F, H. to»«fiC[[iaK, ct Gf THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE STORY OF KING EDWARD AND NEW WINCHELSEA. ^^^ff w l,^. w t... A- ^Iffl^ r\ r\. i_ - 'I ^T ^ U TT T e C A IT' ROM A '••'"trnuiiMiii Xlll ULNlUkY IN ri-IE COUR'l n/vi-: THE STORY OF KING EDWARD AND NEW WINCHELSEA ^tjc 45tiification of n ^X^cbiarUai (f alun. BY F. A. INDERWICK, O.C. AUTHOR OF "sidelights ON THE STUARTS," "THE INTERREGNUM," ETC. LONDON: SAMPSON, LOW, MARSTON AND COMPANY, St. Dunstan's li:)ousr, Fetter Lane, Fleet Sireet. 1892. C411S\VICU IRESS: — C. WHITTrNCHAM AND CO., TOOKS C&UKT, CHANCERY LANE. DA 60 (^5'H^-s TO THE RIGHT HON. LORD TENNYSON, Poet Laureate, WHILE READING WHOSE VERSE WE LIVE AGAIN IN THE TIME -| OF ARTHUR AND IN THE HALLS OF CAMELOT, I DEDICATE THIS RECITAL OF THE EVANESCENT GLORY OF A iMEDLEVAL TOWN. JVi/ic/ielsca, 1S92. G323G9 CONTENTS. Introductory. Speculations as to the condition of a medireval fortress — The Romney level— Old battlefields and modern cultivation — The story of King Edward and New Winchelsea . Page i I. Original condition of the Sussex shore — The forest of Anderida — The Count of the Saxon Shore — Edward the Confessor and the Cinque Ports — William the Conqueror — The Bailifis — The royal manor of Igham — Old Winchelsea — Its de- struction — The Bluff of Igham — Its advantages — Removal across Rye Bay 1 1 II. Position of new Winchelsea — The Haven from the harbour- master's tower — Winchelsea described by Thomas of Wal- singham — Its arrangement — Similar to Pompeii — Sir John de Kirkeby, Bishop of Ely — Planning and surveying — Delivery of possession to the mayor and commonalty — King Edward's personal care for Winchelsea — The Old Court Hall — The fishing fleet — Herrings and other fish — Import of wines — The crypts — Iron, stone, wood, and other materials for building — Glass factory — Shipwrights — X CONTEXTS. Return of tenants in 1292 — Cogger — (}oda — The charters — Markets — St. Thomas of Canterbury — Corporate seal — The dove — The Holy Rood — The gallows — The pound — The pillory and cucking stool — Open spaces ... 24 III. The English language in the Middle Ages— In a state of tran- sition — Description of the inhabitants of new Winchelsea — Immigrants — Character of their tenements — Tiles from Battle Abbey— Glass— The Church of St. Giles— Of St. Thomas of Canterbury — Was it ever completed ? — Want of time and of money — Beauty of its windows and tombs — Chapel of St. Leonard — For the mariners and fishermen — Legend of St. Leonard — King Edward III. and his bad passages across the Channel — The Chapel last heard of in the time of Henry VIL — Picture of St. Leonard recently discovered — Winchelsea ships — The Campanile — Loss of the bells — Hospital of St. John — House of St. Bartholomew — Of the Holy Cross — The Black Friars — Their refectory — Names of the friars — The resident clergy — The town parsons - — Other clergymen — The palmers — Servants and attendants of the monasteries, their names and occupations — The Military element — Ditch, ramparts, and walls — Three gates — Precipitous cliffs — A small castle — " The fortress of Jealousy" — Naval and military commanders — Iron and steel workers — Wall-builders — Accoutrement makers — William the Arblastier — Norman soldiers — Double aspect of the town — The Civil element — Tradesmen — Goldsmiths and embroiderers — Chapmen — Taverns and inns — The CONTEXTS. XI "Salutation"— The "Three Kings"— Bear Square— The botcher — Bird catchers — Comb makers — Artificers beyond the walls — Use of bulrushes and reeds — Windmills — Salt pits — Tanning — Tanyard still existing — Duty collected on import of woods for tanning — Country beyond the walls pastured with sheep — Names of doubtful meaning — Standa- nore — The officials and gentry — The bailiff — The mayor — The receiver of the port — The forester — The serjeant-at- mace — The crossbowman — The trumpeter — Richard Scott — Robert Codelaw — De Rackele — Philip Matibernus the Judge — The appraisor — The echevin — His notarial clerk — The fort^une teller — The brander — The defender of prisoners — Sir Roger deLewknore — Passelewe — De Bosco — Kennels for hounds — Moneyers — A mint formerly at old Winchelsea — Dovecotes — Society and amusements — Women in the Middle Ages — Influence of the crusades — Position of women under the Edwards — Women of tlie higher class— Of the lower classes — Names of women at Winchelsea — Anglo- Norman — Petronilla — Legends — Probable population of W^inchelsea 48 IV. Splendour of the thirteenth century — Appearance of the town — The Winchelsea squadron — Confirmation of the Great Charter on the King's Green at Winchelsea in 1297 — The king and the barons — Kirkeby dead — The king's frecpient visits to Winchelsea — His miraculous escape as narrated by Thomas of Walsingham— Saved by his long legs— His tomb in Westminster Abbey — Opened in 1774 99 XU CONTENTS. V. Edward II. — Edward III. — Constantly at Winchelsea — Sailing in Winchelsea ships — The battle of Crecy in 1346 — The rooks — The herons — Great sea fight in August T35oin Rye Bay — The Queen at Winchelsea for the battle — Similar sea-fight between Blake and De V/itt in 1652 — -The Dutch in Rye Bay — Blake in the "Resolution" — Blake and Van Tromp in the Channel in 1653 — Sufferings of Winchelsea from French invasions — Three times pillaged and burnt and citizens massacred — The Black Death in 1350 — The depopulation of the counties led to the abolition of feudal tenures — Inning of the marshes — Silting up of the haven — The tombs of the Alards — Robert of Winchelsea, Arch- bishop of Canterbury 109 VI. Attempts to restore the harbour — Winchelsea defended by the Abbot of Battle in 1377 — Saved by a tempest in 13S6 — Henry V. sails for Azincourt in a ship of Winchelsea in 141 5 — Again burnt and pillaged in 141 8 — A general rendez- vous of ships ordered at Winchelsea, by Henry VI. — Camber Castle commenced under Henry VII. — Winchelsea a centre of business — Commissions of assize — Jurisdiction in Ad- miralty and Chancery — Visit from Queen Elizabeth — Further attempts to restore the harbour — Abandoned in 1692 — Visit from Evelyn in 1652 — James II. and John Caryll — Parliamentary history — Claim of the Lord Warden to nominate one member — Disallowed by statute in 1689 — Mayors imprisoned for fraudulent returns — Arnold Nesbitt CONTENTS. XIU — Antient charters and custumal pawned by the town clerk — Portion of Great Seal stolen at an election — Litigation between the Treasury and their nominee — The borough sold for _;:/^i 5,000 — Distinguished members returned to Par- liament 122 VII. Restoration of the Court Hall — Various bailiffs — The Alards — The Finches — The Guldefords — Their care for the town — Camber Castle — Portrait by Holbein — John Caryll — Secretary to Mary of Modena — Friend of Pope, who wrote the "Rape of the Lock" at his house — Sir William Ash- burnham, Bishop of Chichester — Old Hall presented to the Corporation by Dr. Freshfield — Its corporate rights reserved by Parliament 137 VIII. Tradition and survivals of medieval Winchelsea — Its claim to the recognition of Englishmen 147 Appendix. A Return of the tenants at Winchelsea, with the extent of iheir holdings, and the amount of their rents, a.d. 1292, from the original in the Record Office 153 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE S. Leonard of Winxhelsea The Old Court Hall 34 St. Katherine's Well 96 Old Prison Door 133 Old Fire Place 138 Sir Kenry Guldeford, t.y Hans Holbein .... 143 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD AND NEW WINCHELSEA. THE EDIFICATION OF A MEDLEVAL TOWN. There are certain days in every year, when spring is fast ripening into summer, that an almost divine calm comes over the world, and nature seems to be developing into life and health after a long winter of frost and snow, and a dreary interval of wind and rain. On such a day, from a grassy slope on the pendent of Fairlight Hill, I looked towards the wooded plateau where for- merly stood the antient town of Winchelsea. The air was so still that it hardly carried the perfume of the full blooming gorse, or of the may just reddeninfr into flower. The sun was warm and B 2 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD bright, the sky was clear, and the face of the low- lying country blushed with those varied tints which are nowhere to be seen in such profusion as in this poetic district. Not a ship was on the water, no engine was driving at its work, not a man was in the fields, nor a woman in the orchards, nor even a boy with a clapper to scare away the crows. Silence was only broken by the bees humming on the heather, and the distant throstle singing in the bush. But there was in the atmosphere a sentiment of growing and of expanding, as if nature rising from her long en- forced slumber was stretching her arms with an awakening feeling, and bursting the fetters that had bound her energies. Earthly labour was at rest ; but under the genial influence of the time one could almost hear the cracking of the pods and almost see the swelling of the vine. The long stretch of pasture which lay beyond the Rother, studded with little churches dropped care- lessly here and there, had no living attendants but a few lazy sheep. The unbroken line of shingle which strolled out to the Ness and wandered back AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 3 to the Kentish diffs was dotted with the white homes of the coastguard, as lifeless and as still as the seagull and the plover that dozed on the sands. The square tower of Lydd stood in distant grandeur in the solitary plain, looking as if some pupil of Giotto had been cast upon the shore and had reverently raised a column in re- membrance of his Tuscan master. The old battlefields of sea and land slumbered as peace- fully as if they had never heard the tramp of horse or felt the shock of invading foes. A passing zephyr which trailed its shadow over the growing corn, and a momentary sparkle from a cottage window in the Marsh gave the only move- ment to the scene, while a soft pillow of bracken and of moss unconsciously invited dreams of the future and visions of the past. In this happy hour of lazy contemplation I pictured to myself the actual condition of a Cinque Port town in the Middle Ages. The familiar landscape, with its gardens of hops in early growth, with its little wooden bridires crossin^f the streams that water the cultivation, its well-kept spinnies and its 4 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD woods carpeted with primrose and daffodil, with bhie-bell and with fern, gave way to a dense un- cultivated forest, and its straight well-metalled roads to muddy and deviating tracks. The gentle ascent that leads to the southern entrance of the modern village presented the bold outlines of a walled and fortified town wuth embattled ramparts and portculHssed gates. Within the walls of the antient town all was life and animation. Busy people passed to and fro clad in garments quaint of cut, bright of colour, varied in texture, and spoke a language hardly intelligible to the modern ear, in a chanting and drawlinof tone more like the dwellers in the Western States than the inhabitants of the British Isles. Every trade was represented by its sign affixed to the house or hano-incr from the door. Masons were working on the great church, on the public buildings, and on the city walls. Heavy two-wheeled carts and laden horses toiling up the rugged causeway were bringing stone, timber, tiles and materials for the workers, and meat and drink for all, from the uplands and the wharves. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 5 Here a company of chanting priests were in pro- cession ; here again a morris dancer and a ballad singer had attracted a crowd of young men and women, and there old Moses the Jew, whose tribulations are written in the Sussex records, caught trying to bargain against the form of the Statute, was being driven from the market and haled off to the Provost for torture and fine. In an open space, where the heather and the bracken were still uncut, a great concourse of people, soldiers and sailors, citizens, men-at-arms, and merchants, were apparently holding an open council. The monastery gardens were sweet with eglantine and the English rose, while the hillsides were yellow with golden furze. Women in every variety of costume, but with a curious similarity of head-dress, chattered in the highways and wandered in and out of the shops, some of which were in open houses on the streets, and others below the level of the road in spacious and vaulted crypts. Companies of archers manned the battlements, and men in armour guarded the gates. The sea beat against the cliffs, and in the 6 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD harbour lay a fleet of single-masted ships of war, armed'Vith~wooden turrets fore and aft, their sails embroidered with the arms of their commanders, and their hulls decorated with metal and with paint. As evening drew on and the bell tolled the hour of rest, one by one the lights of the houses went out, and night was only enlivened by the beacon on the point, the lamp of the watchman on the tower, and the o-limmerino- lanterns of the restless few who flitted like fireflies through the general gloom. Knowing the outlines of an antient town, fancy may fill in the details and draw a reasonably accurate picture of the whole. But there are times and places when imagination will be at fault, and when its flights maybe recalled and tempered by fact. When truth may be extracted from the soil, fancy is not permitted to drive the plough. The woven paces and the waving arms of the great magician have changed the spot, and though ^7 not entirely lost to name and fame, Winchelsea has dwindled from its hieh estate into the solitude — O of a country village. But it still lives in the stony AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 7 records of its aiitient power. The handiwork of those mediaeval masons is not entirely obliterated. The walls of the Jews' market with its gateway still remain. The chancel of the old church, the old home of the Alards, portions of the harbour- master's tower, of the vaulted crypts, of the gates and of the town walls have survived the general decay. Silver pennies, groats, and Nuremburg counters which the early settlers dropped in their daily labours, are frequently turned up by the spade of the husbandman. And Englishmen and foreigners come in hundreds, pass under the gates, look at the recumbent figures in the church, and go away with no truer notion of the place, or of the ephemeral but brilliant part that it once played in the history of the country, than is to be got from the waiter of the country inn. Day by day the unrolling of a papyrus gives us new lessons in the lives, the habits, and the instincts of the Pharaohs. The discoveries of monuments and of writings, and the recovery of sculptured figures from the tombs of Troja and the Piraeus, people and animate the plains of 8 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD antient Greece. And the opening up of the almost inexhaustible storehouse of our own histo- rical muniments affords glimpses into the history of the England of our forefathers to an extent which the records of no other country can equal. The story of our national life at its various epochs is one ever changing in its methods, but ever consistent in its results. It is to be read in the lives of our great men, in the tales of our historic cities, in the rise of our religious movements, and in the struofales of the founders of our faith. Winchelsea is not typical of any great manhood, of any powerful municipality, or of the birth of any new religion. But it marks an epoch in our history when for a time England alone withstood the world in arms, when autocratic government under the greatest of our kings received Jts most effectuaj_ check, when the great cou ncil of the nation was_fij-st estalWi^hed_as_--a_Ja£tgrin our constitutional life, when freedom was assured by the confirmation of the Great Charter, and when the self-reliance, the energy and the generosity of a king and his peo ple rescued _an_entire colony AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 9 i from the waves, and with all the skill and learning! at their command, planned, built, and fortified a new| harbour, a new fortress, and a new town for the if i Iglory of England and the defence of her shores. [Winchelsea is not, as Andrew Lang suggests Oxford, a palimpsest written and erased, re-written and again erased, and again re-written till the whole skin is blurred and hardly a line of the original text is legible by the student. It was written fairly on a new parchment which has, alas ! been sadly effaced by time and trouble, but over whose mediceval text no later hand has traced a line. The excavators of the buried cities of Campania have called the shattered walls which they have rescued from the lava by the speculative names of Diomed, Sallust, Pansa, and the tragic poet. With the recollection of the old records in his mind, and gathering on the spot the still continued names of quarters and streets, the student or the lounger may find for himself in Winchelsea the precise location of each particular house, may follow the line of the battlements, drink of the wells, explore the crypts, and picture lO THE STORY OF KING EDWARD to himself, if his fancy so leads, the teeming popu- lation once enclosed within its walls. How all this was done, what was the actual construction and the composition of this mediaeval town, who were its people and how they lived, I have set down in this Tale of Kine Edward and the Town of Winchelsea, collecting my materials as the builders of the town collected theirs, not without great care and some labour, and I com- mend it to all who are interested in the details of English life in the Middle Ages, as a statement strictly accurate to the best of my knowledge, given in all truth and sincerity without exaggera- tion, embroidery, or romance. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. I I I. When a division of the invadino; Roman fleet landed their Hving freight and beached their galleys on the coast of Sussex, they found the entire country from Portsmouth to the Rother covered with a vast forest, called the great wood of Andred, or, Anderida. It is described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as being in length, from east to west, one hundred and twenty miles or more, and thirty miles broad. It came down nearly to -the sea, and as our ancestors were chiefly mariners and fisher- men, they built for themselves houses and settle- ments on the narrow strip of coast, habitually deserting" their houses and takintr refusre with their families and their movables in this dense forest, inaccessible to strangers, when they were attacked from the sea-front by forces that they were unable successfully to resist. On the borders of this huge forest, the Romans built an important fortress, between Pevensey and 12 THE STORY OF KING ED^YARD Eastbourne, called Andredeceaster, or the fortress of Anderida, of which it is supposed that some remains still exist in the neighbourhood of Peven- sey Castle. The fortress was, however, attacked, A.D. 490, shortly after the Roman Exodus, by Qille, King of Northumbria, who carried it by storm, and slew every Briton that dwelt therein. The Romans also partially constructed a smaller fort at the end of the forest, on the bank of either the Rother or the Lympne, for both rivers after- wards changed their course to such an extent that it is almost impossible at present to trace their beds. This was found, according to the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle, in an incomplete condition in the time of King Alfred, a.d. 893, when it was stormed by the Danes, who towed their ships four miles up the river, and put the valiant defenders to the sword. ^ Mr. Holloway, in his " History of Romney Marsh," gives a drawing of these ruins, which he describes as marking the site of the ancient for- ^ The ruins of this fort may still traced at Ne wen den, on land in the occupation of Air. Alderman Selmes. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 3 tress of Anderida. In this, however, I think he is mistaken ; although the question of the exact position of Andrede-ceaster has always been one of lively interest to Antiquarians and Archaeolo- gists.^ The Romans, during their occupation of the country, placed the coast line from Yarmouth to the Isle of Wio^ht under the charo^e of an officer called " The Count of the Saxon Shore," who had under him nine Roman captains, each with a for- tress and a garrison of about 200 Roman troops of various arms. It is supposed that he lived either at Pevensey or at Brading, in the Isle of Wight, and had absolute control over the coast, tosfether with all citadels and ports, exercising the duties of a provincial Lieut. -Governor. When the Romans left Britain, about a.d. 410, the Count of the Saxon Shore and his captains went with them, and the country became divided into small and jealous principalities. These in turn became a prey to foreign invaders, who, until the settlement under the Anglo-Saxon kings, took advantage of ' This question is discussed at length in the Sussex Archaeo- logia. 14 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD the quarrels of the native princes to plunder our shores. There was probably, however, no direct government over this part of the coast until the institution or recognition of the Cinque Ports by- Edward the Confessor, who gave them their first Charter and put them under the authority of a Lord Warden, whose jurisdiction, reaching at first to the Port of Yarmouth, was almost co-extensive with that previously exercised by the Roman Count of the Saxon Shore. The various hamlets and homesteads alono^ the southern coast had thus by degrees formed themselves into communities, and something approaching to a municipal system had been established. The great forest had also yielded to the woodman's axe, its fir and oak had been exploited, and a trade in timber had been established, both home and foreign. When, there- fore, William the Conqueror, landing at Pevensey, near the old Roman encampment, fought the battle of Hastings and assumed the Crown of England, he found alone this coast from Sandwich to Ports- mouth various tidal harbours, protected by forts and managed by flourishing municipalities, en- AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 5 gaged in trade and shipbuilding, who sent their fleets to all parts of the Channel and the North Sea, carrying timber and bringing home fish, which, to a great extent, supplied all classes of the community with food. He immediately re- vived the old Roman system, or more probably adapted some system then in force, and put these various communities under the charge of Bailiffs, who were^oTiiinated by, and were accountable only to the King, in distinction to the mayors of boroughs, who were annually elected by, and accountable to their Corporations. These bailiffs were usually elected for life, or during the good pleasure of the king. They seized and rendered to the king_^]l__his duties on~the irriport and export of various commodities, collected the tax on herrings and other_criiwn_diies, regulated the shipping, and acted generally as the king's agents and representatives within their various districts. They had power to try, as judges, offences against the king's revenue ; their tribunals were among the recosfnized institutions of the middle a^fes, and the bailiff in his court was a favourite subject 1 6 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD with the draftsmen of the period. They also sat with the mayors of towns within their juris- diction, when the latter held Courts under their various Charters. Among many small communities thus formed at the Norman Conquest, was the Royal Manor of Igham, which, indeed, exists as a manor at the present day, and includes the site of new Win- chelsea. Numerous flint implements, which have been discovered in excavations of its several caves, point to its population by pre-historic man. It is described in Domesday Book as having been held by Earl Godwin in the time of Edward the Confessor, and as being of the value of ^6, but that it had been laid waste. It was held under King William by the Count of Eu, who had at his disposal thirty villeins or serfs, and ten cottagers, with nineteen ploughs, six acres of pasture, and pannage for two hogs, and it was taxed at two hides of arable land. The equivalent of a hide of land is not very accurately known, though it is supposed to have been 1 20 acres, but the pannage for two hogs meant the free run of two hogs in the AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 7 forest. " Vastata fuit " is its commentary in the Domesday record, suggesting some long for- gotten period, anterior to the coming of the Conqueror, when there were dwellers with houses and properties at Igham, who had either been destroyed by the petty warfare of jealous prince- lets, or overwhelmed by a tornado of ruthless tempests. Of the Cinque Ports^old Winchelsea was one of the most important. It was a town, according to ^"T^ontenTof seven hundred households, and it was of importance not only by reason of the large fishing trade, which trained men and boys for the sea, but because it was the foremost port for build- ing ships of commerce and of war. Its contribu- tions" to the Royal Navy of England were the largest m number and in tonnage of all the Cinque Ports or their members, and it commonly supplied from among its citizens the Admiral of the Cinque Ports, who was in fact the commander of the Royal fleet. Whe n ther efore the gradual pro- gress of the shingle, which, reversing in its move- ment the ordinary course of nature, travels from c" ,\ ^ 1 8 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD ^ west to east, began to silt up the mouth of the old harbour, and successive gales of unprecedented ferocity bore the channel waves into the old town, destroying one by one its churches and its public buildings, and at last, on the Eve of St. Agatha, A.D. 1287, sweeping it away altogether, changing the face of the earth and causing the Rother to alter his course, the impending calamity to the port and to the country was considered so great that the King himself took cognizance of the matter. This had been a century of storms. A great tempest off Calais, in 12 15, annihilated the fleet of de Beauvais, and drowned in the channel some thousand foreign knights and their retainers on their way to support King John in his domestic strife. In 1233 thunder and lightning were incessant for fifteen days, ac- companied by hurricanes of wind and rain. In 1236 the Thames, excited by a storm, broke into the Palace of Westminster, and inundated West- minster Hall. During 1250 earthquakes were felt in London, and on the feast of Saint Remigius, (ist Oct.,) the sea, contrary to the course of nature, flowed twice without ebbing, and, after roaring so AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 9 that it was heard far inland and appeared to the mariners as if on fire, broke in upon old Winchelsea, sweeping away many of its churches and habitations. On the feast of Epiphany, 1252, and again in 1254, the sea forced its way through the breaches pre- viously made in the primitive sea wall, and added to the destruction already effected by depositing layers of salt on many of the fields and trees. In a great storm of 1 2S7 , the lightning passed through the chamber where the King and Queen Elinor were conversing, killing two of the attendants,^ and the country was pale with terror at the possible recurrence of these frightful visitations. From their old habitation in the marsh, a low- lying windy corner, much of it below the sea-level, intersected with streams, surrounded by ever shifting and undrained morasses, threatened by rivers for ever chaneins: their course, with their homes and buildinfjs from time to time engulfed by the encroaching tide, resembling an old-time Venice, without a Lido to shelter it from the ocean, the dwellers in old Winchelsea must many ' Thomas of Walsingham, vol. i. p. 29. 