INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO AN 
 
 ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY 
 

INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO AN 
 
 ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 
 
 DAVID BOOTH. 
 
 II seroit a desirer qu'on ne considerat ies premieres editions des livres, 
 que comme des essais informes que ceux qui en sont auteurs proposent 
 aux personnes de lettres, pour en apprendre leurs sentiments. 
 
 L'ART DC PfiNSER. 
 
 EDINBURGH : 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, 
 
 AND SOLD BY W. & J. DEAS, EDINBURGH ; J. JOHNSON, 
 AND VERNOR & HOOD, LONDON. 
 
 1806. 
 
 G. CAW, Printer* L'tbberton Wynt, 
 

 
 
 i 
 
 in 
 
 
PEl51i 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 IN the month of December last, the Author 
 published a " Prospectus of an Analytical 
 " Dictionary of the English Language." 
 Iu announcing his plan, it was proposed 
 to arrange the vocables into classes: be- 
 ginning with the explanation of the Root, 
 and proceeding with its compounds. The 
 composition of English words presents a 
 considerable degree of regularity. The 
 signification of a Primitive is varied, by 
 the addidon of an extensive list of Prefixes 
 and Terminations ; such as ad 9 con, sub} 
 
 ary 9 at ion 9 ment 9 &c. These are words as 
 susceptible of accurate definition as any 
 
 other ; but their explanation, or how they 
 modify the original idea, if given wherever 
 they occur, would serve only to swell the 
 \vork by useless tautology; and it was 
 
 therefore 
 088 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 therefore proposed to comprehend their 
 definitions, with a grammatical sketch of 
 the language, in an INTRODUCTION. Cir- 
 cumstances having hitherto retarded the 
 publication of the Dictionary, and rendered 
 the period of its appearance uncertain, the 
 Introduction is, now, offered to the public. 
 Having a separate title, it may be consi- 
 dered, either as an independent work, or 
 as an advanced part of that of which it is 
 the harbinger. 
 
 NEWBURGH, NOVEMBER 1, 1805. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 PAGE 29, to the first marginal Note, add, of Verbs. 
 
 33, line 3, for circumlocutary read circumlocutory. 
 
 47, 5, for Fiere read Fieri. 
 
 _ 71, 9, for a kin read akin. 
 
 88, 27, for that read " that." 
 
 89, Catchword, for sings, read signs. 
 
 - 104, line last, for &c. active, read active, &c. 
 
 108, 22, for groupe read group. 
 
 116, 2, for abase read a base. 
 
 1 !21> 5, for analogous read analogous. 
 -r - 138, 16 ; after, probably, insert, the. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO AN 
 
 ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 THOUGH it is exceedingly probable that the art Probable 
 of communicating ideas, by articulated sounds, has Grammar, 
 existed among mankind, in their earliest stages of 
 society, yet it is not till a considerable progress is 
 made in civilization, that the examination of those 
 sounds, which form the language of a people, is 
 raised to the rank of a Science. The oral trans- 
 mission of thought must have been too fleeting to 
 command minute attention ; and written signs of 
 ideas must have been invented, before the combin- 
 ation of words and sentences could have attracted 
 sufficient notice, to become the subject of gram- 
 matical investigation. Indeed, the art of writing 
 must have been much advanced, before that of 
 grammar could have commenced ; and those sages, 
 who first formed the breathing page, were, proba- 
 bly, unacquainted with the formidable phalanx of 
 Nouns and Verbs, which now stand, in dread array, 
 to guard the avenues to the groves of academus. 
 
 B The 
 
10 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 its nature. The science of words differs, in kind, from those 
 which relate to the objects of nature. He who utters 
 a sound to express a thought, or writes a word 
 which may recall the idea, (in the same manner as 
 the painting on the canvas renews the impression of 
 the scene which it represents,) must completely 
 comprehend the articulations of his voice, or of 
 his pen,. No classification, or philological disquisi- 
 tion, can change, or render more accurate, the 
 meaning of the words which formed the dialect of 
 our untutored ancestors. The Naturalist, from 
 patience of research, becomes more intimately ac- 
 quainted with the properties of the plant, or mineral, 
 to which his attention is directed, and this addition 
 to his knowledge is a discovery in the science ; 
 but the study of grammar, like that of the Anti- 
 quarian, is rather productive of information than 
 invention. It is less the creation of what is new 
 than the search for those things which are for- 
 gotten. 
 
 Difference Language, being used for the communication 
 Languages, of thought, must necessarily be the same among 
 the different members of the same society ; and, 
 it will be cultivated, in proportion as the society is 
 extended in numbers, or in its relations with others. 
 We find nations separated from each other by seas 
 and rivers, by customs and by laws ; and we find 
 the same diversity in their tongues as in their situa- 
 tion, or their manners. With the origin of this 
 dirision of nations and of languages, we are but 
 
 imperfectly 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 11 
 
 imperfectly acquainted. Both have been subjects 
 of much disquisition, but much yet remains to be 
 explained. It is sufficient for our present purpose, 
 to mark those facts which are indubitable : That, 
 of some countries, the modes of speech are so simi- 
 lar as to bear evidence of their inhabitants having, 
 originally, been the same ; whereas, of others, the 
 utmost ingenuity would, in vain, attempt to find a 
 single trait of resemblance. 
 
 From the revolutions of nations, either in man- Causes of 
 
 , the com- 
 
 ners or in situation, have arisen the changes and piexhy of 
 corruptions of their languages. Originally simple 
 and uniform in their structure, the influx of fo- 
 reign customs and dialects are incorporated with 
 the early tongues, and generate a complication of 
 phraseology, which the half-instructed rustic can, 
 with difficulty, comprehend. Such, at present, are 
 most of the languages of Europe, and we, partially, 
 enter into the region of conjecture, when we en- 
 deavour to ascertain what they have been. We 
 may, however, form some opinion from general 
 analogy ; and, should what we gather from thence 
 prove useful, in our etymological researches, the 
 stability of its foundation may be the less regarded. 
 Ideas are the reflected images of nature. Words 
 are the pictures of ideas. Simplicity of thought Word*, 
 will produce simplicity of expression ; and hence 
 the individual impulses of the mind will be marked 
 by monosyllabic sounds. Two or more simple im- 
 pressions form what is termed a complex idea, 
 B 2 which 
 
12 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 which is expressed by as many primitive words, 
 If this complex idea be of general recurrence, the 
 syllables by which it is denoted will, by habit of 
 pronunciation, be joined together, so as to form a 
 compound word with different articulations. All 
 this is hypothesis, but we find it confirmed by an 
 analysis of the languages with which we are ac- 
 quainted. 
 
 Resting, therefore, upon this theory, all words 
 of one syllable are to be considered as primitives, 
 unless, from a complexity of signification and pro- 
 bable etymology, any of them shall appear to have 
 been originally polysyllables corrupted by time. 
 On the other hand, every word of more than one 
 syllable will be considered as a compound, formed 
 by the conjunction of two or more simple words : 
 Thus, Gold and Smith are primitives, forming to- 
 gether the complex term Goldsmith, the significa- 
 tion of -which maybe easily deduced from the parts 
 of its composition. 
 
 While we confine our attention to those poly- 
 syllables, which are made up of words in general 
 use, their composition appears evident ; but living 
 tongues are in a state of perpetual fluctuation j 
 foreign words are gradually adopted, while many 
 of the natives are suffered to slide into oblivion, 
 and hence, the compounds remain, though their 
 formatives may be no more. Another fruitful 
 source of such words may be traced to the ima- 
 gined necessity of literary men. They become en* 
 
 amoured 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 13 
 
 amoured of languages that have been acquired by 
 difficulty; and what they suppose too vulgar or 
 antiquated in their mother tongue, is supplanted by 
 another, known only in writings which have sur- 
 vived the wreck of ages. During some centuries 
 immediately previous to the invention of printing, 
 immured in the gloom of a monastery, Science 
 seemed an alien in the land of her residence. She 
 appeared in a garb which concealed her from the 
 knowledge of the vulgar \ or, if she deigned to 
 assume the dress of her country, it was so disfi- 
 gured by the trappings of antiquity, as to be known 
 only to a few. 
 
 It is when a language has arrived at this state of 
 complicacy and commixture, that men of genius 
 begin to turn their attention to the intricacies of its 
 composition, and the anomalies of its structure. 
 These arise from the conjunction of words indivi T 
 dually unknown, some of which are observed re- 
 gularly to recur ; and certain syllables termed 5 
 from their situation, prepositions and terminations , 
 are found to vary the signification of the radical 
 word, in a determinate manner. For the junction 
 of these syllables, in some cases, rules are laid 
 down, while the marks themselves, which thus alter 
 the original idea of a word, are generally treated 
 as unmeaning, or, at least, as incapable of de- 
 finition. Verbs, (or words expressive of action,) 
 are, in many languages, subjected to a multiplied 
 variety of forms. In English they receive few 
 $ 3 changes 
 
14 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 changes, their different moods and tenses being 
 expressed by dther words, termed auxiliaries, which 
 are known and separately used, excepting two or 
 three affixes, afterwards to be explained. In the 
 Greek, Latin, French, ^&c. the auxiliaries and 
 agents, necessary to the change of situation, or 
 idea, are joined to the principal part of the verb, 
 and incorporated, or contracted, in such a manner 
 as to render it almost impossible to trace them to 
 their origin. Perhaps some future Grammarian 
 may explore those mazes of perplexity; and 
 Philology, guided by a more certain and steady 
 light, shall no longer wander among the inextri- 
 cable wilds of declensions and conjugations. 
 Thelr In treating of subjects that contain a multiplicity 
 
 grammati- o f particulars, the memory is apt to be bewil- 
 
 cal arrange- J 
 
 went. dered, in a chaos of similar objects, where none 
 has a claim to pre-eminence. To avoid this con- 
 fusion, a certain arrangement is necessary. The 
 Botanist must have his classes and orders- The 
 Chemist his bodies simple and compounded. In the 
 dawnings of knowledge, the mode of classifica- 
 tion must partake of the darkness of general infor- 
 mation ; and succeeding writers might have beeu 
 sensible of the faults of the systems of their prede- 
 cessors, without possessing the daring, or the abi- 
 lity, to propose, or to establish, an improvement. 
 It was reserved for a Linnaeus, a Lavoisier, and a 
 Tooke, to build anew the temple of Science, and 
 to replace the Gothic arches and gloomy vaults, by 
 
 the 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 15 
 
 the elegant and cheerful structures of modern 
 taste. It is sometime, however, before the rising 
 fane can attract the worship of the crowd. The 
 spirit of prejudice, like the ghosts of the departed, 
 loves to linger near to mouldering walls, under the 
 covert of the night. 
 
 In our observations on language, therefore, while 
 we mark what appears to be the most natural divi- 
 sion of the subject, we shall attend, particularly, 
 to that order and enunciation which have, hitherto^ 
 most generally obtained j and, that we may not 
 trifle with the reader, we shall suppose him ac- 
 quainted with the common English Grammars of 
 the Schools. 
 
 Much useless discussion has .appeared concern- 
 ing the different kinds of words. They correspond 
 with the nature of our ideas, and must follow the 
 course of their operations. An investigation, into 
 the composition of language, is resolvable into an 
 inquiry, concerning the abstractions and classificaf 
 tions of the human mind, A loose collection of 
 materials is viewed with emotions of aversion. We 
 love to rear the ruined fabric ; to generalize and 
 to arrange the objects of our knowledge. 
 
 The first natural division of Words is NAMES, 
 or what are termed SUBSTANTIVES or NOUNS. 
 The sound, or syllable, which brings directly to 
 our recollection any object in nature, is its name : 
 such as Man 9 Bird, Beast L , Tree, which are general, 
 as being each applicable to a class of which there 
 
 may 
 
16 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 may be many individuals, as John, a Lark, an Oak. 
 Nouns of two or more syllables, are compound 
 words, formed from some relation, real or ima- 
 ginary, observed between them and the primitives, 
 first denominated, as, Woman, Eagle, Tyger, Cypress, 
 Others have their syllabic additions still unincor- 
 porated, as, Black-Smith, Wheel-Wright, Apple- 
 Tree, and, generally, all those whose divisions 
 form simple words, still used in the language. 
 Nouns, or Names, comprehend every thing that 
 exists, and, in a certain sense, include every other 
 division of words. 
 
 of ADJEC- Things that we perceive to exist, must possess 
 some qualities, which render their existence known 
 to the human mind. Something must act upon 
 the senses before objects can be perceptible, if wq 
 allow the operations of a material universe, which, 
 here, cannot be denied ; for, on the basis of this 
 belief, the who|e structure of language is erected. 
 Qualities, as a division of words, have been, in ge- 
 neral, known by tjie name of ADJECTIVES, though 
 part of them have been included under other deno- 
 minations. Objects are distinguished by their ex- 
 tension, figure, colour, &c, and, hence, big, round, 
 white, &c. are Adjectives. It is evident that these 
 words do not express things, but modes. They apply 
 not to the principle, but to the marks, or energies, 
 of existence -, and, for aught that language denotes 
 to the contrary, the ideal relations which they ex- 
 press may exist, either in the mind that perceives, 
 
 pr 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 17 
 
 er in the substance that originates the perception. 
 All Adjectives, however, may, in a certain respect, 
 be considered as Nouns. We may view a quality 
 as a thing of itself, independent on the substance 
 to which it is joined. Good may be considered as 
 varying in degree, and White may be clear or 
 muddy. Such cases may be explained by sup- 
 posing a Noun to be understood, not expressed, 
 in the sentence ; or, the words may be treated as 
 Nouns. This applies to all the kinds of Adjec- 
 tives to be afterwards considered. We have Per- 
 pendicular, Opponent, Learning, &c. all originally 
 Adjectives, but now, also used with the signification 
 of Nouns* 
 
 We are well aware that, philosophically consi- 
 dered, the separation of quality from substance in- 
 volves a contradiction. Yet, after all, it is with 
 qualities alone that we are acquainted ; and we 
 know nothing of the essence or substratum of a Be- 
 ing,different from the collection of appearances which 
 it is known to possess. To speak of a quality, 
 then, unconnected with a substance, is merely to 
 view that substance under one of its relations. The 
 Mathematician reasons on the properties of Num- 
 bers; but these must be joined with other relations ; 
 they must be applied to things with which the 
 senses are otherwise conversant, before they can 
 be useful, in the progress of life. 
 
 Hitherto we have only considered the Names 
 and Qualities of Things, but these things perform 
 
 certain 
 
18 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 certain functions in the world. Words, that ex- 
 press the state or action of things, are usually deno- 
 minated VERBS ; and this designation (though im- 
 proper etymologically considered,) has been so ge-? 
 nerally in use among writers on grammar, that it 
 might be inconvenient to substitute another. It is 
 evident that words expressing the relations of ae* 
 tion,if neither the agent nor the patient be mentioned, 
 must be, simply, the names of such actions; and, 
 therefore, Love, Hatred, Joy, and Grief, belong to 
 the class of Nouns. To specify that these passions 
 are put into play, the idea of action is joined, either 
 by a separate word, by a prefix, or, by a ter- 
 mination. Thus we have To Love, To Hate, T& 
 Enjoy, To Grieve, which are originally the same 
 with Do Love, Do Hate, Do Enjoy ^ Do Grieve ; 
 or, Act Love, Act Hate, Act Joy, Act Grief, as 
 will be more fully explained in an after part of this 
 Introduction, and, under the different articles, ACT 
 and Do, in the Dictionary. In other cases the mark 
 of action is affixed to the Verbal Noun, as, / Loved, 
 He Loves, or Loveth ; the terminations ed, es, and 
 eth, performing the same part as the separate par- 
 ticles did, does, and doth : but of this we shall treat 
 more fully hereafter. Sometimes, for the sake of 
 supposed elegance, the to and do are suppressed, as, 
 / Love, in place of / Do Love ; and this mode of 
 writing, now, prevails, in many cases, where authors 
 of only half a century ago employed the auxiliary. 
 " He bade them to open their bundles," is a sen- 
 
 tence 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 19 
 
 tence written by Dr Smollet, though the to would, 
 at this time, be regarded as redundant. 
 
 In every expression of action there are an agent 
 and a patient. The action is to be endured as 
 well as exerted, and, therefore, the passive state, 7 
 Am, I Exist, I Sleep, &c, as well as the phrases, / 
 am Loved, I am Hated, &c. are included under 
 the head of Verbs ; though, in the latter examples, 
 the word am alone is a Verb, loved and hated being 
 Adjectives. The fact is, that as an Adjective is 
 nothing else but the name of a quality, so a Verb is 
 only the name of an action, or state of being ; and vide BE 
 its apparent variations of form are occasioned, solely, 
 by its connexion with other words which denote 
 that the action of the Verb is exerted. All the moods 
 and tenses, of the Greek and Latin, have arisen 
 from the difficulty of analysing the multiplied com- 
 binations of words, which are contained in the clas- 
 sic writers of antiquity; and the modern tongues, 
 whose involved and twisted chains might more 
 easily be unravelled, have had their Grammars 
 formed by minds, enthusiastically attached to the 
 systems of the ancient schools. 
 
 As things have various qualities, and produce 
 that class of words termed Adjectives, so there must 
 be different modes or manners of action, producing 
 a division of words that have been called ADVERBS. 
 These are generally Adjectives, with the addition 
 of ly or like, to shew their correspondence with 
 the Verb. Thus, 7 love WISELY, or WISE-LIKE, or 
 
 like 
 
2O INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 X 
 
 like a WISE man. It is evident that this is no new . 
 class of words, but a comparison of qualities , where 
 one of the Substantives, or Nouns, is understood. 
 Adjectives and Adverbs are, therefore, the same 
 kind of words ; and, where it is unnecessary to 
 mark the comparison, the Adjective is used without 
 t any inflection, as, I loved him MUCH ; / did it 
 
 WELL. 
 
 of PARTI* PARTICIPLES are compound words, expressing 
 the quality of being the agent or the object of an 
 action ; and must, also, be considered as Adjectives 
 which owe their verbal signification to their affixes ; 
 as, loving and drowned are formed by the active ad- 
 ditions of ing and ed. Were we to adhere to the 
 classification of simple words alone, these, as a kind 
 of phrases, or junction of ideas, should be dis- 
 carded. 
 
 of Pup- When speaking of Adjectives, we should have 
 noticed a particular genus, respecting which, Gram- 
 marians have been at a loss to guess, whether they 
 were Nouns, or to wha,t other class they belonged. 
 They have therefore, as is the general practice in : 
 such cases of difficulty, assigned to them a sepa- 
 rate department, under the denomination of PRO- 
 NOUNS ; because they are used in the place of 
 Nouns. They are in fact, nothing but Adjectives, 
 or qualities, though now often used without the 
 Substantive, which is understood; and, in that 
 case, by an easy transition, are raised to the rank of 
 imaginary personages, and treated as if they were 
 
 Substantives 
 
 KOUKS. 
 
CLES. 
 
 ANALYTIC ALJDICT10NARY. 21 
 
 Substantives themselves. This, however, was not 
 formerly so common ; and in legal instruments, 
 where language of three centuries old is employed, 
 their Substantives are generally conjoined. Instead 
 of the ordinary phrase, " He struck him" they say, 
 " He, the said A B, struck him, the said C D," 
 marking the persons to whom the Pronouns refer. 
 This, or that, as particularly specify an object, -as 
 its colour, or its form ; and, / and you, as distinctly 
 discriminate between the speaker and the hearer. 
 
 The words a (or an^) and the, though they of ATI 
 have been considered as a part of speech, distinct 
 from every other, under the name of ARTICLES, 
 are of the species last mentioned. The first is the 
 numeral one ; and it is surprising, that the latter 
 should ever have been separated from the class of 
 Pronouns. In all languages, when speaking of 
 things, there is a necessity for limitation. A, or 
 an, expresses that we speak of one such thing as 
 the Noun describes ; while the is almost equivalent 
 to that, and denotes the person, or thing, of which, 
 from other circumstances, we have some acquaint- 
 ance. Those tongues which are supposed to want 
 Articles will, on examination, be found to possess 
 these definitives, either separately, in their prefixes, 
 or in their terminations *. 
 
 From 
 
 * " The Latin quit is evidently > o$ ; and the Latin ter- 
 minations us, a, itm, no other than the Greek article ?, u, y.' ? 
 
 DlTERSIONS OF PuRLEY. 
 
22 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 of PREPO- From fifty to sixty other words, which could not 
 
 and CON. easily be brought within the limits of any of the 
 JUNCTIONS ' . . . ; 
 
 preceding divisions, have been formed into two 
 
 separate classes, termed PREPOSITIONS and CON- 
 JUNCTIONS, as is said, from their being used before 
 Nouns, and for conjoining words, or sentences. All 
 these have been examined, by Mr Home Tooke^ 
 in his Diversions of Purley, and shewn to be 
 merely Verbs, or Nouns, whose other parts, or 
 compounds, are, in general, not to be found in the 
 language; for which reason the task of fixing their 
 accurate signification becomes the more laborious. 
 Whether or not he has, in all cases, been equally 
 successful, it is not now our business to inquire. 
 An etymological discussion of these words would, 
 here, be out of place, since the opportunity will 
 again occur, under their different heads in the Dic- 
 tionary. It is sufficient, for our present purpose, 
 that and, but, yet ;from, to, with, and the like, 
 have a signification, of their own, independent on 
 their connection in the sentence where they are 
 found ; and this, Mr Tooke has clearly demon- 
 strated. If, then, each has a meaning, and is capa- 
 ble of raising an idea in the mind, that idea must 
 have its prototype in nature. It must either denote 
 an exertion, and is, therefore, a Verb / or a quality ? 
 and is, in that case, an Adjective ; or, it must ex- 
 press an assemblage of qualities, such as is observed 
 to belong to some Individual object, and is, on this 
 supposition, the name of such object, or a Noun. 
 
 The 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 23 
 
 The only class of words which remains to be 
 considered is INTERJECTIONS, and these must al- 
 ways belong to some of the divisions already men- 
 tioned. When the mind is overpowered by passion, 
 (or violence of feeling,) unconnected words and 
 broken sentences are uttered: But every such word, 
 or sentence, is an Interjection, and has its meaning 
 by completing the sentence, with those words which 
 are unexpressed. In English, a few sounds, as 
 Oh ! fa ! alas ! &c. which will be defined in their 
 order, are particularly used for the expression of 
 exclamation, arising from the impulse of astonish- 
 ment, aversion, pain, or other emotions. But, be- 
 side these, any other word, or phrase, such as, 
 " Wonderful!" " How wretched!" &c. may become 
 an Interjection, and, in this, it does not change its 
 nature, but, merely, from its disjointed and inter- 
 jected situation in the page, marks the powerful in- 
 fluence of some overwhelming passion, in the 
 speaker's mind. 
 
 We have, thus, given an account of the different 
 divisions of words, and have found that the whole 
 may be classed under the three heads of Names, 
 Qualities, and Actions; or, Nouns, Adjectives, and 
 Verbs. We might now proceed to the prosecution 
 of the plan of the Dictionary, which is to attempt 
 to explain the simple words ; (or those of a single 
 syllable, expressive of an individual thought,) and, 
 along with every such explanation, to note its va- 
 rious compounds, and mark the addition to the 
 
 original 
 
24 INTRODUCTION itf AN 
 
 original idea which every PREFIX or TERMINA* 
 TION exhibits. Previously, however, in observing 
 these compounds, a system of regularity presents 
 itself, which, if properly attended to, may, in a 
 material degree, shorten our future labours. The 
 particles, which alter the form of the primitive 
 word, are not added to one root alone, but to 
 many ; and, if we can fix their meaning as appli- 
 cable to a single case, the explanation will be the 
 same in whatever combinations they may be found. 
 Should we discover that a particular Termination, 
 or Prefix, has a certain definitive signification; and, 
 if it be found attached to a variety of simple words, 
 that signification, once determined, may be referred 
 to in every case where it shall occur, and will 
 save the trouble of unnecessary repetition. We 
 shall, therefore, examine the different compositions 
 .of words, with each of the affixes, as far as they pos- 
 sess sufficient uniformity to render the examina- 
 tion useful to our design : And if, in our pro- 
 gress, we deviate from the proper direction, let it 
 be remembered that we have to wander over a 
 pathless plain, on which preceding travellers have, 
 seldom, reared a single stone, or planted a solitary 
 shrub, to mark where they have been, 
 of the piu- The most general addition, to the form and sig- 
 "' nification of a Noun, is the mark of the Plural, 
 which is usually formed by, the affix j, formerly 
 spek es 9 or is. The, power of this termination is 
 obvious, but its origin, being coeval with the lan- 
 guage, 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 25 
 
 guage, renders it impossible to trace, with certainty, 
 where, or when, it has been used in its uncon- 
 nected state. It is probably much corrupted ; and, 
 indeed, this may be the case in many compositions 
 of syllables : so much so, that, were one of our 
 ancestors, who existed in the earlier ages of our 
 tongue, to review the grammatical investigations 
 of our time, he might smile at the labours of the 
 Etymologist. If, however, the meanings of the 
 several adjuncts can be distinctly ascertained so 
 as to apply universally wherever they may be 
 found, the end of utility will be gained. If the pro- 
 blem can be solved, we may be pardoned the inac- 
 curacy of its demonstration, 
 
 TIME, or the measure of the duration of exist- 
 ence, was, originally, in most nations, calculated by 
 the flux and reflux of the ocean. This, which 
 with us is termed the tide, was formerly synony- 
 mous with time. The Saxon word tide signified 
 time only, and several of our compounds, expres- 
 sive of stated periods, have the affix tide : such 
 as Whitsuntide, Martinmastide, Noontide, &c. From 
 the same cause the Romans expressed by the word 
 Tempestas, either time, a sea-storm, or destruction. 
 The regular recurrence and similarity of the tides, 
 may have suggested the idea of using the word as 
 indicative of multitude of the same kind, and a word 
 denoting these changes of the sea may have ori- 
 ginated the plural terminations. The particle ce, 
 anciently spelt es, forms a termination in several 
 
 C words. 
 
26 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 words, and has this signification of time : Thus once, 
 twice, and thrice, are equivalent to one time, two 
 times, and three times ; and, when these numerals 
 are extended, we use the word times, as, four times, 
 foe limes, &c. The Germans express once, twice, 
 &c. by einmal, zweimal, &c. the word mal in their 
 language having the power of the French fois and 
 our IURN, or time, applied to the repetition of an* 
 event. The varied spelling of ce and es is of no 
 moment, for, as we formerly had ones, twies, and 
 thries, marking the addition of es to one, twie, and 
 thrie, so we now have some of our plurals, as dice, 
 mice, and pence, ending in ce. It is, therefore, not 
 improbable that ce, or es, is synonymous with time, 
 in its numeral signification ; and, as added to one, 
 two, or three, it expresses how many of these things, 
 or actions, are exhibited, so, if employed in simple 
 connection with the name of a thing, it may de* 
 note a number of such things, leaving the extent 
 indefinite. 
 
 Another regular mark of plurality is en, as in 
 oxen, brethren, children, &c. This termination was 
 formerly much more common than now, as housen 
 . for houses ; eyen for eyes; f oxen for foxes, &c. The 
 affix en, in the ordinary acceptation of time , is also 
 found in several words, For example : when and 
 then are evidently from the Saxon hwa. and theo, 
 joined to the syllable en, and signify what time and 
 that time. Besides, the French en, equivalent to 
 aur in, implies time, as will be explained when 
 
 treating 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 27 
 
 treating of in as a preposition. Thus the plural 
 affixes, es and en, are apparently derived from a si- 
 milar source ; but, whatever be their origin, their 
 meaning, in both cases, is the same, that is, Number 
 without any particular limitation. 
 
 There are some anomalies in English plurals. Plural affir- 
 
 es different 
 
 A few are literally adopted frpm other languages, from the 
 and preserve their original form, such as, errata p 
 and phenomena, from erratum and phenomenon, while 
 others form their plural in the middle of the word, 
 -adding a separate termination to both numbers, as 
 man and men ; tooth and teeth; foot and feet ; but 
 all these will be better explained as they occur in 
 the Dictionary, In the mean time, we may observe 
 of es+ that the e is now left out wherever the word Variation 
 
 * f 
 
 will admit of contracting the syllable. Thus we 
 have skins, bells, and chairs, as the plurals of skin, 
 bell, and chair ; but when the Nouns end in the 
 sound of /, or so as an s cannot easily be incorpo- 
 rated with its concluding syllable, the es is added, 
 and therefore box, kiss, sash, and church, become 
 boxes, kisses, sashes, and churches. 
 
