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GIFT OF 
 Louis J. O'Brien 
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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
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 http://www.archive.org/details/francefrenchcompOOkullrich 
 
FRANCE 
 
 A French Composition Book 
 
 With Sketch Maps 
 
 "The Roofed Square-Paris Method " 
 
 by 
 
 C.J. 
 
 KULLMER, 
 
 and 
 
 Ph. D. 
 
 c. w. 
 
 CABEEN, D 
 
 r. de l'U. 
 
 Professors in Syracuse 
 
 University 
 
 • 
 > > 
 
 J 5 a 
 
 
 
 * 1 ♦ * j 1 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 SYRACUSE, N. Y. 
 
 KRAMER PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 1914 
 
, ,, I 
 
 
 Copyrighted, 1914 
 
 by 
 
 C. J. KULLMER 
 
 Reprints only with permission 
 
 PC 3~l I 
 
 ■ . < < < , « - 
 
Contents 
 
 Page 
 
 Introduction 4 
 
 Specimen Student Theme 5 
 
 The Principal Rivers 6 
 
 The Most Noted Mountains 8 
 
 The French Language 10 
 
 The Boundary Lands 12 
 
 Climate Map 14 
 
 The Principal Cities 16 
 
 The Principal Old Provinces 18 
 
 Places of Literary Interest 20 
 
 The Heart of Paris 22 
 
 The Environs of Paris 24 
 
 The Density of Population 26 
 
 Famous Resorts 28 
 
 Science and Invention 30 
 
 The Principal Railway Routes 32 
 
 Economic Map 34 
 
 The University Cities and Educational Districts 36 
 
 The Departments. The 26 Not Named after Rivers. 38 
 
 The Departments. The 61 Named after Rivers 40 
 
 Roman France 42 
 
 An Ideal Summer Trip Through France 44 
 
 Glossary 45-48 
 
 M247599 
 
Introduction 
 
 Just after the text of this book had been completed, the news 
 of the outbreak of the great European war arrived; it is, there-, 
 fore, uncolored by the emotions of the present struggle. Im- 
 pending events will add a new chapter, but they can make few 
 changes in the maps and the text here presented. 
 
 This method of drawing a sketch map of France is called 
 "The Roofed Square — Paris Method," Paris being situated under 
 the peak of the roof on the upper line of the square. Few peo- 
 ple would feel confident of their ability to draw a correct map of 
 France, yet anyone is able to draw with all necessary accuracy 
 the roofed square which is used as the foundation of our map; to 
 fill in the boundary line then is merely a matter of remembering 
 a few simple relations. 
 
 This map might be called the "one minute map," since after 
 some practice it takes less than sixty seconds to draw the roofed 
 square and to fill in the boundary line and the four main rivers 
 (which should always be drawn). "Learn by doing." Draw the 
 map from memory several times, using squares of different sizes 
 and comparing your sketch each time with the original. 
 
 Pay especial attention to three things: 1. The peak of the 
 roof is up from Paris three-quarters of the distance from the 
 side of the square to Paris; 2. Lake Geneva, on the eastern line, 
 is down two-fifths of the height of the square; 3. the peninsula 
 of Brittany projects out not quite one-third of the width of the 
 square. 
 
 Each exercise is composed of a map, which is accompanied by 
 a short English comment to stimulate interest and study. After 
 studying the map, draw it quickly a number of times from mem- 
 ory, noting errors and omissions by comparison with the origi- 
 nal. Next translate the French text and prepare the answers to 
 the questions, which are based mostly on the French comment. 
 Finally prepare the written exercise, using the specimen student 
 theme as a model; draw the map accurately and translate the 
 composition, using the French text above as a model and as the 
 source of vocabulary. 
 
 Neat and clear effects can be obtained by drawing the roofed 
 square and the heavy boundary line with jet black drawing ink, 
 the rivers with bluish ink and the special subject matter of the 
 map with red ink. The boundary line should always be made 
 heavy. The map on page 30 gives a more accurate boundary 
 line, including all the twists and turns not covered by the broad 
 line used. This shows the accuracy of our boundary line, simple 
 as it is. 
 
SPECIMEN STUDENT THEME 
 
 
 Bruxelles 
 
 6dl«. 
 
 Tan n. 
 
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EXERCISE 1 
 
 « « C { t 
 
 • c 
 r , , c 
 
 = Canal 
 
 The Principal Rivers 
 
 France has four principal river systems. The Seine, the 
 Loire and the Garonne, that drain four-fifths of the entire coun- 
 try and empty into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Rhone emptying 
 into the Mediterranean. The Loire, navigable for 512 miles, is 
 the longest river and has the largest drainage basin. The 
 Rhone rises in Mt. St. Gotthard in Switzerland and flows 
 through the beautiful Lake Geneva (Lac Leman), which forms 
 32 miles of the French frontier. 
 
 A smaller river, the Dordogne, unites with the Garonne and 
 forms the inlet-like river called the Gironde. The Moselle and 
 the Meuse rise in France; the former is a tributary of the Rhine 
 and the Meuse flows through Belgium and Holland and empties 
 into the North Sea. Lakes are few and insignificant, but there 
 are many canals, the chief ones being marked on the map. 
 
 6 
 
Quatre grands fleuves (le Rhone, la Garonne, la Loire, la 
 Seine), de nombreux canaux qui les lient entre eux, quelques 
 fleuves cotiers, et enfin quelques lacs d'une importance minime 
 constituent le regime des eaux de la France. 
 
 La pente generale du pays dirige la plupart de ses eaux vers 
 l'Atlantique tandis que le versant du cote de la Mediterranee en 
 regoit le restant. 
 
 De ces fleuves le Rhone est, a quelques egards, le plus in- 
 teressant. II prend sa source en Suisse dans le glacier qui porte 
 son nom, coule presque torrentiel vers l'Ouest et se jette dans le 
 lac Leman (lac de Geneve) d'ou il sort enfin et va se heurter 
 contre le pied des Cevennes. Ici il tourne brusquement vers le 
 Sud pour meler bientot ses eaux a celles de son principal afflu- 
 ent, la Saone. C'est en cette position avantageuse qu'a ete batie 
 la ville de Lyon, deja considerable aux temps des Romains. Le 
 Rhone se jette dans la Mediterranee apres un cours de 860 kil. 
 
 La Gironde est le long estuaire de la Garonne, elargie apres 
 sa reunion avec la Dordogne. La Loire, fleuve le plus long de la 
 France, prend sa source dans les Cevennes, coule vers l'Ouest, 
 arrose la Touraine, le "jardin de la France," et se jette dans 
 l'Atlantique apres un cours de 980 kil. La Seine est un fleuve de 
 plaine et son bassin draine la partie nord-est de la France. Elle 
 prend sa source dans la Cote d'Or et se jette dans la Manche. 
 Ses principaux affluents sur la rive droite sont la Marne et l'Oise. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Combien de grands fleuves y a-t-il en France? 2. Com- 
 bien de ces fleuves se jettent-ils dans l'ocean Atlantique? 3. 
 Dans quelle direction coule le Rhone? 4. Sur quel fleuve la 
 ville de Paris est-elle situee? 5. Lequel de ces fleuves a le plus 
 grand bassin? 6. Quels fleuves sont lies par des canaux? 7. 
 Quels fleuves se reunissent pour former la Gironde? 8. Y a-t-il 
 beaucoup de grands lacs en France? 9. Comment s'appelle l'an- 
 cienne province de Touraine? 
 
 Composition 
 
 There are four large rivers in France. Three of these rivers 
 flow towards the west into the Atlantic Ocean, but the Mediter- 
 ranean receives the waters of the Rhone. A canal connects the 
 small coastal stream, the Aude, with the Garonne. The Dor- 
 dogne mingles its waters with the Garonne, forming the long 
 estuary, the Gironde. The great city of Lyons is situated on the 
 Rhone, where the Saone, its principal affluent, empties into the 
 torrential Rhone. A glacier in Switzerland is the source of the 
 Rhone. The longest river in France is the Loire. Le Loir is an 
 affluent of la Loire. The Moselle takes its source in the Vosges 
 [mountains], flows towards the north and empties into the 
 Rhine (le Rhin). 
 
 7 
 
EXERCISE 2 
 
 The Most Noted Mountains 
 
 With the exception of the Belgian frontier France is pro- 
 tected on all sides by strong natural boundaries, either of water 
 or of mountains. In general it may be said that the mountains 
 lie in the south and east, and the land slopes off toward the 
 northwest, with a succession of mountain, highland and plain. 
 In this feature France resembles both England and Germany, 
 where, however, the slope is in another direction. 
 
 The Pyrenees form a natural political and language boundary 
 between France and Spain, and the Alps a similar boundary 
 separating France from Italy. The Jura Mountains and Lake 
 Geneva lie on the Swiss frontier. The heart of Southern France 
 is occupied by the Cevennes and the Auvergne Mountains. 
 Mount Blanc in the Alps is the highest peak in France. The 
 mountains and hills are mostly forest-covered, in fact one- 
 sixth of France is occupied by forests. 
 
 8 
 
Le fait le plus marquant du sol frangais c'est le contraste qui 
 existe entre l'altitude de la partie nord et celle du sud. La partie 
 sud s'eleve a une altitude moyenne de plus de 500 m. et comprend 
 a peu pres un tiers de la surface du pays, tandis que la partie 
 nord se porte a une altitude de moins de 200 m. Les Ardennes, 
 plateau boise plutot que chaine de montagnes, s'etendent jusqu'en 
 Belgique; ses forets, deja celebres au temps de Cesar, existent 
 encore aujourd'hui. Les Vosges sont une chaine de montagnes 
 entre le Rhin et la Moselle. 
 
 Le Jura constitue une barriere entre la France et la Suisse. 
 Les Alpes sont le systeme de montagnes le plus important de 
 l'Europe. Elles s'etendent dans une direction curviligne jusqu'a 
 Vienne. Le Mont Blanc, le sommet le plus eleve de l'Europe, se 
 dresse a une altitude de 4,811 metres. A l'ouest du Rhone se 
 trouvent les Cevennes et la region montagneuse de l'Auvergne 
 avec les pics celebres du Cantal, du Mont-Dore et du Puy de- 
 Dome. 
 
 Dans les Pyrenees nous trouvons la frontiere franchise et 
 espagnole. De nombreuses sources thermales attirent beaucoup 
 de touristes, comme le font aussi les magnifiques vallees. C'est 
 dans la vallee ou col de Roncevaux que perit Roland, le neveu de 
 l'Empereur Charlemagne. Cet evenement a ete commemore 
 dans la Chanson de Roland, chef-d'oeuvre de la vieille poesie 
 epique franchise. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Dans quelle partie de la France les montagnes se trouvent- 
 elles? 2. Quelles en sont les principales chaines? 3. Quelle 
 est la plus haute montagne de l'Europe? 4. Quel est l'equiva- 
 lent anglais du metre? 5. Dans quelle direction les Alpes 
 s'etendent-elles? 6. Quelles montagnes constituent une haute 
 barriere entre la France et l'Espagne? 7. Quel est le nom du 
 plateau boise situe sur la limite beige? 8. Nommez un pic bien 
 connu du centre de la France. 
 
 Composition 
 
 The mountains of France are in the south, the east and in the 
 center of the country. There is a great contrast between the 
 north and the south of France; the mean elevation of the south- 
 ern part is more than 500 meters, while that of the north is less 
 than 200 meters. The forests of the Ardennes were famous even 
 at the time of Caesar. The Vosges [mountains] form a high 
 barrier between France and Germany. There are three peaks of 
 a considerable height in the mountainous region of the Auvergne, 
 but the highest peak in France is found in the Alps; it is the 
 great Mont Blanc. The valley of Roncesvalles is well known to 
 all; it was here that Roland perished in 778, an event commemo- 
 rated in the Song of Roland. 
 