20 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD a time have cast their eyes with longing on the rocky bluff of Igham, standing apparently impreg- nable in the centre of a well-protected haven and occupied only by a scattered population with a few- millers, who had taken advantage of its airy heights to erect their mills. And thus when King Edward visited his ports of Winchelsea and Rye, and heard from the commonalty a recital of their misfortunes and of their hopes, he revived their charters, and carved out of his then existing 'manor of Isfham aT'site for" the new town of & ^ Winchelsea. The old town was rapidly drowned, and was so soon forgotten that it is difficult now to indicate its precise locality. I believe, however, that it stood on a spit of land running into Rye Bay from a point nearly identical with the spot upon which Camber watchhouse now stands. It had in its time received many of our kings, including in the number Edward the Confessor, William the Conqueror, John, and Henry III., and it had a protected harbour extending towards Appledore, in which a considerable fleet could lie in safety: The destruction of old Winchelsea and AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 21 the small hamlets on the littoral was ascribed by the superstitious__sentiment of the time to some hidden and mysterious agency. It was, however, the natural and inevitable result of the incroach- ment of the sea, provoked by an unusual succession|| of.inclement seasons. ' ^ The selection of Igham by King Edward, though probably instigated by local desire, was the result of his owq/ personal investigation. In this he was aided by his council and his admirals, and his choice was received wTth^^generaT^acclamation, althoucrh the oradual workingf of the tide and the continuous easterly movement of the shingle, not perhaps understood at that date, might have warned the king of the possibility of the calamity which afterwards occurred. The chief attractions oft his site were its strategic position, its abun- dance of excellent water, supplied by numerous springs which rise both within and without the walls, and its general reputation for healthiness. The two latter qualifications it has always retained. When the Great Plague broke out ^ in 1563 and ^ "State Papers," 28 July, 1563. 2 2 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD again in 1586, Winchelsea was selected as a sana- torium for the troops and others during-rhe time of pestilence ; and it is probable that the very same reasons which induced Edward I. to found the town on this spot led the government at the commencement of the present century to make it the principal depot for cavalry in anticipation of the possible invasion of Napoleon. It stood, sur- mounted by some hundred and fifty acres of table- land, on a sandstone rock 300 feet above the sea, which on three sides washed its base. To the south were the hills of Fairlight and of Hastings ; to the w^est the wooded slopes of Brede and Udimore reflecting their varied tints in the water of their respective bays ; to the north lay the town of Rye and the ports and villages of Romney Marsh, while directly across the channel, on a clear and propitious day, the white cliffs of Normandy were distinctly visible. Beyond the town of Rye, on the Camber coast, lay the decaying port of Vindelis or old Winchelsea, from which the unruly tempests were rapidly driving the inhabitants. These in their old and dangerous habitations, while on the AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 23 one hand they saw their abodes faUing victims to the inroads of the sea, on the other hand saw their new town gradually rising in stately magnificence. The old church of St. Thomas of Canterbury, which, on the Eve of St. Agatha, had been swept away by the tempest, was rebuilt in g reater splendour at Igham ; and one at least of their ancient hospitals rose again in the new town. Old privileges, old traditions, and even old stones were carried across the bay. The former scene of devastation was rapidly fertilized. It grew into a rich and flourishing town, and when the crowd poured like a swarm of bees into their new hive they found their homes thatched with the old accustomed straw and sweetened with honey from their own cells. ^N 24 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD / II. The position of new Winchelsea in the year of our Lord 1287 was unsurpassed in grandeur and attraction. Near the Ferrv Gate are the remains of an old well called the Pipe Well, above which is still to be found some solid masonry forming part of the town wall. Following IKe TTine'ofthat masonry to the corner of the field in which it stands, there will be found the ruined remains of what was, within the recollection of some of our old inhabitants, a circular watch tower called the Roundel, from which the guardian of the port could survey the whole extent of his harbour. The prospect even nowadays is one of great beauty, and it is possible from that spot to realize almost as fully as if one lived in the thirteenth century the size and the security of Winchelsea Haven. If, selecting a morning towards the end of the autumn, when the mist has settled in the valleys, and before the sun has had the strength AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 25 to conjure it away, and then, standing on the site of the old watch tower, the spectator will lean in imagination over the embattled ramparts, look towards the sea and thence carry the eye to the town of Rye, to Leasam, to the heights of Cadborough, to Udimore, and to Brede, return- ing thence by the hills of Icklesham back to Winchelsea, he will see the extent of the old Haven. The mist will take the place formerly occupied by the sea, and he will realize the existence of a harbour, not indeed very deep, for in those days the small draught of the ships re- quired but a shallow roadstead, but deep enough and large enough in extent to allow the entire navy of England to ride safely at anchor. A shingle bank, as will even then be seen, at once protected and threatened the entrance to the harbcur. Udimore Bay and Brede Bay, spoken of in the old charts, will be clearly defined, and the line of the ferry to Udimore may even be traced. If, pausing on that spot, he watches the mist as it gradually dissolves under the rays of the sun, the transformation of the locality will 26 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD become vividly apparent. The shingle banks will rise slowly into sight, first as dark lines, then as spits of land ; Camber Castle will come into view, and as one of the latest developments of nature the beds of shingle between that castle and the harbour of Rye will appear upon the scene. And as these dark beds appear step by step, turning the sea away from the shallow harbour and uro^ing: it towards the sands of the opposite coast, he will appreciate with alacrity and intelligence how it happened that, as the sea was driven away and the dry land appeared, the thrifty and laborious descendants of the South Saxon population hastened to reclaim every acre from which the waters had receded, and, utilizing the soil which the rivers brought from the up- lands, converted the bed of the harbour into the ^ ^ beautiful and luxuriant pasture that now feeds our cattle and our sheep. Winchelsea was then described by Thomas of i -■■■ - - Walsingham in \'\Historia Anglicana; as situated on a hill with so steep an ascent on the sides facing the water that it could only be ascended by ■>v> AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 27 scrambling on hands and knees, and could hardly be descended without fear of falling over a preci- pice. It was therefore approached by zigzag paths winding about the town. The cliffs were also infested with rabbits, so that it was spoken of not too flatteringly as a rabbit warren. Of these zigzags, one at the Friars, one leading to St. Katherine's Well, and one leading towards St. Leonard's Well, are familiar to us now : and of the family of rabbits that were probably here for ages before the Norman Conquest, their descen- dants may still be seen in their thousands playing in the coney field, and dodging in and out of their holes in the clift, and the successors of these will probably be found on the same spot when Win- chelsea is dissolved in fire or whatever may be the end of the material world. Notwithstanding the rabbits, however, and the devastation spoken ^ of in Domesday Book, the hillwas in the thirteenth century a valuable possession, portions of it being owned by Sir John Tregoz, knight, who was one of the vendors to the Crown, by the Abbot of Battle, famous for his military prowess, by the 28 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD Tristram family, of Saxon origin, who had a house there, by the Morris family, by the Alards, by the Bacans, who owned a mill, and by others. The Kine havine thus selected the site of new Winchelsea, and having purchased of the copy- holders their rights in such lands^aTs were necessary for his purpose, had an opportunity of building a city which, except to some extent in the instance of London after the fire, has never bee^n afforded to any English monarch. For he had a site absolutely clear of any obstruction, the fee simple of the whole area was in his own hands, and he had a population both civil and military, combining L_c ontributia DS in the nature of an aid from all the cities, boroughs, and king's demesnes throughout the kingdom. To this minister accor- ' Prynne, "Ecc. Jurisdiction," vol. iii, jx 359. Eentham, ("Ely Cathedral," p. 151), says that Kirkeby declined the dignity. The two stories are, however, consistent. 32 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD V dingly, assisted by Stephen de Pencestre, Lord ■^ Warden of t he Cin gjje__Ports, and the ma\'or and \ \I\ ^^ jurats of the town, were confided the design, the ^ construction, and the ordering of new "Wmchelsea, The work of purchasing, surveying, and allotting the land was commenced by the Lord Warden about 1 28 1. On the 25th July, 1288, the pre- liminaries were completed and the Bishop of Ely, as Lord High Treasurer, on the King's behalf, on the feast of St, James the Apostle, amid all the beauty and luxuriance of a mediaeval summer, made delivery of seizin of the king's lands to the mayor and commonalty of the antient town, reserv- ing, however, to the Crown a plot of about ten acres called the King's Green, to the south of the town, beyond the spot where the Grey Friars sub- sequently found a home. The ceremony was performed in the presence of the High Sheriff of Sussex and of a great concourse of nobles, knights, bailiffs, and inhabitants of the county. At the same time, to foster the prosperity of the new colony, the commonalty were released for a period of seven years from any payment of rent or of AND NEW WINCHELSEA. T,7, dues to the King or his successors. Five years were devoted to the building, and seven years of taxation w^ere then remitted to the citv. This period, coinciding with five years for birth and maturity and seven years for apprenticeship to industry or commerce, completed the twelfth year, which was recognized from the history of sacred life as the accepted starting-point of man's intellec- tual power and physical endurance. For in the middle ages the Holy Scriptures were not only read as an infallible guide to faith and morals, but were consulted as a trustworthy encyclopaedia of universal knowledofe. The King did not, however, entirely delegate to the Lord Treasurer all control over the erection of newWinchelsea. He personally interested himself in the construction of the town, was on numerous occasions resident within it, and as his bailiff was also the Admiral of his Fleet, and had been his brother in arms against the Saracens, it is not unreasonable to suQf2fest that the Court Hall, or bailiffs house, sheltered the English Justinian, one of the irreatest of Encfland's kinoes. D 34 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD This house, now known as the old Court Hall, or Bailiff's Prison, is the oldest in the town, and as we know that the Manor of Igham was occupied before it received the name of Winchelsea, I I REMAINS OF THE OLD COURT HALL. think it very probable that this antient building was erected before the Barons of Winchelsea left the shores of Camber, and before the church, the gates, and the vaulted cellars were taken in hand. An examination of the building itself gives force to this suggestion. The great depth and the material of the walls, the timbers of rough hewn oak, the architecture of the doors, and what re- AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 35 mains of the windows, and the entire absence of ornament, all point to a date before the build- ing of the church, which was itself undertaken immediately upon the immigration of the settlers from the old town. The conveyancing title to the building, however, does not go further back than the time of Henry VII., who conveyed the Royal Manor of Igham, including the Court Hall at Winchelsea, and the advowsons of the two churches of St. Thomas and St. Giles, to Sir Richard Guldeford, then bailiff of the antient town. It was originally a building of consider- able size. It appears, from the remains of the walls, that its frontage to the church was about 100 feet, and that it had a frontage towards the plot called Paradise, on the west, of at least seventy feet. There were other rooms besides the Hall itself above the ground tloor, and the small stone doorway found on the first fioor shows that there was a communication with other apart- ments on the same level. It is also possible that the vaulted cavern under the west end of the Hall, now however blocked up, was used as a prison 36 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD for the bailiff's malefactors, in which case the small door above referred to may have admitted them to the Court close to where the bailiff and the mayor may have sat, so that they need not have passed through the body of the hall. Small doors of this kind opening on to the judgment seat, are common enough in old courts of justice, and specimens of them are to be seen in the Doge's Palace at Venice and in similar buildings in France and Germany. The roof, with its huge beams of rough hewn oak, is probably in the same condition as when first placed upon the walls, and it appears to be very similar in character to the oaken roof of St. Thomas' church. Two niches of stonework with iron gratings show where holy virgins or saints were formerly placed, and a coat of arms, surmounted by a tilting helmet, probably of the Lewknor family, has been apparently removed from some other building and inserted in the outer wall. The Hall itself was the property of the bailiff, and not of the Corporation. Rent was paid to the lord of the manor of Igham, who succeeded AND NEW WINCHELSFA. 2)7 the last bailiff, down to the year 1884; and as far back as Richard II. (a.d. 1399), the sum of vi^ viii'^. per quarter was paid to Vincent Finch, the then bailiff, for the use of the Hall, then called the King's House {Doniuui Regis), by the Corporation. Under these fostering influences the new town rapidly grew and prospered. The timber trade flourished, for the old forest of Andred had not dis- appeared for many years after this date. The fish- ing fleet of Winchelsea increased year by year: The curing and exporting of herrings brought a good revenue to the bailiff, and a large profit to the inhabitants, who, by means of their carriers or rippiers, distributed their fish throughout the district, even sending it on occasions as far as London, in whose markets, as Barons of Winchel- sea, they had a right of free sale. The herring, for which the boats of Rye still put out, following the shoal even to the North Sea, was then, as now, a precarious though most important market. I find, from Professor Rogers' ''♦ History of Agriculture and Prices ' (vol. i. p. 641), yv »^ t)«W 38 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD that the average price of herrings from a.d. 1259 to 1350, was js. ^d. per thousand (counting twelve hundred), but that before that period they were in 1242 as low as 3^. 2d. per thousand, or thirty for a penny. In 1299 they were as high as ii^-. 7W. per thousand, or eight for a penny. For the next fifty years the average price was 16^. per thousand. The herring, however, was a somewhat costly fish, and whether fresh or salted, was generally be- yond the means of the poorer classes. It might, with eel and salmon, of which in the middle ao-es there was a great profusion in England, and many hundreds of whom doubtless then travelled annually up the river Rother, be said to have been exclusively for the table of the rich. Haddock, cod, hake, porpoise, mackerel, and conger eel, which is still in some parts of France considered "Y an acceptable article of food, were for the repast vOo of the poor. These two industries, together with ^pX the free import of foreign wines, which were sold at an average price of four shillings per dozen gallons, or one halfpenny per pint, and to receive which the town was honey-combed with caves or v\^ AND NEW WIXCHELSEA. 39 vaulted cellars, many of which, with their groined ceilings and curiously carved corbels, are to be found under the modest cottages of the present town, gave to the place so great an aspect of business and wealth, that, according to Leland, within twenty years of its foundation, there were twenty aldermen in the town, merchants of good substance. The iron works of Sussex, w^iich had in former days supplied the army of Harold with spear-heads and swords, were to be found within half a day's journey in the forest, and furnished the town with tools and weapons. Cogs and sloops of Winchelsea and Rye brought from Normandy the stone that built the church of St. Thomas, and the brick earth and sandstone to be found on the spot, together with an unlimited supply of Sussex oak, completed the necessary materials for build- ing. The^yiQ€fd ash, v\^iich could be procured in abundance from the forest, enabled the monks to make the gorgeous red, green, blue; and yellow glass^ some pieces of which have by a rare accident survived to the church, but the secret of whose manufacture has now for ever departed. V 40 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD And tradkiqn, indeed, assigns to Winchelsea the site of a g4^eat-5cFory of ecclesi astical _glasj, exist- ing nearly to the time of the Reformation. The shipwrights, who had transferred their business from the old town, still continued to supply England with a great portion of its navy, and much of its fishing and merchant service. To such an extent, indeed, had this industry increased during the first fifty years of new Winchelsea, that in the year 1347 it alone supplied to the king twenty-one ships of war, with 596 mariners, the largest contribution of any of the royal ports. A return under the date of 20, Edward I. (a.d. 1292), partially transcribed by Mr. Cooper in his " History of W inchelsea/' shows how fiillythe new town was occupied within four years of its foundation. Among the 730 names there returned will be found those of most of the well-known families of this district. All the leading residents of the old town appear to have come over, and among other names the list comprises those of Alard, Etchingham, Tristram, Lewknore, Godfrey, Dering, Bertelot and Glynde, together with a con- AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 4 1 siderable staff of clergy and many single ladies and widows. Among other names are those of a family called Cogger. They were, as their name would indicate, mariners or caulkers of ships. Of all the families named in 1292, this is the only one that has ever since remained attached to the soil of Winchelsea. They never rose above the rank of fishermen or artificers, and the last of the race, an old labourer over eighty years of age, with a remarkable knowledge of local history for the last 200 years, still lives in a thatched cottage in the antient town. Few Saxon names are to be found, but amongst this small number is that of " Goda," the same name as that of a Saxon landowner and countess, who is entered in Domesday Book as then holding considerable land in various parts of the county of Sussex, and as having owned it in the time of the Confessor.^ The Norman is every- ' She held in Hailsullede Hundred lands of the value alto- gether of ^8 14^. per annum : in Guestling Hundred ;^24 per annum: in Havochesberrie Hundred ^iS per annum: in Hamfelt Hundred £^ 10s. per annum. Very large holdings in those days. ^ ./ ^ 42 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD where to be found in name and occupation, show- ing how completely the Anglo-Saxon had by this time developed into the Anglo-Norman. The new town took somewhat more than five years to build, and it was completed and partly j)^ occupied when the last inroad of the sea destroyed \ ^1/' the remnants of old Winchelsea. To his-^barons and goodmen of the new town the king gave the ^ J^^ same rights and privileges as were exercised by "^ those of the old, together with the charter under which the mayor and jurats satjrom time to time as magistrates and electors Inthe Court Hall. He established the markets, which, with varying prosperity, survived to the beginning of the present century, and of which the localities are popularly known, and h e la id the foundation of the church dedicated to the English saint Thomas of Canterbury, " the holy blisful martyr," as Chaucer calls him, a portion of whose effigy in tinted stone was some years ago recovered from the earth, and is now to be seen over the chancel steps. He gave to the Corporation, under the title of the Barons of Winchelsea, a Great Seal, of "^SL^S AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 43 which a portion of the original of that date still remains, and is in a peculiar way typical of the King. The seal^represents a ship of war of the c^Aa/^^--'^^^^ thirteenth cent ury w ith a crew^ Qf^eight men pre- paringlorsea. The counterseal or reverse shows the public buildings of the town, including the churches of St. Thomas and St. Giles. In the former is a representation of the murder of A' Beckett by the three knights, and above are the royal arms, consisting of three lions, the fleur- de-lis not having been as yet assumed by the English kings. Above the church of St. Giles, which has a representation of the saint with his faithful hind, is placed a bird standing on a crocketted gable. This, says Mr. M. A. Lower, in his " History of Sussex," " appears to have been introduced merely to fill up a blank space in the desiofn." But our forefathers did not waste time and energy in filling up blank spaces, they used symbols because they were symbolical, and emblems because they were emblematical, and this is both a symbol and an emblem. The bird in question, though it appears on the seal as the 44 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD representative of a huge antedeluvian seagull, is a dove,, whose history I conceive to be as follows. Edward the Confessor, the father of the Cinque Ports, bore on the top of his sceptre the figure of a dove, emblematical of mercy and peace. The Conqueror and William Rufus would have none of it, and carried the sword in one hand and the globe in the other. Henry I., on the contrary, adopted the emblem of the dove, though not on the sceptre but on the globe, as signifying some return to the benignant laws of St. Edward and a departure from the severity of his father and brother.' This symbol was also used in the same manner by Stephen and by Henry H. Richard I. again discontinued the dove, and it remained for Edward I. to reassume the emblem, bearing it on the top of his sceptre in exact imitation of Edward the Confessor, and as an intimation to the world that while bearing the same name as the sainted king he would follow him in his acts of clemency and pity, and in a restoration of those laws which had rendered famous his name and his age. The ' Sandford's "Genealogical History," p. 26. AND NEW WINCH ELSE A. 45 symbol of clemency and reconciliation was no in- appropriate design for the Winchelsea seal, as the redoubtable barons of the old town had been in ifmsagainst Edward in former years, and had been punished with a great slaughter after a stubborn resistance. This same symbol was also used by Edward II. and by Edward III. during the early portion of his reign, and it then dis- appeared for ever from the royal emblem. Nor did the Kinsf or his treasurer forget the outward symbols of religion and of law. On a green~spot beyond the city wall, a short distance from the gate, rose the Holy Rood of Winchelsea. Land travellers making for the only entrance that would admit them from the road, could see the holy emblem long before they arrived at the port- cullissed gate, and it was equally visible from the ships that lay in the inner harbour. It faced to the south, and its shadow fell in the morning on the water, and in the evening on the town. The house of the Holy Cross overlooked it, and two holv friars livinof near the New Gate had it in charge. After paying this tribute to religion the .y 46 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD Bishop made his respects to law, and erected a great gallows in a held within sight of the Holy Rood, but also beyond the walls. According to its antient rights as a Cinque Port, Winchelsea was entitled to impound and appropriate all cattle found straying within its limits if not redeemed within a year and a day. The pound still exists, and the pound driver is still nominally an officer of the Corporation. It had also a pillory and a tumbrell or cucking-stool, the latter used for duck- incr scolds or brawling women, and the former for exposing bakers and brewers whose bread and beer were not found equal to the standard of purity imposed by law. The pillory and cucking- stool have long since disappeared, and the ladies are now allowed the free use of their tono^ues, though the bakers and the brewers are still to some extent controlled by law. For the purposes of health, for public assemblies, or f or recre ation, three open spaces were kept within the walls. One of about ten acres, tome south of the town, was called the King's Green ; the Church Square, of about two acres, occupied AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 47 the centre, and a small common called Cook's Green at the north-east point overlooked the harbour. During all the vicissitudes and variations of Winchelsea these three several plots have, so far as is known, remained open spaces from the foundation of the town to the present day. 48 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD III. The speech of a nation is like that of a human beinor. Beo^innino; with a Hmited if not a mono- syllabic vocabulary, it gradually increases in volume, developing and expanding with the infant's strength. It adapts itself from time to time to the thoughts and expressions of its suc- cessive teachers ; it assimilates the gestures and phrases of its friendly but varying companions, and taking its tone in youth from superiors, in manhood from equals, it eventually settles down into the definite style and language which distin- guish and identify the full-grown man. England in the thirteenth century was in the full vigour of youth just bursting into manhood. It had passed throuo-h the stages of Roman tuition and of Saxon domination, and was then permeated with the accents and idioms of the victorious Norman race. As there have been since then no Conqueror's leo-ions to overrun our land and to impose on us AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 49 or to habituate us to an alien tonsfue, the Enehsh languao-e has gradually and uninterruptedly as- sumed the exact and distinctive character which it attained some centuries a^o. Its transitional state, however, was naturally marked by a curious mixture of Latin, Saxon or Old English, and Norman, the southern ports — of which Winchelsea was one — being essentially Norman, and mediaeval Latin being still freely used in conversation by the professional classes. Of these, perhaps, Chaucer's " Somonour " or apparitor may be taken as an example ; for " Whan that he well dronken had the wyn Than wolde he speke no word but Latine." It is accordingly somewhat difficult from such sources as are now available to trace out the names and descriptions of the original occupants of new Winchelsea. From those, however, which can be ascertained, a good impression of the town may be obtained, together with some idea of the com- position of a busy city in the Middle Ages. In •endeavouring to arrive at a sound conclusion on E 50 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD this interesting" subject, I have carefully considered the return above alluded to (which I have printed ill extenso in an Appendix) , have eliminated to the best of my ability the names descriptive of trades and occupations from those indicative of persons, and have thus, I think, succeeded in re- producing with some fidelity the constituent par- ticles of the new town. In addition to those who migrated from the old town, men crowded to new Winchelsea from all parts of the adjoining country, Pevensey, Canterbury, Portsmouth, Appledore, Folkestone, Hastings, Fairlight, Harwich, Hythe, Maidstone, Mayfield, Rye, Biddenden, Ewhurst, Romney, London, and even Scotland furnished their contingents. The houses of these various settlers were scattered over the town, tlie Church of St. Thomas formine the centre of the area and the walls or ramparts marking the circumference. Of the style and character of these tenements~one can only form a speculative opinion. Contem- poraneous drawings do not exist, and although the church, the gates, and some of the crypts show traces of great power and beauty in their design, yet, AND NEW WI^XHELSEA. 