 The syllable en has other applications than that other uses 
 above-mentioned,, It likewise expresses action, and 
 has the signification of make, or made, as in golden , 
 or silken, which specifies that a thing is made of 
 gold, or of silL In this sense it is often applied to 
 form past participles, as proven, arisen, given, &c. 
 signifying that the action is finished or made, as is 
 also expressed by the termination ed. Ed is used, 
 
 C 2 mdiscri* 
 
28 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Distinction indiscriminately to declare that the action was 
 doing or done ; but en has the latter sense only, and 
 forms the termination of done as compounded from 
 do. En or an terminates the infinitive of almost all 
 the Saxon and Teutonic Verbs, indicating action in 
 the same manner as our to. With us it is occa- 
 sionally prefixed, as, to encrease, to make bigger; to 
 encourage*) to make courageous ; and, notwith stand* 
 ing of its Verbal power, we have added the to and 
 other signs of exertion, in conformity with the ge- 
 neral analogy of our language. In adopting words 
 from another tongue such a redundancy is common. 
 To the connective syllable, contained in the Vo- 
 cable which we have chosen, we often join a simi- 
 lar particle of our own. This is in some degree 
 necessary, otherwise our Syntax would become a 
 patch-work, and we should multiply our idioms, 
 already too numerous. As examples of this adapt- 
 ation of foreign words, we might instance most of 
 the Latin derivatives that contain a preposition. 
 Thus, to abstain and to connect mean to hold from 
 and to join together , their former syllables abs and 
 con being equal to our from and with. ; yet, in 
 composition, we say to abstain FROM and to connect 
 WITH, which, critically examined, are apparent 
 pleonasms. It is hence that the inseparable prepo- 
 sitions have been,in some cases, supposed to encrease 
 the signification of Verbs, while, in others, they 
 have been regarded as expletives. The latter opi- 
 nion is general with regard to the prefix of which 
 
 we 
 
a 
 
 termination 
 
 ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY, 29 
 
 have been treating. It will always, however, 
 be found to signify make ; and to enjoy, to encoun- 
 ter, to endeavour, &c. will thus have evident 
 meanings. 
 
 Many also of our Verbs have en post-fixed, as of e 
 
 i 
 
 to lengthen, to make longer, to shorten, to make 
 shorter, to soften, to make soft, &c. and, in general, 
 those Verbs whose roots are Adjectives require 
 this mode of formation. When the word to which 
 en is affixed terminates with an r, it is usual to ne- 
 gleet the middle e, in consequence of the coa- 
 lescence of the liquids r and n. Thus leatheren 
 becomes leathern, southeren, southern, and to waren, 
 to make aware, becomes to warn. In a similar 
 manner wintery, fostering, wandering, &c. have 
 been barbarously mutilated by the poets. 
 
 After all, en as a plural termination, with our Connexion 
 definition of its being synonymous with time, does f er ent uses 
 not appear to differ materially from its meaning of of ** 
 make or made, do or done. TIME as an abstract 
 being is a non-entity ; and, when we apply the 
 word in language, it must, like an Adjective, be 
 joined to something else, before it can convey an 
 image to the mind. Before the word can have any 
 meaning, we must connect it with other circum- 
 stances, and say what passed at the period to which 
 we allude. " The French Revolution happened 
 " in the time" - In the time of what ? " In the 
 " time of George the third," or, when he was 
 King of Great Britain. The occurrence of one 
 
 C 3 thing 
 
36 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 thing is the only mark by which we can fix the 
 period of the existence of another. One event 
 must always be before, in, or after, that portion of 
 ' duration in which a different one was happening, or 
 had happened ; and all Participles, since they denote 
 that an action is doing, or done, may, in conse- 
 quence, express the relations of time. 
 
 fa and en as prefixes are often confounded. 
 The Greek and French preposition en corresponds 
 with our in, but in English the words ought to be 
 distinguished, which can be done with accuracy and 
 ease. In signifies situation, and originally must 
 have meant the particular spot where a thing was 
 situated. In this sense it may always be explained 
 by the word place, which, without injury to the 
 meaning of the sentence, may be substituted in its 
 stead. For instance, " I was in the house," and 
 <c I was place the house ;" " I went into the gar- 
 " den/" and " I went to place the garden," are, 
 respectively, synonymous. " I did it in conse- 
 cc quence of his advice." Here the situation, or 
 time, consequent with his advice, is personified, or 
 rather specified ; and it is stated that it was then, or 
 in that time, (viewing the extent of time figuratively 
 as a place'} that the action was done. All words ap- 
 plying to local connection may also be applied to the 
 measure of the succession of events. Space and 
 Duration, with equal power, preside over and in- 
 clude within their dominion all the actions of the 
 
 Universe. Place and Time 9 with delegated autho- 
 rity, 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 31 
 
 rity, are the corresponding Rulers of the World j 
 and, so similar is their sway, that they are perpetu- 
 ally mistaken for one another. In, therefore, is 
 also used to signify time, and when so used, the 
 word time will always be completely equivalent. 
 Thus we may say, " I went to London, in two 
 " hours," or, " I went to London, time two 
 " hours," with equal meaning and propriety. 
 
 From the foregoing definitions, the distinction ptinctfon 
 
 between tn. 
 
 between in and en will be evident. To inclose will and <. 
 signify to close in, or to close a place, and to enclose ', 
 will be simply to make close ; to inquire will be to 
 seek in or to search the place, and to enquire will 
 mean to make search. This distinction is ? however,not 
 attended to by the generality of writers, as they use 
 indifferently either the in or en prefixed to Verbs. 
 
 In, as a prefix, also marks negation ; and, in this Anotheruse 
 
 of in, 
 
 sense it has, by some, been supposed to come from 
 the Hebrew ain, signifying not ; but the pronunci- 
 ation, and even the power of the letters, of this 
 language being completely lost, must render its 
 imagined derivations extremely uncertain. In was 
 employed by the Romans, in this privative manner, 
 when joined to Nouns or Participles, and is equiva- 
 lent to the word not : as, indecent, is not decent* 
 intemperate is not temperate, and so of others. It is 
 from the constitution of the word to which it is 
 joined, and not from any transforming power of 
 the preposition in, that such compounds reverse the 
 idea of the primary. Though not decent, or /Vzde- 
 
 ceat, 
 
S2 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 cent, be merely the negation of decent, yet, as there 
 can be no medium in such a case, the one is directly 
 opposite to the other. 
 
 i Of un. Synonymous with the negative in is the prefix 
 un. It is of Saxon origin, and more generally join- 
 ed to words that flow from the Gothic source, 
 while in is oftener applied to such as are of Latin 
 derivation. The Dutch wan, evidently our word 
 want, has the same power in composition as un, 
 and most probably is its original. The Scotch 
 have also wan, using wanwordy for unworthy, and 
 the pendulum of a clock is by them termed the 
 wanrest. When in or un is annexed to Verbs, it 
 does not only signify that the action is not per- 
 formed, but that it is reversed. To ravel is to 
 twist and confuse ; to unravel is to separate what 
 has been ravelled. The reason is obvious : One 
 Verb cannot be the negative of another, because 
 the want of action would divest it of its verbal na- 
 ture, and the privative particle must therefore 
 mark opposition. 
 
 Mm for en, En is sometimes, in composition, spelt em, and in 
 aU? andli- i g 8 P e ^ '' il-> m , or ir, according to the various 
 f%r M. initials of the words to which the prefix is joined ; 
 and these irregularities depend on the supposed 
 ease in pronunciation, from a more pleasing coa- 
 lescence of sounds : Thus, embattle, ignoble, illegal, 
 improper, and irresolute, are used for enbattle, innc- 
 ble, inlegal, &c. 
 
 When 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. S3 
 
 When we wish to express that one person or 
 thing belongs to another, it may be done, either by or ' 
 stating the fact, in a circumlocutary manner, or by 
 adding is (or s as a contraction,) to the name 
 of the owner: Thus, Alexander's house signi- 
 fies the house of, or belonging to Alexander ; and 
 God's grace, anciently Godis grace, is the grace 
 cf God. This termination has been the subject of 
 much discussion, and, on that account, deserves 
 particular attention. 
 
 A Noun or thing may be in different states or 
 situations. It may be the agent or the patient ; the 
 possessor or the receiver. In the Greek, Latin, 
 Saxon, and German tongues, some of these situa- 
 tions are termed CASES, and are expressed by addi- 
 tions to the Noun instead of by separate words and 
 phrases. Of these the English Noun has only the 
 mark of possession above-mentioned, which is, there- 
 fore, called the POSSESSIVE CASE, and sometimes 
 the GENITIVE, because of its resemblance to that 
 case in the Greek and Latin declensions. There is, 
 however, in modern English, a distinction in ex- 
 tent, if not in kind. The Latin Genitive marks 
 the connection, in general, of one Noun with ano- 
 ther. It denotes that the one is the origin, or Ge- 
 nitive of the other, from whatever circumstance it 
 may arise. Thus timor Dei, the fear of God, is a 
 fear originating from God. It is to God that we 
 are to look for its source, but the person who is 
 subject to the feeling is left to be discovered from 
 
 the 
 
34 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 the other parts of the sentence ; and it is only on 
 the ground of the attributes ascribed to the Divi- 
 nity that we recognize the impossibility of its being 
 applicable to Him. When we say " The fear of 
 " Caesar was great," we obviously assert that 
 Cassar was much under the influence of fear. 
 When we add, " among his enemies," we render 
 the patient doubtful, it being uncertain whether his 
 enemies or himself were subjected to the impression 
 of dread. But, when we say, " ThefearofCasar 
 " was so great that his enemies became an easy 
 " conquest," the passion is transferred, without 
 ambiguity, to the hearts of his opposers. 
 
 of and off. The signification of the particle 0f may elucidate 
 this account of the Genitive. It is the same with 
 the Adverb off, and denotes that what we speak of 
 is taken from, or is a part separated from something 
 else. It is the Saxon af, and does not differ from 
 the Latin ab. Its primary use is behind opposite to 
 before, and hence our after, as well as the phrase 
 fore and aft. By a figurative manner of speech, 
 
 vide for common to all languages, fore and after are em- 
 
 and/or/. 
 
 ployed to denote cause and consequence ; origin and 
 offspring. Thus from or f rum, (derived from fore,) 
 in the Saxon, signifies beginning, author, or source, 
 and, in this sense, is used by us as a preposition ; 
 while the Gothic afar expresses after, and also 
 posterity. Of, therefore, is sprung, risen, or made 
 FROM, and is easily assumed as synonymous with 
 belonging to or concerning.. 
 
 Though 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 35 
 
 Though two words may have different and even 
 opposite significations, yet they may, in certain si- 
 tuations, be taken indiscriminately for one another. 
 Thus, " I received money of him/' and " I re- 
 " ceivedr money from him," have the same mean- 
 ing. In the former case the money is asserted to 
 come from the giver ; in the latter he is mentioned 
 as the origin of the gift. In the same manner, the 
 place of the genitive terminations may be supplied 
 by the word of, though this preposition may differ 
 in its literal meaning from such affixes. Genitives, 
 then, are compound words having the nature of 
 Adjectives, and express that a thing is connected in 
 some manner or other with the Noun to which the 
 termination is joined. The origin of the different 
 signs, though various, may nevertheless be expres- 
 sive of the same idea, and many of our Adjectives 
 are, evidently, the Genitives of an earlier structure 
 of our tongue. Those who wish to trace from pro- 
 bability, where certainty is denied, may compare the 
 is or 's with the syllable ous, to be explained in a 
 succeeding part of this Introduction. It will be 
 found that " righteous men/' " men of right," 
 and " right's men," do not materially differ ; and 
 a similar contraction of s from ous may be observed 
 in the Adverbs afterwards, backwards, forwards, 
 &c. 
 
 The Saxon genitives were, for the most part, 
 terminated by es or an, and the latter is still added 
 to words to form Nouns and Adjectives of a pos- 
 sessive 
 
36 INTRODUCTION TO Afc 
 
 sessive signification : as partizan, belonging to ft 
 party ; human, belonging to man ; Alexandrian^ 
 belonging to Alexander ; Egyptian, belonging to 
 Egypt, &c- The French use en separately to ex- 
 press the same idea, always Englished by of (it, 
 him, her, or them,) and denoting that one thing is 
 of or belonging to another. In this sense it assimi- 
 lates with the affix en in golden , silken, &c. already 
 explained ; and on the whole, it appears that this 
 Genitive affix was the same with the active syllable 
 which constituted the Gothic Verbs ; and, when 
 connecting Nouns, it specified that the one proceed- 
 ed, or was formed, or made from the other. Words 
 in or int, in in or ine, as Matin, Alexandrine, and Serpentine, 
 and those fashionables in ana, as Johnsoniana, &c. 
 may be traced to a similar source. The latter is 
 the Adjective Johnsonian with a, the Latin plural, 
 affixed, and signifies Johnsonian things, or anecdotes 
 concerning, or belonging to Johnson. Ana is princi- 
 pally used in the titles of books that record the 
 memorable sayings of persons of wit and learning, 
 and is similar to what we term Table-talk. 
 junction In the English language the juxtaposition of 
 of jun" n Nouns is, of itself, a sufficient indication of the Ge- 
 nitive, or that one is connected with the other ; 
 and this has given rise to a variety of compounds. 
 A Shoemaker is a maker of shoes, and a C,ach?naker, 
 cf Coaches. A Shipmaster is the master of*. Ship, 
 and a Schoolmaster is the master of a School. 
 Such words have been united by degrees, and were 
 
 formerly 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 37 
 
 formerly connected with a hyphen, thus Shoe-maker, 
 Coach-maker, Ship-master, and School-master. A 
 great many words, however, are employed in the 
 same manner, without any mark of connection, as, 
 Morning Song, London Review, Edinburgh Maga- 
 zine, &c. which may all be resolved on the princi- 
 ples which we have adopted. The number of 
 such compositions is every day encreasing* and ap- 
 pear to be limited only by the pleasure or conve- 
 niency of the writer. 
 
 Every Verb or action must have its Nominative or of the AC. 
 agent. It must also have an object on which the 
 action falls. Thus, in " John hit the mark/' the 
 Noun John is the agent ; hit the Verb ; and mark 
 the object of the action. In Verbs of which the 
 agent and the object are the same, as, " He 
 <c moves," " He talks," " It thunders," &c. the 
 object needs not be expressed, though the French in 
 most cases, and the English in many, conjoin a 
 Pronoun in the Accusative form. " Elle se prome- 
 " n it" she walked, is, literally, " she walked 
 " herself;" and " He moves himself" is not un- 
 common for " He moves." 
 
 In languages which have several variations in 
 their Noun, a particular termination is added when 
 it denotes being subjected to the exertion of another. 
 Thus Petrus and Maria are Latin Nominatives or 
 Names for Peter and Mary, If we say " Peter 
 " loves Mary," it is only from the one being placed 
 Before and the other after the Verb loves 9 that we 
 
 can 
 
38 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 can distinguish the lover from the beloved : for were 
 we to say " Mary loves Peter," the two states 
 would be exchanged. In the Latin, " Petrus amat 
 " Mariam" the situation of the Nouns is of no 
 consequence : The relation of being the object of 
 the action is expressed by the change of the Noun 
 Maria to Mariam ; and the sentence would be 
 equally well understood though written " Mariam 
 " amat Petrus." The reciprocal phrase may be 
 either cc Maria amat Petrum" or " Petrum 
 " amat Maria" This change in the Noun is 
 termed the Accusative case, and sometimes, especi- 
 ally inEnglish Grammars, the Objective. 
 M, an AC- Though English Nouns have retained no <;ase, 
 
 cusativeter- r . . . . 
 
 except that part or the Genitive which marks pos- 
 session or property^ a similarity to the Accusative is 
 visible in Pronouns. He (or that person of whom 
 we were speaking,) may be the agent of certain 
 actions i but when He becomes the patient , the re* 
 suit, or object of these actions^ and in every case 
 where he is not the agent ^ we write him : as, cc He 
 " loved Mary," or " Mary loved him" which 
 latter sentence would be perfectly intelligible though 
 it were written u him Mary loved." 
 
 Pronouns have also the possessive form, but in 
 neither of the cases are the terminations 9 s and *m 
 completely regular. These, more than any other 
 part of speech, are subjected to the corruptions 
 produced by Custom, who, in a great degree, ex- 
 tends her dominion over every language. Most of 
 
 the 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 39 
 
 the irregularities, in the classifications of words 
 which might be expected to shew an equality of 
 form, may be explained on the principle, that the 
 words, now so intimately cennected, have sprung 
 from different sources ; and, the / and me of the 
 English might not have shewn such an opposition 
 of orthography, had we been sufficiently acquaint- 
 ed with the origin of the ego and ik of the Latin 
 and Teutonic tongues. 
 
 It may be further observed of Genitives, that 
 they have, from the shifted station of our prospect, 
 a two-fold signification. In either point of view, 
 one Noun is understood to belong to another ; but, 
 in the one case, we consider a Noun as the property 
 of its Genitive, while, in the other, we consider a 
 Noun as having a right to, or power over, that with 
 which it is so connected. In this we attend more 
 particularly to the proprietorship, and in that to the 
 state of subjection. These different modes of ex* 
 pression have often no distinguishing mark except- 
 ing that of Emphasis ; which points out the word, 
 on which we wish the meaning of the sentence 
 principally to depend, by a more forcible tone of 
 pronunciation. When we say, " This is Alex- 
 " ander's house" we mean that the house is a part 
 of the property, or one of the things belonging to 
 Alexander; but when we say, " Vhh is Alexander's 
 ;c house," we state that the house belongs to Alex- 
 ander, and not to another. 
 
 It 
 
4O INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 It is not, however, to the possessive case alone 
 that we are to refer the ambiguity which we have 
 noticed ; nor is it there that Emphasis is exclusively 
 requisite. There is, perhaps, no phrase that may 
 not thus have its various modifications of meaning : 
 which, beside punctuation and the other marks of 
 modern invention, require, for their resolution, 
 that we should enter into the views, and catch a 
 portion of the spirit of the writer. For example, 
 " John struck James" shews the same agent, action, 
 and object, in whatever manner it may be pro-* 
 nounced ; and yet it may, with the change of Em- 
 phasis, make different impressions on the mind of 
 the hearer, by fixing his attention on either of the 
 words more strongly than on the others. " John 
 " struck James" shews that John was the indivi- 
 dual who gave the stroke, when a different person 
 might have been suspected. " John struck James" 
 specifies the particular mode of attack : And, 
 " John struck James" denotes that James, not an* 
 9ther, was the person who suffered. In writing^ 
 where the ear cannot judge, and at a period prior 
 to the use of a separate character to mark sounds 
 of superior impression, many cases of dubiety must 
 have occurred* had not words of a more discrimin- 
 ating kind been added to the phrases. It was on 
 this account that such words as own, self, and same, 
 became necessary : " Alexander's own house," 
 contains a double possessive, and fixes the proprietor 
 
 in 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 41 
 
 in the mind of the reader ; and " John himself 
 " struck James," more particularly refers to John 
 as the striker. 
 
 The apparently superfluous addition of own, self, of Accent*. 
 &c. might, in vocal discourse, be, in general, su- 
 perseded by the accompaniments of tone and ges- 
 ture ; and it was, doubtless, to preserve, in some 
 degree, the effects of those fleeting emotions, that 
 the Accents of the Ancients were invented. Accent 
 is to words what Emphasis is to sentences. It 
 marks the Articulation on which the attention, in 
 imitation of the voice, is required peculiarly to rest. 
 If our principle be just, that every word of two or 
 more syllables is merely a combination of as many 
 separate words, Accent and Emphasis must be the 
 same ; and every compound with its accentuated 
 syllable will be, evidently, a minor sentence with 
 its emphatical word. There will then be a basis on 
 which pronunciation may be supported, separate 
 from what is formed by the tide of opinion : nor 
 is this conjecture completely novel, since it coin- 
 cides with the ideas of some of the most ap- 
 proved writers, on the Orthoepy of the English 
 tongue *." 
 
 " As emphasis evidently points out the most significant 
 word in a sentence, so, where other reasons do not forbid, the 
 accent always dwells with greatest force on that part of the 
 word, which, from its importance, the hearer has always the 
 greatest occasion to observe," &c. WALKER, 
 
 D Attention 
 
42 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Attention to harmony, in the succession of Ac* 
 cents, forms the beauty and elegance of Prose ; 
 and their distances, preserved with measured regu- 
 larity, constitutes the essence of Verse. Poetry is 
 not exclusively allied to either. It consists in " em- 
 " bodying the forms of things unknown, and giving 
 " to airy nothing a local habitation and a name." 
 But we have wandered from our road : let us return. 
 
 Double I n the place of the word own* added to the POS- 
 POSHS- . 
 
 SIVES. sessive case or Nouns when precision is requisite, 
 some of the Pronouns have a double Genitive 
 Affix. Thus, her and my are the Possessives of 
 she and /; but hers and mine mark the owner,' in 
 a distinctive manner, as it might be done by her 
 own and my own. In Syntax the simple Possessive 
 is always placed before, and the double after, the 
 Noun to which it refers. We say " her house,'* 
 and " the house is hers ;" and it is proper to say 
 " my horse," and " the horse is mine." My and 
 mine, thy and thine ^ are, however, sometimes con- 
 founded, but their distinction is as evident as her 
 and hers, or your and yours ; and it is from their 
 representing each two different words that the con- 
 fusion has arisen. The Possessives my, your, thy, 
 &c. and indeed all Genitives, may, in a certain 
 ^ point of view, be regarded as Adjectives. It is a 
 quality of a Noun that it belongs to another. The 
 possessive Pronouns, therefore, used as adjectives, 
 were, in the Gothic and Saxon languages, subject 
 to inflection \ and it is the Genitives of these Adjec- 
 tives 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 43 
 
 rives that we have retained, and to which we 
 have here given the name of DOUBLE POSSES* 
 SIVES. 
 
 In the masculine singular, mm and melna (my) 
 were the Saxon and Gothic Genitives of ic and 
 ik (I.) Again, min and meins were applied as Ad- 
 jectives, and had the secondary Genitives mines and 
 meines. Thy and thine have been formed in the 
 same manner, as also our and ours, her and hers, 
 &c. Had we had no other Genitive for / and 
 thou 9 our present declension would have been re- 
 gular, in all the Pronouns ; and instead of my and 
 mine 9 thy and thine 9 we should have had mine and 
 mines 9 thine and thine s. As the case stands it were 
 better, on all occasions, to leave to my and thy the 
 undisturbed possession of the simple Genitive. 
 
 We shall here give the arrangement of those Declension 
 simple Pronouns which have forms of declension ; pronoun*. 
 and, though the definitions of such words belong 
 more properly to the body of the work, we shall 
 serve ourselves with the facility of explanation 
 which their joint exhibition presents. 
 
 D 2 Nominative 
 
INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Nominative 
 
 Genitive 
 
 
 Otlique Cas 
 
 or 
 
 or 
 
 Double 
 
 or 
 
 Agent. 
 
 Possessive. 
 
 Poseiive. 
 
 Objective. 
 
 Singular C/ 
 
 my 
 
 mine 
 
 me 
 
 Plural I We 
 
 our 
 
 ours 
 
 us 
 
 Singular cThou 
 
 thy 
 
 thine 
 
 thee 
 
 Plural \Teoryou 
 
 your 
 
 yours 
 
 you 
 
 Sing. masc. 
 
 'He 
 
 his 
 
 * # # 
 
 him 
 
 Sing. fern. 
 
 She 
 
 her 
 
 hers 
 
 her 
 
 Sing. neut. 
 
 It 
 
 its 
 
 *** 
 
 it 
 
 Plural 
 
 ^They 
 
 their 
 
 theirs 
 
 them 
 
 In these Pronouns we easily discover, that they 
 are each expressive of the quality of an object. / 
 is the speaker, thou the hearer, and he, she, or it 9 
 is the person or tiling spoken of. All denote qua- 
 lities of existence, but such qualities as make dif- 
 ferent impressions on the mind, / is the being of 
 consciousness, thou of perception, and he of memory. 
 He, She, and. // (formerly Hit) are equivalent to 
 Man, Woman, and Thing. 
 
 Variation* The plural we and its compounds, in place of 7 f 
 undid Per- &c. are employed by Kings in addressing their 
 subjects. The same language is also sometimes 
 held by Orators and Authors. In the former case, 
 a King may be supposed to represent the collective 
 power of the Nation ; and, in the latter, the Orator 
 and Author may be conjoined, in imagination, with 
 
 the 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 45 
 
 the hearer and the reader. In the second person, 
 a similar, but more general, variation occurs : 
 Neither the singular thou, nor any of its com- 
 pounds, is ever expressed in ordinary style. They 
 belong solely to the solemn, or to the burlesque 
 when it affects solemnity. It is the language of 
 adoration and of Poetry, while you, your, and 
 yours, are in common use. The idioms which we 
 have here described are also common to the French 
 and some other tongues. 
 
 When we speak of an object which is other- ofv and 
 wise, or particularly, known, we prefix the, and 
 say, the man, the woman, the thing, the men, &c. 
 the Article the being the same in every variation of 
 Gender or Number. The designates a thing or 
 action in general, as separately marked by he, she, 
 or it, while the Pronouns perform the same office 
 in most other languages. // and the, when Gen- 
 der is not attended to, are synonymous. Each is 
 expressive of Being in general, and when used Ver- 
 bally signifies to bring forth, or to add to what we 
 already see. The, it, and, add, at, to, and do, are 
 kindred words. They mark that an addition is 
 made to some collected mass of existence. To, 
 which literally signifies, add, (like at and the Latin 
 ad?) is merely a different pronunciation of do. It 
 expresses the junction of another thing, or circum- 
 stance, as appears more evidently from its varied 
 orthography of too. In tracing the connection of Tranwniita 
 words, through different languages, th, d, and /, t er. 
 
 D 3 may 
 
INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 may be considered as a single letter. They are 
 more or less forcible utterances of the same sound. 
 This change, in the strength of the pronunciation 
 of letters, constitutes much of the distinction be- 
 tween what are termed the sister tongues. The 
 slightest attention to the powers of the organs of 
 speech, will convince us how easily the b, p, v, and 
 ./; the c, k, g, and q ; or the c, s, and a, may be 
 interchanged. In the Greek, the labials, palatines^ 
 and dentals, that is, the letters pronounced by the 
 lips, the palate, and the teeth, " were respectively 
 " related, and frequently exchanged for each 
 " other. 5 ' We shall have occasion to notice seve-, 
 ral similar transformations, in the different Gothic 
 dialects, which may be accounted for on the same 
 physical principles. For instance, many of our 
 words beginning with t are, in German, begun 
 with as; as zeit for time (tide) ; zehn for ten ; 
 ziveig for twig, &c. 
 
 The German Thun signifies io do, and our word 
 thing is simply a participle from a like Verb, and 
 used as a Noun, in the same manner that doing 
 and action are formed from act and do ; or the La- 
 tin factum fromfacere to make. Thing, expresses a 
 separate act, or an individual substance /whatever 
 can be distinguished from others, To do is to accur 
 fnulate things, otherwise expressed by the word 
 think, which is only applied, figuratively, to the 
 operations of the mind. A different orthography 
 for the literal and metaphorical meanings we shall 
 
 find 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY, 7 
 
 find to be pretty general. The imaginary produc- 
 tions are termed thoughts , a Noun formed from 
 the Participle of the Verb to think. The Saxon 
 Weordan signifies to be, to become, or to be produced 
 or made, being equivalent to the Latin Fieri. 
 Weorcan is to Work ; it is to bring forth things 9 or 
 cause them to be. The Latin id (our if) has been 
 compounded in the same manner as the; and 
 hence idea, which is synonymous with thought. 
 The forms a numerous class of compounds. 
 
 _ . from *fc 
 
 That is the it or the thing, and is so separated in 
 Saxon. Then is the time. Thence is from or off 
 the time or place. It is the Genitive of then, and 
 has the additional derivatives thenceforth and thence- 
 forward. There, or the place, was formerly spelt 
 their. It is primarily of the same import, being 
 the Genitive of the. Their is now confined to ex- 
 press the Possessive of the plural they, and there 
 to the situation of a single inanimate object. " I 
 " shall go there" place is here understood from 
 the verb go. I go to the place of the, that is, to 
 that of something before-mentioned. Thither is 
 the there, and hardly differs from there. Thitherto 
 and thitherward denote the end and the direction 
 of our journey. The other compounds of there 9 
 viz. thereabout, thereafter, thereat, thereby, there* 
 fore, therefrom, therein, thereinto, thereof, thereon, 
 thereout, thereto, thereupon, thereunto, thereunder, 
 therewith, and therewithal, require no explanation 
 farther than of the parts of their composition. 
 