 9 
 
EXERCISE 3 
 
 The French Language 
 
 After Caesar's campaign 58-50 B. C, France belonged to 
 the Roman empire; see map of Roman Germany on page 42. 
 In the 400 years of Roman rule the Celtic Gauls adopted the 
 Latin tongue. French is, therefore, like Italian, Spanish, Portu- 
 guese and Roumanian, a direct descendant of the original Latin. 
 
 Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Aryan or 
 Indo-European family of languages — as, for instance, all the 
 Germanic, Slavic and Celtic tongues. But not all European 
 languages belong to this family; thus, Finnish-Hungarian, 
 Turkish, Hebrew and the Basque language, which is spoken on 
 the boundary between Spain and France, are entirely unrelated 
 to the other European languages. Breton, spoken on the penin- 
 sula of Brittany is a Celtic dialect, related to Welsh and Gaelic 
 (Irish). Modern literary French developed from the dialects 
 marked on the map "Langue d'oil" (old form of oui — yes). 
 
 10 
 
Les dialectes du Nord different a beaucoup d'egards de ceux 
 du Sud; sur la carte une ligne grasse indique la demarcation 
 entre eux. Le frangais moderne a pris son origine dans la 
 langue d'o'il. Mais au moyen age, du temps des croisades et de 
 la chevalerie la "langue d'oc" ou provengal, occupait une position 
 assez importante a cote de la langue d'o'il. C'etait dans cette 
 langue surtout qu'on ecrivait les chansons des troubadours. Des 
 le milieu du 19e siecle il y a eu une renaissance provengale. 
 
 La langue anglaise contient beaucoup de mots empruntes au 
 frangais; cela s'explique en partie par le fait que les Normands 
 conquirent TAngleterre en 1066 mais plus specialement par la 
 grande influence qu'exerga la France sur toute l'Europe au moyen 
 age. C'est de la France comme centre que se sont repandus les 
 ideals de la chevalerie et avec eux la langue et la litterature fran- 
 gaises. Plus tard encore, au 17e et au 18e siecles le frangais 
 devint la langue usuelle de la vie mondaine de l'Europe. Au 18e 
 siecle, la dixieme partie de tous les livres imprimes en Allemagne 
 etait en langue frangaise. 
 
 En dehors de la France on parle frangais en quelques parties 
 de la Belgique et de la Suisse. On se sert egalement du frangais 
 sur une grande etendue de Test du Canada et aussi tres generale- 
 ment dans les colonies de l'Afrique. En Russie le frangais est la 
 langue du beau monde et il est de plus la langue Internationale 
 de la diplomatic 
 
 Questions 
 1. Quelles sont les deux pricipales divisions de la langue 
 frangaise? 2. Laquelle a donne origine au frangais moderne? 
 3. Est-ce qu'on emploie maintenant le provengal dans la littera- 
 ture? 4. Comment peut-on expliquer le fait que l'anglais a 
 emprunte tant de mots au frangais? 5. Comment la France a-t- 
 elle pu exercer une si grande influence sur l'Europe au moyen 
 age? 6. Ou est-ce qu'on parle frangais en dehors de la France? 
 7. Pour quel emploi special est-ce qu'on fait usage du frangais? 
 
 Composition 
 
 Many different dialects are spoken in France. The language 
 of Northern France is called the "langue d'o'il", because the 
 affirmative particle (la particule) was oil in the north, but oc in 
 the south. In the middle ages the langue d'oc was a literary 
 language. The troubadours wrote their songs in this language. 
 When the Normans conquered England in 1066, they made 
 t French the language of society in England. Later the use of 
 French was widespread in Europe, and in the 18th century a 
 large part of the books printed in Germany were in French. The 
 upper class of Russia speak French and the language is gener- 
 ally spoken in Western Switzerland, Belgium and in part of 
 Canada. 
 
 11 
 
EXERCISE 4 
 
 G \£dimbour§ 
 
 WjLETERffi 
 
 S*~ Lo ndres" 
 
 <g(c^r 
 
 enhague 
 
 Berlin \ 
 
 WSSIE 
 
 ALLEMQNE \ 
 
 PARI? 
 
 UWCMBQURG 
 
 FRANCE 
 
 ?Str«3Sboun* 
 
 \U/SSl 
 ITALt 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 o . 
 / Vienne 
 
 AUTRICHE 
 
 Madrid 
 ESPA6nT~ 
 
 Corse 
 
 Sardaigne 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rome* 
 
 A ' ser AFRIQUE ™ 
 
 Sicile 
 
 The Boundary Lands 
 
 The map shows clearly the central position of France among 
 the great European nations. The European capital cities, 
 Copenhagen, Berlin, Vienna, Rome and Madrid, are grouped 
 around Paris almost on a circle (marked on the map). France 
 has almost exactly the same area as Germany, is slightly larger 
 than Spain and is almost twice as large as the British Isles 
 or Italy. It is bounded on the east and northeast by five coun- 
 tries, the kingdom of Belgium, the little grand duchy of Luxem- 
 burg, the German Empire, the Swiss Republic and the kingdom 
 of Italy. 
 
 The Island of Corsica, famous as the birthplace of Napoleon, 
 is a part of France. Outside of Europe France has extensive 
 colonies, which cover an area of more than four million square 
 miles, mostly in Africa. One colony, the African island Mada- 
 gascar, is larger than all France. Algiers is the principal city 
 of the African colonies. 
 
 12 
 
Remarquez d'abord la position centrale de la France entre les 
 nations de l'Europe. Ses limites se composent de terre et de 
 mer en des proportions presque egales, mais malgre son long 
 littoral elle possede comparativement tres peu de ports. La 
 Manche, a l'endroit ou elle se trouve la plus etroite, c. a. d. entre 
 Douvres et Calais, n'a que 39 km. de largeur. (Un mille anglais 
 equivaut a 1.6 km.) Depuis longtemps les ingenieurs civils ont 
 desire faire construire a ce lieu un tunnel sous la Manche, mais 
 les Anglais ont toujours eu la profonde conviction qu'un tunnel 
 detruirait leur insularite et par consequent ils n'en ont point 
 voulu. 
 
 Remarquez l'etendue tres limitee de la frontiere franco- 
 allemande. La ville de Strasbourg, qui forme maintenant partie 
 de l'Allemagne, a appartenu a la France de 1681 a 1870, epoque 
 ou avec L'Alsace-Lorraine elle a ete annexee par l'Em- 
 pire allemand. Le territoire perdu dans la guerre franco- 
 prussienne (1870-71) est indique sur la carte. En outre cette 
 guerre a eu pour resultat l'unification des divers etats allemands 
 et la formation de l'empire allemand d'aujourd'hui. Cette lutte a 
 eveille egalement en France la conscience de sa solidarite et a 
 amene l'es.tablissement de la republique. 
 
 Les colonies frangaises de l'Afrique ont une superficie vingt 
 fois plus grande que celle de la mere patrie et il est probable 
 qu'en ce qui concerne l'administration la France l'emporte sur 
 toutes les autres nations colonisatrices. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. La France, quelle position avantageuse occupe-t-elle parmi 
 les nations de l'Europe? 2. Quelle proportion subsiste entre 
 les eaux et les terres limitrophes de la France? 3. A quel 
 endroit la Manche se trouve-t-elle au plus etroit? Quelle est sa 
 largeur a ce point? 4. Pourquoi les Anglais ont-ils souleve des 
 objections contre la construction d'un tunnel sous la Manche? 
 
 5. Quels ont ete les resultats de la guerre franco-prussienne? 
 
 6. Pendant combien de temps la ville de Strasbourg resta-t-elle 
 sous le regime francais? 
 
 Composition 
 
 France has almost exactly the same area as Germany, and 
 is almost twice as large as Italy. The English Channel is not 
 very wide and engineers have thought of building a tunnel at 
 its narrowest point. But the English will not listen to this 
 because they wish to retain (garder) their insular position. 
 Alsace-Lorraine was formerly a part of France, but after the 
 Franco-Prussian War it was annexed to Germany. The largest 
 city of this province is Strassburg. French is spoken in only 
 a small part of Alsace-Lorraine. The result of the war was 
 the formation of the French republic and also the establishment 
 of the German Empire. The single colony of Madagascar is 
 larger than the mother country. 
 
 13 
 
EXERCISE 5 
 
 Climate Map 
 
 The northern tip of France has the same latitude as the 
 southern tip of Hudson Bay. The lower line of our outline 
 square is in lat. 43°, the same as Buffalo or Milwaukee. The 
 normal time of France is just the same as that of England; the 
 clocks of France are, therefore, six hours ahead of the clocks in 
 the Mississippi Valley, which means that France is just one- 
 quarter way around the world from the Mississippi Valley. 
 When the people of Chicago are eating their lunch, the day's 
 work in Paris is over. The climate of France is of a different 
 type from that of most of America — it is not as warm in sum- 
 mer and not as cold in winter as here. In this respect it 
 resembles closely California and the southernmost states. The 
 July temperature of Paris is the same as that of Maine or Lake 
 Superior; its January temperature is like that of Washington, 
 D. C, or St. Louis, with the exception that there are no severe 
 cold snaps. 
 
 14 
 
A cause des vents qui regnent, les hivers et les etes sont en 
 general assez temperes en France, c. a. d. qu'elle a tin climat 
 oceanique par opposition a un climat continental comme celui de 
 la plus grande partie de l'Amerique. La presqu'ile de la Bre- 
 tagne qui s'avance dans les eaux rechauffees de l'ocean compte 
 moins de differences entre l'ete et l'hiver que les autres divisions 
 climateriques de la France, bien que le climat du bassin de Paris 
 ressemble a celui de la Bretagne par sa douceur. Dans ces deux 
 regions les pluies sont frequentes, ce qui rend le pays propre a 
 l'elevage du betail comme Test le Sud de l'Angleterre. 
 
 Le littoral de la Mediterranee comporte des hivers d'une 
 grande douceur, des etes chauds et tres sees: a l'exception de 
 cette partie de la cote ou pousse l'orange, le doux hiver de la 
 Mediterranee devient souvent tres desagreable a cause du vent 
 violent du Nord qui s'appelle le "Mistral". La plus grande 
 quantite de pluie se rencontre sur les versants ouest des regions 
 montagneuses. Les Pyrenees de l'Ouest en regoivent la plus 
 grande quantite; l'Auvergne se caracterise aussi par la pluie. La 
 region immediatement a Test de Paris et la cote a l'ouest de 
 Marseille sont les moins pluvieuses. 
 
 Le mais exige une certaine chaleur; il pousse partout dans le 
 Midi jusqu'a la limite nord indiquee sur la carte. Les oliviers 
 se limitent aux districts mediterraneans. Le raisin se cultive 
 dans toute la France jusqu'a la diagonale qui traverse la cam- 
 pagne tout pres de Paris. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Quelle est la cause de la douceur des hivers et de la 
 fraicheur des etes de la France? 2. Quel climat possede la plus 
 grande partie des £tats-Unis? 3. Laquelle des sept regions 
 climateriques a le climat le plus uniforme? 4. A quels egards 
 le climat du bassin de Paris ressemble-t-il au climat du Sud de 
 l'Angleterre? 5. De quelle direction le Mistral souffle-t-il? 6. 
 A quelle region l'olive est-elle limitee? 7. Ou croit le raisin? 8. 
 Est-ce que l'orange vient bien en France? 
 
