1-flowered ; raUicai leaves ia 
 
gsr D I A 
 
 pairs, oblong, obtuse : lip of the style round-rhomboid, 
 acuminate, deflexed ; lip longer than the lanceolate petals. 
 split before. 
 
 32. DACTYLIS, 4. 10. 
 
 glomerata (orchard grass. J. y.) panicle one*sidedj, 
 glomerate. 
 
 1213. DALIBARDY, 35. 92. 
 repens. fragarioides (dry strawberry, y. M. If.) leave 8 
 ternate. 
 
 81. DAPHNE. 
 mezereum (mezereon.) odora (sweet mezereon.) 
 
 2113. DAT1SCA, 54. 
 hirta (false hemp.) 
 
 51. DATURA, 28. 41. 
 
 stramonium (thorn apple, w-b. Au. 0.) pericarps spi- 
 ftose, erect, ovate : leaves ovate, glabrous. Odour very 
 disagreeable, tatida. 
 
 52. DAUCUS, 45. 60. 
 
 carota (carrot E. w. Ju. $ .) seeds hispid : divisions of 
 the leafets narrow-linear, acute. 
 
 111. DECUMARIA, 19. 89. 
 
 sdrmentosa* 
 
 135. DELPHINIUM, 26. 61 
 
 consolidum (larkspur. E. b. Ju. @.) nectaries 1-leaved; 
 stem subdivided, ajacis (rocket larkspur.) exaltatum. 
 atoureum. staphisagria. 
 
 152. DENTARIA, 39. 63. 
 
 diphylla (tooth-root, trickle*, y. & r. M. U .) stem witk 
 2 leaves near each other, lachmta^ 
 
 102. DIANTHUS, 22. 82. 
 
 larbatus (svveet vviHiam. E. r. & w. Ju. 2M flowers 
 fascicled, armeria. cariophyllus (carnation. E. r. & w, 
 K.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx subrhomboid, 
 very shoi-t : petals crenate, beardless, chinensis (chinn 
 pink.) plumarius (single pink.) 
 
DIG 93 
 
 51. DIAPENSIA, 21. 43. 
 
 lapponica. cuncifolia. 
 
 221. DICKSONIA, 55. 5. 
 
 pilosiusculat frond doubly-pinnate $ leafets lance-ob- 
 long, pinnatitid. 
 
 222. DICRANUM, 56. 4. 
 
 scoparium (swamp fork moss) branched, erect : leaves 
 lanre-awlform, spread at top : capsule solitary, oblique, 
 awn with an awl-form lid heteromalium Jbrk moss) near- 
 ly simple : leaves cutlass-form, capillary, broader at the 
 ba^ < : capsule obovate, gibbous, inclined : lid awl form, 
 inrurved. glaucum. strictum. amb : ~uum." xanthodon. 
 ten itc. purpurascens. subbassilaris. "longirostrum. sci- 
 uroides. tortila. 
 
 22 .1. DIDYiMODON, 56. 4, 
 lineare (double-tooth moss.) 
 
 51. DIERVILLA, 48. 58. 
 
 humilis (bush honeysuckle, y. Ju. h peduncles axil- 
 lary and terminal, dichotomous, 3-flowered : leaves ovate, 
 serrate. 
 
 142. DIGITALIS. 40. 40. 
 purpurea (foxglove.) intermedia. 
 
 32. DIGITARIA, 4. 10. 
 
 sangulnalis v'finger-grass. g-p Ju. 0.) spikes many : 
 flowers imbricate, in pairs, paspalodes. pilose dacty.- 
 lon, 
 
 31. DILATRIS. 
 tinctoria (red root.) 
 
 101. DIONAEA, 14. 73. 
 muscipula (Venus' flytrap.) 
 
 216. DIOSCOREA, 11. 12. 
 villosa (yam-root.) glauca. 
 
 2113. DIOSPYROS, 18. 41. 
 virginiana (persimon ; seeded plum.) 
 
9* EC II 
 
 222. DIPHYSCIUM, 56 4. 
 foliosiun, leaves linear^ acuminate ; capsule ventricoscy 
 with- no perceptible peduncle. 
 
 41. DIPSACUS, 48. 56. 
 
 futtonftm (teasel. E. w. JTu. $ .) leaves sessile, serrate : 
 chaff hooked, sykestris (wilcTteahel. Ju. $ leaves Con- 
 nate sinuate : chaff strait. 
 
 81. DIRCA, 31. 25. 
 
 palustris (leather-wood* mouse-wood, y. Ap J? .) leaves 
 oval : flowers axillary* 2 or 3 in a hairy, bud-like invol- 
 ucre.- 
 
 51, DODECATHEON, 20. 34. 
 meadia (false-cowslip.) integrifolium. 
 
 1710. DOLICHOS, 32. 93. 
 purpiireus (cowhage, or cowitch.) 
 
 182. DORONICUM, 49. 55< 
 nudicaule (leopard's bane.) 
 
 151. DRAB A, 39. 63. 
 verna (whitlow grass.) caroliniana. arabisans* 
 
 61. DRACAENA, 11. 12. 
 
 lorealis (wild lily of the valley, or dragoness plant, g. 
 y. J, y.) subcaulescent : leaves oval obov ate, margin- 
 ciliate. 
 
 141. DRACOCEPHALUM. 
 oirginianum (dragon-head.) canari&nse (balm of gile- 
 ad herb.) denticulalum. 
 
 55. DROSERA, 14. 64-. 
 
 rotundifolia (sundew, y-w. An. ^.) scape simple j 
 leaves nearly orbicular, narrowed at the base ; petioles 
 Jong downy, longifolia. JH/foiia. 
 
 51. DULICHIUM, 3. 9. 
 
 spathaceum (galingale. g-y. Ju. y.) culm 3 -cornered) 
 leafy : spikelets spreading, about 6 -flowered, 
 
 195. ECHINOPS, 49. 55, 
 sphaerocephalus (globe thistle.) 
 
E R I D5 
 
 51. ECHIUM, 41. 55, 
 vulgare (viper's bugloss, blue thistle.) 
 
 195. ELEPHANTQPUS, 49. 55. 
 carolinianus (elephant-foot.) 
 
 32. ELEUSINE, 4. 10. 
 indica (dog-tail grass, wire grass.) ' 
 
 32. ELYMUS, 4. 10. ,, 
 
 villosus (wild rye, limegrass.) canactensis. virginicus. 
 striatus. hystrioc. glaudfolws. philaaelphicus. 
 
 213. EMPETRUM, 18. 51. 
 .nigrum (black crowberry.) 
 
 225. ENDOCARPON, 57. 2. 
 miniatus (hidden lichen.) 
 
 101. EPIGAEA, 18. 51. 
 
 repens (trailing arbutus, r. &\v. Ap. fc.) stem creep- 
 ing : branches and petioles very hirsute : leaves cordate, 
 entire : corol cylindric. 
 
 81. EPILOBIUM, 17. 88. 
 
 spicatum (willow-herb.) lineare. coloratum. tetrago- 
 T^um. palustre. alpinum. 
 
 191. EPIPACTIS, 7. 21. 
 
 convallawdes (lily orchis.) 
 
 221, EQTJISETUM, 55. 5. 
 aroense (horsetail.) sylnaticum. luliginosum. SCITV 
 poides. hyemale, (scouring rush.) 
 
 81. ERICA, 18. 51. 
 pubescens (downy heath.) tetralix. 
 
 182. ERIGERON, 49. 55. 
 
 canadense (fleabane, pride-weed.) hyssopifolium. stri- 
 sosunti heterophyllum. philadelphicum. purpurenih, 
 bellidifolium. nercosum. 
 
 142. ERINUS, 40. 35, 
 a/ricanus. 
 
96 E UP 
 
 203. ER1OCAULON, 6. 13. 
 peUucidum (pipewort.) decingulare. 
 
 31. ER10PHORUM, 3. 9. 
 
 virginicum (cotton grass.) angusti folium, polystachi- 
 um. ccspitosum (Stockbridge, Mass. w. M. U-} 
 
 165. EROD1UM, 14. 73. 
 
 ciconium (stork-bill geranium.) dcutarium (hemlock 
 geranium.) moschatum (musk geranium.) 
 
 52. ERYNGIUM, 45. 60. 
 oralifolium (sea-holly.) virginianum. 
 
 15- 2. ERYSIMUM, 39. 63. 
 
 officinale (hedge-mustard, y. J. 0.)siliques close-press- 
 ed to the rachis of the spike : leaves runcinate. barbarea 
 (water radish.) 
 
 61. ERYTHRONIUM, 11. 14. 
 
 dens-canis (dog tooth violet, adder's tongue, y. Ap. 2/.) 
 leaves ohlong-ovate, glabrous, spotted. Scape 4 to 8 
 inches high. 
 
 113. ESULA, 38. 96. 
 
 lathyrus (spurge caper. E. J. $ .) umbel 4-clet't, dicho- 
 tomons : leaves opposite, entire, lanceolate, pointing four 
 ways, peplns (wild caper.) mercurialina* corollata. 
 
 181. ETHULIA. 49. 55. 
 uniftora (floating daisy.) 
 
 51. EUONYMUS, 43. 95. 
 
 atropurpureus (spindle-tree.) americanus (burning 
 bush. 
 
 182. EUPATORIUM, 49. 55. 
 
 1. Calyxes not more than 5-Jlowered. 
 hyssopifolinm (hyssop-thoroughwort.) sessilifolium. 
 iruncutum. album, lanceolatnm* trifoliatum. teucrifo- 
 lium. melissoides. rotundifolinm. pubescens. altissimmn. 
 amoenum. ceanothi folium, gracite (sltnder thorough- 
 "worU) laevigatum (smooth hempweed.) 
 
 2. Calyxes more than Showered, 
 purpureum (purple thoroughwort, or joe-pye.p. AU !() 
 
POT 7 
 
 leaves in fours or fives, petioled, lance-ovate, serrate, ru- 
 gose-veined, roughish : stem hollow, maculatum. punc- 
 tatum- verticillatum (joe-pye's weed. p. Au. T/U) leaves 
 in threes or fours, lance-ovate, wedge-form at the hase, 
 unequally serrate, somewhat glabrous : stem solid, 
 smooth, perfdiatuin (boneset, thorough wort. w. Au. #) 
 leaves connate-perfoliate. codestinum. ageratoides. 
 
 113. EUPHORBIA, 38. 96. 
 
 Tiypericifolia (spurge.) maculata (spotted spurge.) den~ 
 tdtd. polygonifolia. ipecacuanhae. portulacoides. 
 
 142. EUPHRASIA, 40. 35. 
 qfficinalis (eyebright.) 
 
 013. FAGUS, 50. 99. 
 
 ftrruginea (beech, y-w. J. \i .) leaves ovate-oblong, 
 acuminate, pubescent beneath, coarsely toothed. 
 
 31. FEDIA, 48. 56. 
 olitoria (lamb lettuce.) radiata (wild lamb-lettuce.) 
 
 52. FERULA, 45. 60. 
 canadensis (giant fennel.) 
 
 32. FESTUCA, 4. 10. 
 
 elatior (fescue-grass.) poaeoidcs. Jluitdns (water-fes- 
 cue.) niitans. clandestina. teneUa. duriuseula* rubra~ 
 
 213. FICUS, 53. 98. 
 carica (fig tree.) 
 
 61, FLOERKEA, 15. 22. 
 uliginosa (false mermaid.) 
 
 201. FLU VI ALTS, 15. 6. 
 fragilis (river-nymph.) flexilis. 
 
 222. FONTINALIS, 56. 4. 
 capiUacea. antipyretica, stem branched, 3-sided : leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, keel-form, nerveless, 3-rowed ; sheath* 
 leaves obtuse : lid awlform. 
 
 235. FOTHERGILLA, 50* 99, 
 fdnifolia (fothergilPs bush.) 
 
 I 
 
93 F U L 
 
 1313. FRAGARIA, 35. 92. 
 
 vesca (English strawberry. E. w. M. ZX.) calyx of the 
 fruit reflexed : hairs on the petioles spreading, on the 
 peduncles close-pressed, elatior (hautboy-strawberry. 
 E. w. l.) calyx of the fruit reflexed : hairs on the pe- 
 duncle and petiole spreading, grandiflora (pineapple- 
 strawberry.) virginiana (wild-strawberry, w. M 1.) 
 calyx of the fruit spreading : hairs on the petioles erect, 
 on the peduncles close-pressed : leaves somewhat glab- 
 rous above, canadensis (mountain-strawberry.) 
 
 41. FRASERA; 
 caroliniensis (pyramid flower.) 
 
 212. FRAXINUS, 44. 37. 
 
 acuminata (white ash. w-g. M. T?.) leafets petioled, 
 oblong, shining, acuminate, very entire, glaucous be- 
 neath*: flowers calycled. juglandifolia (walnut-leaf- ash, 
 swamp ash.) pubescens (black ash, red ash.) sambuci- 
 folitt (water ash.) cpiptera. 
 
 61. FR1TILLARIA, 10. 14. 
 
 imperialis (crown imperial. E. r. & y. M. 2^.) flowers 
 under a leafy crown, nodding : leaves Jance-linear, en- 
 tire, maleagris (fritillary, guinea-hen flower.) 
 224. FUCUS, 57. 2. 
 
 natans (floating seaweed) filiform compressed, pin- 
 nate : leaves oblona-lanceolate) serrate: vesicles glob- 
 ular, peduncled, scattered, on flat dilated peduncles, ves- 
 iculosus (bubble-seaweed') linear forked, entire ; with 
 globular, innate and axillary vesicles, cloven at the tips ; 
 barren ones flat, fertile ones tumid, edulis (worm sea- 
 weed.) nodosus (notty seaweed) somewhat forked : 
 leaves 2-rowed, peduncled, roundish, entire, fertile : 
 vesicles innate, solitary, broader than the frond. 
 lis. purpurasccns. 
 
 8. 1. FUCHSIA. 
 
 inarylandica (ear drop.) 
 
 131 FUIRENA, 3. 9. 
 
 squamosa (umbrella grass.) 
 
 2. 6. FUL1GO, 58. 1, 
 
 septica (soot fungus,) capitate 
 
GEN 39 
 
 176. FUMARIA, 24. 62. 
 qfficinttlis (fumitory.) 
 
 222. FUNARIA, 56. 4. 
 
 hygrometica (hygrometer moss.) leaves ovate, acute, 
 concave, entire, inflected : capsules swelling, drooping. 
 Jlavicans* muhlenlergii. 
 
 1710. GALACTIA, 32. 93. 
 glabdla (milk-way plant.) mollis* 
 
 61. GALANTHUS, 6. 17. 
 ni-valis (snow-drop E. w. Ap. i.) leaves linear^ keel- 
 ed, acute, radical : scape 1 -flowered. 
 
 1710. GALEGA, 32. 93. 
 
 virginiana (goat's rue. r. J. #.) erect, having whitish 
 down : leafcts (17 to 21) oval-oblong. 
 
 141. GALEOrSIS, 42. 39. 
 tetrahit (flowering-nettle, r. & w. Ju. @.) calyx prick, 
 ly, a little shorter than the corol : stem rough-haired. 
 
 41 GALIUM, 47. 57. 
 1. Fruit glabrous. 
 
 trijidum (hedstraw,) tinctorium (dyer"s cleavers.) as- 
 prdlum (rough bedstraw. 
 
 2. Fruit hirsute. 
 
 brachiatum. boreale. bermudianum^ micranthum. cir- 
 caezans (wild liquorice.) triflorum. aparine. pilosum. 
 sirictum. 
 
 101. G AULTHERI A, 18.51. 
 procumbens (spicy wintergreen. w. J. 3/. or b .) stem 
 procumbent ; branches erect : leaves obovate, acute at 
 the hase : flowers few, nodding. Mspidula (creeping 
 wintergreen.) 
 
 81. GAURA, 17. 88. 
 biennis (Virginian loosestrife.) 
 
 17. 10. GENISTA, 32. 93. 
 tinctoria (dyer's broom.) 
 
too G L Y 
 
 32. GENTIANA, 20. 40. 
 
 lutea (yellow gentian.) pncumonanthe (calatbian violet.) 
 saponaria (soap-gentian, b. & w. S. 2/0 stem terete, gla- 
 brous : leaves lance-oblong S-nerved : flowers sessile, 
 fascicled, terminal and axillary, ochroleuca. linearis. 
 quinqueflora. angustifolia. crinita (fringed gentian.) 
 
 1610. GERANIUM, 14. 73. 
 
 sanguineum (bloody geranium.) maculatum (crowfoot 
 geranium.) r. & b. J. if.) erect: pubesence reversed: 
 stem dichetomous : leaves opposite, 3 or 5-parted, upper* 
 ones sessile : peduncles 2-flowered : petals obovate. coL^ 
 wnliiniim. pusitlum. robertiamim (herbrobert. r. J. $ .) 
 spread, hirsute : leaves opposite, ternate and qubiate, 
 3-clcft-pinnatiiid. dissectum. 
 
 142. GERARDIA, 40. 40* 
 
 flava (false foxglove, y. Ju. y.) pubescent : stem simple : 
 leaves subsessile, lanceolate, entire or toothed ; lower 
 ones subpinnatifidj, gashed : flowers axillary, opposite,, 
 subsessile, .2 or 3 feet high, glauca (oak-leaf foxglove.) 
 pedicularia (lousewort foxglove.) purpurea. crinita. tti*- 
 riculata. tcnuifolia* sctacea. 
 
 1213. GEUM, 35.. 92. 
 
 virginfanum (avens.) strictum (upright avens.) agrL 
 monoides. genicnlatum. rivale (purple avens. p. M. # .) 
 pubescent : stem simple : radical leaves interruptedly 
 pinnate; cauline ones S^clet't : flowers nodding ; petals, 
 of the length of the calyx : awns plumose, nakedish 
 above, a little booked, album, peckii. 
 
 51. GLAUX, 17. 91. 
 maritiinu (sea milkwort.) 
 
 141. GLECHOMA, 42. 39. 
 hederacea (ground ivy. gilt overground, b. & r. M. y.) 
 leaves reniform, crenate : stem rooting, cordata. 
 
 2113. GLEDITSCHIA, 33. 93* 
 Iriacantha Choney -locust.) 
 
 1710, GLYCINE, 32. 93. 
 
 monoica (wild bean.) angulosa. comosa (slender bean- 
 vine.) apios (ground-nut, b. &p. An. 2/.) twining, gla- 
 brous : root tuberous : leaves unequally pinnate. 
 
H E I> 10* 
 
 1710. GLYCIRRHIZA, 32.' '93. 
 effidnalis (liquorice.) 
 
 182. GNAPHALIUM, 49. 55. 
 margatitaceum (large-flowered life-everlasting, polyce- 
 phalum (sweet-scented life-everlasting, luteo-album. plan- 
 tagineum (early life-everlasting.) dioicumCmousear.) pur- 
 pureuin. americanum. uliginosum (mud life-everlasting.) 
 germanicum. syl-vaticum. 
 
 51, GOMPHRENA, 54. 30. 
 globosa (globe amaranth, bachelor's button.) 
 
 1613. GORDON! A. 37. 74. 
 lasianihus (lolly bay.) 
 
 1613. GOSSYPIUM, 37. 74. 
 herbaceum (cotton.) 
 
 21. GRATIOLA, 40. 40. 
 
 officlnalis (hedge hyssop, y. J. It .) leaves broad-lineai'f 
 sessile, entire, 3-nerved, punctate above, virginica 
 (creeping hedge-hyssop.) acuminata. pubescens. 
 
 225. GRTMMIA, 56. 4. 
 
 eontroversa (awl-cap moss.) alpicola. 
 
 222. GYMNOSTOMUM, 56. 2. 
 pyriforme (tootliiess moss.) prorepens. Jiliforme. 
 
 225. GYROPHORA, 57. 2. 
 velka (morocco leather.) papnlosa (shoe leather.) pel- 
 lita, a leathery membrane, smooth and copper-brown 
 above, black and hairy beneath. 
 
 42. HAMAMELIS, 54. 78. 
 virginica (witch-hazel* y. Oc. ^i .) leaves obovate, acute, 
 toothed, cordate with a small sinus. Flowers in the fall 
 and perfects the fruit the next summer. 
 
 215. HAMILTONIA. 
 oleifera (oil nut.) 
 
 141. HEDEOMA, 42. 39. 
 ynkgioidcs (penny-royal, b. J. @.) pubescent; leaves 
 I 2 
 
102 JHM 
 
 oblong> -serrate i peduncles axillary, whorled : lower lip 
 of the calyx with 2 ciliate bristles. 5 or 6 inches high., 
 
 51. HEDERA, 46. 58. 
 helix (english ivy.) 
 
 1710. HEDYSARUM, 32. 93. 
 canadense (hush trefoil r Ju. .'. .) erect, smootliish : 
 leaves ternate, lance-oblong : stipules filiform- : flowers 
 .racemed : joints of the loment obtusely-triangled, hispid. 
 canescens. m'irilandicmn. obtusum. "viridiflorum' gla- 
 bellum. ciliare. paniculatiim. rotundifolium. bracteo- 
 sum. cuspidatum. glutinosum, nudiflorum. acumina- 
 tum. repens. prostratum, strictum.' 
 
 182. HELENIUM, 49. 55. 
 autumnale (false sunflower, y. Oc. If .) leaves lanceolate, 
 serrate, subdecurrent. 
 
 183. HEUANTHUS, 49. 55. 
 
 anniius (common sunflower.) pubescens. airorubens. 
 fruchelifolins. dw(lric(ius. frondosus. multtflorus. ma- 
 crophyllus. tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke. E. y. S. 11 .) 
 leaves 3-nerved, scabrous, lower ones heart-ovate, upper 
 ones ovate, acuminate ; petioles ciliate. Root tuberous. 
 strumosus. altissimus. giganteus. decapetalus. mollis.* 
 angustifolius, 
 
 182. HELIOPSISy 49. 55. 
 lacvis (ox-eye.) 
 
 51. HELIOTROPIUM, 41. 42. 
 indicum (turnsole.) 
 
 1313. HELLEBORUS, 26. 61. 
 foetidus (hellebore.) 
 
 63. HELONIAS, 10. 13. 
 latifolia (helonias,) erythrosperma. dioica. 
 
 226. HELVELLA, 58. 1. 
 fuliginosa (smoky fungus.) mitra. 
 
 61. HEMEROOALLIS, 10. 17. 
 flava (yellow day4ily. E. y. J u, 34 >) leaves broad -linear^ 
 
HIP 103 
 
 keeled: petals flat, acute ; nerves of the petals undivided. 
 fulva (tawny day-lily. E. y. Ju. 2/ .) nerves of the outer 
 petals branching. 
 
 1313. HEPATICA, 26. 61. 
 
 triloba (liverleaf. w. &b. Ap. l.) leaves 3-lobed, entire, 
 obtuse : calyx leaves broad-ovate, obtuse, Var. acuta, 
 leaves 3 to 5-lobed, acute : calyx leaves acute. 
 52. HERACLEUM, 45. 60. 
 
 lanatum (vv.Ju. if.) petioles and nerves of the leaves 
 very villose beneath : leafets petioled, broad, round-cor- 
 date, subpalmate-lobed : seed orbicular. 
 
 152. HESPEUIS, 39. 63. 
 
 tristis (yellow rocket.) maironalis (garden rocket^ 
 dame violet. E. IT.) stem simple, erect : leaves lance- 
 ovate, denticulate : petals em argin ate, mucronate. Var, 
 hortensis, flowers double, odoriferous, white, pinnatifida 
 (wild rocket.) 
 
 Sl. HETERANTHERA, 6. IS. 
 
 reniJormiS) (odd-shives.) 
 
 52. HEUCHERA, 13. 84. 
 
 viscida (allum root.) pubescens. 
 
 1613. HIBISCUS, 37. 74. 
 
 moscheutus (marsh mallow.) palustris (marsh hibiscus.) 
 riparius. syriacus (syrian mallow. E. w. & p. Au- h } 
 leaves wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, toothed : outer calyx about 
 8 -leaved, of the length of the inner : stem woody, escu- 
 lentus (okra.) virginicus (sweet weed.) trionum (blad- 
 der ketmia, flower of an hour. E. .) outer calyx many- 
 leaved, inner one inflated. 
 
 181. HIERACIUM, 49. 53. 
 
 aurantiacum (orange hawkweed.) venosum (vein-leaf 
 hawkweed. y. Ju. 1|.) scape naked, corymb-panicled, 
 glabrous ; pedicels filiform : leaves lance-obovate with 
 thin hairs above and naked beneath, margin ciliate, glan- 
 dular-toothed, veins coloured : calyx glabrous, gronovii. 
 paniQidatum. marianum. kalmii. -virgatum. scabrum, 
 
 214. HIPPOPHAE, 16. 24* 
 canadensis (sea buckthorn.) 
 
H Y B 
 
 11. HIPPURIS, 15. 6S 
 vulgaris (mares tail.) 
 
 32. HOLCUS, 4. 10. 
 falnatns (soft grass.) odoratus. monticola. 
 33. HOLOSTEUM, 22, 83. 
 succidentiim (succulent duckweed.) 
 