 Referring 
 
4$ INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Referring to our explanation of en 9 then maybe 
 considered as equivalent to the word done. Like 
 Participles, it is expressive of time, because it states, 
 in conjunction with the other words in the sen^ 
 tence, that such a thing happened then, or when 
 another action was done, or had existed. From 
 this idea of consequent connexion, then also signi- 
 fies after in point of order or of time, and it is in 
 this sense that it is used in comparison. The 
 spelling, in the latter case, \sthan, but the words 
 are the same, and were once written indifferently 
 for each other. The syllable of comparison er sig- 
 nifies before, and metaphorically superior. Then 
 or than is the follower, or after in the train of 
 events. cc Charles is taller than Thomas," pro-, 
 nounces that Charles is before or superior, and 
 Thomas then, or after, in tallness. 
 
 on-s/j ad i t seems to have been the practice of our Ances- 
 tors to express things at hand by the masculine 
 Pronoun, and those at a distance, (as being less in- 
 timately known,) by the neuter. That, and its 
 plural those, therefore, denote what are not imme- 
 diately present ; and this and these, formed from 
 the Gothic is, he, mark the objects that are near. 
 It is on this account that we have a sort of dupli- 
 cate of most of the Pronouns from the. When the 
 compounds objects are at hand, or when we advert to what was 
 from here. j ast S p O k en o we ma ^ e use o f compounds formed 
 
 of the masculine he. Here, hereabouts, hereafter, 
 hereat, hereby, herein, hereinto, hereof, hereon* 
 
 hereout* 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 49 
 
 hereout, hereto, (heretofore,} hereunto, herewith ; 
 hence, henceforth, and henceforward, differ from the 
 corresponding words there, thereat, thereby, &c. 
 only in consequence of the supposed distinction of 
 situation. Here is this place, there is that place. 
 Here is contiguity, there is distance. 
 
 The Greek *a/, kai, and the Latin and French que, Pronouns 
 have originated in a similar manner with our word 
 the, and its verbal relatives to and do. It is thence 
 that they are explained in the Dictionaries, of the 
 several languages, by and, as, then, that, than, &c. 
 The Romans used the prefix que, as we do the, to 
 limit pronouns ; and hence quis, qu<%, quod or quid, 
 equivalent to who and what, is compounded of is, 
 ca, id he, she, it. Who and what, the he, and 
 the it, were formerly written quha and quhat, 
 sounded like wh or hw, the Gothic and the 
 Greek aspirate J. 
 
 The distinction between the Pronouns in wh and Distinction 
 
 r 17. x .'ii- between 
 
 th, as what and /##/, is not in the original, but in -what and 
 the customary meaning. In very old English they 
 are indiscriminately used. The Anglo-Saxons had 
 the for our who, writing Ic the for I who, thu the 
 for thou who, and se the, or the the, for he who. 
 Se, seo, and that, was the Saxon Article, in the dif- 
 ferent genders, answering to our the, and the Greek 
 o, if, TO. The same words were also expressive of 
 he, she, and it, and likewise of the relatives who and 
 which. 
 
50 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 We have frequently occasion to observe that, 
 when two synonymous words are found in the lan- 
 guage, they generally fill different departments, one 
 assuming the natural and the other the figurative 
 power. Pronouns in wh are exclusively employed 
 when a question is asked ; and in this alone, among 
 our older writers, consists their distinction from 
 those in th. Who is, therefore, the he, with its 
 Genitive whose and accusative whom ; and what is 
 the it, or that, having the double Possessive where- 
 of. Where is equivalent to there, and was formerly 
 written wheir, whair, or quhair. 
 
 Though the ancient use of what and that , where 
 and there, &c. differed only in the Interrogative 
 Mood, yet in modern usage there is another distinc- 
 tion. Who, which, &c. are never applied as Arti- 
 cles. We say " that or this is the man ;" but we 
 never say, in the same sense, " what is the man.'* 
 This regulation is necessary with us to preserve the 
 individuality of demonstrative and interrogative 
 phrases, which might otherwise be confounded. 
 Pronouns in wh are always relatives ; those in th 
 may be either Relatives or Demonstratives- In 
 the former situation , however, they are gradually 
 growing into aisuse, being superseded by who,, 
 which, and such like, 
 of imerro- There is nothing in either of the relative Pro- 
 
 gallon. . .. . r . 
 
 nouns indicative of question. In no case do they 
 change their nature. 'Whether the sentence be 
 imperative, interrogative, or otherwise, is to be 
 
 learned 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 51 
 
 learned only from the tone of pronunciation ; from 
 other words added, as, " tell me," " I ask you," 
 &c. ; or, from a customary arrangement, which 
 shews that the request is implied. In all questions, 
 it is the he or who, the it or ivhat, the him or whom, 
 and the like, of which we wish to be informed ; 
 and, it is hence that such words are so often pre- 
 fixed to clauses of Interrogation. Qul^ qua^ quod, 
 ,c. hold the same place in the Latin language, 
 and gave birth to the Verb Quarere to ask, or en- 
 quire, from whence we have Question^ Inquisitive, 
 Require^ &c. " Is it he," is no more the wish 
 for information than " It is he." The usual form 
 of Syntax alone recalls the idea of request, in the 
 same manner as the hearer might judge from the 
 sound of the voice. In a question the Verb always 
 precedes its Nominative, contrary to the order of 
 Assertion; and it is in this mode of grouping the 
 words that we recognize the interrogation. " Tell 
 " me what I shall do," and " What shall I do," 
 have the same import. The word what undergoes 
 no variation of meaning. 
 
 Different dialects of the same language are form- of th 
 ed by the variation of the labial, palatine, and den- 
 tal letters formerly mentioned. The sound or 
 letter h, is another mark of distinction : it adds a 
 breathing to the vowel or consonant to which it is 
 joined. This aspiration was common among the 
 Greeks, and is attached to some of the branches 
 of the Gothic, while others prefer the harder con- 
 
 sonants. 
 
 e 
 
52 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 sonants. It is on this account that we see such 
 combinations as ch, gh, ph, th, &c. the sounds of 
 which, when they become general in a Nation, are 
 sometimes denoted by single letters. The German 
 has commonly w or u for our wh, as, uatt or was 
 for what ; ueit for white, &c. In other cases the 
 u is dropped and the h remains, as hu for who j 
 hohl for whole ; hohr for whore, &c. The Ger- 
 man Orthography is extremely irregular and un- 
 certain. Their writers follow pronunciation rather 
 than Etymology, while the English retain letters 
 which have long been discarded from the sound of 
 and the word. It is on this principle that hew and why, 
 so similar in sound and meaning, vary in their ap- 
 pearance. These words are the same with who or 
 what, having a preposition understood. Why was 
 formerly written forwhy, being the Saxon Accusa- 
 tive forwhy or forwhon, and signifies wherefore, or 
 for what cause, reason, or thing. How is often 
 supplied by the phrases, " in what manner," or 
 " in what degree/* The Saxon is humeta, from 
 mete, manner, or measure. The corresponding 
 words in other languages have a similar formation. 
 Quare, quamobrem, and quapropter, are, in Latin, 
 equivalent to why, and literally signify for what 
 thing ; and quonwdo, how, is quo modo, in what 
 manner. Cur was once quur, that is quare. 
 of d let- The W was formed, as its name indicates, from 
 two Vs. It is not comprehended in either the 
 Latin, French, or Italian Alphabets \ and, when 
 
 the 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 53 
 
 the Roman character was introduced into this 
 country, it was printed VV. In different pronun- 
 ciations it is changed into u or v ; and, by an easy 
 transition, from *; into/. In some parts of Scot- 
 land all the Pronouns in wh are turned into/, the 
 inhabitants, in their broad accent, using fa, far, 
 fan, and fat, for who, where, when, and what ; 
 and/tf, indifferently for how and why. Attention 
 to this peculiarity may be useful in our future in- 
 vestigations. 
 
 From the structure of the organs of speech, it 
 might perhaps be conjectured that the sounds tb 
 and s should naturally fall into one another, as we 
 already observed of / and z. However this may be, 
 we find that such a transmutation actually occurs, 
 and particularly in the Pronouns, which are most 
 liable to corruption. The Latin has is, ea, id ; the 
 Gothic is, si, ita ; and the English he, she, it. 
 The Gothic Article is sa, so, tbata, in the different 
 genders, corresponding to our that. The German 
 er, sle, es, (he, she, it,) compounded into der, die, 
 das, becomes who, or what and that. As and so 
 are Pronouns which may, in every case, be ex- 
 plained by // or that ; and differ only in the man- 
 ner in which they are used. So, considered as an 
 Adjective, is written after the Noun, or phrase, to 
 which it alludes ; as is followed by the word, or 
 sentence to which it is the relative. " I will do so,' 9 
 and " I will do as," bojth mean " I will do that; 99 
 but as requires something to follow $ for instance, 
 
 " I will 
 
54 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 " I will do as he bids me." So is the succeeding 
 state. " He bids me do it, and I will do so." 89 
 is employed as a relative when as is demonstrative: 
 " As the tree falls, so it must lie." In comparative 
 sentences, as is both the relative and antecedent : 
 " John is as brave as James." These modes of 
 usage are better learned from reading than from 
 rules. They are completely arbitrary, for, in their 
 original import, the words are synonymous. 
 Pronouns When one thing has the appearance of another, 
 o?ST the first impression on the mind is, that the new 
 object is that) the it, or the same, which we for- 
 merly observed. Accordingly the Pronouns are 
 the origin of all words expressive of likeness or si- 
 militude. Same is from the Gothic sa or so, as, in 
 Latin, idem, the same, is from id, it. Identity, 
 from idem, is sameness ; similarity is likeness or 
 sameness, in a certain degree. This application of 
 the Pronouns to express relationship, equality, or 
 kind, is common to many, if not to all, languages. 
 Words which are often conjoined are readily incor- 
 porated with one another ; and therefore we find 
 that most of the terminations which denote nature 
 or kind are simple Relatives. These will afterwards 
 fall to be explained. 
 
 of self. In treating of the double Possessive, we noticed 
 the necessity of certain words of particularization, 
 such as self, same, &c. which are Pronouns, and 
 repeat the Noun. Repetition is naturally adopted, 
 when we wfeh the hearer to fix his attention on a 
 
 particular 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 55 
 
 particular object. So is, in general, used Ad- 
 verbially, and states that an action is done like or 
 in the manner described. Thus is the so. When 
 this manner is left to be guessed, we are at liberty 
 to suppose it to be improper, and suppressed from 
 the delicacy of the speaker, who marks the word 
 emphatically, and says, " He did it so, so," or f c but 
 " so, so." Self and same are synonymous, except- 
 ing that self is never used but in composition, or in 
 conjunction, with other Pronouns. Self repeats 
 that which we wish to dwell on with marked 
 attention; what we would name again were it 
 not for the harshness of tautology. The plural is 
 selves. It has always an elliptical form of con- 
 struction, never being joined to a Pronoun in the 
 Nominative case. The compounds are myself, thy- 
 self, himself ; ourselves, yourselves, themselves ; her- 
 self, and itself. The Saxon, however, was written 
 Ic self, thu self, he self, &c. 
 
 There are many words derived from the Pro- 
 nouns, as quality, quantity, equal, such, also, which, Pronouns, 
 &c. Some of these we shall afterwards have occa- 
 sion to discuss in the Introduction, the others will 
 be found in the Dictionary. We shall therefore 
 conclude this part of our investigation with a list of 
 such compound Pronouns, not already mentioned, 
 as require little farther illustration; but may be 
 understood by referring to the words with which 
 they are connected. 
 
 How 
 
INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 How 
 
 Whereas 
 
 Wherewithal 
 
 However 
 
 Whereat 
 
 Whereupon 
 
 Howsoever 
 
 Whereby 
 
 Whither, or 
 
 WHAT 
 
 Wherever 
 
 what place 
 
 Whatever 
 
 Wherefore 
 
 Whether, or 
 
 Whatsoever 
 
 Wherein 
 
 what thing 
 
 WHEN 
 
 Whereinto 
 
 Whithersoever 
 
 Whence 
 
 Whereof 
 
 WHO 
 
 Whenever 
 
 Wheresoever 
 
 Whoever 
 
 Whensoever 
 
 Whereto 
 
 Whoso 
 
 WHERE 
 
 Whereunto 
 
 Whosoever 
 
 Whereabout 
 
 Wherewith 
 
 Whomsoever 
 
 oftheter- 
 mination**. 
 
 It may here be observed that what is sometimes 
 taken substantively for Thing, and spelt whit. 
 " Aught i or ought) is a whit,. or o whit, o standing 
 " for a or one. Naught, or Nought, is na whit or 
 " no whit *." In Saxon it was written noht, con- 
 tracted from no hit, equivalent to no it, or no thing. 
 From this comes our word naughty, worthless, or of 
 no value. 
 
 Me and thee appear to follow an order of ter- 
 m i na ti O n w hi c h is sometimes applied to other 
 words, to mark their being in the Objective state. 
 When ee is added to the name of the Verb, it 
 
 forms 
 * DIVERSIONS OF PWRLET. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 5? 
 
 forms a Noun which is the object, patient, or result 
 of that Verb. Thus Assignee is he to whom 
 any thing is assignedtrustee is he to whom it is 
 entrusted. 
 
 In opposition to the Objective terminations, f d '^ r ' 
 Nouns have, often, an affix, expressive of their be- 
 ing the agent in an action. The Celtic er, signify- 
 ing man, originated the German Pronoun er, he, 
 which, added to a word denoting action, specifies 
 a reference to the Man, the he, who acts. Thus 
 lover is he who loves ; truster, the man who en- 
 trusts ; baker, the bakeman ; and weaver, he who 
 weaves. It is sometimes written or, as in author^ 
 actor, and doctor, anciently authour, act our, &c. \ 
 and it is occasionally used to signify the instru- 
 ment, or machine, by which any work is perform- 
 ed \ but, in this case, the lifeless actor is animated 
 by personification. 
 
 The distinction of sexes not being commonly of m and 
 marked in English Nouns, the same affix, er, is in '" 
 general employed, whether the. agent be male, fe- 
 male, or inanimated. This is not however univer- 
 sal, for there is one termination expressive of the 
 feminine gender. Ess (or ix, as it is sometimes 
 written,) is probably the same with the Pronoun 
 she, in like manner that er represents the mascu- 
 line be ; and, to those who attend to the facility 
 with which the vowels become either initial, or ter- 
 minal, or mute, in the progressive changes of 
 language, the supposition will, by no means, appear 
 
 E fanciful 
 
58 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 fanciful or extravagant. From this affix we have 
 the following association of masculine and feminine 
 Nouns : 
 
 Abbot Abbess Actor Actress 
 
 Administrator Administratrix Author Authoress 
 
 Chanter Chantress Count Countess 
 
 Emperor Empress Executor Executrix 
 
 Lion Lioness Prince Princess 
 
 with many others, and the list is gradually in- 
 creasing, as it is found, or believed, that women 
 are capable of those employments, which were for- 
 merly deemed beyond their powers. Ster is the 
 feminine affix in the Saxon and Dutch languages, 
 and appears in the word spinster, and a few others ; 
 but it is too seldom used to be regarded as a regular 
 termination. Besides, in English, it is at times 
 masculine, as in maltster, &c. 
 
 r, a?, and The personal affix er, (or* our,) is also applied 
 
 our, form 
 
 abstract to Qualities, which are thereby raised to the dig- 
 . ' . : . , j 
 
 nity or imaginary personages. Like words in head, 
 
 ness, ship, &c. they become abstract Nouns, that is, 
 general names for the passions, feelings, or actions, 
 which the words denote. Thus, we have murder y 
 from the Saxon worth, death ; and, from the Latin 
 ardens, burning, we have ardor, or ardour, signify- 
 ing warmness in a figurative sense, or the general 
 name for the ardent feeling. In the same manner 
 Eur. the French eur expresses the agent of an action, 
 
 and 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 59 
 
 and likewise denotes the general name of a Quality 
 considered abstractedly. Thus, autheur is an au- 
 thor, hauteur haughtiness, and douleur sorrow. We 
 have adopted several words with this termination, 
 as, grandeur -, greatness, from grand, great ; and 
 douceur, (from doux, sweet,) sweetness, used figura- 
 tively to signify any thing added to soften what 
 would be otherwise disagreeable. Besides, words Ure. 
 in ure are evidently from the same source, as verd- 
 ure, greenness, from the French ver d, green ; and 
 tenure, a right to a certain property held from, or 
 dependent on another, from tenlr, to hold. The 
 termination ure was formerly written our, as, tress- 
 our, messour, and plesour, for treasure, measure, 
 and pleasure. The Latin or was employed in a 
 similar manner, either to denote an agent, or to 
 form Nouns expressive of abstract ideas. Amor is 
 love, and amator a lover. 
 
 We have supposed the affix er to be the mas- of the A 
 culine Pronoun he, and we before asserted that the definitive, 
 Relatives he, she, it, and the Article the, are syno* &l " 
 nymous ; and equivalent to the auxiliary to or do. 
 It was formerly hit, and the Dutch neuter het 
 stands equally for our // and the. The Article 
 states the existence of that to which it is annexed, 
 \vhether it be quality, action, or substance. It must, 
 in some shape or other, be joined to every Adjec- * 
 tive, Verb, or Noun, before the idea can be corh- 
 pleted. It is a Definitive to the Noun, a Substan- 
 tive to the Adjective, and a Nominative to the Verb. 
 E 2 Green 
 
&O .INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Green is expressive of a particular colour, such as 
 appears on the growing herbage of the field. When 
 we wish to consider this quality, unconnected with 
 any other, we attempt to separate it from every 
 known substance, and apply to it a general name, 
 as the Neuter Pronoun it or the. We take green 
 ITSELF, or THE green, as denoted by the words 
 greenness and verdure. In the same manner every 
 Verb must have its agent. Something must per- 
 form what the Verb represents, before the idea of 
 energy can be conveyed. A Noun or Pronoun is 
 added to the Verb, in all cases where the agent is 
 known \ but when we wish to look upon an action 
 it self i without attending to the actor, we must fol- 
 low the same rule that we did in the case of th6 
 Adjective green. We must say TO love, TO hate, 
 'J o walk, TO run, which is love, hatred, .walking, 
 and running, viewed in the abstract, or unconnect- 
 ed with the individuals who might be so employed. 
 The fact is, the Infinitive of Verbs is merely a ge- 
 neral uame for the exertion which the word de- 
 notes * and has been treated as such by some of the 
 best writers on Grammar. // or the, as marking 
 existence, may be either being, or action. The 
 same word with varied orthography has different 
 departments. To is, by us, applied to Verbs ; but 
 it was the neuter Article (the} among the Greeks. 
 Do is not descriptive of any particular mode of ac- 
 tion. It is the production of a thing ; of &4he or 
 it, whatever that may be, and is hence applicable to 
 
 every 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 61 
 
 every Verb. If then the syllable er be a definitive 
 
 * atingVerbs. 
 
 pronoun, it may likewise mark the circumstance 
 of action, and, accordingly, as a termination, it 
 forms the Infinitive of most of the Verbs in the 
 French tongue, as Parler, to speak ; mcnager, to 
 manage, &c. The English have adopted this ver- 
 bal termination in the werds to stammer, to flatter, 
 to totter, and many others. The to, though redun- 
 dant, is nevertheless prefixed, conformably to ge- 
 neral analogy. The terminations age, ize, ish, &c. 
 are definitives under other forms. 
 
 Before proceeding farther, it is of consequence interchange 
 to observe the progress of the changes, or of what with one 
 is termed the corruption, of languages. The Ro- a 
 
 man c was taken from the Greek y, (5-,) and was 
 always pronounced hard like k ; as, Ktesar and 
 Kikero for Csesar and Cicero. In many cases, 
 especially when followed by /, the g was changed 
 into c, as actum for agtum and lectum for legtum, 
 from ago, I act, and lego, I read. In the Infinitive, 
 and many other parts of these and similar Verbs, 
 we have adopted the soft g, agreeably to the Eng- 
 lish rule, as in agere and legere. The Greek % (ch) 
 was the aspirated *, (k,) but pronounced hard, as 
 we now do in chord, chronology, and others of 
 Greek extraction. la general we sound c and g, 
 (the former exactly, and the latter nearly,) like k, 
 when they are placed before a, o, or u ; and like t 
 andj, whenever they are followed by e, i,ory; but to 
 this rule we have many exceptions, and hence much 
 
 E 3 confusion 
 
63 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 confusion has been created in the science of ety- 
 mology. The Italian c, before e and /, is pro* 
 nounced like our ch in the words chess and chill* 
 The French c is consonant with the English, ex^ 
 cepting that, in some cases, it has the soft sound 
 even before o and u. The Saxon c and ch had the 
 sound of '.k. Circ or clrce, a church, was kirk, as 
 is still the case in Scotland. Ric 9 rice, or ricbe, was 
 pronounced -rik. It is synonymous with our rich, 
 and also signified a region or tract of land : .for, in 
 countries where commerce was unknown, land 
 constituted the only riches. Ricedom denoted a 
 kingdom, equivalent to the Latin regnum. Ricsiau 
 is to govern, like the Latin regere or regnare. We 
 have lost a letter altogether in our pronunciation of 
 ** re * n ' * n Saxon, rlc was affixed to Nouns to 
 mark possession, or dominion, as Gynric, a king- 
 dom ; and it is yet seen in the word bishoprick^ 
 which is the possessions of a bishop. The French 
 ch is like our sh. Chose, a thing, is pronounced 
 shoze, and, except in the mode of application, is 
 not different from their cas and cause. The Saxon 
 cildisc, (kildisk) originates our childish. The Go- 
 thic sa, the Saxon se, and the French ce, may all 
 be Englished by the or this ; and the gradation of 
 their departure from the Latin que is evident. The 
 soft c and g are easily converted into s and z ; and 
 we before observed the correspondence of these Iast 7 
 mentioned letters with th and d. Our Nouns ter- 
 minating in tion had formerly cion or cioun. Dis- 
 cretion 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 63 
 
 cretion was discredoun, and nation was nacloun. 
 Ancient is yet spelt both ways. The sound is that 
 of sb. 
 
 It may be further observed that Alphabets were Adoption of 
 
 1 . letters from 
 
 the productions of the more learned nations. 1 hey foreign AI- 
 were transferred to others where the art of writing p 
 was more recently known ; and, in many cases, 
 were but ill adapted to express the novel sounds 
 which they were made to represent. Our n, when 
 followed by c, g, k, q, or #, produces two different 
 sounds, according as the following letter is soften- 
 ed or separated. These are observable in the words 
 long and longitude ; angle, and angel, &c. The 
 Greeks expressed the sound of n by g, prefixed to 
 g, k, x, or ch ; as afyiAo? aggelos pronounced ange* 
 los, an angel ; yx*Au, agkale for ancalee, the bended 
 arm. The g, in such cases, may have assumed 
 the place of n, from a similar cause, that the n is 
 sometimes changed for a duplication of the subse- 
 quent letter in the particles in, con, &c. when used 
 in composition. The French have what is termed 
 their nasal sound, in almost every case where either 
 n or m is immediately followed by another conso- 
 nant. Thus dans, in, tant, so much, and champ, a 
 field, are pronounced as we should dang, tang, and 
 shang ; while, in some districts, the sound is so pe- 
 culiarly nasal that it is treated as a vowel. N and 
 m are interchangeable in different tongues. Their 
 sounds, though formed by separate organs, are 
 nearly alike. Greek Nouns in on are usually 
 
 terminated 
 
64 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 terminated in Latin by urn. In the latter language 
 the prepositions cum and con are the same j and so- 
 tennis 9 yearly, from solus, alone, and annus a year, 
 is likewise written solemnls^ the origin of the word 
 solemnity. Tantum is used for tarn turn, and quen- 
 dam for quemdam, &c. In the Galic or Erse ma- 
 nuscripts the sound of v is marked by bb 9 a sort of 
 aspirated b y as ph or f is of p. It is also written 
 mhy the utterance of the labials m, b, v, &cv being 
 similar. The aspiration or h appears to have been 
 added at will to every simple sound. Its addition 
 to c or g forms, in Scotland, a harsh gutteral, un- 
 known to the modern English. The Italians have 
 almost totally discarded h from their alphabet. 
 dfr,/, and The letter r, among the Greeks, was generally 
 aspirated, c *. but the Romans, on the contrary, 
 " gave it so soft and lisping a sound, that in writing 
 " they sometimes omitted it, calling the Etrusd 
 " Tbuscii or.Tusci ; and especially before j ; thus 
 " Ennius wrote prosus y rusus^ for prorsus, ryrsus ;" 
 " The sound of this lisped r was so near that of its 
 " neighbour .f, that they wrote as a, casmen^Papy/il 
 " for ara, car men ^ Papyrii ; and we find the ter- 
 " mination 'os 9 as well as or, in good writers still, 
 " particularly in the prince of poets, where arbos 
 " and honos frequently occur; and labos, vapos, &c. 
 " in others." " The liquids are often changed re- 
 66 ciprocally into one another, as from puer comes 
 " puerci) puella ; and as calulius was anciently writ^ 
 * ^ ten for c^ruleus^ so on the contrary we find lati- 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. . 65 
 
 f c aris for latialis. In some words r and n are 
 <c written indifferently, as in areus or aneus V* 
 From this it is probable that the Gothic and Latin 
 is, the Latin ille 9 the French //, the German er 9 &c. 
 all equivalent to the masculine Pronoun be 9 are of 
 common origin. 
 
 The Vowels are mutually changed for one ano- of the 
 ther. The Greek al became the Latin ^ and the 
 terminations os 9 e, on, were transposed into us, a 9 
 um. In English o was formerly used where we 
 now have a; and vice versa. Hand and land 
 were written bond and lond. Band and bond are 
 both retained, Each of our Vowels have two or 
 more different sounds, which are reciprocally con- 
 founded in the several quarters of the Island ; and 
 so uncertain was our ancient Orthography in this 
 respect, that, in Etymological researches, the 
 changes of the Vowels are generally disregarded, 
 T has with us the power both of a Vowel and of a 
 Consonant. In either case it assimilates with /, 
 and in the latter with j. or the soft g ; while fhe 
 j 9 especially in French pronunciation, is merely an 
 aspirate of s or z. It is on this account that these 
 letters are interchangeable among various dialects. 
 The g 9 in the Saxon and Teutonic tongues, has, in 
 many cases, been superseded in English by / or y ; 
 and, on. the contrary, the y has been turned into 
 g. Caiman^ Gothic, to desire, has become yearn. 
 The Saxon da% signifies a day 9 and stager 9 a stair. 
 
 Went 
 
 * AlNSWORTH. 
 
66 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Went (goed) was formerly y'ode, and yon is simply 
 the participle gone. The Scotch say yard for gar* 
 den^ yate for gate, with many other similar trans- 
 formations. T had formerly the place of tb, as ye 
 for the, ancl yem for them, and x was written for y, 
 as %?/> for year. 
 General There is, therefore, a sort of transmigration of 
 
 Connection 
 
 of Lan. the sounds which constitute the languages of man* 
 kind. For a little time, and in a contracted circle, 
 each has its peculiar utterance and tone. As they 
 are gradually transferred to the other quarters of 
 the world, the mode of their appearance is changed. 
 Their identity is continued, but the Linguist, like 
 the Pythagorean, may often toil himself in vain to 
 discover what they have been. Occasionally, howv 
 ever, we may recognize an old acquaintance, whose 
 information shall partially repay our otherwise 
 fruitless search. By persevering industry and phi* 
 losophical investigation, a comparison of languages 
 might be instituted, and a kind of polyglot Lexicon 
 inight possibly be formed; in which could be traced, 
 through many tongues, the identity or consangui- 
 nity of the; corresponding words. But such a 
 work would require an union of talents that fall to 
 the lot of few ; and, after all, would be particularly 
 exposed to that species of ridicule which, so often, 
 attaches to the labours of Etymology. Though it 
 i s npt, then, for us to attempt so difficult an under- 
 taking, yet, by keeping the principle in view, much 
 advantage may be gained. Though we cannot 
 
 trace 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 67 
 
 Jtrace the spirit through the varied forms which it 
 may assume, we may catch a glimpse of the flitting 
 shade before it vanish from our view. 
 
 We have already remarked that to, preceding the 
 
 r / / tionof 
 
 name or an action, represents its accomplishment, in Verb* 
 the same manner that the, before the Name of a 
 substance, denotes its existence : that the definitive 
 Article, the demonstrative Pronoun, and the Verbal 
 addition, are synonymous. These Particles, how- 
 ever, are not universally connected with the Verb, 
 or Noun. Both may be generally expressed, and ex- 
 erion, or existence, understood. We say, *' Man is 
 " born to trouble," without alluding to any indivi- 
 dual; and we say, " You love," supposing the impli- 
 cation to be evident, that the Noun love is a feeling of 
 the mind of him whom we address. The variation 
 introduced by custom, in this respect, has produced 
 some irregularities in the English Verb. 
 