 Composition 
 
 The prevailing winds make the winters in France very mild. 
 But considerable differences do exist; France can be divided into 
 seven climatic regions. There is less difference between sum- 
 mer and winter in the peninsula of Brittany than in the other 
 parts of France. In the Vosges and Rhone climates the winters 
 are rainy. The shore of the Mediterranean has a temperate 
 winter, but the lower Rhone has in winter a disagreeable cold 
 north wind which is called the "mistral". The smallest amount 
 of rain is found in the region east of Paris. Indian corn is culti- 
 vated in the southern part of the country. The grape flourishes 
 everywhere with the exception of the district to the north of 
 Paris. 
 
 15 
 
EXERCISE 6 
 
 Roubaix 
 
 The Principal Cities 
 
 There are only five cities in France with a population of 
 over 200,000 — in order: Paris, Marseilles, Lyons, Bordeaux and 
 Lille; and there are only fifteen cities that have over 100,000 
 inhabitants; these are given on the map. Germany has 41 such 
 cities and the British Isles 38. The provincial cities thus play 
 a less significant role than in other lands; the life of France 
 is highly centralized in Paris. 
 
 Marseilles owes its second rank to its extensive shipping, 
 and Lyons is the center of the silk industry of the world. Lille 
 and Roubaix are the centers of the great textile industry of 
 the north. Lisle thread was first made at Lille, hence its name. 
 St. Etienne is the Pittsburgh of France. Bordeaux has an exten- 
 sive commerce and lies in the midst of a great wine section. 
 From Reims twenty million bottles of champagne are exported 
 yearly. 
 
 16 
 
Paris compte environ, trois millions d'habitants: il est done 
 de la moitie plus petit que Londres, tandis qu'il est a peu pres 
 de la meme grandeur que Berlin. Apres Paris, les deux plus 
 grandes villes sont Marseille et Lyon, dont chacune a une popu- 
 lation d'un demi-million. Marseille est la principale ville mari- 
 time non seulement de la France, mais aussi du littoral de la 
 Mediterranee. Elle est d'origine grecque et dans l'ancien temps 
 joua un role important comme port de mer. 
 
 Lyon, celebre depuis des siecles pour ses soieries, occupe un 
 beau site au confluent du Rhone et de la Saone. Toulon, ville 
 bien fortifiee, est un arsenal maritime de premier ordre. A 
 l'embouchure de la Seine se trouve le Havre, apres Marseille le 
 port de commerce le plus considerable du pays. Entre le Havre 
 et Paris, egalement sur la Seine, est situe Rouen, ancienne 
 capitale de la Normandie, ou en 1431 Jeanne d'Arc mourut sur le 
 bucher, apres avoir fait sacrer le roi Charles VII a Reims. Reims, 
 metropole de l'ancienne province de Champagne fut, pendant des 
 siecles, la ville du sacre des rois de France. 
 
 Au sud-ouest de la France sur la Garonne sont deux grandes 
 villes, Bordeaux et Toulouse. Bordeaux, de nos jours un grand 
 centre commercial, etait sous le regime romain la capitale de 
 l'Aquitaine. Nantes est peut-etre mieux connu des etudiants de 
 l'histoire a cause de l'Edit de Nantes qui donna aux protestants 
 la liberte de conscience. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. La France a-t-elle beaucoup de grandes villes? 2. Com- 
 bien d'habitants compte la ville de Paris? Quelle est la popula- 
 tion de Paris en comparaison de celle de Londres? 3. Quelles 
 villes importantes sont situees entre Paris et Marseille? Et 
 quelles sont les industries qui les rendent celebres? 4. A quel 
 fait est du l'importance de Toulon? 5. Dans quelle ville Jeanne 
 d'Arc mourut-elle? 6. Ou le sacre des rois de France avait-il 
 lieu? 7. Quelle ville d'origine grecque y a-t-il en France? 
 
 Composition 
 
 There are only five cities in France with a population of more 
 than 200,000, and fifteen with more than 100,000. Paris has al- 
 most the same population as Berlin, but London is twice as large 
 as Paris. Havre at the mouth of the Seine is an important 
 maritime city. At Reims the coronation of the kings of France 
 took place. The silk industry has made Lyons famous; under 
 Roman rule Lyons was already a great city. The importance of 
 Marseilles is due to its position as a commercial port; it is sit- 
 uated on the Mediterranean shore near the mouth of the Rhone. 
 Between Nantes and Toulon is found the city of Bordeaux, which 
 has played an important role throughout the centuries as a com- 
 mercial centre. 
 
 17 
 
EXERCISE 7 
 
 The Principal Old Provinces 
 
 Before the French Revolution (1789) France was divided 
 into 32 provinces; the names of a large number of these are now 
 generally known and used as geographical districts. The 87 
 departments into which France has been divided since the 
 Revolution are also well known, but the old province names are 
 convenient general designations since they cover a number of 
 such departments. 
 
 Furthermore, these names occur constantly in history; thus 
 Anjou is especially famous for the kings of the "house of 
 Anjou," who ruled England from 1154-1399. Some of the names 
 are very old; thus, Gascony goes back to the Roman Vasconia, 
 the land of the Vascones or Basques. The geographical loca- 
 tion of some has varied in extent during the centuries; especially 
 Burgundy (Bourgogne) has been applied at different times to 
 a large part of Eastern France. 
 
 18 
 
Les noms des anciennes provinces de la France sont un 
 heritage des temps feodaux. II vaut la peine d'apprendre les 
 noms des mieux connues, et aussi l'origine de ces noms. Par 
 exemple, l'lle de France, dont la capitale est Paris, doit son nom 
 aux quatre fleuves qui en font presque une ile. La Normandie 
 rappelle par son nom les Normands (Northmen) ou vikings 
 scandinaves au chef desquels, Rollon, fut cedee cette partie de la 
 France en 911. 
 
 La Bretagne, presqu'ile isolee, est par sa race, ses coutumes, 
 ses costumes et sa langue une province unique dans la France. 
 La Champagne est connue partout a cause de son vin blanc 
 mousseux. Une partie de la Lorraine et toute l'Alsace furent 
 cedees a l'Allemagne apres la guerre franco-allemande (1870-71), 
 mais presque tout ce territoire n'appartenait a la France que 
 depuis 200 ans. Ce fut dans le village de Domremy en Lorraine 
 que naquit Jeanne d'Arc. La montagneuse Savoie avec le 
 sublime Mont Blanc est d'acquisition recente; elle fut cedee a la 
 France par l'ltalie en 1860. 
 
 Le beau climat de Provence en a fait le plus celebre sejour 
 hivernal de toute l'Europe; la partie est de son littoral est bien 
 connue sous le nom de la Riviera. La Provence a donne son 
 nom a la poesie provengale de l'age de la chevalerie. La province 
 de Languedoc a, chose etrange, pris son nom du langage parle 
 aux villages du Sud de la France (voir la carte de langage). La 
 Guienne ou Guyenne est une variante du nom Aquitaine. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. En combien de provinces la France etait-elle divisee avant 
 la Revolution? 2. A qui la Normandie fut-elle cedee en 911? 3. 
 A quels egards la Bretagne est-elle une province unique en 
 France? 4. En quelle annee l'Alsace fut-elle cedee a l'Alle- 
 magne? 5. Pendant combien d'annees ce territoire a-t-il appar- 
 tenu a la France? 6. Ou Jeanne d'Arc naquit-elle? 7. Est-ce 
 que la Savoie fait partie de la France depuis longtemps? 8. Pour 
 quelle raison la Provence est-elle specialement celebre? 
 
 Composition 
 
 The names of the old French provinces call to mind the 
 feudal times, and it is worth while to learn the origin of their 
 names. For example, the province of which Paris was the capi- 
 tal was called the Ile de France, because four rivers made (of) 
 it almost an island. Champagne has given its name to a cele- 
 brated sparkling wine. Alsace-Lorraine was ceded to Germany 
 by France in 1871. It is in the mountainous province of Savoie 
 that we find the highest peak in France, Mount Blanc. Provence 
 is well known because it has given its name to the poetry of the 
 troubadours. The, Riviera, its eastern shore, is a celebrated 
 winter resort. The Normans, the Scandinavian vikings, gave 
 their name to the province of Normandy. 
 
 19 
 
EXERCISE 8 
 
 Places of Literary Interest 
 
 Moliere (1622-73), the greatest French writer of comedies, 
 was born and died in Paris. The brilliant Voltaire (1694-1778), 
 the most famous literary man of his time, was also born in 
 Paris; the last twenty years of his life he spent at Ferney, near 
 Geneva, having been banished from Paris. Victor Hugo 
 (1802-85), the author of "Les Miserables," though born in 
 Besangon, passed most of his life in Paris. 
 
 Corneille (1606-84), a celebrated dramatist, the author of "Le 
 Cid," was born at Rouen, where he lived until shortly before 
 his death. The castle of Les Rochers was the residence of 
 Madame de Sevigne (1626-96), celebrated for the remarkable 
 "Letters" to her daughter. Descartes (1596-1650), the founder 
 of modern philosophy was born near Tours, but lived in Holland 
 the latter part of his life. Tours is also known as the birthplace 
 of the great novelist, Balzac (1799-1850). 
 
 20 
 
Rabelais (1495-1553), auteur de "Pantagruel" et de "Gargan- 
 tua", est peut-etre le plus grand sceptique frangais, mais il est en 
 meme temps plein de l'amour de l'humanite. II naquit a Chinon 
 en Touraine. George Sand (1804-1876), une des plus celebres 
 femmes de lettres qu'ait produites la France, habita longtemps 
 Nohant. 
 
 Montaigne (1533-92), contemporain de Shakspeare, passa les 
 jours les plus heureux de sa vie dans la bibliotheque de son cha- 
 teau pres de Bordeaux, ou il a ecrit ses remarquables essais. 
 Bordeaux nous rappelle aussi le nom de Montesquieu (1689-1755), 
 auteur de "L'Esprit des Lois", ouvrage^ qui a beaucoup influence 
 les idees sociales et politiques du 18e siecle. 
 
 Alphonse Daudet (1840-97), ne a Nimes, romancier naturaliste, 
 a ecrit d'admirables romans decrivant les moeurs de son pays 
 natal, le Midi. Geneve, ville Suisse de langue frangaise, s'associe 
 aux noms de Calvin (1509-64), fondateur du protestantisme fran- 
 gais, et de Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78), qui preche le retour 
 a la nature et proclame les droits de l'homme. Ses idees ont 
 beaucoup contribue a amener la Revolution frangaise. 
 
 La Fontaine (1621-95), auteur immortel de fables delicieuses, 
 passa la premiere moitie de sa vie a Chateau-Thierry. La Fon- 
 taine, avec ses amis Racine, Boileau et Moliere, a beaucoup 
 contribue a la gloire du siecle brillant de Louis XIV. Dumas 
 pere (1802-70), auteur du "Comte de Monte Cristo" et des "Trois 
 Mousquetaires", naquit a Villers-Cotterets, ou il passa sa 
 jeunesse. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Dans quelle ville de la Touraine naquit l'auteur de "Panta- 
 gruel"? 2. Qui etait l'auteur d'essais habitant un chateau pres 
 de Bordeaux? 3. Pourquoi "l'Esprit des Lois" est-il celebre? 
 4. Ou le fondateur du protestantisme demeurait-il? 5. Quel 
 autre ecrivain renomme habitait Geneve? 6. Quelle doctrine 
 preche-t-il? 7. Pourquoi ses idees sont-elles d'une haute im- 
 portance? 8. Nommer les quatre grands ecrivains qui, au siecle 
 de Louis XIV, formaient un cercle insigne. 9. Dans quel siecle 
 l'auteur des "Trois Mousquetaires a-t-il vecu?" 
 