 32. HORDEUM, 4. 10. 
 
 vulgar e (barley. E, Jn. 0.) florets all perfect, awned -5, 
 In two erect rows, jubatuin. 
 
 103. MORTEN SI A, 13. 85. 
 spedosd (changeable hydrangea, r. w. J. ^ .) leaves 
 "broadly ovate, serrate, accumulate : flowers corymbed. 
 From the East Indies. This is the common flower-pot 
 shrub, asually called hyderindia. 
 
 51. tfOTONIA, 21. 34, 
 
 palustris (water violet.) 
 
 41. HOUSTONIA, 47. 57. 
 
 eoerulea (Tenus^ pride, b. & w. M. if.) stem erects- 
 setaceous, dichotomous : radical leaves spatulate , cauline 
 ones oblanceolate, opposite : peduncles l-flowered elon* 
 gated, purpurea* Ivngifolia. 
 
 111. HUDSONIA, 18. 51. 
 ericoides (false heath.) 
 
 215. HUMULUS, 53. 98. 
 
 lupulus (hop. g-y. Au. II .) stem twiaing with the sun; 
 leaves lobed. 
 
 61. HYACINTHUS, 10. 16. 
 orientalis (garden hyacinth. E. r. Ap. U .)corol funnel- 
 form, half>6-clefl(:, ventricose at the base, muscarl (musk 
 hyacinth. E b. Ap. u .) corols ovate, all equal, botryoides 
 (grape hyacinth.) eomosus (purple grape hyacinth.) 
 
 226. HYDNUM, 58. 1. 
 
 imbricatuw (prickly fungus) on a stem, imbricate, con*- 
 vex, red-brown with darker scales : stem pale-brown or 
 brownish-white, coralloides, chrysorhizum (paper punk.) 
 
HYP 
 
 102. HYDRANGEA, 13. 35. 
 vulgar is (hydrangea.) nivea. 
 
 1313. HYDRASTIS, 26. 61. 
 eanadensis (orange root.) 
 
 52. HYDROCOTYLE, 45. 60. 
 
 umldlata (water navelwort) americana. vulgari& 
 Sipinnata (bulbous pennywort.) 
 
 1313. HYDROPELTIS, 26. 61. 
 
 purpurea ( water shiekls p. Au. If.) loaves peltate^ oval> 
 entire. 
 
 51. HYDROPHYLLUM, 41. 42. 
 appendiculatum (waterleaf.) "virginicum (burr-flower. 
 b. J. y .) glabrous : leaves pinnate and pinnatifid. can- 
 
 adense. 
 
 51. HYOSCYAMUS, 28. 41. 
 niger (henbane. E. Ju. S .) leaves clasping sinuate; 
 flowers veiny, sessile. 
 
 181. HYOSERIS, 49. 53. 
 
 amplexicaulis. 
 
 135. IIYPERICUM, 20. 68. 
 
 1. Flowers with 5 styles. 
 
 ascyroidcs (St. John's wort.) pyr ami datum, datum! 
 prolificum* 
 
 2. Flowers with 3 styles. 
 
 angidosiim. canadense (Ju. 0.) erect, small flowers : 
 stem 4 -sided, dichotomoue above, "cirginicum- parvifio- 
 rum. (false century.) corymbosum. perforatum (y. J. 
 U .) erect, branching : stem 2 -edged : leaves oblong, ob- 
 tuse, transparently punctate* 
 
 222. HYPNUM, 56. 4. 
 
 denticutatum {sleeping moss,) leaves ovate, pointed, 
 nerveless, entire, close : capsule oblong, lid conic, seta- 
 ceumen. triqiidrum. serpens. illecebrum. cuspidatuni. 
 stdlatum. squarrosum. cupressiforme. compressifonft, 
 -wolluscum* 
 
106 I R I 
 
 61. HYPOXIS, 10. 17. 
 
 erecta (star- grass, y. Ju. y .) pilose : scape 2 or 3-flow- 
 ered : leaves lance-linear. graminea. 
 
 141. HYSSOPUS, 42. 59. 
 
 qfftcinalis (liyssop. E. Ju. y.) flowers whorled, racemes 
 one-way : leaves lance-linear, nepetoides (giant hyssop* 
 scrophularifoliiis* 
 
 151. IBERIS, 39. 63, 
 umbellata (candy tuft.) 
 
 44. ILEX, 43. 95. 
 
 canadensis (mountain holly, g-y. M. h .) leaves ovate* 
 entire or a little serrate at the apex, glabrous, opaca 
 (evergreen holly.) laxiflora. 
 
 51. ILLECEBRUM. 
 capitatum (head knotgrass ) 
 
 51. IMPATIENS, 4. 73. 
 
 balsamina (balsam weed. E. y. Au. &.) peduncles 1- 
 flowered : leaves lanceolate, nolitangere (jewel-weed, 
 touch-me-not, y. Ju. 0.) peduncles many flowered, leaves 
 ovate, biftora (speckeled jewels.) 
 
 5 2. IMPERATORIA, 45. 60. 
 vstruthium (masterwort.) 
 
 1710. INDIGOFERA, 32. 93. 
 tinctoria (indigo.) 
 
 182. INULA, 49. 55. 
 
 helenium (elecampane, y. Au. y.) leaves clasping, ovate, 
 rugose, tomentose beneath : spales of the calyx ovate. 
 falcata. mariana. argentea. 
 
 51. IPOMAEA, 29. 43. 
 
 quamoclit (jasmine bindweed.) coccinea. lacunosa. bo- 
 na-nox. nil (morning-glory, b. Ju. .) hirsute: leaves 
 ventricose 3-lobed : peduncles short, 1 or 2-flowered : 
 bracts subulate : calyx very villose, long-acuminate. pur 
 
 31. IRIS, 6. 18. 
 pumUa (dwarf flower- de-luce. E, b. M. y.) bearded * 
 
J U N 107 
 
 scape 1 -flowered : leaves ensiform, glabrous : tube of the 
 corol exsert : petals oblong obtuse, prismatiea. plicata 
 (garden iris.) cristata (ladies' flag.) -virginica (wild 
 flag, wild iris.) gracilis (Boston iris.) ochroleuca (yel- 
 low iris.) verna. versicolor. 
 
 141. ISANTHUS, 42. 39. 
 
 coeruleus (blue gentian, b. Ju. 0.) viscid-hairy : leaves 
 lance-oval. 
 
 151. ISAT1S, 39. 63. 
 
 tinctoria (vvoad.) 
 
 225. ISID1UM, 57. 2. 
 dactylinus (corol lichen.) coralloides. 
 
 41. ISNARDIA, 17. 91. 
 
 palnstris (water purslane, g. J. U .) leaves ovate, en- 
 tire : flowers auxiliary. 
 
 51. ITEA, 18. 50. 
 
 'virginica. 
 
 184. IVA, 49. 55. 
 
 frutescens (big-water sbrub.) 
 
 33. 1XIA, 6. 18. 
 chinensis. 
 
 21. JASMINUM, 44. 37. 
 
 fruticans (jasmine.) officinale. 
 
 81. JEFFERSONIA. 
 diphylla (twin leaf.) 
 
 2013. JUGLANS, 50. 94. 
 
 regia (madeira nut.) nigra (black walnut.) cinerea 
 (butternut, M. h ) leafets numerous, lanceolate, serrate, 
 rounded at the base, soft pubescence beneath, sulcata* 
 sqnnrrosa (shag walnut, shag-hickory.) tomentosa (white- 
 heart hickory.) amara (bitter nut.) porcina (pig-nut.) 
 
 61. JUNCUS, 5. 13. 
 
 effksus (rush grass.) acutns. setaceus. squarrosus. 
 maigi,natus nodosus. polycephalus- sylvaticus. Jluitans 
 (floating reed-grass.) acuminatns. bulbosns. tennis, 
 lu/onius. spicatus. pilosus. campestris. inelanocarpu's. 
 
108 LAM 
 
 223. JUNGERMANNIA, 57. 3. 
 
 Udentati. furcata. tridenticulata. platyphylla. ne- 
 morosa. dttaiata. orbicnlaris. compianttta. tamarisci- 
 folia. tomentetta. pusilla. epiphylla, leafet on the frond. 
 jpinguis. 
 
 2116. JUNIPERUS, 51. 100. 
 
 sabina (savin.) prostrala (American savin.) virginiaw 
 {red cedar.) commuiiis (juniper.) 
 
 21. JUSTICIA, 40. 36. 
 adhatoda (malalar nut.) 
 
 101. KALMIA, 18. 50. 
 
 latifolia (laurel, r. Ju. h ) leaves long-petioled, scatter- 
 ed and in threes, oval, smooth both sides : corymbs ter- 
 minal, with viscid hairs, angustifolia (sheep laurel.) 
 glauca (swamp laurel.) 
 
 181. KRIGIA, 49. 53. 
 
 virginica (dwarf-dandelion, y. M. Q.) small : leaves 
 lyrate, glaucous, smoothish, ciliate : scape 1-flowereclj 
 twice as long as the leaves. 
 
 181. KUHNIA, 49. 55. 
 
 cupatorioides (false boneset.) critonia. 
 
 31. KYLLINGIA, 3. 9. 
 
 monocepliala (false bog-i'ush.) 
 
 181. LACTUCA, 49. 63. 
 
 sativa (lettuce. E. y. Ju. 0.) leaves roundish ; cauline 
 ones cordate : stem corymbed Var. romana has oblong 
 strait leaves, narrowed at the base Var. crispa has sin- 
 nate-cren ate leaves, toothed, undulated, crisped ; radical 
 ones hairy on the keel. Var. laciniata has the lower 
 leaves pinnatifid and the upper ones runcinate. elongata 
 (wild lettuce.) 
 
 , 141. LAMIUM, 42. 39. 
 
 garganicum (dead nettle.) purpureum. amplexicauU 
 (henbit, dead-nettle, p. M. @.) floral leaves sessile, clasjv 
 gashed ; radical leaves lobcd. 
 
LEO 109 
 
 216. LAPATHUM, 12. 2. 
 acctosellum (field sorrel, g. & p. M. if..) leaves lance- 
 liastate, auricled; entire, ncetosum (garden sorrel.) 
 1710. LATHYRUS, 32. 93. 
 
 sta-pidaceiis (wild vctchling.) palnstris. myrtifolius. 
 venosus. odoratus (sweet pea. E. 3. .) peduncles 2-flow- 
 ered : tendril with 2 ovate-oblong leafets : legumes hir- 
 sute, cicera (E. p. Ju.) latifolius (everlasting-pea.) 
 dymenum (various pea.) articulatus (jointed pea.) sati- 
 vns (chick-vetch.) 
 
 91. LAURUS, 12. 27. 
 
 camphoratus (camphor-tree.) benzoin (spice-bush, fe- 
 ver-bush.) sassafras (sassafras tree. y. M. lj .) leaves 
 entire and lobed on the same plant. 
 
 141. LAVANDULA, 42. 39. 
 spica (lavender. E. Au. if.) leaves sessile, lance-linear, 
 with re volute margins : spike interruptedly naked, car- 
 nosa (E.Ju. w. 2.j 
 
 1613. LAV ATE RA, 37. 74. 
 thuringiaca (gay mallows, E. HI.) lower leaves angled; 
 upper ones 3-Iobed, with the middle one longest, arborett 
 (tree mallows ) 
 
 33. LECHEA, 22. 82. 
 
 major (pin-weed.) minor, racenndosa. incana. mus- 
 corum. immersa. sabulaetorum. alba, icmadophilus. 
 pensijlvanicus. 
 
 101. LEDUM, 18. 50. 
 
 palustre (marsh-tea.) latifolium (labrador-tea.) 
 
 32. LEERS1A, 4. 10. 
 lenticularis (white grass.) virgimca (cut grass.) 
 
 101. LEIOPHYLLUM, 18. 50. 
 
 thymifolium (sleek-leaf.) 
 
 202. LEMNA, 54, 6. 
 
 trisidca (duck meat.) minor (green duck meat.) poly- 
 rhiza (water flaxseed.) 
 
 181. LEONTODON, 49. 53. 
 taraxacum (dandelion, y. Ap. u outer calyx reflexed i : 
 K. 
 
11 L I M 
 
 scape 1 -flowered : leaves runcinate, with toothed divi. 
 sions. 
 
 141. LEONURUS, 42. 39. 
 
 cardiaca (motherwort. w-r. Ju. 1C.) leaves 3-lobcd, 
 toothed, bases wedge-form : calyx prickly, less than the 
 corol. 
 
 151. LEP1DIUM, 39. 63. 
 
 sativum (peppergrass.) virginicum (wild peppergrass.) 
 
 225. LEPRARIA, 57. 2. 
 incana. botryoides. Jlava. 
 
 31. LEPTANTIIUS, 6. 13. 
 graminea (floating grass-weed.) 
 
 222. LESKEA, 56. 4. 
 squarrosa. attcnuata. rostrata. 
 
 1710. LESPEDEZA, 32. 93. 
 sessiliflora (bush clover.) violacca. proannbens. Ca- 
 pitata. polystachia. 
 
 131. LIATRIS. 49. 54. 
 
 spicaia (gay feather.) scariosa. squarrosa. pllosa, 
 aspera. 
 
 52. LIGUSTICUM, 45. 60. 
 
 lemsticum (lovagc, smellage. E. w. H.) leaves long, nu- 
 merous ; Icafets above gashed. Strong scented. 
 
 21. LIGUSTRUM, 44. 37. 
 vulgare (prim.) 
 
 61. LILIUM, 10. 14. 
 
 candidvm (white lily.^i catesbaei- superbum (superb lily.) 
 canadens.e (nodding lily.) philadelphicum Tred lily. r. y. 
 J. "^ .) leaves vvhorled, lance-linear: stem about 2. flow- 
 ered : coi-o] erect,, bell form, spreading, pcnnsylvanicum. 
 bulbijcrum (E. Ju. y. r. U ) 
 
 31. LIMNETIS, 3. 9. 
 
 juncea (rush alt grass.) polystachia (many -spiked 
 saltgrass.) g ( > bra. 
 
 191. L1MODORUM, 7. 21. 
 wiifolium (limodore.) 
 
L U D 111 
 
 152. UMOSELLA, 40. 40. 
 
 subulata (mud wort.) 
 
 21. LINDERNIA, 40. 
 attemiata (linderri.) dilatata. 
 
 41. LINNAEA, 48. 58. 
 
 lorealis (twin-flower, w-r. J. l|L.) stem prostrate : 
 branches erect, each bearing 2 flowers : leaves roundish, 
 crenate forward. 
 
 55. LINUM, 14. 73. 
 
 usitatissimum (flax. E. h, Ju. .) leafets of the calyx 
 ovate, acute, 3-ncrved : petals crenate: leaves lanceolate. 
 virginianum (wild flax.) perenne (garden flax.) 
 
 2013. LIQUIDAMBAR, 51. 99. 
 
 styracrflua (sweet gum.) 
 
 1313. LIRIODENDRON, 52. 75. 
 tuUpifera (white wood, tulip tree. y. r. J. k leaves 
 truncate at the end, with 2 side lohes. 
 
 51. LITHOSPERMUM, 41. 42. 
 offiemale (stone seed, gromwell.) latifolium, arvense 
 (steen-prout, wheat-thief, w. M. 0.) seed rugose : corol 
 scarcely longer than the calyx : leaves obtuse, vcinless. 
 
 51. LOBELIA, 29. 52. 
 
 cardinulis (cardinal flower.) kalmii. pallidi. dort- 
 mannia. siphilitica. iiiflata (wild tobacco, b. Ju. 0.) 
 erect, branching, very hirsute : leaves ovate, serrate : 
 racemes leafy : capsules inflated, puberuki. daytoniana. 
 
 52. LOLIUM, 4. 10. 
 perenne (darnel grass.) tumnlentum. 
 
 51. LOMCERA, 48. 58. 
 
 caprifolinm (honeysuckle. E. ^ .) corols ringent-like, 
 terminal, sessile: leaves connate-perfoliate at the top. 
 periclymenum (woodbine.) fraseri. grata, parciflora. 
 sempervirens. hirsuta (rough woodbine.) 
 
 41. LtDWIGIA, 17. 88, 
 
 altcrnifolia (seed-box.) pilosa. 
 
J12 L Y G 
 
 151. LUNARIA, 89. 63. 
 annua (honesty.) rediviva (satin flower.) 
 
 1710. LUPINUS, 32. 93. 
 
 perennis (wild lupine, b. M. if.) stem and leaves smootti- 
 Ish : leaves digitate with about 8 or 10 leafets, which 
 are oblanceolate, obtusish : calyxes alternate notappen- 
 daged. Mrsutus (garden lupine.) pilosus (rose lupine.) 
 iuteus (yellow lupine.) villosus (hairy lupine.) albits 
 (white lupine.) 
 
 105. LYCHNIS, 22. 82. 
 
 chnlcedonica (scarlet lichriis.) viscaria (clammy lick- 
 nis.) JioS'Cuctdi (ragged robin.) 
 
 5 or 41. LYCIUM, 28. 41. 
 
 barbarum (matrimony. E. r. J. y. bO stem angled ; 
 branches erect : leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends. 
 caroliniana (samphire buckthorn.) 
 
 226. LYCOPERDON, 58. 1. 
 
 bovista (comrnou puff-ball. O.) at first white, becoming 
 black and spherical : outer coat downy, which pealing off 
 leaves the leathery inner coat : seeds" black, lighter than 
 air, and appearing like smoke, stellatum (starpuflT-ball) 
 wrapper many-cleft, spread, stellate : head smooth with 
 somewhat pointed mouth at the top. pyriforme. pratense. 
 
 221. LYCOPODIUM, 55. 5. 
 
 clavatum (festoon pine.) cowplanatnm (ground pine.) 
 dendroideum (tree-weed.) annotmum. inundatum. alop- 
 ecuroides. selaginoides. rupestre (dwarf festoon pine.) 
 albidulum. apodum. lucidulum (moon-fruit pine.) 
 
 21. LYCOPUS, 42. 39. 
 
 europaeus (water-horehound.) "virginicus* (bugle, w. 
 J. U.} leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, at the base nar- 
 rowed and entire : calyx very short, spineless. 
 cifolius, leaves sinuate-pinnatifid. uniflorus. 
 
 221. LYGODIUM, 55, 5. 
 palmatum (climbing fern.) 
 
 * A writer in a New-Haven paper recommends tkie plant as an iri 
 fallible cure for bleeding- at the lungs. 
 
MAR 113 
 
 51. LYSIMACHIA, 20. 34. 
 angusti folia (loosestrife.) racemosa. capitata. quad- 
 rifolia. ciliata. hybrida. 
 
 111. LYTHRUM, IT. 91. 
 
 salicaria (niilk-willowherb.) verticillatum (swamp- 
 \viilowherb. p. An. IT.) pubescent : leaves opposite, or in 
 threes, lanceolate, petioled. 
 
 1313. MAGNOLIA, 52. 75. 
 glauca (beaver tree.) acumiw.da (cucumber tree.) tri- 
 petalu. (umbrella tree.) grandiflora (big laurel, magno- 
 lia. 
 
 91. MALAXES, 7. 21. 
 
 ophioglossoides (adder mouth.) liliijolia (tvvayblade. w. 
 y. p. J. 4.) leaves 2, lance-ovate or oval ; scape 3-corn- 
 ered : inner petals filiform, reflexed, two coloured j lip 
 concave, obo\ace, niucronatc. 
 
 1613. MALTA, 37. 74. 
 
 americana (rough mallows,) carotiniana (creeping mal- 
 lows.) rptundifolict (low mallows, r. w. J. ii.) leaves 
 heart-orbicular, obsolete! y 5-lobcd, peduncles bearing the 
 fruit declined : stem prostrate, sylvestris (mallows.) cris- 
 pa (curled mallows.) moschata (musk mallows.) 
 
 222. MARCUANTIA, 57. 3. 
 polymorpha (brook-liverwort, g-y. Ju. If.) leaves ob- 
 tusely lobed : the calyx (or umbrella under which the 
 flowers are placed) is about 10-cIoft- hemisphcrica 9 calyx 
 hemispheric, 5-cleft : stalk or stipe naked at the base. 
 cruciate, cornica* tenellci. 
 
 131. MARTSCUS, 3. 9. 
 echiuatits hedgehog clubrush.) 
 
 141. MARRUBIUM, 42. 39. 
 isnlgare (mothcrwort/ w. Ju. -y.) leaves round ovate, 
 toothed, rugose-veined : calyx tootiied, setaceous, unci- 
 nate. 
 
 142. MARTYNIA, 40. 42. 
 proboscidea (unicorn plant. 
 
 k-V 
 
114 MEL 
 
 222. MASCH1LO CARPUS, 56. 4. 
 julaceum (creeping moss.) marginalum. * 
 
 182. MATRICARIA, 49- 55. 
 chamomilla. (wild" chamomile.) 
 
 63. MEDEOLA, 11. 12. 
 
 vifginica. (indian cucumber, y. g. M. 2/0 leaves 
 whorled near the middle of the Stem, and 3 together at 
 the top, lance-oval. 
 
 1710. MEDICAGO, 52. 93. 
 saliva (lucerne medick.) lupidina (clover medick. y. 
 J. 0.) spikes oval : legumes reniform, 1 -seeded : stipules 
 entire : leaves obo v ate : stem prorumbent. trilndoides 
 (hedge-hog.) scutetlata (snail-shell, bee hive, E. Jit. 0.) 
 peduncles about 2-flowered : legumes unarmed, coiled in- 
 an orbicular form, maculala. 
 
 222. MEESIA, 5.6, 4.. 
 longisela (net-tooth moss.) 
 
 142. MELAMPYRUM, 40. 35. 
 americanum (cow-wheat.) taftfoliitm- 
 
 63. MELANTH1UM. 10. 13. 
 virginicum (black flower.) racemosum (bunch flower.) 
 
 101. MELASTOMA. 
 jn-asina. 
 
 101. MELIA. 
 azedarach (bead tree.) Iriflora. 
 
 31. MELICA, 4, 10. 
 speciosa (inelic grass,) 
 
 1710. MELILOTUS, 32. 3. 
 
 officinalis (melilot. \v. J. 0. or $ .) stem erect : leaves 
 obovate, serrate : spikes axillary panicled. 
 14,!. MELISSA, 42. 39. 
 
 officinalis (balm. E. w. b. Ju. y.) flowers whorled half 
 way around, subsessile : bracts oblong, pedicelled : leaves 
 ovate, acute, serrate, nepela (calamint.) 
 
 2016. MELOTHRIA, 34. 97. 
 
 yciidula (creeping cucumber, y. J. O.). leaves subrem> 
 
M I M 115 
 
 form, lobe-angled ; terminal lobe equalling the rest : ber- 
 ry cytiitdric, ovate. 
 
 2113. MENISPERMUM, It. 77. 
 
 ca7iadense (rneonseed, \v-y. Ju. h ) stem climbing s 
 leaves subcordaie, round-angled, peltate, with the petiole- 
 bab-\ virginicum. 
 
 141. MENTHA, 42, 39. 
 
 (spear mint. w. J. u .) spikes oblong interrupt- 
 ed : leaves lanceolate, naked, serrate, sessile : stamens' 
 longer than the corol piperita (peppermint.) grucilu 
 (slender mint.) borealis northern mint.) canadensis* 
 
 51. MENYANTHES, 21. 34. 
 trifoliata (buck-bean.) 
 
 81. MENZIES1A. 
 coerulea (mountain heath.) globularis. 
 
 226. MERULIUS, 58. 1. 
 
 cormicopioides (veined toadstool.) infundibitiformis. can- 
 tliarellus, yellow, becoming hollow, with an irregular^ 
 curled margin : veins decurrent : stem solid. 
 
 125. MESEMBRYANTfiEMUM, 13. 87. 
 crystattinum (ice plant.) 
 
 125. MESPILUS. 36. 92. 
 gcrmanica (medlar.) pyracantha (evergreen thorn. 
 
 181. M1KAN1A, 49. 55. 
 scandens (climbing thoroughwort. melissaefolia. 
 32. MIL1UM, 4. 10. 
 
 nigricans (african millet) effusum (common millet.) 
 ciliatiim (millet grass.) 
 
 1610. MIMOSA, 33, 93. 
 sensitive! (sensitive plant.) 
 
 142. M1MULUS, 40. 45. 
 
 ringens (monkey flower, b. Ju. 1J..) leaves sessile, lan- 
 ceolate, alatus (d Ju. ^..) leaves petioled ; ovate. 
 
116 M R 
 
 51. MIRABILIS, 54. 32. 
 
 jalapa (four o'clock. E. r. y. Ju. n ) flowers heaped, 
 pedunclcd : leaves glabrous. 
 