5 I as I think Mr. Ruskin ^ successfully demonstrates, , /.n,i-- the great architectural power of the thirteenth centuryTof which England affords many noble ex- yv^ amples, found employment in the construction of Q/ ecclesiastical and of public buildings, but was seldom in any sense extended to the requirements of private or domestic life. There is little reason, therefore, to suppose that the homes of the masses of the population were more important or more commodious than the thatched cottages of the present day. The Great Seal of Winchelsea shows at its base what tradition declares to be a representation of the religious houses of the place. From this it would appear that they were tiled buildings of a single story, resembling in size and detail the well-known Beguinage in the city of Ghent, and if this was their architectural limit, it is not to be supposed that the private houses of the less wealthy citizens were of a superior con- struction. Churches, manor houses, castles, and the residences of the rich and powerful were m the thirteenth century built of stone or of rubble ' "Val D'Arno,"sec. iii. 52 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD faced with stone ; those of the poorer classes were of wood and plaster, like the log-hut or frame house of the Western States. Houses were either thatched or tiled, according to the convenience of obtaining rushes or tiles. In Winchelsea I believe they were mostly tiled, as Battle Abbey had a large factory for tiles at Wye in Kent, and the great increase of their sales in 13 18, and again from 1369 to 1394, was probably due to building at Winchelsea/ Glass was a material within reach of the prosperous but not of the poor. It cost from 8^/. to is. 6f/. per square foot to glaze the windows of a house, and as this was an age of great luxury for the wealthy, one can hardly doubt that the stone house in addition to being warmly tiled, was also comfortably glazed. Brick for building purposes does not seem to have been employed in England till a much later date, but a tile somewhat resembling a Roman brick was frequently used in the construction of their ^ The price of tiles was 2s. to y. per 1000, and the cost of tliatching was 2l-d. per day for a thatcher and his help, a boy or a woman. Rogers, vol. i., p. 156. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 53 buildings, and many of these may be seen in the old gateways and in the entrance to Trojan's Hall/ St. Thomas of Canterbury (in later years converted into St. Thomas the Apostle), and St. Giles were the two churches of new Winchel- se^sTas they had formerly been of the old town. The latter of these, a small building with one bell, was probably disused after the end of the fifteenth century, and has entirely disappeared ; but in a large open square in the centre of the new town rose theBTChurch of St. Thomas of Canterbury^. The foundations extend nearly to the end of the churchyard, but whether the nave was ever com- pleted, is one of those questions that, notwith- standincr the interest which has lonq- been taken ' It is called Trojan's or Jew's Hall, and there is much speculation as to the alternative description. But in the Middle Ages Jews were proscribed and a Trojan was a syno- nym for a thief. See Henry IV., Act ii., Sc. i. ■ This was the age of pilgrimages, and among the most popular of English shrines was that of St. Thomas the martyr, to which about this time Chaucer's thirty Canterbury pilgrims wended their way. C'v^v\^ ^ {^4 54 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD in Winchelsea, seems impossible of solution. I can find no proof of the fact of such completion, and the entire absence of any walls further west than the transept leads me to think that those of the church were not completed beyond that section. The chancel and the ruins of the transept which now remain, show clearly enough what was the intention of the founders of the church, and how noble and decorative an edifice was then in contemplation. But there were other religious houses in the town. The Grey Friars Chapel still exists in a beautiful ruin. Churches of St. Giles and St. Leonard stood on spots still hallowed by their name, and the Great Seal of the Barons indicate other religious houses which w^ere scattered about the town. The con- struction of great abbeys and churches was a long and tedious work, owing to the scarcity of labour and the time and cost of brinorinsf on to the spot the various materials required for building. Generations were required for such undertakings, which, even at the end of centuries, were often incomplete. Pecuniary assistance was AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 55 no doubt, in the first instance, given to Winchelsea by the King and his Queen, but the rest had to be raised by the monks from fines, to be saved from their income, to be begged from the Hving or to be procured from death-bed donations of devout or timid Christians. Time and money, therefore, in profusion would have been required for the com- pletion of all these buildings, and in both these essentials W^inchelsea was sadly deficient. Within two centuries of its inception, Ichabod might have been inscribed on its gates, for its glory had departed as a city of England. It had been plundered by foes, and deserted by the element on whose good favour it subsisted, and I conceive it to be impossible that under such circumstances the completion of so stupendous a work as the great Church of St. Thomas could have been accomplished. Even in its present condition of ruin, however, it is a noble building, its windows are of great beauty, and the sculptured effigies of the old warriors of Winchelsea, lying under their stately canopies in what were formerly profusely decorated chantries, give it a tone of 56 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD mediaeval sanctity, which few other churches can equal/ These were the great churches of the place, but the superstitous reverence, of the fishermen and sailors, encouraged doubtless by the clergy, erected another and special chapel to the patron saint of their own peculiar industry. All along the French coast, especially at points opposite to Kent and Sussex, and notably at Boulogne, a little chapel may be seen on the cliff, decorated with the votive offerings of the sea-faring population, who affect its services for themselves, their wives, and their familes. Even at the present day, when in the later autumn the fishing fleet leaves the harbour of Boulogne for the North Sea, the crew of each boat, as it sails over the bar, may be seen to cast their eyes back upon the little chapel, or the heights above their quarter, and to make the sign of the cross, as a mark of reverence to their patron saint. Actuated by a similar sentiment, the sea- ' A very full and detailed account of the church, with its monuments, etc., is given in Cooper's ''History of Winchelsea," p. 122. I\ %<^ AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 5 7 men of new W'inchelsea built for themselves, on a point beyond the roundel or harbour-master's tower, a little chapel dedicated to St. Leonard. It commanded a clear prospect of the harbour and of the ships as they lay at anchor, and though it could not be seen from the sea at any point directly to the east of the town, being there obscured by the public buildings and the rising ground, yet it was in full view of the bar of Winchelsea Haven between the spit of Camber and the town of Rye. The tradition of many ages ascribed to this Norman saint a miraculous power, afterwards assumed by the witches of Norway and of the Isle of ^lan, over the winds and the wa\'es ; and the monks, to encourage the worshippers and to increase their own store, erected in the chapel a small hgure of St. Leonard communicatino; with a vane above the roof, and in return for the monies of the faithful, turned the vane to the point from which they wished the saint to procure the breeze. And as the Norman women congregate to-day round the sailors' chapel and at the pier end to 58 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD encourage the bread-winners of their homes, and to join with them in their reverence as the boat passes the bar, so the women of Winchelsea for many generations in the Middle Ages gathered together round the Httle Chapel of St. Leonard, saw their husbands and their lovers safe over the bar, and with silent prayer and reverence committed them to the care of the Lord of the winds and the waves. The English kings, with their frequent arrivals and departures would have been constant votaries of this saint, and St. Leonard of Winchelsea was more benevolent to the Qrreat Plantaeenet than were the windy saints of France, for while King Edward IIL was always blessed with a fair wind for his French expeditions, his return journeys were invariably accompanied by storms and tempests.^ ^ "About the feste of Seynt Michael (a.d. 1347) the kyng took the se into Ynglond, and there had he grete tempest, and mervelous wyndes : and than he mad swech a complynt onto oure lady and saide ' O blessed mayde, what menyth al this ? Evyr whan I go to Frauns, I have fayre weddir : and whanne I turne to Ynglond intollerable temiDestes.' " — Cap- grave, p. 213. "Political Poems and Songs," vol. i., p. 54.. AND NEW WIXCHELSEA. 59 Saint Leonard's Chapel had no cemetery or bury- ing ground, and apparently no endowment. The names of two priests only, John Grafton and Thomas Bate, are known in connection with it, and it is not mentioned in the return of 1292, or in any subsequent charter or grant. The last trace that I can find of its existence is in 1487, when Henry \' II. confirmed to Sir Edward Hastinges, one of his supporters, the advowsons of St, Thomas the Martyr, Giles and Leonard of Winchelsea, which had been granted to his ancestor by King Ed- ward I\ .^ So long as the Port of Winchelsea re- mained great and prosperous the saint was pro- bably popular and well nourished ; but as the sea- faring interest fell away the prosperity of St. Leonard also declined, and in 1428, according to Mr. CoojDer, the saint and his chapel had entirely disappeared. The saint, however, with his mira- culous vane, havinc: been but a local les^end for over 450 years, has once again reappeared in the antient town. Durinof some recent alterations in the old Court Hall, a number of oaken boards ^ " Materials," etc., vol. ii., p. 213. 6o • THE STORY OF KING EDWARD were found which had been used as a lining for a painted tribune occupied by the mayor and jurats when trying minor offendors. These boards were with much trouble pieced together, when it was discovered that they formed a rude picture in dis- temper of St. Leonard of Winchelsea in the act of blessinof the fruits of the earth. He is dressed in the habit of an archbishop, has a crown and a nimbus, and carries over his shoulder in place of the crozier, with which all are familiar, a miniature windmill, typical of the miraculous power with which he was specially credited. The picture is undoubtedly of the fourteenth century, and is one of the oldest muniments of the antient town.^ And here beneath the curtilage of St. Leonard lay the Winchelsea ships celebrated in war and in song. We have the names of some. The " Saint Edward," the " Saint Mary," the " Plenty," the "Nicholas," the "Saint Giles," the "Saint Thomas," the " Margaret," the " Ship of the ^ A copy of this picture forms the frontispiece of this book. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 6 1 Bishop of Durham," ^ and five others went with the King to France in 1294. In 1306, the " Ed- ward," the " Katherine," the " Saint Thomas," the " Holy Spirit," and the " Saint Giles," went with the king to fight the Scots. Smaller vessels were called " La Blithe de Winchelse," " La Dame le CoLir," " La Lyttel Nanspie," " La Fauccon," and at later periods there were an "Edward IL," an "Edward IIL," and numerous craft named after their owners and the ladies of their family. I nimediately facing the Court Hall, at the corner of the Church Square, there formerly stood a lofty campanile or bell tower, from which the bells are supposed to have been carried off by the French and never replaced. No trace of the campanile now remains, but it appears in drawings of Win- chelsea taken within the present century. The robbery of church and harbour bells was a well recognized incident of mediceval warfare, and one of the traditional glories of the place celebrates the ' William de la Zouche, Bishop of Durham, in 1346, with Earl Percy, commanded the English army against the Scots in the absence of Edward III. in France. 62 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD occasion when the men of Winchelsea turned out in aid of their brother portsnien of Rye, who had been similarly plundered, successfully assaulted the Norman robbers, burnt their city to the ground, slew every Norman they could find, and brought their bells home in triumph to Rye. In addition to the churches, the religious house or hospital of St. John for monks and nuns, with two acres of land, stood in what is still known as St. John's or Chapel Field. The hospital of St. Bartholomew and the House of the Holy Cross occupied a portion of what is now known as Newgate Field, the former having two acres and the latter one acre of land attached. And there was for many years a monastery of Black Friars. This was founded by Queen Elinor, who was much attached to this order, to whose monastery at Blackfriars she bequeathed her heart, when, in 1290, she died at Harby. The story of the con- veyance of Queen Elinor's corpse by easy stages from Lincoln to London, each resting-place being marked by a cross reverently erected by King Edward, is one of the idylls of English history. AND NEW WIXCHELSEA. 6 O These friars, who were mendicant preachers and teachers, without funds or endowment, and with vows of perpetual poverty, frequently moved their home ; but they ultimately settled down on a small piece of land facing the road to the north of the Rectory, and to the east of St. Leonard's Church. Nothing, however, now remains of their house but a crypt, which may possibly have been used as the cellar or refectory of the order. Andrew of the Monastery, and Tristram, and Walter, described as Friars, had lands allotted to them, and probably belonged to one or other of these institutions. These religious houses were, together with the larger and more important house of the Gre)' Friars, dissolved at the Reformation, and their lands were subsequently divided out to the Cor- poration by Queen Elizabeth. The only portions of any of them now remaining are the chancel of the Chapel of the Grey Friars, the gable end of the House of St. John, which still stands in the Chapel Field beside the Hastings Road, and the crypt of the Black Friars already mentioned. Of the various classes which composed the 64 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD community within the walls, the churches and the religious houses naturally contributed the largest part. In addition to prelates and priors who paid occasional visits to the town, the rectors of St. Thomas and St. Giles, and the curate of St. Leonard, lived within their respective parishes. Little is known of these reverend gentlemen, for the poor town parson, who was, however, the working bee of the ecclesiastical hive, was then of little account beyond the limited borders of his parish. For although at a later period the country was induced, by consideration of his in- cessant labour and self sacrifice, to take sides with the parish priest as against the lordly monk and the preaching friar, the time of the parson was not yet come in the thirteenth century, and his interest was mainly confined to his own particular fiock. In addition to these parish parsons or curates, who were provided with homes beside their own churches, Alexander of the Church, Henry of the Church, Jordan, the clerk, Richard Bonenfant, the clerk, John of Igham, Godfrey, Herbert, called Browning, Lawrence, Robert, John and Lawrence, AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 65 all of them clerks, had houses to themselves, and probably attended the services of the church. Seven palmers, hoi}' men who, though not knights, had visited the Sepulchre at Jerusalem, viz., Roger, Bovingus, John, William the Aged, Reynard, Cole- kyn and John, also had their habitations within the walls. The Holy Cross was attended by the Friars Sampson and Gilbert, who lived near the Holy Rood. Walter le Granger (grangerius), bailiff of the Monastery farm, lived in the thirty - fifth quarter, near the Holy Rood. Benedict Carite (caritarius), who on special occasions dis- pensed bread and wine from the Monastery, lived with Robert Scalle (scalus), the verger, who had charge of the seats and stalls of the monks and canons, in the twenty-sixth quarter near the Cross. Dyn Chaper (chapler), the cope bearer, had a house also near the Rood, while Ancel, the candle-maker (candelarus), in the twenty-ninth quarter, near Winchelsea Thorn, and John An- cel, the cellarer of the monastery, may reasonably be added to the list of those whose occupations most closely associated them with the service of F 66 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD the Church. Add to these the monks and the rehgious persons hving within the Friars and the houses, and a staff of something over fifty resident clergy with their attendants will be the result. The art or science of military architecture was probably at its height during tHe reign of Edward I. The eleven hundred castles of King Stephen's troubled reign had been mostly destroyed, and no town or house could now be fortified without a license to kernell or embattle. In a new town, \ therefore, erected by the King as a warlike station, /forming the port of embarkation for his foreign / ventures, and the base from which to draw his supplies and to keep open communications with his friends at home, its capabilities of defence were of the first importance. Occupying the original and remarkable position of a port upon a hill, a sort of thirteenth century Gibraltar, it had cer- tain natural advantages, but in addition to the roundel or harbour-master's turret, and the cam- panile or bell tower erected to give timely notice of impending danger, it was defended on the land ,.^ AND NEW ^YINCHELSEA. 6? side by a deep ditch, surmounted at first by a ram- part or w'^ of earth, for in the middle ages, as in the nineteenth century, the spade was the first great implement of defensive warfare. This wall v v /j, was afterwards built of stone, with three solid gates with their portcullises standing east, west and south, to protect its entrance from assault. Of these gates, whose ruins still exist, that to the east is in the best condition, and probably in its origi- nal state it had some features in common with the great gate of Nevers, built about the same time and still in perfect preservation. On the sides washed by the tide, precipitous cliffs formed a natural defence. A small castle or fortlett of the concentric pattern affected by the monarch stood near St. Leonard's Church, and had an uninterrupted view of the ferry, the harbour, the ships, and the high road to Hastings. Its founda- tions, upon which a mill has been erected, are even now clearly discernible from the meadows beneath. Chaucer's description of the Fortress of Jealousy in the " Roman nt of the Rose," forms, therefore, no insufficient exemplification of the fortification 6S THE STORY OF KING EDWARD of Winchelsea, written, as it was, within a few years of the completion of that town. "About him left he no mason That stone could lay, ne querrour ^ He hired them to make a tour : And first the roses for to keepe About them made he a ditch deepe Right wonder large and also brode Upon the whiche also stode Of squared stone a sturdy wall Which on a cragge was founded all Tv^ TV" t5* tF tF Least any time it were assailed Full well about it was battailed And round environ eke were set Full many a rich and faire tournet ^ At every corner of this wall Was set a tour full principall And everiche had without fable A portcuUisse defensable To keepe off enemies and to greve That there, her force would preve.^ And eke amid this purprise,'* Was made a tour of great maistrise.' * * ^ Quarrier. " Turrett. ^ Prove. Inclosure. " Masterly work. 4 AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 69 That dradde none assaut, Of ginne/ gonne" nor skaifaut/ The temprure of the mortere Was made of liquor wonder dere Of quicke lime persaunt * and egre ' The which was tempered with Vinegre. ^P ^? Tp ^F And eke within the castle were Springolds,*^ gonnes bowes and archers, And eke about at corners Men seine ' over the wall stond Great engines, who were nere hond, And in the kernels^ here and there Of Arblasters " great plentie were ; None armour mi^ht their stroke withstond." '&' The outer gate of the Fortress of Jealousy, look- ing towards the east, had thirty servants to protect it from assault. To another gate, looking south, certain sergeants were assigned as guard, The western gate was kept by '' souldiers of Normandie," and the keeper, from time to time, ' Engine. " Gun. ' Wooden tower used for siege purposes. * Piercing. ' Sharp. * Catapults for stones and arrows. ' Seen. * Battlements. ' Crossbows. 70 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD when it was his niorht watch, marched to the other gates, blew his instruments, and "with home pipes of Cornewaile,^ and floytes' made he chs- cordaunce." There was no standing army in the thirteenth century, but the mihtary sentiment was strongly developed in the country, and naturally found its expression in the new town. The admirals of the western fleet, the constables of the ships, the military commanders, were to be found among the Alards, the Gervases, the Paulins, the Salernes, the Melewards, and the higher classes of the local community. Among the working classes, hereafter mentioned, were various smiths (faber), workers in iron and steel, of whom at least five had their habitations, and whose hammers were to be heard on their anvils in different quarters of the town, masons, not only for houses, but for the wall, with a pro- fessional wall-builder (wallere-wallator), a lance maker (ferbras), and John Schenchere (schienihe- rius), a maker of steel jambieres to protect the thigh. There were several gate-keepers (curtal), ' Cornouaille, in Bretagne. ^ Flutes. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 7 I a pike-man, John Picard, and Richard Digon the trumpeter (trompour). And last, though not least, William le Alblastier, the crossbowman, who from his powerful, and many-stringed engine, dis- charged iron bolts and arrows, and was probably the crack shot of the district, lived near the trumpeter, opposite St. Thomas's Church. The " Souldiers of Normandie," chronicled by Chaucer and hated by the English, would probably have been found quartered in the Castle or the gates, or have been encamped, from time to time, on the King's Green, or in the meadows beyond the town. Winchelsea had thus a two-fold aspect, for while its rude battlements of mud and timber, with its steep and rugged slopes, resembled the fastness of a mediaeval robber, the quiet seclusion of its abbey, the chanting of its priests, and the carillon of its bells, pictured a present refuge for the wanderer in the time of sickness or of trouble. Of the civil, as distinguished from the military or ecclesiastical portion of the first inhabitants of Winchelsea, the tradesmen included ten bakers 72 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD (pistor), in various parts, with three bakeries : six butchers (bochre), with a slaughter-house (le BocHery), beyond the walls, as required by law, and near the houses of the tanners : five cooks (cocus), four cobblers (sutor), one cordwainer, or" dealer in Cordovan leather, several coopers (cou- pere), two carpenters, two water-carriers (weterle- dere), two barber-surgeons, two cutlers (cotilor), several reapers (ropere), numerous masons (ma- chon), two shipwrights (schipwerghte), several ships' caulkers (coggere), two builders of houses (beilwerghte), and several carters, or cart-makers (carectarius). Six goldsmiths, gold and silver em- broiderers, and jewellers (aurifaber), were near the church, and with them were two gilders (le dore). The farm bailiff of the monastery (granger), some fishermen, and two or three chapmen, and dealers in horses and stock (chepman), were scattered about the town. There were also a tiler or thatcher (tegulor), a s_tone-cutter, two tailors (cissor), five smiths (faber), two grocers (spec-speciarius), two horse-breakers, Walter and Robert Stoket (stota- rius), who lived near the tanners, on the hill-side ; AND NEW WINCHELSEA. '] 2, several pewterers (potiers), in charge of drinking vessels, Coraldus, a hotel keeper (tavener), selling drink but not meat, near the Thorn, and two keepers of inns or refreshment houses, (bufre) in other parts. Records of two such inns still exist. The SaltLtation, an essentially mediaeval sign, was in the north-eastern corner, overlooking the open space called Cook's Green, and the Three Kings, probably of a somewhat later date, stood at the corner of Bear Square. This spot (from which the ring and post for bear-baiting and most of the antient tenements were removed early in this century, to make way for the quarters of the soldiers in garrison here to meet Napoleon,) is now commonly known by the more modern title of Barrack square. Walter Spitewymbel, the botcher or needle and thread man, (spitum-weblum), worked near St. Leonard's chapel, and two bird-catchers, John and Henry le Vischre (viscarius), who took their victims with bird-lime (viscus), lived one in Monday's Market, and the other in Packham Field. George Pechun (pecchenarius), the comb-maker, Adam 74 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD Stamer the tin-man, and Ralph Skele (skella) the bell-maker, also had habitations in the town. Others also of the artificers, sailors, fishermen, pilots and shipwrights lived some in cottages beyond the ramparts, and in somew^hat dangerous tenements on the Strand, and others on the pendents of the hill, a part which was called the onen town, to distino^uish it from that within the walls. The bull-rushes and reeds abounding in the marsh (mariscum), and used for thatching and makino- of mats, baskets and fishino; weels, were the subject of grant and of sale in the charter of exchange entered into between the Kingr and certain landowners of I den before the settling of the town of new Winchelsea. Many of the in- habitants are described as of this occupation, indi- cating that this also was a considerable industry. Floors were strewed with rushes, roofs were thatched wath reeds, rushes were used as wicks for candies, and for the manufacture of mats which in most houses supplied the place of carpets and of rugs. They were also plaited into the fishing AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 75 weels, or basket traps, in which much of the fish was taken, and into the baskets in which the rippiers or carriers of the day transported their bacTQ-aa-e from town to town. Several windmills are also spoken of by Thomas of Walsingham, and many of their foundations still remain. As early as the time of the Conqueror over 285 salt pits are recorded in Domesday Book as exist- ing in the county of Sussex. This industry lasted in Winchelsea at least to the time of Henry VI., and the return of 1292 finds Philip the Salter (le seltere) with his salt pits in Bear Square. Tan- ning, also a great art and mystery of the middle ages, was well represented. Four tanners or skinners (peliparius) had locations in the thirty- first quarter near the great gallows, with a tanyard, still recognized, at the foot of the Strand hill.^ And one of the sources of revenue collected by the bailiff was the customs duty on the importation of woods used for tanning brought by sea from ' The prices for tanning at this time were, for an ox hide, IS. 2d. ; for a horse hide, lod. ; for a pig's skin, 3^/. Rogers, vol. i., p. 402. 