 Composition 
 
 Bordeaux is associated with the names of two great writers, 
 Montaigne, who lived in the 16th century and wrote some re- 
 markable essays, and Montesquieu, celebrated for his work, 
 "L'Esprit des Lois"; Montesquieu died in 1755. Geneva in 
 Switzerland calls to mind two great men of France, Calvin, the 
 founder of French protestantism, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 
 who contributed a great deal to the social and political ideas of 
 his time. La Fontaine spent his youth at Chateau-Thierry, near 
 Paris, but the second half of his life he passed at Paris, where 
 he was associated with the celebrated writers Racine, Boileau 
 and Moliere. Dumas pere is perhaps the greatest novelist that 
 France has produced. George Sand, a famous woman of letters, 
 spent the happiest days of her life at Nohant. 
 
 21 
 
EXERCISE 9 
 
 Gare MontParnasse 
 
 Panthe'on 
 
 The Heart of Paris 
 
 First find on the map the Place de la Concorde (Square of 
 Peace); they gave it this name in 1795 after the guillotine had 
 been taken down on which Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette 
 and many of the nobility were decapitated. This . square is 
 now the heart of Paris. Westward from it the Champs-Elysees 
 extends to Napoleon's massive Arc de Triomphe. Looking 
 north we see the Church of the Madeleine, like a Greek temple; 
 toward the south across the Seine the Chamber of Deputies. 
 On the east is the Garden of the Tuileries, where once stood 
 the royal palace called the Tuileries; it was stormed by the mob 
 during the Revolution, 1792, also in the revolutions of 1830 and 
 1848, and it was burned by the Commune in 1871. 
 
 On the south side of the Seine the Boulevard St. Michel is 
 the main artery of traffic; it passes through what has for cen- 
 turies been known as the Latin Quarter, by which is meant 
 the School Section, Latin being the language of the schools 
 until about two centuries ago. 
 
 22 
 
La ville de Paris s'est dressee autour de cette ile de la Seine 
 qu'on appelle 'Tile de la Cite." C'est ici que se trouvent l'eglise 
 cathedrale de Notre Dame, et le Palais de Justice, autrefois le 
 palais royal. L'Hotel de Ville est moderne; il remplace l'edifice 
 brule par la Commune en 1871. Le Pantheon est le "Westmin- 
 ster Abbey" de la France. C'est ici qu'on a enterre plusieurs 
 celebres Frangais comme Rousseau, Voltaire et Hugo. Le 
 Palais du Luxembourg est maintenant le siege du senat frangais; 
 ses jardins ont longtemps joue un role considerable dans la vie 
 du Quartier Latin. A l'ouest du jardin se trouve le quartier 
 americain et anglais. 
 
 Le Champ de Mars, jadis consacre a l'exercice militaire, a ete 
 la scene de quatre expositions universelles. C'est ici que se 
 dresse comme souvenir de l'exposition de 1889 la Tour Eiffel, 
 haute de presque 1000 pieds. Tout pres on voit dans l'eglise de 
 l'Hotel des Invalides (Soldiers' Home) le tombeau de l'homme 
 le plus celebre de la France, Napoleon, le "petit Caporal" corse. 
 Les boulevards qui s'etendent a Test et a l'ouest de l'Opera sont 
 le centre de la vie de boulevard de la rive droite de la Seine. De 
 la place de l'Opera partent pour aller vers le sud deux arteres: 
 la rue de la Paix avec ses magasins importants et l'avenue de 
 l'Opera, qui mene au Louvre. Le Louvre, aujourd'hui le musee 
 le plus considerable du monde etait le principal palais royal avant 
 la construction de Versailles sous Louis XIV. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Qu'est ce que c'est que "l'ile de la cite"? 2. Quels en 
 sont les plus importants edifices? 3. Qu'est ce qu'est devenu 
 l'ancien Hotel de Ville? 4. A quoi le Pantheon doit-il sa re- 
 nommee? 5. Quels grands hommes y sont enterres? 6. Ou le 
 senat frangais tient-il ses seances? 7. Ou est le quartier anglais 
 et americain a Paris? 8. Quel est l'age de la Tour Eiffel? 9. 
 De combien d'expositions universelles le Champ de Mars a-t-il 
 ete la scene? 10. Ou Napoleon est-il inhume? 11. Ou trouve- 
 t-on le centre de la vie de boulevard au nord de la Seine? 
 
 Composition 
 
 "City Island" is an island in the Seine around which grew 
 up the city of Paris. The cathedral of Notre Dame and the 
 Palace of Justice are its two most important buildings. The 
 tombs of several famous Frenchmen are found in the Pantheon, 
 which may be called the "Westminster Abbey" of France. The 
 Boulevard St. Michel is the center of the boulevard life of the 
 Latin Quarter. The Eiffel Tower is the highest tower in the 
 world; it was built for the exposition of 1889 and is nearly a 
 thousand feet high. Napoleon is buried near-by in the church 
 of the Soldiers' Home. The church of the Madeleine is situated 
 on the boulevard west of the opera house and not far from the 
 Square of Peace. 
 
 23 
 
EXERCISE 10 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 St Denis 
 
 / 
 
 St.Germain- 
 
 / f^ 
 
 7° 
 
 
 •en-Laye / 
 
 
 
 
 °( 
 
 
 -^ ^ifications 
 
 
 
 St Cloud 0%/ 
 
 3^L / 
 
 A PARIS 
 
 Jardin 
 
 SevresO^-^ 
 
 
 \^*Boisde \ ] 
 M^-.yi nc en nes.y -' 
 
 o "^b 
 
 St.Cyr Versailles 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 vh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ? ? * ? Mil 
 
 e$ * 
 
 \p CJK 
 
 
 The Environs of Paris 
 
 The ring in the center of the map represents the fortihcu- 
 tions with which Paris is completely surrounded. These played 
 their part in the two terrible sieges of Paris, 1870-71, the first 
 of 21 weeks against the Germans, the second of seven weeks, 
 the Republicans of France against the Communists of Paris. 
 
 Notice the diagram of the "heart of Paris" shown in minia- 
 ture within the ring of the fortifications. One of the twelve 
 fashionable, residential streets which radiate from the Arch of 
 Triumph of the Place de l'Etoile is called the Avenue du Bois 
 de Boulogne; it leads to the lovely park, named after an adjacent 
 town, "Bois de Boulogne"; it is perhaps more frequently called 
 simply the "Bois." It contains the race-course Longchamp; at 
 the promenade here the new fashions are first shown. Thirty- 
 seven miles south of Paris is the town of Fontainebleau with 
 a splendid royal palace, which was the favorite residence of 
 Napoleon; the forest of Fontainebleau is the most beautiful in 
 France and was made famous by the painters of the "Barbison 
 School". Although outside the fortifications, both the Bois de 
 Boulogne and the Bois de Vincennes belong to the city. 
 
 24 
 
A une lieue au nord des fortifications se trouve la ville de St. 
 Denis. Son abbaye est le lieu de sepulture des rois de France. 
 Le palais royal de St. Cloud, sur la Seine tout pres de Paris, fut 
 brule dans la guerre de 1870; c'est dans ce palais que se sont 
 passees beaucoup de scenes emouvantes de Thistoire de la 
 France. A l'ouest de Paris, et assez pres, est Sevres qui jouit 
 d'une reputation universelle par sa manufacture nationale de 
 porcelaine qui fut fondee en 1753. A Test de Paris se trouvent le 
 palais et le bois de Vincennes, celui-ci transforme en pare, ren- 
 dezvous prefere du peuple parisien. 
 
 Plusieurs rois de France, et parmi eux Louis XIV, sont nes a 
 St. Germain-en-Laye, lieu de villegiature favori des Parisiens. 
 Le palais royal est maintenant un musee et les allees du pare 
 sont bien frequentees. 
 
 Versailles, a 18 kil. de Paris, possede un magnifique palais, 
 bati sous Louis XIV. Ce palais, long de 576 metres et main- 
 tenant musee national, donne sur le fameux jardin du meme nom 
 profusement embelli de jets d'eau et de sculptures. De tels 
 jardins sont caracteristiques du siecle artificiel de Louis XIV, 
 (17e siecle). 
 
 Saint-Cyr, a l'Ouest de Versailles, le "West Point" de la 
 France, est installe dans la "maison d'education" pour les jeunes 
 filles rendue celebre par "Athalie" et "Esther", tragedies sacrees 
 de Racine, qui les ecrivit pour les eleves de cette ecole. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Ou est le lieu de sepulture des rois de France? 2. Quand 
 le palais royal de St. Cloud fut-il brule? 3. A quoi la ville de 
 Sevres doit-elle sa reputation universelle? 4. Quel pare est 
 situe a l'Est de Paris? 5. Pour quelle raison la ville de St. 
 Germain-en-Laye est elle celebre? 6. Est ce que le palais de 
 Versailles est tres grand? 7. Pourquoi Versailles est-elle telle- 
 ment frequentee de nos jours? 8. Ou est le "West Point" de 
 France? 9. Pour qui Racine a-t-il ecrit la tragedie d' "Athalie"? 
 
 Composition 
 
 In the church of St. Denis, a city north of the fortifications, 
 the kings of France were buried. The royal palace of St. Cloud 
 owes its great reputation to the stormy historical events which 
 took place there. Near St. Cloud is situated the royal porcelain 
 factory of Sevres. St. Germain-en-Laye was the birthplace of 
 Louis Quatorze and is now much frequented by the Parisians. 
 The windows of the palace of Versailles look out upon a 
 beautiful garden which is characteristic of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. Going west from Versailles we soon arrive at St. Cyr, a 
 celebrated military school; this school occupies a building which 
 was formerly used as a school for girls; for this school Racine 
 wrote two famous tragedies. 
 
 25 
 
EXERCISE 11 
 
 □100-200 
 to s<| mile 
 
 less than 
 M 100 to s<j mile 
 
 Density of Population 
 
 France has a population of about forty millions, which is 
 two-fifths that of the United States. The most striking fact 
 about the population of France is the slow rate of increase; at 
 the time of the Franco-Prussian War it was about as populous 
 as Germany; since 1871, however, the population of France has 
 remained almost at a standstill, while Germany has increased 
 to seventy millions. The cause and the significance of this fact 
 is one of the problems most frequently discussed in France. 
 
 In the last few decades there has been a decline in the popu- 
 lation of Normandy and of the Garonne basin; and the areas 
 shown on the map as having the greatest density are the areas 
 which have, furthermore, increased. Rural communities have 
 declined, the towns have grown. Notice the very populous area 
 in the manufacturing district of the north; the same great 
 density extends all over the adjacent Belgium. 
 
 26 
 
Des douze millions de menages de la France, il y en a neuf 
 millions qui possedent les maisons qu'ils habitent. C'est une 
 des nations les plus riches du monde; en ce pays les biens sont 
 assez impartialement distribues. On dit qu'il y a autant de 
 fermes en France qu'aux fitats-Unis; la moitie de la population 
 se consacre a l'agriculture. Le bien-etre general au point de 
 vue economique, le niveau assez eleve ou se maintient la vie 
 materielle, et le peu d'etendue en moyenne des fermes sont 
 probablement les causes principales du chiffre presque fixe de la 
 population. 
 