 41. MITCHELLA, 48. 57. 
 
 repens (partridge berry, checker berry, w. J.) stem 
 creeping : leaves roundish. 
 
 102. MITELLA, 13. 84. 
 
 diphylla (currant-leaf, w Ap. 2/ .) leaves cordate, sub- 
 trilobate, dentate : scape 2-leaved. prostrata. renifor- 
 mis. cordifolia. 
 
 222. MNIUM, 56. 4. 
 
 centricosum (pricked-tooth moss.) cuspidatum, pun-c- 
 tatum. roseum. pyriforme. 
 
 33. MOLLTJGSO, 22. 82. 
 
 rerticillata (carpet weed. w. Ju. 0.) stem subdivided 
 prostrate : leaves in whorls, wedge-form. 
 
 141. MOLUCELLA. 
 laevis (molucca balm, shell-flower.) 
 
 2016. MOMORDICA, 34. 97. 
 lalsamina (balsam apple.) ecliinata (w. An. .) poma- 
 ceous, fruit 4 -seeded, roundish : setose-echinate. 
 
 21. MONARDA, 42. 39. 
 
 didymu (mountain mint. r. J. if.) somewhat glabrous : 
 heads large, proliferous : outer bracts coloured, large. 
 kalmiam (oswego tea.) clinopodia. ciliata. oblongata 
 fatulosu. ritgosa. punctata. pilosa. 
 
 226. MOISILA, 58. 1. 
 
 caespitosa (bead fungus.) Jiructigena, 
 101. MONOTROPA. 
 
 hypopithys (yellow beech-drops.) lamtginosa (bird's 
 nest.) uwjlora (beech drops.) prccera. 
 
 226. MClRELLUS, 58. 1. 
 iwpndicus (morel.) esculentu* (eatable morel.) 
 
N A R 117 
 
 204. MORUS, 53. 98. 
 
 rilba (white mulberry. E. M. h .) leaves heartform with 
 oblique base, nigra (black mulberry.) rubra. 
 
 226. MUCOR, 58. 1. 
 
 mncedo (common mold,) aggregated : head spherical, 
 n a long stem ; bursting when brought from a damp 
 place into the sun's rays, herbariorum. 
 
 32. MUHLENBERG1A, 4. 10. 
 
 dijfiisa (dropsced-grass ) erccta (wood drops ecd-grass. 
 Ju. ^Oculm strong, simple ; culm and leaves pubescent.) 
 
 151. MYAGRUM, 39. 63. 
 perfoliatum (gold of pleasure.) 
 
 51. MYOSOTIS, 41. 42. 
 
 scorpioides (scorpion weed.) virginiana- arvensis. 
 Idpptda. 
 
 214. MYRICA, 50. 99. 
 
 gale (sweet gale. M. b .) leaves wedge -lanceolate, ob- 
 tuse, serrate at the apex, cerifera (bayberry. g-p. M. ^ .) 
 leaves wedge-lanceolate, acute, caroliniensis. pensyi- 
 uanica. 
 
 2013. MYRTOPHYLLUM, 15. 6. 
 *uerticillatum (water milfoil.) spicatum. 
 52. MYRRHIS, 45. 60. 
 
 didcis (sw r eet cicily. w. J. %.) leaves compound, hairy 5 
 leafets pfnnatifid-lobed. 
 
 121. MYRTUS, 19. 89. 
 
 communis (myrtle. E. w. Ju. ^ .) flowers solitary : in- 
 volucre 2-leaved : leaves ovate. 
 
 201. NAJAS, 15. 6. 
 canadensis (water-nymph.) 
 
 1613. NAPAEA, 37. 74. 
 laevis (false mallows.) scabra. 
 
 61. NARCISSUS, 9. 17. 
 pseudo-narcissus (daffodil. E. M. y.)spathe I -flower- 
 
US N Y M 
 
 ed : nectary bcllform. tazetta (polynuthos.) jonquilla 
 (jonquil.) poeticus (poet's narcissus,) 
 
 61. NARTHECIUM, 10. 1C. 
 americanum (false asphodel.) 
 
 222. NEOKERA, 56. 4. 
 pennata (strait-haired moss.) hcteromaita. 
 
 1513. NELUMBIUM, 26. 61. 
 luteum (uelumbo.) 
 
 191. NEOTTIA, 7. 21. 
 aestiralis (summer ladies' tresses, w. J.) stem leafy 
 
 leaves ovate, petioled, having coloured reticulate veins. 
 141. NEPETA, 42. 39. 
 
 cataria (catmint, catnep. b-w. Ju. 24 .) flowers in whorl- 
 cd spikes : leaves petioled, cordate. 
 
 52. NERIUM. 
 oleander (rose bay, oleander.) 
 
 51. NICOTIANA, 28. 41. 
 
 tabacum (.Virginian tobacco. E. w-r. Ju. .) leaves 
 lance-ovate, sessile, decurrent : flowers acute, rustica 
 (common tobacco. E. Au. 0.) flowers obtuse, paniculata 
 (small-flowered tobacco.) 
 
 135. NIGELLA, 26. 61. 
 
 damasccna (fennel-flower. E. M. .) flower surround- 
 ed with a leafy involucre, sativa. 
 
 51. NOLAN A, 41. 42. 
 
 prostrata. 
 
 131. NUPHAR, 13. 22. 
 
 lutea (water lily.) kalmiana. advena (y. Ju. u '.) leaves 
 erect, cordate, entire, stigma Avith 13 radiating lines. 
 
 131. NYMPHAEA, 13. 22. 
 
 odorata (pond lily. vv. Ju. lj.) leaves rwind-cordate^ 
 entire, submarginate. 
 
O RI 119 
 
 15. NYSSA, 12. 24. 
 vttlosa (pepperidgc, -tupelo.) biflora (sour-gum.) 
 
 142. OBOLARIA, 40. 35. 
 irirgini-ca (penny-wort.) 
 
 141. OCYMUM, 42. 39. 
 baslliciim (basil.) 
 
 8 -1. OENOTHERA, 17. 88.' 
 biennis (scabish, tree-primrose, y. J. .) stem villose, 
 scabrow, stamens shorter than the corol. parviflora. Ion- 
 grftoru. grandiflora. fruticosa. (sundrops.) muricata. 
 pusilla. chnjsantha (dwarf scabish.) 
 
 41. OLDENLANDIA. 
 
 glomerate, (round-head.) 
 
 221. ONOCLEA, 55. 5. 
 
 sensibilis (sentitive fern. Ju. y .) barren frond ]>innate 5 
 fertile one doubly-pinnate, struthiopteris. obtusiloba. 
 
 181. ONOPORDUM, 49. 54. 
 
 acanthium (cotton thistle.) 
 
 5-.1. ONOSMODIUM, 41. 42 
 hispidum (false gromvvelL) 
 
 225. OPEGRAPHA, 57. 2. 
 macularis (lettered lichen.) 
 
 221. OPHIOGLOSSUM, 55. 5. 
 
 vulgatum (addertongue fern. M. IT.) frond ovate, sim- 
 ple : spikes about an inch long, bulbosum, 
 
 191. ORCHIS, 7. 21. 
 
 ciliaris (orchis.) blephariglottis. psycodes. cristata* 
 lacera. discolor. Jlara. tridentata. juscescens. specta- 
 bilis. indsa. roiundifolia. bifolia. fanbriata (p. Ju. y.) 
 lip 3-parted ; divisions wedge-form, ciliate-f ringed, or- 
 bicuLata. Jissa. dilatata (giant orchis.) 
 
 141. ORIGANUM, 42. 39. 
 vulgare (wijd marjoram.) majorana (sweetmajoram.) 
 
120 JP A E 
 
 61. ORNITHOGALUM, 10. 16. 
 umlellatum (star-of-bethlehem.) 
 
 14 2. OROBANCHE, 40. 35. 
 virginiana (false beech-drops, cancer-root.) unlflora 
 (squaw-root, p-w. J. 1(.) scape naked 1 -flowered, amer- 
 icana. 
 
 61. ORONT1UM, "2. 7. 
 aquaticum (floating-arum.) 
 
 222. ORTHOTRICHUM, 56. 4. 
 anomalum. cnpulatum. diaphanum. 
 
 62. ORYZA, 4. 10. 
 saliva (rice.) 
 
 32. ORYZOPSIS, 4. 10. 
 
 asperifolia (mountain rice. Au. if.) culm nakedish : 
 leaves rough. 
 
 221. OSMUNDA, 55. 5. 
 
 cinnamomea (flowering fern. y. J. if.) frond doubly 
 pinnatifid ; fertile ones distinct and panicle-racemed. 
 interrupta. spectabilis. refills. 
 
 2013. OSTRYA, 50. 99. 
 
 virginica (iron-wood, hop hornbeam, g. M. Tj.) leaves 
 ovate-oblong, subcordate. 
 
 105. OXALIS, 14. 73. 
 
 acetosalla (woodsorrel.) violacea (violet woodsorrel.) 
 diUenii (yellow woodsorrel. y. J. 0.) hirsute : stem leafy, 
 erect, rough-haired, stricta (yellow woodsorrel.) cor- 
 niculata. 
 
 81. OXYCOCCUS, 18. 51. 
 
 palustris (low cranberry, r. J. h .) creeping : leaves 
 oval, entire, margin revolute. macrocarpus (cranberry. 
 r. J. b ) leaves oblong, entire, flattish. erythrocarpus. 
 
 52. PANAX, 46. 59. 
 
 tri/olia (dwarf ground-nut.) quinquefolia (ginseng. W. 
 M. U .) root fusiform : leaves ternate, quinate. 
 
 135. PAEONIA, 36. 61. 
 (ffitinalu (Peony.) 
 
P A S m 
 
 32. PANICUM, 4. 10. 
 
 trus-galli (barn grass. Ju. $.) spikes alternate and in 
 pairs, thick, squarrose : glumes hispid, avvned : rachis 
 angled : sheath glabrous, glaucum (foxtail panic.) ital- 
 icum. viriile. capitlare. virgattim. latijfplium. Var. 
 dandesiinnm. tniidum. scoparium. hispidum. genicu- 
 latum. ramulositm- vernwos'im. walteri. agrosloides. 
 nervosum.' pubescens. m^crocnrpon. umbrosum. au- 
 gustifoHum. barbatum. vcrticiUatum. discolor, dicho- 
 tomum. depauperatiim. anceps. 
 
 131. PAPAVEB, 27. 62. 
 
 rJieas (wild poppy.) nudicaulis* somniferum (opium 
 poppy. E. J. f ? .] calyx and capsule glabrous: leaves 
 clasping, gashed, glaucous. 
 
 204. PAR1ETARIA, 53. 93. 
 
 'pensyh-ani-ca (pellitory.) 
 
 225. PARMELIA, 57. 2. 
 
 saxatilis. conspersa. crinita. cenirifnga. stdlaris. 
 olw i cen. caper ata* perforata, somewhat membranous, 
 expanded, glaucous, black-villose beneath, cut-lobcd and 
 fringed at the margin : shields funnel-form, at length 
 perforated, rust-colour, with an entire margin, kerbaceity 
 somewhat membranous, expanded, smooth, bright-green, 
 pale with brown down beneath ; lobes cut crenate : shields 
 flatfish, red-fulvous, with an in {looted nearly entire mar- 
 gin, pulclira, somewhat fleshy, thii kish, greenish-blue, 
 lobes somewhat sinuate-rounded, unequal, entire, flexu- 
 ous : shields scattered, pale rust-colour, with a tumid 
 crcnulate margin becoming convex and the colour of the 
 frond, physodes. colpo:les. ciiiaris. chrijsophtlialina* 
 
 54. PANASSIA, 14. 64. 
 
 pnlnstri-s (false -pi an tain, parnassus-grass. w-p. Ju. if.) 
 radical leaves cordate : nectaries many-bristled, carpli- 
 
 niana. 
 
 32. PASPALUM, 4. 10. 
 
 setaceum (paspulon grass.) ciliatum. laevc. stoloni- 
 ferum. 
 
12ft 
 
 165. PASSIFLORA, 34. 97. 
 (yellow passion-flower.) coerulea (blue passioii 
 flower.) a/ato (winged passion-flower.) 
 
 52. PASTINACA, 45. 60. 
 
 saliva (parsnip. E. Au. ..) leaves simply pinnate : 
 leafets glabrous. Var. arvensis. 
 
 142. PEDICULARIS, 40. 35. 
 
 canndensis (lousewort. y-p. M. if.) stem simple : leaves 
 pinnatifid, gash-toothed, gladiata (high heal-all.) pal- 
 lida. resupinata. sceptrum. 
 
 167. PELARGONIUM, 14. 73. 
 
 triste (mourning geranium.) daucifolium (carrot gera- 
 nium.) odoratissimwn (sweet-scented geranium.) zonale 
 (horse-shoe geranium.) inquinans (scarlet geranium.) 
 acerifoiiiim (lemon, or maple-leaf, geranium.) capilatum 
 (rose-scented geranium.) querci/olium, (oak-leaf gerani- 
 um.) graveolens (sweet rose -geranium.) 
 
 225. PELTJDEA, 57. 2. 
 
 vernosa (target lichen.) canina- polaris. aphthosa* 
 horizontalis. 
 
 105. PENTHORUM, 13. 83. 
 sedoides (virginian orpine, g-y. Jn. 1(.) stem branching, 
 angled : leaves lanceolate, subsessile, unequally and dens- 
 Jy serrate. 
 
 142. PENTSTEMON, 40. 55. 
 
 yubesccns (beard-tongue, w-p. J. y. .) stem hairy : leaves 
 serrulate, lance-oblong, sessile, laevigata. 
 
 61. PEPLIS. 
 
 americana (mud-carpet. A. g. 0.) same as Crypta ml 
 mm a, 
 
 52. PERIPLOCA, SO. 47. 
 
 graeca (follicle vine.) 
 
 175. PETALOSTEMON, 32. 93, 
 candidum (split flower.) 
 
 226. PEZIZA, 58. 1. 
 
 scuttcllata (dish fungus.) coccinea (scarlet dish) scar- 
 let within and buff-yellow without, bolaris, 
 
P H Y 
 
 51. PHACELIA, 41. 42. 
 bipinndtifida (phacelia.) fimbriala. parviflora. 
 
 32. PHALARIS, 4. 10. 
 
 arundinacea (ribbon grass, wild canary grass. Ju. 2/.) 
 panicle oblong, ventricose, compact, canariensis (canary 
 grass.) 
 
 222. PHASCUM, 56. 4. 
 
 mutieum. coherens. 
 
 1710. PHASEOLUS, 52. 93. 
 
 perennis (wild kidney-bean.) helvolus. vulgaris (com- 
 mon pole-bean. E. p. w. Ju. 0.) stem twining : racemes 
 solitary, coccineus (scarlet runner. E.) stem twining ; 
 racemes in pairs, nanus (bush-bean, six- weeks bean.) 
 
 121. PHILADELPHIA, 19. 89. 
 coronarius (mock-orange, false syringa. E. w. J. ^ .) 
 styles distinct : leaves ovate, subdentate. inodorus (scent- 
 less syringa. w. J. ^ .) leaves ovate, acuminate, entire. 
 grandiflorus. 
 
 32. PHLEUM, 4. 10. 
 
 pratense (timothy grass. J. U . and $ spike cylindric, 
 very long, ciliate. 
 
 51. PHLOX, 20. 44. 
 
 paniculata (smooth-stem lichnidia.) pyramldalis. ma- 
 culata, (spotted lichnidia.) suav'eolens. aristata. pilosa 
 (creeping lichnidia) di"varicatx. stolonifera. subulata 
 (mountain pink. r. M. If.) caespitose, white-pubescent ^ 
 leaves linear, pungent, ciliate. setacea. 
 
 141. PHRYMx\, 40. 39. 
 
 leptostachia (lopseed. P. w. Ju. u ) leaves ovate, coarse- 
 ly serrate, petioled : spike terminal, slender : flowers 
 opposite. 
 
 2016. PHYLLANTHUS, 38. 96. 
 obovatus (leaf- flower.) 
 
 51. PHYSALIS, 28. 41. 
 
 viseosa. pennsylvanica. philadelphica. lanceolate* (d- 
 kekengi (winter cherry.) 
 
124 P L A 
 
 1110. PHYTOLACCA, 54. 89. 
 decandra spoke we<?d. w. Ju. 21.) leaves ovate, acute at 
 both ends : flowers raccmcd, berries flattened at the cuds*- 
 
 181. PICRIS, 49. 55. 
 lieradodes (oxtongue.) 
 
 20- 16. PINUS, 51. 100. 
 1. Leaves solitary with separate bases. 
 lalsamea (fir tree, balsam tree. M. h *) leaves flrd, 
 emarcinate or entire. Jrawri (double K|niirt*.) :< 
 
 white spruce.) canadeiws (heajlwek 
 
 (black spruce.) alfta (white spruce 
 tree.) rubra (red spruce, spruce fir.) 
 
 2. Leaves in pairs, with the bases bound together by sheaths, 
 resinosa (yellow pine, norway pine, red pine. M. .) 
 
 leaves and sheaths elongated, inops (jersey pine.) bank- 
 siuna (scrub pine, grey pine.) 
 
 3. Leaves in threes, with the bases bound together by sheaths. 
 variabilis (three leaved yellow pine.) rigida (pitch 
 
 pine. M. ^ .) leaves with abbreviated sheaths, serotina 
 (pond pine.) 
 
 4. Leaves in Jives, with bases bound together by sheaths. 
 strobus (white pine.) 
 
 5. Leaves many in a fascicle. 
 
 pendula (black larch, tamarack, hack-matack.) mi- 
 crocarpa (red larch.) larix (common larch.} 
 
 1710. PISUM, 32. 93. 
 
 sativum (pea. E. p-w. J. @.) petioles terete : stipules 
 round and crenate at the base, maritimiim (sea pea ) 
 
 41. PLANTAGO, 54. 31. 
 
 mnjor (plantain w. J. it.) leaves ovate, subdentatc, 
 subglabrous : scape terete, lanceolata (ribwort.) vir- 
 ginica (dwarf plantain.) cordata. pauciflora. cuwUata. 
 meadia. maritima. 
 
 2013. PLATANUS, 50. 99. 
 
 occidentalis (button-wood, american planetree^ false 
 sycamore. J, ^ .) leaves quinquangular. 
 
P O k H5 
 
 32. POA, 4. 10. 
 
 pratensis (common meadow grass. M. I/.) panicle 
 .spread : spikelets about 4-flowered : glumes lanceolate, 
 5-nerved, connected by down : stipules abbreviated, ob- 
 tuse, compressa (blue grass. J. 1^.) panicle- compact, 
 somewhat I -sided, glabrous, palustris (swamp meadow 
 grass.) quinquefida (giant meadow grass.) annua. ner- 
 -vata. tenella. hirsuta. brevifolia. viridis. capillaris. 
 trimalis. nemoralis* sesleroides. aquatica- parviflora. 
 pectinacea. spectabilis. reptans. stolonifera. pilosa. 
 obtusa. maritima. unifiora. festucoides (fescue meadow 
 grass.) 
 
 101. PODALYRIA, 32. 93. 
 tinctoria (wild indigo, y. Ju. u .) very glabrous, branch- 
 ing : leaves ternate, subsessile ^ IcaTets wedge-form, 
 round -obtuse, coerulea. 
 
 131, PODOPHYLLUM, 27. 61. 
 peltatum (wild mandrake, may-apple. W. M. ^i.) stem 
 terminated with 2 peltate palmate leaves. 
 
 202. PODOSTEMtiM, 54. 6, 
 
 ceratophyllum (thread-foot) 
 
 51. POLEMONIUM, 29. 44. 
 
 reptans (greek valerian.) 
 
 61. POLYANTHES, 10. 16, 
 tuberosa (tuberose ) 
 
 176. POLYGALA, 33. 35. 
 incarnata (milk wort.) rubella (false low centaury; 
 
 f round-flower.) paucifolia (flowering wintergreen. r. 
 1. K.) small, large-flowered ; stem simple, leaves ovate, 
 acute, glabrous, near the top of the stem, um/lora. sen- 
 ega (seneca snake-root. Intea (yellow milk wort.) mri- 
 descens. sanguinea., verticUlata (dwarf snake-root.) cm* 
 data. 
 
 83. POLYGONUM, 12. 28. 
 marinum (sea knotweed.) aviculars (knot-grass, w. 
 M. 0.) leaves* lanceolate, scabrous at the margin ; stein 
 procumbent ; flowers sessile axillary small. Yar, latifo- 
 
 L 2 
 
1C P R 
 
 Hum. ramosissimum (branching knotgrass.) tenue (slend- 
 er knotgrass.) lapathifolium. punctatum (water-pepper, 
 biting knotweed.) mite (tasteless knotweed.) -Virginia- 
 wttn. viviparum. coccineum (lake knotweed.) persica- 
 ria (ladies' thumb, heart-spot knotweed.) pensylvanieum 
 (knee knotweed.) orientate (prince's feather.) articula- 
 tum (joint- weed.) sagittatmn (prickly knotweed.) ari- 
 folium (halbert knotweed.) jagopyrum (buck-wheat*) 
 'convolvulus (bind knotvveedv) scandens (climbing knot- 
 >veed.) cilinode. 
 
 184. POLYMNIA, 49. 55. 
 
 canadensis (white leaf-cup.) imedalia (yellow leaf-cup. ) 
 231. POLYPODIUM, 55. 5. 
 
 vulgare (polypod. Ju. ^.) frond deeply pinnatifid ; di- 
 visions lance-linear, obtuse, crenulate. hexagonopterum. 
 connectile. calcarcum. 
 
 POLYTRICHUM, 56. 4. 
 
 jnniperinum (hair-cap moss. M. i(.) leaves lance-lin 
 ear, pointed, entire, inflected at the dges, rough on the 
 keel : capsule square, on a flat receptacle, 
 piliferum* perigoniale* pensylvanicum. 
 
 PONTEDERIA, 6. 17. 
 
 cordata (pickerel weed. b. Ju, if.) leaves heart-oblong, 
 obtuse : spike many-floweredy compact. 
 
 2113. POPULUS, 50. 99. 
 
 tremuloides (white poplar, american aspen. Ap. ^ ) 
 leaves heart-roundish, abruptly acuminate, tooth-serru- 
 Jate, glabrous, grandidentata (tree poplar.) betidifolia 
 (birch-leaf poplar.) angidata (balm-of-gilead, water pop- 
 lar, cotton wood, batsamifera (balsam poplar.) candi- 
 cans. laevigata (cotton tree.) heterophylla (various-leav- 
 ed poplar.) dilatata (lombardy poplar, Italian poplar. 
 
 1313. PORCELIA, 52. 76. 
 triloba (custard apple.) 
 
 1010. PORTULACCA,.54. 89. 
 
 oleracea (purslane y. J O.) leaves wedge -form : flow 
 ers sessile. 
 
p R o isr 
 
 44. POTAMOGETON, 15. 6. 
 natans (pond weed, g J. U .) leaves long-petioled, float- 
 ing, lance-oval ; at first some of them are subcordate. 
 fluitans. setaceum. perfoliatum. lucens. crispum. pee- 
 tinatum. gramineum (grass pond weed.) compressum. 
 1213. POTENTILLA, 35. 92. 
 
 1. Leaves ternate. 
 
 norwegica (cinquefoil.) tridentatu (mountain cinque- 
 foil.) hirsuta. 
 
 2. Leaves digitate in Jhes 9 rarely in sevens* 
 
 canadensis (common fivefinger. y. M. % .) procumbent, 
 subramose, whitish-silky : stipules ovate, gashed, pu- 
 inila (dwarf fivefinger.) simplex, argentea (silver five- 
 finger.) recta. 
 
 3. Leaves more or less pinnate. 
 
 fruticosa (shrubby cinquefoil.) Jloribunda. anserind 
 (tansy cinquefoil.) pensylvanica. supina> 
 
 2013. POTERIUM, 54. 92; 
 sanguisorba (burnet. E. J. if.) stem somewhat angled, 
 unarmed, leaved pinnate. 
 
 41. POTHOS, 2. 7. 
 
 foelida (skunk cabbage, p. ap. i.) stemless : leaves ra- 
 dical, heart ovate, very large. 
 
 181. PRENANTHES, 49. 53. 
 alba (white lettuce, wtp. Au. i.) radical leaves angled- 
 Ivastate, toothed, somewhat lobed. altissima. ~ cordata. 
 virgata. rubicunda. 
 
 51. PRIMULA, 2U 34. 
 
 acaulis (primrose.) Ten's (cowslip primrose.) elatior 
 (oxlip primrose.) auricula (auricula tulip.) farinosa 
 (birds' eye primrose, mistasinica. 
 
 61. PRIM OS, 43. 95. 
 
 verticillatus (winter berry, false alder, w. J* ^ .) leavevS 
 oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, glaber (ink 
 berry.) laevigattis. ambiguus. 
 