76 THE STORY OF KING £DWARD home and foreign ports and landed at Winchelsea. All these trades and occupations are to be found in the return of 1 292, but amongst those not clearly- defined must have been the brewers, the farriers, the drapers, the millers, and all the varying in- dustries that combine to make up the life of a country town. In view of the list of the inhabi- tants, the number of trades and occupatlons_,in- dicated is somewhat remarkable. But at that time, as has been truly remarked by Carlyle, Ruskin, and other writers, there was hardly an Englishman to be met with who had not some occupation, was not a member of some guild, and was not instructed in some trade or handicraft by which, if occasion arose, he could assist the com- munity. Beyond the walls the country was pastured with sheep, for then as now wool was one great product of the county of Sussex, forming no inconsiderable portion of what Cromwell afterwards described as " the great staple commodity of the nation." But in the marshy land and the water-meadows surrounding the haven, and at the periods when AND NEW WIN'CHELSEA. ']'] the equinoctial gales swept over the coast, the sheep were in frequent danger, and, in accordance with mediaeval reverence or superstition, the leeend on the barons' seal, reco^nizinp" the risk to Winchelsea owners, invokes the intervention of the patron saints, Thomas and Giles, to preserve their flocks from injury by flood or tempest.^ There are many names at whose occupations guesses can only be made. Le Hore was probably horarius, the timekeeper, who sang out from time to time the hour of the day or night. Le Hane may have been the clerk of the hanaper, or an official connected with the Ancrlo-Saxon hanicr. Adam Vader may have been vadiator, the official executor or trustee. Many are obviously nick- names, or those of personal description, thus, Gal- fridus Parvus w^as little Wilfred, Galfridus Pon- derosus was clearly Wilfrid the pompous ; John Mannekyn was the dwarf; Radulphus Favel (favellus) was Randolph the red-headed. Cok was a complimentary affix, and Mite was sup- 1 (1 Egidio Thome Laudum Plebs Cantica Prome : Ne Sit In Angaria Grex Suus Amne Via.' /S THE STORY OF KING EDWARD posed to mean that the person was joint tenant with others in his holding. Dominus was a prefix of honour not necessarily meaning that the person was a lord.' Among other names is " Standanore," on the north side of the town with one-sixteenth of an acre. Whether this was the name of a person or of a place I know not ; the only analogy of which I am aware is at Hastino-s, where "Rockanore" indicates a rocky spot at the northernmost point of the boun- daries of the town. Of the gentry or official personages, the bailiff occupied the Court Hall, or King's House, situate on the third strada, or highway, and in the eighth quarter, a block occupied almost exclusively by the Alards and their connexions of the Gervase family. The mayor of Winchelsea for the time ' In considering this return I have been assisted by Kelham's " Norrnan Dictionary"; " Proniptorium Parvulorum et Cleri- corura," published by the Camden Society; Wright's " Court Hand Restored " ; Tyrwhitt's "Glossary to Chaucer"; Maigne D'Arnis' "Lexicon Medise et Infimas Latinitatis " ; Stratmann's "Middle English Dictionary"; " Glossary of Mediaeval Latin Words," by Thomas Wright, F.S.A. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 79 being (major de Wynchelsea quicunque fuerit) lived in the twenty-seventh quarter in a thatched house on the top of the chfF beyond the monastery of the Grey Friars, where he occupied an acre of land for which the corporation paid a rent to the king of 40^/. per annum. The character of his house is indicated by an entry in the accounts for 1 2,^T, of the payment of 4c/. for a thatch, being two days' work, to his worship's house/ John Pontre (pontanerius), the receiver of the customs dues of the port, lived near the pound in the twentieth quarter. Nicholas the forester, appointed by the crown to protect the royal domain, lived near the Grey Friars. Thomas, the serjeant at mace, (le mas), lived in the coney field ; the rector of St. Giles, in the field at the back of the present rectory, w'here St. Giles's Church formerly stood ; William the crossbowman (lealblastier), opposite the church in the fourteenth quarter ; Richard Digon, the trum.peter (le trompour), not far from the cross- bowman, on the south side of the churchyard, while Batecock, the ferryman, (le passur), lived ' " Pro uno storio ad domum communem iiij^." So THE STORY OF KING EDWARD with his son, Gerald, under St. Leonard's Church, and near St. Leonard's Well, from which point at that time the ferry started. Richard Scott and Robert Codelaw, the latter one of the constables of the king's ships, descended from a justiciar of Henry II L,^ described as<'/6'/^r^(of the command), a name afterwards bestowed on the barons ap- pointed under Edward 11. to reform and settle the kingdom, were near the church, and, together with the bailiff, represented the royal authority. The family of De Rackele, originally of Rochelle in France, who had taken part in the baron's war, and had supplied a justice to the King's Bench,' together with Henry de Rackele, the first known mayor of Rye, along with the Tristrams, held lands in the open town towards Udimore Ferry. Of the legal element, in addition to the bailiff, the mayor, and the serjeant-at-mace, Philip Matib (matibernus), a name peculiar to the English judges of mediaeval times and describing the district judge, lived in the second quarter in a house of which the remains with a crypt still exist, and ' Foss's "Judges," vol. ii. p. 456. " Ibid., vol. ii. p. 473. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 8 1 near him, in the same quarter, was Wilham Pret (pretiator), the official appraiser. Walter Schyve, (schivinarius), the echevin or magis- trate and assessor to the bailiff, with William Denote, his notarial clerk, lived together in a house on the King's Green at the other end of the town. In immediate proximity to these, and close to his worship the mayor for the time being, was the home of Stephen Fachel (fachilator), the soothsayer or fortune teller and caster of horoscopes and nativities, a some- what uncanny neighbour for these respectable personages. There were also to be found Nicholas Whif, (wifare), the local brander, and Hamo, the attorney and defender of prisoners, (campio). Among other distinguished immigrants was Sir Roger de Lewknore in the seventeenth quarter, a son of Sir Nicholas de Lewknore, keeper of the King's wardrobe under Henry III. Sir Roger, who succeeded his father in that honourable and lucrative office, was brother to Sir Geoffry de Lewknore, one of the King's Justices Itinerant, in G 82 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD the reio-n of Edward I.^ Andrew and William Passelewe, who were also among the first settlers, held offices in the Exchequer, and were persons of large property in the county of Sussex,- for which some of them sat as Knights of the Shire. The name de Bosco in the first quarter suggests that of a Judge of Assize in the time of Edward I., and as the Judge married a daughter of Sir Nicholas Tregoz, formerly one of the tenants in capitc of the king at Winchelsea, it is probably the same person. Justice de Bosco, however, was dismissed with disgrace for purloining a king's writ,^ and substi- tuting for it another more suited to his purpose and he may therefore be omitted from the list of Winchelsea worthies. Several hostelries or vintners, as I have suggested, are indicated in the return, and in addition to the arrangements for bear baiting, there appear, in accordance with the sporting proclivities of the age, to have been kennels for hounds (cannere) on the ^ Foss's "Judges," vol. iii. p. 117. " Ibid., vol. iii. p. 2S6. ' Ibid., vol. iii. p. 56. AXn NEW WINXHELSEA. S^ outskirts of the town. There is no record of a royal mint having been estabhshed at new Win- "cheTsea, though it is said that silver coins struck at old Winchelsea by king Edgar, a.d. 950, have been found. Edward the Confessor's moneyer, Goldpine, certainly struck silver pennies, some of which were recently found near Battle, at old Winchelsea marked " One Incle," conclusively showing that at some period a royal mint existed there. And as it was the custom for the kinors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to carry their moneyers or minters in their train, a plot allotted to Thomas called Bowi Moitnyer near the spot called Little Truncheon's or Trojan's Hall, suggests the possibility of coining to some extent having taken place while the King was here in residence. This supposition is to some extent confirmed by the fact that Henry HI. had a moneyer named Thomas, though it is not known at what town he worked.^ Dovecotes or pigeon houses, the existence of ' Rucling, "Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain,'" vol. i. p. 190. $4 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD which Is frequently recited in old grants of pro- perty in and about Winchelsea, also formed part of the equipment of this antient town. They were buildings generally of stone or of brick, and were capable of holding many hundreds and some- times even thousands of birds, which were sold in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries at 3^. per dozen. The number of these erections was, how- ever, controlled by law, the right to have a dove- cote or to keep doves or pigeons being limited to a class which might be described as the gentry, namely, lords of manors who were entitled to build them on their manors, and freeholders who might build them on their freeholds. At a later period the depredations which these pigeons committed on the corn and the orrain of modest cultivators, gave rise, as Selden tells us in his " Table Talk," to great searchings of heart among many puritan landowners. They were, however, advised by that eminent jurist that inasmuch as a right to keep pigeons involved a right in the pigeons to feed where they chose, the puritan conscience mio^ht rest undisturbed. The existence of these AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 85 dovecotes, therefore, in such numbers as to warrant their recital in a charter, indicates the social position and independence of many of the early inhabitants. Of society, in the modern acceptation of the phrase, there was probably little in Winchelsea for the knightly or noble class. Hastings, with its old castle even then falling into ruin, was not a very flourishing community. Centuries before old Win- chelsea fell a victim to tKe fury of the tempests, a^irnlTIar fate had overtaken the oriolnal Port of Hastings, and the new Port which had since sprung up, and of which some remains are still to be seen, had failed to carry with it the power or the prestige of the old. And from the moment that the citizens of Hastings pusillanimously opened their gates to the foreign invader and declared against the claims of Harold the national leader, its decadence seems to have been assured. Battle, a great ecclesiastical and military station, was nearly twenty miles away, and the great wood lay between it and Winchelsea. Rye was essentially a burgher community, wanting in that naval and 86 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD military pre-eminence which gave a courtly tone to its sister town. At Bodiam and at Hurst- monceux are the remains of great feudal castles, but the former was not erected until the troubles of Richard II. again stimulated the zeal of the nobility to build and fortify their homes as castles, and the latter is not earlier than the reign of Henry V. The Oxenbridges, related to the Alards, lived in a great house at Brede, probably near the spot where Brede Place now stands. The Etchinghams lived at Udimore, were friends of the Royal Family and received them in their home ; the Ashburnhams were as ever at Broom- ham, and the Dalinbrigges, whose names con- stantly appear in the archives of Winchelsea and of Rye, were at Bodiam. But access to Winchelsea was difficul t, its area was restricted by ramparts and by water, and it is probable that the tilting, the tournament, and the tennis in which the high- born people delighted, were seen but rarely in its vicinity. For the merchants and traders, however, there would seem to have been pleasure enough, and the AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 87 frequent charges in the borough accounts for the hire of horses and for escorts to Dover, to Romney, to London, and even occasionally for visits to the coast of France, with corresponding entertainments of strano^ers, indicate a considerable amount of sociable intercourse and festivity. The forest would, notwithstanding the forest-laws, have pro- vided small game for the men, and the marshes would have found them hares for their greyhounds, while the rabbits would have gratified the sporting propensities of the young women who, according to the chronicles and drawings of the period, loved to hunt them with ferrets or to shoot them with arrows. ^ The exact social and political position of women in the middle aoes, is even now a somewhat debateable question. Probably it was, in some respects, not altogether dissimilar to that of the barbarians where the single woman and the widow have the same rights of property and freedom of action that are possessed by men, but where the married woman passes into the hands of her ' See Wright's "Womankind in Western Europe," p. 228. 88 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD husband to become in all instances subject to his control, and in many his slave, liable to his caprice and even to chastisement at his good pleasure. The time had long since passed away when women in free and uncontroLed independence accompanied their husbands to the field and shared with them the dangers and the honours of war. The Anglo-Saxon woman, who for years exercised her healthy influence over the nation, would seem of all types and times to have been at once the most womanly, the most estimable, and the most independent. IMany familiar names of these Ancrlo-Saxon wives and daughters have descended to us with chronicles of their kindly and courageous lives, and looking back on the history of their period, we see them as amiable and as chaste in their manners as they were Qfraceful and artistic in the almost Athenian simplicity of their attire. In the course of time, however, the remembrance of these Anglo-Saxon women had, among the upper classes, almost passed away, and the introduction, or rather the accentuation of feudalism in England by the AND NEW WIN'CHELSEA. 89 Norman kings had produced a race of women who differed as much from their Anglo-Saxon predecessors as did the Norman Baron from the Saxon Earl. The spirit of imperial feudalism, with the multiplication of Norman strongholds and the cult of chivalry engendered by the crusades, had placed high-born women, who were the ladies of the castle in the prolonged absences of their lords, and to whose influence it was the fashion to attribute the doughty deeds of knights and squires, in a position which raised them for a time in public estima- tion and in social power far above any of their predecessors. But by the beginning of the thirteenth century the position of women had again assumed a different phase. The homespun simplicity of the English had given place to the embroidered luxury of the Franks. The woman of high social rank took little if any part in public affairs, the many hours spent in her castle were devoted to tapestry, to amusement, to dress and to frivolity, and the knight and the squire who in the anxiety and stress of war bore her scarf as 90 TIIK STORY OF KING EDWARD the emblem of a sacred fidelity, now in the time of comparative peace engaged in a persistent crusade for her destruction. Of all the epochs of our national life, not even excepting that which imme- diately followed His Majesty's blessed Restoration in 1660, the reign of the Plantagenets contributes the most discreditable page to the history of our women. Spinsters and widows were bought and sold as wards of the King, or of his tenants-in- chief, divorces for reasons of convenience or caprice were granted almost as of course, nunneries had become the homes of vice and debauchery, and the barons and nobles were themselves embarrassed by the extravagance of their wives and of their households. The demoralization which thus affected the women of the upper class spread with equal virulence among those of an inferior position. My Lady Eglantyne the Prioress, who is described as so well bred, that, in an age before the invention of the knife and fork, she reached her food so daintil}' that she neither greased her fingers nor soiled her dress, ma}- have been an exact type of some of the more prudent and AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 9 I cultivated dames, but I think that the cloth-making wife of Bath, with her scarlet stockings, her sharp spurs, and her five husbands, was probably a more true representative of the general community of women. These, however, notwithstanding all their failings as described by contemporary writers and romancists, still trimmed the lamp of memory, still bore in lovino- remembrance their Anq-lo- Saxon ancestresses, retained some of their customs and traditions, perpetuated among their children some few of their names, and transmitted to future generations the stabilit)-. the independence, and the individualit)-, which have been at the same time the jest of our enemies and the salvation of our soil. New Winchelsea in its uni que pos ition, containing within its walls both the high-born woman""©"! the Court, and the middle-class woman of the commercial world, was an almost exceptional instan ce of the combination of the two classes in the same town : and it was therefore with some interest that I looked forward to finding in the archives of this mediceval city some records or some traditions that would shed at least a sjjark 92 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD of light Upon the actual position and personal his- tory of the women who during the dynasty of the Plantagenets helped to people new W uichels^. I learn, however, to my great regret, nothing of them but their names. Of the married women and the children there is no record. They pass with the families of the various householders. Of the free women, widows and heiresses, who had land allotted to them in the new town, there were in all forty-eight, of whom twelve were widows. Their surnames do not indicate any occupation, while their Christian names are mostly Norman ; Saxon, as might be expected, being almost entirely absent. They are as follows: Alice (4), Agnes (2), Bea- trix, Christiana, Cronnok, Dionese, Goda (2), Isabella, (2), Johanna (3), Juliana (4), Lucy, touch- ingly described as "called Douce "(gracious), Marjory (2), Millicent, Muriel, Mabille (3), Matilda {5), Stace, Rose, and Salerna. In addi- tion to these, no less than twelve bore the now unremembered name of Petronilla. Saints, like sinners their patrons, have their seasons and their followers, which vary with the ever-chancrino- AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 93 moods of human fancy. Petronilla has long ceased to be In request, the very name, corrupted to parnel, is only recognized in our language as the former desiofnation of a wanton or a slut. She was a saint of purely Norman origin, and although it is said that the French Ambassador on his arrival in Rome still pays his respects to her shrine in St. Peters, yet her chantry has been for centuries broken up and dispersed, and it is only within the present generation that the investigations of Roman antiquaries have discovered its site. St. Peters mother-in-law, as we read, once lay sick of a fever, from which the monks ap- pear to have argued that probably other of St. Peter's relations were peculiarly susceptible to fevers, and that having themselves been in such evil case they would be the more kindly disposed towards any unhappy victims of the same dis- order. Upon this not very substantial founda- tion they would seem to have constructed a legend that St. Peter had a daughter or a sister (it is not very clear which) who, born of great beauty of face and comeliness of figure, was 94 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD by the will of her father the Apostle visited with palsy, accompanied by great fevers and aches. These naturally qualified her to become the patron saint of all those unfortunate persons, of whom in the middle ages there were many thousands, who suffered from agues and cramps. She was called Petronilla, or little female Peter, and in addition to showinof her groodness to febriles and rheumatics, she used her kindly offices to protect the households of her votaries from the evil influence of the white witch. In such character Chaucer, in the Millere's Tale, makes the carpenter thus apostrophise her : "Jesu Crist and Seint Benedight Blesse this hous from every wicked wight. Fro the nightesmare, the wite Pater noster : Wher wonest ' thou Seint Peter's soster?" It may well be that the inhabitants of old Winchelsea frequently called on St. Peter's "sos- ter," or " doghter," from their cold and windy swamp, and gratefully dedicated their children to the saint who, in answer to their prayers, ' Dwellest. AND NEW WIXCHELSEA. 95 had relieved their aches and pains : or, on the other hand, as is indeed more probable, it may be that Petronilla, as a patron saint, was, for no particular reason, then in fashion among the Normans as Marie and Elizabeth, whose names are curiously absent from this female role, afterwards became. Another lecrend attaching to her declares that her great beauty induced Count Flaccus, a noble Roman, to come with a troop of soldiers and demand her in marriage. I'o this the damsel replied that if he really desired her as his wife, he should dismiss his warriors and provide her instead with a more suitable escort of maids and matrons. To this the Count acceded. But w^hen, after some da)s, this peaceful band arrived, they found that the expected bride had starved herself to death. Accepting the then assumed sanctification of a female celibate, they tenderly carried her to her grave in the tomb of Flavia Domitilla, where a parti)' erased inscription bears the still legible words, " Aur/E Petronill/E Fili/E Dul- cissiM/E." St. Petronilla was soon vulgarized -I CO X < i4 r-' AND NEW WIxNXHELSEA. 97 into St. Pernel, then as Parnel became a word of reproach, and some two centuries ago disappeared altogether from the common vocabulary of our people, though the name is still to be met with in Northern France. The women of Winchelsea, however, had under its custumal, which was in fact their charter, this in common with the women of London, that married and single could trade alike, and if a married trader were sued for her debts, her husband was not necessarily made a party to the suit. The number of hous eholds indicated in the return of 1292, and I have not gone outside that ""7^3 ^ return in the foregoing sketch, is seven hundred aad^^irty, in addition to which there were seventy-nine plots enfranchised for building, with rents fixed and_tenants__admitted, on the north side of the town, below St. Katherine's well, on the sea shore looking towards Rye. Some few of the names appear in duplicate, and it is necessary, therefore, in respect of this to make a sllfjht deduction : but, assuminof that most of the households were those of married people, that H gS THE STORY OF KING EDWARD there were children, servants, apprentices and strangers whose names would not appear in the list, and making a moderate addition for the residents beyond the radius of the town, who would still take part in its life and contribute to its numbers and prosperity, I believe that when the curfew tolled in the antient town at the beginning of the fourteenth century it sounded the hour of rest for not less than four thousand souls, exclusive of the soldiers and of the sailors of the fleet. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 99 IV. The thirteenth century was a period of profuse though of barbaric splendour. The habits of men and women were gorgeous and luxurious, in silks and in furs, in lace and in embroidery, while the trappings of the horses, and the gold and silver chasing of the armour gave brilliancy and richness to the scene. Costumes were as varied as they were numerous ; merchants, students, warriors, noblemen, clergy, mariners and villeins, each bore a distinctive dress, and the sailors of the Winchelsea squadron wore, somewhat after the manner of the Crusaders, a white shirt em- broidered with a red cross, and with the arms of Winchelsea on the breast — a uniform rendered compulsory at a later date by an Act of King Henry VIII. The numerous signs exhibited by merchants, tradesmen, artificers and vintners added life to the picture, which was also lighted up by the tents and banners of the various lOO THE STORY OF KING EDWARD military commanders pitched on the summit or on the sides of the hill. Thus was the Win- chelsea of the Plantagenets gayan^"" martial, business-like and picturesque. It was also the scene of a crreat national and political episode, which, though too little dilated upon by modern writers, exalted Winchelsea into little less than a second Runnymede. Edward, a great king-.-ar-^Teat law-giver, a lover of justice, and one of the founders of our constitution, was, by his veryTorce of character, imperious and self- assertive, and while willing to be bound by the limits of law, refused to submit to any restraint not definitely and precisely imposed by custom or by statute. The Barons, on the other hand, having tasted of the freedom of constitutional life, having imposed their will on the king's pre- decessors, and standing on their rights under the great Charter of King John, were bent on ex- tending the operation of that Charter, and on contracting rather than expanding the royal prerogative. The differences between these two great parties culminated in the autumn of 1297. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. lOI The King having, as he thought, quieted the apprehensions of his opponents, left his palace at Westminster, ordered a rendezvous of his ships in Winchelsea haven in the month of September, and took up his abode in the antient town, wait- ing the arrival of the knights and men-at-arms summoned to accompany his army into Flanders. Instead of these military adventurers there ap- peared before the gates of Winchelsea a deputa- tion from the nobles and the barons of England with a list of grievances, for which they demanded redress of the King before a grant of money could be made or the barons would aQfree to accompany him abroad. They complained, ac- cording to Thomas of Walsingham,^ that the Great Charter had been violated, that to meet the Kind's necessities unlawful seizures had been made of corn, leather, cattle and wool, that an illegal duty had been put upon the small quantity of wool liable to exportation, and that the forest laws were enforced with undue harshness and ' Ypodigma neustria;, a.d. 1297, Humt; also jjlaces this scene in the town of Winchelsea. I02 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD rigour. Of these grievances they claimed an immediate redress, coupled with a solemn re- affirmation of the Great Charter, which they feared might otherwise have appeared to have been surrendered. Sir John de Kirkeby, the King's powerful and resolute minister, now lay in his grave near the High Altar in Ely Cathedral, and there was no one competent to take his place. The position was accordingly one of difficulty and of danger, both to the King and to the country. The King was challenged in his pride and in the fullness of his power, within the walls of the great port that he had just founded, within earshot of the fleet that was rapidly assembling, and on the eve of an ex- pedition undertaken in the dearest interests of England. The deputation, on the other hand, were courteous and considerate, but determined. A delay that the King might consult his council was at once granted. "If they would not sail with him, would they at least guarantee to protect the country in his absence ? " They would do so, if his Majesty would be graciously pleased to lend a AND NEW WINCHELSEA. IO3 favourable ear to their request. And thus King and barons stood face to face in the great square of WInchelsea, as eighty years before King and barons had stood face to face on the banks of the Thames. A word of impatience on the part of the Kmg, a moment of flinching on the part of the barons, and the whole country might have been plunged into civil war. But the King knew the temper of his subjects — he had learnt early in his life what King Charles only learnt on the scaffold, not to drive theEnglish people to extremes, and he recotrnized that the barons in their demands were within the limits of reason and of right. Like a great statesman and a powerful ruler, he knew by intuition when to make concessions, and by frankly accepting the position he secured at once the peace of the country and the confidence of the people. These, not grasping the actual situation, saw only a voluntary act of the King who, on leavinof their shores for a foreio^n adventure, renewed their ^rreat charter of freedom and ex- tended its provisions in response to popular de- mands. " Send the deed after me," said the King, I04 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD "and I will sign it"; and the barons, taking him at his word, obtained in due course the royal seal from the monarch under the walls of Ghent. Thus, after a lapse of eighty-two years, were the great principles of Magna Charta confirmed at Win- chelsea, and the bonds of constitutional government rl vetted on to the kings of England. From that time to the present Magna Charta has been the great political champion of the English people, and if Runnymede was the field of its birth, Winchelsea was assuredly the city of its maturity. The whole place is redolent of the King and of his Oueens, Elinor and Marcraret. On his tjreat excursions to France and to Flanders, he embarked and landed at the port of Winchelsea. His wife and his children were constantly passing through the town, and at a later period his great-grandson, Edward the Black Prince, sailed from Winchelsea on that Spanish expedition which, to the great grief of the country, cost him his life. His fleets held their rendezvous in Winchelsea Haven, He rested there and at Udimore to superintend the operations at his new town. He directed the AND NEW WINCHELSEA. Ip5 scheme of the fortifications, which at first con- sisting almost entirely of earthworks to the height of about six feet, with small openings for the archers and the watchmen, developed at a later date under Edward III. to some extent into a walled town. On one occasion, having ridden over from Brede to review his fleet that was assembled in the harbour to convey his army to Flanders, he was like to have lost his life, and to have been laid with his Admiral in the Parish Church. He was saved, however, by the long shanks, which have become part of his name, and which gave him the needful grip of the saddle. The story is told by Thomas of Walsingham (" Historia Anglicana ") : the spot referred to is near the roundel or watch tower, the gate was the ferry gate, and a portion of the zigzag still remains cut through the rock. I give the following as a translation : — " The King went to Winchelsea to review the fleet which had assembled in the harbour for the purpose of transporting his army to Flanders. But the town of Winchelsea where the harbour I06 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD was situate is placed on a hill, wTth a steep ascent upon the side which faces the sea near where the fleet was at anchor. Thence lies a road which leads down to the harbour of the open town, not in a straight line, lest by a too steep incline it should cause those who descend to fall over the precipice, or those who ascend rather to scramble up with their hands than to walk, but by a zigzag down the side, now in one direction now in another, continually slanting in winding curves. The upper town, moreover, is surrounded not by a stone wall, but by a rampart made of earth, and raised above the rugged sides in a remarkable way to the height of a man's stature, and between its battlements is an open view of the fleet. The King accordingly entered the town, but when he rode up to these battlements on the rampart to see the fleet drawn up below, he approached too near a mill (of which there are very many in that town), which was being driven by the wind. His horse, frightened at the noise of the sails which the wind drove faster and faster, refused to advance, and, being urged on by the King, now with blows of a whip AND NEW WINCHELSEA. lO/ which he carried in his hand, now with diors of the spur, turned restive and leaped over the rampart. Whereupon the crowd of horsemen and people on foot, who were either followers of the King or had come out to see him, one and all thinking that the King, unprepared for the fall, must certainly perish, stood as if thunder-stricken. But by a divine dis- pensation of Providence, the horse landed on his feet on the road which we have described. Along this, which, owing to the recent rainfall, was in certain places loosened into mud, the horse slid for about twelve paces, and, though stumbling about, did not actually fall, so that the King turned him round with the rein, and rode him straight up to the gate. When he passed through the gate uninjured, the people standing round were filled with great joy and wonder in contemplation of the divine miracle by which the King was preserved." In July, I 307, the King, JMallcits Scotoriun, on his way north to hammer the Scots, died at Burgh-le- Sands. His body was carried to London and laid in Westminister Abbey under a monument which, in its rugged strength and severe simplicity, lorms I08 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD an apt tribute to the qualities of the monarch. Every second year during the dynasty of the Plantaganets the tomb was re-opened, and the wax of the King's cerecloth was renewed. From the death of the last Plantagenet the remains were undisturbed until, in the year 1774, a spirit of antiquarian research led to the contents of the se- pulcre being once more inspected/ The King was found lying in a coffin of Purbeck marble resting on a bed of shingle. He was clothed in royal state, with jewelled robes and cloth of gold, holding in one hand the sceptre surmounted by the cross, and in the other the rod bearing the figure of a dove with closed wings fashioned in white enamel. Those who were present recognized the monarch's long, lean and erect figure, measuring even then more than six feet two inches in length, with the features distinctly traced, and bearing a close resemblace to the effigy of the King still to be seen over the tomb of Gervase Alard in Winchel- sea church. ^ " Tombs of the Kings of England," p. 262. " Memorials of Westmister Abbey," p. 12c. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. lOQ V. I HAVE no reason to suppose that Edward II. was ever at Winchelsea, although he gave the town a charter, and founded the Grey Friars, the ^. graceful ruins of whose chapel, dedicated to the Virgin, still exist. Edward III., however, spent almost as much time there as did his grandfather, Edward I. He used the port of Winchelsea in passing and repassing between England and ^"France, and when, in May, 1329, he sailed from Dover, he selected a ship of Winchelsea to carry him and his suite. Numerous orders, writs, and proclamations signed by the King and tested at Winchelsea, show the frequency of his visits. In August, 1346, King Edward and the Black Prince fought the battle of Crecy on a deserted plain between St. Valery and Abbeville, about ninety miles in a direct line from the eates of W^inchelsea. On the inaccessible slope of the hill on the water side, not far from the rabbit warren, is one of the IIO THE STORY OF KING EDWARD largest rookeries in the county of Sussex. These rooks, whose nests in their tree tops are not much above the level of the town, salute with their caw- ing every arrival and departure, and keep awake the early sleepers by their quarrelling and fighting before finally settling to rest. They are one of the features of Winchelsea, and with the herons from Brede have existed from time immemorial. With the archers and men-at-arms who left this port to join the King in his campaign they must have been familiar friends, whom they probably little expected to meet again in Normandy. The general features of this great battle, as described by Froissart, are well known, and amongst them it is recorded that while the Arblastiers or crossbowmen, beine the first line of the Eno^lish force, sat on the eround waiting at their ease the attack of the French and their allies from Genoa, a large flock of rooks hovered persistently over the heads of the French, cawing loudly. William le Arblastier, John le Picard, and the other yeomen of Winchelsea, their comrades or their descendants, fiehtine for their king and their country, may well have AND NEW WINCHELSEA. I I T laughed at the flight of the rooks, or have regarded them as a supernatural indication of the slauo-hter of their enemies. And as the rooks welcomed the King to Picardy on the great day of Crecy, so also the herons are reported In contemporary chronicles to have been concerned in the invasion. The heron, though a bird of considerable size and strength, measuring usually six feet from point to point of wing, would never face the falcon, and was held the most craven of the feathered flock. Count d'Artois, It was said, wishing to excite the military ardour of the English monarch, who was for the moment devoted to peace and domesticity, dressed a heron, placed it on a silver dish, and caused it to be laid before the king by two maidens of the Court, " I present," said he, " the most cowardly bird of the air to the most cowardly monarch upon earth, for as the heron will never meet but always flies from his foe, so the English King skulks from the presence of the King of France, who has deprived him of his birthright and now occupies his territory," This courageous but well-timed reproof roused the martial spirit of 112 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD the King, who deplored his long inactivity, and calling to his side his nobles and his retainers they all, tocrether with the Oueen and her ladies, laid their hands upon the breast of the heron and vowed with quaint mediaeval oaths to prepare at once for an invasion of France, and never to sheath the sword or desist from war till they had placed King Edward in the enjoyment of his rights.^ And the enthusiasm of the English women was well re- warded by the result, as, according to the Old Monk of St. Albans, there was hardly a woman of any name who was not enriched with the spoils of Caen, Calais and Crecy, with furs and em- broideries, with cups and ornaments of gold and silver, so that they seemed rather to be gorgeous matrons of France, than simple English wives.^ In August 1350 a great sea fight with the Spaniards, ending in the capture of twenty-six Spanish Galleons, and the destruction of many more, took place in R)'e bay partly within sight ' The Vows of the Heron. " Poems and Songs," etc. vol. i. p. I. Thomas of Walsingham, vol. i, p. 272. AND NEW WIXCIIELSEA. II3 of the citizens of Winchelsea, who manned the walls and crowded the public buildings. Of all the captains of the English fleet one only, John Baddyng, is mentioned in the songs which cele- brate King Edward's battles.^ John Baddyng was a Winchelsea man, his family had been mayors and bailiffs, and his ancestor, Robert Baddyng, in the time of Edward I., was constable of La Lunge Cog. He appears in the Winchelsea return with a complimentary prefix as Cok Baddyng, and in 1294 he took the sea at his monarch's summons. In the battle of 1350 the King and the Black Prince took part, each com- manding a ship of the Winchelsea squadron ; and each losing his own ship while capturing his opponent. When victory was assured to the English arms, after a desperate and bloody encounter, the King and the Prince landing at Winchelsea with most of their commanders, with- i " I prays John Baddyng als one of the best : Faire came he sayland out of the suth-west : To prove of tha Normandes was he ful prest Till he had foghten his fill, he had never rest." Political Poems and Songs, etc., vol. i. p. 71. I 114 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD out waiting for bite or sup mounted their horses, and emulating the gallantry of the Crusaders, rode off to the Queen to be the first to convey to her the news of their victory, and the assurance of their safety. She was living, according to some, in one of the religious houses at Winchelsea, accord- ing to others at Sir John de Etchingham's, now the Old Court Farm at Udimore, where her fears and anxiety had been excited by the accounts hourly brought by her attendants, who, with the citizens of Winchelsea, had been spectators of the battle. Nor was the alarm that these women felt at all unreasonable. For a sea-fight in the middle ages was a combat of individual prowess between ship and ship, and between man and man, waged without mercy, without humanity and without quarter ; when the captured vessel was preserved if whole, or sunk if damaged, and in either event every man on board was slaughtered on the deck or thrown over to the waves. Some three hundred years afterwards Winchel- sea again saw a similar sight. In 1652, when the Dutch were disputing with us the sovereignty of AND NEW WINCHELSEA. I I 5 the seas, the citizens, one morning in the month of August, found a Dutch fleet of forty-four men-of- war, under Admiral de Witt, anchored in Rye Bay, Blake and the main body of the English fleet were awav in Scotland, and the Dutch, after plundering the fishing boats and seeing that at night the whole country side fired their beacons, left the bay and pursued their hostilities elsewhere. But Blake, the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, was quickly down from Scotland, and on the 14th September the entire English fleet, with their Admiral's flao- hoisted on the " Resolution," a man- of-war of the first class mounting brass guns, rode at anchor under the cliffs of Winchelsea watchinof for the enemy. On the 27th of September, in a gale of wind, at about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the action commenced, and was fought out, during that and the following day, in the channel between Mar- gate and Beachy Head. There were great losses of ships and of men on both sides, but the English gained what Clarendon describes as a " stupendous victory," drove the Dutch to their ports, and so far destroyed their naval power, that when in the Il6 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD following summer Admiral Von Tromp, with a re- organized fleet, and with the historical broom at his mast-head with which he was to sweep the English from the seas, again engaged our ships in the Channel, Blake and his officers in another two days' fight broke up their fleet, drove them back once more into their ports, and compelled them to -sue for terms of peace. ^ But the reio'n of Kinor Edward III. was a time of bloodshed and of sorrow for Winchelsea. His great victories, and his long and prosperous career hardly compensated the citizens of the antient town for their sufferings by war. On three suc- cessive occasions the town was pillaged by the French ; churches and other public buildings were burned, and the male inhabitants, armed and un- armed, were indiscriminately put to the sword. In 1357, the French, taking advantage of the absence of King Edward in France, made a descent upon Winchelsea, burning, plundering, and massacring. Tradition reports, with circumstantial detail, the ' Clarendon, vol. iii. 463, 487. Whitelock, vol. iii. 421, 445, 447, 458; vol. iv. 23, 27. St. Pa. 1652, 1653. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. II7 outrao-es committed on defenceless women and children, and special reference is made to the case of one beautiful and highborn lady who was barbarously murdered within the precincts of St. Thomas's Church. Dead Man's Lane, near the Rectory, where the victims of the massacre were buried, recalls the misery of the period when, of ninety-four houses in W'inchelsea, not one contained anything upon which a distress could be levied for the King's rents, and fifty-two houses and a mill burnt by the French were still in ruins. The news of this calamity called all England to arms. Englishmen of all ranks, bishops and priests, barons and squires, clergy and laity alike, joined in a o-eneral enlistment to avenge the inhuman treatment of their fellow citizens. The King, then warring in Burgundy, changed his plan of campaign and marched on Paris. The citizens of London, allied with the barons of Winchelsea in commerce as in defence, raised an immediate fund for warlike purposes, and sent at their own cost to the haven of Winchelsea eighty ships and fourteen thousand archers. Hostilities were at once renewed. The I 1 8 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD Londoners and their allies from the ports ravaged the coast of Normandy, and captured the Island of Caiix, but the French sued for peace, and other interests intervenino- the Kine. in the following; year, desisted from the pursuit of his enemies, and the injuries to Winchelsea were unavenged — " hostibus illis vale facientibus cum cachinno." ^ A great wave of calamity also passed over the country in the middle of the fourteenth century, which doubtless had its effect on Winchelsea, and caused to some extent the desolation depicted by the writer from whom I have quoted. The Black Death, precursor of the plague which culminated and disappeared in the seventeenth century, raged throughout the entire kingdom from 1348 to 1350. During this period, it is stated, with every probability of truth, that nearly one half of the agricultural population of England was destroyed. Within three years of the appearance of this scourge, farms were unlet, houses were un- occupied, labour was unprocurable, the whole face ' Thomas of Walsingham, vol. i. p. 287. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. IIQ of the agricultural community was changed, and a revolution was silently effected in the political and social relations of the lord and his retainer, which laid the foundation for the ultimate abolition of feudal tenures. And what the fury of war and of pestilence had spared to the town, hostile winds and waves now combined to destroy. The gradual " inning," as it was called, of the marshes, and the tons of soil yearly brought down by the rains from the hills, had so far impeded the navigation of the channel and shallowed the harbour, that already a road to Udimore had been opened by the construction ot a bridge across the Brede river, and the beds of shingle were increasing so rapidly that the entrance to the haven was becominof difficult and danoferous. But the Edwards v/ere always welcome to the people of Winchelsea. Gervase Alard, one of the old Saxon stock, an Admiral of the Cinque Ports, and Bailiff of Winchelsea, a man, like his royal master, of herculean proportions, whose bones lie in the church and whose effigy in armour proclaims at once his own importance and the artistic power I 20 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD of the times, has on his stone canopy the portrait heads of King Edward and of his Queen Eleanor, whom Gervase had loved and served so well. And Stephen Alard, who sleeps beside him, another Admiral of the Fleet and Bailiff of the antient town, has also on his canopied tomb the sculptured portraits of Edward III, and his Queen whom he also had served and had entertained at Winchelsea. A tavern with the sign of " The Three Kings " is one of the oldest on record. It stood near the corner of Bear Square, and was still existing in the last century.^ From the time of Edward III. Winchelsea be- gan to decline, and graduaUy^came of no account in the political or military history of the country. In the meantime, however, it had brought to the front one of its sons, Robert de Winchelsey, a man of great learning, piety and force of character. He was born of humble parents in the town of Win- chelsea, and became successively Archdeacon of Essex, and Archbishop of Canterbury. Durino- The three kings, in this instance, were popularly and traditionally regarded as the three Edwards. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 121 the Stormy period of his career he was often opposed to the Crown, and was once banished the kingdom and deprived of his position and estates ; but the good feeHng of the king revoked the decree, and some years after his death, which took place in May 13 13, King Edward III. apphed to the Pope to canonize the late Archbishop, and to enroll his name in the Cataloo^ue of the Saints.^ 1 Rymer's "Fcedera," 8 Mar. 1327. 122 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD VI. After the death of Edward III. some attempts were made to rebuild the town, and its civic circumference having been reduced, funds were suppHed for repairing the walls. But the improved condition of the town served only as a tempta- tion to its enemies. Winchelsea with its sheltered port, its embattled ramparts, its crossbowmen and men-at-arms, its military renown and its naval associations, was a standing menace to the power of France, while the capture of Calais, and the cruelties of the English commanders during the the wars of King Edward and the Black Prince, intensified the hatred that had loner existed between the two countries. The Enolish w^ere taught in sono-s and in romances, which formed for the great mass of the people the education of the day, that the French had the mingled qualities of the viper and the wolf, that they were infected with the seven deadly sins, pride, avarice, luxury, envy, AND NEW WINCHELSEA. I 23 gluttony, anger and sloth, that they mocked at the Saints and were universally immoral in their lives. Englishmen, on the other hand, were reported in France to be a nation of unnatural savages, whose children were all born with tails, and who actuated by greed and by infidelity, spurned the admonitions of the Holy Pontiff, who, himself a Frenchman, had not unnaturally interposed from time to time with vigorous and resolute action on behalf of his fellow countrymen. Under these hostile and irritating influences, petty raids from coast to coast, involving massacre, fire and plun- der, were constant and unrebuked, and the ports of Normandy and Brittany on the one shore, and of Kent, Sussex and Hants on the other, suffered equally from the attacks of the enemy when the protecting squadron was away. In 1377, under Richard H., Winchelsea was again attacked by the French, who were beaten off by the portsmen under the command of the Abbot of Battle. And these, in the following year, avencred themselves on their enemies bv an invasion of France. In 13S0 Winchelsea was 124 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD again taken and sacked, and in 1386 it was only saved from annihilation by the fortuitous interven- tion of a tempest which scattered the French fleet and sunk most of their ships/ In 1406, under Henry IV., there was a great sea-fight, in which Winchelsea took part and made a great capture of ships. ^ In 141 5, under Henry V., came the life struggle with France when every available Englishman was pressed into the service of the King. The depopulation of England before Waterloo bore no comparison with the drafts before Azincourt, which " Left our England as dead midnight still, Guarded by grandsires, babies, and old women. Or passed or not arrived at pith and puissance." A general rendezvous of the navy was called from the Cinque Ports, the King himself, according to tradition, embarking at Southampton Pier. The description of this fleet by Shakespeare,^ who wrote two centuries after the event, and had seen ^ Thomas of Walsingham, vol. ii. p. 151. - Ibid. vol. ii. \>. 275. ^ "Henry V." Act iii. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. I 25 the noble ships that sailed out to meet the Grand Armada, is that of no mean historian. " The brave fleet with silken streamers the young Phoebus fanning," " the ship-boys on the hempen tackle climbinof," " the shrill whistle which doth order o-ive to sounds confused," " the threaden sails borne with the invisible and creeping wind, drawing the huge bottoms through the furrowed sea," "a city on the inconstant billows dancing," paint the scene in vivid colours, and even now, after a lapse of nearly five hundred years, amid the solidity and materialism of the nineteenth century, arouse the enthusiasm of every audience. On the feast of St. Crispine (25th October) the King with the flower of English chivalry, supported by his in- domitable phalanx of crossbowmen, fought the battle of Azincourt on a plain a few miles distant from St. Omer. The fleet was under the command of his admirals ; but the ship " Gabrielle de Win- chelsea," with a master from that Port, led the van and carried the King and his staff to their glorious but short-lived victory. In 14 1 8, however, the French revenged them- 126 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD selves upon the citizens of Winchelsea for the many defeats and humiliations they had suffered from the soldiers and sailors of that port. They landed in great force, stormed the ramparts, pillaged the inhabitants, and again set fire to the town. From this last calamity Winchel- sea never recovered. It ceased for ever to be the base of operations against the French, its ships could no longer keep open the communi- cations between England and her army on the opposite shore, and the great arsenal, the great fortress, and the great port of the Plantagenets, fell rapidly into decay. For a short time, however, the Haven was still available in time of war. Jeake^ in an interesting summary of the battles gained and services rendered by the navy of the Ports, says that in 1436, King Henry VI. ordered them to fit out their whole number of ships to be ready at Winchelsea on St. George's Day (23rd April). The fleet thus collected carried the Duke of ^ "Charter of the Cinque Ports," p. 29. A rare book of great authority on all matters connected with the Cinque Ports. V^" AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 12/ York and his soldiers to Normandy, where they raised the Siege of Calais, which was then invested by the Duke of Burgundy, and drove the Burgun- dians behind the Somme. Henry VII., in 1487, commissioned the ship " Peter of Winchelsea," and the ship " John of Fole of Winchelsea," to watch over the fishermen of the southern and eastern coasts,' and at a later date to protect the town from assault, and to cover the entrance to Rye harbour, he arranged for the building of Camber Castle, which was fortified and garrisoned with a captain at two shillings a day and six gunners at sixpence a day each. So far, however, as one can now form an opinion this was an utterly wasteful expenditure of public money, as the sea w^as rapidly receding, and the castle never fired a shot an an enemy or received a challenge from a foe. But althoucjh Winchelsea became useless as a military station, ajKLits-niodestresources, reduced still moreby the work of the Reformation, would not permit it to keep up its ecclesiastical founda- * " Materials for life of Henry VII.," vol. ii. [>. 193. 128 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD tions, yet it was for many years a centre for much business, both legal and commercial. It was a town commonly inserted in the commissions of assize. The mayor with his jurats (occasionally assisted by the bailiff) sat regularly in the Court Hall, where they elected members of Parliament and dispensed justice to all comers, allowing no plea to be pleaded to their jurisdiction. Their charters gave them very extended powers. In addition to civil, criminal and admiralty juris- diction, they held a Court of Chancery for the Cinque Ports, and Henry VII. on one occasion at least (in May, 1487,) issued to them a Commission of Oyer and Terminer and Gaol Delivery, to hold assizes for the trial of certain pirates and others, with whom the Lord Warden and other Cinque Ports had no authority to deal.^ By the time of Queen Elizabeth, who was the next royal visitor to the town (a.d. 1573), it was in decay. The sea had receded beyond all power of recall, and the officers of Camber Castle, having ' " Materials for History of Henry VH." St. Pa. vol. ii. 200. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. I 29 small pay and less occupation, spent most of their time at Winchelsea, interferino^ with her domestic affairs and quarrelling with the inhabitants. The Queen is said to have been much struck with the noble and city-like deportment of the mayor and twelve jurats in their scarlet gowns, and to have spoken of the place, either in jest or in earnest, as a " Little London." But she confirmed their charter by a further charter of Nov. 1586, (now among the muniments of the Corporation, with the Queen's portrait in the initial letter,) by which she also released to the Corporation certain King's rents in aid of their resources. Numerous attempts were made from time to time, and various schemes promulgated during the reigns of Henry VI IL, Elizabeth, Charles L, James I L, and William IIL to reconstitute the port of Winchelsea. The last report to the Treasury, in 1692, though referring to the fact that in Oliver Cromwell's time over a hundred sail of the line could come up to the town of Rye, was of an unfavorable character. The ominous words " nothing to be done," were endorsed on the paper, K I ^O THE STORY OF KING EDWARD and Winchelsea's fate as a seaport was then sealed.^ During the Interregnum, John Evelyn, while waiting at Rye for the arrival of his Avife from Paris, walked over to see the ruins of Winchelsea. " There are to be seen," he says,^ " vast caves and vaults, walls and towers, ruins of monasteries, and of a sumptuous church, in which are some hand- some monuments, especially of the Templars, buried just in the manner of those in the Temple at London. This place," he adds, " being now '■ Treasury Papers, Aug. i8, 1692. - "Diary," vol. i. p. 279. Evelyn is, however, wrong about his Templars. The Alards were not Knights Templars, nor is there any reason to suppose that a house of that order ever existed at Winchelsea. The effigies of the Templars in the Temple Church in Evelyn's time lay upon the floor inclosed in a railing, but, except for their armour and their crossed legs, bore no resemblance in the mode of their sepulture to the Alards at Winchelsea. Of these latter two are of Caen stone and show traces of profuse decoration both in the canopies and in the figures themselves, three are of Sussex marble. The effigies of the Alards, however, by reason of their comparative perfection, were used as models when those of the Templars in the Temple Church were restored in the early part of the present century. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 13I all in rubbish, and a few despicable hovels and cottages only standing, hath yet a mayor." His wife, having escaped the Dutch fleet, after being three days at sea, landed safely at Rye and was passed through the customs with her baggage by order of Colonel Morley of the Council of State and one of the members for the County of Sussex. After which Evelyn, on his way to London, was stopped by highwaymen and robbed of his diamond buckles and rings in about the same spot as is selected by Thackeray for the scene of the robbery in " Denis Duval." Charles II. was at Rye in 1673, George I. was landed there in consequence of an accident in 1725, and George II. was there in 1730, but I have no reason to suppose that either of their Majesties ever set foot within this antient town. Queen Elizabeth was, therefore, the last monarch who was ever sheltered by these walls, unless indeed a tradition as to James II. is to be accepted as authentic. It is said that this King on one occasion visited Winchelsea during the period that John Caryll was bailiff. The fact that this gentle- 132 THE STOKV OF KING EDWARD man's family had always been staunch royalists, that he himself was private secretary to Queen Mary of Modena, that he was a Roman Catholic, and that he afterwards accompanied King James into exile, lends some plausibility to the story, but I do not find the account to be sufficiently cor- roborated to justify the corporation in putting up the arms of James II. as one of those monarchs who have honoured new Winchelsea with their presence. The annals of the Court Hall from the Revolu- tion afford but scant materials for history. It was in turns a court of justice, a meat market, a hustings, and a gaol, and the parliamentary record of the borough reflects but little credit on the Government, the electors, or the members. Winchelsea returned members to Parliament at least as early the reign of Edward III. The writs, however, in the early times went in a general form to the Lord Warden, requiring him to send Barons, otherwise men, from the Cinque Ports and the two antient towns to attend the King ih Parliament. This gave rise to a claim on AND NEW WINCIIELSEA. Ill ^ JO behalf of the Lord Warden to nominate one at least of the members for each of the seven ports, the attempted enforcement of which was / ,n ■'» OLD PRISON DOOR. the cause of constant irritation. Nor was it de- finitely settled till 1689, when an Act of William and Mary declared that the Lord Warden had no such right, but that the right to return mem- 134 '^HE STORY OF KING EDWARD bers was vested solely in the mayor, jurats and freemen of the town. The parliamentary his- tory since the time of King James is a con- tinuous tale of trickery, violence, and intimida- tion, with constant appeals to the Lord Warden and to Parliament. The borougrh was twice dis- franchised : once by Charles I.^ on account, I think, of the quarrels of the corporation with the citizens and the officers of Camber Castle, in the course of one of which episodes the mayor shot the member's dog, and sent his principal supporter to prison ; again under the Common- wealth, when Cromwell took away its two members and gave them to the large midland towns which were then unrepresented. In 1623 the mayor, Paul Wymond, being convicted of intimidation and of fraudulent exclusion of voters, was committed to prison, did penance on his knees at the bar of the House of Commons, and afterwards in the Court Hall at Winchelsea before the jurats and freemen of the town.^ ^ St. Pa, Jany. 30, 1621 : Apl. 1626. - Oldfield's "Parliamentary History," vol. v. p. 412. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 35 The committee that sat upon this enquiry had among its number Sergeant Glanvil, a great constitutional lawyer, Sergeant Noy, the ship- money advocate, John Selden the distinguished antiquarian, and others. In 1702 Edward Martin the mayor was committed to prison, brought on his knees to the bar of the House, and turned out of all his places in the customs and other sinecures for his misconduct as returninof officer/ In 1754 one Arnold Nesbitt was returned as the Treasury nominee, but having acquired con- siderable influence in the town, he subsequently contested the Borough as an independent can- didate. This conduct was bitterl)- resented by the Treasury, and litigation, revealing many elec- toral scandals, ensued for many years. It ulti- mately terminated in favour of Mr. Nesbit, who then sold his interest to Lord Darlino-ton for ;!^i 5,000. During this litigation, Wardroper, the government agent and town clerk, finding himself in want of money for election expenses, pawned the original charters, the customal and other records ' Oldfield, vol. V. p. 413. 136 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD of the corporation, which have never been re- covered. During the same period also, one half of the original Great Seal of Winchelsea was stolen, in order, as is supposed, that the mayor's return to the House of Commons might not be duly sealed. And thus it happens that one half of that antique relic dates back to the reign of Edward I., while the other half, which is, however, an exact reproduction of the original, dates from the reiofn of George III. Other small boroug^hs were possibly as bad as Winchelsea, but its electoral period is not one to which her friends can look back with satisfaction, although it should in fairness be stated that Winchelsea returned to Parliament, among other more or less dis- tinguished members, Charles W^olfran Cornwall, for some years Speaker of the House of Commons, Brougham, Grey, Lushington, and Dundas. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. i -^J VI I. In recently restoring the Court Hall, or, rather, in accommodating it to the public use, great care was taken to retain the old form. The windows on the ground floor were found nearly complete, although they had been adapted from time to time to the requirements of the building- when it was a meat market or a prison for smugglers and other misdemeanants. These additions were removed and the windows replaced in the old stonework. The handsome stone fire-places in both rooms were cleaned and made safe, but in other respects they remain as they were placed centuries ago. The plank beds which were pro- vided for the prisoners, and the deal cells that were introduced at a later period, were removed, but a heavy iron chain, with its block, which was formerly used to chain the culprits to the floor, has been preserved as a memento of the treatment of prisoners in former days. The studded doors, ^3^ THE STORY OF KING EDWARD and the window with its triple bars at the former entrance to the prison, have been retained out of regard to their artistic effect, but they are of much OLD FIREPLACE. later date than the building itself Of the large room on the first floor, where the Court was formerly held, the roof, which was hidden by an inner ceiling, was re-opened to view. It was AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 39 found to be in excellent condition, and though of the age of the building itself, required very slight repair. A small window at the north-west side shows a door formerly passing into another apart- ment. It was found under the plaster in its present condition, with the staples and an old bolt, which has also been preserved. The arms in the window are those of Robert of Winchelsea, Archbishop of Canterbury, to whom I have already referred. The windows on the south side were formerly of stone, as they now appear, other windows of lath and plaster having been built inside the old stonework, which was mutilated for the purpose. They have been decorated with the arms of certain bailiffs of Winchelsea, owners and possibly occupiers of this house. The Alards, an old Saxon family, who were Admirals of the Cinque Ports and bailiffs of Winchelsea, are too_ well known in the history of England and of the Ports to need further reference. The Finches also played a great part in the town. The)' were bailiffs under Edward III., and for many years afterwards. They let the hall to the Corporation 140 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD for their court of justice and their hustings, and on being ennobled they took the title of Earls of Winchelsea. The Guldefords were bailiffs of Winchelsea, with a short intermission, from i486 to 1663, nearly two hundred years, and there was, pro- bably, no family that ever took greater interest in the prosperity of the town. The hrst of this family was Sir Richard Guldeford, Knight, King's Councillor, who fought beside Richmond on Bosworth held, and to whom, on the 6th October, i486, King Henry VII. granted the lordship of the manor of Higham, or Igham, and the increase of the land there by the retire- ment of the sea, to be held by fealty, and the service of supporting a tower in his marsh near the port called Cambre, in Sussex, to be built within two years from the date of the grant, for the protection of the inhabitants of Kent and Sussex from rebels and others navigating the sea there, and who was thus the founder and the builder of Camber Castle. The reclaimed land to the north-east of Rye, known as Guldeford, AND NEW WINCHELSEA. I4I owes its existence to this family, who were also prolific in schemes to maintain Winchelsea haven, and at a later date to make a new harbour by cuttine a direct channel from the Strand to the sea. They also took a leading part, in 1627, in endeavouring to induce the Government to retain the occupation of Camber Castle, which it was then proposed to demolish, or at least to sell it in its existing condition, which was reported as being of good repair except as to the platforms. But it was a useless building, and in 1642 it was demolished and the guns taken to Rye. by order of the Long Parliament. Sir Henry Guldeford of the reign of King Henry VHL, was not only a man of science and of war, but a courtier, and a personal friend of his royal master. His portrait, by Holbein, now in the possession of the Oueen at Windsor, is one of that orreat artist's finest sketches. It represents a man rather beyond middle age, with a fine broad head and intellicrent countenance, wearinof the head-dress long familiarly associated with Edward the Sixth and the scholars of Christ's Hospital. 142 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD After the Restoration, having perfected their title ^ by clearing away a grant under the Com- monwealth which had interrupted their possession, the Guldefords, in 1663, sold the manor of Igham, with the bailiwick of Winchelsea and the advow- son of the Church to the Caryll family, whose arms are still to be seen on the silver oar, the emblem of the Admiralty jurisdiction exercised by the Corporation. Some of the Carylls being Roman Catholics were not very acceptable to the townspeople, who had always exhibited strong Protestant tendencies, and had in 1680, sent up a vigorous petition to Parliament denouncing the authors of the Popish Plot, and urging the exclu- sion of the Duke of York. But John Caryll has a claim to the recognition of Englishmen different to that of the Alards, the Finches, and the Guide- fords. He was a friend of Pope, was of the same religion, and was himself a disciple of literature, having written, according to Dr. Johnson,- a ^ A grant from Charles II. is set out in Holloway's " History of Romney Marsh." ' " Lives of the Poets," (Pope). AND NEW WINXHELSEA. H3 SIR HENRY GULDEFORD. From a sketch bv Hans Holbein. 144 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD comedy called " Sir Solomon Single," which, how- ever, hardly survived its author. It was at Caryll's house at West Grinstead that it was sug- gested to Pope to write some good-natured verses to appease the anger of Mistress Arabella Fermor, whose lovelock had been mischievously cut off by the Lord Petre. This the poet did, and with such success that, recalling from circulation his original lines, he reconstructed them with the added machinery of sylphs, gnomes, and nymphs, and produced in the " Rape of the Lock " the most charming mock-heroic poem in this, or indeed in any language. It was dedicated to his friend and host, John Car3'll, through whom our town is thus indirectly connected with the master- piece of our great English poet. The Carylls were bailiffs for just one hundred years, and in 1 763 Lord Egremont became lord of the manor of Igham and bailiff of Winchelsea. From him, in 1797, it passed to Sir William Ashburnham, Bart., for thirty years Bishop of Chichester, and it remained with this old Saxon family, whose association with this district dates AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 45 back in an unbroken line to a period long before the Norman Conquest, till 1834, when they were succeeded by the Curteis family. These parted with the manor and the bailiwick to the late Mr. Jesse Piper, who sold the old Court Hall to the late Mr. Padgett, of Winchelsea. From Mr. Padgett's representatives Dr. Edwin Freshfield, who is connected by birth with this antient town, purchased the building and presented it to the corporation for the use of the inhabitants. Now, therefore, for the first time in the history of Winchelsea, the mayor and corporation can meet together for such purposes as may yet require their attendance in an ancient hall of their own freehold. For in one respect at least this cor- poration had good fortune. The storm that swept away all the old corporations in 1884, passed over the head of Winchelsea with subdued force, and Parliament, while depriving its jurats of their judicial powers, which, except in trivial matters, they had long ceased to exercise, recognised the historical associations of the old Cinque Port town, and reserved to its mayor and freemen their 146 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD existing corporate rights, with power to apply for a municipal charter if the threatened extension of the town should ever dispose them to change their old habits for new. AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 47 VIII. WiNCHELSEA is surroLinded by a halo of legends and traditions in addition to that of the miraculous efifigy of St. Leonard. Its church was declared a sanctuary, in which for forty days and nights the man-slayer and the thief were safe from the pursuit of justice, and whence, after due abandonment of his goods and chattels, the penitent, bearing his cross and keeping to the highway, could embark at any of the ports for a foreign country, to begin a new life, without danger of molestation or fear of surrender. Under the later Plantagenets it became the temporary home of thousands of pilgrims from all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, who, accepting the romance of the Spanish priests, sailed from Winchelsea to Com- postella, in Galicia, to worship at the shrine of St. James the Apostle, whose bones the monks pretended to have secured in their venerable cathedral. Many Winchelsea ships, whose names 148 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD are still preserved, bore these devout worshippers, and an early English ballad relates how " when they begyn to sayle, their hearts begyn to fayle," as they cross the bar and plunge into the restless Channel. It is rife with stories of bold smug- glers, who filled its old crypts with illicit mer- chandize, and who were ultimately destroyed in a pitched battle at Seacock's Heath. But its crypts were not always smugglers' caves. They were, in their inception, receptacles for the French wines imported by the early settlers. Com- municating with the main street by handsome and convenient stone stairs, certain of them were probably used as shops by goldsmiths and other wealthy traders. They afforded places of con- cealment in time of war, and in their dry and quiet chambers the Huguenot weavers of the sixteenth century plied their looms, Wesley is known to have preached his last sermon in the open air under an ash which still spreads its branches within fifty yards of the Court Hall, and memorials of the preacher's visit are still preserved with veneration in the old town by de- AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 1 49 vout members of the Society which bears his name. Many of the Winchelsea waters are chalybeate, and the inhabitants are commonly recorded on their graves as having lived far beyond three-score years and ten. A harmless peripatetic ghost treads its shingled paths, and the unquiet spirit of a mediaeval giant walks in the old bay of Brede. A subterranean communication is said to exist between one of the crypts of Winchelsea and the keep of Camber Castle. The horn used at the " hornblowen," or calling together of the freemen, the maces, the seals, and the silver oar of the water-bailiff are still held in reverence, and the women of the place still salute the mayor with flowers at his annual election on Easter Monday. The budge-barrel of the weterleder, which, in the days of the Plantagenets, slung between two wheels with a boy like young Bacchus astride on the cask, plied between the town and the outer wells and supplied the citizens with water, may still be seen in time of drought wending its way to the Newgate spring and toiling back with its fill of water. And even now, on a still evening. 150 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD the roaring of the sea on the western shore may occasionally be heard. To strangers it sounds like a great rustling of the trees, but it portends rough weather on the morrow, and keeps alive the memory of St. Agatha's Eve, when the distant roaring of the sea pronounced the doom of the parent city. Amonof the numerous wells is one dedicated to St. Leonard, of which it is said that the person who tastes of its water will never have the recol- lection of Winchelsea erased from his heart. Whether we have all of us drunk of this well I know not, but I have seldom been in any place or in any society where people do not talk with interest and affection of the old town ; and some years ago, while travelling in the Western States, I heard of a colony from this place who, many generations back, had emigrated to the New World, and christened their settlement by the well-remembered name of Winchelsea. It is still the resort of artists and of men of letters. Turner and Millais have transferred its hill sides to canvas, and Thackeray has immortalized its Grey AND NEW WINCHELSEA. 151 Friars and its barber's shop. But its greatest claim to the recognition of Encrhshmen is its purely English history and characteristics. Its associations are those of England when England stood alone, and was working out its future destiny by its prowess abroad and its freedom at home. The Plantaganets were its foster-fathers. Its triumphs>rere--those of the navy — always an" essentially English arm of the service — and the saint "under whose banner it flourished was an Englishman whose claim on his countrymen was founded at least as much upon his indomitable English courage as upon his priestly loyalty and devotion. The confederation of the ports for the defence of the Saxon shore, with their combined armada of merchants and warriors, and it may, perhaps, also be said of buccaneers, is one which has no parallel off English soil. From Edward the Confessor to Oliver the Protector, England and the English interest were written on every stone of the town and on every timber of the ships, and there is, even now, no more beautiful or more purely English landscape to be found 152 THE STORY OF KING EDWARD. than the picture of the ancient town, with its ivied towers and ruined abbey, bearing still some traces of its old-time grandeur, peacefully reposing in the bed of Its departed haven, planted with fruitful gardens and trees, and watered with the still running wells of New Gate, St. Katherine, and St. Leonard. APPENDIX. [EXCHEQUER O. R. MISCELLANEA, MINISTERS' ACCOUNTS "WELDINGS." \y-\] Scilicet. Hee sunt placee ordinate liberate et arentate in nova villa de Wynchelsea que jam est edi- ficata per Majorem et .xxiiij. Juratos per dominum Johannem de Kyrkeby episcopum Elienensem ex parte domini regis ad easdem placeas ordinandas liberandas et arentandas, ordinatos. Qui dicunt in primis formam ordi- nacionis. Videlicet quod dominus rex habet de terra que fuit domini Johannis Tresgoz super motam ubi nova villa fundata est, sicut patet in extenta facta per dominum Stephanum de Pencestria et Gregorium de Rokesle, sexa- ginta quinque acras et dimidiam, unde una acra plus et alia minus assumatur in toto .viij- libras .v. solidos et .j. denarium. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod heredes Johannis de Lang- herst habent super dictam motam ut patet in extenta predicta .xxxv. acras terrc quartam partem unius acre et .xviij. perticatas, unde 154 APPENDIX. una acra ad plus alia ad minus assumatur .lij. solidos et quadrantem. Scilicet Item dicunt quod Johannes Bone habet super motam predictam ut patet in extenta .xxiiij. acras dimidiam et .xxxj. virgas unde una acra ad plus alia ad minus assumatur ad .xxix- solidos obolum. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod Gilebertus de Cruce habet super motam ut patet in extenta .x. acras et quartam partem unius acre et .xxiij. perti- catas. Summa .xx. solidi et .ix. denarii. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod Johannes Moris habet super motam ut patet in extenta .ij. acras. Summa .xxxij. denarii. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod Willielmus et Ricardus filii Tristrami habent super motam ut patet in extenta unam acram cum domo superedificata. Summa .v. solidi. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod Johannes Moris habet super motam ut patet in extenta dimidiam acram et quartam partem unius acre. Summa .xij. denarii. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod heredes Bartholomei Wy- mund et sui parcenarii habent super motam ut patet in extenta unam acram et dimidiam. Summa .ij. solidi .vj. denarii. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod Johannes filius Reginaldi APPENDIX. 155 Alard habet in quodam loco qui vocatur Trecherie ut patet in extenta unam acram. Summa .iij. solidi. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod heredes Johannis Batan habent super motam ut patet in extenta unam acram et dimidiam et quartam partem unius acre et .xvj. perticatas terre. Summa .iij. solidi et .j. denarium. Scilicet. Item iidem heredes habent quoddam molen- dinum cum situ qui continet .viij. perticatas terre. Quod molcndinum cum situ dicti heredes retinent penes se, nee est necessarium domino regi neque ville. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod Johannes Moris et parcenarii sui habent super motam ut patet in extenta .ij. acras. Summa .xl. denarii. Scilicet. Item dicunt quod heredes Johannis Batan et parcenarii sui habent sub pendente montis ut patet in extenta .ij. acras. Summa .x.x. denarii. Summa totalis .xiiij. li. xj.s. v.d. ob. qua. Summa totalis acrarum predictarum .vij. acre .ix. acre et dimidia et quarterium unius acre et octo virge. De qua summa totali terrarum predictarum subtrahende sunt . xij. acre que rctente fuerunt 156 APPENDIX. ad opus domini regis per dictum episcopum Elienensem, Item subtrahende sunt de summa predicta in cimiteriis sancti Thome et sancti Egidii .v. acre quia jus patronatus dictarum ecclesiarum residet penes dominum regem. Summa subtractionis terrarum predictarum .xvij. acre. Et remanent ad edificacionem ville de summa predicta .vj. acre .xij. acre et dimidia unum quarterium unius acre et .viij. virge. Item dicti Major et Jurati dicunt quod de XX .vj. acris .xij. acris et dimidia uno quarterio unius acre et de .viij. perticatis terre predicte XX ordinate sunt .iiij. acre .vij. acre et dimidia et dimidium quarterii unius acre .vij. perticate et quarterium unius perticate terre ad edifi- candum, Et remanent in vasto quid in mercato quid in vicis quid in pendente quod edificari non po- test .xl. et quinque acre octava pars unius acre quinque perticate et dimidia et quarta pars unius perticate. XX De quo vasto .iiij. acre .vij. acre dimidia acra et dimidium quarterii unius acre .vij. perticate et quarterium unius perticate terre predicte APPENDIX. 157 onerantur in summa .xiiij. librarum .xj. soli- dorum .v. denariorum oboli et quadrantis. Item dicunt formam liberacionis et arenta- cionis dictarum placearum in predicta nova villa super motam existentium. Videlicet quod Simon le INIachon habet in primo quarterio .xviij. virgas iiij. d. ob. Stephanus Blaunc- x. virgas ij. d. ob. pain Robertus dictus ix. virgas ij. d. qua. Burnel Walterus Boscoe Thomas de Pese- merse Robertus le Mele- ward Alanus de Feme Walterus Salerne Henricus Dagard Rengerus Wyliam Adam Schewere Ros'erus Aueril X. virgas ij. d. ob. X. virgas dimidiam ij. d. ob. qua. et quarterium v. virgas et dimi- j. d. qua. diam. v. virgas j. d. qua. viij.virgasdimidiam ij. d. qua. et quarterium vj. virgas j. d. ob. X. virgas ij. d. ob. vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam vj. virgas et quar- j. d. ob. terium Heredes Ade le V. virgas j- d. qua. Meleward Thomas le Mele- V. virgas et quar- j- d. qua. ward terium Stephanus Rynge- iij. virgas et dimi- j- d. mere diam 158 APPENDIX. Robertus Colyn iij. virgas et dimi- j. d. diam Nicholaus Code- iij. vergas et dimi- j. d. lawe diam Petrus Geneuide iiij. virgas. j. d. Gervasius Mot ix. virgas dimidiam ij. d. ob. et quarterium Rengerus Robert x. virgas et dimi- ij. d. ob. qua. diam Stephanus de Can- xiiij. virgas iij. d. ob. tuaria Walterus Johan ix. virgas ij. d. qua. Petrus de Fortes- x. virgas ij. d. ob. mue Reginaldus Alard viij. virgas ij. d. junior Summa iij. s. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii una octava pars unius acre et .xiij. virge. In secundo quarterio Johannes. Madour x. virgas ij. d. ob. Clemens Donning vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam Johannes Sneke v. virgas j. d. qua. Thomas Wertere vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Nicholaus Ricard vj. virgas et quar- j. d. ob. terium Willielmus Pret xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam APPENDIX. 159 Heredes Alani Bu- xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. chard diam Ricardus de Do- x. virgas ij. d. ob. voria. Clemens Langters viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. acre et v. virgas Johannes Folke xix. virgas iiij. d. ob. qua Andreas Passelewe xix. virgas iiij. d. ob. qua. Willielmus Blanc- vij. virgas j. d. ob. qua. payn Gervasius Coleman vij. virgas j. d. ob. qua. Paul Laurencius Ferbras iij. virgas et dimi- j. d. diam Gervasius Frost v. virgas et quar- j. d. qua. terium Johannes Galp iij. virgas et dimi- ob. qua. diam Petronilla relicta .v. virgas et quar- j. d. qua. Cok Stelard terium Ricardus Witloc iij. virgas et dimi- j. d. diam Walterus le Botre iij. virgas et dimi- j. d. diam Galfridus Roberd v. virgas et quar- j. d. qua. terium Sampson Sell de v. virgas et quar- j. d. qua. Puncto terium Godardus Petit iij. virgas et dimi- ob. qua. diam Andreas de Monas- iij. virgas et dimi- j. d. terio diam l6o APPENDIX. NicholausFimelote v. vhga.s et quar- j. d. qua. terium Nicholausde Apel- iij. virgas et dimi- j, d. tre diam Philippus Matip v. virgas et quar- j. d. qua. terium Gervasius Hambuc "i ... ... „. 