 La partie la moins fertile de la France, situee au sud de Bor- 
 deaux et qui s'appelle les Landes, etait autrefois presque inhabitee 
 mais elle a ete recemment defrichee. Le plateau granitique du 
 centre de la France possede aussi un sol bien pauvre, et les dis- 
 tricts montagneux de ce plateau subissent depuis longtemps un 
 exode temporaire d'hommes cherchant un emploi dans les 
 centres populeux. 
 
 A remarquer est la situation d'Orleans sur la Loire. Au nord 
 de cette ville, il y a une assez grande etendue riche en bles, 
 tandis qu'au sud s'etend une plaine infertile. Au point de vue de 
 la production des bles, la France est entre les pays les plus 
 importants du monde, en partie a cause de l'emploi general du 
 pain blanc au lieu du pain de seigle, nourriture ordinaire du 
 restant de l'Europe. Un trait frappant marque sur la carte c'est 
 l'espece d'ile de population qui a pour centre Lyon et St. Etienne. 
 Des manufactures se sont etablies ici a cause des grands gise- 
 ments houillers. La meme chose se voit dans le Nord. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Combien de menages en France possedent leurs propres 
 maisons? 2. Quelle fraction de la population est occupee a la 
 culture du sol? 3. Quel est le nombre des fermes en com- 
 paraison de celles des £tats-Unis? 4. Quelles sont les causes 
 du chiffre fixe de la population? 5. Ou trouvons-nous la partie 
 la moins fertile de la France? 6. Cette partie est-elle encore 
 presque inhabitee? 7. Pourquoi y a-t-il de temps en temps un 
 exode d'hommes du plateau central? 
 
 Composition 
 France is a very rich nation and the wealth is pretty equally 
 divided; for example, nine million out of the twelve million 
 households own their own homes. France has as many farms 
 as the United States, but the size of these farms is on the 
 average small. The soil of the Landes and of the granite 
 plateau of the centre of France is very poor. The Landes were 
 formerly almost uninhabited and it is to-day one of the least 
 populous districts of France. There is also an infertile plain 
 to the south of Orleans, while to the north stretches a plain 
 rich in grain. In France wheat bread is generally used, but in 
 the rest of Europe rye bread is the ordinary food of the people. 
 There is a sort of island of population about Bordeaux. 
 
 27 
 
EXER 
 
 Boulogne, 
 
 Famous Resorts 
 
 No country in Europe has so many famous and fashionable 
 resorts as France. This is due partly to the natural advantages 
 and beauties of the places themselves, but more especially to 
 the leadership which France has in the world of fashion. These 
 resorts fall into five natural groups: 1. the Atlantic sea shore, 
 2, the Pyrenees, 3, the Auvergne, 4, the Alps, 5, the eastern 
 Mediterranean shore. 
 
 Most renowned are perhaps the winter resorts of the "Azure 
 Coast," of which Nice, Monte Carlo and Mentone may be men- 
 tioned; they are protected by the Alps from the cold northern 
 wind, the mistral. Monte Carlo is not French, since it belongs 
 to the tiny monarchy of Monaco (area 8 sq. miles) ; this 
 accounts for the notorious gambling there, which would not be 
 permitted in France. Because of its mild climate throughout the 
 year Biarritz, in Basque territory, is both a summer and winter 
 resort. 
 
 28 
 
Les hauts remparts et tours de l'ancienne Cite de Carcassonne 
 nous reconstituent d'une maniere merveilleuse les fortifications 
 du moyen age. Entre les nombreuses stations hivernales des 
 Pyrenees, Pau est sans rivale par sa situation et par son climat. 
 Arcachon, les Sables d'Olonne, et toute une serie de stations 
 balneaires pres de St. Nazaire sont bien frequentees. 
 
 Qui n'a pas entendu parler des "chateaux de la Loire"? 
 D'Orleans a Tours et plus loin encore sur les deux rives de 
 la Loire ou aux environs se trouvent les plus beaux chateaux de 
 la Renaissance (16e et 17e siecles) ; c'est "le jardin de la France". 
 
 Les mieux connus des bains de mer le long des rives de la 
 Manche sont a Dinard sur la cote de la Bretagne, aux deux ports, 
 Dieppe et Boulogne-sur-Mer, et a Trouville a l'embouchure de 
 la Seine, bien frequentee du beau monde parisien. Un des plus 
 beaux endroits du monde est le Mont-Saint-Michel, haut ilot 
 rocheux, couronne d'une noble eglise et d'une magnifique abbaye. 
 
 Les montagnes de l'Auvergne doivent leur vogue surtout aux 
 sources thermales; les eaux de Vichy sont renommees partout et 
 son casino est le plus grand de l'Europe. 
 
 Geneve, ville celebre sur le Lac Leman fait partie de la Suisse, 
 mais la rive sud avec Evian-les-Bains renomme pour ses eaux 
 minerales est a la France. Les sources d'Aix-les-Bains etaient 
 celebres raeme a l'epoque romaine et la ville est maintenant une 
 des stations thermales les plus frequentees du Continent. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Que veut dire la "Cote d'Azur"? 2. A quelle petite 
 principaute appartient Monte Carlo? 3. Donner le nom de la 
 celebre station balneaire en territoire basque? 4. Quelle vieille 
 cite nous rappelle les villes du moyen age? 5. Quelles sont les 
 villes d'eaux les plus frequentees de la cote atlantique? 6. Ou 
 est le "jardin de la France" ainsi dit? 7. Quelle ville d'eaux 
 dans les montagnes de l'Auvergne possede le plus grand casino 
 de l'Europe? 
 
 Composition 
 
 One still sees the fortifications of the middle ages in the 
 old city of Carcassonne. There are numerous resorts in the 
 Pyrenees. The situation and climate of Pau have made it v<;ry 
 famous. A much frequented bathing resort of the Atlantic 
 coast is Arcachon. Everybody has heard of the beautiful castles 
 of the Renaissance, which are found on both banks of the 
 Loire from Orleans to Tours, and which give this region the 
 name, "the garden of France." Mont St. Michel, a high rocky 
 island, is a lovely spot and is famous for a beautiful church and 
 abbey. The largest casino of Europe is situated at Vichy, which 
 is also famous for its waters. Geneva belongs to Switzerland, 
 but the southern shore of Lake Geneva is a part of France. 
 
EXERCISE 13 
 
 Science and Invention 
 
 Lavoisier, the founder of modern chemistry, was born in 
 Paris in 1743 and was guillotined during the Revolution; he 
 demonstrated the oxygen in the air and its part in all combus- 
 tion; he was the first to show us why we breathe. Pierre Curie 
 (1859-1906) was born and died in Paris; he was associated in 
 his work with his wife; they together discovered the marvellous 
 metal radium. At Beaumont in Normandy was born the cele- 
 brated astronomer and mathematician La Place (1749-1827), 
 famous for the "La Place system of the universe." Nearby at 
 Saint L6 was born Leverrier (1811-77), who by mathematics 
 alone discovered our outermost planet Neptune, — one of the 
 greatest triumphs of the human mind; he told an astronomer 
 where to turn his telescope and there was the faint new planet. 
 At Tours was born in 1596 Descartes, the philosopher, also one 
 of the world's greatest mathematicians. 
 
 30 
 
A Clermont se dresse une statue a Pascal, grand mathemati- 
 cien et ecrivain qui y naquit en 1623. II passa les dernieres 
 annees de sa vie a Port Royal, pres de Versailles, celebre au 17e 
 siecle a cause des controverses de religion. Les freres Mont- 
 golfier d'Annonay ont, les premiers, imagine un aerostat et ont 
 tente leur premiere experience en 1783. Ce ballon etait la mer- 
 veille de l'age et son ascension fut le commencement de la con- 
 quete des airs; de nos jours les Frangais priment dans le 
 developpement de l'aeroplane. 
 
 En 1801, Jacquard de Lyon inventa le metier a tisser Jac- 
 quard, qui tisse des dessins compliques dans les etoffes. Lyon 
 est le lieu de naissance d'Ampere (1775-1836), renomme pour ses 
 decouvertes en electricite. C'est a lui que doit son nom 
 Tampere, unite electrique. Ce fut environ 1827 que Niepce de 
 Chalon-sur-Saone inventa la photographie; il s'associa plus tard 
 a Daguerre auquel nous devons le daguerreotype. 
 
 Le savant Pasteur naquit en 1822 a Dole. C'est lui qui etablit 
 le fait que les germes servent de vehicule aux maladies conta- 
 gieuses. Par ses travaux Pasteur se range parmi les principaux 
 bienfaiteurs de l'humanite. LTnstitut Pasteur a Paris continue 
 son oeuvre. Le celebre naturaliste Cuvier naquit a Montbeliard 
 en 1769. II a ete le createur de l'anatomie comparee; c. a. d. il a 
 fait la comparaison de l'anatomie de l'homme avec celle des 
 animaux. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. A quelle date environ Lavoisier fut-il guillotine? 2. Quelle 
 nation prime dans le developpement de l'aeroplane? 3. Dans 
 quelle ville le ballon a-t-il fait sa premiere ascension? 4. A qui 
 devons-nous le daguerreotype? 5. A cause de quoi appelle-t-on 
 Pasteur "bienfaiteur de l'humanite"? 6. Qu'est que c'est que 
 l'anatomie comparee? 7. Qui decouvrit par les mathematiques 
 seules la planete la plus eloignee de notre systeme? 8. Dans 
 quelle ville de la Normandie naquit-il? 
 
 Composition 
 
 The brothers Montgolfier, who lived at Annonay, invented 
 the balloon and made the first ascension. Later, in the 20th cen- 
 tury, the French played a great role in the development of the 
 aeroplane. The Jacquard loom was invented in 1801 and be- 
 came^ of great importance in the principal industry of Lyons. 
 Ampere was a French scientist who was born in 1775 at Lyons. 
 Niepce is famous for his discoveries in photography; the da»- 
 guerreotype owes its name to Daguerre, who was associated 
 with Niepce at Chalon-sur-Saone. We owe to Pasteur the dis- 
 covery of the fact that germs are the cause of contagious dis- 
 eases; Pasteur died in 1895. Montbeliard is the birthplace of the 
 great naturalist Cuvier, famed for his discoveries in comparative 
 anatomy. 
 
 31 
 
EXERCISE 14 
 
 Calais ^^^ruxelles Cologne,© 
 Boulosne, 
 
 <Simplon 
 
 The Principal Railway Routes 
 
 The main railway routes radiate from Paris like the spokes 
 of a wheel. A fine net of railways covers the country, but no 
 principal route crosses the central part of France. Of the lines 
 shown the state owns and operates those from Paris to Havre, 
 Cherbourg and Brest. Besides the state railways there are five 
 large private companies; the Northern, Eastern, Lyons-Mediter- 
 ranean, Orleans and Southern (Midi) companies. 
 
 America has a two-class passenger system — day coach and 
 Pullman; but France has three classes; much the largest part 
 of the passengers travel third class and first class is little used. 
 Of interest to Americans is the compartment system — the doors 
 are along the sides of the car instead of at the end; these give 
 access to the separate divisions of the car in which the passen- 
 gers sit facing each other as in the old stage coach. 
 
 32 
 
Paris est le centre d'ou rayonnent d'importants chemins de 
 fer qui penetrent toutes les regions de la France et les pays en- 
 vironnants. Quelques uns des trains express sont d'une tres 
 grande vitesse; le plus rapide train direct du monde est celui qui 
 fait le trajet de Paris a Calais. Remarquez que le chemin de fer 
 du Nord se bifurque; Tune des branches mene a Boulogne et 
 Calais en passant par Amiens, l'autre a Bruxelles, capitale de la 
 Belgique, et a Cologne sur le Rhin. 
 