 33. PROSERPINACA, 15. 22. 
 
 palustris (mermaid weed. g. Ju. .) leaves linear-lan- 
 ceolate, serrate above water $ pinnatifid (below, pecti- 
 nata* 
 
126- P Y K 
 
 141. PRUNELLA, 42, 39. 
 
 pensyl-canica (heal -all, self-heal. J. y.) leaves petioledy 
 oblong-ovate, toothed at the base. 
 
 121. PRUNUS, 36. 92. 
 
 Girginiana (wild cherry, rum cherry, cabinet cherry.) 
 serotina (choke cherry w. J. 12 ) flowers in lax racemes : 
 leaves simply serrate, canadensis. pensiilvanica. bo- 
 realis. nigra. pygmaea (american sloe.) Jiiemalis (win- 
 ter plum.) chicasa (summer plum, chicasaw plum.) 
 sphaerocarpon. tnaritima. .pumila. deprcssa- spinosa 
 (english sloe.) susquehanna. cerasifera. cerasus (gar- 
 den cherry.) padus (bird cherry.) avium (small bird 
 cherry.) domestica (plum.) E. w. M. k peduncles sub- 
 solitary : leaves lance-ovate, convolute : branches thorn- 
 less. Var. Juliana (damson plum) fruit oblong, blue. 
 Var. claudiana (sweet plum, horse plum) round, at first 
 green, becoming yellowish. Var. enudeata (stoneless 
 plum) the putamen obsolete. 
 
 21. PSILOTUM, 55, 5, 
 dkhotomum (naked ground pine. 
 
 221. PTERIS, 55. 5. 
 
 aquilina (common brake. Ju. If.^) frond phinate-3-part- 
 ed- atropurvure a (rock brake.) gracilis. caudata. 
 
 101. PTEROSPORA. 
 andromeda (Albany beach-drops^ A. y-w. Au.) 
 
 51. PULMONARIA, 41. 42. 
 qfficinalis (lung-wort.) parviflora. "virginica. sibirica* 
 
 121. PUNICA, 36. 92. 
 granatum (pomegranite.) 
 
 141. PYCNANTHEMUM, 42. 39. 
 
 incanum (wild basil, mountain mint. w. r. Ju. Z.) leaves 
 oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, white downy, arista- 
 cum. 
 
 182. PYRETHRUM, 49. 55. 
 serotinum. 
 
 101. PYROLA, 18. 51. 
 Toinndifolia (shin-leaf;- pear-leaf wintergrcen, w. J. U J 
 
Q I E ISO- 
 
 leaves round or rouml-obovate. secuada (one-sided shin- 
 leaf.) uni/tora. minor, 
 
 125. PYRUS, 36. 93. 
 
 commiinis (pear. E. w-r. M 1? .) leaves ovate? serrate, 
 (rarely entire) peduncles corymbed. Var. p-jraster 
 (dwarf) fruit very small and acid. Var./i/er/i' (uerga- 
 rnot) fruit orbicular, apple-form. y&r.pompeiana .good 
 Christian.) Var . fuvonia (musk-pear.; Var. llqescciis 
 (butter-pear.) Var. ntfcsccits (russet-pear. Var. m/r- 
 Qtiiidulis (leg- pear,) r,ialus (apple. E. \v-r. M. :? .} How* 
 crs in sessile umbels : leaves ovate oblong, acuuiinaic^ 
 serrate* glabrous : claws of the petals shorter than the 
 calyx : styles glabrous. Var. sylvestris (uild-apple) 
 leaves ovate, serrate ; fruit small* austere. Var. prasoin- 
 ila pippin.) Var. castanea (chesnut-apple.) Var.*fl/)i0sa 
 (ape-apple) fruit small, round, red, pleasant-tasted. Var. 
 Cdvillea (cornered-apple) leaves broad-ovate, downy be- 
 neath : fruit angled, cydonia (quince. E.w. J. ij ;.) flow- 
 ers solitary, coronaria \,crab -apple.) angustifolia. 
 
 51. PYXIDANTHERA, 21. 43. 
 larlulata (box-flower.) 
 
 2013, QUERCUS. 50. 99. 
 
 1. Fruit subsessiie ; Icares nwcronate with a bristle-form 
 
 awn (excepting virens) entire. 
 
 phellos (\villow oak.) virens (live oak.) imbricaria 
 (shingle oak, laurel oak.) 
 
 2. Fruit subsessUe ; leaves mucronate with a bristle form 
 
 awn. toothed or lobed. 
 
 heterophyll.t (burrier's oak ) triloba (downy black oak.) 
 nigra (barren oak, black jack.) tinctoria (quercitron 
 oak, black oak.) discolor (false red oak.) coccinea (scar- 
 let oak.) rubra. (red oak,) falcata (Spanish oak.) pal- 
 ustris (pin oak.) llidfolia (scrub oak.) 
 
 3. Fruit peduncled ; leaves without awns, lobed. 
 stcllata (iron oak, post oak.) macrocarpa (over-cup 
 oak.) olivaeformis (mossy-cup oak.) alba (white oak.) 
 
 4. Fruit peduncled ; leaves without awns, toothed, not /o* 
 
 bed. 
 
 prinus (swamp" chesnut oak. ) prinoides (dwarf chesnut 
 
1W R H O 
 
 oak, chinquapin.) montana, (rock oak, chesnut oaky 
 mountain oak.) castanca (yellow oak.) bicolor- (swamp 
 white oak.) 
 
 33. QUERIA, 22. 82. 
 canadensis (fork cliick weed.) 
 
 1313. RANUNCULUS, 26. 61. 
 
 acris (crow-foot, butter-cup. y.*M. 1{.) hairs close-pres- 
 sed : leaves S-parted-many-cl*eft, upper ones linear : 
 calyx spreading, abortions, repens. rccnrvatus. /ac- 
 cicuUiris. fuviatilis (river crowfoot.) agnatiiis (water 
 crowfoot.) delphinifoiius. bulletins, hirsntn.s. Jlammu- 
 la (spearwort.) sceleratus (celery crowfoot.) pensylvan- 
 icus. pnsilliis. lingua .-(great spearwort.) rep tans (dwarf 
 spearwort.) itiarylandiciis. hispidus. cymbalaria. Jili- 
 formis. nitidus. auricomus. ianugiuosns. saniculae- 
 Jot mis (sanicle-crowfoot.) . intcrmedius. 
 
 152. RAPHANUS, 39. 63. 
 sativus (garden-radish. E. w. J. 0.) leaves ly rate : 
 silique terete, torose, 2-celled.) raphanistrum (wild ra- 
 dish, charlock. 
 
 11 3. RESEDA, 54. 64. 
 idorata (mignonette.) luteola (dyer's weed.) 
 
 51. RHAMNUS, 43. 95. 
 alni/olius (dwarf alder.) calharticus (buckthorn.) 
 
 93. RHEUM, 12. 28. 
 
 palmatum (rhubarb.) tataricum (pie rhubarb. E. 3- 
 'U .) leaves heart-ovate, entire. 
 
 81. RHEXIA, 17. 90, 
 virginica (meadow beauty, deer-grass.) mariana* 
 
 142. RHINANTHUS, 40. 35. 
 crista-galli (yellow rattle, yellow coxcomb.) 
 
 101. RHODODENDON, 19. 51. 
 maximum (wild rose-bay.) ponticum (rose-bay.) 
 
 101. RHODORA, 18. 50. 
 canadensis (false honey -suckle.) 
 
11 O S 
 
 ^ 53. RHUS, 43. 94, 
 
 typhinum (sumach, y-g. Ju. h ) branches and petioles 
 'very villose. glabrum (sleek sumach.) g. r. Ju. I? .) 
 b ranches, petioles and leaves glabrous. copnUinum (wing- 
 rib sumach, mountain sumach.; vcrnix( poison sumach.) 
 cotinus (Aaron's beard, false fringe tree. E. g-y. J. ^ .) 
 toxicodendron (poison vine, poison ash.) Var. rndicans 
 (poison ivy.) Var. qitercifobum (poison oak.) Var. mi- 
 erocarpon. aroinaticum. 
 
 31. RHYNCHOSPORA, 3. 9. 
 sparsa (false bog-rush.) glomerata. alba* ciliata. 
 
 51. RIBES, 36. 85. 
 1. Currant-like. Flowers racemed. 
 
 rubrum (currant. E. g. M. ^ ) unarmed : racemes 
 glabrous, nodding : corol flat ; petals obcordate. ni- 
 grum (black currant.) albinervium. trijidum. ringens. 
 glandulosum. recurvatum. Jioridum (wild black-cur- 
 rant. 
 
 S. Gooseberry -like. Peduncles mostly fetv-f lowered ; rare- 
 ly subracemed. 
 
 grossularia (englisli gooscbei-i-y. ) trifloritm (wild goose- 
 berry.) hirlellum. oxyacaulhdides. gracile. lacustris. 
 conabasti. 
 
 223, RICCIA, 57. 3. 
 
 natans (floating liverwort.) fluitans (forkstems,) 
 glauca. 
 
 2016. RICINUS, 38. 96. 
 
 communis (caster-oil plant, pahna christi. E. OO leaves' 
 jpeltate, palmate. 
 
 41. RIVINA, 12. 29. 
 
 laems (rough-seed.) 
 
 1710. ROBINIA, 32. 93. 
 
 pseudo-acacia (locust tree, false acacia, w. M. h ) leaves 
 pinnate, with a terminal leat'et. -viscosa( clammy locust.) 
 iiispida (rose locust.) caragana (Siberian locust.) 
 
 1213. ROSA, 35. 92. 
 corymbosa (swamp rose.) parviflora (wild rose. r. w. 
 
1SS R U T 
 
 J. b germs depressed-globose ; germs and peduncles 
 hispid, rubiginosa (sweet biiat 1 .) lucida. ga^ttu^ se- 
 tigera (bristly rose.) pendulina (thornlcss rose, nilidcu 
 tanina (dog-rose.) gattica (French rose, common rose.) 
 damascena (damask rose.) muscosa (moss rose.) wos- 
 chata (musk rose-) burgundiaca (burgundy rose.) sem- 
 pcrjiorens (monthly rose.) alba (white rose.) pimpineUi- 
 oiia (burnct rose.) centifolia (hundred leaved rose.) 
 
 e.) 
 
 (cinnamon rose.) niultifiora (jajian rose 
 spinosissima (scotc h rose.) parwfolia (small-leaf 
 
 21. ROSMA1UN.US, 42. sy. 
 (rosemary.) 
 
 41. RUBIA, 47. 57. 
 iinctoria (madder.) 
 
 1213. RUBUS, 35. 92. 
 
 idens (garden raspberry.) strigosns (red raspberry/: 
 odoratits (llowering raspberry.) occidentalis (black rasp- 
 berry.) rillosus (high blackberry.) trivialis (creeping 
 blackberi'v, dew-bei-ry.) saxaiilis (brier herb, ro'-k 
 blackberry.) obovulis. cunei/oltus. hispidus. canaden- 
 $is. chamacmorus (cloud-berry.) acaulis* 
 
 83. RUDBECK1A, 49. 55. 
 lariniato (cone-flower* cone-disk sunflovyer. y. Au. K.l 
 lower leaves pinnate* leafets 3-lobed, digitatu. pinnata. 
 triloba. fidgida. hirta. purpurea. 
 
 142. RUELLIA, 40. 36. 
 strepens (ruel.) 
 
 63. RUMEX, 12. 28. 
 
 Crispin (dock. Ju. 2|.) valves of the calyx ovate, entire, 
 all bearing grain-like appendages on their backs, obtu- 
 sifolius. 'verticillattis. oritaritcus. sanguimus (bloody 
 dock.) aquations (water dock.) acutus. patientia (gar- 
 den dock, patience.) 
 
 44. RUPPIA. 
 mariiima (tassel pondweed.) 
 
 101. RUTA, 26. 81. 
 gravcolens (rue. E.; leaves more than decompound. 
 
SAL 135 
 
 32. SACCHARUM, 4. 19, 
 
 cffidnarum (sugar cane.) 
 
 4_4. SAGINA, 22. 82. 
 procumbens (pealwort.) apetala. 
 
 2013. SAGiTTARtA, 5. 13. 
 sagittifolia (arrow-head, w. Ju. 1{.) leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, sagittate ; lobes lanceolate, acute, strait : scape 
 simple, latifolia. obtusa. hastvta. gracilis. hetero- 
 phylla. lancifolia. rigida. simplex, graminea. acuti* 
 folia, iiatans. 
 
 11. SALTCORNIA. 
 
 herbacea (samphire, glass wort. Y. H. C. Au. 0.) her- 
 baceous, spreading $ joints compressed at the apex, emar- 
 ginate-bifid. Var. virginica, has the branches undivided 
 and the jointed spikes very long, ambigua. 
 
 212. SALIX, 50. 99. 
 1 . Leaves entire, or obsoletely serrate. 
 Candida (white willow.) muhlenbergiana ( speckled wil- 
 low.) tristis (mourning willow.) recurvata (shrub wil- 
 low.) repens (creeping willow.) pedicellaris (stem-ber- 
 ried willow.) rosrnarinifolia (rosemary willow.) fuscatd 
 (sooty willow.) 
 
 2. Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate. 
 
 conifera (rose willow, cone-gall willow.) myricoides 
 (gale leaf willow.) prinoides- discolor (red-root willow, 
 basket willow.) -angustata. longifolia (long-leaf willow.) 
 
 3. Leaves clesely and acutely serrate. 
 
 labylonica (weeping-willow.) falcata. nigra (brittle- 
 joint willow, black-willow.) lucida (shining willow.) 
 rigida (stiff-leaf willow ) cordata (heart-leaf willow.) 
 grisea (grey- willow.) vitellina (yellow willow.) ambig- 
 ua* russeliana* 
 
 52. SALSOLA, 12. 29. 
 
 kali (saltwort.) caroliniana. tragus. soda, salsa. 
 21. SALVIA, 42. 39. 
 
 oJKdnalis (sage.) sclava (clarry.) lyrata (wild 
 clrbenaca (vervain sage.) nrticijblia (nettle sage.) 
 
134 SAX 
 
 53. SAMBUCUS, 4S. 68. 
 
 canaden&is (black-berried elder, w. J. 1? .) branchlets 
 and petioles glabrous : leafets about in 4 pairs, pitbescens 
 (red-berried elder.) 
 
 51. SAMOLUS, 21. 34. 
 valtrandi (brookweed.) 
 
 131. SANGUINARIA, 27. 62. 
 eanademis (bloodroct. w. Ap. u .) leaves subreniform, 
 Sinuate-lobed : scape I -flowered. 
 
 41. 8ANGUISORBA, 54. 92. 
 canadensis (burnct saxifrage.) media. 
 
 52. SANICULA, 45. 60. 
 
 marilandica (saniclc. w. J. U .) leaves digitate ; leafets 
 oblong, gashed. 
 
 102, SAFONARIA. S2. 82. 
 officinalls (soapwort, bouncing belt. w. J. if.) calyx 
 cylmdric ; leaves lance-ovate, vaccaria (field soapwort.) 
 
 53. SAROTHRA, 20. 82, 
 gentlanoides (nit-weed, false John's wort.) 
 
 131. SAREACENIA, 13. 12. 
 purpurea (side-saddle, p. J. T .) leaves (which are the 
 lateral brims of large cups) short, erectish^ spreading, 
 having reversed prickles within. 
 
 141, SATUREJA, 42. 39. 
 hortensls (summer savory. E. b-w. Ju. 0.) peduncles 
 axillary, monlana (winter savory. 
 
 191. SATYRIUM, 7. 21. 
 jtwcleatum (satyrion.) obsoletum. -virescens. 
 
 7_4. SAURURUS, 2. 6. 
 eernuus (lizard's tail.) 
 
 102. SAXIFRAGA, 13. 84. 
 
 rock saxifrage.) pennsylwnica 
 sarmentQsa (beef steak.) 
 
SCO 
 
 . SCABIOSA, 47. 57. 
 stdlata (star scabious, cat's eye. atropurpurea (sweet 
 scabious.) 
 
 63. SCHEUCHZERIA, 5. 13, 
 
 palustris (less flowering rush.) 
 
 S2 4. SCHIZAEA, 55. 5. 
 pusilta (one-sided fern.) 
 
 S 1. SCHOENUS, 3. 9. 
 setacew (bog-rush.) 
 
 142. SCHWALBEA, 40. 40. 
 amerkana. chaff-seed.) 
 
 31. SCIdPUS, 3. 9. 
 1. Culm ivith one terminal spike, 
 tmuis (club-rush.) yalustris. glaucus. capitatus. trick" 
 odes, intermedium, planifolius. obtusu-s. bracteatus* de- 
 pilatus* 
 
 9.. Culm with several spikes. 
 
 tacustris (great bull-rush.) acutus (common bull-rush.) 
 Ju. 1|.) spikes with uiiequal compressed peduncles, ob- 
 long, subumbelled, lateral, near the top. triqueter. de- 
 Mlis. ferrugineus. spadiceus. capillaris. autumnalis. 
 subsquarrosus. retrofractus. cyperiformis. brunneus. 
 atrovirens. pendulus. lineatus. macrostachyos. gra- 
 eilis* 
 
 102. SCLERANTHUS, 22. 86. 
 annuiis (knawel, gravel duckweed, w-g, J. 0.) calyx 
 of the fruit spreading, acute : stem spreading, subpros- 
 trate. 
 
 203. SCLERIA, 3. 9. 
 
 triglomerata (whip-grass.) pauciflora* reticularis. *ver~ 
 ticillata. 
 
 226. SCLEROTIUM, 58. 1. 
 semen (barked puff-ball.) 
 
 221. SCOLOPENDRIUM, 55. 5, 
 afficinarnm (caterpillar fern.) 
 
13$ SEN 
 
 181. SCOLYMUS, 49. Stf. 
 hispanicus (golden thistle.) 
 
 1710. SCGRPIURUS, 32. 93. 
 lermiqulata (caterpillars.) 
 
 181. SCORZONERA, 49. 55. 
 hispanica (viper's grass.) 
 
 142, SCROPHULAR1A, 40. 40. 
 
 marilandica (Jigwort. g-p. Ju. U-) leaves cordate^ 
 serrate, acute, roundish at the base, lunceolata. 
 
 141. SCUTELLARIA, 43. 39. 
 
 galericulata (scull-cap, b. J. l.) somewhat simj)le, gla- 
 brous : leaves subsessile, lance-ovate, subcordate at the 
 base, crenate : flowers axillary, solitary. Flowers large. 
 lalerijlora (mad-dog scull -cap, hoodvvort. b. Ju. if.) \ery 
 branching, glabrous : leaves long-petiolcd, ovate, tooth- 
 ed ,* caulioe ones subcordate : rarefies lateral, leafy. 
 ovalifolia. parvula. integrifolia. cordi/olia. 
 
 32. SECALE, 4. 10. 
 
 cereale (rye. E. J. .) glume scabrous-ciliate : scales 
 of the calyx narrow : awns long and reverse-prickly : 
 leaves rough near the point. 
 
 105. SEDUM, 13. 83. 
 
 ttlephium (orpine, live- forever. E. p. w. Ju. u.) leaves 
 fiattish, tooth serrate, thickly scattered : corymb leafy : 
 stem erect, ternatum (false ice-plant.) anacampseros: 
 (stone crop.) 
 
 52. SEL1NUM, 45. GO. 
 eanad'eiise (milk-parsley.) 
 
 1113. SEMPERVIVUM, 13. 83. 
 tcctorum (house-leek.) arborenm (tree houseleek.) 
 
 182. SENECIO, 49. 55. 
 
 vulgaris (groundsel.) hieraci/olins (fire-weed.) elon- 
 %atus (long-stem groundsel.) aureus (ragwort.) bulsam- 
 'itae (balsam groundsel.) obovatus. gracilis. cumden- 
 
SMI 3137 
 
 204. SERPICULA, 15 % 88. 
 
 Occident alls (little snake weed.) verticillatti. 
 
 2016. SICYOS, 34. 97. 
 angulata (single-seed cucumber.) 
 
 1613. SIDA, 37. 74. 
 
 abutilon (indian mallows, y. Ju. @.) leaves round-cor- 
 date, acuminate, toothed, tornentose. spinosa. crispa. 
 napaett* 
 
 103. SILENE, 22. 82. 
 
 antirrhina (sleepy catchfly.) pennsijlvanica (pink catch- 
 fly.) yirginica. nocturna. catesbaei. quinquevulnera. 
 armeria (garden catchfly.) mollissima (wax catchfly. E. 
 w. Ju.) 
 
 184. SILPHIUM, 49. 55. 
 
 perfoliatum (ragged cup.) ternatum. integinfoliuni. 
 152. SI]N T APIS, 39. 63. 
 
 nigra (common mustard. E. y.J. 0.) silique glabrous, 
 3-sided, somewhat smooth, close pressed to^he stem. 
 alba (yellow-seed mustard.) 
 
 52. SISON", 45. 60. 
 canadense (hose wort, mock-sanicle.) 
 
 152. SISYMBRIUM, 39. 63. 
 
 ainpkibium (water radish.) nasturtium (english water- 
 cress.) palustre. 
 
 163. SISYRINCHIUM, 6. 18. 
 anceps^ (blue-eyed grass, b. J. 2/.) scape [or culmjsim* 
 pie, 2-edged or 2-winged, mucrotiatum. 
 
 52. SIUM, 45. 60. 
 
 latifolimn (water-parsnep. \v. Ju. "}.) leaves pinnate; 
 leatets oblong-lanceolate, lineare. rigidi'S. longifoiium. 
 
 215. SMILAX, 11. 12. 
 
 qucidrangularis (bind-bramble.) sarsaparilla. rotun- 
 difolia (green brier.) caduca. pseudo-china, laiirifolia, 
 yandurata. peduncnlaris (Jacob's ladder.) herbacea. 
 
138 8 ST 
 
 52. SM-YRNIUM, 46. 60. 
 mireum (alexanders. y. J. if.) leaves biternate. cordv* 
 turn, integerrimum. barbinode. 
 
 51. SOLANUM, 28. 41. 
 
 dnkamara (bittersweet.) nigrum (deadly nightshade.) 
 carolinense. tuberosum (potatoe. b. w. Ju. if.) stem wing- 
 angled, unarmed : leaves interruptedly pinnate, lycoper- 
 sicum (love apple, tomatoes.) mdongena (egg-plant.) 
 pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry.) 
 
 1-82. SOLIDAGO, 49. 55. 
 
 1. Flowers one-sided. Leaves with three combined nerves, 
 canadensis (Canadian golden-rod.) procera (great gol- 
 den-rod.) serotina (smooth golden-rod.) gigantea (giant 
 golden-rod.) detains (fringed golden-rod.) reflexa (hang- 
 leaf golden-rod.) lateriftora (side-flowered golden-rod.) 
 
 2. Racemes, orjlowers one-sided. Leaves veiny. 
 
 aspera (rough golden-rod.) altissima (variable golden- 
 rod ) rugosa (wrinkled golden-rod.) villosa (soft golden- 
 rod.) scabra (harsh golden-rod.) nemoralis (woolly 
 golden-rod.) patula (spread golden-rod.) idmifolia(e\m 
 golden-rod.) arguta (sharp-notch golden-rod.) juncea 
 (rush-stalk golden-rod.) elliptica (oval-leaf golden-rod.) 
 asperate* (file-leaf golden-rod.) recurvata (curved golden- 
 i-od.) sempervirens (narrow-leaf golden-rod.) virgata 
 (wand golden-rod.) odora (sweet-scented golden-rod.) 
 3. Racemes erect. 
 
 licolor (white golden-rod. ( petiolaris (late golden-rod.) 
 stricta (willow-leaf golden-rod.) lanceelata (grass-leaf 
 golden-rod.) tennifolia (pigmy golden-rod.) caesia (blue- 
 stem golden-rod.) Irciaa (purple-stem golden-rod.) his- 
 pida. hirta (hairy golden-rod.) lithospermifolia (grom- 
 well golden-rod.) laevigata (flesh-leaf golden-rod.) mex- 
 icana. viminea (twig golden-rod.) erecta (upright gold- 
 en-rod.) macrophijlla. flexicaulis (zigzag golden- rod.) 
 latifolia (broad leaf golden-rod.) virgaurea (mountain 
 goiden-rod.) rigida (hand-leaf golden-rod.) novebora- 
 emsis (star golden-rod.) 
 
 181. SONCHUS, 49. 53. 
 hucophaeus (sow thistle, b-w. Ju. ^ .) peduncles scaly " 
 
S P I 139 
 
 flowers racemed : leaves runcinate, acuminate : stem 
 wand-panicled. oleraceus. pallidus. palustris (marsh 
 sowthfetle.) arvensis. Jloridanus. acuminatus* alpimis 
 (mountain sowthistte.) 
 