 There is another cause for the irregular ortho* 
 graphy of Verbs- In several languages they have 
 a different termination, as the actor is in the first, 
 second, or third person ; and this mode of writing 
 partially prevails in the English tongue. In such 
 cases the Pronouns corresponding with /, thou, he, 
 &c. bear a particular sway, and, in the progress of 
 time, become incorporated with the Verb. Among 
 some Nations, the connection may be general, 
 while, in others, it may be adopted, or retained, 
 only in those parts where it is useful, for the sake 
 of preventing * ambiguity. The persons of English 
 
 Verbs * 
 
68 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Verbs have only two changes of termination. The 
 Pronoun thou requires est, (contractedly j/,) to be 
 added to the Verb. In the present tense we say, 
 Thou buildest," or " Thou lovest," and in the 
 past, Thoubuildedst," or " Thou lovedst." The 
 third person singular, (/6^, she, or /V,) is followed 
 by a Verb having the termination es or s, as " He 
 " builds/' or " He loves ;" but this is only ap T 
 " plicable to the present tense, for, in the past, we 
 say He builded, or built,'* and He loved.' 5 
 These phrases may also be expressed by the auxi- 
 liary do, to which the est and es are added, and the 
 name of the Verb left unchanged ; as, " Thou 
 " dost love," " Thou didst love/' " He does 
 " love," &c. The es was formerly eth 9 as " He 
 buildeth," " He loveth," &c. but this spelling has 
 gradually grown i#to disuse, 
 
 of Tenses. When airy action is said to be performed, it is a 
 natural question, at what time it is done ; whether 
 before, or at the moment the account is given, or 
 whether the performance is merely announced, as 
 to happen at a future period. The learned lan- 
 guages have occasioned much abstruse discussion 
 relative to the tenses^ or times pf Verbs. Happily 
 ours is free from this embarrassment. When the 
 action is finished, or supposed to be so, from its be- 
 ing in execution previous to the time in which it is 
 mentioned, the mark of its existence is affixed by 
 
 vide EN. the terminations edor en. I love is present ; / loved 
 is past, and may be finished or not as the other parts 
 
 of 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 69 
 
 of the sentence express. In either case, the Verb 
 is rather indicative of the actions being doing, or 
 done, than the time when, but indeed the ideas are 
 undistinguishable. When doing it must be present, 
 when done it must be past , respecting some period 
 alluded to ; and hence time is, by implication, in- 
 cluded in the signification of the Verb. En and 
 ed are not to be distinguished, except, perhaps, in 
 the degree of modification in which they are ap- 
 plied. The past tense and the past Participle are 
 the same word, only in the former we attend to the 
 action, and in the latter to its effects upon the ob- 
 ject. In the first case it is most common to em- 
 ploy ed 9 and in the second en. Ed is applicable to 
 both, but en seldom appears except in the Parti- 
 ciple. We say, " He proved the fact," and u the 
 " fact was proved," or, u was proven" They 
 are perfect synonymes of to or do They mark the 
 end or completion of the action. Ed is sometimes 
 corrupted into/, as mixt for mixed, spilt for spilled, 
 &c. in which case it is usually applied to denote 
 the Participle, and the regular formation ed marks 
 the Preterite : " I mixed the ingredients," " The 
 " ingredients were mixt" 
 
 The termination ed, in the Participle, appears to JWandw 
 lose its active meaning, and designates a quality, or 
 Adjective, of the nature of the Verb. It expresses * 
 something that has been subjected to exertion, and 
 is the result of its power. A wounded man is he 
 who has suffered an wound. A proven fact is one 
 
 which 
 
7O INTRODUCTION TO A3* 
 
 which has been determined by proof. It is a fact: 
 of a particular kind ; one that has been demon- 
 strated, Adjectives are formed in this manner 
 from Nouns not generally considered as Verbal ; 
 as, diseased from disease. In this case id is often 
 written for ed, as in putrid, morbid, and fervid. 
 These are usually denominated Adjectives, but 
 there is no distinction between them and the other 
 Participles. The classes of words run into one an- 
 other, and change their appearance as we shift our 
 station. 
 Termina- A number of Verbs have their Preterite and past 
 
 tion vbt. 
 
 Participle terminated in ght. To bring, to buy, to 
 think , to teach, &c. have brought, bought, thought, 
 taught, &c. when the action is finished, or when a 
 quality is derived from it. Such words are all of 
 Saxon origin, and were written brohte, bohte, 
 thohte, &c. having a gutteral sound like the an- 
 cient pronunciation of ght. We may here refer to 
 our account of ought and nought, when treating of 
 the Pronouns. The comparison between hit and 
 ft/ will be obvious. Many of our Nouns forming 
 monosyllables in ght are from the same source : 
 For instance, thought is a Verb in the Preter tense, 
 as well as a Noun expressive of the principle of 
 
 thinking. 
 
 Of Moods. In the Latin, and some other languages, there is 
 also a variation in the Verb, as the modes of action 
 differ ; as the speaker commands or entreats ; as 
 it is asserted with certainty or with l\esitaticn Moods 
 
 in 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 7 I 
 
 m English are indistinctly marked, and must, in 
 many cases, be gathered from the studied meaning 
 of the sentence. We already noticed a difference 
 of arrangement in the Interrogative, but other 
 moods, (as the Imperative) have a similar phraseo- 
 logy. In vocal discourse the tone and gesture are 
 sufficient indications, but, in writing, the reader is 
 often much indebted to punctuation. There is, 
 indeed, one form of orthography which is a kin to 
 the Subjunctive mood of the Latin tongue. This 
 consists in cutting off the est and es from the second 
 and third person whenever the action is conditional. 
 Thus we say tbou loves t, but in expressing a doubt- 
 ful case we say, if be love; and instead of he loves , 
 we write if he love. The first, or undoubted, mode 
 of expression, has been termed the Indicative, and 
 the other the Subjunctive, or Conditional Mood. 
 This Subjunctive has created considerable difficulty 
 to teachers of English Grammar, while the practice 
 has been neglected and confounded with the Indi- 
 cative, by the greater part of our best writers. The 
 words to have, to be^ to will, &c. which are used to 
 express the modifications of other Verbs, have an 
 irregularity of structure and usage, in this respect 
 as well as in others, which preclude them from the 
 general rules of formation. These, along with 
 what are defective or anomalous, will be exhibited, 
 in their various states, in the order of their expla- 
 nation. For such as are regularly formed, (having 
 the termination ed to distinguish the past from the 
 
 present,} 
 
72 INTRODUCf ION TO 
 
 present,) the following Rule is universal : In 
 
 expression which positively asserts an acti:n to be do* 
 
 ing, or done, without any supposition or reserve, and, 
 
 in all questions of an action's being so performed, EST 
 
 (when the pronoun THOU Is used,) is added to the 
 
 second person, both past and present, and ES, or ETH^ 
 
 to the third, of the present tense, in the singular of 
 
 the Verb. In every other mood the Name of the 
 
 Verb is written without the slightest alteration. 
 
 Source of Adjectives express the quality of substances, but 
 
 atio^of 1 " 1 * these qualities must be denoted by terms of simili- 
 
 Adjectives. tU( j e Qr a g reemen t, The names of these qualities 
 
 are Nouns j and it is only when we apply them to 
 other Nouns^ so as to modify or determine their 
 kind, that they are properly termed Adjectives. 
 The Noun whose quality we mention, is then stat- 
 ed, in some way or other, to belong to, to be like, or 
 to be of the nature of something else from which the 
 Adjective is derived. In their formation different 
 modes have been followed. Names have been 
 conjoined, leaving the connection to be implied, as 
 in Goldsmith and Shipmaster ; or, the one has ac- 
 quired an affix expressive of power, or origin, as 
 exemplified in our remarks on the Genitive. One 
 may be the result of the action of another, like the 
 past (or the agent like the present,') Participle of 
 Verbs ; or, by the addition of an Article, or Pro- 
 noun, one thing may be stated to be the same, the 
 it, or, the like of that with which it is connected. 
 From what we have already remarked upon the 
 
 structure 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 78 
 
 structure of words, we shall more seldom have oo 
 casion, in our further account of the terminations, 
 to trace them minutely to their source. The origin 
 of many will be evident from the slightest observa- 
 tion. 
 
 In several languages Adjectives have regular de- Comparison 
 clensions, and agree with their Substantives in Adjectives. 
 Gender, in Number, and in Case. In English 
 they have only that change which is denominated 
 Comparison^ The word er, among the Saxons, 
 like our ere, signified before. From the respect 
 paid to precedency, it was also used to denote su- 
 perior in quality as well as prior in time ; and for 
 that purpose was added to words of quality, to 
 mark a superiority to what the word previously 
 expressed : Thus, wiser is a greater degree of 
 
 WISDOMi 
 
 When three objects are compared together, with 
 respect to any quality possessed in common, the 
 lowest is specified by the name of the quality, and 
 is said to be in the Positive degree ; the next is 
 termed the Comparative degree, denoted by the 
 addition of er, as above-mentioned ; and the high- 
 est, or most eminent in quality, is termed the Su- 
 perlative, which is marked by the syllable est : As, 
 Tom is tall, Bob is taller, and Will is tallest. The 
 Saxon Erst or Erest, which is still used in English, 
 signified the highest degree of priority. Like ab- 
 stract Nouns, it is probably formed from ere, by 
 the addition of a definitive. This is the French 
 
 F mode 
 
74 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 mode of comparison. Plus is more, and le plus, 
 the more, or greatest, which are placed before 
 other Adjectives, in the same manner as our more 
 and most. More and m&st are the Comparative and 
 Superlative of the Saxon ma, mo, or mowe, a heap. 
 Much is a large quantity, like a heap, as will ap- 
 pear from our account of the termination ch. 
 When Adjectives have more than one syllable they 
 are better compared by more and most ; more proper 
 and most proper, rather than proper -er and proper -est. 
 Termma- Most is sometimes a Superlative termination, as 
 
 tion most, . , . 
 
 topmvst, uppermost, southmost, &c. Adjectives are 
 often irregular in their comparison, as good, better, 
 best ; bad, worse, worst, &c. This may be on ac- 
 count of a synonymous word occupying the place 
 , of the Adjective in one of its degrees, and from the 
 elision of letters produced by contraction. We 
 shall notice these deviations as they occur in the 
 course of explanation. The comparison of Saxon 
 Adjectives presents a curious specimen of the un- 
 settled state of the orthography of former times. 
 The Comparative degree was formed by ar, <zr, er, 
 ere, ir, or, ur or yr ; and the Superlative by ast, 
 test', est, ist, cst, ust or yst. 
 
 of tat or The Latin ens (equivalent to the Greek v,) sig- 
 *4ani nifies being ; -the it, or thing, which exists. Hence 
 it was used to form the present Participle in that 
 language, as docens and amans, which express ex~ 
 isting, or being, in the state of a teacher or a loven 
 Our words in ent, or ant, and ence, or ance,. are 
 
 from 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 7-5 
 
 From this source. Both denote being, or state ; 
 the former being applied to constitute Adjectives 
 and the latter Substantives. Thus abundant is the 
 quality of existing in abundance, which is the name 
 given to such a state of existence. The Romans 
 expressed the Noun by the addition of antia, as 
 abundantia, &c. which we shall again notice under 
 the termination ice. The present Participle, in 
 Saxon, was formed by ande, ende, or onde ; and, by 
 cutting off the final e, it acquired a Substantive 
 signification, and extended the idea to the agent : 
 as, alysende, freeing, and alysend, a redeemer ; 
 freonde, loving or friendly, zndfreond, a lover or a 
 friend. From this comes our affix en d, for many 
 of our Nouns with that termination were originally* 
 Saxon Participles. Friend zndfand literally denote 
 a lover and an enemy, fromfreon to love, and f eon 
 :o hate ; and thus, having synonymes in the lan- 
 guage, they are retained for th'e purpose of mark- 
 ing a peculiar variety in love, and in hatred. 
 
 Present Participles are formed by the addition of 
 
 . * O 
 
 ing in English, and ung in German, both equiva- 
 lent to the Latin ens and the Saxon ende. Words 
 with this affix are rather improperly said to be in " 
 the present tense. They may be either past or pre- 
 sent; for they express solely the existence of the qua- 
 lity or action. Loving, hating, destroying, &c. are 
 unfinished actions* They may be now, or they may 
 have been long ago. The name of the state itself, 
 when considered as a Noun and not as a quality, 
 F 2 is 
 
76 INTRODUCTION TO A& 
 
 is expressed by io in Latin, by ung in Saxon and 
 German, by ing in Low Dutch, and by ion iti 
 English. The syllables ing and ion are therefore 
 the same, and indeed they are often used for one 
 another. Hearing and learning are Nouns as well 
 as Verbal Adjectives. " During the action" and 
 " during the acting" are synonymous phrases. 
 
 The termination ment has the same signification 
 with ion, and forms Nouns which are in the state 
 marked, by the connected Verb. Thus, actment, 
 were there such a word, would be synonymous 
 with action, and either would denote the name given 
 to any change which is produced in the universe ; 
 being equivalent, both in origin and power, to our 
 word doing. Act is the Verb It is the name of 
 the mode by which such a change is effected. The 
 words act and action have, however, been so com- 
 monly confounded, and the ideas themselves are of 
 so general a kind, that it is difficult to mark their 
 distinction in an accurate and obvious manner. An- 
 other Verb may tend to elucidate the subject. Joy is 
 that elevation of the mind which is the consequence 
 of pleasing sensations. To enjoy is to act so as to 
 procure that rapturous feeling ; and enjoyment is the 
 name of such a state or action. These termina- 
 tions sometimes signify the effect, or result, as well 
 as the exertion itself. Thus, portion is the division 
 apportioned, raiment is the clothes in which one is 
 arrayed, and judgment is the doom pronounced. 
 Such figures in language are exceedingly common. 
 
 Words 
 
 . 
 
 /* *'>- 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 77 
 
 Words in ent are often used to denominate the 
 agent as well as the quality of the action Opponent, 
 originally an Adjective, is now a Substantive, as 
 was formerly mentioned. Latin words in monla 
 are Englished by mony, of the same signification as 
 ment. Thus we have alimony, equivalent to ali- 
 ment, or nutriment ; and sanctimony might be 
 equally well expressed by the word sanctiment, de- 
 noting holiness, or the state of being holy. 
 
 It may be objected, that the explanations which 
 we give, in many cases, run into one another ; and 
 that, in several instance^ the distinctions are not 
 sufficiently apparent. The truth is, that, though' 
 the terminations were originally different in their 
 meaning, yet, like objects seen from a distance, 
 they would often appear to be similar. Words 
 otherwise distinct, from a particular point of view, 
 seem to be synonymous. To free and to redeem 
 may in general be used indiscriminately ; because, 
 when speaking of the deliverance, it will not be al- 
 ways necessary to advert to the price of the free- 
 dom. But, often, the affixes differ only in appear- 
 ance. They are words (generally Articles,) with 
 a varied orthography ; or, they have the same 
 power, but originate from a different stem. What 
 follows ^ will sufficiently illustrate these observa- 
 tions : 
 
 The Latin termination His originates our He, of &,*/, 
 which, added to a Noun, or Verb, forms an Adjec- asd * ; ' 
 tive expressive of the quality, or disposition, de- 
 noted 
 
78 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 noted by the word to which it is joined. Thus> 
 we have servile and docile ', the former descriptive of 
 a slavish, and the latter of a teachable disposition, 
 from the Latin ser-vus, a servant, or slave, and do- 
 ceo, I teach ; and from hostes, an enemy, we have 
 hostile, possessing the disposition of a foe. Indeed 2 
 most of the words of this termination are Adjectives 
 derived from the Latin, with little or no varia- 
 tion. Some of them have discarded the /, as 
 noble i from nobilis, and probable from probabilis. 
 The Latin alls and His seem to be merely different 
 forms of orthography, but with us al is more gene- 
 rally affixed to Nouns, and is almost equivalent 
 to the Possessive case. Tfyus royal, from the 
 French roy, is belonging to a king. Regal is a 
 synonyme from the Latin rex. Martial, from 
 Mars, is belonging to war, and moral is from the 
 Latin mores, manners. When a Noun ends in /, 
 the addition al would form a disagreeable mono- 
 tony, and is accordingly changed into ar, as parti- 
 cular, regular, similar, &c. This is also sometimes 
 the case v/hen ending with other letters, as lunar, 
 polar, &c. When al terminates a Verb it has ex- 
 actly the same meaning with ing or ion, and, at 
 some past period, may have been a regular mark of 
 the Participle. Dismissal is the same with dismiss- 
 ing, or dismission, and retiisal is the action of 
 review, 
 of*;/,, or From the termination His, and habere, to have, 
 
 ibis. 
 
 is formed the Latin habilis and our habile, which 
 
 signify 
 ^-^ . 6 J 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 79 
 
 signify having, or possessing any quality which 
 may be requisite. This, by contraction, has ori- 
 ginated the Adjective able, having the power, or 
 quality, necessary for any specific purpose. In the 
 same sense of power, or ability, it is used as a ter- 
 mination. Sufferable, is having the quality of en- 
 during or of being endured, itnd durable expresses 
 the power of continuing to exist. It is sometimes 
 spelt ible, as, risible, perfectible, &c. 
 
 In treating of Pronouns we noticed the gradation 
 of their changes among different Nations, as the St &. 
 Latin ille, the French /'/, and the German <?r, which 
 apply to the Adjective terminations last mentioned. 
 We particularly marked the Greek **< and the 
 Latin que, through their several gradations ; and 
 we find them again in the formation of Adjectives. 
 Almost all known languages have a similar affix, 
 added to Nouns, to express being of the like qua- 
 lity or kind. The Greek ichos, the Latin icus, the 
 French ique, the German and Saxon ig, isch, and 
 isc, and the English ic, ick, ich, and ish, have all the 
 same signification; and denote that the thing to 
 which such an Adjective is applied is of that kind, 
 tribe, or division of things, which the Noun deno- 
 minates. " Both the Tartars and Indians, when 
 " they mean to speak of a people as to their tribe, 
 or nation, compound their name with the word 
 ach, ack, acha, or aga, or such sounds varied by 
 European pronunciation, as Cossacks, Calmucks, 
 F 3 Crossaqui, 
 
O INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 <c Crossaqui, Permiki, &c. Ach, in Welch and 
 " Irish, signifies tribe, race, or people V , 
 ic, id, or The orthography of this termination is various in 
 and'/**/. ' the English language. Rustic, from the Latin rus, 
 the country, or fields without the city, denotes of 
 the country kind, or belonging to those who inha- 
 bit the country. Politic is belonging to polity, or 
 government, from the Greek *his, polls, a city, 
 which was the general extent of the governments 
 of Greece., The termination ic also forms Nouns, 
 and particularly the Names appropriated to Arts 
 and Sciences, as Arithmetic, Logic, &c. Formerly 
 a k was added, as, rustick, politick, Arithmetic!?, 
 &c. but this is now in disuse. The French spelling 
 ique was also common about a century ago, and we 
 still retain some words in ique and esque^ immedi- 
 ately derived from that language, such as antique, 
 picturesque, grotesque, &e. The addition ical, is 
 al and ic. When words in ic are used Substan- 
 tively, as Politics or Arithmetic, the Adjective is 
 Political, Arithmetical, &c. 
 
 ftH and ti>. The soft sound of this termination forms our ish 
 and ichy as, in Scottish, or Scotch, Irish, Welch, 
 boorish, &c. The ch is compounded with who and 
 so in the Pronouns which and such, which signify 
 who kind and so kind ; who it, and so it. So great, 
 is that great / such greatness, is that kind of great- 
 u ess. Which is who, or what, of the class, or 
 
 tribe. 
 * FOWNAL. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 81 
 
 Jtribe, and was anciently <whilk 9 or quhilk. Ilk in 
 Saxon signifies the same. It is the Latin idem, and 
 probably from illlc, an old synonyme of ille. There 
 is a verbal contradiction in our expressions of simi- 
 litude. A thing may be of the same kind with 
 another, but cannot be the it or the same ; in such 
 a case, only one thing could exist, there could be 
 no comparison. Our like is the Saxon ilk, with 
 more propriety of usage. The latter is same, and 
 the former similar. Which has the compounds 
 whichever and whichsoever. 
 
 By the common transposition of g into y, the 
 8axon myrig, dreorig, &c. have become merry, 
 dreary, &c. and express the quality belonging to 
 mirth, solitude, or any thing else to which the affix 
 may be applied. It is a different spelling of ic, ich, 
 or ish. Watery is synonymous with waterish, and 
 even was formerly everlch. Any is one of the vi <* e 
 number, from an, one, and, being limited, may be 
 whatever one we please. Each js one of the col- 
 lection -, but it is not any one, but every one. It is 
 equivalent to the Saxon elk, and the Scotch ilk, and - 
 does not differ from ilk, as above-explained, sig^ 
 nifying the same or alike. Names of Sciences 
 are also, in some cases, terminated by y, as in 
 others by ic. The Romans had ia and the old 
 English ie. Geometria in Latin was formerly with 
 us Geometrie, and now Geometry. All words in ig 
 were written with ie before they assumed the y ; 
 
 and 
 
, 82 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 and it is hence that they form their plurals in ies, 
 as valley, vallies, worthy ', worthies, &c. 
 
 of / y , /^r, From the same change of consonants, the ancient 
 affix lig, Ilk, or lick, signifying like, has been soft- 
 ened into ly ; which, when added to Adjectives, 
 forms Adverbs expressive of something's being 
 done like what the Adjective denotes. Thus, 
 wisely is wise/ike ; foolishly is foolishlike, and so of 
 others. Ly added to Substantives forms Adjectives 
 of similarity, as Godly, lovely, and manly : This last 
 is also spelt with like, as manlike ; and we have 
 warlike and several others with the same termina- 
 tion. Ably is compounded of able and ly, and has 
 the power of able-like, in capably, creditably, prob- 
 ably, &c. 
 
 of ary, ery, The affix #ry ( sometimes ery and cry,) was once 
 
 and ory. J / 
 
 arig, and is formed by adding ig, expressive of 
 sort or kind, to Adjectives in ar, er, and or. Thus 
 lunar is belonging to the moon, from the Latin 
 luna ; and lunary is of the lunar kind. . These 
 Adjectives are also used as Nouns. When Adjec- 
 tives are "considered Substantively, they have often 
 a general, or collective signification, as righteous, is 
 having a right manner or conduct, but the righteous 
 includes the whole collection of righteous persons ; 
 because the Adjective is left indefinite, not being 
 followed by a Noun, This collective signification 
 is particularly obvious in Adjectives in y and ary, 
 from the import of ig or ic* The merry are all the 
 
 merry 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY, S3 
 
 merry people. The auditory is the audience or col- 
 lection of hearers. It is by an easy transition, 
 that, what expresses the whole aggregate of things 
 should also denominate the place where they are to 
 be found. It is hence that auditory is, likewise, 
 used for the house where the hearers are collected. 
 Granary is a magazine of grain ; dictionary a book 
 of words ; brewery , the houses where the trade of 
 brewing is carried on ; and coopery is the working 
 shops of a cooper. In thus denoting the place oc- 
 cupied by a manufacture, a collection of workmen is 
 always supposed ; and, accordingly, we do not find 
 that such designations are well applied to the house 
 of a solitary artizan. 
 
 To be of the nature or kind of another admits of of dlmiou 
 
 tivea in itk. 
 
 degree. Sweetish and waterish express, of the na- 
 ture of sweet and of water , but the extent of the 
 water , or sweetness ', is indefinite. It maybe of the 
 sweet kind, however slight the connection. Hence 
 many such terminations have the force of diminu- 
 tives, 'and thus sweetish and waterish denote the 
 possession of these qualities in a small degree. In 
 like manner y is a diminutive in the Scotch dialect* 
 Manny is a little man, and housey a little house. 
 
 Beside the partial use of ish above-mentioned, #& ****** 
 
 ,,- t&,andfW 
 
 we have some other diminutive terminations. The 
 Latin uhts and culus originate our u!e 9 ulous, and 
 cle^ forming words that have littleness m their na- 
 ture. Thus, we have particle, a small part ; article , 
 3. tittle joint ; module ', schedule , potfule, and others. 
 
 Ulous 
 
84 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Vide ous. U/ous is ous added to the diminutive ule, as in scro* 
 phulous, tremulous, ridiculous, &c. The Latin culus 
 in some words took the form of unculus, as homun- 
 culus, a little man ; and the Saxons had the dimi- 
 nutive incle, from which a few of our words are 
 derived. 
 
 Ki^ fad, From the German kind, a child, is formed the 
 
 lingy and ,. . . .. 7 77- 
 
 #/,j diminutive termination km, as lambkin, a young 
 
 lamb ; bodkin, a small body, &c. ; and those in ock 9 
 by corruption, as hillock from hitlikin. Kin, kind, 
 and kindred, are derived from the same source. 
 They signify, of the same family children of the 
 same parents. Kindlich, the German etymon of 
 our kindly, denotesji/ial affection. Kin, or kind, is 
 merely a northern pronunciation of the Greek yv>*$ 
 and the Latin genus. The German klein, little, ,or 
 small, and the Saxon hl#ne 9 or Jane, lean, or slen- 
 der, allude to the sjate of a child. Ling as a ter- 
 mination is either a dimjnutive, as /////?, or descrip- 
 tive of family, as kind. Hence we have darling, or 
 dearling, frstling, foundling, gos'ing, &c, Some of 
 these have a caressive signification, by recalling to 
 our minds the simplicity of childhood. If, howe- 
 ver, we look at this state from another point of 
 view, it will present an object with no will of its 
 own, but completely under the power of another. 
 The affix ling is, therefore, often expressive of con- 
 tempt, as applied to slavish dispositions and situa- 
 tions, such as worldling, hireling, &c. This allur 
 sicn is common to every language, and worldling is 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. g.5 
 
 not a more peculiar idiom than " children of the 
 <c world." Let for little is also a diminutive ter- 
 mination in the words circlet, hamlet, streamlet, &c. 
 
 The Italians have ino, etto, elk, for diminutive */, *, 
 affixes of the masculine gender, and ma, etta, ella, 
 for the feminine, which include the ideas of kind- 
 ness and tenderness, associated with smallness 
 of size. A few of these have been transplanted 
 into this country ; for instance, from dama, a lady, 
 is formed damigella, a young or pretty lady ; the 
 French madamoiselle, and our damsel. The elk and 
 ella are evidently compounded from the Pronouns 
 k and la, he and she. The others appear to be 
 corrupted from ink, inla, etk, and etla, and con- 
 sequently in, et* and el, are the Italian diminutives. 
 Ine is adopted in bulletine and a few other words. 
 Et is more common, as, bullet from ball, -floweret 
 from flower, &c. The French have ette, which, as 
 in the word etiquette, is in some cases transferred 
 into our language without change. 
 
 Certain additions, indicative of bulk, or quantity, 
 have been termed augmentatives. The Italian ter- oortt 
 mination one, signifying large or great, is the origin 
 of our wn, which is found in words derived from 
 that language. Thus, from sola, a parlour, we 
 have saloon, a large parlour ; from ball, balloon ; 
 from font, (a bridge,) pontoon, &c. 
 
 The Latin Article us, applied to Adjectives, be- 
 comes a definitive of quality, expressing the kind, a 
 or manner, pf the root to which it is annexed. In 
 
 English 
 
 tatives m 
 
S6 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 English it is rendered ous 9 as hi captious, dextrous^ 
 &c. The Article, like the Substantive Verb, ex- 
 presses existence ; and, when added to a word, de- 
 notes an existence such as that word describes. 
 From the Saxon wisan, to be, was formed wise, 
 signifying manner of being or acting, and mode, or 
 manner in general. W is interchangeable with 
 g, as war d with guard, guile with wile, &c. ; and 
 wise is equivalent to guise, which indicates manner 
 in general, and particularly in dress or appearance. 
 Wise now seldom appears, except in composi- 
 tion, but in old writings it was generally used. 
 " The birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise," 
 states the manner of the birth of Christ. As an 
 affix we have otherwise, in another manner ; like- 
 wise in like manner, &c. Words now termin- 
 ating in ous were formerly written with wise, as 
 rightwise for righteous. Between eous. and wise 
 there is no distinction : So and ous are synony- 
 mous. The Noun ways is also an affix, and dif- 
 fers from wise as the plural from the singular. 
 Always was formerly allgates. 
 
 Adverts Until of late a distinction was made between cer- 
 tain Adjectives and Adverbs by the affix s. Thus 
 backward was the quality of a Noun, and backwards 
 the manner of an action. Afterward and after- 
 wards, forward and forwards, &c. were formed in 
 the same manner ; and the modern practice of 
 dropping the s seems to have been adopted without 
 a sufficient reason, from not attending to its signi- 
 fication 4 
 
 ai s. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 8? 
 
 fication, which is equivalent to ous, or wise, as 
 above explained. Such a corruption might natu- 
 rally have happened ; for, backwardous has a great 
 tendency, in the pronunciation, to contract its final 
 syllable ; and backward-wise, or in a backward 
 ?nanner, is evidently its explanation. The place of 
 this, and some other Adjectives of the same class, 
 is supplied by the termination ly, as backwardly, 
 forwardly, &c. but in others, such as afterwards, 
 where the ly "cannot be so easily applied, we seem, 
 by discarding the s, to lose a vocable. 
 