 Le celebre Express d'Orient passe par Strasbourg, traverse la 
 partie meridionale de rAllemagne pour arriver a Vienne 
 (Autriche) d'abord et ensuite a Constantinople. 
 
 Le premier grand tunnel a percer les Alpes fut le Mont Cenis, 
 long de 12.2 kil. On l'a commence en 1857 et il a fallu treize 
 ans pour le construire. En 1905 on a mene a fin le celebre 
 Simplon, tunnel d'une longueur de 19.8 km (combien cela fait-il 
 de milles anglais?) qu'on a seulement acheve apres sept ans de 
 travail. Ce tunnel donne la route la plus directe entre Paris et 
 l'ltalie. 
 
 Le P. L. M. (Paris-Lyon-Mediterranee est tres important a 
 cause des grandes villes commergantes, Lyon et Marseille, qu'il 
 reunit. La valeur de Marseille comme centre d'embarquement a 
 ete augmentee par l'inauguration en 1869 du canal de Suez, con- 
 struit par l'ingenieur frangais Ferd. de Lesseps. La grande route 
 d'Espagne est celle d'Orleans-Bordeaux-Bayonne. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Quel est le trait le plus caracteristique du systeme des 
 chemins de fer? 2. Decrire la route parcourue par l'Express 
 d'Orient. 3. Quelle est la largeur du tunnel du Mont Cenis en 
 milles anglais? 4. En quelle annee l'a-t-on acheve? 5. Quel 
 grand evenement dans l'histoire de la France s'accomplit-il dans 
 cette meme annee? 6. Quelle est la route la plus directe entre 
 Paris et l'ltalie? 7. Depuis quand cette route existe-t-elle? 8. 
 Par qui le canal de Suez fut-il construit et en quelle annee? 
 
 Composition 
 
 Eight important railways lead from Paris to all parts of the 
 country. One of the branches of the Northern railway, which 
 leads to Calais, has the fastest express trains in the world; the 
 other branch is again divided, becoming the main route to Bel- 
 gium and North Germany. To get to South Germany one can 
 go via Strassburg or the Swiss city of Basle. The length of the 
 first great tunnel in the Alps is almost eight English miles; it 
 was completed during the Franco-Prussian war. A new tunnel 
 in Switzerland, the famous Simplon, furnishes a more direct route 
 from Paris to Italy. The most important railway in France is 
 the P. L. M., which goes via Dijon and the valley of the Rhone 
 and leads first to Marseilles and then on to Italy. 
 
 33 
 
EXERCISE 15 
 
 Rlderne/o 
 Guernsey * 
 
 Economic Map 
 
 (Shaded Area = Wine) 
 
 Notice first the three "Channel Islands," Jersey, Guernsey 
 and Alderney, each of which is world-famous for a breed of 
 dairy cattle; these islands have belonged for centuries to Eng- 
 land, but geographically they belong to France and the people 
 speak French. Nearby in Normandy is a section called Perche, 
 where the well-known Percheron breed of dapple gray draft 
 horses originated. 
 
 The well-known French china tableware now extensively 
 used throughout the world is manufactured at Limoges, which 
 was also for centuries the center of the art of enamel painting. 
 The old Roman city Besangon is known for its watches and 
 jewelry. The abundance of flowers on the "Azure Coast" of 
 Provence has given rise to an extensive industry there in the 
 extraction of perfumes. The olive oil of that section has made 
 Marseilles the centre of soap manufacture. 
 
 34 
 
La France produit plus de vin que tout autre pays; c'est aussi 
 le pays le plus important pour l'exportation du vin. Depuis des 
 siecles on a exporte en Angleterre et en d'autres pays du Nord 
 les vins du bassin de la Garonne designes sous le nom de "vins 
 de Bordeaux". Les vins les plus estimes sont ceux du Medoc, 
 pays le long de la Gironde. Aux environs de Reims se cultive le 
 raisin dont on fait le champagne, vin mousseux. Au sud viennent 
 les vignes de prix de la Bourgogne; la Cote d'Or doit son nom 
 aux riches vignobles dont se couvrent ses collines. 
 
 II y a en France beaucoup d'endroits ou se trouve de la 
 houille, mais les deux principaux gisements houillers sont ceux 
 de l'extreme nord, extension des houilleres beiges, et le bassin 
 houiller de St. Etienne pres Lyon. 
 
 La ganterie se poursuit dans tous les villages a dix lieues a la 
 ronde de Grenoble. Les dentelles de Valenciennes, de Chantilly 
 et de Cluny sont bien connues de tous. La plus importante in- 
 dustrie manufacturiere de la France est celle des tissus; a l'ex- 
 ception de la fabrication de la soie a Lyon et dans la vallee du 
 Rhone, les industries textiles sont restreintes pour la plupart au 
 Nord. Dans cette region aussi c'est une industrie bien ancienne. 
 Les principales villes pour les tissus sont Lille et Roubaix. Le 
 "gingham" des Anglais doit son nom a la ville de Guingamp en 
 Bretagne et "cambric" doit le sien a Cambrai. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. En quel pays surtout est-ce qu'on exporte les vins de Bor- 
 deaux? 2. A quoi les collines de la Cote d Or doivent-elles leur 
 nom? 3. Y a-t-il beaucoup d'endroits en France ou on trouve 
 de la houille? 4. Ou sont les deux gisements les plus impor- 
 tants? 5. De quelle partie de la France viennent les celebres 
 gants de peau frangais? 6. Quelle est la principale industrie de 
 la France? 7. A quelle partie de la France l'industrie textile 
 est-elle principalement restreinte? 
 
 Composition 
 
 France exports a great deal of wine; the grape flourishes in 
 many places in France, but the vineyards of Medoc near Bor- 
 deaux produce the finest wines. The exporting of wine to the 
 countries of the north has long been one of the most important, 
 industries of Bordeaux. The old province Burgundy is well 
 known for its excellent wines. In the middle ages the textile 
 industry of the north of France was already important; and to- 
 day we find this industry restricted mostly to the north. All the 
 villages about Grenoble in the Alps produce the famous French 
 kid gloves, which are so well known to the Americans. The- 
 manufacturing industries are situated mostly in the north be- 
 cause of the great coal mines which are found in that region. 
 
 35 
 
EXERCISE 16 
 
 The University Cities and Educational Districts 
 
 (Draw boundary lines as numbered on tlie map.) 
 The present system of public instruction goes back, as do so 
 many other things in France, to the Revolution. The old 
 universities were then abolished and a new system, based not 
 •on tradition, but on reason, was adopted. There are sixteen 
 educational districts, called academies (do not confuse these 
 with the academies of the Institut de France). At the head of 
 each is a rector and a council who superintend all educational 
 activities of the district. Instead of a four year high school, 
 France has a seven year course of secondary instruction. Pupils 
 taking this course leave the primary school at the age of eleven. 
 The schools giving this seven year course are called lycees if 
 supported by the state and colleges municipaux if supported by 
 the municipalities. Both of these schools grant the degree 
 A; B. (artium baccalaureus) at the end of the seven year course; 
 the graduates average thus eighteen years of age. They are 
 now ready for university work. 
 
L'education superieure est confiee aux cinq facultes de theo- 
 logie, de droit, de medecine, des sciences, et des lettres. 
 Dans chaque district la ville ou se trouve une universite est 
 indiquee sur la carte. A l'exception de Chambery qui ne donne 
 que des cours preparatoires, toutes ces universites ont des 
 facultes de sciences et de lettres et douze ont des facultes de 
 droit. Chose frappante, il n'y a que trois facultes de medecine: 
 Paris, Montpellier et Nancy, mais ces facultes sont aidees par 23 
 ecoles preparatoires de medecine et de pharmacie. Au moyen 
 age Montpellier se vantait d'avoir la principale faculte de mede- 
 cine de l'Europe. II n'y a que deux facultes de theologie. 
 
 Les facultes donnent trois titres universitaires, c. a. d. celui de 
 licencie qui donne la faculte d'enseigner, de plaider, etc., celui 
 d'agrege qui admet a professer dans un lycee, une faculte, et celui 
 de docteur de l'universite. II y a aussi bon nombre de facultes 
 particulieres, specialement les facultes de theologie, et il y a 
 surtout beaucoup d'ecoles speciales, comme par exemple des 
 ecoles normales, polytechniques, etc. L'ensemble des facultes 
 de l'Universite de Paris s'appelle la "Sorbonne". Une faculte en 
 dehors de celle de l'Universite est celle du grand "College de 
 France", etabli vers 1530. L'Institut de France avec ses cinq 
 academies honoraires joue un role important dans la vie de la 
 France. Les membres d'une de ces academies, "l'Academie 
 Franchise" s'appellent "les 40 Immortels". 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. De combien de facultes une universite franchise se com- 
 pose-t-elle? 2. Est-ce que toutes les universites ont toutes les 
 cinq facultes? 3. Quelles faci»ltes est-ce que toutes les quinze 
 universites possedent? 4. Quelle chose frappante avez-vous 
 remarquee a l'egard des facultes de medecine? 5. Quel droit le 
 titre de licencie donne-t-il? 6. Qu'est-ce que c'est cue la Sor- 
 bonne? 7. Quelle age a le College de France? 8. Que signifie 
 la phrase: "les quarante Immortels"? 
 
 Composition 
 A French university consists of five faculties, but not all of 
 the universities have all of these faculties. There are more facul- 
 ties of letters than of law. and there are only three medical 
 faculties. Montpellier in the south of France had the most cele- 
 brated medical school in Europe in the middle ages. Of the 
 three degrees given by the universities, that of licentiate is the 
 first, but it does not entitle one to be a professor. The Univer- 
 sity of Paris is often called the Sorbonne. The College of 
 France, also in Paris, is verv important. The French Institute 
 is composed of five academies, of which the most celebrated is 
 the French Academy. Its members are known as the "Immor- 
 tals". 
 
 37 
 
EXERCISE 17 
 
 The Departments 
 (The 26 Not Named After Rivers.) 
 
 At the time of the French Revolution (1790) the old pro- 
 vinces were abolished and France was divided into 87 adminis- 
 trative "departments." These departments are of great uni- 
 formity in size and importance. Sixty-one out of the 87 are 
 named after rivers; of the remainder one-half (those underlined 
 on the map) are named after mountains. Notice how these 26 
 departments are grouped about the boundary line. 
 
 On the central plateau there are three adjoining departments, 
 Cantal, Lozere and Puy-de-D6me, named after famous moun- 
 tains. Landes means in French sandy, marshy plains and the 
 department takes its name from them; these infertile and thinly 
 populated lands are now largely afforested. Finistere in Brit- 
 tany is from the Latin "finis terrae" and means "land's end." 
 
 38 
 
L'ile de Corse, celebre comme lieu de naissance de Napoleon, 
 constitue un departement. Cette ile fut cedee a la France en 
 1768, mais ses habitants parlent encore un patois italien. Vaucluse 
 dans la vallee du Rhone, doit son nom a la source jaillissant au 
 village de Vaucluse. Cette source a ete immortalisee par le poete 
 italien Petrarque. Les deux Savoies avec Nice, qui est main- 
 tenant dans le departement des Alpes-Maritimes, furent cedees a 
 la France en 1860 comme prix de son aide dans l'oeuvre de 
 l'unification de l'ltalie. Belfort, dont le nom est derive de la ville, 
 s'appelle un territoire; c'est tout ce qui reste de l'ancien departe- 
 ment du Haut-Rhin. 
 