 125. SORBUS, 36. 92. 
 americana (mountain ash. w. M. h ) leaves pinnate. 
 
 52, SORGHUM, 4. 10. 
 
 saccharatum v oroom c&vn. E. y-g. An. K) panicle 
 somewhat whorled, spreading* vulgare (indian millet.) 
 
 203. SPARGANIUM, 3. 8. 
 
 ramosum (bur-reed.) simplex (flag bur-reed.) natans, 
 itmericanum. Var. angustijolium. 
 
 181. SPARGANOPHORUS, 49. 55. 
 
 vertitillatus (water crown-cup.) 
 
 1710. SPARTIUM, 32. 93. 
 
 junceum (spanish broom.) scopanum (scotch broom.)F 
 105. SPERGULA, 22. 82. 
 
 arvensis (spurry. w. J. -.) leaves filiform, whorled; 
 saginoides (pearl spurry.) 
 
 226. SPHAERIA, 58. 1. 
 
 /ragiformis (globule fungus.) hijpoxylon. coccinea* 
 nvvea. 
 
 225. SPHAEROPHORON, 57. 2. 
 globiferus (seed-ball lichen.) 
 
 222. SPHAGNUM, 56. 4. 
 
 latifoliiim. captilifolium (O.) leaves closely imbricate, 
 lance-ovate, acuminate, llattish. cyiMfolium. 
 
 51. SPIGELIA, 47. 46. 
 
 marilandica (pink-root.) 
 
 225. SPILOMA, 57. 2. 
 melaleuca (efflorescent licheh.) 
 
 215. SPINAC1A> 12. 29. 
 okracea (spinach.) 
 
S T I 
 
 125. SPIRAEA, 56. 92. 
 1. Stem more or less woody. 
 
 salici/olid (meadow-sweet, willow hard-hack, r. w. J. 1? .} 
 leaves lance-ovate, or obovate, serrate, glabrous, to- 
 mentosa (steeple bush, purple hard-hack, r. Ju. h ) leaves, 
 lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy beneath, opulifolia 
 (nine-bark, snowball hard-hack.) hyperidfolia (John's 
 wort hard -hack.) crenata. 
 
 "2. Stem herbaceous. 
 
 ulmaria (queen of the meadow.) aruncus (steeple 
 weed.) lobata, trifoliata (ipecac, Indian physic, Bow- 
 man's root.) stipulacea. 
 
 222. SPLACHNUM, 56. 4. 
 ampullaceum (umbrella moss.) 
 
 141. STACHYS, 42. 39. 
 aspera (hedge-nettle, clownheal.) 
 
 53. STAPHYLEA, 22. 95. 
 
 trifolia (bladder-nut, y-w. M. b .) leaves in threes : ra% 
 eenies pendant : petals ciliate below. 
 
 65. STATICE, 48. 33. 
 
 iimonium (marsh rosemary, sea lavender, b. Au. Z.) 
 seape terete : panicle much branched, armeria (thrift.) 
 
 103. STELLARIA, 22. 82. 
 longifolia (long-leaf starwort.) palustris (stitchwort, 
 meadow starwort.} pvbera. 
 
 226. STEMONIT1S,- 58. 1. 
 
 fascicularis (brittle-bark buff-ball,) vesiculosa. ty- 
 phina. 
 
 225, STEREOCAULON, 57. 2. 
 ramulosum (knobbed lichen.) paschale. 
 225. STICTA, 57. 2. 
 pulmonacea. sylvatira. 
 
 32. STIPA, 4. 10 a 
 GVenacea (feather grass.) sericea. 
 
T H A 
 
 1710. STYLOSANTHUS, 39. 93. 
 Mspida (pencil flower.) 
 
 52. SWERTIA, 20. 46. 
 pusilla (false gentian.) cornicutata. 
 
 51. SYMPHITUM, 41. 42. 
 
 f qfftcinale (comfrey. E. y-w. J.lf .) leaves ovate-sublan> 
 cedlate, decurrent, rugose. 
 
 21. SYRINGA, 48. S7. 
 
 vulgaris (lilac. E. b-p. w. M. t? .) leaves cordate: flow- 
 ers in a styrse. persica persian lilac.) 
 
 182. TAGETES, 49. 55. 
 
 erecta (afr-iran marygohl. E. y. Ju. 0.) calyx angled, 
 patula (trench marygold. E.y. Ju. 0.) calyx smooth. 
 
 111. TALINUM. 
 
 53. TAMARIX. 
 germanica (tamarisk.) gallica (French tamarisk.) 
 
 182. TANACETUM, 49. 55. 
 vulgare (tansey. E. y. Ju. if.) leaves doubly pinnate> 
 gash-serrate* 
 
 2216. TAXUS, 51. 100. 
 canadensis (dwarf yew, shin-wood.) 
 
 222. TETRAPHIS, 56. 4, 
 pelhicida (four-tooth moss.) 
 
 141. TEUCRIUM, 42. 39. 
 cctnadense (wood-sage, germander, r. Ju. n.) whitisli- 
 hirsute : leaves lance-ovate, serrate, all petioled. vir- 
 ginicum. 
 
 226. THAELAEPHORA, 58. 1. 
 caryophyltea (pink fungus.) ritbiginosa. hirsuta. quefc 
 tina. 
 
 1313. THALICTRUM, 26. 61. 
 
 dioicum (meadow rue.) cornuti. polygamum. rugo- 
 purpurasccns. 
 
' f f R A 
 
 131. THEA. 
 "bohca (boheatea.) viridis 'green tea.) 
 
 225. THELOTREMA, 57. 2. 
 pertusus (crust lichen.) 
 
 51. THESIUM, 31. 24. 
 
 unibellatiim f false toadflax, w-g. J. if.) leaves land 
 oval : fascicles of flowers corymb-terminal. 
 
 151. THLASPI, 39. 63. 
 
 bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse, w. M. .) hirsnte : 
 silkies deltoid-obcordate : radical leaves pirmatifid. 
 eatnpestris (ye!low-seed, false-flax, mithridate mustarcL 
 ai~vense (penny-cress.) 
 
 316. TEUJA, 51. 100. 
 Qctidxitalis (arbor-vita3, false white-cedar.) 
 
 H-.U THYMUS, 4f?. 39. 
 
 serptjttum (mother of thyme.) vulgaris (thyme.) Ian* 
 uginosus (lemon thyme.) 
 
 102. TIARELLA, 13. 84. 
 
 ccrdifolia (miter- wort, gem-fruit, w. M. U ) leaves cor- 
 date, acute-lobed, tocthed. 
 
 131 T1LTA, 37. 79. 
 glabra (basswood, lirnetree.) pubescens (crop-ear bass 
 
 44. TILLAEA, 15. 6, 
 ascendens (pigmy weed ) 
 
 222. TIMMIA, 56. 4. 
 
 polytrichoides (many-haired moss.) 
 
 63. TOFIELDA, 10. 16. 
 pusitta (scotch asphodel.) glutinosa. 
 
 181. TOLPIS, 49. 55. 
 "barbata (hawksbeard.) 
 
 61. TRADESCANTIA, 6. 13. 
 virginicd (spiderwort. b. p. M, If.) erect : leaves Ian* 
 Cftolate, elongated, glabrous. 
 
T R I 143 
 
 181. TRAGOPOGON, 45. 53. 
 pdrrifoliiun (vegetable oyster, goat-beard, salsify. E 
 j>. Ju. .) calyx longer than the rays of the corol. 
 
 32. TRiCHODlUM, 4. 10. 
 laxiftorum (thin-grass.) scdbrum. 
 
 31. TRICHOPHORUM, 3. 9. 
 cyperinum (clump-head grass.) 
 
 141. TR1CHOSTEMA, 42. 39. 
 dichotoma (blue curls, b. An. 0.) leaves rhom-lanceo- 
 late : branches flower-bearing, 2-forked. 
 
 222. TRICHOSTOMUM, 56. 4. 
 pallidum (hair-mouth moss.) canadense. 
 f 1. TRIENTALIS. 20. 34. 
 
 europaea (chick-wintergreen. \v. Ju. If.) leaves oval $ 
 stem naked below, with a tuft of oval leaves at the top. 
 
 17 10. TRIFOLIUM, 32. 93. 
 
 pratense (common red clover, r. M. 11 .) leafets ovate, 
 subentire : stipules awtied. repens (white clover.) ar- 
 vense (rabbit-foot, field clover.) stoloniferum (buffalo 
 clover.) pennsylvanicum. reflcxum. procumbens (hop 
 clover.) campcstre. agrarium. 
 
 63. TRIGLOCHIN, 5. 13. 
 maritimum Barrow-grass.) palnstre. triandrum. 
 
 1710. TRIGONELLA, 32. 93. 
 foenum-graecum (funegreek ) 
 
 63. TRILLIUM, 11. 12. 
 
 erectum (wake-robin p-w. M.) peduncles erect or erect- 
 ish, with the flowers a little nodding : leaves rhomboid, 
 acuminate, sessile. Var. alropurp^reum. Var. album, 
 eernuvm (nodding wake-robin.) pictum (smiling wake- 
 robin.) pendulum' grandiflorum. sessile, pumilum 
 (dwarf wake-robin.) 
 
 51. TRIOSTEUM, 48. 53. 
 perfoliatum (fever-root, horse -ginsing. p. J. 24.) leaved 
 ovaJ, acuminate, connate. 
 
144 U L 
 
 3 . TRITICUM, 4. 10. 
 
 fnjbernnm (winter wheat. E. J. o .) calyx-glume 4-flow- 
 eM, tumid, even imbricate, abrupt, aestivum (summer 
 
 wheat.; compositum (egyptian wheat, repens (wheat- 
 
 grass, couch grass.) 
 
 1313. TROLLIUS, 26. 61. 
 laxus (globe-flower.) 
 
 181. TROPAEOLUM, 23. 73. 
 * majus (nasturtion, indian cress. E. y. & r. Ju. 0. "y.) 
 leaves peltate, sub-repand : petals obtuse, some of them 
 fringed. 
 
 22__6. TUBERCULARIA, 58. 1, 
 Qulgaris (tubercle fungus, rosea. 
 
 61. TULIPA, 10. 14. 
 
 sucrceolens (sweet tulip. E. M. 14..) small : stem 1-flow- 
 ered, pubescent, sesneriana (common tulip. E. M. #.) 
 tem 1 -flowered, glabrous. 
 
 152. TURRITIS, 39. 63. 
 hirsuta (tower mustard.) laevigata. 
 
 182. TUSS1LAGO, 49. 55. 
 
 " farfttra (colt's foot. y. Ap. u.) scape single-flowered^ 
 scaly. Jrigida (mountain colt's foot.) 
 
 203. TYPHA, 3. 8. 
 
 latifolia cat-tail, reed-mace Ju. u .) leaves linear, flat? 
 slightly convex beneath, angnsti'olia. 
 
 1710. ULEX, 32. 93. 
 europeus (furze.) 
 
 52. ULMUS, 53., 99. 
 
 americana (elm. white elm. g-p. Ap. k .) flowers pedi- 
 celled. fulva (slippery elm, red elm. Ap. 2.) flowers 
 sessile, nemoralis (river elm, gi-ove elm J 
 
 ULVA, 57. 2. 
 
 purpurea (glue-seaweed.) lactuca* latissima> 
 ' compressa* 
 
V A C 145 
 
 32. UNIOLA, 4. 10. 
 
 tyahiculata ( sea rush-grass.) latifolia. splcafa, 
 
 225. URCEOLARFA, 57. 2. 
 panyrga (pitcher-shield lichen ) bryophylta. 
 
 22 "6, UREDO, 57. 1. 
 
 frumenti (blight, grain-rust. O. J. 0.) linear, oblong 
 black brown, growing from under the cuticle of culms 
 through the pores, ffava (yellow rusk Q. J. 0.) se* 
 turn (smut.) linearis. 
 
 20- 4. URTICA, 53. 98. 
 
 dioica (common nettle.) procera. grncilis. divaricate, 
 pnmita (stingless nettle.) nrens (dwarf stinger.) capita- 
 ta. canadensis (caiiada nettle.) ivhitloivi (albany hemp.) 
 
 225. USNEA, 57. 2. 
 
 angulata (fiat-stern tree-moss.) florida (spreading- 
 tree moss. O.) erect, cylindric, rough, greenish-grey, 
 \vith horizontal fibres: branches scattered, some\vhat 
 fastigiate, neai-Iy simple : orbs terminal, large, grecnisli- 
 ti~hite 9 radiated with tibres : lateral warts or knobs, pal- 
 ish yellow, plicata (long tree-moss.) hirtus. strigosus-. 
 trichodeus. 
 
 1. UTRICULARIA, 24. 34. 
 
 vulgaris (bladder-wort.) cornnta (leafless bladder- 
 wort.) sacohdia. gibba. subulata. sctacea. minor, 
 ceratophylla. 
 
 61. UVULARIA, 11. 12. 
 
 perfoliata (bell [wort. y. M. ZT.) leaves perfol into, ovaf, 
 obtuse, sessilifolia. lanceolate. Jlara. ainplexifolia. 
 rosea. lanuginosa. 
 
 101. VACC1N1UM, 18. 51. 
 
 stainineum (squaw whortleberry.) dumosuin (bush 
 whortleberry.) jrondosum (blue whortleberry.) resino- 
 sum (black whortleberry.) corymbosum (giant whortle- 
 berry.) Var. amvemm Vw.virgatum. V&v.fo sea turn, 
 lignstnivnn (prim whortleberry.) teiieUum (dwarf whor- 
 tleberry.) guult her < aides (wintergrcen whortleberry.) 
 "%itis~idaea (bilberry.) 
 
146 VEX 
 
 VALEHIANA, 43. 56. 
 
 phu (valerian.) 
 
 212. VALLISNERIA, 1. 22. 
 spiralis (tape grass.) 
 
 225. VARIOLARIA, 57. 2. 
 Jaginea (bitter small- pox lichen.) coimnunis. 
 discoidea (flat-cup lichen.) 
 
 6 -3. VARATRUM, 10. 13. 
 
 viride (itch-weed, Indian poke, white hellebore, g. J. 
 #,) flowers in terminal racemed-panicles. 
 
 224. VAUCHERIA, 57. 2. 
 hirsata. In Rutland ponds. 
 
 51. VERBASCUM. 
 
 thapsus (mullein, y. J. o .) leaves decurrcnt, downy 
 both sides : flowers in a cj lindric spike, bluttabria (sleek- 
 inuJicin.) lychnitis. 
 
 141. VERBENA, 42. 39. 
 
 hastaia (vervain, sirapler'sjoy.) urticifolia (nettle-leaf 
 vervain.) angastifolia (pigmy vervain.) spuria. 
 
 182. VERBESI1SA. 49. 55. 
 
 sigesbeckia (crown-beard.) *virginic(i. 
 
 181. VERXOMA, 49. 55. 
 noveboracensis (flat-top.) praealta. 
 
 21. VERONICA, 40. 35. 
 
 nffidndis (speedwell.) serpifnifolia (Paul's botanv, 
 smooth speedwell, b. M. 1C.) racemes terminal, subspik- 
 ed : leaves ovate, glabrous, crenate. beccubuuga (brook- 
 lime.) anagaltu (brook pimpernel.) scntdlala (scull -cap 
 speedwell.) qrvensis (wall speedwell.) perigrina (pur- 
 slane-speedwell.) agreslis (field speedwell.) hederijoli 
 (ivy speed we] 1.) 
 
 025. VERRUCARIA, 57. 2. 
 stigmatella. uitida. 
 
 1710. VEXILLARIA, 32. 93. 
 (butterfly-weed.) mariana. 
 
V I T i47 
 
 55. VIBURNUM, 43. 58. 
 
 opuhts (guelder-rose, snow-ball. E. w. J. h ) leaves 
 3-lobed, sharp-toothed, timi-s (iaurestiiie.) oxycoccus 
 (high cranberry.) Icntago (sheep-berry.) lantanoides 
 (hobble-bush, tangle-legs. ) acenf'otiinn (maple guelder- 
 rose, dockmackic.) dentiitum (arrow-wood.) pynfotium. 
 prunfilium. nuditm. pubesccns. cdidc. 
 
 1710. V1CIA, 32. 93. 
 
 faba (garden bean, Windsor bean. E. w. & black. J.0.) 
 stem many-flowered, erect, strong, pusitta (creeping 
 vetch.) mitchilla (mitciiill's \ctch.) amcricana. saliva 
 (tare.) cracca. caroliniana. 
 
 51. VILLARSIA, SU 34. 
 facunosa (spur-stein, floating heart.) 
 
 5__1. VINCA, 30. 47. 
 minor (periwinkle, b. Ap. ^ .) stem procumbent. 
 
 51. VIOLA, 29. 80. 
 
 1. Stemless ; leaves all radical and the flowers on scapes, 
 odorata (sweet violet.) jjcdala (bird foot violet.) pal- 
 mata (hand violet.) sagittala (arrow violet.) dentata 
 (toothed violet.) lanccolata (spear violet.) blanda( smooth 
 violet.) obliqaa (twisted-wing violet.) primulifolia 
 (primrose-leaf violet.) cuculUita (common bine violet.) 
 sororia (bearded violet.) papUionacca (butterfly violet.) 
 rotundifolia (ground violet.) 
 
 2. Having a stem ; more or less of the leaves cauline. 
 
 tricolor (garden violet, heart's ease, pansy.) cznadensis 
 (woods violet; stritta (striped violet.) debilis (weak- 
 stem violet.) rostrata (beaked violet.) pubescens (yellow 
 woods-violet.) hastata (balbert violet) concolor (green 
 violet.) bicolor (two coloured violet.) tenella (slender 
 violet) arvensis (field violet.) 
 
 214. VISCtJM. 
 album (misseltoe.) 
 
 51. VITIS, 46. 72. 
 
 oinifera (wine grape.) labrusca (plum grape.) aestiva- 
 lis (summer grape.) cordifolia (frost grape.) Var. vul- 
 pina. riparia (odoriferous grape.) 
 
. jM8 Z. E A 
 
 2^1. VITTARIA, 55. $. 
 linettta (ribbon fern.) 
 
 221. WOODSIA, 55. 5- 
 hi/perloren (flower-cup fern.) i'Tcnsis- 
 
 221. AYOODWARD1A, 55. $. 
 (inguslifolia (kidney-fern.) virginicd* 
 
 60 4. XANTIHUM. 
 
 sivumarinni (c.loit-buw. Au. 00 stem unarmed, brandl- 
 ing, .orientate, spinosmn. tnaculalum. 
 
 63. XEROPHYLLUM,. 10. IS, 
 KtifoliMm. This species is described undei* the Helo- 
 nias asphodeloldes. 
 
 51. XYLOSTEUM, 48. 58. 
 ciliatum (fly-honeysuckle, twin-berry, vr-y. M. h ) 
 berries distinct : leaves ovate and subcordate, margin ril- 
 iate. solonis (swarnp twin-berry, y*. M. T?.) berries unit- 
 ed iu pne, not distinct. 
 
 226 XYLOSTIIOMA, 58. 1. 
 
 giganteum (punk, oak-leather. ().) fibres parallel, the 
 \vhole fnngiR tilling the interstices between tlte cleave- 
 p.gcs of decaying wood. 
 
 31. XYRIS, 6. 13. 
 
 anceps (yellow-eyed grass, y. An. 11 .) leaves linear, oh 
 ^usish : scape spread and 2-edged near the top. bmifo- 
 Hp. Jlexiiosa. 
 
 5^-13 2ANTHORII1ZA, 26. 61. 
 cpiifolia (parsley y ellowroot.) 
 
 215. ^ANTHOXYLUM, 46. 94. 
 Jraxininm (prickly ash, tooth ache bush. g-w. M. ^ 
 prickly : leaves pinnate. 
 
 342. ZAPANIA, 40. 40. 
 vodiflora (fog-fruit) lanceojata. 
 
 203. ZEA,4.10. 
 mays (indian corn. y-g. Ju. ,-.) leaves lancc-linearj en- 
 
Z 1 Z 149 
 
 tire, keeled. Var. precox (dwarf corn) stem low : seeds 
 mostly 8-rowed. 
 
 63. ZIGADENUS. 
 glaberrimus (zigadene.) 
 
 182. ZINNIA, 49. 55. 
 midtijlora. 
 
 206. ZIZANIA, 4. 10. 
 
 davulosa (water-oats, wild rice. 0.) panicle pyramid- 
 form ; staminate flowers below, spreading, flnitans, 
 tniliacea. 
 
 N 9. 
 
A. 
 
 ABRUPT leaf A pinnate leaf, which has not an odd, or terminal leafet. 
 
 ACCESSORY. Additional. Annexed and of a different kind, when ap- 
 plied to the border, &c. of the receptacle of a lichen. 
 
 ACIXACIFOUM leaf. Sabre-form. One edge sharp and convex, the 
 other thicker and strait or concave. Cutlass-form. 
 
 ACTIVE. One of the little globules constituting- a compound berry ; as 
 the raspberry. 
 
 ACUMITTATE, 16 ACUTE, 17. 
 
 ADJTATE. Adhering. Any two or more parts of the. plant being at- 
 tached to each other. 
 
 AGGREGATE, 13. 
 
 AioaETTE, EGRET The flying, feathery or hairy crown of seeds ; as 
 the down of ihistles and dandelion*. It includes whatever remains 
 on the top of the seed after thecorol is removed. 
 
 stiped (stipulatus) when it is supported on a foot-stem. 
 
 simple (simplex) when it consists of a bundle of simple hairs, with- 
 
 out branches 
 
 plumose (plumosus) when each hair has other little hairs arranged 
 
 along its sides, like the beards on a feather. 
 
 membranous, thin transparent leaves. 
 
 ALTERNATE. Branches, leaves, flowers, &c. are alternate, when aiv 
 ranged upon opposite sides of the stem, or whatever supports them ; 
 beginning- at different distances from its base, and continuing in 
 nearly equal series. Sometimes they are in 3 scries. 
 
 AMENT, 10. 
 
 ANGULAR. By means of intervening grooves, the stems; calyces, cap- 
 sules, &c. have ridges running lengthwise. 
 
 ANNUAL. Which springs up, porf els frui 1 ., and dies, in the same year. 
 
 ASODTSES. Substances which promote sleep. 
 
 ASCMALOUS. Whatever forms an exception to the assumed rules (3V 
 systems. 
 
 ANTHER, 11. 
 
 AVTISCORBUTICS. Substances which cure eruptions. 
 
 APETALOTJS. A flower without a corol. 
 
 APEX. The tip or top end. 
 
 APPENDAGE, 18. 
 
 AQJJATIC. Growing most naturally in or near water. 
 
 ARTL, Arillur;. The outer coat of a seed, which, not contracting wilh 
 it in ripening, falls off. 
 
 ARROW-FORX, 16. 
 
 ASCENDING. Rising gradually between a horizontal and vertical posi- 
 tion. 
 
 * Words which are defined in the Grammar are net again defined in this Vocabulary; 
 but , reference to the page of the Grammar is annexed to the word in the Vocabulary. 
 
152 CAP 
 
 ASTRINGENTS. Substances which condense the fibres, and consolidate 
 relaxed parts. They brace up debilitated intestines, and applied 
 externally restrain bleeding- wounds, &c. 
 
 Aucrus CALYX. Having an outer row of leafets ; as the Dandelion. 
 
 AWL-FORM, 16. 
 
 AWL-POINTED. Acuminate. 
 
 AWN. A short slender process, or stiff beard, proceeding- from the 
 top or back of glumes, or chaff. 
 
 AXIL. The arm-pit. Applied to vegetables, it means the angle form- 
 ed by the meeting of a leaf or petiole wiih the stem, or of a branch 
 with the main stem. 
 
 AXILLARY. Any thing growing from the axils. 
 
 BANNER. The upper petal in a papilionaceous flower. 
 
 BARK, 14. 
 
 BASIS. Base. The part of a s< em, leaf, flower, &c. nearest to the 
 place through which it derives its nutriment. 
 
 BEAKED. Terminated by a process, formed like a bird's bill. 
 
 BELL-FORM, 10. BERRY, 12. 
 
 BIENNIAL. Springing up one summer, flowering- and dying the next, 
 as wheat. 
 
 BlPINNATE, 18. 
 
 BIPINNATIFID. Doubly pinnatifid. When the divisions of apinnatifid 
 leaf are cut in, or pinnatifid again, 
 
 BlTERNATE, 17. 
 
 BOAT-FOHM. Hollow one side with a compressed longitudinal ridge 
 on the opposite side. 
 
 BORDER in LICHENS. The edging of their receptacles (apothecium.) 
 It is proper, when of the same substance and colour of the recepta- 
 cle. It is accessory, when of a different substance or colour from 
 the disk of the receptacle. 
 
 BRACT, 18. BRANCHING, 14. 
 
 BRISTLE -FORM. Nearly opposite to a bristle in length and breadth. 
 
 BRISTLY, 17. BULBOUS ROOT, 14. 
 
 BUTTONS, Tricce. That kind of receptacle of lichens which when 
 magnified resembles a coiled horsehair. They are roundish, -es-ile t 
 unexpanding, compact, black and solid ; continued along their whole 
 Surface. Upper side they are in concentric, or coiled, plaited and 
 twisted folds ; covered every where with the same membrane ; 
 containing seeds without cells, or cases. Smith. 
 
 CADUCOUS. Any part of a plant is caducous* which falls off earlier, 
 compared with other parts of the same plant, than is usual f T sim- 
 ilar parts in most plants. As the calyx of the poppy tails off before 
 the corol is hardly expanded. 
 
 CAHSPITOSE. Turfy. Several plants growing together, or from the 
 same root, forming a turf. 
 
 CALYCLED. See aucius. 
 
 CALYPTRA, 10. CALYX, 9. CAMS, 14. 
 
 CAPILLARY, Hair tbrm ; longer than bristle-form, in proportion to it* 
 thickness. 
 
 CAPITATE. Head-form 5 growing in heads, 
 12. 
 
C M 
 
 CAKIVATE. See keeled. 
 
 CARTILAGINOUS Hard and somewhat flexible. It applies tq a leaf, 
 when it is b'umd around with a strong margin, different from the 
 dik of the leaf. 
 
 CARYOPHTLLEOUS, 11 
 
 CATKIN. See ament. 
 
 CATHARTICS rubstunees whieh stimu-ate the intestines so as to has- 
 ten and ir.crcnse evacuations. 
 
 CAULINE. ('.rowing on the main stem. 
 
 CAUSTICS. Subst nces whicli correde, burn or dissolve the part with 
 which they c me in contact. . 
 
 CELL. The hollow part, or cavity of a pericarp or anther. It is more 
 .generally applied to the cavities of pericarps, where seeds are lo.dg- 
 ed. Acc.m'-i .<g to the numbers of these the pericarps are Culled 
 one celled, two-celled, &.C. 
 
 CELLULAR INTEGUMENT, 14. 
 
 C-ELLULK*, cisivla. That kin<l of receptacle oflichens, which is glo. 
 bose, terminal and f jrmed of the substances of the frond. It is 
 filled with uncouted seeds, intermixed with fibres ; at length it 
 bursts irregularly. Smith 
 
 CKSPITOSK. See Cccspuose. 
 
 CHANNELLED. Hollowed out longitudinally with a raunded groove of 
 considerable depth. 
 
 CILTATE, 17. CLASPING, 17. 
 
 CLAVATE. Club-form. Growing larger towards the end. 
 
 CLAW. The lower narrow part of a petal by which it is fixed on the 
 calyx or receptacle. It can cxis' only in Polypetalous corols. 
 
 CLEFT. Split down, not exceeding halfway to'the base ; with nearly 
 Strait edges on both sides of the fissure. The parts into which it is 
 sp'it are numbered in desc ipums ; as onc^ sp'ii making two divisi- 
 ons, i-i called 2 cleft ; two splits, 3-clefi, &c. 
 
 CLEFTS, Urell*. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is open, 
 elongated, sessile, bluck, very narrow or linear, with a somewhat 
 spongy disk ; the border is parallel on each side and proper. Some- 
 times it has an accessory border from the crust besides. The clefts 
 are either simple and solitary ; or aggregate, confluent and branch- 
 .d. Smith. 
 
 CLIMBING. Ascending by means of tendrils, as grapes : by leaf-stalks 
 as virgin's bower ; bycauUne radicles, or rootlets, as the creepi.'ig- 
 American .ivy, (rhiis-radi- flns.) It differs from twining, which see. 
 
 CLUB-FORM. See clavate. COBWEBHED. See arachnoideus. 
 
 COCHLEATE. Coiled spirally, like a snail-shell. 
 
 COILED. Twisted like a rope ; or rather resembling the form of one 
 thread of a rope, after the other threads are removed, 
 
 CoLOUnZD. COLUMELLA, 12. 
 
 COMMON. Any part is common, which serves to include or sustain 
 several parts, similar among themselves, 
 
 perianth Includi-ig several florets ; as in the thistle. 
 
 invulncre. Surrounding the base of the pedunclts, in an Umbel, 
 
 which are subdivided above. 
 This term is often used for frequent aUo. 
 
154 15 E f 
 
 COMPLETE, Having both calyx and corol. 
 
 Co>rrovsD, 13. 
 
 CONIC. With a broad uase and approaching a poiat towards the top. 
 
 COS STATE, IT. 
 
 CONTRA. See partition. 
 
 Cox VERGING. Approaching 1 , or bending towards each other. 
 
 CONVEX. Swelling wit in a roundish form. 
 
 COHCLE, 12. CORDATE, ! 5. 
 
 CORIACEOUS. Leathery or parchment-like. 
 
 CONVOKED. Having angles ov corners. Three-cornered, four-corner- 
 ed, &.c. is often expressed trigonua, &e. 
 
 COROL, 9. CORTMB, 13. Cu'rn.Knoy, 12. 
 
 COWLED. When the edges meet below and expand above, and gener- 
 ally separate ; as the spathe of the antm, Indian turnip. 
 
 CREEPING, 14. CUES-ATE. 16. 
 
 CRESTED. Having an appendage somewhat resembling a cock's comb 
 in form. 
 
 CRUCIFORM, II. CRrrTOoAiffors, 9. CFT.M, 15. 
 
 CcLMiFEROtTs. Having cidms. 
 
 CUPFORH. Hollow within, resembling a little cup. 
 
 CUSPIDATE. Having a sharpened point and that tipped with a bristle, 
 a prickle, or lengthened apex, not curved. See mucronate and ob- 
 serve the distinction ; also acuminate. 
 
 CUTICLE, 14. 
 
 CTATHIFOHM. Wineglass-form. Gylindric, widening gradually up- 
 wards, margin not revolute. 
 
 CVLINDRIC. A circular shaft, of nearly equal diameter throughout its 
 whole extent. 
 
 CYME, 13. 
 
 DECIDUOUS. Falling off in the usual: season for similar parts to fall ; 
 as leaves falling at the decline of the year ; corols fulling off at the 
 time the stamens fall, See. See caducous and permanent. 
 
 DECUMBENT. When the base is erect, and the remainder lies on the 
 ground. It applies to stems, stamens, &c. 
 
 DECUHREST, 17. 
 
 DCCUSSATE. When leaves or branches are opposite in pairs, and each 
 pair stands at right angles with the next pair above or below on the 
 same stem. 
 
 DEFLECTED. Bending down archwise. 
 
 DXHISCKHT. The nat ural opening of capsules in the proper season. 
 
 DELTOID. A leaf with four corners ; that is, one at the stem, one at 
 the apex, and one each- side ; but the side ones are nearer to the 
 base than to the apex. When the side angles are about as near to 
 the apex as to the base, il is called a rhombtid leaf. Both kinds 
 are called diamondfortn in English. 
 
 DETPSE. Close, compact. A panicle with abundance of flowers Very 
 close is dense. See thyrse. 
 
 DENTATE. Toothed. . 
 
 DENTICULATE. Having very em all teeth . 
 
 DEOBSTHTJESTS. Substances which remove obstructions 
 Substances calculated, for cleansing 1 . 
 
E Q U 155 
 
 DIAPHORETICS. 'Those sccernaiit stimulants which promote perspir- 
 ation more particularly. 
 DICHOTOMOUS. Forked. Stem, &c. parted in pairs, each branch 
 
 parted in pairs again, and so on. When it is parted but once it ia 
 
 more properly called forked. 
 
 DIHYNAMOUS. Belonging" to, or varying into the class didvnamia. 
 DIFFUSED. Spreading. Expanded in an open loose manner. 
 DIGITATE Fingered. When the base of several leafets rest on the 
 
 end of one petiole ; as the strawberry and fivefinger. 
 DILATED. Expanded, widened. 
 
 DIOECIOUS. Belonging to, or varying into the class diacia. 
 DISCOID. Having a disk without rays. 
 DISK. The whole surface of a leaf, or of the top of a compound flou'- 
 
 er, as opposed to its edge or periphery. This term is also applied 
 
 to the aggregate florets of an umbel. 
 DiS8iLtE>s. A pericarp is dissihent, when it burs' s open with a spring, 
 
 as the touch-me-not, (impntiens ) 
 DIUIIKTICS. Those secernant stimulants which increase urine more 
 
 particularly 
 DIVARICATE. Branches spreading out from the stem so far. as to form 
 
 more than a right an^le with it above. 
 DIVERGING. Branches spreading out from the stem so far as to form 
 
 almost a right angle \\ith it. 
 DORSAL. Fixed to the back. Awns are d<-rsal, when proceeding 
 
 from the outside of a glume and not from the tip. 
 DOWJT OR BOWST, 17. DRUPE, 1 U 2. 
 
 DRUPACEOUS, Bearing drupes, or fruit resembling them. 
 EARED. This term applies ; 1st to ihe round extended, or ^ppendaged 
 
 lobes of a heart-form leaf: 2d, to he sid lobes near the base of ome 
 
 leaves : and 3d, to twisted parts, in some ferns and some liverworts, 
 
 which are supposed to resemble the .conchus, or passage into the eajr. 
 ECHINATE. Hedge-hog-like. Beset with erect prickles. 
 EGGJOHM. See ovate. 
 EGRET. See aigrette, 
 ELASTIC. See dissiliena. 
 ELIPTK-, t.onger than wide, rounded at or near both ends, and near- 
 
 ly equal in breadth towards both base and apex. 
 ELONGATED. Lengthened out, as if extended beyond what is usual 
 
 in similar parts. 
 EMARGINATK, 17. 
 
 EMETICS. Substances which excite vomiting. 
 EMOLLIENTS. Substances which soften tumors or any hardness or 
 
 dryness of the skin. 
 ENSIFOR*. Swcrd-form. Two-edged, tapering from base to apex 
 
 mostly, and a little arching towar.ib one ecke ; as flag and cut-JaiJ, 
 
 (Iris and Typha.) 
 ENTIRE. Coiuimied without interruption. A margin of a Isaf, calyx, 
 
 corol, Soc. is antire, when it is neither seriate, toothed, notched, 
 
 nor in any manner indented. 
 
 Similar parts equjil among themselves. The calyx, ccrol, &c. 
 
i$6 O E K 
 
 are equal, when the leafet.*, petals, or subdivisions, are similar i.i 
 form, size and direction. Opposed to unequal, 
 
 ERECT. Upright. 
 
 'EuosE. Gnawed. Unequally sinuuted as if the sinuses had been eaten 
 by insects. 
 
 EVERGREENS. Such plants as retain their leaves throughout the year, 
 a* while pine, laurtl,. Sec. 
 
 EXOTIC. Plants not g owing spontaneously in a wild state in that par- 
 ticular country, or section of a country. 
 
 EXSERT. Standing cut. Stamens are exsert when protruded oat ef 
 the corol*. 
 
 FACTITIOUS character. Added to more essential distinctions. 
 
 FAMINES. See genUs. 
 
 FASCICLE 13. A bundle. 
 
 FASCICLED. 17. 
 
 FASTIGIATE. Level-topped. 
 
 FAUX. Jaws. The thrort or opei ing into a corol. That precise spof, 
 where the tubular part of a lingent corol begins to separate or ex- 
 pand into lips or mouth, is \he faux. 
 
 FIBRE. Arfy thread-form part. FIBROUS, 14. FILAMENT, 11. 
 
 FILIFORM. Thread-like. 
 
 FISSURE. A cleft bf slitted aperture. 
 
 FLEXUOSE. Bending and frequently changing direction. 
 
 FLORET. Little flower. Whether the flower is large or small, it is 
 a floret, if it is one of a number all of which constitute an aggregate 
 or compound. 
 
 FOLLICLE. A pericarp with one valve, which opens lengthwise on one 
 side only ; as milk-weed (asclepias.) 
 
 FOOTSTALK. Si e peduncle and' petiole, it is put for both. 
 
 FORKED. See dichotomous. FROND, 15. 
 
 FRUCTIFICATION. " The temporary part of vegetables, which is des- 
 tined for the reproduction or' the species, te. minating the old indi- 
 vidual and beginning the new." 
 
 FRUIT-DOTS. Assemblages of capsules on the bucks of ferns. 
 
 FUGACIOUS. Soon disappearing. Flying oft'. 
 
 FUSSEL-FOR:M, 10. FURROWED. Seesalca'e. 
 
 FUSIFORM-. Spindle-form. 
 
 GALLS. EXCHESEXCES produced by the stings of insects. The balls 
 found on oaks which are used in dyeing, the common large green, 
 oak -balls, the singular green lumps found on the wild honey-suckle, 
 &c. are example-. 
 
 GASHED. Sieincis'ed. G^XERAL. See partial. 
 
 GENERIC NAME. The name of ;i genus. 
 
 GEXICULATE. Kneer!. Forming a very ob use angle, like a moderate 
 bending of the knee. 
 
 C-EXTF.3. Nations. Linneus divided pl.nts into nine great natural 
 tribes or c: sts. 1. PALXS (palnriSe ;) as the date and cocoa-nut. ?. 
 GRASSES (grr.mina ;) as wheat, Indiin-covn, sugar 'cune, rice, timothy- 
 gr;iS>, 5cc. 3. LILI.IES (lilia ;) as lily, tulip, I'uflbdil, Sec. 4. HERBS 
 (herbse ;) us thiotles, nettles, pease, m-nt, potatoes, hemp, pU ; nt;.ir>, 
 Tweets, and all other lierbkceous plants except the above. 5. Tncs 
 
INt) 157 
 
 (arWes ;) as oak, chesnut, pine, willow, dogwood, currants, lilac, 
 whortleberry, cranberry, and all other plants with a woody stem. 6. 
 PERKS (filices ;) as brake, polypod, maidenhair, ground pine, and all 
 other plants of this order, which see. 7. MOSSES (musci.) See 
 the order. 8. ALG^ This tribn include, the plants of the orders, 
 hepaticae, alg* and fichenes, which see. 9. FUNGI. As mushroom, 
 toadstool, puff hall, mould, blight, &c. 
 
 GENUS, (plural genera.') A number of plants which agree with one an- 
 other in the habit and structure of the flower and fruit. 
 
 GERM, 11, 
 
 GLABROUS. Sleek. Having- no pubescence. 
 
 GLASD, 18. 
 
 GLAUCOUS Clothed with a seagreen mealiness, which is easily rub- 
 bed off. It is sometimes put for ,1 greenish-grey colour. 
 
 GLOBOSS. Spherical, round on all sides like .t ball. 
 
 GLOBULES. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is globose, sol- 
 id and crustaceous, formed of the substance of the frond, and ter- 
 minating its points or branches ; from whence they ft It off entire, 
 leaving a pit or cavity. They are supposed to be covered all over 
 with a coloured seed-bearing membrane. Smith. 
 
 GLUME, 10. 
 
 GLUTINOUS. Having on some part more or less of adhesive moisturS. 
 
 GNAWED. See erose. GRANULATE, 14. 
 
 GROOVED. See sulcatc. GUITAR-FORM, 16. 
 
 HABITAT. The native residence of plants ; or the situation wherein 
 they grow most naturally. 
 
 HABIT. The external appearance of a plant by a general view of which 
 we know it without attending to any of its essential characters, 
 
 A knowledge of the habit of plants is to be acquired ; by fir-t see- 
 ing 1 them in a growing state, and dien by repeatedly reviewing them 
 in a HERBARIUM. 
 
 HUBERT-FORM, 16. HASTATE. HEAD, 13. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. Not woody. HERBAGE, 15. 
 
 HKBBAUIUSI. A collection of dned plants. 
 
 HEXAGONAL. Six-cornered. HILUM, 12. 
 
 HIRSUTE. Rough-haired. 
 
 HISPID. Bristly. Beset with stiff hairs. 
 
 HOLLOWS, (thabmia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is 
 spherical, nearly closed, lodged in the substance of the frond, lined 
 with its proper coat, under which are cells 2 or 4-seeded. Each 
 hollow finally opens by an oriftce in the surface of the frond above. 
 Smith. 
 
 HOODED. See cowled. 
 
 HORIZONTAL. Parallel to the horizon. Leaves are horizontal, when 
 they form right angles with erect stems. 
 
 HOHN. Sec spur. 
 
 IMBRICATE, 17. IMPERFECT. Wanting the stamen or pistil, 
 
 JycisxD. Cut in like a gash with a knife. 
 
 INCURVED Bent inwards. 
 
 INDIGENOUS. Plants, growing naturally and originally in a country, a 
 indigenous to t!atcountry. 
 
 Becoming- hard, tough, or leathery. 
 
158 L U R 
 
 INFERIOR. Below. A calyx or corol is inferior when it comes out be- 
 low the germ. See germ. 
 
 INFLATED. Appearing as if blown up with wind. 
 INFLEXED, infexus. The same as incurved. 
 
 IXFLORESCENCE, 13. INTERRUPTEDLY PINNATE, 18. 
 
 INTRODUCED. Not originally native, Broug-ht from some other coun- 
 try. 
 
 INVOLUCRE, 9. 
 
 Involucres of ferns generall lie on the tops of the capsules, like a 
 piece of linen spread out to dry. They are said to open inwards, 
 when they separate from the frond so as to leave the capsules naked 
 on the side next the midrib. 
 
 IK VOLUTE. Rolled inwards. 
 
 IRREGULAR. Differing 1 in figure, size, or proportion of parts, among 
 themselves. 
 
 KEEL, 11. 
 
 KEELFD. Having a ridge resembling the keel of a boat or ship. 
 
 KiDNEY-FORii, 16. 
 
 KNEED. See geniculate. 
 
 JVNOBS (Cephalodia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is 
 convex, more or less globular, covered externally with a coloured 
 eed-bearing crust, and placed generally at the extremities of stalks, 
 originating from the frond, permanent ; rarely sessile. Sometimes 
 they are at first spangles on filamentous lichens, and afterwards be- 
 come convex irregular knobs. They are simple, compound or con- 
 glomerate. Smith. 
 
 LABIATE, 10. 
 
 LACERATED; lacerus. Torn. Cut, or apparently torn into irregular 
 segments. 
 
 LAMINA. Thin plate. The broad upper part of the petal of a poly- 
 pet^lous corol. 
 
 LANCEOLATE, 16 
 
 LANCE-OYATE, Sec. Partaking of the lanceolate form and of that with 
 which it is compounded. 
 
 LATERAL. On one side. 
 
 LEAFET, or LEAFLET, One of the lesser leaves which, with others, 
 constitue a compound leaf. A simple leaf is never a leafet, how- 
 ever small. 
 
 LEGUME, 12. 
 
 LIGULATE. That kind of floret, in some compound flowers, which 
 consists of a single strap-like petal which becomes tubular at the 
 base only ; as all the florets in a dandelion, and the ray florets in a 
 sunflower. 
 
 LILIACEOUS, 11. 
 
 LIMB. The broad spreading part of the petal of a monopetalous corol. 
 
 LINEAR, \6 
 
 Li ON -TOOT HE i) See auncinate. 
 
 LOBE. Divisions, which are rounded, or parted by rounded or curved 
 incisions. 
 
 LOB ED, 16. 
 
 LOMENT A legume pod with transverse partitions. 
 
 Of a palish, dull, deathly colour. Most plants with lurid 
 
B L 159 
 
 petals are more or less poisonous ; as tobacco, henbane, thorn-apple. 
 
 E.YRATE, 16. 
 
 LYRATE-PIJTNATE. Pinnute with the odd terminal leafet largest. 
 MAXY. Whenever 'here are more than are usually numbered ; as we 
 
 say, 1- seeded, 2-seeded, 3-seeded, 4-s^eded, many-seeded. 
 MAHGINATED. Having a margin different in some measure from the 
 
 disk. 
 
 MATURE. Full-grown, but not entered upon a state of decay. 
 MEMBRAXACEOUS or MEMBRANE. Made up, appai-ntly, of the two 
 
 plates of the cuticle, without any cellular integument between them. 
 
 Nearly transparent, very thin ami often colourless. 
 MIDRIB". The main or middle rib of a leaf running from the stem to 
 
 the apex. 
 MONCKCIOUS. Belonging to, or van, ing into, the class monacia. 
 
 MojfOPKTAlOUS, 10. MONOPHYLLOUS, 9 
 
 MOXSTBOUS. Plants producing nny part different from the same part, 
 when growing wild. As the rose has but five peials in a wild state ; 
 but by rich cultivation in gardens, the stamens are mostly changed 
 to petals. Carnations and peony are examples alse. These are all 
 monsters. 
 
 MUCRONATE. Having a rounded end, tipped with a prickle ; which 
 often appears rather an extension of the midrib. 
 
 MUIUCATE. Armed with sharp spines. Covered with subulate prick- 
 tea 
 
 NAKED. Wanting a covering analagous to that of most plants. As 
 stem without leaves, leaves without pubescence, corol without a 
 calyx, seed without a pericarp, receptacle without chaff, pubes- 
 cens, &c. 
 
 NARCOTICS. Those poisons which, in'small doses, stimulate at first and 
 promote secretions ; afterwards induce dulness and sleep. But in 
 large doses produce delirium, convulsions and death. Some narco- 
 tics inflame the stomach. 
 
 NATAST. Floating 
 
 NECTARY. That part of a flower, which secretes honey. It is either 
 a distinct horn, gland, spur, scale, cup, &c. or the claw or some 
 other part of the corol secreting honey. This name is applied to 
 any appendage to the flower, which has no other name. 
 
 NERVED, 17. NEUTRAL, 13. 
 
 NODDING. See nutans. 
 
 NUCLEUS. Nut or kernell. The inner seed or kernel is properly the 
 nucleus ; and its hard shell is the putamen. But the whole includ- 
 ing both putamen and nucleus, is the nut, nux. 
 
 NUT. See nucleus. 
 
 NUTANT. nutana. Nodding. When above half of whatever it is ap> 
 plied to, droops or hangs down. 
 
 NUTRIENTICS. Substances which serve for food. 
 
 OBCORDATE, 15. 
 
 OBLANCEOLATE. Lanceolote with the base narrowest. 
 
 OBIIQ.UE, obliquus A position between horizontal and vertical ; Of 
 between the perpendicular and the plane of the base. It is also ap- 
 plied to leaves, petals, calyxes, &c. which are, as it were, cut obli- 
 quely ; or whose bases are shorter en one side than on the other. 
 
160 P I T 
 
 ODLOWG, 15, QSOVATK, 15. 
 
 OBSOLETE. When teeth, notehes, serratures, &c. are obscure and ap,- 
 pear as if worn out. 
 
 OBTUSE, 17. 
 
 OFFICINALIS. Such plants as are sold in the shops for some use, either 
 i medicine or the arts. 
 
 OPPOSITE, )7. ORBICULAR. 15. 
 
 ORBS. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is flat, orbicular 
 and dilaied, of the substance of the frond, terminal, peltate, without 
 a border, but often surrounded wnh radiating shoots. The mem. 
 brane, or disk under which the seeds are lodged, is smooth, nearly 
 of the colour of the frond. Spurious orbs bordered like shields or 
 spangles when young 1 , are sometimes found in the genus cerw'cufc* 
 ria. Smith. 
 
 OVAL, 15. OTATE, 15. PALMATE, 16. PANICLE, 13. 
 
 PAPILIONACEOUS, 1 ! . 
 
 PARALLEL. Two lines or opposite sides, running nearly equal distao* 
 ces from each other. 
 
 PARASITIC. Drawing- support from another plant. Crowing out of 
 
 ano'her ; as rhe dodder. 
 
 .PARTIAL. Particular not general The perianth, involucre, petiole, 
 &c. of one floret, or of a separate part of all the florets, which with 
 others constitute a compound or nggregate. 
 
 PARTITION. The membrane. 8tc. which divides pericarps into cells. 
 It is parallel, when it unites with the valves where they unite with 
 each other. It is contrary or transverse, when it meets a valve in 
 the middle, or in am part not at its suture, or juncture whh aBotiieiv 
 
 PARTED, partitus. Deeply divided, almost to the base. 
 
 PEDATE, 16. 
 
 PEUICEL A partial peduncle. 
 
 PEDUNCLE, 15. PELTATE, 17. 
 
 PENDULOUS. When the whole of the part droops, or hangs downv 
 
 PEHENXIAL. Continuing more than two years. 
 
 PERFECT FLOWER, 13. PERFOLIATE, 17. 
 
 PERFORATE. Having holes as if pricked through. 
 
 PERIAXTH, 9. PERICARP, 9. 
 
 PERISTOME. The fringe, teeth, or membrane, around the mouth of 
 the capsules of mosses, under the lid. 
 
 PERMANENT. Any part of a plant is permanent, which remains longer 
 compared with other parts of the same plant, than is usual for simi- 
 lar parts in most plants. As the calyx of the quince remains on the 
 end of the fruit, till it ripens. 
 
 PERSONATE, 10 
 
 PTAL. The coloured leaf or leaves of the corol. The petal of a mono- 
 pel alous corol is divided into the tube and limb. Each petal of a 
 polypetalous corol is divided into the claw and lamina. 
 
 PETAL-FORM. Resembling a petal in shape. 
 
 PETIOLE, 15. PHAHEROGAMOUS, PUCESOGAMOVS, 9. 
 PILETJS. The hat of a fungus. 
 
 PILOSE. Hairy. 
 
 PINNATE, 18. PINKATIFIB, 16. PISTILLATE JI.OWEJI, 13. PISTIL, 9, 
 
 PJTCBEB-FOIWC. See urceelate. 
 
PUN 161 
 
 PITH, 14. 
 
 PITS, (.cypheflat.) That kind of receptacle of lirhens, which consists 
 of open, cup-like, naked, white or yellow little spots, on the under 
 side of the frond ; which is generally downv. They are at first 
 immersed, r^bose, minate do\s, which at length burst with an ir- 
 regular margin, and discharge a powder. 
 
 PLATTED. Folded somewhat like a tan, when nearly full spread. 
 
 PLANT. Any substance growing from seed. As trees, grass, puff-ball, 
 mould. 
 
 PLUMOSE. Feather-like. 
 
 PLUMOSE egret. Feather-like down. When a hair has other hairs 
 arranged on opposite sides of it. 
 
 POD That kind ofpericarp which is composed of two valves with the 
 seeds attached to one or both sutures, or a longitudinal partivion at 
 the edges immediately adjoining the sutures. The pod is either a 
 legume or silique. 
 
 POLLED, 11. 
 
 POLYADELPHIA. (JPfcfos, many ; adefyhos, brother.) Many brother- 
 boods. The name of the abolished eighteenth class as first estab- 
 lished by Linneus. This class includes all plants with perfect 
 flowers, 'whose stamens are united by theii- filaments in three or. 
 m re sets, or brotherhoods. 
 
 POLYADELPHOUS. Belonging to, or varying into, the class polyadel- 
 phia. 
 
 PoLT&A^tiA. The name of the twenty-third class as established by 
 Linneus. It comprises all plants, which have some perfect flowers, 
 and others which are staminate and pistillate, or both kinds This 
 class is divided into three orders. 1. Jtlviieecia, having p>. .feet ff<nf- 
 ers and ei her staminate o 1 pistillate ones or both on the same plants. 
 2. JJicecia, having perfect flowers on some plants, and either st mi- 
 nate or pistillate flowers on others of the same species. 3. Tricecia, 
 having perfect flowers on some plants, staminate on others, and nis- 
 tiliate on others of the same species. This cl;-ss like the 18th, is 
 abolished by Persoon and others, and the plants under it distribtitf 
 ed anv.-ng the other classes. 
 
 POLYGAMOUS. Va r yi> g into, or inclining to, the class pihtgamia. 
 
 POi.YPETALOtrS, it) POLYPHYLLOUS, 9. PojffE, 1 2. PlUCKLE, 18. 
 
 PRISMATIC. Linear with several flattish sides. A cylinder with flat 
 
 sides. 
 
 PROCESS. A projecting part. 
 PROCUMBENT. Lying on the ground. 
 PROLIFEROUS. Putting forth branches or flowers from ther centre of 
 
 the top of a preceding one. 
 PROPER, 12. 
 
 PUBKSCENT. Hairy, having hai^s, wool, dmvn. glandular hairs, Sec. 
 PUFFS, (pilidia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which consists 
 
 of Irttle mund boruered knobs, whose disk finally turns to f owder. 
 
 It is nt firs- covd'-'d with a membrane and often clo'hed wi h a fine 
 
 grey hoariness. These recq>tacles :re elongated below into a stalk 
 
 fix.d to the crust, but 'o..,lly diff'e.-ent from it. 
 PUNCTATE. Dotted or sprinkled with coloured, generally diaphanous, 
 
 specks. See pcifurated. 
 
 O 2 
 
162 S E G 
 
 PUTAMEX. Nut-shell. See nucleus. 
 
 QUALITIES OF PLANTS Richard says that plants of the same 
 and odour, ar< generally posseted, of simi'ar qu U:ies. Also that 
 ih smell and taste are always the s^mc. II divides the odours of 
 plan s in o, 1. Frugruni. 2 ~droinatic- 3. Jlmbrosiac (resembling 
 amber.) 4. Alliaceous (resembln.j, garlic.) 5. Fetid (as-asalioetida, 
 &c ) &. Nauseous (causing- the sioimxh o heavt-.) As the fragrant, 
 the aromatic and ambro iuc, are always free from all hurtful quali- 
 ties, and us ti<e fetid an<; ^nu^eous are generally poisonous ; it 
 stems that mankind have in some measure an instinctive principle 
 by which food is to be selected. 
 
 RACEME, 13. RACHIS, 12 
 
 RADIATE. The spreading florets around the margin of a compound 
 flower As tne Sunflower. 
 
 RADICAL, 17. 
 
 RADICLE. The Ihtle fibrous branches proceeding from the main root.- 
 The outer rnurg'in or circumference ot a compound flow er. 
 
 ^ 9. 
 
 Curved d'iwnwards. 
 
 Bent back, nearly or quite to touch the stem or peduncle; 
 HEEUIGEHASTS. "'ubsta^ces which directly reduce the heat of 'he body. 
 REGULAR. See equal. 
 RKMF UM. See fcldneyrforda. 
 RESUPINATE. Upside down. 
 
 RETICULATE Netted. Having veins crossing each other like net-work* 
 RETUSE, 17 
 
 RIB .V nerve-like support to a leaf. 
 RIGID. Stiff, ii.flf.xi'ive, or m.-t pliable. 
 Ri>o The b,*nd arouiid die capsules of ferns which is elastic. 
 
 Rl GE.VT, 11. 
 
 ROOT, 14 ROSACEOUS, II, 
 ROTATE Se>. xvsie l-lbrm. 
 
 ROUGH Covered wi h dots, which am harsh to the touch. 
 RUGOSE Wri-.k'ed w liumped Veins m r< coutricted '.han the disk^ 
 -o that the intermediate pyrcnchyma rises up between ihera.^ 
 
 RUNCINATE, 16. 
 
 SABRE FORM .See aeinaoform. 
 
 SAR;TTATE bee urro\v C.-.m. 
 
 SALVETI FOIOI, U 
 
 SAMARA A wn ged pericarp not opening- by valves ; as the Maple: 
 
 SAUCKR-FOKM Shaped like a comt^on U a-sauce. . 
 
 SCABIOUS. Rough. 
 
 SCALY (k-veiv; more- r ic-- with t>c;,lv ppe da^es, as Fern roots ; 
 
 or consisting of substance , in some measure resoiiibli-ig coarse fish* 
 
 scales ; as the scales ot Liiy roots. 
 
 SCAPK, 15- 
 
 Sc.uacus, scuriosus Dry ai.d membranous, generally transparent. 
 ScATTtni.D. S .-.ding witf (<u. any regular ordtr 
 SCKOBICULATE. Deep r- U! cl pits on the receptacle gives it. this name. 
 SECKUNANT 'ITIMCT.AK 's. Substances wLicb eucrtase perspirati' n, or 
 
 pr-irr- \ he secretion of o her substances which it is cUsirable i 
 
 have evacuaieu fi om the system. 
 
s Q tr 
 
 SEGMENT. The parts into which a calyx, eorol, leaf, Sec. is divide4 
 or cut. 
 
 SEiiicKus. See Silky. 
 
 SERRATE, 16 
 
 SERRULATE. When a serrate leaf has the teeth serrate again. 
 
 SESSILE. Sitting clown. When a leaf, flower, seed-down, pileus of a 
 fungus, receptacle of a lichen, &c. are destitute- of a petiole, pedun- 
 cle, stipe, -'-'c. 
 
 SETACEOUS. Bristle-form. 
 
 SETOSE. Bristly, 
 
 SHAHP Tapering 1 to a point. 
 
 SUHATH. The lengthening' of a leaf down the stem, which it inclose^, 
 
 SHEATHING, 17. 
 
 SHIELDS, scutMae. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is open, 
 orbicular, saucer-like. The underside and border i<re of the sub- 
 stance and colour oj Uie frond The disk is of a different colour 
 and substance from the border and frond, containing the seeds in 
 extremely minute vertical cells The shields are thick and tumid, 
 wnen they are sessile ; and membranous when stalked or elevated- 
 Very rarely they areperfora'ed in the centre. Smith. 
 
 SILICJ.E. A little silique, whose length and breadih are nearly equal. 
 
 SILIQ.UK, 11 
 
 SILIQ.UK K 'WM. Shaped like a silique without its essential character* 
 
 SILKY, 17. SIMPLE, 12. SINUATE, 16. 
 
 SINUATE-SERRATE. Having senvtures hollowed out. 
 
 SOLITARY. Standing alone or very distant from others of the sam$ 
 kind 
 
 SOMEWHAT, Used as a diminutive ; implying in some degree, not 
 iul y. President Smith tranlaie sub, by somewhat, when combin- 
 ed with an adj.eciive ;.as subtrifidus, somewhat three-cleft. 
 
 SPADIX, 12. 
 
 SPASGLES. pa'.dlulx- Open and orbicular, like hields t but sessile, 
 and not formed o> any part of the crust, frnm whicij tliey diftV- JQ 
 colour being most usually black. The seeds are lodged beneath 
 the fm-mbrane that covers their disk, as in the former, and the 
 disk U surrounded by a proper bprder. Their seeds are observed 
 to be naked in the cellular suintauce of the di ,k not enclosed in 
 oa : s Ui k som timea concave or flat, oftener convex and evea 
 globose without any apparent b rder when in an advance-. i state. 
 
 SPAT HP., iO 
 
 SPATULATS. Roundish ajd diminishing into a long, narrow lineal? 
 base. 
 
 SPIKE, 13. 
 
 SPIKELET; Ore of the subdivisions of a spike. 
 
 SriNDLKFOim, 14. 
 
 SPINOSE. Thorny. 
 
 SPIRAL. Twisted like a screv/. 
 
 SPUR An elongated process from the base, or frnm near the base of 
 the calyx or coi'ol.or nectary, somewhat resembling * horn or cock's- 
 s;ur. 
 
 BQ.UA.RKOSK. Ragged. When the points ;f scales, 8tc. bend outwards, 
 BO as to. make .1 ragged app^rance. It is also used for scurfy, o? 
 wheu covered with a bran-like scurf, 
 
164 SAX 
 
 STAMEN, 9. STAXitfA-TB, 13. 
 
 STELLATE. Spreading* out in a radiate manner. Leaves are Stellate; 
 
 when three or more surround the s^em in a whnri 
 STEM The main base or supporter of the fructification and herbage. 
 STIGMA, 11. STING :8 STIPE. 15. STIJULE, 18. 
 STOMACHICS. Subs<artce s which directly excite and strengthen the ac- 
 
 tion of the stomach. 
 
 STRIATB, STREAKED. Marked or grooved with slender lines. 
 STRIGOSE. Armed with small, close, rigid bristles, which are thickest 
 
 below. 
 
 STROBILE, 12. STYLI, 11. 
 
 SUB Used in combination as a diminutive, for somewhat. 
 SUBULATE. See awl-form. 
 
 SULCATE, sulcatus. Furrowed. Marked with deep lines. 
 SUPERIOR A calyx or corol is superior when it proceeds from the 
 
 upper part of the germ. 
 SUTURE, A seam-like appearance at the meeting of two parts ; as the 
 
 valves of pea-pods. 
 SWORD-FORM. See ensiform. 
 TEGUMENT, 12 TENDRIL, 18. 
 TERETE. Hound, columnar and tapering- from the base to the other 
 
 end 
 TERMINAL. Proeeeding from or occupying the end of a stem, braneh, 
 
 stvle, &c. 
 
 TERNATE, 17. THORN, or SPIKE, 18. 
 THROAT. See faux. 
 THYRSE, 13. TIDGE, 15. 
 TOMENTOSK. Covered with fine downy or cottony substance matted 
 
 together. 
 Toxics. Substances which give strength to the system. They are 
 
 stimulants which are permanent in their operation. 
 TOOTHED, 16. 
 TOHULOSK, torulosrts With swelling ridges or humps, Hke the musk- 
 
 melon o; horse radisi pod. 
 TRANSLUCENT. Transnrnti;:g light faintly. 
 THANSTEUSE. Crosswise. 
 TRIANGULAR. Havi ^ 3 angles or corners. It is applied to a leaf 
 
 with 3 points or corners. 
 TBI PINNATE 8. 
 TRiPiNXATiFin. A pinnatifid leaf, with the divisions pinnatifid, and 
 
 ti ose Lit r divisions pmnatifl.l again. 
 THITERNATE, \7. 
 
 TRUNCATE. Tlie end appearing as if cut eff. 
 TUBE. The lower hollow cylinder of a monopetalous corol. 
 TUBERCLES That kind of receptacle of iichms, which is spherical 
 
 or slightly conic, nearly closed, crust; ce. us, bL-ck ; more or .ess 
 
 immerced in the surfare o the crustaceous frond, which it eleva- 
 
 tes ; <-r sometimes it is exposed, ben. g merely sessile. E;tch crm- 
 
 tains a ball, or ma^s, ot'cofnected seeds, destitute of cells, envelo- 
 
 ped i: a common membrane. The whole mass ot seeds is at length 
 
 disci, rgtd t< gather by an orifice at the top of the tubercle. W* 
 
 often* find these tubercles after the seeds ar e discharged, 
 
2 I S 
 
 TUBWROUS, 14. 
 
 I'UBULOUS, TUBVtosE. That corol of a compound flower, which 
 forms a whole tube, not a ligulate floret. It is also applied to a 
 perianth, if the whole or the lower part is a hollow cylinder. 
 
 TURBIWATE. Top-form. 
 
 TURBID. Thickened, swollen, but not inflated. 
 
 TwiMire. Ascending spirally. 
 
 VALVE. The several pieces of a pericarp, which separate naturally 
 on ripening-, are called valves. Also the leaves, or chaffs, of a 
 glume Each, piece is called a valve. This name is sometimes 
 applied to the scales, which close the tube in some corols. 
 
 VARIETY. The changes produced among 1 plants of the same species 
 by accidental causes ; as by soil, situation, culture, climate, &c. 
 These changes respect magnitude, fulmr,? of flowers, erisping of 
 leares, colour, taste and smell. If the same kind of plant can pos- 
 sibly be produced from the seed of other kinds, these are but va- 
 rieties of the same species. All apples are but varieties of the same 
 species. 
 
 VAULTED. Arched over like the roof of the mouth. 
 
 VEIXKD, 17. 
 
 VBITTRICOSB. Swelling out as if blown up with wind. 
 
 VERTICAL. Standing or hanging up and down at right angles with 
 the horizon ; or parallel to the stem. 
 
 VESICULAR. Containing, or consisting of, a cellular substance. 
 
 VILLOSE, villosus. Having a superficial covering of long soft whitish 
 hairs. 
 
 VISCID. Covered superficially with a sticky juice. 
 
 UMBEL, 13. 
 
 UMBELLIFEROUS. Bearing umbels ; as Carrot, Diil, Fennel. 
 
 UMBILICATE. Having a kind of central roundish hollow or protubef- 
 ance, as on the end of an apple, or of a pompion. 
 
 UKARMED. Having no thorns nor prickles. 
 
 URDU LATE. Wavy. 
 
 UNEQ.UAL. The parts not corresponding in size, form and duration* 
 
 VOLVA, 10. 
 
 URCEOLATE. Swelling out like a pitcher, and not contracting much 
 at top. 
 
 URN-FORM. Swelling in the middle and contracting at the top ; as 
 the calyx of the Rose. 
 
 UTRICLES. The little bag-like reservoirs for sap. 
 
 UTRICULTTS. A little bladder. 
 
 WEDGE-FORM. Obovate with straitish sides. 
 
 WHEEL-FORM, 10. 
 
 WHORLED- Surrounding the stem in numbers at intervals ; as the 
 leaves of Bedstraw, and the flowers of Motherwort. 
 
 WIWGS. The two side petals in a papilionaceous corol. 
 
 WITHERING. Having a shrivelled and decaying appearance, though 
 not actually in a state of de,cay ; as the flowers of elm. 
 
 WOOD, 14. 
 
 ZIGZAG. See flexuose. 
 
TO THE ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 ^ 5 wvwv 
 
 A. Pagf. 
 
 Brar berry 
 
 74 
 
 Buckthorn 103, 112. 13Q 
 
 AAROX's BEARD 131 
 
 Beard grass 
 
 72-4 
 
 Buckwheat 126 
 
 Acacia ib. 
 
 Beard throat 
 
 72 
 
 Buffalo clover 143 
 
 Adam and Eve 91 
 
 Beard tongue 
 
 122 
 
 Bu^bane 86 
 
 Addermouth 113 
 
 Beaver tree 
 
 '113 
 
 Bugloss 72, 95 
 
 Addertongue 119 
 
 Bedstraw 
 
 99 
 
 Bullrush 135 
 
 Ag-ave 70 
 
 Beech 
 
 97 
 
 Bunch flower 114 
 
 Agrimony ib. 
 
 Beech drops 116, 
 
 120, 128 
 
 Burdock 74 
 
 Albany hemp 145 
 
 Beehive 
 
 114 
 
 Burnet 127 
 
 Alder 71, 87, 130 
 
 Beet 
 
 79 
 
 Burnet saxifrage 134 
 
 Alexanders 138 
 
 Beggar-ticks 
 
 ib. 
 
 Burning bush 96 
 
 Allspice 82 
 
 Bell-flower 
 
 82 
 
 Burr-flower 105 
 
 Almond 72 
 
 Bellwort 
 
 145 
 
 Burr-marygold 79 
 
 Allum root 103 
 
 Bent grass 
 
 70 
 
 Burr-reed 139 
 
 Aloe 71 
 
 Betoiiy 
 
 79 
 
 Bush clover HO 
 
 Amaranth 71, 101 
 
 Bilberry 
 
 145 
 
 Bush trefoil 102 
 
 Anemone 73 
 
 Bindweed 
 
 89 
 
 Butterfly weed 146 
 
 Angelica ib. 
 
 Birch 
 
 79 
 
 Button bush 84 
 
 Apple 90, 129 
 
 Birdsnest 
 
 116 
 
 Butternut 107 
 
 Apricot 75 
 
 Birthwort 
 
 75 
 
 Buttouwood 124 
 
 Arathusa 74 
 
 Bishopweed 
 
 72 
 
 
 Arbor- ritae 142 
 
 Bitter lichen 
 
 146 
 
 C. 
 
 Arbutus 95 
 
 Bitternut 
 
 107 
 
 Cabbage 80 
 
 Archangel 73 
 
 Bittersweet 
 
 84, 138 
 
 Calabash 90 
 
 Arnic 75 
 
 Blackberry 
 
 132 Calomint 114 
 
 Arrowgrass 1 43 
 
 Black-flower 
 
 114 Camphor 8& 100 
 
 Arrow-head 1 33 
 
 Black-snake root 
 
 86 
 
 Campion 70, 90 
 
 Arrow-wood 147 
 
 Bla drier-campion 
 
 00 
 
 Canary grass 123 
 
 Artemisia 75 
 
 Bladdernut 
 
 140 
 
 Cancer root 120 
 
 Artichoke 91 
 
 Bladder senna 
 
 88 
 
 Candy tuft 106 
 
 Arum 75, 120 
 
 Bladderwort 
 
 145 
 
 Cane J33 
 
 Ash 93, 139 
 
 Blessed thistle 
 
 84 
 
 Canterberry bells 82 
 
 Ashwort 86 
 
 Bliu-ht 
 
 145 
 
 Caper 96 
 
 Asparagus 78 
 
 Blite 
 
 79 
 
 Caraway 81-3 
 
 Aspen 126 
 
 Blood root 
 
 134 
 
 Cardinal flower 1 ] 1 
 
 Asphodel 76,118,142 
 
 Blue-bottle 
 
 84 
 
 Cardoon 91 
 
 Aster 76, 80 
 
 Blue-curls 
 
 143 
 
 Carnation 92 
 
 Auricula 127 
 
 Blue-eycd-graSS 
 
 137 
 
 Carolina potato 89 
 
 Avens 100 
 Awl-cap moss 101 
 
 Blue-grass 
 Blue-hearts 
 
 125 
 81 
 
 Carpet weed 116 
 Carrot 92 
 
 
 Blue-thistle 
 
 95 
 
 Cased fungus 70 
 
 B. 
 
 Bog-rush 108, 
 
 131,135 
 
 Cassia 83 
 
 Bachelor's button 101 
 Balm 114, 116 
 
 Bouoset 
 Borage 
 
 97, 108 
 80 
 
 Caster-oil plant 131 
 Catalpa . S3 
 
 Balm-of-gilead 126 
 
 Bowman's root 
 
 140 
 
 Catchfly 137 
 
 Balsam apple 11 
 Balsam poplar 126 
 
 Box 
 Box-flower 
 
 81-9 
 129 
 
 Caterpi'llar-fern 135 
 Caterpillars ' 136 
 
 Balsam tree 124 
 
 Brake 
 
 123 
 
 Catmint 118 
 
 Balsam weed 108 
 
 Bramble 
 
 137 
 
 Catnep ib. 
 
 Bane-berry 69 
 
 Brier-herb 
 
 132 
 
 Cat's eve 135 
 
 Barberry 79 
 
 Brittle lichen 
 
 70 
 
 Cat-tail 144 
 
 Barley 101 
 
 Brompton queens 
 
 85 
 
 Cedar 90, 108 
 
 Barn-grass 12i 
 
 B'*oinpiou stock 
 
 ib. 
 
 Celandine 85 
 
 1>;i,i' 119,128 Brookliiue 
 
 1-16 
 
 Celery 73 
 
 Ba:iket-of-gold 71 
 Bass wood 142 
 
 Brook-liverwort 
 Brookweed 
 
 113 
 
 134 
 
 Centaury 84-6, 105 
 Chan-seed 135 
 
 Bayiterry 117 
 
 Broom 
 
 99, 139 
 
 Cbamomiie 73,80,114 
 
 Bad fungoa 116 K.-oo:n corn 
 
 . ib. 
 
 Charlock 130 
 
 Bead tree 114 
 Beau 190, 123, H'' 
 
 Ji,;, mi gjass 
 Buckbean 
 
 80 
 115 
 
 Checker-berry 116 
 Cherry 6$ 128 
 
168 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 eherville 
 
 85 
 
 Dandelion 
 
 108-9 
 
 Flower-de-luce 106 
 
 Chesnut 
 
 70,83 
 
 Darne! grass 
 
 111 
 
 Flowering fem 120 
 
 Chess 
 
 80 
 
 Day-flower 
 
 88 
 
 Flowering nettle 99 
 
 Chickweed 7 
 
 1-2, 82-4, 
 
 Day-lily 
 
 102 
 
 i- iim ei ing rush 135 
 
 
 104, ISO 
 
 Dead-nettle 
 
 108 
 
 Flowering wintergreen 125 
 
 Chick-wintergreen 
 China aster 
 
 143 
 
 Decumary 
 
 92 
 130 
 
 Flower-of-an-hour 103 
 Fly honeysuckle 148 
 
 Chinquapin 
 
 83 
 
 Dewberry 
 
 132 
 
 Fog-fruit ib. 
 
 Choke-berry 
 
 75 
 
 Dill 
 
 73 
 
 Follicle vine 122 
 
 Choke-dog 
 Chrvsanthemum 
 
 91 
 86 
 
 JL'i>'h-fungns 
 Dittany 
 
 128 
 
 Fork duckweed 130 
 Fork-fern 69< 
 
 Cicily 
 
 85,117 Dock " 
 
 132 
 
 Fork-mosS 93 
 
 C'inquefoil 
 
 
 Dockmackie 
 
 147 
 
 Fork-spike 73 
 
 C/ives 
 
 71 
 
 Dodder 
 
 91 
 
 Fork-stems iSl 
 
 Clary 
 
 133 
 
 Dog-bane 
 
 73-4 
 
 i- other gill's bush 97 
 
 Cleavers 
 Climbing-fern 
 Clott-burr 
 
 112 
 148 
 
 Dogtaii grass 
 Dogtooth violet 
 Dcgweed 
 
 95 
 89 
 
 Four o'clock 116 
 Four tooth moss l41 
 Foxglove 93, lOO 
 
 Cloud berry 
 Clover 
 
 132 
 143 
 
 Dogwood 
 Double-tooth moss 
 
 -69, 89 
 93 
 
 Foxtail 71 
 Fringe-tree 86, 131 
 
 Clown-heal 
 
 140 
 
 Dragon 
 
 75 
 
 Fritiilary 98 
 
 Club funirus 
 Club n\oss 
 
 S7 
 112 
 
 Dragon-head 
 
 & 
 
 Frog's spittle 88 
 Frost plant 
 
 Club rush 
 Clump-head graSs 
 Cockle 
 
 113, 135 
 143 
 
 70 
 
 Dropseed grass 
 Duckmeat 
 Dust-leaf 
 
 117 
 109 
 
 72 
 
 Fumitorv 93 
 Funegnek 143 
 Fungus-lichen 81 
 
 Cock's crest 
 
 8-1 
 
 Dyer's broom 
 
 99 
 
 Furze 144 
 
 Cohosh 
 
 94-6 
 
 Dyer's w eed 
 
 130 
 
 
 Colic-weed 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 CoU'* foot 
 
 144 
 
 74 
 
 E. 
 
 Earth moss 
 
 123 
 
 Galingale 94 
 Gall-of-tlie-earth 
 
 Cwnfrey 
 
 141 
 
 Efflorescent lichen 
 
 139 
 
 Garden bean 147 
 
 Cone-flo-.ver 
 
 132 
 
 1C 7 
 
 Esre-piant 
 Elder 
 
 188 
 134 
 
 Garlic 71 
 Gay feather 110 
 
 C'-> '"'' foot 
 Coriander 
 Cos( mary 
 
 91 
 89 
 
 78 
 
 Elecampane 
 Elephant foot 
 Elm 
 
 106 
 114 
 
 Gem-fruit 142 
 Gentian 100-7,141 
 Geranium 96, 100,123 
 
 
 10 1 
 
 Endive 
 
 86 
 
 Germander 111 
 
 Cotton grass 
 
 9* 
 
 Eye-bright 
 
 97 
 
 Gill-overground 100 
 
 Cotton thistle 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 Ginger 75 
 
 Cotton tree 
 
 198 
 
 F. 
 
 
 Ginseng 120 
 
 Cotton v.'ood 
 
 tin 
 
 False flax 
 
 142 
 
 (i lasswort 133 
 
 Cowhnge 
 Cowslip 
 Cow-wheat 
 Coxcomb 
 Crab apple 
 
 94 
 
 ta. 4 
 i;i 
 
 71 
 
 129 
 
 False moss 
 Feather-beds 
 Feather-grass 
 Fennel 
 Fennel-flower 
 
 108 
 86 
 140 
 
 73,97 
 118 
 
 Globe-flower 144 
 Globe-thistle 94 
 (i lobule-fungus 139 
 Glue seaweed 144 
 Goat's beard 143 
 
 ^' J *Wr K 
 
 Cranberry 
 Creeping cereus 
 Creeping moss 
 Crowberry 
 Crowfoot 
 
 120 
 81 
 114 
 
 m 
 
 191 
 
 Feseue-grass 
 Festoon pine 
 .pever-bufh 
 Feverlew 
 Fever root 
 
 97 
 112 
 109 
 86 
 143 
 
 Goat's rue 99 
 Golden rod 138 
 Golden thistle 136 
 GoM-of-pleasure 117 
 Gold thread 89 
 
 Crownbeard 
 
 146 
 
 
 97 
 
 G(H>seberry J31 
 
 <7rowncwp 
 
 liji-* 
 
 r-wort 
 
 136 
 
 Gourd 90 
 
 Crown imperial 
 Cru t lichen 
 Cbekow-flower 
 
 93 
 142 
 82 
 
 Filbert 
 
 Fine haired Tern 
 Fivig-er grass 
 
 90 
 93 
 ifc 
 
 lira in rust 145 
 Grape 72,147 
 Grape-fern 80 
 
 Cucumber 90, 
 Caci>mber-tree 
 Ctdvvr's physic 
 Currant 
 
 114, 137 
 113 
 
 ea 
 
 131 
 
 Fir 
 Fheweed 
 Fivefinger 
 Fbg 
 
 124 
 136 
 127 
 107 
 
 Grass-pink 9l 
 Grass-weed 110 
 Greek valerian 125 
 C wen brier 137 
 
 Currant-leaf 
 Custard apple 
 Cut-grass 
 
 73, i2fi 
 109 
 
 Flat-cur, lichen 
 
 Flattop" 
 Flax 
 
 146 
 ib. 
 Ill 
 
 Green hair 8C 
 Gror.iweil 119 
 Ground f lower 125 
 
 Cypress 
 
 85. 90 
 
 Ftaxseed 
 
 Flc-abaue 
 
 199 
 
 95 
 
 Ground ivy 100 
 Ground ma. 74,100,120 
 
 
 
 Floating daisr 
 
 96 
 
 Ground pine Hi. 128 
 
 P. 
 
 
 Floating heart 
 
 147 
 
 Groiini'M" 7i,'l36- 
 
 Z>ajsy 
 
 117 
 
 78 
 
 Floating liverwort 
 Flower-cup fern 
 
 131 
 
 143 
 
 Guelder rose 147 
 Uuinca-hcn flower 
 
INDEX 
 
 1 6ft 
 
 H. 
 
 Indian reed 86 
 
 Lilv-of-the-valley so, 94 
 
 Hackmatack *24 
 Hagberry 84 
 Hairbt>ard 
 Hair-cap moss 126 
 Hair grass 
 Hair-mouth moss 143 
 Hardback 140 
 
 Indian turnip 75 
 Indigo 72, 106, 125 
 Ink berry 127 
 Ipecac 140 
 Iris 107 
 Iron wood 120 
 Itchweed 146 
 
 Lime 37, 142 
 Lime-grafs 95 
 Limodore 110 
 Lindern 111 
 Lip-fern 85 
 Liquorice 99, 101 
 Liveforever 136 
 
 Hawksbeard 142 
 
 Itea 107 
 
 Liverleaf 103 
 
 Hawk weed 73, 103 
 
 Ivy 100-2 
 
 Liverwort 131 
 
 Ha?.le 90, lOl 
 
 
 Lizard tail 134 
 
 Heal-all 122 5 128 
 
 J. 
 
 Locust 131 
 
 Heart's ease 147 
 Heart seed 82 
 Heath 95, 104-15 
 Hedgehog 84,103,114 
 Hedge hyssop 101 
 Hedge nettle 140 
 Hellebore 102,146 
 Helonias 102 
 Hemlock 86-8 124 
 
 Jacob's ladder 137 
 Jalap 89 
 Japan shrub 77 
 Jasmine 106-7 
 Jerusalem artichoke 102 
 Jerusalem cherry 138 
 Jewel weed , 106 
 Job's tear 88 
 Joe pye 97 
 
 Lolly bay 10K 
 Lombardy poplar 12G 
 Loosestrife 99,113 
 Lopseed 123 
 Lousewort 12i 
 Lovage 1 10 
 Love apple 138 
 Love-lies-bleeding 71 
 Lowcentaury 125 
 
 Hemp 69, 82, 92-6,' 14 5 
 Hempweed 96 
 Henbane 105 
 
 John's wort 105, 134 
 Joint weed 125 
 Jonquil 118 
 
 Lucerne medic 114 
 Lungwort 123 
 Lupine H2 
 
 Henbit 108 
 
 Judas tree 84 
 
 
 Herb robert 100 
 
 July-flower 85 
 
 
 Hibiscus 103 
 
 Juniper 108 
 
 M. 
 
 Hickory 107 
 
 
 Madder 132 
 
 Hidden lichen 95 
 
 K. 
 
 Madeira-nut 107 
 
 High cranberry 14,7 
 
 Kale 80 
 
 Madwort- 71 
 
 High-water shrub 107 
 
 Krtmia 103 
 
 Magnolia 113 
 
 Hobble bush 14 7 
 
 Kidney bean 123 
 
 Maidenhair 69 
 
 Hogweed 72 
 
 Kidney fern 148 
 
 Malabar-nut 103 
 
 Holly 9 !06 
 
 Kingspear 76 
 
 Mallows 71,103-9-13-17 37 
 
 Hollyhock 71 
 
 Knawel 135 
 
 Mandrake 12v> 
 
 Honesty 1 1 2 
 
 Krrobbed lichen 140 
 
 Maple 69 
 
 Honewort 1 37 
 
 Knotgrass 106, 125 
 
 Marestail 104 
 
 Honeycomb toadstool 79 
 
 Knotweed 125-6 
 
 Marjoram 119 
 
 Honey locust 100 
 
 
 Marsh five-finger 88 
 
 Honey-suckle 77,93,111,130 
 
 
 Marsh rosemary 140 
 
 Honey wort 85 
 
 L. 
 
 Marsh tea 109 
 
 Hoodwort 136 
 
 Ladies' flag 107 
 
 Marygold 81, 141 
 
 Hoopash 84 
 
 Ladies' slipper 91 
 
 Masterwort 100 
 
 Hop 104 
 
 Ladies' thumb 126 
 
 Matrimoi y 112 
 
 Horehound 112-13 Ladies' tresses 118 
 
 May applt 12,5 
 
 Hornbeam 83, 1 20 Lamb lettuce 97 
 
 Mavweed 73 
 
 Horned lichen 89 Larch 124 
 
 Meadow beauty 130 
 
 Horn wort 84 
 Horse balm 88 
 
 Larkspur 92 
 Latticed fun jus C7 
 
 Meadow grass 71, 125 
 Meadow rue 141 
 
 Horse ginseng 143 
 
 Laurel lOS-1 3 
 
 Meadow sweet 140 
 
 Horse tail 95 
 
 Laurestine 147 
 
 Mechoacon 89 
 
 Hound tongue 91 
 
 Lavender 109-4') 
 
 Medick 114 
 
 Houseleek 136 
 
 Leaf-cup 126 
 
 Medlar 75,115 
 
 Hyacinth 104 
 Hydrangea 104.5 
 
 Leaf-flower 123 
 Leafless moss 81 
 
 Melic grass 114 
 Melilot ib* 
 
 Hygrometer moss 99 
 
 Leather 148 
 
 Mercury 69, 85 
 
 Hyssop lOi-6 
 
 Leather flower 87 
 
 Mermaid 97, 127 
 
 
 Leather leaf 72 
 
 Mezereon 92 
 
 
 Leather wood 1 94 
 
 Mignonette- 130 
 
 I. 
 
 Leek 71 
 
 Milfoil 117 
 
 Iceland lichen 85 
 
 Lemon 87 
 
 Milk parsley 136 
 
 Ice plant 115*36 
 Indian corn 148 
 
 Leopard's bane 94 
 Lettered lichen 1 19 
 
 Milkway plant 99> 
 Milkweed 75 
 
 Indian cress 144 
 
 Lettuce 97, 108, 127 
 
 Milk wort 100, 125 
 
 Indian grass 72 
 
 Lichnidia 123 
 
 Millet us 
 
 Indian hemp 74 
 
 Lichnis 112 
 
 Millet grass i&. 
 
 Indian mallows 137 
 
 Life-everlastiag 101 
 
 Mint 115-16-28 
 
 Indian millet 
 Indian physic 140 
 
 Light hair 143 
 Lilac 141 
 
 Misseltoe 147 
 MkhridateinUifcml 142 
 
 Indian poke 14# 
 
 Lily 72,102-10 
 
 MHrewort 14 -> 
 
iro 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mock orange 123 
 
 Peat moss 139 
 
 Ragwort iji, 
 
 Monkey flower 115 
 
 Pellitory 181 
 
 Raspberry 132 
 
 Monk's hood 69 
 
 Penny-cress 142 
 
 Rattle 130 
 
 Moonseed 115 
 
 Penny-royal lOl 
 
 Rattlebox 90 
 
 Moosewood 94 
 Morel 116 
 
 Pennywort 105,119 
 Peony 120 
 
 Rattlesnake grass O 
 Red bud 84 
 
 Morning- glory 89, 106 
 
 Pepper 83 
 
 Red root 93 
 
 Moss bush 73 
 Mother-of-thyme 142 
 Mother wort 78, 110, 1 IS 
 Mould 117 
 
 Peppergrads 110 
 Peppendge 119 
 Peppermint 115 
 Periwinkle 147 
 
 Red top 70 
 Reed 86 
 Reed grass 75, 107 
 Reed mace 144 
 
 Mountain mint 116 
 
 Persimon 93 
 
 Rhubarb 130 
 
 Mousear lOl 
 
 Peter's wort 76 
 
 Ribbon graes J2& 
 
 Mousear chickweed 84 
 
 Pheasant's eye 69 
 
 Ribwort 124 
 
 Mud wort 111 
 
 Pickerel weed 12i 
 
 Rice 110, 149 
 
 Mugwort 75 
 Mulberry 80,117 
 
 Pignut 107 
 Pigweed 85 
 
 Rich-weed 88 
 Robert 100 
 
 Mullein 146 
 
 Pimpernel 146 
 
 Rocket 81,103 
 
 Mushroom 70 
 
 Pine 184,128 
 
 Rockrose 86 
 
 Muskmelou 90 
 
 Pink 92^ 123 
 
 Roman fern 79 
 
 Musquash 86 
 
 Pine apple 80 
 
 Kose 131, 132 
 
 Mustard 87, 96, 137 -44 
 
 Pink root 139 
 
 Rosebay 118,130 
 
 Myrtle 117 
 
 Pimveed 109 
 
 Rosemary 132-4O 
 
 
 Pipestem 72 
 
 Rounrl.head 79,119 
 
 N. 
 
 Pipewort 96 
 
 Rue 132 
 
 Narcissus 118 
 
 Pipsisewa 8* 
 
 Rush 95, 145 
 
 Jiasturtion 144 
 
 Pitcher-shield 145 
 
 Rush grass 107 
 
 Navelwort. 105 
 
 Plane tree 124 
 
 Rust 145 
 
 INecklace weed 69 
 
 Plantain 71,121,124 
 
 Ruta-baga 80 
 
 Settle 79,103,145 
 Kettle tree 84 
 
 Plowman's spikenard 78 
 Plowman's wort 89 
 
 Rye 95, 136 
 
 ^few-Jersey tea 84 
 
 Plum 128 
 
 s,. 
 
 I^igliishade 77,86,138 
 
 Poison ash 13 i 
 
 Saffron 83,90 
 
 Ninebark 140 
 
 Poison ivy- ib. 
 
 Sage 133 
 
 Nitweed 134 
 
 Poison oak 131 
 
 Saint John's wort 105 
 
 
 Poison viue ib. 
 
 Salt grass 110 
 
 o. 
 
 Poke 124 
 
 Saltwort 133 
 
 Oak 129-30 
 
 Polyanthos n 8 
 
 Samphire ib. 
 
 Oak-leather 148 
 
 Polypod 12G 
 
 Sanicle 13-1-7 
 
 Oak-of-Jerusalem 85 
 
 Pomegranite 128 
 
 Sand wort 74 
 
 Oats 77, 149 
 
 Pond lily. 118 
 
 Sarsaparilla ib. 
 
 Okra lo3 
 
 Pond weed. 127, 132 
 
 Sassafras 109 
 
 Oleander 118 
 
 Poplar 126 
 
 Satin flower liz 
 
 Onion 71 
 
 Poppy 74, 121 
 
 Savin 108 
 
 Orach 77 
 
 Potato 89,138 
 
 Savory 134 
 
 Orange 87 
 
 Prickly <ish 148 
 
 Saxifrage 86 ; l84 
 
 Orchard 92 
 
 Prickly fungus 104 
 
 Scabious 135 
 
 Orchis 95,119 
 
 Prickly pear 81 
 
 Scabish 119 
 
 Orpine 122,13ft 
 
 Pride weed 95 
 
 Scarlet runner 123 
 
 Osw ego-tea. 116 
 
 P.im 110 
 
 Scorpion-weed 1 17 
 
 Ox-eye W, 102 
 
 Primrose 127: 
 
 Scotch broom 139 
 
 
 Prince's feather 126 
 
 Screw-stem 78 
 
 P, 
 
 Prince's pine 85 
 
 Scull-cap 136 
 
 Painted cup 78 
 Palnia christi. 131 
 
 Puff ball 112,135-40 
 Pumpkin 90 
 
 Scurvy grass 88 
 Sea rushgrass ] 45 
 
 Panic grass 121 
 
 Punk 104. 148 
 
 Seaweed. 98 
 
 Pansey 147 
 
 Furslain 107, 126 
 
 Sedge 83 
 
 Pappose root 84 
 
 Pyramid flower 98 
 
 Seedbox 111. 
 
 Paniassus-grasa 121 
 
 
 Selfheal 128 
 
 Parsley 73, 84 
 
 Q. 
 
 Seneca snakeroot 125 
 
 Parsnip 123, 1 37 
 Partridge berry? Ii6 
 Partridge pea 83 
 
 Quake grass 80 
 Queen-of-the-meadow- 140 
 Quickset 90 
 
 Senna 83-8 
 Sensitive fern 119 
 Sensitive plant 70,115 
 
 Passion-flower 1 8SL, 
 Pea .10, 124 
 
 1. Quince 129 
 s, 
 
 Shad-bush 75 
 Shallot 71 
 
 Peach 7*' 
 
 R. 
 
 Sheep berry 147 
 
 Pea-nut 74 
 
 Rabbit foot 143 
 
 Shell-flower U6 
 
 Pear 129- 
 
 Radish 88.96,130-7 
 
 Shepherd's pu.rsc 142 
 
 earlw*rt 133 
 
 tta-ged. robin 1 1 f. | Shin leaf 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Shiawood 141 
 
 Sweet pepper bush 87 
 
 Vetchliag 109 
 
 Shot bush 74 
 
 Sweet william 92 
 
 Violet 100-4, 147 
 
 Sidesaddle 134 
 
 Sycamore 124 
 
 Viper's grass 136 
 
 Simpler'sjoy 146 
 Single-seed cucumber, 137 
 
 Syringa 123 
 
 Virgin's bower 77,87 
 
 Skunk cabbage 127 
 
 T- 
 
 w. 
 
 Sloe 128 
 
 Tamarack 124 
 
 Wake robin 75, 143 
 
 Smellage 110 
 
 Tamarisk 14 1 
 
 Walking leaf 76 
 
 Sraut 145 
 
 Tangle-legs 147 
 
 Wall cress 74 
 
 Saailshell 114 
 
 Tansey 78,141 
 
 Wall-flower 85 
 
 Snakehead 5 
 
 Tape grass 146 
 
 Walnut 107 
 
 Snakeraouth 74 
 
 Tare 147 
 
 Water arunr 8 1 
 
 Snakevveed 137 
 
 Tassel pond weed 13% 
 
 Watercress 82,137 
 
 Snakeroot 75, 125 
 
 Tea 109, 142 
 
 Water-flaxseed 109 
 
 Snap-dragon 73 
 Snowball 147 
 
 Teasel 94 
 Thin grass 143 
 
 Water-horehound 1 1 % 
 Water leaf 105 
 
 Snowdrop 71, 99 
 
 Thistle 83-4*7,94,119,136 
 
 Water lily 113 
 
 Snuff-box 77 
 
 Thorn 90,115 
 
 Watermelon 90 
 
 Soap wort 134 
 
 Thoroughwort 96,115 
 
 Water milfoil 1JT 
 
 Soft grass 104 
 
 Threadioot 125 
 
 Water moss 97 
 
 Solomon's seal 89 
 
 Thread moss 8 1 
 
 Water nymph 117 
 
 Sorrel 109 
 
 Three-birds 73 
 
 Water oats 149 
 
 Sour gum 119 
 
 Thvme 80-7, 142 
 
 Water pepper 12"> 
 
 Southernwood 75 
 Sowthistle 138 
 
 Timothy grass 123 
 Toadflax 73, 142 
 
 Water plantain 7 1 
 Watershield lOo 
 
 Spanish broom 139 
 
 Toadstool 79, 115 
 
 Wax-liverwort 73 
 
 Spear wort 130 
 
 Tobacco 69,111,118 
 
 Waxweed 9O 
 
 Speedwell 146 
 
 Tomatoes 138 
 
 Weedgrass 88 
 
 Spice bush 109 
 
 Tooth-ache bash 148 
 
 Wheat 144 
 
 Spider wort 142 
 Spikenard 74-8 
 
 Tooth cup 72 
 Toothwort 92 
 
 Wheat-thief ill 
 
 Whip grass i35 
 
 Spinach 139 
 
 Touch-me-not 106 
 
 White bush 
 
 Spindle tree 96 
 
 Touchwood 79 
 
 White grass 109 
 
 Splecnwort 76 
 
 Tower mustard 144 
 
 White top 70 
 
 Spring beauty 87 
 
 Tree moss 87, 145 
 
 White wood 111 
 
 Spruce 124 
 
 Tree primrose 1 19 
 
 Whitlow gra* 94 
 
 Spurge 97 
 
 Trefoil 102 
 
 Whortleberry 145 
 
 Spurry ; 139 
 
 Trickle & 
 
 Willow 133 
 
 Spur-stem 147 
 
 Trumpet flower 79 
 
 . Willow herb 95,113 
 
 Squash 90 
 
 Tuberose 125 
 
 Wind flower 7& 
 
 Squawroot 120 
 
 Tulip 127, 144 
 
 Winterberry 127 
 
 Staff tree 84 
 Star-flower 76 
 
 Tulip tree 111 
 Tunnel fungus 91 
 
 Winter-cherry 123 
 Wintergreen J,99,128 
 
 Stargrass 106 
 
 Tupelo 119 
 
 Wiregniss 95 
 
 Star-of-Bethlehem 120 
 
 Turnip 80 
 
 Witch-hozle 101 
 
 Star wort S$.140 
 
 Turnsole 104. 
 
 Woad 107 
 
 Steen-crout 111 
 
 Twin-berry 148 
 
 Wolf-bane 69 
 
 Steeple bush 140 
 
 Twin-flower 111 
 
 Woodbine 111 
 
 Stitch wort 140 
 
 Twin-lea 107 
 
 VVoodsage 14* 
 
 Stock 
 
 T way blade 113 
 
 Woodsorrel 120 
 
 Stone-crop 136 
 
 
 Wormseed 8*' 
 
 Siuii(;eed ill 
 
 U 
 
 Wormwood 75 
 
 Strawberry 92-8 
 
 Umbrella grass 98 
 
 
 Succory 86 
 
 Umbrella tree 113 
 
 y. 
 
 Sm r ar cane 133 
 
 Unicorn plant ib. 
 
 Yam-roof 93' 
 
 Sultan 84 
 
 Unicorn root 71 
 
 Yarrow 69 
 
 Sumach 131 
 
 Uvu-ursi 74- 
 
 Yellow coxcomb 130 
 
 Summer cypress 85 
 Sundew 94 
 
 V- 
 
 Yellow-eyed grass 148 
 Yellow rattle 130 ? 
 
 Sundrops 1 19 
 
 Valerian 128 
 
 
 Sunflower 89, W2 
 
 Vegetable oyster 143 
 
 Yellow root J48 
 
 Sweet briar 132 
 
 Venus' flytrap 93 
 
 Yellow seed 14Z 
 
 Sweet cicily 117 
 
 Venus' looking glass 82 
 
 Yew 141 
 
 S.vvet fern 83 
 
 Venus' priile 104^ 
 
 j^ri THJ 
 
 Sweet flag 69 
 
 Vernal grass .OB 
 
 Tfl A TI^C^^ 
 
 Sweet gale 117 
 
 Vervain J^m 
 
 zfl^*A A '-Q3rw%|p 
 
 weet gum 111 
 
 Vetch '7j|K*147| 
 
 * -^~^ ^r^r 
 
To Students in Natural History. 
 
 A third edition of the MANUAL OF BOTANY by 
 
 Mr. Eaton, is in a state of preparation, and will be ready 
 for sale about the month of January next. The parts 
 describing the Phinogamons plants will be considerably 
 improved. The five last orders of the class Cryptogamia, 
 will be entirely written over. The Musci will be trans- 
 lated from B ridel, the Hepaticae from DeCandolte, the 
 Algae from Agardli, the Lichenes from the last work of 
 Acharius, and the Fungi from Persoon. Price 82. 
 
 A critical CATALOGUE of plants within 30 miles of 
 the city of New- York, by Dr. John Torrey. Price gl. 
 
 A second edition of the BOTANICAL DICTIONA- 
 RY by Mr. Eaton, is already published. Price SI. 
 
 The BOTANICAL EXERCISES, by Mr. Eaton. 
 Price 50 cents. 
 
 A second edition of the INDEX to the GEOLOGY of 
 the Northern States, by Mr. Eaton, is already published, 
 with two neat copper plates. It is entirely written aver, 
 and published under the direction of the Troy Lyceum. 
 It commences with a geological alphabet ; and is simpli- 
 fied throughout, with a view to assist the learner, as well 
 as to furnish the geologist with facts of importance to 
 the Science. Price SI 50, 
 
 All the above books will be kept on hand, for sale by 
 Websters & Skinners, Albany ; by T. &J. Swords, New- 
 York; by Dobson and Son, Philadelphia ; by Howe & 
 Spalding, Ne w -Haven ; by Goodwin & Sons, Hartford ; 
 by Cumming & Hill iard, Boston : by W. S. Parker, 
 Troy ; by W. E.-^orman, Hudson 5 and by S. Butler, 
 Northampton.' 
 
Renewed books are subject to i 
 
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