 The Adjective some and the Noun sum have the $<>** and 
 same signification, and both were formerly written s 
 alike, sum. The meaning is quantity in opposition 
 to none, from the Article so 9 as quantity is from the 
 Latin. Sum is the amount of things added toge- 
 ther ; some is a quantity without adverting to any 
 specific number. Some is used as an affix, to de- 
 note that what is expressed by the conjoined word 
 exists in a certain degree, or to a certain extent : 
 Thus, wearisome implies a degree of weariness, in 
 opposition to unwearying; and burthensome is a 
 quantity of weight. That sum, or some, literally 
 signifies quantity, may be illustrated from a mode 
 of writing once very common. " He went some 
 " twenty miles." " He gave him some twelve 
 " pounds," &c. If, in these phrases, the word 
 quantity be substituted for some, or even if the 
 spelling be altered to sum, the meaning of either 
 will be apparent* When some is applied to magni- 
 tude, 
 
SS INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 tude, it may be great or small ; when applied t& 
 number, it may be one or many. Nothing and 
 something are directly the reverse of fcne another, 
 and existence of any kind is sufficient to mark the 
 contrast. Like to this is the Latin Verb sum, I am, 
 or I exist, that is, I have a substance or standing. 
 Summum was the amount or quantity of existence ; 
 and, figuratively, the top, or height, of any thing, 
 like our word summit. 
 
 Full) the past Participle of the Verb to fill, signi- 
 fies that state of a vessel when it can contain no 
 more ; and it is figuratively applied to the mind, or 
 any mode of existence, to state that it is saturated, 
 or completely^Zfo/ with what we mention. When 
 affixed to Nouns it forms Adjectives, denoting/?//- 
 ness of what the Noun specifies ; and, in this use, 
 it is now spelt with only one /, though it formerly 
 . had two. Thus bountiful, is full of bounty, merciful 
 
 is full of mercy, and so of others. 
 
 Lett. From the Anglo-Saxon lesan, to dismiss, comes 
 our to lessen, to make less or diminish. Less is an 
 Adjective signifying that a part is dismissed, or put 
 away, from the original mass. Instead of com- 
 paring it with what it was in its original state, it is 
 sometimes appreciated with respect to things of a 
 similar kind. Thus we say, " This is /ess than 
 " that, figuratively asserting, that this must have 
 been lessened so as to prevent its being equal to 
 that. Less is therefore the same with want. It 
 has been applied to Nouns to form Adjectives 
 
 expressing 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 expressing the want or dismissal of what the Noun 
 signifies. Motionless is the want of motion, and 
 deathless is the dismissal, or the quality of not being 
 subject to death* 
 
 When speaking of an action's being performed, 
 in a general sense, whoever may be the agent, dif- termination 
 ferent nations have different phraseologies. The 
 English say " a person, or a man, may do this or 
 " that/' or " somebody has done it." The Ger- 
 mans use the word man, as the general agent, andt 
 the French on, which is a different spelling of un, 
 one. Of late we have adopted the Gallic idiom, 
 and instead of a person, or a man, we say " one 
 "may do so;" " one cannot help being angry 
 " when one is used ill," &c. One is here in place 
 of a Substantive, and may be resolved by supply- 
 ing the word man, or person, which is understood. 
 It is this substitution or suppression of the Noun, 
 that has led some French Etymologists to derive on 
 from rhomme, a man ; and it has cost them no little 
 pains to trace the progress of the supposed corrup- 
 tion. In old French rhomme was written where 
 the Pronoun, or numeral, on is now used. On is 
 also a termination, as in the words matron^ from 
 the Latin mater, a mother ; patron from pater, a 
 father, &c. It is here a Pronoun, or Article, and 
 is similar to er and an, in lover, partizan, &c. as 
 already explained. 
 
 Those definitive terminations which mark the of a S e as 
 Adjective when quality is attended to, are the 
 
 G 
 
 sings 
 
9O INTRODUCTION 1-0 AN 
 
 signs of Verbs when we allude to action. From 
 the Latin agere to act, we have formed the termin- 
 ation age, as marriage, from the French man, a 
 husband, is the act of marrying ; carnage is the 
 act of carrying, &c. Our Verbs terminating in ish, 
 as, publish, punish, and others, are from the same 
 
 /source, ish being the softened pronunciation of age. 
 The signification of these affixes is, by metaphor, 
 extended to the collected effect^ or 'result, as well 
 as to the act itself. Verbage is the mass of words ; 
 
 foliage is the collection of leaves ; atid rubbish is 
 tile consequence of trituration. 
 a ' Ate, from expressing action, has also come to 
 
 period of , 5 ' 
 
 time. denominate the space of time daring which any ac- 
 tion is performed. Thus, we say, " the -age of 
 " man," " the age of the world/' "the iron age, 9 '' 
 &c. to deriote certain periods of existence. " He 
 " is thirty years of age," states that he has lived, 
 existed, or acted through the course of -thirty years. 
 Act sind age are of like origin, -and are compared by 
 Shakespeare, in his " seven ages of human life,** 
 with singular propriety. In this sense we have age, 
 as a termination, in nonage, pupilage, &c. 
 
 %ignify. Labour is generally mercenary, and, on that ac- 
 'cdiint, the affix 'age (money, price, or some equiva- 
 lent word being understood,) expresses the value, 
 dr 'sum paid for the work. Thus we have pontage, 
 the toll on a bridge ; wharfage, wharf money, or 
 wharfage money ; porterage, porter's fees ; postage, 
 t'he price of post letters, &c. It is thus also that 
 
 many 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 91 
 
 many words in age have twofold significations. 
 Cooperage is either the work or the value ; and car- 
 nage is both the removal of the goods and the pay- 
 ment of the carrier. 
 
 Many of our monosyllables in ch, ge> k, and ke 9 Se *' 
 are varied and contracted from age. Thus to * 
 stretch is to act or make strait; breach is breakage; 
 to catch is to seize as a cat ; to match is to mate 
 together ; and range is rank, or rankage. German , 
 Participles, of the past tense, begin with ge 9 where 
 ours end with ed 9 as lehreti, to teach, and gelehrt 9 
 taught ; while the Saxon ge was prefixed to all the 
 parts of Verbs with the power of con, together, or 
 the figurative meaning of witb 9 signifying be 9 as af- 
 terwards to be noticed. We had formerly the pre- 
 fix y in place of the German and Saxon ge 9 and a 
 few of its compounds have been retained, such as 
 ycleped from the old word clepe 9 to call, and yclad, 
 a form of the past Participle of the Verb to clothe. 
 Some of our double Consonants, as gl 9 gn, kn, &c. 
 are from this source. The elision of the Vowel is 
 natural, and the comparison of such words with 
 their primitives would illustrate the assertion. Knot 
 and nut are of similar import ; and know is akin 
 to the Latin nosco 9 which was anciently gnosce. 
 The g 9 y 9 and w 9 being interchangeable in the 
 northern tongues, we have the termination ow where 
 the Germans, Danes, &c. have ig or ige. r Jhese 
 languages have morgen 9 for morrow ; sorg, or sorg 9 
 for sorr&iv ; talg for tallow, &c. Their termina- 
 
 G 2 tion, 
 
INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 tion ig, marking Adjectives of kind, is transformed 
 in English into ic, y, or ow. The Danish guld, is 
 gold, and guul, is yellow or gold-like ; hellig is 
 holy, and the Verb hellige, to hallow, or make 
 holy \ ploug is a plough ; nage to gnaw, &c. 
 of lie, or Verbs are also constituted by the termination ise 
 
 ize, ism, zst, 
 
 and He. or ize, as, to methodize, to put into method, or re- 
 gular form y to recognize, to know again, or ac- 
 knowledge ; to subsidize, to engage by a subsidy; 
 to tyrannize, to play the tyrant, &c. where either 
 ise or ize is written at pleasure. These Verbs, like 
 those in age, are supposed to produce collections 
 of effects, or to form classes of action, which are 
 expressed by ism ; as, methodism and mechanism, 
 which denote the sect, and the production, of the 
 jnethodist, and the mechanist, or mechanic. The af- 
 fix ism is analogous to y, as applied to the names of 
 the arts and sciences. Botany would be perfectly 
 signified by the word botanism. The Verb and 
 agent are botanize and botanist. The addition ite 
 is synonymous with ist. Both denote one belong- 
 ing to the class or collection which the word desig- 
 nates. Favorite is one of the favoured ; and Ja- 
 cobite was a name formerly given to the adherents 
 of James the seventh, or of the Stewart family in 
 general. The original and common use of ite was 
 to denominate a person of a particular tribe or na- 
 tion, many examples of which may be found in the 
 historical part of the translation of the Bible : as, 
 the Gibeonltes, the Hittites, the Jebmites, &c. 
 
 Though 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 93 
 
 Though ive, like the Latin ivus, is a termination of w and 
 ef an active nature, it is only used to form Adjec- 
 tives. These express the quality of producing 
 what the word implies, and may always be ex- 
 plained by the words causing or producing. Thus, 
 plaintive is producing plaints, or causing to be 
 mournful ; incentive, is a stimulus, or cause of ac- 
 tion ; destructive, is causing destruction, and so of 
 others. On the same principle are formed our 
 Substantives in iff, as plaintiff, he who causes, or 
 originates the .complaint. 
 
 The affix ate is a variation of act, and is com- of ate, at e j, 
 pounded with several other terminations, forming H^atery"' 
 ated, acted $ at ing, acting; ation, action; ator, 
 actor; and atory, actory. The meaning of these 
 additions is obvious : Multiplication, is the action of 
 multiplying ; insinuator, is he who acts in an insi- 
 nuating manner, and so of others. The Latin 
 atio, the synonyme of our ation, is sometimes Eng- 
 lished by ace ; and from thence we have solace, &c. 
 
 From the reciprocal transmutation of / and r, el of */, or /?. 
 or le, is expressive of the agent of an action, and 
 also forms a verbal termination, in the same manner 
 as er which we formerly explained. Its most ge- 
 neral use is to denote an instrument; an inanimate, 
 or secondary, agent. The arm, being the part of 
 the human frame by which any work is generally 
 performed, has, in many languages, been figura- 
 tively used to denote the instrument by which any 
 thing is done. Thus we speak of the arm of 
 
 G 3 power, 
 
94f INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 power, and of the secular arm. El, in the Gothic 
 dialects, had most probably been once synonymous 
 with arm : We have preserved it in ell, a measure 
 of an arm's length , and in elbow , the bow of the 
 arm. This affix, as marking the instrument, is 
 very common, as in shovel, from to shove ; chissel, 
 from to chase, or enchase ; and needle , from the 
 Dutch naad, a seam. Many of our monosyllables, 
 as flail, nail, &c. will be found of similar forma- 
 tion. In comparing Nouns in er with those in el, 
 or the agent with the instrument, a striking resem- 
 blance is observed. Thus, poker is either the per- 
 son, or the thing which pokes. In the former case 
 it is an agent, and in the latter an instrument. It is 
 from our practice of personification that this par- 
 tial confusion arises. We are, perpetually, raising 
 qualities to the rank of substances, and instruments 
 to -that of agents, while they are qualities alone, and 
 not substances, with which we are conversant ; and, 
 while we are uncertain that an agent, in its literal 
 sense, as distinguished from an instrument, exists in 
 the world. 
 
 Words in el are, occasionally, changed into 
 
 */, y er jj 8j ^ ut ^jg transposition, as we have elsewhere 
 observed, is common to all Nouns : for, the Verb 
 is merely to act what the Noun describes. This 
 termination, however, is itself indicative of action, 
 and, therefore, Verbs so formed have often a fre- 
 quentative signification. Thus to prate is to talk 
 
 , lightly and uselessly like a child ; and to prattle, is 
 
 fc 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 9J 
 
 to fratc much, as if we should say, to continue prat- 
 ing. To beat may be a single stroke -, to batter and 
 to battle, each suppose a succession of exertions, 
 The idea of continued, or successive action, resides 
 in the force of the Verb, rather than in the termin- 
 ation. All words with affixes of an active kind 
 have this frequentative meaning, when used as 
 Verbs, and when their nature admits of such a 
 Supposition. Thus to jactitate, is to toss about ; 
 and to agitate, is not only to put into motion, but 
 to do so often, or in a great degree* The Latin 
 amplificative osus, anciently usus, may, in like man- Q S e, 
 ner, be considered as a duplicate of the terminating 
 Article, and expresses the Adjective in a great de- 
 gree. It is the origin of the English ose, as in 
 operate, exceedingly laborious. 
 
 The Saxon ad, or ade, signifies a mass, or heap, of <*/,* 
 and hence our add, to increase by putting to the a 
 heap. The French ade and the Spanish ado are 
 terminations of similar import. Many words with 
 these affixes are adopted in our language, and ex 
 press a collection, or quantity, of what the word de- 
 notes. Thus arcade, is a range of arches ; and 
 colonnade, a collection of columns. When these 
 terminations are joined to Verbs, they, evidently y 
 cannot signify number, except by metaphor ; in 
 supposing a continuation, or successive renewal, of 
 action. Cannonade is the repeated firing of cannon; 
 bastinado is a repetition of basting or beating with a 
 
 stick } 
 
6 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 stick ; and blockade, is a continuation of blocking? 
 or shutting up, a city or port. Words of this kind 
 which have been long in use have dropped the final 
 e and o, and end in ad, as, myriad and triad. In 
 some cases we have adopted only the foreign com- 
 pounds, as, from the French a?nbassade, an em- 
 bassy, is formed ambassadeur, and our ambas- 
 sador. 
 
 of dde and From the Latin cadere, to kill, we have the ter- 
 mination cide which is added to a few words de- 
 rived from that language ; such as homicide, from 
 homo, a man, denoting manslaughter ; and fratri- 
 cide, fromfrater, a brother, the killing of brethren. 
 The Adjective is formed by adding al, as in homi- 
 cidal, parricidal, &c. 
 
 " Ward is from the Saxon wardian, to look at, 
 " or to direct the view, and is the same word as 
 " the French garder, which, in a figurative or se- 
 " condary sense only, means to protect, to keep, to 
 " watch, to ward, or to guard. It is the same in 
 " Latin : Tutus, guarded, looked after, safe, is the 
 " past Participle of Tueor, Tuitus, Tutus. So 
 " Tutor, he who looks after. So we say either, 
 " Guard him well, or, Look well after him. In 
 " different places in England, the same agent is very 
 " properly called either a Looker, a Warden, a 
 " Warder, an Overseer, a Keeper, a Guard, or a 
 *' Guardian. Accordingly this word ward may 
 " with equal propriety be joined to the name of any 
 
 ^ person. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 97 
 
 ' :c person, place, or thing, to or from which our 
 " view or sight may be directed *." It is hence 
 that we have such compounds as backward, home- 
 ward, and heavenward, which signify in the direc- 
 tion of, or looking towards the back, home, and 
 
 The German art signifies species, kind, or man- of ar& 
 ncr ; and the Dutch aar d is used, both singly and 
 in composition, for nature, temperament, or disposi- 
 tion. The former have arten, and the latter aar den, 
 to resemble, particularly applied to disposition or 
 temper of mind. From this source we have com- 
 pound Nouns with the termination ard, all signify- 
 ing of the nature or kind, expressed by the word to 
 which it is joined. We have drunkard, an habitual 
 drinker ; sluggard, one of a slow, or lazy nature ; 
 and coward, a person of a timid disposition. 
 
 The heart has been generally understood to be Hearted and 
 the seat of the passions and dispositions of mankind, 
 while the head has been left in possession of the 
 reasoning powers. Hence we say " a clear head," 
 and " a feeling heart;" and it is thus that entete 
 in French, and wrong/beaded in English, are expres- 
 sive of obstinate prepossession and folly. Hearted, 
 like ard, is used to form compounds denoting tem- 
 per, or disposition of mind, as fainthearted, hard- 
 hearted, lighthearted, &c. ; and it has been assert- 
 ed, with some show of probability, that the words 
 
 were 
 * DIVERSIONS OF PURLEY. 
 
98 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 were originally the same. Headed forms a sort of 
 counterpart, as lightheaded, wrongheaded, &c. 
 
 * n tracm g tne origin of words we often arrive # 
 sources very distant from what might have been 
 expected. Speech is almost entirely composed of 
 figure and metaphor. There are but few objects, 
 or relations, in nature with which iflarikipd are ac- 
 quainted ; and yet it must be solely from these fey? 
 that our ideas can be formed. Abstract thoughts 
 are the shadows of reality ; but shadows cannot 
 e?:ist without the substances on which they depend 
 The structure of language, however aerial it may 
 appear, is not a palace of enchantment. The ma- 
 terials of which it is built are taken from the pal- 
 pable objects around us. They are rude and com- 
 mon in their appearance, while the beauty and 
 fairy elegance of die fabric is owing to the illusions 
 of imagination. Things and actions, the most or- 
 dinary and obvious, are, in the most eminent de- 
 gree, stretched in their signification ; and we conv 
 pare the primary and consequent inearu'ngs ,pf the 
 term, with a portion of incredulity, when we are 
 told that the distinction has been produced solely 
 by custom and usage. Examples may be easily 
 adduced : To sit and to stand are common actions 
 of the human body, but their figurative significa- 
 tions are uncommonly extensive. A seat is that pa 
 which we sit, but it also denotes a 'villa, or country 
 r&idence. Situation is literally the action of sitting, 
 but it expresses our manner of existence, whether in 
 
 body 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 99 
 
 body or mind. The Latin status, like our state state, 
 and the French estat, or etat, in its first sense, is 
 merely a standing, or the particular posture of the 
 body which to stand recalls to our mind. These 
 words, however, signify condition of whatever kind ; 
 as, also, a government, and the country so governed. 
 When we adopt the French spelling estate, it is 
 used for a quantity of land in the possession of a 
 proprietor. The word stand is, likewise, subject 
 to a similar figure, and we say of an advocate, who 
 has had long and extensive practice, that he is of 
 considerable standing at the bar. Station is the 
 place where any thing stands ; it is, also, the rank 
 held in society. The Anglo-Saxon stede, and the 
 English steady are akin to state, and signify place. 
 " In their stead," is in their place. In composi- 
 tion, stead is both a preposition and a termination, 
 as .steady, steadfast ; instead, bedstead, roadstead, 
 &c. The inseparable Preposition step in stepfather, 
 stepmother, &c. is a corruption of stead or stcd. 
 Sted, in Danish, is place ^ or stead ; and siedfader, 
 stedmoder, stedbroder, equivalent to our stepfather, 
 stepmother, stepbrother, signify, in the place of, or 
 instead of a father, a mother, &c. 
 
 Similar to the word state is the termination dom. D. 
 It denotes condition of existence, and, also, whatever 
 is under the dominion, or government, of another. 
 Thus kingdom, is a country under the government of 
 a king, zndfreedom, is the state, or condition, of be- 
 ing free. The termination in both cases is the 
 
 same, 
 
100 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 same, and the distinction arises from the words to 
 which it is joined : The state of being free does 
 not imply a figure very different from the original 
 meaning of the term ; but that of a king suggests a 
 separate idea ; it is necessarily connected with 
 grandeur and with power. From the Greek demo\ 
 I build, was formed domes, the Latin domus, and 
 our dome, a house. Dominus, among the Romans, 
 was its master ; and, by an easy transition, the 
 name of the habitation of a family came to signify 
 that of a nation* Donius was a state, or country, 
 and dominus, its lord. From the same root is do- 
 mineer, tame, &c. ; but to dwell longer on this sub- 
 ject would be to anticipate our future explanations, 
 of head, or Among all nations the head has been considered 
 as the principal, or directing, part of the human 
 body. It is hence that head is used for a leader, 
 or governor ; and hence, also, it denotes the chief 
 feature in any thought or expression. Thus, we 
 say, " the head of the government," and, " the 
 " head of an army," referring to the monarch and 
 the general. The heads of a discourse, are the 
 principal, or leading, ideas from which it is formed. 
 In composition it is sometimes literal and at other 
 times figurative. As a prefix we have heady, head- 
 iness, headach, &c. As a termination it is generally 
 j^pelt hood, and forms abstract Nouns. It denotes 
 the principle from which the Noun derives its ex- 
 istence. It is that which constitutes its essence ; 
 and is a general name for the state which the word 
 
 describes. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 101 
 
 describes. It is thus that we shall have to explain, 
 brotherhood^ childhood, knighthood, manhood, &c. 
 
 There are other terminations of the same signifi- 
 cation with head, which are likewise expressive of 
 general qualities. Chief, from the French chef, the 
 head, denotes a leader. 'As an Adjective it signi- 
 fies principal, or that which is first, and conse- 
 quently of most importance ; and as an affix it has 
 exactly the same meaning. Mischief, is very great, 
 or chief, or head, wrong. Kerchief, is a cover for 
 the head. 
 
 We have before observed, in the comparison of 
 languages, that there is a regular gradation from k 
 to sh 9 and from this variation of orthography we 
 have several words, which are, respectively, of sy- 
 nonymous origin, and differ only in the circum- 
 stances in which they are now applied. It is thus 
 that we have shake and quake ; shiver and quiver ; 
 short and curt ; shrink and cringe ; shy and coy, &c. 
 The Latin caput, the German kopf, the French 
 chef, the German termination schaft, the Dutch 
 schap, the Danish skab, the Saxon scipe, and our 
 ship, all signify head. In landskip or landscape, it 
 is used with the harder sound ; and in Scotland 
 this mode of pronunciation is general, as, master- 
 skip for mastership, heirskip for heirship, &c. 
 
 Ness is said to come from the Latin nasus, the 
 nose, which is the most prominent part of the face, 
 as the head is of the body. This derivation is not 
 improbable ; for the ludicrous idea which it some- 
 times 
 

 102 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 times conveys, in modern English, is merely an 
 idiom of the language. But, however this may be, 
 the word is now used by itself solely to signify a 
 promontory ', or headland ; and, as an affix is equi- 
 valent to head, or chief. Brotherliness is used in 
 place of brotherlihood ; and mischief \ when further 
 compounded, becomes remissness. 
 pfr,*y, The Romans marked their Nouns of generality 
 
 tty, t ude, and 
 
 '* by tia> tas, or tudo. The first of these is formed, in 
 
 English, by ce 9 or ty, as, abundantia, becomes abun- 
 dance ^ and dementia^ clemency ', both expressing the 
 abstract state, or principle, which might otherwise 
 be exactly noted by abundingness *xA justness. T&s 
 and tudo, like the 'French iete (another name for 
 the head,) is Englished by //, or tiy 9 and fade. Ho~ 
 nestay, in Latin, and bonnet etc in French, are both 
 translated by the word honesty, which might be well 
 enough ex-pressed by, hvnesthead) or honestncss. Ty 
 is a substitute for tith, y and th being interchange- 
 able, as before-mentioned ; and many words in ty 
 -were formerly terminated with tith. Povrtitf} is 
 still used in Scotland for poverty ; and in old law 
 writings, -widuifie signified widowhood. Vrrginity 
 and maidenhead are synonymous. Titb and tude 
 have an evident fraternity, and consequently words 
 in tude. are of the same class with those above-men- 
 tioned. They generally come immediately from 
 the Latin ludo ; as, ampltiudo^ amplitude, ample- 
 ness 'or greatness ; and muhltudo* multitude, or 
 manyness. Occ'i^ionally the d in tude is sup- 
 pressed, 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 103 
 
 pressed, as in virtue, from vir, Latin, a mm, ori- 
 ginally signifying manhood, and figuratively cou- 
 rage, whkh was the first of virtues among the Ro- 
 mans. Tith, abbreviated into th, forms the con- 
 cluding letters of many of our monosyllables ; and 
 adds the principle of abstraction to the words to 
 which it is joined. Hence we have sloth, slowness ; 
 mirth, merriness ; length, longness, or longitude, 
 with many others : all of which may be explained 
 in the same manner as words in tude, ty, head, 
 ship, or ness. Words in t'h were formerly in many 
 cases terminated l m >the, and those in ch in che. 
 Birth, death ; such and which, were spelt blrthe, 
 defhe ; socbe and whiche : and on our principles 
 this orthography must have been more consonant 
 with etymology. The final e was once exceedingly 
 general, though now nearly discarded from the lan- 
 guage. It had originally been vocal ; and, in a 
 certain stage of our literature, the Poets seem to 
 have either suppressed its sound, or formed it into 
 an additional syllable, as best suited their ideas of 
 the harmony of verse. " Chaucer preserves or 
 " sinks the sound of his syllables arbitrarily, to 
 " suit his own convenience ; the reader is fre- 
 " quently unable at a glance to discover his scheme 
 " of harmony, and it is extremely difficult to <Jo 
 " justice to his versification in the act of reading 
 " his poetry aloud to an auditor V 
 
 The terms in which we would signify the rela- Arc*,. 
 
 tions 
 * GODWIN'S LIFE OF CHAUCER. 
 
104 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 tions of society must be borrowed from the situation^ 
 either as to time or place, of the commoij objects 
 around us; and here priority is a distinguished 
 emblem of eminence. Arch, from the Greek 
 archon, a prince, or governor, was formerly used, 
 by English writers, for a chief, or leader, in which 
 sense it is to be found in Shakespeare. It is now 
 in use only as an Adjective and in composition. 
 We have arch rogue, a principal or great rogue ; 
 archangel, a chief angel ; and archbishop, the head, 
 or chief, bishop, who presides over a number of 
 others. This word originally denoted priority, in 
 point of time, the Greek arche signifying begin- 
 ning, and, figuratively, principal, or chief, following 
 the same rule with the Latin principium. It is in 
 this sense that it appears in archetype. As a ter- 
 , mination it signifies a governor, and compounded 
 with y it forms archy, government. From the 
 Greek monos, single, we have monarch, one who 
 governs alone, and, from a privative we have 
 anarchy, the absence of all government, 
 and The Latin facere, to make, originates several of 
 our terminations. Fy, is make, and faction, the ac- 
 tion ^of making. From thence we have to deify, 
 to make one a God ; to fructify, to make or 
 to produce fruit ; and to purify, to make pure. 
 From these again, are formed deification, fructifies* 
 tion and purification, expressing the action of the dif- 
 ferent Verbs. The termination fy is variously com- 
 pounded with others, as, ic, ntory, &c. active, 
 
 forming 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 10.7 
 
 forming fa, Jicatory, faative, &c. whose powers 
 may be easily ascertained by comparing their 
 different parts with the explanations already given. 
 Thus prolific, from proles, Latin, a race, or pro- 
 geny, indicates that what we mention possesses 
 the property of producing, or is of a generating 
 kind. 
 
 There are other terminations from facere, as, 
 
 >,.-,,. , r 11* tions which 
 
 feft, fit, ficient, &c. but these form the basis* or f6rm ^ 
 principal part, of the compounds in which they are 
 found, and, therefore, the proper place for their ex- 
 amination will be the Dictionary. The same ob- 
 servation may be made with regard to many other 
 affixes, as ply, pie, or ble, a fold, in the words sim- 
 ple, double, comply, reply, -&c. ; tract, from the 
 Latin t rah ere, to draw, in contract, extract, retract, 
 &c. ; pose, sent, sign, spire, tain, tend, and many 
 others, which will be noticed as they occur. Pre- 
 suming, therefore, that we have sufficiently dis- 
 cussed all that are necessary for our present pur- 
 pose, we shall proceed to the investigation of those 
 syllables that are used as Prefixes or Prepositions. 
 A few of these have been already noticed, having 
 naturally presented themselves when treating of the 
 terminal affixes. 
 
 Every sentence, containing an agent and an ac- 
 tion, is complete ; but there are, always, accessory 
 circumstances which may or may not be attended 
 to : The result, or effect, may be specified, which 
 is either a Noun, or a Pronoun in the Accusative 
 
 H case 
 
106 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 case ; the manner of the performance may be stat- 
 ed, by an Adverb ; and the qualities of the Nouns 
 may be marked, by Adjectives. Besides, every 
 exertion, or ffang, must stand at a certain point, and 
 occupy a particular portion, of space, which can 
 only be defined by referring to the place occupied 
 by objects already known. Words that express 
 the situation of one Noun with respect to another 
 have been termed Prepositions ; and, though used 
 to denote general relations, must originally have 
 been the names of objects or of actions. The ex- 
 pression of situation is their distinguishing charac- 
 teristic ; and, as this is only observable from the 
 conjunction, or from the degree of the separation 
 of things, it is on comparison alone that their being 
 depends. We say that one thing is in or out ; be- 
 fore or after ; on or off ;. to or from; on this side or 
 on that, of another ; and such words and phrases 
 are what Grammarians have called Prepositions, 
 Their name suggests no idea of their nature. The 
 Latin derivation from pra, before-, and positus, set 
 or placed, might, in our language, be equally well 
 applied to Adjectives ; for they, too, are placed be~ 
 fore Nouns. The order of arrangement is differ- 
 ent among different nations. The Adjectives in 
 French, and the Prepositions in Turkish and Hun- 
 garian, seldom precede, but generally follow, the 
 Substantives with \vhich they are connected in 
 construction. 
 
 Ii* 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 10? 
 