 Le Pas-de-Calais doit son nom au detroit qui unit la Manche 
 a la Mer du Nord. Calvados prend son nom d'une chaine de 
 rochers de la cote de la Normandie, et le nom de ces rochers 
 vient de celui d'un navire de l'invincible Armada qui y fit nau- 
 frage en 1588. La Manche avec sa peninsule qui s'avance dans la 
 mer doit son nom a la mer qui la baigne. Un golfe situe sur la 
 cote sud de la Bretagne donne son nom au departement du 
 Morbihan. 
 
 Outre la division en departements il y a encore trois divisions 
 de la France en regions d'une importance toujours croissante: 
 les 16 academies ou districts de l'enseignement public, les 19 
 districts militaires (il y a maintenant trois ans de service mili- 
 taire obligatoire) et les 26 districts judiciaires. 
 
 Questions 
 ' 1. Quel est le lieu de naissance de Napoleon? 2. Depuis 
 quand fait-il partie de la France? 3. Napoleon naquit ou le 15 
 aout 1769 ou le 7 Janvier 1768. Est-ce qu'il naquit en territoire 
 frangais? 4. A quoi le departement de Vaucluse doit-il son 
 nom? 5. Pourquoi Belfort forme-t-il seulement un territoire et 
 non pas tout un departement? 7. Expliquer l'origine du nom 
 de Calvados. 8. Quelles autres divisions politiques y a-t-il 
 outre la division en departements? 
 
 Composition 
 
 The island of Corsica, the birthplace of Napoleon, was a part 
 of Italy a few years before the emperor's birth. The great 
 Italian poet has immortalized the spring that has given its name 
 to one of the departments. The territory of Belfort is all that 
 remains to France of the former department of the Upper Rhine. 
 After the unification of Italy France received, as a reward for 
 her aid against Austria, the department of the Maritime Alps. 
 In the 16th century a Spanish vessel was wrecked on the coast 
 of Normandy, and this vessel's name was first given to the rocks 
 and afterwards to the department where they are found. It is 
 only twenty-one miles from Calais to Dover, and we can com- 
 prehend why one of the departments is called Pas de Calais. 
 
 39 
 
EXERCISE 18 
 
 The Departments 
 (The 61 Named After Rivers.) 
 
 This map is too complicated to be copied and learned by the 
 student. A careful study of its principal features, however, 
 will be found worth while; learning the departments means 
 learning a good part of French geography. Counting such 
 doublets as "Saone-et-Loire" as belonging to the Loire system, 
 we find that the Loire and its tributaries have given their names 
 to 19 departments; notice that Loire, Loir and Loiret are three 
 different rivers; the root Loir appears in the names of nine 
 departments. 
 
 There are twelve doublets such as Lot-et-Garonne, where 
 the department includes both rivers. The Seine system gives 
 names to 11 departments, four of which include the word Seine. 
 The department Seine is practically the city of Paris and is 
 completely surrounded by Seine-et-Oise. The Garonne system 
 gives names to 11 departments and the Rhone to nine. 
 
 40 
 
Le systeme politique de la France est relativement simple et 
 uniforme. Les 87 departements sont repartis en 362 arrondisse- 
 ments, ceux-ci en 2911 cantons, lesquels a leur tour se composent 
 de 36,222 communes. La France possede un gouvernement 
 republicain depuis la desastreuse guerre franco-allemande de 
 1870-71 qui amena la chute de Napoleon III. 
 
 Chaque arrondissement elit au moins un depute a la Chambre 
 des deputes. L'election au Senat est plus compliquee. Le presi- 
 dent de la Republique est elu par les deux chambres reunies. II 
 possede des pouvoirs tres considerables vu qu'il nomme un 
 prefet ou gouverneur pour chaque departement, et un sous- 
 prefet pour chaque arrondissement. Le president est assiste dans 
 l'administration par un ministere responsable — c. a. d. pour le cas 
 ou Taction du ministere n'est pas approuvee par la Chambre des 
 deputes, il faut que le ministere donne sa demission et que le 
 president nomme un nouveau ministere qui se fasse agreer par 
 la Chambre. 
 
 La republique, qui aura bientot dure un demi-siecle, s'appelle 
 "la troisieme republique"; la premiere etait celle de la Revolu- 
 tion; la deuxieme fut formee apres la revolution de 1848 et apres 
 une existence de quatre ans fit place au second Empire sous 
 Napoleon III. La lutte contre les partis clerico-monarchiques a 
 ete bien des fois acharnee. Mais depuis plus d'une dizaine 
 d'annees les partis a tendances liberales, republicaines et 
 socialistes ont eu sans dispute le dessus. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Depuis combien d'annees la France existe-t-elle comme 
 republique? 2. Quelles sont les divisions politiques de la 
 France? 3. Quelle fut la cause de la chute de Napoleon III? 
 4. De combien de membres la Chambre des deputes est-elle 
 composee? 5. Comment sait-on cela? 6. Par qui le President 
 de la France est-il elu? 7. A quels egards les pouvoirs du 
 president sont-ils importants? 8. Qu'est ce que c'est qu'un 
 ministere responsable? 9. Quels partis ont le dessus mainte- 
 nant en France? 
 
 Composition 
 
 The system of departments France has had since the Revolu- 
 tion, but the republic of France has existed only since the fall of 
 Napoleon III. The chamber of deputies is composed of 597 
 members, at least one for each department. The senate has 300 
 members. The two chambers together elect the president. The 
 president names a prefect for each department. France has in 
 one important respect the same political system as England, that 
 is, it has a responsible ministry; the ministry resigns when its 
 actions are not approved by the chamber of deputies. The third 
 republic was formed in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian war. It 
 has existed now almost half a century. After hard struggles the 
 liberal parties now have the upper hand in France. 
 
 41 
 
EXERCISE 19 
 
 C0L0NIA.O 
 ■ ■•■"( Cologne) 
 
 AUGUSTA 
 TREVERORUM 
 
 Q 
 
 (Treves) 
 
 NARBO MARTIUS I (Marseille) 
 
 V± »™ ) \ -Roman Roads 
 
 Roman France 
 
 For four hundred years France was a prominent part of the 
 great Roman Empire; it then had its large beautiful cities with 
 fountains and public baths provided with water brought by 
 wonderful aqueducts; there were gladiatorial contests in great 
 stone arenas like the colosseum, there were classical plays in 
 splendid amphitheaters. The ruin of all this was brought about 
 by the inner decay of Roman life and the invasions of the 
 "German barbarians." 
 
 Even before the subjugation of the Gauls by Caesar (58-51 
 B. C.) the Mediterranean shore of France had been invaded; 
 Massilia, the Greek colony, was founded as early as 600 B. C., 
 and shortly afterwards the Greeks founded Lugudunum, the 
 present Lyons. Near Marseilles the Romans built Aquae Sex- 
 tiae (Aix in Provence) in 122 B. C. and Narbo Martius (Nar- 
 bonne) shortly afterwards. Here in the lower Rhone valley are 
 preserved to-day the finest Roman ruins in France. 
 
 42 
 
Les Romains comprenaient sous le nom Gallia le territoire 
 entre le Rhin et les Pyrenees, — ceci se divisa en six provinces: 
 Germania inferieure qui avait pour capitale Cologne; Germania 
 superieure, capitale Argentoratum (Strasbourg); Belgica, capitale 
 Treves; Gallia Lugdunensis, capitale Lyon; Aquitania, capitale 
 Bordeaux; Gallia Narbonensis, capitale Narbonne. 
 
 Sous Auguste, la capitale de la Gaule etait Lyon, d'ou 
 rayonnaient quatre grands chemins. Pendant les trois premiers 
 siecles Lyon restait le siege principal de la civilisation romaine 
 en France. Plus tard, cependant, Treves sur la Moselle, ville 
 principale du Nord, la "Rome d'au dela des Alpes", fut le sejour 
 favori de l'empereur Constantin: elle possede encore aujourd'hui 
 les plus belles ruines romaines de l'Europe du Nord. 
 
 Les plus vastes ruines romaines en France se trouvent dans 
 la vallee du Rhone inferieur. A Vienne on voit le temple 
 d'Auguste et d'Olivia; a Orange, le colossal theatre romain; a 
 Nimes et a Aries il y a de grands arenes qui ressemblent au 
 grand Colisee de Rome et pres de Nimes le magnifique aqueduc 
 a deux etages, bien connu sous le nom du Pont du Gard. 
 
 Paris (Lutetia Parisiorum) n'etait pas a cette epoque aussi 
 important que Durocortorum, le Reims d'aujourd'hui, d'ou 
 rayonnaient les chemins d'Angleterre et des trois capitales du 
 nord. II faut se rappeler que la France fut christianisee dans la 
 deuxieme moitie du 3e siecle, longtemps avant l'Angleterre et 
 l'Allemagne. 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Que comprenaient les Romains sous le nom de Gallia? 
 2. En combien de provinces la France etait-elle divisee? 3. 
 Quelle etait la nlus importante ville de la Gaule a l'epoque 
 d'Auguste? 4. Donner une cause de cette importance. 5. 
 Pendant combien de temps Lyon restait-elle la ville principale? 
 6. Quel etait le sejour favori de Constantin? 7. Ou est-ce que 
 nous trouvons les plus grandes ruines romaines en France? 8. 
 Qu'est ce que c'est que le pont du Gard? 
 
 Composition 
 
 Under the Romans Gaul was divided into six provinces. At 
 the time of Augustus, Lyons was the most important citv in 
 Gaul. To-day there are not many Roman ruins in Lyons. Dur- 
 ing the fourth and fifth centuries Treves, the capital of the 
 province of Belgica. was called the "Rome beyond the Alps"; 
 beautiful ruins of this epoch are still to be found there. The 
 lower Rhone valley also possesses magnificent ruins. There are 
 several large ruins at and near Nimes. The aqueduct Pont du 
 Gard owes its name to the Gard, an affluent of the Rhone. From 
 Reims several great roads radiated, and this fact made the city 
 of greater importance at this time than Paris. England and 
 Germany were christianized long after France. 
 
 43 
 
EXERCISE 20 
 
 An Ideal Summer Trip Through France 
 
 Any trip through beautiful France would make an ideal 
 summer, but this trip of three months is adapted to the average 
 college vacation and to the needs of the student. He lands in 
 Marseilles June 12th and spends eighteen spring days amid the 
 beauties of Southern France and the Auvergne; he then enters 
 the famous summer school at the University of Grenoble for a 
 month's study. At the end of this course the student can speak 
 French with more confidence and begins August 1st a two weeks' 
 trip through the chateau country and Brittany and ends his 
 summer trip with almost a month in Paris and its environs, 
 sailing then from Havre September 12th. 
 
 The railway fare for a combination ticket covering the route 
 shown (2,420 miles) is about $22.00 third class and $32.00 second 
 class. The inns of the provinces deserve their fame; you are 
 really the guest of mine host; his table is spotless and his prices 
 most reasonable. What do we say in English? How appro- 
 priate — Bon Voyage! 
 
 44 
 
C'est pour bien des raisons qu'on remet sa visite de Paris 
 a la fin de ce voyage ideal; d'abord, un sejour de deux mois dans 
 les provinces preparera le voyageur a mieux comprendre les 
 complexites de la grande ville et, de plus, la facilite qu'il aura 
 acquise a s'exprimer l'aidera a tirer plus de profit de son sejour 
 dans la capitale. Notre tournee presente une succession d'in- 
 terets bien varies au point de vue de divertissements, d'histoire et 
 d'education. 
 