1 TT 1 xxxij. virgas et di- | .... , Ricardus Hambuc - ... ^ rviiij. d. qua. . . midiam j Beatricia Hambuc I Summa iiij. s. xj. d. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra unum quar- terium dimidium quarterii xvj. virge et quarterium unius virge. In tertio quarteno 1 ... , . ^ , , \.,. viij. partem unms | , Johannes rilms r v. d. T 1 • 13 acre ) J oh an n IS Roger I Justinus Alard xvij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. qua. diam Willielmus Beau- x, virgas ij. d. ob. frount Johannes Large vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Stephanus de Bi- viij. partem unius vj. d, qua. dindenne acre et v. virgas Johannes de Sco- viij. partem unius vj. d. tenye acre et iiij. virgas Andreas de Folke- viij. partem unius v. d. qua. stane acre dimidiam virgam et quar- terium APPENDIX. l6l Willielmus Batayle viij. partem unius .vj. d. qua. acre .v. virgas Johannes Austin v^j. virgas et quar- j. d. ob. terium Johannes Liteman vj. virgas et quar- j. d. ob. terium Stephanus Russel v. virgas j. d. qua. WilHelmus Hamer v. virgas j. d. qua. Mauricius Cocus vj. virgas et quar- j. d. ob. terium Petronilla Oueynte v. virgas j. d. qua. Henricus Clement Octavam partem v. d. unius acre Ricardus de Pese- viij. partem unius vj. d. merse acre et.iiij. virgas Summa iiij. s. viij. d. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra unum quarte- rium dimidium quarterii .viij. virgas et dimidiam. In quarto quarterio viiij. partem unius vj. d. ob. Ricardus Cely acre .ix. virgas et dimidiam Goda pore Voghel xv. virgas dimidiam iij. d. ob. qua. et quarterium Johannes Treygeu xiiij. virgas iij. d. ob. SymondeScotenye quartem partem xvij. d. unius acre dimi- diam quarterium et viij. virgas Jacobus filius iiij. partem unius xiiij. d. ob. Thome Barber acre et xix. virgas qua. l62 APPENDIX. Johannes filius Thome Barber Cole Alard viij. partem unius viij. d. ob. acreetxiiij.virgas vij. virgas j. d. ob. qua. j. d. ob. qua. j. d. ob. qua. Ex parle borialia Johanne filio Thome le Bar- ber. Thomas Alard vij. virgas Gervasius Alard vij. virgas junior Walterus de Rac- viij. partem unius viij. d. ob. kele acreetxiiij.virgas Summa v. s. viij. d. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra dimidia acra .XXXV. virge dimidia et quarterium unius virge. In quinto quarterio Henricus le Pal- mere Josephus de Has- tmges Johannes Orpede- man Walterus Sand Radulfus Harding Lucas Beneyt Andreas Hardi Johannes Hardi Willielmus de Orewelle V. virgas et quar- d. qua. terium V. virgas et quar- j. d. ob. terium V. virgas et quar- d. qua, terium V. virgas et quar- d. qua. terium V. virgas et quar- d. qua, terium V. virgas et quar- 1 . d. ob. terium vj. virgas. J. d. ob. V. virgas J. d. qua iiij. virgas d. APPENDIX. 1 6 Thomas filius v. virgas j. d. qua. Thome Weterle- dere Simon Hughet v. virgas j. d, qua. Margoria reHcta v. virgas j. d. qua. Petri Austyn Williehnus Half- vj. virgas j. d. ob. hering Willielmus ate vj. virgas j. d. ob. Velde Nicholaus Bosce vj. virgas j. d. ob. Willielmus j\Iot viij. virgas ij. d. Large Johannes de Far- viij. partem unius vij. d. legh acre et .viij. vir- gas Poteman Bod viij. partem unius vj. d. ob. acre et .vj. virgas Johannes Bod viij. partem unius vj. d. acre et . iij. virgas Willielmus Ro- xviij. virgas. iiij. d. ob. J menmg Summa iij. s. x. d. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra octava pars unius acre . iij. virge et dimidia. SPXUNDA STRATA. In sexto quartcrio x. virgas ij. d. ob. GervasiusleCou- pre Gcrvasius Skele x. virgas ij. d. ob. 164 APPENDIX. Robertus ate Carte xj. virgas et quar- terium Johannes Craske Petrus Torold Johannes Jacob Parvus Galfridus Thomas Large Jacobus de Lide- xix. virgas hame Summa XV. virgas xij. virgas xj. virgas xj. virgas xj. virgas ij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ij. d. ob. qua. ij. d. ob. qua. ij. d. ob. qua. iiij.d. ob. qua. ij. s. iij. d. ob. Summa terre hujus quarterii dimidia acra dimidium quarterii .x. virge et quarta pars unius virge. In septimo quar- terio heredes Stephani Binder Johannes de Here- wyeo Ricardus Finor Rogerus Toneman Willielmus Wade Johannes Dawe Johannes Katayle Johannes filius Jo- hannis Bochard xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam xj. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. qua. terium xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. , diam xj. virgas et dimi- ij. d. ob. qua. diam xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam viij. partem unius vj. d. ob. acre v. virgas et dimidiam APPENDIX. 165 Johannes lue Willielmus Mancap Willielmus Mazote Robertas Scalle Relicta Gabrielis Gudloc Johannes Romen- ing Philippus le Seltere Sampson atte Crouche Standanore Petrus Faber Elyas Lanibin Juliana Nightyn- gale viij. partem unius .v. d. acre et dimidiam virgam viij. partem unius v. d. qua. acre et dimidiam virgam xvj. virgas iiij. d. viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. acre ij. virgas et dimidiam xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam X. virgas ij. d. ob. vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam X. \'irgas xij. virgas et dimi- diam xij. vn-gas viij. partem unius v. d. acre et dimidiam ij. d. ob. iij. d. qua. iij. d. Heredes Ricardi de Hcthe Alicia Busch viij. partem unius v. d. acre viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. acre .v. virgas et dimidiam Summa vj. s. x. d. Summa tcrre hujus quartcrii due acre .viij. virgc et quarta pars unius virgc. 1 66 In octavo quarterio Henricus Yue Petronilla Clobbere Alicia relicta Ro- berti Gerueys Nicholaus Alard Gervasius Alard junior Nicholaus Alard Reginaldus Alard senior Gervasius Alard senior Thomas Alard WilHelmus Seman Willielmus Mot de Hastinges APPENDIX. xij, virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam X. virgas ij.d. ob. quartam partem xj. d. , qua. unius acre et .v. virgas quartam partem xij. d. ob. qua, unius acre et xj. virgas quartam partem xviij. d. ob. unius acre dimi- dium quarterii et .xiiij, vir- gas quartam partem unius acre dimi- dium quarterii •vj. virgas et di- midiam quartam partem unius acre .vij. virgas et dimi- diam octavam partem unius acre xij. virgas et dimi- diam xvj. d. ob. xij. d. V. d. iij. d. APPENDIX. 167 Adam Pistor xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. ob. diam et quartam partem unius varge Summa vij. s. x. d. ob. Summa terre hujus quarterii .ij. acre quarta pars unius acre .xvij. virge dimidia et quarta pars unius virge. In nono quarterio Johannes de xv. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. Ihamme cleri- cus Robertus le Bare- vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. bour diam Radulphus Cocus vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Adam dictus Cok' x. virgas ij. d. ob. de Wyncestria Pote dictus Chep- vj. virgas et quar- j. d. ob. man terium Henricus le Bakere .x. virgas ij. d. ob- filius Benedicti Rogerus Scappe x. virgas ij. d. ob. Thomas Colram xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam Heredes Ricardi quartam partem xiiij. d. ob. Batayle unius acre .xviij. qua. virgas et dimi- diam et quarte- rium unius virge i68 APPENDIX. Henricus Jacob Vincencius Herberd quartam partem unius acre .xviij. virgas dimidiam et quarterium unius virge quartam partem unius acre .xviij. virgas dimidiam et quarterium unius virge Johannes Pistor xij. virgas et dimi- Witegrom diam Walterus de Derte- xv. virgas mue Johannes Pistor xv. virgas Witegrom WilHelmus Pistel vj. virgas et quar- terium Godefridus clericus xv. virgas StephanusGermeyn xv. virgas Summa xiiij. d. ob. qua. xiiij. d. qua. ob. iij. d. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. j. d. ob. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. vj. s. xj. d. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii due acre . xiij. virge dimidia et quarterium unius virge. In decimoquarterio xiij. virgas dimi- Johannes Takes- diam et quarte- naw rium Stephanus deWyn- vij. virgas et dimi- tonia diam Stephanus Wyn- vij. virgas et dimi- card diam iij. d. ob. ij. d. j. d. ob. qua. APPENDIX. 169 Adam Pope vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Stephanus Holt vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam Radulphus Bertelot vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Laurencius Arniz vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. bb. qua. diam RicardusSteuening vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Stephanus Wither vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam Eustacius Holt xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Hugo Wymund viij. partem unius v. d. qua. acre unam virgam dimidiametquar- terium unius virge Heredes Johannis xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. Adrian Radulfus de Gil- xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. lingham Christiana Weldisse viij. partem unius v. d. ob. acre unam vir- gam dimidiam et quarterium unius virge Willielmus Qui- xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua, liere Willielmus de Mag- xv. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. hefcld 170 APPENDIX. Willielmus le Pal- v. virgas j. d. qua. mer vetus Mauricius Ingelard vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Matillis relicta Jo- x. virgas ij. d. ob. hannis Carite Adam Stamer xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam Hamo Campion xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Willielmus Hanuile x. virgas ij. d. ob. BartholomeusBone xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam Adam Faber xij. virgas iiij. d. qua. Symon Burne xij. virgas dimidiam iij. d. qua. et quarterium Willielmus Bakere xij. virgas dimidiam iij. d. et quarterium Heredes Gervasii .viij. partem unius v. d. ob. Turepin acre unam vir- gam dimidiam et quarterium Adam Cheke xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua, Summa vij. s. vj. d. Summa terre hujus quarterii due acre octava pars unius acre .xix. virge dimidia et quarterium unius virge. In undecimo quar- terio Batecok le viij. virgas ij. d. Passur APPENDIX. 171 Thomas Alard Rogerus Mortumer Gervasius Hughet Johannes Ledeloue Johannes Nowynd Adam Weterledere Gabriel Tristram Hamo Blakeman Matillis Steuening Mihcencia Pigges- teil Wymarcha Pigges- teyl Alan us Goman quarterium unius acre dimidium quarterii et .iij. xvj. d. virgas vj. virgas j. d. ob. vj. virgas j. d. ob. iiij. virgas j.d. vj. virgas j. d. ob. X. virgas ij. d. ob. vij. virgas j. d. ob. qua vij. virgas j. d. ob. qua, vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. diam viij. virgas et quar- terium vij. virgas et dimi- diam ij. virgas et dimi- diam et quarte- rium ij. d. ij. d. j. d. ob. qua. Henricus Sauueney v. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. diam Reynerus le Palmer Motting Blobbere Ricardus le Coggre Broumengus Cris- tyn dimidia virga. V. virgas j.d. qua. iiij. virgas et dimi- j.d. diam ix. virgas ij. d, , qua. iiij. virgas et dimi- j.d. qua. diam Summa iij. s. viij. d. ,s quarterii una acra .XV. virgc et 172 APPENDIX. XIX. virgas TERCIA STRATA. In duodecimo quar- viij. partem unius ix. d. ob. qua. terio Willielmus Burgeys Johannes clericus acre et dimidiam et quarter! um unius virge viij. partem unius acre .xij. virgas dimidiam e t quarter! um unius virge viij. d. qua. Johannes Yeuegod viij. partem unius vij. d. ob, acre .ix. virgas et dimidiam et quarter! um unius virge Johannes Gascoign viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. acre .iij. virgas et dimidiam viij. partem unius Robertus Codelaw del ord V. d. ob. acre unam virga- Johannes Nase tam ' dimidiam et quarterium viij. partem unius v. d. qua. acre dimidiam virgam et dimi- dium quarterii unius virge ' v'gat in the Record. APPENDIX. 73 Johannes Yue filius xiiij. virgas unum iij. d. ob. Henrici Ricardus le Vetre quarterium et di- midium quarterii unius virge xiiij, virgas quar- iij. d. ob. qua. terium et dimi- dium quarterii unius virge Karolus Faber viij.virgasdimidiam ij. d. qua. et quarterium unius vn-ge Summa iiij. s. iij. d. ob. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra unum quar- terium .V. virge et dimidia et dimidium quarterii unius virge. ij. d. ob. In terciodecimo quarterio Henri- xij. virgasdimidiam iij. d. cus de Ecclesia Ricardus Inthelepe x. virgas Johannes Colekyn xij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. le Paumer diam Ricardus Trace vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Williehnus Thurs- vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. teyn diam Walterus Scolloc vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Williehnus Gerueys vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam Alanus Brounete- xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. sone diam I 74 • APPENDIX. Ricardus Scot del xiij. virgas iiij. d. qua. ord Herbertus dictus xvij. virgas iij. d. qua. Brouning clericus Petronilla Ingel- octavam partem v. d. qua. herd unius acre unam virgam et quar- ter! uni Laurencius clericus octavam partem v. d. qua. unius acre unam virgam et quar- terium Johannes Tailleur xvij. virgas Petronilla relicta xvij. virgas Johannis Purue- aunce Johanna de Stoke xij. virgas et dimi- diam Petronilla deHerte- xij. virgas et dimi- pole diam Ricardus Pace xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Heredes Stephani .xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d, Cornman diam Johann-es filius Jo- xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. hannis Pace diam Johannes Stroyl x. virgas ij. d. ob. Johannes filius Ra- xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. dulphi Pace diam Johannes Seman octavam partem vj. d. ob, unius acre .v. vir- gas et dimidiam iiij. , d. qua iiij . d. qua. iij. d. iij. d. APPENDIX. 175 Walterus Songere octavam partem v. d. qua. unius acre unam virgam et quar- ter! um Laurencius Hask- xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. ard Willielmus Skore- xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. feyn Magnus Willielmus xvij. virgas iiij. d. et qua. Summa vij. s. vj. d. Summa terre hujus quarterii . ij. acre unumquarterium una virga dimidia et quarterium unius virge. In quartodecimo xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. quarterio Rober- diam tus filius Radul- phi Coci Elecote Adam vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Johannes Palmere x. virgas ij. d. ob. filius Johannis Palmere Elyas Hamer x. virgas ij. d. ob. Johannes Pollard x. virgas ij. d. ob. Johanna et Petro- xv. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. nilla filie Galfridi Russel Robertus Taunay xiij, virgas dimi- iij. d. ob. diam et quarte- rium Henricus Bacun viij. partem unius viij. d. acre et.xij .virgas 1 76 APPENDIX. Robertus le Gric viij. partem unius v'j. d. acre et .iiij. vir- gas Johannes de Mag- xvj. virgas iiij. d. hefelde Willielmus de Bro- xvj. virgas iiij. d. kexe Stephanus Colram xv. virgas iij. d, ob. qua- Nicholaus Carpen- x. virgas ij. d. ob. ter Alanus Maynard x. virgas ij. d. ob. Johannes Manekyn xiij. virgas dimi- iij. d. ob. diam et quarte- rium Willielmus le Al- x. virgas ij. d. ob. blaster Galfridus Ponde- xvij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. qua. rous diam Johannes le Dore xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. senior Benedictus Peny- octavam partem v. d. ob. qua. fader unius acre et .iij. virgas Johannes filiusGer- octavam partem vj, d. vasii Alard unius acre et .iiij. virgas Heredes Cotewifde octavam partem vj. d. Ihamme unius acre et .iiij. virgas Summa vj. s. x. d. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii due acre et .xj. virge. APPENDIX. 177 In quintodecimo viij. partem unius v. d. qua. quarterio Ste- acre dimidiam phanus Moriz virgam et dimi- dium quarterii Ricardus le Ropere x. virgas dimidiam ij. d, ob. qua. e t d i m i d i u m quarterii RogerusdeEldinge x. virgas et quarte- ij. d, ob. rium Rogerus Godard xj. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob, qua. terium Ricardus Adam xj. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. qua. terium Willielmus Belde viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. acre et .v. vir- gas Johannes Chiprian xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. Henricus Heued xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. Vincencius Goldiue octavam partem v. d. qua. unius acre unam virgam et quar- teriuni Galfridus de Tened xij.virgasdimidiam iij. d. qua, et quarterium Robertus Germeyn xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. senior filius Ri- cardi Germeyn Johannes Crabbere xiiij. virgas dimi- iij. d. ob. qua. diani et quarte- rium Stephanus de Cruce xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d, diam N 178 APrENDIX. Willielmus Hog- vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. helyn diam BenedictusleBotere viij. virgas ij. d. Radulphus Fauel vij. virgas et dimi- diam j. d. ob. qua. Willielmus de viij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. qua. Burne diam et quarte- rium Ricardus Blobbere vij. virgas et dimi- diam j. d. ob. qua. Adam Renting X. virgas ij. d. ob. Robertus Broke xiiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. ob. qua juxta molendi- diam num heredum Johannis Bazan Willielmus Suift Ricardus Neam Rogerus Cotesone Johannes Lamb iiij. d. qua. iiij. d. qua. ij. d. ob. qua. Willielmus Neel xvij. virgas xvij. virgas X. virgas dimidiam et quarterium viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. acre .v. virgas et dimidiam viij. partem unius vj. d. ob. acre .v. virgas et dimidiam Summa vij. s. vj. d. qua- Summa terre hujus quarterii due acre unum quar- terium dimidia virga et quarterium unius virge. In sextodecimo quarterio Galfri- viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. dus Bauek acre .v. virgas APPENDIX. 1/9 Johannes Brouning Bonne Botertoke Johannes An eel Johannes de Doure Johannes Hanuile Wllhelmus Brede- ware Johannes de Iham- me WilHelmus Pace Johannes Gerueys de Pesemerse WilHehnus Godin- ogh Gervasius Scope- heued WilHelmus Scope- heued Walter us Spite- wymbel Johannes Remys Ricardus Albard Hugo Page Ricardus Rucke Gervasius Aldwvne vnj. vu'gas viij. virgas X. virgas V. virgas X. virgas XV. virgas iiij. partem unius acre .xiiij. virgas dimidiam iiij. partem unius acre .xiij. virgas et dimidiam viij. virgas et dimi- diam et quarte- rium vij. virgas et dimi- diam vij. virgas et dimi- diam vij. virgas et dimi- diam vij. virgas et dimi- diam vij. virgas et dimi- diam x. virgas X. virgas XV. virgas viij. partem unius acre, et .iiij. vir- gas ij. d. ij. d. ij. d. ob. j. d. qua. ij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. qua. xiij. d. qua. xiij. d. ob. ij. d. ij. d. j. d. ob. qua. ij. d. j. d. ob. qua. ij. d. ij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. qua vj. d. i8o APPENDIX. Stephanus Wyting viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. acre .iij. virgas et dimidiam xix. virgas iiij. d. ob. qua. xvij. virgas etdimi- iiij. d. ob. diam viij. partem unius v. d. qua. acre et unam vir- gam xl. d. Henricus Felipe Robertas Isoude Adam Stonhard A latere hujusquar- terii Gervasius Alard junior habet unam acram Summa xj. s. j. d. ob. Summa terre hujus quarterii .iiij. acre unum quar- terium .xiij. virge et quarterium unius virge. xxvij. s. iiij. d. OUARTA STRATA. In septimo decimo quarterio Jo- x. virgas et dimi- ij. d. cb. hannes Dada diam Johannes Ripecherl vij. virgas j. d. ob. qua. Nicholaus Whif iij. virgas et dimi- j. d. diam Walterus Stoket v. virgas et quarte- j. d. qua. rium Johannes Bateman v. virgas et quarte- j. d. qua. rium Adam Lokyere v. virgas et quarte- j. d. ob. rium APPENDIX. l8l Laurencius Yon x. virgas et dimi- ij. d. ob. diam Dominus Rogerus quartam partem xiij. d. ob. de Leukenore unius acre et .xiiij. virgas Dominus Williel- quartam partem xiij. d. ob. mus de Echinge- unius acre et ham .xiiij. virgas Simon de Echinge- quartam partem xiij. d. ob. ham unius acre et .xiiij. virgas Nicholaus Pistor quartam partem viij. d. ob. forester unius acre et .xiiij. virgas Henricus Seman octavam partem ix. d. qua. unius acre et •xvij. virgas et quarterium Rose Picard octavam partem v. d. qua. unius acre et di- midiam virgam Johannes Bakere xiij. virgas iiij. d. qua. filius Benedicti Robertus Aubyn vj. virgas dimidiam j. d. ob. qua. et quarterium et dimidium quar- terii Henricus Doriual vj. virgas dimidiam j. d. ob. qua. et quarterium et dimidium quar- terii Laurencius Burgeys x. virgas ij. d. ob. l82 APPENDIX. Johannes Boghiere x. virgas ij. d. ob. Matillis Beneyt x. virgas ij. d. ob. Robertus Lef vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam Rogerus Mite Wile vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam Rengerus Wylekyn xiij. virgas iij. d. qua. Summa viij. s. ob. Summa terre hujus quarterii due acre unum quarterium dimidium quarterii .v. virgas dimidiam et quarterium unius virge. In octavodecimo x. virgas et dimi- ij. d. ob. quarterio Henri- diam cus Heaued Robertus Londo- vij. virgas dimidiam ij. d. neys Galfridus Trippe vij. virgas dimidiam j. d. ob. qua. Godefridus Lang- x. virgas ij. d. ob. ters Adam Aleman, viij.vifgasdimidiam ij. d. qua. boch[er] Isabella Machon vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam Johannes filius Wil- x. virgas ij. d. ob. lielmi Alard Willielmus deCan- vij. virgas dimidiam ij. d. tuaria Ricardus Wibelot vij. virgas dimidiam ij. d. WillielmusdeSand- x. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. herst boch['er] APPENDIX. 183 Simon de Helme Robertus le Hane viij. partem unius v. d. acre et quarte- rly m unius virge viij. partem unius v. d. acre et quarte- rium unius virge Adam Eufemme viij. partem unius v. d. qua. Johanna relicta Alani Godefrey Johannes Panifader Geraldus dictus Batecok' ate Welle Henricus filius Jo- hannis aurifabri Salerna relicta Wil- lielmi Maynard Gervasius Pechun Matillis Bakcstre acre u nam virgam et quarterium unius virge viij. partem unius acre .v. virgas et vj. d. ob. dimidiam octavam partem V. d, qua unius acre unam virgam et quar- terium unius virge xvij. virgas iiij. d. qu viij. partem unius vj. d. ob. acre .v. virgas et dimidiam viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. acre .v. virgas et dimidiam viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. acre .ij. virgas et dimidiam vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam 1 84 APPENDIX. Willielmus Trottes- male Ricardus Cocus Henricus Cornman Henry Port vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam X. virgas ij. d. ob. vj. virgas et quar- j. d. qua. terium unius virge Johannes Vetere V. virgas j. d. qua. Robertas Reyner vj. virgas et quarte- terium j. d. ob. qua Robertas le Botere xij. virgas et dimi- diam iij. d. Alexander de Ec- xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. clesia Ralph Yring xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. Galfridus Dali xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. Heredes Nicholai xij. virgasdimidiam iij. d. qua. Quic et quarterium unius virge Johannes Martin xij. virgasdimidiam et quarterium unius virge iij. d. qua. Henricus Monning Robertus Joliuet Johannes Large Johannes filius ejus xij. virgas et dimi- diam et quarte- rium unius virge xvij. virgas xij. virgasdimidiam et quarterium xij. virgas et dimi- diam et quarte- rium iij. d. qua. iiij. d. qua. iij. d. qua. iij. d. APPENDIX. 185 ReginaldusCarpen- xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. ter diam et quarte- rium Willielmus de la xvij. virgas iiij. d. qua. Carette Summa x. s. viij. d. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii .iij. acre dimidia quar- terium .ix. virge et dimidia et quarterium unius virge. In nonodecimo vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. quarterio Henri- diam cus de Strode Willielmus deApel- v'ij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. tre sutor diam HamoSutorde Rya vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam Henricus de Mo- vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. ningeham diam Johannes fraterejus vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam Johannes de Sand- vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. wyco diam Gervasius le Cord- vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. waner diam Willielmus le Bare- vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. hour diam Ricardus Scot, Co- vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. tiler diam Willielmus aurifa- vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. ber diam 86 APPENDIX. Stephanus aurifa- XV. virgas et quar- V. d. ob. qua, ber terium Henricus Bron quartam partem unius acre dimi- dium quarterii .xvij. virgas et quarterium unius virge xix. d. Walterus Scappe Riginaldus Alard junior Paulus de Home Thomas Godefrey quartam partem xix. d. unius acre dimi- dium quarterii .xvij. virgas et quarterium unius virge quartam partem xix. d. unius acre dimi- dium quarterii .xvij. virgas et quarterium unius virge quartam partem xix. d. unius acre dimi- dium quarterii .xvij. virgas et quarterium unius virge quartam partem xix. d. unius acre dimi- dium quarterii .xvij. virgas et quarterium unius virge APPENDIX. 187 Johannes Andreu quartam partem xj. d. ob. unius acre .vj. virgas et quarte- rium unius virge Johannes le Dore xv. virgas iij. d. ob. Ricardus Godefray viij. partem unius vij. d. ob. acre et .x. virgas Summa xij. s. ix. d. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii .iij. acre dimidia .vij. virge dimidia et quarterium unius virge. In vicesimo quar- viij. partem unius ix. d. qua. terio Williehiius acre et .v. virgas Pate Walterus de Scote- xiij. virgas dimi- iij. d. ob. nie diam et quarte- rium unius virge Andreas Godard xiij. virgas dimi- iij. d. qua. diam et quarte- rium unius virge Matheus Godard xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam WiUielmus Toly xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua, diam Henricus filius Jo- viij. partem unius vj, d. qua. hannis Alard acre et .v. virgas Johannes Pontre xvj. virgas iiij. d. Henricus Bakerc viij. partem unius v. d. acre Johannes Wallere viij. partem unius vj. d. acre et .iiij. virgas i88 APPENDIX. Simon Salerne Ro- viij. partem unius vj. d. geruset Johannes acre et .iiij. virgas fratresconjunctim Adam de Bidin- viij. partem unius vj. d. denne acreet .iiij. virgas Robertus filius Ro- xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. geri de Bidin- diam denne Johannes Squa- xv. virgas chard WiUielmus aurifa- xij. virgas et dimi- ber frater Ste- diam phani iij. d. ob. qua. Heredes Mathei le xv. virgas iij. d. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. Machon Godardus Cocus viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. acre et .v. virgas Johannes Alard iiij. partem unius xiij.d. ob.qua. acre .xv. virgas et quarterium unius virge Robertus Paulyn iiij. partem unius xiij.d. ob.qua. acre .xv, virgas et quarterium unius virge Jacobus Paulyn dimidiam acram et xxiij. d. ob. .xiiij. virgas Johannes Godefrey viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. acre et .v. virgas Summa xj. s. j. d. Summa terre hujus quarterii .iij. acre .viij. pars unius acre ,xvij. virge. APPEXDiX. 189 In vicesimo primo quarterio Agnes Panifader Rector ecclesie sancti Egidii re- gis Rogerus Paumer Sampson Heaued Willi elm us de Ihamme Johannes Sperke Robertas Salerne Margeria filia Ste- phani Roberd Rogerus Soutere, piscator Robertus Yeuegod Willielmus Renting Hcnricus Goldiuc Sander dc Brokexe longus octavam partem .ix, d. qua. unius acre .xvj. virgas et dimi- diam virgam octavam partem ix. d. unius acre .xvj. virgas et dimi- diam virgam viij. partem unius v. d. ob. acre .ij. virgas et quarterium unius virge xviij. virgas etquar- iiij. d. ob. teriumuniusvirge viij. partem unius v. d. ob. acre .ij. virgas di- midiam et quar- terium uniusvirge xiiij. virgas dimi- iij. d. qua. diametdimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas dimidiam iij. d. XV. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. vij. virgas et dimi- diam X. virgas XV. virgas XV. virgas xvij. virgas et dimi- diam j. d. ob. qua. ij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. 190 Petrus Goldiue APPENDIX. viij. partem unius acre .vij. virgas et quarterium unius virge Robertas de Can- tuaria vj. d. ob. qua. V. d. ob. qua. vnj. partem unius acre .ij. virgas di- midiam et dimi- dium quartern unius virge Summa vj. s. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra dimidium quar- terii .vij. virge et quarterium unius virge. In vicesimo secun- do quarterio Bartholomeu s Roberd Willielmus de Pul- ham Paulus de Home Walterus Scappe Johannes Alard et Justinus fratres conjunctim Johannes Buchard ingulf Thomas Pannoc Cok Badding viij. partem unius vij. d. acre et. v iij. vir- gas XX. virgas V. d. quarterium unius xviij. d acre et .xxxij. virgas dimidiam acram XX. d. dimidiam acram XX. d. xnij. virgas Hamo de Marisco xiiij. \iiga iij. d. ob. xiiij. virgas iij. d. ob. xvij. virgas dimi- iiij. d. qua. diam iij. d. ob. APPENDIX. 191 ]\Iuriele Scrith Johannes Roteline Alexander Pistor de Westune Willielmus Grubbe xnij. virgas xvij. virgas dimi- diam xiiij \irgas xnij. vn-gas Johannes Norreys, xvaj. virgas et dimi- pistor diam BrouningusPaumer xiiij. virgas Ricardus OuiHere xiiij. virgas Gervasius Popelote xvij. virgas dimi- diam Jordanus clericus viij.\irgasdimidiam et quarterium unius virge X. virgas dimidiam X. virgas dimidiam Stephanus Specer WilHelmus Passe- lewe Johanne Jone sone xij. virgas et quar- terium unius virge Summa iij. d. ob. iiij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. iij. d. qua. iij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. iiij. d. ob. ij. d. ij. d. ob. qua. ij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. X. s. vj. d. Summa terre hujus quarterii .iij. acre et .xxiij. virge. A latere hujus viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. quarterii supra- acre et .v. virgas scripte (sic) Jo- hannes de Rac- kele Walterus de Maris- iiij. partem unius CO acre X. 192 APPENDIX. Willielmus et Ri- viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. cardus filii Tris- acre et v. virgas trami le Frere cum domo Summa xxij. d. ob. Summa istius terra dimidia acra et .x. virge. Ix. s. xj. d. ob. OUI In vicesimo tertio quarterioRicard- us Digon, trom- pour Johannes Schey- lard, pistor Petrus Maynard Johannes Alard filius Johannis Alard Hamo Cotiler HenricusdelaHaye NTA STRATA. xvj.virgasdimidiam iiij. d. xvj. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. qua. diam viij. partem unius v. d. ob. acre .ij. virgas et dimidiametquar- terium unius virge viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. acre .ij. virgas et dimidiametquar- teriuni unius virge xj. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. qua. diam etdimidium quarterii virge unius xiiij. virgas dimi- x. d. ob. diam etdimidium quarterii unius virge APPENDIX. 193 Galfridus Draueke Willielmus Frost Johannes de Brede Petrus Blosme Robertus Russel Rogerus Machon, bocher Johannes Beneyt Adam Vader xij. virgas dimi- diam at quar- ter i u ni u n i u s virge xij. virgas quarte- rium et dimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas quarte- rium et dimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas quarte- rium et dimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas quarte- rium et dimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas quarte- rium et dimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas quarte- riumet dimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas quarte- rium et dimidium quarterii unius virge O iiij.d.ob. qua. iiij. d. ob. qua. iiij. d. ob. qua. iiij. d. ob.qua. iiij. d. ob. qua. iiij. d. ob. qua. iiij. d. ob. qua. iiij. d. ob. qua. 194 Adam Erl Beneyt Bocher WilHelmus Dod iiij. d. ob. qua. iiij. d. ob. qua. APPENDIX. xij. virgas quarte- rium etdimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas quarte- rium etdimidium quarterii unius virge xij. virgas quarte- iiij.d. ob. qua. rium etdimidium quarterii unius virge Summa vj. s. ix. d. ob. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra dimidia una virga et quarterium unius virge. In vicesimo quarto xvj. virgas quarterio Jo- hannes le Pal- mere of Upredinge Willielmus Heued x. virgas Robertus Germeyn, x. virgas junior Stephanus de Bro- xviij. virgas dimi kexe diam et quarte- r i u m unius virge vj. d. ij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. iiij. d. ob. qua. Petronilla de Bro- kexe mater ejus xj. virgas dimidiam ij. d. ob. qua. et quarterium unius virge APPENDIX. 195 Ricardus Germeyn xvij. virgas et quar- iiij. d. ob. filius Ricardi terium unius virge Ricardus Germeyn xv. virgas dimidiam iij. d. ob. qua. pater ejus Robertas Crips, xv. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. pistor diam Stephanas Withon viij. partem unius v. d. qua. acre et unam vir- gam BartholomeusCam- xij. virgas dimidiam iij. d. pion Henricus ate Merse vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Thomas Malherbe xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. diam Johannes Valer xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. diam Walterus de Maris- xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. CO diam Willielmus de Ma- xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. risco diam Gwido Cissor xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. diam Robertas Specer xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. dictus Jolif diam Johanna Dore xij. virgas ct dimi- iiij. d. ob. diam Henricus Louecok xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. diam Wilhelmus Citeu- xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. este diam 196 Walterus ate Walle Johannes Deth APPENDIX. xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. diam X. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. Summa vij. s. v. d. ob. et qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra dimidia unum quarterium unius acre .v. virge dimidia et quarterium unius virge. In vicesimo quinto XV. virgas iij. d. ob. qua quarterio Ricard- us de Bilesham Willielmus Deryng X. virgas ij. d. ob. Sampson Cok Moris vij. virgas diam et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. Nicholaus Albard vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. filius Ricardi diam Albard Jonas filius Williel- XX. virgas V. d. mi Burgeys Radulphus le Buf XX. virgas V. d. Johannes Picard xij. virgas dimi- iij. d. de diam Johannesdelwherst viij. partem unius acre .xiij. virgas et dimidiam viij. partem unius acre .xiij. virgas et dimidiam viij. partem unius acre viij. partem unius acre et .v. virgas P e t r o n i 1 1 a Ivvherst Johannes filius Ro- bert! Paulyn Hamo Roberd iiij. d. ob. viij. d. qua. v. d. vj. d. qua. APPENDIX. 197 RicardusBonenfant clericus Willielmus Griffin Robertus Goto- bedde Laurencius Cupere Alexander de Bro- kexe, curtus Thomas Roger, pistor Henricus Jordan Goldingus Pistor X. virgas ij. d. ob. vij. virgas dimidiam ij. d. vij. virgas dimidiam j. d. ob. qua. X. virgas ij- d. ob. xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua diam viij. partem unius vij . d. acre .viij. virgas dimidiam viij. partem unius vj. d. acre et iiij. virgas viij. partem unius vj. d. acre et iiij. vir- gas Summa vj. S. X, Summa terre hujus quarterii due acre .viij. virge et dimidia virga. In vicesimo sexto quarterio Jo- hannes filius Go- defridi Buchard Adam Palmere Dionisius filius Henrici Paumer Matheus Songere Thomas Cissor Benedictus Carite vuj. partem unms acre v. d. x. virgas X. virgas X. virgas XV. virgas iiij. partem unius acre et .ij. vir- gas ij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. qua. X. d. ob. 198 APPENDIX. Johannes Grik' Robertus filius Ste- phani aurifabri Robertus Scalle Willielmus de Can- terbire, sutor Henricus Stronge Ricardus le Cannere iiij. partem unius acre dimidium quarterii et .xij. xviij. d. virgas XV. virgas XXXV. virgas X. virgas X. virgas X. virgas Summa iij. d. ob. qua. viij. d. ob.qua. ij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. V. s. iiij. d. ob. qua* Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra et dimidia et .xix. virge. SEXTA STRATA. In vicesimo septimo quarterio Gerva- sius Alard senior Philippus filius Laurencii clerici Robertus filius Ro- bert! le Hane Ricardus Bene Alanus Dagard Walterus Coting dimidiam acram XX. d. viij. partem unius vj. d. ob. qua. acre et .vij. virgas viij. partem unius v. d. ob. acre .ij. virgas et dimidiam xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. ob. diam xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. ob. diam APPENDIX. 199 Stephanus Fachel xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Nicholaus Dodlef xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. ob. diam Thomas Dodlef xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. frater ejus diam Johannes Forester, viij. partem unius vj. d. qua. pistor acre et .v. virgas Henricus Jacob dimidiam acram xx. d. Major de Wynchel- unam acram xl. d. sea quicunque fuerit Summa ix. s. x. d. od. qua Summa terre hujus quarterii .ij. acre dimidia acra unum quarterium dimidium quarterii et. xv. virge et dimidia. In vicesimo octavo quarterio Thomas le Mathon Robertus filius Jo- hannis Valer Alicia Coggere Mabilia Coggere Juliana Gotebeddc Dionisius Whitloc Johannes Calot Alanus Grindclof Adam Randulf xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam XV. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. viij. virgas dimidiam ij, d. qua. et quarterium unius virge V. virgas v. virgas j. d. qua. j, d. qua. j. d. qua. v. virgas vij. virgas dimidiam j. d. ob. cjua. vij. virgas dimidiam ij. d. xij. \irgas dimidiam iij. d. 200 APPENDIX. Mabilia Lynlegges- xj. virgas et dimi- iij. d. tre diam quarterium et dimidium quarterii unius virge Reginaldus Cok xix. virgas dimi- v. d. Alayn diam et quarte- rium unius virge Goda Charles xj. virgas dimidiam iij. d. quarterium et di- midium quarterii unius virge Alexander dictus xvj. virgas iiij. d. Louecok' Rede- grom Ricardus Aleyn xij. virgas iij. d. Walterus Longus viij. partem unius vj. d. acre et iiij. virgas Johannes le Visch' viij. partem unius vj. d. ob. qua. acre et .\"ij. virgas Willielmus de Sal- xvj. virgas iiij. d. cote Gilbertus Ledzetre xij. virgas iij. d. Rogerus Bulloc viij. partem unius v, d. acre Johannes ate viij. virgas iij. d. Merse Johannes Specer vj, virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. terium Henricus de Ley- vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. cestria diam Robertus Chauri v. virgas j. d. ob. qua. APPENDIX. 201 Ricarclus Deth vj. virgas terium et quar- ij. d. ob. Robertus Bertelot V. virgas j. d. ob. qua. Johannes de Arun- vij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. del diam Willielmus frater X. virgas iij. d. ob. qua, ejus Petrus de Arundel X. virgas iij. d. ob. qua, Robertus Codelawe vij. virgas diam et dimi- iij. d. Willielmus de Pul- xij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. ham diam Robertus Withon xix. virgas dimi- V. d. diam et ; quarte- Willielmus de Ro- mene, pistor Henricus Bocher Henricus Atenende Jacobus filius Thome Godefrey Lucia Dicta Douce Martin Theobaldus Pistor Alicia filiaHamonis de Colecestria Johannes de Lind- herst rmm unms virge XV. virgas dimidiam iiij. d. et quarterium unius virge xvij. virgas dimi- iiij. d. qua. diam ct quarte- rium xij. virgas iij. d. viij. partem unius vij. d. acre et .viij. virgas xvj. virgas iiij. d. viij. partem unius v. d. acre xvj. \irgas iiij. d. xvj. virgas iiij. d. 202 APPENDIX. Mabilia Pollard xvj. virgas iiij. d. Johannes de Fortes- xvj. virgas iiij. d. mue Willielmus Cupa- xiiij. virgas iij. d. ob. rius de Apeltre Summa xij. s. ij. d. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii .iij. acre unum quarterium unius acre dimidium quarterii et .ij. virge. In vicesimo nono xvj. virgas et quar- iiij. d. qua. quarterio Ro- terium unius bertus le Hore virge Robertus Prest xj. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. qua. terium Simon Lineter viij. virgas dimidiam ij. d. et quarterium Walterus le Frye viij. virgas dimidiam ij. d. qua. et quarterium Cronnok relicta vij. virgas dimidiam ij. d. Wileman Ancel Candelarius vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. qua. diam Spakeman Cocus vij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. diam Alexander Hughe- viij. virgas ij. d. man Andreas Rape xvj. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. qua. terium Johannes Faber xv. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. Ranulfus de Oc- xj. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. qua. lynge terium Robertus deGIynde xv. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. APPENDIX. 203 Stephanus filius Willielmi Pate Dionisia rclicta Si- monis de Hy- denie Philippus de Berne- horne Willielmus de Odi- mere Thomas Bone Alanus Kenting Johannes Crutel Coraldus Taverner Thomas Suift Johannes Heuer Robertus de Prom- hell Simon aurifaber Johannes filius Jo- hannisdeCarecta Bartholomeus frater ejus Henricus ate Carte Walterus Prinkel Henricus Visch' Gilbertus Cogi^ere XV. virgas viij. partem unius acre .ij. virgas et dimidiam xviij. virgas et di- midiam et quar- terium XV. \-irgas et quar- terium x\ij. virgas et dimi- diam X. virgas vij. virgas et dimi- diam vij. virgas et dimi- diam vij. virgas et dimi- diam xij. virgas et dimi- diam XV. virgas XV. virgas XV. virijas XV. virgas XV. virgas XV. virgas XV. \irgas XV. \irgas iiij. d. ob. qua. V. d. ob. qua. iiij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. qua. iiij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. j. d. ob. qua. ij. d. j. d. ob. qua. iij. d. qua. V. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. ob. qua. 204 APPENDIX. Radulphus Modi Johannes Thomas virgas ij. d. ob, qua. V. d. ob. qua. viij. partem unius acre .ij. virgas et dimidiam XV. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. Summa ix. s. j. d. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii due acre dimidia et dimidium quarterii .x. virge et dimidia. Thomas de Green In tricesimo quar- xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. , qua. terio Laurencius diam Cuppere Johannes de Ho X. virgas ij. d. ob. Thomas Teppe, vij. virgas et dimi- j.d. ob. qua. sutor diam Johannes filius Re- octavam partem v. d. ginaldi Alard unius acre Henricus Home X. virgas ij. d. ob. Petrus filius Wil- XV. virgas iij. d. . ob. qua. Helmi Renting Vincencius fiHus viij. partem unius V. d. Roberti Cyteu- acre este Agnes Panifader unum quari terium X. d. Johannes Alard Henricus Jacob Robertus le Lode- leghe, pistor Johannes Hewe unuis acre dimidiam acram xx. d. quarterium unius x. d. acre xxvj. virgas vj. d. ob. xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam APPENDIX. 205 Johannes Pollard xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Petronilla Brokexe xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. diam xij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam ix. virgas et quarte- ij. d. qua. Hum ij. d. qua. ij. d. qua. ij. d. qua. ij. d. qua. xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Willielmus filius xiij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. Sampsonisdictus diam Guillot Summa viij. s. iiij. d. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii due acre dimidia dimidium quarterii unius acre .v. virgc et quarterium unius virge. Walterus filius ejus Nicholaus Beil- werghte Alexander Ropere Radulphus Porter Rogerus Pote Johannes Treneri Johannes Schen- chere IX. virgas ix. virgas ix. virgas ix. virgas xvij. virgas In tricesimo primo dimidiam acram et ij. s. qua. quarterio Regi- naldus Alard senior habet in extcriori loco ville predictc Robertus Stoket viij. virgas dimidiam et quarterium X. virgas Bate Pelliparius Alanus Yonge, pel- x. virgas li pari us ij. cl. qua. ij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. 206 APPENDIX. Johannes Audemcr, x. virgas ij. d. ob. pelliparius Phelippus Cardi- x. virgas ij. d. ob. nel, pelliparius Johanna relicta Jo- xv. virgas iij. d. ob. qua. hannis Michel Summa iij. s. iiij. d. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra dimidia virga et quarterium unius virge. xliij. s. qua. SEPTIMA STRATA. In tricesimo secun- viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. do quarterio Jo- acre et .vj. virgas hannes filius Walteri Scappe WillielmusBurgeys iiij. partem unius ix. d. acre Johannes filius Ra- iiij. partem unius ix. d. dulphi Pate acre Nicholaus Alard dimidiam acram xviij. d. Thomas Godefrey dimidiam acram xviij. d. Summa iiij. s. xj. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra dimidia et .xxvj. virge. In tricesimo tertio xv. virgas iij. d. qua. quarterio Thomas filius Godefridi Bochard Johannes le Cupere x. virgas ij. d. qua. APPENDIX. 207 Johannes le Bakere x. virgas ij. d. qua. schipwerghte Willielmus Scot x. virgas ij. d. qua. Robertus \M\vard vij. virgas et dimi- j. d. ob. diam Robertus filius Ade x. virgas ij. d. qua. de Wyntonia Gervasius Andrea xiij. virgas dimi- iij. d. diam et quarte- rium Stephanus O.sebarn xviij. virgas dimi- iij. d. ob. qua- diam et quarte- rium Thomas Albus, xv. virgas iij. d. qua. pistor Adam Erl xj. virgas et quarte- ij. d. ob. rium Rogerus Fikeys xiij. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. qua. terium Augerus Binder xiij. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. qua. terium Johannes de Beil- xij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. ob. qua. werghte diam Johannes Barete v. virgas j. d. Agnes Pilchcre v. virgas et dimi- j. d. qua. diam Paganus Coggere vj. virgas et quarte- j. d. qua. rium Coleman Petit, v. virgas j. d. sutor Thomas d ictus vj. virgas et quarte- j. d. qua. Boun Mounyer rium 208 APPENDIX. Robertus Balloc xj. virgas et quar- ij. d. ob. terium Gervasius Scot xij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. ob. qua. diam Thomas de Mey- xv. virgas iij. d. qua. destane Gervasius Tone- viij. partem unius v. d. man acre .ij. virgas et dimidiam Johannes Terri xviij. virgas et dimi- iij. d. ob. qua. diam et quarte- rium Willielmus Denote xviij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. qua. diam et quarte- rium Walterus Schyue xviij. virgas et dimi- iiij. d. ob. qua. diam et quarte- rium Summa v. s. v. d. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra dimidia unum quarterium dimidium quarterii .v. virge dimidia et quar- terium unius virge. In tricesimo quarto xiij. virgas j. d. ob. quarterio Adam Faber Theobaldus Wal- vj. virgas j. d. terman Williehnus de Che- vj. virgas j. d. lintone Johannes filius Bene- vj. virgas i. d. dicti le Bocher APPENDIX. 209 Johannes Kemesse ix. virgas j. d. ob. qua. Domus sancti Jo- unam acram dimi- iij. s. v. d. ob. hannis habet diam quarterium et .vij. virgas Petronilla relicta viij. partem unius iiij. d. ob. qua. Mauricii Jacob et acre .ij. virgas et Petronillafiliasua dimidiam RicardusdePulham xviij. virgas iij. d. ob. Joceus Tigelere ix. virgas j. d. ob. qua. Johannes Eue xiij. virgas et dimi- .iij. d. diam Summa v. s. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra dimidia unum quarterium et .v. virge. In tricesimo quinto dimidiam acram xviij. d. quarterio Johan- nes et Bartholo- meus de Carett' Adam Stonhard unum quarterium ix. d. unius acre ct .iij. virgas Henricus de Carett' unum quarterium ix. d. unius acre Walterusle Granger xv. virgas iij. d. dictus Mite Steue Isabella filia More- x\. \irgas iij. d. k}-n Jacob Summa iij. s. vj. d. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra tliniidia (]uartc- rium et .xiij. virge. xviij. s. xj. d. ob. P 2IO APPENDIX. OCTAVA STRATA. In tricesimo sexto quarterio Gerva- sius Alard senior Vincencius Herberd Stcphanus de Bi- dindenne et Jo- hannes de Iham- me, clericus Thomas Colram unum quartenum unius acre .iij.vir- gas dimidiam et dimidium quar- terii unius virge unum quarterium unius acre .iij. vir- gas dimidiam et dimidium quar- terii unius virge unum quarterium unius acre .iij. vir- gas dimidiam et dimidium quar- terii unius virge unum quarterium unius acre. iij. vir- gas dimidiam et dimidium quar- terii unius virge Summa ix. d. ob. ix. d. ob. ix. d. ob. ix. d. ob. nj. s. ij. Summa terre hujus quarterii una acra .xiiij. virge et dimidia. In tricesimo septi- dimidiam acram mo quarterio Vincencius Her- berd xviij. d. APPENDIX. 2 I I Stephanus Ger- dimidiam acram xviij. d. meyn Johanna filia ]\Iay- xv. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. nardi Cornhethe diam Robertus Ricard x\". virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Willielmus Russel xv. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam WillielmusdeEsche xv. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Heredes Radulphi octavam partem v. d. Choi unius acre .iij. virgas et quarte- rium Dionisius ]\Iareys xv. virgas et dimi- iij. d. qua. diam Willielmus le Lung xix. virgas et quar- iiij. d. qua. terium Sampson Heucd xix. virgas et quar- iiij. d. qua. terium Johannes filius vij. virgas j. d. qua. Martini de ec- clesia Thomas Boltan vij. virgas j. d. qua. Ranulphus Skelc x. virgas ij. d. qua. Stacc mater ejus viij. virgas j. d. ob. Matillis l^eauchef xj. virgas j. d. qua. Willielmus Page x. virgas ij. d. qua. Stephanus Roperc ^ ij. virgas j. d. qua. Thomas le Mas vij. virgas j. d. ([ua. Laurencius clericus octavam partem iiij. d. ob. unius acre 2 12 APPENDIX. Jacobus filius xix. virgas iiij. d. qua. Thome de Mey- destane Johannes Seman unum quarterium ix. d. unius acre WilHelmus Semam unum quarterium ix. d. unius acre Summa viij. s. viij. d. ob. qua. Summa terre hujus quarterii tres acre et unum quar- terium unius acre. In tricesimo octavo .xv. virgas iij. d. qua. quarterio Thomas ate Curt, bocher Dyn chaper x. virgas ij. d. qua. Willielmus de Mo- viij.virgasdimidiam j. d. ob. qua. rile, bocher et quarterium unius virge WilHehnus de Po- x. virgas ij. d. qua. testerne carpen- ter Johannes Machon x. virgas ij d. qua. Willielmus de xij. virgas et dimi- ij. d. ob. Schettele diam Willielmus de viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. Brede acre et vij. virgas Thomas Haldan viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. acre et vij. virgas Willielmus Lamb viij. partem unius v. d. ob. qua. acre et vij. virgas Gilbertus de Cruce quartam partem .ix. d. unius acre APPENDIX. 21 ^ O Ricardus Guillot de viij. partem unius v. d. ob. Kyngestone acre et .v. virgas Johannes Godefrey quartam partem xj. d. ob. unius acre et .xij. virgas Alexander de Bro- viij. partem unius vij. d. ob. qua. kexe, curtus acre et xv. virgas Henricus Yue quartam partem ix. d. unius acre Johannes filius Re- quartam partem ix. d. ginaldi Alard unius acre Jacobus Paulyn unam acram iij. s. Summa ix. s. xj. d. qua. Summa terra hujus quarterii .iij. acre unum quarterium unius acre et .xix. virgc et quarterium unius virge. In tricesimo nono dimidiam acram ubi xviij. d. quarterio Robert- edificauit us Clericus Domus sancti Bar- duas acras vj. s. tholomei Domus sancte Cru- unam acram iij. s. cis Summa x. s. ct vj. d. Summa terre hujus quarterii .iij. acre et dimidia. V 2 2 14 APPENDIX. Hee sunt placee liberate ad edificandum et arentate sub pendente mentis ex parte aqui- lonari in terra aque salse proxima et pericu- losa in omnibus custuosis/ Primo Stephanus aurifaber habet in primo quar- terio Nicholaus Alard Henricus Jacob Stephanus Colram Johannes de Mag- hefelde Justinus Alard Johannes Seman Alexander de Bro- kexe, curtus Jacobus Paulyn Jacobus Paulyn de Upredinge Johannes Takes- nau Johannes le Visch Willielmus Ssman Henricus filius Jo- hannis aurifabri nj. virgas xij. virgas xij. virgas vij. virgas vij. virgas vij. virgas vij. virgas vij. virgas xij. virgas vj. virgas vj. virgas v. virgas et quarte- rium iiij. virgas et quar- terium iiij. virgas et quar- terium j.d. iij. d. ob. iij. d. ob. iij. d. qua. ij. d. qua. ij. d. qua. ij. d. qua. ij. d. qua. iij. d. ob. j. d. ob. qua. j. d. ob. qua. J' d. ob. j. d. qua. j. d. qua. ^ I never saw this word before, but it appears to be made for the occasion from the old French " costeaux," i.e., on all sides. APPENDIX. 21 Johannes de Scote- nie Henricus Bakere Adam de Bidin- denne Stephanus Withon Simon de Scotenye Vincencius Her- bcrd Johannes Grik' Reginaldus Alard junior Johannes Alard Gervasius Alard junior Thomas Godefrey Johannes Andreu Willielmus Neel Stephanus Moris Petrus Goldiue Willielmus Pate Henricus Bacun Ricardus Baytaile Willielmus Batayle Maheu de Horn iiij. virgas et quar- terium iiij. virgas et quar- terium V. virgas et quarte- rium V. virgas et quarte- rium V. virgas et quarte- rium vj. virgas vij. virgas xiiij. virgas xiij. virgas xiiij. virgas xiiij. virgas xiiij. virgas vj. virgas vj. virgas ix. virgas vij. virgas et dimi- diam vj. virgas et quarte- rium vij. virgas et dimi- diam vj. virgas et quarte- rium X. virgas j. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. ob. j. d. ob. j. d. ob. j. d. ob. qua. ij. d. qua. iiij. d. iiij. d. qua. iiij. d. qua. iiij. d. qua. iiij. d. j. d. ob. qua. j. d. ob. qua. ij. d. ob. qua. ij. d. qua. j. d. ob. (jua. ij. d. qua. j. d. ob. (jua. iij. d. 2l6 APPENDIX. Jacobus filius Thome Barba- toris Walterus de Rac- kele Johannes Lamb Robertus de Carett' Thomas Alard Godardus Cocus Johannes Godefrey Johannes Thomas Stephanus de Bro- kexe Paulus de Home Willielmus de Sal- cote Ricardus de Pese- merse Reginaldus Cok Aleyn Johannes fiHus Jo- hannis pistoris Robertus ate Merse Heredes Johannis Batan Galfridus Bauek Adam Stonhard vj. virgas et quarte- j. d. ob. qua. rium vj. virgas et quarte- j. d. ob. qua. rium V. virgas et dimi- j. d. qua. diam vij. virgas xij. virgas ix. virgas X. virgas X. virgas X. virgas ij. d. qua. iij. d. ob. ij. d. ob. qua. iij. d. iij. d. iij. d. xnij. virgas iiij. virgas iiij. virgas iiij. virgas iiij. virgas iiij. virgas iiij. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. qua. octavam partem x. d. unius acre et .xiij. virgas iiij. virgas et dimi- j. d. qua. diam iij. virgas dimidiam j. d. et quarterium APPENDIX. 217 Willielmus de Bro- kexe Reginaldus Alard senior Walterus Scappe Johannes Pate filius Johannis Pate Johannes Batayle Copyn de Lyde- hame Robertus Hane Johannes Yue JohannesfiHusHen- rici Yue Henricus Yue' Stephanus Ger- meyn Thomas Bone ct B arth olomeus filius ejus Stephanus de Bi- dindenne Johannes Bochard filius Godcfridi Henricus ate Carte Willielmus de Pole- ham iij. virgas dimidiam j. d. et quarterium vij. virgas j. d. ob. qua. iiij. virgas et dimi- j. d. qua. diam iiij. virgas et dimi- j. d. qua. diam iiij. virgas et dimi- j. d. qua. diam vj. virgas j. d. ob. qua. iiij. virgas et dimi- diam iiij. virgas et dimi- diam iiij. virgas et dimi- diam^ iiij. virgas et dimi- diam iiij. virgas et dimi- diam \j. virgas \j. \irgas iiij. virgas et dimi- diam VJ. virgas vj. virgas j. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. ob. qua. j. d. ob. qua. j. d. qua. j. d. ob. (]ua. j. d. (.A), qua. 2l8 APPENDIX. Willielmus Maucap vj. virgas Johannes Folke iiij. virgas et dimi- diam Ricardus Pate iiij. virgas et dimi- diam Johannes Pate frater v. virgas et quarte- ejus rium Henricus Broun \j. virgas Johannes de Iham- vij. virgas me, clericus Willielmus Burgeys vij. virgas Thomas Colram vij. virgas Gervasius Alard x. virgas et d'ani- senior diam Robertus Scalle vj. virgas Johannes filiusGer- vj. virgas veys Alard Summa xiij. s. ob. qua. Summa terre sub pendente .iij. acre dimidia .xx. virge et quarterium unius virge. Summa summarum tocius arentacionis .xiiij. libre .xj. solidi .V. denarii obolum quadrans. XX Summa summarum tocius terre predicte .iiij. acre .vij. acre dimidia acra dimidium quarterii unius acre .vij. virge et quarterium unius virge. Item dicti Major et Jurati dicunt quod anno regni Regis Edwardi sextodecimo citra festum sancti Jacobi Apostoli dominus J. de Kyrkeby tunc episcopus Elienen- sis ex parte domini nostri Regis communitatem de Wynchelsea de tota terra contenta in rotulis illis in pre- j- d. ob. qua. j- d. qua •• j- d. qua - j- d. ob. j- ij d. . d. ob. qua. ij i! ii . d. . d, j.d j- j- d. d. ob. ob. qua. qua. APPENDIX. 219 sencia vicecomitis comitatus Sussexie et aliorum nobilium tarn militum quam aliorum plurimorum de dicto comitatu in seisinam posuit ex parte domini Regis et dicte com- munitatis. Repromittentes quod a solucione dicte aren- tacionis a festo supranominato usque in septem annos proximos subsequentes quieta esset et absoluta. Hujus autem repromissionis occasione edificati et arentati usque in presenti [tempore] nichil soluerunt. Super qua repro- missione voluntas domini Regis in omnibus perficietur. Et ad majorem [securitatem] Major et Jurati assensu tocius communitatis predicte sigillum dicte communitatis hiis presentibus apponi fecerunt. Datum apud Wynchel- sea die Sabbati proximo ante festum sancti Michaelis Archangelli anno regni domini nostri Regis Edwardi vicesimo. [28 Sept. a.d. 1292.] I'lxXIS. CHISWICK PRESS: — CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOICS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. S^?^ Sj\ OiC 6^98^ Form L9-42m-8,'49(B5573)444 THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNU LOS ANGELES 3 .Tiiiiif DA 690 V.65138