 In the Greek, Latin, and other languages which 
 have declensions from their Nouns, Prepositions p rep osi- 
 
 are said to govern, respectively, one or other of the 
 cases ; and, in English, when followed by a Pro- 
 noun, it is usually in the objective state. This go- 
 vernment which one word exercises over another is 
 not real but figurative ; and the misapprehensions of 
 certain Etymologists, in a similar case, is well 
 (though rather forcibly) illustrated by Mr Tooke. 
 " These Gentlemen," says he, " seem to think 
 " that translation is explanation. Nor have they 
 " ever yet ventured to ask themselves, what they 
 " mean ; when they say that any word comes from, 
 " is derived from, produced from, originates from, 
 " or gives birth to, any other word. Their igno- 
 u ranee and idleness make them contented with 
 " this vague and misapplied metaphorical lan- 
 guage." They do not " consider that words 
 have no loco-motive faculty, that they do not flow 
 like rivers, nor vegetate like plants, nor speculate 
 like salts, nor are generated like animals ;" 
 and yet, until they can get rid of these metaphors 
 " from their minds, they will not themselves be fit 
 " for etymology > nor furnish any etymology fit for 
 " reasonable men *." The Case of a Noun does 
 not depend upon the preceding Verb or Preposi- 
 . tion. The governing and the governed are collateral 
 and corresponding effects x)f the same cause the 
 
 II 2 state 
 
 * DIVERSIONS OF PURLEY, 
 
 tions, 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
108 INTRODUCTION TO AH 
 
 state of the different objects in the mind of the 
 tvriter. When a Substantive is the agent of an ac- 
 tion, it is announced by its name, or Nominative. 
 In every other state it must be attended by words 
 that express its situation. These when separate are 
 termed Prepositions, and when added to the Noun 
 they form Declensions. When we say, " John- 
 " went after him," it is not because it follows the 
 word after that the Pronoun is in the Accusative, 
 but because the person represented by the word 
 him is not considered as an actor in the sentence ; 
 otherwise we should say, cc John went after he 
 " went," making two assertions in place of one. 
 Verbs and Prepositions are the pictures, but not the 
 energies themselves ; and whatever authority they 
 may be supposed to acquire over the modifications 
 of Nouns, must be derived, by delegation, from 
 their prototypes in Nature. Words impressed upon 
 the page are like figures on the canvas. We see 
 mountains and plains, seas and rivers, woods and 
 lawns, diversified at the pleasure of the painter ; 
 but the individuals of the groupe exist independent 
 on one another. The waving foliage of the tree 
 may be reflected from the stream, but it contains 
 no dryad to hang, at will, its branches over the 
 brink ; it is passive in the hands of a superior 
 power. 
 
 It is repeated concurrence that leads to the com- 
 e e8f bination of the elementary syllables of words, and 
 constitutes in one vocable what had originally .been 
 
 two. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 109 
 
 two. Prepositions are so generally attendant on 
 Nouns that the separation is gradually disregarded ; 
 and, accordingly, they form the far greater part of 
 the Prefixes of the English tongue. It is hence 
 that we have income, ourgoings, EEfo^Ementioned, 
 AFTERmentioned, &c. besides a numerous class 
 adopted from the Prepositions of other nations. To 
 exhibit the force and effect of these various Pre- 
 fixes is our present object : 
 
 Motion proceeds by beginning at one point and 
 ending at another. " A stone falls," but there is 
 a place where it began to fall, and there is another 
 where it will stop. These places are denominated 
 by Nouns, but some qualification must necessarily 
 be adjected to denote the use to which they are ap- 
 plied : " the stone falls, beginning at the window 
 46 and ending at the ground." Words synonymous 
 with beginning and end, when speaking of the place, 
 or time, of action, must therefore be frequently 
 employed. They point out certain relations, or si- 
 tuations, of the agent, and consequently they come 
 under the class of Prepositions. In Eng\ish,fro?u 
 and to are, in the sense we have mentioned, equi- 
 valent to -beginning and end. " The stone falls from 
 " the window to the ground." The origin of these 
 Particles has already been investigated. FROM is 
 beginning, author, or source. To is the cnJ 9 or 
 completion, of an action. From and to may be used 
 where there has been no progression, as, " the 
 " lamp hangs FROM the cieiing," and " the grease 
 
 H 3 sticks 
 
HO INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 " sticks TO the floor." In the former case, the 
 deling is the place where the attachment com- 
 mences ; and, in the latter, the floor is the place on 
 which the grease has fallen, and to which it adheres. 
 From is, in some cases, synonymous with cause, as, 
 " he loved from habit." This is merely a different 
 view of the word, as denoting origin, or source. His 
 love arose or began at habit, habit was the source, 
 or cause, of his love. 
 , at>, Alpha, the name of the first letter of the Greek 
 
 and abs. A 
 
 Alphabet, and answering to our A, was figuratively 
 used to express first or beginning. From hence, 
 most probably, is the Greek apo, forming the con- 
 tracted aspirate aph* and the Latin a, ah, or abs ; 
 all, whether single or in composition, exactly cor- 
 responding with our from. Compounds from these 
 Prepositions have, with slight variation, been trans- 
 ferred to the English language : Apostle, front 
 apo and the Greek steJlo, I send, signifies a messen* 
 ger, or one sent from another ; apocalypse, from 
 \/ kalypto, I hide, is hidden from ; and apostate is one 
 
 who stands away/r^^, or has left, a particular sect, 
 or opinion. A, ab, or abs, vary with the initials of 
 the words to which they are joined. Ab is written 
 before a vowel, abs before c or t, and a before 
 every other consonant. To abstain is to hold from; 
 to abstract is to draw from; to avert is to turn from; 
 and to absolve is to free from : compounded from 
 the Latin Verbs tenere, to hold ; trahere, to draw ; 
 vertere, to turn ; and sofoere, to free, or loosen. 
 
 It 
 

 ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. Ill 
 
 It is evident that what have been termed insepa- A, 
 rable Prepositions modify the words to which they 
 are joined, only by a reference to other words in 
 the sentence. To abstract, to draw from, must 
 point by its Preposition to some object from whence 
 the thing drawn had its origin. If this source, or 
 FROM, be not expressed, the compound is left inde- 
 finite, and denotes the action in general. A, ab, 
 or abs, is usually prefixed to Verbs or their deriva- 
 tives, and in such situations will naturally suggest 
 the idea of separation, or distance, which the Pre- 
 position alone does by no means represent. In this 
 view it is, in some cases, united to Nouns and qua- 
 lities, marking the thing which proceeds, or is taken 
 away from something else. The Greek a had this 
 privative power. B^, bythos, signifies a bottojn. 
 The Ionic dialect changed the th into ss, and hence, 
 with a privative, was formed A/s^s-a,-, Abyssos, want- 
 ing a bottom, the origin of our Abyss. The Latin 
 synonyme is profundum, fromfundus, a bottom, or 
 foundation, and fro, before, metaphorically away 
 from, or distant. To avoid the hiatus the Greeks 
 interposed an n between succeeding vowels, and it 
 is therefore that a become.s an in anarchy, &c. 
 
 The Latin ad is allied to to as ab is to from. The 
 words are opposed to one another. Ab, and from, 
 are the origin or beginning. Ad, (at,} and to, are 
 the effect, result, or end. In composition the d in 
 ad is often exchanged for a duplicate of the follow- 
 ing letter, and the prefix becomes ac, of, ag, al, 
 
 an, 
 
112 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 an, apt ar, as, or at, as in accord? affront, aggres- 
 sion, &c. The explanation of words in ad will be 
 obvious from attending to our account of ab ; for 
 the remarks on the composition of the latter are, in 
 some degree, applicable to all the other Preposi- 
 tions. To adjoin is to join to ; to adhere is to stick 
 to; to adduce is to bring to, &c. 
 
 The Latin Preposition de is synonymous with 
 our ^already mentioned. Ab is beginning. De is 
 separation ; a part taken from a whole, making 
 that off, or separate, which was formerly on, or one 
 with the whole mass. On is complete junction, 
 forming a union between the primary substance 
 and that which is brought to it. Upon is a species 
 of on. It is on. the upper side. Ab and de, from 
 and of, may be often substituted respectively for 
 one another. " I lifted the stone from the ground/* 
 and " I lifted the stone off the ground," are equally 
 expressive of the action 5 but from states where the 
 stone was when I began to lift it, and ^'directs us 
 to the substance from which it was separated. " I 
 " lifted the stone fro?n the ground into }he wag- 
 " gon" " I lifted it off the ground on which it was 
 " laid." The Latins had " toilers de terra," or, 
 " t oiler e a terra" to raise off or from, the ground, 
 as the different views directed. De is in every case 
 synonymous with off. By figure it signifies about, 
 concerning, after, &c. and in French it is the sign of 
 the genitive of something belonging to, or sprung 
 from, another. It is in composition only that de 
 
 appears 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 113 
 
 appears in English, having been transferred with its 
 compounds from the Latin. From what we have 
 already said, its meaning will be obvious. It ex- 
 presses being off 9 or awayfrom 9 something to which 
 the word refers, or from what the word itself simply 
 denotes. The latter has been termed its privative 
 power ; and, as we illustrated in the cases of In and 
 un, it must sometimes undo what has been done : 
 To debar is to bar from^ or to separate ; to decamp 
 is to change one's camp or residence ; to decompose 
 (the opposite of compose) is to resolve into its consti- 
 tuent parts ; to decrease (the reverse of growth) is 
 to . uixgrow, or to grow less \- to despair , from 
 spero 9 I hope, is to want hope, and so of others. 
 
 The inseparable Preposition dls (di before certain 
 consonants) was probably derived by the Romans 
 from the Greek dis 9 twice. It denotes that a thing 
 once whole, or compounded^ is now divided^ or sepa~ 
 rated ; and, in as far as its usage is extended, it is 
 equivalent to de 9 with which, perhaps, it has a com- 
 mon origin. The Etymologies of on from one and 
 of dis from two are completely analogous. Dis 9 or 
 di' 9 is a very general Englisji Prefix. To divide is 
 to separate so as the parts may be observed, from 
 the Latin videre^ to see ; to disconcert is to separate 
 those who had concerted together ; and to dismantle 
 is to take off' the mantle with which a thing is co- 
 vered. Dls sometimes drops the s and assumes 
 the initial consonant of the word to which it is 
 joined: as, different., literally set asunder, from 
 
 the 
 
114 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 the Latin fero, I carry; and to diffuse, to spread 
 abroad, fromfustts, poured out. 
 
 The Latin prefix se may be accurately Englished 
 by the words off] away from , aside, or apart. From 
 the Latin cedere, to yield, or give place to, we have 
 to secede, to depart, to go aside or away from any 
 thing with which we were formerly connected; to 
 seduce is to lead astray, from ducere, to lead ; and 
 to select, from legere, to gather, is to chuse out from 
 a number. 
 
 Compoundiug se with mi (the root of the Greek 
 
 mesos, the Latin medius, the French mi, and 
 
 our middle, all of the same signification) the La- 
 tins formed semi, the half; literally, one of the di- 
 visions of any thing divided in the middle. Semi 
 was much used in composition, and from thence 
 we have such words as semicircle, half of a circle, 
 and semi-metal, a half metal, that is ? imperfect, hav- 
 ing but half the qualities of a metal, Half is also 
 used in the latter sense ; and, when a thing is not 
 well or completely performed, we say it is done by 
 halves, or only half done. De and se being similar, 
 we have demi, equivalent to semi, a half. Hence 
 we have demigod, half huinan, half divine, with 
 some others. We have also a few words in hemi, 
 a Greek inseparable Preposition of the same force 
 as semi and demi. Hemisphere is half of a sphere, 
 and hemistich the half of a verse, 
 
 Numerals Numerals irom their general occurrence, often 
 m*rjc of become prefixes, and compounds from the Greek 
 
 quantity. an( J 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 115 
 
 and Latin languages are adopted with the original 
 expression of quantity. We shall notice the most 
 common, with an instance of the application of 
 each. Some of these are seldom used ; but they 
 may be deemed worthy of attention, because scien- 
 tific writers have assumed the liberty of encreasing 
 
 their compounds at pleasure : 
 
 Mono and uni are from the Greek pw and the 
 Latin unus, one : Monotony is sameness of tone, and 
 uniform is of one form. Bi, or bis, is from the La* 
 tin bis, twice ; as biped, one who has two feet. Tre, 
 or tri, is from the Greek rgi/$ and the Latin tres, 
 three ; as in triangle, a figure with three angles. 
 Tetra is the Greek Tsrteg*, four. Tetrachord is a 
 musical instrument with four strings. Quadri, or 
 quadru, is from the Latin quatuor, four ; as in qua- 
 druple, fourfold. Pent is the Greek **&, five : 
 Pentagon, from yw, gonla, an angle, denotes a 
 figure having five angles. Quinque and quintu are 
 the Latin qulnque, five, and quintus, the fifth. 
 Quinquennial is consisting of five years, and 
 quintuple is fivefold. Hex is the Greek f ef, six, 
 as in hexameter, the denomination for a verse 
 of six feet ; and sex is Latin for six, as in sextant, 
 containing a sixth part of a whole, as of a circle, 
 &c. Hepl and sept are from the Greek V7* and 
 the Latin septem, seven : Heptarchy is a name for 
 the seven Saxon Governments of England, and 
 September was the seventh month of the Roman 
 year. Octa or Octo, is from the Greek **> and the 
 
 Latin 
 
116 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 Latin octo, eight ; and hence we have octahedron, 
 (compounded from c s^*, abase or seat,) a solid hav- 
 ing eight sides. Deca and decem are from the Greek 
 &x* and the Latin decem, ten : Decade is a collection 
 of ten, as ten days, ten weeks, &c. and to decimate 
 is to take "the tenth part. Cent, from the Latin 
 centum, a hundred, forms centennial, belonging to a 
 hundred years ; and millennium comes from mille, a 
 thousand. Pan, from the Greek *, and omni 
 from the Latin omnis, all, or every, appear in pan- 
 demonium, the palace of all the demons, and omni- 
 potent, all-powerful. Poly is from the Greek AV? 
 and multi from the Latin mult us, many. Polygamy, 
 from y/"6, gameo, I marry, is many marriages, and 
 multiform is having many shapes or forms. Holo 
 is from '*<>;, whole, as in holocaust, (from *<, I 
 burn,) a sacrifice in which every part of the victim 
 was consumed. Soli is from the Latin solus, alone ; 
 and hence soliloquy (from loquor, I speak,) is a dis- 
 course which a person utters when alone. Magna 
 in Latin is great, and the Greek micro. (^<*g0 is 
 small. Magnanimous is haying a great mind, and 
 micrometer is a measurer of small spaces. 
 
 On the supposition of the motion of a body its 
 course may be marked by describing the medium, 
 or substance, through which it passes. Words 
 expressing this relation must state that one body 
 divides, cuts, or separates another ; or that it passes 
 through an opening already made. Through, thro', 
 or thorough, is the Saxon thruh and tburuh, the 
 
 same 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. II? 
 
 same with thure, thura^ or durd 9 at door ; or passage. 
 The Dutch use door equally for the Noun and the 
 Preposition. The Greek dia (probably from dis) 
 signifies passage from one end of a space or period 
 to the other. Words formed with this prefix are 
 directly from that language, and are generally con- 
 fined to scientific terms. Thus diameter is the mea- 
 sure across or through any thing : The diameter of 
 a circle is the measure of its breadth. The Latin 
 per is from the Greek $, peiro, to perforate or 
 pass through, the equivalent and origin of our Verb 
 to piene. As a prefix it marks, literally, passage 
 through any medium, and, figuratively, through 
 what means any action is accomplished. In the 
 latter sense it answers to our by. Per, being from 
 one end to the other, also denotes the completion of 
 an action, and to say that a thing is perfected is the 
 same as if we should say that it is thoroughly made. 
 This use is very general in composition From the 
 Latin suadere, to advise, we have to persuade, to 
 advise with effect, or to convince ; and in its primi- 
 tive sense we have to perish, from the Latin perire 
 ($er, through, and ire 9 to go) to go through or to 
 disappear, and figuratively to die. 
 
 In the Preposition trans the Latins attended only <r rant 
 to the circumstance of passing away from, one place 
 or state to another. Though this passage might 
 have been made across a river, or over a mountain, 
 yet there was no necessary allusion to the medium 
 through which it was directed^ as is included in the 
 
 word 
 
118 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 word per. It is therefore Englished by over, be- 
 yond, on the other side, &c* Transmarine is over 
 the sea ; to transplant is to move a plant from one 
 place to another ; and to transpose is to put away to 
 another or opposite place. In many compounds 
 trans is equivalent to per and through, because the 
 body through which the other moves is brought 
 into view. Translucent and transparent are the re- 
 spective qualities of allowing the light and other ob- 
 jects to pass through. In composition before cer- 
 tain consonants it is contracted into tra, as tradition, 
 trajectfon, &c. When trans is applied to words 
 where removal refers to appearance, and not to dis- 
 tance, it induces the idea of change : Thus to trans- 
 form is to change the form, and transfiguration is 
 the change of figure. The same idea is expressed 
 by the Greek met a, in the composition of words. 
 Metamorphosis, from, ^?<r/ ff , morphosis, a form, is 
 the change of form, and metaphor, from f Eg*, phero, 
 I bring, is equivalent to the Latin translatio ; and 
 signifies that a v/ord is translated, or changed, from 
 its proper acceptation to another -which is figu- 
 rative. 
 
 jte ami red. Though we do not find the word used except in 
 composition, yet it is probable that the Latin re had 
 originally signified fhe back. From the same source 
 we have rear (and the French arriere, &c.), the back 
 or hinder part, generally applied to the last division 
 of a fleet or army. To rein is to keep back ; to rest 
 is to remain or stay behind; and restive is backward. 
 
 When 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 119 
 
 When back is applied to action, it may, by an easy 
 metaphor, signify again. To go back, or in the di- 
 rection of the back, is to go again over the same 
 course. To give back any thing is to return it, or 
 give it again. It is in this sense that the Preposition 
 re was generally used by the Latins, though its pri- 
 mary signification, back, was more attended to than 
 is commonly imagined. 4( Reponere, for example, 
 " (from ponere, to place) is either to put AGAIN 
 " with reference to time, or to put BACK in a retired 
 u part with reference to place. Recludere (from 
 " cludere, to shut), is to open, because it reverses by 
 " a traversing of the same place, or a repetition (or 
 " going back} of a similar process, the action of 
 " shutting *." Our word recluse presents another 
 figure of the particle re. It signifies shut up in a 
 retired place, as if back* or away from observation. 
 To repose, from the Latin pone re, has also the varied 
 senses which we have given to the Preposition re 
 It signifies to place again or to replace, and also to 
 keep back, or to lay up in reserve, in a private situa- 
 tion. These different significations of re are com- 
 mon in the composition of English words. We 
 have to repel, (from the Latin pel/ere, to drive,) to 
 beat back ; to return, to turn back ; and to recoil, to 
 fall back with rapidity and fear, shrinking into a 
 smaller space like the coil of a rope. Recondite, from 
 the Latin condere, to hide, is secre't, or hidden in a 
 place, back or remote from view. Remote is a form 
 
 of 
 * GILBERT WAKEFIELD. 
 
120 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 of the past Participle removed. To remove is literally 
 to move back or away : It has also the figurative 
 meaning, to move again. To rehear is to hear again ; 
 to remake is to make anevJ ; and to remount is to 
 mount another time. Re when placed before 
 vowels is often followed by a d to avoid the hiatus, 
 in the same manner that the French interpose a t 
 between Verbs ending in a vowel and the initial 
 vowel of the following word, and write aima-t-il for 
 alma /'/. From this mode of orthography we have 
 stich words as redundant^ flowing over or back 
 again, from the Latin unda, a w r ave ;. and to redeem, 
 to purchase back, from emere, to buy. 
 
 Retro. Re has been usually considered as an abbreviation 
 
 of retro. The latter however is more probably 
 a compound of the former with tram. Its power 
 in the Latin language^ both singly and in composi- 
 tion, is favourable to this etymology ; and it evi- 
 dently is analogous to contra and extra afterwards 
 to be explained. With respect to place it signifies 
 back from, and with regard to time it denotes a pe- 
 riod that is past. Including tram in its meaning^ 
 it speaks of a place or time at a certain distance. It 
 is in the direction of back, but it is also beyond* 
 The few words which we have with this prefix will 
 be evident; for instance retrospection, from the La-* 
 tin spectare, to view, is the view .of our past actions ; 
 for it is seldom applied in its literal sense, as the 
 looking back upon the path which we have travelled 
 over. 
 
 The 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 121 
 
 The Greek ana, in composition, is equivalent to Ana - 
 re. An anachronism, (From # time,) is an error 
 in the computation of dates by which an event is 
 placed further back, or earlier than it happened ; 
 things analogous, (from Aoy<s ? , a speech or dis- 
 course,) are such as we may speak of or define in 
 the same manner, such as may be. explained by 
 using again the same words ; and to analyze (from 
 **, I loose,) like to resolve, from solver e to free, is 
 to separate a compound into its primitive prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 The Latin post is properly translated after, whe- /w. 
 ther alone or in composition : To postdate is to date 
 after the real time, and postexistence is an after or 
 future existence. Post differs from re in denoting 
 the situation of one thing with respect to another, 
 whereas re is expressive of the change of the direc- 
 tion of motion to its opposite. We already re- 
 marked that before and after can be ascertained 
 only from the comparison of events. One thing is 
 placed or moved, and then^ or that done, the other is 
 situated, or follows. Post is from ponere, to place ; 
 whence positus, placed, which is sometimes con- 
 tracted into postus, in the same manner that cur . 
 word posture is derived from positura : Pone, 
 though not so common, was also used by the Latin 
 writers for after or behind. ' Post hunc diem, after 
 this day, signifies this day being placed or set by. 
 Our word past has sometimes a like meaning. The 
 Latin pes is the fool- ; the French pat is a step ; 
 
 I and 
 
122 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 and passer is literally to walk. " He came past the 
 " appointed hour" denotes that the hour proposed 
 had passed or gone by. Post does not include the 
 idea of distance ; it may be at or upon. Post ter- 
 tium diem is on the third day ; and to postfix is 
 to fix to the after side. The fact is that post ex- 
 presses the order of place only, and proximity, or 
 distance, is either supposed, or marked by the other 
 parts of the sentence. 
 
 &>re and The appearance and qualities of the most com- 
 mon objects are transferred to others by imagined 
 similitude. Face and front (from the Latin from, 
 the forehead,) are supposed to be applicable to in- 
 animate substances, though the words were origin- 
 ally limited to the human frame. It is thus that 
 we speak of \hefront or face of a building, as that 
 portion of its surface which bears the greatest ana- 
 logy to the face of a man. This being once estab- 
 lished, we speak of the back of a house, and of its 
 right and left wings: The exposure to which the 
 word front is more strictly applicable is that in 
 which is situated the porch or entry. It is there 
 that we are to pass in order to examine its internal 
 structure, in the same manner that we face the per- 
 son with whom we wish to be acquainted : Hence, 
 the place of entry has constituted another name for 
 that side of the building. The Latin foris (from 
 the Greek $*$, thura, in 'the Doric <pi/ s , phura^ 
 signifies a door ; and the Adverb for as or foris is 
 out of doors, equivalent to our word forth. The 
 
 English 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 123 
 
 English Adjective fore when applied to a building 
 expresses the door face, or front ; and of any other 
 object it is that side which is most exposed to view 
 or use. Fore is opposed to back ; before to behind; 
 md forward to backward. Before is by the fore side ; 
 and, from being originally a mark of prior situation, 
 has acquired an extended signification from nv ta- 
 phor and allusion. To stand before one is to usurp 
 his- situation. He was formerly jirst or fore most, but 
 is now last ; and hence fore came to signify in place 
 of. In this case it is spelt for, and " to fight for 
 " another" is to fight in the place of another. To 
 do any action in the place of or for another, especi- 
 ally if that action be accompanied with difficulty or 
 danger, suggests the idea of favour or advantage to 
 the individual in whose place we stand : On ac- 
 count of is therefore a very general use of the word 
 for, and is the meaning that it bears when termed a 
 Conjunction. 
 
 For as en account o/'is not an uncommon stretch 
 of figure. When we say " he did it for these rea- 
 "'sons/' we mean that these -^reasons went before 
 and determined his conduct. This is exactly the ' 
 same as if we had said Ci he did it in consequtnce ofi 
 " these reasons ;" consequence^ from the Latin se- 
 quor, I follow, expressing" that the action followed 
 or was after its motive. It is thence that/or has 
 been considered as synonymous with cause. Some 
 Philosophers have asserted that we can have no 
 other idea of cause and effect than, that the one is 
 
 I 2 observed 
 
124 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 observed regularly to follow the other ; and, in- 
 deed, the general structure of language appears in 
 their favour. To produce is merely to bring for- 
 ward, from the Latin pro, before, and ducere, to 
 lead. Effect, from ex, out of, zndfactus, made, is 
 made out of, and therefore after another. Premises 
 (frdm/>r<# and missus, sent before) and consequences, 
 have not naturally a necessary connection : They 
 signify only things of which the one is before and 
 the other after in point of time. 
 For signify- A S standing before another may be supposed to 
 
 ing against J J 
 
 be an obstruction or hinder ance, for also signifies op- 
 position, which is a word from a similar source. 
 The French formerly had fors, in place of their 
 present hors, signifying without or out of doors, 
 like the Latin forts. In this sense they have yet 
 many compounds, some of which we have adopted, 
 as, to foreclose, to shut out, &c. The use of for as 
 against and out is confined to composition. For is 
 generally in possession of the derivative meanings, 
 while fore and before are more particularly indica- 
 tive of priority either in time or place. Both words 
 are the same, but, when two orthographies are 
 4 adopted, it, .is not uncommon to apply one to the 
 more obvipus and the other to the consequent 
 meaning. Of this we have an instance in the word 
 some or sum, already explained, and various exam- 
 pies might be given from other languages. The 
 Dutch voor answers equally to our for and fore, 
 except in composition where voor is used to ex- 
 press 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 125 
 
 press priority like OUT fore, and *ver to mark opposi- 
 tion \ikefor. Thus they have voorstaan (to stand 
 before,) to protect, or defend ; and verbieden to for- 
 bid. We have very few words beginning with/^r, 
 but in the Saxon this prefix was used in all its 
 senses ; as, before, opposed to, out, and because. We 
 might illustrate our definition of for and fore t>y 
 examples, but our present business with these 
 v/ords is only as prefixes. To forbid is to oppose 
 what has been bidden ; forward is in the direction 
 of before, and, metaphorically, impudent ; to for- 
 bear is to bear forward, or to cany to a future pe- 
 riod what we might now execute ; foreknowledge is 
 previous knowledge ; and forehead is the front o.r 
 forepart of the head. 
 
 In the learned tongues, the different senses in ^' 
 
 ante, 
 
 which fore is understood are also observed in their 
 Prepositions which express priority. The Greek 
 anti signifies instead of or on account of; and in 
 composition it denotes opposed to . or against ; as, 
 antichristian, against Christianity, and anticourtier, 
 one who opposes the court. The Latin derivative 
 ante denotes before in its ordinary application to 
 place and time. As a prefix it has the same mean- 
 ing. To antedate is to date before the time ; ante- 
 meridian is before meridian or mid-day ; and, in a 
 house, a room that leads to another is spelt both 
 ways, antechamber and antichamber. The i in 
 anti is occasionally suppressed when preceding a 
 
 I 3 vowel, 
 
126 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 vowel, as, antagonist (from yy, agon, Greek, a com- 
 bat,) one who oppose?, or fights against another. 
 Qt - , Ob is another Latin Preposition having the pow- 
 er of fore or for, both alone and in its compounds. 
 It begins several English words, and, like some 
 other prefixes, drops the b, and, assuming the ini- 
 tial of the word to which it is joined, becomes oc, 
 of, &c. Obligation, from the Latin ligare, to tie, is 
 the action of binding before hand, by a promise or 
 otherwise. Obstruction, from structus, built, is 
 something built before one, in the wy so as to be 
 a hinderance. Words often vary their significa- 
 tion according to the views in which they are pre- 
 sented : To officiate, from ob zndfacere, to do, or 
 perform, is to perform any act for another, while 
 officious is too much in the way ; troublesome by 
 obtruding services. Officer is literally one who acts 
 for. or in the service of another -, and, if an officer 
 sometimes imply a superior or commander, it is only 
 in alluding to those over whom his office is extend- 
 ed ; for, with respect to his employer, he is a ser- 
 
 vant : 
 
 s , 
 
 " I should have been your officer and proud to serve 
 
 " you. The king makes me jour companion. This 
 " commission gives me a troop cf horse *." 
 
 fro and The Greek and Latin pro, and the Latin per and 
 
 have all a common origin, from %u to pierce 
 
 or pass through. We have already explained the 
 
 Preposition 
 
 * BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 12? 
 
 Preposition per. Pro and pr<z (in English pre) are 
 equivalent to for or fore , and differ from perns fore 
 from through. Both express an entry or passage y 
 but in the one we attend to the circumstance of #&- 
 tering or passing, and in the other to the place or 
 situation of the entry. From pro we have porch, a 
 gate j and /w/, an entry, from the Latin psrta. 
 The Greek fro is used to signify before in time or 
 place ; for, on account of, and in place of; and 
 forth or 0#f of. The Latin />r0 was more seldom ap- 
 plied as before, but usually as for, while pra had in 
 general an opposite usage. Pro and prte were the 
 /0r and/0r<? of the Romans. The compounds from 
 these Prepositions are numerous in our language, 
 and are, for the most part, derived from the Latin. 
 To proceed, from cedere, to depart, is to ^forward; 
 to procure, from curare, to take care of, is to ma- 
 nage or transact for another ; and to profane from 
 fanum, a temple, is to act against things that 
 are sacred. A pre-engagement is a fore engage- 
 ment ; to prejudge is to judge beforehand", and to 
 preside, from sedere, to sit, is to sit before or have 
 authority ever others. To pronounce from nuncio, 
 I tell, is to speak out ; to provoke from vocare to 
 call, is to call forth or forward ; and to preclude, 
 from cludere to close, is to shut out. 
 
 Prefer, (in Latin prater,} is pra tra, and has the p rettrf 
 conjoined meanings of pra and trans. It is there- 
 fore used to signify before, but separate from, beside % 
 or over and above that to which it is near. It also 
 
 denotes 
 
128 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 denotes opposed to, arising from the idea that it is 
 far before, or beyond another. It is found in preter- 
 natural, beyond, or opposite to what is natural, and 
 in a few other words. 
 
 Sui. The Latin sub signifies near, but under. It is 
 immediately or closely underneath. In its general 
 signification, both alone and in composition, it de- 
 notes under with respect to place, and, figuratively, 
 after with regard to time or station in life. When 
 applied to qualities it expresses their existence in 
 an inferior degree. As an English prefix it has 
 the same power as in Latin : Subaltern, from the 
 Latin alter, another, is one that has an office or si- 
 tuation under another ; to subdivide is to under di- 
 vide, or divide the parts of what has already been 
 divided ; subacid is acid in a small degree, or nearly 
 acid, and so of others. In expressing nearness, 
 sub is employed by a figure common to several of 
 the Prepositions, as con, by, &c. Sub is below, but 
 no distance is necessary. It may be at or on the 
 lower side, and therefore nearness follows by impli- 
 cation. Like ab, dis, &c. it sometimes drops the 
 b and reiterates the following consonant. To suc- 
 ceed, from the Latin cedere, is to follow after, or to 
 take the place of; and to supplant is to. plant under, 
 or to displace. 
 
 Suiter. The Latin subter, (probably from sub and trans} 
 like sub, signifies beneath, but not near. It is be- 
 low in opposition to above, not on but separate 
 frcm the lower side of the superior body. Subtez 
 
 begins 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 129 
 
 begins very few English words. A subterfuge from 
 fugere, to fly, is an evasion, some covering of 
 which we avail ourselves to escape under its shade. 
 Subter fluent is flowing beneath^ as a river below a 
 bridge. 
 
 The word under is also employed as a prefix, ud er and 
 and is equivalent to the Latin sub, immediately be- 
 neath. Heath, though not used except in compo- 
 sition, signifies the bottom^ as does the Dutch neden 
 and the German niedre. Under is contracted from 
 on-neder, and signifies on the bottom^ or lower side. 
 Like sub it also denotes near to but below, and 
 marks inferiority in degree. To understand is to 
 stand under or near^ and consequently to know 
 what would otherwise be hidden from view. The 
 Germans express the same idea by the help of the 
 Preposition ver, for, and stehen, to stand ; and have 
 verstehcn, to understand. 'To undertake is to take 
 something upon one 5 to stand below it. To un- 
 dervalue is to prize below the value ; and underplot 
 is a plot subordinate to another :- secondary and 
 contained within the principle scheme. Synony- 
 mous with sub and under is the Greek Preposition 
 I-?, hypQj which we have adopted with some words 
 from that language, as, hypothesis, the thesis laid 
 down^ or the basis over which any system is 
 erected. 
 
 Opposite to sub and under is the Latin super ^ Super, 
 above and upon. When applied to place^ it is more 
 exalted or higher in the same direction ; when to 
 
 quantity 
 
ISO INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 quantity it is greater than, something more or 
 above that of which we were speaking. Like sub it 
 implies contiguity. It is up-on, that is, on the upper 
 side ; and, as subter implies distance, so, when the 
 
 , Latins supposed a space to intervene they generally 
 employed supra. This, however, was not univer- 
 sally attended to, because that such accuracy of 
 distinction was seldom necessary. The English 
 upon and above are respectively equivalent to super 
 and supra ; and these also are often used without 
 discrimination. Supra does not appear in compo- 
 sition, but we have many words with the prefix 
 super. Superabundance is an over abundance ; to 
 super add is to add still more ; and supercargo is one 
 who is placed over the cargo and manages the sale. 
 
 i. Epi 9 among the Greeks, had the same power as 
 the Latin super and the English upon, though, from 
 the words with which it is connected, it has been 
 variously translated, as, by at, with, among, &c. 
 Upon may also have those different significations, 
 according to the general scope of the sentences in 
 which it is found. " I was upon the spot" may be 
 also at the spot. " It is upon the hour" denotes 
 that the hour is near, or, as we say, at hand. 
 The different Prepositions, in all languages, may 
 often be used in place of each other, agreeably to 
 the manner in which they are applied ; but their 
 distinguishing characteristics remain invariably the 
 same. With epl we have several words, as epide- 
 mical, (from V" 5 " demos, the people,) among the 
 
 people, 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 131 
 
 people, general ; and epilogue, (from Aoyas, a dis- 
 course^) a speech upon or after something done, as 
 at the end of a theatrical representation. Sometimes 
 the / is suppressed, as in epact, epode, &c. 
 
 The Saxon ufa, ufera, and ufemast, are equiva- up. 
 lent to up, upper or over, and upmost or uppermost, 
 and these again to high, higher, and highest. Up is 
 in use as a prefix. To uphold is to hold up or 
 >, to keep from falling ; upon is on the up or 
 side of a thing ; and upright is straight p, 
 without any deviation from the perpendicular line, 
 and figuratively honest or virtuous. 
 
 Over, or more up, has the power of the Latin Over. 
 super. It differs from upon as being indefinite in 
 degree, whereas upon expresses immediate superi- 
 ority. To overrate is to rate above its value ; and 
 to overcome is to subdue or conquer. When over 
 is applied to quantity it signifies excess, as, to over- 
 balance is to place more in one scale than balances 
 the other. When applied to distance it denotes 
 extent beyond what we speak of; to overstep is to 
 step beyond. It is hence nearly synonymous with 
 trans, as, " over the river" is on the other side of 
 the river or beyond it. Over when connected with 
 motion is from one side to the other, but it traverses 
 by passing above, not through, the substance or 
 medium ; and it is hence that to overspread is to 
 spread so as to cover the upper surface. 
 
 Besides the above we have prefixes from other jj y p er zn 
 languages expressive of superiority in height. Hyper, tur * 
 
 the 
 
 >' 
 
cata. 
 
 132 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 the Greek vm^ over,- above , or beyond, is found in 
 hyper critic, a critic in excess, and in a few other 
 words. The French sur is found principally in 
 words derived from that tongue : A surcharge is an 
 overcharge, or a charge upon and above one formerly 
 made ; t surfeit, fromfaire, to make, is to overdo, 
 applied chieiiy to overloading the stomach ; and./0 
 surmount is to mount or rise above another. 
 -wn and Up and down are the reverse of one another. 
 Up is high and down is /ow ; but high and /o-zc; are 
 employed as Adjectives, while up and down are 
 Adverbs. The etymology of these words has been 
 variously considered. The Latins expressed low 
 by humilis, on the ground ; and the French bas, 
 low, is also the lower part ; the base, bottom, or 
 foundation. Mr Tooke supposes that the relations 
 of place are generally the names of parts of the 
 human body, as head, toe, side, back, &c. ; and as 
 in composition up, top, and head, are equivalent, in 
 til ward, totward, headward ; upmost, topmost, &c. 
 he derives head, heaven, and upon, (ufon) from 
 the Anglo-Saxon Verb<heofan, to heave, or lift up. 
 Down he^believes to be the past Participle, dufen, 
 of dujian, to sink, dip, or dive, varied into dofen, 
 doven, dovn, doun, and DOWN. However this may 
 be, we can be at no loss to fix the meaning of the 
 term. ' Downward is in the direction of down or 
 low ; downright is straight down, undeviating ; and 
 downcast is cast down. Down may be either per- 
 pendicular or inclined, and hence the direction is 
 
 pointed 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 133 
 
 pointed out by the word that follows, as, " down the 
 bill" " down stairs" &c. On this account it may 
 be often superseded by other Prepositions : " dwn 
 the river" is along the course of the stream. The . 
 direction of the motion is, the same, with, by, or 
 according to, that of the river ; and hence the va* 
 ried translation which is given to some foreign sy- 
 nonymes of up and down. Of these we may here 
 notice the Greek cata which is prefixed to a few of 
 our words, as, catalogue, from Aey#, I name, or 
 number, a collection of names put down in a list. 
 
 The Latin con (varied into co, col, $om, and cor, c *. 
 according to the initial consonants before which it 
 is prefixed) is an inseparable Preposition signifying 
 junction, and answers to our with and together. 
 Cum was used separately, and is also Englished by 
 with, the root of the Saxon Verb with an, to join. 
 As an Adverb, distinguished by its accentual mark, 
 (cu?ji) it is equivalent to when or what time, and 
 was formerly quum. With and when are perfectly 
 synonymous if applied to Verbs. Two actions 
 happen together, with, or at the same, time with one 
 another : One happens when, or at the time, that 
 the other was transacting. Con is a very general 
 .English prefix. A coheir is an heir along with an- 
 other, a joint heir ; to collapse is to lapse or fall 
 together ; to compress is to press together ; and to 
 correspond is to respond or answer to one another, 
 
 The Greek syn is equal to the Latin con, of which s y . 
 it is the direct origin, con being formerly written 
 cyn. 
 
134 INTRODUCTION TO AM 
 
 cyn. As prefixes in our language they are in no 
 degree different, excepting that the compounds are 
 derived respectively from the separate tongues. 
 Before certain consonants syn is spelt syl or sym. 
 Symphony, from ?*, phone, a sound, is a concord of 
 musical sounds ; and synonymous , from woua, onoma 9 
 a name, is having the same name or signification. 
 Contra and Contra is compounded of con and trans, and 
 
 Counter. 
 
 partakes of the meaning of both Prepositions. It 
 implies that two things are together., but in such a 
 manner as to be placed opposite to, or over against 
 each other. The word has also the English form of 
 orthography, and is spelt counter, which is used 
 both singly and in composition. * Contradistinction 
 is the distinction of things particularly compared ; 
 and contradiction is opposition in diction or speech. 
 Counter is opposite ; to counteract 'is to act against 
 or contrary to ; and to counterbalance is to place an 
 equal weight in the opposite scale. 
 
 From circus a circle, or ring, was formed the 
 Latin Preposition circum, about or around. Bout is 
 a turn, and in Scotland a circuit of the wheel. Cir- 
 cumstances are things standing about or en every 
 side ; and circumspect, from spectare, to view, is 
 cautious, as if looking at every thing around us. 
 Circum, like around, whether alone or cornpound- 
 'ed, was generally confined to its literal significa- 
 tion, while circa was used in all the secondary 
 senses to which about is applied. Both are figura- 
 tively put for near to, either in tinte or in 'lace, 
 
 but 
 
 \ ' 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 135 
 
 but it is that sort of nearness which cannot be ac- 
 curately defined ; of which we know not whether 
 it be greater or less, whether it precedes or follows : 
 which as it were hovers ROUND the center of attrac- 
 tion. All the other meanings which have been 
 given to these words may be easily resolved into 
 the primary one of turning in a circle. 
 
 Amphi is a Greek Preposition equivalent to circa, Am f> il and 
 about, but is seldom used as an English prefix. 
 Amphitheatre is a circular theatre ; and amphibious 
 from /3/ ? , bios, life, is the quality of being able to 
 live by turns in the different elements of land and 
 water. The Latin inseparable Preposition amb, 
 and the Saxon emb, are derivatives from amphi ; 
 and the Greek ampho and the Latin ambo, equiva- 
 lent to our both, are branches of the same stem. It 
 is thence that we have such words as ambition, from 
 ire, Latin, to go, which, in its primary sense, was 
 merely a going round to canvas for votes of office, 
 and ambidexter , from dextra, the right hand, one 
 who is capable of using his left hand equally well 
 as his right. 
 
 The Greek peri also signifies about, and figura- ?-< 
 tively for or concerning. Perimeter is the measure 
 round a geometrical figure ; and periphrasis is a 
 round about phrase, or mode of speaking, a cir- ^ 
 {umlocution. It may here be mentioned that cibout, 
 from the French bout, an extremity, end, or boun- 
 dary, is the line that passes close to fhe limits of a 
 body. It is the bounding line whether that line 
 
 be 
 
136 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 be circular or not. The Greek m^ per as, is also a 
 bound or limit, and from hence may be the Preposi- 
 tion peri. In this view it differc from clrcum 01 ' circa. 
 We may say indifferently the circumference or the 
 periphery of a circle y which from ?g, and/m?, to 
 carry, signify the line drawn round the confines of 
 the //*/ / but in speaking of a square or triangle 
 it were proper to say its periphery rather than its 
 circumference. In this sort of translation from a fo- 
 reign language, attention must be paid to the ori- 
 ginal meaning of the term, independent of that by 
 which it is rendered. It seldom happens that we 
 can explain one vocable by another with sufficient 
 precision. A shade of distinction always arises 
 from their different derivations ; and though the 
 resemblance be in most cases correct, yet, oc- 
 casionally, an anomaly will be found to which our 
 supposed synonyme will be applied in vain. 
 
 The Preposition para signifies beside or near to ; 
 and as what is near may still be considered as sepa- 
 rate from or at some distance, it also denotes arvdy 
 from. .The words aside and beside have occasionally 
 a similar meaning. To step aside is to go away 
 fr'-m 9 though as it were still near to ; and of a man 
 whose intellects are deranged we say that " he is. 
 ieside himself.'* In boili cases we suppose a 
 neighbourhood between the one body and the other,, 
 (but in one case we attend to their separation and in 
 the other to their approach. Similar figures are 
 observable in other languages. The German nach % 
 
 near. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 137 
 
 near or at, also signifies after ; and apres, after, in 
 French is from a and pres, near to. We have 
 compounds of para in both its senses- Parable, 
 (Latin, parabola) from the Greek /SAA, balk, to 
 throw or put, signifies a bringing together or com- 
 parison of things, applied to an allegorical tale; and 
 paradox, from $*, # opinion, is a seemingly extra- 
 vagant assertion, what is beyond belief. 
 
 Para or near may be applied to quality or dp- -P**- and 
 pearance, in which case it will signify similarity* 
 From hence comes the Latin par, equal, even, or 
 alike. It marks likeness such as may be supposed 
 to subsist between a pair matched together. Par is 
 therefore in composition an equal, a mate, or a 
 partner. Paramour is a partner in love, from the 
 French amour. The relations of equality may be 
 differently formed. The Saxon prefix efen, even, 
 signified con, and also equal like our equi. Equi is 
 from the Latin <zquus, equal or #/;, formed from 
 the Pronouns ea and quis, that 'which or the same. 
 Hence we have equidistant, having the same dis- 
 tance, and equivalent, of the same value. Some- 
 times the / is dropt before a vowel, as in equa* 
 tion, the action of making equal, or the result of 
 such an action \ and equanimity^ from the Latin. 
 animus, the mind, evenness or equality of mind. 
 
 The position of a thing may also be represented of ; and 
 by stating that it occupies j or does not occupy, a 
 certain specified situation. In the one case it is in, 
 and in the other out of, the place mentioned. We 
 
 K already 
 
 tut. 
 
138 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 already stated that in and place are in a certain view 
 synonymous ; but this perhaps arises rather from 
 the affinity than the similarity of the original ideas. 
 Words from different sources have nevertheless their 
 occasional points of confluence. Place is that portion 
 of space which a body occupies. The Greek *8y, lego, 
 I lie down, forms A^O?, lechos, a bed, or place to lie in; 
 and hence the Latin lectus, of the same signification, 
 and locus, a place, in general. To lie is also spelt 
 to ly, and when used actively (that is to say when 
 the object is different from the agent, for all Verbs 
 are active?) it is written to lay. The Saxon legan is 
 both to lie and to lay, and lega is a place ; as are 
 also the French lieu, the Italian luoga, and our 
 word lodge. Words in pi, pr, &c. are often form- 
 ed by contraction from some Preposition (probably 
 Greek *') expressive of existence, like bl, si, &c. af- 
 terwards to be noticed. The Latin placare, to pacify, 
 is literally to allay, or put to rest. P lander e, to 
 applaud, differs nothing from laudare. To praise 
 is to 'beraise, to lift up, in the same manner that to 
 extol is from ex and toller e. To place, then, is to lay, 
 and is analogous to state, stead, and station, from the 
 Latin stare to stand ; and to situation, from situs, a 
 site. Stall and still ^ are akin to the German stellan, 
 to place; and hence to forestall, t r j install, Sec. The 
 various feelings of the mind are denominated from ob- 
 jects and actions around us. The spirits are sunk and 
 depressed; or they are raised and exhilarated; or 
 they flow in a smooth and equal stream. We are 
 
 inflamed 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 139 
 
 inflamed and burn with rage ; or we are cooled by 
 reason and philosophy. Our passions are aroused, 
 stirred up, and awakened; or they are settled, 
 stilled, and lulled to repose. 
 
 The etymologies of in and out have not yet been Etymoip- 
 satisfactorily investigated. The Saxon inn, besides 
 corresponding with the Preposition in, signifies a 
 house, and particularly a bedchamber, like the Latin 
 cubiculum. It also denotes any cell or cavern, and 
 is applied to the belly or interior of the body. The 
 same word was used, like our inn, to express a 
 house appropriated to the accommodation and lodg- 
 ing of travellers. Of out we have not been able to 
 discover a separate or original usage, but its power 
 may be completely ascertained from its synonymes, 
 the old French fors, the Latin for as, and our forth, 
 already explained. In and out are directly the re- 
 verse of one another. In is contained or housed ; 
 cut is forth or at the door. Out may be either near 
 or distant. What is without the pale may be either 
 at or away. It does not necessarily follow that 
 what is out has ever been in, though this is often 
 supposed by implication. In this case however out 
 of is generally applied. The Saxon is ut, and, with 
 a similar orthography, we have utter, farther out, 
 and utmost, farthest out, or at the greatest distance: 
 these words are also written outer, outmost, and outer- 
 most. In composition out may be sometimes explain- 
 ed figuratively by over or beyond. To outbid is to bid 
 ve or Icy ond another ; outside is that side of a 
 K 2 body 
 
140 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 body which is exposed to what surrounds it or i$ 
 outwards ; and outstanding is what has not yet been 
 
 got in, what stands without from where it should be* 
 The Greek ^ ^ or 4 ^ and the Ladn e or 
 
 ex, signify out ; but they appear to originate from 
 a word expressing the exclusion under a different 
 form. Ex is more properly out of: the body out 
 is understood to have been once within, or to have 
 formed a part of the other. Ex bears the same re- 
 lation to off or of, that in does to on, and in many 
 eases the distinction is imperceptible. When ex is 
 applied to a body formed from the substance of an- 
 otherj it is in the same style of metaphor that sup- 
 poses the statue to have previously existed in the 
 block of marble. Most of the compounds from 
 this Preposition are of Latin origin* Excrescence, 
 from crescere, to grow, is any thing growing out of 
 another ; to exclude, from cludere, to close, is to 
 shut out ; exit, from ire, to go, is a going out, and 
 so of others. Extra is a compound of ex and 
 trans, and signifies out beyond. It is translated by 
 over, above, and such like words : lilms, extraordi- 
 nary is more than ordinary ; and extravagant, from 
 vagans, wandering, is going beyond bounds. . 
 A or an; in- In a former part of this Introduction we gave 
 examples of in as employed in composition; and 
 we have now to notice the same word varied in iti 
 appearance. The Saxon on means in, and from 
 thence we have the prefix an before vowels and a 
 before consonants* Words of this formation be- 
 long 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 141 
 
 long to' the class of Adverbs, as, aright, along, and 
 alive, which answer to the Saxon on righte, on 
 lenge, and m life. In is joined to trans, forming 
 inter, intra, and Intro. The place expressed by in 
 may be surrounded by other bodies ; and to get at 
 the situation it may be necessary to go over, through, 
 o-r trans, the encircling medium, which passage is 
 sometimes denoted in English by in through. When 
 two or more bodies are on different sides of it, the 
 inclosed object is said to be between or among these 
 bodies. When the place is supposed to be a cavity, 
 in the center of a continuous substance, we say 
 that the thing contained is 'within. The former of 
 these situations is generally indicated, in Latin, by 
 inter, and the latter by intra or Intro. From thence 
 intrare, to pierce, or go in, and our Verb to enter. 
 To interpose, is to place between; to introduce (from 
 ducere, to lead,) is to usher into a place ; and to 
 enterprise is to enter into a hazardous undertaking. 
 The significations of many of the Prepositions 
 are peculiarly modified when they refer to multi- 
 iude. They are applicable to each and to all of the 
 individuals of the group, and, hence, they have 
 both a distributive and a collective power. " Through 
 " life" is through every period, and to the conchi- 
 sion of existence. " To go through the city" may 
 be either to pass from one end to the other, or to 
 visit every street and square. The Prepositions in 
 such cases undergo no change of meaning; for the 
 ambiguity is occasioned by the collective Nouns. 
 
 K 3 When 
 
142 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 When this collection is composed of spaces of time, 
 as days, weeks, months, &c. the Prepositions are 
 equivalent to during : " per multqs annos," during 
 many years. " To live/or, out, or through, a long 
 " period," and " to live during a long period," 
 are synonymous. It is only by the known measures 
 of space ajid time that magnitude and duration can 
 be expressed ; and, when the extent of either is un- 
 limited, the body which should serve as a compa- 
 rison (THAT, with, under, above, through, by, or 
 over, which the other stands or moves,) is left un- 
 described. Continual is from the Latin con and te- 
 nere, to hold together, and denotes an undivided, 
 unbroken succession in space or time, either for a 
 certain kngth or in general, as the other parts of 
 the sentence shall limit or leave indefinite. " It 
 u moved continually for a year" signifies that some- 
 thing moved during a year without stopping. " It 
 " moves continually, 99 or, " it shall move continu- 
 " ally," supposes no period to the motion. Per- 
 petual, from perpetuare, Latin, to GO through, has a 
 similar usage. " To move perpetually," is to move 
 ver. onwards to the end, without interruption. Ever is 
 equal to over in the sense of the Latin perpes, that 
 is, perpetual, entire, or going through the who'e. 
 Every is over, attending to each individual. Ever 
 is seldom confined in its signification, but, when it 
 is so, it refers to some whole which is expressed cr 
 understood. " If ever I meet him" is, if I meet 
 - |iim at any point over the general extent of time. 
 
 " Wherever 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 c * Wherever I meet him," is over what place he 
 may travel. In composition ever i$ usually syno- 
 nymous with perpetual or always : everlasting is 
 continual ; and ever during is always enduring. 
 
 To whatever depth we may push our metaphy- 
 sical abstractions ; and however much, from the 
 play of words, we may imagine ourselves to be wise 
 when we are only profound, a slight inquiry into 
 the origin of terms would easily point the path to 
 reason and nature. Those words in all languages 
 which have been supposed to convey the idea of 
 endless duration are derived from the expressions of 
 time. The Greek MV, aion, and the Latin <zvuw, 
 indicate, in their literal sense, an age or period of 
 action ; and are often employed to denote^ lie du- 
 ration. Mternitas^ from tevum (**<) and trans, is, 
 in its origin, a long period, or beyond an age. Al- 
 ways is in all ways. Ever, perpetual, and continual 
 have been already explained. Attention to this 
 unvaried application of language to what is cogni- 
 zable by the senses, may be highly useful in tracing 
 the extent of its figurative dominion j and these ob- 
 servations will not here be deemed impertinent, 
 when it is recollected that no words have given rise 
 to more unmeaning and useless discussions, than 
 those that refer to consciousness or life, which is 
 the subject of the succeeding article. 
 
 It is not to be presumed as probable that the 
 .formation of language was the result of speculative 
 investigation. The peasants of the rude ages of 
 
 .society, 
 
144 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 society, in stating that any particular parson r 
 thing lived or -lay in their neighbourhood, could 
 have none of those perplexing and half-meaning 
 ideas which constitute the jargon of the schools. 
 They must have contented themselves with simply 
 asserting an existence, leaving its substratum and its 
 modes to be explained by future philosophers. The 
 fact is, that being and life are generally denomin- 
 ated by words expressive of posture and situation. 
 Exist is a compound of the Latin ex and sisto or 
 sto, I stand. We have adopted our word state di- 
 rectly from stare i while the French estre, to be, and 
 estat^ state, are formed from esse and existere, both 
 signifying to be. The Latin vivere, and its English 
 io live, express the existence of animated objects ; or 
 of such as are supposed to be so, from the crite. 
 rions referred to by common observers, motion 
 and , the necessity of nourishment or food. It is 
 hence that the compounds, in both languages, are 
 indicative of activity and briskness, as well as of the 
 means by which existence is prolonged. Quick is 
 opposed to dead ; it also denotes agility of mo- 
 tion, and motion opposed to rest. Being, when op- 
 posed to nonentity, is not necessarily connected 
 with life. It marks only that the object to which it 
 refers is 1 to be found in nature, without asserting or 
 denying its' animation. To be and by were, in the 
 Saxon and in the earlier periods of our tongue, of 
 indiscriminate orthography ; and their meaning is the 
 same, excepting that the latter spelling is now used 
 
 to 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 145 
 
 to the literal signification* By is at the side of, and, 
 when applied as a Verb, (to be) it is to stand beside 
 one ; an idea scarcely in the least degree differing 
 from to exist. It was in a similar metaphor that 
 the Romans expressed death by a separation^ or 
 leaving the scene of our knowledge ; for exire, to 
 go out, from ex and ire, to go, also signified to die. 
 What are termed Substantive Verbs in all lan- 
 guages originate in a similar manner with the Verb 
 to be. Id erat in Latin, // etoit in French, and it 
 was in English, all assert that sojntfbing of which 
 we were speaking stood or lay, at some past time, 
 in some particular place ; but the expression is ge- 
 neral, for what the thing was, and when or where 
 it was to be found, is left to be explained by other 
 parts of the sentence, 
 
 It is with be as a prefix that we are here chiefly Be as a 
 concerned ; and, in this situation, it has both the pre x ' 
 varieties of meaning which we have ascribed to be 
 or by. They are indeed but different views of the 
 same definition, and, on a close inspection, we are 
 unable to draw the line of distinctions, To beware 
 is to be aware ; beside is by the side of ; and to be- 
 friend is to be the friend of. In the Saxon almost 
 every Verb had its compound with this prefix ; 
 and, like our to as the mark of action, it served in 
 most cases merely to state the existence of what the 
 Verb expressed. To, too, be, and by, have an 
 evident fraternity. It is thus that we are to ac- 
 count for such Verbs as -to bedaub, to besprinkle -, to 
 
 Bespatter, 
 
INTRODUC riON TO AN 
 
 bespatter , &c. which differ from their primitives, to 
 daub) to sprinkle i and to spatter ', only in referring di- 
 rectly to the object of the action, while the latter 
 point more immediately to the means. Thus, it 
 were better to besprinkle the floor with vinegar, and 
 to sprinkle vinegar on the floor : be, in this case 
 signifying upon, is equivalent to by. 
 
 BI and lr. When the prefix be is followed by / or r, there 
 are some instances in which the e is suppressed, and 
 the b is blended with the succeeding consonant. 
 Thus black) from its expressing the absence of co- 
 lour, may be compounded of be and lack^ or want- 
 ing ; and a derivation of night is almost obvious, 
 which would strengthen the supposition by analogy. 
 It may be thus that blczcan^ in Saxon, has two sig- 
 nifications apparently opposite. It is not only /? 
 blacken , but to bleach or whiten. If our observa- 
 tions be just it denotes neither, but merely to take 
 away ; and, when applied to colour, may be either 
 to make black or white according to circumstances* 
 Bleak mountains are such as bear no vegetation. 
 To block is the Saxon belucan^ to shut or lock up, 
 Brim and rim are synonymous 
 
 With is equivalent to the Latin cum and the 
 English join. In the Gothic it is the imperative of 
 the Verb withan, to join, and in the Saxon of 
 wyrthan 9 to be or become ; for in addition to its 
 meaning of beside, it was also, like by, used to sig- 
 nify existence. As prefixes the Saxons understood 
 qvith and -be in the same sense, and sometimes they 
 
 used 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 147 
 
 used them indiscriminately, as beforan and with* 
 for an, for before; beutan and wlthutan for without and 
 but) and so of others. Without is therefore be out 
 or out by, expressive of being in company with an- 
 other but by, at, or on the outside, and not /# the 
 the same place. With, like con, sometimes signi- 
 fies against, but this use is figurative and common 
 to some of the other Prepositions, as ob, anti, &c. 
 Such shades of meaning depend entirely on the 
 context. Thus, " to fight with one" may be to 
 fight against him, provided there be no other oppo- 
 nent in the field ; but it may also denote fighting 
 on the same side, as when we say u I fought with 
 " him against our enemies," It is thus that we are 
 to explain to withstand, to withhold, and the like. 
 
 The root es of the French estre, to be, performs E, and 
 the same part as a prefix to Verbs in that language J/1 
 as be and with in the Saxon and English : it is to 
 be, make, or become what the additional word de- 
 notes. Thus from changer, to change, they have 
 exchanger, to exchange, to change by or with ano- 
 ther. Clair is light, clear, or shining, and esclairer 
 is to enl'ghtcn. This prefix has so generally pre- 
 vailed among the French ; and when speaking of a 
 thing the addition of to, be, es, or any other mark 
 of its existence, causes, in many cases, so little al- 
 teration in the sense of the original vocable,, that the 
 compound often remains while its root is no more 
 to be found. This together with the elision of 
 vowels HI ay account for many of pur words in /, 
 
 'Sri 
 
INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 br ; st 9 spy &c. being considered as primitives ; 
 while, could we investigate their origin, they might 
 be found to be compounded. Squadron, for in- 
 stance, is the French esquadron or escadron, and . 
 means a number of men, or other things, disposed 
 in the form of a square, or cadre, from quatre or 
 qtfadre, four. Square is from esquarrir to make 
 square or quarre ; that is, td form a figure with 
 four sides. Hence we speak of " a perfect square," 
 denoting that the sides are equal ; though oftener 
 the equality is presumed, in the same manner that 
 cc to quarter a circle" supposes an equal division. 
 Strange with us signifies uncommon and unknown. 
 The French estrange is literally distant, from es and 
 the Latin trans, to be distant or beyond ; and hence 
 it is applied to what is foreign (without doors) or be- 
 longing to another nation. Estr anger, the Verb, is 
 to chase away. 
 
 ES and ex Comparing es with ex we find a considerable re^ 
 semblance. Escbanger is Englished by to exchange, 
 and estrange is synonymous with extraneous. To 
 expend, from the Latin fenders, to weigh, is the 
 same with to spend, and expedition, from pes, the 
 foot, is equivalent to speed. May we not then con- 
 jecture that ex, out and esse, to be, are the same ? 
 To state that a thing exists, or is, we must serve 
 ourselves with the expressions of place ; and, in 
 
 ^ making such an assertion, we merely say that the 
 
 thing exists, or is beside, with, out, or in any way 
 different from ourselves. 
 
 It 
 
' 
 
 ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 149 
 
 It is pleasing to observe the coincidence between of 
 language and philosophy. Negatives are incapable 
 of expressing any abstract idea of nonentity, because 
 no such power of abstraction belongs to the hu- 
 man mind. They either take away the substance 
 of which we speak, and then as to us nothing re* 
 mains ; or, by a process analogous to the infini- 
 tesimals of the Mathematician, they mark the zero 
 of existence, by the least of observable objects. The 
 Greek inseparable Preposition n, the Latin Adverb 
 me, and our no, denote the absence or want of that 
 to which they refer. They are the opposite of 
 present or possession, expressed by aye, yes, or be. 
 Aye, yea, and yes, are the French Imperatives aye 
 and ayez, have thou and have ye, of the Verb avoir, 
 to have. " Give or grant me this." " YES" - 
 " have it." - " No" - " away with it." It 
 is thus that we indicate assent or denial. That ab- 
 sence is the true meaning of the Latin ne may be 
 admitted from its correspondence with the Con- 
 junction lest, which arises from the Saxon lesan, to 
 dismiss or send away. In French, ne and non re- 
 quire some qualifying additions in order to express 
 complete negation. Pas, a step, is a single move- 
 ment and denotes the smallest motion ; ne pas, is 
 not a step. A point is the least mark, and figura- 
 tively little or nothing, like iota (and/;/) the name 
 of the Greek letter <, /'; ne point is none, not a iota. 
 This kind of double negative was formerly used in 
 English " He ne did not" is a common phrase in 
 
 Chaucer j 
 
150 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 . Chaucer ; and we have still similar modes of writ- 
 ing, as, " not at all;" " not in the least" &c. No 
 and not have different forms of usage. No is ap- 
 plied to express the negation of things ; and not to 
 express that of actions, No has the effect of an Ad- 
 jective ; and not of an Adverb. When we say, 
 '* he has not money," we assert that he is destitute 
 of money, in opposition to those who say or believe 
 that he has it : Here the not is applied to the Verb 
 has. But when we say " he has no money," we 
 allude to no opinion of others, but use no merely in 
 opposition to some : In this case no is an Adjective 
 to the word money. 
 
 M, nt g , no, We have privative Prefixes from some of the 
 Negatives above mentioned. Ne is connected with 
 a few words. Necessity from the Latin cedere to 
 yield or give place to, is what cannot be set aside ; 
 need is neth, no-ness or want ; and never is ne-ever. 
 The Latin ncc or neque is not that, and hence (trans- 
 forming the c into g) is negare, to deny. Negation 
 and negative are from this source ; and, from fegcre, 
 to gather, was formed the Latin Verb negligcre, to 
 neg'ect. The inseparable Preposition nan is equiva- 
 lent to not, as in ndnexistcnce, nonsense, nonresidence, 
 &c. the composition of which is obvious. No ap- 
 pears in nothing, nowhere, &c. 
 
 Mis. The Latin missus, thrown away, is probably the 
 origin of our Verb to miss, which signifies to throw 
 'wide of the mark to send the arrow a" v ay from the 
 point where it should hit. In a consequent sense, 
 
 when 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 151 
 
 when we do not find a thing where we expected it 
 to be, we say we miss it, A man misses his money 
 when he looks for it after it is gone, and misses his 
 friend when that friend cannot be found at the time 
 he has need of his services. Amis.* is away from 
 the right path, and figuratively criminal; a mean- 
 ing which is also given to other words that indicate 
 irregularity of course. To go astray is to wander 
 from our road ; it is also to do wrong or be vicious. 
 Error is from the Latin errare, to go out of the 
 way, and signifies a mistake in moral conduct. Hu- 
 man life has, in all ages and nations, been compared 
 to a journey which we may perform well or ill. 
 Conduct is the guidance of our travels, and morals 
 is synonymous with ways* It is in this sense that 
 we use mis as a prefix. Misconduct is wrong con- 
 duct, and to misapply is to apply improperly. 
 
 Right is the Latin rectus, the past Participle of j?/; and 
 regere, to govern. The Saxon is reht, and rehtan 
 is regere, to direct or rule ; to order and guide the 
 course, or to point out the path that ought to be 
 followed. A ruler or regulator, is the person or 
 thing that marks the road which we should tread. 
 Right or rectus is therefore undeviating. It is also 
 straight and regular, opposed to crooked and per- 
 verse. Wrong is an old past Participle of the Verb 
 to wring, and'forl, its equivalent in French, is from 
 the Latin tortus, crooked or twisted. Rcct and 
 recti are prefixes. Rectilinear is straight lined, and 
 rectitude is the same with righteousness. Qrtba, 
 
 from 
 
INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 from the Greek ^, straight, has a similar mean- 
 ing. Orthography, from y^> I write, \$ accurate 
 writing ; and orthodoxy, from <M;*, doxa^^. dogma, 
 denotes true belief. 
 
 ?, *tra> By an easy transition, right and wrong are also 
 expressive of <?&/ and evil. The latter^ however, 
 are often denoted by other metaphors. " Among 
 " most nations black, the colour of darkness, has 
 " been associated with the ideas of crime or misfor- 
 " tune, and whi:e with innocence and happiness. The 
 " modern Greeks indifferently use the word mav- 
 " /or to signify a /#<: or an unhappy man. An 
 u East Indian who has committed a fault says, with 
 " shame, that he is black. The Black Sea has ac- 
 " quired its name only because of the frequent 
 " shipwrecks on its coasts. The Turks attribute 
 <c ill omens to the colour of black, and view it with 
 " repugnance. The Europeans mourn, and array 
 " the Ministers of Religion and Justice, who are 
 " equally supposed to have renounced pleasure, in 
 66 black *." Noxious, hurtful, is an Adjective 
 from the Latin nox, night. The Prefix male sig- 
 nifies evil. Malecontcnts are these who are /// con- 
 \ 
 
 tented, and male administration is a bad or w, -ong. 
 administration. The word is Latin from tha 
 Greek p&as, me/us, black, a compound of f*v, mtj 
 and SAJI, the light of the Sun. In a figurative sense 
 it was evil or deprived. The Latin ater, black y 
 
 * CHENIER'S ACCOUNT OP MOROCCO. 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 153 
 
 ) gloomy , &c. has an origin similar to our word 
 if lack; it is the Greek Adverb ^, ater, without or 
 wanting. It is thence that we have atrocious, cruel, 
 and atrabilarious, having a gloomy mind. Atrabi- 
 larious is literally black bile, and melancholy, from 
 the Greek, has exactly the same signification. 
 Black bile was supposed by the ancients to form a 
 peculiar temperament. 
 
 The prefix bene is the Latin Adverb bene, well Seat and 
 or rightly, from bonus, good, as male is from mains, 
 evil. Benediction, from dlcere, to speak, is speak- 
 ing m77, or blessing ; and benefactor, from y#/0, I 
 do, is a friend, or one who does 00<f offices. The 
 Latin termination ignus expresses quality like me 
 in canine, &c. formerly explained. It is sometimes- 
 Englished by Ign, as in malign or benign, having an 
 evil or a 00rf disposition. # is a Latin Interjec- 
 tion and a Greek Adverb, both equivalent to bene, 
 and is prefixed to a few English words. Eulogy is 
 a speaking #// of, or in praise of another, and eu- 
 phony is an agreeable sound. 
 
 The residence of mankind in society has also fur- 
 nished names for virtue and vice. The metropolis 
 of an empire, being the seat of its rulers, has al- 
 ways either possessed, or pretended to possess^ a re- 
 finement of manners, superior to the fustic inha- 
 bitants around it. The Greek *<>*<?, polls ^ a town, is 
 from TT^vg, many ; and the Latin civis, a citizen, is 
 derived from coire to assemble. Urbs (perhaps 
 from orlis, a circle) is a city surrounded with walls. 
 
 L All 
 
 
INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 All these have their derivatives expressive of ele- 
 gance and the mutual chanties of life. We have 
 politeness^ urbanity, civility, civilization, &c. Cour- 
 teous is possessing the manners of a court^ and to 
 polish is likewise applied to the smoothing^ or re- 
 moving of the rugged inequalities, of material ob- 
 jects. On the contrary, the inhabitants of the 
 country have been stigmatized as rudt, ignorant , and 
 brutal ; and, among the Greeks and Romans, 
 fa*pi, (barbaros} and barbaru^ a barbarian^ which 
 literally meant a foreigner , was charged, by implica- 
 tion., with all the Ignorance and vice of which they 
 were accustomed to accuse their enemies. He was 
 foolish and stupid ; savage and cruel. 
 
 The Latin vicus, from vincire, to join together, 
 denoted a collection of houses in the country. Its 
 diminutive -villa was applicable to a single house, 
 the habitation of the farmer. From this we have 
 formed village, a junction of rural habitations, equi- 
 valent to vicus. In their general style of contempt 
 for every thing \yithout the walls of the city, the 
 Romans had vitium, virtus, vilis, and others, which 
 we have adopted in vice, vitious, vilf, &c. A vil- 
 lain in our law books is simply an inhabitant of a 
 village, one who is the vassal of his Lord. In 
 its ordinary acceptation it includes every vice. The 
 derivatives of v'mcire are numerous. In one view 
 * D ' it becomes vincere, to vanquish ; and hence victory > 
 conquest, and 'victim, the prisoner, who was bound 
 in chains. A vice is an instrument for holding or 
 
 pressing 
 
ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 155 
 
 pressing things together. Vicinity is neighbourhood, 
 and vicissitude is interchange of place or situation. 
 The latter Is from the Latin Adverb vicissim, by 
 turns. The original idea expressed by vicissim is 
 together, jointly, or conjoined; but separate acts thus 
 performed, or two events, of an opposite nature, 
 thus recorded, must necessarily suppose alterna- 
 tion. The vicissitudes of heat and cold are their 
 conjunction ; but the conjunction of such impressions 
 must be of that kind which tread on the heels 
 of one another. Vicus, village, and place, are si- 
 milar. The Latin vice is, therefore, in place or 
 instead of, and is prefixed to several words, as, 
 viceroy, from the French roy, a. king, one who 
 rules in place of a king. 
 
 Our account of the prefixes now draws to a close. Nonas ^d 
 
 . 1 r i - Adjectives 
 
 In addition to what we nave mentioned, many used 
 words are employed for that purpose, which will 
 fall to be explained in the body of the work ; for 
 they do not differ, in composition, from their pri- 
 mitive power. Of these are life, hand, foot, high, 
 low, land, house, and a multitude of others, as ex- 
 emplified in lifer ent, handsome, football, highway, 
 lowbred, landholder, housewife, &c. They present 
 a conjunction of roots, and the definition may be 
 referred to either class. We have likewise a num- 
 ber of words, adopted from foreign languages, 
 which are formed in a similar manner ; but the 
 meaning of each part is so well ascertained, and 
 they are, besides, applied in so few cases, that a 
 L 2 simple 
 
1,56 INTRODUCTION TO AN 
 
 simple translation will be sufficient for our pur- 
 pose. The following are all which at present we 
 think it necessary to notice, giving an example 
 
 of each. The others will be found under some 
 
 \ 
 
 of their roots, in the order of the Dictionary : 
 similar From the Greek w^ew, anthropos, a man, and 
 ?*v?' phagos, a dev ourer, we have anthropophagi, man- 
 eaters. From /Ing, aster i a star, arid a?*?**, onoma, a 
 name, is formed astronomy , the science of the stars. 
 Geography, the description of the earth, is from y*, 
 ge, the earth, and w$*> I write. From V 5 , -homos, 
 alike, and ygas, <?0;r, kind, we have homogeneous, of 
 the j#;/tf kind ; and from '*%;, hetercs, another, \ve 
 have heterogeneous, of a different kind. Hierarchy, a 
 government of the priesthood, is derived from l sf, 
 hiereus, a priest or sacred person. Hydrophobia, 
 the canine madness, in which the dread of water is 
 said to constitute the chief symptom, is compound- 
 ed of \la^ hydor, water, and $6/20?, p ho bos, fear. 
 From ptsu, miseo, I hate, and ?**, philec, I love, are 
 formed misanthrope, a hater, and philanthropist, a 
 lover- of mankind. Zoology, the description of 
 animals, is from *>$, sow, living, or *, an animal. 
 Compounds From the Latin aqua, water, we have aqueous, 
 watery ; aqueduct a water course, and some others. 
 From manus, the han,d, we have manuscript, hand- 
 writing. From cerium, the heavens, and terra, the 
 earth, are formed the Adjectives celestial and /?r-? 
 restrial, heavenly and earthly. The Arabic Par- 
 tide al signifies the. It is prefixed to several word? 
 
 brought 
 
i ANALYTICAL DICTIONARY. 157 
 
 brought from the East ; as, alcoran, the koran, or 
 bible of the Mahometans, from karaa, to read. 
 Al koran, is the Reading, a title of eminence, cor- 
 responding to the Scripture (the Writing of the 
 Jews and Christians. The prefix pur is the French ****> 
 four. It is synonymous with for, and ought to 
 have been noticed when treating of that Preposition. 
 To purpose is to place for or on account of, that is 
 to intend for ; pursuit, from the French sui-vrc, to 
 follow, is following for, or in chase of; and pur- 
 lieus, from Iieu 9 a place, is the fore places, environs, 
 or outskirts of any inclosure or other specified situ- 
 ation. 
 
 'At the conclusion of our introductory labours, Conclusion. 
 we may be allowed to anticipate, and to apologise 
 for, some of the faults of which they will be ac- 
 cused. Didactic works are, in general, either too 
 laconic for the ignorant, or too garrulous for the 
 learned ; and it is, probably, impossible to satisfy 
 both classes in the same production. The sin that 
 most easily besets a writer is prolixity, but here it 
 was, in many places, unavoidable. In treating of 
 subjects hitherto but little attended to, it was neces- 
 sary to dwell on the proofs of what might other- 
 wise be rejected as fanciful ; and yet, after all, 
 much illustration has been suppressed, lest the 
 more instructed Reader should yawn over a twice- 
 told tale. It were, perhaps, better for an Author 
 who hopes for the approbation of the Public, to 
 
 limit 
 
INTRODUCTION, &C. 
 
 limit his excursions into unfrequented ground ; but 
 Etymology is one of the tractiess wilds of Nature ; 
 while we stray we are allured by the charms of 
 novelty : we wander from shrub to shrub, and 
 from tree to tree, till we can no longer recover the 
 beaten path which surrounds without entering the 
 forest. 
 
 PJNIS, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A 
 
 A P ^ 
 
 A, a privative Prefix, explained T 111 
 
 , or AN, a Prefix forming Adverbs HO 
 , AB or ABS, a Prefix -~ 110, 112 
 
 ABLE, a Termination 78 
 
 ABLY, , 82 
 
 ABSTRACTION, nature of 17 
 
 ACCENTS, of .41 
 ACCUSATIVE Case 37, 107 
 
 ACE, a Termination 93 
 
 AD, a Prefix 111 
 
 - , ADE, or ADO, a Termination 95 
 ADJECTIVES, of 16,72,155 
 ADVERBS, of -^ 19, 35, 86, 140 
 
 AFTER, definition of *- 34 
 
 AGE, a Termination , 89 
 
 A L, a Prefix , 156 
 
 , a Termination 77 
 
 AMB and AMP HI, Prefixes , 185 
 
 AN, a Prefix _ HI, 140 
 
 a Termination -^3,5 
 
 ANA, a Prefix . 121 
 
 , a Termination ., . 36 
 
 ANCE and ANT, Terminations 74 
 
 ANTE and ANTI, Prefixes 125 
 
 ANTHROPO, a Prefix L- 156 
 
 APO, __ _ HO 
 
 AQUA, * _ ]56 
 
 AR, a Termination , . 77 
 
 ARCH, a Prefix and Termination 103 
 
 ARD, a Termination _, - , 97 
 
 ARTICLES, 
 
11 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 ARTICLES, of 21, 59 
 ARY, a Termination 
 
 As, distinguished from So 53 
 
 ASTER, a Prefix . 156 
 
 ATE, ATION, ATOR, &c. Terminations 93 
 
 ATRA, a Prefix ~ 152 
 
 B 
 
 B, tlie letter 46, 64 
 BE, a Verb and Prefix 143 
 
 contracted into BL and BR 14-6 
 BENE, a Prefix 153 
 Bi or Bis, a Prefix 115 
 BLACK, its etymology, &c. * 14-6, 152 
 
 C 
 
 C, the letter -- 46,61 
 
 and CH, Terminations in 79, 91 
 CeeLUM, a Prefix - 15 6 
 CASES, account of - 33, 107 
 CATA, a Prefix 132 
 CAUSE, expressions of 123 
 CE, a Termination 25, 102 
 CENT, a Prefix H6 
 CHIEF, a Termination 
 
 CIDE and CIDAL, Terminations 96 
 
 CIRCUM, a Prefix 1 34-, 136 
 
 CLE, a Termination 
 
 CON, a Prefix 133 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS, of 22 
 
 CONTRA and COUNTER, Prefixes - 134? 
 
 D 
 
 B, the Letter *- 45 
 
 E, a Prefix 112 
 
INDEX. HI 
 
 Page 
 
 DECA and DECEM, Prefixes 116 
 
 DEMI, a Prefix 114 
 
 Di, or DIS, a Prefix 113 
 
 DIA, _ 116 
 
 DIMINUTIVES, of -83 
 
 Do, explanation of 18, 45, 46, 60 
 
 DOM, a Termination 99 
 
 DOWN, etymology of, 132 
 
 E or EX, a Prefix ^ 140,148 
 
 ED, a Termination . 28 ? 68, 69 
 
 EE, 56 
 
 EL, _ 85,93 
 
 EMPHASIS, of 39 
 
 EN, a Prefix and Termination 26, 32, 68 
 
 ENCE, END, and ENT, Terminations 74 
 
 ENTER, a Prefix 140 
 
 EPI, ' 130 
 
 EQUI, 137 
 
 ER, a Termination 57, 58, 61, 73 
 
 ERM, 29 
 
 ERY, , ^- 82 
 
 E S , , 24, 27, 68 
 
 -, a Prefix 147 
 
 , contracted, forming SP, ST, &c. 148 
 
 ESQUE, a Termination 80 
 
 Ess, - 57 
 
 EST, 68, 73 
 
 ET or ETTE, a Termination 85 
 
 ETH, 68 
 
 Eu, a Prefix 153 
 
 EUR, a Termination _ 58 
 
 EVER, and other marks of indefinite Duration 142 
 
 Ex and EXTRA, Prefixes 140 
 
 M F 
 
IV INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 F 
 
 F, the Letter _ _ 4,6, 53, 64 
 
 FOR, and FORE, definition of, 122 
 
 FREQUENTATIVES in LE, &c. 94 
 
 FROM, definition of 34, 109, 112 
 
 FUL, or FULL, a Termination - 88 
 
 FY and its compounds, Terminations * r- 104 
 
 G 
 
 G, the Letter . . 46,61,65 
 , terminations in, . * -. 79 
 GE, a Prefix and Termination --91 
 GENDER, of, . 57 
 GENITIVE CASE, of the 33 
 GEO, a Prefix . 156 
 GHT, a Termination 70 
 GRAMMAR, in general ' - - 9 
 
 H 
 
 H, the Letter . 51 
 HEAD and HEADED, Terminations r 97, 100 
 
 HEARTED, a Termination 97 
 
 HEMI, a Prefix 114 
 
 HEPTA, rr 115 
 
 HERE and its compounds explained 48 
 
 HETERO, a Prefix 156 
 
 HEX, '-, -. . 115 
 
 HIER, , 156 
 
 HOLD, : - 116 
 
 HOMO, ^ < . r 156 
 
 HOOD, a Termination - 100 
 How, definition of, - 
 
 HYDRO, a Prefix *-. r- 156 
 
 HYPER, 
 
INDEX. V 
 
 Page 
 
 HYPER, a Prefix 131 
 
 HYPO, - 129 
 
 I 
 
 IBLE, a Termination **- 78 
 
 Ic, ICK, IQUE, and ICAL, Terminations 80 
 
 ID, a Prefix *7 
 
 , a Termination * 69 
 
 I FF , - _ _ -93 
 
 I GN , -- - - 153 
 
 I LE , . -- - - - -77 
 
 IN, a Prefix 30,130 
 
 , a Termination - 36 
 
 I NE , -- - - - - 36,85 
 
 -- - ^. 75 
 
 INTER and INTRO, Prefixes 14-0 
 
 INTERJECTIONS, of - 
 
 INTERROGATION, of 50 
 
 Is, a Termination * 24, 33 
 
 ISE, or IZE, ISM, and IST, Terminations 92 
 
 ISH, a Termination v 80, 83, 90 
 
 IT, definition of 45 
 
 ITE, a Termination 92 
 
 ITY, -- - 102 
 
 I VE , -- 93 
 
 Ix, . -- 57 
 
 K 
 
 K, the Letter 46,61 
 
 , Terminations in " - 79 
 
 KB, a Prefix and Termination 91 
 
 KIN, a Termination 84< 
 
 M 2 
 
VI IKDLX, 
 
 Page 
 
 L 
 
 L, the Letter 64 
 
 LANGUAGE, of, in general 10, 66, 98 
 
 LE, a Termination 93 
 
 LESS, 88 
 
 LET, 84? 
 
 LETTERS, of, in general 45, 61, 63 
 
 LIKE, a Termination 82 
 
 LING, ._____ 34, 
 
 LY, 82 
 
 M 
 
 M, the Letter 63 
 
 , a Termination 38 
 
 MAGNA, a Prefix 116 
 
 MALE, 152 
 
 MANU, 156 
 
 ME NT, a Termination / 76 
 
 META, a Prefix 117 
 
 MICRO, 116 
 
 MILLE, 116 
 
 Mis, 150 
 
 MISEO, 156 
 
 MONO,- 115 
 
 MONY, a Termination 76 
 
 MOODS, of - - 70 
 
 MOST, a Termination - - 74* 
 
 MULTI, a Prefix 116 
 
 N 
 
 N, the Letter 63 
 
 NE, a Prefix 150 
 
 NEG, 150 
 
 NEGATIVES, of 14-9 
 
Page 
 
 NESS, a Termination 
 
 No, distinguished from NOT 150 
 
 , a Prefix 150 
 
 Now, 150 
 
 NOUNS, of 15,36,155 
 
 NUMERAL Prefixes 114 
 
 O 
 
 OB, a Prefix 126 
 
 OBJECTIVE Case 37 
 
 OCTA or OCTO, a Prefix 115 
 
 OF and OFT, explained 34, 112 
 
 OMNI, a Prefix H6 
 On, a Termination 
 
 OON, 85 
 
 OR and OUR, Terminations 57 
 
 ORTHO, a Prefix 151 
 ORY, a Termination 
 
 X) SE , - 95 
 
 Ous, 85 
 
 OUT, a Prefix 137,139 
 
 OVER, 131 
 
 Ow, a Termination - 91 
 
 P, the Letter 46, 64 
 
 PAN, a Prefix 116 
 
 PAR, 137 
 
 PARTICIPLES, of 20, 75 
 
 PENTA, a Prefix 115 
 
 PER, , 116 
 
 PERI, 135 
 
 PHILO, 156 
 
 Pt, PR, &c. Prefixes 138 
 
 PLURAL 
 
vm INDEX. 
 
 PagC 
 
 PLURAL Terminations 24 
 
 POLY, a Prefix 116 
 
 POSSESSIVE Case 33, 42 
 
 POST, a Prefix 121 
 
 P RE , _ 126 
 
 PREFIXES, of 23,108 
 
 PREPOSITIONS, of 22, 105, 14-1 
 
 PRETER, a Prefix 127 
 
 PRO, _ _ _ . 126 
 
 PRONOUNS, of 20, 43 
 
 PUR, a Prefix 157 
 
 Q 
 
 Q, the Letter t 46 
 
 QUADRI or QUADRU, a Prefix 115 
 
 QUINQUE and QUINTU, Prefixes - 115 
 
 R 
 
 R, the Letter 64 
 
 RE, a Prefix 118, 121 
 
 RECTI, a Prefix 151 
 
 RETRO, . 120 
 
 RICK, a Termination 62 
 
 S 
 
 S, the Letter , 46, 61, 64 
 
 , a Termination 24, 35, 68, 86 
 
 'S, the sign of the Genitive 33 
 
 SCAPE, a Termination 101 
 
 SE, a Prefix - 114 
 
 SELF, a Termination -*- -> 54 
 
 SEMI, a Prefix , 114 
 
 SEPT, _ ' 115 
 
 SHIP, a Termination 101 
 
 SKIP, 
 
IDDEX. 1* 
 
 Page 
 
 SKIP, a Termination 101 
 
 So, definition of <- 53 
 
 SOLI, a Prefix 116 
 
 SOME, a Termination 87 
 
 STALL, ~ 138 
 
 STBAD, 99 
 
 STEP, a Prefix , 99 
 
 STER, a Termination * 58 
 
 SUB, a Prefix 128 
 
 SUBTER, a Prefix 128 
 
 SUPER, - 129 
 
 SUR, 131 
 
 SYN, -~ J3S 
 
 T 
 
 T, the Letter -_ -^-45 
 
 TENSES, of -~ - 68 
 
 TERMINATIONS, of 23, 105 
 
 TERRA, a Prefix 156 
 
 TETRA, 115 
 
 TH, Pronouns in explained 45 
 
 , a Termination 102 
 
 TIDE, ~ 25 
 
 TIME, of 25, 29 
 
 To, definition of 18, 45, 60, 109 
 
 TRANS, a Prefix 117 
 
 TRE or TRI, a Prefix 115 
 
 TUDE, a Termination ^ 102 
 
 Ty, 102 
 
 U 
 
 ULE and ULOUS, Terminations 83 
 
 UN, a Prefix 32 
 
 UNDER, a Prefix 129 
 
 UNI, 115 
 
 UP, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 UP, a Prefix 131 
 
 URE, a Termination 59 
 
 V, the Letter - - - 46,53,64 
 
 VERBS, of 17, 67 
 
 VICE, a Prefix 154 
 
 VOWELS, of 65,103 
 
 W 
 
 W, the Letter 52 
 
 WARD, a Termination 96 
 
 WAYS, 85 
 
 WH. Pronouns in, explained 49 
 
 WHEN and Wi T H , connection between 1 S3 
 
 WISE, a Termination 85 
 
 WITH, a Prefix 146 
 
 , its connection with WHEN < 133 
 
 WORDS, of, in general ~- 11,14 
 
 Y, the Letter -r -, 5 
 
 ~, a Prefix 91 
 
 , a Termination 81 
 
 Z, the Letter v 46,61,66 
 
 Zoo, a Prefix 156 
 
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