 Apres un coup d'oeil donne aux gaites de Nice et de Monte 
 Carlo, nous subissons le charme puissant des villes historiques 
 du Rhone inferieur. La visite des grandes villes de commerce, 
 Toulouse et Bordeaux, est suivie d'une excursion aux rendez- 
 vous du beau monde dans les montagnes et a la plage. 
 
 L'ecole d'ete de l'universite de Grenoble est une des plus 
 frequentees de l'Europe. Le comite de patronage qui se charge 
 des interets speciaux des etrangers y met cette bonne grace et ce 
 tact fin particuliers aux Frangais. Samedi est un jour de conge 
 pour lequel le comite organise des excursions charmantes. 
 
 Apres ce mois d'etudes le voyageur tient a sa disposition deux 
 semaines pour les chateaux de la Loire et pour la pittoresque 
 Bretagne. II lui reste encore a peu pres un mois pour les 
 musees, les theatres, les eglises et les boulevards de Paris, "la 
 ville lumiere". Et quand il s'embarque au Havre, notre voyageur 
 aura appris a bien connaitre et a aimer "la belle France". 
 
 Questions 
 
 1. Pourquoi remettons-nous la visite de Paris jusqu'a la fin 
 du voyage? 2. Quelles villes visitons-nous d'abord? 3. 
 Quelles sont les villes historiques du Rhone inferieur? 4. A 
 quelle ville d'eaux basque rendons-nous visite? 5. L'ecole d'ete 
 de Grenoble est-elle grande? 6. Qu'est ce qu'on fait le samedi? 
 7. Est ce qu'on fait bon accueil aux etrangers a Grenoble? 8. 
 Combien de temps nous reste-t-il pour Paris apres le voyage eri 
 Bretagne? 9. Auriez vous envie de faire ce voyage un jour? 
 
 Composition 
 
 In this ideal trip we postpone the visit to Paris to the end. 
 After two months in the provinces the traveler is better pre- 
 pared to understand the life of the capital. We visit first the 
 cities of Nice and Monte Carlo. From the point of view of his- 
 tory the old cities of the lower Rhone are very interesting. We 
 now pay a visit to the romantic city of Carcassone and the com- 
 mercial cities of Toulouse and Bordeaux. Pau and Biarritz are 
 meeting-places of the fashionable world of Europe. Our trav- 
 eler now has at his disposal a whole month for the studies and 
 the excursions of the summer school of Grenoble, where a spe- 
 cial committee welcomes the stranger and cares for his interests. 
 After a visit to Brittany and a month in Paris he embarks at 
 Havre. 
 
 45 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 abbaye, abbey 
 d'abord, at first 
 accueil, faire, to welcome 
 acharne, desperate, intense 
 achever, to complete, finish 
 acquerir, to acquire 
 aerostat, air-balloon 
 ainsi dit, so-called 
 agreer, see faire 
 allemand, German 
 amener, to bring about 
 appartenir, to belong 
 s'appeler, to be called 
 apprendre, to learn 
 arroser, to water 
 assez, pretty, rather 
 attirer, to attract 
 autant de, as many 
 auteur, author 
 autour, about, around 
 autrefois, formerly 
 s'avancer, to project 
 batir, to build 
 betail, domestic animals 
 bibliotheque, library 
 bien-etre, well-being 
 bienfaiteur, benefactor 
 biens, goods, wealth 
 bientot, soon, shortly 
 se bifurquer, to branch 
 ble, wheat 
 bois, wood, forest 
 boise, wooded 
 bruler, to burn 
 bficher, sur le, at the stake 
 campagne, country 
 caporal, corporal 
 cependant, however 
 chaleur, warmth, heat 
 se charger, to take charge 
 chef-d'oeuvre (she-deuvr), 
 
 masterpiece 
 chemin de fer, railway 
 chiffre, figure 
 chute, fall 
 col, m., pass 
 colline, hill 
 compare, comparative 
 comporter, to allow, have 
 comprendre, include 
 
 compter (moins de), to show 
 
 confier, to confide 
 
 conge, jour de, holiday 
 
 connaitre, to know 
 
 conquete, conquest 
 
 cote, f., coast 
 
 cote, m., side 
 
 cotier, coastal 
 
 couler, to flow 
 
 coup d'ceil, glance 
 
 couronner, to crown 
 
 coutume, custom 
 
 croisade, crusade 
 
 croitre, to grow 
 
 curviligne, curvilineal 
 
 decouverte, discovery 
 
 decrire, to describe 
 
 defricher, to reclaim 
 
 dehors, outside 
 
 au dela, beyond 
 
 delicieux, delightful 
 
 demeurer, to live 
 
 demission, resignation 
 
 dentelle, lace 
 
 depuis, since 
 
 des, since (prep.) 
 
 dessus, upperhand 
 
 detroit, strait 
 
 detruire, to destroy 
 
 devenir, to become 
 
 devoir, to owe 
 
 direct, regular (of train) 
 
 dinger, to direct, guide 
 
 divertissement, amusement 
 
 dizaine, decade 
 
 douceur, mildness 
 
 se dresser, to rise 
 
 droit, adj. right; n. right, 
 
 privilege, law 
 durer, to last 
 ecrivain, writer, author 
 edit, edict 
 egal, equal 
 
 egalement, also, equally 
 egard, regard, respect 
 eglise, church 
 elevage, breeding 
 eleve, pupil 
 s'elever, to rise 
 elire, to elect 
 
 46 
 
eloigne, distant 
 
 embouchure, mouth 
 
 emouvant, moving, stirring 
 
 l'emporter sur, to surpass 
 
 emprunter, to borrow 
 
 endroit, place 
 
 enseignement, instruction 
 
 ensuite, afterwards, then 
 
 enterrer, to inter, bury 
 
 envie, avoir — de, to like to 
 
 environ, about 
 
 equivaloir, to be equivalent 
 
 espece, sort (of), as it were 
 
 est, east 
 
 estuaire, estuary 
 
 etage, story 
 
 s'etendre, to extend 
 
 etendue, extent, size 
 
 etoffe, cloth 
 
 etrange, strange 
 
 etranger, foreigner 
 
 etroit, narrow 
 
 etudiant, student 
 
 eveiller, to waken 
 
 evenement, event 
 
 exiger, to, require, demand 
 
 expliquer, to explain 
 
 s'exprimer, to express one's 
 self 
 
 se faire (agreer), to be ac- 
 ceptable 
 
 fait, fact 
 
 falloir, to need, to take 
 
 feodal, feudal 
 
 ferme, farm 
 
 fin, f., end; adj., fine 
 
 fondateur, founder 
 
 fraicheur, coolness 
 
 frappant, striking 
 
 ganterie, glove-making 
 
 gisement, layer, bed 
 
 gras, heavy (of a line) 
 
 grecque, Greek 
 
 heurter, to strike against 
 
 hotel de ville, city hall 
 
 houiller, coal 
 
 ile, island 
 
 Hot, island 
 
 imaginer, conceive, contrive 
 
 imprimer, to print 
 
 jadis, formerly 
 
 jaillissant, gushing 
 
 jet d'eau, fountain 
 
 se Jeter, to empty 
 
 jeunesse, youth 
 
 jouer, to play 
 
 jouir, to enjoy 
 
 largeur, width 
 
 licencie, licentiate 
 
 Her, to connect, bind 
 
 lieu, place 
 
 lieue, f., league {2 l / 2 miles) 
 
 limite, boundary, frontier 
 
 limitrophe, bordering 
 
 littoral, shore 
 
 lumiere, light 
 
 lutte, struggle 
 
 mille, mile 
 
 ministere, ministry 
 
 moeurs, manners 
 
 moins, less 
 
 moitie, half 
 
 magasin, shop, store 
 
 mai's, corn, maize 
 
 malgre, in spite of 
 
 Manche, English Channel 
 
 marquant, striking 
 
 meler, to mingle 
 
 meme, adj. same; adv. even 
 
 menage, household 
 
 mener, to lead 
 
 mener a fin, to complete 
 
 meridional, southern 
 
 merveille, marvel 
 
 metier a tisser, loom 
 
 mousseux, sparkling 
 
 moyen, mean, average 
 
 moyen age, middle ages 
 
 naissance, birth 
 
 naitre, to be born 
 
 naufrage, faire, to be wrecked 
 
 navire, vessel 
 
 niveau, level, plain 
 
 nourriture, food 
 
 oeuvre, work 
 
 en outre, furthermore 
 
 ouvrage, work, book 
 
 parcourir, to travel over 
 
 parmi, among 
 
 parti, m., party (political) 
 
 particulier, private, peculiar 
 
 partir, pour aller, to lead 
 
 47 
 
partout, everywhere 
 
 passer par, to go through 
 
 patois, dialect 
 
 peau, leather 
 
 peine, valoir la — , to be worth 
 
 while 
 pente, slope 
 perir, to perish 
 pic, peak 
 
 pittoresque, picturesque 
 plage, sea-shore 
 plein, full 
 pluie, rain 
 
 plutot que, rather than 
 pluvieux, rainy 
 pousser, to grow 
 precher, to preach 
 prefet, prefect 
 presque, almost 
 presqu'ile, peninsula 
 primer, to lead, excel 
 produire, to produce 
 professer, to teach, to be a 
 
 professor 
 propre, own 
 prix, de, of great value 
 puissant, great, potent 
 raisin, m., grapes 
 raison, f., reason 
 ranger, to rank 
 se rappeler, remember 
 rayonner, radiate 
 recevoir, to receive 
 rechauffe, warm 
 reconstituer, bring back to 
 regime, rule 
 
 regime (des eaux), system 
 regner, to prevail 
 remettre, to put off 
 rempart, rampart, walls 
 remplacer, to replace 
 se rencontre, to be met with 
 
 to be found 
 rendezvous, place of resort 
 renomme, renowned, famous 
 se repandre, to be spread 
 repartir, to divide 
 retour, return 
 restant, rest, remainder 
 restreindre, to restrict 
 reunir, to unite 
 
 48 
 
 rive, bank 
 
 rocher, rock 
 
 rocheux, rocky 
 
 romancier, novelist 
 
 sacre, coronation 
 
 sacrer, to anoint, crown 
 
 samedi, Saturday 
 
 sec, dry 
 
 seigle, rye 
 
 sejour, abode, residence 
 
 semaine, week 
 
 siecle, century 
 
 siege, seat, meeting-place; 
 siege (mil.) 
 
 soie, silk 
 
 soieries, silk goods 
 
 sol, soil 
 
 souffler, to blow 
 
 soulever, to raise 
 
 source, spring 
 
 source thermale, warm spring 
 
 sous-prefet, sub-prefect 
 
 station, balneaire, bathing- 
 place, watering-place 
 
 subir, to undergo, experience 
 
 subsister, to exist 
 
 suivre, to follow 
 
 superficie, area, surface 
 
 tandis que, while, whereas 
 
 tellement, so, so much 
 
 tenter, to try 
 
 tiers, third 
 
 tirer, to draw, to get 
 
 tisser, to weave 
 
 titre, title 
 
 tombeau, tomb 
 
 tour, turn 
 
 tournee, trip, journey 
 
 trait, fact, feature 
 
 trajet, journey 
 
 se vanter, to boast 
 
 vehicule, servir de, transmit 
 cause 
 
 venir, bien, to thrive 
 
 versant, the slopes 
 
 vignoble, vineyard 
 
 villegiature, lieu de, summer- 
 ing-place 
 
 vitesse, speed 
 
 vu que, seeing that 
 
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 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY