^ ^H- LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. ,y CrlF^r OK OS* Received y^.,^^^^-:^-- iSSy Accessions No. ^^^^ Shelf No. ^mm i^ kr-= Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 witin funding from IVIicrosoft pprporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/americanagricultOOnewyricli THE AMEEICAIf AGRICULTURIST FAMILY CYCLOPilDIA. A BOOK OF REFERENCE FOR THE Yisrjieag dep^rtjien^fs 6e papOT kj^iowdedge, INCLUDING AGRICULTURE, ASTRONOMY, ARCHITECTURE, THE TARIOUS ARTS AITD SCIENCES, BIOGRAPHY, BOTANY, CHEMISTRY, ENGINEERING, GEOG- RAPHY, GEOLOGY, HISTORY, HORTICULTURE, LITERATURE, HECHANICS, MEDICINE, MYTHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, NATURAL HISTORY, AND MaNY OTHERS, TOGETHER WITH A. SPECIAL AGRICULTURAL SUPPLEMENT. ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 1000 EWGjaAVIiVGS* X^^ FROM Vv y^ 03r ,^y AMERICAN AGEIOU L '^^'^^''^^'^^'^^ '^ 751 BROADWAY, NEW Y O R kT 1885. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, by DAVID W. JUDD, J.a the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 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Send five centa for our new and elegantly gotten up Sportsman's Com- panion, containing brief descriptions or outlines of nearly one hundred and eighty works upon legitimate Out-door Sports and Amusements, and illustrat- ed with a great number of engravings, many of them drawn from life, and faithfully portraying the points and characteristics of game, birds, fishes, horses, dogs, etc., etc. Publishers of THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, 751 Broadway, New York. ABBKEYIATIOlSrS USED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES. abt— About. A. x>.— Anno Domini (in the Tear of Our Lord). Ala.—Alabama. Anc. Geog. — Ancient Geography. Arch. — Architecture. Archseol. — Archaeology, Ark. — Arkansas. Astron . — Astronomy. B. — Born. Bart.—Baronet. B. c. — Before Christ. Bot. — Botany. Cal. — California, Cap. — Capital. Chem . — Chemistry. Co. — County. Comp. Anat.— Comparative Anatomy. Conn. — Connecticut. ». — ^Died. Del. — Delaware. E. — East ; eastern fam. — Family. Fla.— Florida. ft.— Feet. Ga. — Georgia. gen. — Genus. Geog.— Geography. Geol.— Geology. Geom. — Geometry. Gk.— Greek. Her. Hist.— Heroic History. Ilort. — Horticulture. 111.— Illinois. I»d. Ter. — Indian Territory. Ky.— Kentucky. La. — Louisiana. lb. (hbra)— A pound. m. — Mile or miles ; married. Mach. — Miichin cry. Mass.— Massachus«tta. Md.— Maryland. Me. — Maine. Mich. — Michigan. Minn. — Minnesota. Miss.— Mississippi. Mo. — Missouri. Mt.— Mount. Myth.— Mythology. N.— North. Nat. Hist.— Natural History, N. C— North Cai-olina. Neb. — Nebraska. N. H.— New Hampshire. N. J. — New Jersey. Numis. — Numismatics. N. Y.— New York. ord. — Order. Ornith. — Ornithology. Pcnn. — Penn sylvania. pop.— Population. K. C. — Eoman Catholic. E. I.— Ehode Island. Eom. Ant.— Eoman Antiquities. 8.— South. 8.— Succeeded ; successor. S. C— South Carohna. Scrip.— Scripture. Sculp. — Sculpture. sq. m. — Square miles. St.— Saint. Tenn. — Tennessee. Tex. — Texas. Theol.— Theology. IT. S.— United States of America. Ya. — Virginia. Vt. — Vermont. W.— West. W. I.— West Indies. Wis.— Wisconsin. W. Ya.— West Ykginia. ZooX.— Zoology. A DICTIONARY OF LITERATURE, THE SCIENCES AND THE ARTS, FOR POPULAR USE. \" 13 E OS" A THE first letter in the English alpha- I bet and most of tlie parent tongues. It has four independent sounds, as in same, tall, can, rather. In Grammar, as the indefinite article, it stands for one or any. Before a word beginning with a vowel, or a silent h, it is, for the sake of euphony, changed to an. As a prefix it is equivalent to in, or on, as asleep, afoot. The Romans used A as a symbol for 600, and with a dash above it as 5,000 ; among the Greeks a' stood for 1, and with a dot beneatli it for 1,000. As an abbreviation A. stands for Anno, In Anno Domini — in the year of our Lord ; and Anno Mundi — in the year of the world; for Artium, in Artiuin Magister— Master of Arts ; for Ante, in Ante Meridiem— before noon. In Medicine A with a dash above it stands for Ana — of each. In Chemistry A A A is the symbol for Amaigama — to mix. In Music A is the nominal of the major sixth, or 6th diatonic interval of the gamut, or 1st octave of the modern scale ; a mai-ks the same interval in the second octave. A is the open note of the 2d string of the kaolin, and gov- erns the chords. In Algebra a, b, c are symbols of known quantities, the oppo- sites of X, y, z, representing unknown quantities. In Commerce A is the abbre- viation of Accepted on bills of exchange ; Al indicates vessels registered as first-class at Lloyd's. Aam, am. A measure of liquids still in use in northern Europe, containing about 80 gals. Aar, ahr. A river of Smtzerland, cele- brated for the falls of the Ilaadeck, near Meiringen, 225 feet in height. Aardvark, ard'vark. The ground-hog or earth-pig of South Africa. Aard-wolf, ard'wulf. The earth- wolf of South Atrlca. Aarou, air'un. The elder brother oi Moses, the Jewish law-giv«r, and first high priest. Died on Mt. Hor, A^.. 123. Aaron's-beard, a'ronz-bcrd. A popu- lar name for Hyfiericum calycinum, a dwarf evergi-een shrub with trailing un- dergi'ound stems. Aaron's-rod, a'ronz-rod. A rod \vith one serpent twined round it. Ab, ab. The 11th month of the Jewish civil year, and the 5th of the ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of July and a part of August. In Syriac, the last sum- mer month. Abaca, ab'a-ka. The Philfippino name of the plant Musa textilis, Avhich fields the Manilla-hemp. Abaciscus, -a-sis'kus. The square com- partment or one of the tesseraa u>sed in mosaic pavements. Abacus, 'a-kus. A tray that was strewn vnih dust or sand, anciently used for calculating by the Greeks and Eomans; also by the Chinese, who call it shawnpan, and also in modern schools ] for teaching the ele- ' mentary operations of arithmetic. It con- sists of an oblong frame, across which are stretched wires, Doi.ic Capital, strung with ten baUs, one representing units, the next tens, and so on to hundreds, thousands, «fec. In Ai-ch., a table constituting the upper mem- ber or crowning of a column and its capital. Abacus, for Calculations. ABACOT ABDOMITTAL Abacot, 'a-kot. A kind of peaked or pointed cap or hood, probably with two points, anciently Aoacot, from Great Avorn by men of Seal of Heniy VII. rank. Abaculus, -ak'u-Ius, A small tile of glass, marble, or other substance, used for patterns in mosaic pavement. Abaddon, a-bad'don. The destroying angel. Abaka Khan, ab'a-ka' Kan. Emperor of Persia from 12G5 till 1282 ; he consoh- dated nearly the whole of western Asia ; was poisoned. Abaiser, a-ba'ser. Ivory black or ani- mal charcoal. Abanga, ab-ang'ga. Fruit of a species of palm ill the island of St. Thomas, West Indies, having medicinal properties. Abas, a-bas'. A Persian coin, worth about 20 cents. An Eastei-n weight for pearls equal to 2t gi-ains troy, or one- eiglitii less than a carat. Abarim, ab'a-rim. A mountain range in India, between rivers Jordan and Am- nion. Moses died on Nebo, one of its highest peaks. Abatis, ab-a-tis. A fence in front of a tortilication, to impede an attacking party; usually made by felling trees, branches outward. Abatjour, ab-a-zhoor'. A skylight or sloping ai)ertiu-e in a wall. Abattoir, a-bat-wor'. A public slaughter- house under control of municipal authori- ties. Abb, ab, Yai-n for the warp in weaving. The name given in sorting wool, as coarse abb and line abb. Abba, 'ba. A title, equivalent to Father, applied to monks and other ecclesiastics. In the Syriac, Coptic and Ethiopic Churches, given to bishops, who in turn bestow it on the bishop or patriarch of Alexandria. Abbacinate, -ba'sin-at. To deprive of sigh t by ai)plying a red-hot copper basin close to the eyes; a punishment employed in the middle ages. Abbas, Ben-Abdul-Mottalib. The imcle of Mohamet, r>. 50(5, n. 052 ;.was at first hostile to the Prophet, but was cap- tured at the battle of the well of Bedr, and afterward became his zealous partisan. Abbas the Great. A Persian king, b. 1557, I). 162S; murdered his two brothers to reach the throne, but ruled with wisdom. Abbassides, ub-bas'i-dez, A race of Arabian Caliphs descended from Abbas, Mohamet's uncle ; they reigned from 744 to 1257, the most illustrious being If aroun- il-Kaschid. This period the Mahommedans regard as the golden era of their nation. Abbe, ab-ba. In France, a title given to all who devoted themselves to divinity, or piu-sued a course of study in a theological seminary, in the hope that the king would confer on them an abbey, that is, a certain part of the i-eveuues of a monastery. The name is also applied to persons holding a semi-clerical position in other K. C. coim- tries. Abbess, ab'bes. The female governor of a convent or nunnery, Avho must be 40 years of age, and 8 years a nun. Abbey, ab'be. A monastery or convent; a society secluded from the world, and devoted to religion and celibacy. The males are called monks, and are governed by an abbot ; the females nuns, and gov- erned by an abbess. Abbot, ab'bot. The governor of an ab- bey or monastery ; originally subject to the bishops, they gi-adually threw oil" this restraint, and assumed both the authority and insignia of the episcopal office; of late years they have again become subject to the du-ection of the bishops. The Abbot of Unreason in Scotland, and the Lord of Misrule in England, were historic charac- ters, before the Iteformation, who super- intended Christmas diversions. Abd, abd. An Arabian prefix, as Abdal- lah, servant of God; Abd-el-Kader, ser- vant of the mighty God. Abdal, ab'dal. A dervish; one of the class of Persian reUgious devotees. Abdallah, -dal'lah. Father of Mo- hamet, the founder of Islamism; b. 545, I). 570. Abderite, -der-it. An inhabitant of Ab- dera, Thrace, and equivalent to a stupid person. The A., Democritus of Abdera, was called the Laughing Philosopher. Abdest, 'dest. Purificati n or ablution before prayer ; a Mohammedan rite. Abdevenham, ab-dev'n-ham. The head of the 12th house in a scheme of the heavens. Abdomen, -do'men. That part of the human body which hes between the thorax and the pelvis. Abdominal, -dom'in-al. A gi-oup of malacopterygian fishes, wth the ventral fins posterior to the pectorals, including salmon, mullet, flying-fish, heriing and carp. ABDITOKY ABORIGINES Abditory, 'tli-to-ri. A place for hiding goods, plate or money. Ab'dul-A'ziz. The first Turkish Sul- tan who visited the courts of W. Europe and inaugurated modern reforms ; b. 1830 ; crowned, 1861 ; deposed and b. by suicide, 1867. His brother, Ab'dul-Med- jid Khan, who preceded him as Sultan, was on the throne during the Ciimean war. Abecedarian, a'be-se-da"ri-an. One who teiichos the alphabet, or a learner of the letters. A follower of Stork, an Anabaptist, in the 16th century, so called because he rejected even the learning of the alphabet. A. psalms, hymns, &c., in Avhich distinct portions have the verses begin with successive letters. Abel, u'bel. Second son of Adam and Eve; murdered by his envious elder brother Cain. Abelard, Pierre, ah-ba-lar. A dis- tinguished French scholar and genius, b. 1079, D. 1142 ; the first philosoi)hical critic of theology, but best known for hia ro- mantic liason with Heloise. Abelian, a-bel'yan. A sect in Africa which arose in the 4th century. They married, but lived in continence, adopt- ing the children of others. Of or pertain- ing to the mathematician Abel. Abelmoschus, a-bel-mos'kus. A gen. of plants, ord. Malvaceaj. A. moschatus is an cvergi-een shrub of tropical Asia and America; its seeds have a musky odor, and the Arabs mix them with cof- fee. A. esculentus is an Indian annual ; it yields a mucilaginous li-uit, used in soups and pickles. Aberdeen, ab-er-dene'. A Scottish sea- port, at mouth of river Dee, 118 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh, with extensive iron and textile manufactories and shipyai-ds: pop. 74,000. Aber, a'ber. A Celtic word prefixed to many places in Great Britam, and signify- ing a confluence of waters, as Abei'deen, Aberystwith. Aberdevine, 'de-vTne, The Fringilla spiuus or siskin, a Avell-known song-bird, of the finch fam. (Fringillidse), resem- bling the green variety of the canary. Abib, a'bib. The 1st month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, called also Nisan. It begins at the spring equinox. Abietinse, et-I"ne. The firs and spruces, a sub-ord. of plants, ord. Conif- era\ having the fertile flowers in cones, with one or two inverted cvales at the base of each scale. Abies, ab'i-es. The fir, a gen. of trees, sub-ord. Abietina;, ord. Coniferaj. Abietites, -I"tez. A gen. of fossil plants, ord. Conifers, occurring in the Wealden and lower greensand strata. Abig-ail, -giil. A general name for a waiting woman or lady's-maid. Abkar, ab-kar. An East Indian Avho makes or sells spirituous hquors. Abkari, ah-kiir'c. lievenues in the East Indies, derived from duties or hcenses on Bphits, opium, gaming-houses, «kc, Ablepbarus, a-blefar-us. A gen. of harmless lizards, fam. Scincidag, with live- toed feet and only rudimentary eyehds. Ablet, ab'let. A small, fresh-water fish, the bleak, the scales of which are used in making artificial pearls. Abluents, ab'lu-ents. Diluent medi- cines, which dissolve and remove impuri- ties. Ablution, -lu'shun. A religious bath, practiced by Mohammedans, originating in the necessity for cleanliness for the prevention of disease in hot chmates, and typical of soul-pmity. Abnet, ab'net. The gh-dle of a Je^vish priest. Abolitionists, 5b-o-lish'un-ists. A name apphed to Americans who advocated the abohtion of slavery; first given mem- bers of the American Anti-Slavery So- ciety, at its meeting in Boston in 1852 ; it was merged into Kepublican at the forma- tion of that party. Abolla, a-bol'a. A cloak of thick woollen stuff worn by lloman sol- diers. It was also worn by i»hiloso- phers, especially by the Stoics, who aft'ected gi-eat aus- terity of life. Aboma, -bo'ma. A large species of S. American ser- pent (Boa Abo- ™^)' Komans Wearing the Abomasus, ab- Abolla. o-ma'sus. The fourth stomach of rumina- ting animals. Abomey, ah-bo-ma''. Cap. of Dahomey, W. Afiica ; pop. 24,000. Aborigrines, ab^o-rij^i-nez. Original in- habitants of a country; original fauna and flora of a geographical area. ABOU-IIAimES ACACIO Abou-haiines, ^o-han'nez. The Arab name for the tnie Egyptian ibis. Aboukir (Bay of), a-boo-keer'. In Egypt, W. of mouth of Nile, celebrated for Lord Nelson's victory over the French fleet, known as the battle of the NUe, Aug. 1, 1798. Abracadabra, 'ra-ka-dab"ra. A word of Eastern origin used in incantations. When va-itten as many times as it con- tained letters, the last letter being omitted each time xmtil only one letter remained, ABliACADABRA ^ABPwACADABE ABKACADAB ABEACADA A B K A C A D A B E A A A B E A A B E A ABE A B A and worn as an amulet, it was believed to be a jireventive of certain diseases. Abrabam, a'bra-ham. The progenitor of the Hebrew nation, descendant of Shem, B. 1996 r..c. in Mesapotamia, d. at the age of 1T5 years ; was buried in the cave of Machpelah. Isaac and Ishmael were his sons, by Sarah and Hagar, the latter being a slave. Abrabamite, -Tt. A sect of Bohemian deists, which sprang up in 1782, profess- ing to hold the faith of Abraham, and denying the divinity of Chi-ist ; they ac- cepted notlung of the Bible save the Lord's Prayer. A sect of Syrian deists of the 9th century. Abramis, ab'ra-mis, A gen. of fresh- water malacopterygian fishes, fam. Cyp- rinidaj, containing the common bream. Abrancbia, a-brang'kl-a. An order of Annelida without gills or branchiae ; the earthworm and leech. Abraxas, ab-raks'as. A word denoting a power which presides over 305 others, and used as a mystical term to express the Supreme God, under whom the Bas- iUdians supposed 3G5 dependent deities ; the jn-inciple of the Gnostic hierarchy. A gem or stone, with the word abraxas en- graven on it. A gen. of lepidopterous in- sects, containing the magpie-moth. Abrocoma, -ro'ko-ma. A gen. of small rodents, natives of S. America. Abroma, -ro'ma. A gen. of i)lants, ord. Stercullaceaj, tribe Buttnerieae. Abrotanoid, a-brot'an-oid. An East Indian sclerodermatous coral. Abrotanunx, a-brot'an-um. An ever- green plant, gen. Artemesia. Abrvis, ab'rus. A gen. of leguminous plants. Absalom, ab-sa-lom. Third and favorite son of David, King of Israel. He rebelled, and seized the thi-one, but was defeated and slain by Joab, David's general. Abscissa, ab-sis'sa. Any part of the diameter of a conic section intercepted be- tween the vertex, or fixed point where the abscissae begin, and another line called the ordinate, which terminates in the cm-ve. Absinthe, ab'sint. An extract of worm-' wood, distilled -svith water; agreeable to the taste, but intoxicating and injurious to health. Absolution, ab-s6-lu'shon. The act of absolving or state of being absolved ; in E. C. and some other churches, a remis- sion of sins pronounced by a priest. Pi-ot- estants ascribe a declarative, but not an eflicient power to absolution. Absorbtiometer, -sorp'shi-om" et-er. An insti-ument to determine the amount of gas absorbed by a unit volume of Uquid. Abtbane, 'than. A lower kind of no- bility existing in Scotland at a very early period. Abuna, a-bO'na. The head of the Chris- tian church in Abyssinia. Abu Bekr, a'bu ba'ker. Father-in-la-w and successor of Mohamet, b. 571, D. 634. He was elected Caliph over Ali, son-in- law of Mohamet, ana the contest caused a schism in the church which still exists. Abutilon, ab-u'ti-lon. A gen. of plants, ord. Maloaceae, the Indian mallows. Abyss, a-bis'. A bottomless gulf; any deep immeasurable space; anything j^ro- found and unfathomable. Abyssinia, ab-is-sin'yah. An E. African kingdom, lying between 85° and 43° E. Ion., and 7° 30' and 15° 40' N. lat. Acacia, a-ka'shi-a, A gen. of plants, ord. Leguminosse, sub-ord. Mimosea3, usually of striking beauty. Some of the species produce catechu, some exude gum arable. Acacian, -an, A member of certain sects of the 5th century, led by Acacius, bishop of Ca?sarea, and Acacius, pati-iarch of Constantinople. Acacio, -6. A heavy durable wood of the red-mahogany character, but darker and plainer. ACADEMICS ACCIDENTAL Academics, fik-a-dem'iks. Ancient Gre- cian philosopliers who taught the doc- trines of Socrates and Plato as to the uncertainty of knowledge and the incom- prehensibility of truths. Academy, a-kad'e-me. Derived from a garden or villa of Academns, near Athens, in which Plato held his philosophical con- ferences. Its present meaning is an asso- ciation of persons for purposes of study, or schools of medium rank. Acadian, a-ka'di-an. A native of Acadia or Nova Scotia. Acajou, ak'a-jo. A gum from the ma- hoganj'-tree. Acaleph, lef. A member of the ord. Acalepha?, or sea-nettles. Acalephae, a-ka-lc'fo. A name applied to marine animals of the sub-kingdom Ccelenterata, and represented by the Me- dusidje and their allies, known as sea- nettles, sea-blubbers, jelly-fish, &c. The Medusidae are gelatinous, consisting of an umbrella-shaped disk containing canals ■which radiate from the center ; all have thread urticating organs Avhich discharge minute barbed structm-es that irritate like the sting of a nettle. Acanaceous, ak-a-mVshus. Armed 'vvith pi-ickles ; rigid prickly plants, such as the pine-apple. Acanth.oceph.ala, a-kan'tho-sef'a-la. An ord. of mouthless Entozoa, having curved hooks on a retractile proboscis to attach themselves to the tissues of ani- mals. Acantho-derma, -der"ma. A gen. of fossil fishes, ynth. strong fin-spines, allied to Balistes. Acanthodidae, ak-an-tho'di-do. A fam. of fossil fishes, including the gen. Acan- thodes. Acanthophis, a-kan'tho-fis. A gen. of small venomous colubrine snakes, the tail of which is fm'nished with a horny spur at the end Acanthopteri, ak-an-thop'tcr-T. A group of spine-finned osseous fishes. Acanthoteuthis, a-kan'tho-tu"this. A gen. of fossil cuttle-fishes occurring in the oohte. Acantlmrus, ak-an-thu'rus. A gen. of acanthopterygious fishes. Acanthylis, 'thi-hs. A gen. of bfrds of the swallow family. Acarida, a-kar'i-da. A division of Arach- nida, including mites, ticks and water- mites, the cheese-mite and the itch-mite being examples. Acanthus, a-kan'thus. Bear's-breech or brankursine, a gen. of prickly plants, ord. Acantha- ceae. An orna- ment r e s e m- bling the foliage of the acanthus, said to have been invented by CaUimachus, who took the . idea of the Cor- Acanthus, inthian capital from obser\ing an A. sur- rounding a basket placed over a tomb. Acapulco, a-ka-pool'ko. Tho principal Mexican port on the Pacific ; pop. 5,000. Acamar, -kar'niir. A bright star of the first magnitude in the constellation Erid- anus. Acatalectic, Htat-a-lek^tik. A verse which has tho complete number of syl- lables. Acathistus, ak-a-this'lns. In the eariy Greek Ch. a thanksgiving hymn to tho Virgin, sung at Constantinople on the Saturday c " the 5th week of Lent. Acaules, a-kal'ez. Plants which have cither a very indistinct or no stalk, as lichens, fungi, algae, &c. Accentor, ak-sent'er. One that sings the leading part. A gen. of insessorial birds, fam. Sylvlidae, sub-fiim. Accentorinse. Acciaccatura, at'chak-ka-to"ra. A gi-ace-note one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed. Accidence, ak'sWens. That part of grammar which treats of the accidents or inflection of words. A small book contain- ing the rudiments of grammar. Accident, ak'si-dent Chance, or what happens by chance ; an event which pro- ceeds from an unknown cause, or is an unusual elfect of a known cause, and therefore not expected; anything which takes place or begins to exist without an eflUcient intelligent cause and -vvithout de- sign. Accidental, 'al. Happening b y chance or a c c i- dent, or u n o x- pectedly.A. point . . , ,,,,.. is that point in Accidental Pomt. which a right line drawTi from the eye parallel to another given right line cuts the picture or plane. Thus, suppose A B to be the line given in perspective, F E the perspective plane, d the eye, c d the line parallel to A b; then is o the acci' dental point. ACCIPITEES 10 ACETIFIER Accipitres, -sip'i-trSz, The name ^ven by Linnaeus and Cuvier to the rapacious birds, now called Eaptores. Accipitrinse, -triune. The hawks, a sub-fam. of raptorial birds, fain. Falco- nidfB. Accolade, -ko-lad'. A ceremony used in conferring knighthood, anciently consist- ing in putting the hand on the knight's neck, afterwards in giving a blow with the naked fist, and still later -with the flat ofasword, the form now observed. In music, a brace or couplet connecting sev- eral staves. Accolent, -lent. One who dwells on or near the border of a country. Accomplice, -kom'plis. An associate In crime; a partner in guUt; an accessory or confederate. Accordeon, -kord'i-on. A small keyed wind-instrument. AcoountaxLt, -kount'ant. One who makes the keeping or examination of ac- counts his profession. An office who has charge of the accounts. Accoutre, -ko'ter. To dress; to array in a military dress, or equip for military ser- vice. Acco-ofcrements, -ments. Military dress and arms. Accubation, -ku-ba'shon. Lying or re- clining on a couch, as practiced by the ancients at meals. Ace, as. A unit ; specifically, a single pip on a card or die, or the card or face of a die so marked. A very small quantity. Aceldama, a-sel' da-ma, A field south of Jerusalem purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his mas- ter, called the field of blood. Used 'figm*- ati vely of any place stained by slaughter. Acephala, a-sef'a-la. A division of molluscous animals, like the oyster and scallop. Acephali, -IT. An Egyptian sect of the 5th century, who renounced communion with the Patriarch of Alexandria. Clergy not living under episcopal jurisdiction, and bishops exempt from patriarchal ju- risdiction. A council summoned Avithout the authority of the pope. A class in the reign of Henry I. who would acknowledge no head. A fabulous nation in Africa re- ported by ancient writers to have no heads. Acephalocyst, 'al-o-sist. A dydatid, or round or oval sac, filled with fluid, occur- ring in the viscera of animals ; they were formerly regarded as Entozoa, but more probably they are merely morbid, drop- sical cells. Acephalotis, -us. Without a head; wanting something essential; without a leader or chief. ^ Ace-point, as'point. The single spot on a card or die; the side of a die that has but one spot. . Acera, as'era. A fam. of apterous in- sects without antennae. A fam. of gas- teropod molluscous animals, akin to tho Aplysias, comprehending the gen. Bulla. Aceraoese, u-ser-a'se-e. An ord. of plants, comprehending the maples, and belonging to the thalamifloral division of dicotyledonous plants ; there are about fifty species, in three genera ; they are all trees or shrubs, and yield a sweet, mucil- aginous sap, from which sugar is often made. The bark is astringent, and yields yellow and reddish dyes. Acerina, as-er-i'na. A gen. of acan- thopterygious fishes, fam. Percidce, or perches; tho rufle or pope (A. cernua) is a type. Acerous, 'er-us. Chafly; resembling chaft'. Narrow and slender, with a sharp point, as the leaf of the pine. Acetabulifera, -e-tab'u-lif'er-a. An ord. of cephalopodous mollusks, with rows of little cups or suckers on their tentacles. Acetabulum, -lum. A Eoman vessel in which sauce was served ; a measure about i^ of a pint. The cavity of a bone for re- ceiving the protuberant end of another bone. A term applied to the cotyledons of the placenta of ruminating animals. In insects, the socket in which the leg is in- serted. Acetal, a-se'tal. A colorless, mobile liquid, produced by the imperfect oxida- tion of alcohol, under the influence of pla- tinum black. Slow combustion converts it into acetic acid. Acetam.ide, -set'a-mid. A white crystal- line solid, produced by distilling ammo- nium acetate, or by heating ethyl acetate with strong aqueous ammonia. AcetarioiXS, as-e-ta'ri-us. A term ap- plied to plants containing acetary, or used in making salads, as lettuce, mustard and cress. Acetic, a-set'ik. Having the properties of vinegar ; sour. Common acetic ether is a colorless, volatile fluid, a flavoring con- stituent in wines. It is made by distilling a mixture of alcohol, oil of vitriol and acetate of potash. Acetifier, 'i-fl-er. An apparatus for hastening the acidification of fermented liquors. ACETIMETER 11 ACOLYTE Acetiineter, as-et-im'et-er. An instru- ment for ascertaining the strength or purity of acids. Acetone, 'et-on. A limpid, mobile liquid, A^ith aji agreeable odor and peppermint- like taste, produced by the destructive distillation of acetates. The general name for a class of compounds, built up of an acid and alcoholic radical. Achatina, a-ka-ti'na. A gen. of pul- monate gasteropodous Mollusca,fam. Heh- cida3 ; agate-snaUs ; some have shells. Achean, -ke'an. Pertaining to Achaia in Greece, and a celebrated league estab- lished between twelve of its cities, and which finally extended thi-oughout the Peloponnesus. Achelous, ach-el'us. Son of Oceanus and Terra or Tethys, god of the liver of the same name in Episus. Achene, a-ken'. A small dry carpel, containing a single seed, which does not open or dehisce when ripe. It is exempli- fied in the Kanunculacese, Boraginacese, Composite, &Ci Aclierontia, ak-er-on'shi-a. A gen. of nocturnal lepidopterous insects, fam. Sphingidre ; the death's-head moth. Acherset, ak'er-set. An ancient measure holding about 8 bushels. Achilles, a-kil'hez. The hero of the Iliad ; son of Peleus and Thetis, and most valiant of Grecian chiefs at the siege of Troy; he was killed by Paris, Avho shot him in the heel, his only vulnerable part. Achilleid, -kil'le-id. A name given to those books of the Iliad in which Achilles is prominent. Achillis tendo, Tis ten'do. The strong tendon of the gastro-cnemius and soleus muscles inserted in the heel. Achimeiies, -kim'e-nez. A gen. of American plants, ord. Gesneraceae, very ornamental. Acllira, ii-che'ra. A plant of the gen. Canna, Avith a large esculent root, jielding tous-les-mois, a starch superior to the or- dinary arrow-root. Its tubers are eaten as food in Chili and Peru. Achirite, ak'l-rit. Emerald malachite. Achirus, a-ki'rus. A gen. of fishes, fam. Pleuronectidse (flat-fishes), lacking pectoral fins. Achlamydeae, -kla-mid'e-e. A group of dicotyledonous plants which want both calyx and corolla, as the willows, oaks and birches. Achmite, ak'mlte. Double siUcate of iron and Boda. AcMya, ak'li-a. A remarkable group of water plants supposed to be aquatic f<)rm3 of fungi ; they grow parasitically on dead flies, fish, frogs, or decaying plants. Adiromatism, ak-rom'a-tizm. The preservation of the white rays of light by the use of compound lenses of glass hav- ing dift'erent dispensive power. Achor, a'kor. Scald-head, a disease of infants. AchJtras, ak'ras. A gen. of tropical trees, ord. Sapotacea3,Avith entire leathery leaves, and yielding a milky fluid. Achroxaatic, -ro-mat'ik. Destitute of color ; transmitting light Avithout decom- posing it into its primary colors. Acidiferous, as-id-if'er-us. Bearing, producing, or containing an acid. A. minerals consist of an earth combined Avith an acid. Acidimeter, -im'et-er. An instrument for determining the purity or strength ol acids. Acinaces, a-sin'a-sez. A short, straight dagger, worn on the right side, peculiar to the Scythians, Medes and Persians. Acinaciform, as-in-as'i- form. Formed hke a scimetar; as, an A. leaf, : Avhich has one edge con- A'cx and sharp and the other straight and thick. Acineta, a-sin-G'ta. A gen. of noble epiphytal orchids of C. America. Acipenser, as-i-pen'ser. A gen. of cartilaginous ganoid fishes, fam. Aci- penseridfe or Sturionidae, distinguished by the bony scales or plates arranged at intervals along the body in Aa'o longitudinal rows; it includes the sturgeon, sterlet, &c. Aclide, ak'lid. An ancient Aveapon, con-| sisting of a short thick club studded Avith sharp points, attached to a 9ord Avhich enabled the soldier to draw it back after having launched it against an enemy. Aclinic, a-klin'ik. HaAing no inclina- tion. A. line, an irregular curve in tho neighborhood of the terrestrial equator, Avhere the magnetic needle balances itself horizontally. Acolyte, ak'o-lTt. One who Avaits on a person. In the K. C. Church, the second of the inferior orders of clergy. In Astron; an attendant or accompanying star. Acinaces. ACONCAGUA 12 AGROTEEIUM Aconcag-ua, ali-kon-kah'gwah. The highest peak of the Andes Mountains ; 23,910 feet. Aconitum, -on-i'tum. A gen. of poison- ous herbaceous plants, ord. Eanuncula- eeie. Acontiadse, a-kon-ti'-a-de. A fam. of saurian reptiles, of which the gen. Acon- tias is the type. Acontias, 'ti-as. A gen. of timid lacer- tian reptiles, group Scincoidei, with rudi- ments only of the hind hmbs, aUied to the slow-worm of Britain. Acoraceee, kor-a'se-c. Sweet-flags ; a nat. ord. of herbaceous plants, of Avhich the gen. Acorus is the tj^pe. Acorn, a'korn. The seed or nut of the oak tree. Acosmism, -koz'mizm. The denial of the existence of an eternal Avorld. Acosmium, 'mi-um, A group of Bra- zilian plants, ord. Leguminosaj. Acotyledon, -kot-il-e"don. A plant whose spores are not furnished with coty- ledons or seed-lobes. Acoucliy, -kosh-i. The olive cayy or Su- rinam rat, a small species of agouti. Acoumeter, -koum'et-er. An instru- ment for measuring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. Acoustic, -kous'tik. Pertaining to the sense or organs of hearing. A name given to such of the disciples of Pythagoras as had not completed then- five years' proba- tion. Acre, a'ker. Originally, an open, ploughed, or sowed field. A quantity of land, containing 160 square rods or perches, or 4,840 square yards. The Scotch acre is larger than the English, 48 Scotch acres being equal to 61 English acres. The Irish acre is also larger than the English, 100 Irish acres being nearly equivalent to 162 EngUsh acres. Acre-fLg-M, -fit. A duel formerly fought by single combatants, English and Scotch, on the debatable land between the frontiers. Acrldidse, a-krid'i-de. A fam. of or- thopterous insects containing the grass- hoppers. Acrobat, 'ro-bat. A rope-dancer; one who practices high vaulting. Acrocarpi, ak-rd-karp'I, A division of mosses containing the s-pecies in which the capsule terminates the growth of a primary axis. Acrooephalic, 'rfl-sS-far'ik. A term appned to the high^skulled tribes of men. Acrobates, a- krob'at-cz. A \ sub-gen. of Pet- aurus, a gen. of marsupial ani- mals, fam. Phal- angistidse, indig- Opossmn Mouse, enous to Aus- tralia, containing the opossum mouse, one of the smallest of the Marsupialia. Acrocinus, -si'nus. A gen. of longl- corn coleopterous insects, fam. Ceramby- cida% having the spine on each side of the thorax movable ; the harlequin beetle of S. America is the type. Acrocomia, -ko'mi-a. A gen. of Amer- ican plants, ord. Palmace«, allied to the cocoa-palm ; includes some of the most niiijestic palms. Acrodus, -dus. A gen. of placoid fossil fishes, with large cn.ameled striated teeth, common in the chalk and oolite. Acrogren, -jen. An acrogeneous plant, a division of the Cryptogaraia, distin- guished by the mode of impregnation from the Thallogens. The age of A. in Geol., the carboniferous era, when thoy were the characteristic vegetable forms. Acrog-nathus, a-krog'na-thus. A gen. of fossil fishes of the salmon familj', oc- curring in the lower chalk. Acrograpliy, 'ra-fl. The art of pro- ducing designs in relief on metal or stone by etching. Acro-narcotics, ak^ro-nar-kot'-'iks. A division of poisons of vegetable origin, which produce stupor, coma, paralysis and convulsions. Acronyc, a-kron'ik. Culminating at mid- night : said of a star which rises as the sun feets, and sets as the sun rises ; opposed to cosmical. Acrolein, -kro'Ie-in. A colorless limpid hquid obtained by distilling glycerine with acid potassium sulphate. A, is the aldehyde of the allyl series. Acropolis, -lu-op'o-lis. The citadel of a Grecian city ; that of Athens contained some of the finest buildings of the city. Acrosaurus, ak'ro-aa-rus. An extraor- dinary fossil reptile, Avith thirty or fortj^ teeth, occurring La the trias sandstones of S. Africa. Acroterium, ak-ro-te'ri-um. An orna- ment, the apex or angles of a pediment ; the pinnacles or other ornaments on the horizontal copings or parapets of build- ings. In Anat. an extremity of the human body, as a hand, a foot. ACEOSPIPvE 13 ADAMS Acrospire, -spTr. The first leaf which rises above the ground ^Vhen corn gei-min- ates ; also the rudimentary stem or first leaf which appears in raalted grain ; the de- veloped pluuiule-of the seed. Acrostic, a-kros'tik. A composition in verse, in which the first, or the first and last, or certain other letters of the lines, taken in order, form a name, motto, &c. A Hebrew poem of which the initial let- ters of the lines, or stanzas, were made to [ run over the letters of the alphabet in their order. Twelve of the psalms are of this character. Acta, 'ta. A. Sanctorum, the Acts of the Saints : appUed to all collections of ancient saints and martxTS ; the name of a work begun by the Bollandists, a society of Jesuits, m 1643, and not yet comjileted. Actsea, -te'a. A gen. of plants, ord. Kan- unculaceai, called rattle-snake herbs. Actian, 'shi-an. Eelating to Actium, a town of Ei>iru3, as A. games, instituted by Augustus to celebrate his naval >ictory over Antony and Cleopatra, near that town, Sept. 2, b. c. 31 ; they were cele- brated every five years. Hence A. years, reckoned from that era. Actinia, -tin'i-a. A gen. of zoophytes, Kadiata, type class Actinozoa, sub-king- dom Cceleriterata, the mouth, when spread, resembling the petals of a flower. Actiniadae, -i'a-de. A fam. of Ccelente- rata, ord. Helianthoida, of which the gen. Actinia is the tj^pe. Actinism, -izm. The radiation of heat or light, or that branch of natural philoso- phy which treats of such radiation. The property of the chemical part of the sun's rays which produces chemical combina- tions and decompositions. Actinocarpus, -6-kar''pus. A gen. of plants, ord. Alismaceaj ; star-fi-uit. ActinogTaph., -graf. An instrument for measuring and registering the variations of actinic or chemical influence in the solar rays. Actinolite, -lit. A mineral, nearly al- lied to hornblende, consisting of silica, calcium, magnesium and u-on. A. schist, a metamorphic rock consisting of actino- Ute, mica, quartz or feldspar. Actinosoma, ''o-so'''ma. A term em- ployed to designate the entu-e body of any actinozoun. Actinote, -6t. A radiated mineral, con- sisting of silicate of calcium and magne- sium. Acuminate, a-ku'min-at. Pointed ; acute ; applied to leaves. Actinozoa, 'o-zo"a. A class of radiated, solt marine zoophytes, the soa-anemones, corals, sea-pens, &c. They present that sti-ango generative phenomenon known as metagenesis or alternation of generation. Acton, 'ton. A tunic made of taffeta or leather worn under the coat of mail, and sometimes alone like a buffcoat. Acts of the Apostles. One of the books of the New Testament, the author- ship of which is ascribed to St. Luke. It begins with the ascension, details the mis- sionary work of SS. Peter and Paul, end- ing -with Paul's arrival at Eome as a prisoner, 62 a.d. Actuary, ak'tii-a-ri. A registrar or clerk. An oflicial in a joint-stock company whoso duty It is to make computations required in the business. Acupuncture, ak-ii-ptmgk'ti\r. A sur- gical operation resorted to in headaches and lethargies, consisting in the insertion of a needle beneath the tissues ; in high repute in China, Jjipan and India; it is now employed chieliy to relieve neuralgic and rheumatic pains. A mode of infanti- cide in some countries, a needle being forced into the brain through the spinal marrow, Acutenaculum, ^u-t6-nak"u-lum. A needle with a handle, used in stitching a wound, Adam, ad'am. The name of the first man ; the progenitor of the human race. A sergeant or bailitf, explained as referring to the fact that the buff worn by the bailiff resembled the native buff of our first parent. Adamite, ad'am-It. A sect of vision- aries of the 2d centiuy, who pretended to establish a state of innocence, and like Adam, went naked. They abhorred mar- riage, holding it to be the effect of sin. Adar, a'dar. The 12th sacred and 6th cixil Hebrew month, answering to the latter part of February and the beginning of March. Adams, John. The 2d President of U, S,; B. 1735, D. July 4, 1S26 ; native of Massachusetts ; elected Vice-President In 1787, re-elected in 1792, and succeeded George Washington in 1797; held the Presidency but one term, being defeated by Thoa. Jefferson. Adams. John Q,uincy. Son of above,* 6th President of IT. S. ; b. 1767, d. 1548 ; succeeded James Madison as President in 1S25 ; defeated by Gen. Jackson in 1828 ; elected to House of Eepresentatives in 1830, and held the scat uniil lji» death. ADAMANTINE 14 ADJUTANT-GENERAL Adianantine, ad-a-mant'in. Extremely hard and brittle. A. spar is a variety of corundum of extreme hardness. Adamic, a-dam'ik. Pertaining to Adam. A. earth, common red clay, from a notion that Adam means red earth. Adausonia, ad-an-sG'ni-a. A gen. of plants, ord. Sterculiacesc ; the African calabash-tree, or baobab-treo of Senegal. Adapts, 'a-pis. An extinct mammal of the tertiary formation, resembling a hedgehog, but about three times its size. Adarce, a-dar'ei. A saltish concretion used to cleans© tiie skin in leprosy, tet- ters, &e. Adarcon, ton. In JcAvish antiq. a gold coin Avorth about 25s. sterling. Adawlet, a-da' let. In the East Indies, a court of justice, civil or criminal. Addax, ad'aks. A species of ante- lope, the siae of a large ass ; the horns of the male are particularly magnificent ; it is the twisted-horn of the older writ- ers. Adder, 'er. A venom- ous serpent or viper, an ophidian reptile, fam.Viperida;. Its bite is rarely fatal to man. Great sea- adder, an acanthopterygian fish, the sea stickleback. Adder-stone, -ston. The name given to certain rounded per- forated stones or glass beads, supposed to have a kind of supernatural efficacy in cm-ing the bite of adders. Addison, Joseph. The celebrated English essayist ; u. 1672, d. 1T19. Addition, ad-dish'un. Joining several things together. In Arith., first of the four fundamental rules. Aden a'den. An Arabian seaport, be- lonsfing to Great Britain ; coaling station for E. Indian steamers ; pop. 40,000. Adelantadillo, ad-a-lan-tii-del'y«>- A Spanish red wine made of the earliest ripe gi-apes. Adelite, 'e-llt. A class of Moorish con- iurers in Spain, who predicted fortunes by the flight and siuging of birds. Head of Addax. Adder. Adelaide, iid-e'iad. Cap. of S. Austra- lia, on Gulf of St. Vmcent ; pop. 70,000. AdelpMa, a-del'fi-a. A collection of stamens into a bundle; those plants in which the stamens, instead of growing singly, combine by the filaments into one or more jiarcels. Adenanthera, ad'en-an-tho''ra, A gen. of trees and shrubs, ord. Legumhiosa>, Kub-ord. Mimosca) ; the gland flowers. A. pavonina yields red sandal-wood. The bright scarjet seeds, from their equality in weight, are used by goldsmiths in the East as weights. Ades, or Hades. The god of Hell amongst tlio Greeks, often used as the name for Hell itself. Adiantum, ad-i-an'tum. A gen. of ferns, of beautiful forms ; the maiden-hair. Adipic, a-dip'ik. Of or belonging to fat. A . acid is got by treating oleic acid or fatty bodies with nitric acid. Adipocere, ad'i-po-ser. A soft, unc- tuous, or waxy substance, into Avhich the muscular fibres of dead animal bodies are converted when protected from atmos- pheric air, and under certain circumstances of temperature and humidity. It consists of mai'garates of ammonia, potassium and calcium. A. mineral, a fatty matter found in some peat-mosses, and in the argillaceous iron-ore of Merthyr ; adipo- cerite. Adipsia, a-dip'si-a. The total absence of thirst. Adirondack Mountains, ad-e-r5n - dak. A spur of the Appalachians, in N. E. New York, S. of Lake Champlain ; Mt. Marcy, the highest peak, is 5,4(57 feet above the sea. Adit, ad' it. An entrance or m-n» ^^js!?a?«.|i,-.^^^^ passage; in mining, t h c horizontal op- ening givin:: 1 access to the shaft, or by Avhich wat el- and ores can be carried, Adjutant, Section of Mineral Mine. 'ju-tant. An oflicer whose business is to assist the commanding officer byreceiv» ing and communicating orders. Adjntant-greneral, -jen'cr-al. A staif- oflieor, next in rank to the comm.ander- in-cliief. He superintends the details vi all the dispositions ordered by the com- ABJUTAXT-BIED 15 ADPEESSED mander and communicates general orders. A title formerly given to each one of a Belest number of Jesuit fathers, who re- sided with the general of the order, and had a province or coujatry assigned to his care. Adjutant- bird, -herd. A large gral- latorial bird allied to the storks and in- cluded in the fam. Arde- idje ; its ex- panded wings measure 14 feet from tip to tip. It is one of the most vora- cious carnivo- Adjutant-bird, rods birds known, and in India is pro- tected by law. From the N^ings and tail are obtained the fine feathers known as marabou, which are also obtained from an allied W. AMcau species, the marabou stork. Admiral, 'mi-ral. A naval officer of the hig'hest rank. Vice-admiral is next in rank and command to the A. Eeai--admiral, an officer next in rank to the Yice-A. In the U. S. service, the A. ranks with General, Eear A. witli Lieutenant-General, and VicG-A. with Major General. Admiralty, -ti. The office and jurisdic- tion of the lords commissioners of Great Britain, the officers appointed for the ad- ministration of naval affairs. The lords commissioners of the A. are now four in number, exclusive of a civil lord. The building in which the A. transact business. A. court, a tribunal ha\'ing jurisdiction over all maritime causes. Admiralty Islands. A Pacific group numbering 40 ; between 2° and 3° S. lat., and 14G° 18' and 14T» 46' E. long. Admonitionist, -mo-ni'shon-ist. One ©fa body of Puritans who in 1571 sent an admonition to Parliament condemning everything in the English Church not in accord with the principles and practice of that of Geneva, Adnascent, -nas'ent. Growing to or on something else. Adopter, a-dopt'er. One who or that which adopts. In Chem. a large round receiver, wth two necks, used in distilla- tions to give more space to elastic vapors, or to iacrease the length of the neck of a retort, Adnate, ad'nat. Grooving attached ; at- tached by cartilage ; having the character of an epiphysis. In Bot. applied to a part of an organism attached to another by its whole length. Tims stipules A. grow to the petiole, as in the rose. A. anthers are united to their filaments as in the ranun- culous. A. leaves are erect and closely- applied to their stem. Adobe, a-do'be, A sun-dried brick ; built of sun-dried bricks. Adolescence, ad-o-les'ens. The state of growing; appliedalmost exclusively to the young of the human race. Adoptian, -dop'shi-an. Of or pertaining to the doctrine of adoption. A contro- versy originated in Spain in the 8th cen- tury vith tlie Archbishop of Toledo, who maintained that although Christ, in respect of his divine nature, was by generation tho son of God, yet that, as regards his human nature, he was only a declared and adopt- ed son. Adolode, ad'O-lod. An apparatus for detecting fraud in distillation. Adonia, a-do'ni-a. A festival of two days' duration celebrated anciently in honor of Adonis, by females. The first day was spent in mourning, the secoad in merry-making. Adonis, -do-nis. In Greek myth, the favorite of Aphrodite (Venus), said to bo tho son of Cinyras, king of Cyprus. Ho received a mortal wound from a wild boar. Aphrodite changed him into the plant which bears his name. In Bot. a gen. of plants, ord. llanuncuLocea?. Adonist, -don'ist. One of a party of Biblical critics Avho maintain that thd Hebrew points annexed to the consonant* of the word Jehovah do not express truo pronunciation ; but that they are vowel- points belonging to the words Adonai and Elohim, apphed to the ineffable name Je- hovah, whldi the Jews were forbid to utter, and tho truo pronunciation of which, was lost ; they Avere therefore alwaj^s to pronounce the word Adonai instead of Jehovah. Adorsed, -dorst'. In Her. applied to any two animals, birds, fishes, or other bear- ings, placed back to back. Adnata Txmica, ad-na'tah. Tho tu- nic, known as tho white of the eye. Adoxa, a-doks'a. A gen. of plants, ord. Caprifoliaceae ; the flowers hare a musky soent. Adpressed, ad-prest'. Branches or leaves which rise parallel and dose to th« Btem, without adhering to it. ADEIAN 16 ^GIS Adrian, or Hadrian, Publius JSlius. A Eoman emperor, successor of Trojan, b. 76, d. 138 ; he was energetic, public spiiited and learned, but a cruel persecutor of Jews and Christians. The name of 6 popes, the most noted of whom was A. IV. (Mcholaa Brakespeare), an Englishman, who put an end to the re- public established in Rome by Arnold of Brescia, and compelled Frederick Bar- barossa, the German Emperor, to hold his stirrup while he mounted his horse; date of birth unknown ; elected pope 1154-, D. 1159. Adrianople, ad-ri-an-6'pl. The second largest city of European Turkey, 137 m. N. W. of Constantinople ; manufactures silks and dye stuffs ; pop. 100,000. Adrianople-red, -red. Turkey-red : red obtained from madder. Adriatic, -at-ik. The Gulf of Venice ; a sea that washes the eastern coast of Italy. Adrianus. A German Emperor who visited Great Britain and built the wall between what are now the towns of Car- lisle and Kewcastle-on-Tyne, to limit the predatory excursions of the Caledonians. Adrog-ation, -ro-gu'shon. A species of adoption in ancient Eome, by which a person capable of choosing for himself was admitted into the relation of a son. Adscriptns gletise, -skrip'tus glC'be. Belonging to the soil, as a serf. In Rome apphed to a class of slaves transferred with the land they CTlltivated. Colliers and salt-workers in Scotland were in a similar position tiU the passing of 15 Geo. III. xxviii. Adularia, -u-la'ri-a. A pure, limpid, translucent variety of felspar, called by lapidaries moonstone. Adulterer, 'ter-er. A married man who has sexual commerce -svith any woman except his wife. In Scripture, an apostate. Ad valorem, ad va-lo'rem. According to A'alue. Advent, 'vent. A coming; approach; -visitation. The coming of our Saviour. A period including four Sundays before Christmas, beginning on St. Andrew's day, or on the Sunday nearest to it either before or after it, appointed by the Synod of Lerida, 624 ad., and still generally ob- served ; it has reference to the coming of Christ in the flesh. Adventurer, -ven'tur-er. One who takes part in bold or extraordinary enter- prises ; one who tries to keep up a certain status in society, and advance hia fortune by discreditable or crimiaal expedients. Adverb, 'verb. One of the indeclinable parts of speech, so called from being fre- quently joined to verbs for the purpose ol hmiting or extending their signification; they qualify adjectives. Adversifoliate, -vers'i-f5"li-at. Hav- ing opposite leaves ; applied to plants where the leaves are opposite each other. Advowson, -vou'sn. The right of pre- sentation to a vacant benefice ; they are ol three kinds, presentative, collative and donative : they are also appendant, that is, annexed to a manor ; or in gross, that is, annexed to the person of the patron. Advoyer, a-voi'er. A chief magistrate of a Swiss town or canton. Adynamon, -din'a-mon. A factitious wine made of must boiled down with water, or of new white wine with water. Adytum, ad'i-tum. A secret place in ancient temples from which the oracles were given, and none but priests were per- mitted to enter. The Jewish Holy of Holies was a similar part of the temple of Jerusalem. Adze, adz. A cutting instrument con- sisting of a blade of iron forming a por- tion of a cylindrical surface, ground to an edge from the concave side outwards at one end, and having a hole or socket at the other end for the handle. -ffi. The symbol used to denote the third class of wooden and composite ships in Lloyd's register. iEch.modus, ek'md-dus, A gen. of fos- sil ganoid fishes, fam. Lepidoidei. JEgagras, c-gag'rus. A wild species of ibex found on Asiatic mountains, believed to be the original of the domestic goat. iEgrean Sea. Part of the Mediterra- nean now called the Grecian Archipelago. -ZEgris, 6 Mis. In Greek myth, origin- ally the skin of the goat Amalthea which suckled Zeus, and afterwards worn by him as a covering of his shield ; also the shield itself. In lat- ter times as part of the armor of Pallaaf Athena, covered with metal scales, and made terrible by the head of the Gor- gon Medusa, and fringed with serpents, protects. Pallas Wearing the iEgis. Anything that ^GERIIDJE 17 ^SOP -ffigreriidse, e-jer-I'i-dS. A fam. of Lepi- doptera, sec. Ileterocera. iEgiceras, -jis'er-as. A gen. of small trees, ord. MjTsmacese, natives of India and Australia, Their seed germinate while still on the trees, and send do^vn perpendicular roots into the mud, and thus form impenetrable thickets. iSg'ilops, ej'i-lops. An abscess in the canthus, or corner of the eye. A gen. of plants, ord. Graminaceae. ^g'le, 'gle. A gen. of plants, ord. Au- rantlaceie, -with separate stamens. ^mileus, Paulus, mil'yus. A So- man general who conquered Macedonia and made it a lioman province ; d. 160 B. c. .^neas. A prince of Troy, son of An- chise^ and the goddess Venus. With the fall of Troy he settled in Latium ; tradi- tion ascribes to him the commencement of the Eoman Empire. .^neid, -nc'id. An epic poem written by Yirgil, of which iEneas is the hero. It describes the taking of Troy, the wander- ings of -Eneas, and the final settlement of himself and companions in Italy. .Molina, -o-li'na. A modification of the accordeon. .ffipyornis, -pi-or'nis. A gen. of gigantic bh-ds found fossil in Madagascar. iEra or Era, e'rah. A division of time. Christians reckon from the date of Christ's birth, which is fixed in the 4th j-ear of the Olympial, and the 758d year of the found- ing of Eome. There are eleven principal eras in history. ^rarian, -ra'ri-an. A Eoman citizen of the lowest class of free-men, who paid only a poll-tax, and had not the sufirage. Aerate, a'er-at. To combine with car- bonic acid or other gas, or Avith air ; to change the circulating fluids of animals by the agency of the air. A. waters, acidu- lous and alkaUne beverages, impregnated ■with carbonic acid ; it is the most common carbonic acid water, called soda-water. Aerian, -G'ri-an. One of a branch of Arians, so called from Aerius, who main- tained that there is no difference between bishops and priests. Aerides, -er'i-dez. A gen. of epiphytal plants, ord. Orchidaceae. Aerodynamics, 'er-o-di-nam'-'iks. The science of the motion of the air and other gases. Aerohydrodynamic, -hi'dro-di-nam''- Ik. Acting by the power of air and water. A. wheel, an apparatus for transmitting power to a great distance. Aerolite, -lit. A stone falling from the au" or atmospheric regions ; a meteoric stone ; some suppose them to be pro- jected by lunar volcanoes, by others they are thought to be formed in the air by the imion of simpler forms of matter volatil- ized from the earth's surface ; but they are doubtless cosmical bodies of the same nature as shooting-stars, revohnng round the earth, and faUiug when they come within its attraction. Analyzed they ar» found to consist of tAventy-two of the ele- ments found in terresti-ial minerals, the most prominent being malleable metallic iron and nickel. Aerology, -ol'o-ji. That branch of phys- ics which treats of the air. Aeromancy, -o-man'^si. Divination by means of the air and -winds or atmos- pheric substances. Aerometer, -er-om'et-er. An instru- ment for ascertaining the density of air and gases. Aeronaut, a'er-6-nat. An aerial navi- gator or balloonist. Aerophobia, -fo"bi-a. A dread of air common in hydrophobia. Aerophyte, -fit. A plant which live* exclusively in au-. Aerosite, -sit. Dark red silver ore-, pyrargyrite. Aerostat, -stat. A machine or vessel sustaining weights in the air ; air bal- loons. iEschylus, es-ki'lus. The first of the three eminent tragic Grecian poets, and inventor of the trilogy ; author of Prome- theus Bound. Also distinguished as a warrior, b. 525 b. c. Was killed by a tor- toise dropped by an eagle, b. c. 456. iBEscliynantlius, es-kin-an'thus. A gen. of epiphj^tal plants, ord. Gesneraceje. JSsculacede, -ku-la'se-e. A group of plants, Hippocastanese, included in the Sapindacea?. The horse-chestnut belongs to this group. -ffisculapius, 'pe-us. The God of Medicine, son of Apollo and Coronis (or Larissa) ; Hygeia, one of his daughters by Epione, was the most celebrated of his six children, all famous in the medical art. iEsculus, es'ku-lns. A gen. of trees and shi-ubs, ord. Sapindace^e ; the horse- chestnut and allied species. .SJsir, c'ser. The general name for the heathen gods of Scandinavia. -ffisop, 'sop. A famous Greek fabulist, b. in Phrygia in the 6th century b. c; sold into slavery ho obtained his freedom. ESTHETICS 18 AGALMATOLITE and made his home at the court of CrcD- Bus, King of Lydla ; sent on a mission to Delplii in Greece, by the king, he offended the citizens by his tables, and Avas assassi- nated. His fables were not reduced to Avriting, but Mere transmitted througli tradition, and liave come down to the present in questionable purity. ..aEsthetics, os-thet'iks. The science of deducing from nature and taste the rules and principles of art ; that branch of philosophy which deals with the beautiful. -ffistho-physiology, 'tho-flz'i-or'o-ji. The physiology of sensation ; which treats of the organs of sense and the parts of the body which exercise subsidiary functions. Aetheogaraous, ri-e'the-og"a-mu3. A term apphed to such plants as propagate themselves in an unusual manner, as ferns, lycopodiums, and their allies. iEthrioscope, eih^ri-o-skop. An In- strumout for measming the minute varia- tions of temperature due to different con- ditions of the sky. ^thusa, e-thii'sa. A gen. of poisonous plants, ord. Umbelliferae. Aetius, a-e'shus. A Eoman general who defeated the Burgundians and Franks on several occasions, and forced Stilla across the Rhine ; becoming an object of jealousy to Yalentinianlll., the Emperor, the latter slew him -with his own hand,- A. D. 454. Affluent, af flu-ent. A tributary stream flowing into a larger one. Afflatus, -flfi'tus. Inspiration ; com- munication of divine knowledge or the power of prophecy ; the inspiration of the poet. Afforest, -for' est. To convert tillable gi'ound into forest, as was done by the first Norman kings of England. Affronte, -frunt-e. Front to front ; ani- mals that face each other aspoctant on an escutcheon, a bearing otherwise called confronte, and opposed to adorsed. Fac- mg the spectator, as the lion in the crest of Scotland. Afg'h.an, 'gan. A native of Afghanistan ; a kind of carriage robe. Afgrhanistan, -gan-is-tan'. An inland Asiatic country, lying betwixt 78° 50' and 80° 30' N. lat., and C2° and 72° 80' E. Ion., containing 225,000 sq. m.; the Cabul and Helmund are the principal rivers. The Afghans area proud and warlike race, and their country is threatened by both Russia and England. The latter invaded A. in 187S-9, and after severe fighting succeeded in secm-ing the concessions demanded. Africa, af're-kah. One of the five great divisions of the earth, bounded N. by the Mediterranean and Strait of Gibraltar ; E. by Isthmus of Suez, Red Sea and Indian Ocean ; S. by Southern Ocean ; W. by the Atlantic. It extends from lat. 87° 20' N. to 34° 60' S., about 5,000 m., and from Ion. 67° 22' E. to 17° 32' W., nearly the same distance, its area being 12,000,000 sq. m. It has 14 principal island groups ; its principal mountain ranges are the Atlas and Mountains of the Moon ; its largest rivers the Nile, Niger or Quorra, Senegal, Gambia, Zaire, Orange, Zambesi and J uba; its knowTi lakes, Tchadda, Dembca, Lon- dieh, Nyassa, Victoria and Albert N'yanza. The inhabitants include Hottentots and Caffres in the S., negroes in the center and interior. Moors in the N., and Oopts in Egypt. Its principal cities are Cairo, Alexandria, Algiers and Tripoli in the N., and Capo Town in the S. The population is estimated at 150,000,000, Central A. is almost unknown to Europeans, but ia at present being rapidly explored by par- ties under Stanley and others. African, af'rik-an. Pertaining to Africa. A. hemp, the fiber obtained from the leaves of the Sanseviera guineensis, ord. Lili- aceae. A. teak, a valuable ship-building wood. Aftcastle, aft'kas-1. An elevation on the after-part of ships of war. After-body, aft'er-bo-di. That part of a ship's hull abaft the midships. After-cabin, aft'er-kab-in. The best or stern cabin of a vessel. After-damp, aft'er-damp. Choke-damp or carbonic acid, found in coal mines. After-grrowth., aft'er-groth. A second growth or crop springing up after a pre- vious one has been removed. After-peak, aft'er-pek. The part of a vessel's hold which lies in the run or after- most part of the hold. Agra, a'ga. A Turkish commander or chief ofiicer. The title is given to various officers and to great landholders, and to the higher officers of the sultan's seraglio. Agrallocbum, a-gal'lok-um, A name given to two kinds of fragrant wood used by the Orientals for perfume. The agal- lochum of Cochin-China is obtained from Aloexylon Agallochum ; while the Indian variety is the Aquilaria Agallocha. Both vield resin and an essential oil which is the highly esteemed perfume used as in- cense in religious ceremonies. Ag"almatolite, a-gal-mat'o-llt. A soft clay-slate stono found in China, resem- bling steatite. AGAMA 19 AGEKDITM Agrazaa, ag'a-ma. A gen. of small sau- rian reptiles, fam. Iguanidae, Ag'axni, ag'a-mi. The Psophia crepitans; agrallatorialbird, fam. Gruidse, the golden- breasted trumpeter. Agraroic, a-gam'ik. Applied to reproduc- tion without the congress of individuals of the opposite sex. Ag'aiaidae, a-gam'i-de. A fam. of lacer- tyian reptiles, alUed to the Iguanidffi. Asamist, ag'am-ist. One "wlio refuses or rejects marriage. As'apanthus, ag-a-pan'thus. A smull gen. of perennial plants belonging to the ord. Liliaceae. Agrapa, ag'a-pe. Among the primitive Ciu-istians a love-feast or feast of charity, ■Nv^hen contributions were made for the poor. Such feasts were held at first with- out scandal, but afterward being abused, they Avere condemned at the Council of Carthage, a. d. 39T. Agramexunon, ag-a-mem'non. The commanding Greek general at the siege of Troy, murdered by his wife Clytemnes- tra and her paramonr Agethus, after his return from the destruction of Troy. Ag-apemone, ag-a-pem'o-ne. The abode of love ; an association of men and wo- men hving promiscuously on a common fund. Agar-agrar, ii'gar-a'gar. [N^ative name of Ce\-lon moss or Bengal isinglass. Agraric, a-gar'ik. One of the fungi that form the gen. Agaricus. A. mineral, or moimtein-meal, native carbonates of lime ; a stone of loose consistence found in Tus- cany, of which bricks may bo made so light as to lloat in water. A hydratcd silicate of magnesium, mixed mth lime, alumina and iron. Agraricia, a-ga-rish'i-a. The mushroom madrepore, a gen. of coral madrepores. Agraricini, a-gar'i-sr'ni. A group of fungi having the fruit-bearing surface ar- ranged in radiating gills, as mushrooms and toad-stools. Ag"aricus, a-gar'ik-us. A large gen. of ftingi, characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, and radiating plates or gills on which are produced the naked spores. Over a thousand species are known, ar- ranged in five sections according to the color of their spores. Many are edible, liko the common mushroom, while others are deleterious and even poisonous. Agrassiz, Louis, ag'gas-se. An eminent Swiss naturalist, b. 1S07, immigrated to America in 1S4C, and in 1847 became Prof. of Zoology and Geology at Harvard Uni- versity, later a non-resident professor of Cornell College, Ithaca, N. Y. He was the author of several standard works on Natural History, Fishes, and Comparative Physiology ; d. Dec. 14, 1873. Agrate, ag'at. A siliceous, semi-pellucid compound mineral, consisting or bands or layers of various colors blended to- gether, the base generally being chalced- ony, and mLxed >dth jasper, amethyst, quartz, opal, heliotrope and carnelian ; in some agates vegetable or animal remains are imbedded. Agato is chiefly found in trap-rocks and serpentine, often in the form of nodules, called geodes ; they .'•ro the least valuable of the precious stones ; an instrument used by goid-Avire drawers ; the cap for the pivots of the compass- cards, formed of a hard sUiceous stone, a chalcedony or carnelian. In printing, a size of type. AgrathodeeinoZL, ag'ath-6-de''mon. The good genius or spirit, to whom the an- cient Greeks drank a cup of unmixed wine at the end of every repast. Agratliosma, a-ga-thoz'ma. A gen. of plants, ord. liutaceae. Agrathotes, a-gath'o-tez. , A gen. of plants found m India, ord. Gentianaceai. Agave, a-ga'- v6. A gen. of plants, ord. Amary 1 1 1 da- ce,"©, compre- hending the American aloe. The best known spe- cies is A. americana, which jields many Import- ant products. The sap pro- duces, when fermented, a beveriigo re- sembling ci- der, called by the Mexicans pulque. The fibers of the leaves are formed into thread and ropes, and an extract of the leaves is used as a substitute for soap ; the flower-stem, Avhen A%itliered, is cut up into razor-strops. Agrendum, a-jen'dum. Something which a man is bound to perform, in opposition to credendum, Koraoihing he U bound to believe. A church ritiuU or liturgy. American Aloe. AGEEATUM 20 AGOUTI Agreratum, a-jor'a-tu7n. A gen, of plants, ord. Compositoe. Agg-lomerate, ag-glorn'or-fit. A collec- tive name for angular fragments ejected from volcanoes ; when worn and rounded by water it is called a conglomerate. Agrincoxxrt, ah-zhan'koor. A French village, Dep't of Pas-de-Calais, celebrated for the great -victory gained by Henry V. of England over the French in 1415. Ag-io, a'ji-o. The difference in value be- tween paper money and metallic coin. Ag-iosymandron, a'ji-o-si-man"dron. An instrument of wood or metal used by Christians in place of bells, in countries subject to the Turks, who forbid then- use. Ag"laia, ag-la'i-a. One of the three Graces. A small planet or asteriod be- tween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Ag-let, ag'let. A tag or metal sheathing of a lace or of the points or ribbons, used in the 16th and ITth centuries to fasten or tie dresses, and are still used in the form of tagged points or braid hanging from the shoulder in some military uniforms. A pendant at the ends of some stamens of flowers, as in the rose and tulip. Ag-nation, ag-na'shon. Eolation by the father's side only; distinct from cognation, which includes descent in the male and female lines. Ag-noetae, ag-nc'te. A sect of the 4th century, followers of Theophronius the Oappadocian, who questioned the om- nLscience of God. A sect o; the 6th cen- toiir, followers of Themistius, deacon of Alexandria, who held that Christ, as man, was ignorant of many things, and specifi- cally of the time of the day of judgment. Agnus Dei, ag'n us d e ' i . One of the titles of Christ. In E. C. Church a medal, or cake of wax, conse- crated by the pope, stamped with the ligure of a lamb sup- porting the banner of the cross. A pray- Agnus Dei that belonged er in the office to Carlemagne. — From of the mass be- Aix-la-Chapelle Cathe- ginning with dral. these words. In the Greek Church, the cloth which covers the communion service, bearing the figure of a lamb. Agnel, ag'nel. An ancient French coin, value 12 sols, 6 deniers, bearing the figure of the [tascal lamb. Agnomen, ag-no'men. An additional name given by the Ilomans to an indi- vidual in allusion to some quality, circum- stance, or achievement b\^ which he was distinguished, as Africanus added to P. Cornelius Scipio. Agnostic, ag-nos'tik. One of a school who disclaim any knowledge of God or of the origin of the universe. Agnus Castus, ag'nus kas'tus. A species of Vitex, ord. Verbenaceap, called chaste, and having attributed to it th* imagined virtue of preserving chastity. Agnus Scjrtliicus, ag'nus sith'ik-us. The Scythian lamb, a name applied to the rhizome of the fern Cibotium barometz, which is covered viith silky fibrous hairs. When inverted and artificially trimmed it somewhat resembles a small lamb. Agonic, a-gonik. Not forming an an- gle. A. lines, two lines on the earth's surface, on which the magnetic needle points to the true north, or where the magnetic meridian coincides with the geographical. Although they extend from south to north, they do not coincide ■svith the meridians, but intersect them under diflferent angles. Agonist, ag'o-nist. One who contends for the prize in public games ; a combat- ant; a champion. A name given by Donatus to such of his disciples as he sent to contend for the truth by preach- ing at markets and fairs. Agonothete, a-go'no-thet. An oflicial who presided over the public games in Greece. Agora, ag'd-ra. The public square and market-place of a Greek town, answering to the forum of the Eomans. Agosta, ah-gos-tah. A seaport of Sicily, off which the Dutch fleet under DeEuy- ter were defeated by the French under Duquesne, 1676. Agouara, a-go'a-ra. A species of rac- coon, called also the crab-eating raccoon, from its habit of eating crustaceans ^nd mollusks. Agouti, -go'ti. The Indian name of sev- eral species of rodent mammals, fam. Cavida?, gen. Dasyprocta or Chloromys. The common agouti, or yellow-rumped cavy, is the size of a rabbit. It burrows, lives on vegetables, is voracious as a pig, and makes a similar gi-unting noise. It holds its food in its fore-paws like a squir- rel. Its flesh is white and delicate. AGOUTA 21 AIE-CHAMBER Ag'outa, -{?i)'ta. Au insectivorous mam- mal, fain. Talpidse, and tiie sole member Agouta. of the gen. Solenodon. It is so puzzling to naturalists that it has received the name of S. imradoxus. It has the fur, ears and tail of the opossum, but the teeth and elongated nose of the shrew. It is of the size of a rat, and not imlike one. A&raphis, 'ra-fis. A gen. of plants be- longing to the Liliacete, and nearly allied to tlie squills and hj^ acinths. Ag-rimonia, -ri-mo'ni-a. A gen. of per- ennial plants, ord. Ilosaceae ; agrimony. Its leaves and root-stock are astringent, and the latter yields a yellow dye. Agriopes, -gri'6-pes. A gen. of acan- thopterygious fishes, fam. Cataphracti, distinguished from most other genera by having only nine rays in the pectoral fins. Ag-rippinian, -grip-pin'i-an. A follow- er of Agrippinus, bishop of Carthage in the 3d century, who first taught and de- fended the doctrine of rebaptism. Agrippa, Marcus Vipsaniiis, ah- grip'pah. A Koman general and states- man to whom Augustus was indebted for the victory at Actium, which made him master of the Avorld ; u. 63 n.c, n. 12. AgTOStis, a-gros'tis. A gen. of grasses, valuable as pasture grasses, and distin- guished by having membranous and awn- loss empty glumes. AgTiardiente, a'gwar-de-ent"a. A sec- ond-class brandy made from the red wines of Spain and Portugal, or refuse of the grapes left in the wine-press, the scrapings of casks and vats, and deposits in bottles. A Mexican drink distilled from the agave. AgTia-toad, a'gwa-tod. A gigantic spe- cies of toad found in intertropical America and the West Indies ; it utters a loud snoring kind of bellow. Agrue, a'gu. The cold fit or rigor which precedes a fever or a paroxvsm of fever in intermittents. A periodical fever, quotid- ian, tertian, or quartan. Affue-drop, a'gu-drop. A solution of the arsenite of potassiiim ; also known as Fowler's Solution. Ag^nious, a'jin-us. Applied to plants having no female organs. Ahab, a'hab. An idolatrous King of Israel, husband of the wicked Jezebel, who was defeated and slain by the Syrians ; reigned from 980 to 909 b. c. Ahriman, ii'ri-man. The evil genius or demon, according to the dualistic doctrine of Zoroaster ; the king of darkness and of death, and the eternal foe of Ormuzd and his kingdom of light and life. Aide-de-camp, ad-de-kon. An officer whose duty it is to receive and communi- cate the orders of a general oflicer. Aigremore, fi'ger-mor. Charcoal when prepared for the making of gunpowder. Aignille, a'gwil. An instrument used for piercing a rock, for the lodgment oi gunpowder in a mine or blast-hole. The needle-like points or tops of granite and other crystalline rocks and mountain masses, and ice on glaciers. Aignillette, a'gwil-et. A point or tag at the end of a fringe or lace. A tagged point hanging down ft-om the shoulder ; also, a braid or cord worn from shoulder to shoulder in miUtary uniforms. Aigruise, ii-gwez-a. In Her. applied to a cross with its four ends sharpened, but so as to terminate in obtuse angles. Ailanthus, a-lan'thus. A gen. of large timber trees, ord. Simarubacete. Ailette, al-let'. One of the small square shields of arms worn upon the shoulders of knights during the middle ages ; the prototype of the modern epaulet. Ailums, al-ii'rus. A gen. of carnivorous quadrupeds, fam. Ursida\ A. refulgens, the only known species, is the panda. Air, ar. The fluid which we breathe. At- mospheric A. is composed by volume of 20 or 21 oxygen and 80 or T9 nitrogen ; by weight, of 23 oxygen to 77 nitrogen. The body of A. surrounding the earth is called the atmosphere. Aira, ar'a. Hair-grass, a gen. belonging to the ord. Gramtnea?. Air-casing, ar'kas-ing. An au--tight casing of sheet-iron around a pipe to pre- vent undue transmission of heat or cold. Air-cell, ar'sel. One of the cavities in the leaves, stems, or other parts of plants, containing air. The bronchial cells con- stituting the texture of the lungs. The dilatations of the trachea in insects form- ing the respiratory apparatus. Air-diamber, ar'cham-ber. A cavity in a hydraulic machine, as a fire-engine, the air in which, on being compressed by AIR-CONDENSEK ALABAMA the admission of water, acts as a spring, and equalizes the flow of the liquid. Air-condenser, ar-kon-dens'er. An ap- paratus for condensing air. Air-cone, ar'lvon. A cone in a marine engine to receive the gases which enter the liot-well from the air-pump. Air-course, ar'kors. A general name for the ])assages in a coal-mine intended for ventilation. Air-eng-ine, ar'en-jin. An engine in wliich air, heated or compressed, is em- ployed as a motive power. Air-g'as, rir'gas. An inflammable illu- minating gas made by charging atmos- pheric air with vapors of petroleum, naph- tha, or similar substance, called gasoHne, which must evaporate yvith. great readi- ness. Air-gun, ar'gim. A gwa in which highly- condensed air is used to project the ball ; it is shaped lilce a rifle, a hollow spherical ball, into which air has been forced by a condensing syringe, being attached to it and serving as a reservoir. Air-lock, ar'lok. An air-tight cham- ber in a caisson in which operations are being carried on under water. Air-machine, ar'ma-shen. The appa- ratus by which pure air is forced into parts of mines badly ventilated. Air-port, ar'pdrt. Large scuttles in ships' bows or sides for the admission of air. Air-pump, ar'pump. A pn e u m a t i c machine for the purpose of exhausting the air from a closed ves- sel called a receiver, and thereby pro- ducing a vac- uum, which, Air-pump, however, is only partial. It exhausts the air from the receiver by means of a piston, Avith valve, working in a cylindrical tube, after the manner of a common pump. The A. P. of a steam-engine is used to draw the con- densing Avater and condensed steam otf from the condenser. Air-sac, ar'sak. One of the membranous i-eceptacles of air lodged in the hollow bones, the cavities of the body and quifls of birds, and communicating with the lungs. Air-shaft, ar'shaft. A passage for air into a mine, usually perpendicular, and meeting tiie horizontal passages, causing a free circulation. Air-thermometer, ar'tluT-mom"et-cr, A thormometor in whicli air is employed as a substitute for mercury and spirit ol Avine. Aisle, n. The Aving of a building ; tho lateral divisions of a cathedral or church, separated from the central })art, called tho nave and cJioir, by pillars or piers. Aix-beds, as'bedz. Thick fresh-Avater tertiary strata, consisting of calcareous marls, calcareo-siliccous grits and gyp- sum, and full of fossil fishes, insects and plants. Aix-la-Chapelle. A frontier city of W. Prussia, celebrated from the 5th cen- tury ; its cathedral, built in 796, Avas the scene of the coronation of the German Emperors down to the 16tli century, and many of the most celebrated treaties of history Avere concluded Avithin it. It was the favorite residence of Charlemagne, and is noted for its hot baths ; pop. 76,000. Aizoon, a-zo'on. A gen. of prostrate herbaceous plants, ord. Eicoidea;, contain- ing about twenty species. Ajaccio, ah-yat'cho. Napoleon's birth- place, on tlie island of Corsica. Ajax, a'jiiks. The name of tvA'O Grecian heroes at the siege of Troy. One, son of Telamon, king of Salamis, having unsuc- cessfully contended with Ulysses for the arms of Achilles, became insane and com- mitted suicide. The other, son of Oilus, king of Locris, Avas only second to Achilles in tieetness ; he Avas drowned Avhile re- turning from Troy through having of- fended Neptune and Minerva. Ajuga, a-ju-ga. A gen. of plants, ord. Labiatfe. Akbar, ak'bar. The most distinguished of Mogul sultans, who began his reign over the Punjaub at the age of 14; he endeavored to imite all the Ilindu nations, and after long and seAcre wars succeeded in extending his dominion over 15 prov- inces, nearly the Avhole of India: b. 1542, D. 1605. Akheer, ak'ber. A red poAvder throAvn oji the clothes and person at Hindu fes- tivals. Akee, a-kC. The fruit of Blighia sapida, ord. Sapindacea3. Alabama, a-lil-bah-mjih. One of tho southern United States, originally a part of Georgia, but admitted as an independent state in 1809 ; A. seceded Jan. 11, 1861, ALABANDINE AIDANT and the first Confederate Congress met in Montgomery, its capital, electing' Jefl'erson Davis President, and Alexander H. Stephens Vice-President. She was re- admitted to the Union npon the adoption of a new constitution in 1S67. Her popula- tion in 1880 was 1,262,505 ; 661,030 white ; 600,103 negroes; 1,372 Indians. Her principal rivers are the Alabama, Tennes- see and Tombigbee ; principal cities, Mo- bile, Montgomery, Sclma and Huntsville. The Alleghany Moimtains, in the western part, extend to AvlthLa 60 m. of the Gulf coast. Alabandine, al-a-ban'din. Manganese glance or blende ; a sulphide of manganese. Alabarch.es, al-a-bar'kcz. In ancient times, the chief magistrate of the Jews in Alexandria, whose duty lay chielly in rais- ing and pa>ing taxes. Alabaster, al'a-bas-ter. A marble-like mineral of which there are two well-known varieties — the gypseous and the calcareous; the former a crystalUne granular variety of sulphate of calcium or gypsum. Being soft it can be formed by the lathe or knife into small works of art. Calcareous A. is a variety of carbonate of hme occurring as a stalactite or stalagmite in caverns of limestone rocks. A vessel for holding odoriferous liquors or ointments. Alactagra, a-lak-ta'ga. The jumping rabbit of Siberia, a rodent, fam. Dipodida?. Aladinist, a-lad'in-ist. A free-thinker among the Mohammedans. A-la-grecque, a-lii-grek. A name for one of the varieties of the fret ornament, used for running freizes, borders, &c., and frequently seen in ancient lioman pave- ments. Alameda, a-la-me'da. A public walk in Spain, planted wth trees. Alant, aFant. In Her. a mastiff dog with short ears. Alaria, a-la'ri-a. A gen. of Algse. The , membranous frond Is from 3 to 20 feet long and has a thick midrib. Alaric I., al'ah-rik. King of the Visi- goths, who captured and plundered Eome in 410 ; b. 350, d. 410. A. II. was crowned in 484, and killed in a battle with Clovis, king of France, in 507; he formulated the body of laws known as the Brevarium Alaricianum. Alarm-g-aug-e, a-larm'gaj. An auto- matic contrivance in a steam-engine by which notice is given when the pressure of steam becomes too high, or the water too low in the boiler. Alaska, a-las'kah. The extreme N.W. territory of the U. 8., purchased from Russia in 1868 for $7,500,000, the Aleutian Island being included in the Iran sfer. The total population, Russians, Aleuts, In- dians and a few Americans, is estimated at 150,000. Congress is now (1883) con- sidering a bill providing for a tei-ritorial government. Alasmodon, a-las'mo-don. A gen. of bivalve mollusks, the river pearl-mussels. Ala-Tag'h., ah-lah-dag'. Principal moun- tain range in Asiatic Turkey, extending from Mt. Ararat. Alated, a'lat-ed. "Winged; having mem- branous expansions like wings. Shells having an expanded lip. Alauda, a-la'da. The gen. of insessorial birds to which the lark belongs, distin- guished for their ^^gilance and their sing- ing on the wiag. Alb, alb. A clerical vesment worn by R. C. priests while officiating in the more solemn functions of the divine office. It is a long robe of white linen, bound round the waist by a cincture. In front at the foot, embroider}' or orphrey-work is attach- ed, and at the -svrlsts several enrichments ap- pear. It was originally the common dress of ecclesiasts. Alba, or Alba, Fer- dinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of. A distinguished Spanish General, governor of the Nether- lands, whose cruel rule led to the inde- pendence of that country ; b. 1508, i>. 1582. He was never defeated in battle. Albacore, 'ba-kor. A name given to several fishes of the tunny or mackerel kind. Albadara, -ba-da'ra. The Arabian cabal- istic name for the sesamoid joint of the great toe, to which extraordinary gifts were anciently ascribed. Albany, al'ba-ne. A county and city of the State of New Tork, the latter being the capital ; situated at the junction of the Erie Canal and Hudson River, 141 m. N. of N. Y. aty ; it has a population of 100,000 ,• the capitol building, still unfinished, wUl cost when completed about $20,000,000, and will be one of the largest and finest public buildings in the world. Alb. ALBANS, ST. 24 ALCHEMY Albatross. Albans, St., aul'bans. A borough, of ILcrtford Co., England, celebrated for the victory of lilchard, Duke of York, over Henry VI., May 22, 1456, and the defeat of Warwick by Margaret of Anjou, Feb. 2, 14G1. It also possesses an abbey, found- ed in 79G in honor of St. Alban, the first Christian martyr in Britain. Albata, -bfi'ta. An alloj- of nickel, zinc, tin and copper, often -with antimony and silver, mMo into spoons, forks, teapots, &c. Albatross, 'ba- tros. An aquatic natatorial bird, fam . Procellariadas, of which the wan- dering albatross is the best known species. It is the largest sea-bird, and has been known to accompany ships for whole days without ever resting on the waves. It is regarded with feelings of attachment and superstitious awe by sailors. Abigrenses, -bi-jens'ez. A party of re- formers who separated from the Church of liome in the 12th centmy, and were ruthlessly persecuted ; so called from Al- bigeois, a small territory round Albi, a town of Languedoc in France. Albin, ''bin. A mineral of an opaque white color, a variety of Bohemian apo- phylite. Albino, -bl'no. A person of pale, milky complexion, with hght hair and pink eyes, occasionally found among aU races of men ; apphed to animals. Albion, al'bi-on. An ancient name of Britain, gradually restricted to Scotland. Albite, al'blt. Tetrartoprismatic fels- par ; soda felspar. Alborak, al-bo'rak. The white mule on which Mohammed is said to have ioimieyed from the temple of Jerusa- lem to heaven. Albtig-inea, al-bu-jin'e-a. The white fibrous coating of the eye; also, the tough fibrous coating of the testacies. Album, al'bum. In Eom. antiq. a wliite tablet, on which the names of public officers and also public transactions were written do-\ra. A blank book in which may be inserted autographs or pieces of poetry or pi-ose. A book for preser\-ing photographic views, cartes de xisite, r^ teacher of his day, refusing offers from the courts of Prussia and Berlin ; the in- timate friend of Voltaire, he was doubt- less a skeptic, but nothing reflecting upon Christianity appears in his works. Alembic, a-lem'bik. A vessel formerly used in distillation, usually made of glass or copper, now superseded by the retort and worm-still. Alembroth., a-lem'broth. The salt of wisdom of the alchemists ; a double chlo- ride of mercuiy and ammonia. Although poisonous it was formerly used as a stim- ulant. Alencon Liace, ii-liin'son las. A kind of French lace made of hand-spun linen thread, the most expensive of the French laces, and surpassed only by Brussels. It receives its name from Alenf on. Alepidote, a-lep'i-dot. Any fish whose skin is not covered with scales Alette, a- let'. A small wing of a build- ing ; a pil aster or b u ttress ; the face of the pier of an arch, e xtending from the edge of the opening. Aleurites a-lu-rl'tGz. A gen. of plants, ord. Euphor- biaceaj. The nuts, which abound in oil, are used as a substitute f jr candles. Aletirometer, -lur-om'e-ter, Ani nstru- raent for indicating the bread-making qiiahties of wheateu flour. Ale"wlfe, al'wif. A fresh-water fish re- sembling the shad. Alexander III., the Great. Son and S. of Philip II. of Macedon ; b. 356, p. 823 B. c. lie was crowned in the 20th year of his age, and at once entered upon his wonderfid miUtary career, conquering Darius, King of Persia, and overrunning nearly the whole of Asia. He died during a second invasion of Persia, at Babylon, the immediate cause being a prolonged debauch. His character was a compound of generosity and brutality, his usual mag- nanimity toward conquered foes being followed by violence toward his intimates, an instance of the latter being the murder, vnth. his own hand, in a drunkeu rage, of Clitus, his foster brother. A, Arch. B B, Pillars. C C, Alettes. Alexander. The name of eight Popes. A. 1., elected 109, was martyred 119. A. II., s. Nicholas IL, lOGl ; d. 1073. A. III. (BandinelU), s. Adrian IV., 1159 : d. 1181. A. IV., 8. Innocent IV., 1254; d. 1261. A.V., 8. Gregory XII., 1409 ; d. 14iO. A. VI. (Eoderigo Borgia), s. Innocent III., 1492, seeming his election by the most scandalous bribery, and living a dissolute life, dying, it is believed from poison, 1503. He was the father, by Kosa Vanozza, of the two notorious Borgias, Lucretia and Caesar. A. VII. (Fabio Chigi), s. Inno- cent X., 1665; ». 1667. A. VIII. (Al- toboni), 8. Innocent XI., 16S9 ; v. 1691. Alexander. A popular name for Kings and Emperors. The first of note in history is A. I. (surnamed Bales), K. of Syria, who pretended to bo the son of Antiochus Epipharus, and reigned from 150 to 145 b. c. ; defeated by the lawful heir, Demiti-ius Nicator, he fled to Arabia, where he was killed. A. II. (surnamed Zabina, the Slave), also a usm-per of tho throne of Syria, reigned from 128 to 122 b. c, and died a violent death. A., Emperor of Constantinople, b. 870 A. D., s. his brother Leo, the Philosopher, 911, ». 912. A. I., K. of Scotland, s. his brother Edgar, 1109, ». 1124. A. II., B. 1198, s. his father, Wflliam the Lion, 1214, ». 1249. A. III., B. 1241, son and 8. the proceed- ing; D. 1286. A., Jaggelon, son of Casimir IV., King of Poland ; b. 1461 ; s. his brother John Albert, 1501 ; d. 1506. A., Newsky, sou of Jaroslar II. of Kussia; B. 1219 ; s. his father, 1245 ; d. 1264 ; he i» venerated as a saint in Eome, and au order of knighthood was founded in his name by Peter the Great. A. I. , Emperor of llussia, B. 177T, s. his father, Paul I., 1801, ]>. 1825. A. II. (Nicolaevitch), b. 1818, s. his father, Nicholas 1., 1855 ; died 1S78. Alexandria. The most important city in Egypt, founded by Alexander tho Great; pop. 100,000. Alexandrian, al-egz-an'dri-an. Pertain- ing to Alexandria : to one who taught in connection with Alexandria, in Egypt. A. Codez, an important manuscript ol the Scriptures, in the British Museum; its probable date the 5th or 6tb centur}\ A. Library,the largest collection of books of tlie ancient world, founded by Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria, and said to have con- tained 700,000 volumes, destroyed by fan- atic Arabs A. v. 641. Alexandrine, al-egz-an'drln. A kind of vorso consisting of twelve syllables in English poetry, or in French of twelve and thu'teeu in alternate couplets, and proper- ALEXAOT)RITE 27 ALTOTH ly having tno pause or break at tho end of mc third foot. The namo of several ancient medical preparations. Alexandrite, al-egz-an'drlt. A variety of chrysoberyl found in the mica-slate of the Urals. Ale-yard, ai'yiird. An elongated drink- ing glass and measure for ale. Alexis, al-eks'is. The name of several more of less distinguished royal person- ages. A. I. ((Jomneus), B. 1048, was made Emperor of Constantinople, 1080 ; d. 1118; the lu-st Crusade took place duiing his reign. A. II., son of Manuel, b. 11C8, became emperor in 1180, and was deposed and strangled by Andronicus, 1183. A. III. (Angelus), usurped the throne of his brother Isaac Angelus, 1195 ; he fled li-om Constantinople on its capture by the Crusaders, 1208, and d. in exile, 1210. A. IV. (Angelus), son of Isaac A., reigned less than a year, 1204, and was put to death by Alexis "Ducas. A. V. (Ducas), usurped the throne, 1204 ; the city Avas again taken by the Crusaders, A. was ti-ied for the murder of A. IV., convicted and executed. A. (Michaelovitsch), Czar of Russia, b. 1030, 8. his father Michael, 1&46 ; d. 16T7 ; he was the father of Peter the Great. A. (Petro\-itch), son of Peter the Great, b. 1G90, condemned to death as a traitor, but D. in prison, it is supposed fi-om poison, 1718 ; his son Peter became Czai-, 1727. Alfet, al'fet. A vessel of boiling water into which an accused person plunged his arm as a test of his innocence or guilt. Alfred the G-reat. Son of Ethelwolf, Kmg of tlie W. Saxons, b. 849, s. his father, 871, drove the Danes from Britain, dci'eated the Northmen's invasion aftei* 56 battles on land and sea, laid the founda- tion of England's naval supremacy, codi- fied the laws and enacted new and impor- tant statutes, and founded Oxford Univer- sity ; D. 901. Algrse, al'je. An ord. of cryptogamic or tliallogenous plants, comprising sea- weeds. Algebra, al'je-bra. That branch of mathematical analysis in which signs are employed to denote arithmetical opera- tions, and letters are made to represent numbers and quantities. This science was of Oriental discovery ; but whether by the Arabians or Indians is uncertain. Algebraic, al-je-brii'ik. Pertaining to algebra. A. curve, a figure whose inter- cepted diameters bear always the same proportion to their respective ordinates. A. equation, an equation of which the terms contain only algebraic quantities. A. geometry, the application of algebra to the solution of geometrical problems. A. signs, certain signs or characters used in algebraical and mathematical operations. Algerine, al-je-ren'. A native or inhabi tant of Algiers. Also, from the Algeriueti, being much addicted to pu-acy, a pirate. Algeiba, al-je-i'bah. The beautiful double star Gamma in the constellation Leo. Algenib, al-jen'ib. The star Nu of tho constellation Pegasus. Algeria, al-je're-ah. A coimtry of N". Africa, at present a French dependency ; pop. 3,000,000; capital, Algiers; pop. GO.OOO. AlgonquixLS, al-gon'kwinz, A once powerful but now extinct tribe of Ameri- can Indians, who occupied the section just S. of the St. Lawrence and lakes. Algol, al'gol. A bright star, Beta Persel, called also Beta Medusae, remarkable aa being a variable star, changing from the 2d or 3d magnitude to the' 5th in 2 days 20 hours 50 minutes. Alguazil, iil-gAva-zel". In Spain, an in- ferior officer of justice ; a constable. Alh.agi, al-ha'jT. A gen. of Leguminosaa, sub-ord. PapiHonacea?. A. Camelorum is the true camel's-thorn. A sweet secre- tion of the Persian and Bokharan plant is prized as food for cattle, camels especially being fond of it. Alhambraic, al-am-bra'ik. Of or per- tJiiniug to the Alhambra; built or deco- rated after tho fanciful manner of the Al- hambra, all animal forms being omitted, and vegetable or floral ones modified to resemble nature. Alicante, al-i-kan'ta. A strong, swoct, dark -colored Spanish wine. Alidade, al'i-dad. The movable arm of a gi-aduated instrument, as a quadrant. Alien, rd'yen. A foreigner ; one born in or belonging to another country ; not en- titled to the privileges of a citizeiu Aliped, si'li-pCd.An animal whose toes are c o n- nected by a membrane, serving for a viing ; a c heiropter, as the bat. Alioth, al'i-oth. A star m the tail of the Great Bear, much us^ed in finding the latl- Aliped. ALISMA ALLEMAJTDE tude. Also the very brig'ht star Capella (Alpha Aurigffi), in the constellation Auri- ga, or charioteer. Alisma, a-liz'ma. A gen. of aqnatic plants, ord. Alismacea} ; water-plantain. Alison, Sir ArcMbald, Bart. An English historian, n. 1792, d. 1S67 ; his principal work is " A History of Europe from the Commencement of the French lievolution to the Accession of Louis Na- poleon, in 1852." Alizarine, al'i-za-rin. A peculiar red coloring matter obtained from madder, and prepared artificially from coal-tar resi- dues, which contain anthracene. Alk, alk. A resin obtained from Pis- tacia terebinthus. Alkahest, al'ka-hest. The pretended universal solvent or menstruum of the alchemists. Alkaid, al'kad. The star Eta of the constellation Ursa Major. Alkali, al'ka-li. A term applied to bodies having the following properties : Solubility in water ; the power of neutral- izing acids, and forming salts with them ; of corroding animal and vegetable sub- stances; of altering the tint of coloring matters. They are hydrates, or water in which half the hydrogen is replaced by a metal or comi>ouud radical. Alkalimeter, al-ka-Iim'et-er. An in- strument for ascertaining the strength of alkalies. Alkalinxide, al-kal'i-mld. Ammonia in Avhich two or moro atoms of hydrogen are replaced by acid and base radicals. Alkaloid, al'ka-loid. A class of nitro- genized compounds foimd in living plants, and containing their active principles, usually in combination with organic acids, as morphine, quinine, aconitine, caflfcine, &c. Their alkaline character depends on the nitrogen they contain. Alkanet, al'ka-net. A boraginaceous plant, Alkanna tinctoria, sometimes em- ployed in the adulteration of port-Mine. Alkanna, al-kan'na. A gen. of plants, ord. BoraginacesB. Alkarsine, al-kar'sin. An extremely poisonous liquid containing kakodyle, for- merly known as Cadet's fuming liquor, v.-hioh it has been proposed to employ as a deadly agent in war. A shell filled with it would, in bursting, involve a ship in fire and destroy the crew by its vapor. Alkekengrl, al-ks-ken'ji. The winter- cherry, a solanaceous plant. The fruit is edible. | Alkes, al'kes. The star Alpha of the Constellation Crab. Alkoran, al'ko-ran. The book which contains the religious and moral code of the Mohammedans, the Koran. It was Avritten by Mohammed, and is considered to present the purest specimen of the clas- sical Arabic. Alkoran. A high tower on Persian buildings. Alkoranist, al-ko-ran^'ist. One who adheres strictly to the letter of the Koran, rejecting all comments. Allag'ite, al'la-jit. A mineral, broviTi or green, massive, with a flat conchoidal fracture, and nearly opaque. Allall, al'la. Arabic name of the Supreme Being used by all Mohammedans. Allanite, al'lan-It. An ore of the metals cerium and lanthanium. Allantois, al-lan'tois. A pyriform sac developed from the posterior end of the abdominal cavity in vetebrate embryos. In mammals, as man, it elongates and be- comes the stalk of the placenta, or the umbilical cord along which vessels pasa connecting the circulation of mother and offspring. All a prima, alia pre'ma. A method of painting in which the pigments are ap- phed all at once to the canvas. AUecret, al'le-kret. A light armor used in the ICth century, consisting of a breast- plate and back-plate, with tassets reaching nearly to the knee. AUegh-eny, al-le-ga'- ne. A river in W. Pennsylvania, which unites with the Monon- gahela at llttsburgh, forming the Ohio. The name of counties in New York, Pennsylva- nia, Maryland and'Vir- .„ , . ginia ; also of a city op- ^^'ecret Armor. gssite, but connected by a bridge, with ittsburgh. The Appalachian Mountain range is also called the Alleghenies. Alleg'ro, al-la'gro. In music, a spiightly part or strain ; the quickest except presto. Alleluia, al-lo-lu'ya. Praise Jehovah ; a word used to denote pious exultation chiefly in hymns and anthems. Allemande, al-lo-mand'. A slow air in double time; grave, solemn music; a moderately quick dance, written in two- fourth time ; a figure in dancing. ALLEN ALLSTON Allen, Ethan. An officer of the American Eyvolution, b. 1744, d. 1789. He planned and captured Forts Ticonder- oga and Crown Point at tho opening? of the war. His troops were mostly from Yemiont, and were called "Green Moun- tain Boys." Alleiion, al-le'ri-on. In Her. an eagle without beak or feet. Alley, al'li. A passage ; an aisle, or any I)art of a chm-ch left open for access to another part. An inclosed walk in a gar- den. All-fools'-day, aVfolz-da, The first day of April. All-fours, al-forz'. A game at cards, named from the four chances for each of which a point is scored — ^high, low, jack and game. AU-hallo-W, al-hal'lo. All-saints'-day, the first of November ; a feast dedicated to all the saints in general. All-hallowmas, ai-hal'16-mas. All- hallow-tide. Allier, ahl-le-a', A river of France, which gives its name to an interior de- partment, Avhich contains tho mineral springs of Yichy, Bourbon-l'Archam- bault and jSTeris. Allig-ator, al'li-ga- ter. A gen. of saurian reptiles, fam. Croco-i dihdaj, sub-fam. Alli- gatoridiB. They dif- fer from the true crocodiles in having a shorter and flatter head, cavities or pits In the upper jaw, into ■which the long CAnioe teethof the under jaw fit, and feet much less webbed. Their habits are less per- fectly aquatic. The largest grows to the length of 17 or 18 feet. The female lays her eggs in the sand, to be hatched by the heat of the sun. They are found only in tropical America. Among the fossils of the south of England, however, are re- mains of a true alligator. Alligator-apple. al'Ii-ga-ter-ap-l. The fruit of Anona palustris, a West Indian tree. Allig-ator-tortoise, alli-ga-ter-tor'tois. A species of chelonian reptile, fam. Emydaj, with long tail and limbs. AllodiTim, al-lo'di-um. Freehold es- tate; real estate held in independence without being subject to rent, 6er\ice, or acknowledgement to a superior, and thus opposed to feud. Alligator. Allium, al'li-um. A gen. of bulbous plants, ord. Liliaceae, remarkable for their pungent odor ; the onion, leek, garBc, chive and shallot. Allocliroite, al-16-kro'it. A massive, fine-gi-alaed variety of U'on garnet, which changes color before the blowpipe. Allocution, al-lo-kji'shon. An address, especially a formal address, as that of a pope to his clergy. Allopathy, al-lop'a-thi. That method of treating disease by "which it is en- deavored to produce a condition of the system different from or incompatible with the condition essential to tho dis- ease ; opposed to homoeopathy. AUophane, al'lo-fan. A hydro-silicata of aluminium, occurring in amorphous, botryoidal, or reniform masses. Allophylian, al-lo-fil'i-an. Pertaining to the pre-Ar3'an inhabitants of Europe ; also to various tribes of tongues which have not been classified. The native dia- lects of America, Australia, most of Africa, the Polynesian, Old Etruscan, Basque, «&c., are A. Allotropy, al-lot'ro-pi. The capability exhibited by some elements of existing in more than one fonn, with different char- acteristics. Alloxan, al-loks'an. One of the products of the decomposition of uric acid by nitric acid. Alloxantin, al-loks-an'tin. A white crystalline substance obtained when al- loxim is brought into contact with zinc and hydrochloric acid, with - chloride of zinc, or sulphureted hydrogen. Alloy, al-loi'. A baser metal mixed with a finer ; tho cheapest metal of a mtKture. Most metals may bo alloyed together in varying proportions. "When mercury is one of the component parts, the alloy ia called an amalgam. All-saints'-day, al'sOnts-da. All-Hal- lowmas or Hallowmas, a festival of the E., C. Church, instituted by Pope Gregory IV., in 835, and dedicated to all tho saints in general ; celebrated on the 1st Novem- ber, because this was the date of one of the four great heathen festivals of the northern nations. All-souls'-day, al's6lz-da. The 2d No- vember, a festival "in the E. C. Church, when prayers are publicly offered up for the release of souls from purgatoiy. Allston, ■Washing1;on. An American painter, b. in Chaiieston, S. C, 1779 ; ». 1843; he is often styled the "American Titian." ALLSPICE ? Allspice, al'spls. The fruit of Eugenia PiuRiitii; a Bpice of a mildly pungent taste, and agreeably aromatic. Allumee, al-lum-e'. In Her. applied to the eyes of a bear or other beast, when they are drawn red and sparkling. Alluvion, al-lii'vi-on. The washing up of sand or earth so as to form new soil. Alluvium, al-lii'vi-um. A deposit col- lected by means of the action of water. 'Allyl, al'lil. A radical which cannot ex- ist in a free state. At the moment of its liberation two molecules combine to- gether to form diallyl. Allylamine, al-lil'a-min. A mobile liq- uid having a sharp burning taste, pro- duced by the action of potash on allyl- cyanate. Almaden, al-mah'den, A town in New Castile, Spain, celebrated for the oldest and most productive quicksilver mines in the world. Almadie, al'ma-di. A boat used in India, shaped hke a shuttle ; also, a small African canoe. Almag-est, al'ma-jest. A book of prob- lems in astronomy and geometry, drawn by Ptolemy. A title given to other works of a like kind. Almagra, al-ma'gra. A red ocher, used in India for staining the person. Also used as a paint, and for polishing silver and glass, under the name of Indian red. Alma Mater, al'ma ma'ter. An epi- thet first given to the earth as the mother of all; now applied by students to the university where they have been trained. Al-Mamum., al-mah'mum. Son aud s. of Ilaroun-al-Easchid, caliph of Bagdad, B. TSG, D. 83B ; his reign was celebrated as the commencement of Saracenic literary activity. Alxaanac, al'maruak. A table or publi- cation comprising a calendar of days, weeks and months, with the times of the rising of the sun and moon, changes of the moon, eclipses, hom-s of full tide, Btated festivals, &c. Alxaaudine, al'man-dln. Precious gar- net, a beautiful red mineral ot various shades, commonly translucent, some- times transparent. It occiu-s crystallized in the rhombic dodecahedron. Alman'zor, Abu Moliam.nied. Re- gent of Cordova, Spain, n. 939, n. 99S. A. was a famous general, being defeated in but one battle out of fifty, during 23 years of warvdth the Christian princes of Spain; this was the decisive battle of Calatanazor, 99S, just before his death. • ALKTJS Almayne-rivet, al-man'riv'et. One of a series of rivets sliding in slot-holes la plates of armor, so that they Mould yielu to the motion of the body ; afterward ap- lilied to suits of armor constructed in this manner. Alm.e, al'me. The name given in some parts of the East, and especially in Egypt, to girls whose occupation is to amuse company with singing and dancing, or to sing dirges at funerals. Almena, al-me'na. A weight of 2 lbs., used in parts of Asia. Alm.ond, ii'mund. The seed of Amyg- dalus communis, or almond-tree. There are two varieties, sweet and bitter ; both produced from A. communis, though from different vai-ieties. In lapidary work, a piece of rock crystal used in adorning branch candle-sticks. Almond-furnace, a'mund-fer-nis. A furnace in which the slags of litharge, left in refining silver, are reduced to lead. Almond-oil, il'mund-oil. A bland, fixed oil obtained from almonds. Almond-paste, ii'mond-paste. A cos- metic to soften the skin, composed of bitter almonds, white of egg, rose-water, and rectified spirit. Almond-tree, ii'mund-tre. A species of Amygdalus which produces the almond. Almond-willow, ii'mund-wil-lo. The Salix amygdalina, the leaves of which re- semble those of the almond-tree. Almoner, al'mon-er. A dispenser of alms or charity in connection with relig- ious communities, hospitals, or alms- houses. In England there is a lord-A., or lord high-A., an ecclesiastical officer, gen- erally a bishop, who distributes twice a year the sovereign's bounty. There is also a sub-A., and a hereditary grand A. Alms-g-ate, amz'gat. The gate of relig- ious or great houses, at which alms Avere distributed to the poor. Alms-house, amz'hous. A house ap- propriated for the use of the poor who are supported bj' the public , a poor-house. Almuce, al'mus, a'mus. A furred hood having long ends Banging down in front of the dress, something like the stole; worn by the clergy from the 13th to the 15th centuries when officiating during inclement weather. Almude, al-miid'. A variable measure in Spain and Portugal, ranging for liquids fromSi to 5^- English gallons; for grain from 8| to 11 pints. Alnus, al'nus. The alder, gen of plants, ord. Betulaceae. A. glutinosa is k well- ALOE 81 ALPHONSO known tree, which supplies charcoal for gunpowder ; the bark is valuable for tim- ning, and liie young shoots €or dyeing various colors. Aloe, al'o. The common name of the gen. Alo, ord. Liliacea?. Among the Mo- hammedans the A. is a sjTubohc plant, and everyone who returns from a pilgi-im- age to Mecca hangs it over his §treet door, as a token that he has performed the jour- ney. Several species yield aloes, the well- known bitter pm-gative medicine. A drug, the juice of several species of aloe, is a stimulating stomachic purgative. The chemical principle is called aioin. Aloexylon, -eks'i-lon. A gen. of plants, ord. LeguminosjB. A. Agallochimi, the only species, is a tree GO feet high. Alogian, a-lO'ji-an. One of a sect of an- cient heretics, who denied Jesus Christ to be the Logos, and consequently rejected the Gospel of St. John. Aloin, al'o-in. A ciystaUine bitter princi- ple got from aloes in pale yellow prismatic needles, grouped in stars. Alomancy, al'o-man-si. Divination by salt. Alopecurus, a-16-pe-ku'ms. Foxtail- gi-ass, a gen. of grasses, some being trouble- some Aveeds, others good fodder plants. Alopecy, al'o-pe-si. A disease called fox-evil or scurf, accompanied by a falling off of the hau-. Alosa, a-lo'sa. A gen. of fishes, fam. Olupeidaj, including the shad. Aloysia, a-loi'si-a. A gen. of plauts, ord. Verbenaceae, to which belongs a shrub, A. Citriodora, popiilarly known as Ver- bena. Alpaca, al-pak'a. A ru- minant mammal, of the camel tribe, and gen, Auch- enia ; so closely allied to the llama that by some it is regarded rather as a smaller variety than a distinct species. It is valued chiefly Alpaca, for its Avool. Its llesh is pleasant and Avholesome. A fabric manumctured from the hair or avooI of the alpaca. Alpen-stock, al'pen-stok. A strong stick, iron pointed, used in climbing the Alps and other high mountains. Alpha, al'fa. The first letter in the Greek tdphabet, .inswering to A, and used to denote first or beginning. Alphabet, al'fa-bct. The letters of a lan- guage arranged in the customary order. A seiies of dashes, dots, &c., used in teleg- raphy ; first elements ; simplest rudi- ments. Alpen-hom, .al'pen-hom. A very long, nearly straight horn, curving slightly and ATidening toward its extremity, used on Alpen-hom. the Alps to convey signals, and formerly by the Swiss to sound the charge in battle, Alphitomancy, al-fit'o-man-si. Divin- ation by means of barley-meal. Alphonsin, al-fon'sin. A surgical in- strument for extracting buUets from Avounds, Alphousine, al-fon'sin. Of or pertaining to any person of tho name of Alphooso. A. tables, astronomical tiibles published in 14S3 and succeeding years, under the x>at- ronage of Alphonso X., king of Castile and Leon. Alphos, al'fos. That species of leprosy, called also vitiligo, in Avhich tho skin is rough, with Avhite patches and rose-col- ored areolae. Alpist, al'pist. The seed of the canarj'- grass ; the seed of various si^ecies *ol Alopecurus, or foxtail-grass. Alquier, al'ker. A measure in Portu- gal, containing half an almude, or about 2 gallons. Alsatian, al-sa'shi-an. Of or pertaining to the province of Alsace in Germany. Of or pertaining to Alsatia, formerly 'a cant name for Whitefriars, a district in London Avhich, possessing certain privi- leges of sanctuary, became a nest of mis- chievous characters. They were abolished in 1(597. Alphonso, al-fon'zo. A royal name. A, 1. , King of Aragon and Navarre (surnamed tho Battabador), c. 1104 ; d. 1134, A. II,, c. 1163 ; j>. 1196. A. Ill,, son and s. ALPS S of Pedro III., c. 1285 ; d. 1291. A. IV., c. 1327; B. 1836. A. I., King of Leou and Astnrias, c. 739; d. 756. A. II. (the Chaste), c. 791; d. 842. A. III. (the Great), s. his father, Ordofto, 86G ; ». 910. A. IV. (the Monk), c. 924; abdicated 930; D. 932. A. V., c. 999; j>. 1028. A. VI. and VII. (see A. I. and II. of Castile). A. IX., c. 1188; ». 1230. A. I., King of Castile and Leon (the Brave), son of Fernando I., s. to the throne of Leon 1065, and of Castile 1073; v. 1109. A. II. (A. VII. of Leon), s. 1126; assumed the title of Emperor 1135; d. 1157. A. III. (A. VIII.), s. 1158, when but 3 years old; D. 1214; A., Avith his allies, the kings of Aragon and Navarre, won a great victory over the Almonade Sultan Moham- med Au-Nasu-. A. IX., s. 1312, when but 1 year old ; in 1340 gained a great Aictory over the Moors at Tarifa; d. 1350. A. X., King of Leon and Castile (the Wise), 6. 1252 ; D. 1284 ; he invented the valua- ble Alphonsine astronomical tables. A. I., King of Naples, b. 1385; s. his father Fernando I. as king of Aragon, 1416, and adopted as the heir of Queen Joanna of Naples, 1442; d. 1458. A. II., son of Ferdinand I., b. 1448; s. 1494; ab- dicated 1495 ; cruel and avaricious. A. I., Henriquez. Count and first king of Portugal, s. his ftither, Henry of Bur- gundy, 1811 ; obtained a signal victory v>ver the Moors in 1139, and proclaimed king by the ai-my ; in 1148 took Lisbon from the Moors, and made it the capital; D. 1185. A. II., son of Sancho I., b. 1185; 8. 1211; ». 1223. A. III., c. 1284; v. 1279. A. IV. (the Brave), b. 1290; s. 1325; D. 1357; notorious for the cruel treatment of his natural brother and the murder of Inez de Castro, Avife of his son Pedro. A. V., b. 1432 ; s. 14:38 ; d. 1481. A. VII., B. 1643; s. 1656; abdicated 1669 ; D. 1683 ; a sensual imbecile. Alps, The, alps. The great Central European range of mountains, a crescent- shaped chain, extending from the Medit- teranean to the Hungarian plains, nearly 600 m.; the saveral groups are designated as the Maritime, from tho sea to the sources of the Po ; the Cotlian, Avhich carry the chain to Mt. Cenis, and the Grecian, Avhich terminate at Mont Blanc ; these may be called the W. range, and run N. and S. The E. range extend from W. to E., are much Avider, and are separated into a N. and S. series; the former com- prise the Bermese, N. of the Rhone ; tho Bt. Gall, N. W. of the Phone valley ; the Norie, extending from Lake Constance to Vienna, and the Styrian, between the ALTAE Norie and the Carnie A. The 8. series include tho Pennine, between Mt. Blano and Monte Bosa ; the Lepontine, thence to the source of the Upper Rhine ; the Ehoetian, Avhich terminate at the head Avaters of the Piare, and the Carnie reach- ing to the river Mar, Avhich separates them from the Bakong range. Mt. Blanc, 15,- 777 ft., is the highest peak in Europe. The Stelrio, 9,100 ft., is the highest car- riage pass, and that of St. Gothard the only one Avhich is carried over the crest of the mountains. The Mt. Cenis tunnel gives a railroad passage through the A. The peaks of the higher A. are perpetually covered Avith snow ; the sides and valleys are fruitful, and the scenery is the most imposing and picturesque in Europe. Alsace, al'sass. A Rhine province, Avhich belonged to France till the 10th century ; seized by the Emperor Otto I., 995; ceded back to France 1697, and seized by Germany, 1870 ; area, 3,640 fiq. miles.; pop. 1,200,000. Alsike-clover, al'sik-klo'ver. A species of hybrid clover intermediate between common red and Avhite or Dutch cloA'er. Alsirat, alse'rat. In Mohammedan Theol. tho bridge extending over the abyss of hell Avhich must be crossed by eA^ery one on his journey to heaven. Alsophila, al-so'fi-la. A gen of tropi- cal cyatheaceous ferns, haA-ing no indus- ium to the sorus. A. excelsa rises to the height of 80 feet. Alstroemeria, al-stre-me'ri-a. A beau- tiful gen. of S. American plants, ord. AmaryUidaceas. Altai, al'ti. An extensive mountain sys- tem of N. Asia, forming the boundary lino between Siberia and China ; length nearly 5,000 m.; mean average height 3,000 to 6,000 ft.; Mt. Bialukha, near the sources of tho river Obi, is 10,800 ft. Altaic, al-ta'ik. Pertaining to the Altai mountains. A family of languages di- Aided into five branches, the Finno-IIun- garian, Samoyedic, Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic. Altair, al'ta-er. The Arabic name for Alf)ha Aquilaj, the most important star in tho constellation Aquila, one of the stai-s by Avhich the lunar distances are calculated. Altaite, al-tfi'It. A mineral lead and tel- lurium, Avith a small proportion of silver. Altambour, al-tam-bor'. A large Span- iih or Moorish drum. Altar, al'ter. An elevated place on Avhich sacrifices Avere offered or Incensa burned to a deity. When temples came ALTAR-BEEAD ALUM-SCHIST to be built A. were made of stone or mar- ble, often adorned with sculpture of the most elaborate description. The Jews had the A. of burnt-offering:, of incense, which stood in the holy place. In some earlv Christian churches the term applied to the communion-table, but with the in- troduction of the Gothic art the simple table developed into a structure pointinor heavenward, raag-uiftcent as a whole, and full of symbolic meaning. Altar-bread, al'ter-bred. Bread pre- pared for the eucharist. In the E. C. Church it is unleavened and stamped with an I II S or a crucifix. Altar-cloth, al'ter-kloth. The cloth thiit covers the altar, the portion hanging down in front being called the antepend- ium, and that which covers the top the super- frontal. Altar-table, al'ter-tii'bl. A table, on which the communion elements are placed. Altazirauth., alt-az'i-muth. A tele- scope so an-anged as to be turned horizon- tally to any point of the compass. Altendorf, al'ten-dorf. A Bavarian village, near Bamberg, where the Aus- trians were signally defeated by the French General Kleber, Aug. 9, 1T96. Altem, al'tern. Exhibiting on the up- per and lower part faces which alternate, but which, when the two parts are com- pared, correspond with each other. A. base, a term used in distinction from the true base. Altemat, al-ter-na. In diplomacy a right in vu-tue of which several states take each in turn the first place. Alternate, al-ter'nat. Being by turns ; following In succession of time or place. Placed on opposite sides of an axis on a different level ; as, A. leaves. Placed be- tween other bodies of the same or different whorls; belonging to a series between every pair in which a member of another eeries intervenes. A. angles, in Geom., the Internal angles made by two lines with a thu-d, on ojiposite sides of it. A. quarters, in Her., the first and fourth quarters, and the second and third. A. generation, that modification of genera- tion by which the young do not resemble their i)arent, but some remote ancestor. Althaea, al-thC-'a. A gen. of plants, ord. Malvaoeas, including the hollj'hock and the marsh-mallow. Althein, al-the'in. A white cry.'italllza- ble substance contained in the root of the mallow and asparagus. Altiraeter, al-tim'et^er. An instrument for taking altitudes by geometrical princi- ples. Altiscope, al'ti-skop. An arrangement of lenses and mirrors in a vertical tele- scojnc tube, by means of which a person is able to overlook objects intervening be- tween himself and the object he desires to see. Altitude, al'ti-tud. Space extended up- ward ; height. The elevation of a star or other object above the horizon, measured by the arc of a vertical intercepted be- tween such point and the horizon. Alto, al'to. High ; a common element in terms in music and art. Altorf, al'torf. Capital of Canton of Uri, Svritzerland. Noted for its proximity to Beorgden, the reputed birthplace of Wilham Tell. Alto-rilievo, al'to-re-le-si"vo. High re- lief ; a term applied to sculptured figures which stand out from the back-ground, projecting more than half then- thickness without being entirely detached. Altruism, al'tro-izm. A term first em- ployed by the Positivists, or followers of the French philosopher Comte, to signify devotion to others or to humanity ; the opposite of selfishness. Alum, al'um. A general name for a class of double sulphates containing aluminium and such metals as potassium, ammonium, iron, &c. Common or potash alum is pro- duced by adding potassium sulphate or chloride to crude aluminium sulphate ; it is of great use in medicine and the arts. Alumina, al-ii'min-a. The oxide of aluminium, the most abundant of the earths; the adamantine spar, the ruby, conmdum and sapphire are alumina nearly pure and crystallized. In these forms A. is, next to the diamond, the hardest substance kno%vn. It forms the base of the lakes in dyeing, and acts also as a mordant. , Aluminium, al-u-min'i-um. The me- tallic base of alumina ; a white metal vith a luster resembling, but far inferior to, that of silver, extracted fi-om cryohte, largely employed in the preparation of alloys and for the manufacture of articles for which silver was formerly employed. A. gold, an alloy of 10 parts aluminium to 90 copper, harder than bronze, and sus- ceptible of a fine polish. Alum-schist, al'um -shist. A thin bedded fissile rock, chiefly composed of silica and alumina, from which Is obtained the largest part of the alum of commerce. AlUMINITE 84 AMBEE Aluminite, al-u'min-Tt. Hydrous sul- phate of {ilumiua, a. mineral that occurs in small roundish or reniform masses. Aluzanus, a-lum'nus. A pupil ; a ^ad- uate or undergraduate of a university. Alunogren, al'un-o-jen. Native sulphate of aluminium, found in volcanic solfataras, in clays and folspav rocks containing pyrites, and «s an efflorescence on the walls of mines and quarries. Alveolite, al'vG-o-Ut. A gen. of De- vonian corals. Alyssum, a-lis'sum. A gen. of plants, ord. Cruciferse, much employed for deco- rating rock-work. Ama, a'ma. The vessel used for holding the -vvine and water of the eucharist, the body being sometimes formed of glass or agate, mounted in gold, and jeweled. The Avine itself. Amadeus, am-ah-de'us. The name of nine counts or Dukes of Savoy; A, V. (the Great), successfully defended Ehodes against the Turks, 128T. Axnadis de Gaul, am'a-dis da gawl. A romance of chivalry, reciting the fabu- lous exploits of Amadi, and other Palla- dins, written in Spanish by Vasco Sobeira, a Portuguese, in the 14th" century. Amadou, am'a-do. A substance used for tinder, consisting of the silky poi-tion of fungus found growing on forest trees ; sometimes used by surgeons as a styptic. Amalekites, a-mal'e-kits. A tribe of Edomite Arabs, the first to assail the He- brews after their passage through the Ked Sea ; the A. were annihilated by the He- brews about 725 n. c. Amalgram., a-mal'gam. A compound of mercury or quicksilver with another metal ; any alloy of Avhich mercury forms a part. Amalg'araate, a-mal'gam-at. United or coalesced : apphed to a language the words of which are formed by the amal- gamation of roots, as the Aryan or Indo- European languages. To compound or mix, as quicksilver with another metal. Amalphitan, a-mal'fi-tan. Pertaining to Amalli, a town of Italy. A. code, the oldest existing code of maritime law, compiled during the first crusade. Amandola, a-man'do-la. A green mar- ble >\ith white spots, having the appear- ance of honey-comb. Amanuensis, a-man'u-en"sis. A per- son whoso employment is to AAiite what another dictates, or to copy what has been irritten by another. Amaranth.aoe83, am'a-ran-thii"sC-e. An ord. of apetalous plants ; the cock's- comb, the globe-amaranth, the prince's- feathcr, and the love-lies-bleeding. Am aranthus, am-a-ranth'us. A gen. of plants, ord. Amaranthacete. The spe- cies are all annuals. Amaryllidacese, am-a-rll'li-da"se-e. An ord. of monocotyledonous plants, with six stamens and' an inferior fruit, which comprehends the daffodil, the Guernsey and belladonna lilies, the Bruns- vigias and blood-flowers of the Oape ol Good Hope. The gen. Ajnaryllis gives the name to the order. Amarytlirin, am-a-rith'rin. The bitter principle of erythric acid. Amasthenic, a-mas-then'ik. In Pho- tog. a superior kind of lens which unites the chemical rays of light into one focus ; amacratic. Amati, Andrea and Antonio, ah- mah'te. Father and son, celebrated vio- lin makers of Cremona, Italy, in the 17th and ISth centuries. Amaurosis, am-a-ro'sis. A partial or complete loss of sig'ht from loss of power in the optic nerve or retma, without any visible defect in the eye except au immov- able pupil. Sometirnes it is periodical. Amazon, am'a-zon. The largest river in the world, running E. and W. through S.America nearly 4,000 m., and 160 m. ■wide at its mouth. It derived its name from an early Spmiish legend which lo- cated a tribe of female warriors on its upper banks. Amazon, am'a-zon. One of a fabled race of female warriors, said to have Ibunded an empire in Asia Minor, on the Euxine. A masculine woman ; a virago. Amazon-ant, am'a-zon-ant. The For- mica rufescens, a species of ant which robs the nests of other species. Ambarie, am'ba-ri. In India, an oblong seat furnished -with acanopvand curtains, for the accommodation of elephant riders. Ambassador, am-bas'sa-dor. A min- ister of the highest rank, employed by one prince or state at the court of another to manage the public concerns. A. are ordinaiy when they reside permanently at a foreign court, or extraordinaiy Avhen they are sent on a special occasion. En- voys are employed on si>ecial occasions, and are of less dignity than ambassadors. Ambassadress, am-bas'sa-dres. The wfe of an ambassador. A woman sent on a public message. ' Amber, am'bcr. A mineralized rosin of AMBERGEI3 85 AMBUET extinct pine-trees. It is a hard translu- cent substance, brittle, without taste or smell, except when heated it emits a fra- grant odor. It becomes negatively elec- tric by friction. It yields bv distillation an empyreumatic oil consisting of a mix- ture of hydrocarbons and succinic acid. It is used chiefly for pipe mouth pieces and beads, and in the arts for amber-var- nish. Ambergris, am'ber-gres. A solid, opaque, inflammable substance, variegated like marble, remarkably light, rugged on its surface, and having, when heated, a fi-agrant odor. It melts into a kind of yellow resin, and is highly soluble in spirit of wine. It is a morbid secretion of the intestines of the spermaceti Avhale. Axnber-seed, am'ber-sed. The seed of Abelmoschus moschatus, resembling mil- let, has a bitterish taste, a smell Uke musk, and is used for perfuming. Amber-tree, am'ber-tre. The English name for Anthospermum, a gen. of Bhi'ubs which, when bruised, emit a fra- grant odor. Ambidexter, am-bi-deks'ter. A per- son who uses both hands with equal facil- ity. A double-dealer. Amble, am'bl. A pecnliar pace of a horse or mule in which both legs on one Bide are moved at the same time. Amblygron, am'bli-gon. An obtuse- angled triangle ; a triangle with one angle of more than 90 degrees. Amblyg-onite, am-blig'on-it. A mine- ral consisting of phosphates and fluorides of aluminium and lithium. It occurs massive or crystallized in oblique four- sided prisms, in granite, vnth topaz and tourmaline. Amblyopsis, am-bli-op'sis. A gen. of fishes, including the blind-fish. Ambljrpterus, am-blip'tcr-us. A gen. of ganoid fishes, with heterocercal tail, found only in a fossil state. AmblyriiyTicllus, am-bli-ringk'us. A gen. of lizards resembling the iguana. A. cristatus, in length vaiying from 3 to 4 feet, is the only known existing marine lizard. Ambo, am'bo. In early Christian churches a raised desk or pulpit, from which were read or chanted certain parts of the service. Amboyna-wood, am-boi'na-wud. A beautiful mottled and curled wood, em- ployed in cabinet work. Ambreada, am-bre-a'da. A fictitious amber, sold by Europeans to the Africans. Ambrein, am'bre-in. A fatty subsUuce obtained from ambergris by digesting it in hot alcohol. It is crystallized and has an agreeable odor. Ambrose (St.), am'broz. A Catholic Archbishop of Milan, b. 340, D. 397; noted for his piety and boldness in rebuk- ing the secular rulers ; he was in conflict with Yalentinian, Maximus and Theo- dosius, compelling the latter, after tha manner of Thessalonica, to perform a humiliating penance before receiving the sacrament. A. was author of the "'To Deum Laudamus." Ambrosia, am-bro'zhi-a. According to the beUef of the ancient Greeks, the food of the gods, which confen-ed immortality on those who partook of it ; hence, any- thing pleasing to the taste or smell. A. gen. of plants belonging to the ord. Com- posite, consisting of annual weeds resem- bling wormwood. Ambrosin, am'bro-sin. A coin struck by the dukes of Milan in the middle ages, on which St. Ambrose was represented on horse-back. Ambrotsrpe, am'bro-tlp. A picture ta- ken on a plate of prepared glass, in which the lights are represented in silver and the shadows by a dark back-gi-ound showing through the ti-ansparent plata. Ambry, am'bri. A place where alms are deposited for distribiition to the poor ; a place in ancient abbeys and priories where the almoner lived. A niche or re- cess in the wall of ancient churches in which the sacred utensils were deposited. A place in which are deposited the uten- sils for housekeeping. Ambs-ace, amz'jis. A double ace, aa when two dice turn up the ace. Ambulance, am'bii-Ians. A military hospital establishment of a temporary nature. A cart, wagon, or litter employeil to convey injured or sick to the hospital. Araeer, a-mer'. An Arabian nobleman .• a cliief. Am.eiva. a-ml'va. A gen. of small sau- x-ian reptiles, fam. TeidS. Amen, u'men'. A term used In prayer, and meaning So be It. At the end of a creed it is equivalent to a solemn asser- tion of beUef. Ambulator, am'bu-lat-er. One who walks about. An instrument for measur- ing distances. A name sometimes given to the original form of the velocipede. Ambury, am'bu-ri. A tumor, wart, of swelling on a horse, full of blood and soft to the touch. Club-root, a sort of excrea- AMENTACE^ AMEEIGO YESPUCCI oence ill plants of the ord. Cruciferai, pro- duced by a puncture niado by the ovipos- itor of an insect and deposition of its eggs. Amentacese, a-men-ta'sG-S. A gi-oup of plants whose flowers are arranged in an amentum or catkin, as Cupuliferie, Sali- caceae, Betulaceae, Platanacese, and Eyri- caceae. America, a-mer'e-kah. The second in size of the five great divisions of the globe, extending from lat. 71° 24' N. to the Straits of Magellan, lat. 53° 53' 7" 8. and covering an area of about 15,000,- 000 sq. m.; its native and immigrant populations include every race, and a majority of the nations and tribes of earth. A. is often called the new world, from its recent discovery by Europeans. It is about equally divided into two sections, N. and 8. America, joined by the naiTOW Isthmus of Darieu and Central America. N, A. properly begins at the upper side of the Gulf of Mexico, or 30° N. lat., and ex- tends to the Arctic Ocean, its gi-eatest length being 4,000 m., and its greatest breadth from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 8,500 m.;theE. coast is indented with numerous bays, gulfs and inlets, and ter- minates in the long peninsula of Florida ; the Western coast has comparatively few good roadsteads, but is broken by the pen- insula of 8. California, and the Aleutian Islands. There are two main mountain ranges, one parallel to the E. coast, but a considerable distance inland, called the Appalachian; the other along the W. coast, known as the Sierra Nevada, the latter being much the higher. These grand ranges are each divided into three distinct chains, those on the E. being the Alle- " ghanies, the Green and White mountains; in the W. the Sierras, a loftier inner chain, of which Mt. St. Elias, 17,900 ft. above sea level, is the chief peak, and the great Eocky Mountain system. Between these mountais ranges lie the immense prairies, the valleys of the Mississippi, Ohio and Tennessee ; to the N. are the five great (Connected lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario, covering more than 120,000 sq. m., and making an open water-way from the Atlantic nearly half way across to the Pacific ; still N. of these are the great plains stretching to the Arctic Ocean, and surrounding the vast inland sea knowTi as Hudson's Bay. The chief rivers are the Connecticut, Hudson, James, Ohio, Tennessee, Mis- souri, Mississippi, Red, Eio Grande, Col- umbia and Mackenzie, which empties into the Arctic Ocean. Central America may be said to include the table-land of Mexico and extend 8. to Guatemala, the vol- canic mountains of Avhich are connected through the Isthmus range with the Sierras of N. A.; the Eio Del Nortois the most important river. South A. is 4,700 miles in exti-eme length, and about 8,200 in width ; the Andes mountains extend along the W. coast, the less lofty ranges of Venezuela in the N., those of Brazil in the N. E.; its surface consists of vast plains, at various elevations, the prin- cipal divisions of whicli are knoAvn as the Pampas, the Silvas and the Llanos ; the largest rivers are the Amazon, the Orinoco and the Eio de la Plata ; the inhabitants consist of the native tribes in the interior and Southern portions, Spaniards, Portu- guese and niixed races along the sea coast and throughout the N. The di\is- ions, sub-divisions and populations of the Continent are as follows : N. A. — Mexico, United States, Dominion of Canada, New- foundland, Prince Edwards Island, British Columbia, Greenland, Bennuda, St. Ilerr* and Miquelon; pop. 71,406,323. C. A.— Costa Eica, Nicaragua, Honduras, San Salvador, Guatemala and British Hon- duras; pop. 8,126,091. Spanish and British W. Indies, Dutch French and Danish possessions, Hayti and San Do- mingo; pop. 4,809,672. 8. A.— Patagonia and TeiTa-del-Fuego, Uruguay, Paraguay, Gran-Chaoo and Pampas Argentine, Ar- gentine Eepublic, ChiU, Bolivia, Peru, Galapagos (uninhabited), Ecuador, New Granada, Venezuela, British, Dutch and French Guiana, Brazil and Falkland Is- lands ; pop. 28,312,944. The discovery of A. by Christopher Columbus in 1492-98, opened it to European exploration and settlement, although Greenland was un- questionably visited by Scandina\ian rovers in the 6th century, and it is be- lieved Iceland voyagers reached the coast of New England in the 10th century. The most noted A. explorers besides Columbus were Hendrick Hudson, Cortez, De Soto, Pizarro, Cabot and Magellan. American, a-mer'i-kan. A native of America ; originally applied to the abori- ginal races, but now to the descendants of Europeans born in America ; and, in a re- stricted sense, to the inhabitants of the United States. Amerig-o Vespucci, vais-poot'chee. An eminent Italian navigator, it. 1451, d. 1512 ; he made several voyages to A., and was finally appointed pilot to the King oi Spain, his principal duty being to preiiare maps and charts of the Atlantic; the continent received his name, an honor which certainly belonged to Columbus. AMETABOLA AMMONIAC Anxetabola, a-me-tab'o-la. A division of apterous or wingloss insects, as lice, spring- tails, »tc., which escape from the egg under the form whicli they preserve through life. Amethyst, aru'e-thist. A violet-blue or purple quartz, crystallized in hexahedral prisms or pyramids ; also in rolled frag- ments, composed of imperfect prismatic crystals. It is wrought into various arti- cles of jewelry. Oriental A., a rare violet- colored gem, a variety of alumina or corundum. In Her. a purple color ; the same in a nobleman's escutcheon as pur- puro in a gentleman's and mercury in that of a prince. Amethystine, a-me-thist'In. Anciently applied to a garment of the color of ame- thyst. Composed of amethyst, as a cup. Amharic, am-hii'rik. The vernacular language of Southwestern Abyssinia, a corrupt Arabic. Amherst, Jeffery* Lord. A cele- brated British general, b. 1717, d. 1798. In 1760, wth Gens. Wolfe and Prideaux, he took the whole of Canada from the Prench ; was appointed commander-in- chief of the British troops in America, and was made governor of Virginia in 1763. Amherstia, am-herst'i-a. A gen. of Burmese plants, ord. Leguminosaj. Amia, am'i-a. A gen. of ganoid fishes constituting the fam. Amiida. Amianth, am'i-anth. Fine, flexible as- bestos, earth-flax, or mountain-flax ; a mineral somewhat resembling flax, com- posed of delicate filaments, very flexible, and somewhat elastic, often long and re- sembling threads of silk. It is incombus- tible, and is wrought into cloth and paper by the aid of flax, which is afterward re- moved by a red heat ; also used as lamp- wicks, and for filling gas-grates, the fibers xemaining red-hot without being con- «umed. Am lanthinite , am-i-an'thin-it. A species of amorphous mineral, a variety of actiuolite. Amianthoid, am-T-an'thoid. A mineral which occurs in tufts, composed of long capillary filaments, flexible and very elas- tic ; a variety of hornblende. Amice, am'is. A flowing cloak formerly Avorn by priests and pilgrims. An oblong piece of linen, falUng down tho shoulders like a cope, Avorn imder the alb by priests of the R. C. Church Avhen engaged in the ser\ice of the mass. The bands worn by some Protestant clergymen are a relic of the amice. Amide, Amine, am'id, am'in. A se- ries of salts jn-od need by the substitution of elements or radicals "for the hydrogen atoms of ammonia. Amidin, am'id-in. The gelatinous part of wheat and potato starch. Amidogen, -mid'r)-jen. A basifying principle composed of two equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen. Amiidse, am-i'i-dc. A fam. of recent ganoid fishes, approaching ordinary bony fishes. Amman, am'man. An officer of Switz- erland and parts of Germany, who exer- cises limited judicial functions. Ammi, ani'mC*. A gen. of umbellifer- ous plants, sometimes called bishop-weeds. Anunochryse, am'mo-krls. A yellow soft stone, found in Germanj', Avlifch is pulverized and used to strew" over fresh writing to prevent blotting. Ammoccetes, am'mo-se-tez. A gen. of cyclostomous fishes, fam. Petromyzidae, closely allied to tho lampreys. Ammod3rtes, am'mr)-dI-tGz. A gon. of apodal fishes, tarn. Ammodytidae, sub-ord. Anacanthini ; the sand-eel. Ammon, am'-mon. An ancient Ethiopian and Egyptian deity, called by the Greeks Zeus Ammon, and by the Latins Jujnter Ammon. Ammonalum, am'- mon-al-um. A min- eral consisting of a h}-drosulphato of alu- mina and ammonia. Ammonia, am-mO'- ni-a. The modern name of volatile alkali obtained from sal-am- Ammon, from a moniac by the action of Bronze in Brit- lime. It is used both ish Museum, in medicine and scien- tific chemistry in solution under the names of liquid A., aiqueous A., or spirits of harts- horn. It is procured from putrescent ani- mal substances, and artificially from the distillation of pit-coal and reftise animal substances, such as bones, clippings of horn, hoof, &c. The air contains a mi- nute quantity of ammonia. Ammoniac, am-mo'ni-ak. Pertairing to ammonia, or possessing its properties. A. gas, ammonia in its purest form. A. gum, a gum-resin composed of tears, an exuda- tion from an umbelliferous plant, the Dorema ammoniacum. It is inflammable, AMMONIAN AMPHIBIOLITE soluble in water and spirit of wine, and is used in medicine for plasters. Amm onian, am-mo'ni-an. Eelating to Ammonius, surnamed Saccas, of Alexan- dria, who flourished at the end of the 2d century, and was the founder of the Neo- platonic schoo 1 of philosophy, his most distinguished pupils being Longinus, Origen, and Plotinus. Ammonite, am'mon-it. One of the fossil shells of an extensive gen. of extinct cephalopodous mollusks, fam. Ammon- itida». The species already described num- ber 500, and range from the lias to the chalk inclusive, including the genera Gon- iatites, Ceratites, Ammonites, Scaphites, Hamites and others, the most character- istic mollusks of the secondary rocks. Am t m omtes, sim'mon-Ites. Descend- ants of Lot's youngest son. They were idolaters, and almost constantly at war with the Israelites. Ammonium, am-md-'ni-um. The hy- pothetical base of ammonia, analogous to a metal, as potassium. Ammophila, a-mofi-la. A gen, of gi-asses; the sea-reed. A. arundinacea is extensively employed for preserving the shores from inroads of the sea ; it is also manufactured into door-mats, floor- brushes, ropes, mats, bags and hats. A gen. of fossorial hymenoptera, commonly called sand-wasps. Ammunition, am-mu-ni'shon. Arti- cles used in the discharge of firearms, of all kinds, as iwwder, balls, bombs, &c. Ammunition-chest, am-mu-ni'shon- chest. A chest in which the fixed ammu- nition for field cannon is packed. Amnion, am'ni-on. The innermost membrane suri;ounding the fetus of mam- mals, birds and reptiles. In Bot. a gelat- inous fluid, in which the embryo of a seed is suspended when it first appears. Amoeba, a-me'ba. A microscopic gen. of rhizopodous Protozoa, of which A. diffluens, is the type. It exists as a mass of protoplasm. Within the body a nu- cleus and nucleolus are usually perceived, also certain clear spaces, termed contrac- tile vesicles, from then- exhibitmg rhyth- mical movements of contraction and dila- tion. There is no distinct mouth, and food is seized by means of the pseudopodia engulfed Avithin the soft sarcode body and by any portion of its surface, the apertures closing up immediately after reception of the nutriment. Eeproduc- tion takes place in several ways ; as, by fission, whereby an amoeba simply divides Into two portions, each of which becomes a distinct animalcule ; or by a single pseu- dopodium detaching itself from the pa- rent body, and developing into a sepai-ate amceba. Amcebea, am-G-be'a. An ord. of Khizo- poda, of which the gen. Amoeba is the type. Amomum, a-mo'mum. A gen. of plants, ord. Zingibeniceaj. Various species yield cardamon seeds and grains of para- dise. Amontillado, a-mon'til.a"d6. A dry sherry of a light color, highly esteemed. Amorean, am-o-re'an. One of a sect of Gemario doctors or commentators on the Jerusalem Talmud. Amorites, am'o-rites. Descendants of Ham, occupying both banks of the Jor- dan, and the most warlike and powerful of Canaanitish tribes; they were repeatedly defeated by Josiah, but were not extermi- nated, as they are mentioned in the time of Samuel. Amorpha, a-mor'fa. A gen. of plants, ord. Leguminosie ; bastard indigo. Amour, or Sagrhalien. The largest river of E. Asia, formed by the junction of the Shilka and Argun, the latter form- ing for 400 m. the dividing line between China and Siberia. The A. is 2,000 m. long, and empties into the Bay of Sagha- hen. Amoy. One of the five Chinese seaports open to foreign commerce ; pop. 250,000. Ampac, am'pak. A tree which yields a highly odoriferous resin, the leaves of which are used to medicate baths, a spe- cies of Xanthoxylon. Ampelis, am'pel-is. A gen. of perching birds, forming the type of the fam. Ampe- lidaj or chatterers, as well as the sub- fam. or group Ampelina). It includes the Bohemian wax-wing or waxen chatterer. Ajnpelite, am 'pel-it. A species of black eartli abounding in pyrites. The name is also applied to cannel coal and to some kinds of schist. Ampelopsis, am-pel-op'sis. A gen. of plants, ord. Vitaceai. A. hederacea is the Virginian creeper, a fast growing cUmbiug shrub. Ampere's Theory, an-parz the'o-ri. An electro-dynamic theory, in Avhich the mutual atti-action and repulsion of two magnets is refen-ed to the mutual action of electric currents circulating parallel to each other and in the same direction round tne magnet. Amphibiolite, am-fib'i-o-ht. A fossil amphibious animal. AMPHIBIOUS AMPLITUDE Amphibious, am-fib'i-us. Animals which liave the power of Mving in air ana water ; any lung-breathing animal which can exist imder water, as the crocodile, Avhale, seal, beaver, &c. AmpMbolite, am-fib'o-llt. A rock with a base of an^phibole or hornblende ; trap, or greenstone. Amphiboloid, am-fib'ol-oid. A rock composed of amphibole and felspar ; a variety of greenstone. Amphicentrunx, am-fi-sen'trum. A gen. of fossil ganoid fishes wanting ab- dominal iins, confined to carboniferous strata. Amphictyons, am-fik'tl-onz. An as- sembly or council of deputies from the different states of Greece. Tenor twelve states were represented in this assembly. Amphicyon, am-fls'i-on. A large fossil carnivorous quadruped, whose teeth com- bine the characteristics of those of dogs and bears. Amphidisc, am'fi-disk. One of the spi- cules which surround the reproductive gemmules of Bpongilla, resemUjng two toothed wheels united by an axl * Amphidroraical, am-fl-drom'ik-al. Pertaining to the ancient Greek festival amphidromia, celebrated when a child re- ceived its name. Amphidura, am-fi-du'ra. In the Greek Ch. the veil or curtain separating the chancel from the rest of the church, cor- responding to the cancellus of E. C. churches. Amphigean, am-fi-ie'an. Extending over all the zones of the globe. Amphig-en, am'fi-jen. A plant which has no distinct axis, as the lichens. Ampliihexahedral, am- fi-heks'a-hc"- dral. Said of a crystal in which the faces, counted in two different directions, give two hexahedral outlines, or are found to he six in number. Amphion, am'fe-on. In Myth, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, who rebuilt the walls of Thebes by playing on his lyre, the stones moving to the music and as- suming their proper places in the wall. Amphipoda, am-fip'od-a. An ord. of the sessile-eyed malacostracan crusta- ceans. The sand-hopper and shore- jumper are examples. Amphiprostyle, am-fip'ro-stll. A structure having the form of an ancient Greek or Eoman oblong rectangular tem- ple, -with a prostyle or portico on each of its fronts, but no columns on its sides. Amphisarca, am-'fl-siir-ka. A com- pound, many-celled, indehiscent, superior fruit, Avith a woodv or indurated shell in- closing an internal pulp, as seen in the baobab. Anxphisbaena, am-fis-bc'na. A gen, of serpentiform, hmbless reptiles, fam. Amphisbftnid.ie, ord. Lacertilia. Ampliisbaenia, am-fls-be'ni-a. An ord. of lacertian reptiles, of which the gen. Amphisbiena is the type. Amphiscii, am-fish'i-i. The inhabitants of the inter-tropical regions, whose shad- ows at noon in one part of the year are cast to the north and in the other to the south, according as the sun is in the northern or southern signs. Amphisile, am-fis'i-le. A gen. of acan- thopterygious fishes. It belongs to th© fam. FistularidiB or sea-snipes, and is closely allied to the gen. Centrlscus. Ampitheater, am-fi-the'a-ter. An an- cient Eome edifice of an oval form, with rows of seats rising higher as they re- ceded from the center. The ancient thea- ter was nearl}-^ semi-circular in shape, with its rows of seats fronting the stage ; the A. was always elliptical in form. The Col- osseum at Eome is the largest of all the ancient amphitheaters. Amphitherium, am-fi-the'ri-um. A fossil insectivorous mammal of the oolite. A. Prevostii is the only species yet dis- covered. Amphitrite, am-fi-trl'te. The name of a sea-nymph in Greek mythology, sister of Thetis and wife of Neptune. A small Rlanet or asteroid between the orbits of [ars and Jupiter. A gen. of marine an- nelids, ord. Tubicote, and class Annulata. Ain.phit3^e, am'fi-tlp. A photographic process by which light produces either a positive or a negative. The paper is pre- pared by a solution of ferro- tartrate or ferro-citrate of protoxide or peroxide of mercury, followed by a solution of am- monio- tartrate or ammonio-citrate. Amphiumidse, am-fl-ffmi-de. A fam. of tailed amphibians distinguished by a small branchial aperture on each sida, within which are the branchial arches with small laminae. The gen. Amphiuma is the type. Amplitude, am'pli-tud. In Astron. an arc of the horizon intercepted between the east or west point and the center of the sun or star at its rising or setting. At the rising of the star the amplitude is eastern or ortive ; at the setting it is western, occiduous, or occasive. A. of the range AMPHORA 40 ANABLEPS Amphorffi. of a projectile, the horizontal line sub- tending the path of a body thrown, or the lino which measures the distance it has moved. Magnetical A., the arc of the horizon between the sun or a star at ris- ing or setting, and the east or west point of the horizon. Amph.ora, am'fo-ra. Among the Greeks and Itomans, a vessel, with two handles and a narrow neck, and ending in a point below for being insert- ed in a stand or in the ground. The stopper Avas covered with gyp- sum, and the title of the wine was painted on the outside, the date of tlie vintage being mark- ed by the names of the consuls then in office. A. was also the name of a fixed measure, the Greek being equal to 8 gaiwlons, 7.365 jnnts imperial measure, and the Eoman two- thirds of this. Ampulla, am-pul'la. In Rom, antiq. a globular bottle used for carrying oil to the bath for the purpose of anointing the body after bathing. A vessel for holding the consecrated oil or chrism used in vari- ous church rites and at the coronation of kings. The hollow leaves formed in cer- tain aquatic plants, as in Utricularia. Ampyx, am'piks. A broad band or plate of metal en- riched with precious stones, worn on the forehead by an- cient Greek ladies of rank. The head -band of a horsu. A species of trilobite or fossil crustacean, found in lower Silurian strata. Amuck, a-muk'. A term employed among the Malays by such of them as rush out in a frantic state with daggers in their hands, yelling, "Amuck, amuck," and attacking all that come in their way. Amulet, am'ulet. Something worn as a remedy or preservation against evils or mischief. They have been used from an- cient times, and are still worn in parts of the world. The early Christian A. were commonly inscribed with the words ichthys, lish, or with the shape of a flsh, because this represented the initials of the Greek words for Jesus Christ. Amygrdalin. A crystalline principle existing in bitter almonds, the leaves of the common laurel, and other i)lants. Amygrdaloid. a-mig'da-loid. A term Ampyx. applied to an igneous rock, containing vesicles filled with crystalline nodules of various minerals, particularly calcareous spar, quartz, agate, zeohte, chlorite, &c. When the imbedded minei-als are de- tached, it becomes porous like lava. Am.yg:dalus, a-mig'da-lus. A gen. of trees and shrubs, ord. Rosacea?. A. communis is the almond-tree, and A. per- sica the i>cach and nectarine. Amyl, am'il. A hypothetical radical, said to exist in many compounds, as amylic alcohol. &c. Nitrite of A. ^ an amber-col- ored fluid, employed as a resuscitator in cases of drowning, prolonged fainting, for relieving paroxysms of colic, spasms of tetanus, of the heart, &c. Amylamine, a-mil'a-min. An organic base produced by treating amyl cyanate with caustic potash. Amylene, am'il-en. A hydrocarbon ob- tained by the dehydration of amylic alco- hol by means of zinc chloride, «fcc. Amyraldism, am'i-rald-izm. The doc- trine of universal grace, as explained by AmyraMus in the 17th century. He taught "at God desires the happiness of all men, and that none are excluded by a divine decree, but that none can obtain salvation without faith in Christ. Amyridaceee, a-mii-'i-da"se-e. An ord. of polypetalous plants. Myrrh, frankincense, and gum-elemi are among their products. Ana, an'a. A Greek preposition employ- ed as a prefix and implying primarily up, up to, motion upward.* In Med. used in prescriptions to indicate an equal quantity of each. Anabaptist, an-a-bap'tist. One who holds the doctrine of invalidity of infant baptism, and the necessity of rebaptism at an adult age. With this is generally as- sociated the doctrine of baptism by im- mersion. Anabasidse, an-a-bas'i-do. A fam. of acanthopterygious fishes, remarkable in that they can retain sufficient water to en- ble the fish to live out of water as long as six days. Anabasis, an-ab'a-sis. Applied to the work of Xenophon descriptive of the ex- pedition of Cyrus, -with the view of de- throning his brother Artaxerxes, king of Persia, and including an account of the retreat of the 10,000 Greek mercenaries under Xenophon. Any expedition from the coast inland. Anableps, an'a-bleps. A gen. of mala- copterygian fishes, remarkable for their ANAOAMPSEROS 41 ANAMORPHOSIS eyes, which project and have two pupils, each eye appearing as if double; but Anableps tetraophthalmus. there is only one crystalline humor, one vitreous huinor, and one retina. Anacampseros, an-a-kamp'se-ros. A plant to wuicli the ancients attributed the quality of restoring or inducing the re- turn of tiie passion of love. A gen. of plants, ord. Portulaceas. Anacanthini, an'a-kan-thl"nl. An ord. of osseous lishes, including the cod, plaice, &c. Anacardiacese, an-a-kar'di-a"se-e. An ord. of polypetalous plants, the sumach, the pistacias, the mango, the cashew, the marking-nut, the varnish tree of Marta- ban and the. Japan-lacquer. Mastic is the produce of Pistacia Lentiscus. Anacardium, an-a-kar'di-um. A gen. of plants, ord. Anacardiacese. The fruit of A. occidentale is roasted, and the kernels having their acidity thus de- stroyed are the cashew-nuts. This tree yields a gum resembling gum-arabic. Anacharis, an-ak'ar-is. A gen. of plants, ord. Hydrocharidaceae ; water- thyme or water-weed. Anaclironisia, an-ak'ron-izm. An er- ror in computing time. Anaclastic, an-a-klas'tik. Pertaining to or produced by the refraction of light. A. glass or phial, a glass so thin that when air is sucked from it, the bottom springs into a concave form with a sharp snap, and when air is blown in, springs into its former convex form. Anaconda, an-a-kon'da. The popular name of two of the largest species of the serpent tribe, attaining the length of 40 feet. Both are destitute of poison fangs, and kill their Aictims by constriction. ? Anacreontic, a-nak're-on"tik. Pertain- • ing to Anacreon, a Greek poet whose odes and epigrams were celebrated for their graceful air and truth to nature. Anadem, an'a-dem. A band, fillet, or wreath worn on the head by women and young men. Anadromous, a-nad'rom-us. A word applied to such fish as pass from the sea into fresh water at stated seasons, as the salmon. Ansesthetic, an-es-thet'ik. Having the power of depriving of feeling or sensation. Anag-allis, an-a-gal'hs. A gen, of plants, ord. Primulaceae; the pimpernel. Anaglyph., an'a-glif. An ornament in relief chased or embossed in precious metal or stone, as a cameo. Anag-lyptograph, an-a-glip'to-graf. An instrument for making a medallion en- graving of an object in relief, as a medal or cameo. Anagram, an'a-gram. The letters of words read backwards, and then forming a new word ; thus, evil is an anagram of live. AnagTOS, an'a-gros. A measure of grain in Spain, containing something less than two bushels. Analcim, a-nal'sim, A zeolitic mineral found in cubic crystals, but also amorph- ous, and in reniform, mammillary, lami- nated, or radiated masses. Analenuna, an-a-lem'ma. A form of sun-dial, now disused. A projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, orthographically made by straight lines, circles, and ellipses, the eye being sup- posed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west points of the horizon. A tabu- lar mark, usually in the form of the figure 8, depicted across the torrid zone to notify the sun's declination. Analogion, an-a-loj'i-on. A reading- desk or lectern ; a movable pulpit. Anamesite, a-nam'e-sit. A variety of basalt intermediate between the very fine- grained compact form (basalt), and the coarse-grained conspicuously crystalliae form (dolerite). Anamirta, a-na-mer'ta. A gen. of plants, ord. Menispermacese. Anamorphosis, an- -a-mor'fo-sis. A draw- ing executed in such a manner as to present a distorted image of the object represented, but which, when viewed from a certain point, or reflected through a pol- yhedron, shows the ob- ject in its true propor- tions. An anomalous or monstrous develop- ment of any part of a plant, as "when the calyx of a rose assumes the form of a leaf. The gradual change of form, traced in animals or plants, the members of which succeed each other in point of time. Anamorpliosi». ANANASSA 42 ANCHORET an-a-nas'sa. A g'en. of plants, ord. Bromeliaceai. A. sativa pro- duces the pine-apple. Ananchytes, an-ang-kl'tez. A gen. or subdi\ision of fossil sea-urchins belonging to the tribe Spatangidaj, characteristic of the upper chalk. Anandrous, an-an'drus. A term ap- plied to tlowers that are destitute of a stamen (female flowers). Anantherous, an-an'ther-us. Destitute of anthers. Ananthous, an-an'thus. Destitute of liowers. Anapest, an'a-pest. A poetical foot of three syllables, the first two unaccented, the last accented ; the reverse of dactyl. Anaphora, an-af o-ra. A term applied to tlie oblique ascensions of the stars. Anaplasty, an'a-plas-ti. An operation to repair superficial lesions. Artificial noses, &c., are thus made. Anarrhiclias, a-nar'ri-kas. A gen. of acanthopterygian fishes, fam. Biennioidae. A. lujius is the sea-wolf, wolf or cat-fish. Anarthropoda, an-ar-throp'o-da. One of the two great divisions of the Annu- losa, or ringed animals, including the spoon-worms, leeches, earth-worms, tube- worms, and sand-worms. Anarthrous, -iir'thrus. Having neither wings nor legs, as worms, leeches, &c. Anas, a'nas. A gen. of birds, included in the ord. Palmipedes (or web-footed birds) and divided into a number of genera, one of which, Anas, contains the true ducks. Anastatic, an-a-stat'ik. Furnished ^vith raised characters ; as, A. jilates. A. print- ing or engraving, a mode of obtaining fac- simile impressions of printing or engrav- ing by transferring it to a plate of _ zinc, which on being subjected to the action of an acid, is etched or eat- en away, with the exception of the parts covered with the ink, which are left in re- lief. Anastatica, an-a-stat'i-ka. A gen. of plants, ord. Cruci ferae. A. hierochuntica is the Rose of Jericho, or resurrection plant, remarkable for the power the dried plant possesses of Rose of Jericho. absorbing water when placed in it and ap- pearing to live. Anatase, an'a-t5s. Octahedral oxide of titanium; a mineral that shows a varie- ty of colors by reflected light; octahedrite. It is usually crystallized in acute, elongat- ed, pyramidal octahedrons. Anathema, a-nath'e-ma. A curse or denunciation pronounced with religious solemnity by eclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication.' Ab- juratory A., the act of a convert who anathe< matizes the heresy which he abjures. Anatidae, a-nat'i-de. A fam. of web-foot- ed anserine or natatorial birds, of which the gen. Anas is the type. Anatinae, an-a-tl'ne. A sub-fam. of tho Anatldaj, comprehending the true ducks, sometimes divided into the oceanic ducks, the lake and the common domestic duck. Anatomist, a-nat'o-mist. One who dis- sects bodies ; one who is versed in the principles of anatomy. Anatomy, a-nat'o-mi. The art of dis- secting or artificially separating the differ- ent parts of an organized body to discover their situation, structure and economy. Pathological A., that branch of anatomy which treats of the changes in structure of organs and tissues produced by disease, and of congenital malformations. Com- parative A., the science which compares the anatomy of different classes or species of animals, as that of man with quadrupeds. Surgical A., that branch which demon- strates the relative position of organs or parts, with a view to those operations which it may be necessary to perform upon them. Anatron, an'a-tron. Spume or glass gall, a scum which rises upon melted glass, and when taken ott' coagulates into common salt. The salt which collects in vaults ; saltpeter. Anchilops, ang'ki-lops. An abcess in tho inner angle of the eye ; an incipient fistula lachrymalis. Anchitherium, ang-ki-thc'ri-um. A fossil gen. of pachydermatous mammals, from the upper eocene and lower miocene, fam. Equidaj. The only recognized species was about tho size of a sheep, and was closely allied to the Palaiotherium. Anchored, ang'kerd. Held at rest by an anchor. In Her. the term applied to a cross whose extremities are turned back like the flukes of an anchor. Anchoret, ang'ko-re*,. A hermit or re- cluse ; one who retires from society into a ANCHOR 43 ANDEOSPOKE desert or solitarj^ place, and devotes liim- self to religious duties. Anchor, ang'ker. An iron implement for holding a ship or other vessel at rest in the water, formed with a strong shank,atone extremit}'- of which is the • crown, from AucUor which branch out two arms, terminating in broad palms ortluk.es, the sharp extremity of which Is ihe peak or bill ; at the other end of the shank is the stock, behind which is a ring, to which a cable can be attached. Anchor-gate, ang'ker-gilt. A heavy gate in canals. Anchor-watch, ang'ker-woch. A sub- division of the watch kejjt constantly on deck during the time the ship lies at single anchor. Anchovy, an-cho'vi. An abdominal malacopterygious iish of the gen. Engi-au- lis, fam. Clupeida;, of diminutive size. A sauce is made by i)0unding the fish in water, and adding cayenne pepper. Anchovy-pear, an-cho'vi-par. The fruit of the gen. Grlas. It is pickled and oaten hke mango. Anchusa, ang-ku'sa. A gen. of plants, ord. Boraginaceae. Anchusin, ang-kii'sin. The red color- ing matter obtained from Anchusa tiuc- toria. Ancile, an-sl'le. Among the ancient Eomans, the sacred shield of Mars, said to have fallen from heaven, or a shield made in imitation of it. Ancon, an'kon. The olecranon; the upper end of the ulna or elbow. A carved drinking-cup or horn. In Arch, a console, or other stone projection contrived for supporting cornices. Ancon, an'kon, A celebrated breed of sheep with short crooked legs and long back, unable to leap fences. Ancony, an'ko-ni. A piece of cast-iron melted off and hammered at a forge into a mass called a bloom ; then carried to a finery, and worked into an A. Ancylotome. an-sil'6-tom. A crooked knife or bistoury ; also a knife for divid- ing the frsenum linguse in tongue-tied persons, or other adhesions and contrac- tions. Anda, an'da. A gen, of plants, ord. Eu- phorbiaceap, the only known species of A. braziliensis. Andalusite, an-da-lu'sit. A pellucid mineral of the garnet fam. found crystal- lized in imperfect four-sided prisms, near- ly or quite rhombic ; consisting of anhy- drous silicate of alumina with iron per- oxide. Andante, an-dan'ta. In music, moving with a moderate, graceful progression. Andantino, an-dan-te'no. In music, appUed to a movement quicker than an- dante. Andaquies-wax, -da-koTis-waks. The wax of a bee used in making candles, &c. Andesin, an'dGz-in. A mineral resem- bling felspar,but containing siUca, alumina, soda, lime, potash and magnesia. Andesite, an'dez-it. A trachytic rock con- tiiining andesin, glassy felspar (orthoclase), and hornblende. Andira, an-di'ra. A gen, of trees, ord. Leguminosje, with fleshy plum-Hke fruits. The A. inermis, or cabbage tree, is used in medicine. Andiron, and'T-em. A horizontal iron bar raised on short legs, with an upright standard at one end, used to support pieces of wood when burning on an open hearth, one being placed on each side of the hearth. Andra, an'dra. A North African gazelle. Andreeeacese, an-dre'c-a^'se-e. A dis- tinct tribe of mosses distinguished mainly by the longitudinal splitting of the valves at maturity Andrenidse. an-dren'I-dc. A family of soHtary bees in which the tongue is short and the chin elongated. Andreolite, an'dre-o-Ht, A mineral, harmotome or cross-stone. Androgynal, an-droj'in-al. Having two sexes ; being male and female ; hei- maphroditical. Andromeda, an-drom'e-da. The daugh- ter of Cei)heusking of Ethiopia, and wife of Perseus. A northern constellation, be- hind Pegasus, Cassiopeia. «nd Perseus, supposed to represent th, figure of a woman chained ; the stars number eighty- four. A gen. of plants, ord. Ericacea;. Andron. an'dron. In Greek antiq. the apartme t in a dwelling-house appro- priated to males, in the lower part of the house. I Androphore, an'dro-fr>r A stalk sup- l)orting the stamens, often formed by a union of the filaments. The medusiform zooid in which the male elements are de- veloped. Androspore, an'dro-spor. A 8i>ore of ANDEl^OGON 44 ANGIOSPERM Anelace. some al'gon, A gen. of grasses, yielding a lemon-scented oil. Androsphinx, an'dro-sfingks. In anc. Rciilp. n sphinx with a human head. Androtomy, an-drot'o-mi. Dissection of the human body, as distinguished from zootomy. Ane lace, an'e-las. A broad knife or dagger, worn at the girdle, used from an early period. Anemometer, an-e-mom'et-er. An in- strument for measuring the force and ve- locity of the v\ind. Anemone, a- nem'ono. Wind- flower, a gen. of plants, ord. llan- unculacea>. The wood anemone has white flowers, sometimes tinged with j)urple on the outside. Anemosc ope, a-nem'o-skop. A Yine-leaved Anemone contrivance %vhich shows the direction of the wind ; a -weathercock ; a contrivance for conveying the indications of the vaae to a dial. Aneroid, an'- e-roi(l. Dispen- sing with fluid, as with (juick- silver. A . ba- rometer, an in strum en t for indicating the pressure of the atmosphere.an- swering the purpose of the mercurial barometer. Anethum. n-ne'thum. Agen.of])lants, ord. Umbellifera?. A. graveolens is the common dill. Aneurism, an'u-rizm. The swelling of an artery, or the dilatation and expansion of some ]iart of an artery. Angrel, nn'jel. A spiritual being em- plo\-ed by God in human afiairs. A .woman of adorable qualities. A gold [coin, formerly current in England, bear- Ajieroid Uarometer. ing on its obverse a figure of the archan- gel Michael piercing a dragon. Ang-elet, fm'jel-et. An old English gold coin, equal to half an angel. ' Ang-el-fish, an'jel-fisii. A plagiosto- mous fish, Squatina angelus, nearly allied to the sharks ; it connects the gen. of rays wth that of the sharks. Angrelica, an-jel'ik-a. A gen. of umbel- liferous plants. The garden name for Archangelica officinalis, having a large aromatic root, and a strong-fuiTCwed branched stem as high as a man. Its blanched stems, candied with sugar, form an agreeable sweetmeat ; the roots were formerly employed in scrofulous diseases. Angrelica-tree, an-jel'ik-a-tre. The American name of Ai-aUa spinosa, ord. Araliacea-, the berries of w hich are used for relieving rheumatism and colic. Angelite, an'jel-it. One of a sect of her- etics near the close of the 5th century, who held the persons of the Trinity not to be the same, nor to exist by their own na- ture, but each to be a God, existing by participating in a deity common to them all. Angrelophany, an-jel-ofa-ni. The man- ifestation of an angel to man by actual appearance. Angrelot, an'jel-ot. An ancient English coin, of the value of half an angel, struck at Paris while under the dominion of England. A small rich cheese made in Normand}'. An instrument of music somewhat resembling a lute. Angrelus, an'jel-us. In the R. C. Ch. a solemn devotion in memory of the incar- nation. The bell is tolled to indicate the time when the A. is to be recited. Angina, an-il'na. Any inflammatory af- ection of the throat or fauces. A. pectoris, a disease characterized by an extremely acute constriction in the lower part of the sternum, and extending along the chest and into the con-esponding arm. Angriocarpous, an'ji-o-kar"pus. Hav- ing a fruit whose seed-vessels are inclosed w ithin a covering that does not form a part of themselves. Having the seeds or spores covered, as certain lichens. Angiopteris, an-ji-op'ter-is. A gen. of ferns, ord. Marattiaceaj. Angioscope, an'ji-o-skiip. An instru- ment for examining the capillary vessels of a body. Anglosperm, an'ji-o-sperm. A plant which has its seeds inclosed in a seed-ves- sel. ANGIOSPOROUS 45 ANILINE Ang-iosporous, an-ji-os'po-rus. A term applied to such fungi as have their spores inclosed in a bag, as Lycoperdon. Angiotomy, an-jl-ot'o-mi. Dissection of tlic vessels of a body, especially of the human body. Angle, ang'gl. The point where two lines meet, or the meeting of two iHies in a point; a corner. A plain ^ rectilineal A. is the mutual inclination of/^ i two straight lines ^ '^ which meet one an- other, but are not in the same straight — line ; a rectilineal A. Ee-entering Angle is the degree of opening or divergence of tsvo straight lines which meet one an- other, A clear idea of the nature of an angle is obtained by gradually opening a carpenter's rule or a pair of compasses, as the angle made will become greater as the opening widens. Angle-bar, ang'gl-bar. A vertical bar at the angles of the faces of a pol5'gonal or bow window. A rolled bar of iron for forming the edges of safes, or to be rivet- ed to boilers, tanks, &c. Angle-brace, ang'gl-bras. An instru- ment consisting of a rectangular crank- frame like the carpenter's brace, but much stronger, and carrying a parallel tool-spin- dle terminating in'a bit-socket. Angle-iron, ang'gl-i-ern. A piece of iron rolled into the shape of the letter L, used for forming the joints of iron plates in girders, boilers, &c. Anglemeter, ang'gl-me-ter. Any instrument for measur- ing angles ; an instrument Angle-iron, used by geologists for meas- uring the dip of strata. Angles, ang'glz. A Low German tribe who crossed over to Britain along with bands of Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and colonized a great part of what from them has received the name of England. Anglesite, ang'gl-sit. A sulphate of lead occuring in prismatic crystals. Anglican, anrj-'glik-an. A member of the Church of England. Anglo, ang'glo. A prefix signif\ing English, or connected with England, as, Anglo-American, Anglo-Indian. Anglo-Saxon, ang'glo-sak'son. One of the nation fi)rmcd by the union of the Angles, Saxons and other early Teutonic settlers in Britain, or one of their descen- dants, as an inhabitant of the United States, Canada, Australia, &c. The earliest form of the EngUsh language. Angola, an-go'la. A fashionable cloth, made from the wool of the Angora-goat. Angola-cat, an-go'Ia-kat. One of the finest varieties of the domestic cat. Angora-goat, an-go'ra-got. A variety of goat, called by the Arabs chamal goat, whence comes the name camlet, applied to a fabric manufactured from the yarn made from its wool. Angostura-bark, an-gos-tii'ra-bark. The bark of a rutaceous plant, Galipea Cusparia, formerly prized as a febrifuge, and now used for a kind of bitters. AngTSecum, an-grc'kum. A remarka- ble gen. of tropical orchids. A. sesqui- peh couslsting- of an apparatus counectedby wires with the bell-pulls of tho different rooms of a hotel. Anoa, an'o-a. An animal closely alUed to tho buffalo, about tho size of a sheep. Anobium, a-no'bi-um. A gen. cf coleop- terous insects, including several known, by tho name of death-watch. Anode, an'od. Tho positive polo of tho voltaic current. Anodon, an'o-don. A gen. of lamelh- branchiate bivalves, including the firesh- water mussels. Anod3nie, an'O-dln Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate or nar- cotic. Anoint, a-noint'. To smear or rub over with oU or unctuous substances. To con- secrate, especially a king, priest or prophet. Anolis, an'o-lis. A gen. oi saurian rep- tiles, belonging to that section of Iguan- idie having teeth in the palate of the mouth, as well as in the maxillary bones. Anomaliped, a-nom'a-li-ped. A bird whose middle toe is united to the exten- or by three phalanges, and to the interior by one only. Anomaly, a-nom'a-li. Deviation from tho common rule ; something abnormal. In music, a small deviation from a perfect interval in tuning instruments with fixed notes ; a temperament. In Astron. tho angular distance of a planet from its per- ihelion, as seen from the sun. The anglo measuring apparent Irregularities in the motion of a planet. Anomodontia, a-nom'o-don"shi-a. An ord. of extinct reptiles of the trias, divided into three families. Anomoean, an-o-me'an. One of an ex- treme sect of Arians of the 4th century, who denied the similitude of the essence of tho Son to that of the Father. Auoxaorliozuboid, a-uom'o-rom^''b or thrush. Antwerp, ant'wairp. The principal sea- port of Belgium, in the I6th century the richest and greatest commercial center in Europe ; pop. 160,000. Anubis, an-ii'bis. An Egyptian deity, the conductor of departed spirits from this Avorld to the next, represented by a human figure with the head of ajackal. He pre- sided over tombs, and in the lower world weighed the actions of the deceased pre- vious to their admission to the presence of Osiris. Anura, a-nii'ra. An ord. of batrachians Avhich lose the tail when they reach ma- turity, as the frog. Anvil, an'vil. An iron block vnth. a smooth steel face, on which metals are hammered and shaped. Aonian, a-O'ni-an. Pertaining to Aonia, in Boeotia, or to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there ; poetical. A. fount, the fountain Aganippe, at the foot of Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses. Aorta, a-or'ta. The great arteiy or trunk of the arterial sj'stem, proceedmg from the left ventricle "of the heart. Aoudad, ji-u'dad. The bearded argali, a bovine quadruped, allied to the sheep, most closely to the mouflon. Apaches, ap-pah'cha. A southwestern tribe of American Indians, very warlike. Their number is estimated at 25,000, with 5,000 warriors. Apagynous, a-paj'tn-us. A term ap- plied to a plant that fructifies but once, perishing thereafter; monocarpous, as annuals, or such plants as the American aloe. Apara, ap'a-ra. A species of armadillo having the power of rolling itself into a complete ball. A parte ante, A parte post, a-par'te- an'te, a-par'te-p6st. Two expressions of scholastic philosophy, referring to eter- nity, consisting of two parts, the one, a parte ante, ■without limit in the past, and Ape. the other, a parte post, without limit in the future. Apartment, a-part'ment. A room in a building ; a division in a house separated from others by partitions. Apastron, a-pas'tron. That part in the orbit of a double star where it is farthest from its primary. Apatite, ap'a-tlt. Native phosphate oi* lime, generally crystallized in low, flat, hexahedral prisms, which occur in meta- morphic and granite rocks. Apatura, ap-a-tu'ra. A gen. of diurnal Lepidoptera, containing many beautiful exotic species of buttertlies. Ape, up. One of a fam. (Simiadae) of quadrumanous an- imals now limited to such as have teeth of the same number and form as man, and pos- sess neither tails nor cheek-pouch- es; it includes the chimpanzee, goril- la, orang-outang, &c.. and is divided into three genera. Troglodytes, Simia and Hy- lobates. Apennine, ap'en-nm. A chain of moun- tains which extend from Piedmont, round the Gulf of Genoa to the center of Italy, and thence southeast to the ex- tremity. Apertor, a-pert'or. A muscle that raises the upper eyelid. Aperture, ap'er-tur. An opening; a gap or chasm. In Geom. the spaca between two right lines, forming an angle. In optics, the diameter of the exposed part of the object-glass of an optical instru- ment. Apex, a'peks. The tip, point, or summit of anji.hing. In Bot. the end farthest from the point of attachment, or base of an organ. In Geom. the angular point of a cone or of a triangle opposite the base. Aphanesite, a-fan'C-sit. A mineral, an arseniatc of copper. Aphaniptera, af-an-ip'ter-a. An ord. of apterous, haustelLite insects, coexten- sive vrith the fam. Pulicidae, the different species of fleas. Aphanite, afan-It. Compact ampJii- bole, a mineral consisting of hornblende, quartz, and felspar. Aphelion, a-fC-'li-on. That point in the orbit of a planet or comet which is most distant from the sun ; opposed to perihe- lion. APHELLAN M APODOSIS Aphellan, a-fel'lan. The name of a bright star in the constellation Gemini. Aphis, a'fis. A plant-louse ; a puceron or vine-fretter ; one of the insects of the gen. Aphis, fam. Aphides. The species are very numerous and destructive. The A. illustrate i)arthenogenesis ; hermaphro- dite forms produced from eggs produce viviparous "wingless forms, which again produce others like themselves, and thus multiply during summer, one individual giving rise to uiillions. Aplilog-istic, af-lo-jis'tik. Flameless; as, an A. lamp, in which the -wick is kejjt hot by the slow combustion of aicohol. Aphnology, af nol'o-ji. The science of wealth. Aphrite, afrit. A sub-variety of car- bonate of lime or calc-spar, popularly known as foam or foam-spar. Aphrizite, af riz-it. A variety of tour- maline. Aphrodite, af-ro-dl'te. The Greek name of the Goddess of Love, called by the Ro- mans Venus. She Is supposed to have originated from the foam of the sea. A variety of meerschaum. A hj'drous sih- cate of magnesia. A beautiful gen. of annelidans, with silky hair and bristles. Aphyllose, af il-ds. Destitute of leaves : applied tothegroupof cr}'i)togamic plants called thallogens, which are Avithout true leaves ; also to flowering plants destitute of leaves, like some euphorbias. Apiarian, a-pi-ii'ri-an. A bee-keeper; an apiarist. Apiin, a'pi-in. A gelatinous substance from common parsley by boiling with water. Apiocrinites, ri'])i-r)-kri-nT"tez. A sub- gen, of fossil encrinites, peculiar to the chalk and oohte formations; pear-encrinite. Apios, a' pi-OS. A gen. of leguminous plants, containing three species, producing edible tubers on undergi'ound shoots. Apis, ii'pis. A bull to which divine honors were paid by the ancient Egyptians, as a symbol of Osiris. At Memphis he had a splendid residence. He was not suftered to live beyond 25 years, being secretly killed by the priests and thrown into a sacred well. His birth was annuallj' celebrated, and his death was a season of public mourning. A gen. of insects, ord. Hymenoptera; the bees. A. musca, a southern constellation of 4 stars. Apium. a-pi-um. A gen. of umbelliferous plants, among which is the celery. Aplacental, ap-la-sental. Applied to mammals the young of which are desti- tute of a placenta, comprising the Monotre- mata and Marsupialia, the lowest orders, including the duck-mole, the porcupine, ant-eater, kangaroo, etc Aplome, a-plom'. A rare variety of gar- net, found in dodecahedrons, with rhom- bic faces. Apluster, a-plus'ter. An ornament car- ried on the stern of ancient Greek and Koman ships, shaped like a plume of feathers ; it rose immediately behind the steersman. Aplysia, a-pliz'i-a. The sea-hare, a gen. of gasteropodous mollusks, ord. Tecti- branchiata. Apocalypse, a-pok'a-lips. Eevelation ; discovery, disclosure; specifically applied to the last book of the New Testament, containing the revelation delivered to St. John in Patmos. Apocrisiary, ap-d-kris'i-a-ri. Anciently, a resident in Constantinople, representa- tive of a foreign church or bishop. Apocrypha, a-pok'ri-fa. Hidden or se- cret things ; things set apart ; specifically, a name in the earliest churches for various writings whose authors were unknown, those with a hidden meaning, such as were considered objectionable. The name now used to designate those books of the Old Testament not having a place among the twentj^-two of the Jewish canon, but appearing -vvith them in theSeptuagint. The Council of Trent declared them inspired and canonical. The Greek Church prohibits their use. The Lutheran and EngUsh Churches deny their inspiration, but con- sider them to contain wholesome instruc- tion. Most evangelical Protestants prohibit their use in worship. Apocynacese, a-pos'i-nri"se-e, A nat. ord. of dicotyledonous plants, having for its type the gen. Apoeynum or dog's-bane, nearly allied to the ord, Asclepiadacea ; several yield caoutchouc, and a few edible fruits. Apocynum, a-pos'in-um. Dog's-bane, a gen. of i)erennial herbs. The flowers of A. androsoemifolium are furnished with five irrit. at Ephesus, 97 ; his followers attributed to him miraculous powers, and held him as a rival of Christ. Apollyon, a-pol'yon. The destroyer ; a name used (Eev. ix. 11) for the angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the He- brew Abaddon. Apologue, ap'o-log. A moral fable ; an allegory ; a story or relation of fictitious events intended to convey useful truths. Aporaecometer, ap'o-me-kom"et-er. An instrument used in measuring heights. Aponeurosis, ap'o-nu-ru"8is. A white, shining, and very resisting mem- brane, composed of interlaced fibers, dif- fering from a tendon only in being flat. Apophyge, a-pofi-je. The part of a column where it springs out of its base, usually molded into a concave sweep or cavetto. Apophyllite, a-pof'i-lit. A mineral of the zeolite fam. occurring in laminated masses or in regular prismatic crystals, having a strong and pecuhar pearly luster, a hydrated silicate of lime and potash, con- taining fluorine. Apoplexy, ap'o-plek-si. Being dis- abled iii body or mind by a stroke. Aboli- tion of sensation and voluntary motion, from suspension of the functions of the cerebrum, resulting from congestion or rupture of the blood-vessels of the brain. Aporosa, ap-o-ro'sa. A group of corals of the sclerodermic section, haWng the calcareous cup solid. Aporrhais, ap-or-ra'is. A gen. of ma- rine gasteropod mollusks, fam. Cerithiadffi, containing the pehcan's foot or spout- shell. Apostate, a-pos'tilt. One who has for- saken the church or profession to which he before adhered, in the E. C. Ch. one who, without a legal disijensation, for- sakes a religious order. Apostle, a-pos'l. A person deputed to execute some important business ; specifi- cally, a disciple of Christ commissiojied to preach the gospel. Twelve persons were selected for this purpose ; and Judas proving an apostate, his place was sup- plied by Matthias. In the primitive Church other ministers were called A. In law, a statement of a case sent by a court whence an appeal has been taken to a superior court. In the Greek Ch. a book containing the epistles of St. Paul, printed in the order in which they are to be read in churches throughout the year. Apos- tle's creed, a confession of faith supposed to have been drawn up bji the apostles. Apostles' Islands. A gi-oup of 12 islands at the Pacific end of the Straits of Magellan. Apostolic, ap-os-tol'ik. Pertaining to or characteristic of an apostle. A. constitu- tions and canons, a collection of regula- tions attributed to the apostles, but sup- posed to bo spurious. They appeared in the 4th century. A. fathers, the Chris- tian writers who during any part of then- lives were contemporary with the apos- tles. These are fiA^e — Clement, Barnabas, Hermas, Ignatius, Polycarp. A. king, a APOTACTITE 56 APPLIQUE title granted by tlie pope to the kings of Hungary, first conferred on St. Stephen, the founder of the royal line of Hungary. A. see, the Church of Kome ; so called because the popes profesa to bo tho suc- cessors of Peter. A. succession, the un- interrupted succession of- bishops, and, through them, of priests and deacons in the church by regular ordination from the first apostles down to tho present day. A. church, the church in the time of the apostles, constituted according to their de- sign ; the churches of Eome, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. A member of one of certain sects, so called from their pretending to imitate the practice of the apostles. A priest who obtained u letter from the popo to a vacant benefice. An archbishop. Apotactite, ap-o-tak'tlt. One of a sect ©f ancient Christians, who, in imitation of the first believers, renounced all their ef- fects and possessions. Apothecary, a-poth'e-ka-ri. One who practices pharmacy ; a skilled person Avho prepares drugs for medicinal uses, and keeps them for sale. Apothecaries' Com- pany, a London company incorporated in 160(j, empowered to gi-ant a quahflcation to practice medicine. Apothecaries' Hall, the hall of the corporation of the apothe- caries of London where genuine medi- cines are prepared and sold under their direction. Apothecaries' weight, the weight employed in dispensing drugs. Apotlieciura, ap-o-the'si-um. The re- ceptacle of hchens, consisting of the spore- cases or asci, and of the paraphyses or barren threads. Apotheosis, ap'o-thc-6"6is. Deification; consecration ; the act of placing a prince or other distinguished person among the heathen deities. A place in the chancel in primitive churches, for books, vestments, &c. Appalachian, ap-pa-la'ki-an. A chain of mountains in the eastern part of the United States, galled also the Alleghany Mountains. A. tea, the American name for the leaves of plants used as a substitute for Chinese tea. Apparel, ap-par'el. Clothing, vesture, dress ; an appendage worked in silk and gold, enriched with precious stones, worn from the 13th to the 14th century, attached to the alb and other ecclesiastical vest- ments. Apparitor, ap-par'it-or. In Eom. antiq. any officer who attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. A mes- senger who serves the process of a spultual court; the lowest ecclesiastical officer. The beadle in a university, who cai-ries the mace. Appendicularia, ap-pen-dik'u-l:i"ri-a, A gen. of tunicate molluscoid animals, which presents a permanent larval foim, like tho proteus among Amphibia. Appentis, ap-pen'tis. An architectural name for a lean-to roof or an open shed supported on columns or brackets let in- to the wall, or otherwise, with a view of attbrding pro- Appentis. tection from the weather to a flight ol steps, &c. Appian, ap'pi-an. Pertaining to Ap- pius. A. "Way, a celebrated pavtwi road from Home south through Capua to Brundusium commenced by tho censor Appius Claudius n. c. 312. It is above 330 miles in length, formed of hard, hex- agonal stones, resting on an admirable sub- structure. Apple, ap'l. The fruit or pome of the apple-tree. A name popularly given to various exotic fruits having little or noth- ing in common with the apple ; as, the balsam apple, the pine-apple, &c. A. of the eye, the pupil. Adam's A., the lime ; a prominence on the throat. A. of dis- cord, cause of envy and contention, in aUusion to the story In Greek mythology of the golden apple thrown into the assem- bly of tho gods by the Goddess of Dis- cord, bearing the inscription "For the fairest." Aphrodite (Venus), HGra(Juno), and Pallas (Minerva) became competitors for it, and its adjudication to the first by Paris so inflamed the jealousy of llera that she did not cease her machinations till Troy was destroyed. Apple-moth, ap'1-moth. The Tortrix pomonana, alepidopterous insect,thelarvse of which take up their abode in apples. Appleton, Daniel. Founder of the celebrated American publishing house ; n. 17S5, D. 1S49. Apple-tree, ap'l-tre. A tree of the gen, Pyrus, ord. Rosacea;. The crab-ap- ple is tho original from which all others have sprung. Applique Lace, ap-plek' las. Lace whose pattern has been cut out and sewed on a foundation of net. APPOMATTOX 5T AQUAEIA2? Appomattox, ap-po-mat'toks. A river aud county in Virginia. A. Court-house ■was the scene of the capitulation of the Confederate army under Gen. Lee to Gen. Grant, April !), 1865, an act which virtu- ally ended the Kebellion. Apprentice, ap-pren'tis. One who is bound by indenture to serve for a specified time, to'learn some art, trade or profes- sion, in which his master becomes bound to instruct him ; one not well versed in a subject. In old law, an English barrister under sixteen years' standing. Appui, ap-pwc'. A support or prop. In the manege, a reciprocal action between the mouth of the horse and the hand of the rider, thus, a horse with a sensitive mouth may be said to have a good appui, and also of the rider if his hand be good. Point d'A., a position suited to support or ehelter troops, as a morass, a wood, a rising ground. Appulse, ap'puls. In Astron. the ap- proach of any planet to a conjunction with the sun or a star. Apricot, a'pri-cot. A pubescent fruit of delicious ilavor, the produce of a tree of the plum-kind, Prunus Armeniaca, ord. Kosaceffi. April, a'pril. Fourth month of the year. A priori, a prl-o'ri. The opposite of a posteriori, a mode of reasoning by which we proceed from the cause to the effect; to demonstrate anything on grounds or reasons preceding actual knowledge or independent of it, as mathematical proofs. Apron, a'prun. A piece of cloth or leather worn on the forepart of the body to protect the clothes. Part of the dress of an English bishop. A piece of leather or oth^r material spread before a person riding in a vehicle to defend him from rain, mud or dust. The abdomen of the short-tailed decapod crustaceans, as the crab. A riat piece of lead that covers the vent of a cannon. A strengthening tim- ber in a ship. A platform of plank at the entrance of a dock. The sill of a window. The piece that holds the cutting tool of a planer. A sti-ip of metal which leads the di-ip of a wall into a gutter. Apse, aps. A portion of any building forming a termination or pi-ojection semi- circular or polygonal in plan, and having a dome or vaulted roof. An ai-ched roof, as sf an oveu. Apsis, ap'sis. One of the ••-vvo points of the orbit of a heavenly body situated at the extremities of the major axis of the ellipse formed by the orbit, one being that at which the body is at its greatest and the other at its least distance fi-om its primary. In regard to the earth and the other planets, these points con-espond to the aphelion and the perihelion ; in regard to the moon, to the apogee and perigee. A reliquary or case in which the relics of saints were kept. A. gradata, the bishop's thi'one in cathedral churches, so called from being raised above the stalls of the other clergy. Aptenodytes, ap-tc'no-dl"tcz. The penguins, a gen. of web-footed diving- birds. Aptenodytid83, ap-te'no-dit'i-de. A fam of natatorial birds, including th« gen. Aptenodytes. Aptera, ap'ter-a. The 7th order of in- sects in Linaa?us' system. Later zoolo- gists have restricted this term to the Suc- toria, Epizoa and Thysanura, which hare no wings. Apteryx, ap'ter-iks. A nearly extinct gen. of cursoi-ial birds constituting the fam. Apterygida;. There are three spe- cies. Aptomis, ap-tor'nis. A fossil bird found along with the remains of the moa. Both belong to the same family (Struthi- onid.X') of cursorial birds. Apuleius, Lucius, ah-pu-lo'yus. Au- thor of the celebrated Plutonic satire : " Metamorphoses, or the Golden Ass," of which the delightful story of Psyche is a part. A. lived in Africa in the 2d century. Apus, a'pus. A gen. of phyllopod crus- taceous animals of the sub-class Entomos- traca. Apyrous, a-pi'rus. Incombustible, or capable of sustaining a strong heat ■v\ith- out alteration of form or properties, aa asbestos, mica, talc. Aqua, ak'wa. Water : a word much used in pharmacy and old chemistrj'. A. fortis, weak and impure nitric acid. A. regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, having the power of dissolving gold and other meUils. A. Tofana, a poisonous fluid made in the 17th century by an Ital- ian woman of the name of Tofana, who is said to have procured the death of no fewer than 600 individuals by means of it. A. -vitae, native distilled spirits : the whis- ky of Scotland, the usquebaugh of Ire- land, the eau de vie of France. Aquamarine, ak'wa-ma-ren'. A name for the finest bervl, from its sea-green tint. Aquarian, a-kwa'ri-an. One of a sect of early Chi'istians who consecrated water in the Eucharist instead of wine. AQUARIUM 88 AEABm Aquaritun, a-kwa'ri-um. An artificial pond for cultivating' aquatic plants. A vessel of glass in which live animals are kept in water, with rocks or aquatic plants. Aquarius, a-kwa'ri- us. The water-bearer ;, a sign in the zodiac! which the sun enters about the 21st of Janu- ary. Aquatic, a-kwat'ik. Aquarius. Pertaining to water ; living in or frequenting water. A. box, an accessory to the microscope, in which algse or animalculte are placed for observation. Aquatinta, ak-wa-tin'ta, A method of etching on copper by which a beautiful effect is produced, resembling a fine draw- ing in water-colors or Indian ink. Aqueduct, ak'we-dukt. sa^sjs^iara! A conduit or channel for \ conveying water from one place to another. Aqueous, ak'we-us. Par-v^ taking of the nature of "^ water, or abounding with Aqueduct. or formed by it. A. humor of tho eye, the watery iluid which fills tho space between the cornea and the crystalline lens in the eye. A. rocks, mechanically formed rocks, composed of matter de])osited by water. A. vapor, tho gaseous vapor produced from the surface of water by evaporation. Aquifoliaceae, ak'wi-fo'li-a"8e-c. A nat. ord. of polypetalous exogens ; the holly tribe. Aquila, ak'wi-la. A gen. of raptorial birds containing the true eagles. A north- ern constellation containing seventy-one stars. Aquilariaceas, ak'wi-la-ri-a"8e-e. A nat. ord. of apetalous exogens, consist- ing of three genera — Aquilaria, Ophiosper mum and Gyrinops. Aquilated, ak'wil-at-ed. In Her. adorned Avith eagles' heads ; as, a cross aquilated. Aquilegia, ak-wi-lo'.ii-a. A gen. of acrid plants, ord. Eanuhculaceae. Aquiline, ak'wil-!n. Of or belonging to tho eagle. Eesembling an eagle's bgak; prominent. Aquinus, St. Thomas, a-kwi'nas. One of the most celebrated of Christian philos- ophers and preachers, known as the " Angel of the Schools ;" b. 1227, d. 12T4. His great work, " Summa Theologiae," is an imperishable monument of jnons erudi- tion. He was canonized by Pope John XXII., in 1323, and declared a doctor of the Church by Pius Y. in 156T. Aquitanian, ak-vri-tu'ni-an. Pertaining to Aquitania, one of the great divisions of Gaul, now called Gascony. Arab, ar'ab. A native of Arabia. A neglected outcast of the streets, particu- larly an outcast boy or girl. Araba, ar'a-ba. An Indian or Turkisk Arabesque. Arabs, cart dravm by oxen or cows; tboae for the higher classes are highly ornamented. Arabesque, ai'- ab-esk. A species of ornamentation for enriching flat surfaces, either painted, inlaid, or wrought in low re- lief. Arabia, a-ralbe- ah. A peninsula in tho the 8, W. of Asia, 1,500 m. in length IT. and S., and aver- age breadth 780 m. Much of the country is a desert and little kno^vn. Pop. 12,- 000,000. The inhabitants include the Bedouins, reputed descendants of Ish- mael, who havo maintained their roving and warlike character for centuries ; a dis- tinct and quiet race settled along the coasts, and the "VVahabees, occupjingthe interior. The religion is lAohammedan, which had its origin in A. in the latter part of tho 6th century. The vulgar Arabic, as dis- tinguished from that of tho Koran, i3 among the most -widely spoken languages, and the literary Arabic is used in tko liturgy of all Mohammedans. It was for centuries the language of the sciences, arts and civilization. Arabic, ar'ab-ik. Belonging to Arabia or the language of its inhabitants. A. figures or characters, the numeral char- acters used in our Arithmetic, Introduced into England about the 11th centmy, and probably of Indian origin. Arabiu, ar'a-bin. A variety of gum soluble in cold water, the principal con- stituent of gum-arabic. AEABIS AEAUCAKITE Arabis, ar'arbls. A gen. of plants of tlie cruciferous ord. ; wall or rock cress. Arabo-tedesco, ar'ab-d-ta-des'ko. A style of art composed of Moorish, Eomaii aiid German-Gothic. Aracanese, ar'a-kan-ez". A native or an inhabitant of Aracan, in British Burmah. Aracari, a-ra-sa''ri. A name of the birds belonging to the gen. Pteroglossus, in- cluded in the Eamphastidfe or toucan fam., differing from the true toucans by a smaller bill and smaller size. Aracese, a-ra'se-e. A nat. order of monocotyledonous plants, having the gen. Arum as the type. An-ow-root is manuftictured from the roots of Arum maculatum. A gigantic species (Goduinia gigas), produces but one leaf supported on a stalk 10 feet long. Arachis, ar'arkis. A gen. of leguminous plants. The best-known species is A. nypogflea. Its pod (popularly called gi-ound, earth, or pea nut), when mature, contains two seeds the size of a hazel-nut, in flavor sweet as almonds, and jielding, when pressed, an oil not inferior to that of olives. Arachnida, a-rak'ni-da. A class of articulated, annulose and wingless ani- mals, intermediate between insects and Crustacea, including spiders, mites and scorpions. Araeosystyle, a-re'o-sis"tn. An ar- rangement in which columns are coupled or placed in pairs, with an interval of half a diameter betwixt the coupled columns, and of three diameters and a half betwixt the pairs. Arag-o, Francois Jean Dominique, ah-rah'go. A distinguished French as- tronomer, discoverer of the diameters of the planets, of rotary magnetism, polariza- tion by colors, and other scientific truths : B. 1TS6, D. 1853. Aragonite. ar'a-gon-Tt. The name given to carbonate of calcium when it occurs in trimetric crystals. It is essen- tially of the same chemical constitution as calc-spar, but its crystalline form is a dimorphous mineral. Aragnato, a-rii-gwii'to. The Mycetes Ursinus, or ursine howler, the largest of New World monkeys. Arainae, a-rfi-i'ne. The macaws, a svib- fam. of scansorial birds, fam. PsittacidiE. Arak, ar'ak. An alcoholic drink made in Tartary from mare's milk. . Araki, -e. An Egyptian intoxicating drink prepai-ed from dates. Aral, a'ral. The largest lake in Asia, covering 38,000 sq m.; Its water is salt. It lies 117 ft. higher than the Caspian bea, and h.13 no outlet. Araliaceae, a-ra'li-ri"8e-e. A nat. ord- of plants nearly related to the FmbeUif- erae. (A. nudicaulis) is used as a substi- tute for sarsaparL'la. The true rice paper of the Chinese is made from the pith oi another species, A. papyrifera. Aramaic, ar-a-ma'ik. Of or i)ertaining to Aram, a son of Shem, or to the Chal- deans and Syrians, his descendants ; a term appellative of the northern family cf the Semitic class of languages, comprising the tongues spoken in Syria and Assyria, the earliest specimens "being the Chaldee passages in the Old Testament and Apoc- rypha, especially in Esdras and Daniel. AJraneidae, a-ru-nu'l-dc. The spider family, a tribe of the pulmonary order of arachnidans, containing the true spinning spiaers. Axaneiformia, -for"mi-a. An ord. of spider-like Crustacea. Arapaima, ar-a-pi'ma. A gen. of fresh- water malacopterygian abdominal fishes. The largest known fresh-water some being 15 feet long. Arapung:a,-pung'- ga. A gen. of S. American dentiros- tral insessorial birds, fam. Ampeli- j dae, including the curious bell-bird (A. alba), remarkable for its clear, bell-like^ notes. Ararat Mt., ar'ah- rat. The mountain in Armenia, W. Asia, upon which Noah's ark is said to have rested when the flood receded ; it is situated at the .innction of the Eussian, Persian and Turkish empires. Araucania, ah-raw-ka'ne-ah. A S. American province, nominally claimed by Chili, but occupied by descendants of the aboriginal inhabitants who have success- fully maintained their independence. ArtvUcaria, ar-a-ka'ri-a. A gen. of Co- nifer*, large evergreen trees A%ith verticil- late spreading branches, and bearing large cones, each scale ha>ing a single large edi- ble seed. Araucarite, a-ra'ka-rlt. The name given to frairinents of plants found fossil ii strata of different ages, and believed to be relat- ed to living araucaria. Head of Bell-bird. AEAUHA AECHCHANCELLOE Arauha, a-ra'u-a. The native name for a gig'antic spider of the g-en. Mygale, found on the Alvolhos Islands, Brazil. Arbalist, ar'bal-ist. A cross-bow of steel set in a shaft of wood. The shaft had a stirrup at the end, and the bow was wound up by a moulinet or A\indlass worn at the girdle. It threw bullets, arrows, &c. Arbor, iir'bor. A wood ; a perennial plant havin,Ve- qnirlng tho aid of Insects to produce fer- tilization. Aristophanic, -fen"lk. Pertaining to the writings or style of Aristophanes, the comic poet of Athens ; shrewd ; wittj'. Aristotelia, -tc"ll-a. A gen. of plants, ord. Tiiijicea,'. Aristotelian, "li-an. Pertaining to Aristotle, tiie celebrated Greek philoso- pher, a diseii)lo of Pl.ito, and founder of the sect of the Peripatetics, who was born at StAcirain Macedon about 8S4 years be- fore Christ. Arithinetic, a-rith'met-ik. The science of numbers or tho art of computation by figures or juunerals. Decimal or common A. employs t*;n symbols or digits from to 9 inclusive, which are usually called the Arabic numerals, but originated among the Hindus. Instrumental A., a mode of computing numbers by means of some instrument, as the abacus, Napier's bones, &c. Arithmometer, -mom'et-er. An in- strument for assisting in making arith- metical computations. Arizona, ar-l-zo'nah. A territory of the United States, N. and formerly part of New Mexico. Ark, ark. A small close vessel ; cotT< r. In .'^crip. the repository of the Jewish co' enant or tablesof the law, made of sliii tim-wood, overlaid within and witliout \\1th gold, over Avhich were i>la»;ed tho golden covering or mercy-seat and the two cherubim. Tho same name Is given to a repository in modem synagogues. The largo floating vessel in v»hich Noah and his lamily were preserved during tho deluge. In Zool. a common name to the mollusca of the fam. Arcada?. Arkansas, nr-kAn'saw. Ono of tho Southern United Btates, W. of tho Mis- sissippi: capital, Llttlo IJock. Principal rivers, Arkansas, Red and White. Area, 5'2,19H sq. m.; pop., 802,526, of whom 21(i,f>fif» aro negroes. Arkose, ar'kOs. A felspathic sandstone formed Itom tho disintegration of granite. Arm, arm. A branch of tho military ser- vice, as cavalry or artillery. Armorial bearings ; tho devices armorial of a com- munity, office or family. First employed by the Crusaders, and became hereditary In families at tho close of tho li'th cen- turj'. In Jjiw, anything which a man taken in his hand In "anger to strike or as- sault another. In Bot. anything that serves as a defense to a plant,"a3 prickles, thorns, or spines. In Palconry, tho legs of a hawk ft^om the thigh to tho foot. A. of precision, flre-arms rifled, furnished with scientifically graduated sights, and appllanc<'s calcufatetd to enable them to act with great precision, rapidity and at great distances. Small A., arms that can be carried by those who tise them.— A stand of A., a complete set of arms for one soldier. Armadillo, -ma-dll'ir>. A n edentate mam- mal, gen. Dasy- pus, fam. Daay- podlda», consist- -. ,,„ ing of various Armadillo, species, and with tho allied genera Chlamyphorjis and Orycteropus, forming a family intermediate between the slothg and antpeaters. AEMADA 65 AEOPH Armada, Sr-ma'da. A fleet of armed ship!*, usually apidled to the Spanish fleet, called the Invincible A., lntende Armenia, a country In Asia, now called Tiircomania. A. bole, a epeH("» of riny. A. stone, a soft blue carb\ii >u- tic« by the ...! rapitate flower.<<; thrift ■ ; • ArmBt, 'met. An audtsut helmet ; when worn with tho beaver it was calleii A. grand ; when without, and supplied with a triple-barred fuoc-(fuard, it was called A. petit. Armifper, 'mi-jer. In times of chivalry, a* nrrnor-l)earer to a knijrht ; tho piToiid in rink of tho ajspirants to knljrhthood. In lattT times, ono with a right to anno- rial l»varliij.'s ; an esqtiire. Armilausa,-la'8a. An ancient garment; a kind of short cloak with a hr arm ; al!»o, a !•! ~t. An Iron ring In w 1 1 ,i whec-l move. Acirt'ii ^ ''lo wrist binding tho tendons of iho wholu Imnd. Arminian, -mln'i-an. One of a Ro<*t of Christians, »o called f-^*" ' - *— 'n Ids or Jliunncnfun, n 1 T Leyden, Holliuid, wh separated from tho < .ii» imi>i-->, ui.j.i ung to tlu-lr views of prinlestination. Armlet, urmlot. A little arm ; aa an A. ofthoBea. A pioco of protective armor . for tho arm. Part of tho Bloeve of a dress. Armistice, fir'mis-tis. A cessation of arms for a sliort timo by convention ; a truce. Arxnor. 'mer. Defensive arms ; any cov- ering worn to protect tho body In battle. Metal wa.<» uaea from tho 10th to the 1^*1 h centur>-. until the introduction of .Ire-arms rendered it useless. The steel or Iron covering of a ship of war. Coat A., the escutcheon of a p«'rson or family, vitli its mantling, crc«t, supiiorters, tiiotto, ic. Submarine A. a water-tight oovering worn by a diver. Armioric, -mor'ik. Pertiining to the northwest of France, formerly Armorica, now Drittany, inhabited by a Cymric race who fled from Britain in tho &th and 6th centuries. Armstrong: gxm, iirm'stn^ng gun. A cannon of wTought-lrou, constructed of bplrally coiled bars, and o<*<-!-''"' >''' ' •"- ing an'inner tutw or coro <■; The commonest form is 1 but tho!»e of the liighest c;»lii.. . ..., i,...,.- zle-Ioaders. The guu is name«l irom lia inventor, Sir Williaiu Arm»tro;ig. Armure, iir'mur. A tw1Ile«I fabric hav- ing a cotton warp and a wtwlen woof. Army. 'ml. A l.o.lv <.f ru.ii :inn.Ml for \v;. ■ ;al- i.' .n- Ki-'" ly. SUiii'liu^' A., :. , ..:.(lk(.:pt permanently i. Army-corps. ^ ^.-.division of an army In tJjo lioKl. Amee, 'no. One of the Indian varieties of the Huffalo ( Batialua arni), the largest animal of tho ox kind. Arnica, 'nl-ka. A grn. of pl.nnte. ord. ComiK»sit«. Then- . •*, oneofwhich, A. nx' in tobacco), produoi4 u i a volatile oil, tho flovurs ut) mri'l I'itter principle callc••»& aro- matics. Aroph, u'rof. A name by which saflVtm is sometimes called. A chemical i»r«'imra- tlon of Paraoelsua, as a solvent for the stone. AEOUEA AESENIC Aroura, 'rou-ra. An ancient Grecian measure containing 21,904 English square feet. Arpad, ar'paM. A Magyar chief and founder of the kingdom of Hungary ; b. S4S, D. 90T. Arpent, ar-pan. A French measure for land, equal to 4,0S8 square yards, or five- sixths of an English acre. It varied in difterent parts of France. It is used to a limited extent in Lower Canada and Louisiana. Arquebusade, 'kwo-bus-ad". A dis- tilled aromatic spirituous liquor applied to sprains or bruises ; originally invented for wounds inflicted by the the arquebus. Arquebus, ar'kwc- bus. A hand gun ; a species of ancient fire-arm, the prede- cessor of the musket. It was iired from a forked rest, and car- ried a ball that weigh- ed from 2 to 4 ounces. Arquerite, -rit. A mineral sUveramal- gam, occurring in small octahedrons and arborescent, con- taining 86 per cent, silver. Arquifoux, -kii-fij. give a green varnish to pottery. Arracacha, -ra-ka'cha. A gen. of um- belliferous plants, including a species A. esculenta, the root of which is divided into several lobes, each about the size of a carrot. These are boiled and form a food staple. Arrack, ar'ak. Spirituous liquors man- ufactured from fermented rice, the juice of the cocoa-nut and other palms. Arras, 'as. Tapestry ; hangings, consist- ing of woven stuffs ornamented with fig- m*es, manufactured at Arras, in the north of France. Arrastre, a-ras'tra. A machine for com- minuting ore. Arraswise, ar'as-wz. In Her. when anything of a square form is placed A^ith one corner in front, shoAving the top and two of the sides. Arret, a-ru. The decision of a court or council ; applied particularly to the judgments of tribunals in France. An arrest ; a seizure by legal authority. Arriere-ban, a-rer'ban. An edict of the ancient kings of France and Germany Arquebusier. A lead ore, used to commanding all their noblesse and vassals to assemble Avith their vassals and follow them to war or forfeit their estates. Arris, ar'is. The line in which the two straight or curved surfaces of a body, forming an exterior angle, meet each other. Arroba, a-ro'ba. A weight used in Cen- tral and S. America. A meastire for Avine, spirits and oil. Arrondee, a-ron'de. In Her. apphed to a cross, the arms of which are composed of sections of a circle. Arrondissement, a-ron-des-m:ln. In France, an administrative district forming a subdivision of a department. Arrope, a-ro'pa. Must or new wine boiled to a syrup, to be used as a coloring matter. Arro"W, a'ro. A missile weapon to be shot "vvith a bow. In Surv. a pointed iron rod, to stick into the ground at the end of the chain. In Fort, a work placed at the salient angles of a glacis, communicating ■with the covert way. Arro"W-gTasS, -gras. A common name for plants of the gen. Triglochin, ord. Juncaginacese. Arro'W-liead, a'ro-hed. A gen. of aquatic plants, so called from the shape of their leaves. Arro"w-lieaded, -hed-ed. Shaped hke the head of an arrow. A. headed charac- ters, formed by a combination of triangu- lar or Avedge-like figures ; called also cuneiform characters, found inscribed on pottery, and monuments at Persepolis, Babylon, and other places of the East, and have been deciphered by Grotefend, Eawlinson, Burnouf and others. Arrow-root, -rot. A starch largely used for food, obtained from the horizon- tal rhizomes of several species of Mar- anta. Arsenal, ar'se-nal. A repository or magazine of arms and military stores, for land or naval service ; a public establish- ment where naval and military equip- ments are manufactured or stored. Arsenate, ar'sen-at. A salt formed by arsenic combined with any base. Arsenic, ur'sen-ik. A chemical element which forms alloys with most of tha metals. Combined with sulphur it forms orpiment and realgar; -with oxygen it forms arsenious oxide or arsenic trioxide, Avhichis the white A., or simple A. of tho shops. Of all substances A. is that which has most frequently occasioned death by poisoning, both by accident and design. AESENIURETED 67 ARTOTYEITE Like many other virulent poisons it is a cafe and useful medicine, when judi- ciously employed. Arsenitireted, -sen'u-ret-ed. Com- bined ^^^th arsenic so as to form an arsen- iuret. A. hydrogen, a gas generated by fusing arsenic with its own weight of granulated zinc, and decomposing the alloy with strong bydrochloric acid. Arshin, slr'shiii. A Russian measure of 2 feet 4.242 inches. Art, art. The artificial disposition or modification of things to answer some special purpose. A system of rules serv- ing to facilitate the performance of certain actions ; knowledge of such rules or skill in applying them in a trade, handicraft, or other special subject. The useful or- me- chanical arts include those in which the hands and body are more concerned than the mind, as in making clothes ; the fine arts and the liberal arts include all the branches of academical learning, as well as fine art. Formerly the cu-cle of the sciences was confined to the seven liberal arts — grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy. In this sense the term is still employed when we speak of the arts classes in the universi- ties, a master of arts &c. Art differs from science in being practical, while the latter is theoretical or speculative. The rules of art partake less or more of the nature of directions. They are, however, ultimately based on principles ; thus, the art of build- ing is based on the principles or laws of mechanics. Artemisia, ar-te-mis'i-a. A gen. of plants, ord. Compositte, comprising mug- Avort, southern-wood and worm-wood. Artery, 'ter-i. One of a system of cylin- drical vessels or tubes, membranous, elas- tic and pulsatile, which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. There are two principal arteries, the aorta and the pulmonary. Artesian, ar-tG'zi-an. Of or belonging to Artois, in France. A particular kind of well, first used in Artois. Arthritis, thrl'tis. Any painfhl dis- ease or inflammation of the joints, partic- ularly the gout. Arthrog-astra, -thro-gas'tra. A name given to those Archnida which agree in having the abdomen segmented, and not separated from the cephalothorax, includ- ing the true scorpions, book-scorpions, &c. Arthropoda, -throp'o-da. One of the two primary diiisions (Anarthropoda be- ing the other) Into which naturalists have divided the sub-kingdom Annulosa. 1 Arthur, ar'thiir. The hero of the " Knights of the Eound Table," a semi- • mythical king of Britain, in the 5th cen- tury, w^ho lieroically opposed the Saxon invaders. Artichoke, ar'ti-chok. The Cynara Scolymus, an edible plant, ord. Compos- itae, somewhat resembling a thistle, with large divided prickly leaves. The Jerusa- lem A., or Helianthus tuberosus, is a spe- cies of sunflower, whose roots are used like potatoes. Articulata, -tik'u-la"ta. The thh-d great section of the animal kiigdom, di- ■\ided by Cu"\ier into five classes, Crusta- cea, Arachnida, Insecta, MjTiapoda and Annehda. The first four classes are now commonly placed together under the name of Arthropoda. Also applied to one of two sections into which the Brachio- poda or lamp-shells are divided. Articulate, -lat. Jointed ; formed with joints ; as, aa articulate animal. Formed by the distinct and intelligent movement of the organs of speech. Artificer, -tifis-er. A maker; a skill- ful or artistic mechanic. One who con- trives or devises ; an inventor. A soldier- mechanic attached to the artillery service. Artillery, -til'ler-i. Cannon ; ordnance and its necessary equipment both in men and material. The science of the use and management of great guns. A. level, aa instrument ha\ing a pendulous pointer by which it indicates the angle between the axis of the piece and the plane of the horizon. Artimorantico, -te-mo'ran-te"ko. An alloy of tin, sulphur, bismuth and cop- per, made in imitation of ancient jewelry. Artiodactyla, 'shi-o-dak"ti-la. A sec of the Ungulata or hoofed mammals, com- prising all those in which the number of the toes is even, including the ruminants, and also a number of non-ruminating animals, as the hippopotamus and the pig. The sec. includes all the ungulate an?mals used for human food. Artocarpacese, 'to-kar-pa"se-e. Aji ord. of plants, the bread-fruit, a sub-ord. of the Urticaceaa or nettles. The virulent antiar poison of Java is obtained from the upas-ti-ee. Artotyrite, -tl'rlt. One of a sect of heretics in the primitive church, who cele- brated the eucharist vdth bread and cheese, alleging that the first obligations of men were not only the fruit of the earth, but the produce of their flocks. They admitted females to the priesthood and episcopacy. AET-UNION ASCIDIUM Art-Union, art-u'ni-un. An associa- tion, the object of whicli is to aid in ex- tending the knowledge of and love for the arts. They originated in France during the time of Napoleon I. Arum, a'rum. A gen. of plants, ord. Aracefe. A. maculatum yields a starch, which IS known as Portland sago or arrow- root. Arundo, a-run'do. A reed; a gen. of grasses, now usually limited to A. Donax and the species which agree with it. Aruspice, a-rus'pis. One of a class of IH-iestsin ancient Eome, of Etrurian ori- gin, whose business was to inspect the en- trails of victims killed in sacrifice, and by them to foretell future events. Arvicola, ar-vik'6-la. A gen. of rodent animals, sub-ord. Muridaj or Mice. A. amphibia is the water-vole, or water-rat, and A. agrestis is the field-vole, or short- tailed field-mouse, Aryan, 'i-an. An Indo-European ; a mem- ber of that division of the human race which Includes the Hindus and Persians as its eastern branch, and the Celts, the Greeks and Italians, the Sclavs and the Teutons as its western. The earliest Aryan colonists of Europe were the Celts. As, as. A Koman weight answering to the libra or pound. A Eoman cop- per or bronze coin, orig- inally of a pound weight,' but reduced after the first Punic war to 2 ounces, in the second Punic war to 1 ounce, and latterly to ^ ounce. The common form had the two-faced head of Janus on one side and the prow of a ship on the other. In Seand. myth, one of the gods, the inhab- itants of Asgard. It appears in the OS of such names as Oscar, Osborn, Oswald. Asafetida, -a-fe'tid-a. A fetid inpis- sated sap, the concrete juice of the Nar- thex asafetida, a large umbelliferous plant found in Western Thibet. Asagraea, a-sa-gre'a. A gen. of plants, ord. Melauthacea3or colchicums, including but a single species (A. officinalis). Asaphes, as'a-fez. A gen. of minute, parasitic ichneumon flies, which prey upon and keep in check the aphides. Asaphus, -fus. A gen. of trilobites, characteristic of the lower palaeozoic rocks. Asarabacca, -ra-bak"ka. A small hardy plant, ord. Aristolochiacese, botan- ically called Asarum Europaeum. Both As. leaves and root were formerly use«talous dicotyledonous plants. Over a thousand species are known. Ascomycetes, 'ko-mI-se"tGz. A large group of fungi whose spores or sporidia are contained Avithin asci. Ascidium, -sid''i-um. A hollow tube or pitcher-like appendage found in some plants, often closed by a lid, as in the trud pitcher-plant. ASCITAN ASPARAGUS Ascitan, 'si-tan. One of a sect or branch ,of Montanists who appeared in the 2d , century. They introduced bacchanals, who danced around a skin distended with air, in allusion to the bottles filled with. new ^vin« in the direction of the axis, if cut round. Asteriadae, -tor-l'a-do. A fam. of star- fishes, ord.Asteridae, possessing four rows of tentacular feet in each ray, all others having but two. Asteridae, 'i-de. The star-fishes, clas* Echinodermata, having a coriaceous skin, in which are implanted spines or tuberclo*. Asterism, -izm. A cluster of stars ; anr small cluster which it is either desirabli to distinguish from the rest of the con stellation in which it lies, or which is no. a part of any particular constRUatien. Three asterisks placed thus %* to direct attention to some passage. That branch of astrology based on the fixed stars. Asteroid, -old. Ona of the small planets, about 2Ui) in number, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, called planetoids. Asterolepis, -oFe-pis. A gen. of gigan- tic ganoid fish- es, now found only in a fossil state in the old red sandstone. They must have attained the length of IS or 20 feet. The stellate mark- ings from Avhich the gen. derives its name seem to have been restricted to the dermal plates of th« head. Asteropliyllites, -o-fil-lI"tez. Star-leaf; Asterolepis. AST0M0U8 72 ASYLUM a gen. of fossil plants, -which abound in the coal-measures, and are beUeved to be the foliage of the Calamites. Astomous, 'to-mus. Without a mouth : epecilically applied to a division of mosses the capsules of which have no aperture. Astraea, trG'a. A name sometimes given to the sign Virgo. One of the as- teroids between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It revolves around the sun in 1,511.10 solar days, and is about 2^ times the distance of the earth from the sun. A gen. of fixed coral-forming zoophytes, fam. Astrfeidie, class Actinozoa. Astraeidae, 'i-de. The star-corals, a fam- ily of the radiated polyps, by the calcare- ous secretions in whose body walls the coral reefs are mainly formed. Astrag:al,'tra-gal. A semi-circular mold- ing, with a fillet beneath it, which sur- rounds a column in the form of a ring, separating the shaft from the capital. A round molding on cannon near the mouth. The upper bone of the foot supporting the tibia. Astragalus, -trag'al-us. A large gen. of plants, ord. LeguminosjE, containing more than 600 species ; the milk-vetches. Gum-tragacanth is obtained from A. gum- mifer and other spiny species. Astral, 'tral. Belonging to the stars. A. spirits, beUeved, in the middle ages, to people the heavenly bodies or the aerial region. By the demouologists of the 15th century they were regarded as occupying the first rank among the demoniacal spirits. A. lamp, a lamp whose light is placed under a concave glass. Astrantia, -tran'shi-a. A gen. of um- belliferous plants, remarkable for the large white or rose-colored leaf-liko involucres. Astrapaea, -tra-pe'a. A gen. of plants, ord. StercuUaceje. Astrite, 'trit. A radiated or star-like fos- sil, as one of the detached articulations of fossil encrinites ; star-stone. Astrocar3nxia, -tro-ka'ri-um. A gen. of Amoricag palms. Astrognosy, -trcg'nO-si. Knowledge of the stars in respect to their names, mag- nitudes, situations and the like. Astrography, 'ra-fi. The art of de- scribing or delineating the stars. Astroid, 'troid. In Her. a star consist- ing of six points or more, in distinction from a mullet, consisting of but five. Astrology, -ji. The science or doctrine of the stars, formerly used as equivalent to astronomy, but now restricted to the Astrolabe. pseudo-science which pretends to enable men to judge of the effects and influences of the heavenly bodies on mundane af- fairs, and to foretell future events by their situations and conjunctions ; thus one's temperament was ascribed to the planet under which he was born, and the virtues of herbs, gems and medicines were as- cribed to their ruling planets. Astrolabe, 'trd-lab. An instrument for- merly used for taking the altitude of the sun or stars at sea, now superseded by Hadley's quadrant^ and sextant. Astrolatry, -troF tri. The worship oi' the stars. Astrologer, -o'jer. One who professes to foretell future events by the position and appearance of the stars. Astrometeorology, 'tro-me'te-or-oF'o- ji. The art of foretelling the weather from the appearance of the moon and stars. Astrometer, -trom'e-ter. One who or that which measures the stars or their hght ; an Instrument invented by Sir John Herschel for estimating the brightness of the fixed stars. Astronomer, -tron'o-mer. One who is versed in astronom3^ Astronomy, -mi. The science which treats of the celestial bodies — their nature, magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, &c. Astrophotography, ''tr6-fr)-tog"ra-fi. A term expressing the application of photogi-aphy to the delineation of solar sj»ots, the moon's disk, planets, &c. Astroscope, -skop. An astronomical instrument, composed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations are de- lineated. Astur, 'ter. A gen. of hawks, including the goshawk. Astylar, a-stl'lar. In Arch, having no columns. Astyllen, a-stil'en. A small stoppage in an adit or mine to prevent the passage of water. Aswail, as'wal. The native name for the sloth-bear (Ursus labiatus) of India. Asylum, a-sl'lum. A sanctuary or place of refuge, where criminals and debtors were sheltered from justice. Temples were anciently asylums, as were Christian ASYMPTOTE 73 ATLANTIC churches In later times. An Institution for receiving and ameliorating tlie con- dition of persons laboring under bodily defects or mental maladies, as the blind, the deaf and dumb, the insane, &c. ; some- times also a refuge for the unfortunate ; as, a magdalen A. Asymptote, as'im-tot. A lin« which approaches nearer and nearer to some curve, but though Infinitely extended -would never meet it. Atabal, at'a-bal. A kettle-drum ; a kind of tabor used by the Moors. Atacamite, a-tak'a-mlt. A native muri- ate of copper, consisting of a combination of the protoxide and chloride of copper, the aerugo nobilis seen on ancient bronzes. It is worked as an ore in South America, and occurs massive or in small prismatic crystals. Atalanta. In Myth, the beautiful daughter of Schreneus, King of Scyros, noted for her tieetness. She agreed to mari-y the man who could outrun her, un- der the condition that his life should be the forfeit of failure. Meleger won the race by dropping three golden apples which were given him by Yenus, and which she stopped to secure. Ataman, at'a-man. The chief military commander of the Cossacks ; thehetman. Atavismi, -vizm. The resemblance of offspring to a remote ancestor or to a dis- tant member in the collatei-al line. Atchison, at'chi-son. A coin of copper washed -with silver, struck in Scotland in the reign of James ^''I., of the value of eight pennies Scot, or two-thirds of an EngUsh penny. Ate, a'te. In Myth, the Goddess of Mis- chief, who was cast down from heaven. Ateles, at'e-lez. A gen. of platyrhine American monkeys. Atelier, -iG-a. A workshop : applied to the workroom of sculptors and painters. AteucllXlS, a-tu'kus. A gen. of coleop- terous insects, fam. Scarabseid*. A. ^gyptiorum or sacer seems to have been the 'sacred beetle figured on Egyptian monuments and ornaments. Athalia, a-tha'h-a. The generic name of the turnip-fly (A. centifoliae), a hymen- opterous insect, fam. Tenthredinidae, or saw-flies. Athanasian, ath-a-na'si-an. Pertain- ing to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, in the 4th century. A. creed, a creed or exposition of faith, supposed formerly to have been drawn up by Athanasius, though this opinion is now generally re- jected, and the composition ascribeowder ; used in exploding mines. Augite, 'jit. The class of minerals be- longing to the monocliiiic system, and consisting of silicates of lime, magnesia and iron. AUGUR 76 AUEICHALCITE jLugVLT, 'gv. Among the ancient Eo- mans a functionary whose duty was to foretell future events from the movements of birds and animals, and unusual occur- rences. There was a college or commu- nity of nine augurs, four patricians and five plebeians. One who pretends to tell future events by omens. August, 'gust. The eighth month of the year, named for the Eoman Emperor Augustus. Augrustan, 'an. Pertaining to the Em- peror Augustus ; as, the A. age, the most brilllaut period in Eoman literature. Per- taining to the town of Augsburg ; as, the A. Confession, drawn up by Luther and Melanchthon, embodying their reasons for separating from the Eomish Chm-ch. Augrustin, 'in. A member of one of sev- eral monastic fraternities who follow rules framed by St. Augustine. Also an order of nuns who wait on the sick. The Ho- tel Dieu of Paris is served by them. Augustinian, -gus-tin'i-an. One of those divines who, from St. Augustine, maintain that grace is absolutely ett'ectual from its nature. One of a sect of the 16th century, who maintain that heaven will not be open till the general resurrection. Augnstine, St., -gus'tin. The most celebrated of the Latin Fathers, bishop of Hippo ; B. 854 in N. Africa, d. 430. He was noted as a successful controversialist, and his teachings are the accepted doc- trines of the Church. His principal works are the "Confessions" and the "City of God." Augustus, Caius Octavius Caesar. Sou of Caius Octavius and Atia, daugh- ter of Julia, sister of Caius Julius Caesar, the dictator, by whom he w^as adopted. After the assassination of his great- uncle he was elected Con- sul, and became one of the trium- virate, his associates being Antony and Lepidus. After the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, Lepidus was first deprived of his power, and five years later Oc- tavius defeated Antony and Cleopatra, becoming sole ruler of the Eomans. He was the first who bore the title of empe- ror, and the Senate bestowed upon him the name "Augustus," signifying "Ma- jestic," a name which all his successors assumed ; b. 63 b. c, d, a. p. 14. Auk, ak. English name of birds of the fam. Xlcidae, ord. Natateres, including the great and little auk, or black and white diver, the puffin, &c.; members of the gen. Alca, containing two species, the great auk (Alca impennis), now, it is believed, extinct, and the razor-bill (Alca torda). Aulic, 'Ijk. Pertaining to a royal court. In the old German Empire the A. Council was a court of jurisdiction which decided without an appeal. It ceased to exist In 1806. The title is now applied in Ger- many to the chief council of any depart- ment. Aulic, 'lik. In some European universi- ties a ceremony observed in conferring the degree of Doctor of Divinity. Aulostoma, -los'to-ma. A gen. of fishes, fam. Aulostomidte or Fistularidoe, closely allied to Fistularia. Aulostomidee, -tom'i-de. A fam. of acanthopterous fishes, of which the gen. Aulostoma is the type. Auncel, an'sel. A kind of balance known as the Danish steelyard, having a mov- able fulcrum and a fixed weight, the fore- finger often acting as the former. It was very inaccurate, and Avas prohibited by statute. Aune, an, A French cloth-measure, now superseded by the metre. The A. nou- velle, 47i English Inches, is still used in selling cloth. Aurantiacese, a-ran'ti-a"se-e. The or- ange tribe of plants, ord. Eutacese, com- ja-ising the orange, lemon, lime, citron, bergamot, and shaddock or forbidden fruit. Aurelia, -re'li-a. A gen. of Acalephae or medusiform Hydrozoa, which passes through several changes of form in its de- velopment. Aurelian, an. An amateur collector and breeder of insects, particularly of the Lepidoptera. Aurelianus, Lucius Domitius. The son of a Eoman peasant, who be- came emperor, s. Claudius II. He cleared Italy of the northern barbarians, defeated and captured the celebrated Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, and carried on other successful campaigns. lie was killed by his troops Avhile on the march to Persia ; B. 212 ; crowned 270 ; n. 275. Aureole, -ol. In painting, an illumina- tion surrounding a holy person, as Christ, a saint or martyr, and intended to repre- sent a luminous cloud or haze supposed to emanate from him. "When it symbol- izes Christ a cross is inclosed in the aure- ola. Auric, 'rik. Pertaining to gold. A. ox- ide, a saturated combination of gold and oxj'gen. Aurichalcite, -ri-kal'slt. A mineral oc- AURICLE 77 AUT0CAEP0U3 curring in transparent needle-shaped crj'- stels, which when reduced yield a gold- colored alloy of copper and zinc. Auricle, 'ri-kl. The external ear, or that part which is prominent from the head. One of two cavities in the mammalian heart, placed above the ventricles, and re- sembling' the ear in shape. An instru- ment held to the ear to assist in heaj-ing. Auricula, -rik'u-la. A garden flower de- rived from the yellow Primula Auricula, sometimes called bear's-ear. A gen. of phytophagous or plant-eating gasteropo- dousmolluska. Aurig-a -ri'ga. In Astron. the Wagoner, a constellation consisting of 68 stars, in- cluding Capella, of the first magnitude. In Med. the 4th lobe of the liver. Auriscalp, 'ri-skalp. An instrument to clean the ears ; used also in operations of surgery. Aurochs, a'roks. A species of -^vild bull or buffalo, the bonassus of Aristotle, urus of Cffisar, bison of Pliny ; the European bison, Bos or Bonassus Bison. Aurocyanide, -ro-sl'an-id. A compound formed of the cyanide of gold and a basic oxide. Aurora, 'ra. The rising light of the morning ; the dawn of day. The goddess of the morning, or dawh deified. The poets represent her as rising out of the ocean in a chariot, her rosy fingers drop- ping gentle dew. The A. borealis or the A. australis (polar lights), a luminous me- teoric phenomenon appearing at night ; it usually manifests itself by streams of light ascending towards the zenith from a dusky lino of cloud or haze a few degrees above the horizon, and stretching toward the west and cast, so as to form an arc, withi ts ends on the horizon. The ap- pearance of the aurora boreahs exactly resembles the effects of artificial elec- tricity. Aurotellurite, -tel'lu-rit. An ore of tellurium containing gold and silver. Aurum, 'rum. Gold. A. fulminans, gold dissolved in aqua regia or nitro-muri- atic acid, and precipitated by ammonia ; fulminating gold. A. mosaicum, mosaic gold, a gold-like alloy, containing copper and zinc. Austerlitz, 'tur-litz. A Moravian to'ivn near Avhich was fought the battle of A., in which Napoleon defeated the com- bined Eussian and Austrian armies, Dec. 2, 1S05. Austral, 'tral. Southern ; lying or being in the south ; as, A. lands ; A. eigns. A. pole, the pole of the magnetic needle which seeks the south magnetic polo, op- posed to the boreal pole, or that which {)oints to the north. A. signs, the six ast signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator. Australasia, aus'tral-a'zhah. Part of Oceanica, S. of Asia, embracing Australia, Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land, New Zealand and other smaller islands ; pop. estimated at 3,300,000. Australia, aus-tra'le-ah. The largest island on the globe, having an area of 8,000,000 sq. miles, being 2,500 m. from E. to W., and 1,800 from N. to S. It lies between lat. 10° and 30° S., and Ion. 113° and 154° E. Its chief mountain ranges are the Australian Alps, Blue mountains and Liverpool range ; the principal rivers are the Adelaide, Victoria, Murray and Swan. Sheep and cattle farming are carried on extensively, and it is rich in mines of gold and coal and quarries of slate, sand- stone and limestone. A. is a British de- pendency, and was up to the middle of the present century principally noted as a place of exile for criminals ; the discovery of gold in 1854, however, caused an im- mense influx of Eiu-opean immigants, and it is now one of the most tlu'iving and important of Great Bi-i tain's colonies. Capital, Sydney. Pop. about 2,000,000. Australioid, -tra'li-oid. The term de- noting one of the five groups into which Prof. Huxley classifies man. Austria, 'tri-ah. An empu-e of Central Europe, S. of Germany and W. of Eussia, covering an area of 227,234 sq. m., and having a total pop. of 39,400,000. Its principal divisions are Upper and Lower Austria, Hungary, Croatia, and Slavonia, Transylvania, Bosnia and IIerzego\ina, the last two states being incorporated in 1878. A. was formerly a part of the German Empire, but Francis I. formally resigned the title of Emperor of Germany in 1S04. The principal mountains of A. are the Alps, the Bohemian and Moi-a\ian ranges ; the chief rivers, the Danube,' Dneister and Save; the gulfs on the Adriatic are Trieste, Cattaj-o and Quar- nero. Vienna is the capital, and the chief cities are Pesth, Brunn, Inspruck, Prague and Trieste. The government is a hereditary monarchy, the reigning house ofllapsburg going back in an iminter- ruptedline to Eudolph I., 1276. Autcbiog-rapher, 'to-bT-og"ra-fer. One who writes an account of hia own life. Autocarpous, -kar'pus. A name given to Iruits consisting of the pericarp, with- AUTOCHKONOGEAPH 78 AVEREIIOIST out any organ, such as the calyx, out- wardly adhering. Autoclxronograph, -kron'o-graf. An instruuieiit for the instantaneous self- recording of time. Autochthon, tok'thon. One of the primitive inhabitants of a country. That whicli is original to a particular country. Autocrat, 'to-krat. An absolute prince or sovereign ; a title pssumed by the em- perors of llussia. One who is invested with unlimited authority. Auto de fe, ou'to dfi fa'^ A judgment of the Spanish Inquisition. A public so- lemnity held by the courts of the Inquisi- tion at the execution of heretics. The last auto de fe- took place in the middle of the 18th century. Autogenous, a-toj'en-us. Self-produced; self-generated. "A. soldering, the process of imiting pieces of metal by the fusion of part of their OAvn substance. Autograph, 'to-graf. A person's own handwriting. A machine which writes of itself ; an autographic press. Automaton, -tom'a-ton. That which has the power of spontaneous movement. A self-acting machine ; clocks, watches and many machines may be denominated automatons ; but the term more specific- ally denotes an apparatus in which the concealed i)Ower is made to imitate the motions of living beings. A balance, a machine for weighing planchets and coin, and sorting the pieces according to weight. Autophon, 'to-fon. A barrel-organ, the tunes of which are produced by per- forated sheets of mill-board. Autositarii, -si-tu"ri-I. An ord. of double monsters, joined as by the umbili- cus. The Siamese twins are a weU-known example. Autotjrpe, -tip. A photographic pro- cess resembling heliotype. Autotypography, -ti-pog"ra-fi. A process resembhng nature-printing, by Avhich drawings are impressed on a metal plato, from Avhich copies may be taken. Autumn, 'tum. The thh-d season of the year. Astronomically it begins at the autumnal equinox, when the Bxm enters Libra, 23d September, and ends at the Avinter solstice, 21st December, when the sun enters Capricorn ; but it popu- larly comprises September, October and November. Auxometer, aks-om'et-er. An instru- ment to measure the magnifying powers \f an optical apparatus. Avalanche, av'a-lansh. A vast body of snow and ice shding down a mountain or precipice. Avant-courier, a-viin-ko-rer. A per- son dispatched before another or a com- pany to give notice oftheir approach. Avant-fosse, -fos. In Fort, the ditch of the counterscarp next to the country, at the foot of the glacis. Avanturine, -van'tii-rin. A briUlant variety of glass or artificial gem made by heating pounded glass, oxide of copper and oxide of iron. A variety of quartz rock containing spangles of mica or quartz. A. glaze, a glaxe for porcelain. It is brown- ish, with crystalline laminas of a golden luster. Avatar, av-a-tar'. A descent from heaven ; particularly apphed to the incar- nation of the Hindu deities, or their ap- pearance in some manifest shape upon earth. Anincai-nato form. Ave, a've. Hail 1 farewell ! God bless you I Aveler, av'el-er. A machine for remov- ing the avels or awns of barley from the grain ; a hummeller. Avellane, a-vel'an. In Her. a term ap- plied to a cross whose quarters resemble a filbert nut; when placed on the mondes of kings or emperors, ensigns of sovereign- ty- Ave-Mary, Ave-Marie, ii've-ma-ri, a've-ma-re'a. An invocation to the Vir- gin Mary ; a formula of devotion in the R. C. Church, chaplets and rosaries being divided into a certain number of ave- maries and paternosters. A particular time of the day, when the bells ring and the people repeat the A. Avena, a-ve'na. A gen. of plants, ord. Gramineaj. The most important species is A. sativa, the cultivated oat. Averdant, a-ver'dant. In Her. covered Avith green herbage ; chiefly applied to a mountain base. Avernian, 'ni-an. Pertaining to Aver- nus, a lake of Campania, Italy, represent- ed by classical poets as the entrance to hell. Averrhoa, av-er-ro'a. A gen. of plants, ord. Oxalidaceae, or wood sorrels, consist- ing of two species. Averrhoist, a-ver'o-ist. One of the sect of Peripatetic philosophers, so denomi- nated from Averrhoes, a celebrated Ara- bian author, born at Cordova, in Sj)ain, in 1149. They held the soul to be mortal, though pretending to submit to the Chris- tian theology. AVEEEUFTCATOE 79 AXIS Averruncator, av-e-rung'kut-or. A garden imi)leinent for pruning trees when their branches are beyond easy reach. Aversant, a-vers'ant. In Her. the right hand turned to show the back. Called also Dorsed. Aves, a'vez. The 4th class of vertebrates, animals which breathe by lungs, ,^^^^.^. have warm, red blood and a -a-versant. double circulation ; are produced from eggs. The classification is that of Hux- ley, who divides the birds into three or- ders: Saururae, consisting of the single extinct Archfeopteryx ; Eatitse, birds that cannot fly, as the ostriches, emus and cassowaries ; and Carinatae, all the living flying bu-ds. Avian, '\i-an. Pertaining to the aves or birds, as A. peculiarities of structure. Aviary, -a-ri. A building for the breed- ing and keeping of birds. Avicenna, av-I-sen'nah. An eminent Arabian physician and philosopher ; b. 980, D. 103T. He was the author of the famous " Canon," the supreme medical authority for centuries. Avicennia, av-1-sen'nl-a. A gen. of plants, ord. Verbenacese, often called white mangroves. Avicula, a-vik'u-la. A gen. of marine conchifers or bivalves. In which some nat- uralists include the genus Meleagrina, from which the most precious pearls are dei-ived. Avictilarium, -la"ri-um. A small pre- hensile process, resembhng a bird's head, found in the cells of many Polyzoa. Aviculidae, 'h-de. A fam. of marine bivalves, of which the gen. Avicula is the type. Avifauna, av'i-fa-na. A collective name for the birds of a district. Avignon-berry, a-ven-yon-be'ri. The fruit of Rhamnus Clusii, less than a pea, of a yellow color, and used for staining yellow. Avocado, av-6-ka'd5. The alligator- i)ear, the fruit of Persea gratissima, ord. ^^auracesB. Avoirdupois, -er'du-poiz". A system of weight, of which 1 lb. contains 16 oz., in distinction to troy weight, which has only 12. It Is used for all goods except the precious metals and medicines. Avoset, '6-set. A peculiar bird, gen. Eecurvirosti-a, fam. Scolopacidse, ord. Grallatores. Avoyer, a-voi'er. The chief magistrate of imperial cities of the old German Em- pu-e andoftowns of Switzerland. Awl, al. A pointed instrument for pierc- ing small holes. Awlwort, 'wert. Tlie popular name of the Subularia aquatica. Awningr, 'ing. A covering of canvas spread as a protection from the sim's rays. That part of the poop deck forward of the bulkhead of a vessel's cabin. Axayacatl, aks-a-e-a-katl. A fly com- mon in Mexico, whose eggs are used as a sort of ca^iare called ahuauhtli. Ax.e, aks. An iostrument of iron and steel, consisting of ahead-svith an arching edge of steel, and a helve or handle. The ancient battle-axe was sometimes two-edged. Axe-head, 'hed. The head of an axe. The ancient stone axe-Beads are called by antiquarians celts. Axe-stone, 'ston. A mineral, called also Nephrite or Jade, found in the South Sea Islands, used by the natives for axes. Axial, 'i-al. Pertaining to an axis. A. Une, the line in which the magnetic force passes from one pole of a horseshoe mag- net to the other. Axil, 'il. The armpit. In Bot. the space or angle formed on the upper side be- tween an axis and any organ growing from it. Axinite, 'in-It. A mineral of the garnet family composed of 45 silica, 26 magnesia, 19 alum, with lime, iron peroxide, man- ganese and boracic acid. Axiom, 'i-om. A self-evident truth or proposition ; a proposition whose ti-uth is so evident at first sight that no process of reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer. An estabUshed principle in some art or science, as the axioms of political economy. Axis, 'is. The straight line, real or im- aginary, passing through a body or magni- tude, on which it revolves, especially such a straight line wth regard to which the different parts of a magnitude are sym- metrically arranged ; as the axis of the earth or any sphere ; the axis of a cone ; the axis of a curve ; the axis of a system of magnitudes. In Bot. the root and stem of the plant, around which the other parts are disposed. In Anat. the second verte- bra of the neck. A. of oscillation of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center, about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of Aibration. A. of refraction, the straight line drawn per- pendicular to the surface of the refracting AXIS 80 B medium, through tho point of incidence of tho refracted ray. Some crystals have two axes of refraction. A-vi s A species of Indian deer, the Cervus axis, of which there are two or three varieties. Axle, Axle-tree, '1, aks'l-tre. A piece of timber or bar of iron, fitted for inser- tion in the hubs or naves of wheels, on Avhich the latter turns. Driving axle, in locomotive engines, is connected Avith the piston, slide-valves and jnimps, and by converting the rectilinear motion of the piston Into a rotary one, propels or drives the engine. Axolotl, 'o-lotl. A remarkable member of tho Urodela or tailed amphibians, the Siredon pisciforme. Ayah, a'yii. An East Indian waiting woman or lady's-maid. Ayapana, a'ya-pa-na. The native name of Eupatorium Ayapaha, a Brazihan plant, ord. Compositse, a powerful anti- dote to the bite of venomous snakes. Aye-aye, l-i. A singular nocturnal quadruped, about the size of a hare, the Cheiromys madagascariensis, in its habits resembling the sloth. Airrant, a'rant. In Her. a term applied to eagles and other birds in their nest. Ayuntainiento, -yun'ta-me-en'"to. In Spain and Spanish America a corporation or body of magistrates in a oily or town. Azalea, a-za'16-a. A gen. of X)lants, ord. Ericacea3,di8- tinguished from the rhododen- drons chiefly by tho flowers hav- ing ten stamens instead of five. A. pontica pos- sesses poisonous pro])erties. Azobenzene, -5- Azalea, ben'zcn. A crystalline substance obtained by the action of reducing agents upon iiitrobenzine. Azimutli, 'i-muth. An arc of the horizon intercei)ted between the meridian of a place and the verti- cal circle passing through the center of a celestial object. The azimuth and al- titude of a star give its exact position in the sky. A. com- Azimuth, pass, an instrument for finding either the magnetic azimuth or amplitude of a heavenly object. A. dial, a dial whose style or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. A. or vertical circles intersect each other in the zenith and nadu-, cutting the hori- zon at right angles. Azoerythrine, -G-rith"rin. A coloring principle obtained from the archil. Azoic, a-zo'ik. Destitute of any vestige of organic life. Azolitmine, az-6-llt'min. A red color- ing matter obtained from litmus. Azores, ■'orz. The Western Islands, a group of 9 in tho N. Atlantic. They ar» a dependency of Portugal, capital city, Angra, in Terceira ; total pop. 472,180. Aztec, 'tek. Of or pertaining to the Az- tecs, the ruling tribe in Mexico at tho time of the Spanish invasion under Cortez in 1519. They Avere a civihzed people, but their religious rites were bloody and cruel. Azure, a'zhur. Tho fine blue color of the sky. A name common to several blue pigments, that made of lapis-lazuli, called ultramarine, and that made by fusing glass with oxide of cobalt reduced to pow- der. In Her. a blue color in coats of arms. Azurite, 'zhur-It. A blue mineral, tho lazulito, called also blue malaclilte, a tri- cupric crthocarbonate of copper. Azymite, az'im-it. One of a sect of Christians who administer the eiicharist ■with unleavened bread ; also a term of reproach applied by the Greeks to the Latins for consecrating the host in unleav- ened bread. B BIS the second letter and the first conso- nant in tho English and most other alphabets. It is a mute and labial, and dis- tinguished from p by being produced by the iitterance of voice as distinguished from breath. It is related to the sonant aspirate v as p to tbe surd aspirate f. A b regularly stands where there is an f in Latin words, a ph in Greek, bh in San- skrit, while in German words it is either unchanged or a p takes its place. When a final letter after m, it is not pronounced, as in thumb, limb, dumb. B is common as an initial consonant in all the Teutonic BAAL 81 BACHAEACH languages. As a numeral B was used b)' the Hebrews and Greeks as now by the Arabians, for ' 2 ; by the Eomans for 300, and with a line over itfor8,000. B is used as an abbreviation in B. A., Bachelor of Arts ; B. D., Baclielor of Divinity; and B, M., Bachelor of Medicine. Baal, ba'al. Originally this word signi- fied lord, and was applied to ditferent divinities. Specifically, B. was the sa- cred title applied to the Sun as the prin- cipal male deity of the Phoenicians and their descendants the Carthaginians, as well as of the ancient Canaanitish nations. It enters into the composition of many names of persons and places ; thus, Jeru- baal, Hasdrubal (help of Baal), Hannibal, (gi-ace of Baal), Baal-Hammon, Baal- Thamar, &c. Babbitt-metal, bab'it-met'l. An alloy of copper, zinc and tin, used for obviat- ing friction in the bearings of journals, axles, &c., named for its inventor. Babbler, 'bier. An idle talker ; a teller of secrets. One of a group of thrush-like birds, sub-fam. Timahnae. Babel, ba'bel. The name of the city on the banks of the Shinar where the confusion of tongues took place; Babylon. Its supposed ruins are visible near Hilla, on the Tigi-is, about 48 miles souih of Bagdad. A confused mixture of sounds; disorder. Bab-el-Mandeb, bab-ail-man-deb. The narrow and dangerous strait uniting the Indian Ocean and Bed Sea. Baber, Zalxir-Eddin-Mohammed. A descendant of Tamerlane, founder of the Mogul empire in Hindostan, and vir- tually sovereign of India. He was a Avise, moderate statesman ; b. 1483, D. 1530. Babingtouia, bab'ing-to-ni-a. A group ot myrtaceous plants, a section of the gen. Bieckia. Babingiionite, 'ton-it. A vitreous min- eral in the hornblende fam., consisting chiefly of silica, iron protoxide and lime. Bablah., 'la. The pod of several species of acacia, containing gallic acid, tannin and a red coloring matter. Baboo, ba-bo'. A Hindu title of re- spect equivalent to master, sir. Baboon, ba-bon. The dog-faced ape, a term applied to Quadrumana of the gen- era Cynocephalus and Papio. They have elongated abrupt muzzles like a dog, strong tusks or canine teeth, short tails, small deep eyes with huge eyebrows, and naked callosities on the hips. They are ugly, siiUen, fierce, lascivious and gre- garious. They constitute the link uniting the monkeys wth the lower animals, and include the chacma, drill, common baboon and mandrill. Baby-farmer, ba'bi-farm-er. A woman who receives infants on the pretext oi bringing them up ; one who lives by ba- by-farming. Baby-jumper, -jump-er. A band of galvanized caoutchouc suspended with a seat, in which a child may be securely fas- tened. Babylon, bab'e-lon. The ancient capital of Babylonia or Assyria, the oldest city of history, and for centuries the most mag- nificent as well as the most important city of the Avorld. It was founded by Nimrod, b. c. 2640 ; its extensive ruins are the wonder and admiration of modern archieologists and scholars. Babyrussa, bab-i-ros'sa. The Indian horned hog, fam. Suidaj or pig tribe, ord. Artiodactyla or even-toed Pachydermata, having two teeth like horns, almost touch- ing the forehead. Bacca, bak'ka. In Bot. a berry ; a one- celled fruit with naked seeds immersed in a pulpy mass, as the gooseberry. Baccalaureate, -ka-la're-at. The de- gree of Bachelor of Arts'." Baccate, 'kat. Succulent, or having u pulpy texture like a berry. Bearing ber- ries. Bacchant, ba-kant'. A priest of Bac- chus. A bacchanal ; one given to intem- perate reveling. Baccharis, bak'a-ris. A gen. of plants, ord. Compositae. The gen. contains more than 200 species. Bacchus, 'us. In Greek and Latin Myth, another name of Dio- nysos, the god of wine, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Semele. He is repre- sented wth a graceful form, in an easy attitude and supporting himself by his thyrsus as if slightly Intoxicated, and his hair, wreathed with ivy andi vine leaves. He is said tc have taught the cultiva-^ tion of the grape, and the pi'eparation of wine and other intoxicating liquors. Bacharach, bach'a-rach. A variety of Rhine wine made at Bacharach, in Bacchus, lihenish Prussia. BACCHANTE 82 BADGER Bacchante, -kan'te. A priestess of Bacclljus, or one who joined in the cele- bration of the feasts of Bacchus ; one in a state of bacchio frenzy. Bach.elor, bach'el-er. Anciently, a per- son in the probationary stage of knif?ht- hood. A person Avho has taken the first degree (baccalaureate) in the liberal arts and sciences, at a college or university. A man of any ago who has not been mar- ried. Knight B., the title given to one who has been raised to the dignity of a knight without being made a member of any of the orders of chivalry, such as the Garter or the Thistle, Bachelor's Buttons, -erz but-nz. The "popular name of the double-flowered vari- ety of Lychnis dim-na (red campion), Cen- taurea nigra (knapweed), but chiefly of the double-flowered Itanunculus aconitifolius (white batchelor's buttons), and Eanun- culus acris (yellow bachelor's buttons). Bacillaria, ba-sil-la'ri-a. A gen. of mi- croscopic Algas, class Diatomaceas. Bacilli, 'IT. In Bot. the single valves of the fi'ustules of diatoms. Back, bak. A flat-bottomed ferry-boat adapted for carrying vehicles, and worked by a chain or rope. A tub or vessel. A wooden trough for carrying fuel ; a coal- scuttle. Back-band, 'band. That part of the harness which goes over the back of a horse and bears up the shafts of tho car- riage. Back-bar, 'bar. A bar in the chimney to hang a vessel on. Back-bone, 'bon. The bone of the back ; the spine ; the vertebral column. Some- thing resembling a backbone in appear- ance, position or ofiice ; as the Apennines are the backbone of Italy. Backgrammon, -gam'mon. A game played by two persons upon a board made for the purpose, with pieces, dice-boxes and dice. The movements are made in accordance with the numbers turned up by the dice. Backing-up, 'ing-up. A term used in cricket and other games for stopping the ball and driving it back. Back-lash, 'lash. The reaction upon each other of a pair of wheels. Back-lining-, 'Itn-ing, In windows, the piece of sash frame parallel to the pulley and next the jamb. Back-link, 'lingk. In engines, one of the links in a parallel motion which con- nect tho air-pump rod to thu boam. Back-painting-, 'punt-ing. A method of staining mezzotinto prints vnth varnish colors after they have been affixed to glass. Back-stay, 'sta. In piinting, a strap used to check the carriage of a printing- press. A long rope or stay extended from the top-mast, topgallant-mast or royal- mast head backwards to the side of a sliip. Bacon, Francis, ba'kn. The celebrated English philosopher, Lord Verulam and Viscount St. Albans; b. 1561, d. 1626. His greatest works are his "Essays," " Novum Organum " and " De Augmen- tis Scientarium." Bacon, Boger. An English scientist and publicist of tho 13th century, the most learned of his day. He is reputed to have advocated the change since made in the calendar, to have invented gunpowder, and is known to have manufactured mag- nifying glasses. His great work, "Opus Majus," ui'ges philosophical reform, and is a marvel of learning and prophecy. Bacon. Hog's flesh salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. Bacon-beetle, be-tl. A species of Der- mestes, fam. Dermestidaj, ord. Coleoptera, whose larva is very destructive to stuff"ed animals. Baconian, -ko'ni-an. Pertaining to Lord Baoon, or his system of philosophy, found- ed upon induction, and known as the in- ductive philosophy. Bacterium, bak-te'ri-ura. A gen. of Algae comprising the simplest forms be longing to tho Nostoc group. A simple plant is not more than the twenty-thon sandth part of an inch in diameter. A gen, of orthopterous insects, fam. Phasmidae the stick-insects. Bactrian, 'tri-an. Pertaining to Bactria an ancient province of Persia, B. camel tho common or two-humped camel. Bactris, 'tris. A gen. of tropical Ameri can palms. The fruit is small and soft wth ft subacid, rather fibrous pulp. Baculites, -u-ll'tez. A gen. of polythala- mous or man}^-chambered cephalopods fam. Ammontidie, only known in a fossil state, having become extinct at the close of tho cretaceous penod. Badger, baj'er, A plantigrade car- nivorous m a m- mal, gen, Meles, fam, Melidse, ac- cording to some naturalists Ursidae or bears, or, accord- ing to others, Mus- telldsB or weasels. Indian Badger. The eom-mon badgerj-" bADDAM BAILIFr or Meles vulgaris, is as large as a mid- dling-sized dog, but lower ou the legs. The American B. is called the ground-hog. An artist's brush made of badger's hair. Baddam, bad'dam. A species of bitter almond from Persia used as money, being worth about one British fai-thing, sixty making a pie. Badderlocks, 'er-lobs. A common uame for the Alaria esculenta, a sea-weed, ord. Laminariaceaa. Badiaga, bad-i-a'ga, A small sponge (Spongilla) the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises. Badigreon, ba-dij'on. A mixture of plaster and freestone, used by statuaries to repair the defects of stones. A mix- ture of saw-dust or whiting and glue, used by joiners to fill up defects in their work. A preparation for coloring houses, con- sisting of powered stone, saw-dust, slaked lime, alum, &c. Badminton, bad'min-ton. An out- door game, the same as lawn-tennis but played \\ith shuttlecocks. Baackia, bek'I-a. A gen. of plants, ord. Myrtaceaj. Bael, bii'el. The Imlian name of the Bengal quince-tree. Baffin's Bay. The sea "W. of Green- land, between the Atlantic and Arctic oceans, 600 m. N. and 8., by 1,500 E. and W. Bag:, bag. A sack ; a pouch, usually of cloth or leather, to hold, grain, money, &c. A sac or receptacle in small animal bodies, as the honey bag of a bee. Bagrasse, ba-gas'. The sugar cane in its dry crushed state as delivered from the sugar-mill. Bagratelle, bag-a-tel'. A trifle, a thing of no importance. A game played on a board having at the end nine holes, into which balls are to be struck with a billiard cue or mace. Bagrg-ala, 'ga-la. A two-masted Arab boat exceedingly weatherl.y, and re- markable for the ele- vation of the stern. Bajgrimont's Boll, baj'i-monts rol. The rent-roll of Scotland, made up in 1275 by Benemund or Baia- mund de Vicci. vul- garly called Bagi- mont, who wa« sent from Rome by Pope Alexander III., to Baggala. collect tithes in Scotland for an expedition to the Holy Land. It remained the stat- utory valuation till the Keformation. Bag-grag-e-check, -aj-chek. A tag or label to be attached to an article of lug- gage belonging to a railway passenger to indicate its destination. Bag-grag-e-master, -master. An officer employed on railways in looking after baggage. Bag'nio, ban'yo. A bath ; a house for bathing, and otherwise cleansing the body. A brothel ; a stew. Bagnolian, bag-no'li-an. One of a sect of French heretics of the 8th century Avho rejected the whole of the Old and part of the New Testament. Bagpipe, 'pTp. A musical wind-instru- ment of great antiquity, having been used among the Hebrews and Greeks. It still continues in use in Poland, Italy, the South of France, Scotland and Ireland. Though regarded as a national instrument of Celtic Scotland, it is only Scottish by adoption. There are several species, as the soft and melodious Irish bagpipe, the more martial Highland bagpipe, the Italian bagpipe, &c. Bagxiet, bii-get'. A little round molding like the astragal, called when plain a bead, when enriched with foliage a chap- let. Bahama Islands. Part of the W. Indies, comprising nearly 500, the smallest being called keys ; they belong to Great Britiiin. Nassau, or New Providence, is the capital. Total pop., 41,849, Bah.ar, -har'. An E. Indian measurement of weight, varying from 228 to 625 lbs. Baikalite, ba'kal-It. A mineral occur- ring in acicular prisms, a variety of augite. Bail, bal. An advanced post outside the solid defenses of a town. A certain limit within a forest. A division between the stalls of a stable. The handle of a kettle. One of the hoops supporting the tilt of a boat. Bailey, 'i. The name given to the courts of a castle formed by the spaces between the cu-cuits of walls which surround the keep. The Old Bailey in London got its name thus. Bailie, ba'li. A municipal officer or magistrate in Scotland, corresponding to an alderman In England, possessing a car- tain jurisdiction by common law as well as by statute. Bailiff, ^lif. A subordinate British civil officer or functionary. The sheriff is the monarch's baiHff, and his county is a BAILIWICK 84 BALANCE-REEF bailiwick. But the officials commonly designated by this name are the shei-iffs' officers, who execute processes, &c., and bailiifs of liberties, appointed by the lords in their respective jurisdictions to perform similar functions. Bailiwick, 'h-wick. The precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction; as a hun- dred, a liberty, a forest. Bainberg, bun'berg'. One of the greaves or jambs first used, and less vulnerable than the chain-mail with which the body was protected. Bainbridge, "William. An American commodore, who captured the British fri- grute Java, of greatly superior size and ai-- mament, Dec. 26, 1S12 ; u. 1774, d. 1S33. Bairam, ba'ram. Two Mohammedan festivals, one in imitation of Easter, at the close of the fast Eamazan, and the other seventy days after, called the lesser Bai- ram, commemorative of the offering of Isaac. Baize, baz. A coarse woolen stuff with a long nap, sometimes friezed on one side. Bajocch.o, bii-yok'ko. A copper coin of the Papal States, of the value of about 3 British farthings. Bajury, baj'u-ri. A grain used in the E. Indies for horses and cattle. Bakshish, bak'shesh. A present or gratuity ; over-money. A demand for B. meets the traveler everywhere in the East. Balaaxa, bai'lam. A celebrated Arabian seer mentioned in the Scriptures ; he Uved in the 15th century b. c. Bala-beds, bfi'la-bedz. A series of beds consisting of about 35 feet of richly fossil- iferous limestone in two bands, and below It sandstones, slates and ash-beds 5,000 or 6,000 feet in thickness. Balachong, bii'la-chong. Small fishes or shrimps pounded up -with salt and spices, and then dried ; used in the East as a condiment for rice. Balseniceps, ba-le'ni-seps. A gen. of birds containing the B. rex, or whale- headed stork, a gigantic grallatorial bird, fam. Ardeidae. Balsenidae, -de. The toothless whales, a fam. of marine mammals, comprising the largest existing animals, in which the place of teeth is supplied by plates of whalebone. They are divided into two sections: the smooth and furrowed whales. Balalaika, bal-a-h-ka. A musical in- strument of ancient Sclavonian origin, of the guitar kind, having only two strings, of which one is used to produce the air, the other giving a monotonous bass. Balance, 'ans. An instrument for ascer- taining the weight of bodies. In its orig- inal form it consists of a beam or lever suspended exactly in the middle, with a scale or basin hung to each extremity of precisely equal weight. In a properly constructed balance the beam should rest in a horizontal position when the scales ar empty or loaded with equal weights, and the arms of the beam should be In- flexible, exactly similar, equal in weight and length. Alloy B., ■ a balance for weighing metals which are to be combined in decimal proportions. Assay B., one used in docimastic operations for weigh- ing minute bodies ; always placed under glass cases to protect them from currents of air. False B., a balance constructed for fraudulent purposes, having the arms of unequal lengths but of equal weights. When a weight is put into the scale sus- pended from the short arm a less weight put into the other scale will cause the beam to settle in a horizontal position, and produce an apparent equUibrium. The weight or sum necessary to make two un- equal weights or sums equal, surplus, real or figurative, as, I have still a balance at my banker's. An equality of weight or power ; equipoise or just proportion, as, balanceof power, force,mind, &c.; to lose one's balance. The part of a clock or watch which regulates the beats. In As- tron. a sign in the zodiac, called in Latin Libra, which the sun enters at the equi- nox in September. B. of power, in poli- tics, a certain equality of power among a numter of different states. B. of trade, a phrase used to denote the difference be- tween the amount of values of the com- modities exported and Imported. Balance. To bring to an equipose ; as to balance the weights in the scales of a bal- ance. Naut. to contract, as a sail, by roll- ing up a small part of it. In Engin. to ad- just, as a line of railway, or other work, so that the material removed from the eminences shall fill up the hollows. In gymnastics, to keep in equilibrium on a very small point, as a tight-rope or the top of a pole. Balance-book, -biik. A book in which the adjusted debtor and creditor accounts have been posted. Balance-crane, -kran. A crane having two arms, one provided with an-ange- ments for counterpoising the weight to be raised by the other. Balance-reef, -ref. A reef band that crosses » sail diagonally, used to contract BALANCE-ELECTEOMETER 85 BALDRIC It in a storm, generally placed in all gaff- sails. Balance-electromet e r, c-lek-trom"eter. An in- strument constructed on the principle of the common balance to estimate the mu- tual attraction of opposite- ly clectritied sm-faces. Balancer, -er. One who or that which balances; specifically, an organ of an insect useful in balancing the body. The balahcers are two very fine movable threads, terminated by a kind of oval button placed B. Electrom. under the origin of tho ■wings. Balance-thermometer, -ther-mom'- et-er. An invention by which mercury Inclosed in a balanced tube is caused to make one or other of the ends preponder- ate, in order to open or close a window or damper, or tc touch an alarm. Balance- valve, -valv. A valve in which steam is admitted to both sides so as to render it more readily operated, by re- lieving its pressure on the seat. Balance-wheel, -whel. That part of a watch or chronometer which by the regu- larity of its motion determines the beat or strike. Balandrana, -an-dra'na. A wide cloak or mantle, used as an additional garment in the l'2th and 13th centmles. Balaninus, -a-ni'nus. A gen. of the ord. Coleoptera, fixm. Curculionidse. One spe- cies is called the nut-weevil. Balanites, -a-ni'toz. A gen. of plants, ord. Simarubeai, containing a verj' hard nut, used in India for fireworks. Balanophoraceae, -nof'or-a"8e-c. A curious order of parasitic, leafless, flower- ing plants, allied to the Fungi. There are about thirty known species grouped into ten genera. Balanus, 'a-nus. xY gen. of sessile cir- ripeds, fam. Balanida;. They differ from the Lopas (Barnacles) in having a sym- metrical shell and in being destitute of a flexible stalk. Often called Acorn- shells. Balas. 'as. A variety of spinel ruby; its crystals are usually octahedrons, compos- ed of two four-sided pyramids, applied base to base. Balastre, ba-las'ter. The finest variety^ of gold-cloth, manufactured at Yienna. Balaustine, -las'tin. Pertaining to the wild pomegranate tree. B Servers, the dried flowers of the pomegranate, used in medicine. Balaustion, 'ti-on. A gen. of plants, ord. Myrtacese. containing one known species, B. pulcherrimum. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de. A Spanish adventurer who visited the New World in 15.3 and founded the first European set- tlement in South America, on the Isth- mus of Darien. He also first discovered tho Pacific Ocean. He was put to death by Da-vila, Governor of Darien, in 1517. Baldwin I. Son of Baldwin YIII., Count of Flanders ; b. 1170 ; s. his father, 1195. Joining the Crusade, he led the successful attack on Constantinople and Avas crowned first Latin Emperor, 1204 ; defeated and captured by the Bulgarians, 1205 ; D. 1206. Baldwin I. Younger brother of God- frey of Bouillon, whom he s. as King of Jerusalem, 1100, reigning 18 years ; d. Ills. Balcony, bal'ko-ni. A stage or platform Ijrojecting from the front of a building, supported by columns, pillars, or consoles, and encompassed with a balustrade, rail- ing, or parapet. The projecting gallery in the interior of a building. Tho stern gal- lery in a ship. Ba^d, bald. A common prefix and suffix to many' proper names; as Baldwin, bold in battle ; Ethelbald, bold noble, or nobly bold. Baldachino, bal-da-ke'no. A canopy or covering borne over the host or sacra- mental elements. A covering of silk or stuff upheld over the Pope on ceremonial occasions. A covering on four columns, or a canopy hanging from the roof over the high altar in churches. A canopy- over a bed to which curtains are attached. A canopy above tho seats of imperial per- sonages,' bishops and other dignitaries. Balder, bal'der. In Scand. Myth, the son of Odin" the young and beautiful god of eloquence andjust decision. Bald-erne, bald'ern. The white-headed erne or sea-eagle of America. The na- tional emblem on the standard of the United States. Baldric, 'rik. The jeweled ornament worn round the neck in the 16th century. A belt, worn pendent from the shoulder, diagonally across the body, to the waist, either as an ornament or to suspend o sword, dagger or horn. In feudal times it I served to indicate the rank of the weai-er. BALEEN 86 BALM ba-len'. The whalebone of com- merce. Baliki, ba-le'ke. In Eussia, the name for the back pieces of the sturgeon, which are salted and smoked. Baliol, Jolin De, bal'e-ol. The famous competitor of Eobert Bruce for the Scot- tish crown, on the death of Queen Margaret, 1290. He was an EngUsh baron, and sup- ported by Edward I., who was made arbi- ter, was crowned. Baliol soon joined the French against Edwai-d, and he was de- feated and imprisoned ; reheved through the intercession of the Pope, he died in France in 1314. Edward, his son, attempt- ed to seize the crown in 1332, but after a year's fighting, renounced all claims in favor of David Bruce ; ». 1363. Baling-press, bal'ingpres, A power- press employed for compressing soft goods into bales. Balisaur, bal'i-sa-or. The Mydaus or Arctonyx collaris, an omnivorous quad- ruped, fam. Mustelina. Balistes, ba-lis'tez. An extensive gen. of plectognathous fishes, fam. Balistidae, known as trigger-fish. BalistidsB, ba-Us'ti-de. The file-fishes, a family of brilliantly colored tropical fishes, ord. Plectognathi. Balistraria, bal-is-tra'ri-a. In old Fort, an aperture through which crossbowmen discharged their arrows. A tur^^t in which an archer was stationed, projecting fi*om the parapet or firom the face of the building, common in border counties of England and Scotland. Balkan, bal'kan. The mountain range of European Turkey; greatest height, 5,325 feet. Balker, bak'er. A fisherman's name for one who stands on eminences to espy the shoals of herring, and to give notice which way they pass. Ballad, bal'lad. A short narrative poem, especially such as is adapted for singing ; a poem partaking of the nature both of the epic and the lyric. Ballahou, 'a-ho. A fast-sailing two- masted vessel, used in the W. Indies. Ballam, 'lam. A canoe hollowed out of timber, used by Ceylonese pearl-fishers. Ballan-'wrasse, 'lan-ras. An acanthop- terygiau fish, Labrus bergj'lta or macu- latus, fam. Labridas. Ball-calibre, bal'kal-l-ber. A ring-gauge for determining the diameter of gun-shot on board ship. B&ll-cartridgre, 'kar-trij. A cartridge containing a ball, in contradisttuction to blank-cartridge. Ball-cock, 'kok. A stop-cock which opens and shuts automatically. Ballet, bal-liv. A dance in which several persons take part. A theatrical represen- tation, in which a story is told by gesture, music, dancing, scenery, &c. In Her. a bearing in coats of arms, denominated ac- cording to the color, bezants, plates, hurts, &c. Ball-flower, bal'flou-er. In Arch, an ornament resembling a ball placed in a cir- cular flower, the three petals of which form a cup around it, characteristic of the style of the 14th century. Ballingr-gnn, 'ing-gun. An instrument for administering medicine rolled into balls to horses. Ballista, bal-Us'ta. One of the mihtary engines used by the ancients, often con- founded -with catapult, used for throwing darts, while the ballista threw stones. Balloon, -Ion'. A glass receiver. In Arch, a ball or globe on the top of a pillar. In pyrotechnics, a ball stuffed ^vith combustibles, which, bursting like a bomb, ex- -rT^f?**' hibits sparks of fire like stars. A ^^^^^o°^ bag filled with gaseous fluid lighter than common air, causiag it to rise and float in the atmosphere. The greatest height yet attained in a balloon was 7 miles. Balloon-flsh, 'fish. A curious tropical, malacopterygian or soft-spined fish, ord. Plectognathi, the Tetraodon lineatus or striped spine-belly. Ballot, 'lot. A ball useu in voting. A ticket by which one votes. The system of voting in such a way that the voters can- not be identified. Ballota, -lo'ta. A gen. of woolly plants, ord. LabiAtJE. Ball-screw, bill' skro. A screw fastened to the end of the ramrod of a gun, used in extracting bullets ft-om the barrel. Ball-train, 'tran. A set of rolls for roll- ing pucldlers' balls into bars. Ball-trolly, 'trol-li. An iron truck used in conveying balls of puddled iron from the puddling-furnace to the squeezer. Ball- vein, 'van. A variety of iron-ore containing iron pyrites. Balm, bam. Odoi-iferous or aromatic ex- udations from trees or shrubs. Any fi-a- grant or valuable ointment. The name of several plants, particularly of the gen. Me- lissa, ord. Labiata?. Balm of Gilead, the exudations of a tree, Balsamodendron gileadense, ord. Amyridaceaj. Balm of BALMORAL 87 BANANA Gilead fir, which produces Canada bal- sam, is the Abies balsamifera. Bastard balm is a plant of the gen. Melittis. Balmoral, bal-mo'ral. After the royal residence on Deeside, Aberdeenshire. A term applied to various articles, as bakno- ral boots, petticoat. Balsa, bal'sa, A peculiar double boat nsed by natives of S. America for fishing. Balsam, bal'sam. An oily, aromatic, resinous substance obtained from certain plants, intermediate between a volatile oil and a resin. They include the balm of Gilead, and the balsams of copaiba, Peru and Tolu ; benzoin, di-agon's blood and storax. Balsaminaceee, i-na"se-e. A group of plants, ord. Gerauiaceae. Balsamine, -in. A name given to the garden balsam and other species of the gen. Impatiens. Balsamodendron, o-den^dron. A gen. of trees, ord. Amyridaceae, remark- able for their powerful balsamic juice. B. Myrrha yields myn-h or hobali ; B, opo- balsamum, the balm of Mecca ; B. gilea- dense, balm of Gilead ; B. Africanum, African bdellium ; B. Mukul of Scinde, a resin called googul, beUeved to be the bdellium of the Bible. Balteus, bal'tC'-us. In Eom. antiq. the belt by which the sword or quiver was suspended. In Arch, a band in the flank of an Ionic puhinated capital. Baltic, bawl'tik. The sea Inclosed by Denmark, Prussia, Russia, Sweden and Norway, 900 m. long, 180 m. wide. It is connected with the North Sea by the Cat- tegat. Baltimore, bawl'te-mor. A county and chief commercial city of Marj'land, on Chesapeake Bay, founded in 1739, and named after Lord B., the founder of the colony; pop. in ISSO, 861,400. Baltim.ore-bird, bal'ti-mor-berd. The Icterus Baltimorii, fam. Icterida^, nearly allied to the Sturnidae, or starlings ; the oriole. Baluster, bal'us-ter. A small column or pilaster, adorned with moldings, used for balustrades. The lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. Balustrade, -us-trad'. A row of bal- usters, joined by a rail, serving as a fence or inclosure for altars, balconies, &c., and often merely as an ornament. Bambino, biim-be'no. The figure of our Sa\iour represented as an infant in swad dling clothes, surrounded by a halo, and watched over by angels. The Santissimo Bambino, in the church of Ara Coeli at Rome, is believed to have a miracu- lous virtue In cur- ing diseases. Bamboo, bam-bo'. The common name of the arborescent grasses, gen. Bam- busa. Bamboo-rat, 'rat. A species of rodent gen. Ehizomys, found in Malacca. Bambusa, 'sa. A gen. of grasses con- taining nearly seven- ty species. The best known is B. arundtnacea. Some stems grow to 5 or 6 Inches in diameter, and are used for building furniture and water pipes. The smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, flutes, &c. The seed is sometimes used as rice, while the young shoots are made into pickles. The pith is saccharine. The bamboos contain silex, the stalks of some species striking fire in contact Avith steel. Ban, ban. A fine muslin made from the fibers of banana leaf-stalks. Anciently, a title given to the chiefs who guarded the eastern marches of Hungary, but in 1849 limited to the governor of Croatia, Sclavonia and Dabnatia. Bambino, Churcli of Ara Coeli, Rome. Banana, ba-na'na. A plant of tho gen. Musa, ord. Musaceas, M. sap- ientum, while the plan-« tain is M. paradisiaca," The fruit grows in Banana, bunches. The pulp is soft, of a luscious taste, and is «aten raw or fried. BANANA-BIPwD BANNOCKBUEJT Banana-bird. Ban an a- bird -berd. The Icterus leucopteryx, a pretty insessorial bird. Bancroft, Greorge, ban'kroft. An Amer- ican statesman and historian, a native of Worcester, Mass., b. 1800, D. 18—. Hej was Secretary of the Navy under Presi- dent Polk, 1845 ; in 1846 was appointed Minister to London, and in 1SG7 Minister to Berlin. His chief works are "History of the Colonization of the United States," and "History of the Eevolution." Bandala, ban-da'la. The strong outer fiber of the abaca or Musa textilis of Ma- nilla, made into Manilla white rope. Bandana, -dan'a. Silk and cotton hand- kerchiefs which have a uniformly dyed ground, ornamented %\ith simple figures. A style of calico printing in imitation of bandana handkerchiefs. Bandbox, band'boks. A slight box made of pasteboard, or thin flexible pieces of light wood and paper. Bandeau, ban'do. A fillet worn round the head ; a ribbon with an ornamental knot Avorn by females. Bandicoot, ban'di-kot. TheMusgigan- teus, the largest known species of rat, a native of India. It is eaten by coolies. Bandingr-plane, band'ing-plan. A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands. Bandingr-ring", -i-ing. A ring passed over the body of a hat while on the block to form the brim. Bandoline, 'do-len. A mucilaginous perfumed substance, prepared from Ice- land or Irish moss, quince seeds and gum tragacanth, used in the toilet. Band saw, band'sa A saw consisting of a steel belt with a'serrated edge, revolv- ing on wheels. Bane-berry, bfm'be-ri. The common name of plants of the gen. Actsea, bearing nauseous poisonous berries. Bane-"WOrt, 'wert. A name common to two plants: Atropa Belladonna, called also Deadly Nightshade, and Eanunculus flammula. Bang-le, bang'le. An ornamental ring Avora upon the arms and ankles in India and Africa. An ornament or charm at- tached to a bracelet or ring. Bangkok, bang'k6k. Capital of Siam, Asia. Pop. 857,000. Bangor ban'gor. The second city In size and commercial importance of the State of Maine, on the Penobscot Itiver. Pop. 22,500. Bangorian, bang-go'ri-an. Relating to Bangor, a bishop's see in North Wales. B. controversy, a controversy stirred up by a sermon preached before George I. in 1717, by Dr. Hoadly, Bishop of Bangor. Banian, ban'i-an. An Indian trader or merchant, more particularly one of the traders of Western India, who form a class of the caste Voisya, wear a pecuhar dress, and are strict in the observance of fasts. Hence, B. days, in which sailors in the British navy had no fresh moat. A man's morning gown, as worn by the Banians. Banjo, ban'jo. The favorite musical in- strument of the negroes of the Southern States of America. It is six-stringed, and played with the fingers, like the harp. Bank, bangk. A mound of earth raised above the surrounding plain. An eleva- tion in the sea. An establishment which trades in money — first established in Ven- ice, about 1157. The funds of a gaming establishment. A table used by printers. A bench of keys in a musical instrument. The face of ' coal at which miners are working. Banket, 'et. A piece of wood on which bricklayers cut their bricks to the size de- sired. Bank-note, -not. A promissory note is- sued by a banking company, payable in gold or silver at the bank on demand. Bankrupt-laws, 'rupt-laz. A system of statutory regulations uiider which the property and effects of an Insolvent are equitably distributed among his creditors. Banksia, 'si-a. A gen. of trees and shrubs, ord. Proteacese, a single head of- ten containing 600 flowers. Banner, ban'ner. A piece of drapery, usually bearing some warlike device or national emblem, indicative of dignity, i-ank or command, as a mark for troops to rally round ; an ensign ; a flag. Banneret, -et. A higher degree of knighthood conferred on the field ; a middle order between barons and simple knights. The highest ofiicer in some of the Swiss cantons ; banner-bearer. Bannock, 'nok. A griddle cake made of oat, barley or pease-meal. Bannockbum, ban'nok-bum. A town in Scotland, famous for the great victory by the Scots under Eobert Bruce over the BANQUT^TTE BARBA-HISPANICA English under Edward II.. June 24, 1314, Tv-hich secured the independence of Scot- land Pop. 3,400. Banquette, 'ket. In Fort, a raised foot- bank inside a parapet, on which musket- eers stand to fire upon the enemy in the moat. The footway of a bridge ; some- times applied to sidewalk.?. Sanshee, 'she. A female fairy believed in Ireland and some parts of Scotland to attach itself to a particular house, and to appear before the death of one of the fam- il.V- Santazn, 'tam. A small spirited do- mestic fowl, first brought from the E. In- dies. A kind of jiainted or carved work resembling that of Japan. Santeng:, 'teng. A species of ox, Bos Banteng or B. Sondaicus, a local race in the Malayan Archipelago. Bantu, 'tu. A name applied to the Af- rican family of tongues. One peculiarity, especially of the Kaffir branch, is the use of^ clucks or clicks in speaking. Banyan, B a n- yan-tree, 'yan-tre. An Indian tree of the fig" gen., the Fi- c u 8 indica, o r d. Moraceffi. remark- able for its vast root- ing branches which take root when u „ „„ rr^^^ they reach the E^^>^" T^^«- ground, and enlarge into trunks. The tree on the banks of the Nerbudda is a tree wth 850 stems, each equal to a large tree, and 3,000 smaller ones, which has been known to shelter 7,000 men, Baobab,bfi'o-bab. The Adansonia digitata, group Bombace«, the Ethiopian s o u r- gourd or African calabash-tree. It Is one of the largest trees, often 30 feet in diameter, Baobab tree, though it rises only from 40 to 70 feet high. The only other species of this gen. known is the Australian sour-gourd or cream-of-tartar tree. Baphia, baf i-a. A gen. of African trees, ord. Leguminosse. Baphomet, 'o-met. The imaginary Idol or symbol ■v\'hich the Templars were ac- cused of employing in their mysterious rites. Hiiii^ Baptist, bap'tist. Oiio who administers baptism ; specifically applied to John, tho forerunner of Christ. As a contraction of Anabaptist, one who objects to infant baptism. Baptistery, 'tis-ter-i, A building or tank in which is administered the rite of baptism. In the early Christian Church it was distinct from the basilica. About th© end of the 6th century it began to be ab- sorbed into the church. Some detached baptisteries still remain in use, as those of St. John Lateran, Eome. Bar, bar. A piece of solid matter, long i;i proportion to its thickness, serving as a lever, an axis, a connecting piece, but especially for an obstruction ; as a capstan bar ; tho bars of a grate ; the bars of a gate. A bank of sand, forming a shoal at the mouth of a river or harbor. The rail- ing inclosing the place which counsel occupy ia courts. The place where pris- oners are stationed. All Avho can plead in a court. The inclosed place of a tavern where liquors, &c., are served. Barb, barb. A horse of the Barbary breed, introduced by the Moors into Spain, remarkable for endurance and docility. The Barbary pigeon. Barbacau, bar'ba-kaJa. A kind of watch- Barbacan. tower. An advanced work defending the entrance to a castle or fortified town. An opening in the wall through which guns are fired upon an enemy. A channel in a parapet to discharge water. Barbadoes, bar-ba'doz. The principal island of the Windward group, the most easterly of the "W. Indies. They belong to Great Britain, and Bridgetown on B, is the capital and residence of the colonial governor. Pop, 180,300. Barbadoes Cherry The fimit of the Malpighia urens, ord. Malpighiaceae. Barba-Hispanica, 'ba-his-pan"l-ka. Spanish moss ; the horse-hau: like fibers BAEBAEY ! of the Tillandsia usneoides ; an epiphyte, used in America for stuflSng cushions, &c. Barbary, biir'bah-re. The name given to the entire northern portion of Africa, from Egypt to the Atlantic, and from the Mediterranean to the Greater Atlas Moun- tains, It Includes the states of Tripoh, Tunis, Algeria and Morocco ; the region 8. of the Lesser Atlas is called Beled-ul- Jerid, "Country of Dates." Carthage, which disputed the sovereignty of the world with Eome, was situated in Bar- bary. Barbary Ape. A species of tailless monkey, the Mag- ot (Macacus Inuus). It has been the showman's ape from time immemorial. Barbe, barb. A piece of lin- en, generally plaited, worn by nuns and widows. Ladies; above the rank of baroness wore it over their chin ; bar- onesses, nuns, &c., beneath their chin ; other females Nim "Weai^ from the lower part of the Ing a Barbe. throat. In Mil. to fire en barbe is to fire cannon over the parapet. Barbe. One o the pieces of ar- mor with which the war-horses of knights were an- ciently clad,some- times made of mail and some- times of leather studded with iron plates. Barbecue, bar'be-ku. An entertain- ment in the open ah', at which animals are roasted Avhole. A terrace surround- ing a house. A circular floor of smooth stone, on which coffee-beans are sun-dried In Ceylon. Barbel, 'bel. A fresh-water fish, gen. Barbus. A small cyUndrical vermiform process appended to the mouth of certain fishes, serving as an organ of touch. A knot of superfluous flesh growing in a horse's mouth. Barberry, 'be-ri. A plant, gen. Ber- beris (B. vulgaris); Pipperidge bush. Barbule, 'bul. A small beard ; a beard- like apex to the peristome of some mosses, as in the gen. Tor tula. Barbus, 'bus. A gen. of fishes, fem. Horse-armor. O BAEGUEST Cyprinidse, which seek their food by root- ing in the soft banks. Barbet,'bet. A variety of dog having long cu r 1 y hair ; a poo- dle. One of a 1 group of scan serial or climbing bird 8 , the type of the fam. Buccon- proJchiugt^he ' ^^ican Barbet. cuckoos and trogons, divided into several genera, as Pogonias, Bucco, or true bar- bets, and Tamatia, or puff-birds. Barcarolle, 'ka-rol. A simple melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. Barcelona, bar-se-lo'nah. A celebrated Spanish seaport on the Mediterranean, formerly well fortified. Founded by Ilamilcar Barca, of Carthage, father of Hannibal, b. c. 200. Pop. 206,112. Barcon, 'kon. A freight vessel used in the Mediterranean. Bar-cutter, 'kut-er. A shearing ma- chine which cuts metallic bars. Bard, bard. A poet and a singer among the Celts, whose occupation was to com- pose and sing verses in honor of heroic achievements, generally to the accom- paniment of the harp. Bardesanist, biir-des'an-ist. One of the followers of Bardesanes, of Mesopo- tamia, in the 2d century, who taught that the actions of men depend on fate, to which God himself is subject, and denied the incarnation of Christ. Barge-board, 'bord. A board used on gables where the roof ex- tends over the wall; project- ing from the wall. The earliest barge- boards belong to the 14th century, and many of those are beautifully decorated. Bargruest , bsir'gest. A kind of hob- goblin or ghost beheved in in the north of England, 8Ui>* Barge-board of 15th Century. BAEEGE 91 BARON posed to prognosticate death or other great calamity. Barege, ba-razh'. A gauze-like fabric for ladies' dresses, usually made of silk and worsted. Barge, barj. A pleasure-boat ; a vessel or boat of state. A flat-bottomed vessel for loading and unloading ships, and con- veying goods from one place to another. A boat of spacious construction, for the use of admirals and captains of ships of war. A boat without sails or power, and towed by a steamboat. Barilla, ba-ril'la. A plant, the Salsola sativa, ord. Chenopodiacea?, cultivated in Spain for its ashes, from which the purest kind of mineral alkali is obtained. The commercial name for impure carbonate and sulphate of soda. Barillet, bar'il-let. The barrel or case containing the mainspring of a watch ; the funnel of a sucking pump. Bar-iron, bar'i-ern. Iron wrought into malleable bars by puddling and rolling. Barita, ba-rl'ta. A gen. of gregarious conirostral birds, otherwise called Psilo- rhinus or Strepera. The piping crow of N. S. "Wales is the best known species. Bark, bark. The exterior covering of exogenous plants, composed of cellular vascular tissue, and consisting of four layers. Endogenous plants have no true bark. Bark contains many valuable pro- ducts, as gum, tannin, &c. The cry of the dog. Barkantine, 'an-tin. A 3-masted lake vessel, differing from 3-masted schooners in having a brigantine's foremast. Barker's Mill, 'erz mill. An ingenious ma- cliine, moved bj- the cen- trifugal force of water forming one of the sim- plest water-mills ever constructed. As modi- fied it is extensively em- ployed under the name of the turbine. Barkingr-bird, 'ing- bcrd. The Pteroptochos rubecula, a tenuirostral bird. Its cry resembles the cry of a dog. Barkingr-iron, -i-ern. An instrument for removing the bark of trees used for tanning. Barley, bar'li. A grain obtained from Hordeum, ord. Graminese, used especially for making malt, from which is distilled Barker's MiU. beer, ale and porter ; also the name of the plants yielding the grain. Barleycorn, -korn. A grain of barley. A measure equal to the third i)art of an inch. John or Sir John B., a humorous personification of the spirit of malt liquor. Barm, barm. Yeast ; the scum or foam rising xipon malt liquors when fei-menting, and used as leaven in bread. It is a fun- gus, Torula Cerevisise. Bam, barn. A covered building for se- curing farm produce ; also for stabling horses or cattle. Barnabas, St., bar'nah-bas. One of St. Paul's converts and his associate in the ministry for some time. His name was Joses, but the surname B., or "Son of Eloquence," was conferred upon him for his ready oratory. He was a son of a sis- ter of St. Mark, the evangelist. Barnacle, bar'na-kl. A stalked cirriped, gen. Lepas, fam. Lepadidse, often found on the bottoms of ships ; the goose-mus- sel. A species of goose (Anser Bernicla). Barnacles, -klz. An instrument consist- ing of two branches joined at one end with a hinge, to put upon a horse's nose to con- fine him. Barnes, Albert. A Presbyterian di- \ine, E. in New York State in 1798 ; d. 1870. A proUfic waiter, and author of "Notes on the New Testament," a work of world-wide reputation. Barney, Joseph, bar'ne. A commo- dore in the American navy, B. in Mary- land, 1759 ; D. 1818. His principal exploit was the capture of the General Monk, a British vessel of 20 guns, his own ship, the Hyder Ali, only carrying 16. The bat- tle took place ofiF the Delaware Capes in 1782. Com. B. was in command of the flo- tilla which defended the Chesapeake dur- ing the British invasion ot 1812, and was severely woimded in the battle of Bladena- burg. Barograph., bar'o-graf. An instrument for recording the variations in the pres- sure of the atmosphere. Barology, ba-rol'o-ji. The science ol^ weight or gra\'ity of bodies. Barometer, ba-rom'et-er. An instru- ment for measuring the Aveight or pres- sure of the atmosphere. B. gauge, an ap- paratus attached to the boiler of a steam- engine or other chamber to indicate the state of the vacuum. Baron, bar'on. A title or degree of no- bilty ; the lowest rank in the peerage. The children of barons in Great Britain have the title of Honorable. The word BARONET 99 BAKTHOLOMETT was introduced under the Norman prin cos. Barons of the oxchoquer, the judges that try cases relatlnj,' to the revenue. Barons of the Cinque Ports, members of the Com- mons formerly elected by the Cinque Ports. Dover, Sandwich, 'Romney, Hast- ings, Ilythe, Winchelsea and IJye. Baronet, -et. A hereditary rank or de- pre«) of honor next below a' baron, not a member of the peerajre, but bavins' prece- dence before ail knights except those of the Garter. The order was founded by James I. in ICll. The number originally created was '200. Baroneta of Scotland and Nova Scotia were an order founded by Charles I., ^vith the professed object of colonizing Nova Scothi. Barony. -1. The title or honor of a baron ; also the territory or lordship of a baron. In Ireland, a territorial division (262 in all), corresponding nearly to the English hundred ; originally the' district of a native chief. Barosma, ba-ros'ma. A gen. of plants, ord. KutaceiP. The leaves of B. crenata constitute tlie article of materia medica called buchu. Barouche, ha-rosh. A foui^wheeled two- horse carriage with a falling top. Barouchet, ba-rO-shfi'. A small ba- rouche. Barrack, bar'ak. A hut or house for soldiers in garrison ; the permanent build- ings in which soldiers art.^ lodge«l. Barracoon, -a-kr.n'. A negro barrack ; a slave depot. Barracoons used to exist at various points of the west coast of Af- rica, also in Cuba, Brazil, ic. Barracuda, -ku'da. A species of per- coid fish, Sphyntna Barrocuda. Barrad, 'rod. A conical cap of very an- cient origin, worn by the Irish as late as the ITth century. Barras, ba'ras. The resin obtained from I'inus maritima ; galipot. Barrel, har'el. A wooden vessel, round and bulging In the middle, made of staves and bound with hoops; a cask. The quantity which a barrel contains. Any- thing hollow and long, as the barrel of a gun. The cylindrical case In a watch, A\1thin which the mainsnring is coiled. The cylinder studded witii pins which in the barrel organ opens the key-valves, and in the music box sets In vibration the teeth by which the sound is produced. B. of the ear. a ca^^ty situated within the membrane of the tvmpanum, by which it is separated from the meatus. Barricade, ba-ri-kad'. A fortification made of anything that will ob.^truct the l»rogress of "an enemy. A wooden fene« erected around any space to be kept clear. Barrigudo, bar-c-g5'do. The Brazilian name for the gen. I.flgothrLx, the largest S. American monkeys. Barringtonia, imr-ing-ton'i-a. 'I'he type gen. of the Barringtoniacete. B. HDcciosa yields lamp-oil from its seeds; B. racemosa yields drugs. Barris, 'is. A name given in Guinea to the chimpanzee and mandrill. Barrister, -ter. A counsellor or advo- cate admitted to pleatl in protection of clients. In the U. S., a counsellor at law. Barrow's Straits. The strait connect- ing Ballin's Bay and the Polar Sea; 200 m. long and CO m. wide. Barry, Sir Charles. A distinguished English arohitw.t, who planned imi>osing Parliament buildings ; b. 1795, d. ISCiO. Barry, John. A distinguished Ameri- can commodore, a native of Ireland, and one of the lirst holding a commission of the Bepublic ; a. 1745, D. 1S03. Bar-shear, bar'shcr. A machine for cutting metal bars. Bar>shot, 'shot. Doublo-hcadetl shot, consisting of a biu-, witli a round head at each end. Bartlett. Joshia. An American states- man, a jncmber of the Continental Con- gress, one of th9 signers of the Declara- tion of Independence, and first Governor of New Hampshire ; a native of Ma»- sachusects ; b. 1729, ». 1795. Bartizan, 'ti-zan. A^ small over-hanging tur-3 ret, pierced with ai»er-J tures for an archer, pro-1 jecting from the angles on a tower, or from the parar J pet. Bartsia, bart'si-a. A*; gen. of plants, ord. Scroph- ulariaceie, containing' about tlilrty species, para- sitic on the roots of other ^ plants. Bartizan. , Bartholomew, St. One of the twelve ai)ostles, wiiose mission field was the southern part of Ai-abia. The Massacre of St. B. in France occurred on August 24, 1572, St. Bartholomew's Day. It was ordered bv Charles IX. and Catherine de Medicis, a"nd it w.is intended th.at all the grincipal lYotestants should be included I the slaughter. Accounts widely dilL.: BAEUCH BASILISK as to tho number of victims, some putting this as low as 8,0(H), while others insist that it reached 70,000. Barucll, bii'ruck. The friend and sec- retary of tho Prophet Jeremiah, and author of tho Book of B., recognized as canonical by the R. C. Ch., but as apochryphal by Protestants. He is be- lieved to have been the brother of the Prophet Seraiah, and to havo died in EfO'pt, about B. c. bHO. Barystrontianite, "bar-I-stron'shi-an-It, A mechanical mixture of carbonate of strontia, sulphate of baryta and lime. Baryta, ba-rl'ta. Oxide of barium, called also heavy earth, its 8i)eclfic gravity being 4.7. , Barytocalcite, 'to-kar'sit A mixture of carbonate of lime vrlth carbonate of barj-ta. Barsrtone, bar'i-tCn. Eanping between tenor and buss. In Greek trram.. ha\inp no acctnt marked on tho last syllable, the grave being understood. Basalt, ba-salt'. A fine-grained heavy crvstilllno rock, consisting of Labrador felspar, augite, magnctio iron, and some- times olivine. Anamosite is a coarser, and dolcrlte the coarsest form. B. is amorphous, columnar, tJibular, or globu- lar. Fingal's Cave. In the l8lan6. Basil I., B. 9&S, crowned K"."*, n. 102'>, having reigned 60 years, and almost continually at war with tho Bulgarians and Saracens. Basilian, 'i-an. Belonging to tho order of St. Basil, an order of ninnks founded inthc4thcenturvlaCappadocia ; 14 popes are said to havo'bflonged to the order. Basilica, ba-zil'lk-a. Originally, the name aiijilied by Komans to tholf pnbllo halls of fustlr.' • '■■ •' ' nsl- ness. The l Id- iogswas gen. :iiy Christian chunm-*, iuki it m miu uppiiod to some of the churches In l£ome. Basilica, 'ik-a. A code of laws ot the Bvzantlno empire, adaptful from the laws of Justinian by order of Basil I. in the 0th century. Basilicon, 'ik-on. An ointment con- slstinj; of yellow wax, black pitch, resin and olive oil. Basilidian, baz-l-lld'l-an. One of the fol- lowers of BaslUdes, an Ale.xandrian Gnos- tic of tho 2d century, who held that Christ's body was Immaterial, and that Hlmon of Cyrf-no dieowinf». In Arch, the central portion of the Corinth- ian ca]>itul. Basket-fish, -fish. A star fish, gen. Astrupliylon. Baskin^-shark, 'ing-shSrk, Belache maxliuii, so called from its habit of lying on the surface of the water ; called" also Hail-flsh and sun-lish. Basle, hale, A cantAn and city of SNvit- zerlaiid, the city being one of the most lmi»ortant commercial centers of the con- federacy. Pon. of cant ; of the dtv, 41,200. The imjwrt^int CK«umcnical Council of 1431-1447 was held at B. Basque, bilsk. A jieculiar tongue spoken in tlui PjTenees on both sides of the l)or- der between Franco and Spain, supposed to bo that of the Iberians, the primitive Inhabitants of Spain. No connection be- tween it and any other language has as yet been made out. A short-skirted jack- et worn by ladies. Bas-relief, Basso-rilievo, ba-rc-lef, bas'so-ro-le-a'vo. Low relief, a mode of sculpturing on a flat surface, the figures being raisi-d, but not so much as in high re- lief, or alto-riiievo. Bass. English name of the fish gen, I^hrax, fam. Perciduj. The American linden or lime-tree. Bass, biis. The lowest part In the har- mony of a musical composition, whether vocal or instrumentil. Bassano, Hu^o Bernard Haret, Duke of. NaiM)leoirs intimate friend and ."('cretary before ho became emperor ; afti-rwards Sec»-etJiry of Stat* and Minister of Foreign Affairs, remaining fiilthfUl to the last; b, 1763, n, 1S89, Bassaris, bas'a-ris. A gen. of Mexican c^irnivores, fam. Viveridae, allied to the genets, and resembling a cat. Basset, 'set. A game at cards resem bling modern faro. A miner's term for the surface edge of any inclined stratum. Basset-hom, -horn. A chirinet of en- liu-gc'3, latt-rused as a state prison, and demolished by the ennige«l people, 17S9. Bastinado, -tl-na'do. To beat "with a stick or cudgel ; to beat on the soles of the feet. Bastion, 'ti-on. A mass of earth, faced with sods, brick or stones, standing out from a rampart, consisting of two flanRS, commanding and defending the adjacent curtain, and J two faces mak- Bastion, Ing an acute angle called the salient angle, commanding the outworks. Baston, 'ton. In Her, a staff or cudgel, geiier.allv borne as a mark of bastardy. Called also Bastard Bar, Baton Sinister, Batatas, ba-ta'tas, A gen. of p'.ants, ord. Convolvulac^ae, containing about twenty spcKsies ; the sweet-potato. Batavia, bah-tu've-ah. Capital of Java and of the Dutch Possessions. R is the principal commerci.al center of the Asiatic Archipelago ; founded 1619; pop. 128,500. Bate, bat. The alkaline solution in which hides ore steeped after being limed, to remove or neutralize the lime. Bateau, ba-t<5, A li^fht boat, long In BAT 95 BATTLEMENT proportion to its breadth. A pontoon of a floatin?? bridge. Bat, bat. One of a CTOiip of wing-handed, flying mammals, ord. Cheiroptera, the in Great Horseshoe Bat. eecUverous or carnivorous and the flruit- eatinj,'. Bath, bfith. A Hebrew liquid measure, corresponding to the ephah, being the tenth part of a homer. Knights of the B., a British order supposed to have been Instituted at the coronation of Henry IV. In M99. It received this name from the candidates being put into a bath to denote purification, and that they were now to commence a new life. The present order of the Bath was instituted by George I. In 1725. It was a military order, and con- sisted, exclusive of the sovereign, of a grand-mastt;r and companions. In 1S15 the order was greatly extended, and In 1&47 opened to civilians. Bathometer, ba-thom'et-er. An appa- ratus for taking soundings, in which a lino is dispensed with. Bat-horse, bafhors or baTiors. A horse allowed to a batman in the British army. Bath-stone, bath'st/in. A species of limestone, called also Bath-oolite and Roe- stone. Bathyhius, ba-thlb'l-us. Huxley's name for masses of animal matter cover- ing the sea l)ottom at great denths, con - Blsting of a tenacious, viscid, slimy sub- stance, c<>rTesponding to protoplasm. Bathyergus, bath-l-er'gus. The gen. of mammals to which the sandmole of 8. Africa belongs ; called also the Coast-rat. Batideee, ba-tld'C-t). The Batls maritl- uia. a succulent shrub growing In the W. Indies, u.sed In pickles. Batiste, bii'tost. A fine linen cloth made In Flanders and Picartly ; cambric. E. India goods of similar qiiality. Batman, bat'man. An Oriental weight. In Bokhara, 291 lbs.; in Turkey the great batman is about 157i lbs., the lesser only ono-foorth of this ; at Aleppo and Smyrna, 17 lbs.; in Persia, 13i lbs. A personal, lowed by the British government toeverj company of a regiment on foreign service to take charge of the cooking utensils, &o. Batolite, 'o-llt. A gen. of straight, cylindrical bivalve fossil shells, allied t» the hijtpurkes. Baton Koug-e, bfit'ong-roozh. Former- ly the capital of Louisiana, situated on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 230 m. from the Gulf, and 150 m. above Now Orleans, the present capital. Pop. 8,400. Bat-printing-, bat'print-lng. The mod* of priming on glazed ware. Batrachia. ba-trii'kl-a. The 4th ord. in Cuvier's arrangement of class lieptllla. Batrachite, bat'ra-kit. A fossil rescm bling a frog; toadstone. A variety of mineral chrysolite, oompoead of silicatei of lime and magnesia. BatrachoBpermees, ba-trak'6-sper"- me-e. A fam. of fresh-water oonfervold algs«. Battering--ram, b.at'ter-lng-ram. In Mil. antiq. an engine used to beat down the walls of besiegt^l places. A heavy black- smith's hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally. Batter-rule, -rol. A plumb-line at- tacheil to a triangular frame, one side of which Is fixed at the required angle with the line. Battery, -L A body of cannon for field ojK'rations, with complement of wagons, artUlerj-men, Ac. In Fort, a parapet thrown up to cover the gunners from the enemy's shot. Galvanic battery, a serie* of plat«s of copper and zinc, or of any sub- stances susceptible of galvanic »ctlon. Battery-gxin, -gim. A gun with several barrels, or with one barrel and several chamlkrs, like a revolver, the Galling gun or mitrailleuse. Battle, '1. A fight or en-i counter between enemlesi or opposing armies. Battle-ajce, -akB. A axe anciently used M weapon of war. Battledore, -d6r. An instrument with a handle t, x^i „„^ and a flat board or pahn, «attle-axe. used to . strike a ball or shuttlecock ; racket. Battlement, -ment. A notched" or Indented para- pet, formed t)y a Battlement, series of rising partA called cops or merlons, separated by r, ine i^uuiug giuj BATTALION 96 BEAD-ROLL openings called crenelles or embrasures. Oriirinally military, they ire used freely in biiililinps by way of ornament. Battalion, -tal'von. A body of infantrr, varying: from about 800 to 1,000 men, formin;,' a division of a regiment. Bauble, ba'bl. A short stick with a foo'la hoad, anciently carried by the fools attached to great houses. A trifling piece of finery. Bang's. l>aj. A French drugget fabricat- ed of coar.se wool. Bauhinia, ba-hln'i-a. A gen. of twining plants, ord. Logumino.sa>, often stretching ln)in tree to tree like lining cables. Baulite, bal'it. A transparent mineral, found in th'6 matter ejected by Krabla, in Icelaml ; a variety of glassy felspar. Bavaria, bah-va'ri-ah. A kingdom of S. "\V. (Jerinany, composed of two provinces, eastern and western, tho latter called Kheuish B., or the Palatinate. The gov- ernment is a hcretUtary monarchy created by Napoleon in 1805; "education is com- pulsory and full religious toleration pre- Tuils. Pop. 6,470,000. Bawbee, ba-be. A Scotch half-penny. Bawd, bad. A female who keeps a house of proj^tl'tutlon, and conducts criminal intrigues. Baxter, Richard. The eminent au- thor and preacher ; n. in Shropshire, Eughmd, lol.*>; i». 1691. lie was a non- conformi.st, and suffered great persecu- tion. His chief works aro the '"Saint's Everlasting Best," " Dying Thoughta," and "Call to the Unconverted." Bay, ba. A recess In tho snore of a sea or lake ; the expanse of water between two capes or headlands ; a gulf. A prin- cipal compartment or division in the architectural arrangement of a building ; the j)art of tho window inolude. 1632, fh)m a wound receive*! at the battle of tho Sesla. His most notable exploit was his single- handed defense of the bridge over the Garigliano against a strong Spanish force. Bayberry, 'be-ri. The fruit of the buy- tree or Laiirus nobilis. The fruit of Myriea cerifera. Tho plant MjTica cerif- era (wjix-myrtle). B. tallow, a substance obtained from bayberry or wax-myrtle. Bayonet, 'on-et. A triangular sword or dagger, with an Iron handle and ring which go over the muzzle of tho (n^, so that the soldier fires with bayonet fixed. Bayou, bi-r>'. The outlet of a lake; a channel for water. Bay-runa^ ba'rum. A spirit obtained by distilling the leaves of the bay tree. Bay-salt, 'salt. Coarse grained salt, ob- tained by evaporation of sea water. Bay-window, 'win-do. A window forming a recess or bay In a room, pro- jecting outwards. Bazaine, Francois Achille. A French marshal, b. ISIO, d. 18-S3. Dis- tinguished himself in Algeria and the Crimea, and s. Gen. Forey In Mexico; Burrenderefl Metz and his .army to the Ger- mans in 1S70, for which ho was ti-ied in 1878, found guilty and Imprisoned, escap- ing in 1874. Ho was a faithful adherent of Napoleon III. Bazaar, bazar'. In the East, a place where goods are exposeerhap9 a Tarlcty of the brown bear. The |K)laror "white bear Is i>o»»e8sed of great stn-ngth and ficrc<;ne.sfl, and is 7 to 8 feet In h-ngth. The native bear of N. 8. Wal.-s Is the koala, of the marsupial gen. Phaaoolarctos. Is fceUda. » The name of two constellations in the northern hemi.<;phere, cilled the Greater an"m fowls, insects, fishes and man. A brut.-d man. Beauhamais, £ug-ene de. bo-har'nal. Son of .lo.sephine, wile of NajKjlron I., adopttnl by tho latter; b. IT'^l, i». 1324. lie servinl with dl.«*tinctlon in tho Nap«de- onlc wars, and was np|K)intcHl Vlcerov of Italy. After Napoleon's fall he retired to Munich, and marrlearte, frt>m whom she sepanited In IMO, after he was driven fh>m the throne of Holland. Her son by him was the lato Nafxdeon III. Beaumarchais. Pierre Augiistin Caron de, b<'> mar'shay. An eminent Frenchmiui, n. 17:W, i». ITIK). Ho warmly t-siKMisM the cause of the Americ^uis In tho Revolution, and »<'nt njoro than .'><) othcei-s to assist them at his own expi'use, among these l»«'lng Baron SU'uben and Pulaski. Beau Monde, ho mond. The fashion- able world ; people of fashion and gayety. Beauregard. Peter Gustavxia Toutant. A Confederate general ; ii. In N. Orleans, 1^16. A graduate of We.st Point, ho resigned from the Federal army when South Carolina seceded, and com- mande. Bebeerine, -bc'rJn. Tho active tirincl- Iilc o. tlio bark of tho bebc«-u, analogous to «iuinfne. Bebeoru, 'ro. A tree of British Guiana, or, n. 179;i; author of tlio cilo- bniU'd "Treatise on Crimes and Punish- ments," which is tho source of modern criminal law and practice. Bedmana, l>och-u-a'na. One of a peo- j)K> inhabiting tho intt-rior of 8. Africa, de- scribcd as superior to tho Kaffirs. Becket, St. Thomas a, ah-b^k'et A celebratfHi \l. C. divine, B. in London, 1119; a.ssassinated on tho altar steps of Canterbury Catheed'btig. The CImex lectula- rius, infesting iKjds. Bed-chamber, bed'chSra-ber. An apart- ment IntiiKled for sleep and rejiose. Lortls of the Bed-chamber, officers of the British roval household under the grtwm of tho stole. In the case of a queen regnant theso posts are occupied by ladies, calleil Ladies of tho J Jed -chamber. Bede, the Venerable, bed. England's cai-licst historiuii, a monk, b. 073, i>. 785. Uis "Ecclesiastical History of England," issued in L;itin in TM, and translated by King Alfred tlio Great, is still an esteemed standanl. Bedegrar, bod'6-gar. A spongy excres- cence or gall, also termetl sweet-brier sponge, found on roses, jtroduced by in- sects as receptacles for their eggs, as the Cynips-n>sje. Bedlam, 'l.nm. A matl-house ; a placa appropriated for lunatics. Bedlamer, -er, Tho name given by seal hunters to tho hooded t*eal when a ye.-ir oM, from its frantic actions wlien captured. Bedouin, bed'cVin. One of a tribe of no- madic Arabs, who live in tents. Bee, be. An insect of tho gen. Apis, the lioney-beo being tho most interesting. Beebee, -be. In tho East Indies, a lady. A Hindu concubine. Bee-bird. 'Ix-nl. The spotted fly-citcher. Bee-breaid, 'bred. The pollen of fli»wers collected by bees as food for their young. Beech, bech. A tree, gen. Fagus, onl. ('upulifme. The common beech grows to a large size. The mast or nuts are eaten bv animals, and yield a good oil for lamps. 'I'he wood is manufactured into a great variety of tools. Beechor, Henry "Ward. Rev. Son of Lvman Beecher, an eminent New Eng- land' Congregational ])re.';cher and theolo- gian ; B. 1818; entered the Congregation:!! ministry in ISU, and in \M1 became pas- tor of Plvmoutli Church, Brooklyn, a re- hition which still continues. Mr. B. is considerelaQts, as ginger, spruce-sap, molasses, «Stc. Bees'-waz, bcz'waks. Tho wax se- creted by bees. Bees-winer, 'wing. a gauzy film in IM>rt wines Indicative of age. Beet, bet A i)lant, gen. Beta, onl. Cho- noixtdi.iceiP, tho rs of beet. Beethoven, Iiudwigr von, ba-to'ven. Tho eminent musical comiK»ser, b. at Bonn, Germany, 1770; u. 1827. Beetle, be'tl. A heavy wooden mallet. A machine for pro ScnnikeidiP, a tribe of this ord<'r embrac- ing more than 8,000 8i)ecie3. Beetles vaxy In size from a pin's head to a man's fist. Beetle-stone, -ston. A nodule of copro- litie ironstone. Befana, ba-fTi'na, In Italy, a witch or fairy who it Is pretended brings presents to chiulren on the eve of Epiphany. A rag-doll exhibited by children in Italy on tho eve of Ei>lj»hany, sup^KMod to repre- sent thi- befana. Beer, Bey, beg, ba. in Turkey, a gov- ernor ; more particularly, the lord of a sanjfik or banner. In Tunis, the princ« or king. Beg-hard, bo-gard. One of a body of relig- ious enthusiasts which arose in Flanders in the l;Hh century. They ref\tsed to submit to the rules of any order, but bound themselves to a life of sanctity without quitting their secular vocations. They were subjected to severe persocu- tion, and gradually dispersed- Be^lerbe?, beg'ler-l«ig. The governor of a pmvince in the Turkish Empire, next in dignity to the grand vizier. Beg-oniacese. be-go'nl-ri"so-e. An onl. of exofft-ns. Ky some botani.^ts ail the mcmhers of this onler are IneludiKl in the gen. Begonia ; others mako many genera. Begtashi. lH>g-tA'»he. A si-cret religious order in Turkey najembllng tlio Free- masons, e ra - ploying pass- woi-ds and sign.H of recognition In some cases Identical \*ith tli(»8o of this order. * Beguine, ba- gen. One of an order of femaldsj which spnini ^ up in Germany' and Belgium in tho lit!, turr. \\ Ukhig tl. d. Beguino. IIuh.uHi. I: BegTim, b )se8 of houst^e exist Ir. <\ (i . An E. Indian prluoese or Lidy of high rank. Behem<9th, lx''ho-moth. An animal de- 8crlbepotnmu9, crocodile, nia."itodon, Ac, while niany regard It simply as a type of the largest land animals. Bchringr Straits. Tho channel con- nectlng tlie l^acific and Arctic oceans, and separating A. sia and America; SM5 m. wide ;it its narrowest. Beidelsar, l,l-vith blue frroiind, white Bpots and a dark blue P[xjt in tho center of each; named after an Phiglish pugilist. Beldame, bel'dam. An old woman In general, especially an ugly old woman ; a hag. Belemtiitidee, bol-em-nit'i-de, . An ex- tinct lain, of cephaloiKxloua mollusk.s, 6ec. I)ec-Hiy>oda, nearly allied to the ex- isting Bepiu, abundant in tho chalk and Jurassic Hrae»tone. There are four known genera — Belemnites, Belemnotcu- thi.H, Bolemnitella and Xiphotoutliis. Bel Esprit, 'ea-ph5. A fine genioa or n\an of wit. Belfast. Tho commercial capital of north- ern Inland; situated in Conntv Antrim, at tho he;ul of Belfast Lough ; pop. 126,204. Belf!ry, 'frl. Anriently, a wcHxlen tower erected by be.si«>g€T!4 to the height of the walbof tho i)lace to bo assailed ; mounted on wheels and coverwl witli raw hides to protect tliose under it. A stationary tower ftirniaheil with a bell to give the alarm to tho garrison, and al.so to summon the vassals of a feudal lord. A bell tower. Belgium, bel'je-um. A European king- donj Ixmndoil by the North JSea, France, the Netherhmds, Holland and Germany, having an area of 1 l,3iy sq. m., and a pop. of 6,812,000. Brussels is tho capital, and tho government is hereditary', constitu- tional and rejiresentativo monarchy. The Present kingdom m:is established in 1S89. ho prevailing religion la B,. C, but fUll tolerance prevails. Belgic, 'jJk. Pertaining to the Belgie, who in Ca'sar's time possessed the coun- try between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean. They were of Teutonic origin, and colonies established themselves in the soutlurn j>art of Britain. Belgravian, -gra'vi-an. Belonging to Belgravia. an aristocratic portion of Lon- don around Pimllco ; aristocratic. Bell. A metiiliic vessel which gives forth a ringing sound, made of a compo- sition called bell-metal. The largest bell in tho world is the great bell of Moscow, cast in IGTv*?, comimttHi to weigh 1&3 tons. Tho phrase employed on shipboard, as " o'clock " is on shore, to denote tho di- visions of didly time. To curse by boll, book and candle, a solemn mode of excom- munication used in tho R. C. Church, the effect being to exclude tho excommuni- cated from the society of tho faithful. Belladonna, -la- don 'ua. Ati-opa bella- donna, or «ipadlvj night-shade, ord. Sol-, anacete. All jiarts ofj the pLints are poison-^ ous. The inspissated^ juice is known as ex- tract of belladonna. B. lilv, a species of Ama- ryllis. Bellatrix, la-triks. A glittering stir in tho Belladonna Lily, left shoulder of Orion. Bell-bird, 'l>erd. The Arnpunga alba, a passerine bird, so named from its sono- rous bell-like notes. Also tho Myzantha melanophrj's, fam. Meliphaglda;. Bell-craiJc, 'krangk. A rectanguLir lever by which the direction of motion is changed through an angle of 90°, and by which its velocity, ^-atio and range may l»o altered at pleasure. Belleric. -ler'Ik. The astringent fruit of Terminalia Bellcriea, used by cidico-print- ers. Bellerophon. bel-ler'o-fon. In Myth, the son of Glaucus. who incurred the ha- tred of Antiea, wife of liellerus, king of Argos, by refusing to sc-cond h«r amorous advances, and killed lU-llerus in defending his ©wn life. He engaged in various ad- ventures imder Jobates, Ihther of Anta^a, and king of Lvcia, in one of which ho dO' Btroyed the C'himera by tho aid of Pegas- 6U3,'the winged horse. Ho finally mar- ried a sister of Anttea. Bellerophon, 'o-fon. A gen. of fossil nautiloid shells, allied to the Heteropoda. Belles-lettres, -let-tr. Polite or elegant literature. Bell-sable, ga-bl. A term applied to the gable of a re- ligious edifice surrounded by a small turret for the recep- i tion of bells. Bell-g-lass, 'gl»is. A cover- ing for plants shaped liko a beU. Bellini. Vin- oenzo, iK-l-lo'no. The illustrious Italian composer, B. 1S06, ». 1835; author of Bell-gable. BELLI9 101 BEMBECIDJS ' Bellows. "II Piratn," " La Ponnambnla," "Norma" and "I Puritani." Bellis. bcl'lis. The daisy, a small gen. of annual or perennial herbs. Bell-metal, 'metal. An alloy of 80 parts of copper and 20 of tin, used for inakini? bells. Small shrill bclLs generally contain zinc. Bellona, -lo'na. In Rom. myth, the poddess of war. In Astron. an asteroid. Bellot Straits, bol'lo. The channel connecting,' IMnce Kegent Inlet and Franlclin Channel Bellows, IkI'Ioz. An In- strument for produciuortion. Bellows- fish. An aca n t h o p - ter y g i o u 8 ^ fish. fam. IMstularida), gen. Cen- triscus, call- ed also the Tru m p e t - fish or .Se.vsnipo. Bellows- pump, pheric j>uinp. Bell-pepper, 'p«p-por. Guinoa-pcpper, the fruit of Capsicum grossum. Bell-telegrraph, 'tel-e-graf. A tele- grai)liir aj»[.aratu.s In which two different- ly toned bwlis give the signals. Belmont. A villajre in Missouri on the Mississippi iJivcr, the scene of the first victory won by Gen. Grant over the Con- federates under Gens. I'olk and l*illow, Nov. 7, ISGl. Belooche, bel-n'che. A native or Inhab- itant of Belouchistan. Beloochistan. bel-oo-chis'tan. A conn- try of Asia, S. of Afghanistan, with a se.i- coast on tlio Indian Ocean of GOO m.; area, 2(K).0()0Kq. m.;iK>p. ToO.tHM). The Inhab- itant's are calietf Lelooches and Brahooces. of mi.xed Tartar and IVrsi.in blood, and the country is governed by several chiefs who pay nominal allegiance to the Khan of Kclat. Belshaazar, bel-shfi'zhar. Klngof Baby- 1 B«Uows-fiBlL, -pump. An atmos- lon, and the last of the Chaldean drnasty. He was n. about 520, crowneis'i-a"sC-«. An ord. of I»lanls cio.sely allle«l to the MjTtacew, In- cluding only two genera, Napoleona and Asteranthus. Bern. Joseph, Qen. A gallant Polish officer, H. IV'Jj, V. ISTH). He fought un- der NaiH.leon I. against Kussia, in tho Polish revolution in 1S30, In the Hun- garian revolt against Austria in 1S4S, de- feating the Austrians in fiovoral battles, and on tho failure of tho revolution es- caped to Turkey, I>ecamo a Mohammo- edan, and waa ap|K>lnted a pasha. Bema, be'ma. In Greek antiq. a stage or pul[>it on which speakers 8too4. He won distinction in tho wai-s with Italy, 1848 and 1859, and in the Hungai-ian revolt, 1849, but was dl«- astrouslv defeated by the Prussians at Badowu; July 8, 1866. Benedict, -dikt. The name assumed by fourteen pope.s, commencing with B. I., who 8. John III., 575, and ended with B. XIV., who 8. Clement XII., 1740, and n. 1758. B. VI. was martyred ; B. IV. was dei>osed for his vices ; B. X. was irregu- larly elfected and compelled to resign his dignity to Nicholas II.; B. XII. was French, and the third pope who reigned at Aviirnon ; B. XIV., Cardinal Lamber- tini, was a strict reformer, and encour- aged education in all directions. Benedict, St. Founder of the Benedic- tine order of Monks, b. in Italv in 48(), D. 543. He was renowned forliis austere life, his eloquence and his reputed power of performing miracles. The first Bene- dictine monastery was created at Monte Cassino, on th« site of the temple of Apollo. Benediction, ben-e-dik'shon. The act of invoking a blessing; a giving praise to God. Benedictus, ben-e-8it, consisting of the sIHcious frustules or cell-walls of diatoms. It is eaten in Lapland mixed Mith corn and bark. Berlin, bair'lin. The ancient cap. of Prussia, and now of the German Empire : founded in the 12th centurv, on the river Bpree, in Bradenburg ; it Is surrounded by a wall 7 m. In length. Pop. about 1,;3()«>,(KK».-' Berlin- ware, Tin- war. A kind of pottery which resists the action of almost ail chemical reagents. BemL, berm. In Fort, a space of ground between the rampart and fosse. The side of a canal opposite the towing-path. Bermuda Islands. A group of the W. Indies, 300 in number, belonging to Great Britain. St. George is the principal, its chief city, Hamilton, being the capital. Bemardine, ber'nard-ln. The name given In Franco to the CistercLin order of monks. Bemadotte. Jean Baptiste Jules. A marshal of France, under Napoleon I., b. 1764 ; electetl king of Swtnlen and Nor- way on the death of Charles XIII., assumed the throne under the title of Charles John XIV., and in 1S13 com- manded the united armies of Germany against Napoleon. D. 1844, after a -wlao and prosperous reign. Bernard, St., (Great), balr'nar. A noted Alpine Mountain j.ass between the Valois and Iledmont, at the summit of which is the Hospice, founded by St. Bernard in 862, for the care and succor of traveK?r», and ever since maintained. The pass has been utilize. 1639. He was among the bravest and most successful generals of his day. Beroe, '6-e. A gen. of small phosphoric marine animals, class Cceleaterata, ord. Ctenophora. Berry, be'rl. A suecnlent or pulpy fhilt, the flesh of which contains several seeds, as the gooseberrj", strawberry and cur- rant. The name Is sometimes extended to superior fruits, like the grape. Berserker, ber'ser-ker. A kind of wild warrior or champion of heathen times in Scandinavia. Berthier, Alexandre. Prince of BERTnOLLETIA. 1<>4 BEZE'xTA Neufchatel and "Waffram ; b. 1753, D. 1815. He served m.der Lafayette in the American devolution, and returning to France attached himself to Napoleon. t»»ward whom he for years maintained the most inlimato pergonal relations, acting as his secretary as well as aide ; made mar- ehal and vice constable of France, he ncquiesocd la the restoration of the Bour- bons, but after Napoleon's return from exile, committed suicide in a moment of reujorse. Bertholletia, -thol-lC'd-a. A pen. of Myrtacca\ of which only one species (B. cxcflsa) is known. The fruit Is the Bra- ril-nut. Bertrand, Henri Gratien, Comte, bertn>n'. One of Napoleon's ^'cncrals, and his companicui on Klbaaml St. Helena ^ B. 1770, u. 1S44. Beryl, bi-r'H. A variety of emerald, al- ways pale, owing to absence of chromium. Its crystals arc slx-sideark of the white l»iroh. crystal- lized, fusible, volatile and intiammablc. Beudantite, bu'dan-tit. A mineral oc- curring in small closely aggregated crys- tals. Bevel, bev'el. The obliquity or Inclina- tion ofa particular surface of a solid body to another surface of the same body. An instrument used for drawing angles. Bevel-ang-le, -ang'gl. Any angle . e.xct'iit a right angle. Bevel-g'ear, -gCr. A species of w h e e I-work i n w hich the axis of the le.ider forms an angle with that of the wheel driv- en. The wheels are called conical. ^ Bevy, 'i. A flock ' of birds, especially ? ^'"^^ "*/ ''r*'? "^S Bevel-gear, larks. A herd of '^ roebucks ; a company of females. Bey, ba. Tho governor of a Turkish town or district ; a prince ; a beg. Bezant, bez'ant. A gold coin of Byzan- tium, current In England from the' 10th century till the time of Edward III. In Her. a circle in or argent representing this coin. In which the soldiers in the holy wars are supposed to have been i)ald. Beze, Theodore de, bai'zu. The emi- nent French Protestant, s. of Calvin ; b. 1511», 1). 1G05. Bezetta, bo-zet'ta. Coarse linen rags or sacking soaked in pigments ; the pigment BEZIQUE 109 BIGHT Itself. Red beaetta is colored with cochi- neal, and nr>o'ni-an. An indigent wretch ; a boppar or scoundrel. Bhadoee, bado-e. The earliest of the throe annual crops in Hindustan, planted in April and May, and reaped in August and f^ei>teraber. Bhang', bang. An Indian variety of hemp, the resin obtained from which Is highly narcotic and into.xicant. A drug prepared from the resin— a highly iK>puhir stimulant. calltKl Hashish, also employed in medicine. Bianco secco, bc-ang'k5 sek'ko. A wliite used in fresco painting, consisting of lime and pulverized marble. Bias, be'as. An Ionian philosopher, one of the seven sages of Greece; b. &50, i>. abt. 450 B. c. Bib, bib. Morrhua lusca, a fish of the co»l fain., calletl also the Pout, in Soot- land Smeltie. Bible, bi'bl. The book, by way of emi- nence , the sacred Scriptures, It consists of two parts. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, and the New Testiuni-nt In Greek. The authorized Enplish version of tho Bible was com- mencod in the reign of James I. In the vear 1G04, 8nil. Bibliographer, bibU-og'ra-fer. One vor.st(l in bibliography, who composes or eoinpiles the history of books. Bibliolatry, -ol'a-tri. Worship or hom- age paid to books ; specifically applied by li. C. divines to the exaltation ol the au- thority of Scripture over that of the Pope or the church. Bibos. bi'bos. A gen. or sub-gen. of ruminant mammals, fam. Bovidse, inclnd- Ing tho gayal, gour or gaur, and banteng. Bicycle. Biceps, 'seps. A muscle having tvro head*.; the name given to two muscles, one of the arm, the other of the thigh. Bicycle, bi'si-kl. A two-wheeled veloci- pedf, a vehicle, consisting of two wheels, one before and one behind, connected by a ' curved metal ' bar. and lur- nishcd with a seat. It is pro- p< lle». Big'hom, 'horn. A species of moufflon, sub-fam. Ovina, the Rocky Mountain go.it. The fossil elk. Bigrht, bit. A bend in a shore or coast- line forming a bay ; as. the Bight of Benin. The double part of a ropie when folde, 3a — 2c. Binary, brna-ri. Twofold; dual. B, arithmetic, the invention of Leibnitz, in which two figures only, and 1, are used in lieu of ten. B. engine, having thft piston of one cylinder impelled by steam, which communicates its unutilized heat to some liquid, the vapor of which, by its expansion, yields additional force. B. logarithms, a system for faciliating musi- BINNACLE lOT BIRD'S-EYE cal calculations. B. star, a double star, whose members revolve aroun,' their common center of ^.ivity. Binnacle, bin'a-kl. A case or box on the deck of a vessel, containing the compass, sometimes divid- ed into three apartments. Binny, 'i. A fish of the carp lam.; the barbel of the Nile. Binocle, bi'no-kl. A diop- tric telescope with two tubes, enabling a person to view an object with both eyes. Binocular, -nok'u-ler. eyes. Pertaining to both eyes. Biogenesis, -o-jen'e-sis. That depart- ment of science which speculates on the mode by which new species have been in- troduced; specifically, which holds that lining organisms can spring only from living parents. Opposed to abiogenesis. Biography, -og'ra-fi. The history of tlie life and character of a particular per- son. Biology, -ol'o-ji- The branch of knowl- edge which treats of organized beings or animals and plants, including their mor- phology, physiology, origin or develop- ment and distribution. Bioplasni,'o'plazm. The albuminoid sub- stance constituting the hving matter of the elementary part or cell in plants and animals. Called also Germinal Matter. It diff'ers from protoplasm chiefly in being informed with life. Biotite, -tit. Magnesia or hexagonal mica, occurring iu tabular prisms. Biparous, -pa'rus. Bringing forth two at a birth. Biped, 'ped. An animal having two feet, as man. Bipennis, -pen'nis. An ax with two blades, one on each side of the handle, usually seen depicted in the hands of the Amazons. Biquadrate, bi-kwod'rat. In Math, the fourth power, arising from the nailti- plication of a square number of quantity by itself. ThusdX'i =: 16, which is. the square of 4, and 16 X 16 = 256, the bi- quadrate of tha-i number. Birch., berch The common name for Betula alba and other plants of the same gen. In Lapland, Norway and Sweden birch twigs are woven into mats and twisted intx) ropes ; the outer bark forms a covering for nouses, and the inner bark is used as a substitute for bre»d. An oil extracted from the bark is employed in the preparation of Eussia leather. Bircll--water, 'wa-ter. The juice of tho birch, obtained by boring the stems. Fermented it forms an effervescent wine. Bird, herd. A feathered animal ; one of the feathered race, winged, oviparous and warm-blooded. A term of endear- ment to a voung child or young woman. Birds of passage migrate in the season and always breed in the country to which they resort in summer. Bird-call, 'kal. An instrument for imi- tating the cry of birds in order to attract or decoy them. Bird-ciierry, 'che-ri, A species of cherry, Trunus Padus, only fit for birds. Bird of Paradise. One of a fam. of conirostral birds (Paradiseidae), which in- Blrd of Paradise, eludes several genera and species, some re- markably beautiful. The feathers of the P, major and P. minor are chiefly worn in plumes. They are confined to the male. Biretta, be-ret'ta. In the E. C. Ch. a square cap worn by persons in or- ders. For priests it is black ; bish- ops, purple ; and cardinals, red. Birmingrham, bur'ming-ham. An English city, 100. m. N. W. from London, the most extensive iron manufacturing center in the world ; 409,862. Bird's-eye, berdz'I. The popular name of a gen. of plants, called also Pheasant's- eye, known by the generic term Adonis. One of a kind of artificial glass eyes. Bu'd*s-eye view, a mode of perspective representation. Bird's-eye limestone, a lower Silurian rock Mith eye-like mark- Biretta. pop. BIRD'S-FOOT 108 BITTERN Ings, reg^arded as the filled-up burrows of marine worms. Bird's-eye maple, cm-led maple, much used in cabinet-work. Bird's-foot, 'fiit. A common name for several papilionaceous plants, . gen. Orni- thopus. Bird's-nest, 'nest. The nest in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young. Among the most remarkable are the edi- ble birds' nests of the Malayan Archipela- go. A name popularly given to several plants, as Neottia nidus-avis, Monotropa H.vpopitys, and Asplenium Mdus. Biscay, bis'kaf. One of the Spanish Basque provinces. The Bay of B. is a large Dody of water off the coasts of France and Spain. Biscuit, bis'ket. A hard dry bread, so prepared as not to spoil while being kept ; a small cake variously made. In Pottery, a term used to denote earthenware before glazing. In Sculp, a species of imglazed porcelain of which figures are formed in imitation of marble. Bissextile, -seks'tTl. Leap year ; every fourth year, in which a day is added to the month of February on j.ccount of the ex- cess of 6 hours which the civil year con- tains over 365 days. This excess being 11 minutes * seconds too much, at the end of every century divisible by 4 it is necessary to retain the bissextile day. Bishop, bish'up. In the early Christian Church, an overseer ; an elder or pres- byter ; one who had the pastoral care of a church. At present a prelate or person consecrated for the spiritual government and direction of a diocese. Bishops in partibus (iniidelium), have no actual see, but are consecrated as if they liad. Such titles are given to missionary bishops in countries imperfectly Christianized. A name common to hemipterous insects, div. Iletcroptera, fam. Corisise. Bisk, bisk. Soup made by boiling several meats together. Odds at tennis-play ; specifically, a stroke allowed the weaker plaj'er. Bismarck-Schonhausen, Karl Otto, Prince von. Chancellor of the Gorman Empire, and confidential adviser of the Emperor Wilhelm I., since 1S62; B. 1813. To his talents and energy is largely due the unification of the scat- tered German states. Bismillali, bis-mil'la. An adjuration or exclamation common among the Turks — " In the name of God." Bismuth, biz'muth. A metal l^arder than lead and when cold so brittle as to be easily reducible to powder. It is used in the composition of pewter, in the fab- rication of printers' types, and other mix- tures. Magistery of B., the basic nitrate, used as a paint and cosmetic. Called also Pearl White. Bison, bi'son. The name of two bovine quadrupeds, Bos or Bonassus bison being the European bison or aurochs, Bison americanus the American bison. The latter is usually but improperly called the buffalo, the buffalo being a distinct spe- cies. Bisque, bisk. A variety of unglazed white porcelain, much employed for stat- uettes, &c. Bisulphate, bl-sul'fat. A salt of sul- phuric acid, one-half of the hydrogen be- ing replaced by a metal. Bisulphite, 'fit. A salt of sulphurou.s acid, one-half of the hydrogen being re- placed by a metal. Bisulphuret, 'fu-ret. A compound of sulphur and another element containing two atoms of sulphur. Bit, bit. A small piece of anything. Of- ten used to express extent or degi-ee. Any small coin ; specifically, a small W. Indian coin, and applied in the Southern States of N. America to the Spanish shill- ing, or any sum representing one-eighth of a dollar. The metal i)art of a bridle which is inserted in the mouth of ahorse. The name common to boring tools applied by means of the carpenter's brace. The drill-bow, ratchet, brace, lathe or drilling- machine, are termed drills or drill-bits. Bitch, bich. The female of canine ani- mals. Bitter-almond, bit'ter-a-mund. The bitter variety of Amygdalus communis. Bitter-earth, -erth. Talc earth; cal- cined magnesia. Bittem,'tern. A name given to several gral- latorial birds, fam. Ardeid*. gen. Botaurus. Bittern. Iiva^ salt-works, the^|^ brine remain- v^\? ing after the salt is concret- ,,, , ed. Used in m the prepara- ^^-^^ tion of Epsom '** and Glauber's Bittern. salts ; it con- tains also chloride of magnesium, iodijM BITTEE-NUT 109 BLACK-FISH and bromine. A verj- bitter compound of quassia, cocculus indicus, liquorice, to- bacco, &c., used in adulterating beer ; also called bittering. Bitter-nut, 'ter-nut. The Oar}%'v amara or swamp hickory ; the kernel is not eaten by any animal. Bitters, 'terz. Bitter medicines gener- ally, as cinchona, quinine, &c.; specific- ally, a liquor in which bitter herbs or roots are steeped. Bitter--wood, -w^d. The timber of the species Xjiopia, all noted for their ex- treme bitterness. Bitt-heads, 'hedz. Pieces of ship tim- ber to which the cross-pieces are let in and bolted. Bitumen, bi-tii'men. A mineral sub- stance of a resinous nature, known by ditferent names, from, naphtha, the most fluid, to petroleum and mineral tar, less 80 ; thence to maltha, which is more or less cohesive, and lastly to asphaltum and elastic bitumen, solid. It burns like pitch, and consists of 84 to SS of carbon and 12 to 16 of hydrogen. It is used for making roofs, &c., water-tight, for street and other paTcments, for fuel, and exten- sively for illuminating purposes. The bricks in the walls of Babylon are said to have been cemented with bitumen. Bituminous, 'min-us. Having the qualities of bitumen. B. cement, a mas- tic in which asphalt is the principal ingre- dient. B. coal, the coals which yield a large percentage of bitumen. They are softer and lighter than anthracite, and are called dry or fat according to their richness in bitumen. B. limestone is of lamellar structure, susceptible of polish, of a dark color, and emits an unpleasant smell. B. schist, an argillaceous shale verv common in the coal measures, -worked for the production of parafRne and other useful products. B. springs, sprintrs impregnated with petroleum, naphtha. «fcc. Bivalve, bl'valv. An animal of the molluscous class, having two valves, as the oyster, cockle ,nms- sel, &c. It is opposed ' univalve. Bixa, bik'sa. A gen. of plants, ord. FlacourtiacejB. Bivalve. The pulp of the fruit of Bixa Orellana affords amotto. Bixin, 'sin. The coloring principle of arnotto. A variety of arnotto ha%ing six to ten times the coloring power of com- mon arnotto. Blackbird. Bizarre, bi-zar'. A variety of carnation in which the white ground-color is striped with two colors, one darker than the other. Black, blak. The darkest color, or rather the negation of all color ; the opposite of white. Black-art, 'art. Necromancy; magic; the art of performing feats by supernat- ural means, derived from the assistance of the powers of evil. Black-band, 'band. The most valuable kind of clay-ironstone, from Avhich Scotch iron is manufactured. Black-bird, 'herd. The English name of a species of thrush (the Turdus Merula) common throughout Europe. In America this name is giv- en to the Gracula quisca- la, or crow blackbird, and to the Oriolus phceniceus, or red- winged blackbird. Blackbirds is a cant term for a cargo of slaves. Black-book, 'bjik. A book of the Ex- chequer in England, composed in 11T5 by Gervais of Tilbury. A book compiled by order of the visitors of monasteries imd«r Henry VIII. A book kept at some uni- versities as a register of misdemeanors. An ancient book of admiralty compiled in the reign of Edward III. A book treat- ing of the black-art. Black-chalk, 'chak. A mineral of slaty texture; a variety of argillaceous slate. A preparation of iyory black and fine clay. Bl a ck- COCk, 'kok. An English name for the heath-cock, the male oftheba(i- grouse, tLe Tetrao te- trix, a gal- ,^ linaceous;'' _ bird, fam. '••Wi=^^*=:^ Tetraonidfe. Black-cock. Black-deatb, 'deth. The name given to an Oriental jilaguo which attacked London and England generally in 1663-65. Black-extract, 'eks-trakt. A prepara- tion from cocculus indicus, imparting an intoxicating quality to beer. Black-fish, 'fish. A fish of the mack- erel family (Centrolophus p(>mpilus) ' thd tautog (Tautoga americaha). A namw BLACK-FLUX 110 BLADE given to various whales. In Scotland, foul fish or fish newly spawned. Black-flux, 'fluka. A mixture of car- bonate of potash and charcoal, used in melting metallic substances. Black-foot, 'fut. In Scotland, a match- maker. The name of a tribe of N. Amer- ican Indians. Black-forest, 'for-est. A forest in Ger- many, part of the ancient Hercynian For- est. Blackfriar, 'fri-ar. A friar of the Do- minican order. Black-hole, 'hoi. A dungeon or dark cell in a prison. Associated with a horri- ble catastrophe which occurred at Calcut- ta, June 18, 1750, when all but 22 of 146 Englishmen confined in the Black-hole by the Nabob Sm-aja Dowla perished from want of air. Black-jack, 'jak. A capacious can, now made of tin, but formerly cf waxed leather. The ensign of a pirate. A name given by miners to blende. The Quercus nigra, or barren oak. Black-legr, 'leg. One who tries to w i n money b y cheating ; a rook ;" a welsher. Black-letter, 'let-er. The old English or modern Gothic letter, introduced into England in the 14th century. Blackmail, 'mal. A certain rate an- ciently paid in the north of England, and in Scotland, to men alhed to robbers, to be protected from pillage ; levied in the dis- tricts bordering the Highlands till the middle of the 18th century. Extortion in any mode by means of intimidation. Black-nob, 'nob. A workman who re- vises to join a trades' union ; a knob- stick. Black-pepper, blak'pep-er. The dried unripe fruit of Piper nigrum, ord. Piper- acea». Black-pigment, blak'pig-ment. A fine carbonaceous lampblack, used in the man- ufacture of printers' ink. Black-pine, 'pin. Pinus austriaca, oon- tainiji^ more resin than any other Eu- ropean tree. Black-rod, 'rod. In England, the usher belonging to the order of the Garter. Black-rood, 'rod. A relic brought to Leathern Black- jacks. Scotland by the wife of Malcolm Canmore, consisting of a piece of thetr,ue cross, set in an ebony figure of the Saviour. It was carried to England by Edward I., and all trace of it is now lost. Black Sea (The Euxine). The sea dividing a large part of Eastern Europe and Asia, 700 m. long by 380 ra. in breadth. A third ot the waters of Europe are be- lieved to be discharged into the B. S«a. It is connected Avith the Sea of Marmor* by the liosphorus, and this Avith the Mediterranean by the Dardanelles. Black-snake, 'snak. An ophidian rep' Black-snake, tile, fam. Colubrida?, the Coluber con- strictor. It has no poisoned fangs. The black-snake of Jamaica is the Natrix atra. Blackstone, Sir "William, bUlk'stun. The eminent legal authority, b. in London, 1723 ; i>. 1780. He was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and his "Commeu' mentaries on the Laws of England" is a standard text book and authority. Black-tea, 'tc. A generic name fo< Bohea, Congou, Pekoe, and Souchong. Black- varnish Tree, 'var-nisn tre. Melanorrhoea usitatissima, ord. An.icardi' acea?, Avhich jields a poisonous black var nish, called theet-see or kheu. The Avood is knoAvn as the lignum-Adt«. Black- vomit, 'vom-it. A discharge from the stomach of substances of a black ap^ pearance, as in yellow fever, &c. Black-'wadd, 'Avod. An ore of man^ ganese used as a drjing ingredient in paints. Black-walnut, 'Aval-nut. The Juglans nigra, the Avood of Av'hich forms a beauti- ful material for cabinet-Avork. Bladder, blad'er. A thin membranoug bag in animals, AA'hich serves as the re- ceptacle of %ome secreted fluid ; the urin- ary bladder. Blade, blad. The leaf, stalk or spine of gramineous plants. The lamina or broad part of a leaf. A thing resembling thj cxitting pai't of an instrument. The broanth t^ivo shells sepai'ated to allow for ex- pansion, generally filled with sand, to hinder the radiation of the beat. The charging of the fur- nace goes on day and night, a charge con- sisting of a barrow Section of Blast- of ooal and one of ore, furnace, char and lime, the last acting as a flux. The molten metal Is dra'vvn off at stated periods, the furnace being kept fiUed. The ore takes about 36 hours before it comes out as u-on. ^l^e, blaz. Flame ; the stream of light and heat from any bodv M-hen burning. Bnlhant sunlight ; effulgence. A white 6pot on the forehead of a horse or ether quadruped. A spot made on a tree by removing the bark with a hatchet. Blazing-star, 'ing-star. A comet. A plant, the Aletiis farinosa, called also in America, Devil's Bit. Blazonry, 'zn-ri. The art of describing coats-of-arms in proper heraldic terms. Bleaching-, blech'ing. The act or art of freeing textile fibers and fabrics from their natural color, and rendering them white. Bleaching-po-wder, biech'ing-pou-der. Chloride of lime made by exposing slaked lime to the action of chlorine. Bleek-boc, blak'bok. The Scopophorus Curebi, the pale-buck of South Africa, one of the Antilopidse. Blend, blend. A mixture ; specifically, mixtm-e of spirits from different distifler- ies. Blende, blend. An ore of zinc; called also Mock-lead, False Galena and Black- jack. Also employed in compound terms, as manganese-blende, zino-blendc, ruby- blende. Blenheim, blen'em. A breed of span- iels, preserved at Blenheim Palace in Ox- fordshire, England, since the beginning of the ISth century. Ble"Wits, blu'its. Agaricus i>ersonatus, a pm-plish mushroom. Blind-beetle, bllnd'be-tl. The cock- chafer, so called from flying as if blind ; a small beetle also destitute of eyes. Blind-fish, 'fish. The Amblyopsis spelu-iLS, fam. Heteropygidse, inhabiting the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Blindman's-bufT, 'manz-buf. A play in which one person Is blind-folded and tries to catch some other of the company. Blind-shell, 'shel. A bomb-shell which has fallen without exploding ; or one used at niglit to indicate the range. Blind-tooling, 'tol-ing. In book-bind- ing, the impressions of heated tools upon leather. Blister-steel, blis'ter-stel. Steel bars covered with blisters, from the expansion of bubbles of air, used for welding to u-on for certain pieces of mechanism, but not for making edge-tools. Block, blok. Any solid mass of matter, ■with one or more plane faces. The mass of wood on which criminals lay their necks when beheaded. A mechanical conti-iv- ance to transmit power or change the direction of motion. Blocks are single, double, treble or four-fold. A comiected mass of buUdings. A portion of a city inclosed by streets. A mold or piece on BLOCKADE 112 BLOUSE Trliich something is shaped. A piece of wood on which an engraving is cnt; a piece fitted into the angle formed by the meeting edges of two pieces of wood, &c. Blockade -ad'. The shutting up of a place by surrounding it with hostile troops or ships. Blockade-runner, 'run-er. A vessel engaged in running a blockade. A per- son engaged in blockade-running. Block-house, blok'hous. An edifice supplied with loop-holes for musketry and Bometirnes with embrasures for cannon ; when of more than one story the upper ones overhang, so that a perpendiculai- fire can be directed against the enemy. Block-system, 'sis-tem. In Hall, a sys- tem of working the traffic according to which the line is divided into sections with a signal and telegraphic connection at the end of each section, no train being allowed to enter upon any one section till it is signaled clear. Blomary, blom'a-ri. The first forge through which iron passes after it is melted from the ore. Blonde, blond. A person of fair com- plexion, with light hau: and blue eyes. Blond-lace, 'lils. Lace made originally of unbleached silk, now of white, black or colored silk. Also a kind of thread lace. Blond-metal, 'mot-al. A variety of clay ironstone of the coal-measures. Blood, blud. The fluid which circulates through the arteries and veins of the hu- man body and animals, essential to the preservation of life and nutrition of the tissues. The specific gravity of human blood varies from 1.0i5 to 1.075, and its normal temperature is 99° Fahr. B. corpuscles or globules, red and white "bodies floating in the serum of blood ; the red ones give color to the blood and are flat disks, oval in birds and rep- tiles, and round in man and most mam- mals. The white corpuscles are the same as the lymph or chyle corpuscles. The color of the red corpuscles is due to glo- bulin and hematin. The word blood is ■used to designate relationship by descent from' a common ancestor; consanguinity. The blood, the royal family or lineage. Also applied to horses and other animals of known and distinguished strains. Blood-baptism, 'bap-tizm. A term apphed by the primitive Christians to the martyrdom of those who had not been baptized, regarded as a full substitute for literal baptism. Blood-heat, 'hot. A degree of heat equal to that of human blood, marked on thermometers as 98°. Blood-horse, 'hors. A breed derived from a cross with the Arabian horse. Blood-hound, 'hound. A dog remark- able for the acuteness of its scent, and Blood-hound, employed to recover wounded game or prey. In former times blood-hounds were trained to hunt fugitive slaves. Blood-rain, 'ran. Bed showers former- ly supposed to come fi-om the clouds, but now known to result from a unicellular alga, Prototoccus nivalis or red snow. Also a fermentation fungus consisting av-in. A tlilatation of the vein on the inside of the hock of a horse. Bloodstone, 'ston. A stone imagined to be a preventive of bleeding at the nose. Eed hematite. A species of heliotrope dotted with spots of jasper. Blood-vessel, 'ves-sel. Any vessel in which blood circulates in an animal body ; an artery or a vein. Bloom, blom. A blossom ; an expanded bud. The act or state of blossoming. The dehcato rose hue on the cheek indic- ative of health ; a flush. The beautiful powdery appearance on coins, medals. and the like, Avhen newly struck. The fawn-colored deposit from the tanning liquor on the surface of leather. Bloom. A lump of puddled iron, which leaves the furnace in a rough state. Bloomer, 'er. A woman who assumes the dress and principles adopted by Mrs. Bloomer. A semi-male costume for women. Blossom, blos'som. The flower of a plant. The color of a horse that has white intermixed with sorrel and bay hairs. Blotting--paper, blot'ing-pa-per. Pa- Ser without size, serving to imbibe Buper- uous ink. Blouse, blouz. A loose upper garment BLOWEN 118 BLUNDERBUSS w orn by m«n. A similar dress worn by children. Blowen, blo'en. A sho^y, flaunting fe- male ; a prostitute. Blower, 'er. One who blows ; one pm- ployed in a blowing-house for smelting tin. A metal plate used to increase the current of air in a chimney by being placed m front of a fire. In mining, a jet of carbureted hvdrogen emitted from a fissure in a coal-mine. A machine for producing a blast. A name for a whale, from its spouting up water. Blow-hole, 'hoi. The nostril of a ceta- cean. A hole in the ice to which whales and seals come to breathe. Blow-pipe, 'pip. An instrument by which a current of air or gas is driven through a flame directed upon a mineral substance, to fuse or vitrify it. The most powerful is the oxyhydrogen, the heat Sroduced being such as to consume the iamond and to dissipate most known substances. A tube by which poisonous arrows are blown by the breath. Blow-tube, 'tub. A hollow iron rod, with which the glass-blower gpathers up the fluid metal from the pot. Blubber, blub'er. A bubble. The fat of sea animals from which train-oil is ob- tained. A gelatinous substance ; hence the sea-nettle ; a medusa. Blucher, bluch'er. A strong leather half boot or high shoe. Blucher, Lebrecht von, bloo'kair. A dashing Prussian general, whose strategy in deceiving Marshal Grouchy and forced march against Napoleon's flank at "Water- loo decided the battle and the fate of the French emperor ; b. 1742, d. 1819. Bludireon, bluj'on. A short loaded stick used as an oftenslve weapon. Blue, bia. One of the seven colors into which the rays of light divide themselves; the color of the clear sky or deep sea. A dye or pigment of this hue. The sky ; the atmosphere, from its blue tinge. A term apphed to a pedantic, literary female, The name of the British Itoyal Horse Guards, or Oxford Blues, raised in 16G1. Blue-bird, 'herd. A small dentirostral, insessorial bird, the Erythaca, or Sialia "Wilsoni. Blue-black, 'blak. Ivory -black ; a color resembling ivory -black. Blue-blood, 'blud. Aristocratic blood ; blood flowing in the veins of old famiUes. Blue-bonnet, 'bon-net. The blue tit- mouse. A name givan to the soldiery of Scotland, when it was a separate kingdom. Blue-book, 'buk. Reports and other papers, printed by order of Parliament, or issued by departments of the British government. In the U. S., a book con- taining the names of all civil employes ol the government. Blue-breast, 'brest. The blue-throated red-start (Phoenicura Suecica), a dentiros- ti-al, insessorial bird, fam. Turdid«. Blue-cat, 'kat. A Siberian cat, valued for its fur. Blue Copper-ore, 'kop-er-6r. Finely crystalhzed subcarbonate of copper. Blue-devils, 'dev-ilz. A slang phrase for hypochondria, or lowness of spirits. Also ajjplied to delirium tremens. Blue-gown., 'goun. One of an order of paupers in Scotland, called also the King's Bedesmen, to whom the kings an- nually distributed alms. The practice waa discontinued in 1S33. Blue-grass, 'gi-as. Wire-grass, a per- ennial (Poa compressa). Blue-jack, Blue-john, 'jak, 'jon. Fluor-spar, fabricated into vases and other ornaments. Blue-jacket, 'jak-et. A sailor. Blue-light, 'lit. A composition used as a night-signal. Blue-OCher, '6-ker. A mineral color ; a sub-phosphate of iron. Blue-ointment, 'oint-ment. Mercurial ointment. Blue-peter, 'pG-ter, A blue flag having a white square in the center, used as a naval signal. Blue-ribbon, 'rib-on. The ribbon em- broidered witli gold worn by members of the order of the Garter. A member of the Garter. The badge of a body of total abstainers, called the Blue Ribbon army, instituted by Fi-ancis Murphy ; it is in the form of a knot worn on the left breast of a male, or at the neck of a female mem- ber. Blue-stockingr, 'stok-ing. A literary lady ; applied usually with the imputation of pedantry. Blue-stone, 'ston. Sulphate of copper. A basaltic lava covering gold-bearing gravels of the later tertiary periods in Australia. Blunderbuss, blun'der-bus. A short Blunderbuss, fire-arm with a lai-ge bore, Intended to d« BLUFF 114 BOG-TROTTEE execution at a limited range without ex- act aim. Bluff, "bluf. A high bank, almost perpen- dicular, especially one overhanging water. Blunger, blunj'er. A machine used in potteries for mixing clay. Boa, bo'a. A gen. of, the largest ophidian rep tiles, fam. Boida?. li includes the constrictor. Though destitute of ve- nom, the boas have im- mense muscular power, which renders them terrible. An article of ladies' dress for the neck, made of fur. Boabdil, Abu Ab- dallah. Mobam- med, bo'ab-dil. (El chico.) The last Moor- Boa Constrictor, ish king of Grenada ; B. 1454 ; s. to the throne, 1482 ; defeated and dethroned by Ferdinand of Aragon 1490 ; D. in Africa 1498. Boanerges, bo-a-nerMez. Sons of Thun- der, a name given by Jesus Christ to his two disciples James and John. Sometimes applied to a loud, powerful preacher. Boar, bor. The male of swine not cas- trated. Wild boar (Sus scrofa), an ungu- late or hoofed mammal, fam. Suldse, the original of the hog kind. In Her. the wild boar and its head are used as a com- mon bearing in coat armor. Boardingr-pike, bord'ing-plk. A weap- on used by sailors in boarding an enemy's ship. Board-rule, bord'rol. A scale for find- ing the number of square feet in a board without calculation. Boat, bot. A small open water craft, usually moved by oars. The boats be- longing to a ship-of-war number eight ; to a merchant vessel, six. Every passen- ger ship is required to carry a number of boats, varying with its tonnage. Any sailing vessel. Boat-bill, 'bil. A bird of the gen. Can- croma, fam. Ardeidaj or herons. Boat-Jly, 'fli. An aquatic hemipterous insect, gen. Notonccta. Boatswain, 'swan or bo'sn. An officer of a ship who has charge of the equip- ment. His office is also to summon the crew to their duty. Boatswain's mate, the assistant of the' boatswain. Boat-tails, 'tiilz. A sub-fam. of Ameri- can birds, lam, Sturnidaj, the Quiscalinaj. Bobbin, bob'tn. A reel for holding thread. Round tape. Bobbinet, -in-et'. A cottonnet imitated from lace made by a pillow and bobbins. Bobolink, 'o-lingk. The Dolichon}rx oryzivorus, a conirostral passerine bhd, fam. Icterida;; the rice or reed bird. Bob- white, 'whit. The Odontophorus Virginianus, or American partridge. Boccaccio, Giovanni, bok-kaht'cho. The celebrated Itahan novehst, author ol the "Decameron ;" b. in Paris, 1313 : i>. 1375. He was the friend of Petrarch, and was the first to bring copies of the Iliad and Odyssey from Greece to Naples. Bocconia, bok-ko'ni-a. A gen. of plants, ord. Papaveraceae. Bodice, bod'is. A waistcoat quilted with whalebone, worn by women ; stays ; a corset. Bodkin, 'kin. An Instrument with a sharp potat for making holes by piercing, A like instrument with an eye, for draw- ing thread, tape or ribbon through a loop, «&c. A printer's tool for picking letters out of a column or page in correcting. Bodle, bo'dl. A copper coin formerly current in Scotland, of the value of two pennies Scots, or the sixth pai-t of an En- glish penny. Bodleian, bod'le-an. Of or pertaining to Sir Thomas Bodley, who restored tho public library of Oxford University in 1597. Body-politic, bo'di-pol'i-tik. The col- lective body of a nation. Body-snatcher, -snach-er. One who secretly disinters the bodies of tho dedd for the purpose of dissection ; a resurrec- tionist. Boer, bor. A Dutch colonist of the Cape of Good Hope engaged In agriculture. Bog, bog. A piece of wet, spongy ground, composed mainly of decayed vegetable matter ; a piece where peat is found. Bog Iron-ore, 'I-ern-6r. A porous earthy ore of iron found in bogs, swamps and lakes, occasionally in such quantities as to be of industrial importance. Bogr-oak, 'ok. Trunks and branches of oak preserved by the antiseptic properties of peat for many ages. A plant, the Quercus palustris. Bogota. Cap. of the United States of Colombia, S. America; pop. about42,000. Bogr-trotter, -trot-er. One who trots over bogs, or lives among bogs ; a con^ temptuous appellation given to the Irish peasantry. BOGUS 115 BOMBYX I Bogns, bo'gus. Counterfeit ; originally 8 applied to counterfeit bills, notes, «fcc., but E now to any spurious object. I Bohea, -he'. An inferior kind of black p tea. Sometimes applied to black teas in I general. y Boliemia, bo-hc'mi-ali. A division of I Austria, formerly an independent king- » doiu; area 20,000 sq. m.; pop. 5,347,000. f Cap. Prague. One of the titles of the I Emperor of Austria is King of Bohemia, j Bohemian, bo-he'mi-an. A native of Bohemia. The native tongue of Bo- hemia, a member of the Sclavonic fam- I ily of Aryan tongues. An artist or liter- j ary man who leads a free, often dissipat- i ed live, despising conventionalities gener- ally. Boiar, Boyar, boi'ar. A member of a peculiar order of the old Russian aris- tocracy next in rank to the ruling princes, abolished by Peter the Great, who gave its members a place in the Russian nobility. Boil, boil. An inflamed and painful sup- purating tumor ; a furuncle. Boiler, 'er. A person who boils. A ves- sel in which anything is boiled. A strong metallic vessel, usually of wrought-iron plates riveted together, in which steam is generated for driving engines or other pur- poses. Bokhara, bok-hah'rah. One of the di- visions of Independent Turkistan, Asia ; area 135.000 sq. m.; pop. abt. 2,400,000, Cap. Bokhara, a rich commercial center, noted as a seat of Mohammedan culture. Bola, bo'la. A stone or iron ball attached to the end of a line or cord, used as a weapon by tribes of S. America. Bole, bol. In Geol. any friable clayey shale or earth used as a pigment. In Min- eral, an amorphous earthy hydrous bisih- cate of alumina, with iron peroxides in va- rious proportions, and with a little magne- sia when soapy or greasy ; probably an al- tered felspathic or aluminous mineral. Boleyn, Anne, bul'lon. Second wife of Henry VIII., of England, and mother of the celebrated Queen ElizabetV.. She married the king after his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, against the vigorous j.'rotest of the Pope, and this marriage was the cause of the separation of the English Church from that of Rome. She onj(»yed royal honors only four years, Avhon the king charged hor^Wth infidelity, and she was convicted and beheaded; B. 1507, crowned 1532, d. 1537. Bolide, bo'lTd. A meteoric stone or aeroHtc which explodes on coming in con- tact with our atmosphere ; a fire-ball ; a bolis. Bolivar, Simon, bol'e-var. The "Lib- erator " of S. America from Spanish rule ; B. in Caracas 17S3, p. 1830. He waged war against the Spaniards in ISIO, and completed the emancipation of Central and S. America in 1823. He Avas Presi- dent of Colombia t\\ice, and Dictator of Peru, voluntarily relinquishing power. Bolivia, bo-liv'e-ah. A republic of S. America, N. and W. of Brazil ; area, 842,- 730 sq. m.; pop. about 3,400,000 ; cap. Chu- quisaca. Aboutthree-fourthsof the inhab- itants are Indians, It was named in honor of Simon Bolivar, who drew its original constitution in 1826. Also called Upper Peru. BoUandists, bol'land-ists. Jesuit writ- ers who published, imder the title of Acta Sanctorum, the well-known collection of the traditions of the saints of the R. C, Church. Bologma-phial, bo-lo'nya-fl-al. A small phial of unannealed glass, which flies in pieces when its surface is scratched by a hard body, whereas a lead bullet may be dropped into it without causing injury, Bolog'na, bo-lo'nya. One of the princi- pal interior Italian cities, prov. of Emilia, famous for centuries as a seat of art and education ; pop. 102,470. Bolor-Tag-h, bo-lur-tiih. The great mountain range of 0. Asia, defining the "W. boundaries of China. Some peaks are 20,000 feet above sea level. Boltant, Bolting:, bolt'ant, bolt'ing In Her. terms applicable to the general posi- tion of hares and rabbits on coat armor, and imply springing forward. Bomb, bom. A destructive projectile, consisting of a hol- low shell of cast-iron, filled/ with explosive materials, firedl from a mortar, and explodedl by a fuse, which is ignited^ by the discharge. Bombs are now commonly termed shells, though the latter has a wider meaning. In Geol. a block of scorijo ejected from the crater of a volcano. Bombardier-beetle, bom-bar-der'be- tl. A coleopterous insect, fam. Carabidae, genera Brachinus and Aptlnus. They possess a remarkable power of expelling a pungent, acrid fluid, accompanied by a smart report. Bombyx, 'biks. A gen. of Lepidopter- ous insects, typo of a fam. (Bombycida-) including many genera of moths. The Bomb. BOMBARDON 116 BOOK caterpillar of the B. mori is tlie well-known silkAvorin. Bombardon, 'don. A large-sized musicul in- strument of the trum- jjet kind, in tone not unlike the ophicloide. Bombasin, Bom- bazine, -ba-zen'. A twilled fabric, of which the warp Is silk and the weft worsted. An in- ferior kind is made of cotton and worsted. Bombay, bom-bii'. A division of India, the _, first occupied by the Bombardon. British ; area, 142,043 sq. m.; pop. abt. 1,400,000. Cap. Bombay, on the Arabian Sea, is the principal commercial empori- um of the E. Indies, Avith an excellent harbor, but has few superior buildingrs : pop. 967,4;35. Bonaparte, bo'nah-part. The family name of Napoleon I. and III., emperors of France, founded by C^rlo Bonaparte, a laAvyerofthe island of Corsica, b. 1746, i>. 1785, and Letitia Eamolino, his wife. They had 5 sons and 3 daughters, the old- est son being Joseph, King of Spain, and the second Napoleon I., Emperor of France, and conqueror ofnearly the whole of Europe. Bone, bon. An integral portion of the skeleton of an animal ; the substance of which the skeleton of vertebrate animals is composed. Bone-black, 'blak. Animal charcoal, the carbonaceous substance into which bones are converted by calcination. Bone-breccia, 'bre-chi-a. A conglom- erate of fragments of bones and lime- stone, cemented into a rock by a red cal- careous concretion, and found in later tertiary bono caverns. Bonheur, Bosa, bon-her'. A distin- guished female painter, whose animals are unexcelled ; b. at Bordeaux, France, 1S22. Boniface, bon'i-fas. The name of nine popes. B. I.s. Zozimus, 418, d.422. B. VII. usurped the papacy on the death of Benedict YI., 974 ; was deposed, but again seized the power on the death of John XIV., dying suddenly shortly after- ward, 984. B. VIII. s. Celestine V., 1294. Having pi-ovoked Philip the Fair, King of France, by an interdict, the latter invaded Italy, and took the pope prisoner ; he Avas rescued, but died within a few months, Bonito, bo-nC'to. A name of several j acanthopterygious fishes, fam. Scomber* | idas. One of these is Thynnus pelamys, the striped-belhed tunny. Bonnet, bon'net. A covering for the ; head Avorn by men ; a cap. A covering for the head AA'orn by women. In . Fort, a small AA^ork Avith tAvo faces, having only a parapet Avith two roAvs of pali- sades, communicating Avith tlie covered Avay. An additional part laced to the foot of a sail. A cast-iron plate to cover tho A'alve chambers of a pump. A frame of , AAire-netting over the chimney of a loco- i motive engine. A cover of iron-plate over ' the head of a miner. A wind-cap for a chimney. Bonnet-piece, -pes. A gold coin of James V. of Scotland, the king's head on Avhich Avears a bonnet. Bonnet-rougre, -ne-r6zh. A red repub- lican : so named because a red cap was as- sumed as a distinguishing mark by the leaders of the first French revolution. Bonspiel, 'spel. A match between tAvo parties, as tAvo parishes, at archery, golf, curling on the ice, &c. ; generally appUed to the last mentioned. Bon-ton, -tong. The style of ptersons in high life ; high mode or fashion ; fashiona- ble society. Bonze, bonz. The European for a priest of the religion of Fo or Buddha in Eastern Asia. They live in monasteries in a state of celibacy. There are also female bonzes, Avhose position 7S analogous to that of nuns. Boomerang:, boom'e-rang. A missile in- strument used by the Australian aborig- ines. It is of hard wood, and the shape is a parabola. One side is flat, the other rounded, and it has a blunt edge. It is throAvn directly ouAvard, but instead of going forwar d and fall ing to the earth it sloAvly cends in the air till it r e a c hes a considerable height, when'' it begins to ret rograde. Boomerangs, and finally falls near the thrower. A similar instru- ment Avas knoAvn to the ancient Egyi^tians and Assyrians. Book, buk. A number of sheets of paper or other material bound together on edge, blank, AA^ritten, or printed ; a A^olume. A literary composition, written or printed. Specifically, the Bible. A particular pari BOONE 117 BOET The Boot. of a literary composition. That which gometimes is enrolled or preserved, a reg- ister or record. A volume in which ac- counts nro kept. An arrangement of bets recorded in a book. In whist, the first six tricks tiiken by either party. Sooue, Daniel. The celebrated Ken- tucky pioneer; u. in Bucks Co., Pa., 1735, D. 1798. Boot, boot. A covering for the leg and foot, generally of leather. An ancient in- strument of torture fastened on to the leg, between which and the boot wedges were driven with sucii violence as to crush both muscles and bones. The t>oot3 and thumb-.screw were the special Scotch instru-,,^-, , ments of torture. A^^ covering for a horse's foot. A box at either end of a coach. An apron for a carriage to defend persons from rain and mud. Bootes, bo-o'tez. A northern constella- tion, consistingof 54 stars. Alpha Bootis, or Arcturus, is one of the stars observed to have a proper motion. Booth, John "Wilkes. The assassin of President Abraham Lincoln, April 14, 1865 ; was shot by Sergeant C-orbet, April 26, dying the same day. He was an actor ; son of Junius Brutus Booth, a celebrated English tragedian ; b. in Baltimore, 1S29. Boracite, bo'ras-it A mineral consisting of borate and chlo-^ ride of magnesium ; remarkable for its electrical properties when heated. Boragrinaceae, bo- raj 'i-n a" se-G. A nat. ord. of monopetalous dicotyledons, con- taining a large num- ber of herbs or shrubs. The borage may be taken as the Common Borage, type. Alkanet, com- frey and the forget-me-not belong to this family. Borax, bo'raks. Biborate of soda ; a salt formed b}' tlie combination of boracicacid ■with soda. It is an excellent flux in as- saying operations, and used in soldering metals and in making glass and artificial gems. Bordeaux, bor-do'. The most important commercial city in the S. of France, cap. of dept. of Gironde ; pop. 247,690. It is situated on the river Garonne, 60 m. from the Atlantic, and is connected with the Mediterranean by the Canal du Midi. Bordeaux, Henri, Due de. Count de Chambord, son of Charles Ferdinand, Due de Berry, grandson of Charles X. and heir to the throne of France under the title of Henri Y.; b. in Paris, 1S20, d. 1883. Boreas. In Mj'th. the personification of the N. wind. The reputed son of As- trjpus and Aurora. Borecole, bor'kol. A variety of Brassi- ca oleracea, a cabbage wth the leaves curled or wrinkled, and having no dispo- sition to form into a hard head : for win- ter use. Borgria, bor'jah. A notorious Italian family of Spanish descent. Alfonso B. was elected Pope in 1445, as Calixtus III., and his son, who became Alexander VI., was father of several children by Hose Vanozza. Two of them, Cesaro and Lu- crezia, are charged Avitli committing the most infamous and bloody crimes. Borneo, bor'ue-o. A Malaysian island in the Pacific, next to Australia in size ; area, 300,000 sq. m.; pop. 8,200,000. Great Britain and Holland havo largo col- onies on the island. Bornite, bor'nit. TetradjTnite, a variety of telluric bismuth, consisting of bismuth, tellurium and selenium. A valuable ore, consisting of about 60 parts copper, 14 iron and 26 sulphur. Boron, bo'ron. In Chem. the character- istic element contained in borax, pre- pared by igniting boron fluoride with po- tassium. Crystallized boron is nearly as hard as diamond, and much less suscept- ible of oxidation. Boroug-h, bur'ro. Formerly, a fortified town ; a town or city in general. In Eng- land, a corporate town or township. If it sends representatives to Parliament it is a parliamentary^ borough, if not, a mu- nicipal borough, "in some of the States, a town or village incorporated with cer- tain privileges. Borrelist, bor'rel-ist. One of a sect of Christians in Holland who reject the use of the sacraments, public prayer and all ex- ternal worship, but lead a very austere life. Bort, bort. A name given to coarse dia- monds useless for purposes of decoration ; also to fragments too small for jewelrj', split from diamonds. Both are reduced to powder and used for grinding and polish' ing. BOS 118 BOTTLE-FISH Bos, bos. Theoxg-en.; ruminant quad- rupeds, sub-fam. Eovidre. The species are the common ox ,' aurochs, or bison of Europe ; buffalo of N. America ; i)roper buffalo of the Eastern continent ; Cape buffalo ; yak of Thibet, &c. Sosa, bo'za. A popular Oriental drink, made by boiling miliet-seed in water, and fermenting the infusion, adding astrin- gents. An inebriating mess made of darnel meal, hemp-seed and water. A prepara- tion of honey and tamarinds. Bosch- vark, bosh'vark. The bush-hog of 8. Africa (Choiropotamus africanus), one of the most formidable of the swine family. Kaffirs fear it, but esteem its flesh. Bosnia, bos'ne-ah. A semi-independent Turkish pashalic, comprising Bosnia proper, Turkish Croatia and Herzegovina; Cap. Bosna-serai; pop. 1,310,000. B. was put under Austrian protection in 1878. The inhabitants are Sclavs, but Mohammedans. Bosphorus, bos'-fo-rus. A strait or channel between two seas. The strait be- tween the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea ; also the strait of Caffa, connecting the Sea of Azof with the Black Sea. Boss, bos. A protuberant part ; a pro- tuberant ornament of silver, ivory, or other material, on harness, &c. In Sculp, a projecting mass to be afterwards cut or carved. In Arch, an ornament placed at the In- tersection o/ groins in vaulted or flat roofs, fre- quently richly sculptured. Any projecting ball or knot of foliage, &c. In Mech. the enlarged part of a shaft on which a wheel is to be keyed. A die used for shaping metals. Bossuet, Jacques Benig-ne, bos'swa. , A celebrated French priest, bishop of Meaux; u. 1627, d. 1704. He is said to have preached his first sermon at the age of 18. Bostangri, bos-tan'jo. A class of men in Turkey, originally the sultan's gardeners, but now employed about his person, num- bering about 600. Boston. The cap. of Massachusetts, chief commercial city of New England, and fourth in size in the United Sta+es ; pop. 682,451. Boss. Botany, bot'a-ni. The science which treats of the vegetable kingdom, deahng with the forms of plants, their structure, the vital phenomena connected with them, their arrangement into groups, according to affinities, and the classification of these gi-oups so as to exhibit their mutual rela- tions and their positions in the vegetable kingdom as a whole. Botargo, bo-tar'go. A food relish made of the roes of the mullet or tunny strong- ly salted after they have become putrid, used en the Mediterranean coast as an in- centive to drink. Botlinla, both'nl-a. Formerly a Swed- ish province, but now divided between Sweden and Eussia ; situated N. and W. of the Gulf of Bothnia, th8 N. arm of the Baltic Sea. Botryogen, bo-trl'o-jon. A mineral, consisting of the hydrous sulphates of protoxide of iron, oxide of iron, magnesia and lime, said to have been found on Vesuvius. Botryolite, bot'ri-o-lit. A variety of datolite or borate of lime, occurring in raammillary or botryoidal concretions, in beds of magnetic iron in gneiss, usually as a deposit on calc-spar. It differs from datolite in containing two atoms of water instead of one. Bott, bot. The larvae or maggots of sev- eral species of gadfly when found in the intestines of horses, under the hides of oxen, in the nostrils of sheep, &c. The botts with which horses are troubled are the larva; of the Q2st::us equi. Bottle, '1. A hollow vessel of gk-ws, wood, leather, or other material, with a Ancient Egyptian Bottles of Glass. naiTOW mouth, for holding and carrying liquors. Bottle-fish, ►fish. An eel-like fish, fam. Bottlo-fish in^ated. MurrenidiB, gen. Saccopharynx, theS. am- pullaceus. The bodj' is captible cf being inflated like a sack or bottl«, beucc th« name. BOUDOIR 119 BOYUN"A Boudoir, bo-dwar. A small room to which a lady may"retire to be alone, or in -which she may receive her intimate friends. Boulder, bol'der. A water-worn stone, too large to bo regarded as a pebble. In Geol. applied to ice-worn and smoothed blocks lying on the surface of the soil or imbedded in the clays and gravels of the drift formation of the pleistocene period. Boulevard, bol-var. Originally, a bul- wark, or rampart of a fortification or forti- fied town. The name is now applied to any broad street or walk. Bouquet, bii-ka. A nosegay ; a bnnch of flowers ; hence, anything resembling a bunch of flowers, as a cluster of precious stones. An agreeable aromatic odor, such as is perceived on drawing the cork of any of the finer wines. Bourbon, boor-bong. A distinguished French family, descended from Hilde- trand, brother of the Emperor Charles Martel, and in 15S9, in the person of Hen- ry IV. of Navarre, succeeded to the throne of France. They were finally ex- pelled in lSi8. The Spanish Bourbons are descendants of Philip V., grandson of Louis IV. of France, made king of Spain in ITOO ; the Italian Bourbons from the same ancestor, through Charles, Sd son of Philip, who was made king of Naples in 1735. Bouri^nonist, bor-in'yon-ist. One of a sect founded by Antoinette Bourignon. who in 1658 assumed the Augustine habit, and traveled extensively. She maintained that Christianity does riot consist in faith and practice, but an inward feeling and supernatural impulse. Bourran, bor'ran.- A peculiarly fierce snow-storm, often lasting twenty hours at a time, on the Kussiau steppes. Bourse, burs. An exchange ; a place where continental merchants assemble for general business. Bovey-coal, b»>'vi-kol. A tertiary lig- nite or brown coal, occurring in beds in pipe-clav, in Devonshire, England. It is an inflammable fossil, resembling bitu- minous coal. BovidsB, -de. A sub-fam. of the Cavi- cornia, or hollow-horned quadrupeds, con- sisting of gregarious ruminant mammals. It includes the arnee, bison, buffalo, ox, musk-ox, urus, &c. Bow. A missile weapon made of elastic material, Avith a string stretched from end to end, on which an arrow is made to rest endwise. The bow ia bent by drawing the string, which is suddenlv let go, when the bow springs back, and by its elastic force throws the arrow to a great distance. The use of the bow is called archery. Anything bent or in form of a curve, as the rainbow. The part of a yoke which embraces the animal's neck, &c. In Mu- sic, an instrument by means of which the tone is produced from stringed instru- ments. An instrument in use among smiths for turning a drill ; with turners for turning wood ; Avith hatters for break- ing fur and wool. In Arch, the part of a building which projects from a straight Bower, bou'er. An anchor carried at the bow of a ship in constant working use. A shelter made with boughs or tA\inlng plants ; an arbor ; a shady recess. Bower-bird, -berd. A name of certain Australian conirostral birds, Ihm. Oriol- idae, genera Ptilonorhjoichus and Chalamy- dera, remarkable for erecting bowers, called runs, and adorning them A\ith bright-colored objects ; used as places of resort, but not as nests. Bowie-knife, bO'i-nlf. A knife vnth a blade from 10 to 15 inches long, Avorn as a weapon in parts of the United States. Bowsprit, 'sprit. A boom or spar which pro- jects over the stem of a ves- sel. Beyond it projects the iib-boom, and beyond that again the fly- ing jib-boom. A standings, is permanent- ly fixed ; a running B. eased out and in. Box-wood, boks'wud. The timb«r of the box-tree, used by engravers and in the manufacture of musical and mathe- matical instruments. Boyle's Law, boik' la. In Chem. the law expressing the inverse ratio of a a'oI- ume of a gas to the pressure under which it exists at a given temperature. Called also Mariotte's law. Boyne, boin. One of the principal rivers of Ireland, celebrated as giving name to the battle, July 1, 1090, near Drogheda, in which the E7iglisn under William III. disastrously defeated the Irish under James II. Boyuna, boi-u'na. A large serpent of Bowsprit, one that can bo B0ZAEEI3 120 BEAIN America, having' an intolerable smell. A harmless reptile or snake, common in Ceylon. Bozarris, Marcus, bo-za'ris. A gal- lant Oreek officer, who was killed at Mis- solonghi, Aug. 18, 1S23, in the war of in- dependence. Bracelet, bras'let. An ornament for the wrist, among the earliest personal orna- ments, as seen from the ancient Egyptian and Assyrian sculptures. A piece of de- fensive armor for the arm. BracMopoda. bra-ki-op'o-da. A class of molluscoid animals, including the lamp-shell, &c. The principal genera are Lin- gula, Terebra- tula and Ehyn- chonella. Bracket, 'et. One of tho Brachiopoda. A short sup porting piece or combination of pieces, generally of a triangular outline, project- ing from a perpendicular surface. A tri- angular wooden support for a shelf or the like. An ornamental piece supporting a hammer-beam. In Mach. a piece at- tached to a wall, beam, &c., for supporting a line of shafting. In Gun. the cheek of a inortar carriage. In printing, one of two marks used to inclose a reference, explan- ation, &.C.; thus, [ J. A gas-pipe projecting from a wall. Bracteated, 'te-at-ed. A term applied to coins or medals covered over with a thin plate of some richer metal, as brass plated with gold, they are to bo found even among genuine ancient coins. Brad, brad. A headless nail used in work where it is desired to di-ive nails entirely into the Avood. Braganza, brah-gan'tha. The name of the reigning families of Portugal and Brazil, descended trom John VIII., Duke of B., the latter representing the male line, the former the female. Brag-g:, Braxton, Gen. An American officer, who served with gallantry as cap- tain in tho Mexican Avar, and as general in the confederate service during the civil war ; u. in N. Carolina, 1815, ». 1876. Bralie, TycllO, brah. The most dis- tinguished astronomer of the 16th century; B. 1545, I). 1601. A native of Denmark, his active life was passed in Germany. Brahman, 'man. Among the Hindus one of the sacred or sacerdotal caste who } pro< Id to •f Brahma, and to be the sole depositaries and interpreters of the Vedas. There mo seven sub-divisions, originating Avith seve>i penitents of high antiquitj^. Theort:- ically the Brahmans A'enerated equally tl\.^ three gods of the Hindu trimurti or trin- ity, but, practically, the Avorship of Brah- ma having fallen into desuetude, they r~i divided into two sects — the devotees or Vishnu and those of SlA-a, the foruitr Avearing an orange-colored dress A\ith the nama, or mark of the trident of Vi.shnu. on the forehead, the latter being distin- guished by thelingam, or emblein of the male organ of generation. Called also Brah- min. Brahma, bra'ma. In Indian myth, ono of the deities of the Hindu trimurti or tri- ad. He is termed the Creator, or the gran d fath er of gods and men; his broth- ers Vishnu and Siva being re- spectively the preserver and d e s t r o y er.- B r a h m a' is usually repre- sented Avith four heads and four arras, and attended by the goose or swan. Brahma is not Avorshipped, as, since tho creation of the Avorld, he has cease(i to have any functions to perform. It Avill not be till tho tenth avatar or in- carnation (when the Avorld Avill undergo total annihilation) that his services Avill bo again put into requisition. Brahmanas, -ma'naz. The prose por- tions of the Vedas, Avhich contain injunc- tiolis for the performance of sacrifices, ex- plain their origin, and the occasions on Avhich the mantras had to be used. Brahmo-somaj, -mo-so'maj. Tho mon- otheistic religion of India, abolishing caste and ancient superstitions, founded by Bammohun Eoy. Called also Bramo- ism. Brahmapootra, bra-mah-poot'rah. A river of S. Asia, l,5o0 m. in length, emp- tying into the Bay of Bengal, in conjune- tion AAith the main branch of the Ganges. Its naAigation is dangerous on account of its rapid current. Brain-coral, 'ko-ral. A variety of apo- rose coral, gen. Meandrina, fam. Asti-aji- das, occurring in hemispherical lobes. Brain, bran. That mass or viscus in- Brahma. BEAMANTE 121 BRAYO Brain. closed in the cranium of man and other rertebrate animals, forming the center of the nervous system, and the seat of con- sciousness and volition. In it the nerves and spinal marrow termi- nate. According to Vauquelin the human brain contains SO parts water, 7 albumen, 4.53 white fatty mat- ter, 0.70 red fatty mat- ter, 1.12osmazome, 1.5 phosphorus : acids, salts and sulphur 5.15. Later chemists have detected cholesterinc? in the brain, and from 2 to 2.5 per cent, phosphorus. Brauiante, bra-man'tai. A distin- guished Italian architect, whose real name was Donato Lazzari ; b. 1444, d. 1514. lie built the Vatican, and planned St. Peter's church. He introduced Eaphael to the Papal court. Branch., bransh. A portion of a tree, shrub, or other plant springing from the stem ; a bough larger than a shoot or twig. Something resembling a branch ; as the branch of a candlestick, of an ar- tery, of a stag's horn ; a river running into a larger one. Any member or part of a body or system ; a department. A Itneof family descent, as the English or Irish branch of a family. The metal piece on the end of a hose of a fire-engine to which the nozzle is screwed. In Fortifi- cation, the long side of a horn or crown work. The diploma or commission given to an English pilot. Branches of ogives, the ribs of groined vaults traversing from one angle to another. BrancMogasteropoda, brang'ki-o- gas'ter-op"o-da. A division of gasterop- odous Mollusca, constructed to breathe air by means of water. The B. are divided into three orders— Prosobranchiata (sexes extinct, gills inclosed), as whelks, &c.; Opisthobranchiata (sexes united in the same individual, gills exposed), as sea- slugs, Sec; Heteropoda (free-swimming gasteropods), as Carinaria. Branchipoda, -ki-op'o-da. An ord. of crustaceous animals, whose gills are situ- ated on the feet, divided into the families Cladoeera, Phyllopoda, Ostracoda and Trilobita. Branchiostoma, brang-ki-os'to-raa. A gen. of fishes, also called Amphioxus, in- cluding the lancelet (B. lanceolatum or Amphioxus lanceolatus) the most anoma- lous of all living animals. Although rec< ognized as a vertebrated animal it has no vertebrae, but only a persistent notochord, no definite brain, "no true heart, no eyes, nor proper bones, the muscles being at- tached to soft cartilage, and no proper fins. It has the respiratory system of an ascidian and th^ circulatory system almost •fan annelid. This gen. constitutes an oi-d. — Leptocardii or Pharyngobranchii. Brandenburg', bran'den-boorg. The German prov. of which Berlin, the cap. of the empu-e, is the chief city ; area, 15,505 sq. m.; pop. 3,476,522. Brandy, bran'di. A spirituous liquor obtained by the distillation of wine, or of the refuse of the wine press, with an aver age proportion of alcohol of from 43 to 54 per cent. In France the finest brandy is called cognac, and an inferior sort eau de vie. The name is now given to spirit dis- tilled from other liquors, and in the United States particularly to that from cider and peaches. Much 'of the brandy sold in Britain is made from grain whisky by adding argol, bruised plums, French wine- vinegar, and a small quantity of Cognac, and redistilling. Brandywine Creek. A stream which rises in Pennsylvania and empties into Christiana Creek, near "Wilmington, Del., noted for the battle fought Sept. 11, 1777, between the Americans, under Washing- ton, 13,000 strong, and the British under Gen. Howe, 18,000. The former was defeat- ed, leaving Philadelphia to tho occupation of the British. Brass, bras An alloy ofcopper and zinc, more fusible than copper, and not so apt to tarnish. It is malleable and duc- tile, and is much tougher than copper. The best brass is made by cementation of cala- mine, or oxide of zinc, with granulated copper. German watch maker brass has two propor- tions of zinc to one of copper. In Mach. a pillow, bearing, or bush, supporting a gudgeon. A plate of brass inlaid on stone, with eflBgies, coats of arms, &c., en- Brass of Eleanor gi-aved in outline upon Bohun in West- it. minster Abbey, Bravo, bra'vo. A daring villain ; one who gets laws at defiance ; an assassin or ; murderer. BEASSAET 123 BREECHIN^G Brassarta. Brassart, bras'art. Plate armor for the up- per part of the arm, reaching from the shoulder to the elbow. Brassica, bras'si-ka. A gen. of cruciferous plants, containing tho cabbage, cauliflower, brocoli, borecole, rape, turnip, colza, curled kale, kolerabi, or tur- nip-stemmed cabbage, Brussels sprouts, &c. Braze, braz. To solder, especially vnth an alloy of brass and zinc. To cover or ornament with brass. Brazil, brah-zil'. The largest State of S.America; area, 3,G09, 160 sq. m.; pop. 12,694,800. B. is a constitutional empire, the reigning family being the male line of the Portuguese Jiraganzas. Eio Janeiro is the cap., and Bahia, Para and Pernam- buco the chief cities. The Amazon, the largest i-iver on the globe, runs through the W section, and the Madeira, Parana, Uruguay and Paraguay are also consider- able rivers. The Andes bound B. on the W., and two extensive mountain ranges run parallel N. and S. Brazil, Brazil-'WOOd, bra-zil', bra-zil'- wnd. A very heavy wood of a red color, growing in Brazil and other tropical countries, used for dyeing red, the pro- duce of Csesalpinia echinata and C. Brazil- iensis. Brazil-nut, 'nut. The seeds of the fruit of Bertholletia excelsa, a tree, ord. Lecy- thidaceae. Besides being used as an article of dessert, a bland oil, used by watch- makers and others, is expressed from the nuts. Bread, bred. A food made from the flour or meal of some species of gi-ain or other plants, the dough being often caused to ferment. Food or sustenance in gen- eral. Bread-fruit Tree. The Artocarpus incisa. The fruit is roasted be- fore being eaten, and forms the principal ar- ticle of food in the South Sea Islands. Breakfast, brek'fast. The first meal in the day. Breakwater, brak'wa- Bread-fruit, ter. Any structure, asa mole, wall or sunken hulk serving to break Breakwater. the force of waves and protect a harbor o* anything exposed to tho force of the waves. Breastpin, brest'pin. A pin worn for a fastening or for ornament on the breast. Breastplate, 'plat. A metal plate worn on the breast as a part of defensive armor. A strap that runs across a horse'a breast. In Jewish Antiq. a part of the vestment of the high priest, set with twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the names of the twelve tribes. It also contained the Urim and Thummim. A plate which receives the butt end of a boring tool. Breast-wheel, 'whel. A water-wheel, in which the water is ] delivered at a poijit j little below the level ; of the axis. ^ _^ Breastwork, ^w^rv Qry 'H T" n -j^ In Fort, a work '"'"' thrown up breast- Breast-wheel, high for defense. Naut. a balustrade of rails which termi- nates the quarter-deck and poop at tho fore-ends, and also incloses the forecastle. The parapet of a building. Breccia, bre'chi-a. An aggregate com- posed of angular fragments of rock united by a matrix or cement. The varieties aro the siUceous, calcareous and trap breccias. When rounded stones and angular frag- ments are united the aggregate is called conglomerate. Osseous breccia is com- posed of bones. Breckinridge, Jolin C, brek'n-rij. An American statesman and general ; b. in Kentucky, 1821, D. 18T5, He was elected Yice-President on the ticket -with Buchanan. Breeches, brech'ez. A garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs ; less properly, used in the sense of trousers or pantaloons. Breeching, 'ing. Hard, clotted wool on the buttocks of a sheep. A rope fas- tened to the cascabel of a cannon by a thimble, and clenched to ring-bolts in the ship's side to check its recoil. That part of a horse's harness which enables him to BREECHING-LOOP BRICK-TEA l)ii3h back tho vehicle. A bifurcated smoke-pipe of a furnace. Breeching'-loop, -lop. A loop of metal at the brcech-end of a naval gun, through which the breeching is passed. Breecli-loader, 'lod-er, A fire-arm loaded at the breech, giving expedition and accurate adjustment of the diameter of the ball to the caliber of the piece. The earliest fire-arms were breech-loaders. Brehon, bre'hon. An ancient Irish judge. Such judges existed also in Scot- land during its Celtic period. B. laws, the ancient system of Ireland, originally unwritten, and developed by the sacerdo- tal order, but embodied at a very early period in certain ancient writings known now as B. Tracts. This system was abolished by Edward III. Bremen, brem'n. One of the N. Ger- man free cities, on tho Weser, its port be- ing called Bremerhaven ; pop. 111,376. It is the commercial metropolis of N. W. Germany, and is the point of departure for nearly all the large German emigration. Brennus. A general of the Gallic Senones, who defeated the Romans and entered the city. The garrison retreated to the citadel. The Gauls scaled the Tarpeian rock, and would have surprised the citadel but for the cackling of geese, which aroused them and they repulsed the enemy. B. was defeated by Camillus and his army almost annihilated. Breslau, bres'low, A Prussian city, cap. of Silesia, next in size to Berlin ; pop. 254,871. Brest, brest. A French city on tho At- lantic, strongly fortified, and having a large commerce; pop. &4,670. Breteche, bret-ash. A name common to several wooden, crenellated and roofed erections, used in the middle ages in sieges botli by assailants and be- sieged. Later, the name ■was given to a roofed wooden balcony, some- times over a gate-way, and sometimes project- ing from the angle of j» building, standinir out from the latter like a Btorm-window, so that it commanded three direc- tions. Breteche. Bretwalda, bret'wal-da. A title applied to one of the Anglo-Saxon tribe chiefs, chosen by the other chiefs to bo a dictator in their warfare against the Britons. Breunnerite, broin'er-It. A mineral consisting of the cai-bonates of magnesia and iron. It occurs granular and in rhom- bohedi-al crystals. Called also Brown- spar. Brevet, bre-vet'. A commission to an army officer Avhich entitles him to a rank above that which he actually holds, with- out corresponding advance in pay. A com- mission ; a royal act conferring some priv- ilege or distinction. Breviary, bre'vi-a-ri. An abridgment ; an epitome. In the E. C. Ch. a book con- taining the daily offices. The English Book of Common Prayer is based on it. The Greek Ch. also has a breviary. Brevier, bre-ver'. A printing type, in size between bourgeois and minion. Breviped, 'vi-ped. A bu-d having short legs. Brevipennate, -pen-at. A bird having short wings. Brewery, bro'er-i. A brew house ; the house and apparatus where brewing is carried on. Brewing", 'ing. The process of pre- paring liquors from malt and hops, called ale or beer. The quantity brewed at once. A collection of clouds portending a storm. Brewsterite, 'ster-!t. A pellucid min- eral of the zeolite family ; a hydrous sili- cate of aluminium, strontium and barium. Brian Boru, Boroimhe, brl'an-bo- roo'. A celebrated Irish chief. King of Munster, and afterward sovereign of all Ireland ; n. 937, ». 1014. He defeated the Danes in 40 battles, his last '\ictory being at Clontarf, where he was killed. He was equally distinguished for his patronage of learning and piety. Briareus. In Myth, the sacred name of a famous giant, son of Coelus and Terra, (Heaven and Earth). He is represented as having 100 hands and 50 heads, and hia name among mortals was ^geon. Brick, brik. A kind of artificial stone made of clay formed in a mold, burned in a kiln, or dried in the sun. Brick-kiln, 'kil. A kiln or furnace in which bricks are baked or burned ; or a pile of bricks, with arches underneath to receive the fuel. Brick-tea, 'te. The large leaves of the tea-plant softened by steam and molded into a brick-shaped mass, extensively sent overland to Russia. In Asia, articles are valued by bricks of tea. BRICOLE 124 BRILLIANT Bricole, bro-kol. Harness worn by men for dragging guns where it ,8 impossible to use horses. Bridewell, brid'wel. A house for the temporary continement of disorderly per- sons. Bridge, brij. Any structure raised over a river, road, vallej', or the like, for the purpose of a convenient passage. Some- times formed of boats or logs, covered . with planks, and called floating bridges. \ In suspension or chain bridges, the main " body is supported on iron chains or rods Lattice-bridge, hanging in the form of an inverted arch from one point of support to another. A flying bridge is made of pontoons, light boats, hollow beams, empty casks, or the like, for the passage of armies. A tubular bridge is formed of a rectangular tube, and is employed where the span is Avide and the weight to be sustained great. A Jattice-bridge is constructed with cross- framing so arranged that the head of one rafter is over the bases of the two ad- joining. The upper part of the nose. In engraving, a board on which the engraver rests his hand. In furnaces, a vertical Eartition for compelling the flame and eated vapor to ascend. In Gun. two pieces of timber between the transoms of a gun- carriage. In Metal, the platform by which ore, fuel, &c., are conveyed to the smelt- ing furnace. lu Mus. the pirt of a string- ed instrument over which the strings are stretched. Naut., a range of planks which forms a communication between the pad- dle-boxes of a steam-vessel. Electric bridge, a term applied to several contriv- ances for determining the resistance of an element of an electric circuit. Bridle, brT'dl. The portion of gear or harness fitted to the head of a horse by which he is directed and restrained, con- sisting of a head-stall, a bit and reins. The piece in the interior of a gun-lock which holds in place the tumbler and sear. Naut. , a short piece of cable so secured as to enable a ship when moored to veer with the wind and tide. Brief, bref. An epitome ; a short or con- cise statement. In law, an abridged re- lation of the facts of a htigated case. A writ summoning a man to answer to any action. A papal or apostolical brief, let- ters Avhich the Pope addresses to individ- uals or religious communities upon Diat- ters of discipline, distinguished from a bull in being more concise, written on paper, sealed with red wax and impressed with the seal of the fisherman, or Peter in a boat; while a bull is more ample, written on parchment and sealed with lead or green wax. Brig:, brig. A vessel with two masts, square- rigged nearly . like a ship's' mainmast and . foremast. The ■ term, however, — . is variously ap- Brig. plied by the mariners of difterent nations, Brig-ade, bri-gad'. A division of troops, consisting of several regiments, squadrons or battalions. A body of individuals or. ganized and acting under authority ; as o fire brigade. Brigradier-general, brig-a-der"-jen'er- al. The ofiicer who commands a brigade j in rank next below a major-general. Brigand, 'and. A robber ; a freebooter ; especially one of those who live in gangs in secret retreats. Brigantine, brig'an-tln. A light sailing vessel formerly much used by corsairs ; a two-masted vessel partly square-rigged, Bright, John, brit. A distinguished English manufacturer, orator and states-^ man ; b. 1811, and still in active fife (1884). He is a member of the Commons, and an advanced Liberal. Brighton, brit'un. The most noted English watering-placa, in Sussex, 4T m. s. of London ; pop. 93,871. Bright's Disease, brits' diz-ez. A dis- ease characterized by a granular condition of the cortical part of the kidneys and in- flammation of the malpighian bodies. Called also Granular Degenei-ation of the Kidneys. Brilliant, bril'yant. A diamond of the finest cut, formed into faces and facets so as to reflect and refract the light in the most vivid manner. The principal face, called the table, is octagonal in form, and is surrounded Jby sloping facets. In print- BEIMSTONK 125 BEOMINE lug, a type a size less than diamond. In the manege, a high-si>irited horse. Brimstone, brim'ston. Sulphur. Brindle, rin'dl. A mixture of colors of which gray is the base, with bands of darker gray or black. Brine, brin. Water strongly impregnat- ed with salt, like the artificial brine used for the |)reservation of flesh of animals, fish, vegetables, &c. Brine-sh.rimp, 'shrimp. A branchi- opodous crustacean, the Artemia sahna, which lives naturally in a briny solution of sufficient strength to pickle beef. Brinjaree, brin'ja-re. A variety of greyhound, said to be the best hunting- dog in India. Brinvilliers, Marquise de, bran- ved'e-ai. A notorious French woman, convicted of poisoning her father, brother imd two sisters, also several hospital pa- tients. She was guillotined and her body burned, 167C. Bristle, bris'l. One of the stiff, coarse, glossy hairs from the back of the hog and wild boar, used by brushmakers, shoemakers, saddlers, «fec. A similar ap- dendage on plants. Bristol, bris'tol. One of the oldest cities of England, a seaport at the junction of the rivers Avon and Frome, and third in commercial importance; j'Op. 196,400. Bristol-stone, -stun. Kock-crj'stal, or Bristol-diamond, small, round crystals of quartz. Britain-crown, brit'an-kroun. An English gold coin of the reign of James I., a fourth part of a unity, of the value of 5s., afterward raised to 5s. 6d. Britannia-metal, bri-tan'i-a-met'al. An alloy used chiefly for teapots, spoons, &c. The general proportions are 85^ tin, 10^ antimony, 3 zinc, and 1 copper. Britinian, -tin'i-an. A monk of the or- der of St. Augustine, distinguished for their austerity. In 1256 they were merged in the general union of all the fraternities of the Augustine order. Britzska, brits'ka. A Russian carriage with a calash top, and space for reclining. Broad-arrow, brad'a-ro. The British royal mark for government stores of every description, to obliterate or deface which is felony. Broad-axe, 'aks. Formerly, a military weapon ; battle-ax. A broad-edged ax. Broad-cloth., 'kloth. A species of wool- en cloth, so called from Its breadth. Broad-piece, 'pes. A denomination of some old English gold -pieces, broader than a guinea, especially Caroluses and Jacobuses. Broad-seal, 'sol. The national seal of a country. Broadside, 'sId. A discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship at the same time. The side of a ship above the water from the bow to the quarter. A house- front. In printing, a sheet of paper, one side of which is covered by a single page. Broadsword, 'sord. A sword with a broad blade and cutting edges, formerly the national weapon of the Highlanders. Brobding:nag'g:ian,brob-ding-nag'i-an. Gigantic, like an inhabitant of the fabled region of Brobdingnag in Swift's " Gulli- ver's Travels." Brocade, bro-kad'. Silk or other stuflf variegated with gold or silver, or having raised flowers, foliage or other ornaments. Brocatel, 'ka-tel. Sienna marble, a cal- careous stone or species of brecciated marble composed of fragments of various colors. A thin woolen cloth of silky sur- face, used for linings, &c. ; linsey-woolsey. Broclxantite, brok'an-tlt. A mineral consisting of hydrous sulphate of copper. Brochnre, bro-sh6r'. A p^paiphlet, es- pecially one on a matter of transitory in- terest. Brocket, brok'et. A red-deer two years old ; a pricket. Broella, bro-el'la. A coarse kind of cloth used for the ordinary dresses of country- men and the monastic clergy in the mid- dle ages. Brogrlie, Achille Leonce Victor Charles, Due de. A distinguished French statesman ; b. 1TS5, d. ISTO. He married Mme. de Stael's only daughter. Brogue, brog. A coarse shoe made of raw or half-tanned leather ; a stout, coarse shoe. A dialectical manner of pronuncia- tion ; especially applied to the mode oi pronunciation peculiar to the Irish. Broker, bru'ker. An agent or negotiator Avho is employed by merchants to make and conclude bargains for them for a fee or rate per cent, or who ti-ansacts other business for his employers. Broma, 'ma. Ahment. A chocolate preparation from cocoa seeds or beans. Bromal, 'mal. A compound obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol. It has a penetrating odor which attacks the eyes. Bromine, 'min. A simple non-metallic element resembling chlorine and iodine, existing in minute quantities in sea- water, BEOMOPOEM 126 BEUCE the ashes of marine plants, animals, and salt springs. It has bleaching powers like chlorine, and is very poisonous. Its com- binations are termed bromides. Sromoforza, 'mo-form. A liquid pro- duced by bromine with caustic potash acting on wood-spirits or alcohol, analo- gous to chloroform, but containing bro- mine in place of chlorine. Bromyrite, 'mi-rlt. Native bromide of silver, consisting of 57.5 parts silver and 42.5 bromine. Bronchotomy, brong-kot'o-mi. An in- cision into the wind-pipe or larynx, to af- ford a passage for the au- into and out of the lungs. Called tracheotomy when the opening is made into the trachea, and laryngotomy when made into the larjTix. Bronte, Charlotte, bron'te. A cele- brated English novelist, "Currer Bell." B. 1815, D. 1S55. Bronteum, bron-te'um. In ancient Greek theaters, a brazen vessel used for imitating thunder by rolling stones in it. Brontozoum, -to-zo'um. A name given to the animal producing certain bird-like footprints, 20 inches long, occuiTingin the new red sandstone of MassachusettB and Connecticji^ Bronze, bronz. A compound of from 2 to 20 parts of copper to 1 of tin, to which other metallic substances are sometimes added, especially zinc. It is brittle, hard and sonorous, and used for statues, bells and cannon. An ancient bronze generally contains 4 to 15 per cent, of tin. Any statue or other work of art, cast of bronze. A brown color resembling bronze ; a pig- ment prepared for the purpose of imitating bronze. Imitation bronze, tombac, prince's metal, or Mannheim gold, terms applied to alloys of zinc and copper. An alloy of about 85 parts copper, 11 zinc, and 4 tin, is used for statues. Bronze-liquor, 'lik-er. A solution of chloride of antimony and sulphate of cop- per, used for bronzing gun-barrels, «fcc. Bronze-powder, 'pou-der. A powder mixed with oil-paint, for coloring objects in imitation of bronze. It is composed of pulverized brass or copper. Bronze-steel, 'stel. The name given to bronze condensed and hardened for the making of cannon. Bronzite, 'it. A mineral, a variety of diallage, nearly allied to Labrador horn- blende or hypersthene, a silicate of mag- nesia and iron. Brooch, broch. An ornamental pin or clasp used for fastening the dress or for display, worn mostly by women, and at the throat ; but formerly worn by men on the cap or hat. In painting, of one color. Brooklyn, brook 'lin. Cap. of Kings County, N. T., situated on Long Island, and separated from Manhattan Island by the East Kiver ; pop. 625,000 ; the third largest city in the United States. It is connected with New York by the Brook - lyn or East Eiver bridge, one of the most massive and costly bridges on the globe, opened May 24, 1883. Broom-corn, brom'korn. Sorghum vul- gare or Guinea-corn. The branched pan- icles are made into brooms and brushes. Brora-beds, bro'ra-bedz. A series of strata of the lower oolite, remarkable for containing the thickest bed of true coal found in the secondary strata of Britain. Brosimuux, 'si-mum. A gen. of Arto- carpaceai, one species of which is the cow- tree of South America. B. Alicastrum produces nuts, which, when roasted, are used as bread. Brougrham, bro'am. A one-horse close carriage, either two or four wheeled. Broug-hanx and Vaux, Henry, liOrd, broom. One of England's most distinguished orators and statesmen ; b. 1779, D. 18C8. Broussonetia, bros-on-e'shi-a. A gen. of trees, ord. Morace*. B. papyrifera, or paper-mulberry, atfords tho chief paper- making material in China and Japan ; cloth is made from the inner bark. Brown, Jacob, Gen. An American officer, Avho gained distinction in Canada in 1814; became commander-in-chief of the army in 1821 ; b. in Pennsylvania, 1775, D. 1828. Brown, John. A distinguished anti- slavery agitator, b. in Conn., 1800 ; exe- cuted for treason against Virginia at Char- leston, Dec. 2, 1869. BrowTlie, broun'i. In Scotland, an ami- able imaginary spirit that haunts farm houses. Brovming", Elizabeth Barrett. One of England's most prolific and delightful poetesses, wife of llobert Browning, also a well-known poet ; b. 1809, d. 1861. Brownist, 'ist. A follower of Eobert Brown, a Puritan or dissenter from the Church of England in the 16th century. Brown-spar, 'spar. A crystallized va- riety of dolomite containing carbonate of iron, and having the crystals straight. Siderite and breunnerite ai-e also called brown-spar. Bruce, Robert. The heroic King ol BEUCmE 12T BUCHANITE Scotland, who totally defeated the English under Edward II. at Bannockburn ; b. 1274, crowned 1309, d. 1378. Brucine, bros'in. A vegeto-alkaloid, discovered in the bark of the Brucea an- tidysenterica, and afterward as accom- panying strychniain nux vomica. Brucite, 'it. A native hydrate of mag- nesia, a mineral found in thin foliated plates. Another name for Chondrodite. Bruin, bro'in. A name given to the bear. Brumaire, bru-mar. The 2d month in the calendar adopted by the first French republic, beginning on the 28d October and ending 21st November. Brunei, Isambard, Sir, The En- glish engineer who built the Thames tun- nel ; B. 1769, D. 1849. His son, Isam- bard Kingdom, designed the Great East- ern, the largest stfeamship ever built ; b. 1806, D. 1859. Brunette, bro-net. A person wltn a brown or dark complexion. Brunonian, bru-no'nian. A theory of medicine founded by John Brown, ac- cording to which diseases are divided into those resulting from a deficiency, and those due to an excess of excitement. Brunswick, Duchy, of, brunz'wik. A small Btate of N. Germany ; area, 1,526 sq.m.; pop. 509,476. The reigning family is descended from the Geulphs. B., thecap., is an ancient city on the Ocker, contain- ing many fine mediaeval buildings ; pop. 61,000. Brush, brush. An instrument made of bristles or similar material bound togeth- er, used for dressing the hair, removing dust from clothes, laying on colors and the like. The small trees and shrubs of a wood. A skirmish ; a slight encounter ; a collision. In Elec. the luminous ap- pearance of electric matter issuing in di- verging rays from a point. The bushy tails of some animals. Brussels, brus'elz. Cap. of Belgium, on the Senne, 50 m. fi-om the sea ; pop. 174,612. Brussels-lace, brus'elz-las. A lace made at Brussels. Brute, brot. A beast ; any animal des- titute of reason. A brutal person ; alow- bred, unfeeling man. Brutus, liucius Junius, bru'tiis. In Rom. ant. son of Tarquinia, sister of Tarquin, the Proud. His father and brother were assassinated by the king, and he escaped by assuming serai-idiocy. Af- ter the cruel rape and outrage upon Lu- cretia by Sextus, son of Tarquin, he threw off his disguise, roused the people, ex- pelled the Tarquins, and established a re- public, of which Collatinus and himself were selected consuls. He sentenced his two sons to death for conspiring to re- store the monarchy, and lost his own life in a personal encounter with Aruns, son of Tarquin, whom he slew ; b. abt 560, j>. 507 B. c. Brutus, Marcus Junius. Nephew of Cato and a partisan of Pompey, whom he deserted for Ca\sar, but later joined in the conspiracy agawist the latter, and was one of those who assassinated him . After fly- ing from Rome B. was joined Avith Cas^ sius in command of the army, and after the defeat at Philippi killed himself by falling on his sword ; b. 85, n. 42 b. c. Bryant, "William Cullen. An American journalist and poet; B.in Mass., 1794, ». 1878. He was for many years chief editor and proprietor of the New York Evening Post. His first poems were -written in his 14th year. Bryology, bri-ol'o-jj. The science of mosses. Buansuah, bo-an-so'a. The native nameofthe Cuon(Chry8oeus) primaevus, or -wild dog of Northern India, supposed to be the original type of the dog tribe. Bubalus, bu'ba-lus. The gen. to which the buffalo belongs. Bubo, bu'bo. A gen. of owls, Including the great owl or eagle owl, and the Vir- ginian horned owl. Bubulin, 'bQ-lin. A peculiar substance existing in the dung or horned and other beasts, applied to calico printing. Buccaneer, buk'a-ner. A pirate ; more especially the adventurers, English and French, who combined to make depreda- tions on the Spaniards in America in the 17th and 18th centuries. Bucentaur, bu-sen'tar. A mythological monster, half man and" half ox. The state barge of Venice, in which tho doge and senate went to wed the Adriatic. Bucephalous, bu-sefa-lus. The war- horse of Alexander the Great, who suf- fered none but his master to mount him ; fatally wounded in battle, he carried his master to a place of safety, and died soon after. Buchanan, James. The 15th Presi- dent of the IT. S ;B.inPenn.l7»l; elected President 1856 ; d. 1863. The secession of the S. States, consequent upon the election of President Lincoln, began in the last year of B.'s term. Buchanite, buch'an-it. One of an ex< BUCK 128 BUFF-COAT Buck of Fallow-deer. traordinary sect of fanatics which sprang up in 1T83, in Ayrshire, Scotland, under the leadership of a \^j,^ \^ ,'':^s^<^ Mrs. Buchan. .« -^.v .. Buck, buk. The male of the fal- low deer, goat, rabbit and hare. B. of the first head, in Her. a roe-buck in the fifth year. Great buck, a roe- buck in its sixth year or older. A fop, blood, dandy. The mark of a cuckold. Buck-board, 'bord. A four-wheeled ve- hicle, consisting of a board resting direct- ly on the axles of the wheels. Buck-eye, 'i An American name for dif- ferent species of horse-chestnut. An in- habitant of Ohio, called the Buckeye State. Buckingham, G-eorge Villiers, Duke of, buk'ing-ham. A notorious proUigatc, favorite of King James I. and Charles I. of England; u. 1592, d. by as- sassination 1G28. Buckle, '1. An instrument consisting of a ring or rim with a chape and tongue, used for fastening harness, &c., together. Buckler, 'ler. A kind of shield, a piece of defensive armor worn on the left arm. One of two pieces of wood fitted together to stop the hawse-holes to prevent the ship taking in water. Buckra, 'ra. A term applied to the white men by the native blacks. Buckram, 'ram. A coarse linen cloth stiffened with glue, used in garments to keep them in the form intended. Wild garlic. Buckskin, 'skin. The skin of a buck. A soft leather made by treating deer-skins in a peculiar way, sometimes prepared from sheep-skins. Buckwheat, 'whet. The name com- monly given to the Fagopyrum esculen- tum, or Polygonum Fagopyrum, ord. PolygonaceiE, and also to its seeds. Bucranium, bu-kra'ni-um. A sculp- tured ornament representing an ox-skull adorned with wreaths, employed to deco- rate the frieze of the entablature in Ionic and Corinthian architecture. Buda, bu'dah. A Hungarian city, A^ith Pesth, on the opposite bank of the Danube, the cnp. of the state ; pop. 59,442. Buddha, bod'da. The wise or enlight- ened : the sacred name of the founder of Buddhism, who appears to have lived in the 6th century b. c. Buddhism, 'izm. The religious system founded by Buddha, one of the most prominent doctrines of which is that nir- vana, or an absolute release from exist- ence, is the chief good. Its adherents are said to comprise about a third of the hu- man race. Buddhist, 'ist. Eelating to Buddha or to Buddhism. B. architecture, the oldest and only true native style of Indian eccle- siastical architecture, the earliest speci- mens dating to 250 b. c. Buddie, bud'l. A square frame of boards used in washing metalliferous ore. Bude-bumer, bud'bern-er. An arrange- ment of two or more concentric argand burners, each inner one rising a little above the outer, by which a very power- ful light is produced. Budge-barrel, buj'bar-el. A small bar- rel with only one head, used for carrying powder with a gun or mortar. Budgero, 'e-ro. A cabined boat of the Ganges and Hoogly. Buena Vista, bwe'nah vis'tah. A Mexican village, 90 m. S. W. of Monte- rey, noted as the scene of the decisive battle, Feb. 22-23, 1^47, between tho Americans under Gen. Zach. Taylor and the Mexicans under Santa Anna, the lat- ter being defeated. Buenos Ayres, bo'nos a'riz. A prov. and city of the Argentine Confederation, S. America. The prov. has an area of 63,000 sq. m.; pop. 543,000. The city, cap. of tho Confederation, is situated on the La Plata, 125 m. N. "W. of Monte- video, and has the most extensive com- merce of any S. American seaport: pop. 191,460. Buff, buf. A leather prepared from the skin of the bufi'alo, dressed with oil, like shammy. The bare skin. Buffalo, buffah-low. A city of N. T. State, at the junction of the Erie Canal with Lake Erie, and controls the westera lake trade ; pop. 164,205. Buffalo. A large ruminant mammal, fam. BovidjE, the best known species of which is the Bubalus Buffelus or Boa Bubalus, domesticated in India, Italy, &c. The female gives more milk than the cow, from which the ghee or clarified butter of India is made. The name is applied to wild oxen in general, and particularly to the bison of N. America. Buffalo-robe, -r6b. The skin of the W- son prepared with the hair on. Buff-coat, 'kot. A close militm^ outer garment worn by soldiers in the 17th century as a defense. BUFFER 129 BULL-FROG Buffer, 'fer. Any apparatus for deaden- ing the concussion between a moving body and the one on which it strikes. A foolish fellow; a term expressive of ex- treme familiarity. Buffet, 'fet. A cupboard, sideboard or closet, to hold china and like articles. The place set apart for refreshments in public places. That part of an organ that incloses the pipes. Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Coujlt de, biiffong. The most emi- nent of French naturalists ; b. 1707, d. 1788. Buffont, 'font. A projecting covering of gauze or linen for a lady's breast. Buffoon, -fon'. A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks and vulgar pleasantries. Bufonite, bu'fon-it. Toadstone; the petrified teeth of the Sphserodus, Pycno- dus, and other mesozoic ganoid fishes. Bug", bug. The name formerly applied loosely to insects, and still of wide ap- plication. In the United States the name is generally used where beetle would be used in England. The Cimex lectularius, the house-bug or bed-bug, or any mem- ber of this gen. or of the fam. Cimicidje. Buggy, 'i. A name given to several species of carriages or gigs. Bugle, bu'gl. A hunting horn. A brass wind-instrument. A ghvss bead. The popular name for Ajugareptans, a labiate plant. Bugler, bug'ler. One who plays a bugle; specifically,; a soldier who conveys the commands. Buhl, bill. Unburnished gold, brass or mother-of-pearl worked into patterns, for inlaying; also ornamental furnitm-e, &c., ornamented with buhlwork. Bulbul, bul'bul. The Persian name of a species of nightingale. Bulgaila, bul-ga're-ah. One of the Bal- tic provinces, formerly under exclusive Turkish control, but since 1877 having a Christian administration subject to Tur- key ; area 81,1&4 sq. m. ; pop. 8,246,459. Bulgurian, bul-ga'ri-an. A member of the Bulgarian race. The language of the Bulgarians, two dialects — Old and New Bulgai-ian. The former is extinct as a living tongue, but is used as the sacred language of the Greek Church. Bulgaric, -gar'ik. One of the four branches of the Finnish languages, the other three being the Permic, Ugric and Chudic. Bull, bul- Originally the seal appended to the edicts and briefs of the pope. A letter, edict, or rescript of the pope, pub- lished or transmitted to the churches over which he is head, containing some decree, order or decision, used chiefly in matters of justice or of grace. If the former, the lead or seal is hung by a hempen cord; if the latter, by a silken thread. Bull. The male of any bovine quadru- ped. Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. In stock exchange slang, one who operates in order to effect a rise in the price of stock ; the opposite of a bear. Bulla, 'la. An ornament worn round the neck by noble Roman children till leaden Bulla of Pope Alexander IV. they were 17 years old ; in later times, a leaden seal attached to a document. Bull-baiting, 'bai-ing. The practice of baiting bulls with dogs. Bull-dog, 'dog. A species of dogs very strong and muscular, and of remarkable courage and ferocity. The great gun tn the officers' ward-room cabin ; also a general term for main-deck guns. A de- composed protosilicate of iron, used as a lining for the boshes of furnaces. Bullen-nail, 'en-nal. A short round- headed nail, tinned and lacquered. Bullet, 'let. A small ball. A projectile intended to be discharged from fire-arms or other missile weapons. Bulletin, 'le-tin. An authenticated of- ficial report concerning some public event. Any notice or public announcement. Pe- riodical records of learned societies. Bull-fight, 'fit. A combat between men and a bull or buUs ; an amusement among the Spaniards and Portu- guese. Bullfinch, ' f i n s h. An insessorial bird, Pyrr- hula rubicilla, fam. Fringilli- da3 or finches. Bull-frog, 'frog Bullflnch. The Rana pipieno, a BTJLLrDiB 180 BUNTAN y . ■■ ' large species of frog, the hind legs of ■which are a table delicacy. BuUidae, ''i-de. A fam. of tectibranch- iate gasteropod mollusks, sec. Monoecia, Mith male and female organs in the same Individual, including the genera Acera, Bullaea, Bulla, &c. Bullion, 'yon. Uncoined gold or silver, not current or not in the form of current coin. A heavy tvdsted fringe, the cords of which are prominent. In glass-making, the bulb at the end of the blowing tube. Bullock, 'ok. A young or little bull ; an ox or castrated bull. Bull's-eye, bftlz'I. An oval wooden block Avithout a sheave. A round piece of thick glass, for the purpose of admitting light. A small cloud, supposed to por- tend a hurricane or storm. In Astron. Aldebaran, a star of the first magnitude in the eye of Taurus or the bull. A small lantern. In Archery and Gun, the center of a target ; a shot that hits the bull's-eye. The knob in a sheet of glass marking where the tube by which it was blown was inserted. An old-fashioned watch. Bull B.UI1. An insignificant creek in N. Virginia, made famous by two great battles in the late civil war. The first, July 18-21, 1861, was between the Fede- ral "army, under Gen. McDowell, and the Confederates, under Qens. Beauregard and J. E. Johnston, the former being defeated. The second, Aug. 30, 1868, was between the Federals under Gen. Pope, and the Confederates under Gens. Lee, Longstreet and Jackson. The Federals were again defeated. The first is also called the battle of Manassas. Bull-terrier, bul'ter-l-er. A cross-breed between the bull-dog and the terrier. Bull-trout, 'trout. A species of fish of the salmon fam., the Salmo eriox. A name given to the huso or Danube salmon. Bulrush., 'rush. The popular name for large rush-like plants growing in marshes, not very definitely applied, but generally restricted to Scirpus lacustris, irom which the bottoms of chairs, &c., are manufac- tured. The bulrush of Egypt is Juncus globulosus. Bulse, buls. In the East Indies, a bag or purse to carry or measure valuables ; a certain quantity of diamonds or other valuables. Bultow, bfll'to. A mode of fishing for cod, by stringing a number of hooks on one line. Bumble-bee, bum'bl-be, A large bee, sometimes called humble-bee. Bungalov Bumboat, bum'bOt. A boat lor currying provisions to a ship. Bummalo, 'ma-16. E. Indian name for a small glutinous, transparent teleostean fish, which when dried, is used as a relish ; the Saurus ophiodon, fam. Scopelidae. Bungrall, bun'gal. A base coin current in Ireland in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. At one time it went for sixpence, ulti- mately for a penny. Bung-alow, bung'ga-lo. In^India, a house or resi- dence, generally of a single floor. Native bunga- lows are con-i structed of wood, bamboos, i &c., tiled andin- variably s u r - rounded by a verandah. A dak-bungalow is a house for travelers, constructed at in- tervals of from 12 to 15 miles on the high- roads at the expense of the authorities. Bungarus, bung'ga-rus. A gen. of venomous serpents, fam. Elapida;, closely allied to the Naja, called also Eock-serpent. Bunker Hill. A height at Charlestown, Mass., noted as the scene, June 17, 1TT5, of a sanguinary engagement between the British regulars and American militia, the latter having liastily thi-own up earth- works commanding Boston. The British succeeded in capturing the works after several repulses, the ammimition of the Americans having given out. The forces engaged numbered about 2,500 on each side; the loss of the Americans was 145 killed, 804 wounded ; that of the British, 226 kUled, 828 wounded. Gen. Warren, fighting as a volunteer, was killed in the battle, and a granite monument, 200 ft. in height, commemorates the battle and designates the spot where Gen.Warren fell. Bunting-, bunt'ing. The popular namo of a number of insessorial birds, fam. Emberizidae, chiefly included in the gen. Emberiza. The snow-bunting is one of the few birds of the polar regions. A thin woolen stuff, of which flags and signals are made ; a vessel's flags collectively. Bunyan, John, biin'yjin. Author of the celebrated allegories, Pilgrim's Pro- gress and Holy War ; b. in England, 1628, D. 1C88. When young he was dissipated, but in early manhood reformed and joined the Baptists, becoming so zealous as to invite persecution. His great work was BUOY 181 BURMAH Navy life-buoy. written in Bedford jail. Buoy, hTToi. A • floating object fixed at a certain place to show the position of shoals, rocks, Ac. , or to mark out the course a ship is to follow. An empty cask or piece of wood employed to float a cable in rocky anchor- ages. A floating object used to throw overboard for a person who has fallen into the water, called a life-buoy. Buphagra, bii'fa-ga. A gen. of insesso- rial birds, fam. Sturnidse (starlings), called beef-eaters or ox-peckers. Buprestidse, -pres-ti-de. A fam. of col- eopterous insects, distinguished by the uncommon brilhancy and highly metallic splendor of their colors. Bur, ber. A rough prickly covering of the seeds of certain plants, as of the chestnut and burdock. In Engr. a slight ridge of metal, and which is removed by a scraper, as it retains superfluous ink In printing. The rough neck left on a bullet in casting. The guttural pronunciation of the rough r common in some of the northern counties of England, Burbot, 'hot. A fish of the fam. Gadidoe, gen. Lota (L. vulgaris). Bureau, bu-ro'. A desk or writing-table, with drawers for papers ; an escritoire. A department for the transaction of pub- lic business. A chest of drawers. Burette, -ret'. A graduated glass tube used in the laboratory and assay oflBce, for the purpose of dividing liquid into small quantities. Burs', berg. Buildings of great antiquity, found in the north of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland, older than the Scandinavian Invasions, and probably date almost from the bronze age. Burgranet, ber'ga-net. A helmet, with a small visor, its lower rim so fitted to the upper rim of the gorget that the head could be turned without exposing the neck. Burgree, 'je. A flag or pennant which ends in two points. A kind of coal for burning in the furnaces of engines. Bujgess, 'jea. An inhabitant of a bor- ough or wailed town ; a citizen or free- man of a borouffh. A representative of a borough in Parliament. The term given before the Eevolution to the representa- tives in the popular branch of the legisla- ture of Virginia. A magistrate of a coi'- porate town. Burg-h, bu'ro. A corporate town or bor- ough, the Scotch term con-esponding to the English borougrh, applied to different kinds of corporations, and to towns and cities in Scotland. Burgher, berg'er. An inhabitant who enjoys the pri%ilege8 of the borough of which he is a freeman. One of a body of Scotch Presbyterians, constituting "the majority of the early Secession Church. Btirgh-master, 'mas-ter. A burgomas- ter. An oflicer in tin mines who lays out the meers for the workmen. Burglar, 'lar. One guilty of nocturnal housebreaking. Burgromaster, ber'go-mas-ter. The chief magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders and Germany, corre- sponding to mayor. An aquatic bird, the glaucous gull, common in arctic regions. Burgojme, John, Gten., bur-goin'. An English officer in the American devo- lution, who was defeated and surrendered his army to Gen. Gates at Saratoga in 1777 ; B. 1714, n. 1792. Burgnndy, biir'gun-dl. An ancient province of N. France, which was ac- quired by Germany in 1033, afterward be- came a free state under the Dukes of B., and in 1477 was reunited to France. It is famous for its red ^\'ines. Burgundy Pitch, 'gun-di pich. A resin from the Norway spruce and other pines. Burin, bu'rin. A graver ; a steel instru- ment for engi-aving on copper. The man- ner of execution of an engraver. Burke, Edmujad, burk. A distin- guished Irish statesman, writer and ora tor; B. in Dublin, 1730, i>. 1797. Ho passed nearly 30 years in Parliameni, and one of his orations on the trial of Warren Hastings occupied 9 days. Burke, burk. To murder by suifocation so as to produce few signs of violence upon the -victim. To smother ; to shelve. Burlingame, Anson, biir'lin-gHm. An American statesman and diplomatist ; B. in N. Y., 1822 ; elected to Congress from Mass., 1854, '56, '58; appointed minister to China, 1861, and sent as Chi- nese Embassador to the U. S. and the principal governments of Europe, 1867 ; T>. in St. Petersburg, 1870. Burmah, bur'mah. One of the largest empires of S. Asia, situated E. of the BUEMESE BUSH Gant^es ; area, 2,000,000 sq. m.; pop. 9,400,000. The chief towns are Mande- lay, the cap., Ava, and Bhamo ; chief rivers, Irrawaddy, Si-tang and San-Luen ; principal mountains, the Phungan, a range of the Himalayas. The govern- ment is a, hereditary and absolute despot- ism ; the religion Buddhism. The king- dom dates back to 543 b. c. Burmese, bur'mez. An inhabitant or in- habitants of Burmah. The language of the Burmese; one of the monosyllabic languages. Burnett's Liquid, ben'net'slik-wld. A solution of chloride of zinc, employed to preserve dead bodies. Bumingr Bush, bern'ing-bvish. The emblem adopted by the Ch. of Scotland. The name applied to an ornamental shrub, Euonymus atropurpureus. Burningr-g-lass, -glas. A double con- vex lens which, when exposed to the di- rect rays of the sun, collects them into a focus, producing an intense heat. Burning'-inirror, -mir'er. A concave mirror which, being exposed to the direct rays of the sun, reflects them to a focus, where their heat is concentrated. Burnisher, ber'nish-er. The person who burnishes or makes glossy. An in- strument used in burnishing by rubbing with pressure. Bumoose, 'nos. A white woolen man- tle, vnth hood woven in one piece, worn by the Arabs. A kind of mantle worn by ladies. Burns, Robert. The celebrated Scotch poet ; B. 1759, d. 1796. He was of hum- ble birth, and his songs appeal especially to the popular heart. Bumside, Ambrose Everett, Qen. The successor of Gen. McClellan as Com- mander of the Army of the Potomac in the Eebellion ; b. in Indiana, 1824; grad- uated from West Point 1857; entered the war as colonel, commanded a brigade at Bull Kun, and was soon after made major general; given command of the army Nov. 7, 1862, he was defeated by Gen. Lee at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, losing over 10- 000 men. Relieved from the chief com- mand soon after, he jjerformed gallant service both in the "West and the East. En- tering political life at the close of the war, he was elected Governor of Ehode Island for several sdccessive terms. Burnt-ear, bemt'er. A disease in corn, in which the fructification of the plant is destroyed ; minute germs of a parasitical mushroom, the Uredo carbo or U, sege- tum. Burnt-offering", 'of-fer-ing. Something offered and burnt on an altar as an atone- ment for sin. Burnt-sienna, 'si en-na. Sienna earth submitted to the action of fire, by which it is converted into a fine orange-red pig- ment. Burnt-stone, 'ston. A term applied to antique carnelians found in ruins, which apparently have been acted upon by fire. Burr, Aaron. A brilliant and notorious American politician, b. in New Jersey in 1756, served from 1775 to 1779 in the army, attaining the rank of lieutenant col- onel ; in 17S9 elected to the U. S. Senate, and in 1800 elected Vice-President on the ticket with Thomas Jefferson ; en- gaged in a treasonable scheme to detach some of the S. States from the Union, and erect an independent government with them and a part or the whole of Mexico ; tried at Eichmond, Va., 1807, and acquit- ted, but never regained the confidence of his fellow-citizens ; d. 1836. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Burras-pipe, bur'as-pip. A tube to contain lunar caustic or other corrosive. Burrel-shot, 'el-shot. Small shot, nails* stones, pieces of old iron, &c., put into cases, to be discharged at short range ; an emergency shot. Burr, ber. A name given to cer- tain siliceous or siliceo-calcareous stones, whose dressed surfaces present a burr or keen-cutting texture, used for millstones. Bursar, bers'er. A treasurer or cash- keeper, as the bursar of a college. A stu- dent to whom a bursary is paid. Burse, bers. A purse : now used only as the designation of one of the official in- signia of the lord high chancellor of Eng- land. A receptacle for the corporal and chalice cover, placed over the chalice veil when the sacred vessels are carried to the altar. Bursting-chargre, berst'ing-chiirj. A small charge of fine powder, placed in, contact with coarse powder to insure th© ignition of the latter. The charge re- quired for bursting a shell or case-shot. Busby, buz'bi. A military head-dress worn by hussars, artillerymen and en- gineers. Buscone, bus'kon. One who prospects for ores ; also, a miner who pays part of the proceeds of his work to the owner of the mine. Bush, bash. A lining of harder material let into aji orifice to guard against wear- BUSH-BUCK BUTTE Ing hy friction ; the perforated box or tube fitted into certain parts of machinery. Bush-buck, 'buk. The name given to several species of the gen. Tragelaphus, especially to T. sylvatica, an antelope of Catfraria and Cape Colony. Bush.el, bush'el. a dry measure con- taining 8 gallons. Bush.-liaininer, 'ham-mer. A mason's breaking hammer ; a hammer for dressing millstones. Bush.man, 'man, A -woodsman ; a set- tler in a new country. An aboriginal of Bushmanland, near the Cape of Good Hope ; a Bosjesman. Bush-metal, 'met-al. Hard brass ; gun- metal ; a composition of copper and tin, used for journals, beai-ings of shafts, &c. Bush-rangrer, 'ranj-er. In Australia, a criminal, generally an escaped convict, who lives by robbery. Bush-shrike, 'shrik. Oneofasub-fam. (Thamnophilinae) of the Formicariidae or ant-birds. Bush-whacker, 'whak-er. One accus- tomed to sojourn In the woods, or beat about bushes ; irregular soldiers. A strong scythe for cutting bushes. Busk, busk. A piece of steel, whalebone or wood, worn by Avomen in front of their stays. Buskin, bus'kin. A kind ofbootorhigh shoe cov- ering the foot and leg to the middle and tied under- neath the knee. A simi- lar covering worn by ac- tors in tragedy among the ancients in contradistinc-- tion to the sock worn by comedians. In the li. 0. Ch. a stocking of precious stuff worn by bishops when celebrating. Bussu-palm, bns'so-pfim. The mani- caria saccifera, found in the swamps of the Amazon, whose leaves are often 30 feet long by 4 to 5 feet in ■ breadth. Bust, bust. The figure of a person in relief, showing only the head, shoulders and breast. The chest or thorax ; the trunk of the human body. Bustle, '1. A pad worn by ladies for the purpose of setting off the smallness of the waist, but more especially to relieve the weight of the clothes. Buiklns. Bust Bustard, bus'terd. A bird of the gen.Otis,ord, Cursores, ap- proaching the waders. The great bustard is the _ ^ t> ^ ^ largest Euro- Great Bustard, pean bird, often weighing 30 pounds. But, but. The outer apartment of a house having only two apartments ; the kitchen ; the other apartment being the ben. Butcher-bird, buch'er-berd. An inses- sorial bird, gen. Lanius, sub-fam. Laniinse; shrike. Buteo, bu'te-o. A gen. of raptorial birds, fam. Falconidae, containing the buzzards. Butler, but'ler. A servant in a house- hold whose business is to take charge of the liquors, plate, &c. Butler, Benjamin Franklin. An American politician, b. in N. Hampshire, ISIS, he studed law and settled in Mass., where he became recognized as the leading Democrat of New England; a delegate to the Charleston and Baltimore nominating conventions, betook a leading part in the movement which nominated Breckin- ridge and divided the party. He prompt- ly entered the service at the outbreak of the civil war, and had command of the departments of the Gulf and of the S. At- lantic, acquiring no military fame but great notoriety for his arbitary civil regu- lations. Elected to Congress by the Mass. Republicans in 1S6(> and 1868, but de- feated in 1ST4, he deserted that party, and in 1SS2 was elected governor by the Dem- ocrats ; re-nominated in 18S3, he was de- feated. Butt. The larger end of a thing, as of a piece of timber ; the thick end of a mus- ket, whip-handle, &c. In Agri. an irregu- larly shaped piece of land. In Mach. the square end of a link, to which the bush- bearing is attached by a strap fastened to the butt by a cotter and gib. In Carp, a hinge for a door. The thickest part of tanned ox-hides, used for soles of shoes, trunks, &c. The metal ring at the ends of the hose of a fire-engine. A mark to be shot at. In rifle-practice, the protection in which the marker sits. A cask holding 126 gallons of wine or 2 hogsheads ; called also a pipe. Butte, but. An American term applied : to a detached ridge rising abruptly, too high to be called a hill, Avithout being high enough to be called a mountain. BUTTER 134 BYZANTINE feutter, 'er. An unetuous substance ob- tained from cream or milk by churning, a concrete oil furnished by female Mam- malia, especially by the cow and goat. B. and tallow tree, gen. P^tadesma, the P. butyracea. Eock butter, a peculiar min- eral composed of alum and iron. Shea butter, a vegetable butter occurring in the nut of the Bassia Parkii of tropical Africa. Butter-fish, -iish. A small acanthop- terygious fish, allied to the blennies ; the Murajnoides guttatus, or spotted gunnel. Butterfly, -flr. The common name of all the diurnal lepidopterous insects, corre- sponding to the gen. Papilio, in their fully developed state. A person whose atten- tion is given up to a variety of trifles. Butterfly-shell, -shel. The popular name of a gen. (Voluta) of testaceous mollusks. Butterfly-valve, -valv. In pumps, a species of double clack-valve, employed in the iift-buckets of large water-pumps, and for the air-pump buckets of condens- ing steam-engines. Butterine, -in. An artificial butter made from animal fat, churned with milk, some gweet butter and the yelks of eggs, the •whole of the contents being converted into butterine. Butteris, -is. An instrument of steel set in wood for paring thehoof of a horse. Butter-milk, -milk. The milk that re- mains after the butteris separated from it. Butter-nut, -nut. The fruit of Juglans cinerea, sometimes called oil-nut and white walnut. The nut of Caryocar bu- tyracem and C. nuciferum ; also, called Suwarra Nut. Butter-tree, -trS. A species of Bassia, found in Africa, which yields a substance called shea butter. Buttery, -i. An apartment in which ■wines, liquors and provisions are kept. In colleges, a room where refreshments are kept for sale to the students. Button-tool, 'n-tol. An Instrument for cutting out the disks of leather which serve as nuts in the mechanism connected •with the keys of the organ and piano. Buttress, 'res. A projecting support to the exterior of a ■wall. Butty, 'ti. A miner who raises coal or ore by contract, employing men to do the work. B. gang, a gang to Avhom a por- tion of the work in large enterprises is '-! let, the proceeds being di"vided. Butyric, bu-tir'ik. Pertaining to or de- , rived from butter. B. acid, obtained from butter; it also occurs in perspiration, juiceof flesh, cod-liver oil, &c. B. ether is formed from butyric acid. Bu'tyrin, 'ti-rin. A peculiar oleaginous matter derived from butter. Buxina, buk'sin-a. An alkaloid obtained from the box-tree. Buzzard, buz'erd. A gen. (Buteo) of large raptorial birds, falcon fam. Byard, bi'ard. A piece of leather cross- ing the breast, used by men who drag wagons in coal-mines. Bye. In cricket, a run made on a ball not struck by the batsman, but which the •wicket-keeper and long stop have failed to stop. Bye-altar, -al'ter. A minor or second- ary altar, in distinction to the high altar. Anciently, a table for holding the vest- ments, the sacred vessels, &c. By-law, 'la. A local or private law ; a law made by any incorporated body for the regulation of its own aflairs. Byron, Q-eorg-eG-ordon Noel, Lord. An EngUsh poet, b. ITSS, d. 1824 at Mis- solonghi, in Greece, where he had gon» to offer his services in the war of inde- pendence. His domestic life was infelici- tous, he and his wife living together but a single year, when he left her and England, never "returning. Much of his poetry is immoral. Byrrhidse, bir'ri-de. A fam. of pen- tamerous coleopterous insects, common- ly known as pill-beetles. B3nThus, 'us. The typical gen. of the above family, containing B. pilula, the common pill-beetle, which, ■when alarmed, simulates death. Byssolite, bis-o-llt. An azure blue tran- sparent mineral, in long, fine capillary crystals. A name given to the finer fi- brous varieties of filamentous minerals, as amianthus, tremoUte, actinolite, &c. Byssus, 'us. Among the ancients, a cloth of exceedingly fine texture. One of the byssl, filamentous crvptogamic plants. A long, silky bunch of filaments, by means of which the Mytilus, Pinna and other bi- valve mollusks are attached to fixed ob- jects. Bjrttneriaceee, bit-no-ri-a'se-e. A nat. ord. of plants, sometimes included among the Sterculiaceje. The typical gen. is Byttneria, but the most important is Theobroma, to which the tree yielding the cocoa-bean belongs. Byzantine, biz-an'tin. Pertaining to Byzantium, an ancient city of Thrace, situated on the Bosphorus. In the year 1S5 CABLE 830 Constantine the Great fixed the seat of government of the Eoman Empire at Byzantium, enlarged and embellished it, and changed its name to Constantinople. B. architecture, a style developed abont A. D. 300, and which continued in use till the conquest by the Turks, a. d. 1453. Both the Norman and the Lombardlc styles may be considered as varieties of the Byzantine, and all are comprised un- der the term Eomanesque. The Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, and the Church of St. Mark's, Venice, are prom- inent examples of B. architecture. B. his- torians, Greek historians who lived be- tween the 6th and l&tU centuries. c CIS the third letter in the English alpha- bet and the second of the consonants. It represents two perfectly distinct sounds, namely, the guttural pertaining to k, and the hard or thin sound of s, the former being that which historically be- longs to it ; while it also forms with h the Trench digraph ch. In the Latin al- phabet c had the k sound, and this was the sound which belonged to the letter in Anglo-Saxon. As a numeral, C stands for 100 ; CC for 200 ; &c. Caaba, ka-a'ba. An oblong stone build- ing within the great mosque at Mecca, containing the famous black stone or Keb- lah presented by the angel Gabriel to Abraham on the occasion of building the original Caaba. Caaingr-whale, ka'ing-whal. The round-headed porpoise"(Globicephalus de- ductor, Delphinus melas, or D. globiceps), fam. Delphinidae. Cab, kab. A Hebrew dry measure, con- taining about 2 pints. A kind of hackney carriage, with two or four wheels, drawn by one horse. The covered part of a loco- motive. Cabala, 'a-la. A mysterious science among Jewish rabbins, pretended to have been delivered to Moses on 6inai, and transmitted by oral tradition, serving for the interpretation of difficult passages of Scripture. Every letter, word, number and accent of the law is supposed to con- tain a mystery, and the Cabalists pretend even to foretell future events by the study of this science, Cabalist, 'al-ist. A Jewish doctor who professes the study of the cabala, or the mysteries of Jewish traditions. Cabalistic, 'ik. Pertaining to the cab- ala or mvsterious science of Jewish tradi- tions. Containing an occult meaning. Caballaria, -la'ri-a. A feudal tenure of lands, the tenant furnishing a horseman suitably equipped when the lord had occa- •lou for his service. Caballero, ya'ro. A grave and stately Spanish dance. Cabaret, kab'a-ret. A tavern ; a house where liquors are retailed. Cabbag'e, kab'baj. The popular name of speciespf Brassica, ord. Crucifera-, and especiallj^Ppplied to the garden varieties ofB. oleracea, cultivated for food. Cabbagre-flly, -fli. Anthomyia Brassicae, belonging to the same fam. as the house- fly, and the same gen. as the turnip and potato flies. Cabbag-e-rose, -roz. Eosa centlfolia, having many A-arieties, eminently fitted for the manufacture of rose-water and attar from its fragrance ; Provence rose. Cabbagre-tree, -tre. The cabbage palm (Areca oleracea). The unopened bud of young leaves is much prized as a vegeta- ble, but the removal of it destroys the tree. Cabeca, ka-ba'sa. Portuguese name of the finest silk received from India. A nominal money of account on the west coast of Africa, Caber, ka'ber. A pole ; a beam ; in High- land games of strength a long stem of a tree for tossing or turning over. Cabin, kab'in. A small room ; a hut or small house. An apartment in a ship. Cabinet, -et, A closet ; a retired apart- ment. A private room in which consulta- tions are held. The select council of a prince or executive government ; the col- lective body of ministers who direct tho government of a country. A piece of fur- niture, with drawers and doors. Any part of a building set apart for the conservation of works of art, antiquities, &c. C. picture, large-sized photograph, highly finished. Cabiri, ka-bl'r!. Ancient Greek divini- ties. Very little is known regarding them. Cable, ka'bl. A strong rope or chain used to retain a vessel at anchor, made of hemp, jute or iron. Submarine or electric tele- graph cable is composed of copper wires CABLEGRAM CADI imbedded in a series of gutta-percha and resinous substances, each layer being sep- arated from tlie others, and the whole pro- tected by iron wires bound round it In the form of a spiral. Cable bends, small ropes for fastening the ends of a rope-ca- ble so as to secure the knot by which it is attached to the anchor-ring. In Arch, certain styles of molding. Cablegrara, -gram. A message sent by ocean telegraph. Cablet, ka'blet. Any cable under 9 inches in circumference. Cabocle, ka-bok'la. The Brazilian name of a mineral resembling red jasper, con- taining phosphoric acid, alumina, lime, baryta, protoxide of iron and water. Caboose, -bos'. The cook-room of a ship In smaller vessels, an incloseg^earth, or stove for cooking on the mainipck Also called a galley, Cabot, -bo. In the Isle of Jersey, a vari- able dry measure. The potato and apple cabot weighs about 28 lbs. Cabot, Sebastian. A British navigator, of Italian descent, n. in Bristol, Eng., 1477, n. 1557. He made a voyage to America under Spanish auspiooft, fn 1524, but was afterward appointed Grand Pilot of England. Cabul, kah-booF. Cap. of N. Afghanistan, on C. Eiver ; pop. 67,000. Cacao, -ka'6. The choc- olate-tree (Theobroma Cacao), ord. Byttner aceaj. Its fruit is con tained in pods, each in-; closing 50 to 100 seeds. These are very nutritive, of an agreeable flavor, Cacao and used, both fresh and dried, as an article of diet. Cocoa and chocolate are prepared from them. The seeds when roasted and crushed are called cocoa nibs. They yield an oil called butter of cacao, used in pomatum and in making candles, soap, &c. Cacatuinae, kak'a-tu-i"ne. A sub-fam. of scan sorial birds, fam. Psittacidse. The cockatoos. Cacbalot, kash'a-lot. A cetaceous mam- mal, the Catodon microcephalus, or blunt- headed sperm-whale, fam. Physeteridae or CatodontidflB. Besides spermaceti it yields sperm-oil and ambergris. Dache. A hole in the ground or ice for hiding and preserving provisions. Cacliiri, ka-she're. A fermented liquor, Cacolet. resembling perry, made from the root of the manioc. Cacholong, kash'o-long. A mineral of the quartz family, a variety of opal, often called Pearl-opal. Cachou, ka-sho. A sweetmeat made of the extract of liquorice, cashew-nut, gum, &c., used to sweeten an offensive breath. Cachuca, '-cha'ka. A Spanish dance per- formed by a man and woman. Cacique, ka-sek'. Native chiefs of the W. Indies and parts of America when it was discovered. CacogTaphy, ka-kog'ra-fi. Bad spelling or writing. Caco 1 et, kak-o-la. A contrivan c e fixed on the back of a mule or horse for car- rying travel- ers, sick on wounded persons. The French were the first to employ cacolets in the Crimean war, 1S54-5. Cacoon, ka-kon'. A commercial name for the largo beans of the Entada scan- dens, ord. Leguminosae, used for making scent-bottles, purses, &c. Cacoxene, -kok'sen. A silky mineral, a native ferric phosphate with water, con- taining peroxide of iron and phosphoric acid. <3actaceaB, kak-ta'se-5. An order of dicotyledo- nous plants, the cactus or Indian fig. The princi- pal genera are Melocac- tus, Echinocactus, Opun- tia, and Mammillaria. Cade, kad. A barrel or cask. A cade of herrings is 500; of sprats, 1,000. Cade-oil, 'oil. An oil used for veterinary pur- Cactus, poses, made of the fruit of the Junipe- rus Oxycedrus. Cadet, ka-det'. The youngest son. One who carries arms in a regiment, as a pri- vate, -with a view to acquire military skill and to obtain a commission. A young man in training for an officer in the army or navy, or in a military school. Cadi, kad'i. A judge among the Turks. CADILESKER 187 CALABABH-TREE Oadilesker, -i-les'ker. The chief judge in the Turkish empire. Cadiz, ka'diz. Cap. of pror. of C, in Andalusia ; pituated on the Atlantic, and one of the principal commercial cities of Spain ; pop. 70,000. Oadmean, me'an. Relating to Cadmus, , a legendary prince of Thebes, "n Greece, 1 -vvho is said to have introduced into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the alphabet, which are therefore call C. letters. A C. victory, a proverbial phrase for a victory In which the victors suffer as much as the vanquished. Oadmium, 'mi-um. A metal found in carbonate of zinc. Oadmium-yellow, -yel-16. A pigment prepared from the sulphide of cadmium. Oadrans, 'ranz. An instrument for measuring angles in cutting gems, and keeping them at a proper angle. Oaduceus, ka-du'se-us. In Class, myth. Mercury's rod ; a wand entwisted by two serpents, borne by Mercury as an ensign •f quality and office. Oserebinae, se-re-bl'ne. The guit-guits, a sub-fam. of tenuirostral passerine birds, fam. Nectarinidffi, of which the Osereba Cyana may be taken as the type. Csesar, 'zer. A title, originally the sur- name of the Julian family at Rome, which, after being dignified in the person of the dictator C. Julius Cjesar, was adopted by successive Roman emperors, and came to te appHed to the heir presumptive. It was perpetuated in the Kaiser of the Holy Roman Empire, first assumed by Charle- magne. Caesium, 'zi-um, A rare alkaline miner- al found in mineral waters. The metal oc- curs in the mineral lepidolite, and is al- ways found in connection with rubidium. Caf, kaf. The name of the mountain which, according to the Mohammedans, environs the whole earth. Oafe, -a. AcoSee-house; a restaurant. C. chantant, a cofl'ee-house in France where the guests are treated with music. Cafenet, 'e-net. In Tuikey, a house of rest for travelers ; a coffee-house. Caffeine, ka-fS'in. A substance found in coffee-beans, tea-leaves, &c. Coffee contains from .8 to 3.6, and tea from 2 to 4 per cent. Called also Theine. Caffeone, 'on. The aromatic principle of coffee, a brown oil. Caffer-bread, kafer-bred. The pith of certain cycadaceous plants, gen. Ence- phalartos, used by the Caffres as food. Caffer-corn, -korn. Indian millet, or Sorghum vulgare, cultivated in Africa as a cereal. Cafaia, kafi-la. An official Persian car- avan ; a company of travelers or mer- chants. Gag's, kaj. A box for confining birds or beasts. Formerly, a place of confine- ment for potty malefactors. A skeleton framework of any kind. A cup contain- ing animalcules to be examined under a microscope. Caimacaxn, ka-ma-kam'. A lieutenant or a lieutenant-general in the Turkish service ; a title of the deputy of the grand vizier, and governor of Constantinople. Caiuite, kan'It. A member of a sect of the 2d century who professed to venerate Cain, Korah and the Sodomites. Cainozoic, kii-no-zo'ik. A term applied to the latest of the three divisions into which strata have been arranged, with reference to the age of the fossils they in- clude. It corresponds nearly with what has been called the age of mammals. Cairn, kfirn. A heap of stones ; especially one of those common in Great Britain, of various sizes. Some are evidently sepul- chral, others were erected to commemo- rate some great event, and etill others for religious rites. The modern cairn is set ixp as a landmark. Cairngorm, 'gorm. A variety of rock- crystal or crj'Stallized silica, found on the Cairngorm range in Scotland. Cairo, ki'ro. The cap. of Egvpt, on the Nile, 5 m. from its delta ; founded abt. 170 A. p.; pop. 325,000. Caisson, kas'son. An ammunition wagon or chest. In Arch, a sunken panel, a la- cunar. In Civil Engin. a vessel used as a flood-gate in docks ; an apparatus oh which vessels may be raised and floated. A water-tight ca'sing used in building structures in water too deep for the coffer- dam. Cajeput, kaj'i-put. An oil resembling that of cardamons, obtained from the Melaleuca Oajuputi, or cajeput tree. Cal, kal. A mining term for bastard metal found in tin ore ; wolfram. Calabar Bean, -a-bar'ben. The seed of Physostigma venenosum, a leguminous Afncan plant, nearly allied to the kidney- bean, a powerful narcotic poison. Calabash-tree, -a-bash-tre. Popular name of the trees or shrubs, gen. Crecen- tia, because of theii gourd-like fruits, the shells of which are made into domestic utensils. A name also given to the oaobab- OALABRIA 188 CALENDAE Calabria, kah-la'bre-ah. The southern- most prov. of Italy, a long- narrow moun- taiuoiis peninsula'; pop. 1,168,412. Calade, ka-lad'. The slope or declmty of a manege-ground. Calais, ka'la. A seaport of N. France, the nearest to England, being but 26 m. from Dover ; pop. 13,719. Calamanco, kal-a-mang'ko. A woolen stutf of a fine gloss and checkered in the warp. Calamander "Wood, -man'der wftd. A beautiful wood, the product of Diospy- ros quaisita, ord. Ebenacese, resembling rosewood, but extremely hard. Calamary, 'a-ma-ri. The general name for decapod cuttle-fishes, fam. Teuthidae, ord. Dibranchiata, but properly used to designate those of the gen. Lohgo. Called also Squid, Sea-sleeve, Preke, or Penflsh. Calaraine. -min. The native siUceous oxide of zinc, from which the metal is got by distillation. Balamite, -mit. A mineral, probably a variety of tremolite. Its structure is foliated, its luster vitreous. A fossil of the gen. Calamites. Oalamites, -a-ml'tez. A gen. of fossil plants, characteristic of the carboniferous rocks. •CalanxtLS, 'a-mus. In Scrip, the word used to translate a Hebrew term brelieved to mean an aromatic substance obtained from some kind of reed or cane. The root of the sweet flag or sweet rush. A gen. of palms, the stems of which are the rattan canes. In the K. C. Ch. a tube of precious metal, anciently used by com- municants when partaking ol the eu- charist. The kings of France used it at their coTOBation when they partook of both kinds in the sacrament. Calandra, ka-lan'dra. A species of lark, Alauda calandra. A gen. of coleopterous insects, section llhynchophora, fam. Cur- cuUonidae, very destructive. Oalapitte, kal'a-pit. A stony concretion occasionally present in the cocoa-nut, called also Vegetable Bezoar, worn by the Malays as an amulet. Calash., ka-lash'. A light carriage with very low wheels. The folding top some- times fitted to such a carriage. A cover for the head used by French ladies. Calatrava, kal-ah-tra'va. An order of Spanish knighthood, founded by Sancho III., 1158, of which the ruling King of Spain is Grand Master. Calcar, 'kar. In glass-works, a furnace used for the calcination of sand and salt of potash, and converting them into frit. Calchas, kal'kas. A noted Greek sooth- sayer who was present a^ the siege of Troy and prophesied the principal events . of the long and eventful war. Calcimine, kal'si-min. A superior wash for the walls of rooms, ceilings, «&:c. Calcimurite, -si-mu'rit. A species of earth consisting of calcareous earth and magnesia tinged with iron. Calcite, 'sit. A term applied to various minerals, modifications of the rhombohe- dral form of calcium carbonate, including limestone, all the white and most of the colored marbles, chalk, Iceland-spar, &c. Calcium, 'si-um. The metallic basis of lime, the most widely diffused of the alka- line metals. Calcography, -kog'ra-fi. The art of drawing with colored chalks. Calc-sinter, kalk'sin-ter. A stalactitlc carbonate of lime, a variety of calcite, forming stalactites and stalagmites. Calc-spar, 'spar. Calcareous spar, or crystallized carbonate of lime. Calculus, kal'kii-lus. In Pathol, a gen- eral term for inorganic concretions of va- rious kinds formed in various jrnrts of the body. In Math, a method of computation. Calcutta, kal-kut'ta. Cap. of British India, on the Hoogly, a branch of the Ganges, 100 m. ft-om Bay of Bengal; it ranks second to Canton, the commercial emporium of Asia ; pop. 688,436. Calderari, -da-ra're. A politico-relig- ious sect in Italy during the reign of Mu- rat, opposed to the Carbonari. Caledonite, 'i-do-nlt. A mineral, a cu- preous sulphato-carbonate of lead. Calefactor, -i-fak'ter. A small stove. Calefactory, 'to-ri. A warming-room in a monastery. A chafing-dish placed upon the altar in cold weather. Calemberre, -em-ber', A rare species of Coromandel wood. Calendar, 'en-der. A register of the year, in which the months, weeks and days are set down in order, with tbo feasts observed by the church, .fee. ; an al- manac. An orderly enumeration of per- sons or things, as a list of criminal causes which stand for trial. C. month, a solar month as it stand in almanacs. A ma- chine consisting of cylinders revolving so nearly in contact that cloth passing be- tween them is smoothed and glazed by their pressure. An estabUshment in which woven fabrics are pressed, stretch- CALENDER CALK ed, starclied, &c. A person who manages such a business ; a calenderer. Calender. One of an order of dervishes in Turkej' and Persia, of not A-ery strict morals, who preach in the market places and Uve upon alms. Calends, 'endz. Among the Eomans, thu tirst day of each month, Calenduline, ka-len'dfi-lin. A 'gum obtained from the marigold, the Calendula of botanists. Calf, kaf. Properly the young of the bovine gen. of quadrupeds, but applied also to the young of the marine mam- malia, as the whale. An ignorant, weak or cowardly man. Naut., a mass of floe- ice, breaking from under the floe, and rising to the surface of the water, often with violence. Calhoun, Joh.n Caldwell. An Amer- ican statesman and orator; b. in S. Caro- lina 17S2, D. 1850. He was elected to Congress in 1810 ; appointed Secretary of Wai-'lSlT ; in 1824 elected Vice-President, and re-elected in 1828 ; resigned the Vice- Presidency in 1882, and was afterward elected to the U. S. Senate, being re-elect- ed until his death. He was the author of the nullification law of S, Carolina, the basis of the later act of secession, and but for the firmness of President Jackson the Union would have been disrupted in 1829. Caliatour-wood, kal'i-a-tor-wHd. A dye-wood sometimes confounded with i-ed sandal-wood. Caliber, -ber. The diameter of a body ; usually the di- ameter of the bore of a fire- arm . Fig .,compassor capac- ity of mind. C. compasses, or calipers, have arched legs to measure the diameter of globular bodies, or straight legs and retracted points, to Calipers, measure the interior or bore of anything. C. rule, gunner's calipers, an instrument to determine, from a ball's weight, its diameter or caliber, and vice versa. C. square, a rule carrying two cross-heads, one of which is adjusted slightly by a nut, the other movable. Calico, -ko. A term for any white cotton cloth. Calico was first manufactured in India. Printed cotton cloth coarser than muslin. Calico-printing-, -prlnt-ing. The art of impressing calicoes -with variegated fig- ures and colors. Oaliinila. Cains Caesar, kah-lig'u-lah. The 4th Koman emperor, son of German- icus and Agrippina, b. a. d. 12, crowned 37, reigned 3y. 10 m., and was assassi- nated 47 A. r. He was notorious in dissi- pation, cruelty and disregard of all moral restraint, one'of his most disgusting per- formances being a decree appointing his favorite horse consul. California. One of the Pacific States, admitted to the American Union in 1850 ; area 188,981 sq. m.; pop. 864,094; of which number 75,132 are Chinese. Iti principal cities are San Francisco, Sacra- mento, the cap., San Jose and Stockton ; chief rivers, the Sacramento and San Joa- quin ; mountains, the Monte Diablo range along the Pacific and the Sierra Ne- vada. The Bay of San Francisco is one of the fljiest harbors in the world, and tho city of the same name, situated at its head, is the commercial emporium of the entire western coast. Calin, ka'lin. A compound metal, of which the Chinese make tea-canisters and the like. Calipasll, kal'i-pash. That part oi a turtle which belongs to the upper shield. Calipee, -pe. That part of a turtle ^hich belongs to the lower shield. Caliph, ka'lif. A title given to tho acknowledged successors of Mohammed, regarded as being vested with supreme dignity and power. The sultans of Tm-kcy assume this as one of their titles. Calippic, ka-lip'ik. Of or pertaining to Calippus, a Greek astronomer of the 4th century before Christ. Calisaya Bark, kal-i-sa'a bark. A name for the febrifugal inner barks of Cinchona flava. Calixtine, ka-liks'tln. One of a sect of Hussites in Bohemia, who published their confession in 1421, the leading article of which was I demand to ])artake of the cup (calix) as well as of the bread in the Lords Supper. A follower of George Cali.xtus, who died in 1656. He wrote against celi- bacy, and proposed a. reunion of Catho- lics and Protestants upon the basis of the Apostles' Creed. Calixtus, St., Pope. Succeeded Zeph- irinus 219 ; martyred 223. C. II., son of William of Bur'gundv, s. Pope Gelasius II., 1119, V. 1124. C." III. (Alfonso Bor- gia), s. Nicholas V., 1435, d. 1458 ; was uncle to Pope Alexander VI. Calk, kak. A piece of iron with sharp points worn on the sole of the .shoe to prc^ vent slipping on the ice. The extremity of a horseshoe bent downward to prevent CALKIN^G 140 CALYAET the horse slipping. A ring of iron nailed to the heel of a shoe to make it wear long- er. Calking:, 'ing. Copying a picture or de- sign by rubbing the back with chalk or crayon, and tracing lines through -with a point. Callao, kal-la'o. The principal seaport of Peru, C m. from Lima, the cap. ; pop. 21,400. Call-bell, kaltel. A stationary hand-bell rung by means of a clapper pivoted at one end, and acted on by means of a vertical plunger. Callichroma, kal-i-kro'ma. A gen. of coleopterous insects, sec. Longicornes, fam. Cerjimbycidaj ; the musk-beetle. Callichthys, -ik'this. A gen. of fish, .ibdouiinal malacopterygians, fam. Silu- ridie or sh«at-fishes. CalligTaphy, -lig'ra-fi. The art of pen- manship. Calling-crab, kal'ing-krab. Popular name for the gen. Gelasimus. Callionymus, kal-li-on'i-mus. A gon. of acauthopterygious fishes of the goby fum., knovm as drago- uets and gowdics. Calliope, -ll'o-pe. In class Myth, the muse that presides over elo- quence and heroic po- etry. The name given to a steam musical in- strument. Callipeva, -i-pe'va. The Mugil liza, a river mullet of the W. In- dies. Its scales ai-e used for ornaments, and its roes form an excellent caviare. Callisthenics, kal-is-then'iks. The practice of taking exercise for health, or grace of movement. Callitris, kal'i-tris. A gen. of conifers which supplies the aromatic gum-resin called sandarac. Calnxnck, 'muk. A member of a remark- able branch of the Mongol race, spread over a largo portion of Asia. Calomel, 'o-mel. Heml-, di-, sub-, or pro to -chloride of mercury, or mercurous chloride ; a preparation of mercury found native as horn quicksilver. Calophyllum, -fil'um. A gen. of plants, ord. GruttifenD. C. Inophyllum yields a medical resin, tacamahac. The seeds afford an oil which is used for burning, making ointment, «Ssc. Calliope. Caloric, ka-lor'ik. A supposed subtle imponderable fluid to which the sensa- tion and phenomena of heat were formerly attributed. C. engine, a name given by Captain Ericsson to Ma improved air- engine. Calorie, -lo-re. The quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogramme of water one degree Centi- grade. Calorimeter, kal-o-rim'e-ter. An ap- paratus for measuring quantities of heat or the heat of bodies. Calorimotor, ka-lor'i-mo"ter. A gal- vanic instrument which produces consid- erable heat, attended by small electrical power. Calosoma kal-o-so'ma. A gen. of cole- opterous insects, fam. Carabida;. Calotte, ka-lot' A plain skull-cap or coif of hair, worn in Catholic countries as an ecclesiastical ornament, and in Eng- land by sergeants-at-law on their wigs; also, a military skull-cap. Anything hav- ing the form of a small cap, as the cap of a sword-hilt. Calottist, 'tist. A member of a society which sprang up in Paris in the reign of Louis XIV., and formed a regiment un- der the name La Calotte (a Hat cap worn by the priests), which was the symbol of the society. Calotype, kal'o-tip. The process of pro- ducing i>hotographs by the action of light upon nitrate of silver. Caloyer, ka-loi er. One of a sect of monks of the Greek Church, divided into cenobites, anchorets and recluses. Calp, kalp. A sub-species of carbonate of lime, intermediate between compact limestone and marl, called also Argillo- ferruginous Limestone. Calp-slates, 'slats. A series of shale, calp and flaggy sandstone strata developed in Ireland between the two great banda of carboniferous limestone. Caltrop, kaPtrop. An in- 1 strument with four iron points. They are used to obstruct the movements of cavalry. In Bot. the com- mon caltrops is the star- thistle ; the water caltrop isTrapanatans. Caltrop. Calunxet, 'u-met. A tobacco pipe used by the American Indians. The calumet of peace is smoked to ratify alliances, «fec.; its rejection means Avar. Calvary, 'va-ri. A place of skulls; G-olgotha ; the place where Christ was CALVINISM 141 CAMEPwA Calyx. Cam. crucified. In E. C. countries, a chapel, in memory of the place where our Saviour suffered. Calvinism, 'rin-izm. The theological tenets or doctrines of John Calvin, who was born in Picardy in France, and in 1536 chosen professor of divinity and minister of a church in Geneva, Switzerland. Calyptrseidae, ka-lip-tre'i-de. A fam. of gasteropodous mollusks, knovtn as bon- net or chambered limpets. Calyx, ku'Uks. In Bot. the ex- terior covering of a flower with- in the bracts and external to the corola, which it incloses and supports. In Anat. small cup- like membranous canals which invest the raints of the papillae of the kiduey. Cam, kam. In Mach. a simple contrivance for converting a xmi- form rotatory motion into a varied rectilineari motion. Cambaye, -ba'. A O cotton cloth made in India. _^ Camber, 'ber. A \:^ convexity upon an upper surface, as a deck amidships, a bridge. The part in a dockyard where timber Is stored, and where cambering is performed. Cam.ber-beam., 'ber-bem. In Arch, a beam laid upon the straining beam of a truncated roof, supporting the covering of the summit. Camberwell Beauty, -wel bu'ti. A rare British butterfly, Vanessa Antiopa. Cambistry, 'bis-tri. The science of ex- change, weights, measures, &c. Cambrasine. 'bra-sen. A fine linen cloth fabricated in Egypt, resembling cambric. Cam.brian, 'bri-an. Relating or per- taining to "Wales or Cambria. C. gi-oup, an extensive series of gritstones, sandstones, or slates, often metamorphosed into chlo- rite and mica schists, and gneiss, lying un- der the lower Silurian beds. Cambric, kara'brik, A fine linen fabric, named from Cambray in Flanders, where it was first manufactured. An imitation is also made of fine cotton. Cambro-Briton, kam'brS-bri-ton. A Welshman. Camail, ka-mal. The chain-mail or ar- mor ai)pertaining to the casque or bas- clnet, falUng down over the shoulders. Camaldolite, -mal'do-llt. A nearly ex- tinct fraternity of monks founded in 1018, by St. Romuald ; they wear white robes. Camarilla, kam-a-ril'a. A company of secret counsellors or advisers; a cabal; a clique. Camayeu, ka-ma'ii. A stone or onyx engraved in relief; a cameo. In fine arts, monochrome painting. Camel, kam'el. A large quadruped, gen. Camelus, family Camehdas, ord. Rumi- nantia. There are two varieties, one strong and slow, for burdens, the other slighter and fleeter, for traveling. The gen. Au- chenia (llamas) have no hump. A water- tight structure placed beneath a vessel to raise it in the water. Camelidae, ka-mel'i-de. A fam. of quadrupeds, including the true camels of the eastern hemisphere, and the llamas of the western. They are the only rumi- nants with canine and incisor teeth in the upper jaw. Camelopardalis, kam'el-o-par"da lis. A gen. of ruminant quadrupeds of which the camelopard is the sole species. A northern constellation, situated between Oepheus, Perseus, Ursa Major and Minor, and Draco, containing 82 stars. Cam.elopardel, ka-mel'o-par-del. An imaginary beast of heraldic creation, formed by the addition of two hoi-ns on the head of the camelopard. Cameo, kam'e-6. A general name for all stones cut in relief, in contradistinction to those hoUowed out, or intaglios. C. in- crustation, the art of producing bas-relief casts within a coating of flint-glass. Cam.eotype, -tip. A small vignette daguerreotype for mounting in a jeweled setting. Camera , 'er-a. In Auc. ai'ch. an arch- ed roof, ceil- ing, or cover- . ing; a vault. The variety of camera obscu- ra used by photog r a p h- ers. C. lucida, an invention Camera Obscura: for facihtatmg the delineation of distant objects, and also copjTUg or reducing drawings, by pro- ducing a reflected picture of them upon paper. C. obscura, an apparatus in which the Images of external objects, received through a double convex lens, are exhib- ited distinctly, and in their natural colors, on a white surface placed at the focus of CAMEELHTGO 142 CANAI^ the lens. The C. obscura employed by jthotographers is a box, one half of which slides into the other, with a tube in front containing an object glass at its extremity. Canierling"0, ka-mer-Ien'go. The high- est officer in the papal household ; the chamberlain. Cameronian, kam-er-rG'ni-an. One of tae followers of llichard Cameron in Scot- land, who lefused to accept th& indul- gence granted to the Presbyterian clergy by Chai-les II. They constituted the Ke- formed Presbyterian Church, the majori- ty of which in 1S76 joined the Free Church. A name given to the 26th Eeg- iment of British infantry, Camisard, 'i-ziird. One of the French Calvinists of the Cevennes, in revolt from 16S8 till 1705. Camisole, -sol. A short light garment worn by ladies when dressed in negligee. A straight-jacket put upon lunatics. A sort of straiight jacket put upon prisoners in France after condemnation to the guil- lotine. Camlet, 'let. A stuff originally made of camel's hair, now of avooI, silk, or hair, especially that of goats, with wool or silk. The pure oriental camlet is made from the hair of the Angora goat. Camorra, ka-mor'ra. A secret society in Neapolitan cities, whose members, styled Camoristi, exercised a lawless In- fluence over the lower classes. Camp, kamp. The place where an army or other body of men is encamped ; the collection of tents or other erections for the accommodation of a number of men. An intrenched camp is surrounded by earthworks, &c. A flying camp is one occupied for a very brief period. C. of instruction, a camp formed for the recep- tion of troops to be maneuvered in large bodies. Body of troops moving and en- camping together ; an army. Carapagnol, kam-pag-nol. A species of lield-rat or vjle, the Arvicola arvalis. Campanile, -pa-ne'la. In Arch, a clock or bell tower ; applied to detached build- ings erected for the pur- pose of containing bells, x That at Cremona is 395 ^ feet high. t|i Camphene, 'lEn. Thel^ generic name for the vola- »y'°' tile oils or hydrocarbons, isomeric or polymeric with oil of turpentine, as oil of bergamot, cloves, copaiba, Oampanile &c. Camphor, 'fer, A translucent sub- stance, of granular or foliated fracture, having a bitterish aromatic taste and a pungent smell. In chemical character it belongs to the vegetable oils. Camphor-oil, -oil. A fragrant, limpid, colorless oil obtained from the Dryobala- iiops Camphora by distilltng the wood with water. Camphor-tree, -tre, Camphora offici- narum, ord. Lauracese, the tree from which common camphor is obtained. AH l)arts of the tree yield camphor, but it is obtained chiefly from the wood. Camp-m.eeting-, kamp'met-ing. A re- ligious meeting held in the open air, the attendants encamping for some days for continuous devotion. Campo, kam'po. The Portuguese name of the wide grass plains of Brazil, once the site of forests. A kind of Bohea tea. Campong", 'pong. A native village in the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. Cam.p-stool, kamp'stiil. A seat or stool Avith cross legs, so made as to fold up. Camp- vinegar, -vin'e-ger. A mixture of vinegar, Cayenne pepper, soy, walnut- catsup, anchovies and garlic. Campylite, kam'pi-lit. A variety of mimetite or arsenate of lead in which X)hosphoric largely replaces arsenic acid. Cam- wheel, 'whel. A wheel formed so as to move eccentrically and produce a re- ciprocating rectilineal and interrupted motion in connecting machinery. Cam-wood, 'wud. A red dye-wood, the produce of Baphia nitida, ord. Legumi- nosae. It is used also for making knife- handles and knobs to furnitm-e. Can, kan. A term applied to A^arioua vessels, especially to vessels made of sheet' metal, for containing liquids ; in some cases provided with a handle and spout. Canaanite, kiVnan-lt. An inhabitant of the land of Canaan, before the return of the Israelites from Egyjtt ; a descendant of Canaan, son of Ham. Canada Balsam, kan'a-da bal'sam. A fluid resin mixed vvith a volatile oil ob- tained from blisters in the bark of the balsam fir and of Eraser's balsam fir. Canada Rice, ris. Zizania aquatica or Hydropyrum esculentum, a plant prolific in large farinaceous seeds, Avhich afford good meal. Canaille, ka-nrd'. The lowest order of the people ; the rabble, the vulgai-. Canal, -nal'. An artificial water-course, particulaiiy one constructed for the pass- CANAL-LIFT 14S CANDLE-BOMB Canaiy. age of vessels. In Arch, a channel ; a groove or a flute. In Zool. a groove In parts of certain univalve shells, adapted for the protrusion of the siphon or breath- ing tube. Canal-lift, 'Uft. A hydro-pneumatic elevator for raising boats from one level of a canal to another. Canard, -nard'. An absurd storj' which one attempts to impose on his hearers or readers ; a fabricated story to which cur- rency is given by newspapers. A broad- side cried in the streets, from the gener- ally sensational nature of its contents. Canarium, -na'ri-um. A gen. of plants, ord. Amyridaceae, consistingof trees which exude valuable resin or balsam and oil. Canar y . Wine made in the Canary; Islands. An old dance in- troduced from the Canary Islands. A canary-bird. Cana r y- bird, -berd. An insessorial singing bird, a kind of finch, the Car- duehs canaria, or FringUla carduelis, fam. Fringillldae. They were introduced into Europe 300 to 400 years ago. Canary-gn:ass, -grass, Phalaris canari- «nsis, ord. Graminese ; the seed is used as food, and is largely collected for chamber birds. Canary-stone, -ston. A beautiful and rare variety of cameUan. Cancan, kan'kan. An extravagant and lascivious French dance performed by men and women. Cancelli, -sel'li. Lattice work ; specific- ally, in E. C. churches, the partition be- tween the choir ajid the body of the church, so constructed as not to intercept the view. In Compar. Anat. the spongy texture of bones. Cancer, 'ser. The crab gen., ten-footed, anomural or short-tailed crustace- ans, now used to include only the common edible crab and allied species. In: Astron. one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, limit- ing the sun's course north ward in summer. A mor- bid growth, arising from a vitiated con- stitution and ending in ulceration, divided 3BS Cancer. Candelabra. into scirrhous, encephaloid, colloid, and epithelial cancer. Cancroma, kang-kro'ma. A gen. of birds, ord. Grallai ; the boat-bills. Candareen, kan- da-ren'. A Chinese weight, the 100th part of a tael, equal to 10 cash, about 6 grains ; its money value ranges from ten to fourteen cop- per cash. Candelabrum, kan-de-la-'brum. In Antiq. a tall candle- stick, often highly- ornamented. A, stand by which , lamps were support- ed. A branched or- namental candlestick. Canderos, 'de-ros. A gum, of the ap- pearance of amber, but white and pellu cid, sometimes turned into toys. Candidate, 'di-dat. A person who as- pires or is put forward as an aspirant to an office of honor ; one who offers him- self, or who is proposed for preferment, by election or appointment. Candied, 'did. Preserved with sugar, or incrusted with it. Wholly or partially converted into sugar. Candiot, 'di-ot. An inhabitant of Candia. Candle, 'dl. A taper ; a cylindrical body of tallow, wax, spermaceti, or other fatty material, formed on a ■wick, used for a portable light. A candle power. Excom- munication by inch of candle, a form in which the offender is allowed time to re- pent only while a candle burns out. Eush candle, made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in tallow. The game is not worth the can- dle (Le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle), a phrase of French origin, indicating that an object is not worth the pains requisite for its attainment. Candle-berry, -be-ri. The fruit of the candle-beny tree, the kernels of which aro used by the Polynesians as candles. Called also Candle-nut. Candle-berry Tree, tre. The Aleu- rites triloba. Also the Myrica certicra, or wax mjTtle, ord. Myricacese, the drupes or berries of which are covered with a wax of which candles are made. Candle-bomb, -bom. A small glass bubble filled with water placed in the wick CAOT)LE-FISn 144 CANNOW of a candle, whore it explodes from the force of the steaiu which is generated. Candle-fish, -fish. A sea-fish of the salmon fum., the Thaleichthys Paciflcus, used not only for food, but for making oil, and as a natural candle. Candlemas, -mas. An ecclesiastical festival, held on the 2d day of Februaiy, in honor of the purification of the Virgin Mary. On this day the Catholics conse- crate all candles and tapers to bo used in the churches during the year. Candle-power, -pou-er. The illuminat- ing power of a candle, taken as a unit in estimating the luminosity of any agent ; as gas of 25 candle-power. The standard is a spermaceti candlo burning at the rate of 120 grains per hour. Candroy, 'droi. A machine used in pre- paring cotton cloths for printing. Candy, 'di. A soUd preparation of sugar or molasses, either aJone or in combination ■with other substances, to flavor, color or give.it the desired consistency. An East- ern measure of weight, varying from 600 to 821i- lbs. In Malabar, a measure equivalent to 28i inches. Cane, kan. A term applied to the stems of the bamboo, rattan and sugar-cane. A walking-stick. A long measure in several counti-ies of Europe ; at Naples, 7 feet Si- inches ; in Toulouse, 5 feet 8^ inches ; in Provence, &c., 6 feet 5^ inches. Cane-grun, 'gun. A Aveapon comprising a gun -barrel with its discharging devices arranged within a walking-stick. Canepliorus, ka-nefo-rus. One of the bearers of the baskets con- taining the imple- ments of sacrifice, in processions at ancient Greek fes- tivals, an office much coveted by virgins. In Arch. A term applied to figures bearing baskets on their heads. Canes Venatici, ka'nez ve-nat'i-sl. Canephorus. The Hounds, a con- stellation containing 25 stars. Canga, kang'ga. The auriferous iron- conglomerato of Brazil, probably of glacial origin. The word is a contraction of tepanhuna, negro, and acauga, head. Caxigran, ■'gan. A coarse cotton cloth mannfacturerebend affixed by the founda- tion to maids, without obhging them to renounce the world. Canonicals, ka-non'ik-alz. The habit prescribed by canon to be worn by the clergy when they officiate. Also, some parts of the dress of civil officials and col- legians. Canonization, kan'on-iz-a"shon. The act of ranking a deceased person In the catalogue of saints, called a canon. It is preceded by beatification, and an examina- tion into the life and miracles of the per- son, after which the pope decrees the can- onization. Canon-la'W, -la. A collection of ecclesi- astical constitutions for the regulation of the Church of Eome and the Church of England. Canopic, ka-nop'ik. Of or pertaining to Canopus, in Egypt. C. vases were used by Egyptian priests to hold the entrails of embalmed bodies. Canopus, -no'pus. A star of the first magnitude in the constellation Argo. An Egyptian jar, made of baked earth, and used for keeping water cool. Canopy, kan'O-pi. A covering over a throne or bed. In Arch, a decoration serving as a hood or cover. Cant, kant. An external or salient angle. A bolt head having six angles is said to be six-canted. One of the segments form- ing a side-piece in the head of a cask. A segment of the rim of a wooden cog-wheel. An inclination fi-om a horizontal line. Cantab, kan-tab'. Abbreviation of Can- tabrigian. Cantabrian, -ta'bri-an. Pertaining to Cantabria, on the Bay of Biscay. Cantabrigian, -ta-brij'i-an. An inhab- itant or native *of Cambridge. A student or graduate of Cambridge University. Cantalever, -ta-lev'er. A block framed into the Avail of a house, and projecting from it to cany moldings, eaves, bal- conies, &c. C. bridge, a form of iron bridge for railroad or heavy traflic, re- cently invented. " Cantaloupe, -lop. A variety of musk- melon of a very dq^cate flavor. Cantara, -ta'ra. A measure of weight used in many countries ; in Turkey it is about 125 lbs. ; In Egypt, 98 ; in Malta, ITS, &c. The Spanish wine measure can- tara is about 8i gallons. CANTATEICE 146 CAISTADA Cantatrice, -ta-tre'cha. A female singer. Canteen, -ten'. A sutler's shop in bar- racks, camps, &c. A vessel used by sol- diers for carrjing water or liquor. A square box, with compartments, in which otiicers pack a variety of articles. Canter, 'ter. To move in a moderate gallop, raising the two fore-feet nearly at the same time. Also called Canterbury gallop. Canterbury, -be-ri. A receptacle for music, portfolios, loose papers, &c.; a stand with divisions. Cantharellus, -tha-rellus. A gen. of fungi nearly allied to Agaricus. C. ciba- rius is one of the best mushrooms. Oantharidin, -thar'i-din. That peculiar substance which causes vesication, exist- iag in the Spanish fly. Canth.aris, 'tha-ris. A gen. of coleop- terous insects, type of the fam. Canthari- da^,. The best-kn«wn species is the Span- ish or blistering fly. Cantharus, -rus. A gen. of acanthop- tervgious fishes, fam. Sparoidel. C. gri- seus is the black bream. Canth.ook, kant'hok. A wooden lever with an iron hook at the end for turning over logs. Canticle, kan'ti-kl. The Song of Songs or Song of Solomon. An unmetrical hymn taken from Scripture, arranged for chanting. Canton, 'ton. A small portion of land or division of territory ; also a district con- stituting a distinct State or government, as in Switzerland. In Her, a portion of the shield comprising a third part of the chief. A distinct division, as the cantons of a painting or flag. Cantonment, -ton'ment, A division of a town assigned to a particular regiment ; the dweUing- places occupied by an army during a suspension of operations, fre- quently used to designate the winter quar- ters of an army. Cantoon, kan-ton. A kind of fustian with a fine cord visible on one side. Canvas, kan'vas. A coarse cloth made of hemp or flax, used for tents, sails of ships, paiatings, &c. A cloth woven reg- ularly in squares, used for working tapes- try. Naut., sails in general. Canvas-back, -bak. A species of wild duck, the Fuligula valisneria, highly es- teemed for its deUcacy. Caoutchine, ko'chin. An inflammable volatile oil produced by distillation of caoutchouc. Caoutchouc, 'chok. An elastic gummy substance, the inspissated juice of several tropical plants; india-rubber; gum -elas- tic. Obtained ft-om Siphonia elastica, a euphorbiaceous plant, and Ficus elastica, oi'd. Moracese; also from several apocynace* ous plants, as the Urceola elastica, Castil- loa elastica and other artocarpads, &c. Itia impervious to water, and is composed of 87.5 per cent, carbon, and 12,5 per cent. hydrogen. Cap, kap. A part of dress made to cover the head, of softer material and less defi- nite form than a hat. The badge or en- sign of some dignity ; specifically, of a cardinalate. The top or chief ; the acme. A size of paper. Anything resembling a cap in appearance or use. C. of dignity, a head tire formerly worn by dukes and commanders, now an ornament of state carried before the sovereigns of England at their coronation, and also before the mayors of some cities. Calvin, John, Rev. A distinguished religious reformer, b. in France, 1509, d. in Switzerland, 1564. He was a prolific Avriter and eloquent orator. He relin- quished CathoUcism at the age of 25. Calirpso. In Myth, one of the Ocean- ides, or, according to some writers, one of the daughters of Atlas. Ulysses was ship- wrecked on her coasts, and she detained him seven years, off"ering him immortality if he would marry her, an offer he refused. Cambridgre, kam'brij. Cap of C. of same name in England, and seat of the famous university founded 1237 ; pop. 30,- 000. Cambridge, a city of Massachusetts, separated from Boston by Charles Kiver ; the seat of Harvard CoUtge, founded 1638; pop. 52,669. Camillus, Marcus, Purius, kah-mil'- lus. A Koman patriot, elected director five times. He was banished for dividing the spoils of Veil. During his exile Eome was captured by the Gauls under Bren- nus. C. M'as recalled, and drove the en- emy out of the country ; b. abt. 473 b. c; D. 365 B. c. Campag'na di Koma, kam-pan'yah de ro'mah. The plain near the center of Avhich is the city of Kome. It is mias- matic and sparsely populated. Cana, ka'nah. The GalUlean village where Christ performed his first miracle, turning water into Avltie; now in dilapida- tion, and called Kana-el-Jelil. Canaan, ka'nan. Scriptural rame for the portion of Palestine W. of Jordan. Canada, The Dominion of, kan dah. The federal union of the British' CANAEY ISLANDS 147 CAPITOLINE provinces of N. America, formed in 1867, and governed by an appointee of tlie Crown, called a Governor General, and a parliament; area, 3,330,162 sq. m.; pop. 5,824,615. The provinces are Ontario, Quebec. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island, British Columbia and Manitoba. The principal cities are Quebec, Montreal, Halifax, St. John, Ot- tawa, Toronto and Kingston ; chief rivers, the St. Lawrence, Ottawa, Saguenay and Thames. Canary Islands. A N. Atlantic group (Spanish) of 7 large and several small Islands, 135 m. N.W. of Cape Bojador, W. Africa; area. 8,256 sq. in.; pop. 250,000. Teneriffe is the principal island and con- tains the cap., SanU Cruz de Teneriflfe; pop. 10,000. Cap-a-pie, -a-p5'. Rrom head to foot ; all over. Caparison, ka-par'i-s o n. A cloth cov- ering, more or less orna- mented, laid| over the sad-i die or furnl- ture of a horse. Cloth- ing, especial- ly gay cloth" ing. Cape, kap. A "War-horse Caparisoned piece of land jutting into the sea or lake ; a headland ; a promontorj'. A kind of wine from the Cape of Good Hope. The part of a gar- ment hanging from the neck behind. Cape of Good Hope. The 8. W. point of Africa ; doubled by Yasco di Gama in 1497. Cape Colony, 'or Colony of Cape of Good Hope, is under British'dominion, and includes the greater part of the conti- n«nt S. of lat. 29° 30'. It is governed by a viceroy, and is the key to the Indian Ocean. Its principal cities are Cape Town, the cap., Grahams-town and <] wellendam ; chief rivers, the Orange, Elephant and Great Fish; area, 183,286 sq. m.; pop. 861,400. Capel, ka'pl. A compound stone consist- ing of quartz, schorl and hornblende. Capella, ka-pel'la. A bright fixed star in the left shoulder of the constellation Auriga. Capellmeister, 'mTs-ter. The musical director of a church in Germany ; a pre- centor. The conductor of a band or an opera. Capercailzie, ka-per kal'yi. Scotch name for the wood-grouse, the largest of the gallinaceous birds of Europe. The male is called the mountain-cock or cock of the woods. Caper-sauce, -sas. A sauce seasoned wth capers. Caper-tea, -te. A kind of black tea, ^vith a knotty curled leaf. Capet, Hugrues, ka'pa. Founder o(* the Capertiau (3d) dynasty of French monarchs ; b. abt. 938, d. abt. 996 H* was Count of Paris, and usurped thd throne on the death of Louis V., the lasl of the Carlovingian line. The Capets gave 118 sovereigns to Europe, 36 kings to France, and a smaller number to Spain, Portugal, Naples and Sicily, Hungary and Navarre ; also 3 emperors to Con-stanti • nople. and dukes to Brittany, Burgundy, Lorraine and Pai-ma. Capias, 'pi-as. In law, a writ of two sorts ; one before judgment, called ad re- spondendum ; the other, after judgment, ad satisfaciendum. Capillaire, ka-pil-lar'. Originally a sirup prepared with maiden hair fern, but now applied to any simple sirup. Capital, kap'i-tal. ^^ The head or uppermost ^^ member of any part of . a building ; but gener- 1 ally applied to the up- permost part of a col- umn, pillar or pilaster. In Fort, the line which bisects the salient angle of a ravelin. The chief city or town in a Egyptian Capital, kmgdom or state ; a ^' ' metropolis. A t\'pe ; a capital letter. Money or wealth employed in any busi- ness. Capitalist, -ist. A man who has a capi- tal or stock in trade. Capitan-pacha, -i-tan'pa-sha'. The chief admiral of the Turkish fleet. Capitol, 'i-tol. In ancient Eome, the hill crowned by a temple dedicated to Jupiter and by a citadel ; also the temple in which "the senate assembled. The name was given to the principal temples of the Eomans in their colonies. In the United States, the edifices occupied by Congress and the State Legislatures. Capitoline, -in. Pertaining to the Capitol in Eome, or to Jupiter. C. games, annual games, instituted by Camilius in honor of Jupiter, and in commemoration of the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls, and reinstituted by Domitian, after CAPLTX \48 CAPTBAEA ■which they were celebrated every 5th '^ear. Caplin, 'Jin. Salmo arcticus or Mallotus viliosus, fam. Sahuonidae, largely used as cod bait. Capnomor, 'no-mer. A fluid obtained from the smoke of organic bodies or from the tar of wood. Capoc, 'ok. A cotton of the E. Indies. Capon, kii'pon. A castrated cock. Cappadine, kap'pa-dln. Silk flock from the upper part of the cocoon after the true silk has been wound ofi'. Cappagrh. Brown, 'pach broun. Man- ganese-brown ; a bituminous earth, color- ed by oxide of manganese andiron, which yields pigments of rich brown colors. Cai)-paper, 'pa-per. A size of writing paper, usually called foolscap. Cappeline, 'pel-in. A small skull-cap of iron worn by archers in the middle ages. Capricorn, 'ri- korn. One of the 12 signs of the zodiac, the winter solstice; represented by the figure of a goat, or a figure having the fore part like a goat, and the hind part like a fish. C. beetle, the gen. Cerambyx. Capridae, -de. The goat tribe, a subdi- vision of the Cavicornia, which includes sheep, antelopes, «&;c. Caprifoliaceae, -fo-h-a"8e-e. An ord. of monopetalous dicotyledons, aUied to the Eubiaccfe, including the honeysuckle, elder, viburnum and snowberry. Caprimulgidse, -ri-mul'ji-de. The goat- suckers, a fam. of insessorial, fissirostral birds, allied to the swallow tribe, including the whip-poor-will and the night-hawk. Caprin, 'rin. A substance which, with butyrine and caprone, gives butter its agreeable taste and odor. It is a caprate of glycerine. Caproic, ka-pro'ik. Of or pertaining to a goat. 0. acid, the 6th in the series of fatty acids, produced from butter, cocoa- nut oil, and other sources ; its salts are termed caprates. Capromys, kap'rO-mis. The hog-rat, a gen. of rodents, fam. Muridae. Caprone, 'ron. A clear oil obtained from butter. Caprovis, ka-pro'vis. A gen. of the sheep fam., comprehending the moufflon and argali. Capricorn. Capstan. Capsicine, kap'si-sin. An alkaloid, the active prlacipls of the capsules of Cayenne pepper. Capsictun, -kum. A gen. of annual sub- shrubby plants, ord. Solanacese. The fruit is used for pickles, sauces, &c., and also in medicine. Cayenne pepoer consists of the ground pods of C. frutescens and C. annuum. Cap-sill, 'sil. The upper beam in the framing of bridges, via- ducts, «fec. Capstan, 'stan. An ap- paratus working on the principle of the wheel and. axle, and consisting of a; cylinder adjusted on an up- right axis, chiefly used on ships for weighing anchor, hoisting sails, &c. It differs from a wind- lass by the axis being vertical. Capsule, 'sul. A dry fruit which de- hisces by regular valves. In Chem. a small saucer for roasting ores. A shallow vessel for evaporations, solutions, and the like. In Anat. a membranous production inclosing a part like a bag. A gummy en- velope for nauseous medicines. The metal- lic cover for closing a bottle. Captain, 'tan. One who is at the head of or has authority over others ; a leader. The military officer who commands a company. An officer in the British navy next in rank above the commander, rank- ing with a lieutenant colonel in the army. The master of a merchant vessel. In ball games the head of the body of players on one side. Capuchin, -u-shen'. A monk of the or- der of St. Francis, so called from the capuce, a stuff cowl, the badge of the or- der. The C. go barefooted, and never shave. A garment for females, consisting of a cloak and hood. A fam. of cowled pigeons. Capybara, ka-pi-ba'ra. The largest known rodent, Hydrochaerus capybara. Capybara. fam. Cavldse, of aquatic habits. It is < sily CAR 149 CARBONAEO tamed, and ita flesh is esteemed. Called also Water-hog. Car, kjir. A two-wheeled vehicle ; a cart. Any vehicle of dignity ; a chariot of war, and the like. A carriage for running on rails ; horse and steam railway carriages. Phoebus' car, the sun. The Northern Car, the constellation also called Chai-les' Wain or the Plow. Garabidae, ka-rab'i-de, A fam. of cole- opterous insects, section Pentamera, com- prising more than 6,000 species. The bom- bardier beetle belongs to this family. Carabine, kar'a-bin. A Spanish fire- ai-m, shorter in the barrel than the musket or rifle, usually spelled carbine. They are used by cavalry, and by Irish constabu- lary. Carabus, kar'a-bus. A gen. of coleop- terous carnivorous insects, fam. Carabidse; beetles. Caracal, kar'a-kal. A species of African lynx. It possesses great strength and fierceness, and when tamed is sometimes used for hunting. Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius An- touius, kar-a-k:il'lah. The most infa- mous of Roman emperors ; b. abt. 180 a. D., crowned 211, assassinated 217. Caracara, kii-ra-ka'ra. Birds of the 6ub-fain. Polyborinse. fam. Falconidse. Caracci, kah-ratch'e. The name of three brothers, distinguished painters, natives of Italy. Annibale, b. 1555, b. 1609 ; Agostino, B. 155S, D. 1602 ; Ludovico, b. 1560, D. 1619. Caracole, kar'a-kol. In the manege, a semi-round or half-turn which a horse- man makes. In Arch, a spiral staircase. Caracoly, -kol-i. An alloy of gold, silver and copper, for inferior jewelry. Caradoc Sandstone, -dok sand'ston. The upper division of the lower Silurian rocks, <:onsisting of micaceous and some- times quartzose grits, and Umestones con- taining corals, moUusca and trilobites. Carafe, ka-raf. A glass water-bottle. Carambola, -ram 'bo-la. Indian fruit used in making sherbets, tarts and pre- serves ; the fruit of Averrhoa Carambola. Caramel, kar'a-mel. Anhydrous or burnt sugar, used for giving a brown color to spirits and sirups. The name given to a popular confection. Caranx, ka'rangks. A gen. of acanthop- terygian fishes, fam. Scomberidse ; one specie."* is called horse-mackerel. Carapace, kar'a-pas. The shell which protects the chelonian reptiles, as the tor- toise or turtle ; the covering of the crus- taceans. Carat, 'at. The weight of 4 grains, used in weighing precious stones and pearls, A term used to express the proportionat* fineness of gold. Carauna, ka-ra'na. A resin produced by the tree Bursera acuminata. Caravan, kar'a-van. A company of travelers, pilgrims or merchants, who as- sociate together that they may travel with greater security. A large close carriage for conveying traveling exhibitions from place to place. An animal exhibition. Caravansary, 'sa-ri. In the East, a place for receiving and lodging caravans ; a kind of inn where travelers rest at night, but which furnishes no other accommoda- tions. Caravel, -vel. A Portuguese vessel of 100 to 150 tons burden: also a fishing vessel of 10 to 15 tons. A large Turkish ship of war. Oarbazotic Acid, kar-ba-zot'ik as'id. A substance obtained by the action of nitrio acid on indigo and som other substances, of great importance in dyeing. Carbide, 'bid. A compound of carbon with a metal. Formerly called Carburet. Carbohydrate, 'bo-hj-drat. A com- pound of carbon and the elements of water, such as starch and cellulose. Carbolic Acid, -bol'ik as'id. An acid found in that part of the oil of coal which boils between 800° and 400°, much em- ployed as a therapeutic and disinfectant. Carbon, 'bon. Pure charcoal : a simple body, black, brittle, light and inodorous. When crystaUized it forms the diamond. Wood carbon or chai'coal is employed to convert iron into steel by cementation. It enters into the composition of gunpowder, forms the basis of black paints, Indian and printers' ink. C. occurs as diamond, wood charcoal, animal charcoal, graphite, lamp-black, and anthracite; its compounds are more numerous than those of all the other elements taken together. C. points, In electric lighting, two pieces between which the circuit is broken, so that the re- sistance oflfei-ed to its passage produces a light of extraordinary brilUancy. C. print- ing, in Photog. a process by which per- manent pictures, &c. , ajt-e printed from photographic negatives. Carbonaro, -bo-na'rd. A name given to the members of a secret political societ}'-, foi-med by the Neapolitan republicans dur- ing Mwrat's government, for the expul- sion of the stranger and the establishment of a demowatic government. CAEBONATE 150 CAKDINAL Carbonate, 'bon-at. In Chem. a com- pound formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base,' as carbonate of lime. Carbonic, 'ik. Pertaining to carbon, or obtained from it. C. acid, more properly C. Anhydride, or C. Dioxide, is a gaseous compound of 12 parts carbon and 32 oxy- gen, twenty-two times as heavy as hydro- gen, and existing in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 volume in 2,500 ; acts as a narcotic poison when present in the air to the extent of only 4 or 5 per cent. It is disengaged from fermenting hquors and from decomposing vegetable and animal substances, and constitutes the choke- damp of mines. It has a pleasant, acidu- lous, pungent taste, and aerated beverages of all kinds — beer, champagne and car- bonated mineral water — owe their refresh- ing qualities ^to its presence, for though poisonous when takem into the lungs, it is agreeable when taken into the stomach. C. oxide is obtained by transmitting car- bonic acid over red-hot fragments of char- coal, and by other processes. It is a colorless gas, very poisonous, and is pro- duced when a coal fire burns with a smoke- less flame. Carboniferous, -bo-nif'er-us. Contain- ing or yielding carbon or coal. C. sys- tem, the great group of strata which lie between the old and the new red sand- stones, including the coal measures, mill- stone grit, and mountain limestone. Carbonometer, -nom'et-er. An instru- ment to detect an excess of carbonic acid. Carbon-spar, 'bon-spar. A name given to' several mineral carbonates, as carbon- ate of magnesium, zinc, &c. Carboy, 'boi. A large bottle of green glass, wicker covered, used for containing acids and other corrosive Hquids. Carbuncle, 'bung-kl. A beautiful gem of a deep red color, with a mixture of scarlet, called by the Greeks anthrax, found adhering to a heavy ferruginous stone of the emery kind. When held up to the sun it becomes exactly the color of a burning coal. An inflammatory tumor, or malignant gangrenous ulcer. In Her. a charge or bearing, generally consisting of eight radii, four of which make a com- mon cross, and the other four a saltier. Carcajou, 'ka-jo. A species of badger, the Meles labradorica. Carcavelhos, -val'yos. A sweet wine, grown in Portugal. Carcharias, -ka'ri-as. A gen. of elas- mobranchiate fishes, comprising some of the most voracious of the sharks. Corcharodon, 'kar-o-don. A gen. cf fossil tertiary sharks, often of great size. Carcinus, 'si-nus. A gen. of decapod Crustacea, containing the gi-een or shore- crab. Card, kard. A piece of thick paper or pasteboard. A piece of cardboard on which are painted figures or points ; a playing card. A piece of cardboard with one's name, »fec., written or printed on it, and indicating the name or name ana business of the person presenting it. The paper on which the points of the compass are marked. A piece of pasteboard on which is written or pi-inted an invitation to an entertainment. An instrument for combing, opening and breaking wool or flax, freeing it from the coarser parts and from extraneous matter. Cardamom, kar'da-mum. The aro- matic capsule of different species of Amo- mum and Elettaria, ord. Zingiberaceie, employed in medicine as well as an ingre- dient in sauces and curries. Cardboard, kiird'bord. A stiff paper for making cards, &c. ; pasteboard. Cardiadse, kar-di'a-de. A fam. of lamel- libranchiate mollusks, including the cockles and their allies. Cardinal, 'di-nal. Chief, principal, pre- eminent or fundamental. C. numbers, one, two. three, &c., in distinction from first, second, third, &c., ordinal num- bers. C. points, north and south, east and west, or the four intersections of the hori- zon with the meridian, and the prime ver- tical circle. In Astrol. the rising and set- ting of the sun, the zenith and nadir. C. signs, in Astron., Aries, Libra, Cancer and Capricorn. Cardinal. An ec- clesiastical prince in the E. Ct Ch., haying a voice in the conclave at the election of a Pope, who is taken from the cardinals. They /^ ,. i, tt a are divided into 3 Cardmal's Hat. orders, comprising 6 bishops, 50 priests and 14 deacons, making TO. These con- stitute the Sacred College and compose the Pope's council. Originally subordi- nate in rank to bishops, they now have the precedence. The dress of a cardinal is a red soutaine, a rochet, a short purple mantle and alow-crowned broad-brimmed red hat, with cords depending from either side, each having fifteen tassels at its ex- tremity. A cloak, originally of a scar- let cloth with a hood to it, worn by ladies CAEDmAL-BIED 151 CAENALLITE of the 18th. century. At a later period the material and color varied. Caixiinal-bird., -herd. Cardinalis vir- ginianiis, fam. FrinprtHidne. Its song re- sembles that of the nightingale, hence one of its common names, Virginian Nightin- gale. Called also Scarlet Grosbeak and Eed Bird. Card.ing'-inachine, kjird'ing-ma-shen. A machine for combing, breaking and cleansing wool and cotton. Cardiura, kar'di-um. The cockle, a gen. of mollusca, fam. Cardiaceffi. Cardol, 'dol. An oily liquid from the pericarp of the cashew-nut. Carduelis, -da-e'lis. A gen. of coniros- tral perching birds, finch tribe, including goldfinch and siskin. Carduus, -us. A gen. of erect herbs, ord. Compositai; the thistle. Carentane, kar'en-tJin. A papal indul- gence, multiplying the remission of pen- ance by forties. Carey, Henry Charles. An eminent American political economist ; b. in Phila- delphia, 1793, D. 1879. Cariacou, 'i-a-ko. The Yirginian deer (Cerrus virginianus). Carib, kar'ib. Aborigines of the smaller W. India Islands when discovered by the Europeans ; they were superior to most of the other tribes of natives. They were nearly annihilated by the cruelties of the Spaniards, and the remnant took refuge in the northern portions of S. Amei*ica. Caribbean Sea. That part of the Atlantic lying between N. and S. Amer- ica, C. America and the W. Indies ; area, 1,250,000 square miles. Cariboo, -bo. Tarandus rangifer, a variety of the reindeer, which has never been domesticated. Carica, -ka. A gen. of plants, ord. Papayaceaj, containing the papaw-ti-ee. Carillon, 'il-lon. A small instrument furnished with bells, properly tuned, play- ed with finger-keys like the piano-forte. A simple air to be performed on a set of bells. Carinaria, -i-na'ri-a. A gen. of gaster- opodous mollusks, ord. Heteropoda, whose shells are known as Venus slippers and glass nautilus. Carinatee, 'to. Huxley's 2d order of the class Aves, the others being Saururai and Ratit*. The C. include all existing birds except the Cursores, or non-flying. Cariole, 'i-ol. A small open carriage ; a kind of calaah.. A ovith holes for the escape of the odor. The part of a censer perfo- rated for the emission of the perfumes. Cassonade, -son-ad'. Eaw sugar ; sugar not refined. Cassowary, 'so-wa-ri. A large cursori- al bird, gen. Gasuarius, fam. Struthioni- dae. It rims with great rapidity, outstrip- ping the swiftest horse. Cast, kast. The act of casting ; a throw. The form into which anything is molded. A tube of wax fitted into a mbld to give shape to a metal. Also a brass or copper conduit in a mold for conveying metal. Among plumbers, a little brazen funnel for casting pipes ^vithout soldering. An assignment of parts of a i)lay to the several actors ; the company of actors to whom the parts of a play are as- signed. Castalia, kas-ta'li-a. The mythical fountain of in- spiration on Mount Par- nassus, sacred to tho Muses. Castanet, 'ta-net. An instrument composed of small concave shells ofi ivory or hard wood, used bv the Spaniards and ^ Moors as an accompan- v./astanet8. iment to the guitar. Caste, kast. One of the classes into which tho Hindus are divided according to Brah manism. They are four in number ; the Brahmans, or sacerdotal caste ; the Ksha- triyas, or military ; the Vaisyas, or hus- bandmen and merchants ; the Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. Men of no caste are called Pariahs and regarded as out- casts. Castellan, kas'tel-lan. A governor or constable of a castle. Castellated, -lat-ed. Furnished with turrets and battlements like a castle. In- closed in a building, as a foimtain or cis- tern. Caster, kas'ter. A common sufllx in place-names ; as, Doncaster, the fort on the Don. One of the six words recog- nized as inherited from the Eoman invad- ers of Britain. Caster, kas'ter. One who i casts or one who computes. One who makes castings; a founder. One who assigns the parts of the play to the actors. A cruet, used to contain condi- ments for the table ; also, a stand containing a set of casters, wheel on a 8A:\ivel, attached to the leg of a piece of furniture. Castile, kas'tel. The central division of Spain, divided by the mountain range into Old and NewC; area, 72,447 sq. m. Old C. includes 8 provinces. New C. 4. The dialect is the standard language of Spain, and the Castilians are distinguished for sobriety, honor and piety. Castile-soap, 'sop. A white or mot- tled toilet soap, made with oUve oil and a solution of caustic soda. Castle. '1. A building, or series of connect- ed buildings, fortified for defense agamst an enemy; a fortress. Castles were an A French Castle, out-growth of feudalism, and were first brought to a high pitch of strength ani completeness by the Normans. Tha house or mansion of a person of rank or wealth. A piece made in tho form of a castle, used in the game of chess ; the rook. C. in the air, a ^isionary project. C. influence, a term used in Ireland to denote the poUtical influence of the court ; DubUn Castle being the official residence of the lord lieutenant. Castle-gruard, -gai-d. The guard which defends a ciistle. A feudal tenure, or special knight service. A tax laid upon those Hving within a certain distance of a CASTOR 156 CATAPHEYGIAN obtained castle. The circuit round a castle taxed for its maintenance. Castor, 'ter. A. substance secreted by glandular sacs in the beaver, largely used in medicine and by perfumers. A gen. of rodent mammals of Avhich the beaver is the type. A beaver hat. A heavy qual ity of broadcloth. Castor and Pollux, kas'tor, pol'luks. In Myth, twin sons of Jupiter and Leda. Mercury carried them to Pallena, where they were educated, and at manhood they set off with Jason in search of the Golden Fleece. Pollux defeated and slew Amyous, and was considered the patron of boxing and wrestling, while Castor was noted for horsemanship. Castor and Pollux. In Astron. the constellation Gemini or the Twins, into which the sun enters annually about the 21st of May. C. is also the name of one of the bright stars in the head of the Twins. In Meteor, a flery meteor in the form of balls; one is called Helena; two or more. Castor and Pollux, or Tyndaridae. The name given to two minerals found in granite in the island of Elba. Castorina, -to-rl'na. The beaver tribe ; afam. of rodents. Castor-oil, 'ter-oil, from seeds of Eicinus com- munis by bruis- ing between roll- ers and then ?ressing them, 'he oil that first comes away, called c o 1 d - drawn castor-oil, is the best. Castrato, -tra'to. A male person emas- culated for the purpose of improving his voice ; an artificial or male soprano. Cast-sh.ado"W, kast'shad-6» In painting, a shadow cast by an object Avithin the pic- ture, serving to bring it out against objects behind it. Cast-steel, 'stel. Steel made by fusing the materials and running the product into molds. Cat^ kat. A name applied to certain car- nivorous quadrupeds, gen. FeHs. It is un- certain whether any animal now existing in a Avild state is tlie prototype of the domestic cat; probably it is descended from a cat originally domesticated in Egypt. The wild cat is much larger than the domestic cat, strong and ferocious. A ship or rowboat formed on the Norwegian model. A strong tackle to hook and draw Castor-oil Plant. an anchor up to the cat-head of a ship. A double tripod having six feet. Catabasion, -a-ba'zi-on. A vault under the altar of a Greek church, where relics are kept. Catacaustics, -kas'tiks. The caustic curves formed by the reflection of rays of light, distinguished from the diacaustic, formed by the refracted rays. Cataclysm, 'a-klizm. A deluge or over- flowing of water ; specifically, the flood in Noah's days. In Geol. a term appfied to denote the efficient cause of various phe- nomena, as the deposition of difl'erent formations of diluvium or drift, rather than the gradual action of moderate cur- rents, or the movement of ice. Catacomb, -kom. A cave or subterra- neous place for the burial of the dead, the bodies being deposited in recesses called loculi. The term is applied to the sub- terraneous sepulchres about 3 miles from Eome, on the Appian Way, the cells and caves in which primitive Christians con- cealed themselves. Catafalque, -falk. A temporary struc- ture representing a cenotaph, placed over the coffin of a distinguished person at the altar in churches, as also sometimes over his gi-ave. Catalan, ka-ta'an. A native of Cathay or China; a foreigner generally; and hence, in old Avriters, an indiscriminate term of reproach. Catalonia, kat-a-lo'ne-ah. The N. E. division of Spain, now divided into 4 prov- inces ; area, 12,150 sq. m. It is a moun- tainous region, and the inhabitants are war- like. Catamaran, 'a-ma-ran". A float or raft consisting of three pieces of wood lashed together, the middle piece being longer and having one end turned up. This name was also applied to the flat- bottomed boats constructed by Bonaparte for the invasion of England, and is also applied to a modern American yacht. A quarrelsome woman ; a vixen. Catamount, -mount. The wild-cat. The N. American tiger ; the puma, cou- gar, painter or panther. In Her. a charge always borne guardant. Cataphract, -frakt. A piece of defensive armor, worn to protect the breast or whole body, or even the horse as well as the rider. In Zool. the armor protecting some animals. Cataphrygian, -a-frij'i-an. One of a sect of heretics of the 2d century who fol* lowed the errors of Montanus. I CATAPULT 157 CATHARLNE Catapult, 'a-pult. One of the ancient military engines used for discharging mis- siles against a besieged place ; originally distinguished from the hallista as being in- tended for discharging heavy darts or lances, while the latter was used for throw- Cataptilt. \ng heavy stones and other bulky mis- siles, but afterwards confounded wth the ballista. A small forked stick used by boys for throwing small missiles. Cataract, -rakt. A fall of water over a precipice, as that ©f Niagara. Any furi- ous rush or downpour of water. A dis- ease of the eye. A form of Avater-govern- or for regulating the stroke of single-act- ing steam-engines. Catarrhina, -a-ri'na. A sec. of quad- rumauous animals, including the Bar- bary ape, gorilla, chimpanzee, orang, &c. Catasterism, ka-tas'ter-izm. A placing among the stars ; a cataloguing of stars. OatastDmus, 'to-mus. A gen. ofteleos- tean fishes, allied to the carps, Abdominal Malacopterygii, fam. Cyprinidae. Catawba, ka-ta'ba. A variety of N. American grape, of a rich claret color when ripe. The wine made from this grape. Cat-bird, kat'berd. The Turdus lividus, a species of American thrush, whose note resembles the plaint of a kitten in distress. Cat-block, 'blok. A two or three-fold block used to draw up an anchor to the cat-head. Catechism, 'e-kizm. A form of in- struction by means of questions and an- swers, particularly in the principles of re- ligion. An elementary book containing a summarj' of principles in science or art. Catecbumen, -e-ku'men. One who is under mstruction in the first rudiments of Christianity ; a neophyte. Generally, one who Is beginning to acquire any kind of doctrmes or principles. Category, 'e-gor-1. In a popular sense, class ; order. In Logic and Philos. one of the highest classes to which objects of thought can be referred. Aristotle made ten categories : substance, quantity, qual- ity, relation, action, passion, time, place, situation and possession. Kant divides them into four classes, quantity, quality, relation and modality. Mill makes five, existence, co-existence, sequence, causa- tion and resemblance. Catelectrode, -e-lek'trod. The negative electrode or pole of a voltaic battery ; the positive being termed the anelectrode. Catena, ka-te-na. A chain ; a series of things connected -with each other. C. patrum, a series of passages from the fathers, arranged for the elucidation of portions of Scripture, as the catena aurea of Thomas Aquinas. Catenipora, kat-e-nip'o-ra. Chain-pore coral, occurring fossil in paliBOzoic strata. Cater, ka'ter. The four of cards or dice. Cateran, kat'er-an. A Highland or Irish irregular soldier. A freebooter or riever. Caterer, ka'ter-er. A provider or pur- veyor of provisions ; one who provides for any want or desire. Caterpillar, kat'er-pil- lar. Properly the larvaf of the lepidopterous in- sects ; but also applied to^l the larvffi of other insects,^ raternillir such as the Tenthredo or '-'^^erpmar. saw-fly. The name of plants, gen. Scor- piurus. Caterpillar-eater, -et'er. The larvsa of certain ichneumon flies, bred in the body of caterpillars, eating their way out. A bird of the shrike fam. and which lives on caterpillars. Cat-fall, 'fal. The rope that forms the tackle for heaving up a ship's anchor. Cat-fisb, 'fish. A voracious teleosteon fish, the Anarrhichas lupus, fam. Gobies ; the Wolf-fish. The name common to sev- eral fish, gen. Pimelodus. P. catus is the Horned Pout or Bull-head. Cat-grold, 'gold. A variety of mica; sometimes applied to iron jtj'^rites. CatgTlt, 'gut. The intestines of sheep (sometimes of other animals), used for musical instruments and other purposes. A sort of linen or canvas, Mith wide inter- stices. Catha. kath'a. A gen. of plants, ord. Celastracese. C. eduus, cultivated by the Arabs, known as khat or cafta, and pos- sesses properties analogous to those of tea and coffee. Catharine, -er-in. The name of three of the six Avives of Henry VIII., of England; Catharine of Aragon, his brother's widow, and his first wife, whom he forcibly divorced in 1533 to marry Anne Boley» ; CATHAEIST 158 CAT-STAlvTE C. was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain ; b. 1483, D. 1536. C. Howard, third wife of Henry VIII., was convicted of infidelity and beheaded ; b. 1506, d. 1542. C. Parr, sixth and last wife of Henry, whom she survived, marrying after the king's death Lord High Admiral Seymour ; b. 1501, D. 1548. Catharine de Medici, wife of Henri II. of France, and mother of Francis II., Charles IV. and Henri III., succes- sively kings of France ; b. 1522, D. 1589. She was profligate, cruel and artful, in- stigating the bloody massacre of St. Bar- tholomew, but a liberal patron of the arts and literature. Catharine I., of Eussia, daughter of a Livonian peasant, whose first husband was a Swedish army oflicer; after his death C. was of loose character, but Peter the Great having fallen in love with and married her she became a loyal and most devoted wife, sacrificing her jewels to save her husband and his army from the Turks. After the death of Peter, C. ruled wisely and \igorously ; b. 1683, D. 1727. C. II., of Russia, a German, Avife of Peter III.; b. 1728, d. 1796. Her life was one round of infamy. Her chief favorite, Alexis Orlofl', having murdered her husband, she ruled with great vigor, carried on a successful war with Turkey, arranged the division of Poland, and ex- tended the power and influence of Eussia in all directions. Catharist, -rist. One who pretends to more purity than others ; a puritan. A term used by the Paulicians in the 7th century ; the Anti-Catholic sects in France and Piedmont of the 12th century ; the Montanists, the Novatians, &c. Carthartes, ka-thar'tez. A gen. of the vulture family, containing the turkey- buzzard and other species. Carthartic, 'tik. A medicine that cleanses the stomach and bowels ; a pur- gative. Cathedra, -thed'ra. The throne or seat of a bishop tn the cathedral of his diocese. The professional chair of any one entitled to teach with authority. Cathedral, -tho'dral. The principal church in a diocese ; the church of the bishop. Catherine- whe e 1, 'er-in-whel. A fire- work in the form of a wheel which rotates as the fire issues from the aperture. In Arch, a window of circular Cathedral, form, with radiating divisions. Cathode, 'od. The negative pole of an electric current, or that by which the cur- rent leaves ; opposed to anode. Catholic, 'o-lik. A member of the uni- versal Christian church. A member of the church of Eome ; a Roman Catholic. Catholicos, ka-thol'i-kos. The spiritual head of the Armenian Church. Catling:, kat'ling. A kitten. Catgut; the string of a lute, violin, Ac. A dis- membering knife used by surgeons. Catlinite, 'li-nit. A red claystone, allied to agalmatolite. Cato, ka'to. The name of two distin- guished Roman generals and philoso- phers, grandfather and gi-andson. Tho first, Marcus Porcius Priscus, known as Cato Major, b. 234, d. 149 b. c. He con- quered part of Spain, and fought at Ther- mopylae. His literary remains include " Origines" and " De Re Rustica." Mar- cus Porcius (of Utica) C, grandson of the above, b. 105, suicided 45 b. c. He ac- quired military fame, and was noted for austerity of life and the strictest integrity. His reading of Plato's treatise on the im- mortality of the soul is said to have prompted his suicide. Catoblepas, ka-tob'le-pas. A gen. of ruminating quadrupeds, antelope fam., containing the gnu. Catodontidse, kat-o-don'ti-de. A fam. of whales, the typical gen. of which is cat- odon. The most remarkable member is the sperm-whale or cachalot. Catonian, ka-to'ni-an. Pertaining to or resembling either of the Romans, Cato the censor, or Cato Uticonsis ; grave ; in- flexible. Cat-o'nine-tails, kat-o-nin'talz. An in- strument of punishment, consisting of a knotted line or cord. Catopter, ka-top'ter. A reflecting opti- cal glass or instrument ; a mirror. Cat-rope, kat'rop. A rope used to haul up the anchor of a ship fi:om the water's edge to the cat-head. Cat-salt, 'salt. A salt beautifully granu- lated, formed out of leach-brine. Cat's-eye, kats'I. A variety of quartz, very hard and semi-transpai-ent. Called also Sunstone. Catskill, katz'kil. A mountain range in E. New York ; a portion of the Appalach- ian ; the scenery is only second to that of the Alps. Cat-stane, kat'stan. A conical cairn or monolith found in Scotland, supposed to mark the locality of a battle. CATTLE 150 CAVEimiSH Cattle, '1. A terra applied collectively to the larger domestic quadrupeds, or such as serve for tillage or other labor, and for food to man. Cattle-gruard, -gard. A ditch crossing beneath a railway, to prevent the straying of cattle onto the line. Cattle-plagne, -plag. A virulently con- tagious disease atfecting cattle; rinder- pest. Cattle-run, -run. An American and colonial term for an open grazing ground. Cattle-show, -sho. An exhibition of domestic animals for prizes. Caucasian, ka-ka'zi-an. The highest typo of the human family, including near- ly all the Europeans, the Circassians, Ar- menians, Persians, Jews, &c. Caucasus, kau'ka-sus. The mountain range between the Black and Caspian seas, forming part of the boundary between Europe and Asia ; the highest peak is 18,500 ft. above sea level. Caucus, 'kus. A private meeting of citi- zens to agree upon candidates to be pro- posed for election to offices, or to concert measures for supporting a party. Caudle, ka'dl. A warm drink made of wine or alej mixed with broad, sugar and spices. Caudle-cup, ka'dl-kup. A vessel for holding caudle. Acaudle-cupand apostles' spoons formerly constituted the sponsor's gift to the child at a christening. Cauf, kaf. A chest with holes for keep- ing fish aUvein water. In mining, a vessel of sheet-iron employed to raise coal from the bottom of the shaft. Caufle, ''1. A drove of black slaves ; a coffle. Caul, kal. A kind of head-covering worn by females ; a net inclosing the hair ; the hinder part of a cap. A portion of the amnion or membrane enveloping the fetus, sometimes encompassing the head of a child when born. Caulopteris, ka-lop'ter-ls. A gen. of fossil ti-ee-fcrns, found in the coal-meas- ures. Causeway, kaz'wa. A road or path raised above the natural level of the gi-ound, serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground, or as a mole to confine water, or restrain it from overflowing. Caustic, kas'tik. Any substance which burns, corrodes, or disintegrates the tex- tures of animal structm-es ; an escharotic. Limar caustic, nitrate of silver when cast Into sticks for the use of surgeons, &c. In Math, the curve to which rays of light, I reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents. Cauterization, ka'ter-iz-a''shon. The act of cauterizing or" searing by the appli-. cation of a hot iron, caustics, &c. The efl'ect of the application of a cautery or caustic. Cauzi, 'ze. An Indian Mohammedaa judge, who also officiates as a public no- tary. Cavaigmac, Louis Eugrene, kah- van'yak. A French ofl3icer, b. 1802, d. 1857. He was appointed governor-general of Algeria by the provisional government of the republic, 1848, and the same year he was recalled and made dictator of France ; he resigned after suppressing the Parisian insurrection of June 23-26, but was recalled to the military command ; in November of the same year he was muni- cipal rival of Louis Napoleon for the pres- idency, and permanently retired from power Dec. 20, 1848, dying in retirement. Cavalcade, kav'al-ksld. A procession of persons on horseback. Cavalier, -a-ler. A horseman, especially an armed horseman ; a knight. The ap- pellation given to the partisans of Charles I., as opposed' to a Roundhead, an adhe- rent to the Parliament. A gentleman at- tending on or escorting a lady ; a beau. In Fort, a raised work commanding all ad- jacent works. Cavalry, 'al-ri. A body of troops that serve on horseback, classified into light and heavy. Cave, kav. A hollow place in the earth ; a subterranean cavern ; a den. The Mam- moth cave of Kentucky incloses an extent of about 40 miles of subten-aneous wind- ings. Cavea, ka've-a. Among the ancient Romans, a subterranean cell wherein Avild beasts were confined in readiness for the fights of the arena ; by synecdoche, the amphitheater itself. Caveach, ka-vech'. Pickled mackerel ; a "West Indian name. Cavear, -ver. A money of Mocha, worth about one cent. A nominal division of the Spanish dollar, forty cavears making one dollar. Cave-dweller, kav'dwel-er. A name given to such of the races of prehistoric man as dwelt in natural caves, subsisting on sheU-fish and wild animals. A name given to a religious sect known as the Bohemian Brethren, in the 15th century. Cavendish, Henry, kan'dish. An English chemist and philosopher; b. 1781, D. 1810. He was the originator of the ex- CAVENDISH 160 CELESTm isting system of chemistry, discovered the composition of water and nitric acid, and measm-ed the density of the earth. Cavendish., kav'en-dish. Tobacco which has been softened and pressed into quad- rangular cakes. C. experiment, an im- portant mechanical experiment for the purpose of ascertaining the mean density of the earth by means of the torsion bal- ance. Cave-swallow, kav'swol-lo. A species of swallow which suspends its mud-formed nests to the roofs of caves. Oavia, ka'vi-a. A gen. of rodent ani- mals, type of the fam. Cavidae, the most familiar example being the guinea-pig. Caviar, kav-i-ar'. The roes of fish pre- pared and salted. The best is made from the sterlet, sturgeon, sevruga and beluga, caught in the waters of Eussia. Cavicomia, -kor'nia. A fam. of rum- inants, characterized by persistent horns, including the antelopes, goats and oxen. The prong-horn antelope, which renews the horny sheath periodically, is the only exceptional member of the group. Cavour, Camillo, Count di, kah- voor'. A distinguished Italian statesman ; B. 1810, D. 1861. He contributed largely to the imification of Italy, and as prime minister from 1852 to his death, framed and had adopted laws guaranteeing liberty of the press, religious toleration and free commerce. Cawquaw, ka'kwa. The urson, or Can- adian porcupine. Its chief food consists of iiving bark. One cavvquaw will destroy a hundred ti-ees in a single winter. Caxton, kaks'ton. The name applied to any book printed by Caxton, who intro- duced tlie art of printing into England. He died 1492. "Ihe Caxtons are all in black-letter. " The Eecuyell of the His- toryes of Troye," printed by Caxton at Cologne in 1471, is considered the earliest specimen of typography in the English language. " The Game and Playe of the Chesse," printed by him at "Westminster in 1474, is regarded as the first work printed in England. Cay, ka. An islet; a range or reef of rocks lying near the surfiace of the water; often termed a Key. Cayenne Pepper, kl-en' pep'er. A f»o\vder formed of the dried and ground ruits and seeds of various species of Cap- sicum, and especially of C. frutescens. Cayman, ka'man. A name applied pop- ularly to the alligator, but properly only to Crocodilus. Cazique, ka-zGk'. The name of native princes or head chiefs of parts of America when discovered by the Spaniards. Writ- ten also Cacique. Cebidae, se'bi-de. A fam. of platyrhin^ monkeys, including the spider monkeys, sapajous, squirrel monkeys, &c. Ceccllin, sek-ken'. A coin of Italy and Barbaiy. CecidomyidsB, se'si-do-ral"i-de, A sub-fam. of dipterous insects, fam. Tipu- lidiK. Cecils, 'silz. In cookery, minced meat, bread, onions, parsley, &c., with season- ing, made into balls and fried. Cecrops, se'krops. In Myth, the found- er of Athens, abt. 1580 b. c; reputed an Egyptian. Cecrops, 'krops. A gen. of parasitic en- tomostracous crustaceans, fam. Caligidae, found on the gills of fish, and called by fishermen fish-lice. Cedar, 'der. A treo I which forms fine woods on all the mountains of Syria and Asia Minor, an evergreen which grows to a great size a n d is remarkable for its durability. Of the famous ce- dars of Lebanon comparatively few now remain. The name is also given to the deoda, and to other. trees which have no relation to the true cedar, as the Bermuda cedar, used for making pencils, the red cedar, the Honduras, or bastard Barbadoes cedar, and the red cedar of Australia. Cedar-bird, -herd. The American wax- wing. Cedilla, -dll'la. A. mark placed under the letter c (f) to show that it is to be sounded like s. Celebes, sel'e-bez. An island in the E. Archipelago, belonging to Holland ; area, 74,000 sq. m. ; pop., '2,103,000. Celeres, 'er-ez. In Eom. antiq. a body of 800 horsemen, formed by Eomulus from the wealthier citizens. Celestial, se-les'ti-al. An inhabitant of Heaven. A native of China, the so-called Celestial Empire. Celestin, sGl'es-tin. Native sulphate of strontian, a mineral so named from its oc- casional dolicate blue color. Cedar. CELESTINE 161 CENSUS Celestine, -tin. An adherent of Pela- giaiiisni, so-called from Coelestius. One of a religious order, named from Pope. C. A member of an order of Franciscan her- mits now extinct. Celibate, 'i-bat. One who practices cel- ibacy, a bachelor. Celebite, -bit. A monk living under a common and regular discipline. Celidography, -i-dog'ra-fi. A descrip- tion of the spots on the disk of the sun or planets. Oell. A small or close apartment, as in a convent or a prison. A small or mean flace of residence, as a cave or hermitage. n Arch, the part of a temple where the image of a god stood ; a hollow place be- tween the ribs of a vaulted roof. A small cavity or hollow place, as the cells of the brain, or of a honey-comb. In Biol, a membranous bag with lluid contents, and almost always a nucleus, as epithehal and fat cells ; a semi-solid mass of matter with no definite boundary-wall. In Elect, a single jar, containing plates, united to their opposites or to each other. Cellar, 'ler. A room in a house or other building, wholly or partly under gro-und, adapted for storage pm-poses. Cellar-book, -buk. A book containing details regarding' wines and liquors i-e- ceived into and given out from a cellar Cellarer, -er. An officer in a monastery who has charge of procuring and keeping the provisions ; also, an ofiicerin chapters, Avho has the care of the temporals. One who keeps wine or spu-it cellars. Cellaret, -et'. A case for holding bottles of liquors. Cellarino, chel-la-rc'no. In Arch, the IVirt of a capital below the annulets. Cellepora, sel-lep'o-ra. A gen. of corals, class Polyzoa. Cellulares, -lii-la'rez. One of the grand (Uvisions of the vegetable kingdom, form- ing the greater though humbler portion of the acotyledonous or cryptogamic plants. Cellulicolae, -lik'6-le. A fam. of spiders, ord. Pulmonaria. Cellulose, -los. The substance of which the permanent cell-membranes of plants are alwaj^s composed. Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius. A Eo- man physician, of the reign of Tiberius, said to have been tlie first public practi- tioner of the art in the city. He wrote "De Medicina," regarded as the most valuable of ancient treatises, and often re- printed ; also, works on agriculture, rhet- oric and military science. Celt, selt. One of the earliest Aryan in- habitants of the south and west of Europe, The familj^ has two branches, the Gad- helic, compi-ising the Highlanders of Scot- land, the Irish, and Manx ; and the Cym- ric, comprising the Welsh and Bretons. Celt. An implement of stone or metal, found in ancient tumuli and barrows of the Celtic period. Some suppose it to be a weapon, others contend that it is a tool. Celtiberian, -i-be'ri-an. Pertaining to Ccltiberia and its inhabitants, an ancient people of Spain. Celtic. The language or group of dia- lects spoken by the Celts, including Welsh, Armoric or Breton, Irish, Gaelic, and Manx. Cement, se-ment'. Any glutinous or other substance, capable of uniting bodies in close cohesion, as mortar, glue, &c. : hydraulic limes which contain silica and therefore set quickly. Hydraulic cements harden under water and consolidate al- most immediately. Cement-stone, 'ston. A calcareous mineral, a species of septaria, which by being calcined is converted into a cement. Cemetery, sem'e-te-ri. A place set apart for interment ; a graveyard ; a ne- cropolis. Cenci, Beatrice, chen'che. Daughter of Count Francisco Cenci, a notorious Italian libertine; b. 1576, x>. 1599. She became the victim of her father's lust, and vainly imploring the protection of Pope Clement V III., she, vnth other members of the family, was charged with a con- spiracy to assassinate her father, and de- spite then* protestations of innocence all were executed. Guido Reni's beautiful poi trait of B., in the Barberini Gallery, Eome, is familiar to all visitors. Cenobite, sen'o-blt. One of a religious order living in a community ; in opposi- tion to an anchoret, who lives in solitude. Censor, 'ser. An ofllicer in ancient Rome who kept a register of the citizens and their property, for the purposes of taxation ; he also kept Avatcn over the moi-als of the citizens, having power to censure and punish vice and immorality. One empowered to examine books before they are published. Census, 'sus. In Rom. Antlq. an enu- meration and register of the Roman citi- zens and their property. In modern times, an official enumeration of the in- habitants of a state. CENOTAPH CENTEIFUGAL Cenotaph, -taf An empty tomb erected in honor of 8 o m de- ceased person ; a monument erected to one b u r i e d else- ■\vhere. Censer, sen'- s e r. A V a s e or pan in which. Inceuse is burned ; a ves- sel for burning „ ^ ■, o-r^ -^ . and Avafting in- Cenotaph of Robert cense. Censers, xSurns. called also thuribles, are used in the E. C. Church, as well as in some Anglican and other churches. Cent, sent. A hundred, commonly used with per, as ten per cent, that is, in the proportion of ten to the hundred. In va- rious countries, a coin equal to the hun- dredth part of that which forms the mon- etary unit. Cental, sen'tal. A weight of 100 lbs. Centaur, ^tar . I n Greek Myth, a fabulous being represented as half man and half horse. The Centaur Cheiron was distinguished for his knowledge of medi- cine. Part of a south- ern constellation, ia form of a centaur, usu- ally joined with the Wolf, containing 35 stars ; the Archer. Centenaar, 'te-niir. Amsterdam quintal, nearly equal to 100 lbs. Centenarian, -te-na'- Centaur, ri-an. A ])erson a hundred years old. Centenary, 'te-na-ri. The space of a hundred years. Centennial, -ten'ni-al. The commemo- ration of any event which occurred a hun- dred years before. Centering, 'ter-ing. The framing of timber by which the arch of a bridge or otlier structure is supported during its construction ; the wood-work or framing on which any vaulted work is constructed. Centesimal, -tes'i-mal. In Arith. hun- dredth part ; the next step of progression after decimal. Centesinxation, -ma"shon. A military punishment for mutiny; or tiie like, where one person in a hundred is selected for execution. Centesimo, -tez'c-mO. In Italy, the hun- dreth part of a lira, equal to the Frer.ch franc in value. An Argentine money, the hundredth part of a dollar. Centetes, -tC'tCz. A gen. of mammals, fam. Talpidae, nearly allied to the hedge- hogs ; the tcnracs. Centiare, 'ti-ar. A square meter ; the hundredth part of the French are, equal to 1 . 19 square yards. Centigrade, -grad. Consisting of a hun- dred degrees ; graduated into a hundred divisions of equal parts. C. thermome- ter, a thermometer whicli dindes the in- terval between tlic freezing and boiling points of water into 100 degi-ees, while in Fahrenheit's the same interval is divided into ISO degrees. Centime, -tern'. The hundredth part of a franc. Centipede, 'ti-pod. A term applied to va- rious insects having many feet, ord. Cheilopoda, class Myriapoda; those belong- ing to the gen. Scofopendra inflict danger- ous bites. Centner, sent'ner. A weight divisible first into a hundred parts and then into smaller parts. A common European name for a hundredweight. In Switzer- land itis equal to 110 lbs.; Austria, llOi ; Sweden, 112.00 ; Germany, 110.25. Center, sen'ter. A point equally distant from the extremities ; the middle point or place. Center-bit, -bit. A carpenter's tool for boring, which turns on an axis when in operation. Center-cliuck, -chuk. A chuck which can be screwed on the mandrel of a lathe, and has a hardened steel cone fixed in it ; also, a projecting arm or driver. Center-drill, -dril. A drill used for making holes in the ends of a shaft about to be turned, for the entrance to the latho centers. Center-piece, -pes. An ornament in the middle or center of a table or mantle-shelf, or between other ornaments. Center-pin, -pin. The pivot on which the compass needle oscillates. Centrifugal, -trif'u-gal. Tending to recede from the center. C. force is that force by which all bodies moving in a curve tend to fly off from the axis of their motion in a tangent to the periphery of the curve. Acting by or depending oa centrifugal force, as a oentrifuffal pump, a centrifugal machine. CENTRIPETAL 163 OERAUNOSCOPE Centripetal, -trip'e-tal. Tending toward the center. (J. force is that force which draws a body towards a center, and there- by acts as a counterpoise to the centrif- ugal force in circular motion. Gravity ii a centripetal force. Centriscus, tris'lcus. A gen. of teleos- tean fishes, sec. Acanthopterygii, fam. Fistularidte, including the bellows-fish and trumpet-fish. Centropus, 'tro-pus. A gen. of scansorial birds, cuckoo fam. , the pheasant cuckoo. Oentumvir, -tum'rir. One of a hundred and five judges in ancient Rome appoint- ed to decide common causes. Centurion, -tii'ri-on. A Roman officer who commanded a century or company of a hundred men, answering to the cap- tain in modern armies. Century, 'ri. In Rom. Antiq. a division of the people for the purpose of electing magistrates and enacting laws, the people voting by centuries ; also a company con- sisting of a hundred men. A period of a hundred years. Centuries of Magdeburg, an ecclesiastical history, arranged in thir- teen centuries. C. i)lant, the Amei'iean aloe, formerly supposed to flower only once in a century. Cephalalg-ic, sef-a-lal'jik. A medicine for the headache. Ceph.alaspis, -las'pis. A gen. of fossil ganoid fishes, occuri-ing in the old red sandstone. Cephalata, -la'ta. A div. of mollusks having a distinct head, with eyes, as the gastcropods, pteropods, cuttle-fishes. Cephalophus, se-fal'o-fus. An African gen. of antelopes, including the duyker- bok or impoon, the rhoode-bok, red- buck or Natal bush-buck and the blue- buck. Ceplialopoda, sef-a-lop'o-da. A class of mollusca, the highest in organization, divided into two sections, Tetrabranchi- ata and Dibranchiata. The nautilus, and tho fossil genera Orthoceras, Ammon- ites, Goniatites, &c., belong to the Tetrabranchiata. The dibranchiate in- cludes the argonaut, the octopus or eight- armed cuttle-fishes, and the ten-armed forms, as the calamaries, the fossil b«lem- nites, &c. Cephalopteridae. 'a-lop-ter"i-de. A sub-fam. of the ray fish, of which the gen. Cophaloptera is the type ; fin-headed rays or horned rays. Cephalote, -lot. A fatty substance, in- soluble in alcohol, but soluble in ether, obtained firom the brain ; a mixtm-o of the cerebrates of potassium and sodiiim, with traces of olien and oleo-phosphoric acid. Cephalotome, -lo-tom. An instrument for cutting into the fetal head to assist contraction and facilitate dehvery. Cephalotribe, -trib. An obstetrical in- strument for crushing the head of the in- fimt in the womb. Cephens, sG'fe-us. A constellation in the northern hemisphere, surrounded by Cassiopeia, Ursa Major, Draco and; Cygnus, containing 35 stars. One of the moss mites, fam. Oribatldse. Cepola, sep'6-la. A gen. of fishes, sec. Acanthopterygii. A species is known as the red band-fish and red snake-fish. Oepolidae, sC-pol'i-de. Ribbon-fishes ; band-fishes. A fam. of acanthopterygian fishes. Also called Tajniodese. Cerago, -ra'go. Bee-bread ; a substance consisting chiefly of the pollen of flowers, used by bees for aliment. CerambycidSB, -ram-bis'i-de. A fam. of coleopterous insects, sec. Longicornes. The musk-beetle belongs to this fam. Ceramic, se-ram'ik. Of or belonging to the fictile arts or pottery, as ceramic art. Cerapliron, ser'a-fron. A gen. of minute parasitic insects, fam. Proctotrnpidae, some of which prey on insects destruc- tive to plants. Cerapus, -pus. The caddis-shrimp, a gen. of amphipodous crustaceans, which live in a tube. Cerasin, -sin. A gum which exudes from cherry and plum trees. Cerasite, -sit. A cherry -like petrifaction. The native muriate of lead. Cerastes, se-ras'tez. A gen. of African vipers, remarkable for their fatal venom ; liorned vipers. Cerate, se'rat. A thick ointment, com- posed of wax, lard, or oil, with other in- gi-edients. Ceratites, ser-a-tl'tez. A gen. of fossil Ammonitidse, allied to the ammonites. Ceratodus, se-rat'o-dus. A fish, allied to the lopidosiren. The native salmon or Barramunda of Australia. Ceratospong-iae, ser'a-to-spon''ji-c. An order of sponges of which the bath spongo is the type. Ceraunite, se-ra'nlt. A thunder-stone ; a belemnite. Ceraunoscope, 'no-skop. An instru- ment used in the mysteries of ancients to imitate thunder and lightning. CEEBERUS 164 CERTHIAD^ Cerberus, ser'ber-us. In Class. Myth, the Avatchdog of the infer- nal logioiis, offspring of T>-phaou and the ser- pent woman Echidna, usually rep r e s e n te d with three heads, the tail of a serpent, and serpents round his neck. ^ A sub-gen. of serpents. Cercaria, -ka'ri-a. The second larval stage of a trematode "worm or fluke. The cycle is— 1, Distomum, parent form ; Cercaria ; 4, Encysted Cercaria tomum. Cercis, 'sis. A gen. of trees or shrubs, ord. Leguminosae. The best known spe- cies is the Judas-tree, so called from the tradition that it was upon one of these Judaa Iscariot hanged himself. Cercocebus, -ko-se'bus. A gen. of monkeys, including the malbrouk, or dog-tailed monkey, the mangabys and the green monkeys. Cercolabes, -kol'a-bez. A gen. of Bra- zilian porcupines, remarkable for their long prehensile tails. Cercopidae, -kop'i-de. A sub-fam. of homopterous insects, fam. Cicadellina, in- eluding the cuckoo-spits and frog-hoppers. Cercopithecus, 'k6-pi-thc"kus. A gen. of long-tailed monkeys, very active, and are often prettily variegated. Among them is the Mona. Cerdocyon, -dos'i-on. A gen. of the dog tribe, intermediate between the true dogs and the foxes, having a singular pro- pensity to steal and secrete brilUant ob- jects. Cereal, se're-al. A general term for any plant, such as wheat, barley and other grasses, cultivated for the «ake of their seed as food. Cerebrin, ser'e-brin. A name given to several substances obtained chemically from the brain. Cerement, 'ment. Cloth dipped in melt- ed wax, with which dead bodies are en- folded when embalmed. Grave-clothes in general. The under-cover of an altar-slab. Ceremonial, -e-mo'ni-al. A system of rites or ceremonies in leligious worship, social intercourse, or in courts ; formal- ities to be observed on any occasion. The order for rites and forms in the E. C. Church, or the book containing the rules to be observed on solemn occasions. Ceres. Cereopsis, se-re-op'sis. A gen. of birds, fam. Antidae. There is only one species, known as the Australian goose. Ceres, 'rez. In Class. Myth; a Koman god- dess,corresponding to "i the Greek Demeter; she was the daughter of Kronos and Ehea, and the mother of Proserpine and Bac- chus. She was the goddess of earth in its capacity of brining forth fruits. The first discovered of the as- teroids which revolve between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, in size less than the moon. Cerin, 'rin. A waxy substance which pre- cipitates, on evaporation, from alcohol di- gested on grated cork. The name given to that portion of bees'-wax soluble in al- cohol. An ore of cerium, a variety of al- lanite. Cerinthian, -rin'thi-an. One of a sect of early heretics, so called from Cerinthus, one of the first heresiarchs in the church. Ceriph, ser'if. One of the fine lines of a letter, especially one of the fine cross lines at the top or bottom, as of I. Cerite, se'rit. A rare mineral, a hydrated silicate of cerium, very hard. It is the chief source of cerium, and contains also lanthanium anddidymium. Cerithiidee, ser-i-thl'i-de. Club-shells, a fam. of plant-eating gasteropodous mol- lusks, containing numerous species, both marine and fresh -water, some fossil spe- cies being characteristic of tertiary strata. The typical gen. is Cerethium. Cerography, se-rog'ra-fl. The act of writing or engraving on wax. The art of painting in wax colors ; encaustic paint- ing. Ceroma, -ro'ma. That part of ancient gymnasia and baths in which batheri and wrestlers used to anoint themselves with a composition of oil and wax. Ceroplastic, -i)las'tik. The art of mod- eling or of forming models In wax. Cerro G-ordo. A defile between Yen Cruz and the city of Mexico, noted for th< signal victory achieved by the Americau army under Gen. Scott over the Mexican? imder Santa Anna, April 18, 1847. CertbiadSB, serth'i-a-de. The creepers, CERTIOKARI 166 CHACO a fam. of tenuirostral perching' birds, con- sisting- of the tree-creepers, nut-hatches, &c. Certiorari, ser'8hi-6-ra"ri. In Law, a writ of a superior court, to call up the records of an inferior court or remove a cause there depending. Ceruleum, se-rH'le-um, A blue pig- ment, consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, stannic acid and sulphate of lime. Cerumen, se-ru'men. The wax secreted by certain glands lying in the external canal of the ear. Cerura, se-ro'ra. A gen. of moths, fam. Bombycidae, of which the best known is the puss-moth. Ceruse, 'rus. White-lead, a compound of hydrate and carbonate of lead, produced by exposing the metal in thin plates to the vapor of vinegar. Load is sometimes found native in the form of ceruse, but in this case it is an anhydrous metacarbonate. C. of antimony is a white oxide which separates from the water in which dia- phoretic antimony has been washed, Cerusite, 'rji-sit. A native carbonate of lead, a common lead ore, found often in conjunction with galena or sulphide of lead, and supposed to be derived from the decomposition of galena. Cervelat, ser've-lat. An ancient musical instrument, producing tones resembUng a bassoon. Cervidae, M-de, The deer tribe. The principal genera are represented by the stag or red-deer, wapiti, roebuck, &c., the elk or moose-deer, the reindeer or cariboo, the fallow-deer and the muntjac. They are first found fossil in miocene strata. Cestoidea, ses-toi'de-a. An order of in- testinal worms, class Scolecida ; tape- worms. Cestraciontidee, -tra'si-on"ti-de. A fam. of cartilaginous fishes, consisting only of a single living genus and species, the Costracion, although fossil forms are abundant. Cestrum, ses'trum. A gen. of plants, ord. fcolanaceaj ; the bastard jasmines. Cestura, 'tum. A gen. of Ctenophora or higher Actinozoa, represented by the Venus's girdle, which exhibit phosphor- escence at night. Oestus, 'tus. In Eom. Myth, the girdle of Venus, on which was represented every- thing that could awaken love. A marriage- girdle given by a newly mar- ried wife to her husband. Among the ancient8,a leather ^ boxing-glove or gauntlet. ' loaded with lead or iron. Cetacea, se-ta'she-a. An ord. Cestus. of marine mammiferous an- imals, surpassing In size all others in ex- istence. The Balaenidae, or whalebone whales ; the Physeteridse, or sperm whales ; the Delphmidae, or dolphins ; the Khynchoceti, or beaked whales ; and the Zeuglodontidae. All are fossil. The Sirenia form a distinct ord. Cetiosaurus, 'ti-6-sa"rus. A gen. of fossil saurian s, the most gigantic of the ord. Deinosauria. Their remains are found in the ooUte and wealden forma- tions. Cetoniadee, -to-ni'a-de. A fam. of coleopterous insects, one of the most ex- tensive gi-oups of the beetle tribe. The type gen. is Oetonia. Cetrarin, 'tra-rin. A vegetable principle extracted by alcohol from several lichens, as Iceland moss. Cetus, 'tus. In Astron. the Whale, a constellation of the southern hemisphere containing 97 stars. Ceutorhynchus, sQ-to-ring'kus. A gen. of coleopterous insects, fam. Curcu- lionidae, including the turnip-seed char- lock, and the turnip-gall weevil. Ceylon, se-16n'. An island S. of Hin- dostan, belonging to Gt. Britain ; area, 27,400 sq. m.; pop. 2,326,000. The in- habitants are Buddhists, and the sacred tooth of Buddha is preserved in one of the temples. Ceylon-moss, 'moss. Ploearia Candida, an alga, lately introduced as a substitute for farinaceous foods, having the same properties as carrageen or Irish moss. Cha, cha. A kind of Chinese tea, rolled up like tobacco. Chabasie, kab'a-se. A variety of zeolite which occurs in crystals whose primitive form is nearly a cube. Chablis, shab-lS. A celebrated white French wine, having an exquisite per- fume. Chabouk, cha-buk'. A long whip ; the whip used in India for inflicting corporal punishment. Chacma, chak'ma. A S. African bab- oon. Chaco, cha'ko. The native name for an unctuous earth in 8. America, which is eaten with chocolate. CHADAM 166 CHALICOTHEPwIUM Ch.ad.ara, chad'am. A money of sujcount \n some parts of Asia, equal to one paysa, 25 cowries or a half-farthing. Chseronea, ke-ro-no'ah. Acity of BoBOtia, the birthplace of Plutarch, celebrated as the scene of the victory of Phihp of Mace- don over the Confederate Athenians and Thebans, b. c. 388. Clisetonotus, kc-to-no'tus, A remark- able gen. of rotifers or wheel animalcules. Chsetophoraceee, 'to-fo-ra^sG-G. A fam. of coufervoid alga3, growing in sea or fresh water, and invested with gelatin- ous matter. Chafant, cha'fant. In Her. a term ap- plied to a boar when represented as en- raged. Cliafer, chafer. A beetle ; generally used with some prefix; as, cock-chafer, rose- chafer, &c. Chafery, -i, A forge in an iron-mill, at wliich the iron is wrought into bars ; also, a kind of blacksmith's forge. Chaffinch, chaf'finsh. A British bird, gen. Fringilla, whose song is heard from early spring to the middle of summer. , Ch.afi.Ug-dish, chafing-dish. A vessel to hold coals for heating anything ; a portable grate. ChaiUu, Paul B. Du, du sha-yQ. An American of French descent, celebrated for his travels in Central Africa ; b. 1820. He was the first to positively verify the existence of the gorilla. Chain, chan. A series of links or rings fitted into one another. In weaving, the warp threads of a web. Links or plates of iron bolted to the ship's side, used to contain the dead-eyes. In Surv. a meas- uring instrument, generally consisting of 100 links, each 7.92 inches in length. C h a i n - pump, Chain-pump. Dhain-gang", 'gang, A number of con- victs chaiued together. Chain-gruard, 'gard. A mechanism In watches, provided with a fusee, to pre- vent the watch being over-wound. Chain-shot, 'shot Two balls connected bj | a chain. ,, . , ^ Chain-stitch, 'stich. ^^^a^^-sli^t. In sewing, tlu-eads or cords linked to- gether in the form of a chain, as line.il chaining or tambour work, reticulation or net- work, &c. A sewing-machine stitch. Chain-wheel, 'whel. An inversion of the chain-pump, by which it is converted into a recipient of water-power. Chair, char. A movable seat, with a back. A seat of office or authority ; as, the chair of a judge ; the oflice itself, es- pecially the oftice of a professor, as, to hold the chair of logic or divinity. Also used for the chairman of a meeting or as- sembly. One of the iron blocks which support and secure the rails in a railway. Chaise, shaz. A two-wheeled carriage generally furnished with a movable hood or top. A gold coin current in France from 1346 to 1430, varying in value at different periods. Chaises were also coin- ed in England in the reign of Edwai-d III, Chalcedony, kal-sed'o-ni. A sub-species of quartz, a mineral ; white agate. Tliere are several varieties, as common chalced- ony, chrysoprase, sard and sardonyx. Chalcedonirx, -niks. A variety of agate, in which white and gi-ay layers alternate. Chalcogrraphy, -kog'ra-fi. The art of engraving on copper or brass. Chaldea, kul-de'ah. The country lying between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. The name of Chaldean was anciently ap- plied to the learned Babylonians. Chaldron, chiil'dron. An English meas- ure of coals consisting of 86 bushels, or 26^ cwt. ; the Newcastle chaldron is 52^ or 53 cwt. In America the weight is gen- erally 26J^ cwt. Chalet, sha-lii. One of the huts in which cattle and herdsmen are housed for tha night on the Swiss mountains, and where the cheese is manu- factured ; any dwell- ing of the Swiss peas- antry having local char- acteristics. Chalice, chal'is. A communion cup i^sed to administer the wine In the celebration of the holy eucharist. Clxalicotherium, kal'l-k6-ths"ri-um. Chalice. CHALK 16T CHAMPAONE A gen. of fossil pachydermatous animals, allied to the tapirs., comprising two spe- cies, found in strata of the miocene. Chalk, chak. An earthy limestone, of an opaque' white color, soft, and admit- ting no polish. It is an impure carbonate of lime, the rock which forms the higher part of the cretaceous system, constitut- ing the upper strata of the secondary age, immediately preceding the tertiary. True or white chalk is formed of the shells and debris of the shells of foraminiferous ani- malcules, and hence is a rock of organic origin. Chalk-dra-wing-, 'dra-ing, A drawing sketched and filled in with colored chalks. Chalybeate, ka-lib'G-at. Any water or other liquid into which iron enters. Chalybite, kal'i-blt. A native anhy- drous metacarbonate of iron, found in gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, in connec- tion with the carboniferous system, and occasionally in trap rocks. It is often met with in conjunction with other met- als. Clay ironstone, one of its A'arieties, occurring in the coal-measures, is one of the most abundant and valuable ores of iron. Chama, ka'ma. The gaping cockle, a gen. of large marine bivalve shells, fam. Chamaceas. Chamaesaura, kam-e-sa'ra. A genus of snake-like lizards, consisting only of one species, the Chamsesaura anguina or snake-Hzard. Chamber, cham'ber. A room of a dwell- ing-house; a sleeping apartment. A room where professional men, as lawyers, con- duct their business ; the room in which judges sit for the disposing of matters not sufficiently important to be argued in court. A place where an assembly meets; as, the star-chamber ; the assembly itself; as the chamber of commerce. Chamberlain, -Ian. A person charged with the management of a chamber. An officer charged with the direction of the private apartments of a monarch or noble- man. The Lord Chamberlain of Great Britain is the sixth officer of the crown, and has under him a vice-chamberlain. A receiver of rents and revenues, as the chamberlain of a corporation. Chamber-m.usic, -mu-zik. Composi- tions suitable for performance in a cham- ber or parlor, as opposed to a ooncert-hall. Chamber-organ, -or-gan. A small or- gan suitable for a private room or cham- ber. Chambeusburgr. Cap. of Franklin Co. , Penn., burned br the Confederates July 30, 1864 ; pop. 6,87T. Chambertin, shon-ber-tan. A superior red Burgundy wine. Chambranle, sham-branl'. An orna- ment bordering the three sides of doors, windows and chimneys. The top part Is called the traverse, the sides the ascend- ants. Chambray, 'bra. A kind of gingham, with linen linish. Chambrel, kam'brel. The joint of the upper part of a horse's hind-leg. Chameck, sha-mek'. A Brazilian mon- key, gen. Ateles, fam. Cebid*, suscejitible of a high degree of training. C h ameleon, ka-me'lC'-on. A lizard, gen. Chamaeleo, the ___„.^ best known ^^PfSTL^^^^^i^^ species being C. africanus or C. vulgaris. The extraordi- nary faculty Chameleon, which tlie cha- meleon possesses of changing its color, is duo to the presence of pigment-bearing contractile cells in the skin, their contrac- tions and dilatations being under the influ- ence of the nervous system. A constella- tion near the south pole, invisible in our latitudes. Chamfer, cham'fer. In Carp, a small gutter or furrow. A bevel or slope. Chamfron, 'fron. The defensive armor for the face of a war-horsa» Chamois, sham'wa. A species of goat-like or capriform ante- lope, inhabiting inac- cessible mountains. Its skin is made into a soft leather called chamois or shammy. A soft leather made from va«-ious skins dressed with fish-oil ; chamois-leather. Champ, champ. In Arch, the field or ground on which carving is raised. Cham.pac, cham'pak. A beautiftil In- dian tree, ord. Magnoliacese, held in high esteem by Brahmanists and Buddhists. Its flowers are A'ery fragrant. Champag-ne, sham-pan. A wine (red and white, still or sparkling) made chiefly in the department of Marne, in the fornix* province of Champagne, Frfcooe. Chamois. CHAMPIGNOK^ 138 CHAOS Champignon, pin'yon. The French name for mushrooms in general. Champion, 'pi-on. The title given to a person who has defeated all rivals at open competitions ; as the champion sculler, pedestrian, pugilist, &c. Champlain, Lake. Located in K E. New York, extending into Canada, and connected with the St. Lawrence by the Chambly Canal ; length 110 m. ; gi-eatest width U m. Chancel, chan'sel. That part of the choir of a church between the altar and the rail- ing that incloses it. An inclosed space in courts of judicature. Chancellor, -er. Originally, a chief no- tary under the Koman emperors ; but in later times an English officer invested with judicial powers, and particularly with the superintendence of all official writings of the crown that require to be solemnly authenticated ; the keeper of the great seal. From the Koman empire this office passed to the Church, and hence every bishop has his chancellor. In the new German Empire the chancellor is presi- dent of the Federal Council. In the U. 8., a chancellor is the judge of a court of chancery or equity. ChancellorsviUe. A village of Spott- sylvauia Co., Va., 75 m. N. W. of liich- mond, the scene of one of the longest and most desperately fought battles of the civil war. The Federals under Gen. Hooker were first attacked in flank by Gen. " Stonewall" Jackson, April 30, 1868, and he repeated this on May 2, badly de- moralizing the 11th corps ; May 3 the en- tire Confederate force under Gen. Lee ad- vanced to the attack, and fighting was almost continuous for three days, the Federals being finally forced to retreat across the Rappahannock River on the 6th. The Federal loss,including 6,000 prisoners, was 17,197 ; Confederate loss, 12,277, of whom 2,000 were prisoners. Gen, "Stone- wall " Jackson was mortally wounded by his own troops during a night reconnois- sance on the 3d, dying May 10. Chancery, 'se-ri. In England, formerly the highest court of justice next to Par- liament, but since 1873 a division of the High Court of Justice. In Scotland, an office in the general register-house of Edinburgh, managed by the director of chancery and his deputies. In the United States, a court of equity. Chandelier, shan-de-ler'. A stand with branches to hold a number of candles. In Fort, a movable parapet, serving to sup- port fascines to aover pioneers. Chandoo, chan-do'. An extract of opium, used by the Chinese for smoking. Chang", chang. A Chinese long measure, equal to 11} feet. Changr-Choo-Foo. An important com- mercial city of China, prov. Fokien, 36 m. S. W. of Amoy,its port; pop. 850,000. Chang-e-wheel, chanj'whel. One of a set of cog-wheels, used to vary the angu- lar velocity of the axis or arbor of a ma- chine in any required degree. Chank, changk. The common conch- shell fished up by divers. Large fossil beds of chanks have been found. These shells are sewed into rings or bracelets called bangles, and worn as ornaments by the Hindu women. Chpnnel, chan'nel. The bed of a stream of water. The deeper part of an estuary, bay, &c., where the current flows. A narrow sea between two continents or be- tween a continent and an island. C. of a horse, the hollow between the two nether jaw-bones where the tongue is lodged. C. stone, a stone used in the game of curling. Channel. One of the pieces of plank projecting horizon- tally from a ves- sel's sides. The chain plates are carried through notches on their outer edge in order' to extend the t shrouds and keepj them clear of thel gunwale. Channel, The Eng-lish. Awidf strait connecting Shrouds on the Chan- the German nnd nels. Atlantic Oceans, the narrowest part called Straits of Dover. C. Islands, a group, in the chan- nel,belonging to England, of which Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney are the chief. Channingr, William EUery. An eminent Unitarian divine and publicist ; B. at Newport, E. I., 1780, d. 1842. Chant, chant. A short musical compo- sition consisting generally of a long recit- ing note, on which an indefinite number of words may be intoned, and a melodic phrase or cadeuce. Chanter, 'er. One who chants ; a singer or songster. The chief singer or priest of a chantry. In bagpipes, the tube with finger-holes for playing the melody. Chanticleer, chan'ti-kl5r. A cock. Chaos, ka'os. That confusion in which CHAPALA 159 CHARGE D'AFFAIRES matter is supposed to have existed before it was reduced to order by the creating power of God. Chapala, shap'ah-lah. Mexico's larjirest lake ; area 1,800 sq. m. It is an expansion of the rirer Rio Grande de Lerma, which empties into the Pacilic. Chaparral, chap-ar-ral'. A grove of low evergreen oaks. A clump of thicket formed by thorny shrubs, mingled with brambles. Chape, chap. The shding-loop on a belt to which a bayonet-scabbard is attached ; the back-piece by which a buckle is fixed to the garment. The transverse guard of a sword. A metal tip at the end of a scabbard, or the termination of a belt or girdle. Chapel, chap'el. A subordinate place of worship usually attached to a church or cathedral, devoted to special services. A building subsidiary to a parish church. A place of worship connected with a royal palace, a private establishment, or a cor- poration. A place of worship used by dissenters from the Church of England. A union of the workmen in a printing- office for the purpose of promoting and enforcing order among themselves. Chapel-royal, roi'al. A chapel at- tached to a royal palace. Chaperon, shap'er-on. An ancient hood or cap generally worn ; afterward appro- priated to doctors and licentiates in col- leges. A hood or cap worn by the Knights of the Garter when in full dress. A small shield containing crests, initials, «fec., placed on the head of horses which drew the hearse in pompous funerals. One who attends a lady to public places. Chaplain, chap'lan. An ecclesiastic who officiates in a chapel. An ecclesiastic who officiates at court, in the household of a nobleman, or in an army, ship, institu- tion, &c. C. of the pope, auditors or judges of causes in the sacred palace. Chaplet, 'let. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head ; a circlet. In Her. a garland of leaves with four flowers amongst them, at eaual distances. A string of beads used by Catholics in counting their prayers, having only a third of the beads of a rosary. Chapter, 'ter. A division of a book or treatise. The council of a bishop, con- eisting of the canons, and other clergy- men attached to a cathedral church, pre- sided oyer by a dean. The meeting of certain organized orders and societies, as to hold a chapter of the Garte-r. A Chaptrei. branch of some society or brotherhood. A decretal epistle. Chapter-house, -hous. The building attached to a cathedral or religious house in which the chapter meets for business, Chaptrei. Tlie capital of a pier or pilaster which re- ceives an urch. Chapultepec, shah-pul'te- pek. A precipitous height, surmounted by a strong cas - tie, heavily fortified, 2 m. from the city of Mexico, stormed by the American troops under Gen. Scott, Sept. 13, 1841. Char, chiir. A name given to two spe- cies of gen. Salmo, or common char, and Windcmere char, the most delicious and beautiful of the Salmonidas. Character, kar'ak-ter. A distinctive mark on stone, metal or other hard mate- rial, used to form words and communicate ideas; a letter, figure or sign. Musical characters, the conventional forms or marks used for signs of clefs, notes, rests, &c. The peculiar form of letters ; as the Greek character, the Runic character. The qualities impressed by nature or habit on a person, which distinguish him from others. An oral or written account of a servant or employe's character or qualifi- cations. Charade, sha-rad'. An enigma, the srlu- tion of which is a word of two or more syllables to be discovered from description or representation. When dramatic repre- sentation is used to indicate the meaning it is called an acting charade. Charadrius, cha-ni'dri-us. A gen. of birds, ord. Grallatores, ineluding the golden plovers. Charagr, k.^'rag. A tribute exacted in Turkey from Jews and Christians. Charcoal, chiir'kol. Coal made by char- ring wood ; the carbonaceous residue of vegetable, animal, or combustible mineral substances, when they undergo smothered combustion. Charcoal-black, -blak. One of a series of black pigments, consisting of burnt ivory, bones, vine-twigs, peach-stones, nut and almond shells, the condensed smoke of resin, &c. Chard, chard. The leaves of artichoke, covered with straw In order to blanch them, and make them less bitter. Beet chards, the leaf-stalks and midribs of a v.-iriety of white beet dressed for the table. Chargo d' Affaires, sliiir-zha daf-far. CHARGER 170 CIIAROlir Grecian Chariot. One who transacts diplomatic business at a foreign court during the absence of liis superior, the ambassador. Also the third or lowest class of foreign ministers, ac- credited to the department for foreign affairs. Charg-er, chSrj'er. One who or that whicli charges. A large dish. A war- horse. Charsre-slioet, 'shet. A paper kept at a police-station to receive the names of jjersons brought in, with the accusation and name of the accuser, Cliariot, char'i-ot. A stately four- wheeled pleas- ure or state carriage hav- ing one seat. A car or ve-' hide formerly used only in ■war,in proces- sions, and for racing, drawn hv two or more horses. Among the €rreek8 these were highly ornamented. Cliariotee, -o-tc". A small pleasure char- iot with two seats and four wheels. Charioteer, -ter'. The person who drives or conducts a chariot. Cliarisza, kar'izm. A miraculous girt conferred on early Christians, as of heal- ing, of tongues, &c. Charity, char'i-tl. In a general sense, the good affections men ought to feel towards each other. In a theological sense, love to God and universal good wll to men. Liberality to the poor, or to benevolent institutions. A charitable Institution ; a foundation for relief bv alms, education, or otherwise ; an hospi- tal. Sisters of C., nuns who minister to the poor and nurse the sick ; a congrega- tion founded by Vincent dt Paul. Charity-school, -skol. A school main- tained by voluntary contributions or be- quests. Charivari, shS-re-va-ro. A mock ser- enade of discordant music, kettles, tin- horns, (fee, performed in Fr-ance before the houses of old people who re-married, and practiced in the U. S. as a means of nocturnal annoyance. Charlatan, shar'la-tan. One who makes unwarrantable pretensions to skill ; a quack; an empiric; a mountebank. Charlemagme, sharl'man. Son and s. to Pepin lo Bref, and gi*andson to Charles Martel ; King of France ; b. 742, n. 804. He conquered a large part of Spain and It- aly, and all of Germany to the Bohemian borders, being crowned Emperor of the West by the Pope in 800. He was the most enlightened as well as the most en- ergetic European sovereign of the century. Charles. Tho name of numerous Eu- ropean emperors, kings and lesser poten- tates, Germany having had four kings and three emperors bearing this name ; Swe- den fifteen kings, the present ruler being the fifteenth ; Spain four, France ten, Na- ples four. Navarre three, England two, Sardinia two and Hungary two kings. The name was also borne by Dukes ol Baden, Lorraine, Savoy and Burgundy. Charles Martel. The illegitimate son of the Duke of Austrasia, who by his bravery and wisdom became Duke of the Franks. His son, Pepin le Bref, was made king of France, and was the found- er of the illustrious Carlovingian line of kings, the name being taken from C. Mar tel. Charleston. The commercial cap. of S. Carolina, built on a neck of land formed by the Ashley and Cooper rivers, 6 m. from tho Atlantic, noted as the scene of the commencement of hostilities in the late Civil War, the two forts, Moultrie and Sumter, occupied by Federal troops un- der Major Anderson, being captured by the Confederates under Gen. Beauregard ; pop. 49,984. Charlestown. A city of Middlesex Co., Mass., a suburb of Boston ; burned by the British, in 1775, during the battle of Bunker Hill. A U. S. navy yard is locat- ed here ; pop. 6,700. Charles's "Wain, chark'iz-wan. The seven brightest stars in the constellation Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. Charnel-house, char'uel-hous. A place where human bones are deposited ; an- ciently, a portico or gallerj- on which the bone.? were laid after tho flesh was con- sumed. Charon, ka'ron. In Myth, the son of Charon and Spirits. Erebos, whose office was to ferry the soult CHAKPOT in CHASrBLE of the deceased over the Styx, a river of the infernal regions, for a piece of money, which was placed in the mouth of the corpse previous to burial. Charpoy, char'poi. In the E. Indies, a sujall, portable, stretcher bed. Charqui, char'kc. Jerked beef; beef cut into strips about an Inch thick, and dried by exposure to the sun. Chart, chart. A sheet on which Informa- tion is exhibited in a methodical or tabu lated form, as an historical or genealoerical chart. A draughtofpartofthe earth's sur- face, with the coasts, islands, rocks, points of compass, depth of water, &c., to regu- late the courses of ships. The term chart is applied to a marine map ; map is applied to a draught of some jiortion of land. Selenographic charts represent the spots and appearances of the moon. Topo- graphic charts are draughts of particxilar places. Charter, chilr'ter. A written Instrument, given as evidence of a grant, contract, or whatever has been done between man and man ; any insti-ument executed with form and solemnity bestowing rights and priv- ileges. In Com. the letting or hiring of a ship by special contract ; the limits or terms of such a contract ; the written in- strument embodying the terms of the contract. In politics, a document em- bodying the i)rinciples oi the Chartists. Charter-house, hous. A charitable institution founded in London in 1611 by Sir Thomas Sutton. It maintains 80 poor brothers and 44 scholars. Chartist, chart'ist. One of a body of political reformers that sprung up in Eng- land in 1833. They advocated universal suflfrage, no property qualification for a seat in Parliament, annual parliaments, equal representation, payment of mem- bers, and vote by ballot. Chartographer, kar-tog'raf-er. One wlio jtrepares or publishes maps or charts. Chartography, 'ra-fi. The art of draw ing mai)S or charts. Chartometer, -tom'et-er. An instru- ment for measuring maps and charts. Chartreuse, shar'troz. A celebrated monasteiy of Carthusians in the Dep. of Isiire, France, noted for the severity of its regulations. A tome liquor obtained by distilling aromatic plants growing on the Alps, which derives its name from the monastery. Chartreux, -tro. A Carthusian monk or friar. Chartulary, k5r'tu-la-ri. A officer in tha ancient Latin Church, who had the car« of charters and other public papers. A register, as of a monastery. Charybdis, ka-rib'dis. A whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, over against a rock, Scj'lla, on the Italian coast. Chase, chas. An open piece of ground stored with wild beasts or game. A term in the game of tennis. An iron fram« used by printers to coafine types in col- umns or pages. Tha part of a gun in front of the trunnions. Chase, Salmon Portland. An American ]nnsi and statesman ; b. in N. IL, 1818, r>. 18T3. Ee was sent to the House of Representatives and to the IT. S. Senate from Ohio, and was elected Governor of that State ; appointed Secre- tary of the Treasury by President Lincoln, at the outbreak of the Civil War, ho con- ducted the finances Avith rare skill and success ; appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1864, he held this oflice at his de.nth. Chaser, 'er. One Avho chases ; a hunter. A vessel which pursues another. A gun in a vessel for firing when in chase or be- ing chased ; a bow-chaser and a stern- chaser. A steel tool used for cutting threads of screws ; the cutting instrument In a chasing-lathe. Chassepot, shas-po. The breech-load ing ride used in the French army. Chasseur, -ser. One of a body of sol* diers mounted or on foot, trained for rapid movements. An attendant dressed in military style. Chassis, -se. A traversing frame or movable railway, on which carriages ol guns move backward and forward. Chasuble, chas'u-bl. In its first use a , circular gar- 1' ment of one piece, with-" out sleeves or opening In front, with a hole in the center for the head to pass through, worn by the common peo- ple, now re- garded as the principal vestment of Chasuble, t h e R. C. priest, being put on over the alb and stole. CHAT 172 CHEESE-CAKE It is now made oblong, hanging down be- fore and behind, leaving the arms free. Chat, chat. The popular name of birds of the gen. Saxicola, fam. SylviadiB or warblers. Chateau, sha-to. A castle; a country- seat. Chateaubriand, Francois Au- gxiste, Viscount. An eminent French philosopher, poet and historian ; b. 1768, D. 184S. His greatest work is the " Gen- ius of Christianity," but his travels, nov- els and poems are of scarcely less repute. Chatelaine, shat'e-lan. A female cas- tellan. A bunch of chains depending from a lady's waist, from each of which is sus- pended some article of household use. Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of. A distinguished English statesman ; b. 1708, D. 1778. He was prime minister in 1766, and in the early part of the struggle for American independence sided with the colonists. C, William Pitt, his sec- ond son, also became prime minister. Chati, shii-te. A species of leopard, very destructive to small quadrupeds and birds, but so gentle, when domesticated, as to be called Leopardus mitis, or gentle leopard. Chatoyant, sha-toi'ant. A stone or gem having Avhen cut and polished a chatoyant luster; cat's-eye. Chatta, chat'tah. In India, an umbrella. Chattanoogra A city of S. Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, noted for the san- guinary battle, Nov. 25, 1863, in which the Federals under Gen. Grant defeated the Confederates under Gen. Bragg, the latter losing 10,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and 40 guns ; the former losing 5,106. C. is now the center of a large manufacturing industry ; pop. 9,000. Chattel, 'tcl. An item or article of goods, movable or immovable, except such as have the nature of freehold. Chattels are real or personal. Chaucer, Geoffrey. An eminent English poet, called "Father of English Poetry"; b. 1328, d. 1400. Chauflfer, shafcr. A small furnace: a cylindrical iron box, open at the top, with a grating near the bottom. Chauliac, G-uy de, sho'le-yak. A French surgeon ; b. 1327, i). 1394. His principal work was a text-book through- out Europe for 200 years, and is the basis of modern surgical practice. Chauncey, Isaac. An American com- modore; B. in Conn., 1772, d. 1840. He won distinction in the war with Tripoli, and on the northern lakes in the war ol 1812-14 with Great Britain. Chaus, ka'us. A gen. of lynxes, includ- ing the Libyan chaus, and the Caffre-cat. Chaus, chous. A Turkish messenger, interpreter, or attendant on a great man. Chausses, shos. The tight covering, of Oriental origin, for the legs, and reaching to the waist, formerly worn by nearly all males throughout Europe. Chautauqua. A co. in W. New York, noted for its beautiful lake, said to be the most elevated navigable Avater on the con- tinent, 1290 ft. above sea level and 726 ft. above Lake Erie. It Is a favorite summer resort. Chauvin, sho-van. One of those veter- ans of the first French Empire who pro- fessed, after the fall of Napoieon, a sort of adoration for his person and his acts. Cha vender, chav'en-der. A fish ; the Chub or Cheven. Chebec, cht;-bek. A large boat em- ployed in the Newfoundland fisheries. Check-book, 'b^k. A book containing blank bank-checks. Checker, 'er. One of the squares of a checkered pattern ; the pattern itself. In Arch, stones in the facings of walls presenting the appearance of check-work. The game of draughts. A piece of this game. A common name in olden times for Inns having checkered sign-boards, probably to announce that games were played within. It is a curious fact that houses marked -with signs of this kind have been exhumed in Pompeii. Checkmate, 'mat. In Chess the po- sition of a king when he cannot release himself. As the king cannot bo captured, this brings the game to a close. Cheddar, ched'der. A rich fine-flavored English cheese. Cheek-pouch, chek-pouch. A bag In the cheek of a monkey, in which it stows away food for future consumption. Cheese, chez. The curd or caseino of milk, coagulated by rennet or some acid, separated form the serum or whey, and pressed in a vat, hoop or mold. It is composed of 80 to 50 per cent, water, 3 to 5 per cent, nitrogen, 18 to 30 per cent, fat, and 4 to 6 per cent, mineral matter. A mass of pomace or ground apples pressed together. Cheese-cake, 'kak. A cake filled with a jelly make of soft curds, sugz-.r and butter. A cake made -with a variety of ingredients, as, lemon cheese-cake, appl« cheese-cake, &c. CHEESE-FLY 173 CHERBOURG Cheese-fly, -fli. A dipterous insect bred in cheese, the Piophila casei, fani. Miisclda?, the same to which the house-flj', blow -fly, &c., belong. Cheese-mite, -mit. An arachnidan, gen, Acarus, which infests cheese. Cheese- pale, 'piil. A sharp instrument for piei-cing clieese, so as to enable it to be tasted without cutting. Cheese-press, 'pres. An apparatus for pressing curd in making cheese. Chef, shef. Head or chief; the head cook of a nobleman's household, a club, &c. Chef-d'ceuvre, sha-do-vi*. A master- I)iece ; a fine work in art, literature, &c. Cheilog-natha, ki-log'na-tha. An ord. of myriapods, represented by the hairy worrns of millipeds. Cheilopoda. -lop'o-da. One of the two orders of Myriapoda, represented by tne centipeds. Cheilostomata, -16-stom'a-ta. •'» sub- ord. of funnel-shaped (infundibulaVe) ma- rine Polyzoa. Cheiracanthus, -ra-kan'thus. A fossil ganoid fish of the Devonian or old red system. Chelrolepis, -rol'e-pis. A gen. of fossil ganoid fishes, with rery minute scales, belonging to the fam. Acanthodes. Cheiromys, 'ro-mis. A gen. of lemurine quadrupeds, consisting of a single spe- cies, the aye-aye. Cheironectes, -nek'tez. A gen. of acanthopterygious fishes, having the pec toral fins supported, like short feet, upon peduncles ; also called frog-fish and hand- fish. They can live on t of water for two or three days. The name given the Yapock opossum, a marsupial quadruped, found in S. America. Cheiroptera, -rop'ter-a. An ord. of mammals — the bats. Cheirotes, -r5'tez. A gen. of lizards forming the fam. Cheirotida', containing but one species, C. canaliculatus, an ani- maJ of subterranean habits like the am- phiobsena. Chelrotherium, -ro-thc'ri-um. A name given io the great unknown animal that formed the large footsteps on the slabs of the new red sandstone, which resemble the human hand; supposed to be Identical with the newt-like labyrinthodon. Chekmak, chek'mak. A Turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with golden threads. Chelonia, ke-l()'ni-a. An ord. of reptiles distinguished by the body being inclosed in a double shell, including the various species of tortoise and turtle, divided into five families— the Chelididje or frog tor- toises ; Testudinidse, or land tortoises; Emyda?, the terrapins or fresh-water tor- toises ; Trionychidse, the mud-turtles or soft tortoises ; Chelonidse, or sea turtles. Cheluridee, -lu'ri-de. The wood-boring shrimps, a fam. of marine shrimps de- structive to ship timber, Chemig-lyphic, kem-i-gllfik Any- thing engraved by the agency of the gal- vanic battery. Chemise, she-mez'. An under-garment worn by females. A wall that lines the face of an earthwork ; abreast-wall. Chemisette, shem-i-zet'. A short under- garment worn on the breast over the che- mise. Chem.ist, kem'ist. A person versed in chemistry ; one whose business is to mako chemical examinations or investigations. One who deals in drugs and medicines. Chemistry, -ri. The science Avhich in- vestigates matter as it is acted upon by the force called chemical, the dis- ti'ngutehing feature of chemical action be- ing the production of substances of quite different properties from the original bodies. In studying the changes which matter undergoes the chemist arrives at a classification of all matter into elements, that is, substances which he is unable to decompose, and compounds or substances which can be broken up into simpler bodies. It is subservient to the various arts and manufactures, and of high impor- tance in medicine. Chemitype, 'i-tip. A process for ob- taining casts in relief from engravings, particularly adapted for producing maps. Cheng:, Cheng. A Chi- nese musical wind instru- ment, consisting of a se- ries of tubes having free reeds. Its Introduction into Europe led to the in- vention of the accordion, harmonium and other J free-reed instruments. Chenille, she-nel'. A tufted cord of silk or \ worsted, somewhat re- sembling a caterpillar, Cheops, ke' ops. An Egyptian king, 8. of Ehampoinitus, the sup- posed builder of the great Pyramid, between n. o. 3280-2120. Cherhourg', shair'boorg. A seaport and Cheng. CHEROKEE 174 CHEVALIER principal naval arsenal of France, impreg- nably fortified ; situated on Marche Bay, 185 m. N. W. of Paris ; pop. 48,300. Cherokee, chcr'o-ko'. One of the Ap- palachian tribes of N, American Indians, formerly occupying the country E. and S. of the Alleghany Mountains, but now occupying a reservation W. of the Missis- sippi, 'adjoining Arkansas ; they number abt. 20,000, and are largely Christianized. Cheroot, she-rijt'. A cigar of cyhndrlcal or tapering shape, with both ends cut square olf. Cherry, che'ri. The fruit of species of Cerasus, which is commonly regarded as a sub-gen. of prunus ; a tree producing this fruit, which is a pulpy drupe inclos- ing a one-seeded smooth stone. A cor- dial composed of cherry juice and spirit, sweetened and diluted. Chersonese, ker'so-nez. A peninsula ; a tract of land nearly surrounded by water, but united to a larger tract by a neck of land or isthmus, as the Cimbric C, or Jutland ; the Tauric 0*-, or Crimea. Chert, chert. A variety of quartz, com- monly called also Hornstone, Petrosilex, or Eock flint. It is less hard than com- mon quartz, and occurs often in veins, especially metallic, in primitive moun- tains. The name is also applied to other minerals. Cherub, cher'ub. One of an order of angels variously represented, but gener- ally as "winged spirits with a human coun- tenance, and distinguished by their knowledge from the seraphs, whose dis- tinctive quality is love. In the celestial hierarchy cherubs are represented as sjnrits next in order to seraphs. A beautiful child. Cherubim, 'u-bim. The Hebrew plural of cborub. Cherub ini, Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobi Salvatore, ka-roo-be'ne. An eminent Italian composer ; b. 1T60, ». 1842. His operas and sacred pieces are of equal merit. Cherusci, ke-riis'si. A tribe of German Goths who totally destroyed the Eoman army under Yaras in the Teutoburg for- est, '9 A. D. They do not appear in his- tory from abt. the close of the 4th cen- tury. Chesapeake Bay. The largest bay on the Atlantic coast of the IT. S., 200 m. long, by a breadth of from 4 to 40 m.; the Potomac, James, Susquehanna and Y'ovk rivers empty into it. Chess, chos. A game played by two per- sons, with different pieces, on a board di- vided into sixty -four squares. Each has eight dignified pieces— a king, queen, two bishops, two knights, and two rooks or castles ; also eight pawns. The object is to checkmate the enemy's king. Chess-board, 'bord. The board used in tlie game of chess. Chess-man, 'man. A piece used in playing the game of chess. Chest, chest. A box of considerable size, made of wood or other material. In Com. a casein which tea, indigo, &c., are packed for transit ; the quantity such a chest con- tains. The trunk of the body from the neck to the belly ; the thorax. Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stan- hope, Earl of. A notorious English infidel and roue, celebrated for his Avit, and quoted as an authority in manners ; K. 1694, u. 1773. He was appointed Viceroy of Ireland in 1746. His " Letters " to his illegitimate son are a mixture of Avorldly wisdom, Avit and immorality. Chest-founder, 'found-er. A disease in horses ; a rheumatic affection of the muscles of the chest and forelegs. Chestnut, ches'nut. The seed of the chestnut-tree. The tree or its timber. The color of the husk of a chestnut ; a red- dish-brown color. Cheston, 'ton. A species of plum. Chetah, che'ta. The Felis jubata, or hunting leopard of India. Chettik, chet'tik. A tree of Java, the Strychnos Tieute, yielding a very viru- lent poison, known by the name o'f Upas Tieute. It owes its properties to strych- nine. It is more powerful than the poison obtained from the upas-tree. Chetvert, 'vert. A Eussian grain meas- ure, equal to 0.7218 ofan imperial quarter, or 5.77 bushels. Cheval, she-val'. A horse ; cavalry. In Comp. a support or frame, as a cheval- glass. A cheval, on each side so as to command any intermediate s]>ace. Cheval-grlass, 'glas. A s\ving looking- glass mounted on a frame, and larg* enough to reflect the whole figure. Chevaux-de-frise, Bhe-vo'de-frez. Pieces of timber traversed' ■with wooden spikes, pointed with iron, ___ used to defend a pass- rii,„„ , ,i/^ t^^-^^ age, form an obstacle ChevauxdeFnse. to the advance of cavalry, &c. Chevalier, shev-a-Ier'. A horseman ; a knight ; a cavalier. In Her. a horseman CEEVET 1T5 CHIEF anted at all points, A member of certain ordevs of knighthood, as the Chevalier de St. Owrge. In Oruith. the gi-eenshank. C. d'itdustrie, one who gdns r living by dishontst means ; a sharper ; a thief. Che vet. -va. In Arch, a variety of the apse larg'ely confined to French Gothic churches. It is always inclosed 'uy an open screen of columns on the ground floor, and opensinto an aisle, M'hich again always opens into three or more apsidal chapels. Cheviots, chev'yots. A range of low mountains on the boundary between Eng- land and Scotland, and extending back into both countries. Cheviot, chc'vi-ot. A favorite variety of sheep, in the N. of England. Chevrette, shev-ret. A machine used In raising guns or mortars into their car- riages. Chevron, 'run. In Her. an honorable ordinary, represent- ing two rafters of a house meeting at the top. Achevronel is half its breadth ; a couple-close, one- Chevron Molding, fourth. In Arch, a variety of fret ornament common in Nor- man architecture. Milit. marks on the sleeves of the non-commissioned officers' coats, to mark the rank of the bearer. Chevrotain, 'ro-tan. The Tragulus pygma'us, fam. Tragulidai, a species of small mnsk-deer. Chewing-ball, chG'ing-bal. A medicinal ball for a horse, composed of the wood of the bay and juniper trees, asafetida, liver of antimony, and pellitory of Spain. Cheyennes, shi'enz. A warlike tribe of N. American Indians, who roam over a large territory between "W. Kansas and the Eocky Motmtains. Chian, kl'an. Pertaining to Chios, an isle in the Levant. C. earth, a dense com- pact earth, used anciently in medicine. C. turpentine, procured from the Pistacia Terebinthus. Chiastolite, -as'to-llt. A mineral of the cyanite fam., generally regarded as a vari- ety of andalusite, and also called Macle, whose crystals are arranged in a peculiar manner. Chibouque, shi-buk. A Turkish pipe. Chica, chG'ka. A red color extracted from the leaves of Bignonia Chica, made use of by some Indian tribes to stain their skins. A fermented liquor of S. America, derived from Indian corn. Chicagro, she-ka'go. The commercial capital of Illinois,"on Lake Michigan, the largest gTain entrepot of the world, and also having a large trade in cattle, hogs and lumber. It is a large manufacturing cen- ter. C. was almost totally destroyed by fire Oct. 9-10, 1871, some 2,300 acres in the business center of the city being burned over, involving a loss of nearly $200,000,000. Within two years the city had been rebuilt in much finer and more substantial style than originally. In 1874 another very destructive conflagration ravaged the city, but its effects were only temporary ; pop. 503,185. Chickadee, chik'a-de. In America, a name given to the black-cap titmouse and allied birds . Chickahominy. A river of Virginia, which rises in Hanover Co., and joins the York 8 m. above Jamestown, noted as the scene of the battle of Fair Oaks, May 8, 1862, in which Gen. Casey's division of the Federal army was defeated by the Confederates under Gen. Lee ; also for what is known as the Seven Days of Richmond, the series of battles in which Gens. Hooker and McClellan were defeated at White Oak Swamp, Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill and Malvern Hill, by the Confederates under Gens. Lee, Jackson and Longstreet. Chickamaugra, chik-ah-mau-gah. A creek rising in N. Georgia and emptying into the Tennessee Eiver, near Chattanoo- ga, noted for the defeat of the Federal army under Gen. Thomas by the Confed- erates under Gen. Bragg, Sept. 19-20, 18G3. The battle was stubbornly contested, and the victors were so crippled as to be unable to take advantage of their success. Chicaree, -re. The Sciurus hudsonius, or American red squiiTcl. Chickasaws, shik'ah-sauz. A tribe of N. American Indians, originally occupy- ing the country between the Ohio and Tennessee rivers ; now allied with the Choctaws, i»ad largely civihzed. Chicory, 'o-ri. The popular name of Cichoriuna Intybus. The roots are exten- sively employed as a substitute for coff'ee, or to mLx vvith coffee ; it is also cultivated for feeding cattle, and the blanched leaves are sometimes used as a salad. Chief, chef. The ■nerson highest in au- thority ; as the chief of the foreign office. A military commander ; the person who heads an army. The principal person of a clan, tribe, family, or congregation, &c. The principal part or portion. In Her. the upper part of an escutclieon, cut off CHIEF- B AEON 176 CHIMBOEAZO horizontally by a straight line, and con- taining a third part of the dimensions of the escutcheon. CMef-baron, 'bar-on. President of the British court of exchequer. Chief-justice, 'jus-tis. The presiding judge of a court. Claieftain, 'tan. A leader or command- er ; a chief; the head of a troop or clan. Chiflf-chaff, chifchaf. The white- throat, an English song-bird. Chiflfonnier, -shif'o-ner. A small side- board ; a kind of cabinet. A rag-picker. Chig-non, she-nyon. The term applied to ladies' back hair when raised and folded up. CMg-oe, chig'6. AW. Indian insect re- sembling the flea, but more minute, which burrows beneath the skin of the foot, and soon acquires the size of a pea, becoming distended with eggs. If the eggs hatch great irritation and even troublesome sores are sure to result. Chihuahua, she-wah'wah. A pror. of N. E. Mexico on the Eio Grande, haying rich silver mines; area, 107,500 sq. m.; fiop. 217,450. C, the cap., has a pop. of 4,600. Chikara, chi-ka'ra. The Hindu name for a species of goat-like antelope of which the male is furnished with four horns. Child, child. A son or daughter, of any age; a male or female descendant in the first degree. Childe. A noble youth ; especially one of high birth, before advanced to the honor of knighthood ; a squire. Childermas-day, chil'der-mas-da. An anniversary of the Church of England, held December 28, in commemoration of the children of Bethlehem slain by Herod ; called also Innocents'-day. Childrenite, 'dre-nit. A mir.eral sub- stance, a i^hosphate of alumina and iron. Chili, chil'e. A republic of W. S. Amer- ica, between the Andes and the Pacific, 1,150 m. in length by 110 to 120 in I breadth ; area 132,624 sq. m.; pop. 2,364,- 109. Santiago is the cap., and Val- paraiso, Valderia, Concepcion and Taka the chief cities. C. became independent of Spain in 1817, and progressed rapidly in commercial importance until 1882, when she engaged in war with Peru, and in two years Peru's armies and navy were completely defeated and almost de- stroyed and the country overrun by the victors. Peace was formally declared in January, 1884, P. submitting to the most humiliating terms. Chiliad, kil'i-ad. A thousand; a^ollec tion or sum containing a thousand indi- viduals or particulars. The period of a thou- sand years. Chilagron, -a-gon. A plane figure of a thousand angles and sides. Chiliarch, -ark. The miUtary command- er or chief of a thousand men. Chill, chil. A shivering with cold ; sen- sation of cold in an animal tody. That condition of the atmosphere or other ob- ject Avhich produces the sensation of cold. In Metal, a piece of iron introduced into a mold so as to rapidly cool the surface of molten iron. Chill-hardening, 'hard-n-mg. A mode of tempering steel by exposing the red- hot metal to cold air. Chiltern Hundreds, 'tern hun'dredz. A district of Buckinghamshire, England, which has belonged to the crown from time immemorial. To this a nominal of- fice is attached, the title being "Steward ofthe Chiltern Hundreds." As a mem- ber of the Commons cannot resign his seat directly, any member who wishes to resign may accomplish his obiect by ac- cepting the stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds, which vacates the seat. Chimaera, ki-me'ra. In Class. Myth, a flre-bre ithing monster, the fore parts of whose body were those of a lion, the mid- Chimaera, die of a goat, and the hinder of a dragon ; supposed to represent a volcanic moun- tain in Lycia. In ornamental art, a fan- tastic assemblage of animal forms so com- bined as to produce one complete but un- natural design, frequently seen on an- tique e n- gravedgems and bas-re- liefs. A vain or idle fan- cy. In Ich. a gen. of car- Chimsera monstrosa. tilaginous fishes. The only known spe- cies is the Chimajra monstrosa, sometimes called the king of herrings. Chimseridse, ki-mc'ri-de, A fam. of cartilaginous fishes, containing the gen- era Chimsera and Callorhynchus. Chimborazo, chim-bo-rah'zo. One of the highest peaks ofthe Andes, 21,420 ft., in Ecuador. CHIME ITT CHmOLIJfE Ch.illie, chim. The harmonious sound of bells or musical instruments. A set of bells tuned to a musical scale and struck by haiiMners. Some onsist of 40 to 50 bells. An airangement of bells and strik- ers in an organ, music box, «fec., operated in harmony with the reeds, pipes or tongues. Altar chime, a set of three small bolls used in the E. C. church service. Chirae. The edge or brim of a cask or tub, formed by the ends of the staves projecting beyond the head. In ship- / building, that hollowed part of the water- way at the side left above the deck. Chimere, shi-mer'. The upper robe, to which the lawn sleeves of a bishop are at- tached. In the English Church it is of black satin. English prelates of the R. C. Church wear one of purple silk ; car- dinals of scarlet. Cliinmey, chim'ni. An erection containing a pas- sage by which the smoke of a fire or furnace escapes to the open air ; a flue ; also the funnel of a steam engine. A glass to sur- round the flame of a lamp to protect it and promote combustion. Chimney-pot, -pot. A cylindrical pipe placed on; top of chimneys to pre vent smoking. Chimney-cap, -kap. An abacus or cornice form- ing a crowning termina- tion for a chimney. A de- vice for assisting the ex- pulsion of smoke by pre- senting the chimney exit always to leeward by a rotatory device. Chimney-flue, -flu. The aperture in the wall of a building leading from the fireplace to the top «>f the chimney. Chimney-piece, -pes. The assemblage of architectural dressings around a fire- place. Chimney-stalk, -stak. A long chim- ney, such as that connected with manu- factories. Chimney-sweep, -swep. One whose occupation is to clean chimneys of soot. Chimpanzee, -pan'ze. A largo ape be- longing to the anthropoid or man-like monkeys, most nearly related to the go- rilla. China, chl'na. An empire of Eastern Asia ; area 4,153,000 sq. m. ; one-third Elizabethan Chimney. the entire continent ; pop. abt. 500,000,000. C. is divided into 20 provinces, and 6 trib- utary provinces. Pekin is the cap., and the principal cities are Shanghai, Canton, Ningpo, Amoy, Foo-chow-foo, Tien-sin, Swatow, Formosa, Chefoo, Han-kow, New-chwang, Chin kiang, andKin-kiang; the chief rivers are the Hoang-ho, or Yel- low Elver, the Tarim, Brahmapootra, Amoor, Yang-tse-Kiang, the largest in Asia, the Hei-ho, Pei-ho, Ilan-kiang, and theSi-kiang; the mountains include the Tangun-Ouler, the Dauriun, Inshan-Gar- jan, Shan-AH, Altai, Thian-shan, Pe-Hng, Shen-se, Kan-se, Nan-ling, and Himalaya ranges ; the principal islands are Formosa, Hal -nan, the Chusan Archipelago and the Loo-choo group. C. is the most ancient organized nation on the globe, her history going back nearly 2,500 years, and tho habits and laws are very little changed from the earliest traditions. China. A species of earthenware made in China, or an imitation. Chinampa, -nam'pa. Native name of floating gardens once common on Mex- ican lakes. Chinch, chinch. The common bed- bug, Cimex lectularius. The popular name of certain fetid American insects re- sembling the bed-bug, very destructive to cereals. ChinchilU- dee, chin-chiF- li-de. A small fam. of rodent animals. One gen. is the La- gostomus o r viscacha, about - the size of the- rabbit, and re- sembling it In form. Chine, chin. The backbona or spine of an animal. The piece of the backbone of an animal, with the adioining parts, cut for cooking. The edge or brim of a cask. Chinese, chi-nez^ Pertaining to China. C. fire, a composition used in fire-works. C. glue, a superior glue and varnish ob- tained from a species of Chinese &lgie. C. white, the white oxide of zinc, a valuable pigment, a substitute for the preparations of white-lead. Chinka, chingk'a. The single cable bridge of the E. Indies, upon Avhich tra- verses a seat in the form of an ox-yoke. Chinoline, kin'o-lin. An oily liquid ob- Chinchilla, CHmTZ 178 CHLAMYPHORUS tained by distilling quinine vnth. potash and water or by the dry distillation of coal. Ch.intz, chints. Cotton cloth printed ■with llowers or other devices in at least five different colors, and generally glazed. Chin-India. That portion of S. E. Asia Avhich includes Cochin-China, Burmah, Loos, Siam and Malacca, Chione, ki'o-na. In Myth, daughter of Ua'dalion, transformed by Juno Into a hawk becaase of her beauty ; loved by both Apollo and Mercury. Chionidse, k!-on'i-de. A fam. of birds including the gen. Chionis. Chip, chip. A piece of wood, stone, or other substance, separated from a body by a blow of a sharp instrument. Wood split into thin slips for the manufacture of hats, bonnets, &c. Naut., the quadrant- shaped piece of wood attached to the end of the log-line ; the log. Chip-hat, 'hat. A hat made of chips, plaited, so as to resemble a straw hat. Chipmunk, 'mungk. The popular name of animals of the gen. Tamias. Chippewas. A N. American Indian tribe, Algonquin fam., formerly occupy- ing the country around Lake Superior ; now located N. of Minnesota. Chipping, 'ing. The act of cutting off in small pieces ; frequently applied to cast-iron when taken from the mold, to cut away the hard dark rind or outside crust. The breaking off of edges of pot- ter's ware and porcelain A piece cut off or separated by a cutting or engraving instrument. Chippingr-bird, -herd. A kind of spar- row, Zenotrichia socialis, Chipping-piece, -pes. An elevated cast or forged surface, affording surplus metal for reduction by the tools. The pre- lecting piece of iron cast on the face of framing, intended to rest against another piece. Chirag-ra, kl-rag'ra. Gout in the hand. Chiretta, ki-ret'ta. An E. Indian bitter derived from the dried stems of Agathotes Chirayta. Chirographer, 'raf-er. One who pro- fesses the art of writing. One who tells fortunes by examining the hand. Chirogrymnast, 'ro-jim-nast. A con- trivance for exercising and strengthening the fingers of a pianist. Chirology, -rol'o-ii. The art of using the manual alphabet for deaf mutes. Chiromancy, 'ro-man-si. Divination by the hand ; palmistry. Chiron, kl'ron. In Myth., a centaur, son of Philyra and Saturn, famous for judiciaJ knowledge and skill in music and hunting; he taught mankind the use of herbs, and being mortally wounded by Hercules, the gods placed him among the constellations, where he la known as Sagittai-ius. Chironomus, -ron'omus. A gen. of dipterous insects, fam. Tipulidag, resem- bling gnats. Chiroplast, 'ro-plast. An instrument employed to form the hand for playing on the piano-forte. Chiropod, -pod. A member of the mam- malia having hands, or feet resembling hands. • Chiropodist, -rop'od-ist. One who treats diseases of the hands or feet ; a cut- ter or extracter of corns. Chisel, chiz'el. An instrument of iron or steel, used in carpentry, masonry, sculpture, &c., for paring, hewing or gouging. Chisel-tooth, -toth. A name given to the incisor teeth of rodent animals, from their form. Chisleu, kis'le-o. The ninth month of the Jewish year, answering to a part of November and December. Chiton, kl'ton. A tunic ; the under gar- ment worn by the ancient Greeks. Chitonidee, 'i-de. A fam of gasteropoda. The shell in the typical gen. Chiton is composed of eight pieces. Chivalry, shiv'al-ri. Knighthood ; tho system to which knighthood with all its laws and usages belonged. The qualifl- tions of a knight, as courtesy, valor and dexterity in arms. A body or order of knights ; any body of illustrious warriors, especially cavalry. Court of C, estab- lished by Edward III., of which the Lord High Constable and the Earl-Marshal of England were joiijt judges, now in abey- ance, except as represented in the Herald's College by the Earl-Marshal's court. Chlamydosaurus, klam'i-do-sa"ras. A gen. of Australian lizards. The C. Kingii, or frilled lizard, has acrenated ruff round its neck, which lies back in plaits when the animal is tranquil, but which elevates itself Avhen it is irritated or fright- ened. Chlam3rphorus, kla-mif o-rus. A gen. of quadrupeds, ord. Edentata. The pichiciago resembles the mole in its habits, and is nearly allied to tho armadillo. CHLAMY8 179 CHOKHADAE Ohlarays, klam'is. Alight flowing scarf or plaid worn by the ancients as an outer, garment. It was ob- long in shape, gener- ally about twice as long as it was broad. A purple cope; one of the pontifical vest- ments. In Bot. the floral envelope of a plant. Chloe, klo'e. The name of the heroine ^, , of Longus' pastoral Chlamys. romance, "Daphnis and Chloe," and of a shepherdess in Sydney's "Arcadia;" hence, applied in literature to a female lover. Chloral, klo'ral. A liquid prepared from chlorine and alcohol ; also by the action of chlorine on starch. The hydrate of chloral is a white crystalline substance, which, in contact Avith alkaUes, separates Into chlorofoi-m and formic acid. C. kills by paralyzing the action of the heart. Cixloranil, klor'a-nil. A compound pro- duced by the action of chlorine on an- aline, phenol, salicin and allied bodies. Chlorate, klo'rat. A salt of chloric acid, very analogous to the nitrates. The chlo- rates of sodium and potassium are used in medicine. Chlorination, -ri-na'shon. A process for extracting gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas. Chlorine, -rin. An elementary gaseous substance contained in common salt, from which It is liberated by the action of sul- j)huric acid and manganese dioxide. It is one of the most powerful bleaching agents, and a valuable disinfectant. Chloriodine, -ri'od in. A compound of chloi-ine and iodine. Chlorite, 'rit. A mineral consisting of silica, alumina, magnesia and protoxide of iron, closely allied to mica and talc. In Chem. a salt of chlorous acid. Chloro-, 'ro. A term formed from the Greek, to indicate a clear gi-een color. Chloroforra, 'ro-fonn. The perchloride of formyle, prepared by distilling together a mixture of alcohol, water and chloride of lime or bleaching-powder. Its vapor is con.sidered one of the safest of anaesthet- ics ; it is also a powerful solvent. Chlorometer, -rom'et-er. An instru- ment for testing the bleaching powers of chloride of lime ; also for testing chloride of potash and soda. Chloropal, -ro'pal. A mineral of two vai-ieties, the conchoidal and the earthy, possessed of magnetic properties. It is a hydrated sihcate of iron. Chlorophseite, 'ro-fe-It. A rare mineral found in amygdaloidal trap-rocks, sup- posed to be decomposed olivine, and con- sisting of silica, iron peroxide, magnesia and water. Chlorophane, 'ro-fan. A variety of fluor-spar which exhibits phosphorescent light when heated. Chlorophyll, -fil. The green coloring matter of plants, somewhat analogous to Avax, soluble in ether or alcohol, but insoluble in water. Light is indis- pensable to its formation, and hence arises the etiolation or blanching of plants by privation of light. Chlorosis, -ro'sis. The gi-een-sickness, a peculiar form of anaemia or bloodlessness which affects young females. Choanite, ko'an-it. A gen. of spongi- form fossil zo5phytes of the chalk, called petrified anemones. Choar, chor. The Hindu name for a mountain thief or robber. Choate, B,ufus. A distinguished Amer- ican lawyer and statesman ; n. in Mass. 1T99, D. 1858. He served with distinction in the lower house of Congi-ess, and from the death of Daniel "Webster was recog- nized as the ablest and most eloquent advocate of the country. Chocolate, chok'6-lat. A paste or cake composed of the kernels of the Theobroma cacao ground and combined with sugar and vanilla, cinnamon, cloves, or other flavor- ing substances. The beverage made from chocolate. Choctaws, 'tauz. A North American Indian tribe formerly occupying parts of Mississippi and Alabama, now allied with the Cherokees in the Indian Territory and largely civilized. Choir, kwir. A collection of singers, especiaUy in divine service. A part of a church appropriated for the singers. In nunneries, a hall adjoining the church, Avhere the nuns sing the oflSce. Choir-organ, 'or-gan. One of the ag- gregated organs combined in an organ of larger power. Choke, chok. An Indian term for the principal street of a town or village Choke-strap, 'strap. A strap passing from the lower portion of the collar to the belly-band of the harness. Chokhadar, 'ha-dar. An East Indian poflceman. CHOLAGOGUE 180 CHOSROES Cholag-ogne, kol'a-gog. A medicine ttiat has the quality of carryicg off bile. Chelate, kO'lat. A salt formed by the union of cholic add with a base. Choleate, 'iG-fit. A salt formed by th« union of cholelc acid with a base. Cholera, kol'er-a. The name applied to two diseases utterly dissimilar ; the one known as common or English cholera, the other as cholera morbus or malignant cholera. Some pathologists recognize a third variety under the name of cholera asphyxia, which differs from cholera mor- bus in a more rapid progress, more violent spasms, in asphyxia or cessation of pulse, and speedy death. Cholerine, -in. The first stage of epi- demic cholera. Chondrog-lossus, kon-drO-glos'sus. A muscle running from the cartilaginous joining of the body and horn of the hyoid bone to the tongue. Chondropteryg-ii, 'drop-te-rij"i-T. One of the two great sections into which Cu- vier divides the class Pisces. The families include the sturgeon, shark, ray and lam- prey. Chondrus, 'drus. A gen. of sea-weeds, including Irish moss. Chop, chop. The chap ; the jaw. The mouth or entrance to a channel. An of- ficial mark on Aveights and measures to show their accuracy. An Eastern custom- house stamp on goods that have paid duty. A word used in China to signify quahty. The entire bulk of a certain kind of tea brought to market. Chop-house, 'hous. A house where provisions ready -dressed are sold ; an eat- ing-house. In China, a custom-house for the collection of transit dues. Chopin, 'in. An old liquid measure in France. An old English measure equal to half a pint. In Scotlana, a measure equal to half a Scotch pint. Chopin, Frederick, sho'peen. An em- inent musical composer and pianist ; b. in Poland 1810, D. in Paris 1849. Chopine, en'. A lofty clog or patten, in some cases resembling a short stilt, formerly worn by ladies under their shoes to elevate them from the ground, i Chopstick, 'stik. One of two small sticks of wood, ivoiy, &c., used by tiie Chinese and Japanese for conveying food to the mouth. Chord. Chopines. Chord, kord. The string of a musical in- strument. In music, the simultaneoas combination of different ^ Re- sounds, consonant or dis- sonant. In G e o m. a straight lino supposed to a extend from one end of > an arc of a circle to the other. Thus a c and a b are the chords of the arcs A c and A c B. Chore, chor. A chare or small job ; mi- nor work of a domestic kind. • Chorea, ko're-a. St. Vitus' dance. Choreg-raphy, -reg'ra-fi. The art of representing dancing by signs, as singing is represented by notes. Chorobates, -rob'a-tez. An instrument used to determine the slope of an aque- duct, and levels. Chorogrraph, 'ro-graf. An instrument to construct, by mechanical means, two similar triangles on two given straight lines, their angles being given ; important in marine surveying. Chorog-raphy, -rog'ra-fi. The ai-t or practice of making maps. Chorometry, -rom'et-ri. The art of measuring or surveying a district; a survey. Chorus, 'rus. In the Greek drama, a company danc- ing in a ring ac-^i companied by" singing. P e sons supposed to behold what passed in a trag- edy, and sing their sentiments between the acts. Verses of a song in which the company join the singer. In Music, a com- position sung by many voices. The whole body of vocalists other than soloists, whether in oratorio, opera or concert. An ancient musical instrument of the bagpipe type. This name was also given to the Welsh crvvth, and in Scotland to a trum- pet of loud tone. Chose, shoz. In law, property ; a right to possession ; or that which may be de- manded and recovered by suit or action at law. Chosroes, kos'ro-ez. Two warlike Persian kings. C. I. (the Great), crowned 534 A. D., fought the Romans, but Avas defeated by Belisarius and again by Tlbe* Chorus, CHOUAN 181 CHEISTmA rius; d. 579. C. II., crowned 590, invaded Africa and conquered Carthage, but was defeated and captured by Heraclius, and D. in prison G27. Chouan, sliii-on. A member of a band of insurgent royalists of Brittany, France, who rose in 1792 against the republic, and were not suppi-essed till 1799. Chougrll, chuf. A bird, gen. Fregilus, crow fam., nearly allied to the stai-lings, In Her. it is sometimes called the Aylet, and was at one time confined as a bearing to Cornish families. Choultry, chol'tri. In the E. Indies, a place of rest and shelter for travelers, similiar to the caravansary of W. Asia. Chouse, chous. To cheat, defraud. Chout, chout. In the E. Indies, a fourth part of the clear revenue. Chow, chou. In China, a town or city of the second class. Chow-Chow, 'chou. A Chinese term for any mixture, but in trade circles con- fined to mixed pickles. Chowder, 'der. A dish of fish or clams, with vegetables, biscuits, &c. Chrematistics, kre-ma-tis'tiks. The science of wealth ; political economy. Chrism, krizm. Holy oil consecrated by a bishop and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination and extreme unction. In the Greek and K. C. Churches it is prepared on Holy Thurs- day with much ceremony. The baptis- mal cloth laid upon the head of a child ; a chrismal. The baptismal vesture. Chrismal, kriz'mal. The vessel in which the consecrated oil is contained. The pyx. A cloth used to cover relics. The white cloth laid over the head of one new ly baptized. The cloth used for wiping the parts anointed. Chrismatory, 'ma-to-ri. In the K. C. and Greek Churches, a receptacle for the chiism or holy oil. In the K. C. Church the chrismatory usually com- prises three separate vessels. Christ, krist. The anointed : an appellation given to the Sa- viour of the world, and synony- Chrisma- mous with the Hebrew Mes- tory. siah. Christ, Orders of. The name given to the Templars in Portugal, after their formal suppression by Pope Clement IV., 1812. They were recognized by Pope John XXII.', 1317, and confirmed 'in their title, "The Order of Our Lord Jesus Chi-ist." The King of Portugal is Grand Master. Also a Papal order of merit, the members of which wear a star from which depends a cross. Christadelphian, kris-ta-deFfi-an. A brother of Christ ; one of a sect of Chris- tians. Called also Thomasites. Christendom, 'n-dum. The countries chiefly inhabited by those who profess the Christian religion. The whole body of Christians. Christian, 'tyan. One who believes in the truth of the Christian religion and studies to follow the example and obey the precepts of Christ. One born in a Christian country or of Christian i)arents. An old Danish gold coin. Christian. The names of 9 kings of Denmark and Norway, the last of whom is at present on the throne , b. 1818 ; s. to Frederick YIII. 1863 ; his eldest son is heir to the three thrones of Denmark, Sweden and Norway ; his -d son is King of Greece; his eldest daughter is wife of the Prince of Wales, and his second daugh- ter is Czarina of liussia. Christiania, -te-ah'ne-ah. Cap. of Nor- way, on the Agger, at the head of the Gulf of C.; pop. 6i,500. Christiana, -ti-a'na. An old Swedish silver coin. Christianite, 'tyan-It. A mineral of Mt. Vesuvius, an oblique rectangular prism. Christians, 'tyans. A religious sect in N. America, seceders from the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches, in the years 1793, 1800 and 1801. Christiansted, -sted. Cap. of the island of St. Croix and the place of residence of the Danish Viceroy of the Danish W. In- dies; pop. 6,100. Christina, kris-tl'na. Daughter and 8. of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden ; B. 1626, crowned 1632. On attaining her majority, 1644, C. at once took active per- sonal charge of the government, which she administered until 1654 with wisdom and vigor, carrying on a successful war with Denmark. Deciding to renounce Protes- tantism C. abdicated in fixvor of her cousin Call Gustav, and retired to Brussels, where she embraced the Catholic faith. Eemov- ing to Paris, she killed Monaldeschi, her master of horse, under a suspicion of hav- ing betrayed her confidence. On the death of Carl Gustav in 1660, C. reclaimed the Swedish throne, but her people re- jected her because of her religion, and she retired to Eome, where she died, 1689. C. Maria, daughter of Francis I. of Sicily, wifo of Ferdinand VII. of Spain, and CHRISTMAS CHRONOSCOPE mother of ex-Qu een Isabella II. C. be- came notorious alter her husband's death, as regent durin? her daughter's minority, having contracted a private marriage with her paramour Muftoz, a private soldier, by whom she had several children; she was banished from Spain in 1854. Christmas, 'mas. The festival of the Christian church observed annually on the 25th day of December, In memory of the birth of Christ. The festival includes twelve days. Christmas-day. Christmas-log-, 'mas-log. A large log of Avood, which formed the basis of the fire at Christmas. Christm.as-rose, 'mas- roz. A plant, Hellebo- rus niger, Avhich blos- soms during the winter months. Christolyte, 'to-1 i t . One of the sect of Chris- tians of the 6th century who held that, wheii christmas-rose. Christ descended mto hell, he left both his body and soul there, and rose Avith his divine nature alone. Christopher, kris'to-fiir. The nam es of 3 kings of Denmark. C. I., elected 1252, D. 1259. C. II., son of Eric VII., b. 1276, s. his brother Eric VIII. 1318, D. 1333. C. III. of Bavaria, became successively King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in the years 1440^1-42. He made Copenhagen his capital and reigned wisely. Chromatics, kro-mat'iks. The science of colors. Chromatype, 'ma- tip. A process for ob- taining colored photographic pictures by the employment of paper sensitized by some of the salts of chromium. A picture produced by this process. Chrom.e-alum., Jjrom'al-um. A crystal- lizr.ble double salt, formed by the sul- phates of chromium and potassium. Chrome-g"reen, 'grcn. A green pig- ment prepared from the oxide of chro- mium. Chrome-orang-e, 'or-anj. A yellow ' pigment prepared from chromate of lead. Clirome-red, 'red. A red pigment prc- l)ared i\-om red-load. Chrome-yellow, 'yel-lo. A name given to chromate of lead, a brilliant yellow pig- ment. Chromic, 'ik. Pertaining to chi-ome or chromium, or obtained from it; as, C. acid. Chromidse, krom'i-de. A fam. of tele- ostean fishes, allied to the Labridse or true Chrom.ium, kru'mium. A metal which never occurs native, but may be obtained by reducing the oxide, employed to give a deep green color to the enamel of porce- lain, glass, &c. Chrom.OCher, krom'6-ker. A mineral containing the oxides of chrome and of iron, silica and alumina. Chromo - lithography, kro"mo-li- thog'ra-fi. A method of producing a col- ored lithographic picture, by using stones having different portions of the picture drawn upon them -with inks of various colors. Chromosphere, 'mo-sfer. The name given to the gaseous envelope supposed to existroundthebodyof thesun, through which the light of the photosphere passes. Stellar chromosphere, the gaseous enve- lope supposed to exist round the body of a star. Chronicle, kron'i-kl. A historical ac- count of facts or events disposed in the order of time. The title of two books of the Old Testament ascribed to Ezra. Chronog'ram, 'o-gram. An inscription in which the date or epoch is expressed by numeral letters. Chronograph, -graf. The name given to various de\ices for measuring and reg- istering minute portions of time Avith pre- cision. Benson's chronograph registers to one-tenth of a second. Strange's to one-hundredth of a second. Schultze's, in which electricity is applied, to the five- hundred-thousand part of a second. By it the initial velocity of a bullet may be ascertained. Chronologist, kro-nol'o-jist. One who investigates the dates of past events. Chronology, -ji. The science of com- puting time by regular periods, according to the revolutions of the sun or moon, termed astronomical chronology. The science of ascertaining the true periods Avhen past events took place, called his- torical chronology. "When the word is used without a qualifying term it has this signification. Chronometer, -nom'et-er. Any instru- ment that measures or divides time into equal portions, as a clock, Avatch or dial. Applied to time-keepers used for deter- mining the longitude at sea, or for any- other puri)ose Avhere an accurate measure of time is required. Chronoscope, kron'o-skop. An instrur ment for measuring the duration of ex- j tremely short-lived plienomena ; more es- j pecially, instruments for measuring the ' velocity of projectiles. CHEYSALIS CHURCHESSET Chrysalsis. Chrysalis, kris'a-lis. A form which b u 1 1 r fl i es, i^ moths and iMJ other insects f™ assume when lf^\% they cliange-'** from the state of larva or cat- erpillar, and before they ar- rive at their winged or per- fect state. The animal is in a state of rest or insensibility and exists without nutri- ment, but an elaboration is going on, giv- ing the organs of the future animal their proper development. Chryselephantine, 'el-B-fan"tIn. Com- posed of gold and ivory ; specially applied to statues overlaid with gold and ivory. The statue of Athene by Phidias is the most celebrated specimen. Chrysoberyl, '6-ber-iI. A siliceous gem, next to the sapphire in hardness, the specimens which present an opalescent play of light being especially admired. It is an aluminate of glucina, with traces of silica, iron, &c. Chrosochloris. -Icl6-ris. A gen. of in- sectivorous mammals allied to the moles. C, aureus, the Cape chrysochlore or changeable mole, is the best known spe- cies. Chrysography, kri-sog'ra-fi. The art of writing in letters of gold. The writing itself. Chrysolite, kris'6-lTt. A mineral com- posed of silica, magnesium and iron, liard- er than glass, but less hard than quartz. Chrysomelidae, -o-mel'i-de. A fam. of coleopterous insects, sec. Tetramera of Latreille, constituting a numerous and beautiful family of the beetle tribe. .. Chrysoprase, 'o-praz. A quartz, a va- riety of chalcedony, of a hardness little in- ferior to that of flint. Chrysops, 'ops. A gen. of dipterous insects, fam. Tabanidae ; the clegs. Their larvas destroy aphides, and are called aphis-lions. Chrysostom, John, St., kre-sos'tom. One of the most eloquent preachers and logical writers of the early Christian Fathers ; b. at Antioch, 34T, d. 407. He was consecrated Bp. of Constantinople in 898, and introduced such vigorous reforms as to excite extreme opposition, resulting in his banishment, 403. His festival is celebrated by the E. C. Church, Jan. 27. Chrysotype, kris'o-tip. A photographic process produced by a solution of gold. A photographic agent prepared by impreg- nating paper witli a neutral solution of chloride of gold. Chubdar, 'diir. In India a servant who announces the arrival of company ; a mace-bearer. Chuck-Will's-widow, c h u k' w i 1 z- wid'o. The popular name of a bird, fam. Caprimulgida) or goat-suckers. Chudder, chud'der. In India, a lady's wrapper made of silk, muslin or cambric, worn in loose folds. Chulan, cho'lan. A Chinese plant, the Chloranthus inconspicuus, ord. Chlor- anthacea?, the spikes of the flowers of which are used to sc int tea. Chum, chum. One who lodges or resides in the same room ; a close companion ; a bosom-friend. Chumar, chu'miir. An Indian shoe- maker ; a cobbler. Chunam, chu'nam. In the E. Indies, a mixture made of lime, as stucco. Madras chunam, made of calcined shells, is the best. Chupatty, chu'pat-ti. An Indian un- leavened cake made of flour, water and salt. ChUQUisaca, choo-kwe'sah-kah. Cap. of Bolivia, S. America; pop. abt. 12,500. Church, cherch. A house consecrated to the worship of God among Christians ; the Lord's house. Also called chapel and meeting-house. The collective body of Christians called the Catholic and Uni- versal Church. A particular body of Christians united under one form of ec- clesiastical government. The woi-ship- ers of Jehovah or the true God before the advent of Christ; as, the Jewish Church. A temple ; a place devoted to religious ceremonies. C. militant, that portion of Christians now on earth. C. triumphant, the collective body of saiuts in heaven. Church, Frederick Edwin. An American painter, disting-uished as a delin- eator of scenery ; u. in Conn., 1S26. Church of God. An American sect, founded in 1830 by seceders from the German Reformed 'Church. It numbers abt. 40,000 members, Avith 500 churches. Ghurch-bugr, 'bug. The Oniscus asellus, a species of the wood-lice fam., ord. Isopoda, class Crustacea. Church-court, 'kort. A court for hear- ing and deciding ecclesiastical causes. Churchesset, 'es-set. A certain meas- ure of corn, anciently given to the church by overy man on St. Martin's day. CHURCHMAN 1S4 CIMBfiX Churcliinan, 'man. An ecclesiastic or clergyman ; one who ministers in sacred thinjrs. In England, a member of the Church of England. Churchwarden, 'war-den. A keeper or guardian of a church, and a represept- ative of a parish. Churl, cherl. A rustic ; a peasant ; in English history, one who held land from or worked on the estate of his lord. A rude, selfish, rough-tempered man. Churn, chern. A vessel in which cream or milk is agitated for separating the oily parts from the caseous and serous parts, to make butter. Churrus, chur'nis. The Indian name of a resinous extract which exudes from the Indian hemp. A powerful narcotic and highly intoxicating. Churubusco, choo-roo-boos'ko. A vil- lage 6. m. 8. of the city of Mexico, noted for the victory of the Americans under Gen. Scott over the Mexicans under San- ta Anna, Aug. 20, 1847. The fight ex- tended to Contreras, 7 m. distant, a-id was the hardest fought of the war. The Mexican loss aggregated 10,000; the American 1,053. Chute, shot. A river-fall or an opening in a dam through which to float timber ; an inclined trough or tube through which articles are passed from a higher to a low er level. Chutney, chut'ni. An E. Indian con- diment compounded of sweets and acids. Mangoes, raisins, spices, sour herbs, cay- enne, lemon-juice pounded and boiled to- gether and bottled for use. Chyle, kll. A milky fluid separated from ahments by means of digestion, found in the intestines after food has been mixed with the bile and pancreatic juice. The chemical constituents of chyle are nearly the same as those of blood. Chyme, kim. Digested food before the chyle is extracted. Ciborium, si-bo'ri-um. The pyx. A pendent tabernacle for the pyx. A recep- tacle for relics. A portable altar. A case for displaying the calendar of feasts in Greek churches. In Arch, an insulated building composed of an arched vault sup- ported on four columns ; a baldachino. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, sis'e-ro. Son of a Koman knight, and a lineal descendant ofthe ancient kings of the Sabines, illustri- ous as a statesman, philosopher and ora- tor ; B. 106 B. c; assassinated by order of the second triumvirate, b. c. 48. He de- tected aixl suppressed the Cataline con- spiracy, and denounced Mark Antony foi the murder of Csesar. Cicerone, 'ne. In Italy, guides who show travelers the antiquities of the country ; hence, one who explains the curiosities of a place ; a guide. An elder- ly female companion to a younger in pub- lic places. Ciceronian, 'ni-an. An imitator of Cicero. I Cichoracese, sik-o-ra'se-e. A subdivis- ion of the uat. ord. Composite, including the succory, endive, lettuce, salsafy. trag- opogon, dandelion, «fec. Cicindelidse, sis-in-del'i-de. A fam. ol coleopterous insects, sec. Pentaraera, the tiger-beetles and sparklers. The typical gen. is Cicindela. Cicisbeo, sisis'be-o. A dangler about females ; in Italy, the professed gallant ol a married lady. A knot of ribbon attached to walking-sticks, hilts of swords, or han- dles of fans. Ciconia, sl-ko'ni-a. The gen. and fam, of birds to which the stork belongs. Cid, sid. A chief; applied to Euy or Eoderigo Diaz, Count of Bivar (E' Cid Campeador), a champion of Christianity and Spanish royalty against the Moors in the 11th century ; "also the name of an epic which celebrates his exploits. Cidaridae, si-dar'i-de. A fam. of Echin- odermata, ord. Echinoidea. Cidaris is the typical gen. Cidaris, sid'ar-is. A gen. of sea-urchins, fam. Cidaridse. Cidarite, sid'ar-it. A fossil specimen oi the gen. Cidaris, fam. Cidaridae, found in the carboniferous limestone and upwards. Cider, si'der. A name formerly given to the juices of fruits, and various kinds of strong liquor ; but now appropriated to the juice of apples. Ciergre, serj. A candle carried in relig- ious processions. Cigarette, sig-ar-et'. Tobacco rolled up in tissue paper so as to form a small cyl- inder for smoking. Cilia, sil'i-a. The hairs which grow from the margin of the eyelids ; eyelashes. Hairs or bristles situated on the margin of a vegetable body, as those of the inner peristome of a moss. Small, hair-like ap- pendages, found on the surface of the tissues of most animals, and in some vegetable organisms. Cimbex, sim'beks. A gen. of hymen- opterous insects, fam. Tenthredinid© • the largest species of saw-flies. CIMBIA 186 CmQUE-FOIL Cimbia, 'bi-a. A fillet round the shaft o* a column to strengthen it. Cimbri, 'bre. A German tribe, inhabit- ins: what is now known as Denmark. They were entirely defeated in an invasion of Gaul, 102 B. c, by Marius. Cimex, sl'meks. A gen. of hemipterous insects, sub-ord. Heteroptera, fam. Ci- micidfe. The bed-bug is the type. Cimmerians, sim-me're-ans. The an- cient inhabitants of the Crimea, a no- madic race, expelled by the Scythians, and taking! refuge in Asia Minor. They dis- appeared from history abt. CI 7. Tradition asserted that their country was involved in darkness, and from this originated the phrase " Cimmerian darkness." Cim.olite, '6-lit. A species of clay, or hydrous silicate of magnesia, useful in taking spots from cloth. Another species is the steatite or soap-rock, and from a variety found in the Isle of Wight tobacco- pipes are made. Cincboua, siu-ko'na. A gen. of trees, ord. llubiaceae. There are numerous species, some of which yield the valuable medicinal bark, the cinchona of commerce. The medicinal bark of several species of cinchona ; Peruvian bark. Cincinnati. The principal commercial city of Ohio, on the Ohio River; cap. of Hamilton Co., opposite mouth of the Licking Elver; pop. 255,139. Cincinnati, Society of the. An as- sociation founded by officers of the Ameri- can army in 17S-3, A\-ith patriotic and be- nevolent objects. The membership is re- stricted to descendants or collateral rela- tives of Eevolutionary ancestors. Cincinnatus, Lucius duintius. A Koman hero who was elected dictator, 458 B. c, when the Equi and Yolsci in- vaded the country. He Avas found plow- ing in the field, but at once took command of the troops and expelled the invaders, returning to his farming as soon as the danger Avas passed. In 439 he was again called to the dictatorship on account of intestine troubles, again resigning power and resuming his simple life when peace was restored. Cinclosoma, sin-kld-so'ma. A gen. of insessorial birds, allied to the shrikes. Cinclus, singk'lus. A gen. of bu-ds, fam. Merulidaj, including the water-ouzel or dipper. Cinder, sin'der. A solid piece of matter, remaining after having been subjected to combustion, and in which fire is extinct. A small coal ; an ember. A scale thrown off whila forging iron, &c. Cinder-bed, -bed. A stratum of the up- per Purbeck series, almost wholly com^ posed of oyster-shells ; a marine bed among fresh-water deposits. Cineration, -e-ru'shon. The redueing of anything to ashes by combustion. Cingalese, sing'ga-lez. A n) ember of the primitive race inhabiting Ceylon. Cingulum. 'gu-lum. The girdle with which the alb of a priest is gathered in at the waist. In Zodl. the neck of a tooth. Ciniflonidae. sin-i-flon'i-de. A family of spiders residing in crevices of rocks and walls, &c., or. under leaves or old bark. Cinnabar, 'a-bar. Eed sulphide of mer- cury. Native cinnabar is a compact, very heavy amorphous mineral. Artificial cin- nabar is prepared by subliming the amor- phous sulphide ; it is used as a pigment, and is also called vermilion. Hepatic cin- nabar is an impure variety. A resinous juice obtained from an E. Indian tree ; dragon's blood. Cinnamomum, -mo'mum. A gen. of plants, ord. Lauracese. All the species possess an aromatic volatile oil ; two yield cinnamon and cassia-lignea. Cinnamon, -mon. The name given to trees, gen. Cinnamomum, especially to C. zej'lanicum, sometimes confounded with C. cassia, A\1iich yields the Chinese or common variety of cassia-lignea. The inner bark of C. zeylanicum — true cinna- mon. Oil of cinnamon is obtained from the bark of diff"erent trees of the gen. 0. Cinnamon-stone, -ston. A variety of garnet, used in jewelry. Cinnamon-water, -wa-ter. A medici- nal beverage obtained by distilling cinna- mon, infused in barley water, in spirits. Cinnyridee, -nir'i-de. A fam. of inses- sorial birds ; the sun-birds. The typical gen. is Cinnyris. Cinque-foil, 'foil. An ornament In the Cinqne'M 'Window. crs-QUE 186 CIECUS pointed style of architecture, consisting of five cuspidated divisions ; called also Five- fin f^er. Cinque, singk. A five ; a word used in games. Cinque-ports, 'ports. Five ports on the southern shore of England, Hastings, liomney, Hythe, Dover and Sandwich ; to vi'hlch were afterwards added Winchel- sea, Rj^e and Seaford. Ciph.er, si'fer. In Arith, a character M'hich, standing by itself, expresses noth- ing, but increases or diminishes the value of other figures, according to its position. Something of no value or consequence. An intertexture of letters, engraved or •written on a seal; plate, picture, &c. ; a monogram. A secret or disguised man- ner of writing. Cipher-key, -ke. A key for deciphering secret writings, Cipolin, sip'ol-in. A green marble from Eome, containing white zones. Cippus, 'pus. In Eo m. Antiq . a low column, often bearing an inscription, serving as a sepulchral monument ; decrees of the Senate were also inscribed upon C, while others served as milestones or marks of divisions of land. An intrenchment made of the trunk of trees and palisades. Circassia, slr-kash'ya. A prov. of Russia in Asia, between the Caspian and Black seas, noted for the beauty of its females, many of whom become members of the harems of the highest Turkish dig- nitaries, and for the bravery of its men. Although numbering less than 500,000 souls, the C. under their chief, Schamyl, successfully resisted the Russians for many years; he surrendered in 1859, under pledges acceptable to his people. Circe. In Myth, daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic ; she Avas placed by her father on the island of ^a;a, and when Ulysses visited her coast on returning from the Trojan war she changed his companions into swine, Ulysses himself being proof against her spells through the forethought of Mercury. C. finally restored his com- panions to their natural condition, and suffered them to leave the island. Circinus, ser'si-nus. The Compasses, a constellation near the south pole, consist- ing of 4 stars. Circle, 'kl. A plane figure, comprehended by a single curve line, called its circumfer- ence, every i)art of which is equally distant from the centre. Astronomical instru- ments of a circular form. A number of persons associated by some tie; a coterie; a set. C. of declination, a great circle the I)lane of which is perpendicular to the equa- tor. C. of latitude, in A stron. a great circle perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. In Geog. a small circle of the sphere the plane of which is perpendicular to the axis. C. of longitude, in Astron. one of the lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it. C. of perpetual apparition, one of the lesser circles ^larallel to the equator. The stars within this circle never set. C. of per- petual occultation, another lesser circle at a like distance from the equator, which includes all the stai-s which never appear in our hemisphere. C. of the sphere, a circle described on the sphere of the earth or the heavens. The equator, ecliptic, meridians, and parallels of latitude are all circles of the sphere. Circular, 'ku-ler. A letter or paper of which a copy is sent to several persons on some common business. Circum-, 'kum. A Latin prefix signify- ing about ; in a circle ; on all sides ; as, , circumambulate, to walk round. Circumcellion, -sel'li-on. One of a class of wandering monks. One of a sect of Donatist Christians in Africa in the 4th century. Circumcision , -si 'zhon . The act of cir- cumcising or cutting off the prepuce or foreskin ; a Jewish religious rite. Circumference, 'fer-ens. The line that bounds a circle or any regular curvilinear figure; periphery. Circumferentor, -ep-ter. An instru- ment used by surveyors for taking angles, now almost superseded by the theodolite. Circumflex, -fleks. A wave of the voice, embracing both a rise and a fall on the same syllable. In Gram, an accent placed only'^on long vowels. Circumlittoral, -lit'to-ral. The fourth of the zones into which naturalists have divided the sea-bottom in accordance with the depth of water covering each. Circumnavigator, -nav'i-ga-ter. One Avho circumnavigates or sails round ; one Avho has sailed round the globe. Circus, 'kus. In Rom. Antiq. a building adapted for races and athletic exercises, furnished with rows of eeata rising one CIEEIPEDIA 18T CITY above another. In modern times, a mova- ble place of amusement. Cirripedia, -ri-pe'di-a. An ord. of lower crustaceous animals, formerly ranked among the mollusks. Cirrostomi, -ros'to-mi. A term applied to an ord. of fishes represented by the lancelet or amphioxus, the lowest fish. Cirrus, 'rus. In Bot. a tendril; along thread-like organ by which a plant climbs. In Zoul. a filamentary appendage to the feet of certain animals, as barnacles, and the jaws of certain fishes. A form of cloud. Cis, sis. A gen. of coleopterous insects, fam. Xylophaga. Cis. A Latin preposition signifying "on this side," often prefixed to the names of rivers, mountains, &c. Eome was con- sidered the point of departure in words of Koman origin. Cisalpine Republic. A division of Italy made by Napoleon I. in 1797; in 1802 called the lUiliau Repui)lic, and in 1S05 constituting the principal part of the Italian Kingdom. It included portions of Mantua, Milan, Valtelhna, Venetia W. and 8. of the Adige, Modena and the N. Pon- tifical states. Cisco, sis'ko. A fish of the herring kind. Ciselure, sGz-liir. The art of chasing. CSiased metal work. Cispadaue Republic. One of two (the Transpadane R. being the other) Italian States, founded by Napoleon I. from territory reconquered from Austria, 1796 ; in 1797 it was attached to the Cisal- pine R. Cissoid, sis'soid. A curve of the 2d or- der, invented by Diodes with a view to the solution of the famous problem of the duplication of the cube, Cissus, 'sus. The wiid grape, a group of plants included in the same genus with the true vine. Cist, sist. A case; a chest; a basket; In Archaeol. the term ap- plied to the mystic bas- kets used in processions Cist. connected with the Eleusinian mysteries. A place of interment of an early or prehis- toric period, sometimes hewn in the rock itself. Cistern, 'tern. An artificial receptacle for holding water or liquor. Cistercian, sis-ter'- shi-an. A member of a religious order which takes its name from Citeaux, near Dijon, where the society was founded in 1093 by Robert, Abbot of 8o- lesraes, under the rule of St. Benedict. From the C. emanated the Feuillants in France, the nuns of Port-Roy-i al, the Recollects In' Spain, and the monks of La Trappe. They '^^^^^. wear a white cassock Cistercian, with black scapulary, but when officiating are clothed with a largo white gown and white hood. Citadel, sit'a-del. A fortress or castle in or near a city. Citation, si-ta'shon. A summons ; an official call or notice given to a person to appear in a court. A reference to decided cases or books of authority to maintain a point of law. Cithara, sith'a-ra. An ancient stringed insti-ument resembling the modern cit- tern, or guitar. Cithaeron, -e'ron. In Myth, a moun- tain in Ba?otia, sacred to Jupiter and the Muses. On its slopes Hercules slew the lion, and Actaeon was devoured by his dogs. It is now called Helatea. Citizen, sit'i-zen. The native of a city, or an inhabitant who enjoys the freedom and privileges of the city in which he re- sides. An inhabitant of a city, as opposed to a rural district. A member of a state with full political privileges, Citril-finch, 'ril-finsh. A beautiful song-bird of Italy ; Fringilla citrinella. Citrine, 'rin. Lemon color A variety of quartz. Citron, 'ron. The fruit of the citron-tree, a large species of lemon ; the tree itself. Citrus, 'rus. A gen, of plants, ord. Amantiacea), including the orange, lemon, citron, &c. Cittern, 'tern. An old in- strument of the guitar kind, strung with wire instead of gut. Cittern. City, 'i. In a general sense, a large and important to\vn ; any town holding an important position in the state in which it is situated ; a town corjjorate. In Amer- CIVET CLAEK ica a city is a town incorporated and gov- erned by a mayor and aldermen. Civet, siv'et. A substance, of the con- sistence of honey, taken from the anal glands of animals of the gen. Viverra, called civet-cats. It is used as a perfume. The animal itself. Civilian, si-vil'i-an. One skilled in the Roman or civil law ; a professor of civil law. A student of civil law at a univer- ,sity. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical. Civita Vecch.ia, che-ve'tah vek'ke-ah. The seaport of Kome, on the Mediterra- nean, 7 m. N. "W. of that city ; pop. 12,000. Clack, klak. A sharp, abrupt sound, con- tinually repeated. The instrument that strikes the hopper of a grist mill, to shake It. A bell that rings when more corn is requked to be put in. A ball-valve con- nected with the boiler of a locomotive. Clack-box, 'boks. In Mach. the box in which a clack-valve works. The box fit- ted to a locomotive boiler in Avhich a ball- valve is placed close to the orifice of the feed-pipe. Clack-valve, 'valv. A valve in pumps Avith a single flap, hinged at one edge, and consisting of a plate of leather between two plates of iron. Cladocera, kla-dos'er-a. An ord. of en- tomostracous Crustacea, with two pairs of branched antennae, the lower pair of which serve as oars, and with only one largo eye. The Avater-flea, a microscopic object, is one of them. Claire, St., (Santa Clara). An Italian lady of noble descent, b. 1193, d. 1253. She renounced the world and founded the order of Benedictine nuns, known as the Damianists. A less austere branch is called Urbanists, C. was canonized in 1255. Claire-cole, klar'kol. In painting, a preparation of size put on an absorbent surface to prevent the sinking in of oil- paint. In gilding, a coating of size under gold-leaf. Clamp, klamp. Something rigid that fastens or binds ; a piece of wood or met- al fastening two pieces to- gether. A thick plank on the inner part of a ship's side. Any plate of iron made to turn or open and shut so as to confine a spar or boom. In joinery, an in- n^«^r^. strument used for holding ^^^mp. piec«3 of timber closely together until the glue hardens. One of a pair of movable cheeks covering the jaws of a vise. A pile of bricks laid up for burning ; a pile ol ore for roasting or of coal for coking. Clairvoyance, klar-voi'ans. A power attributed to persons in the mesmeric state. The clairvoyant is alleged to see ' by the spirit rather than by the eye. Clamper, klamp'er. A frame of iron having sharp prongs on the lower part, slipped onover the shoe to enable a person to walk safely on ice. Clan, klan. A race ; a family ; a tribe ; an association of persons under a chieftain. A clique or body of persons united by some common interest or pursuit. Clapper, klap'er. A person Arho ap- plauds by clapping. That which claps or strikes, as the tongue of a bell. In the mediaeval church, a wooden rattle used as a summons to prayers on the last three days of holy Aveek, when the bells Avere silent. A clack-valve. Claque, klak. A name apphed collec- tively to a set of men, called claqueurs, Avho, in theaters, are hired to applaud. Claqueurs have each a respective role — thus, the rieur nmst laugh at the comic parts ; the pleureur weep at the pathetic ; the bisseur call encore, &c. Clarence, klar'ens. A close four-Avheeled carriage, Avith one seat inside. Clarenceux, 'en-su. In Great Britain, the 2d king-at-arms, inferior only to the Garter. His proAince comprises that part of England S. of the river Trent. Claret, 'et. The red wines of Bordeaux. In France the name clairet is given only to Avines of a hght red color. Claribel-flute, 'i-bel-flut. An organ stop similar to the claribella, bnt generally of four feet pitch. Claribella, 'la. An organ stop, of soft sweet tone, consisting of open wood pipes, usually of eight feet pitch. Clarichord, 'i-kord. An ancient musi- cal stringed instrument, resembling the manichord. Clarinet, -net. A Avind-instrument of wood, similar in shape to the oboe, but larger. It has a fixed mouthpiece, con- taining a reed, Avhich forms the upper joint of the instrument. Clarino, kla-re'no. A clarion. An or- gan stop consisting of reed pipes, generally of four feet pitch. Clarion, klar'i-on. A trumpet whose tube is narroAver and tone more acute than that of the common trumpet. Clark, Abraham. One of the signers CLAEKE CLEADING of the Declaration of Independence, a na- tive of N. Jersey ; b. 1726, d. 1794. Clarke, Adam. An English theolo- gian, celebrated for his " Commentary on the Bible ;" b. 1762, d. 1832. Clasp-knife, klasp'nif. A knife, the blade of which folds into the handle ; also a large knife the blade of which folds in, and may be locked when open. Class, klas. In Anc. Hist, a term ap- plied to each of the large divisions of the lloman people. An order or rank of per- sons. A number of pupils or students of the same standing. In Nat. Hist, a group of plants or animals formed by the association of several orders. Classic, 'ik. An author of the first rank ; a writer whose style is pure, correct and refined. A literary production of the first rank ; the classics, specifically, an- cient literature. Classicalist, -al-ist. A devoted admirer of classicalism. One who scrupulously adheres to the canons of Greek or Eoman art. Classis, 'sis. An ecclesiastical body, convention or assembly ; a judicatory cor- responding to a presbytery. Class-man, 'man. In universities, a candidate for graduation who has passed an examination in one of the departments in wliich honors are conferred, and is placed according to merit in one of sev- eral classes. Claudius, klau'de-us. The name of two Eoman emperors : Tiberius Drusus Nero (C. I.) was the 4th emperor, s. his nephew Caligula; b. 10b. c; crowned a. d. 41. He was twice married, and both his wives were infamous ; Messalina was executed br his order; Agrippina poisoned him after inducing him to make her son by L. Domitius his successor ; d. 54 a. d. ; Marcus Aurelius Flavius (C. II.) b. 214, 8. Gallienus, 268 ; d. 270. Under C. I. Britain was partially conquered ; under C II. the Goths were defeated ta several battles. Clavaria, kla-va'ri-a. A gen. of fungi, division Hymencmycetes ; club-shaped fungus. Some species are edible. Clavecin, klav'e-sin. A harpsichord. A key Avith which a player of carillons per- forms on the bells. Clavellinidae, -el-lin'i-de. A fam. of so- cial ascidians. Each has its own heart, respiratory apparatus and digestive or- gans ; but each is fixed on a foot-stalk, through which circulation takea place that connects them alL Clavicle, 'i-kl. The collar-bone, form- ing one of the elements of the pectoral arch in vertebrate animals. Clavicornes, -kor'nez. A fam. of pen- tamerous beetles, partly terrestrial and partly aquatic. The burying and bacon- beetles are examples. Clavier, kla'vl-er. The key -board of a piano-forte, organ, or other instrument whose keys are arranged on the same plan. Clavis, Ms. That -which serves to un- lock or explain any difliculty, as a trans- lation of a foreign author ; or that which serves to explain a cipher ; a key. Claw-hammer, 'ham-mer. A hammer having one end divided into two claws, for convenience of drawing nails out of wood. Claw- wrench., 'rensh, A wrench hav- ing a loose pivoted jaw and a relatively fixed one so arranged as to bite together. Clay, Henry. A distinguished Ameri- can statesman and orator; b. in Va., 1777; D. in Washington, 1852. He represented Kentucky in her Legislature, and in both branches of Congress ; was a member of the Peace Commission of 1814, Secretary of State in 1825, and was the unsuccessftil Whig candidate for the presidency in three campaigns. Clay, kla. The name common to various viscous earths, compounds of silica and alumina, sometimes with hme, magnesia, soda or potash, and metallic oxides ; the materials of brick, tiles, pottery, &c. C. ironstone, a ferriferous rock, from which iron is procured. Claymore, 'mor. The large two-handed sword of the Scotch Highlanders ; now a basket-hilted, double-edged broadsword. Clay-slate, 'slat. A rock consisting of clay hardened and otherwise changed, often aff'ording good roofing slate. Clay-stone, 'ston. An earthy felstone or felspathic rock of the igneous group. Clayton, John Middleton. An American statesman ; b. in Delaware, 1796; appointed Chief Justice of Del., 1837; elected to the U. S. Senate, 1829-35-45 and 1851 ; made Secretary of State, 1849 ; negotiating, 1850, the treaty with Great Britain known as the Clayton -Bulwer treaty. Cleading, kled'ing. In engines, the jacket of the cylinder ; also, a timber casing inclosing "the boiler of a locomotive engine and fire-box; a covering of hair-felt on steam -pipes. Any kind of plank cover- ing. CLEAEING 190 CLEVELAND ClearirLgr, klcr'ing. The act of clearing ; as, the clearing' of land. The act of de- fending or vindicating one's self. Among bankers, exchanging drafts on each other's houses and settling the differences , In railway management, distributing among the different companies the pro- ceeds of the through traffic. A tract of land cleared of wood. Cleariug--hoTise, -hous. The place where the operation termed clearing in banks and railways is carried on. Clearingr-nut, -nut. The fruit of the Strychnos potatorum, used in the E. In- dies for clearing muddy water. Clear-story, 'sto-ri. The upper story of a church or other building, perforated by a range of windows, which form the principal means of lig^hting the central portions of the building. Cleaver, klev'er. A butcher's ax for cutting carcasses into joints or pieces. Cleddyo, kled'yo. An ancient bronze, leaf-shaped, two-edged sword. They are occasionally dug up in Great Britain and elsewhere, and are supposed to have been Koman weapons. Clegrgr, kleg. A name applied to various insects, the females of which are trouble- some from their blood-sucking habits, as the great horsefly. Cleistogramic, klis-to-gam'ik. A term applied to flowers, as those of the dog- violet and wood-sorrel, from their small size and from never opening, so that they resemble buds. Clemens, Titus Flavius (Clement of Alexandria). A celebrated Christian Father; b. abt. 150 A. v., d. abt. 220. Clement. The name of 14 Popes of Eome. C. I. is believed to have been St. Paul's friend and fellow -laborer ; b. abt. 30 A. D. ; according to tradition he was baptized bv St. Peter and consecrated Pope of Eome, 91 ; n. abt. 100. He is re- garded as a saint and martyr. The last C. (XIV.) 8. C. XIII., 1769, and in 1T73 issued a bull abolishing the order of Jes- uits ; D. 1774. Clementine, klem'ent-In. One of a se- ries of compilations ascribed to St. Clem- rfnt, a contemporary of St. Paul, but now believed to be apocryphal. A decretal of Pope Clement V. Cleobulus, kle-o-bu'lus. One of the "seven Avise men of Greece"; b. m Ehodes in the 5th century b. o. Cleombrotus. King of Sparta ; b, 324 B. c. ) killed in the battle of Leuctra, 371 B, c. The Spartans were nearly annihi- lated in the battle, and from that time be- came a secondary power in Greece. Cleomenes III. King of Sparta; b. 260 B. c. ; s. his father Leonidas ; was de- feated in the battle of Sellosia by the Achaean League, 222 ; fled to Egypt and committed suicide, 219. Cleon. A tanner of Athens, who became noted for his eloquent opposition to Peri- cles, after whose death C. became a popu- lar and successful general ; b. 580 b. c, killed in an expedition against Thrace, 422. Cleopatra, kle-o-pa'tra. Daughter of Ptolemy Auletus, and Queen of Egypt, notorious for her beauty and licentious- ness. She captivated Julius Caesar when but 17, and bore him a son. After his death she persuaded Marc Antony to re- pudiate his wife Octavia, and bore him several children. After the defeat of An- tony at Actium, she despaired of making terms with Augustus, and [jut an end to her life by permitting an asp to bite her ; B. C9 B. c, D. 30. Cleostratus. A great astronomer of the 6th century b. c, who first arranged the zodiacal signs. Clepsydra, klep'si- d r a. A name com- mon to de- vices of va- lious kinds fbr measur- ing time byj t^i e d i s -' charge ofVl< water. Clergy man, kler'- ji-man. A« man in holy orders; a man authorized to preach the gospel and administer ordinances according to the rules of any denomination of Christians. Clerk, klerk. A clergyman or ecclesias- tic ; a man in holy orders, especially in the Church of England. A man that can read ; a man of letters ; a scholar. The layman who leads in reading responses in the service of the Episcopal Church. One who is employed to keep records or ac- counts ; an officer attached to courts, mu- nicipal and other corporations, associa- tions, &c., whose duty is to keep records of proceedings. An assistant in the shop of a retail dealer. Cleveland. The principal lake port of Ohio, on Lake Erie, and 2d city in size in the state ; pop. 100,146. Clepsydra. I CLEVIS 191 CLOCK Clevis, klev'is. An iron bent to the form of a stirrup, vith the ends perforated to receive a pin, used to connect a draft-chain or tree to a cart or plow. Clich, klich. A broad-bladed Turkish sa- ber. Cliclie, kle-sha. A stereotype plate, es- pecially one derived from an engTa\'ing, In Photog. a negative picture. C. casting, a mode of obtaining a cast from a wood- cut for printing. Click, klik. Alow, sharp sound. The cluck of the natives of South Africa. A small piece of mechanism which enters the teeth of a ratchet wheel ; a detent or ratchet. Clicker, 'er. In shoemaking, a cutter out of uppers and soles of boots and shoes. In printing, the compositor who receives copy and distributes it among the other compositors, makes up pages, «&ic. Cliff, kllf. A precipice ; the rugged face of a rocky height ; a steep rock ; a head- land. Climacteric, kll-mak-ter-'ik. A critical period in human life, in which some great change is supposed to take place In the human constitution. The 63d year is called the grand climacteric. Climate, 'mat. In Old Geog. a zone measured on the earth's surftuje by lines parallel to the equator, there being thirty between the equator and the pole. The condition of a tract or region in relation to the various phenomena, as tempera- ture, wind, moisture, miasmata, «fcc. Climatology, -ma-tol'o-ji. The science of climates ; an investigation of the causes on which the climate depends. Climber, klTm'er. One who climbs or rises by the hands and feet. In Bot. a plant that rises by attaching itself to some support. In Ornith. the name applied to climbing birds, ord. Scansores, as the par- rots, cockatoos, woodpeckers, «fec. Clingr-stone, klmg'ston. A variety of peach, whose pulp adheres to the stone. Clinic, klin'ik. One confined to the bed by sickness. One who receives baptism on a sick-bed. Clink-stone, klingk'ston. A felspathic rock of the trachytic group, sometimes used as roofing slate. Clinker-work, 'er-werfil. In ship-build- . ing, the disposition of the planks in the side of a boat or vessel, so the lower edge overlies the upper edge of the next below. Clinton, De "Witt. A distinguished American statesman; b., in N. Y., 1769, ■ D. 1828. He was a member of both branches of the N. Y. Legislature, also of the U. S. Senate, resigning the latter position to accept the mayoralty of N. Y. City ; elected Lieutenant-governor of N. Y. from ISll to 1813, and Governor in 1816; he was the active promoter of the great Erie Canal. Clinton, Greorgre. An American gen- eral and statesman, cousin of De Witt C. ; B. in In'. Y., 1789, d. 1812. He was elected to the Continertal Congress in 1775 ; appointed brigadier-general in 1777, and the same year elected Governor of N. Y., an office to which he was re-elected five successive tarms ; chosen Yice-Presi- dent of the U. 8. in 1804 ; he was an un- BuccessM candidate for President in 1808, but was re-elected Yice-President. Clio, kll'6. In Myth, the muse who presided over history. She is usually rep- resented with a scroll in her hand, and sometimes with a case to keep MSS. in by her side. An asteroid discovered in 1850. A gen. of pteropodous mollusks, constituting the principal food of the whale. Clionidae, -on'i-de. A^ fam, of naked marine mol- lusks, class Pteropoda, hav- ing for its type the gen. Clio. Clipper, klip'er. One who clips; one who cuts off the edges of coin. A vessel with sharp, forward-raking bows and masts raking aft, built and rigged with a \iew to fast saihng. Clitus. A general under Alexander the Great, who saved the latter' s life in the battle of Granicus, and Avas slain by Alex- ander, in a drunken frenzy, 326 b. c. Clive, Robert, Ixjrd. An English general who rose from ensign through his gallantry and talents to the viceroyalty of India ; b'. 1725, d. by suicide, 1774. H« distinguished himself by winning several victories from the French in 1751, and in 1757 routed Suraj-ad-Dowlah with an army of 50,000 at the head of an English force of only 8,000. Toward the close of his life he became insane. Cloak, klok. A loose outer garment worn over other clothes both by men and women. That which conceals. Cloak-room, 'rom. A room attached to any place of general resort, where outer garments are deposited. Clock, klok. An instrument or machine for measuring time, indicating the hours, CUo. CLOCK-STAR 192 CLOVER-WEEVIL minutes and seconds by means of hands moving over a dial-plate. Clock-star, 'star. Prominent stars used for regulating astronomical clocks. Clock-work, 'werk. The machinery of a clock ; a complex mechanism produc- ing regularity of movement. Clog*-d.ance, klog'dans. A dance with clogs, in which the feet perform a noisy accompaniment. Cloister, klois'ter. An archway or cov- ered walk round the walls of monastic Cloister, Westminster Abbey, and collegiate buildings. A place of relig- ious retirement ; a monastery ; a con- vent. Any arcade or colonnade round an open court; a piazza. Clontarf, klon-tarf. A village of Lein- ster, Ireland, 8 m. N. of Dublin, the scene of the crushing defeat of the Danish invad- ers under King Sitric by Brian Boroihme (Boru), 1034. The Danes lost 13,000 out of 21,000, the Irish 7,000 out of 20,000 men. Brian and his son were both killed. Close, klos. An inclosed place ; the pre- cinct of a cathedral or abbey. A narrow passage or entry from a main street to the stair of a building ; the entry to a court. Closet, kloz'et. A small room or apart- ment for retirement; a supplementary apartment communicating with another, as a dressing-room with a bed-room. A small recess for etoring utensils, provi- sions, &c. Clotaire, klo'tair. The names of four kings of France. C. I., son of Clovis I., B. 507, became ruler of the entire kingdom through the death of his brothers ; D. 561. C. IV., B. 6T1, D. T20, was onlv the nom- inal king for tAvo years, the real ruler be- ing Charles Martel. Clcth, kloth. A fabric of wool, hair, cot- ton, flax, hemp, or other vegetable fila- ments, formed by weaving or intertexture «f threads, and used for various purposes; as woolen cloth, cotton cloth, hair cloth. A professional dress, specifically that of a clergymen; hence the ofiice of a clergyman. Clothes-moth, klothz'moth. The name common to several moths of the gen. Tinea, whose larv.-e are destructive to woolen fabrics, feathers, furs, &c. Clotho, klo'tho. In Greek Myth, that one of the three Fates whose duty it was to put the wool for the thread of lite round the spindle, while that of Lachesis was to spin it, and that of Atropos to cut the thread off when a man had to die. Cloth-pro ver, kloth 'pniv-er. A mag- nifying glass employed in counting the threads in cloth. Cloth-'wheel, 'whol. A polishing wheel, covered with cloth charged with an abrad- ing or polishing material, as pumice-st or more strata of coals. Coal-brass, 'bras. The iron pyrites found in coal-measures. Coal-field, 'feld. A deposit or bed of coal. A district where coal abounds. Coal-gras, 'gas. A -variety of carbureted hydrogen which produces the gas-light now so extensively used. Coal-measures, 'mezh-urz. The upper division of the carboniferous system, con- sisting of alternate layers of sand-stone with thinly laminated beds of clay shale, and sometimes bituminous shale, between which the coal-seams occur, usually rest- ing on beds of fire-clay. Coal-mine, 'min, A mine or pit in which coal is dug. Coal-plant, 'plant. A plant, the re- mains of which form coal, principally cryp- togamic, belonging to the orders Fihces, Lycopodiacefe and Equisetacese. Many fruits and some stems of gymnosperms are also met with in coal deposits. Coal-slack, 'slak. The dust or grime of coal. Coal-tar, 'tar. A thick, black, viscid, opaque liquid which condenses in the pipes when gas is distilled from coal. It is a chief ingredient in printer's ink, in the shape of lamp-black. It is also made into asphalt for pavements, and with coal- dust forms an excellent fuel. Coal-tit, 'tit. The Parus ater, one of the titmice. Coasting', kost'ing. Sailing near the coast, or from port to port in the same country. C. pilot, a pilot who conducts vessels along a coast. C. trade, carried on between different ports of the same country. A popular winter's amusement in hilly sections ; sliding dovm hiU on a hand-sled. Coat, kot. An upper /?g^3^W<5W?^iik 1B'N!*«'!IL* garment, in ' modern times applied to the outer g arm en t worn by men ;"r?V'TS Co»t-fM'.ted into Court-card. Coati, ko'a-ti. A plantigrade carnivorous mammal, gen. Nasua, belonging to the Ursidse or bears, but recaUing in appear- ance the Viverridae or civets. Coat-link, kot-lingk. A pair of buttons held together by a Unk, used for fastening a coat over the breast. Cob, kob. A roundish lump of anything ; specifically, a cob-loaf. A Spanish coin formerly cun-ent In Ireland ; also, the name still given at Gibraltar to a Spanish dollar. The shoot or receptacle on which the grains of maize grow in rows. A bull or pellet for feeding fowls. A short- legged stout horse or pony. A wicker basket, to be carried on the arm, used for carrying seed while sowing. Cobalt, ko'balt. A mineral, very brittle, fine close grain, compact, but easily reduc- ible to powder. It is never found in a pure state, but as an oxide, or combined. Avith arsenic or its acid, with sulphur, iron, &c. The great use of cobalt is to give a X)ermanent blue color to glass and enamels upon metals, porcelain and earth- en wares. Cobb, Ho'well. An American states- man, u. in Ga., 1S15, b. 1S(>S. lie repre- sented Ga. in the Lower House of Con- gress, and was elected Speaker in 1849 ; was Governor of his State, and Secre- tary of the Treasury under President Buchanan ; resigned when Ga. seceded, was president of the Confederate Congress and a brigadier-general in the Confederata army. Cobble, kob'l. A roundish stone ; a large pebble, A lump of coal. Cobden, Bicbard. A celebrated Eng- lish reformer and political economist ; B. 1804, T>. 1865. He began life as a private soldier, but rose to be a member of Parlia- ment, and received a testimonial of $150,- 000 for his eiforts in favor of the repeal of the Corn laws and free trade. Cobcal, 'kal. A sandal worn by ladies In the East. CX)BITIS 195 eOGK-PEATHER Oobitis, ko-bl'tis. A gen. of fishes be- longing to the abdominal Malacopterygii and fani. Cyprtnidse. It includes the loaches. Coblentz, kob'lSnts. A strongly fortified Prussian city at the junction of the Rhine and Moselle ; a free port with consider- able commerce ; pop. 31,000. Cobra-de-Capello, kob'ra-de-ka-pel'I6. The hooded or spectacle snake, of the most venomous nature. The name spec- tacle snako is derived from a mark of that form on the back of the neck. Coburg:, ko'borg. A thin fabric of worsted and cotton, or worsted and silk, twilled on one side, for ladies' dresses. Coca, 'ka. The dried leaf of Erythroxy- lon Coca, ord. Erythroxyleae ; the plant itself. It is a stimulating narcotic, in eftect somewhat similar to opium. A small quantity of it enables a person to bear up against fatigue, but used in excess it brings on various disorders, and thedesu-oforit increases with indulgence, so that a confirmed coca-chewer is said to have never been reclaimed. Coccidae, kok'si-de. The scale-insects, or mealy bugs, a fam. of hemipterous in- sects belonging to the sec. Momomera. The males only have wings. Coccinellidae, -sl-nelli-dil. The lady- birds, a fam. of coleopterous insects. Codes, P. Horatius. A Roman hero, who with two companions, Spurius Lartius and Herminius, kept the entire army of Porsenna at bay at the bridge over the Tiber until the bridge was broken down behind him, when, although wound- ed, he SAvam the river, and rejoined his command. Coccosteus, -kos'te-us. A gen. of pla- coganoid fossil fishes occurring in the old red sandstone, having back and belly covered with a cmrass. Cocculus, 'ku-lus. A gen. of Indian menispermaceous plants. The species are generally powerful bitter febrifuges. The fruit of C. is sometimes employed in medicine as a narcotic, and is used in malt liquors to give bitterness and in- crease their stupefying qualities. Coccus, 'kus. A gen. of insects, ord. Hemiptera. There are upwards of twenty specie^ the most important being the Coccus cacti, or cochineal insect. Cochin-Cliiiia, koch'in-chl-na. A term applied to a large varietv of the domestic fowl, native to Cochin-China, CocMneal, 'I-niil. A crimson or scarlet dye-stuff consisting of. the dried bodies of | a species of insect, the Coccus cacti, found on the cochlneal-fig tree. Cock, kok. The male of birds, particu- larly of the gallinaceous domestic or barn- door fowls. C. of the rock, a beautiful bu-d which inhabits Guiana, and forms the tvpe of the gen. Rupicola. C. of the wood, the capercailzie. A vane in shape of a cock ; a weathercock. A faucet contrived for the purpose of permitting or arresting the flow of fluids through a pipe, as feed- cock, gauge-cock, &c. A portion of a lock of a firearm ; in a percussion lock, the hammer. The style or gnomon of a dial. The piece which forms the bearing of a balance in a clock or watch. Cockade, -ad'. A ribbon or knot of rib- bon ; a rosette of leather, worn on the hat. Colored cockades sometimes serve as badges for political parties. Cockaigme, an'. An imaginary country of idleness and luxury. The land of Cockneys ; London and its suburbs. Cockatoo, -a-to. A name common to beautiful birds, gen. Cacatua,of the parrot kind. There are sev- eral species, as the broad-crest- ed, the great sulphur-c rest- ed, the r e d- vented, and the tricolor- or est-^ . , ed cockatoo. Tricolor-crested Cockatoo. Cockatrice, 'a-tris. A fabulous monster said to be hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg, and represented as possessing characters belonging to both animals ; a basilisk. In Her. the cockatrice is borne combed, wattled and sparred like tbo cock, and with a serpentine tail. Cockchafer, 'chaf-er. The Melolontha vulgaris, a lamellicoru beetle, called also the May-bug. Cocker, 'er. A cock-fighter. A dog of the spaniel kind, used for hunting wood- ' cocks. Cockerel, er-el. A young cock. Cock -feather, ri^„v„ 'fcth-er , In arch- ^«^«^- C)ry, the feather that stood up on the ar- row when placed upon the string. COCKNEY 196 COFFEE-HOUSE Cockney, 'ni. A native or resident of London, Cockpit, 'pit. A pit or area where game-cocks fight. An apartment under the lower gun-deck of a ship of war, in ac- tion devoted to the surgeon and his assist- ants and patients. The room in West- minster in which Her Majesty's privy- council hold their sittings. Cockroach., 'roch. The pop- ular name of the insects of the o r t h o p terous gen, Blatta, comprising sev- eral species, of which the famil- ^ , , iar black-beetle Cockroaches, may be regarded as the type. Cockscomb, koks'kom. The caruncle or comb of a cock. A name given to flowering plan ts of various genea^. A fop or vata silly fellow. Cockswain, kok'swen. The person who eteers a boat ; one who has the care of a ship's boat and its crew under an ofl3.cer. Cocktail, 'tal. A species of beetles (Ocy- pas olens), tribe Brachelytra. A half- bred horse. A beverage, made of brandy or gin mixed with sugar and flavored. Coco Maricopas. A seml-civiUzed tribe of N. American Indians, occupying the Gila valley, New Mexico. Cocoa, ko'ko. A palm, gen. C0008, producing the cocoa-nut. The finiitis in bimches of twelve to twenty; each has a single seed in- closed in a hard shell, smTounded by a thick fibrous rind, which is made into matting ; the ? coarse yam obtained from it is called coir. A valuable oil is obtained from the rut. A spirit Cocoanut Tree, called toddy is made from the sweet iuice of the tree. The groimd kernels of the cacao or chocolate tree. Cocoa-nut, -nuL The fruit of the cocoa- tree. Cocoa-plum, -plum. The fruit of Chrys- obalanus Icuco, about the size of a plum, with a sweet pleasant pulp. Cocoon, -kon'. The silky tissue or enve- lope which the larvse of many insects spin as a covering for themselves while they are in the chrysalis state. An antelope ol S. Africa allied to the gnu. Cocum-butter, 'kum-butter. A solid oil got from the seeds of Garcinia pur- purea, a tree of the same gen. with man- gosteen, used in India to adulterate ghee or fluid butter. Cod, kod. A species of teleostean fish, fam. Gadidee, the Gadus morrhua or Morrhua vulgaris, rivaling the herring in Its Importance to mankind. It has be- come of greater value by reason of the discovery of the therapeutic value of cod- liver oil. Codeine, ko-de'in. An alkaloid obtained from opium, in which it exists to the am.ount of 6 to 8 oz, per 100 lbs. Codex, 'deks. A manuscript volume, as of a classic work or ofthe Scriptures. la Med. a collection of approved medical formute. Codger, koi'er. A mean miserly man. A curious old fellow ; a character. Codilla, ko-dil'la- The coarsest pajt of hemp or flax. Cod-liver Oil, kod'Uv-er oil. An oil ob- tained from the liver of the common cod and allied species. It is an important medicine in cases of rheumatism, con- sumption, scrofula, &c. Codringijon, Edward, Sir. An Eng- lish admiral; b. 1770, d. 1851 ; celebrated as commanding the allied fleets of France, Russia and England in the battle of Nav- arino, which gavo Greece independence. Codrus. The last king of Athens; b. abt. IOTOb. o. When the Heraclidse in- vaded Attica O. sacrificed his life to save his country under the prediction of the oracle that the chief of the successful army should be killed. The Athenians were victorious. Coehom, ko'hom. A small mortar for thro-^Ning grenades, capable of being car- ried by a few men. Coelacanthi, se-la-kan'thl. A fam. of fossil ganoid fishes, ranging from the per- mian to the chalk, and embracing the genera Coelacanthus, Macropoma, &c. CoendOO, ko-en'do. The Cercolabea prebensihs or Brazilian porcupine, a tree- climbing porciipine with a prehensile tail. Coeval, -e'val'. One of the same age; one who begins to exist at the came time. Coffee-bugr, -bug. The Lec&nium cof- fefe, an insect, fam. Coccid*, very de- structive to coffee plantations. Coffee-house, -hous. A house of enter- tainment where guests are supphed >tith' coffee and other refreshments. ,'l COFFEE 197 CX)LA-NTJT Coffee, kof fi. The berry of a ti-ee be- longing to the gen. Coffea (C. arabica), ord, llnbiacese. The fruit is a small red fleshy berry, each containing tvo seeds, called coffee-beans or cof- fee-nibs. A drink made from the seeds of the coffee- Coffoo Plant, tree, by infusion or decoction. Coffee acts as aslightstiuiulant, and aids digestion. The use of coffee is said to have been made known in Europe by Leonhard Eau- wolf, a German physician, whose travels appeared in 1582. Coffer, 'fer. A chest, trunk, or casket, more particu- larly one for holding muni- ments, jewels, or money. In Arch, a sunk panel or com- partment in a ceiling or Boflit, usually with mold- ings and hav- ing a rose, Coffered Ceiling, promegranati, ^ &c , in the center; a caisson. In Fort, a hoUow lodgment across a dry moat. A trough in ^vhich tin-ore is broken to pieces. A kind of caisson or floating dock. Cofferdam, -dam. A wooden inclosure formed in a river, in order to obtain a lirm ar.d dry foundation for bridges, piers, &.c. CoflB.li, 'fln. The cbest or box in which a dead himaan body is buried or deposited in a vault. In fairiery, the hollow part of a horse's hoof; or the whole hoof above the coronet, including the coffin-bone. Coflie, 'fl. A gang of slaves in Africa proceeding to market or port of ship- ment. Cog, kog. The tooth of a wheel, by which it drives another wheel or body. A kind of notch, made use of in tailing joists or wail plates. Cognac, k6-nyak. 'A popular French brandy. Cogrnomen, kog-no'men. A surname; a distinguishing name; speciflcaSy, the last of the three names by which a Roman of good family was known, indicating the house to which he belonged. Cogr-'wh.eel, 'whel. A wheel with cogs or teeth. Co-h.eir,k6'ar. A joint-heir; one who succeeds to a share of jvn in- heritance. Co-heiress, 'iir-es. CogT'Wheel. A female who Inner- its a share of an estate. Cohort, 'hort. In Rom. Antiq. a body of about 500 or 600 men. Each cohort consisted of three maniples, each maniple of two cenlTiries ; and ten cohorts consti- tuted a legion. A band or body of war- riors in general. Coif, koif. A close-fitting cap or head- dress. Its chief original use was to cover the clerical tonsure. A kind of close-fit- ting cap of mail ; a coiffette. Coiffette, kwa-fet'. A skuE-cap of iron or steel worn "in the 12th and 18th cen- turies. Coiffare, koif fiir. A lady's head-dress. Coigme, koin. An Irish terra for an old custom of the landlords quartering them- selves upon their tenants at pleasure. Coin. Tho die employed for stamping money. A piece of metal, as gold, stiver, copper, or some alloy, converted into money by impressing on It mai-ks, figm-es, or characters. That which serves for payment or recompense. Coiner, 'cr. One who stamps coin ; a minter; v.sualJy ipplied to a maker of base or counterleit coin. An inventor or maker, as of words. Coiningr-press, 'ing-pres. A power- lever screw-press, by which metal plates called blanks are impressed with a design and legend, and so converted into coin. Coir, koir. A species of yarn manufac- tured from the husk of cocoa-nuts. Coke, kok. Coal deprived of its bitumen, sulphur, or other extraneous or volatile matter by fire. Coke, Edward, Sir. A celebrated EngMiJurist and publicist ; b. 1562, ». 1663. His principal work, " Coke upon Littleton," is one of the highest judicial authorities. Colander, kul'an-der. A vessel with a bottom perforated with little holes for straiuingliquors. Cola-nut, ko'la-nut. A bitter seed, about the size of a chestnut, pro(iuced by Cola acuminata, ord. Sterculiaceaa, which thO natives of Guinea value highly as a eondi- ment and digestive. COLBERT 198 OOLLEOE Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seig'nelay, kOI'bair. A French peasant, who became Superintendent of Finance, Minister of Marine, on recommendation of Mazzarin ; b. 1619, d. 16S3. C, Jean Baptiste, 2d, his son, s. him as Minister of Marine, and raised the French navy to its greatest eflBciency ; b. 1651, d. 1690. Colbum, "Warren. A distinguished American mathematician; p, in Mass., 1T93, D. 1833. His " First Lessons in In- tellectual Arithmetic" was immensely popular in America and England. Oolcothar, kol'ko-thar. The peroxide which remains after the distillation of the acid from i-ilphate of Iron ; used for polishing. Colchis. A coimtry of Asia, N. of Ar- menia, famous as the birth-place of Medea, and the scene of tho Argonautic expedition ; now included in Trans-Cau- casus. Cold- blast, kold'blast. A cun-ent of cold fllr ; especially air at its natural tempera- ture forced through furnaces for smelting Iron ; opposed to hot-blast. Oold-chisel, -chiz-el. A chisel for cut- ting metal in its cold state. Cold-cream, 'krem. A cooling unguent for the skin, made by heating four pai-ts of olive-oU with one of white wax. Coldstreams, 'ptrGmz. A distinguished regiment of foot-guards, the oldest corps In tie British army except tlie 1st Foot (Royal Scots"). Colenso, John "William, Bishop. An English Episcopal theologian and mathematician; b. 1814, d. 1882. Ap- pointed Bp. of Natal, 8. Africa, 1854, he shocked the orthodox world by publish - lug a work in which the inspiration and historical accuracy of seyeral books of the Old Testament is denied. His arithmetic Is the standard in English colleges. Ooleoptera, kol-5-op'ter-a. One of the orders into which insects are divided, the species being commonly known as beetles. They are usually classed under four sec- tions : Pentamera, with five;gotnted tarsi ; Heteromera, with five-jointed tarsi to the two anterior paii-s of legs, and four to the posterior pair : Tetramera, with four- jointed tarsi to all the legs; Trimera, with three-jointed tarsi to all the legs. Coleridge. Samuel Taylor. A dis- tinguished English poet and philosopher ; B. 1772, D. 1834. Colfax, Schuyler. An American statesman, grandson of Gen. Wm. Colfax, ^ commander of 'Washin£:ton's Life Guards ; B. In N. T., 1823. Removing to Indiana, he was elected to the lower house of Con- gress, became Speaker in 1868, and was elected Vice-President on the ticket with Gen. Grant, 1868. Coligrny, Gaspard de Chatillon, Sire de, ko-lain-ye'. A noted French Huguenot; b. 1517 ; murdered in the St. Bartholomew massacre, 1 572. In early life he attained great distinction as a militaiTr leader, and was created admiral in 1 552. After the accession of Charles IX. ho be- came a Protestant, and on the breaking out of the civil war he became, vith the Prince de CoBd6, the leader of the Hugue- nots, Colius, 'i-u8. A gen. of AlHcan coniros- tral birds, ord. Passeres, fam. Oolidaa or collies, allied to the plantain eaters. Collar, 'ler. Something worn round the neck, whether for use, ornament or re- stxaint ; thus the name is giA en to a neck- lace or chain worn by knights of several orders, and having the badge of the order appended to it ; to a part of the harness of any animal vised for draught; and to an article of dress or part of a garment going round the neck. Anything resembling a collar. In Arch, a ring or cincture ; also a collar-beam. In Bot. the ring upon tho stipe (stem) of an agaric ; the point of junction between the radicle and plumula; the point of divergence of the root and f^tem. In Mech. a rnff on a shatt at one end of a joxirnal, to prevent the shaft from shifting endwise. Aplaie of inetfi upon tha stuflang-box of a sleamen- gme, for the piston-rod to pass through. A ring in a lathe nuppet for holding the end of the manarel next the chuck. A f.teel ring which confines a planchet, in coining. Naut. an eye in the bight of a shroud or stay. A rope formed into a ^vreath, with iiie heart or dead-eye in the bight. In Zool. the colored ring round the neck of birds. The thickened secret- ing margin of the mantle of the testaceous gnsteropods. Collar-day, -da. A day on which knights appear at court in their collars. Collaret, -et. A small collar of linen, fiir, or the like, worn by women. Collect, 'lekt. A short comprehensive prayer ; a form of prayer adapted to a particular day or occasion. CoUegre, 'lej. A society of men invested with certain powers and rights, engaged in some common employment or pursuit ; a guild ; a corporation ; as the college or cardinals, a college of physicians or sur- geons. Especially, a society incorporated COLLET 199 COLOEADO BEETLE for purposes of instruction and study in the higher branches. The edifice belong- ing to a college. Collet, 'let. A band or collar ; specifical- ly, a small band worn by the inferior clergy of the E. C. Church. Among jewel- ers, the horizontal face or plane at the bottom of brilliants. The part of a ring containing the bezel in which the stone is set. In glass-making, that part of glass Te?*cls which sticks to the instrument used in taking the substance from the melting-pot. In Mach. a small band of Tiiet al, as the ring which fastens the pack- ing of a piston. In Bot. the part of a plant fvom which spring the axes. Collibert, -le-bar. A member of a de- s])ised race of people inhabiting Poltou, Maine and Anjou in France, and reeem- Ming the cagols of the Pyreneea. Collie, 'li. A variety of ScoUJh shepherd dog. Collier, 'yer. A digger of coal. A coal merchant. A coasting vessel employed in the coal trade. Colliery, 'yer-1. The place where coal is dug ; a coal-mine or pit. Collimator, -lim'a-ter. A telescope used for determining the colilmatlon er- ror in astronomical instruments. The ob- ject-glass of the telescope of a spectro- scope to which the slit is attache«i. Collin, 'lin. The purest form of gelatine, taken as the type of all similar substances, which are hence called colloids. Collins, "William. An eminent Ene- Hsh poet; ^. 1720, n. 1756. C, William,'a celebrated English painter ; b. 1797, d. 1847. C, William Wilkie, son of the lat- ter ; B. 1824 ; a popular novelist. Collodion, -lo'di-on. A substance pr«- p-irod by dissolving pjToxlline or gun-cot- ton in ether, or ether and alcohol, forming a useful substitute for adhesive plaster in the case of slight wounds. In a slightly modified form collodion is employed as the basis of a photographic process. Collodiotype, 'di-o-tlp. A picture pro- duced by the coDodion process, or the method by which such pictures are pro- duced. Colloid, loid. The name given to a transparent, viscid, slightly granular mat- ter, resembling hquid gelatine. Colloids, as starch, gum, albumen and gelatine, diffuse through a given septum, as parch- ment paper, much more slowly than crvs- talloids, and while permeable by crystal- loids are impermeable to each other. PoUot d'Herbois, Jeau Marie, kol'- 1 lo-dair-bwah. A leader of the Jacobins ; B. 1753, D. 1796. In 1793 it is esthnated he caused the murder of more than 16,000 souls. He was active in the deposition of Eobespien-e, but was soon after arrested and banished to Cayenne, Avhere he died. Collyrium, -lir'i-um. Eye-salve or wash ; a topical remedy for disorders of the eyes. Colobium, ko-ir/bi-um. The sleeveless dress of a monk. An episcopal vestment, similar in kind to the tunic, only without sleeves. A dress worn by a king at his coronation, corresponding to the clerical dalmatica. Cologne, -Ion'. Cap. of the Prussian Ehine provinces, connected with Deutz by a massive iron bridge ; it is strongly fortified, and noted for its magnificent cathedral, only now completed, although begun in 1218. C. was founded by the Eomans, pop. 125,629. Cologne-earth, 'erth. A ligut bastard ochre, durable in water -color painting ; an earthy variety of lignite or partially fosell- ized wood. Colombia, United States of. A 8. American republic, formtrly known as New Granada, situated in theN. W. angle of the Continent; area 475,(X)0 sq. m.; pop. 3,186,450. Principal cities, Bogota, the cap.; Carthagena, Aspinwall, Panama and Chagres; chief rivers, Cauca and Mar- dalena; chief mountaLna, the Andes, divid- ed into three ranges. Colombo. Cap. of the British island of Ceylon; pop. 61,S00. Colon, 'Ion. In Anat. the largest portion of the intestines, forming the middle sec- tion of the large intestine. In Gram, a point or character formed thus [:], used to mark a pause greater than that of a semicolon, but less than that of a period. Colonel, ker'nel. The commander of a regiment of troops, infantry or cavalry. Any grade above this converts him into a general oflicer belonging to the army col- lectlvely, not to one particular regiment. Colonist, kol' on-ist. An inhabitant of « co'.ouy ; a settler in a colony. Colorado, -o-rah'do. One of the W. States of the American Union ; admitted, 1875. Principal cities, Denver, the cap,. Central City, Black Hawk, Pueblo, San Louis, and' Canyon City; chief rivers, Arkansas, Grand, Costilla, Yampa and Grande del Norte. The Snowy range of the Eockv mountains intersects the State abt. the center ; pop. 194,A&U. Colorado Beetle, be'tl. A coleopteroaa GOLOKIMETER COLUMN ingoct, fam. ChrysomelidEe, beion^ring to the tetramerous section of the order. Colorimeter, -rim'et-er. An instrument for measuring the depth of color in a Jiquid by comparison with a standard tint. » Colosseum, -os-se'um. The Flavian Amphitheatre in Eome, a large edifice for gladiatorial combats, fights of wild beasts, and similar sports. Colossochelys, ko-los's6-kel-is. A gen. of gigantic tortoises, found in a fossil state in India. Colossus. A mammoth brazen image of Apollo, which spanned the entrance to the harbor of Rhodes, over 100 feet in height ; it stood for 14 centuries, but was overturned by an earthquake, 224 b. c. It was considered one of the seven won- ders of the world. Color-blindness, kul'er-blind-nes. To- tal or partial incapability of distinguishing colors. Color-sergeant, -sar-jent. A non-com- ruissiotied officer who ranks higher than an ordinary sergeant, and who attemls the colors. There is one to each regiment of infantry. Colporteur, kol-por-ter. In France, a ha« ter of wares ; a hawker of bor>ks and pamphlets. In America and England a class of men subsidized by societies or associations with the A'iew of disseminat- ing religious literature by Avay of sale. Colt, kolt. A young hor«e, or a young animal of the horse genus ; commonly applied to the male, filly being the female. In the Bible it is applied to a young camel or a j'^oung ass. A rope's end used for punishment. A piece of rope vith a loaded end used as a weapon. Colt, Samuel. An American inventor, noted for his improvements in fire-arms ; B. in Conn. 1814, d. 1862. Colubridae, ko-l&'bri-de. A group of opuidian reptiles, having no poison fangs, the type gen. of which is Coluber. Columba, -lum'ba. A gen. of birds con- stituting the fam. Columbidae. In the incdiaival church, the name given to the vessel in which the sacrament was kept. It was of precious metal, and was sus- ]>ended by a chain fi-om the roof, before the high altar. C. Noachi, Noah's Dove ; a constellation in the southern hemisphere, close to Canis Major, consisting of 10 stars. Columba, St. The patron saint of the Scotch Highlanders; b. in Ireland 521, D. 59T. Columbacei, kol-um-ba'se-I. A eub-ord. of rasorial birds, comprising the pigeons. They constitute Avith the domestic fowl and "its congeners (Gallinacese) the order Kasores. Colurabarium, 'num. In Eom Antiq. a place of sepulture for the ashes of the Columbarium, dead, after the custom of cremation had been tatroduced. Columbaria consisted of arched and square-headed recesses formed in walls in which the cinerary urns were deposited. In Arch, a hole left in the wall for the insertion of the end of a beam. Columbia, British. All the unorgan- ized i)ortion of the British Pro\ince8 in N. America, W. of the llockv Mountams, 500 miles in length by 400 in breadth; pop. 78,000. Columbia, District of. The territorial division of the U. S., ceded by Virginia and Maryland, 10 m. sq., under' the direct jurisdiction of Congress, and containing Washington city, the national capital. Georgetown is the only other city within the district ; pop. 147,307. Columbian, ko-lum'bi-an. Pertaining to the United States or to America. Columbier, 'bi-er. A size of drawing paper measuring 84^ by 28 inches. Columbine, kol'um-bln. The popular name of plants, gen. Aqullegia. The name of the mistress of Harlequin in pan- tomimes. Columbus, Christopher. The dis- coverer of America ; b. in Genoa, Italy, 1436, D. at Seville, Spain, 1506. His voy- ages were made under the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain ; the voy- age in which America was discovered was ui^dertaken to demonstrate the rotundity of the earth, and that India could be reached by sailing due west; he sailed from Palos Aug. 3, 1492, and discovered San Salvador Oct. 11. ColuHUi. A body of greater length than OOLUMN-EITLE 201 COMMENCEMEIJT thickness, ^'enerally serving as a support to something resting on its top ; a pillar. Columns are distinguished by the styles of architecture, as Hindu, Egyptian, Gre- cian, Koman and Gothic; also, by the name of their order, as Doric, Ionic or Corinthian ; and again by some peculiar- ity, as attached, twisted, cabled or ru- ! dented and carolytic. In Bot. the united stamens and styles of plants when they form a solid central body, as iu the gen. Orchis. Mili'u a formation of troops, nar- row iia front, and deep from front to rear. Xaut. a body of ships follo%ving each other. In prtating and writing, a division of a page. Column-rule, -r5l. In printing, the name given to pieces of brass of ditferent thicknesses, mado type height, used to separate matter that requires to b« dis- tinct, as into columns, Ac. Colure, ko-liir. One of two cu-cles sup- posed to intersect each other at right an- gles in the poles of the world, one passing through the solstitial and the other through the equinoctial points of the ecliptic, viz. Cancer and Capricorn, Arii^s and Libra, dividing the ecUptic into four equal parts. The p..)tnts where these lines intercept the ecliptic are called cardinal poiGts. Colymbidae, ko-lim'bi-de. A fam. of natatorial or swimming birds ; the divers. Coma Berenices, ko'ma ber-e-ni'sez. Berenice's Hair, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, composed of indis- tinct stars between the Lion's Tail and Bootes. Comanches, ko-man^chez. A savage and warUke tribe of N. American Indians, whose range extends over portions of Tex- as, New Mexico, California and Mexico ; estimated at 20,000 sotds, with 3,000 war- riors. Comb, kom. An instrument with teeth for separating, cleansing and adjusting hair, wool or flax ; also, an instrument of tortoise-shell, ivory, tnetal.or other materi- ' al, used by women for keeping the hair in place. The crest, canmcle, or red, fleshy tuft growing on a cock's head. The top or crest of a wave. Honeycomb. Comb-broach., 'broch. The tooth of a comb with which wool is dressed. Comboloio, kom-bo-16'yo. A Moham- medan rosary consisting of beads. Comepboms, ko-mef' or-us. A gen. of fishes, ord. Gobioidse. C. baicalensis, the sole species is collected and pressed for oil, but not eaten. Comet, kom'et. Celestial bodies which appear at irregular intervals, moving through the heavens in paths Avhich seem to correspond with parabolic curves, or in a few instances in elliptical orbits of gr«iat eccentricity. The former, after being visible from the earth for a shorter or longer time, disappear into space ,'vppar- ently jiever to return ; tho latter return periodically. Cometarium. -a'ri-um. An astronoml- ciil instrument intended to represeuc the revolution of a comet roimd the sun. Comet-fi.nder, -find-er. A telescope of low power, but with a widts Held, used to discover comets. Comfit, kum'flt. A dry sweetmeat ; fruit or root preserved with sugar and dried ; a ball of sugar with a seed in the center ; a bon-Don. Comforter, 'fert-er. One who comforts or consoles. The Holy Spirit, whoso oflSce it is to comfort and support the Christian. A knit woolen fabric, long and narrow, for tying round the neck in cold weather. Comitia, ko-mi'shi-a. In Eoni. antiq, assembiie.H of the people. These were of three kmds : the assemblies of the patri- cian houses or populus in wards or curtte ; the assembUes of the whole lioman people, including patricians, clients, and plebe- ians in centuries ; and. the assemblies of the plebeian tribes only. Commander, kom-mand'er. A chief; one who has supreme authority; the chief officer of an army or any division of it. Naut., an oflficer next in rank above lieu- tenant and under captain, ranking >vith a lieutenant-ooionel In the army. Com- maudei'-iii -chief, the highest staff appoint- ment in the British army ; a title borne by the President of the United States. Commandery, -i. A term used in sev- eral seiuses in connnection with military and religious orders. Among several orders of knights, as the Templai-s, Hos- pitallers, &c., a district under the conti-ol of a member of the order, still used by Free Masons. In certain religious orders, as those of St. Bernard and St. Anthony, the district under the authority of a com- mander. Commandment, 'ment. A command ; a mandate ; an injunction given by author- ity. A precept of the decalogue at Moimt Sinai : one of the laws given by God to the Israelites. Commencement, -mens'ment. The act or fact of commencing ; beginning ; rise; origin. In colleges anJ higha* schools, the day whoa students receive their degrees. COMMENSAL 202 COMMUTATOE Ck)xnraezLSal, -men' sal. One of two ani- mals or plants always found together ; an animal whicli lives on or in another, with- out being parasitic, as the Pinnotheres or pea-craba live within the cavity of shell- fish. Comniination, -mi-na'shon. A threat or threatening ; a denunciation of punish- ment or venfreance. An office in the lit- urgy of the Ohui-ch of England, appointed to be read on Ash Wednesday or on the first day of Lenc. CJommissariat, -mis-sii'ri-at. The de- partment of an army whose duties consist in supplying transports, provisions, for- age, cainp equipage, &c., to the troops ; also, ths Dody o'f o3icer.s in that depai-t- raent. Commissary, 'mis-sar-i. In a general sense, a commissioner : one to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office, by a superior power. Eccles. an officer un- der a bishop, intrussted ^■^^th the perform- ance of duties in the bishop's absence. Milit. a name given to officers or officials of various kinds, especially t» officers of the commissariat department. Commissioner, -mi'shon-er. One who commissions. A person who has a com- mission or warrant from proper authority to perform some office or execute some busmess for the person or government which employs him or gives htm author- ity. Specifically, an officer having charge of some department of the public service which is put into commission. Civil-ser- vice commissioners, a body appointed to superintend the examination of candidates for situations in pubUc offices. Com.mode, 'mod. A head-dress formerly worn by ladies. A chest of drawers, often Avith shelves and other conveniences ad- ded. A night-stool. Commodore, 'mo-dor. An officer, gen- erally a cap ridian. The mari-'''*^^ ner's compass con- _ , sists of three parts ; Vj the box, the card or fly, and the needle. The needle is of ^^ magnetized steel, in S, "in the center of which „ _. '' •, ^ *" is a conical socket Mariners' Compass, poised on a pointed pin so that the card turns freely round its center ; and one of the points, by the property of the needle, Avill always be directed toward the north pole. Hanging compass, a mariner's compass suspended with its face down- wai'd. A mathematical instrument for de- scribing circles, measuring figures, dis- tances between two points, «fec. Common compasses or dividers consist of two point- ed legs, movable on a pivot, used for measuring and transferring distances. Hair compasses, a spring attached to the inside of one of the legs, and pressing out- ward against the lower part of the other, thus tending to keep the legs apart. By means of a fine screw the distance of the legs can bo i-egulated to a hair's breadth. Bow compasses, instruments for measur- ing distances, describing arcs, &c., having the legs united at top by a bow or spring. Compass-dial, -di'al. A small sun-dial fitted into a box for the pocket, by which the hour can be ascertained. Compline, kom'plin. The last of the seven canonical hours In the E. C. brevi- ary ; the last prayer at night to be recited after sunset. Called also Completory, Complutensian, -plQ-ten'si-an. A term appUed to the first polyglot edition of the Bible published at Complutum or Alcala de Henares, in Spain, 1514-1517, by Cardinal Ximenes. Compluvium, 'vl-um. An opening in the roof of the atrium or entrance-hall ol ancient Koman houses, left for the pur- pose of admitting light and collecting the rain-water. Compo, 'po. A concrete used for the outside of brick houses, so as to give them the appearance of stone. Naut. , the monthly portion of wages paid to a ship's company. Compone, 'na. In Her. composed of small squares of two tinctures alternately in one row. Borduro compone, a border round the shield composed of angular parts or checkers of two colors ; a mark of illegitimacy. Composingr-rule, -poz'ing-rol. In print- ing, a piece of steel or brass rule which is laid in a compositor's composing-stick, and upon which ho arranges the types. Composing'-stick, -stik. In printing, an adjustable Instrument in which types are set from the cases. Composite, 'poz-it. Made up of dis- tinct parts, elements or substances ; com- :)0unded. In Arch, a term applied to the ast of the five orders ; so called because composed of the Tuscan, Doric, Corin- thian and Ionic. It is called also the Eoman or the Italic order. C. Arch, the lancet or pointed arch. In ship-building, a wooden skin on an iron framework. In Bot. belonging to the order Compositae. C. carriage, a railway carriage made up of compartments of different classes, as, first, second and third. C. numbers, such as can be measured exactly by a number ex- ceeding imity, as 6 by 2 or 3, so that 4 it the lowest composite number. Compositor, -p6z'i-ter. In printing, one who sets types. Compos mentis, 'pos men 'tis. Of sound mind. Non compos mentis, being of unsound mind. Compost, 'post, A mixture or composi- tion of various manuring substances for fertilizing land. A composition for plas- tering the exterior of houses, usually called Compo. Compotator, -po-ta'ter. One who drinks with another. COMPOTE 204 C0]!T00EDA1^CE Compote, 'pot. Fruit stewed or pre- served, in sirup. Compound, 'pound. In the E. Indies, the inclosure in which isolated houses stand. Com.pounder, -pound'er. One who compounds ; one who naixes different things. One who attempts to bring par- ties to terms of agreement : one who brings about or enters into a compromise. One who compounds with a debtor or felon. In Eng. Hist, a member of one of the two sections into which the Jacobite party divided shortly after the Kevolu- tion. Comprador, -prfi'dor. In the Chinese open ports, a native trading manager for European merchants and residents. Comprint, 'print. The surreptitious printing of a work belonging to another ; a work thus printed. Compsog-natlius, komp-sog'nath-us. An extinct reptile (0. Longipes), ord. Dinosauria, occurring in the lithographic slate of Solenhofen, and remarkable for the singular affinities which it exhibits to the true birds. Comte, Auguste, komt. A French philosopher, b. 1795, D. 185T ; noted as the founder of the School of Positive Phil- osophy. Comptroller, kon-trol'ler. A control- ler ; an oflEicer appointed or elected to keep a counter-register of accounts. Comus, ko'mus. In Myth, the god of revelry, depicted as a drunken young man with a torch in his i ight hand. Concave, con'kav. Hollow and curved or rounded, a^ the inner surface of a spherical] body. A surface is concav when straight lines drawn Concave, from point to point in it fall between the surface and the spectator, and convex when the surface comes be- tween him and such lines. C. lens, a lens having either one or both sides concave. A concave leaf has its edge raised above the disk. Concentrator, 'sen-tra-ter. An appa- ratus for the separation of dry, comminut- ed ore, according to the p-av'ity of its par- ticles by exposing a falling sheet of ore dust tointermittent pufts of air. Concepcion, -thep the-on. The name of several 8. and C. American towns, the principal being in Chili, cap, of prov, of same name ; pop, 18,724. Concertina, -ser-t5^na. A musical in- strument, the principle of which is similar to that of the accordion. Concerto, -char' to, A piece of music for a concert ; a species of composition, usu- ally in symphonic form, written for one principal instrument, with accompani- ments for a fuU orchestra. Concettism, -set'tizm. The use of af- fected Avit or concetti. Concll, kongk. A marine shell, especially that of the Strombus gigas, sometimes called fountain shell. A spiral shell used by the mythological divinities called Tri- tons as a trumpet. The external portion of the ear, more especially the hollow part of it. In Arch, the plain ribless surface of a vault or pendentive ; the semi-dome of an apse ; the apse Itself. One of the in- habitants of the Bahamas and neighboring islands. Conchifera, kong-kif'er-a. That large class of acephalous molluscous animals which are protected by shells consisting of two pieces, commonly known by the name of bivalves. They include the LameUi- branchiata and the Brachiopoda. Conclioid, 'koid. The name of a curve of the 4th order, given to it by its inventor, Nicomedes. ConcholOffy, -kol'o-ji. The department of zoology which treats of the shells with which the bodies of many moUusca are protected. Conchometer, -kom'et-er. An instru- ment for measuring molluscous shells and the angle of their spire. Concierg-e, kon-syai-zh. One who at- tends at the entrance to an edifice, public or private ; a door-keeper to a hotel, house, jjrison, &c.; a janitor, male or female ; a porter. Conclave, kon'klav. A private apart- ment, particularly the place in which the cardinals of the E. C. Church meet for the election of a pope. The meeting of the cardinals shut up for the election of a pope; hence, the body of cardinals. Conclavist, -ist. An attendant whom a cardinal is allowed to take with him into the conclave. Concord. A tovm in Middlesex Co., Mass., 20 m. N. W. of Boston, celebrated as the scene of the first battle in the Kev- olutionary war. A city, cjip. of N. Hamp- shire ; pop, 18,843. Concordance, -kord'ans. The state of being concordant; agreement; harmony. A book in which the principal words used in any work, as tlie Scriptures, Shake- speare, &c., are arranged alphabetically, COITCOEDAT CONE-PULLET and the subdivision in which each word occurs noted. Conoordat, -kor'dat An agreement; convention or agreement concerning some beneftciary matter, under canon law, as a resignation, permutation, promotion, and the like. A formal agreement between the see of Rome and any secular govern- ment, for the settling of ecclesiastical re- lations. Since the middle of the 18th cen- tury concordats have generally been ad- verse to the power of the popes. Concrete, kong'kret. A mass formed by spontaneous union or coalescence of par- ticles of matter in one body ; a compound. A com pact mass of gravel, coarse pebbles, or stone chippings cemented together by hydraulic or other mortar. Concubine, 'ku-bln. A woman who co- habits with a man without being legally married to him ; a kept-mistress. A wife of inferior condition, Such were Hagar and Keturah, the concubines of Abraham, and such concubines were allowed by the Greek and Roman laws. Concurrent, kon-kur'ent. The name given to the day, or in the case of leap- year the two days, required to be added to lifty-two weeks to make the civil year correspond with the solar : so called be- ouse they concur with the solar cycle, whose course they follow. Concussion-fuse, -cu'shon-fiiz. A fuse which is ignited by the concussion of the shell in falling. Concordia. In Roman rites, the tutelar goddess of Concord, to whom Camillus erected a temple. Conde, kon'da. A distinguished French family descended from Jacques de Bour- bon, Count de la Marche, 1335. His grandson Louis assumed the title of prince, and won renown as a leader of the Huguenots ; he was killed at the battle of Jarnac ; B. 1530, d. 15G9. His great grand- son, Louis II, (the Great Conde), b. 1621, D, 1686. His career was a succession of brilliant victories, ending -with the defeat of the Prince of Orange (afterward Will- iam III. of England) in the sanguinary battle of Senef, 1674. The house became extinct with the suicide of Duke Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, 1830. Condenser, -den'ser. A pneumatic en- gine or syringe in which air is compressed. A vessel in which aqueous or spirituous vapors are reduced to a Uquid form, either by injection of a quantity of cold water, as in the condenser of a steam-engine, or by placing the condenser in another vessel through whidi is maintained a constant Condor. current of water. In optics, a lens to gather and concentrate the rays collected by the mirror and direct them upon the object. In wool manufac. a machine for stubbing the wool. C. of electricity, any apparatus by which the electric fluid can be accumulated. Condor, 'der. One of the largest of th known Vul- turida} or vul- turine birds. Its greatest expanse o f wing is about 14 feet, but it rarely attains . that size. ' Th ey are found most commonly in the Andes chain, frequenting regions from 10,000 to 15,000 feet above the level of the sea. Two of them will successfully attack sheep, goats, deer, &c., though as a rule they prefer carrion. Condottiere. -dot-tya'ra. One of a class of mercenary Italian military adventurers in the 14th and 15th centuries. Conductor, -duk'ter. A leader ; a guide ; one who goes before or accompanies and shows the way. A chief , one who leads an army. The director of a chorus or or- chestra. The person who attends to the passengers in an onmibus, a railway train or the like. In physics, a body tlaat re- ceives and transmits force in any of its forms; as metals are conductors of elec- tricit5'andof heat. A lightning-rod. Prime conductor, that part of an electric ma- chine which collects and retains the elec- tricity. Conduit, kun'dit. A pipe, tube, or other channel for the conveyance of water or other fluid. A fountain to which water is brought by pipes and from Avhich it is drawn for use. A narrow walled passage, usually under ground, for the purpose of secret communication. Condurrite, kon-dur'rit. A peculiar ore of copper, containing a considerable proportion of arsenious acid. Condylura, -di-lu'ra. A gen. of insec- tivorous mammifers, of the mole fam., of Avhich the best known species is Condy- lura cristata or star-nose. Cone-pulley, 'p«l-i. A puller gradu- ally tapeiing from a thick to a thin end. COKE CONGIAEY Cone, kon. A solid figure rising straight up from a circular base and ta- pering to a point. One of the molluscous shells called cone- shells. The hill surrounding the ci'ater of a volcano, formed by the gradual accumulation of the eject- ed material. A cone of rays, iii op- Qqj^q tics, Includes all the rays of light Avhlch proceed from a radiant point and fall upon the surface of a glass. Cone-shell, 'shel. The name given to the shells or the mollusks themselves of the gasteropodous gen. Conus, fam. Co- nida?, ord. Pectinibranchiata. Confalon, kon'fal-on, One of a E. C. order of seculars, called also Penitents, erected Into a confraternity by Pope Clement IV. in 126T. The pilncipal end of this association was to dehver Christian X>risoner8 from the Saracens, Confarreation, -fa're-a"shon. The solemnization of marriage among the Eo- mans by a ceremony In which the groom and bride tasted a cake called far or panis faiTCus, in presence of the high priest and at least ten -witnesses. Confectioner, -fek'shon-er. One whose occupation is to make or sell sweet-meats or confections. Confederate, -fed'er-at. One who is united with others in a league ; a person or nation engaged in a confederacy ; an ally. One who took side with the Confederate Statesof Americain the civil war which followed their attempt to secede from the Union. Opposed to Federal. Confervite, -ferMt. A fossil plant, oc- curring chiefly in the chalk formation, ap- parently alhed to the aquatic confervae. Conf es - " ' Confessional. penitent, kneeling without, makes confes- sion. Confessor, -fes'er. One who acknowl- edges a crime or fault. One who makes a profession of his faith in the Christian re- ligion ; specifically, one whd avows his re- ligion in the face of danger, and adheres to it in defiance of persecution and torture. It was formerly used as synonymous with martyr. A priest who hears confession and assumes power to grant absolution. Configruration, -fig'ii-ra"shon. Exter- nal form, figure, or shape of a thing as re- sulting from the disposition and shape of its parts. In Asti-ol. relative position or aspect of the planets. Confirmation, -ferm-fi'shon. The act of confirming or estabhshing. The act of rendering more clear or showing to be true, as by new evidence ; the act of cor- roborating, rendering valid or ratifying. The ceremony of laying on of hands by a bishop in the admission of baptized per- sons to the enjoyment of Christian privi- leges, practiced in the Greek, E. C. and English churches. Conflagration, -fla-grii'shon. A great fire, or the burning of any great mass of combustibles. Confluent, 'flu-ent. A tributary stream. Confraternity, -fra-ter'ni-li. A broth- erhood ; a society or body of men united for some purpose or in some profession ; as, the confraternity of Jesuits. Confrere, kon-frar. A colleague ; an as- sociate in something. Confucius, kon-fu-'shus. The eminent Chinese philosopher and lawgiver (Kimg- foo-stse) ; n. 551, d. 483 a. c. He Avas of low descent and poor parentage, but spent his mature life traveUng from place to place, teaching and urging moral and so- cial reforms. His -writings, which form 9 volumes, are considered the sacred book of the Chinese. They inculcate rigid mo- rality, and the immortality of the soul, but do not teach the existence of a Su- preme Being. Cong', kong, A medical abbreviation for Congius, a gallon of 4 quarts. Conge, kon'jG. Leave to depart; fare- well ; dismissal. An act of respect per- formed by persons on separating or tak- ing leave ; a bow or a courtesy. C. d'elire the sovereign's license or permission to » dean and chapter to choose a bishop. Congener, -je'ner. A thing of the same kind or nearly allied ; specifically, a plant or animal belonging to the same genus. Conger, kong'ger. C. vulgaris, a large voracious species of sea eel. Congiary, 'ji-a-ri. A largess or distribu- tion of corn," oil, or wine, afterwards of money, among the people or soldiery of ancient Eome. A coin sti-uck in com- memoration of the Eoiuan congiaria. C0NGIU8 207 CONNECTING-EOD Cozxgius, -us. A measure of capacity aiaong the Romans, the eighth part, of the air.phora, and equal to about 6 pints. In Phar. a gallon. Conglomerate, -glom'er-at. A sort of pudding-stone, made up of various rocks cemented together by a matrix of siliceous, calcareous, or other cement. Oongrlutinant, -glu'tin-ant. A medi- cine that promotes the healing of wounds by closing them up. Ck^ngro, kong'go. A section of W. Africa, 8. of the equator, between the river Congo on the N. ana theDando on the S., of un- defined width and but partially explored. The inhabitants are negroes of the lowest type. Oongro, kong'go. The second lowest quahty of black tea, being the third pick- riig from a plant during the season. Oongro-snake. A name given to one oi two of the amphibians of the film. Amphi- umida;. Oongreg-ation, 'gre-ga^shon. The act of bringing together or assembling. A collection or assemblage of separate things. An assembly of persons, especial- ly an assemblage of persons meeting for the worship of God and for religious in- etruction. An assembly of ecclesiastics or cardinals appointed by the pope, to which is intrusted the management of some branch of the affairs of the church. A fraternity of religious persons forming a subdivision of a monastic order, &c. At Oxford and Cam- bridge, the assembly of masters and doc- tors in which the giving of degrees, &c.. Is transacted. In Scotland, an appella- tion assumed by the adherents of the re- formed Mth about the middle of the 16th century. Ctongrregrationalist, -gre-ga'shon-al-ist. One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; one who holds that each congregation is entirely exempt from any extraneous jurisdiction, and the gov- ernment of whose church is vested in all the members of the congregation, not in sessions, &c. Congress, 'gres. A meeting together of Individuals in privateer social intercourse. The meeting of the sexes in sexual com- merce. Ah assembly of envoys, commis- sioners, deputies, «&c.; particularly, a meeting of sovereign princes or of the rep- resentatives of several courts, for the pur- pose of arranging International affairs. The term apphed to three differently con- stituted bodies of representatives of the people which have succeeded each other in the government of what is now the United States of America. The Continental C, assembled in 1774, the Federal C, in 1781, and the C. of the United States, 1789. Congressman, kong'gres-man. A member of the United States Congress. Congreve, William, Sir, An Eng- lish officer who invented the war rocket bearing his name ; b. 1772, v. 1828, Conies, kon'iks. That part of the geom- etry of curves which treats of the cone and the several curve lines arising from the sections of it. Conidae, ko'ni-de. A fam. of gasteropo- dous mollusks, ord. Peetinibranchiata, the cone shells. The type gen. is Conus. Conifer, ko'ni-fer. A plant producing cones ; one of the Coniferae. Conirostres, -ros'trez. A section or sub-ord. of insessorial birds, including the crows, flnchss, sparrows, hnnets, larks, starlings, hornbills, birds of paradise, &c. Conite, kon'it. A mineral occurring mas- sive or stalactitic in Saxony and Iceland. Conjugatse, kon-jii-ga'te. A tribe of green-spored Algae, distinguished from the Confervaceae by their endochrome, or col- oring matter, being spiral, stellate, or otherwise disposed, and not equally dif- fused, or simply denser in the center. Connaught, nawt. The westerly of the N. provinces of Ireland, having several fine bays ; chief rivers, the Shannon and Moy ; lakes, Corrib, Cong, Carra and Mask ; pop. abt. 1,000,000. Connecticut, kon-net'e-kiit. One of the original New England or Eastern States of the American Union, adjoining 8. New York on the W.; area, 4,730 sq. m.; pop. 622,700. Principal cities, Hartford, the cap.. New Haven, Norwich, Bridge- port, New London, Norwalk andStoning- ton ; chief rivers, Connecticut, Housatonic and Thames, all emptying into L. I. Sound ; the Green Mountains skirt its W. boundary. Connecticut River. The largest river of the New England States, rising in N. Vermont, and running through that State, New Hampshire and Connecticut, empty- ing into Long Island Sound at Saybrook ; length, 410 m. Connecting-rod, -nekt'ing-rod. Th« rod which connects the piston with the crank of the driving-wheel axle of loco- motive engines. The outside rod which connects the wheels of locomotive engines. The rod connecting the cross-head of a beam-engine with tiiat end of the work- ing-beam. ,. COKNECTOR CONSONANT Connector, -nek'ter. A flexible tube for connecting^ the ends of g-lass-tnbes in pneumatic experiments. In Elect, a de- vice for holding two parts of a conductor in intimate contact. CJonner, 'er. A fish found on the New England coast. Called also Blue Perch. Conner. One who tests or examines ; one Avho has a special knowledge of any- thing. One who directs the steersman of a ship. Connoisseur, 'is-siir. A critical judge of any art, particularly of painting and sculpture. Conoid, kon'oid. A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis. A M. skew surface. In Anat. the pineal gland. Conoid. Conqueror, kong'ker-er. One who con • quers ; one who gains a victory. The C, an epithet apphed to William I. as ex- pressing his conquest of England in 1066. Conrad, kon'rad. The name of several sovereigns of Germany. C. I. (Count of Franconia), elected emperor 911, J>. 918. C. II. elected King of Germany 1024, aiid crowned emperor 1027 ; i>. 1039. C. III. (Hohenstautfen\ DukeofFranconia, elect- ed emperor 1138, d. 1152. C. IV., son ol Frederick II., assumed the title 1250 ; n. 1254. C. v., son of the preceding, was dispossessed by his uncle Manii-ed, cap- tured and beheaded, 1268. Consangruinity, -sang-gwin'i-ti. The relation of persons by blood, in distinction from affinity or relation by marriage. Conscript, 'skript. One compulsorUy enrolled for military or naval service. Consecration, -se-kra'shon. The act or ceremony of separating from a common to a sacred use, or of devoting and dedi- cating a person or thing to the service and worship of God, by certain rites or solem- nities. In speaking of the ancient Eoman emperors, deification ; the ceremony of the apotheosis of an emperor. In the E. 0. Church, canonization. The act of rendering venerable. Conservatoire, -sar-va-twar. An es- tablishment for promoting the study of any special branch, first established at Naples in 1537 for the study of music and declamation. Conservatory, -serv'a-tor-i. A place for preserving anything from loss, decay, ■waste or injury. A greenhouse for pre- serving exotics and other tender plants. Conserve, -serv. A sweetmeat made of the inspissated juiee of fruit boiled with sugar, A form of medicine conti-lved ta preserve the flowers, roots, fruits, &ft, in their natural fresh state. Consignee, -sin -e'. One to whom goods or other things are delivered in ti-ast, foi sale or superintendence. Consigner, 'er. One who consigns ; one who sends, delivers or commits goods to anotlior for sale or to ship. Consistentes, -sis-tent'ez. The third or highest order of penitents in the early church. They were permitted to be pres- ent at the celebration of sacraments, but were not allowed either to join in making oblations or to receive the holy com- munion. Consistory, 'sis-tor-i. Primarily, a place of meeting ; a council house or place of justice. A place of justice in a spiritual court, or the court itself; the court of every diocesan bishop, held in cathedral churches, for the trial of ecclesiastical causes. An assembly of prelates; the college of cardinals at Eome. A solemn assembly or council. Consociation, -so'shi-a^shon. In the United States, fellowship or union of churches by their pastors and delegates ; a meeting of pastors and delegates of a number of Congregational churches, form- ing an advisory council in ecclesiastical affairs. Consols, -solz'. The chief funded security of Gt. Britain, formed of consolidated an- nuities, paying 3 per cent, interest. Consolato dal Mare, -hl'to del ma'ra. A very ancient compilation of the trading customs of Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfl, with Barcelona, Marseilles, &c. Its precise date is unknown, but a Span- ish edition was pubhshed about the end of the 13th century. It has formed the basis of most compilations of maritime laws. Console, 'sol. The French term for a bracket, or ancon, but applied by English writers to a bracket or corbel of any kind in classical archi- tecture. Consonant, 's6-nant. because sounded only in connection with a vowel. But some consonants have no sound even when united with a vowel, and others have a very imperfect sound. The consonants begin or end syllables, and their use is to determine the mannei of beginning or ending the vocal sounds, Console. A letter, so named eONSOET CONSTANTINE Consort, 'sort. A companion; a partner, an intimate associate ; a wife or husband. Queen consort, the wife of a king, as dis- tinguished from a queen regnant, who rules alone, and a queen dowager, the widow of a king. ConspecttlS^ -spek'tus. A view ; an ab- stract, draught or sketch. Constable, kun'sta-bl. An officer of high rank in several of the mediiBval mon- archies. The Lord High Constable of England was anciently the seventh officer of the crown. The power of this officer was so improperly used that it was forfeited in the person of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, in 1521. It has never been granted to any person since that time, except on a particular occasion. The Lord High C. of Scotland had ancient- ly command of the army in the absence of the king. He was likewise judge of all crimes or offenses committed within 4 miles of the king's person, the parliament, the privy-council, ©r of any general con- vention of the states of the kingdom. The office is hereditary in the family of Errol. C. of France, the lirst military officer of the crown, commander-in-chief of the army and the highest judge in all ques- tions of chivalry and honor. This office was suppressed in 1627. Napoleon re-es- tablished it in favor of the Prince of Wa- gram, buthe had no successor. C. of a castle Avas the keeper or governor of a castle belonging to the king or a great noble. Constables in Great Britain at the present day are of two grades : high con- stables and petty constables or tithing- men. In the U. S. constables are town or city officers of the peace invested -svith powers to execute civil as well as criminal processes, and levy executions. Constance, kon'stanz. A handsome city of Baden at the headof Lake C, pop. 8,340. Lake C, a beautiful and romantic sheet of water, bet. Switzerland and Ba- den, 42 m. in length by 9 m. in width. The Ehine flows through it. Constance, Council of. The E. C. Council, held at the city of C, 1414-18, summoned to considei the claims of John XVIII., Gregory XII., and Benedict VIII. to the papacy, and pronounce upon the doctrines of John Huss. It was com- Sosed of the Emoeror Sigismund, Pope ohn XXIIL, 26 "princes, 120 counts, 20 cardinals, 7 patriarchs, 20 archbishops, 91 bishops, 600 prelates and doctors, and abt. 4,000 priests. It pronounced against all three claimants to the papacy, elected Martin V. as Pope, and condemned John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burned at the stake. Constans I., Flavius Julius. Third son of Constantine the Great, who inher- ited the sovereignty of Italy. Africa and W. Illyricum, 337, and, by the defeat and assassination of his brother Constan- tine, became sovereign of the entire West- ern empire ; his tyranny resultr-i in a re- volt in which he was killed, 850. C. II., Flavius Herachus, b. 630, s. his father Constantine III., as «mperor of the East, 640. Defeated by the Saracens and also by the Arabs at sea, he exhibited such avarice and cruelty that be was assassi- nated in 668. Constantine, kon'stan-tin. The name of 13 emperors of Eome and the East. C. I. (The Great) was the first Christian emperor of Rome ; b. 272, s. his father Con- stantius Chlorus 806. Just pending a battle in which he defeated his rival Max- entius, C. claimed to have seen a cross in the sky, which he interpreted as an omen of victory ; he soon afterward embraced Christianity, and made it the religion of the state. In 325 the Council of Nice was held at his suggestion, and Arianism condemned ; in 328 he removed the seat of the emi)ire to Byzantium, changing its name to Constantinople ; D. 387. C. II., eldest son of the above, s. to the sover- eignty of Spain, Gaul, Britain and a portion of Africa ; he was defeated and slain by his brother Constans, 340. C. III. (Novns), emperor of the East. b. 612, crowned 641, D. 641. C. IV. (Pogonatus), crowned em- peror of the East 668, d. 682. C. V. crowned 743, d. 775. C. VI. (Flavius) s. his father Leo IV. 780, under the regency of his mother Irene, who it is believed caused his murder, 775. C. VII. (Por- phyrogenitus), crowned 905, v. 959. C. VIII., crowned 946, d. -within a few months. C. IX., b. 961 ; shared the throne with his brother Basil until the brother's death, 1025; d. 1028. C. X. (Monomachus) became emperor through his marriage with Zoe, daughter of C. IX. The schism between the Roman and Greek churches began in his reign ; d. 1054. C. XI. (Ducas), crowned 1059, D. 1067. C. XII. was crowned 1071, but never actu- ally reigned. C. XIII. (Palaeologus), b. 1394; 8. hisbrother John VII., 1448; killed 1453, when Constantinople was stormed by the Turks. He was the last of the Byzantine emperors. Constantine, Flavius Julius. A gallant Roman soldier, raised to the pur- ple 409 ; conquered Spain and Gaul, and fixed his court at Aries. Taken priaoiwa COKSTANTDTE 210 CONTEABASSO by Constantius, general to the emperor Ilonorius. C. was executed, 411. Constantine. The name of four kings of Scotland. C. I. reigned 468-479 ; C. II., 858-8T1 ; C. III., 903-943 ; C. IV. was a usui'per who was captured and killed by the brother of the rightful king, Kenneth, 1002. Constantinople. Cap. of the Turkish empire in Europe, and chief Moslem city of the world ; situated on the Bosphorus, a narrow strait connecting the sea of Marmora and the Euxine, also dividing Europe and Asia. C. was the ancient Byzantium, founded by Byzas, 656 b. c. ; destroyed by Severus, it was rebuilt by Constantino the Great, a. d. 828, and made capital of the Roman empire : after- ward the cap, of the Easterner Byzantine empire, until stormed by the Turks, 1453, eince which time it has been the cap. of the Turkish empire ; pop. 625,000. Constantius, kon-stan'shus. Father of Constantine the Great ; b. 25T. Distin- guishing himself as a soldier, he was de- clared Caisar in 292 and placed in com- mand of Gaul, Spain and Britain ; he re- conquered Britain, disastrously defeated the Alemanni and obtained the title of Augustus in 806 ; d. at York 807. C. II. fFlavius Julius), son of Constantine the Great, was proclaimed CiEsar 320 and as- sumed the purple 837. In the division of the empire C. selected the East as his share ; d. 861. Constant White, 'stant whit. A pois- onous pigment prepared from the sul- phate of barytes, used in water-color painting. Constellation, -stel-lu'shon. A group of the fixed stars to which a definite name has been given. The names have mostly their origin in the mythology of the Greeks, derived and modified from the Egyptians and the East; and the stars forming each configuration are ranged and named in order of brilliancy by letters of the Greek alphabet. Ursa Major, the Great Bear, In the northern, and Orion in the southern hemisphere, are the most important of the constellations. The con- stellations are divided into northern, 34 ; Bouthern, 45 ; and zodiacal, 12. Constrictor, -strikt'er. That which draws together or contracts. Specifically, a muscle which closes an orifice of the body. A name applied to the larger class of serpents which envelop and crush their prey, as the boa constrictor. Consubstantiation, -sub-stan'shi-a''- shon. The union of the body of our bless- ed Saviour with the sacramental elements,' Impanation. A dogma of the Lutheran church. Consul, 'sul. The chief magistrate of the Eoman republic, invested vrith regal au- thority for one year. Two were annually chosen in the Campus Martins. At first they were selected from patrician families, but in the year of Eome 388 the people ob- tained the priAdlege of electing one of the consuls from their own body, and some- times both were plebeians. In French Hist, the title given to the three supreme mag- istrates of the French republic, after the dissolution of the Directory in 1799. Con- sular government was abolished in 1804, and Bonaparte, the first C, was pro- claimed emperor. In modern usage, a person commissioned by a sovereign or state to reside in a foreign country as an agent or representative. Oontarini, -ta-re'ne. A noble Vene- tian family which gave to the state 5 doges and other eminent public servants. During the administration of Domenico O. II. Candia was surrendered to the Turks after a siege in which they lost 100,000 men. Contemporary, -tem'p6-ra-ri. One who lives at the same time with another. Conti, kon'te. The title of a branch of tho French Bourbons, descendants of Armand de Bourbon, j^ounger brother of Prince de Cond6 ; b. 1629, d. 6660. Continent, 'ti-nent. In Geog. a great extent of land not disjoined or inter- rupted by seas, as, the Eastern and West- em continents. In reaUty there is no true continent, a continent differing from an island only in extent. Land, as contain- ing, inclosing, or bounding seas and rivers. Continental, 'al. A native or inhabi- tant of a continent, specifically of the conti- nent of Europe. In Amer. Hist, a sol- dier belonging to the army of the con- federated states in the Eevolutionary war. Contortionist, -tor'shon-ist. One who practices vny motions or twistings of the body. Contoume, -tor-na. A term in Her., used when a beast is represented stand- ing, passant, courant, &c., with its face to the sinister side of the escutcheon. Contraband, 'tra-band. Illegal or pro- hibited traffic. Articles by law prohibited to be imported or exported. Oontrabasso, -bas's5. The largest of the violin species of Instruments, of which it forms the lowest bass ; the double-bass. CONTEA-DAKCE 211 COOKIE Ck>zitra-dauce, -dans. A dance in which the partners are arranged face to face or in opposite lines. Contralto, -tral'to. In Music, the high- est voice of a male adult, or the lowest of a woman or boy, called also the Alto, or when possessed by a man. Counter-tenor. The person who sings with this voice. Conteate, 'trat. Having cog a or teeth projecting, parallel to the axis ; used chief- ly in the wheels in clockwork. Oontre, kon'tr. In Her. an appellation given to bearings on account of their cut ting the shield contrary and opposite ways ; contre-bends, contre-chevron ; con- tre-pale, &c. CJontre-temps, -tan. > An unexpected and untoward accident. Contusion, -tu'zhon. The act of beating and bruising, or the state of being bruised. The act of reducing to powder or fine particles by beating. In Surg, a bruise. Conundrum, ko-nun'drum. A riddle in which some odd resemblance is pro- posed for discovery between things quite unlike, the answer involving a pun. Conus, 'nus. A gen. of gasteropodous mollusks, the type of the fiim. Conidae. This gen. forms part of the Bucclnoid fern, of the Pectinibranchiate ord. of gas- teropods. In Bot. a term denoting that form of inflorescence called a sti-obilus or cone. Convalescent, kon-va-les'ent. One who has recovered health after sickness. Convent, 'vent. A community of per- sons devoted to religion ; a body of monks or nuns. A house for persons devoted to ^ religion ; an abbey ; a monastery ; a nun- nery. Conventicle, -ven'ti-kl. An assembly or gathering, especially a secret assembly. A meeting of dissenters from the estab- lished church of England for religious wor- ship. Convention, 'shon. The act of coming together ; a meeting ; an assembly, union ; coalition. A formal, recognized, or statutory meeting for civil or ecclesias- tical purposes ; particularly an assembly of delegates or representatives for consul- tation on important concerns, civil, politi- cal, or ecclesiastical. Conversazione, -ver-sa'tsi-o^na. A meeting for conversation, particularly on literary subjects. Convert, 'vert. A person who is con- verted from one opinion or practice to aiiother ; who rsnoimces a religious sys- tem or party, and embraces another ; ap- plied particularly to those who change their religious opinions. In monasteries, a lay Mar or brother admitted to the ser- vice of the house, without orders, and not allowed to sing in the choir. Proselyte is sometimes used as a synonym for con- vert, but is strictly confined to one who changes his rehgion ; and proselj^tism does not, like conversion, necessarily imply conviction. Convex, 'veks. Eising or swelling into a spherical or rounded form; gibbous, opposed to concave. Convexo-concave, Convex, 'o-kon-kav. Convex on one side and con- cave on the other. Convexo-convex, -veks. Convex on both sides, as a lens ; otherwise termed a double-convex lens. Conveyancer, -va'ans-er. One whose •cciipation is to draw conveyances of property, deeds, &c. Convict, 'vikt. A person found guilty of a crime, either by the verdict of a jury or other legal decision. Convocation, -ro-ka'shon.' The act of calling or assembling by summons. An assembly of the clergy to consult on ec- clesiastical affairs. Cony, ko'ni. A rabbit ; a quadruped of the gen. Lepus. In Scrip, a species of Ilyrax included in a special order of mammals. Cony-wool, -wul. The fur of rabbits used in hat manufacture. Cooie, kii'i. The cry or call of the Aus- tralian aborigines. Cook, James, Oapt. An English sea- man ; B. 1728 ; d. 1779, murdered by the savages of Hawaii ; he circumnavigated the globe and discovered many unknown islands. Cook Inlet. On the Alaskan coast, 130 m. N. and 8. by 70 m. in width. C. Islands, a Pacific group, bet. Tahiti and the Tonga Archipelago. C. Straits, sepa- rates the two islands which form New Zealand, All the above were discovered by and named for Capt. James Cook. Cook, kuk. One whose occupation is to prepare "victuals for the table; who dresses meat or vegetables for eating. Cook-house, 'hous. An erection on a ship's deck for contidning the caboose or cooking apparatus ; the galley. Cookie, 'i. A kind of small sweet-bread for eating at tea ; a bim. COOL AEBOR. 212 COPPEE Cold Harbor. The scene of a desperate battle, Junes, 1864, between the Federals under Gens. Grant, Meade and Hancock, and the Confederates under Gens. Lee ana Lonpstreet, just W. of the Chickahominy river. The assault was made by the former, and in 20 minutes of fighting the Federals were driven from the field with a total loss of over 13,000 ; the Confeder- ates lost about 1 .000, 300 being prisoners. Grant's force said to be 150 m. men; Lee'B 50 M., strongly intrenched. Cooler, 'er. That which cools ; any sub- stance which abates heat or excitement. A metal vessel made doable and filled be- tween with charcoal or other non-conduc- tor of heat, for holding ice and water for drinking. A vessel in which liquor or other things are cooled. Coolie, 'i. In the E. Indies, originally the name of a Turanian hill tribe em- ployed in Bombay and elsewhere as por- ters and laborers. The term is now ex- tended to all emigrant laborers from east- ern countries. Coomb, kom. A dry measure of four bushels. Coon, kon. An abbreviation of raccoon. Coop, kop. A latticed box for keeping fowls in confinement. A pen ; an in- closed place for small animals. Cooper, James Fenim.ore. A dis- tinguished American novehst ; b. in N. Y. 17S9, D. 1S51. His well-known " Leather Stocking " series of Indian tales have been translated into every European language. Coopor, Astley, Sir, Bart. An emi- nent English surgeon ; b. 1768, d. 1841. Coot, kiit. A gral- latorial bird of the gen. FuHca, fam. Kallida^ The coot of Asia is identical with that of Eu- rope, but the N. Ameiican coot is recognized as a dis- tinct species, and has received the name of F. "Wilsoni. Copal, ko-pal'. The resinous product of several different tropical trees, which, di- luted vnth spirit of turpentine, forms a beautiful transparent varnish, exceedingly durable and hard, and susceptible of a fine polish. Copalin, 'lin, Highgate resin, a fossil resin, resembling copal resin in appear- ance and some of its characteristics. Copan, -pan'. An ancient city of Guate- Coot. Oope. mala, C. America, now in rulna ; among its interesting antiquities are the cl6brlB ol a temple 650 ft. in length. Cope. kop. An ecclesias- tical vestment resembling a cloak, worn in processi o n s , at vespers, at benediction, consecration and other sa- cred func- tions, worn by the pope and other bishops, as well as by- Sriests. As istinguish e d from the chasuble it is a processional vestment, "while the chasn- . ble is eucharistic. It is one of the vest-' ments retained by the clergy of the Church of England. Anything spread or extend- ed over the head ; hence the arch or con- cave of the sky, the roof or covering of a house, the arch over a door. In founding, the top part of a flask. Copeck, ko'pek. A Kussian coin, worth the hundredth part of a silver rouble, the approximate value of which is 70 cents. Copenhagen, -pen-ha'gen. Cap. of Den- mark, a fortified citv, located on the islands of Zeeland and Am^ak ; pop. 227,000. Copepoda, -pe'p6-da. An ord. of minute entomostracous fresh-water and marine Crustacea. Those species which have two eyes so closely set together as to appear one, form the famihes Cyclopidse^ Notadelphidae and Harpactidse ; those which have two or more eyes, the famiUes Pontellidae and Calanidse; while those with two very distinct sessile eyes consti- tute the family Gorv'ceidse. Copernicus, Nicholas. A Prussian {?3tronomer, founder of the accepted (Oopernican) svstem of astronomy; b. 1478, D. 1543. The system was originally taught by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3d century b. c, but had long been rejected. Cophinus, kof in-us. The name given to curious organic markings in the Silu- rian rocks, of the form of an inverse pyra- mid, probably produced by the stems of encrinites swajang about in the material of the rocks while it was only micaceous mud. Copper, kop'per. A metal; nexttogoM, eilver and pi A metal ; next to goiOj 1, the most ductile and COPPEEAS 218 CORAL malleable of the metals, more elastic than any except steel, and the most sonorous except aluminium. Copperas, -as. Sulphate of iron or green vitriol, a salt much used in dyeing black, in making ink, and in medicine as a tonic. It is usually made by the decomposition of iron pyrites. Copper-head, -hed, A poisonous Amer- ican serpent, the Trigonocephalus contor- trix, which gives no ■warning of its attack. Hence, a secret foe ; a name given during the civil war of the United States by the Federals to the peace party. Coppermine River. One of the larg- est of British N. America, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean N, of Bear Lake. Copper-plate, -plat. A plate of pohshed copper, on which concave lines are en- graved or corroded, according to some dehneated figure or design. A print or impression from a copper-plate. Copper-smith, -smith. One whose oc- cupation is to manufacture copper uten- sils. Copper-wonn, -werm. A worm-like mollusk, the Teredo Navalis, or ship- worm, that frets garments, and a name given to a worm that breeds in one's hand. Coppice, 'pis. A wood of small growth ; a wood cut at certain times for fuel. Copra, 'ra. The dried kernel of the co- coa-nut, from which the oil has been ex- pressed. It is used as an ingredient of curry. Co-presbyter, ko-pres'bi-ter. A cleri- cal member of the same church presbytery with another. Copridse, kop'ri-de. A fam. of coleop- terous insects, so called from the typical gen . Copris. Coprolite, 'ro-lit. The petrified faecal matter chiefly of extinct lizards or sauroid fishes. In form they resemble oblong {)ebbles, varjing from 2 to 4 inches in ength. and from 1 to 2 inches in diameter ; some are much larger, as those of the ich- thyosauri. Coprophag-i, ko-profa-1T. A sec. of lamellioorn beetles, which live in and upon the dung: of animals. Cop-spinner, kop'spin-er. An Ameri- can invention, combining the qualities of the throstle and mule in one frame, capa- ble of spinning double the quantity of the fiyer spindle with one-naif the power. Copt, kopt. A descendant of the ancient Egyptian race, belonging to the Jacobite sect of MonophyBit© Christians, who have for eleven centuries been in possession oi the patriarchal chair of Alexandria. Coptic, kop'tik. The language of the Copts, an ancient Hamitic tongue, used In Egypt till within the last three or four centuries, but now superseded as a living language by Arabic. It is stiU used by the Copts in religious services, but after be- ing read is explained in Arabic. There is an extensive Coptic Christian literature. Copyingr-machine, 'i-ing-ma-shen. A machine for copying any piece of writing with perfect accuracy. Copyright, -rit. The exclusive privi- lege which the law allows an author of printing, reprinting, publishing and sell- ing his original work. International copy- right is an arrangement by which the copyright of an author residing in one country is protected in such countries as are parties to the arrangement. Coquette, ko-ket'. A vain, airy, trifling gu-1, who endeavors to attract the admira- tion of males from a desu-e to grati<^' vanity ; a jilt. Coquilla-nut, -kwil'la-nut. The seed u/ the palm Attalea funifera, one of the co- coa-nut group extensively used in turnery, and especially for making umbrella- handles. Coquito, 'ke-to. The Jubaea spectabilis, a very beautiful S. American palm, allied to the cocoa-nut, from the sap of which palm honey is made. Coraciadee, -ra-sl'a-de. The rollers, a fam.of fissirostral, birds, ord. Insessores, including the sub-families Todlnffi, Eurylaiminte, and The gen. Coracias is the type. Coracle, 'ra-kl. A boat used in Wales and on the Irish coast by fishermen, made by covering a AAicker frame with leather or oilcloth. Corah, 'ra. An In- dian pattern silk hand- kerchief. Coral, 'ral. A gen- 3 eral terra for the hard"^ _^ calcareous skeleton se- ^-JJ^"*^"^^^?^ creted by the marine _. . '"^^ ."T coelenterate polyps for Fisherman with their support an d habit- Coracle, ation (polypidom). The coral-producing zoophytes are usually compound animals, young buds sprouting from the body oi the parent x>olyp, and remaining connected ■with it on the same spot even after It is dead. CoraJ is nearly a pure carbonate Coracianse, MomotinaD. COEALLmA 214 COEDOIT Eed Coral. of lime mixed with liorny or gelatinous mat- ter. The fine red coral, so much used for orna- ments, is a sclero- basic coral, found chiefly in the Mediterranean. Corallina, -i'na. A gen. of rose-spored algaj, with calcareous jointed fronds. The spores are borne in lu-n-shaped concepta- cles. A term applied to indicate many of the zoophytes and polyzoa. The polypi- dom of the coralUnes. Corallinite, -In-It. A fossil polypidom of the corallines. Corallite, -it. A mineral substance or i)etrifaction in the form of coral. The hard skeleton secreted by an individual polyp of a composite coral mass. Corallum, 'lum. The hard structure deposited in or by the tissues of an ac- tinozoon — commonly called a coral. Coral-wood, -wud. A hard cabinet wood, susceptible of a fine polish. When first cut it is yellow, but changes to a beautiful red or bright coral. Corax, 'raks. A gen. of minute triangu- lar sharks' teeth found in the chalk for- mations, differing from recent teeth in be- ing solid. Corban, kor'ban. In Jewish Antiq. a solemn consecration of anything to God, as of one's self, one's services or posses sions. An interdiction of one's self from giving or receiving some particular thing, as if it were corban. An alms-basket ; a gift ; a treasury of the church wh^re of- ferings arc deposited. Corbeil, 'bGl. A basket, to be filled mth earth and set upon a parapet, to shelter soldiers from the fire of besiegers. In Arch, a carved basket with sculptured flowers and fruits. Corbel, 'bel. In Arch, a projection from the vortical fiice of a wall to support some superin- cumbent object. Cor- bels are of a great vari- ety of forms, and are ornamented in many wajrg. A niche left in a Avail for an image, statue or figure ; in this iise written also Corbet. Tl|ie vase or tambour of the Corinthian column, so called from its re- semblance to a basket. Corbel. Corbel-steps. iStcps into which the sides of gables from the eaves to the apex are broken. Sometimes called Corbie- steps. Corbel-table, -ta-bl. A projecting course ; a tier of windows ; an entabla- ture, or other architectural arrangement which requires the support of numerous corbels. Cord, kord, A string or small rope com- posed of several strands twisted together. A measure of wood or other material, con- taining 128 cubic feet. Cordal,'al. In Her. a string of the mantle or robe of estate, made of silk and gold threads, interwoven hke a cord, with tas- sels at the end. Cordate, kor'dat. Having the form of a heart ; heart-shaped, a term largely used by naturahsts. Corday d'Armans, Charlotte, kor'- f a' Granddaughter of the dramatist Corneille ; b. in Normandy, France, 176S ; stung to patriotic desperation by the atrocities of Mar;it, she obtained access to his house by a pretense, and while in the act of handing him a false list of suspects she stiibbed him to the heart, 1793. She was guillotined, preserving her ibrtitudo to the last. Cordelier, 'el-er. The name applied in France to the strictest branch of Francis- can friars, on account of their wearing a girdle of knotted cord, The name as- sumed by one of the Parisian political clubs in the time of the revolution, which numbered Uanton and Marat among its chief members. Cordiceps, kor'di-seps. A gen. of fungi, some of which are found on dead leaves and branches, while others are remarkable for growing on the larvte of insects. Cordillera, -dil-le'ra. A name some- times given to the mountain range of the Andes in South America but properly applicable onlj^ to its innermost and high- est ridge. Cordon, 'don. In Fort, a row of stono jutting before the rampart and the basis of "the parapet or between the wall which liea aslope, and the parapet which is perpen- dicular. A series of military posts or sen- tinels, inchjsing or guarding any particular place, to prevent the passage of persons other than those entitled to pass. In Arch, the edge of a stone on the outside of a building. In. Her. a baldrick or rib- bon worn across the breast by knights of the first class of an order. A tasselecl lace or string of a mantle on state and in- stallation robe». CORDOYA 215 cork: Cordova, k6r-do'va. Cap. of the Span- ish pi-ov, of C, on the Gaudalqulver, In Andahisia; C. was captured by the Moors in til, and occupied by them till 1236 ; it contains the remains of a Moorish mosque, built in the 8th century ; pop. abt. 36,000. Cap. of a pro v. of same name in the Ai-gentino Republic, 8. America ; pop. abt. 30,000. Corduroy, -dii-roi'. A thick cotton stutf corded or ribbed on the surface. C. road, constructed with logs laid together over swamps or marshy places. Cordwain, kord'wan. Spanish leather ; goat-skin tanned and dressed. Cord-vrood, 'w^d. Wood cut and piled for sale by the cord, in distinction from long wood; properly, wood cut to the length of 4 feet. Core, kor. The heart or inner part of a thing; particularly the central part of fruit containing the kernels or seeds. In Mining, the number of hours each party of miners work before being reUeved. Coregronus, ko-reg'on-us. A gen. of fresh water fish, including the vendaee, the gwyniad, the powan or fresh-water herring, the pollan and the white-flsh, by some regarded as the finest of all fish. Co-respondent, -ro-spond'ent. In Law, a ioint respondent, or one opposed, along w'ith another or others, to the plaintiff; a man charged with adultery, and made a party to a suit for dissolutiojx of man-iage. Corfu, kor'foo. A Grecian island, one of the Ionian group ; area 22T sq. m. ; pop. 82,100. Anciently called Corcyra; the island has for ceiMturies been an important naval station ; the Corinthians, Byzan- tines, Normana, Venetians and the British having used it for this purpose. The cap. C. is a fortified city, with an excellent harbor ; pop. 27,462. Cor Hydrse, kor hi'dre. The heart of the Hydra ; a star of the first magnitude in the constellation of Hydra. Corinna, ko-rin'na. A Theban poetess, daugliter of Archelodorus ; a successful competitor of llndar, winning five prizes for which he entered. She lived about 500 B. c. Only fragments of her Avritings are now extant. Corinthi, kor'inth. An ancient Greek city, in the Morea, 5 m. from Athens, founded, according to tradition, by Sisy- phus, in Myth, son of ^olus ; it was a considerable city 657 b. c, and took a leading i)art in the history of Greece down to 146 B. c, when it was completely de stroyed by the Roman general, L. Mum- mius, it baing considered the head of the the Achaean League. Rebuilt by Julius Caisar, and made the cap. of Achaia, it again became an important centre. St. Paul established a church there, and two of his most important epistles were ad- dressed to it. It afterward passed into the possession of the Venetians, was cap- tm-ed by the Turks, and retaken by each power, losing both prestige and commer- cial importance. At one time having a pop, of 70,000, it is now a village of 2,500. Isthmus of C. connects the Morea with the Grecian mainland, 20 m. in length. Corinth. A village in Alcorn Co., Miss., noted for an obstinate two days' battle, Oct. 8-4, 1862, between the Federals un- der Gen. Rosecrans, and the confederates under Gen. Van Dorn. The latter num- bered 30,000, and made the attack ; the former had but 20,000, but held the field. Federal loss, 2,359 ; Confederate, 9,363. Corinthian, ko-rin' thi-an. Pertaining to Corinth,a celebrated city of Greece, noted for the magnificence of its arch- itecture, its luxury and licentiousness. The C. is the most dehcate of all the orders, and en- riched with a profusion of ornaments. The cap- ital is usually adorned with olive leaves or acanthus. A gay, licen- tious person. A mem- ber of the aristocracy. Two epistles written by St. Paul to the Church of Corinth, about a. d. Corinthian Order. 57 or 58. From 1 Cor. V. 9, it has been coniectured that a previous •pistle is lost. Coriolanus, Caius Marcus. A legen dary Roman general, tlie subject of Shakespeare's tragedy. C. attained his surname from a great victory over thT Corioli; afterward made the subject o! jealous distrust, he joined the Volsci, and led them against Rome. Faltering in his purpose, through the Intercession of his wife and mother, he was slain by TuUus Anfidius. Cork. A species of oak, Quercus Siiber, having a thick, rough bark, for whicn it is cultivated. It yields bai-k every six or eight years for 150 years. The outer bark of the tree or epiphlueam, of which stopples for bottles and casks are made. This bark is also burned to make Spauislj CORIUM 216 CORN-LAWS black. "When oxidized, cork yields oxalic, suberic, and ceraic acids ; it is chiefly com- posed of a raoditication of cellulose called suberin. Mountain cork, a variety of as- bestos. Corium, kO'ri-um. Lea- thern body-armor, worn by the Romans and other nations of antiquity. The innermost layer of the skin in mammals, the cu- tis vera or true skin. Cork, kork. A county and city of 8. Ireland, prov. of Munster ; pop. of Co., 560,213; of city, 83,480.1 The latter is one of Ire- land's principal seaports, its harbor, known as the Cove of C, being large, safe and pictur- esque. Cork-fossil, 'fos-sil. A mineral ; a spe- cies of Amianthus, resembling vegetable cork ; the lightest of all minerals. Cork-jacket, 'jak-et. A sleeveless jack- et, padded with cork, designed to buoy up a person in the water. Cor Leonis, kor le-6'nis. The Lion's Heart ; another name for Regulus, a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Leo. Corn, korn. A single seed of cereal plants, as wheat, rye, barley and maize ; a grain. The seeds of cereal plants in gen- eral, in bulk or quantity. In this sense the word comprehends all kinds of food grain, bxit in England it is generally ap- plied to wheat, rye, oats and barley, in Scotland only to oats, and in the United States it is appropriated to maize. Corn. A hard excrescence or induration of the skin on some part of the feet. Corn-beetle, 'bc-tl. The Cucujus tes- taceous, a minute beetle, the larva of which is often very destructive to grain. Cornbrash, 'brash. A rubbly limestone, forming a soil in Wiltshire, England. The term is used by geologists to indicate the strata, the highest member of the lower oolite. Corn-cutter, 'kut-er. A machine for reaping corn, or for cutting up stalks of corn for food of cattle. Corneille, Pierre, k6r-n«el'. A cele- brated French dramatist; b. 1606, b. 1684. His tragedies are as famous in France as Shakespeare's in England. Cornelia. The most renowned of Ro- man matrons, daughter of Scipio AfHca- nus and mother of the two Gracchi, Tibe- rius and Caius. She died in the 2d cen- tury B. c. Cornelius, Peter Von. A celebrated German painter; n. 17S7, d. 186T. His " Last Judgment," in thech. of St. Louis, Munich, is 30 by GO ft. Corner-tooth, kor'ner-toth. One of the outer of the incisor teeth in either jaw of a horse. There are two above and two below, and they shoot when the horse is four and a half years old. Cornet, 'net. A wind instrument, blown with the mouth, originally serpentino'ia form, and increasing in diameter from the mouth-piece out. A cornet-i-piston. A stop in an organ, intended to imitate the tone of the old cornet. Millt., a com- pany of cavahy. The former title of tho officer who carries the colors In a troop of horse, now the second lieutenant. A little cap of paper t\visted at the end, in which retailers inclose small wares. In Costume, the square cap of a doctor of divinity. A portion of the head-dress of ladies in the reign of Henry VIII., called afterward the upper pinner. The cornet or coronet of a horse, the lower part of his pastern. Corn-excbangre, korn'eks-chanj. A place where grain is sold or bartered. Corn-fly, 'fll. A name given to several insects of the genera Chlorops and Oscinis, fam. Muscida?, from the injury they inflict on growing crops. Com-huskingr, -husk-ing. An assem- blage of friends and neighbors at the house of a farmer to assist him in strip- ping the husks from his Indian coi-n, called also a husking bee. Cornice, kor'nis. Any molded projec- tion which finishes the part to which it is aflixed ; specifically, the highest part of an entablature resting on the frieze. When plain it is called a coping. C. ring, the ring in a cannon next behind the muz- zle ring. Cornine, 'nin. A principle in the bark of C!ornus Florida, having properties ro sembling those of quinine. Comingr-house, korn'ing-hous. A house where gunpowder is granulated. Cornish, 'ish. The ancient language of Cornwall, a dialect of the Celtic. It be- came extinct as a spoken language about the beginning of the present century. Corn-laws, 'laz. Legislative restrictions relating to the trade of grain. The corn- laws of Great Britain were repealed in 1846, and foreign grain admitted on pay- ment of a nominal duty, which -yvaa re- pealed in 1869. COEMJCOPIA 217 OORPOEAL Cornucopia, kor-nu-ko'pi-a. In Class. antiq. a -wreathed horn overflowinp: Avith fruit, flowers and grain, the symbol of plenty and concord, and still much used as an ornament. A gen. of grasses whose spikes resemble tlie cornucopia. Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis. A Jiritish general ; u. 17-38, r. 1805. He com- manded in Amei-icd during the Revolution, and after gaining several minor victories surrendered his army of 8.000 men to the American and French armies imder Yv^ash- ington and Lafayette, at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 17*31. He was afterward appointed Governor-general of India, defeating Tippoo Sahib ; then made Yiceroy of Ire- land, and sent again to govern India, in which country he died. Cororaandel. The 8. E. coast of Hin- dostan, between Point Calimere and Gondegam. Coromandel-wood, ko-ru-man'del- wud. A beautiful brown cabinet wood from the coast of Coromandel. Corona, 'na. In Arch, part of a cor- nice between the bed molding and cymat- ium. It consists of a broad, vertical pro- jecting face. Its soffit is generally recess- ed upward to facilitate the fall of rain from its face. Among workmen called the drip. In Anat. the upper portion of the molar teeth. C. ciliaris, ciliary ligament. C. glandis, the margin of the flans penis. In lot. the margin ofa radiated com- pos! t e flower. An appendage of the petals of a flower proceeding from the base of the limb. The ap- pendage to the top of seeds which enables them to dis- perse. In Astron. the portion of the aureola observed during total eclipses of the sun, which lies outside the chromo- sphere, or region of colored prom- inences. A crown or circlet suspended from the roof of churches to hold tapers lighted on solemn occasions ; called also C. Lucis. Among the Romans, a crown bestowed as a reward for distinguished military service. A peculiar phase of the aurora "borealis. C. borealis, the North- ern Crown, ft constellation cont lining 21 etars. C. australis, the Southern Ci-own, a constellation containing 12 stars. Corona Lucis Coronach., kor'6-nach. A dirge ; a lamentation for the dead. The custom of singing dirges at funerals anciently prev- alent in Scotland and Ireland, is still practiced in some districts. Coronal, ko-ro'nal. A crown ; Avreftth ", garland. The first suture of the skull. Coronation, kor-o-na'shon. The act of crowning a king or emperor ; the act of investing a prince with the insignia of royalty on his succeeding to the sovereign- t3^ I'he assembly attending a coronation. C. oath, the oath taken by a king at his coronation. Coronellidse, -nel'i-de. A sub-fam. of ophidian reptiles, fam. Colubridje. It in- cludes several genera, Psammophylax and Coronella. Coroner, 'o-ner. The title of an office established in Anglo-Saxon times, of which the holder was, in a peculiar man- ner, the ofiicer of the crown, whose pri- vate rights of property It was his duty to maintain and superintend in the county for which he acted. The principal func- tion Avhich the coroner now exercises Is that of holding inquests on the bodies of such as either die or are supposed to die a violent death. Coronet, -net. An inferiors crown Avorn by* princes, prin- cesses and no- blemen. The ***^ coronet of the Coronets of Prince of Prince of "Wales and younger chil- Wales is com- dren of the Queen, posed of a fillet of gold ; on the edge four crosses patt6e between as many fleurs-de-lis, and from the tAvo center crosses an arch surmount- ed with a mound and cross. Those of the younger members of the royal family lack the arch and upper cross. That of a duke is adorned Avith straAvberrv leaves ; that of a marquis has leaves with pearls Inter- spersed ; tn that of an earl tne pearls are above the leaves ; that of a viscount is surrounded Avith pearls only ; that of a baron has but six pearls. Corozo-nuts, ro'zo-nuts. The seeds of a tropical American palm, the Phytelephas macrocarpa, Avhose hardened albumen is knoAvn as vegetable ivory. Corporal, kor'po-ral. The lowest non- commissioned oflicer of a company of in- fantry. The ship's corporal is the supe- rior of the first-class Avorking petty offi- cers, and attends to police matters under the master-at-arms. COEPOSANT 218 COEVETTE Corposant, -zant. A name given by seamen to a ball of electric light often ob- served in dark tempestuous nights. Corps, kor. A body of troops ; any divi- sion ofan army. 0. d'armee the largest division of the army in the field. C. de bataille, the main body of an army drawn up for battle between the wings. C. de garde, a post occupied by a body of men on watch, also the body which occupies it. C. de reserve, troops kept out of action, with a ^iew of being brought forward if their aid should be required. C. diplomat- ique, the body of ministers. C. Legisla- tif, the lower house of the French legisla- ture. 0. volant, a body of troops in- tended for rapid movements. Corpse, korps. The dead body of a hu- man being. Corpus Christi. A festival of the E. C. Church, celebrated Thursday after Pentecost week. Corpuscle, kor'pus-1. A minute parti- cle, molecule, or atom of matter. A mi- nute animal cell generally inclosing granu- lar matter, and sometimes a spheroidal body called a nucleus ; as, blood corpus- cles, chyle corpuscles. Ck>rral, -ral'. A pen or inclosure for horses or cattle. An inclosure formed of wagons employed by emigrants as a means of defense against Indians. A strong stockade for capturing wild ele- phants. Corregidor, ko-re'ji-dor. In Spain the chiefmagistrateofa town. In Portugal, a magistrate possessing administrative, but no governing, power. Oorreg-g-io, Antonio Allegrri, kor- red'jo. An eminent Italian painter ; b. 1494, B. 1534. Correlig-ionist, -re-li'jon-ist. One of the same religious persuasion as another, one belonging to the same branch of the church. Corridor, 'ri-dor. A gallery or passage in a building leading to rooms at a dis- tance from each other. The covered way round the whole compass of the fortificar tions of a place. Corroboree, -rob'o-re". The native name of the Australian war-dance. Corsak, 'sak. A species of yellowish fox or dog found in Tartary. Cor Scorpionis, gkor-pi-6'nis. A name for Antares, a star of the first magnitude in the zodiacal constellation Scorpio. Corsica, 'se-ka. A French island in the Mediterranean, sepai-ated from Sar- dinia by the Straits of Bonifacio ; 45 by Corselet. 120 m.; pop. 204,318. Ajaccio, the cap., is noted as the bii'thplace of Napoleon I., and the island as the place of his first banishment. Corselet, kors'let. A cuirass or armor to cover and protect the body, worn formerly by pikemen. In England it was enacted in 1558 that all persons having estates of £1,000 or upward, should, along with other descrip- tions of armor, keep forty corselets. That part of a < ■winged Insect to which thej Avings and legs are attached;| the thorax. Corset, kor'set. Something worn to give shape to the body ; a bodice ; stays. Cortege, -tazh. A train of atten dants. Cortes, 'tez. The Spanish and Portu- guese name of the States of the kingdom, composed of nobility, clergy and repre- sentatives of cities; the assembly of States answering in some measure to the Parliament of Great Britain. Cortes, Hernando. A Spanish adven- turer ; B. 1485, D. 154T. Celebrated as the conqueror of Mexico. Cortex, 'tex. Bark, as of a tree; hence, an outer covering. The cortex of plants consists of an inner fibrous layer called the liber or endophlreum, a middle cellu- lar layer, the mesophlceum, and an outer corky layer, the epiphlosum, on the ex- terior of Avhich is the epidermis or cuticle. In Med. Peruvian bark. Corticata, 'ti-ka-ta. The barked corals, a family including the polyps formiug the red coral of commerce. The species prop- agate by buds and eggs. Cortile, kort'i-la. A small court, inclosed by the divisions of a building. The area or courtyard of a dwelling-house. Corundum, ko-run'dum. The earth alu- mina, as found native in a crystalline state. In hardness it is next to the dia- mond ; the amethyst, ruby, sapphire, topaz, emery, «S6C., are varieties of this mineral. It is nearly pure anhydrous alumina, and its specific gravity Is nearly four times that or water. Corunna. Cap. of prov. of same name in E. Spain, a fine seaport on the Bay of Betanzas ; pop. 33,600. Cojrvette- kor- vet'. A flush-decked ves- sel, ship-rigged, but without a quarter- deck, and having only one tier of gims. COKVID^ 219 COSTEANING Corvidse, 'vi-do. The crows, a fam. of conirostral birds, including the common crow, rook, raven, magpie, jay, jackdaw, nut-cracker, Cornish cliough, &c. Corvisart, Jean Nicolas, Baron. A distinguished French surgeon ; b . 1T55, D. 1821. He was physician -in -chief to Na- poleon I. from 1800 until his abdication. Corvus ''vus. A constellation of the Southern hemisphere, containing 9 stars. The name given to several ancient mili- tary war engines. Corwin, Thomas. An eloquent Amer- ican statesman ; b. in Ky., 1T94, d. in "Washington, 1865. He served in the State Legislature, both houses of Con- gress, as Secretary of the Treasury and Minister to Mexico. Corybant, ko'ri-bant. A priest of Cy- bele wh© celebrated the mysteries with mad dances to the sound of drum and cymbal. Corynida, -rin'i-da. A fam. of hy- droid ca-lenterates. The body consists either of a single polypite, or of several united b}^ a coeosarc, Avhich usually de- velops a firm outer layer or polypary, Corjrpheena, -ri-fc'na. A gen. of teleos- tean fishes, fam. Scomberidffi, to which the name dolphin has been popularly transferred. By some naturalists this gen. has been raised to the rank of a fam. un- der the name Coryphsenidaj. Coryphee, -re-fa. A ballet dancer. Coryphodon, -rif o-don. A gen. of ex- tinct IJngulata, forming a link between the elephants and tapirs, found in the Eocene formations of England and France. Corystidse, -rist'I-de. A fam. of short- tailed crustaceans or crabs, of which the gen. Corystes is the type. Co-secant, ko-se'kant. In Geom. the se- cant of arc which is the complement of another to 90°; or the co-secant of an arc or angle is the secant of its complement and vice versa. Coshering:, kosh'er-ing, In Ireland an old feudal custom Avhereby the lord of the soil was entitled to feast himself and fol- lowers at a tenant's house, afterwards commuted for chief-rent. Co-sine, ko-sln. In Geom. the sine of an arc which is the complement of another to 90°; or the co-sine of any arc or angle Is the sine of its complement. Cosmetic, koz-met'ik. Any preparation that renders the skin soft, pure and white. Cosmic, 'mik. Eelating to the universe and to the laws by which its order it maintained. Harmonious, as the uni- verse ; orderly. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole, and not to the earth alone. In Astron. rising or setting with the sun ; the opposite of acronycal. Of inconceivably great or prolonged dura- tion. C. speed, that inconceivably rapid rate at which cosmical bodies move in their orbits. Cosmogrony, -mog'on-i. The genera- tion, origin, or creation of the world or universe ; the science of the origin or for- mation of the universe. Cosmography, 'ra-fl. A description of the world or universe. Cosmolatry, -mora-tri. The worship paid to the world or its parts by the heathen. Cosmometry, -mom'et-ri. The art of measuring the world by degrees and min- utes. Cosmopolitan, -mo-pol'i-tan. A per- son who has no fixed residence ; one who is at home in every place ; a citizen of the ■v^orld, Cosmorama, -ra'ma. A view or series of views of the world ; a comprehensive painting. Cosmos, 'mos. Order, harmony. Cosnxosphere, 'mo-sfer. An apparatus for showing the position of the earth, at any given time, with respect to the fixed stars. Co-sovereig-n. ko-sov'e-rin. A joint- sovereign ; a king or queen consort. Coss, kos. In India, a road-measure, ranging between ^ and 2 miles. Cossack, 'sak. One of a warlike people, very expert on horseback, inhabiting the steppes in the south of Eussia, about the Don, &c. Cossas, 'saz. Plain India muslin, Cossonus, -so'nus. A gen. of coleop- terous insects, fam. Curculionidse, of which C. lineai-is is the type. Cossiis, 'sus. A gen. of moths, fam. HepiaUdae or Xylotropha ; woodborers. Cossyphus, 'si-fus. A gen. of coleop- terous insects, sec. Heteromera. Costa Rica. A S. American EepubUc, bet. the river San Juan and Isthmus of Panama; area, 16,250 sq. m.; pop. abt. 200,000. Its chief towns are San Jose, the cap., Punta Arenas and Matira. Costeaningr, 'te-an-ing. The process of sinking small pits to discover a mining lode. COSTEEL OOTYLOPHORA Costrel, kos'trel. A small vessel of Costrels. leather, wood, or earthenware, g'enerally with ears ; a vessel for holding wine. An ancient drinking cup, generally of wood. Costumer, ''tfim-er. One who prepares costumes, as fortheatres, fancy balls, &c.; one who deals in costumes. Co-tangrent, ko-tan'jent. The tangent of an arc which is the complement of another to 90° ; or the tangent of the com- plement of any arc or angle. Cote, kdt. A sheepfold. Coterie, ko'te-re. A set or circle of friends in the habit of meeting for social intercourse or other purposes ; a clique. Cothurnus, -them'us. A bus- kin, a kind of shoe, laced high, such as Diana and her nymphs are represented as wearing. Coticular, -tik'ii-ler. Per- taining to whetstones ; suitable for whetstones. Cotillon, ko-tcl-yon. A brisk dance, performed by eight per- sons together. A tune which regulates the dance. Cothurnus. Cotopaxi, ko-to-psik'se. A noted volcanic peak of the Andes in Ecuador; 3t m. S. E. of Quito ; 18,875 ft. above sea level, its crater being 4,000 ft. high, and impos- sible of ascent. Cotswold, kots'wold. A wold where there are sheepcotes. The name of a range of hills in Gloucestershire, Eng. C. sheep, a breed remarkable for the length of their wool. Cotta, kot'ta. An African measure con- taining 12,000 cowries. Cottag-e, 'tfij. A small detached suburb- an house, adapted to a moderate scale of living. Cottagre-piano, pi-a-no. A small up- right piano. Cottise, 'tis. In Her. a diminution of the bend, containing ia. breadth one half of the bendlet ; when borne alone termed a cost, but when borne in pairs cottises. Cottle, 'tl. A part of a mold used by pewterers. Cotton, 'n. A soft downy substance re- sembling flne wool, growing in the cap- sules or pods of Gossypium. Cottonade, -ad. Astout, thick fabric of cotton. Cotton-grin, -jin. A machine to separate the seeds from cotton. Cottonian, -'tO-'ni-an. The name of a famous library, founded by Sir Eobert Cotton early in the 17th century, added to by his son and grandson, and handed over to trustees for the benefit of the British nation. It is now in the British Museum. Cotton-plant, 'tn-plant. The popular name of several species of Gossypium, ord. Malvaceae, from which the well-known tex-; tile substance cotton is ob- tained. The' genus is indige- , nous to both the Old and the New World. TheN. American cot- -^ , /^ ^ -r,, ^ ton is produced Herbaceous Cotton Plant by Gossypium barbadense; that grown in S. America is obtained from G. peru- vianum, called also kidney-cotton. The indigenous Indian species is G. herbaceum, which yields a short-stapled cotton. Cotton-press, -pres. A machine for pressing cotton into bales. Cottus, 'tus. A gen. of teleostean fishes, including the bull-head or miller's-thumb, the sea-scorpion, and father-lasher. Cotyledon, -il-e'don. The seed-leaf; the first leaf or leaves of the embryo plant. Cougrar, ko'gar A voracioui quadruped of the catkiud,bysome called the puma or red tiger. It is one of the most destructive _s^ of the animals of ^ America, partic- ularly in the warmer climates. Cotylophora, -of 6-ra. A name applied Cougar. COUCHEE 221 COUNTESS to all bovine and cervine animals (except Tragulus and tbe camels), the placenta being cotyledonai-y. Couchee, kush-a. Bed-time ; a visit re- ceived about bed-time ; opposed to levee. Cougrnar, kug'nar. A three-masted Ma- Cougnar. lay boat, rigged with square sails. It is broaid, sits low in the water, and is decked or not according to fancy. Coulisse, ko-les. A piece of timber vtith a groove in it, as the slides in which the side scenes of a theatre run, the upright posts of a Hoodgate or sluice, &c. One of the side scenes of the stage In a theatre, or the space included between the side scenes. Coulter, kSFter. An iron blade or knife inserted into the beam of a plow for the purpose of cutting the ground in front of the plowshare. Coulter-neb, kolt'er-neb. A popular name for the sea-bird otherwise known as the puffin. Coumaron, ko-ma-ron. The native name of the tree (Dipterix odorata), ord. Leguminosffi, which yields the sweet- scented Tonka bean of the perfumers. Count, kount. A title of nobility, equiv- alent to the English earl, and whose do- main is a county. C. Palatine, formerly the proprietor of a county, who had his own courts, appointed judges and law of- ficers, and could pardon criminals. Counter, 'er. A term in nmsic. That part of a horse's forehand between the shoulders and under the neck. In a ship, an arched space between the bottom of the stern and the Aving-transoms and but- tock. The heel part of a boot. Counterba lance, koun'ter-bal-ans. Equal weight, power, or agency acting in opposition to anything. A weight to bal- ance the vibrating parts of machinery upon their axis ; also, a weight by which a lever acted upon by an intermitting force is returned to its position. Counter-flory, -tio-ri. In Her, denoting that flowers with which an ordinary is adorned stand opposite each other alter- nately. Counter-irritant, -ir-it-ant. In Med. a substance employed to produce an arti- ficial or secondary disease, in order to re- lieve the primary one. The commonest counter-irritants are mustard, cantharides or Spanish flies, tartar emetic, setons and the actual cautery. Countermand, -mand. A contrary or- der ; revocation of a former order or com- mand. Countermark, -mark. A mark added to marks already existing for greater se- curity or more sure identification. A fig- ure or inscription stamped on ancient coins after they had been struck, pointing to a change of value or showing that the money had been taken from an enemy. An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses to disguise their age. Countermine, -mln. Milit., a gallery running underground in search of the enemy's mine to defeat its effect. A strat- agem or project to frustrate any contriv- ance. Counterpane,- pan. A bed-cover ; a quilt. Counterplot, -plot. A plot or artifloe opposed to another. Counterpoint, -point. In Music, a term used as an equivalent of harmony ; also as meaning the art of musical compo- sition generally. Counter-pointe. In Her. when two chevrons meet with their points in the centre of the escutcheon. Counterproof, -prof. In Engr. an im- pression yielded by a newly printed proof of a plate, by passing the proof again through the press with a fresh sheet of paper. Counterround, -round. A body of officers going to inspect the sentinels. Counterscarp, -kiirp. In Fort, the ex- terior talus or slope of the ditch ; some- times the whole covered way, with its parapet and glacis. Countersign, -sin, A private signal given to soldiers on guard, with orders to let no man pass unless he first gives that sign. A watchword in various secret oiv ders. The signature of a subordinate olfi- cer to a writing signed by the principal. Countersink, -singk. A drill or brace- bit for countersinking. The cavity for re- ceiving the head of a screw or bolt. Coxuitess, kount'es. The wife of an COUTifTEY COUSm-GEEMAN earl or count, or a lady possessed of the dignity in her own right. Country, kun'tri. A tract of land; a kingdom. Eural parts of a region, as op- posed to cities or towns. Land, as op- posed to water. County, koun'ti. Originally, the dis- trict or territory of a count or earl. Now, a district of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory for certain purposes in the administi-ation of justice. Coup, ko. A French terra for stroke or blow, and used to convey the general idea of promptness and force. Coupe, -pa. The front seats of a French diligence ; the front compartment of a first-class railway carriage. A four- wheeled carriage carrying two inside, with a seat for the driver oh the outside. Couped, kupt. In Her. a term used to express that the head or any limb of an animal is cut off from the trunk : in con- tradistinction to erased, which indicates that the head or limb is torn off. Couple-close, kup'1-klos. In Arch, a pair of spars for a roof; couples. In Her. the fourth of a chevron, never borne but In pau's except there is a chevron between them. Couplingr-box, - i n g - boks. In Mach. the box or ring of metal connecting the contiguous ends of two lengths of shaft. Coupon, kd'pon. An in- terest certificate attached to transferable bonds given for a term of years. One r'r^„t'i\"'t. v^^ of a series of tickets which Couphng-box. binds the issuer to perform some service, or give vaj^ue for certain amounts at dif- ferent pepiods, in consideration of money received. Courant, -rant'. In Her. ahorse, hound, or other beast represented running. A piece of music in triple time; also, a kind of dance, consisting of a time, a step, a balance, and a couple. A cu'culating gazette ; the title of a newspaper. Courap, -rap'. A distemper in the E. In- dies, in which there is a perpetual irrita- tion and eruption. Courier, 're-er. A messenger sent ex- press with letters or dispatches. A trav- ehng servant whose especial duty is to make all arrangements at hotels on the journey. A frequent title of a newspaper. Course, kors. In a general sense, a moving or motion forward in any direc- ytion; a continuous progression or advance. Disk The direction of motion ; the line iu which a body moves. In pedestrianism and horse-racing, the ground or distance to be covered. I'he charge of one mounted knight or champion against another in the lists. The period occupied by a revolution of the moon, or of the earth round the sun. The continual advance or progi-ess of anything. The part of a meal served at on.e time. Courser, 'er. A swift horse ; a runner ; a war horse. One who pursues the sport of coursing hares. One of the gen. of grallatorial birds (Cursorius), belonging to the plover tribe, Chariadriada?. One of the order of birds called Cursores or runners. Court, kort. An Inclosed uncovered area, behind or in front of a house, or surround- ed by buildings ; a court-yard. A palace; the place of residence of a king or sover- eign prince. All the surroundings of a sovereign in his regal state; the body of persons composing the retinue or council of a monarch. Courtezan, 'e-zan. A woman who pros- titutes herself for hire. Court-gnide, 'gid. A directory or book containing the addresses of the nobihty and gently. Court-house, 'hous. A house in which established courts are held. Court-martial, -mar'shal. A court con- sisting of mihtaiy or naval officers, forth© trial of military and naval ofl'enses, the members acting both as judge and jury. Court-plaster, 'plas-ter. Silk varnished over with a solution of isinglass, often per- fumed with benzoin, used for covering sUght wounds. Coury, kou'ri. A superior catechu made in India from the nuts of Areca Catechu. Cous-COUS, koz'koz. A favorite W. Af- rican dish, consisting of millet-flour, flesh, and the leaves of the Adansonia digitata, or baobab. Cousin, kuz'n. In a general sense, one collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister. Specifically, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt. In the sec- ond generation they are called second cousins. A title given by a king to a no- bleman, particulai'Iy to those of the Coun- cil. Cousin, Victor, koo'zang. A distin- guished French philosopher ; b. 1792, d. 1867. He was the founder of Systematic Eclecticism. Cousin-grerman, -jer-man. A cousin i^ the first generation ; a fii-st cousin. COUSSINET COWLET Coussinet, kGs-si-net. The crowning- stone of a pier. The ornament in the Ionic capital beween the abacus and the echinus. Couteau., ko-to'. A short dagger in use during the middle ages ; a hanger. Couthon, G-eorges, koo-tong. A mem- ber of the bloody French triumvirate, his associates being Robespierre and St. Just; B. 1T56, guillotined July 28, 1T94. Couvade, -viid. A singular custom prev- alent among some of the primitive races in all parts of the world. After the birth of a child the father takes to bed and re- ceives the food and complimenxs usually given to the mother. Travelers _ have met with the custom among the Chinese, the Dyaks of Borneo, the negroes, the ab- original tribes of N. and S. America, &c. Cove, kov. A small inlet, creek or bay. Any kind of concave molding ; the con- cavity of a vault. C. bracketing, the wooden skeleton forming a cove. Ck)ved, kovd. Forming an arch ; curv- Coved Ceiling. ing. C. ceiling, a ceiling coved or arched at its junction with the side Avails. Covenanter, kuv'en-ant-er. One who makes a covenant. A term applied to those who joined in the Solemn League and Covenant in Scotland, and in particular those who forcibly resisted the government of Charles II. Coventry, 'n-try. One of the oldest English cities, 18 m. N. E. of Birmingham, noted for its beautiful cathedral. It has large manufactories of lace, ribbons, &c.; ,• pop. 43,790. Coverdale, Miles. An English prel- ate, and one of the earUest reformers ; B. 1467, ». 1568. He published the first entire English Bible, 1535. Coverlet, 'er-let. The upper covering of abed. Cover-point, -point. A fielder in the game of cricket, who stands behind I)oint, and whose duty is to stop the ball. Covey, 'e. A brood of birds ; an old fowl with her brood ; a number of fowls to- gether ; as a covey of partridges. A com- pany; a set. Cow, kou. The general term applied to the females of the gen. Bos or ox. Sea- cow, the Manatus, a gen. of herbivorous cetaceans. Co"W-boy, 'boi. A person who has charge of cattle. The name given to a band of marauders during the American Revolu- tion, who infested the neutral ground be- tween the Bi-itish and American lines, and plundered the Revolutionists ; tory refugees. Cow-bunting, kou'bunt-ing. The Mo- lothrus pecoris, belonging to the fam. Sturnidse or starUng tribe ; forming one of the many connecting links between that family and the Fringillida? or finches. Its most remarkable trait is the practice of dropping its eggs into the nests of other birds, and abandoning its progeny to the care of strangers. It has never been known to drop more than one egg into the same nest. Cow-catdier, 'kach-er. A strong fram« Locomotive with Cow-catcher. In front of locomotives for removing oV structions from the rails. Cowhagre, 'aj. The hairs of the pod of a leguminous plant, Mucuna pruriens. They easily penetrate the skin, and pro- duce an intolerable itching. They are em- ployed medicinally as a mechanical ver- mimge. Cowish, 'ish. A plant found in the val- lev of the Oregon. The root is of the size of a walnut, and resembles in taste the sweet-potato. CoAvl, koul. A hood, especially a monk's hood. A covering for the top of a chim- ney, which turns with the wind. A wire cap on the top of an engine funnel. Cowley, Abraham. An English poet ; B. 1618, D. 1667. COW-LICK 224 CEAKE Cow-lick, kou'lik. A reversed tuft of >air on the human forehead. Cowpens. A village in Spartanburg dis- trict, S. Carolina, noted for a brilliant vic- tory by the Americans, under Gen. Morgan over the British, under Col. Tarleton, Jan. IT, 1781. Cowper, William. An English poet, B. 1731, D. ISUO. He became insane be- fore his death. Crabbe, George An English poet ; b. 17M, 1). lS.3-i. Cow-pox, 'poks. The vaccine disease which appears on the teats of a cow, in the form of vesicles, containing a limpid fluid or virus capable of communicating genuine cow-pox to the human subject, and of conferring, in a great majority of instances, complete security against small- pox. The disease called grease, in the horse's heel, is said to possess the same virtue. Cowry, 'ri. A small gasterop'odous shell, the Cypraea moneta, used for coin in parts of Africa and Asia. They vaiy in value. In India 6,000 to T,000 are equal to a ru- pee (50 cents), while in the interior of Africa 600 are worth about the same. The name is also given to other shells of the gen. Cypraea. Coxcomb, koks'kom. The comb resem- bling that of a cock which licensed fools wore formerly in their caps; hence used often for the cap itself. A fop ; a vain, showy fellow. The name given to a fasciated variety of Celosia cristata. Coxswain, 'wen. The person who steers a boat ; the captain of a boat's crew. Coyote, koi-ot. The American prairie wolf (Canis ochropus or Lyciscus latrans). Coypou, 'po. The native name of a S. American rodent mammal, the Myopota- mus coypus, valued for its fur, which was formerly used in the manufacture of hats. Crab, krab. A popular name for all the ten-footed, short-tailed crustaceans con- stituting the sub-ord. Brachyura, ord. Decapoda, comprising many genera. The common large edible crab belongs to the gen. Cancer ; the small edible crab to the gen. Carcinus ; the long-armedcrabto the gen. Corystes ; the hermit-crab to the gen. Pagurus, and the land-crab to the gen. Gecarcinus. Cancer, a sign in the zodiac. A name given to various machines, used in building operations for raising weights, and in loading and discharging vessels. A machine used in rope- works for stretching the yarn to its fullest extent before it is worked into strands. Grab's eyes, ia materia medica, concretions formed in the stomach of the crayfish, formerly when powdered in much repute as antacids. To catch a crab, in rowing, to miss a stroke and fall backwards. Crab-apple, 'ap-1. A wild apple ; also a small cultivated apple. Crab-catcher, 'kach-er. A species of bittern, the Herodias vkescens, indigenous to Jamaica. Crabronidae, kra-bro'ni-de. A fam. of hymenopterous insects, sec. Aculeata, sub-sec. ^ossores or false wasps, including several genera, the type gen. being Crabro. Cracidae, kras'i-de. The curassows, a fam. of galUnaceous birds, which connect the Insessores with the Easores. The typical gen. is Crax. Cracker, krak'er. A small firework filled with combustible matter, which explodes with a smart crack or with a series of sharp noises. A small rich biscuit. A bird, the pin-tail duck. (Anas acuta). Crackling, 'ling. Slight abrupt reports frequently repeated. The browned skin of roast pig. A kind of cake used for dogs' food, made from the refuse of tal- low-melting. Cracksman, kraks'man. A burglar. Cracovienne, kra-ko-ve-en'. The fa- vorite dance of the Polish peasantry around Cracow. Cracow, kra'ko. An Austrian city, on the Vistula, 160 m. 8. W. of Warsaw; the ancient cap. of Poland, many of whose kings are buried in its cathedral ; pop. abt. 51,000. Cracowes, Hcoz. Long-toed boots or shoes, introduced in 13S4 — named from the city of Cracow ; worn now by some comic athletes. Crag, krag. A steep, rug- ged rock ; a rough broken rock, or point of a rock. In Geol. shelly deposits of the older pliocene period, sub-di ' vided into three members, the upper or mammaliferous crag, the red crag and the lower or coralline crag. Crag and tail, a form of secondary hills, in which a precipitous front is presented to the Cracowes. west or north-west, while the opposite side is a sloping declivity. The rock on which Edinburgh Castle stands presents a fine example. Crake, krak. Crex, a gen. of migratory grallatorial birds, fam, EaUidse. The beek CKAM CEAWFOED known species is the corncrake or land- rail (Crex pratensis). Cram, kram. In weaving, awarpliaving more than two threads in each dent or split of the reed. Matters of fiict, as dis- tinguished from principles, committed to Kitmory with a view to immediate tise ; information acquired hurriedly for an ex- amination or other special purpose. A lie. Crampit, 'pit. A piece of metal at the end of the scabbard of a sword ; a piece of iron wth small spikes in it, for keeping the foot firm on ice. Crampoon, 'pon. An iron instrument fastened to the shoes of a storming party, to assist them in climbing a rampart. An apparatus used in the raising of timber or stones. Cramp-ringr, kramp'ring. A ring of gold or silver, which, after being blessed by the English sovereign, was formerly "believed to cure cramp and falling sick- ness. The custom of blessing great num- bers on Good Friday, continued down to the time of Queen Mary. _ Crane, krun. A migratory grallato- rial or wading bird of the gen. Grus, fam. Gruidai, hav- ing long legs and a long neck, being; destined to Avadej and seek their Ibod : among grass and | reeds in marsky j grounds. A ma- chine for raising great weights, con- Btructed on the prln- f\^Tm^^A./\.»ria ciple of the wheel Crowned Crane. and axle, cog-wheel and wheel and pinion. A machine for weighing goods on the principle of the crane for lifting weights. A movable iron arm attiiched to tlie side of a fire-place, used for supporting a pot or kettle over a fire. Naut. pieces at a vessel's side for stowing boats or spars upon. A siphon for drawing liquors out of a cask. Crane-fly, 'fll. A gen. of insects, fam. Tipulida;. T. oleracea is the weU-known daddy-long-legs. Crang-on, krang'gon. The shrimp, a gen. of macrurous or long-tailed crusta- ceans. Craniognomy, kra-ni-og'no-mi. The science which treats of the skull. Cranioscopy, -os'ko-pi. An examina- tion of the skull with the view of discov- Crank. ering the relative prominence of the or- gans of the brain ; phrenology. Cranium, -um. The skull of an animaL Crank, krangk. An axis serving for communicating circular motion; as the crank of a gi-indstone ; or for^ changing circular ui to recip- rocating motion , as in a saw- mill, or reciprocating into circular motion, as in a steam-engine. An iron brace for various purposes. An instrument of prison dis- cipUne, consisting of a small wheel, like the paddle-wheel of a steam vessel, which, revolves on prisoners turning a crank, as a punishment. A slang term for a person of unbalanced mind. Crank-pin, 'pin. In a steam engine, th© piece joining the ends of the crank arms, and attached to the connecting-rod, or piston-rod. Cranny, kran'ni. Any narrow opening, fissure or chink. In glass-making, au iron instrument for forming the necks of glasses. Crantara, -ta'ra. The fiery cross which forms the rallying symbol in the High- lands of Scotland, so called because diso- bedience inferred infamy. Crape, krap. A thin, transparent stuflF, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill and woven without crossing. Crash, krash. A coarse linen, mostly used for towels. Orassus, Marcns Licinius, kras'sus. One of the Koman trium\Trs, his associates being Caesar and Pompey, which de- stroyed the senatorial power ; b. 190, D. 53 B. o. C. acquired immense wealth through trading in slaves and was notori- ous for his avarice. He was defeated by Surena, the Parthian, in Mesopotamia, 20,000 Eomans being killed and 10,000 made prisoners, including C, who was put to death by the victors. Crater, kra'ter. The orifice or mouth of a volcano. A constellation of the south- ern hemisphere, containing 31 stars; called also the Cup. Cratippus. A celebrated Mytilene philosopher of the Peripatatics, flourished about 50 B. c. Ho was the teacher of Cicero, who pronounced him the ablest man of the age. Cravat, kra-vat'. A neck-cloth ; an arti- cle worn by men about the neck. CrarvrfOTd, Thomas. An Amerieaa sculptor, B. in New York, 1814,'d. in Lon- don, 185T. Among his works are th« CEAWFOED 226 CEEEPEE bronze statue of Beethoven in Boston Mu- sic Hall, an equestrian statute of Gen. Washington at the Capitol, Kichmond, Va., and a number of marble and bronze piocos in the Capitol, Washington. Crawford, William Harris. An American statesman ; b. in A'irgtnia, 1772, D. 1S34. He was reared and entered public life in Georgia, being elected to the , State Legislature, and afterward to the U. 8. Senate, being made president of that body in 1812; in 1813 appointed Minister to Prance, he was recalled in 1815 and made Secretary of the Treasury. In 1824 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency. Crax, kraks. Curassow, a gen. of galli- naceous birds, fam. Cracidaa. Crayfish, kra'flsh. Astacus fluviatilis, the river lobster, a raacrurous, ten-footed crustacean, esteemed as food. Crayon, 'on. A pencil of colored pipe- clay, chalk or charcoal, used in drawng upon paper. A composition pencil made of soap, resin, wjvx and lamp-black, used for drawing upon lithogi-aphic stones. Cream, krem. The butyraceous part of mUk, which rises to the surface. This by agitation forms butter. It contains about 4 parts of butter, 4 of casein, a little inor- ganic matter, and 92 of serum. The best part of a thing. A sweatmeat or viand prpared Irom cream ; as iced cream. A name common to line liquors, rosoglio, maraschino, &c. C. oi lime, the scum of lime water. C. of tartar, the scum of a boiling solution of tartar ; purified and crystallized supertartrate of potash. Creamery, 'er-i. An establishment in which the cream of the cows of a district is manufactured into butter and cheese. Crease, kres. A Malay dagger or short sword. Creasing'-tool, 'ing-tol. A tool used by workers in sheet-metals in producing tubes and cylindrical moldings. Cieasote, kre'a-sot. A substance ex- tracted from wood tar, generally obtained, however, from the i)roducts of the de- structive distillation of wood. It is a pow- erful antiseptic. Creationism, -a'shon-izm. The doctrine that a soul is specially created for each human fetus as soon as it is formed in the womb ; opposed to Traducianism and In- fusionism. Creator, -at'er. One who creates, pro- duces, or constitutes ; distinctively, the Almighty Maker of all things. Creche, krash. A public nursery fbr the Credence Table. children of poor women who have to work out during the day. Crecy (Cressy), kres'se. A village of dept. of Somme, France, noted as the scene of the decisive victory, 134(5, of Ed- ward III. of England over Philip VI. of France, in which the latter took the King of Bohemia, 9 princes, 80 knights banner- et, 1200 knights, 1500 seigneurs, and over 4,000 men-at-arms. Credence, kro'- dens. Belief; cred- it. The small table by the side of the communion table, on which the bread and ^vine are placed before they are; consecrated. In^ mediaeval times a buffet or sid^ boaid Avhere food! was tasted before being served to the guests, as a precau- tion against poisoning. Credendum, -den'dum. In Theol. something to be believed ; as distinguished from agendum, a thing to be done. Credit Foncier, kra-do fon-syfi. A mode of raising money on land in France, the repayment of the loan being by an annuity terminable at a certain date. Credit Mobilier, mo-be-lya. A scheme which originated in France in 1862, its ob- jects being to undertake trading enter- prises of all kinds on the principle of limited liability. A similar scheme in the United States, which involved the reputa- tion of a number of public men. Credo, kre'do. The creed, as said or sung in the service of the E. C. Church. Creed, kred. A brief summary of the articles of the Christian faith ; as, the Apostolic Creed. Any system of prin- ciples, believed or professed. Creek, krek. A small inlet, or cove. A small river; a rivulet. Creek Indians. A N. American tribe formerly occupying a section covering portions of Florida, Georgia and Alabama, and among the most wavlike of the ab- original races. They sided with Great Britain in the Eevolution, and in 17S7 and 1813 made war on the whites, in the latter campaign being signally defeated by Gen. Jackson ; in the Seminole war of 1818 they were the allies of the Avhites. They are new peacefully located in the Indian Territorj'. Creeper, krep'er. One who creeps; that CEEMATION 2-2T CEIBBAGE whicli creeps ; a reptile ; a creeping plant. An iron used to slide along the grate in kitchens. A patten or clog worn by women ; also, an appliance with iron points fixed on a shoe to prevent slipping. An instrument with claws for dragging in water. The popular name of a family of birds (Certhiadsb) which resemble the Avoodpeckers. Cremation, kre-ma'shon. The act or custom of burning the dead. Cremona, -mo'na. A general name given to violins made at Cremona, the capital of Milan, in the 17th century, by the Amati family, and by Straduarius in the 18th century. Crenate, 'nat. Notched; indented; scalloped. Crenarula, -nat'u-la. A gen. of the bi- valve shells of the mussel and pearl-oyster fani., found in sponges, and moored to corallines. Crenellated, 'nel-lat-ed. Furnished witli crenelles, as a parapet or breast-work; embattled ; indented. Crenilabrus, -ni-l:Vbrus. A gen.of fishes, sec. Acanthopterygii, fam. Labridae, to which the gilt-head or golden maid, and the goldfinny or goldsinny, belong. Creole, 'ol. A native of the West Indies and Spanish America, descended from European ancestors. A native of the W. Indies and Spanish America of any color, but not of indigenous blood. Creon. In Myth. King of Corinth, who betrothed his daughter Glance to Jason, the latter having abandoned Medea. In revenge Medea sent Glance a present of a poisoned, inflammable dress which took fire and destroyed the palace -with Glance, Creon and the remainder of his family. Creon. In Myth. King of Thebes, whose territories were ravaged by the Sphinx. C. offered his crown to whoever would solve the riddles and thus clear tlie country of the Sphinx, a feat which was accom- plished by (Edipus, who became King of Thebes. Crepon, ''pon. A fine stuff made of wool, or wool and silk, of which the warp is twisted much harder than the weft. The crepons of Naples consist altogether of silk. Crepuscnlaria, -pus'ku-lu"ri-a. A sec. of lepidopterous insects occupjing an intermediate station between the butter- flies and moths. Crescent, kres'ent. The increasing or new moon ; also, the old or decreasing mooa. The figure of the new moon, as borne in the Turkish flag or na- tional standard ; the standard itself, and figuratively, the Tui-kish power. In Her. a bearing in the form of a new moon. The name of three orders of knighthood, the first instituted by Charles I. of Na- ples and Sicily in 1268 ; the second at An- glers in 14G4 by Eeno of Anjou, a revival of the former ; and the third by Selim, Sultan of Turkey, in 1801, in honor of Lord Nelson. A Turkish military music- al instrument -svith bells or jingles. In Arch, a range of buildings in the form of a half-moon. Cresset, 'et. A' name ancisntly given to fLx';d can- ' dlesticks in great ffiS^fV 'WSST li halls and church- es, to lights used as beacons and to lamps or fire- pans suspended Cressets, on pivots and carried on poles. Cretaceous Period. In Geol. the up- per strata of the secondary series, first be- low the Tertiary and above the Oolite. The maximum depth of the strata is 8,700 ft., of which about 1,100 in Europe is chalk. Cretin, kre'tin. A name given to de- formed idiots in the valley of the Alps. Cretism, kret'izm. A falsehood ; a Cre- tan practice. Derived from Crete, the in- habitants of which in ancient times were so much given to mendacity, that a Cretan and a liar were considered synonymous. Cretonne, kre-ton'. A cotton cloth printed on one side with pictorial and other patterns. Creuse, kruz, A dept. of Central France ; cap. Gu6nt ; pop. abt. 280,000. Crevasse, kre-vas'.Arent across a gla- cier as deep as the glacier is thick. A breach in the embank- ment or levee of a river, oc- casioned by a pressure of water. Crewel, kro'- el. A fine wor s t G d or thread of silk or wool. Cribbag-e, krib ' aj . A game at cards, Crevasse la a Glacier. CRICETU8 CEOCODILIA Cricket. There are several spe- plaj-^ed with the whole pack by two, three, or four persons. C. board, a board used for marking in the game. Cricetus, kri-sG'tus. The hamster, a gen. of rodent animals, with teeth like those of the rat, very destructive to grain. Criclaton, James, 'ton. An accom- plished Scotchman ; b. 1560, assassinated at Mantua in 1582. He was surnamed Admirable, from his great natural gifts and accomplishments. Cricket, krik'- et. An insect of the gen. Gryll us, or Acheta of some natu r a 1 i s 1 8 , ord. Orthoptera cies. Cricket. An open-air game played with bats, balls, and wickets. Cricket-club, -klub. An association or- ganized for playing cricket. Crimea, The, kri-me'a. A peninsula of 8. Eussia, noted as the scene of the war of 1854-56, in which the Turks Avere assisted by the British and French, and resulted in the capture and destruction of Sebastopol. Pop. abt. 200,000; mostly Tartars. Criminal, krim'in-al. A person who has committed an offense against pub- lic law ; a violator of law, divine or hu- man; more particularly, a person in- dicted or charged with a public offense^ and found guilty, by confession or proof' Crimp, krimp. One who decoys another Into the naval or military service. Crimpingr-machine, 'ing-ma-shen. A machine for forming plaiting or fluting on frills or ruffles. Crinoid, krln'oid. A fossil hly-shaped animal ; an encrinite. Crinoline, krin'o-lin. An article of fe" male attire, consisting of an expansive skirt, stiffened in any way. Crioceridse, kri-6-ser'i-de. A fam. of coleopterous insects, sec. Tetramera. The type is the Crioceris, but the most com- niion species is the asparagus-beetle. C r i o - 8 p h i n X, -Bflngks. One /^a. of the three A^jf^yJ^'J. varieties of the Egyptian ephinx, having the head of a and hieraco-sphinx or hawk-headed sphinx. Crisper, krisp'er. He who or that which crisps or curia ; an instrument for friezing or crisping- cloth. Crispin, kris'pin. A familiar name for a shoemaker, from Crispin or Orispinus, the patron saint of the craft. Crispin, St. The patron saint of shoemakers; b. in Eome, 231, suffered martyrdom as a Christian, 287. Criss-cross, 'kj-os. A mark or cross, as the signature of one who cannot write. A. game played on slates by children at school. Crittenden, John Jordan. An Amer- ican statesman ; n. in Kentucky, 1776, »• 1863. He was elected to the State Legis- lature in 1816, and to the U. S. Senate» 1817 ; appointed Attorn ev-General of the U. 8. in 1841, and in 1848 was elected Governor of Kentucky. Keappointed as Attorney -General in 1850, he retired from public hfe with the close of President Fill- more's administration. In 1860-61 he vainly attempted to stem the tide of se- cession through a public convention of prominent conservatives from all sections. Crizzel, kriz'l. A roughness on the sur- face of glass which clouds its transparency. Croak, krdk. The low, harsh sound ut- tered by a frog or raven, or a like sound. Croatia, kro-a'she-a. An ancient kingdom of central Europe, adjoining and depen- dent upon Hungary, now a prov. of Aus- tria, governed bv a viceroy, called the Ban. Cap. Agram', pop. abt. 1,200,000. Crochet, kro'sha. A species of knitting performed by means of a small hook, the material being fancy worsted, cotton or silk. Crociary, 'shi-a-n. The official who car- ries the cross before an archbishop. Crock, krok. An earthen vessel. Soot, or the black matter collected from com- bustion. The escape of color from dresa goods. Crockery, 'e-ri. Earthenware; vessels formed of clay, glazed and baked. Crocodil- Crio-sphinx. ram, as distinguished from the andro- ephinx, with the head of a human being, Crocodile, comprising the three families Orooodilidaa, CKOCKET CEOSS-BEAPwER Alligatorio3 and Gavialidae, of which the crocodile of Eg-ypt, the American alUga- tor, and the Indian gavial are respectively the best known members. Crocket, 'et. In Gothic arch, an orna- ment, usually in imitation of cui-ved and bent foliag-e, placed on the angles of the inclined sides of pinnacles, gables, c%c. One of the terminal snags on a stag's liorn. Crocoisite, -koi'zite. A mineral, native chromate of lead or red-lead ore used as a pigment. Croesus, trc'siis. The last king of Lydia, famed for his immense riches ; b. 590, b. c. ; assassinated 548, by order of Camby- ses, King of Persia, son of C3TUS, by whom C. was defeated and captured, 546. Cromeruach. The name of the chief Idol of the Irish before their conversion by St. Patrick. It was a gold or silver image," surrounded by twelve little brazen ones. Cromlech., krom'lek. Large flat stones laid across others in an upright posi- tion ; very com- mon in Great Britain and Cen- t r a 1 Europe ; Cromlech, also found in Asia and America. From having been found in burial mounds or barrows, with their rude chambers filled with sepulchral remains, they are sup- fosed to have been sepulchral monuments, n Franco they are called dolmens. Cromorna, kro-mor'na. A reed-stop in the organ, voiced like the oboe, and bear- ing the same relation to the oboe as the stopped diapason to the open. Some- times written Cremona. Cromwell, Oliver. Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. The descendant of a noble English family, b. at Hunt- ingdon, 1599. He early attached himself to the Puritans, and entered Parliament in 1628, leaving it to take up arms in the civil war, 1642. He rapidly rose to the chief command, sat as one of the Judges of Charles I.. 1649, in 1653 dissolved Parlia- ment by force and in 1654 was proclaimed dictator under the above title. He gov- erned \igorously but wisely, d. 1658. Cromwell, Richard. Son and s. to his father, Oliver, b. 1626, p. 1712. He resigned the Protectorship in 1659. Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex. An English statesman, b. 1490 ; beheaded on a false charge of treason, 1540. H« held the office of prime minister undei Henry VIII. CroxLStadt, kron'stat. A Enssian sea- port, strongly fortified, abt. 20 m. W. ol St. Petersburg, on the Gulf of Finland ; pop. 50,100. Crook, krok. Any bend, turn or curve. Any bent or curved instrument ; a shep- herd's staff, curving at ihe end. The pas- toral stalf of a bishop or abbot, fashioned in -the form of a shepherd's stalf. The iron chain with its appropriate hooks, by which pots, &c., are hung over the fire. A small curved tube applied to a trumpet, horn, &c., to change its key. A slang term for a thief. Croon, kriin. A low, continued moan. Cropper, krop'er. A breed of pigeons ■s\ith a large crop. A fall, as from horse- back ; hence, failure in an- undertaking. Croppy, 'i. A person whose ears have been cut off, especially for treason ; an Irish rebel. A Eoundhead. One who has had his hair cropped in prison. Cross, kros. A gibbet, consisting of two pieces of timber placed across each other; the ensign of the Christian religion. The doctrines of Christ's sufferings and of the atonement. In sporting a contest de- cided dishonestly, for the sake of gaining money. In Her. an ordinarj'^, composed of four lines, two parallel lines perpendic- ular, and two transverse, held by many authorities to be the most honorable charge in all heraldry. A mixing of breedi in producing animals. Crosses, in architectural antiq. are of various de- scriptions, according to the occasion or purpose of their erection. They ' include preaching cross es, market crosses, weeping crosses, crosses of memorial, the monu- mental or sepulchral cross, the palm cross, and boundary crosses. Cross and pile, a play with money, at which it was put to chance whether a coin should yn fall with that side upj" which bears the cross,- or the other. Cross-bearer, 'bar-er. In the E. C. Church, the chaplain of an arch- bishop who bears a cross before him on solemn occasions. A certain oflScer in tha CROQUET CROWN Inquisition, who made a yow before the Inquisitors to defend the Catholic faith, though with the loss of fortune and life. Oroquet, kro'ka. An open-air game played with a mallet, balls, pegs or posts, and a series of iron hoops or arches. It can be played by two or more, and, in the case of several playing, they may either be divided Into parties, or play each for their own hand. Croquette, -ket. A fried, force-meat ball, made of chicken, meat, and butter. Cross-bill, kros'bil. Name of^irds, gen. Loxia, fam. Fringillidae, ord. Passeres, the man- dibles of whoso bill curve opposite ways and cross each other. Cross-bow, 'bo. A weapon formed by placing a bow athwart a stock. There are several kinds, some being furnished viith. implements for bend- ing the bow,a3 the cross- bow with windlass ; the German cross-bow, Cross-bow with with a wheel attached ; Windlass, the Chinese cross-bow, some of which are furnished with a slide enabling them to discharge twenty arrows in succession. Cross-breed, 'bred. A breed produced from parents of different breeds. Crosscut-saw, 'kut-sa. A saw adapted for cutting timber across the grain. Cross-days, Maz. The three days pre- ceding the feast of the Ascension. Crosse. The Implement used in the game oflacrosse. Cross-eye, 'I. That sort of squint by which both eyes turn toward the nose, so that the rays of light cross each other ; strabismus. Crossopteryg-idse, -op'ter-ij"i-de. A 8ub-ord. of ganoid fossil and recent fishes. By far the greater number of the old red Bandstone fishes belong to this sub-ord., also the living gen. Polypterus. Cross-staff, 'staf. An instrument for- merly used to take the altitude of the sun or stixr. In Surv. an instrument consist- ing of a staff carrying a brass circle, divided into four equal parts or quadrants. Crotalidae, kro-tal'i-de. A fam. of ven- omous serpents, ord. Ophidia, divided into several genera, of which Crotalus and Trigonocephalus are the principal. Crotalo, 'ta-lo. A Turkish musical in- strument, corresponding with the ancient cymbalum. Crotalus, -lus. The rattlesnake. Crotopbaga, -tofa-ga. The horn-bill cuckoos, a gen. of birds, ord. Scansores, fam. Cnculidffi. Croupier, kro'pG-er. One who superin- tends and collects the money at a gam- ing-table. One who at a public dinner party sits at the lower end of the table, as assistant-chairman. Crow, kro. A general name for members of the gen. Corvus, type of the fam. Cor- vidse. The carrion crow is the Cor^'^l3 corone ; the raven, Corvus corax ; the hooded crow, Corvus comix ; the rook, CorvTis frugilegus ; the jackdaw, Corvus monedula. The cry of the cock. The mesentery or ruffle of a beast, so called by butchers. Crowbar, 'biir. A bar of iron with a bent and sometimes forked end, used as a lever. , Crown, kroun. An orna- ment for the head, originally in the form of a Avreath or garland, and worn by the Greeks and Romans on spe-i cial occasions. Crowns, made] at first of grass, flowers orj twigs, but later of gold, were ' awarded Aictors in public , games, and citizens who had done the state marked ser- vice. A badge of sovereign- ty in modern states. The crown of England is a gold circle, adorned with pearls and i precious stones, having alter- nately four Mal- tese crosses and four fleurs-de- lis. From the top of the crosses rise im- perial arches, closing under a mound and' cross. The whole covers a crimson velvet cap with an er- 1, Imperial Crown mine border. (Charlemagne's). 2, Ans- The crown of trian Crown. 3, Russian Charlcm a g n e. Crown. 4, French Crown. f reserved in the mperial Treasury of Vienna, is composed of eight plates of gold, four large and four small, connected by hinges. The large plates are studded with precious stones, the front one being surmounted with a CROWIf-GLASS 281 CETPTOGAMIA cross, the smaller ones, placed alternately ■with these, are ornamented with enamels representing Solomon, David, Hezekiah, and Isaiah, and Christ seated between two flaming seraphim. The Austrian crown is a sort of cleft tiara, ha\ing in the mid- dle a semicircle of gold supporting a mound and cross ; the tiara rests on a circle with pendants like those of a mitre. The royal crown of France is a circle orna- mented with eight fleurs-de-lis, from which rise as many quarter-circles closing under a double fleur-de-lis. The triple crown of the popes is more commonly called tlie tiara. Crown-glass, 'glas. The finest com- mon window-glass, used in connection with flint-glass for dioptric instruments. Crown-piece, 'pes. A British coin worth 5s. ; a crown. Crown-prince, 'prins. The prince-royal, legitimate successor to the crown. Crown-wheel, 'whel. A wheel with teeth set at right angles with its plane. Crow's-feet, kroz'fet. The wrinkles brought out by age under and around the outer corners of the eyes. Crow's-nest, 'nest. A bairel or box fitted up on the cross-trees of a vessel for the shelter of the look-out man. Crozier, kro'zhi-er. An or- namental staff surmounted by a floriated cross or crucifix, borne by or before an arch- bishop on solemn occasions. The crozier is often confounded ■with the bishop's pastoral staff", which is quite dissimilar, Crozier. being made in the form of a crook. In Astron. a southern constella- tion, consisting of stars in the form of a cross ; the Southern cross. Crucian, kro'shi-an. A fish, the Cypri- nus carassius, or German carp, fam. Cyprinida). Crucible, 'si-bl. A melting pot, made of earth, and so tempered and baked as to endure extreme heat -without fusing, used for melting ores, metals, &c. Crucibles are sometimes made of other materials, as black-lead, platina, clay, &c. A hol- low place at the bottom of a chemical fur- nace. In a moral sense, a severe or searching test. Crucifix, 'si-fiks. A representation of a cross with the figure of Christ crucified upon it. Cruet, 'et. A vial or small glass bottle for holding vinegar, oil, &c. Cruet-stand, 'et-stand. A metal frame for holding cruets. The rough shaggy part of Cruise, kroz. A voyage ; a sailing to and fro, as in search of an enemy's ship, or for pleasure. Cruiser, 'er. An armed ship that sails to and fro for capturing an enemy's ships, for protecting the commerce of the coun- try, or for plunder. Crumb-cloth, kram'cloth. A cloth to be laid under a table to receive the falling fragments. Crusades, The. The name given to the seven great Christian invasions of Asia by Europeans for the conquest of Palestine. The first was organized br Peter the Hermit, 109G ; the second, 1142; third, 1180; fourth, 1217; fifth, 1228; sixth, 1249 ; seventh and last, 1270. Crut, krut. oak bark. Crutched, krucht. Supported with crutches. Crossed ; badged with a cross. C. Friars, an order founded at Bologna in 1169. Crux, kruks. The Cross, a Southern constellation consisting of 4 bright Btars» situated close to the hinder legs and under the body of Centaurus. C. critioo- rum, the greatest difficulty that can occur to critics, as a passage in a Greek author. Crwth, krvith. A kind of I violin -with six strings, for- f merly much used in Wales. Four of the strings were played on by a bow, and two twanged by the thumb. Cryopho- Crwth. rus, kri-of'o- rus. An in- strument for showing the diminution of £ h Cryophorus. tempemture in water by evaporation. Crypl^ kript. A subteiranean cell or cave, especially one constructed for the in- terment of bodies. That part of a cathe- dral or church beneath the floor, set apart for monumental purposes, and some- times used as a chapel. In Bot. a round receptacle for secretion present in the leaves of some pl.ants, as in the orange and myrtle. In Anat. a little rounded ex- crescence, in which the ramifications of the arteries terminate in the cortical part of the kidneys. Cryptocephalus, krip-to-sefal-us. A gen. of coleopterous insects, fam. Cryso- melidse. Cryptogramia. -ga'mi-a. The name giveai by Linnasus to plants which do not bear ORTPTOLOGT CUCTTLLira true flowers consisting- of stamens and pistils. They are divided into cellulai- and vascular cryptogams. The first group includes the algae, fungi, lichens, charas, liverworts, and mosses ; the second, ferns, horse-tails, moonworts, rhizocarps, and lycopods. Cryptolog^r, -tol'o-ji. Secret or enig- matical language. Cryptopentamera, -to-pen-tam"e-ra. A Bee. of coleopterous insects, having five tarsi to all the legs, the fifth tarsus being, however, concealei. Ciyptoplaagus, -tofa-gus, A gen. of coleopterous insects, fam. Engidae, minute beetles, found in fungi and flowers. Crystal, kris'tal. An inorganic body, which, by the operation of affinity, has as- sumed the form of a regular soHd, termi- nated by a certain number of plane and smooth surfaces. A species of superior glass. The best is the Venice crystal. The glass of a watch-case, a body re- sembling crystal in its qualities. Eock or mountain crystal, a general name for all the transparent crystals of quartz. Ice- land crystal, a variety of calcareous spar, or crystallized carbonate oflime. Crystalline, -in. A crj'stallized rock, or one partially crystallized, as granite. In Chem. an old nam^ for aniline. Crystalloid, -old. The name given, to bostrum is para- sitic upon many species of fish. C3rmry, kim'ii. The name given to themselves by the "Welsh. In its wider application, that portion of the Celtic race which at one time occupied all Britain, and were expelled from the Highlands by the Gadhelic Scots, and fi-om the Lowlands of Scotland and England by the Saxons and Scandinavians, popularly known as the ancient Bwtains. The "Welsh, Bretons and Cornishmen are Cymry. CyTiantliropy, si-nan'thro-pi. A kind of madness in which a man imagines him- self a dog, and imitates its voice and ac- tions. Cynic, sin'ik. One of an ancient sect of jthilosophers who prided themselves on their contempt of riches, arts, sciences aad amusements ; disciples of Antisthenea of Athens. A man of a currish temper; a sneering fault finder ; a follower of Dio- genes ; a misanthrope. Cynicism, 'i-sism. The practice of a cynic ; a morose contempt- for the pleas- ures and arts of life. Cynictis, -ik'tis. A gen. of carnivorous animals, forming a connecting link be- tween the civets and dogs. Cynipidee, -ip'i-de. The gall-flies, a gen. of hymenopterous Insects which puncture plants, depositing with their eggs an irritant fliiid which produces tu- mors, commonly called galls or nut-galls. The gall used in the manufacture of ink is caused by the Cynips gallae tinctorisB piercing a species of oak. Cynocephalus, sl-no-sef'a-lus. The gen. of baboons having a head shaped like that of a dog. Cynog'ale, -nog'a-le. A gen. of mam. mals, fam. Yivcrrida^. Cynog'raphy, sin-og'ra-fi. A history of the dog. Cynosure, sf'no-zhor. Ursa Minor, the Little Bear; the constellation near the north pole, consisting of 7 stars, 4 of which ai-G disposed like the 4 wheels of a CYNTHIA 289 CZAR chariot, and 3 lengthwise, like the beam ; hence called the Chariot or Charles's Wain. It contains the pole-star, and the eyes of mariners were, in ancient times, frequent- ly directed to it ; hence, anything that strongly attracts attention ; a center of at- traction. Cynthia, sin'thi-a. In Myth, one of the names given to Diana. In Zool. a sub- gen, of AscididiE, and a gen. of lepidop- terous insects, containing the painted lady- butterfly. A gen. ofci'ustaceans. CypllOIlidse, si-fon'i-dG. A group of beetles detached from the Cebrionida? on account of their small size and other dif- ferences. Cypraeidss, -pre'i-de. The cowry fam., marine gasteropodous mollusks, one of the species being used in some parts of the East as a circulating medium. Cypress, 'pres. The popular name of Cupressus, a gen. of coniferous trees, in- cluding C. sempervirens or common cy- press, the evergreen American cypress or white cedar, and C. disticha or deciduous American cypress. The wood is remark- able for its durability. The coffins in which the Athenian heroes were deposited were made of the first species, and some authorities believe that the gopher-wood of which Noah's ark was built was also of this species. The emblem of mourning for the dead, cypress branches havingr been anciently used at funerals. Cyprian, 'pri-an. A Cypriot; a lewd woman ; a courteza/i. Cyprian, St., Thascius Csecilius Cyprianus. Bishop of Carthage, i?. abt. 200 ; martyred 258. C. was a prolific writer, and his works are still considered authority. Cypridinidae, -din'i-de. A fam. of ma- rine crustaceans consisting of one gen., Cypridina, Cyprinidse, -prin'1-de. A fam. of teleos- tean fishes, sec. Malacopterygii Abdomi- nales. The gen. Cyprinus is the t\'pe of the family, vihich contains the carp, "gold-fish, roach, bleak, barbel, &c. Cypris, 'pris. A gen. of minute fresh- water Crustacea, inclosed in a delicate shell, and which s^vim by means of cilia. Fossil shells under the generic term Cypris oc- cur in all rocks from the coal measures upward. C3rprus, 'prus. An important Medi- terranean island, Ijlng betwe(?n Syria and Asia Minor, formerly belonging to Tur- key, but since 1878, under the Berlin treaty, occupied by Gt. Britain ; pop. abt. 200,000. Cypselidee, sip-sel'i-de. A fam. of in- sessorial birds, sub-ord. Fissfrostres, in- cluding the swifts and their congeners. Besides the gen. Cypselus, the family in- cludes the N. American swallow and th« esculent swallow. Csrrenaic, si-re-na'ik. Pertaining to Cvrene, a Greek colony on the north co'ast of Afi-ica, belonging to the school of Epicurean philosophers founded by Aris- tippus, a disciple of Socrates, at Cyrene. Cyril, St. Bishop of Jerusalem, of which place he is believed to have been a native ; b.315, b. 386, in exile. A second St. Cyril, Archbishop of Alexandria ; b. 370, presided at the Council of Ephesus, 431, and was excommunicated by the Council of Antioch, the same year. A third St. Cyril (Constantine), b. in Thes- salonica abt. 800 ; d. 868. He introduced Chi-istianity along the Danube, invented the Sclavonic alphabet and translated tlie Bible therein. Cyrillic, si-ril'ik. The term applied to an alphabet adopted by all the Sclavonic peo- ples belonging to the Eastern Church. It superseded the Glagolitic and some of its signs are modified from the Glagolitic. It was brought into general use by St. Cyril's pupil, Clement, first bishop of Bulgaria. Cyrus, The Great. Also known as the Elder, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, King of Media ; b, abt. 600 B. c, ascended the throne of Media 559, conquered Lydia, Babylon and other surroundmg countries, and founded the Persian Kingdom. C. was lulled in an invasion of Scythia, 529 b. c; Cjtus the Younger, son of Darius Nothus, King of Persia, revolted against his brother Ar- taxerxes, who s. his father, and was de- feated and killed ; b. abt. 470 b. c, d. abt 398. Cyst, si St. In Physiol, a hollow organ with thin walls, as the urinarv bladder or the gall bladder. In Pathol, a bladder- like bag or vesicle which includes mor- bid matter In animal bodies. Cystidese, -Id'e-e. A fam. of fossil echin- oderms, occurring in the Silurian and car- boniferous strata. Cythere, sT-the're. A gen. of minute^ entoraostracous bivalve crustaceans, of marine habit, and found fossil in the chalk and older tertiaries. Czar. zar. A king ; a chief. A title of ■ the Emperor of Russia, first adopted in 1579 by Ivan II., who styled himself Czar of MoBoow. CZARKVNA 240 DAGHIESTAN Affairs under Alexander I. of Russia, but / joined in the revolt of 1S81, and was elect- ' od president of tho temporal y government. ( Hi* son, Prince Ladislaus, b. 1828, mar- ried a daughter of Queen Christina of Spain, aiid mudo his homo in England. Czemy, Q-eorg-e, zair'ne. Tho son of a Servian i)easant, it. 1770, who raised hiin- Belftotho leadership of his countrymen in their revolt against the Turks, captured Belgrade, and on peace being declared was ] elected governor and recognized as prince* of Servia by tho Sultan. During the in- vasion of Ru.ssiaby Naj)oleon, C. was com- pelled to abandon Sorvia, and on his re- turn in 1 SI 7 was ausassinated by order of Prince Milosoh. Czarevna, zTi-rev'na. The >vife of the c/arouitz. Czarina, -re'na. A title of the Empress of Russia. Czarowitz, ziir'5-rits. The title of tho oldest son of the Czar of Russia. Ozartoryski, char-to-ris'ke. A noblo Polish f.wnily of very ancient renown and roval blood. Stephen, «. 1599, d. 1665, is called tlio Dnguesclin of Poland, and the liberator of his country. Adam Casimir, cousin of King Stanislaus, b. 1731, d. 1823; •was starost general of Podoliaand presi- dent of the Diet. Adam Geoi-ge, son of tho former, B. 1770, «. in Paris in e.xile. 1S61. He became Minister of Foreign DIN the English alphabet, is the 4th let- ter and the 3d consonant. It represents a dental sound, formed by pbcing the tip of tho tongue against the root of the upper teeth, and then forcing up vocalized breath, the soft palate being raised to pre- vent its escape through tho nose. When ' D follows a wliispered, non-vowd, or surd consonant in tlie same syllable it takes the sound of t, as after k, p, f, ». It is never silent in English words, except in a rapid utterance of such words as handkerchief. According to Grimm's law, where d ap- pears in English we find dh in Sanskrit, th in Greek, fin Latin, and t in German. As a numeral, D represents 500, and with a dash over it, 5000. In Music, D is the 2d note of the natural scale, answering to re. Dab, dab. A gentle blow with the hand or some soft substance. A quick or sud- den blow. A small mass of anything soft or moist. A name common to fish of the gen. Pleuroncctes, but especially applied to tho llounder or fluke. Dacca Former cap. of Bengal, 127 m. N. E. of Calcutta ; pop. abt. 70,000. Dace, das. Dace. Leuciscus vul- garis, fam. CyprimdsB, a small river fish resembling tho roach, Name also Dar, Dare and Dart. Dacia, da'she-ah. Ancient n-ameofthat portion of the Roman empire lying along the Danube, inhabited bv a warlike Ger- man race, the Dacii ; only sul>duod after a struggle of 75 years by Trajan, 105w DactylethridBB, dak-ti-leth'ri-do. A fam. of amphibian vertebrata, comprising only one gen., and, so flir as known, two species. Dactyli, 'tl-ll. In Class. Antiq. fabulous beings inh.ibiting Mount Ida in Plu-ygia, to whom tho discovery of iron and the art of working it is asciibed. They wore ser- vants or priests of Rhea, and are some- times confounded with tho Corybantes. Dactyliography, -til'i-r>g"ra-fi. The art of gem engraving. A description of engraved linger-rings and precious stones. Dactyliology, -ol"o-ji. Tho science Mhich treats of the history and qualities of hnger-rings. Dactylology, -ol'o-ji. The art of oom- mtinicating ideas by the fingers ; the lan- guage of the deaf and dumb. Dactylopterous, -op'ter-us, A gen. of fishes, ord. Acanthoptervgii, fam. Cata- phracti. It contains the flying gurnard or Hying fish. Daedalus, dgd'a-liis. In Myth, an ar- tist-inventor who designed tho Cretan Ijabyrinth, and invented the saw, auger, wedge, and other tools. Confined in the Labyrinth by Minos, King of Crete, b« made himself wings, and accompanied by his son Icarus, attempted to escape by flight. Icarus fell into the sea, since known as the Icarian, butD. Lmded safely at Cumae, where he built a temple to Apollo. « Dagrliestaxi. That portion of W. Asia Iving between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus ; area 17,50() sq. m. ; pop. abt. 2,000,000, pi-inoipally Tartar nomads. DAQeER 241 DAIMIO Dagger, da^''- er. A weapon Avith usually a t w - e d jj e d, eometiincs a thre e - e d p e d, sharp-poi n t e d' blade, used for stabbing at close quarters. In feudal times it was carried in addition to the pword, and in Various forms of daggers, single combat it was wielded in the Iftft hand to parry blows, and also to despatch a vanquished enemy, unless he begged for quarter, whence it was called the dagger of mercy. In Fencing, a blunt blade of iron with a basket hilt, used for defense. In Print- ing, the second mark of reference, t. Dag-oba, da-gO'ba. The name given to - monumental structures contaiiiiiig relics Ceylonese Dagoba. of Buddha or of some Buddhist saint. They are of brick or stone, circular in form, and erected on a mound. Dag-obert I., dug-o-bair'. King of the Franks, b. abt. 595, s. his father Clovii II.. 028, D. 638. He was vrarliko but ex- ti-avagant, cruel and licentious. I). II., s. his father Sigcbert II., King of Austra- sia, fv>fi, I) 6T9. D. III., s. his father O'liildohort III., King of the Franks, 711, but only reigned in name tlirough Pepin d'Mcristal, his mayor ; d. 715. Dag-on. da'gon. The national god of the rhilistiiies, represented with the upper part of a man and the tail of a flsh. His most famous temples wero at Gaza and Ashdod. He had a female correlative among the Syrians. In Babylonian Myth, the name is given to a fish-fike being who rose from the waters of the Red Sea as ono of the great benefactors of men. Daguerre, Louis Jacques Maude, da-gair. An iuyentivo French ai-ti»t ; b. 1789, D. 1851. He invented the diorama and the daguerreotype. Daguerreotyye, da-ger'6-tTp. ' The name given to an invention of M. Da- gucrre, of Paris, first published in 1839, by which th« lights and shadows of a landscape or figure are fixed on a metallic plate solely by the action of the sun's ac- tinic or chemical rays. A picture pro- duced by the .same process. Dababieh., -ha-be'a. A boat in use on the Nile for the convevance oftravoleis. There is a hcck lore un. 1870. He invented the IX'ihlgren shell- gun, 1847. In 1863, as commander of the S. Atlantic fleet, he made an unsuccessful attick ui)on Fort Sumter. Dahomey, dah-ho'me. A kingdom of W. Africa, ^le king of which maintJiins an army of female Amazons. Captives and other human beings are sacrificed to the fetishes. The only seaport is Whydah. Neither the area nor pop. is known. Daikoku. dl-ko-ko. The god speci.illy worshiped by the arti.sans of Japan. He is represented as sitting on a ball of rice, with a h.immer in his hand, before a sack. Every time he strieks the sack it becomes full of silver, rice, cloth, and other things useful. Baimio, 'ml-d. The title of a ckss of feudal lords in Japan. In accordance with a decree Issued in 1S71, the daimios surrendered their exclusive privileireB and to a great extent their private property. They w^ere made official governors of the districts which they formerly held aa feudal rulers. DAIRI 242 DAMASCUS BLADE Dairi, 're. An alternative name for the Japanese mikado. He is held to be de- Rc.oiided from the Bun-goddess, and as sucli unites in his person all the attributes of the deity. Dairo, -ro. The Japanese name for the court of the mikado or dairi-soma. Dairymaid, da'ri-mad. A female ser- vant whose business is to milk cows and ■work in the dairy. Dairyman, -man. One who ke«ps cows for the sale- of milk, or who attends to th« sale of dairy produce. Dais, 'is. The hij,'h table at upper end «f an HEclent dia- Innr-hall at wliif h the chief persons sat. The naised floor on which tho hiffh table stood. The chiefseatat the hlph table, with hangings be- hind and often with a canopy. A canopy or I coverninq-. Dais. Daker-iien, -ker-hen. Tho corncrake or landrail, fani. Kallidae. Dakoit, da-koit. One of a class of rob- bers in India who plunder in bands, but seldom take life. The term was also ap- plied to pirates who infested the rivers be- tw(*en Calcutta and Burhampore, but are now suppressed. Dakota. A territorj' of the U. S., W. of Minnesota and N. of Nebraska ; area abt. 150,(X)0 sq. m.: pop. 41,000. Yankton, the cap., Vermillion, Fort Laramie and (rreenwood are tlie principal towns ; the Missouri, Cheyenne and Nebraska, chief rivers. Dalai-lama, -U'la-ma. One of the two laina popes of Tibet and MonpoUa (his fel- low-pope beinjf Tesho-lama\ each su- preme in his own district. When he dies he is succeeded by a boy, generally of four or live years of a<;e, into whom 'the soul of the deceased dalai is supposed to have entered. The dalai resides at Potala near Lassa, in Tibet. Dalkey, dal'ke. An Irish seaside re- sort, « in. from Dublin : pop. 6,500. Dallas. Alexander James. An American statesman, n. in Jamaica, 1759, immitrrated to Penn. 1733 ; became dis- tinguished as a lawyer and Kepublicait politician, and held the office of Secretary of the Commonwealth and Secretary of the Treasury ; v. Idl7. Dallas, G^eorg■e Mifliin. Son of the above, b. in Penn., 1792. elected to the U. S. Senate, 1831,Attorney-Generalof Penn., 1885, appointed Minister to Russia, 1 S;37, and in 1844 sleeted Vice-President of the U. S. Sent as Minister to Gt. Britoin, 1S56 ; D. IS&i. Dallas. A tillage of Pulaski Co., Ky., where, Jan. 25^June 1, ISG-t, several se- vere but indecisive actions occurred be- tween the Federals under Gen. Sherman and the Confederates under Gens. Hood and Hardee. Tho latter finally retreated. Dalmatia, di'd-ma'she-a. An Austrian prov. on the E. shore of the Adriatic ; area, 4,670 sq. m.; pop. abt. 500.000. Cap. Zara. Dalmatica, dal-mat'i-ka. Theyestment used by the deacon at mass, worn also by bishops under the chasuble, and from a very early period by the popes when offi- ciating pdntiflcally. It consists of a long robe with larger and fuller sleeves than the tunic. The sides are left partially un- closed. It has longitudinal stripes be- fore and behind, these stripes originally being bla«ik but in later times red. A similar robe is worn bv the sovereigns of England on high occasions as a super- tunic over the tunic surcoat. Dalriad, 'ri-ad. One of a tribe of the Scots in Ireland, which occupied the Southern part of the County of Antrim. Damajavag*, da-ma-ja'vag. The name given to a preparation of the chestnut-tree, employed as a substitute for oak bark and gall-nuts in tanning. Daman, dam 'an. A rabbit-like animal of the gen. Hyrax, supposed to be the shaphan or cony of Scripture. Daman. A Portuguese town in India, 100 m. N. of Bombay, noted as containing the famous Temple of Parsis ; pop. abt. 10,000. Damascenus, Johannes. An emi- nent Saraue-nio theoloirian ; b. in Damas- cus abt. 700, D. 708. His "Summary of the Orthodox Faith " was for centuries a model for scholars. Damascus, da-mas'kus. An ancient city of Syria, famous 2.000 years a. c, now cap. of a Turkish pashalic of same name ; pop. 200,000. Damascus Blade, -bind. A sword or scimitiir presenting upon its surface a variegated aimearance of watering, in fioe lines or ml«ts, fibrous, crossed, in- DAMASK 243 DANNEWERKE terlaced or parallel, &c., formerly fabricat- ed chiefly at Damscus. Damask, dara'ask. The name pivon to textile fabrics, richly ornamented, beiner the richest species of ornamental weavinp, tapestry excepted. A pink, color, like that of "the damask-rose. Damasse, -as'. A kind of linen for ta- ble-cloths, napkins, &c., woven in flowers and fis,'ures in imitation of damask. Damassin, -sin. A kind of damask, with gold and silver flowers woven In the warp and woof. Damianist, da'mi-an-lst. One of a sect founded by Damian, bishop of Alexan- dria, in the 6th century, who dtjnied any distinrtion in tho Godhead, yet usinp the nainos (tf Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Damietta, dam-c-et'ta. An Eg>'ptlan city on tho E. arm of tho Nile, 100 m. N. E. of Cairo; pop. 60,000. The old city which stood 5 m. nearer the sea than the I)resent, was captured several times by tho Crusa^lers ; it is now in ruins. Dammar-resin, 'miir-re-zln. A gum resemblinff copal, produced by various .«;pecies of dammar, used for colorless varnish. Damn. The execration emploj'ed by those who use the verb profanely ; a curse; an oath. Generally ^\Titt€n D — n. Damoclean, -o-klo'-an. Kelatinpr to Damocles, a flatterer, who, havinfj ex- toiled Dionyslus, Tyrant of SjTacuae, was placed by the latter under a sword sus- pended over his head by a sinfjle hair. Hence, ai)i)lied to any condition, especial- ly ono of eminence, threatened with ex- treme danger. Damon. One of the traditionary heroes oi ancient Syracuse, iu whosa behalf I*>thia.s oftered to sacrifice his life. Damouch, -much'. Tho Arab name for Nitraria tridentata, believed to bo the lotus-tree of tho ancients. Da,mpier, "William. An English dr- cuiiinavi^'ator ; «. IGiVi, P. 171'i. Dampier Archipelagro. A group N. W. of Australia. D. Strait divides New Guinea and Waygiou ; 35 m. wide. Damsel, dam'zel. A j-oung unmanned woman. DeJia, Francis. An American jurist and statesman : n. in Mass. 174^3, p. 1811. He was a member of Congress, Minister to Russia and ('hief Justice of the Mass. Supreme Court. Danae, dan'a-e. In Myth, daughter of Acrisius, King of Argos and Eurydioe . seduced by Jupiter, and mother by him of Perseus. Danaides. In Myth, the 50 daughters of Danaus, semi-king with his brother Eg>ptus of Egj'pt. They were all mar- ried to the sons'of Egyptus, and by com- mand of theh- father all' but one— Hyperm- nestra, who saved Lynceus — murdered their husbands on the nuptial night. Ju- I)iter condemned them to eternally carry water in selves in Hades. Danby, Francis. An eminent Irish painter; «. 179:J, d. 1S71. Dance, dans. A lively exercise of amuse- ment, in which the movements are regu- lated by art In figure, and b/the sotind of instruments In measure. A tune by which dancing is regidated. D. of death, in allegorical painting and sculp, illustra- tive of tho universal power of death, in which a skeleton figures prominently ; frequently met with in ancient buildings, stained glass and in tho decoration of manuscrii)ta. Dandolo, Enrico. A member of an ancient Venetian family, R. 1105. elected doge 1163, held a high command in the 4th Crusade at the capture of Byzantium, the throne of which city waa offered him, but declined ; v. 1205. Several of tho family held the chief magistracy of Venice. Dandruff, dan'druf. A scurf which forms on the head and comes off in small scales or particles. Dandy, 'oare, whom ho strik- ingly resemblerigadier general of volunteers, holding that such appointment should be- long to the State, and not to the Federal authorities. Elected to the U. 8. Senate in 1S47, he was appointed Secretary of War, 1S53, and at tho close of President Pierce's administration was again elected totheHcHttte. Taking a leading part in tho pecLssion movement of 1800-61, he resigned his seat in the Senate, and was soon after elected President of the South- ern Confederacy. Taken prisoner at the close of armed resistance, he was confined in Fortress Monroo for two years, then released on bail, and was included in the Amno.^iy Proclamation of Pres't Johnson, Dec. 'Jo, IsfiS. IIo now resides in Miss. Davis, John. An English navigator ; «. 1660. Ho discovered the strait which bears his name, and penetrated to 72° N. lat. wliile seeking a N. W. passage to In- dia ; ho was killed in Japan, 1(505. Davis Strait. The passage dividing British X. America and Greenland ; 750 m. long by 220 to 600 wide. Davit, dav'it. One of two i)rojecting pieces on a vessel, used for lowering and hoisting the boats by means of sheave and pulley. t»„.^*. Fish-davit, a spar with i^avits. a roller or sheave at its end used for fish- ing the anchor. Davoust, Louis Nicolas, dah-voo', A French marshal ; b. 1770, ». 1823, He commanded the left wing of Napoleon's army in tho victory of AusterUtz and de- feated the Prussians at Auerstadt, and Eckmiihl, receiving the titles of Duke of Auerstadt and Prince of Eckmuhl. Davy. Humphrey, Sir, Bart. A distiniruished l-:nglish chemist and natural philosopher ; b. 1778, d. 1829. Davy Jones, da'vi-jonz. The spirit of the sea: aiiikker; a sea-devil. Davy Jones' locker, tiie ocean; specifically, as the grave of all who perish at sea, Davy-lamp, -lamp. A lamp whose flame is surrounded with wire, invented by Sir Ilumphrey Davy to protect miners from explosions of fire-damp. Called also Safety-lump. Da-wk, dak. A hollow or incision in tim- ber. In the E. Indies, the post ; a relay of men, as for cArrying letters, dispatches, &c., or travelers in palanquins. D. bung- alow, a house at the end of a stage designed for those who journey by palanquin. To travel daAvk is to iourney in palanquins carried by relays of men, or by govern- ment post-wagons. Dawm, dam. An E. Indian copper coin of the value of one-fortieth of a rupee. Day, da. That i)art of the time of the earth's revolution on its axis in which its surface is presented to the sun ; or the time between tho rising and setting of the sun. This is termen'8 office is to attend to the secular interests, and in Indepen- dent churches it is the same, with the ad- dition that he distributes the bread and wine to the communicants. In Scotland, tho president of an incorporated trade, who is the chairman of its meetings, and signs its records. The deacon-convener of the trades in Edinburgh and Glasgow is a oonstitutont member of the town coun- DEACONESS 24T DEATH-WATCH eil. A dignity once enjoyed by all Bimllar ofBcers in the country. Deaconess, -es. A female deacon in the primitive church. A quasi sister-of-mercy among certain Protestants. Dead-beat, ded'bet. One who has com- pletely failed In Ufe ; a loafer ; a sharper. Dead-center, 'sen-ter. That position of the arms of a linli-motlon in which they coincide with the line of centers. Dead-eye, 'i. A wooden block pierced with three holes to receive the lanyard, used to extend a vessel s shrouds and stays and for other purposes. Dead-head, 'hed. In founding, the extra length of metal given to a cast gun, con- taining the dross, which rises to the sur- face of the liquid metal. When cooled the dead-head is cut off. Naut. , a rough block of wood used as an anchor-buoy. One who obtains anything of value \nthout pay- ment. Dead-letter, 'let-ter. A letter which lies for a certain period imcalled for at the post-oflice, or one having a defective ad- dress, and which is sent to the general post-office. Anything which has lost its force or authority, by lapse of time or any other cause. Dead-letter office, a depart- ment of the general post-office where dead- letters arc examined and disposed of. Dead-march., 'march. A piece of sol- emn music played at funeral processions, ospodally those of military men. Dead-reckoningr. 'rek-n-ing. The cal- culation of u ship's place at sea, indepen- dently of observations of the heavenly bodies, from the distance she has run by the log, and the courses steered by the compass, rectified by the allowances fbr di-ilt, lee-way, &c. Dead Sea, The. A lake of Palestine. 20 m. N. of Jerusalem, 85 m. long by 10 to 12 m. wide. Its waters are intensely salt, and there is no perceptible outlet, although the Jordan feeds it from the N. It is 1,881 feet below the level of the Med- iterranean. It is generally believed that no living thing can exist in its waters, but this is disputed by some who insist that fi.sh have been seen below the surface. Deafness, def'nes. Incapacity of perceiv- ing sounds : want of the sens© of hearing. Unwillingness to hear. Dean, don. An ecclesiastical governor or dignitary, so called because each diocese was divided into de.ineries, each compris- ing ten parishes, with a dean presiding over each. A dene or vaUey, Deanery, 'e-ri. The office or the revenue of a dean. The house or jurisdiction of a dean. Deaf-mute, defrnQt A person who is mm3 Deaf-mute Alphabet, both deaf and dumb. Deaf mutes com- municate their thoughts by moans of a manual alphabet. Dearborn, Henry, Q«n. An Ameri can officer of the Revolution ; n. in N. H 1751, I). 1S29. He was Secretary of War 8 years under President Jefferson. Com manded at theeaptureof Yorktown, Can ada, 181.3, and was Minister to Portugal 1S22-'24. Dearborn, dr-r'born. A light four- wheeled vehicle. Deasil, do'shcl. Motion from east to west, ac(;ording to the course of the sun. Death-flre, deth'fir. A luminous ap- pearance or flame, as the Ignis fatuus, supposed to presage death. Death-rate, 'rat. The proportion of deaths among the Inhabitants of a town, country, Ac Death's-head, deths'hed. The skull of a hum.nn skeleton, or a figure or painting representing one. Death's-head moth, tho largest species of lepidopterous insect found in Britain, and eystematlcally known as Acherontia atropos. Kogarded by tho vulgar as the forerunner of death or other calamities. Death-warrant, deth'wor-rant. An order from tho proper authority for the execution of a criminal. Anything which puts an end to hope. ^ Death-watch, 'woch. A small beetle. DEBAUCH 248 DECEMBER A. tosselatuiTi, whoso ticking is supposed, by Piiporstitious and ignorant jieople, to prognosticate death. It belongs to the gen. Anohium. The ticking is the call of the ?oxea to each other. Debauch, dC-bach'. E.xceas in eating or drinking; intemperance; gluttony; lewd- ness. An act of debauchery. Deborah. A Hebrew jtrophetess and judge, who lived in the 18th century n. c. She took an active part in delivering her country from the Canaanites under Sisera, and is the reputed author of" Judges v." Debauchee, de'bo-sho. A man given to intemperance or bacchanalian excesses ; a man liabitually lewd or profligate. Debris, da-bro. jPragments; rubbish; ruins. In Geol. any accumulation of broken and detached matter, as that which arises from the waste of rocks, or a drifted heap of animal and vegetable matter. Debtor, defer. The person who owes another either money, goods, or services ; one who has received ii^om another an ad- van t-igo of any kind. Debut, da-bu. Beginning or entrance upon anything ; first attempt ; hence, llrst appearance before the public, as that of an actor or actress upon the stage. Debutant, -tan. One who makes a de- but ; a man who makes his first appear- ance before the public. Debutante, -tant. A woman appearing for the lirst time before the public. Deca-, dek'a. A prefix, frqm the Greek, signifying ten. Decade, dek'ad. The sum or number of ten ; an aggregate or group consisting of ten ; specifically, an aggregate of ten years. Decagron, 'a-gon. A plane figure having tne sides and ten angles. When all the Biecifically, and almost exclusively, a decimal fraction. Decimitre, da-si-ma-tr. A French mea- sure of length equal to the tenth part of a metre, or 3.93710 Inches. Decimo-sexto, de8'i-mri-seks"to. The size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when doubled so as to make sixteen leaves. Written usually lOmo. Decius, Caiixs Messius duintus Traj anus. Emperor of Rome, 249-251,' noted for his persecutions of Christians. Deck, dek. A horizontal platform or floor extending from side to side of a ship. A pack of plajing cards. Deck-beam, 'hem. A strong transverse piece of timber stretching across a ship from side to side, to support the deck and retain the sides at their proper distance. Deckle, '1. In paper-making, a thin frame of wood serving to regulate the width of the sheet. The rough or raw edge of paper. Deck-passengrer, 'pas-en-jer. A pas- senger who remains on the deck of a ves- sel, and is not privileged to go below, or only to a cabin of an inferior description ; a steerage passenger. Declinator, 'lin-at-er. An instrument used in ascertaining the declination, as in dialing, of a plane, and in astronomy, of the stJirs. Decliner, de-klln'er. One who declines. In dialing, the name given to a dial which cuts either th«! plane of the prime vertical circle or the plane of the horizon obliquely. Called also a declining dial. Declinometer, dek-li-nom'ct-er. An In- strument lor measuring the declination of the magnetic needle, and observing Its variations. Decoction, de-kok'shon. The act of boil- ing a substance in water for extracting its virtues. The liquor in w hich a sub- stance has been Iwiled ; water impreg- nated with the principles of any animal or vegetable substance boiled in it. Decollation, -kol-la'shon. The act of beheading ; the state of one beheaded. It is cspeciallv U8e^j /i„^„ Melican deer,&c: ^^^ ^«^^- Deer-hound, 'hound. A hound for hunting deer ; a stag-hound. Deer-mouse, 'mous. The common name of the American rodents, gen. Meri- ones, alUed to the mice and the jerboas of Europe. Deer-stalkingr, 'stak-ing. The hunting of deer on foot by hiding and stealing upon them unawares. Deev, dev. In ancient Persian Myth, one of the inferior spirits in the kingdom of darkness. In modern Persian Mj'th. one of a class of malignant beings aUied to fairies, implacable enemies of the Peris. De facto, de-fak'to. Actually ; in fact ; in reality; existing; as distinguished from de jure, or by right. Defaulter, -falt'er. One who fails to perform a public duty ; one who fails to account for money intrusted to his care ; a dehnquent. Defendant, de-fend'ant. One who de- fends against an assailant, or against the approach of evil or danger. In law, the party that opposes a complaint, demand, or charge. Defender, 'er. One who defends by op- position ; one who maintains, supports, protects, or vindicates ; a vindicator, either by arms or by arguments. D. of the Faith, title peculiar to the kings of Eng- land, first conferred by Pope Leo X. on Henry VIII. in 1521, as a reward for writ- ing against Luther. Defervescence, -fer-ves'ens. Abate- ment of heat ; the state of growing cool. Defiance, fl'ans. A daring; a chal- lenge to fight ; invitation to combat. Deficit, 'fi-8it. Want ; deficiency. Defile, -fil'. A narrow passage or way, in which tioops may march only in a file, or with a narrow front ; a long narrow pass, as between hills, &c. Defiliation, -fil'li-fi"shon. • The ab- straction of a child from its parents ; the act of rendering childless. Deflagration, -fla-gra'shon, A burning; rapid combustion of a mixture, attended with much evolution of flame and vapor. The process for oxidizing substances by means of nitre is called deflagration. Deflagrator, -grat-er. A galvanic in- strument for producing the combustion of metalHc substances. Deflection, de-flek'shon. Deviation ; turning from a true line or regular course. Deflector, de-flekt'er. The diaphragm of the furnace of a boiler, by me;ins of which air and gas are deflected and mingled. Defloration, -flor-a'shon. The act of deflouring ; the act of depriving of the flower or prime beauties ; particularly, the act of taking away a >voman'8 virgin- ity ; rape. A selection of the flower or most valuable part of anything. Defluvium, -flu'\'i-um. A falhng off, as the hair or bark of trees, by disease. Defoliation. -fr>'li-a"shon. The fall of the leaf or shedding of leaves ; the season of shedding leaves in autumn. Deforciant, -fors'i-ant. In law, one who keeps out of possession the rightful owner of an estate. Defrauder, -frad'er. One who takes from another his right by deception, or withholds what is his due ; a cheat ; an embezzler ; a peculator. Defter-dar, def'ter-dar'. The Minister of Finance and High Treasurer of the Turkish Empire. DEGREE 251 DELABECHEA iJegree, de-gre. The 360th part of the circumference of any circle, the circum- ference of every circle being supposed to be divided into 360 equal parts, called de- gi-ees. A degree of latitude is the 860th part of the earth's circumference north or south of the equator, and a degree of lon- gitude the same part of the surface east ot west of any given meridian, nieasured on a circle parallel to the equator. De- grees are marked by a sign, thus, 45°. The degree is sub-divided into sixty min- utes ; and the minute into sixty seconds. Thus, 45° 12' 20" means 45 degrees, 12 minutes and 20 seconds. In Alg. a term applied to equations to show what is the highest power under which the un- known quantity appears. In music, an interval of sound marked by a line on thg scale. In Arith. 4;hree figures taken to- gether in numeration ; thus, the number 270,360 consists of two degrees. A di- vision, space or interval marked on a mathematical, meteorological, or other in- strument. In universities, a mark of dis- tinction conferred on students, members or distinguished strangers, as a testimony of proficiency or as a mark of respect. The degrees are bachelor, master and doctor. Dehiscence, -his'ens. In Bot. the separating Into regular parts, as the opening of the parts of a capsule or the cells of anthers, &c. Dehortation, -hort-a'- shon. Dissuasion ; ad- vice or counsel against something. Deiamba, da-e-am'ba. a plant growing vdld in Congo, the flow ers of which produce a narcotic eflect when smoked. Deification, de'if-i-ka"shon. The act of deifying ; the act of enrolling among deities. Dei gratia, 'i-gra"shi-a. By the grace of God ; an expression usually inserted in the ceremonial description of the title of a sovereign. Dei judicium, ju-di'shi-um. In law, the judgment of God ; a phrase applied to the old Saxon trial by ordeal. Deinacrida. dl-nak'ri-da. A gen of the cricket tribe, abundant in New Zealand. Deinosauria, -no-sa'ri-a. A group of fossil colossal lizards, resembhng the pachydermatous mammals, but interme- diate between the struthious birds and liz- ards. The majority, as Megalosaurus, which attained to 40 feet in leng^th, were Dehiscent. Congo tobacco, carnivorous ; Iguanodon, however, was herbivorous. They were the land reptiles of the Jurassic, Wealden and inferior cre- taceous continents. Deiparous, de-ip'a-rus. Bearing or bringing forth a god ; applied to the Vir- gin Mary. Deipnosophist, dlp-nos'o-fist. One of an ancient sect of philosophers who were famous for their learned conversation at meals. Deist, 'ist. One who believes in the existence of a God but denies revealed re- ligion ; a freethinker. Deity, -ti. Godhead ; divinity ; the na- ture and essence of the Supreme Being. God, the Supreme Being, or infinite self- existing Spirit. A fabulous god or god- dess; an animate or inanimate object viewed as a god. The supposed divine quaUties of a pagan god. Dej anira. In Myth. , daughter of (Eneus, King of .^tolia, and wife of Hercules. She was the cause of her husband's death, by giving him the poisoned shirt of Nessus, the Centaur, Dejeuner, da-zhii-na.. Breakfast ; the morning meal. In France it is now used as synonymous with the English luncheon. D. a la fourchette, a repast in the middle of the day, with meat and wine ; a lunch. De jure, do jii-re. By right ; according to law. Dekabrist, dek'a-brist. A member of a military conspiracy which broke out in St. Petersburg Dec. 26, 1S25, on the. acces- sion of the Emperor Nicholas to the throne ; one who suft'ered death or banish- ment to Siberia for this conspiracy. De Kalb, John, Baron. A noble Frenchman ; b. in Alsace, 1732, killed at the battle of Camden, S. C, 1780. He accompanied Lafayette to America, and was appointed major-general. Delabechea, de-la-bash'e-a. A peculiar Delabechea or Bottle-tree. ©ELACEOIX DELPHINE gen. of trees, ord. SterculiaceaB. D. ru- pestris, or bottle-tree of Australia, is re markable for the form of the trunk, which bulges out in the shape of a barrel. The stem abounds in a resinous nutritious substance, resembling gum tragacanth, which is used by the aborigines for food. Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eu- grene, d'lah-krwa. An eminent French painter ; b. 1799, r>. 1363. Delaine, de-lan'. A muslin made orig- inally of wool, but now generally of cot- ton and wool. Delaroche, Paul. A celebrated histor- ical painter, founder of the Eclectic school ; B. in France, 1797, d. 1856. Delavig-ne, Jean Frangois Casi- mir, d'lah-van'. A French poet and dramatist ; b. 1793, d. 1843. His stirring song " La Parisienne," was the popular air of the Kevolution of 1830. Delaware. One of the 13 states of the American Union, named from Lord de la Warr, Governor of Va., 1610. It is bounded N. by Penn., E. by the Atlantic and D. Bay, S. and W. by Maryland; area, 2,120 sq. m.; pop. 146,608. Chief towns, Dover, the cap., Wilmington, Lewes, New Castle and Smyrna. D. Bay is a large estuary of the Atlantic, separating the state from N. Jersey; length 65 m., breadth IS to 30 m. With D. river, a considerable stream, it affords open navigation for the largest ships to Phil- adelphia, 120 m. from the sea. D. river rises in the Catskill Mountains, N. Y. State, and running as the boundary line between that state and Penn. for some distance, then forms the boundary be- tween Penn. and N. Jersey, emptying into D. Bay, 40 m. below Philadelphia. It is navigable for small craft to Trenton, N. J. Delectation, -lek-ta'shon. Great plea- sure ; delight. Delegate, del'e-gfit. A person appointed and sent by another or by others, with powers to transact business' as his or their representative ; a deputy ; a commission- er ; an attorney. Delenda, de-len'da. Things to be erased or blotted out. Delesseria, de-les-se'ri-a. A gen. of the Ceramiacea?, or rose-spored algse. Deletion, de-le'shon. The act of delet- ing, blotting out, or erasing. An erasure; a passage deleted. Delf, delf. Earthenware, covered with white glazing in imitation of chtnaware or porcelain. Spelled also Delph. aSelft, dfilf. A city of the Netherlands, 9 m. N. W. of Eotterdam, formerly noted for its potteries. William, Prince of Orange, Avas assassinated at D., 1584. Pop. 23,107. Delhi. Cap. of a prov. of the same name in Ilindostan, and the ancient cap. of the Mogul Empire, 830 m. N. W. of Calcutta, • on the Jumna Kiver ; pop. 160,420. D. is famed for its magnificent temple, Jumna Musjid, and palaces. Deliac, de'li-ak. A kind of sculptured vase ; also beautiful bronze and silver. Delian, -an. Of or pertaining to Delos, a small island in the ^gean Sea, now called Dih. D. problem, in Math., the duplication of the cube : so called because, when the plague was raging at Athens, the oracle of Apollo at Delos replied to a deputation that the plague would be stayed when they doubled the altar of the god, which was a cube. The problem has en- gaged the attention of some of the greatest mathematicians. Delille, Jacques, d'liel'. A distin- guished French poet; b. 1738, ». 1813. Deliquescence, del-i-kwes'ens. Spon- taneous liquefaction in the air. Delirium, de-hr'i-um. A temporary dis- ordered state of the mental faculties occur- ring during illness, either of a febrile or of an exhausting nature. Violent excite- ment; wild enthusiasm; mad rapture. D. tremens, an affection of the brain which arises from the inordinate and pro- tracted use of ardent spirits. Dell, del. A small narrow valley ; a ra- vine. Delia Cmsca, 'la krus'ka. An academy founded at Florence in 1582 for [u-omoting the purity of the Italian language. Delos. One of the islands of the Cycla- des group, in the Grecian Archipelago, an- ciently sacred to the worsjup of Apollo, and the reputed birthplace of A. and Diana. Deloul, de-161'. A dromedary. Delphinaptera, del-fin-ap'te-ra. A gen. of cetaceans, fam. Delphinidae, In- cluding the right whale-porpoise, or D. Peronii, the D. Commersonii and D. bore- ^ alls. Delpbine, 'fin. Pertaining to a dol- phin. Pertaining to the Dauphin of France. D. editions of the classics, a set of Latin classics, prepared by thirty-nine scholars under the superin- tendence of Montausier, Bossuet and Huet, for the use of the son of Louis XIV., called the Grand Dauphin. They are now valueless except for their Indices Verborum. DELPHINOEHTlS^CHTJa 258 DEMIURGE Deltoid. DelpMnorhynchus, -fi'no-riDg"ku8. A gen. of cetaceans, fam. Delphtnidte. D. coronatus, the largest species, is from 30 to 36 feet long. Delphinus, 'nua. The dolphin, a gen. of Mammalia, ord. Cetacea. Delta, 'ta. The Greek letter answering to the English D. The island formed by the alluvial deposits between the mouths ! of the Nile, was named Delta by the Greeks ; and the name has since been ex- tended to the alluvial tracts at the mouths of all rivers. Deltoid. Delta- shaped, triangular. Delubrum, de-lu' brum. In Eoman Antiq. a temple having a basin or font where persons coming to sacrifice washed. A church furnished with a font. A font or baptismal basin. Deluc, Jean Andre, d'luk'. An eminent Swiss philosopher and inventor ; b. 1727, D. in England 1817. He invented the portable barometer aad improved the thermometer, but his fame rests upon his great work, pubhshed in England, 1778 : "Letters, Physical and Moral, on the History of the Earth and of Man," in which the harmony of the Mosaic history with geology is maintained. Delugre, del'uj. Any overflowing of wa- ter ; an inundation ; a flood ; specifically, the great flood in the days of Noah. Delundung:, de-lun'dung. The native name of Prionodon gracilis, a quadruped, allied to the civets, but probably forming a connecting hnk between them and the Eehda?, being destitute of scent-pouches. Demagnetization, de-mag'net-iz-a"- shon. The act or process of depriving of magnetic or mesmeric Influence. Demarch., dem'iirk. The ruler or mag- istrate of a deme ; the mayor of a modern Greek town. Dembinski, Henry, Gten. A noble Pole ; B. 1791, d. 1864. He distinguished himself in the revolution of 1831, and joined the Hungarians, 1849. Kossuth appointed him commander-in-chief, but , the Hungarian oflicers refused to serve under him. He accepted a subordinate command and was defeated at Temesvar. Deme. a subdivision of ancient Attica and of modern Greece ; a township. Demeter, do-me'ter. A Greek goddess, ^ corresponding in some respects to the Latin Ceres, the goddess of agriculture. She Avas the mother of Bacchus. Demetrius. Known as "The False De- metrius," claimed to be the son of Ivan IV., Czar of Muscovy, invaded Eussiaat the head of a Polish army, 1603, and on the death of Boris s. to the throne. He was killed in a revolt, 1606. Another D. the False clauned the Muscovite throne %s the rival of Basil II. ; he besieged Mos- cow, but was assassinated by his own sol- diers, 1610. Demetrius Nicator, Son and s. of D. Soter, King of Syria, who only secured the crown after dethroning Belus, who had usurped it, 146 b. c. He was defeated and made prisoner by the Parthians, and on his release was murdered at Tyre,126. D. Soter, father of the above, son of Se- leucus Philopator ; b. abt. 185 b. c, pro- claimed King of Syria, 161, and was kUled in battle with Belus, 150. Demetrius Phalereus. An eminent Greek orator, philosopher and statesman ; B. 345 B. c, D. 284. He was appointed governor of Athens bv Cassander, 816, and for 10 years ruled with justice and wisdom. When Athens was captured by D.Pollorcetes, he found refuge at the court of Ptolemy, King of Egypt. Demetrius Poliorcetes. Son of Anti- gonus, one of Alexander's generals, re- ceived his surname from his military suc- cess in capturing cities ; b. 335 b. c, ». abt. 283. Demi-god, dem'i-god. Half a god ; an inferior deity ; a fabulous hero, produced by the intercourse of a deity with a' mor- tal. Demi-groddess, -es. A female demi- god. Demi-island, -i-land. A peninsula. Demijoh.n, -jon. A glass vessel or bot- tle inclosed in wicker-work. Demi-rep, -rep. A woman of doubtful reputation or suspicious chastity. Demi-rilievo, -re-lu-vo. In Sculp, half relief, or the condition of a figure when it rises from the plane, as if it had been cut in two and only one half fixed to the plane. Demiurg'e, -erj. The name given by the Gnostics to the creator of the world of sense. He was chief of the lowest order of spirits or »ons of the Pleroma, and, minghng with Chaos, he evolved from it a corporeal animated world. He could not, however, impart to man the true soul or pneuma, but only a sensuous one, psyche. He was also regarded as the ori- DEMI-VOLT 254 DENDR0MY8 gin of evil. In some Peloponnesian states of ancient Greece, one of a class of magis- trates. Demi-volt, -volt. In the mandpe, one of the seven artificial motions of a horse, in which he raises his fore-logs In a partic- ular manner. Demi-wolf, -vrulf, Haifa wolf; a mon- grel between a dog and a wolf. Democracy, de-mok'ra-si. That form of government in which the sovereignty of the state is vested in the people. In the United States, the name given to the system of principles held by one of the two great political parties into which that country is divided. Democrat, dem'6-krat. One who ad- heres to democracy. A member of the Democratic party in the Unitad States. Democritus, de-mok're-tus. A Greek philosopher; b. in Thrace abt. 475 b. c; celebrated for his study of the natural sciences, and as the promulgator of the "Atomic System." Demogrorgron, de-mo-gor'gon. A mys- terious divinity in Pagan mythology, viewed as an object of terror rather than of worship, by some regarded as the au- thor of creation, and by others as a fa- mous magician, to whose spell all the in- habitants of Hades were subjected. Demoiselle, da-mwa-zel. A young la- dy ; a damsel ; a lady's maid. Abird, the Numidian crane. Demon, de'mon. A spirit holding a mid- dle place between men and the celestial deities of the pagans, especially an evil or mahgnant spu-it. The soul of a dead per- son. A very wicked or cruel person. Dem.oniac, -mo'ni-ak. A human being possessed by a demon, an evil spirit, or by a created spiritual being of superior power. One of a section of the Anabap- tists, who maintain that the devils will ultimately be saved. Dem.otic, -mot'ik. Popular; pertaining to the common people; specifically applied to the alphabet used by the people of an- cient Egypt, as contradistinguished from that used by the priestly caste, called the hieratic. Demosthenes. The most eminent or- ator of antiquity ; b. near Athens, abt. 8S4 B. c, i>. by poison; 322. Demotica, 'e-ka. A city of European Turkey, 22 m. S. of Adrianople, noted as the as5^1um of Charles XII., of Sweden, after his defeat at Pultowa; pop. abt. 10,000. Demy, -ml'. A particular size of paper intervening between royal and crown. Printing demy measures 22 inches by 17^,; writing, 20 inches by 15j ; drawintr ■i2 inches by 17. A half fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford. Denain, den-an'. A town in dopt. of Nord, France, famous for the defeat of the Dutch-German army under the Ijirl of Albemarle, by the French imder Mar- shal Villars, 1712 ; pop. abt. 10,000. Denarius, de-na'ri-us. A Roman silver] coin worth 10 ases or 10 lbs. f copper originally, and Denarius of Tiberius Ca'sar af t e r w ar d 8 considered equal to 16 ases, when tl;e weight of the as was reduced to an ounce. Equiva,lent to about 7|d. English morny. There was also a gold denarius equal in value to 25 silver ones. Denary, den'a-ri. The number ten, Dendrachate. 'dra-kat. Arborescent , agate ; agate containing the figures of : shrubs or parts of plants. ^ Dendraspidae, -dras'pi-de. A fam. of 3. J African snakes, having very long poisonous fangs, perforated and permanently erect, j Dendrerpeton, -drer'pe-ton. A gen. of fossil amphibians, whose character wasJ determined from teeth and bones found J in the cavity of a sigillaria from the coal v strata of Nova Scotia. 1 Dendrite, 'drit. A stone or mineral on or in which are figures resembhng shrubs, trees, or mosses, due to arborescent crya tallization, resembling frost-work on win- dows, attributable to the presence of hydrous oxide of manganese. Dendrocolaptes, 'dro-ko-Lap"tez. hook-billed creepers, a gen. of tenuirost birds, natives of S. America. Dendrodus, -dus. The name provisl ally given to a fossil gen. of vertebrates,^ Dendrolagus, -drol'a-gus. The kangaroo, a gen. of marsupial anima kangaroo fam. Dendrolite, -it. A petrified or foa shrub or plant. Dendrologry, 'o-ii. A discourse treatise on trees ; the natural history trees. Dendrometer, -drom'e-ter. An inst ment of various forms for measuring height and diameter of trees. Dendromys, 'dro-mis. A gen. of S. African rodents, which build their nests in branches of trees. They belong to the DENDEOPHTS 255 DEPOT family of mice. D. typus is the only spe- cies. Dendrophis, -fis. A gen. of serpents, fain. Colubridie, foimd in India and Africa, and not venomous. Deneb, do'neb. The name of a bright star (Beta) in the tail of the Lion. Denichi, den'i-chS. A Japanese idol with three heads and forty hands. The heads symbohze the sun, moon and ele- ments, and the hands the bounty of na- ture. Denim, 'im. A coarse cotton drilling. Denis, St. The first bishop of Paris, niilftyred abt. 272, in the Valerian perse- cution. St. D. is the tutelary saint of France. Denis, St. A town in dept. of the Seine, France, noted for its beautiful abbey, the burial place of French monarchs, begun in 1130, and completed in 1781. Denmark. A kingdom ofN". Europe, a peninsula and archipelago, bet. the North and Baltic seas, bounded N. E. and W. by the sea, and S. by Schleswlg-Hol- stein; area, 14,797 sq. m.; pop. abt. 2,000,- 000. The principal islands are Zeeland, Fiinen, Laaland, Falster and Bornholm, and the foreign dependencies include the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas in the W. Indies. Chief towns, Copenhagen, the cap., Odense, Nyrkioping, Eonne and Aarhuus. The government is a consti- tutional monarchy. De novo, de-no'vo. Anew; from the be- ginning. Dent, dent. A manufacturer's name for the tooth of a comb, metaUic brush, or card; also, a cane or wire of the reed frame of a weaver's loom. Dental, den'tal. Of or pertaining to the teeth. In Gram, formed or pronounced by the teeth, with the aid of the tongue ; as, d and t are dental letters. Dentalid8e,-taFi-de. Tooth-shells, afam. of cirribranchiato mollusks, consisting of the single gen. Dentalium. Dentary, 'ta-ri. The bone in the lower jaw of fishes and reptiles that supports tlie teeth, analogous to the lower jaw of man. Dentelle, -teV. Lace; ornamentation re- sembhng lace. Dentelli, 'IT. Ornaments in cornices bear- ing some resemblance to teeth ; modill- ions. Dentex, 'teks. A gen. of acanthopte- rygious fishes, fam. Sparidae, resembling the perch. Denticle, 'ti-kl. A small tooth or pro- jecting point. Dentifactor, -fak-ter. A machine for the manufacture of artificial teeth, gums and palate, used in dental surgery. Dentifrice, -fris. A powder used in cleaning the teeth, as pulverized shells and charcoal. Dentilave, -lav. A lotion for cleaning the teeth. Deutile, 'til. A small tooth like that of a saw. Dentiloquy, 'o-kwi. The practice of speaking through the teeth, or with the teeth closed. Dentine, 'tin. The ivory tissue lying below the enamel and constituting the body of the tooth. Dentirostres, -ti-ros'troz. A sub-ord. of insessorial birds including the butcher birds, shrikes, &c. Dentiscalp, -skalp. An instrument for scraping the teeth. Dentist, 'tist. One who makes it his business to clean and extract, repair and replace teeth by artificial ones ; one who practices dental surgery and mechanical dentistry. Dentolingnal, 'to-ling-gwal. A con- sonant pronounced by applying the tongue to the teeth, or to the gum immediately above them ; a linguadental ; as, d, t, s. Denver. Cap. of Colorado, on the S. Platte river, 680 m. "W. of the Mississippi. Founded 1858, it has a pop. of 43,000. Deodate, de'o-dat. A gift or offering to God; a thing oft'ered in the name of God. Deodorizer, 'der-Iz-er. That which de- prives of odor ; a substance which has the power of destroying fetid effluvia, as chlorine, chloride of zinc, nitrate of lead, &c. Deontology, -on-tol'o-ji. The science of duty ; a term assigned by the followers of Jeremy Bentham to their doctrine of ethics, founded on the principle of judging of actions by their tendency to promote happiness. Departer, -part'er. One who departs. One who refines metals by separation. DephlegTnator, -fleg-ma'ter. A foraa of condensing aj)paratus for stills. Depilatory, -pil'a-to-ri. Any applica- tion used to strip off hair without injuring the texture of the skin ; specifically a cos- metic employed to remove superfluous hairs from the human skin. Depot, -p6. A place of deposit ; a ware- house ; a storehouse. A railway -station ; DEPKES8ARIA 258 DEEWE2STWATER a building for the accommodation and shelter of passengers by railway. Milit., a magazine, where stores, ammunition, &c., are deposited ; or a station where recruits are received and drilled, and where sol- diers who cannot accompany their regi- ments remain. Depressaria, -pres-a'ri-a, A gen. of moths, fam. Tineidse, whose caterpillars do great mischief to carrots and parsnips. Depuration, -pur-a'shon. The act of purifying fluids from heterogeneous mat- ter. The cleansing of a wound from im- pure matter. Deptford. A city in Kent Co., England, 8 m. S. E. of London, on the Thames. It has a royal arsenal and navy -yard in which Peter the Great of Russia studied ship- building; pop. 29,732. De Q,uincey, Thoxnas, An English Ehilosopher and essayist ; B. 1785, d. 1859. [e was the finest Greek scholar of the age, a most original thinker and brilliant writer. He fell a victim to the habit of opium-eating, and philosophically ana- lyzed its awful effects in his " Confessions of an English Opium Eater," 1821. Deputy, dep'u-ti. A person appointed or elected to act for another, especially a per- son sent with a special commission in place of another. Derailment, do-ral'ment. The act of a railway train or carriage running off the rails. Derby, der-bi. A race for a sweepstakes of 50 sovereigns each for 3-year-old thor- oughbred horses, founded in 1780 by the 12th Earl of Derby, and run annually at Epsom, Surrey. It is the principal horse- race in England. Derby-day, -da. The day on which the Derby sweepstakes is nm, the Wednesday before Whitsunday. Derby, Edward Q-eofPrey Smith- Stanley, 14th Earl of. A distin- guished orator, statesman and publicist, the head of the ancient house of Stanley, descended from the blood-royal of Eng- land and Scotland ; b. 1799, d. 1869. He was for years the Parliamentary leader of the Conservatives. S. Earl Russell as Prime Minister, 1852. DercetO, dair'se-to. In Myth, a Syrian god, represented with the body of a wo- man and tail of a fish, Identical vrith Ve- nus. Derm, derm. The true skin, or under layer of the skin, as distinguished from the cuticle, epidermis or scarf skin. It is also called enderon, the epidermlB being known &» ecdcron. Dermaptera, der-map'ter-a. An crd. of insects restricted to the earwigs. Dermestidee, -raes'ti-de. A fam. of cole- opterous insects, sec. Necrophaga. The principal genera are Dermestes, Anthre- nus, Megatoma and Attagenus. Dermobranchiata, 'mo-brangk'i-il"ta. A fam. of gasteropods, more commonly called Nudibranchiata. Dermo-skeleton, -mo-skel'g-ton. A term applied to the coriaceous, crustace- ous, testaceous or osseous integument, such as covers many invertebrate and some vertebrate animals. In fishes and reptiles the dermo-skeleton is the skin with the scales ; in turtles it is united vnih parts of the endo-skeleton, such as the vertebrjfi and ribs; insects and crusta- ceans have a dermo-skeleton only. Derrick, der'rik. An I app aratus for h o i 8 t - 1 ing heavy weights, usu- ally consist- ing of a boom supported by a central post steadied by stays and guys, and fur- nished with a purchase. To rig a derrick, to raise a single pole and step it over before the mainmast, inclining over the main hatchway of a vessel. D,- crane combines the advantages of the common derrick and those of the ordinary- crane. Dervis, 'vis. A Mohammedan priest or monk, who professes extreme poverty, and leads an austere life, partly in monasteries, partly itinerant. They ' are highly respected by the people, and reputed to be able to work mir- acles. Written also Der- vise, Darweesh. Derwentwater,. James Iladcliffe,r 3d Earl of. An Eng-i lish noble; b. 1689, d.^ 1716. He headed the_, rising of the j5nglish' loyalists in favor of the Traveling Dervla restoration of the Stuarts, 1715, and was executed the next year. Derrick-crane. DESAIX 257 DESUETUDE Desaix, Ijouis Cliarles Antoine, da-sa'. A French general ; b. 1768, killed at Marengo, 1800, He fought under Moreau, 1796-97, and under Bonaparte in Desatir, de-sa'tir. A book which pro- fesses to be a collection of the WTitings of fifteen old Persian prophets, together wth the book of Zorojister. Some au- thorities ascribe it to a Parsee who lived in the 4th century of the Hegira. Descartes, Rene, da-k:irt'. A eminent Pronch mathematician and philosopher ; B. 15t.>6, D. in Sweden, 1650. Describent, de-skrlb'ent. In Geom. the line or surface from the motion of which a surface or solid is supposed to be gener- ated or described. Desert, dez'ert, A region in its natural state ; a wilderness, sandy, stony, or rocky expanse, almost destitute of mois- tureand vegetation. Deserter, de-zert'er, A person who for- sakes his cause, his post, his party or friend. A soldier or seaman who quits the service without permission. Deshabille, -za-bel. Undress; a loose morning dress. Desiccation, -sik-kii'shon. The act of making di-y ; the state of being dried. Desigrnator, 'sig-nat-cr. One who designates or points out. In Eom. Antiq. an officer who assigned to each person liis rank and place in public shows und ceremonies. Desilverisation, -sil'ver-iz-a"shon. The process of depriving lead of the silver present in its ore. Desman, des'man. The musk-rat. Desmine, 'min. A zoolitic mineral that crystallizes in littlo silken tufts, accom- panying spinellane in the lava of extinct volcanoes. It is a silicate of alumina and lime. Called also Stilbite. D esmodi- um, -mO'di- um. A gen. of plants, ord. Legumino s as , The best known species is D. gyrans, the semaphore plant, remark- able for the pe- culiar rotatory movement of its leaflets, which move in nearly all conceivable ways ; two of them may be at rest and the Semaphore Plant others revolving, or all three may bo mov- ing together. The movements are most ob\'ious when the plant is in a hot-house, •with a strong sun shining. Desmodus, 'mo-dus. A gen. of bats, including the true vampires. Desmology, -mol'o-ji. The branch of anatomy which treats of the ligaments and sinews. Des ZIoines, de-moin'. Cap. of Iowa, at the junction of the Dej Moines and Raccoon rivers, 150 m. N. of Davenjwrt ; pop. 22,408. Also the name of a county and river in Iowa. Desmoiilins, Camille, da-moo-Iahn. A French writer and revolutionist; b. 1762 ; guillotined, 1794. He was a school- master of Robespierre, and the bosom friend of Danton. Giving earnest sup- port to the most extreme measures against the Girondists, he agreed \vith Danton in opposing Robespiei-re's bloody programme, and suffered death on the same scaffold. De Soto, Hernando, A Spanish ex- plorer ; B. 1500, D. in Louisiana, 1542. He served under Pizarro in Peru, and after- ward commanded an expedition which landed on the Florida coast, and from there marched inland, discovering the Mississippi River, on the banks of which De Soto died of fever. Desperado, des-per-a'do. A desperate fellow ; a peraon urged by furious pas- sions ; one fearless or regardless of safety. Desquamation, dc-skwa-ma'shon. A scaling or exfoliation of bone ; the separa- tion of the cuticle in small scales. Dessalines, Jean Jacques, da-sa- len'. The first emperor of Hayti, an Af- rican negi-o, B, abt. 1730 ; assassinated by Christopher and Petion, 1S06. He was the favorite officer and s. Toussaint I'Ouver- ture in the bloody Dominican insurrec- tion, proclaiming himself emperor in 1804. Dessert, de-zert'. A service of fruits and sweetmeats, at the close of the entertain- ment ; the last course at the table. Dessiatine des'i-a-tin. A Russian land measure=2.702 Enghsh acres. Destiny, 'ti-ni. In Class. Myth, the Parcte or Fates ; the powers which pre- side over human life. Destructionist, de-struk'shon-Ist. Ono who delights in destroying. One -who be- lieves in the final complete destruction or annihilation of the wicked. Desuetude, des'we-tud. The cessation of use ; disuse ; discontinuance of prae- tice, custom or fashion. DETECTIVE 258 DEYIL Detective, du-tekt'iv. A species of po- lice officer, whose special duty it is to de- tect otfenses and apprehend criminals. His duties differ from those of the ordi- nary policeman in that ho has no specific round, and he is concerned with bringing' criminals to justice rather than directly in the prevention of crime. There are also jjrivate detectXYCs who investigate cases for hire. Detent, -tent'. A pin, stud or lever forming a check in a clock, watch, tumbler- lock, &c. The detent in a clock falls into the striking wheel, and stops it when the right number of strokes have been given. Determinism, -ter'min-ism. A system of philosophy which denies liberty of ac- tion to man, holding that the wU is not tree, but is invincibly determined by mo- tives; specifically, in the scholastic phil- osophy, the doctrine that our human will is determined by a motive which divine Providence always furnishes. Detersive, -ters'iv. A medicine which has the power of cleansing ulcers, or car- rying oft foul matter. Detmold. Cap. of Lippe-Detmold, Ger- many, noted for the battle fought near by, A, D. 9, in v/hich Arminius exterminated the Eoman army under Varus ; also for the defeat of the Saxons by Charlemagne. Detonation, de-to-na'shon. An explosion or sudden report made by the inflammation of certain combustible bodies, as fulminating gold. Detour, -tor'. A roundabout or circuitous way ; a deviation from the direct or shortest route. Detritus, do-trl'tus. In Geol. ^^^ a mass of substances detached **"^w;;i^"-^ from solid bodies by attrition ; Detonating disintegrated materials of Tube, rocks, as diluvial detritus. De- tritus may consist of clay, sand, gravel, rubbly fragments, or any admixture of these. Detroit, da-trwa. The chief commer- cial city of Michigan, on the "W. bank of the D. River, which separates the State from Canada, and connects Lakes Erie and St. Clair. It was founded by the French, 1670 ; pop. 116,840. De trop, tro. Not wanted ; a term applied to a person whose presence is in- convenient. Dettingrer. A village of Ravaria, on the Main, I'i m. from Aschaifenburg, noted aa the scene of the defeat of the French under Marshal De Noailles, by the English- Austrians under George II. of England, 1743. Deuce, dGs. Two ; a card or die with two spots ; a term used in gaming. Deutero-canonical, dfi 'te rS-ka-non "- ik-al. A term applied to books of Scrip- ture admitted into the canon after th« rest. Deuterog-amy, -ter-og'a-mi. A second marriage after the death of the first hus- band or wife. Deucalion. In Myth, a son of Prome- theus, who married Pyrrha, daughter of Epimethus, the two being the sole sur- vivors of the Sabian deluge, supposed to have occurred 1603 n. c. Deuteronomy. In Script, the 5th book of the Pentateuch, supposed to have been AVTitten by Moses, with the exception of the four last chapters. Devexa, de-veks'a. A fam. of ruminants, of which the giraffe is the only represen- tative. Device, -vis'. That whick is formed by design or invented ; scheme ; stratagem. 1. Device of Henry VII. 2. Device of Anne Boleyn, Anything fancifully conceived, as a pic- ture, piece of embroidery, or cut of a gar- ment. An emblem intended to represent a family, person, action, or quality, vith a suitable motto. It generally consists in a metaphorical similitude between the things representing and represented, as the figure of a plow representing agri- culture. Hence the motto attached to, or suited for, such an emblem. Devil, dev'il. In Theol. an evil spirit or being : specifically, the evil one, repre- sented in Scripture as the traducer, father of lies, tempter, &c., and referred to under the names Satan, Lucifer, Belial, Apollyon, Abaddon, the Man of Sin, the Adversary, &c. A very wicked person, a traitor. An expletive expressing wonder, vex- ation, &c. An idol or false god. Tho name popularly given in Tasmania to a marsupial animal (Dasyurus ursinus) of great ferocit3r, A printer's errand boy; also a printer's' apprentice. The machine DEVIL-FISH 259 DHIJ throiisli which cotton or wool is first passed to prepare it for the carding' ma chines. In cookery, a dish, as a bone with some meat on it, grilled with Cayenn - pepper. Devil-fish., fish. The popular name of a large species of ray, the Lophius pisca torius, otherwise called the American angler, fishing- frog, sea-devil, toad- fish, &c. Devil's Darningr-needle, 'ilz dam* Ing-nC'dl. The popular name of various species of the dragon-fly. Devil--worsliip, 'il-wer-ship. Thewor ship paid to an exal spirit, a malignant deity, or the personified evil principle in nature, by many primitive tribes, under the assumption that the good deity does not trouble himself about the world, or that the powers of evil ai e as mighty as the powers of good. Devonian, de-vo'ni-an. Of orpei'taining to Devonshire in England. lu Geol. a term applied to a great portion of the palicozoic strata of that section, and for- merly used as synonymous Avith old red sandstone, as occupying an intermediate position between the Silurian and carbon- iferous rocks. ^Modern geologists, how- ever, do not use the terms as identical, the conditions under which the strata were deposited being very different. Devonport, dev'on-port. A small writ- ing-table, fitted up with drawers and other conveniences. Dewan, du-an'. In the East Indies, the head oflicer of finance and revenue. Dewanny, 'ni. An Indian court for try- ing revenue and other civil causes. De"W-cla"W, 'kla. One of the bones or little nails behind a deer's foot. The up- permost claw in a dog's foot. De "Witt, John. A distinguished Hol- lander ; n. 1625, assassinated bv a mob, 1672. He was a sturdy republican, and bitterly opposed to the house of Orange. As Grand Protector he administered the affairs of his country with ^ngor and wis- dom, but throughthe treachery of Charles II. of England, Louis XIV. of France oven-an a large part of Holland, creat- ing popular discontent against Do Witt, and his rival, WiUiam, Prince of Orange, was made commander-in-chief and stadtholder, De Witt being shortly af- ter this murdered \n\h his brother Cornelius by a mob. Dewlap, lap. The fold of skin that hangs from the throat of oxen and cows. The flesh on the throat becomes flaccid with age. Dew-point, point. The degree indi- cated by the thermometer when dew be- gins to be deposited. It varies %vith the degree of the humidity of the atmosphere. Dextro-compound, deks tro-kom pound. In Chem. a compound .body which causes th : plane of a ray of polar ized hght to rotate to the right. Do- trine, dextro-glucose, tartaric acid, maliu acid, cinchonine, are dextro-compounds. Dextro-grlucose, -gia-kos. In Chem. ordinary glucose or granular "Sugar, called also grape, fruit, honey, starch,, diabetic, urine, chestnut and rag sugar, according to its origin. It has its name from its property of turning the plane of polariza tion to the right. Dey, da. The title of the old governors of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, under the protection of the Sultan of Turkey. D. F. Abbreviation for defensor fidei. de- fender of the faith. D. Ot. Abbreviation for Dei gratia, by the grace of God. Dhawalagiri. One of the loftiest of the Himalayas, In Hindustan, ht. 28,080 ft. Dhole, dol. Tho Cingalese namo for the wild dog of India (Canis dukhunensis), in size between a wolf and jackal. It hunts in packs, and rims down almost every an- imal, except the elephant and rhinoceros. Dhotee, do'te, A long narrow strip of cotton or gauze, worn by the male Hin- dus instead of pantaloons. Dhow, dou. An Arab vessel, generally Slave Dhow. with one mast ; employed in mercantile trading, and also in caiTying slaves from the cast coast of Africa to the Persian GulfandtheEedSea. Dhu, dii. A common element In Celtic place and personal names, signifying black, as Dublin (Dubh linn), the black pool ; DhTi Loch, the blaf-^k loch ; Kod* erick Dhu, the black Roderick. DIABLERIE 260 DIAMOm) Diablerie, di-iib'le-ro. Mischief j devil- ry. Incantation , witchcraft. Diabolism, di-ab'ol-izm. The actions of the devil ; conduct Avoi-thy of a devil. Possession by the devil. Diaconate, -ak'on-at. The office or dig- nity of a deacon. A body of deacons. Diacope, 'o-pe. In Gram, tmesis ; a cutting a word in two and inserting one or more words between them ; as, "of whom be -thou ware." A gen. of fishes, sec. Acanthopter^^gii, fam. Percidse. Diacoustics, kous'tiks. The science of refracted sounds. Called also Diaphonics. Diadem, -dem. Anciently a head-band or Met worn by kings as a badge of roy- Diagonal. Parthian Diadem, Diadem of Constantino, alty, embroidered with gold or set with pearls and precious stones. Anything worn on the head as a badge of royalty ; a crown. In Her. an arch arising from the rim of a crown or coronet, and uniting with other arches to form a centre Avhich serves to support the globe and cross or fleur-de-lis as a crest. Diagrometer, -gom'e-ter. An electrical apparatus for ascertaining the conducting power of oil, as a means of detecting its adulteration. Diagonal, -ag'on-al. In Geom , a right line drawn between the opposite angles of a quadrilateral figure, and dividing it into two equal parts. It is sometimes called the diameter, and sometimes the diametral. A light woolen cloth for men's garments. Diagraph., 'a-graf. An instrument for re- producing, without its being necessary to know drawing or perspective, the figure of objects before the eyes. Dial, 'al. An instrument for sho-sving the hour of the day from the shadow thrown by a stile or gnomon upon a gi-ad- nated surface. When the shadow is cast by the sim it is called a snn-dial. The face of ft watch or other time-keeper, on which the time of the day is indicated. A miner's compass. Any plate or face on which a pointer or index revolves, moves back- ward and forward, or oscillates. Night or nocturnal dial, an Instrument for show- ing the hour by the sha«low of the moon. Dialect, 'a-lekt. The form or idiom ol a language peculiar to a province or to a limited region or people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people. The Greek language is reiti ark- able for four dialects — the Attic, Ionic, Doric and Eolic. Dial-plate, -plat. The plate of a dial, on which the lines are di-awn to show the time of the day. The face of a clock or watch, on which the time of the day is shown. Any kind of index-plate. Dial-'WOrk, werk. That portion of the motion of a watch between the dial and movem ent-plate. Diamagnetic, -a-mag-nefik. A sub- stance which, when magnetized and sus- pended freely, points east and west. Diamond, -mond, A mine- ral, gem, or precious stone, of the most valuable kind, re- markable for its hardness, as it cuts all other minerals. When pure, the diamond is -p., , usually clear and transparent, /„^T" ^*t but it is sometimes colored, <.^i""^aQt). the colors being white, yellow, blue, green, black, «fec. It consists of pure car- bon ; when placed between the polos of a powerful battery it is completely burned to carbon dioxide. One of the largest diamonds known is that belonging to the Kajahof Mattan, in Borneo, weighing 367 carats. The Koh-i-noor, now belonging to the crown of Great Britain, originally weighed about 800 carats, but it has been reduced to 103| carats ; the Orlow dia- mond, belonging to the Emperor of Rus- sia, weighs 195 carats ; and the Pitt or Regent diamond, among the French crown jewels, 186^. A very smaU print- ing letter. A geometrical figure, other- wise called a rhombus. One of a set of playing cards marked with the figure of a diamond. A glazier's tool for cutting glass. Diamonds so used are uncut, and BO moimted as to act upon the glass by a curvilinear edge of the crystal. Black diamond, a term applied colloquially to coal. Diamond edition, an edition of a work printed in very small type. Dia- mond fret,in Arch, a spe- cies of mold- ing consist- sisting of fil- lets inter- Diamond Fret. DIAMOND-BEETLE 2«1 DIBRANCniATA secting caeli other, so as to form dia- monds or rhombuses. Diamond-beetle, -bct-1. The Entimus imperialis, a coleopterous insect, fam. Curculionida;. Diamond-borer, -borer. A metal bar or tube, armed at the boring- extremity ■with one, or more diamonds, for perforat- ing^ roclis, gems, «fcc. Large implements of this kind driven by steam-power are now used in mining, tmmeling, «fcc. Diana, -u'na. In Myth, the Latin name of the Greek god- dess Artemis, daughter of Zeus or Jupiter and Leto or La- tona, and sister of Apollo. She was the virgin goddess of the chase, and also presided over health. Diandria,-an'- dri-a. The 2d olass in the Lin- _ . naean system, Diana, comprehending all genera with flowers having only two stamens, provided these are neither united at their base, nor com- bined Avith the style and stigma, nor sep- arated from the pistil. Diane de Poitiers. A noted French- woman ; B. 1493, n. 1566, the mistress of Henry II., by whom she was created Dnchess of Yalentinois. Diaper, 'a-per. A textile fabric of linen, cotton, or a mixture of the two, upon the surface of which a figured pattern is produced by a pecu- liar mode of twilling, much used for tow- els or napkins. A towel or napkin. The flowering either of sculpture in low ,^ relief, or of painting |V or gilding used to ' ornament a panel or flat surface. A square piece of cloth Diaper, Westmin- for wrapping about ster Abbey, the hips of a child. Diapason, -a-pa'zon. An old Greek term for the octave, or interval which in- cludes all the tones of the diatonic scale. Proportion in the constituent parts of an octave ; concord ; harmony. The entire compass of the tones of a voice or instru- ment. A rule by which the pipes of or- gans, the holes of flutes, &c., are adjusted. One of tlie certain stops in the organ, as open diapason, stopped diapason, double diapason, and the like. Diaphanometer, -fa-nom'-'et-er. An instrument for estimating the transparen- cy of air. Diaphragrm, -fram. The midriff, a muscle separating the chest or thorax from the abdomen, found complete only in mammalia. A dividing substance, commonly with an opening through it. A circular ring in optical instruments to cut off marginal portions of a beam of light. In Conch, a straight calcareous plate which divides the cavity of certain shells. Diarchy, 'iix-k-i. A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in two persons. Diary, 'a-ri. An account of daily events or transactions ; a journal. A blank book dated for the record of daily memoranda. Diastase, 'as-tas. A substance existing in barley, oats and potatoes, alter germi- nation, in solution possessing the property of causing fecula or starch to break up at the temperature of 150° Fahr., transform- ing it first into dextrine and then into su- gar. Diastasis, 'ta-sis. A forcible separation of bones without fracture. Diathermancy, -a-ther-man-si. The property of transmitting^ radiant heat ; the quality of being diathermal. Diatoma, ^to-ma. In Bot. a gen. of Diatoms. Diatomaceae, of which the ftustules are connected together by their angles, form- ing a zigzag chain. Diaz, Bartholomew, de'ath. A Por- tuguese navigator; b. abt. 1450, lost with his ship at sea, 1500. D, was the first who doubled the Cape of Good Hope. Dibothrian, dl-both'ri-an. A member of a division of the Entozoa. including those tape-worms of the fam. Bothriocephala which have not more than two pits or fossfe on the head. Dibranchiata, -brangk-i-a'ta. An ord. of cephalopods in which the branchiae are two in number, one on each side of the body. The group is divided into two tribes, the decapods and the octopodp. DICE DIEPPE Dice, dls. Plural of die; also a game with dice. Dice-box, 'boks. A box from which dice are thrown in gaming. DicliobTine, dl-ko-bun'. A gen. of extinct quadrupeds, occurring in the eocene for- mations, presenting marked affinity to the ruminants, and coming between them and the Anoplotherium. Dichodon, -don. A gen. of extinct quadrupeds, closely allied to the Dicho- bune, whose remains occur in the eocene of Hampshire. Pickens, Charles. An English jour- nalist and novehst; b. 1812, d. 1870. His works are familiar to all readers of fiction. Dickinson, John. An American states- man, u. in Md., 1732, p. 1808. As a mem- ber of the first Colonial Congress from Penn., 1765, he drafted the resolutions formed by that body, and as a member of the first Continental Congress he was the author of several of its most important papers, but he declined to sign the Decla- ration of Independence, considering the step premature. His " Fabius Letters," 1788, urged the adoption of the new con- stitution. Dicrurinee, di-kro-rl'ne. Drongoshrikes, a sub-fam. of dentirostral birds, ord. Passeres, fam. Ampelidic, including the bee-eater of S. Africa, called by the Hotten- tots devil-bird; Dicrurus niacrocercus, the king of the crows of Bengal, D. cristatus and D. musieus, whose notes have been compared to those of the thrush and nightingale. Dictator, dik'ta-ter. In ancient Rome, a magistrate invested with unlimited power. His term of office was six months. One invested with, absolute au- thority. One whose credit or authority enables him to direct the conduct or opin- ion of others. Dictionary, 'shon-a-ri. A book contain- the words of a language arranged in al- Shabetical order, with explanations or efinitions of their meanings; a lexicon, a vocabulary. Any work which professes to communicate information on a subject or branch of a subject, under word's or heads arranged alphabetically. Dictyophyllum, -ti-of'il-lum. A pro- visional gen. intended to include all fossil dicotyledonous leaves the affinities of which are not known. Dic3modon, di-si'no-don. A fossil gen. of animals occurring in S. Africa, supposed to bo of triassic age, combining in struc- ture the characters of the lizard, crocodile, and tortoise. An animal having two Didactics, -dak'tiks. The science of teaching. Didactyl, 'til. toes only. Didecahe- dral, -dek'a- he"dral. In Crystal, having the form of a decahedral, or ten-sided prism, with pentahe- dral, or five-' sided summits, 'ti D i d e 1 p h ia, -dfcl'fi-a. One Virginia Opossum, ofthe three sub- classes of Mammalia (the other two being Ornithodelphia and Monodelphia), found- ed on the nature of the female reproduc- tive organs. It contains but one ord. , the Marsupialia, represented by the kanga- roos, wombats, «fec., of Australia, and the opossums of America. Diderot, Denis, de-dro'. A noted French philosopher ; b. 1712, d. 1784. He is considered the chief of the school of sceptics known as the Enc)'clopedists. Didodecahedral, di-do'dek-a-he"dral. In Crystal, having the form of a dodecahe- dral prism with hexahedral summits. Didrachm, Mram. A piece of Grecian money, the fourth of an ounce of silver. Didus, 'dus. The generic name for the dodo. Die, dl. A small cube marked on its faces from one to six, used in gaming. Any cubic body ; a flat tablet. In Arch, the cubical part of a pedestal between its base and cornice. A stamp used in coining money, in foundries, &c. One of two or more pieces of steel forming a female screw for cutting the threads of screws. Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton, Count. A Kussian general, b. in Silesia, 1785, d. of cholera, 1831. Ho won distinction in the Napoleonic cam- paigns, and in 1829, as commander-in- chief ofthe Kussian armies, made the fa- mous march across the Balkans which gave him the title of Count Sabalkanski. He was in command of Poland at his death. Dieman, Anthony Van. A Dutch navigator ; b. 1593, d. 1645. He was vice- roy of the Dutch East Indies, 163&-42, and with Tasman discovered Van Die- man's Land, now Tasmania. Dieppe, de-6p. A seaport and favorite summer resort, dept. Seine-Inf6rieure, DIE-SINKEE 263 DIMPLE France, on the English Channel, one of the principal stations of the sea service be- tween England and France ; pop. 22,460. Die-sinker, dl'singk-er. An engraver of dies for stamping or embossing. Dies Irse, 'ez i'l-G. The name of a famous mediaeval hymn on the last judgment, probably composed by Thomas of Oelano in the 13th century. Diet, 'et. Food or victuals. A meeting, as of dignitaries or delegates, bolden from day today for legislative, political, ecclesi- astical or municipal purposes, specifically, the legislative and administrative assem- blies in the German Empire, Austria, &c. Dietetics, -et'iks. That department of medicine which relates to the diet. Dieu et Mon Droit. Lit. "God and my right." The heraldic motto of the English royal arms, first adopted by Eichard Coeur de Lion. DifFarreation, dif-fa'r6-a"8hon. The parting of a cake made of spelt ; a cere- mony among the Romans at the divorce of man and wife. Diflferential, -fer-en'shi-al. In Math, an infinitesimal difference between two states of a variable quantity. D. coupling, in Mach. a form of slip-coupling apfdied in light machinery for the purpose of regu- lating the velocity of the connected shaft at pleasure. 1). duties, duties which are not levied equally, as when a tax on cer- tain commodities is lighter in one country than in another. D. gear, a combination of toothed wheels, by which a differential motion is produced, extensively employed in lathes and boring-machines. D. motion, an adjustment by which a single combina- tion is made to produce a high degree of velocity. The Chinese or differential windlass is au example of this kind of mo- tion. 1). screw, a com- Sound screw, whereby a ifferential motion is pro- duced. D. thermometer, an instrument for meas- uring very small differ- ences of temperature. Two glass tubes, each terminating in a hollow ball, a small portion of sulphuric acid being in- troduced into the ball of one, are joined together and afterward bent into the shape of the letter U. To one of the legs of the thermometer a scale is attached, and the liquid so disposed that as long as both balls are of the same temperature it remains stationary ; but if Differontial Thermometer. the ball which holds the liquid be heated, the elasticity of the confined air will make It i-isein the opposite branch proportional to the excess of elasticity, or of heat. Digrest, dl jest. A collection or body of Eoman laws, arranged under proper titles by order of the Emperor Justinian ; the Pandects. Any collection, compilation, abridgment or summary, as of Jaws, dis- posed under proper heads or titles. Digrgrer Indians. A California tribe, the most degraded and effeminate of the race. Dii. Lit. "Gods." In Eoman Myth, there were four classes of deities: dii ma- jorum gentium, or superior gods, six of each sex ; dii minorium gentium, or infe- rior ; dii sclecti, and demi-gods. Dig-it, dij'it. A finger. The measure of a finger's breadth, or } inch. In Astron. the 12th part of the diameter of the sun or moon. In Arith. any Integer under 10. Dig-italin, -a-lin. A vegetable alkali, the active principle of Digitalis purpurea, or foxglove, a strong poison. Digritigrade, -i-grad. An animal that walks on its toes or digits, as the lion, wolf, &c. Digrlyph., dl'glif. In Arch, a projecting face with with two panels or channels sunk in it. Dihedron, -he'dron. A figure with two sides or surfaces. Dilettante, dil-e-tant'. An admirer of the fine arts ; an amateur ; one who pur- sues an art desultorily and for amuse- ment ; sometimes applied contemptuously to one who affects a taste for art. Diligrence, de-lG-zhans. In France, a four-wheeled stage-coach. Diluvial, di-lu'vl-al. Pertaining to a flood or deluge, more especially to the deluge in Noah's days. Effected or pro- duced by any extraordinary rush of water. D. formation, the name given to super- ficial deposits, the result of any unusual or extraordinary rush of water. The term is now rarely used, the deposits grouped under it being assigned to the post-plio* cene period. Dime, dim. A silver coin of the United States of the value of 10 cents; the tenth of a dollar. Dimera, dim'e-ra. A sec. of homopteroua insects, in which the tarsi are two-jointed, as in the aphides. Dimity, 'i-ti. A stout cotton fabric ornamented in the loom by raised stripes or fancy figures ; it is rarely dyed. Dimple, 'pi. A small natural depres- DINGLE DIOMEDES sloii in the cheek or chin ; a slight in- teiTUi)tion to the uniform rounded flow of the facial lines, appearing especially in youth and in smiling. A slight indenta- tion on any surface. Dingrle. A seaport of Co. Kerry, Ire- land, 40 m. N. W. of Killarney; pop. 4,700. Ding-o, ding'go. The Australian dog (Canis Dingo), of a wolf-like appearance, and extremely fierce. Dinner, din'ner. The principal meal of the day, corresponding with the deipnon of the Greeks and the coena of the Komans. An entertainment. D i n o r nis, di- ..-•""■•.. nor'-nis. A gen. of % \ extinct cursorial ] \ birds, of gigantic j \ size, which formerly! '\ inhabited New Zea- • " -..^ land. The largest \ must have stood at \ least 14 feet in height, \ and probably more. By ""'--^^ the natives they are called moa? It is supposed they became extinct in the 17th or 18th cen- tury, as traditions are still cur- rent concerning them. Dinotlieriuni,-no-thc'ri-um . A gen. of extinct gigantic mam-_ mals occurring in the strata of Dinornis. the tertiary formation. The remains have been found in Hesse Darm sudt, also in several parts of France, Ba Dinotherium restored. varia and Austria. The largest species hitherto discovered (D. giganteum)is cal- culated to have attained the length of 18 feet. It had a proboscis and two tusks. Kaup regards it as intermediate between the mastodons and tapirs, and terrestrial, while Blainville and Pictet regard it as allied to the sea-cows. Diocese, '6-ses. The circuit or extent o f a bishop's jurisdiction; an ecclesiastical division of a kingdom or state, subject to the authority of a bishop. Diocletian, Caius Valerius Aure- lius Diocletianus A Eoman general: B. abt. 245 A, D., proclaimed emperor by the imperial guard after the assassination of Numerianus, 284. D. divided tlie em- pire with Maximian, and governed Asia and Egypt. In 803 he signed an edict against the Christians, abdicated power 304, and d. 313. * n Dioctaliedral, -ok'ta-be"dral. In Ciys- tal. having the form of an octahedral prism with tetrahedml summits. Diodon, '6-don. A Linnasan gen. of teleostean fishes now giving its name to a Diodon Hystrix. fam. Diodon tidse, oi-d. Plectognathi. They live on crustaceans and sea-weeds, for the trituration of which their mouth is admir- ably adapted. The family includes the sun-fish. Dioecia, -e'shi-a. The 22d class of plants in the artificial system of Linnanis. It comprehends such genera as have male or stamen-bearing flowers on one plant, and female or pistil-bearing flowers on an- other, as willows. Diodorus Siculus. A Sicilian histo- rian who lived in the first century B. c. He published his universal history in 40 books, brought down to the year 60 b. c, but of these only 15 are extant. Diogrenes. A distinguished Cynic; b. in Sinope, Asia Minor, b. c. 421, d. at Corinth, 825. He spent most of his life in Athens, where he lived upon alms, and taught his philosophy from a tub. Diog-enes Laeirtius. An Epicurean philosopher ; b. in Cicilia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers In 10 books. Diogrenes-crab, dl-oj'en-ez-krab. A spe- cies of Coenobita, found in the W. Indies; so called from its selecting a shell for its residence. Diogenes-cup, -kup. A term applied to the cup-hke cavity of the hand, foi-med by bending the metacarpal bone of the little finger. Diomedea, -o'me-de"a. A gen. of birds, ord. Longipennes, including the various species of albatross. Diomedes. In Myth. King of Thraco, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses on human flesh. Hercules killed him and gave his body to his horses. DI0MEDE3 265 DIPLOMATICS Diomedes. Son of Tydeus and Deip- ylfe, King of ^tolia, and one of the he- roes of the Trojan war. Ho was a favorite of Minerva, who bade him attacli and wound both Mars and Venus. Dion. A noble Syracusan, son of Ilippa- sina, a favorite disciple of Plato, and relat- ed to Dionysius the Elder, who admired his abilities, and freely consulted him ; «. abt. 410 B. c. After the accession of Dionysius the Younger, D. fell into dis- grace, repaired to Athens, and soon after led an army against Syracuse, which cap- tured the city after a three days' assault. D. was assassinated 35i. Dionaea, dl-6-ne'a. A gen. of plants, oi'd. Droseracese. Only one species is known, D. muscip- iila (Venus fly-trap) a native of Caro- lina and Florida The bristles on th leaf are remarkably Irritable, and when touched by a fly or other insect the lobes suddenly close on it. It is said to digest the food thus captured by means of a fltiid which dissolves it 'exactly like ordinary gastric juice. Dion Cassius. A Roman historiftn of the 2d century a. b. He spent 12 years on his history of Rome. Dionysius I. Dictator of Syracuse, known as The Elder ; b. abt. b. c. 430, d. 3C9. D. II.(The Younger) son and s. of the above, b. abt. 3S9, died in exile at Corinth abt. 835. He was driven from his throne by Dion, but recovered possession ; was deposed a second time and exiled to Cor- inth. Dionysius (of Halicamassus). A Greek historian and critic; b. 70 b. c, d. abt. 1 A. D. He wrote in Greek at Rome his " Roman Antiquities," much of which is preserved. Dionysius (Th.e Thracian). A teacher of rhetoric at Rome, whose " Art of Grammar " was authority for several centuries. He flourished abt. 60 b. c. Dionysos, dl-O-nT'sos. In Greek Myth, the effeminate god of wine, called also Bakchos by the Greeks, and Bacchus by the Romans. Diophantine, -fan'tin. Of or pertain- ing to Diophautus of Alexandria, the first Venus Fly-trap. Greek writer on algebra, who flourished according to some about the middle of the 4th century, accordiag to others about the end of the 6th. D. analysis, that branch of algebra which treats of indeter- minate questions. Diopsis, -op'- sis. A gen. of dipterous in- • sects, fam.Mus- cida>. A gen. of turbellarian worms Diorama, -o- rii'ma. A mode of painting and • of scenic exhibi- tion, producing a greater degree of optical illu- sion than the panorama, and suitable as well for architectural and interior vie^vs as for landscape. A building in which dio- ramic paintings are exhibited. Diorite, 'o-rit. A tough crystalline trap- rock, consisting of hornblende and a tri- clinic felspar albite or oligoclase, either metamorphic or volcanic in origin. Dioscroides, Pedanius. A noted Greek pliysician of the 1st century a. d. His " De Materia Medica" was a text book for more than 1,800 years. Diota, -o'ta. In Anc. Sculp, a sort of vase with two handles, used for vrino. Diphda, dif'da. The star Beta of the constellation Cetus. Diphthong-, 'thong. A coalition of two vowels pronounced in one syllable. Im- proper diphthong, a union of two or more vowels in the same syllable, only one oi them being sounded. Diphyes, dl'fi-ez. A gen, and fam. ot ccelenterate animals, ord. Calycophoridae. Dipleidoscope, -plT'do-skop. An in- strument for indicating the passage of the Bun or a star over the meridian, by the coincidence of two images of the object, the one formed by single and the other by double reflection. Diploe, dip'lo-e. The soft medullary substance between the plates of the skull. Diplomat, -lo'mat. A minister, of- ficial agent or envoy to a foreign court ; a diplomatist. Diplomatics, 'iks. The science of dip- lomas or of ancient writings, literary and public documents, letters, «fec., which has for its object to decipher old writings, as- certain their authenticity, Aa-: paleog- raphy DIPLOPIA 266 DIRGEE Diplopia, rtl-plo'pi-a. A disease of the eye in wliich the patient sees an obiect double or even triple. Dlplopoda, -plop'o-da. One of the two divisions of the Myriapoda, synonymous with Chilognatha. Diploptera, 'ter-a. A group of aculeate hymenopterous insects, forming three families, Eumenidae, MasaridaB and Ves- pidie, Diplopterus, -us.* A gen. of fossil gan- oid fishes, four species, belonging to the old red sandstone. Diplozoon, dip-lo-zo'on. A parasitic tre- matode worm which appears to be formed of two distinct bodies united in the middle; two sexually mature bodies being united. Dipnoi, 'noi. An ord. of fishes, includ- ing only the singular mud-fishes (Lepido- fiiren), important as exhibiting the transi- tion between fishes and the amphibia. Formerly Lepidosiren was reckoned the lowest of the amphibia, nowit constitutes the highest order of fishes. Dipodidse, di-pod'i-de. The jerboas, a fam. of rodents, characterized by the dis- proportionate leagth of the hind-limbs. Dipper, dip'er. One of a sect of A m e r ican B a p t i sts, called also D u n k e rs, Tunkers, and Tum- blers, The popular name of the p r i n c i pal stars in the Great Bear. A gen. of birds (Cinclus) belonging to the dentlrostral division of the great ord. Passeres, and thrush fam. Dippingr-needle, 'ing-ne-dl. An in- strument for showing the direction of one of the components of the earth's magnet- ism. Diprotodon, di-prot'o-don. An extinct gigantic marsupial mammal, found in the pleistocene or recent beds of Australia. It is aUied to the kangaroo, but much larger. Dipsomania, dip-so-mS'ni-a. The name given to that condition to which habit- ual drunkards of a nervous and sanguine temperament are liable to reduce them- selves, and in which they manifest an un- coatroilable craving for stimulants. Dipper. Dipsaceae, dip- sa'se-e. An ord. of exogenous plants with uaon- opetalous flow-v^ ers, nearly allied ' to Compositffi, but having the anthers quite free. Dips as, 'sas. A gen. of non- venomous 8 e r- pents, fam. Colu- bridie. A name given to a gen. of fresh-water bivalves, intermediate tween Unio and Anodonta. Dipter a, 'ter-a. An ord. of insects having only two wings, with two hal- teres or pois- ers instead of the hinder pair. The common house-fly and the blue-bottlo fly are exam- ples. They have six legs and a mouth formed for suction. The true eyes are large and compound, often con- taining thousands of facets. Dipterus, -us. A gen. of old red sand- stone fishes, of which there are two spe- cies. Diptych., -tik. In Greek and Eoraan Antiq. a public register of the names of consuls and other magistrates ; in later times a fist of bishops, martyrs, and others among Christians. The sacred diptych consisted of two tables, in one of whick was registered the names of the living, and in the other the names of tho dead, which were to be mentioned in the praj'ers of the church. Directory, di-rek'to-ri. A book contain- ing directions for public worship or re- ligious services. A book containing an alphabetical list of the inhabitants of a city, town, and the like, with their places of business and abode. The executive power of tho French Republic, 1795-96, ?uashed by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Jonsulate estabUshed on its ruin. Board of directors ; directorate. Dirgree, der'je. In the E. Indies, a na- tive domestic tailor or seamster. Diptera. DIRK 26T DISCOPHORA Dirk, derk. A dagrger formerly much used in the Hi;,'hlands of Scotland, and still worn as essential to complete the Highland cos- tume. Dirt-eating, dert'et-ing. Cacliexia Africana. a, disor- der of the nutritive functions among' negroes, and in cer- tain kinds of disturbance of the feminine health, in which there is an irresistible desire to eat dirt. The practice of some tribes of S. America, of using certain kinds of clay for food. Dischargrer, dis- - c h fi r j ' e" r . In Elect. an instrument for discharging a Ley- den jar, &c., by making a connec- tion between the two surfaces. In calico printinf, a discharge. D i s c h. argr e- valve, 'valv. In steam-engines, a valve which coyers the top of the barrel of the air-pump and opens upward. Discharg-ing: Arch, 'ing arch. An arch formed in the substance of a wall to Dirk. Leyden Jar with Discharger. ri5r'-i± Dlschargring Arch, relieve the part which is below it fi-om the Buperincurabent weight, commonly used over lintels and flat-headed openings. Discipline, 'l-plin. Education; in- struction; training. Rule of government. Subjection to rule. Correction ; punish- ment inflicted by way of correction and training : instruction by means of misfor- tune and the Hke. In the R. C. Ch. bod- ily punishment inflicted on a delinquent ; or that external mortification which a pen- itent inflicts on himself. The scourge a delinquent uses in self-chastisement ; or that \nelded by his confessor. Books of discipline, two books drawn up for the reformation of the Scotch Church — the first by Knox and four other ministers in 1560, the second by a committee of Assem- bly of 1678, in which Andrew Melville took a leading part. This is still appealed to as the most com pi tto and authoritative ex- hibition of Scottish Presbyterianism. DiscMdia, -kid'- ^5, _,^. i-a. A gen. of A s c 1 e p iadaceae, ' herbs or under shrubs. One spe- cies, D. Rafllesi- ana, is remark- able for its nu- merotis pitcher- like appendages. Disciples o f Christ (Camp- bellites). An in- dependent sect holding views sub stantially identical with the i Baptists, founded ' in the U.S., 1809, by Rev. Thomas Dischidia Raflflesiana. Campbell, a distinguished preacher of the Presbyterian church, from which he se- ceded, and his son, Rev. Alexander Camp- bell, both natives of Ireland. The sect numbers nearly three-quarters of a million communicants, most of them being in the S. and W. States. Discobolus, -kob'o-lus. In Class, tiq. a thrower of^ the discus or quoit; a quoit-player. The name given by Cuvier to his 3d family of soft- finned teleostean fishes. The lump- fish (Cyclopterus Lumpus) is a good example of the group. Discophora, -kof 6-ra. A sub-class of the Hydrozoa, comprising most of the organ isms known as sea-jel- .p,, , , ^, lies, jelly-fishes or Discobolus throw- sea- nettles. A ing the Discus, name sometimes given to the order of an-- nelida, Hirudinea, to which the leech bo- longs. DI800VEETUEB DISTANCE Discoverture, -kuv'ert-ur. Freedom of a Avoman from the coverture of a hus- band. X)iscrase, -kras. A rare ore consistini? of autimonyand silver, found in metamor- phic strata, alone or associated with other ores. Discus, 'kus. A quoit ; a piece of iron, -copper or stone, to be thrown In play, used by the ancients. A disk. Disinfectant, -in-fekt'ant. An agent for destroying the power or means of prop- agating diseases which spread by infec- tion or contagion ; anything that purifies the air fi-om noxious matters or removes odors or hurtful organic substances from the ground, water, &c. The more common are chlorine, bromine, sulphur- ous acid, nitrous acid, chloride of lime, carbolic acid, &c. Pisk. A quoit ; a circular piece of stone, iron or copper, used in games. Any flat, circular plate or surface, as of a piece of metai, the face of the sun, moon, or a planet. In Bot. the name given to markings on the woody fiber of certain trees, as the conifers, as seen in a longitu- dinal section of the wood. Disk-coupling-, disk'ku-pl-ing. In Mach. a coupling consisting of two disks Disk-coupling, keyed on the connected ends of two shafts. In one are recesses, into which corresponding projections on the other are received. Dispart, dls'part. In G-un. the difference between the semi-diameter of the base ring at the breech of a gun, and that of the ring at the swell of the muzzle. Dispart-sigrht, -sit. In Gun. a piece of metal cast on the muzzle of a piece of ordnance to make the line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore. Dispensation, -pen-sa'shon. The granting of a license, or the license itself, to do what is forbidden by laws or canons, or to omit something which is command- ed. The pope has power to dispense A\nth the canons of the Church, but has no right to grant dispensations to the injury of a third person. Disperznous, dl-sperm'us. In Bot. con- taining two seeds only ; as, umbellate and stellate plants are dispermous. Dispositor, dis-poz'it-er. A disposer. In Astrol. the planet which is lord of the sign where another planet is. Disraeli, Benjamin, diz-ral'e. An English statesmen and author, b. 1805, D. 1883. He was of JcAvish descent, and for years was the leader of the Conserva- tive party in the Commons, holding the otfice of Prime Minister in 1868-70, and 1874-76. In the latter year he was created Earl of Beaeonsfield. Disruption, dis-rup'shon. The act of rendhig asunder; breach; dilaceration. Ec cles. the term applied to the rupture which took place in the Established Church of Scotland in 1843, when 474 ministers and professors demitted their charges. The controversy proceeding the rupture lasted for 10 years, having originated in the pass- ing of the Veto Act. Dissection, -sek'shon. The act of cut- ting in pieces an animal or vegetable for the purpose of examining the structure and iises of its parts; anatomy. Dissigrht, -sit. An eyesore; anything oft'ensive to the sight. Dissyllable, 'sil-la-bl. A word of two syllables. Distaff, 'taf. The staff to which flax or tow is tied, and from which the thread is drawn. Distance, 'tans. An interval between two objects; the length of the shortest line which intervenes between things that are separate. Contrariety ; opposition. The remoteness which respect requires or re- serve inspires. In Music, the interval be- tween two notes. In horse-racing, a length of 240 yards from the wire or Avinning- post, at which point is placed the dist^mce- post. Mean distance of the planets, a mean between their aphelion and peri- helion distances. Proportional distances of the planets, the distances of the several planets from the sun, compared with the distance of any one of them considered as unity. Eeal distances, the absolute dis- tances of those bodies as compared with miles, leagues, &c. Accessible distances may be measured W the application of any lineal measure. Inaccessible distances cannot be measured but by means of trig- onometrical rules. Line of distance, in persp. a straight hue drawn from the eye to the principal point of the plane. Point of distance, that point in the horizontal line which is at the same distance from the principal point as the eye is from the DISTANCE-SIGNAL DIVER game. Angular distance, the angle of sep- aration Avliich the directions of two bodies include. Distanee-sig-nal,-sig-nal. In Eail. the uiost distant of the series of signals under the control of a signal-man. Disthene, di'sthOn. Kyanite ; a miner- al so-called on account of its unequal hard- ness, and because its crystals have the l)ropei-ty of t>eing electrified both positive- ly and negatively. Disticll, dis'tik. A couplet ; a couple of verses or poetic lines making complete sense ; an epigram of two verses. Distillation, -til-u'shon. The volatili- zation and subsequent condensation of a liquid by means of an alembic, or still and refrigeratory, or of a retort and receiver ; the operation of extracting spirit from a substance by evaporation and condensa- tion ; rectification. Distillation is of great importance, not only in obtaining spiritu- ous liquors, but also in procuring essences, essential oils, «fec. Dry distilEition, the distillation of substances per se, or with- out the addition of water. Pistillery, 'e-ri. The building and works where distillation is carried on. Distoma, 'to-ma. A gen. of trematode or suctorial parasitical worms or flukes, inhabiting various i)art3 in diff'erent ani- mals. All present the strange phenome- non known as alternation of generation. Distraint, -trant'. A distress or dis- training. District Court, 'trikt kort. A court which has cognizance of certain causes within a defined district. District-judg-e, -juj. The judge of a district court. District Parish, par-ish. In England, an ecclesiastical division of parishes for all jiurposes of worship, the celebration of marriages, christenings, &c. In Scotland, similar divisions are called quoad-sacra parishes. District School, skOl. A school with- in a certain district of a town. Disunion, dis-ftn'yon. Separation ; dis- junction. A breach of concord and its effect, contention. The sepai-ation or "withdrawal of any state from the federal union of the United States. Ditetrahedral, di-tet'ra-he'dral. Hav- ing the form of a tetrahedral prism with dihedral summits. Ditheism, -thc-izm. The doctrine of the existence of two gods, especially that on which the old Persian rehgion was founded, or the opposition of good and evil principles ; duaUsm ; Manicheism. Dithyramhic, dith-i-ram'bik. A hymn in honor of Bacchus or some of the other Greek divinities ; dithyramb. Any poem written in wild, enthusiastic etrains. Ditriglyph, dl'tri glif. An interval be- IDI n Ditriglyph. imeen two columns, admitting two triglyphs in the entablature ; used in the Doric order. Ditrihedria, -hG'dri-a. A gen. of spars with six sides or planes, formed of two trig- onal pyramids joined base to base, with- out an iutennediate column. Diuma, -ern'a. A section of lepidopter- ous insects, corresponding with the Lin- naeau gen. Papifio, or butterflies. Also ap- plied to insects that do not live more than 24 hours, as the Ephemene. Diurnal, 'al. Relating to a day ; per- taining to the daytime ; happening every day; performed in a day. Constituting the measure of a day ; as, the diurnal revolution of the earth ; as apphed to another planet, constituting the measure of its own day. In Med. an epithet of diseases whose exacerbations are in the daytime. D. arc, the apparent arc de- scribed by the heavenly bodies in conse- quence of the rotation of the earth. D, motion of a planet, the number of degrees, minutes, &c., which a planet moves in twenty-four hours. D. flowers, open only during the day. Flowers which endure but for a day, as the flower of Tigridia. Divan, -van'. Among the Orientals a court of justice or a council. A council- chamber ; a recei)tion room in palaces and houses of richer citizens. Any council as- sembled. A coftee-house where smoking is the principal enjoyment. A cushioned seat ; a kind of sofa. A book, especially a collection of poems by one and the same author. Divertisement, -vert'iz-ment. Di- version ; amusement. A short ballet or other entertainment between the acts of longer pieces. Diver, 'ver. One who dives ; one who DIVESTITURE 270 DOBEREINER'S LAMP One who goes deeply in- Red-thi'oated Diver, to a subject. The divers (Colymbidae), a fano. of swimming birds (Natatores), con- sisting of tliree generar— the divers i)rop- erly so called, the grebes and guillemots. Divestiture, -vest'i-tur. The act of stripping or depriving. In law, the act of sm-rendering one's effects ; opposed to in- vestiture. Divide, -vTd'. The watershed of a dis- trict ; the ridge of land dividing the tribu- taries of one stream from those of an- other. Divider, -vid'er. A pair of small com- passes, used for dividing lines, describ- ing circles, &c. Divi-divi, M-di'vi, The native and commercial name of Csesalpinia Coriaria Divi-divi. and its pods. The latter are excessively astringent and contain a large proportion of tannic and gallic acid. Dividual, -vid'u-al. In Arith. and Alg. one of the several parts of a dividend from which each separate figure or term of the quotient is found. Divine, -vTn. A minister of the gospel; a priest; a clergyman. A man skilled m divinity; a theologian. Diving-dress, div'lng-dres. A dress of India-rubber used by professional divers, having a head-piece of metal furnished with strong glnss eyes and two pliable pipes to maintain a supply of air. Weights are attached to the sides and shoes of the diver. Diviningr-rod, di-vln'ing-rod. A rod, usually of hazel, ^vith forked branches, used by those who pretend to discovei minerals or water under ground. Diviner, 'er. One who pretends to pre- dict events, or to re-, veal hidden things, by the aid of super- natural means. One who guesses; a con- jecturer. Diving-bell, div'- ing-bel. A contriv- ance for the purpose of enabhng peraous r-rvm to descend and re- Ifl main below the sm*- face of water for a length of time. Div- ^ _ ing-bells have been'ri^SS made of various i= forms, but are now; generally made ofi cast-iron in the form'' of an oblong- chest, Diving-bell, open at the bottom, as shown in the cut, with a flexible tube attached through which fresh air is sup- phed the diver. Divisor, di-vTz'er. In Arith. the number by which the dividend is divided. Divorce, -vors'. A legal dissolution of the bond of marriage. The sentence or writing by which marriage is dissolved. Divorcer, 'er. One who or that which produces a divorce or separation. One of a sect who advocate divorce for slight rea- sons ; said to have sprung from Milton. Dix, John A., Gen. An American author, statesman and soldier ; n. in N. H., 1798, D. 18S2. He was U. 8. Senator from and Governor of New Yoi'k, secre- tary of the U. S. Treasury and a major- general in the Civil War. Dixon's Entrance. A strait 100 m. long, bet. Queen Charlotte Island and Prince of Wales Archipelago, N. W. America. Djebel, jeb'el. An Arabian word signi- fying mountain ; as, Djebel-el Mousa, tha mountain of Moses. Djereed, je-red'. A blunt javelin used ia Oriental military sports. Do, do. In Music, the name given by the Italians and English to the fii-st of the syllables used in solmization. Do. An abbreviation of ditto. Doasta, do-as'ta. An inferior Indian ar- dent spirit, often drugged. Doab, 'ab. In the E, Indies, a tract of country between two rivers. Dobereiner's Lamp, dob-er-in-erz DOBHASH 2T1 DODO lamp. A contrivance for producing an in- stantaneous liglit, produced by throwng a jet of hydi'ogen gas upon spongy platinum, when the metal instantly becomes red hot, and then sets fire to the gas. Dobhash., 'hash. In the E, Indies, an interpreter; one who speaks two lan- guages. Docetae, do-se'te. An ancient heretical sect, who maintained that Christ acted and suffered only in appearance. ^OCimac^, dos'i-ma-si. The art or prac- tice of assaying metals, or the art of de- termining the nature and quantity of met- allic substances contained in any ore or mineral; metallurgy. The art of ascer- taining the nature and qualities of medi- euies, or of facts pertaining to physiology. Dock, dok. The place where a criminal stands in court. A place on the side of a harbor or the bank of a river for the reception of ships. There are dry or grav- ing docks and wet docks. The former are used for receiving ships in order to Dry or Graving Dock, their being inspected and repaired. Wet docks ai*e formed for the purpose of keep- ing vessels always afloat. A floating dock is constructed so that it may be sank be- neath a vessel and raised with it when the water is pumped out of the tanks round its sides. Dockjrard, 'yard. A yard or magazine for containing all kinds of naval stores and timber. Doctor, ter. A teacher; one skilled in a profession. In a uni versitv one who has passe. 1T51. He was the author of " Evidences of Christianity." DodecaiTon, do-dek'a-gon, A regular polygon consisting of twelve equal sides and angles. Dodecagryu, -jin. In Bot. a plant having twelve styles. Dodecahedral, -he'dral' Pertaining to a dodecahe- d r o n ; consisting of twelve equal sides. Dodecandria, -de-kan'dri-a. A class of plants having twelve stamens, or any number from twelve to nine- teen inclusive, provided they do not adhere by their filaments. Dodecapetal- Dodecandria. OXIS, 'ka-pet"al-u8. In Bot. having twelve petals ; having a corolla consisting of twelve parts. Dodecastyle, -stil. A portico having twelve columns in front. Dodman, dod'man. An animal that casta its shell like the lobster. A shell- snail. Dodo, do-do. An extinct gen. of birds (Didus), ord. Columb*, and constituting a new family, Didida?. It was a massive, clumsy bird, larger than a sw^an, cov- ei-ed with down instead of feathers, with DODEATTS 2T2 DOG-TOOTH Dodo. short, extremely strong leg's, tmd vrings and tail so short as to be useless for flight. Dodrans, 'dranz. A Eoman measure equal to about 9 inches. Doe. The female of buck ; the female of the fallow-deer, the goat, the sheep, the hare, and the rabbit. Doeskin, 'skin. The skin of a doe, A compact twilled woolen cloth. Dogr, dog. A quadruped, gen. Canis (C. familiaris). A satisfactory classification of the dogs has not yet been arnved at, what some naturalists regard as types be- ing regarded by others as mere mongrels. In systematic zoology the wolf and the fox are included under the general des- ignation Cania. A term of reproach or contempt given to a man. A gay young man. A name given to two constella- tions in the southern hemisphere, Canis Major and Canis Minor, the Greater and the Lesser Dog. A name applied to sev- eral devices, tools, pieces of machinery, &c., which have some peculiarity, as a curved neck. Dog is often used in com- position for male as dog-fox, dog-otter, &c.; as also to denote meanness, degener- acy, or worthlessness ; as dog-Latin, dog-rose. Dogr-ape, 'ap, A male ape. Dogr-bee, 'be. A drone or male bee. A Hy, troublesome to dogs. Dog-cart, 'kiirt. A carriage ^vith a box for holding sportsmen's dogs ; a sort of double-seated gig for four i)er8ons, sitting back to back. Dogr-day, 'dil. One of the days when Sirius or the dog-star rises and seta with the sun. The dog-days last for forty days, twenty before and twenty after the heiiacalrisingofSirius, beginning on the 3d of July and ending 11th of August. Dogr-fish., 'fish. A name given to sev- Doge of Venice. Dogr-fish. eral species of shark, as the spotted shark or gi-eatev dog-fish, the jjicked dog-fish, &c. They are arranged by Cuvier under his sub-gen. Scyllium. The common or picked dog-fish belongs to the gen. Acm\- thias (A. vulgaris). Dogre, doj. The chief magistrate of the Republics of Venice and Genoa. The first Doge of Venice was Ana- feste (Paoluccio), created 697 ; the first Doge of Genoa, Si- m o n Boccanera, elected 1S39. In both cities the office disappeared in 1797, when the republican ; form of government : was abolished by the j French. Dogr-f ancier, dog'fan-si-er. One who has a taste for dogs and who keeps them for sale. Dogrgrer, 'ger. ju A Dutch fisli^ .-r"|^' ing vessel used in the cod and herring fish- eries. Dog-grerelj-el. Originally, burlesque poetry, gener--; ally in irreg- ' ular measure. Mean, Avorth- less verses, de- fective in sense, rhythm, and rhyme. Dogrg-ery, -i. worthless quaUty ; quackery. Apphed to a low business, especially to a disreput- able Uquor saloon. Dogrxua, 'ma. A settled opinion; an opin- ion or doctrine received on authority, as opposed to one obtained from experience or demonstration, Dog'matist, 'mat-ist. A positive assert- er; a bold or arrogant advancer of prin- ciples. One of a sect of ancient physicians founded by Hippocrates. Dogr-star. 'star. Sirius, a star of the first magnitude, whose rising and setting with the sun gives name to the dog-days. Dogr-tooth, 'toth. A sharp-pointed human tooth situated between the fore- Dutch Dogger. Anything of a mean or DOIT 278 DOLOE teeth and grinders, called also Canine- tooth and Eye-tooth. Doit, doit. The ancient Scottish penny piece, of which twelve were equal to a penny sterhng. A Dutch copper coin, Doit, the eighth part of a stiver, in value half a farthing. Any small piece of money. A trifle. Dokmeh, dok'me. A Parsee receptacle for dead bodies, consisting of a stone tower, on the grated top of which bodies are exposed till they drop through into the body of the tower. Similar structm'es are found near Lake Titacaca, Peru. Dolabella, dol-a-bel'la. A gen. of tec- tibranchiate moUusks, allied to the sea- hares (Aplj^sia). Bolabra, do -la bra. A variety of^ celt used by the Roman soldiers for making in- trenchments and destroying fortifi- cations. Others of a more ornate form were em- ployed by the pontifices in slaughtering their sacrificial victims, and still others were used for trimming vines, &c. Doldrums, dol'drumz. Naut., the parts of tlie ocean near the equator that abound in calms, squalls, and Hght baffling winds; the horse-latitudes. Low spirits ; the dumps. Doli capax, do'll ka'paks. In Law, capable of criminal intention ; of the age to distinguish between right and wrong ; of the ago of discretion. Dolichopodidae, -ko-pod"l-de. A fam. of insects, ord. Diptera, including the well-washers. Dolichosaurus, -sa"ru8. An extinct snake-like reptile found in the chalk, whose remains indicate aquatic habits. Doliolum, '6-lum. A gen. of oceanic ascidians, allied to the Salpfe, and hke them exhibiting Interesting forms of alternate generation. Pontifical Dolabrae. Doliuiri,-um. A gen. of mollusca, inhabit- ing univalve shells. One species (D. per- dix) is known as the partridge-shell. Doll, dol. A small image in the human form for the amusement of children. A girl or woman more remarkable for good looks than intelligence. Dollar, 'ler. A silver or gold coin of tho United States, of the value of 100 cents. The English name of a coin of the same general weight and value, though diflfering somewhat in difl'erent countries, current in Mexico, a great part of South America, Singapore, the Philippine Islands, &c. The value of a dollar, the unit employed in reckoning money in the United States. DoUing-er, Johan Joseph Ignaz. An eminent German theologian, b. 1799, p. 1881. He was leader of the German Catholics who refused to accept the doc- trine of the pojjc's infallibility, and which afterwards founded the Old Catholic sect. Dolman, 'man. A long robe, open in front, and having narrow sleeves but- toned at the wi-ist, worn by the Turks over their other garments. A garment of the nature of a wide jacket, worn by ladies. Dolmen, 'men. A term frequently used as synonymous with Cromlech, but properly applied to one large unhewn stone resting on others placed ereCt in the earth. The name is sometimes ap- plied also to structures where several blocks are raised upon pillars so as to form a sort of gallery. The most remarkable Dolmen, monument of this kind is the Pierro Couverte, near Saumur, C4 ft. long, 14 wide and about G ft. high, and consists of four upright stones on each side, one at each end and four on the top. That repre- sented in the cut consists of a stone 83 ft. long, 14i deep and 18} across, calcu- lated to weigh 750 tons, and poised on the point of two natural rocks. It is generally believed that dolmens were sepulchres, although afterwards they may have been used as altars. Dolor, do'ler. Grief; lamentation. Our DOLPHm '274 'IX)?TATIST Lady of Dolors, in the R. C. Ch. the Vir- gin Mary, so called on account of her sor- row at the passion of our Lord. Dolphin, dorfin. The popular name of several species of Delphinus, a gen. of ce- taceous mammalia, comprehending the dolphin proper, the bottle-nosed dolphin, the grampus, &c. The common dolphin is peculiarly agile, and often follows ships in large herds, executing amusing gam- hols. A name given by poets and others to the coryphene (Ooryphasna hippuris, Linn.), a teleostean fish, celebrated for swiftness andtlie brilliant colors which it assumes in succession in the act of dying. In Greek an tiq. a ponderous mass of metal suspended from the yard arm of a vessel and suddenly let down upon an enemy's ships. Naut., a spar or buoy made fast to an anchor, to enable vessels to ride by it. A mooring post placed at the entrance of a dock Uom, dom. A title in the middle ages given to the pope, and afterwards to R. C. dignitaries and some monastic orders. In Portugal and Brazil, universally given to the higher classes. Dom-boc, 'bok. Lit. doom-book ;_ the book of laws, now lost, compiled under the direction of King Alfred, and contain - ing the local customs of the several prov- inces of the kingdom. Domenichino. A distinguished Italian painter, b. 1581, d. 1641. His true name was Donnico Zampieri. His " Commun- ion of St. Jerome," in the Vatican, is con- sidered among the finest works of the Masters. Dominican, -an. A member of a religious order, instituted in 1216 at Toulouse, !France, under the name of Frdres precheurs(Predicants or Preaching Breth- ren or Friars), by Dominic de Gusman (afterwards St. Dom- inic), with the spe- cial purpose of com- bating the doctrines of the Albigenses, against which this - saint contended with great zeal. They took a vow of poverty, re- ceiving in 1272 theDomlnican or Black privileges of a mendi- iViar. cant order. Origi- nally they were black friars, but subse- quently they adopted a white serge tunic, with a black cloak and pointed cap of the ^ same color. In France they were called ' Jacobins. They figure prominently in the history of the Inquisition, and a member of the order is always master of the Vati- can, the interpreter of Scripture, and cen- sor of books. One of an order of clois- tered nuns founded by St. Dominic in 1206. One of an order of knights founded in 1224 also by St. Dominic for the express purpose of making war on heretics, and Avho called themselves the knights or sol- diery of Christ Dominica. One of the leeward group of W. I. Islands, belonging to Gt. Britain ; discovered by Columbus, 1493. Area 25 by 16 m. ; pop. 28,000 ; cap. Eoseau. Dominical, do-min'ik-al. That which notes the Lord's day or Sunday. Eclat- ing to our Lord ; as, the dominical prayer. D. letter, one of the seven letters. A, B, C, D, E, F, Q, used in almanacs, &c., to mark the Sundays throughout the year. Dominicide, do-mtn'i-sid. The act of murdering a master. Ono who Mils his master. Domino, dom'i-no. A hood or cape for- merly worn in vrinter by priests when offi- ciating in cold edifices. A hood worn by- canons of cathedral churches in Italy. A mourning veil formerly worn by women. A masquerade dress worn by ladies and gentlemen. A half-mask formerly -worn by ladies as a partial disguise. A person wearing a domino. A game played with twenty-eight pieces of ivory or bone ; also one of the pieces. Domitianus, Titus Flavius Augnstus, do-mish-e-a'nus. An in- famous Emperor of Rome, brother of Ti- tus, B. abt. 35 A. D., reigned from 81 to 96, and was murdered with the complicity of his wife. Don, don. A title in Spain, formerly given to noblemen and gentlemen only, but now common to all classes. Any per- son of high importance or leading position. A fellow or officer of a college. Don. One of the principal rivers of Euro- pean Russia, rising in the govt, of Tula, and emptying into the Sea of Azof ; length abt. 900 m. DonatellO. A famous Italian sculptor ; B. 1383, D. 1466. Donatist, 'at-ist. One of a body of Afri- can schismatics of the 4th century, so named from their founder Donatus, bish- op of Casa Nigra in Numidia, who taught that though Christ was of th.3 same sub- Btanc© with the Father, yet that ho was less than the Father, that the Catholio DONAUWEETH 275 DOENICK Chiirch was not Infallible, btit had erred and become practically extinct, and that he was to be the restorer of it. Donauwerth., don'ou-vaht. A village of Bavaria, on the Danube, 24 m. from Augsberg, noted for the victory, 1704, gained by the Duke of Marlborough over the Bavarians ; also for the defeat, 1805, of the French under Marshal Soult by the Germans. Doncaster. A town in York Co. (W. Elding), England, noted for its race- course ; pop. 14,182, Donegral. The N. W. co. of Ireland, in prov. Ulster; area 1,865 sq. m.: cap. Bal- lyshannon ; pop. 220,436. Donizetti, Gaetano, do nld-zet'te. An eminent Italian musical composer: b 1798, D. 1848. ^ ' Donjon, 'jon. The principal tower of a castle, into which the garrison could re- treat in case of necessity. Its lower part was commonly used as a prison. Donkey, dong'ko. An ass. A stupid or ob- stinate and wrong- headed fellow. Donkey- e n gr i n e , -en-jin. A small staim- engine used where no great power is requir- ed. In steam-vessels, &c., they are sup- plied with steam from the mam engine and are used for pumping water into the boilers, raising heavy weights, &c. Dooly, do-Ii. In the E. Indies a bamboo chair, earned on men's shoulders bv poles, used for conveying persons, espe- cially the sick ; a palanquin ; a litter. Doomsday d«>mzMa. The day of final judgment. A day of sentence or condem- nation. Doomsday-book, -buk. A book com- piled by order of WiUiam the Conqueror containing a survey of all the lands in -bingland. Door-case, 'kiis. The frame which in- closes a door, and in which it swne-s • a door-frame. ^ ' Dor, dor. The black-beetle or Geotrupes Btercorarius, sec. Arenicolae or sand- dwellers, tribe Scarabffiida?. Dorado, do-ru'do. A southern constel- lation containing 6 stars, called alsoXiph- las. A large fish, gen. Coiyphtena, re- sembhngthe dolphin of the ancients. T!?f t'J*^^ Gustav, do-ra. A distin- gg|hed French artist and engraver; b. Doree. Donkey. Doree, re. A popular name of the aca n t h o p- t e rygio u s fish Zeus Faber type --^ of the fam. " Zeidas. D o r i a, An dr e a, do're-a. A distinguish- ed Genoese ; b. 1468, i>. 1560. He belonged to a family which gave his native city sev- eral doges and admirals, and was the ablest naval commander of the age, command- ing both the French and German fleets. Doric, dor'ik. Per taining to Doris or the Dorians inGreece. ^ D. order in Arch., the old- est, strongest and sim- plest of the three orders of Grecian architecture, and the second of the Eoman. The language of the Dorians ; a Greek dialect characterized by ra- its broadness and hare ness; hence, applied to any dialect with similar characteristics, especial- ly to the Scottish. Doridae, do'ri-de. The sea-lemons, a fam. of naked-gilled marine gas- teropod mollusks. Doris, 'ris. A smaU_L planet or asteroid be- Grecian Dorio tween the orbits of Mars ^"^^oSer and Jupiter. The typi- ^ ' cal gen. of the Doridae. Doris. In Myth, daughter of Oceanus and lethys, and mother of the 50 Nereides by her brother Nereus. She was Avorshipped as the patron of sea-goers. Dorking-, dork^ing. A species of barn- door fowl, distinguished by having five claws on each foot. Dornach. A historic village of Switzer- land, 20 m. from Soleure, the scene of the decisive defeat of the Austrians, 1499, which secured the independence of the country ; pop. 8,782. Domick, 'nik. A figured linen of stout fabric, principally used for table-clotha. It is the most simple in pattern of all va- rieties of diaper or damask style. Also a coarse sort of damask used for cari>ets. hangings, &c. ' DORMER-WINDOW 276 DOUBLET Dormer-window, dor'mer-win-do. A 3;e Dorm er-windoAv. window standing vertically on a sloping roof. Dormitory, 'mi-to-ri. A place or room to sleep in ; specifically, a gallery in con- vents divided into several cells where the monks or nuns sleep. Dormouse, 'mous. The popular name Common Dormouse, of the several species of Myoxus, a gen. of Mammalia, ord. Eodentia. The dor- mice pass the winter in a lethargic or tor- pid state. Dorpat, dor'pa. A city of Livonia, Eu- ropean Russia, seat of a famous univer- sity, founded by Gustavus Adolphus, 1G32, and restored by Alexander I., ISO'2; pop. 23,249. Dorsel, 'sel. A pannier for a beast of burden. A kind of woolen stuff. A rich canopy or curtain at the back of a throne or chair of state. i)ort (DordricM). One of the oldest cities of Holland, on an island In the Meuse, abt. 10 m. from Rotterdam. Not- ed as the place of meeting of the first as- sembly, 15T2,ofthe States of Holland, after their release from Spanish domination; al- so ,for the meeting of the celebrated Synod, 1618-19, Avhich approved the Calvinistic doctrine and rejected Armiuianism ", pop. 27,800. bosithean, do-sith'e-an. One of »n an- cient sect of Samaritans, o called from their founder, Dositheus, a contemporary and associate of Simon Magus, in the 1st century of the Christian era. They reject- ed the authority of the prophets, believed in the divine inspiration of their founder, and had many superstitious practices. Dot, dot. The fortune or dowry a wo- man brings her husband on her mari-iage. Dotterel, dot'ter-el. Charadrius mori- nellus, a grallatorial bird, a species of plov- er. A booby ; a dupe ; a gull. Douay Bible, do'a bl'bl. An Enghsh translation of the Scriptures sanctioned by the R. C. Church, of Avhich the New Testament was first printed at Rheims in 1582, and the Old at Douay in 1G09-10. Double-bass, dub'1-bas. The largest musical instrument of the viol kind. Double-crown, -kroun. An Enghsh gold coin of the reign of James L, of the value of 10s., afterward raised to lis. Double-eag-le, -e-gl. A gold coin of the U. S., Avorth $20. The representa- tion of an eagle with two heads, as in the national arms of Russia. Double-quick, -k\vik. Milit., the quick- est step next to the run, consisting of 165 steps in the minute. Double-star, -star. Two stars so near each other tiiat they are distinguishable only by the help of a telescope. Doublet, 'let. A close-fitting gar- ment, covering the body from the neck to Doublet, ft little below the Avaist One of a pair. In lapidary Avork, a counterfeit stone com- posed of two pieces of crystal, Avith a col- DOUBLE-VAULT 27T DOWET or betweeu. In printing-, a word or phrase unintentionallj' set np the second time. A sim])le form of microscope. Double- vault, 'l-valt. In Arch, one vault built over another, with a space between the convexity of the one and the concavity of the other. Doubloon, dub-Ion'. A gold coin of Spain, and the Spanish American States, originally double the value of the pistole. The doubloon of Spain is of 100 reals. The double doubloon, called also onza, is of 820 reals, or 10 hard dollars. Doubs, doob. A dept. of France, border- ing Switzerland, with the Jura Mountains on the E. Cap. Besanpon ; pop. 301,687. Douc, dok. A gen. of catarhine or Old World monkeys, reinarkablo for vai-ied and brilliant colors. Douche, dosh. A jet or current of water or vapor directed upon some part of the body. D o u m Palm, dr>m piim. A palm- tree.IIj'phaine thebaica. The fruit is about the size of an apple, and has a fibrous, mealy rind, which tastes like ginger- bread. An in- fusion of the rind is used as a cooling bev- erage. The seed is horny, and is made into small or- n a m e n t 8 . Ropes are made of the fi- bers of the leaf stalks. Doug'las, dug'las. A Scotch baronial house of ancient and brilliant fame, de- scended fi-om Sir James, the bosom friend of King Robert Bruce. They Avere long kno\vn as the " King Makers of Scotland." Archibald, 5th earl of Angus, surnamed " The Great," led 10,000 of his clan to the field of Flodden, 1544, and was killed with 5 of his sons. Douglas, Stephen Arnold. An American statesman, b. in Yt. 1S18, b. 1S61. lie represented Illinois in both branches of the IJ. S. Congress, defeating Abraham Lincoln in a memorable contest Doum Palm. for the Senate, 1859. Delaated for the regular Democratic nomination for the Presidency, 1860, he was nominated bj' a convention of seceding Democrats, and received nearly as many popular votes as his successful competitor, Mr. Lincohi. Douro, doo'ro. A river which rises in Aragon, Spain, traverses Portugal, and empties into the Atlantic near Oporto ; length 400 m. Douroucouli, do-ro-ko-li. The native name of a curious S. American monkey. Dove, duv. A name sometimes ex- tended, as that of pigeon, to the whole fam. of Columbidaj, sometimes restricted to the gen. Columba. Dover. A seaport of Kent Co., England, 66 m. S. E. of London, opposite Calais, France, with which daily communication is maintained. The castle is supposed to be almost impregnable ; pop. 31,241. Dover. Cap. of the State of Delaware, in Kent Co., 5 m. W. of Delaware Bay ; pop. 2,811. D. in N. H., cap. of Strafford Co., on the river Cocheco, the oldest town in the State, founded 1623 ; pop. 11,687. Dover, Straits of. The channel sep- arating France and England, and connect- ing the ICnglish Channel a d Gennan Ocean or North Sea; average width 22 m. Dou (Douw), Grerard, dow. A dis- tinguished Dutch genre painter ; b. 1613 ; B. 1680. Dowager, dou'a-jer. In law, a widow endowed or enjoj'ing a jointure. A title given to a Avidow of rank to distinguish her from the wife of her husband's heir bearing the same name. The widow of a king is called queen dowager. Dowdy, 'di. An a^vkward, ill-dressed, inelegant, slovenly woman ; a trollop. Dowel, 'cl. A i^in y^ — " or tenon used in ^r ^ joining together two / pieces of any sub- / stance. A piece of I wood driven into a \ wall to receive nails \ . of skirtings, &c. X^ ^A°^®w®V f"^'''! Barrel-end joined A web-footed bud, v po^^g the black guillemot. ^^ -L'o w cis. Dover's-powder, di^'verz-pou-der. A compound of ipecacuanha, opium and sulphate of potash. Down. A CO. in Ulster, N. E. Ireland, traversed bv the Mourne Mountains ; cap. Downpatrick; pop. 275,891. Dowry, dou'ri. Tho money, goods, or estate which a woman brings to her hus- DOXOLOGT DBA-KF. band in marriage. The reward paid for a wife. A fortune given ; a gift. Doxology, doks-ol'o-ii. In Christian worship a short hymn in praise of the Ahnighty sung or chanted at the close of service. Doxy, 'i. A mistress ; a paramour ; a prostitute. Dozen, duz'en. A collection of twelve things of a like kind. Drab, drab. A Avoolen cloth of a dun or dull-brown color. A dull brownish-yel- low color, Dracaena, dra-se'na, A gen. of endoge- nous, evergreen trees, ord. LiUacea3. It Includes only the dragon-tree of Teneriffe, JJragon's-blood Tree, celebrated for producing the resin called dragon's-blood, and for the age and im- mense proportions of an individual at Or- otava, destroyed by a hurricane in 1867, which was 48 ft. in circumference, and TO ft. high in 1402. It was hollow inside and ascended by a staircase. Drachenfels, The, drak'kn-felz. A ro- mantic summit of the Siebengebirge range of mountains, in Rhenish Prussia, on the Khine near Bonn. Drachma, drak'ma. A Grecian coin, haA'ing a different value in different states at different times. A weight among the Greeks of about 2 dwt. 7 gr. troy. Draco, dra'ko. The Dragon, a constella- tion of the northern hemisphere, contain- ing SO stars. The star Gamma Dracoois is used in determining the coefficient of aberration of the fixed stars. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds. A gen. of reptiles. Draco. The first lawgiver of Athens, whose code was published 62-3 b. c. The laws were severe, and popularly said to have b«en written in blood. Flying Dragon. Dragantine, dra-gan'tin. A mucilag« obtained from gum-tragacimth. Dragoman, 'gfimmim. An interpreter and traveler's guiae or agent; an inter- preter attached to an embassy or con- sulate: a term in general use among travelers in the East. Drag-on, 'on. In Myth, a fabulous an- imal, a sort of ..,7.>.v Avinged croco- Vl--;*; dile, with fiery .i^''-" eyes, crested "" head, and en- ormous claws, spouting fire,^ and consider-' ed morally as' the embodi- ment of evil, of malicious w a t chfulness and oppres- sion. The slaying of the dragon by St. George is probably an allegory to express the triumph of the Christian hero over evil. A gen. of saurians (Draco), small and inofJ'ensive. Draco volans, the best type of the gen., is 10 to 12 inches in length, the tail being long in proportion to the body, which is not above 4 inches. A fiery, shooting meteor, or imaginary ser- pent. A spiteful, watchful woman ; a duenna. A constellation of the northern hemisphere. An ancient short carbine. In Bot. the popular name of a gen. of apetalous plants, Dracontium. A race of carrier pigeons of the same stock as the Persian and Bagdad caiTier. In Scrip, dragon sometimes signifies a large fish or serpent, and sometimes a venomous land serpent. It is also used for the devil. Dragonade, drag-on-ad'. One of a series of persecutions of French Protestants in the reign of Louis XIV"., which drove thousands of Protestants outof France. Dragon-fly, -fir. The popular name of a fam. of insects, Libellulidae. They are strong, swift of flight and voracious. Dragoon, dra-gon. A cavalry soldier. A kind of pigeon. Drain-trap, 'trap. A contrivance to prevent the escape of foul air from drains, but to allow the passage of water into them. Drake, drak. The male of the duck. The silver shilling of the reign of Queen Eliza- beth, having a martlet, popularly called a drake, as the mint-mark. A species of fly used in angling. DRAKE 279 DEILL Drake, Francis, Sir. A distinguished English naval commander ; b. 1540, x>. 1595. He circumnavigated the globe under a commission against the Spaniards, destroying many vessels and capturing Immense booty in Spanish America; in 1587 he commanded the fleet which de- stroyed over 100 ships at Cadiz, breaking up a contemplated invasion of England. He was made vice-admiral, and com- manded in the battle, 15SS, which destroy- ed the Spanish Armada. Drake, Samuel G-ardiner, An Amer- ican antiquary and author; B. inN. H., 1798, D. 1877. 'He was the author of several interesting works on the Indians of N. America. Drama, dra'ma. A poem or composition representing a picture of human life, and accommodated to action ; a play or opera. Dramatis personae, dram'a-tis per- so'nc. The characters in a play. Dranesville. A village of Fairfax Co., Va., 17 m. W. of "Washington, the scene of a stubborn battle, 1861, between 4,000 Union troops under Gen. Reynolds, and 2,500 Confederates under Gen. Stuart, the former being victorious. Draper, Jolin William., A distin- guished chemist, physiologist and author; B. in England, 1811 ; graduated at the University of Penn., became a professor in Hamden -Sydney College, \a., after- ward in the N. Y. College. He was au- thor of several standard scientific works, and also wrote a " History of the Amer- ican Civil War." D. 1884. Draughtsman, drafts'man. A man who draws writings or designs. Drave, drav. A liver of E. Europe, one of the largest aifluents of the Danube. It rises in the Tyrol, flows through Austria and Hungary', and empties into the Dan- ube near Essig ; length, 750 m. Dra vidian, dra-\id'i-an. Of or pertain- ing to Dravida, an old province of India ; specifically, applied to a family of tongues spoken in S. India, Ceylon, &c. It in- cludes Tamil, Telugu, Canarese and Mal- abar. Drawbridg-e, 'brij. A bridge which may be drawn up or let down to admit or hinder communication, as before the gate of a town or castle or over a naviga- ble river. Drawee, -c'. The person on whom an order or bill of exchange is drawn. Drawer, 'er. He Avho draws a bill of ex- change or an order for the payment of money. A sliding box in a table, desk, «fec. An undergarment worn on the lega and lower part of the body. Chest of drawers, a case of sliding boxes. Drawing", 'mg^ The act of representing the appearance or figures of objects on a plain surface, by means of lines and shades, as with a pencil, compasses, &c. The distribution of prizes and blanks in a lottery. Drawing-room, -rom. A room appro- priated for the reception of company ; a room in which distinguished personages hold levees, or private persons receive parties. The company assembled in such room. The formal reception of evening company at a court, or by persons in high station. The apartment in an engineer's shop where patterns and plans are pre- pared. Drawing-slate, -slat. A fine-grained compact clay, usually found in connection with metamorphic rock, as clay-slate, gneiss, &c. It is sometimes called black- chalk. Draw-link, Tingk. A link for connect- ing two carriages of a train together. Dray, dra. A Ioav cart or carriage on heavy wheels. A sledge. A rude cart without wheels. Dredging-mach.ine, 'ing-ma-shSn. A machine used to deepen rivers, docks, &c. Drepano,Cape (Drepanum). A head- land on W. coast of Sicily, near which the Carthaginians defeated the Romans in a naval battle, 249 b. c. Dresden. Cap. of the Kingdom of Sax- ony, Germany ; on both sides the Elbe, 70 m. S. E. of Leipzig. Noted for its mag- nificent palaces and its picture gallery, also for one of Napoleon's greatest victo- ries, with 131,000 men, over the alhed Prussian, Austrian and Russian armies, numbering 150,000, under Prince Schwart- zenberg, Aug. 26-27, 1813 ; pop. 203,640. Dress-coat, 'kot. A coat with narrow pointed tails ; a swallow-tailed coat, which gentlemen wear at full-dress parties, operas, &c. Dresser, 'er. A side-board ; a table on which meat, &c., are prepared for use ; also, a cupboard or set of shelves for cooking utensils. Dressing-case, -kas. A box contain- ing requisites for the toilet. Drill, dril. A pointed instrument used for boring holes ; a boring tool that cuts its way as it revolves. The act of train- ing soldiers. In Agri. a row of seeds de- posited in the earth ; also, the trench or channel in which the grain or seed is de- DRILL-BOW 280 DEOP-DRILL • posited. A machine for sowing seeds in i i-egular rows. A coarse linen or cotton cloth ; drilling. Drill-bow, 'bo. A small bow, generally- made of a thin slip of steel, used for the purpose of rapidly turning a drill. Drill-harrow, 'hii-ro. A small harrow employed in drill husbandry. Drill-press, 'pres. A machine armed with one or more drills for boring holes in metal, and designated as vertical, horizon- tal or universal. Drill-sergreant, 'siir-jant. A non-com- missioned otlicer who instructs soldiers in their duties and ti-aius them to military movements. Drink, dringk. Liquor to be swallowed; any fluid to be taken into the stomach for quenching thirst or for medicinal pur- poses ; a draught of liquor ; a potion. In- toxicating liquors, or the practice of tak- ing such liquors to excess. Drinker-moth, 'er-moth. The Odo- ncstis potatoria. Drinking-horn, 'ing-horn. A horn an- ciently used as a drinking- vessel. A cup or goblet made of horn, used at the pres- ent day. Drip-stone, drip'ston. In Arch, a pro- jecting mold- ing or cornice over door- Av a y s , win- dows, &c., to throw off the rain. It is also called a weather molding, and label when it is turned square. A filtering-stone, familiarly so called by seamen. Driver-ant, driv'er-ant, Anomma ar- cens, a singular African species, so named from its driving before it almost every an- imal that comes in its way. Driving-spring, 'ing-spring. The si)ring fixed upon the box of the driving- axle of a locomotive engine. Driving-wheel, -whel. A wheel that communicates motion to another or to others. The large M'heel in a locomotive engine which is fixed upon the crank-axle or main shaft. Drog, Drogrue, drog. A buoy attached to the end of a harpoon line. Droger, Drogher, dro'ger. A small W. Indian coasting craft. Drip-stone. Drogheda, drawh'he-da. An Irish sea- port, on the Bojme, 80 m. N. of Dublin ; pop. 16,300. Drome, drom. A S. E, dept. of France ; area 2,519 sq. m. ; cap. Grenoble ; pop. 830,682. Dromedary, drum'e-da-ri. A species of camel, called also the Arabian camei P Dromedary, (Camelus dromedarius), "vvith one hump or protuberance on the back, in distinc- tion from the Bactrian camel, which has two. Dromiidse, drom-i'i-de. A fam. of brachyurous crustaceans, of which Dro- mia is the type. Drone, dron. The male of the honey- bee, smaller than the queen -bee, but larger Drone-bee. than the working-bee. The drones maka no honey, but after living a few weeks and impregnating the queen they ara killed or driven from the hive. An idler ; a sluggard. A humming or low sound. The largest tube of the bagpipe, which emits the key-note of the scale. Drongo, drong'go. The name of a gen. of fly-catching birds (Edohus). Dropax, dro'paks. A preparation for removing hair from the skin ; a depila- tory. Drop-drill, drop'dril. In Agri. an ag- ricultural implement which drops seed and manure into the soil simultaneously !■ DEOPPING-BOTTLE 281 DKTADS Dropping-bottle, 'ing-bot-tl. An in- stniiuc-nt lor suppljin^ small quantities of water to test tubes, &c. ; an edulcorator. Drosky, dros'ki. A light four-wheeled carriage used in Russia and Prussia. The Drosky. drosky proper consists of a long narrow bench, on which passengers ride as on a saddle, but the name is now applied to va- rious vehicles, as to the common cab of German cities, &c. Drosometer, dro-sonr'et-er. An instru- ment for ascertaining the quantity of dew that condenses on a body exposed to the open air during the night. Drouet, Jean Baptiste, Count d'Erlon, droo'a. A French marshal ; B. 1765, i). 1S44. He fought at Jena and Waterloo, and Avas governor-general of Algeria, 1834. Drow, drou. In Zetland superstition, a diminutive elfish race residing in hills and caverns, curious artificers in iron and pre- cious metals. Drudgre, dmj. One who works hard or labors \\itb toil and fatigue ; one who la- bors hard in servile emiiloyment ; a slave. Whisky in its raw state, as used in the manufacture of alcohol. Drug", drug. Any substance, vegetable, animal or mineral, used in the composi- tion of medicines; any ingredient used in chemical preparations employed in the arts. Any commodity that is not sal- able. A mortal or deadly drug, poison. Drugrget, 'get. A cloth of wool, or wool and thread, used for covering carpets, and also as an article of clothing. Druid, dru/id. A priest among the an- cient Celtic nations. They possessed some knowledge of the natural sciences, superintended the afl'airs of religion and acted as judges. They venerated the mistletoe when growing on the oak, a tree which was esteemed sacred. They had a common superior, elected by votes from theii' own number, who enjoyed his dignity for life. A member of a beneficiary order founded in London about 1780, now counting numerous lodges or groves iu Europe, America and Australia. Druidess, -es. A female druid. Drum, drum. A martial instrument of music in the form of a hollow cylinder of wood or brass, covered at the ends Avith vellum. Drum. A Celtic word signifying a round knoll, a ridge, a small hill. It enters into the comi)osition of niany place-names, as Drumcondra, Drumglass, Drumoak, and is frequently foimd alone as the name of a farm or village. Drum-filsb., 'fish. The popular name of a gen. of fishes (Pogonias), named from the extraordinar>' noise they make under water. Called for the same reason Grunts. Drummond Lig-ht, 'mond lit. A very intense light produced by turning two streams of gas, one of oxygen and the other of hydrogen, in a state of ignition, upon a ball of lime. Called also oxycalcium light, lime-ball light, lime light. Drunkard, drungk'erd. One given to an excessive use of strong liquor ; a i)er- son who habitually or frequently is drunk. Drupe, drop. In Bot. a stone fruit ; as the plum, cherry, apricot and peach. The stone inclosing the kernel is called the endocarp, the pulpy or succulent part the mesocarp. Druses, dro'zoz. A curious people of mixed Syrian and Arabian origin, inhabiting the mountains of Lebanon and Anti-Libanus, in whose faithj are combined the doctrines i of the Pentateuch, the tenets of Christianity, the teachings of the Koran, and the Sufi allegories ; they describe themselves as Unitarians and followers of Khalif Ilakira-Biamr Allah, whom they regard as an incarnation of deity, the last prophet, and the founder of the true re- ligion. Dur-el-Kammer la their chief city. Drusus, Claudius Nero. A Eoman soldier, son of Tiberius N. and Livia and son-in-law of Mark Antony ; b. 88, n. 8, B. c. He commanded the Eoman army which conquered all Germany to the Elbe. Drusus, M. liivius. A celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals re- garding the Agrarian laws, which proved fatal to the Gracchi. Dryads. In Myth. njTnphs who ruled the woods and groves, and to whom ob- Drupe. DETDEN DUEITNA lations of milk, oil and honey were offer- ed. They were superior to the Hama- dryads, who were supposed to be confined to particular trees, perishing with them. Dryden, Jolin. An eminent English poet ; B. 1631, v. 1700. Dryite, drl'It. Fragments of petrified or fossil wood in which the structure of t^e wood is recognized. Dry-measure, 'me-zhiir. The measure by bushels, pecks, &c. Dry-nurse, 'ners. A nurse who attends and feeds a child without the breast. One who stands to another in a somewhat sim- ilar relationship to that of a dry-nurse ; In MiUt. slang, an inferior officer who in- structs his superior. Dryopithecus, 'o-pi-the"ku8. An ex- tinct gen. of long-armed apes found in the miocene beds of the south of France. Dry-pile, 'pll. A form of voltaic pile, in which the liquid is replaced by some hy- grometric substance, as paper moistened ■with sugar and water, and allowed to dry, chiefly used in the construction of electro- scopes of great delicacy. Duality, doo-al'i-ti. The state of being two or of being divided into two. Dubber, dub'er. A leathern vessel used in India to hold oil, ghee, «fec., usually made of untanned goat skins. Dubbing", 'ing. The act of making a knight ; entitling ; dressing by means of an adze ; raising a nap on cloth by teasels. A greasy dressing used by curriers. Dubhe. A variable star of the first mag- nitude in the northern constellation Ursa Major. Dublin. The cap. of Ireland, on the river Liffey, and one of the finest cities of Europe, with an extensive commerce ; pop. 827,592. Dubois, Gruillaume, Cardinal. An able but dissipated French prelate and statesman ; b. 1656, d. 1725. He was cre- ated cardin;:l 1721, and from that time un- til his death ruled France as Prime Min- ister of the Duke of Orleans, regent. Dubuque, doo-book'. A co. and city of Iowa, the latter bein r the most import- ant place in the State, on the Mississippi, 450 m. N. W. of St. Louis ; pop. 22,254. Ducat, duk'at. A coin common in Italv, Austria and Russia, of silver or gold ; average value of the former, 3s. to 4s., and of the latter about 9s. 4d. EngUsh currency. Duchess, duch'es. The consort or wid- ow of a duke; a female sovereign of a duchy. . Ducby, 'i. The territory or dominions of a duke ; a dukedom. Duck, duk. A species of coarse canvas, used for sails, sacking of beds, &c. The name common to all the fowls constitut- ing the Linnaean gen. Anas, now raised into a sub-fam. Anatinse, and by some naturalists divided into two sub-families Anatinfe and FuUgulinae, or land-ducks and sea-ducks. Ducking-stool, 'ing-stOl. A stool or chair in which common scolds Avere for- merly tied and plunged into water, exten- sively in use throughout England from Ducking-stool, the 15th tin the beginning of the 18th cen- tury, and in one rare case at Leominster, as recently as 1809. Ductilimeter, -til-im'et-er. An instru- ment which shows the ductility of metals. Ductility, 'i-ti. The property of solid bodies, particularly metals, which renders them capable of being extended by draw- ing, their thickness or diameter being diminished, without any actual fracture or separation of their parts. Dudg-eon, du'jon. A small dagger. The haft or handle of a dagger. Dudley, Charles Edward An Amer- ican statesman ; b. in England 1780, re- moved to N. Y. in youth, and settled in Albany ; was elected State Senator, Mayor of Albany and U. S. Senator, 1829. He founded Dudley Observatory at Albany ; D. 1841. Dudley. The chief iron manufacturing center of England, in Co. Worcester, 9 m, W. of Birmingham ; pop. 48,270. Duel, du'el. Single combat ; a premedi- tated combat between two persons with deadly weapons. A fight between two fortresses, two armies or vessels, carried on without the tactics of a pitched battle or an assault. Duenna, -en'na. The chief lady in wait- ing on the Queen of Spain. An elderly female, holding a middle station between a governess and companion. An old DUER DUMAS woman who is kept to guard a j^ounger ; a governess. Duer, Jolin. An American jurist and author. B. in Albanj', N. Y., 1782, and elected chief justice of the State 1857 ; d. 1858. Duet, du-et'. A musical composition for two voices or instruments. Dugrong*, du-gong. A herbivorous mam- mal, the Halicore dugong, ord. Sirenia. The anatomy of the dugong presents the remarkable peculiarity that the ventricles of the heart are di^ided from each other Coronet of a Duke. Dugong. by a deep notch at the apex. The fabled mermaid seems to have originated from the dugong or the manatee, these animals supporting themselves in a semi-upright position in the water. Duke, duk. In Gt. Britain, a title of honor or nobility next below that of a prince. A duke's coronet con- sists of a richly chased gold circle, having on its upper edge eight strawberry leaves ; the cap of crimson velvet, closed at the top with a gold tassel lined with sarsnet, and turned up -with er- mine. In some continental countries, a sovereign prince, the ruler of a state. Dukhobortsi, diik-ho-bort'si. A sect of llussian fanatics, remarkable for their fine form and Aigorous constitu- tion, said to be due to the fact that they destroy every deli- cate child. In 1&42 and following years most of the sect were transported to the Caucasus. Dulcamara, dul- ka'ma-ra. Solanum Dulcamara, other- yrise called bitter- sweet or woody nightshade. Bitter-sweet. DugTiay-Trouin, Rene, doo-ga-troc ahn'. A distinguished French admiral; B. 1673, D. 174-2. He defeated the Dutch and English, and captured liio de Janeu-o in 1711. Dugruesclin, Bertrand. Constable of France, and among the ablest militjiry commanders of the age ; b. 1314, d. 13S0. He twice drove the English out of nearly every point they occupied in France, al- though defeated and captured by Edward the Black Prince. Dulcimer, 'si-mer. One of the most Italian Dulcimer, ancient of musical instruments. The modern instrument consists of a shallow trapezium-shaped box without a top, across which runs a series of wires, played on by being struck by cork-headed ham- mers. It is the prototype of the piano. In Asia it is used by the' Arabs. Persians, Chinese and Japanese. The ancient east- ern dulcimer, as represented in Assyrian bas-reliefs, differed from the modern in- strument in being carried before the player, in the strings running from top to bottom, and in being played by one plectrum, the left hand being employed either to twang the strings or to check vibration. The He- bi-ew psalteiy is supposed to have been a variety of the dulcimer. Dulcinist, 'sin-ist. A follower of Dul- cinus, a layman of Loml»ardy, in the 14th century, Avho preached the reign of the Holy Ghost, affirming that the Father had reigned till Chi-ist's incarnation, and that tlie Son's reign terminated in 1800. He was followed by a great many people to the Alps, where he and his wife were burned by order of Clement IV. Dulia, du'li-a. An inferior kind of wor- ship or adoration, as that paid to sainta and angels in the 11. C. Church. Duluth. Cap. of St. Louis Co., Minne- sota, at the W. end of Lake Superior, and the commercial metropolis of the State ; pop. 3,&43- Dumas, Alexandre, doo-mah' (The Elder). A distinguished French drama- tist, novelist and radical statesman ; b. 1803, ». 1871. His son (The Younger) : B. 1824, is also a popular playwright and novelist. DUMAS DUNKIRK • Dumb-bells. Dumas, Jean Baptiste. An eminent French chemist; b. 1800, d. 18T7. His Bcientiflc works are standard authorities. Dumto-bells, dum'- belz. Weights swung in the hands for devel- oping the chest, the muscles of the arms, «fcc. Dumb-waiter, 'wut-er. A framework * with shelves, for con- veying food, &c.,made to rise and fall by- means of pulleys and weights. Also, a Bide table in a dining-room, Avith tops capable of being elevated and depressed. Dumfries. An important seaport of Scotland, on the Nith, 64 m. S. W. of Edinburgh ; pop. 16,100. Dummy, 'mi. One who is dumb. The fourth or exposed hand when three per- sons play at whist ; also a game at whist when there are only throe playing. A lo- comotive with condensing engines, and hencewithoutthenoiseof escaping steam. The name given by firemen to the jets from the chief water-pipes. A hatter's pressing iron. Dumont d'TJrville, Jules Sebas- tien Cesar, doo-mdng door-veil'. A distinguished French naval officer, bota- nist and publicist ; b. 1790, n. 1842. His voyages included an Arctic exploring ex- pedition, 1837-40. Dumouriez, Chai'les Francois. A French statesman and general ; B. 1739, ». in exile in England, 1823. In 1792 he re- signed the ministry of foreign affairs to assume chief command of the army, super- seding Lafayette. He defeated the Aus- trians at Jemmapes, and overrun Belgium ; afterward entered into treasonable nego- tiations with Austria, resigned his com- mand and fled to England. Dumpling, dump'ling. A kind of pud- ding or mass of boiled paste, with or with- out fruit in it. Thus, there are suet, yeast, apple, currant and other dump- lings. Dunbar. A Scotch seaport, 27 m. N. E. of Edinburgh. Noted as the scene of a gre.at battle and disastrous defeat of the Scotch by Cromwell, 1650; pop. abt. 4,500. Duncan I. King of Scotland, son of Beatrix, daughter of Malcolm II., mur- dered by Macbeth, Thane of Cawdor ; flourished abt. the j^ear 1035-40. Duncan, Adam, Viscount. A Brit- . ish admh-al ; u. 1731, d. 1804. _ He won a decisive battle A^ith the Dutch off Cam- perdown, 1797. Dunciad, 'i-ad. A famous satmcal poem by Pope in ridicule of Colley Cibber, Theobald and other poetasters of the period. Dundalk. An Irish seaport, in Co. Louth, 45 m. N. of Dublin ; pop, 12,160. Dundee. A large and important seaport of Scotland, on the Tay, 87 m. N. E. of Edinburgh ; pop. abt. 123,000. Dundonald, Tbomas Cocbrane, lOtb Earl of. An English naval offi-) cer ; b. 1775, i). 1800. His hfe was a long romance. Entering the service as a lad, he distinguished himself by destroying the French fleet in the Basque by fire-ships, 1809. An ardent Liberal in politics, he was tried, fined and imprisoned at the Instigation of Lord Liverpool, 1814. He then took service with Chih, and as commander of her navy secured her independence from Span- ish rule, 1818-22. In 1823 he was given command of the Brazilian fleet, and cleared her coasts of the Portuguese, and in 1827 he was admir.al of the Greek fleet in her successful war of independence. Soon after this Queen Victoria restored him to his full rank in the British navy. Dune, dQn. A hill ; specifically, a low hill of sand on the seacoast. Dung-eon, dun'jon. The innermost and strongest tower of a castle ; the donjon. A close prison ; or a dark place of confine- ment. Dung-iyah.. dun'ge'ya. A coasting ves- sel in the Persian Gulf, and aloKg the coasts of Arabia. They arc said to be the oldest Idud of vessels in the Indian seas, dating as far back as the expedition of Alexander. Dung-lison, Robley. A distinguished physician and author; b. in England, 1798, but practicing and ofliciating in the universities of Virginia and Maryland, also in Jeffersos College, Phila.; n. 1869. Duniwassal, -i-was'sal. A gentleman ; especially, a gentleman of secondary rank, among the Highlanders ; a cadet of a fam- ily of rank. Dunker, dung'ker. A member of a sect of Baptists originating in Philadelphia, "Written also Tunker. Dunkirk. An ancient seaport of France, strongly fortified, in dept. Le Nore, 40 m. N. "W. of Lille. D. was burned by the English, 1388, and captured by them, 1658, being restored to France tiuough purchase, 1662 ; pop. abt. 45,000. > DUNLAP 2S5 DTTKRENSTEIIT Dunlin. Dunlap, William, An American painter and writ e r ; b . InN. J.1T6C, i>. 1839. Dunlin , dun/lin. A bird (Tringa rariabilis), a species of sandpip er, called also stint, purre, ox-bird, &c . Dunois, Jean, Count de Longue- ville (known as "The Bastard of Or- leans"). A natural son of Louis, Duke of Orle. 1846. lie captured several English ships, 1819, and commanded the fleet which bombarded Algiers, and compelled the Bey to make honorable concessions, 1S30. Dupion, du'pi-on. A double cocoon, formed by two or more silk -worms. Duppel (Dybbol or Duppeln). An xmimportant village of Schleswig, sepa- rated from the island of Alsen by a narrow strait, noted as the scene of several san- guinary battles. The Danes defeated the ^ Prussians May 28, 1848, and again Jtrne 6. The Saxons and Bavarians capture/ It April 13, 1849, and it was taken by ha Prussians, April 18, 1864. Dupuytren, G-uillaume, Baron, doo-poo-e-tron. An eminent Frex;ch sur- geon ; b. 1777, B. 1835. Duquesne, Abraham, Marquis, doo-kain'. A French admiral ; >,. 1610, d. 168S. He successively defea'ct? *.he Span- iards, Dutch and Danes, winiijiig a signal victory over the celebrated Dutch admi- ral, De Kuyter, near Catania, 1676, the latter losing his life in the battle. Dura mater, 'ra ma'ter. The outer membrane of the brain, so named from its hardness compared with the mem- brane which lies under it, called pia mater. Duramen, -rii'men. The central or heartwood in the trunk of an exogenous tree, more solid than the newer wood that suiTounds it. Durand, Asher Bro-wn. An Ameri- can engraverand painter ; b. 1796, p. 1878. Durbar, der'bar. An audience room in the palaces of t!he native princes of India. A state levee held by the governor-gen • eral of India, or by one of the nativ* princes ; an official reception. iSurer, Albrecht, doo'rair. A German engraver and painter; b. 1471, d. 1528. He is considered the inventor of etching. Durg:a,dur'- Durga. Athene of the Greeks. She is represented ■with ten arms. A 10-days' festival in hei* honor, the durga puja, is celebrated annu- ally in Bengal. Durrenstein. An Austrian village on the Danube, 40 m. N. "W. of Vienna, noted as the place where Richard Cceur de Lion was imprisoned by Leopold, and also as DUEIO 286 DYSPHONIA Durio, Duke of Friull 5. 1772, killed in the scene of the defeat of the allied Eus- sian and Austrian army by the French under Gen. Mortier, 1805. Dtirio, du'ri-6. A gen. of plants, ord. Malvaceaj. The D. zibethinus, civet du- rio or durian, the only species, is a lofty tree producing a large fetid fruit, of the size of a man's head, a fa- vorite food of the na- tives. The smell is offensive, like putrid animal matter, but with this is associated the most delicious flavor, which places it in the foremost place among tropical fruits. D u r o c, Gerard Ch.ristoph.e Miclael, and Marshal of France ; the battle of Markersdorf, 1813. He was the favorite aid and confidant of Napo- leon I. Dustee. A river of Beloochistan, 1,000 m. long, emptying into the Arabian Gulf. Bwiglit, Timotliy. A distinguished American theologian; b. in Mass., 1752, i>. 1818. Duster, dust'er. One who or that which clears from dust. A sieve. A light over- coat worn to protect the clothing. Dutch., duch. Originally the Germanic race ; the German peoples generally— now only applied to the people of Holland. The language spoken in Holland. Dutch-grold, 'gold. An alloy of 11 parts copper and 2 zinc. Called also Pinchbeck and Tombac. Dutch-mineral, -min-er-al. Copper beaten out into very thin leaves, Dutch School, skol. The name applied to a pecuHar line of painting which at- tained its highest development in Hol- land, characterized by the selection of subjects of a low character, as boors drink- ing, butchers' shops, &c., but raised to the highest popularity by perfection of execution. Duuravir, -nm'ver. One of two Eoman otficers or magistrates united in the same pubUc functions. Dux, duks. A leader; a chief; specifi- cally, the head pupil of a class or division in a public school. D"wale, dwal. In Her. a sable or black color. The deadly nightshade, which pos- sesses stupefying or poisonous properties. Dwarf, dwarf. A general name for an animal or plant much below the ordinary size. In early romances, an attendant on a lady or knight. Dyad, dl'ad. Two units treated as one ; a pair; a couple. In Chem. an elementary substance, each atom of which, in com- bining with other bodies, is equivalent to two atoms of hydrogen. Dyaus, dyous. In Hind. Myth, one of the elemental divinities of the Vedas, the god of the bright sky, his name being con- nected Avith that of the Greek Zeus through the root dyu, to shine, and the Latin Jupiter, which is merely Dyaus piter or Zeus pater, father Dyaus or Zeus. He was primarily the sky from which rain falls. He gave place to his son Indra. Dye, dl. A coloring liquor ; stain ; tinge. Dye-wood, 'wiid. A general name for any wood from which dye is extracted. Dynactinometer, -nak'tin-om"et-er. Ab instrument for measuring the inten- ^ty of actinic power, or for comparing the quickness of lenses. D3aiaiiieter, di-nam'et-er. An instru- ment for determining the magnifying power of telescopes. Dynamics, 'iks. The science which investigates the action of force. D3mamism, 'nam-izm. The doctrine of Leibnitz, that all substance involves force. Dynamite, -it. An explosive substance consisting of a siliceous earth impregnated with nitro-glycerine. The object of the mixture is to diminish the susceptibility of nitro-glycerine to sUght shock, and so to faciUtate its carriage without destroy- ing its explosive force. The disruptive force of dynamite is estimated at about eight times that of gunpowder. Charcoal, sand and saw-dust are employed as sub- stitutes for siliceous earth. Dynamometer, -na-mom'et-er. An instrument for measuring force or power, especially that of men, animals, machines, the strength of materials, &c. Dynasiidae, di-nas'ti-dG. A fam. of la- mellicorn beetles, including the elephant- beetle, hercules-beetle and atlas-beetle. Dysnomy, dis'no-mi. Bad legislation; the enactment of bad laws. Dysodile, 'o-dil. A species of coal which emits a fetid odor when burning. Dysopsy, -op'si. Dimness of sight. Dysphagia, -fa'ji-a. Difficulty of swab lowing. Dysphonia, -fo'ni-a. Obstruction of th« organs of speech. r)TSPN(EA 287 EAKL Dyspnoea, disp-n6'a. Difficulty of breath- ing. Dysury, dis'u-ri. Difficulty in discharg- ing tlie urine, attended with pain and Leat. Dytiscidae, di-tis'si-de. A fam. of pen- tamerous coleopterous insects of which the gen. Dytiscus (water-beetle) is the type. Dzeren, dzO'ren. The Chinese antelope, Procapra gutturosa. "When alai-med it clears 20 to 25 feet at one bound. Dzig-getai, dzig'ge-ta. The wild ass of Asia (Equus hemionus), believed to be the hemionos of Herodotus and Pliny. It is intermediate in appearance and charao* ter between the horse and ass. E EIS the 2d vowel and the 5th letter of the Enghsh alphabet. It occurs more frequently than any other letter of the alphabet. Its long or natural sound coin- cides with the sound of i in tho Itahan and French languages, as in here, mere, me. It has also another principal sound, a short one, as in met, men. It has besides a sound like a in name, as in there, where, &c., and tho obscure sound which is heard in her. As a final letter it is generally silent ; but it serves to lengthen the sound of the preceding vowel, or to indicate that the preceding vowel is to have its long Bound, as In mane, cane, plume. After c and g the final e indicates that these let- ters are soft, c being pronounced as s, and g as j. When two e's come together the sound is generally the same as that of the single e long, as in deem, esteem, need ; when it occurs with a and i, as in mean, hear, seige. deceive, it often has the same sound. Such a combination, when only one vowel sound is heard, is called a di- graph. As a numeral, E stands for 250. In the calendar it is the fifth of the domin- ical letters. As an abbreviation it stands for East, as in charts ; in the combination e. g., for exempli gratia, for example; and in i. e., for id est, that is. E, in Mu- - sic, is the third note or degree of the dia- tonic scale, answering to the mi of the Italians and French. Also, tho key hav- ing four sharps in its signature ; the key- note of the church mode called Phrygian. Ead. An element in Anglo-Saxon names, signifying happy, fortunate, as in Edward, happy preserver ; Edwin, happy con- queror. Eagle-h.a'Wk, -hak. Morphnus, a gen. of Falconidaj. Eagle-owl, -oul. One of a sub-fam. of owls, the most remarkable of which is the great horned owl. Eagle, e'gl. Aq^uila, a gen. of raptorial Golden Eagle. birds, sub-fam. A q u i 1 inae, c o m p r i s ing the largest and most powerful members of the fam. Fal- conidfE. There are numerous species, of which the ' noblest is the golden eagle (A. Chrysae- tos). Other species are the imperial, the spotted, the Australian eagle, &c. The name Is applied to other members of the group, not belonging to the gen. Aquila, as tho white-tailed sea-eagle of Britain and the American bald-headed sea-eagle, the em- blem of the U. S., both of which are really ernes, and to the marsh eagle, harpy eagle, eagle-hawk of the gen. Falco, &c. A constellation in the northern hemi- sphere, having its right wing contiguous to the equinoctial. Eaglet, e'glet. A young or diminutive eagle. Eagre, e'ger. The whole body of spring- tide water moving up a river or estuary in one wave, or in a few successive waves of great height. Earl, erl. A British title of nobility, tho third in rank, next below a marquis, and next above a vis- count. The earl for- merly had the govern- ment of a shire, and was called shireman. After the Conquest earls were called counts, and from them shires have taken the name of counties. Earl is now a mere title. An earl's coronet consists of Coronet of an Eari. EAR S a chased circle of gold, having on its upper edge eight strawberry leases, and between each pair a pearl raised on a spire higher than the leaves, cap, &c. Ear, er. The organ of hearing, contained partly in the substance of the temporal bone, and partly projecting externally be- hind the joint of the lower jaw. Anything resembliJig an ear. A spike or head of corn or grain; that part of the cereal plants which contains the flowers and seed. Earldom, 'dum. The seigniory, juris- diction or dignity of an earl. Earnest-money, er'nest-mun-i. Money paid to bind a bargain or ratify and prove a sale.^ Ear-ring:, 'ring. A pendant ; an orna- ment, sometimes set with jewels, worn at the ear, by means of a ring passing through the lobe. Among Orientals ear-rings have been worn by both sexes from the earliest times. In England they were worn by the Eomanized Britons and by Anglo-Saxons. After the 10th century the fashion de- clined, but it was re-introduced into Eng- land in the 16th century. In the 17th century ear-rings were worn by male fops. Earth, erth. The particles which com- pose the mass of the globe ; more partic- ularly the i)articles which form the mold on the surface of the globe ; any indefinite portion of that matter, as we throw up earth with a spade or plow. This sub- stance being considered by ancient philos- ophers as simple, was called an element ; and in popular language we still heai* of the four elements — fire, air, earth and water. The terraqueous globe which we inhabit. It is the 8d planet in order from the Sim, its orbit embracing those of Mer- cury and Venus, but being within the or- bits of all the other planets. Earth-closet, 'kloz-et. A night-stool or convenience, in which the faeces are re- ceived in a quantity of earth. Earthenware, 'en-war. Crockery ; any household utensil made of clay hardened in the fire. Earth-flax, 'flaks. A fine variety of as- bestos, whose long flexible filaments are so delicate as to resemble flax. Earth-house, 'hous. The name given to the imderground buildings known as Picts' dwellings, frequent in Scotland, oc- casionally thirty or forty being found In the same locality. Querns, bones, dears' horns, plates of stone or slate, earthen vessels, cups and implements of bone, stone celts, bronze swords, and the like, are occasionally found in connection with them. Very similar structm-es occur also in Ireland. i EAST Earthquake, 'kwak. A shaking, trem- bling, or concussion of the earth ; some- times a slight tremor ; at other times a violent shaking or convulsion ; at other, times a rocking or heaving of the earth. The shock generally comes on with a deep rumbling noise, or with a tremendous ex- plosion resembling the discharge of artil* lery, and the gi-ound is raised vertically at the center of the disturbed tract. There is little doubt that earthquakes and vol- canoes are due to the operation of the in- ternal igneous forces of the earth, l^rob- ably the most destructive earthquake of modern times was that which nearly de- stroyed Lisbon in 1755, by which from 30,0U0 to 40,000 persons perished, although it lasted only six minutes. Nearly hall that number are supposed to have per- ished in the earthquake of 1883, in which some islands S. of Asia were completely submerged and others jjartially swallowed up. Earth-shine, 'shin. In Astron. a namo given to the faint line visible on the part of the moon not illuminated by the sun, due to the illumination of tliat portion by the light which the earth reflects on her. Earth-worm, 'werm. The common Avorm found in the soil, a type of the class Annelida (ord. Oligochaeta). The name is common to all the species of the gen. Lumbricus. E. oil, a medicinal oil ob- tained from the common earthworm, and used in earache. Ear-trumpet, er'trum-pet. A contriv- ance for the benefit of deaf persons. It magnifies sound. Ear-wax, 'waks. The cerumen, a thick viscous substance secreted by the glands of the ear. Earwig", 'wig. The popular name of certain species of Forficula, which are or- thopterous insects, fam. Cursoria. Easel, cz'el. The wooden frame on which painters place pictures while at work upon them. E. pieces, the smaller pieces which are painted on the easel, as distinguished from those which are drawn on Avails, ceilings, &c. East, est. The point In the heavens where the sun is seen to rise at the equi- nox, or the corresponding point on the earth ; the point of the compass in a di- rection at right angles to that of north and south. One of the four cardinal points. The eastern parts of the earth ; apnlied to Asia Minor, Syria, Chaldea, Persia^ India, China, .fee. Empire of the East, founded 895 A. B., when Theodoslus the Great di- vided the Roman empire between hi» EASTLAKE 2sa ECCE HOMO sons, iVi-cadias and Ilonorius. The me- troiK)lis was Constontinople. The western division, whoso capital was Eome, was called the Em {.ire of the West. Eastlake, Charles Lock, Sir. An English historical painter; u. '1793, d. ISOi). East India Company, Tlie. An English commercial association incorpo- rated in Queen Elizabeth's reign, 1600, and given the monopoly of all ti-ade E. of the Cape of Good Hope; abolished 1833. Easter, es'ter. A festival of tho Chris- tian church observed in commemoration of our Saviour's resm-rection. Easter is the first Sunday after the full moon which happens upon' or next after the 21st of March ; and if this happens upon a Sun- day, Easter-day is tho Sunday after. Easter-day, -da. The day on which the festival of l-^asteris celebrated. East Biver. A strait connecting IT. T. Bay with Long Island Sound ; 13 m. long. Easy-chair, ez'i-char. An arm-chair, sometimes with rockers, padded for rest- ing or reposing in ; a chair for reclining in. Eau Creole, kre-dl. A highly esteemed liquor made in Martinique by distilling the flowers of the mammeo apple "vvith spirit of wine. Eau de Cologne, do ko-lon. A per- fumed spirit consisting of spirits of wine flavored by different essential oils blended so as to yield a fragrant scent. Eau de Luce, lus. A solution of ammonia, scented and rendered milky by mastic and oil of amber ; used in India as an antidote to the bites of venomous ser- pents. Eau de Vie, ve. The French name for brandy ; specifically, the coarser and less purified varieties, cognac being tho best. Eaux Bonnes, o-bon. A popular French spa, dept. Basses Pyrenees, 20 m, 8. E. of Oleron. Ebauchoir, a-bosh-war. A large chisel used by statuaries to" rough-hew their work. A great hatchel or beating instru- ment used by rope-makers. Ebb. The reflux of the tide ; the return of tidewater toward the sea ; opposed to flood or flow. Ebelians, e-bo'li-anz. A German sect which had its origin at Konigsberg in 1S36 under the leadership of Archdeacon Ebel and Dr. Diestel, professing a doctrine called spiritual marriage. The leaders were in 1889 tried and condemned. The sect is popularly named Mucker, or hyp- oci-ites. Eberhard, Johann Augxist. A German philosopher; b. 17§y, i>. 1809. He wrote iu defense of Liebnitz and in op- position to Kiintism. Ebionite, e'bi-on-it. Ona of a sect of Jewish Christians Avho denied tho divinity of Christ and rejected parts of the New Testament. They were pronounced her- etics by Justin, Irenaeus and Origen. It is thought St. John wi*ote his gospel in the year 97 against them. Eblis, eb'les. In Mohammedan Myth, an evil spirit or devil, chief of tho fallen angels or wicked jinns. Before his fall he was called Azazel or Hharis. Hall of E., the hall of demons ; pandemonium. Ebonite, 'on-It. A hard black compound obtained by blending caoutchouc or gut» ta-percha A\ith va- riable proportions of sulphur. Called also vulcanite. Ebony, -i. The popular name of various plants of difterent genera, having wood of a dark color, but the beet known ebony is derived from plants of the gen Diospyros, ord. Ebenaceos. The most valuable eb- ony is the heartAvood of tho Diospyros Ebenua. Ebriety, e-bri'e-ti. Drunkenness ; intox • ication by sph-ituous liquors. Ebullition, -bul-li'shon. The operation of boiling ; the agitation of a liquor by- heat, which throws it up tn bubbles. ES"ervescence. Eburna, -ber'na. A gen. of spiral, unl valve, gasteropodous mollusks. Ebumification, 'ni-fi-ka"8hon. Tho conversion of substances into others which have the appearance of ivory. Ebximinae, -ni'ne. A sub-fam. of the fara. of mollusks TurbineUida;, having the gen. Eburna for its type. Ecarte, a-kiir-ta. A game of cards for two persons with 82 cards, those from two to six being excluded. Eccaleobion, ek'kal-le <)"bi-on. A con- trivance for hatching eggs by artificial heat. Ecce homo, 'se ho'mo. A name given to paintings which represent our Saviour crowned with thorns and bearing the reed, pai-ticularly to a noble painting by Correggio. Ebony. ECCENTEIG ECLECTIC Eccentric, -sen'trik. In the Ptolemaic system the supposed circular orbit of a planet about the earth, but with the earth not in its center. A cu*cle described about the center of an elliptical orbit, with half the major axis for radius. In Mech. mechanical contrivances for con- verting circular into reciprocating recti- 1 iuear motion. Irregular in action. Eocentric-g'ear, -ger. In Mech. a term including all the links and other parts wliich transmit the motion of an eccentric. Eccentric-strap, -strap. The band of iron vi^hich embraces the circumference of an eccentric, and within which it revolves. The eccentric rod is attached to it. Ecclesia, -klG'zi-a. An assembly; the great assembly of the people of Athens, at which every free citizen had a right to at- tend and vote. An ecclesiastical society ; a church ; a congregation. Ecclesiarcli, -ark. A ruler of the Churcli. Ecclesiastes, -as"tez. A canonical book of the Old Testament, placed between the book of Proverbs and the Song of Solo- nion. Ecclesiastic, ''tik. A person consecrat- ed to the services of the Church and the ministry of religion. Ecclesiasticus, 'tik-us. A book of the Apocryi)]ia. Ecclesiolo&y, -ol"o-ji. The science of antitiuities as applied to churches and other ecclesiastical foundations. Ecderon, 'de-ron. The outer layer of the integument; the epithelial layer of mucous membrane ; the epidermal layer of the skin : the endoderm is the deeper, dermal layer. Echeneis, -e-ne'is. A gen. of fishes re- markable for having the top of the head occupied by a laminated disk, by means of which they attach themselves to other bodies. Echidna, e-kid'na. A gen. of Australian iiio]H)trematous, toothless mammals, re- Reinbliug a large hedgehog, nearly allied to the Ornithorhynchus. One species (E. liystrix), is popularly known as the Por- cupine Ant-eater. Ecllidnine, 'nin. Serpent poison ; the s<>cri'tion from the poison glands of the viper and other serpents. Echidna. In Myth, daughter of Tar- tarus, and mother of Cerberus, the Sphinx, the Chimsera and other monsters ; she was represented as half woman and half serpent. Echixuys, -ki'mis. A gen. of S. Amerl- caa rodent quadrupeds. Some of the species are known as spiny rats, the fam- ily being allied to the porcupines. Echinite, -kin'lt. A fossil sea-urchin or cidaris, found in rU formations, but most abundant and best preserved in the chalk. Echinocactus , 'o-kak-tus. A gen. of cactaceous plants, remarkable for the singular forms of their stems, which are fluted and ribbed or tuberculated. Echinoder m. a - ta, -der"ma-ta. A class of inverte- brated marine an}- b/l^^'jSi'^'tS Eoltaoenctu.. integument in which lime is deposited as granules or so as to form a rigid test, classed with the Scolecidain the sub-king- dom Annuloida. The sexes are distinct. Echinorhynchus, -ring^kus. A gen. of intestinal worms, the only members of the Acanthocejjhala, or thorn-headed fam- Echo. In Myth, daughter of the Air and Tellus, who was one of Juno's attendants. She was deprived of speech by Juno. Ecija, a-se'hah. A city of Seville, Spain, on the Xeriel ; pop. 32,800. Eckmuhl, ek'mul. A town of Bavaria, 13 m. from Katisbon, noted for the defeat of the Austiians by the French under Davoust, 1S09. Echometry, e-kom'et-ri. The art or act of measuring the duration of sounds. The art of constructing vaults to produce echoes. Eclaircissement, a-klar-sis-man. Ex- planation ; the clearing up of any thing not before understood. Eclampsy, ek-lamp'si. A flashing of light before the eyes; rapid convulsive motions of the mouth, eyelids and fingers — symptomatic of epilepsy ; hence, epilep- sy itself. Eclat, a-kla. A burst, as of applause; acclamation ; approbation. Brilliancy of success ; splendor of effect ; luster. Eclectic, ek-lek'tik. One who follows an eclectic jnethod in philosophy, science, rehgion and the like ; specifically, a fol- lower of the ancient eclectic philosophy. A Christian who believed the doctrine of Plato conformable to the spirit of the gos- pel. ECLTPSAEEON 291 EDITOR Eclipsareon, e-kllp-sa're-on. An in- strument for explaining the phenomena of eclipses. £clipse, -klips'. An interception or ob- struction of the light of the sun, moon or other luminous body, by the Intervention of some other body either between it and the eye or between the luminous body and that illuminated by it. The number of eclipses of the sun and moon cannot be fewer than two nor more than seven in one year. Darkness. Ecliptic, -khp'tik. A great circle of the sphere supposed to be drawn through the middle or the zodiac, making an angle with the equinoctial of about 23° 27', the sun's greatest declination. It is the ap- parent path of the sun, but as it is the earth which moves, the ecliptic is the path among the fixed stars which the earth in its orbit appears to describe to an ej-e placed in the sun. In Geog. a great circle on the terrestrial globe, answering to the falling within the plane of the celestial ecliptic. Plane of the ecliptic, an imagi- nary plane which passes through the eclip- tic,"and is indefinitely extended. Ecorche, a-kor-sha. In painting and Sculj). the subject, man or animal, flayed or deprived of its skin, so that the muscu- lar system is exposed. Ectoparasite, ek'td-pa'ra-sit. A para- sitic animal infesting the outside of ani- mals, as opposed to endoparasite, which lives in the body. Ectype, 'tip. A production of, or close resemblance to, an original; opposed to prototype. Ectypography, ^g'ra-fi. A method of etching in which the lines are in relief in- stead of being smik. Ecuador. A republic of S. America, lying on the "W. coast directly under the equator, bounded N. by New Granada, E. by Peru and Bolivia, S. br Peru, and W. by the Pacific; area, 208^000 sq. m.; pop. 1,726,000; chief cities, Quito, the cap., and Guayaquil, the principal seaport; principal mountains, the Andes, two of the highest peaks of which — Chimborazo and Cotopaxl — are within its limits; there are no large rivers but several considerable feeders of the Amazon. Eczema, 'ze-ma. An eruptive disease of the skin, j)receded by redness, heat and itching. E. epizootica, foot and mouth disease. Edaphodont, e-daf'6-dont. One of a fossil chimaeroid fishes, from the green- sand chalk and tertiary strata. Edentate. England, surnamed his brother Edwy, Edda, ed'da. A book containing a sys- tem of old Scandinavian mythology, with exploits of the gods and heroes and some account of the religious doctrines of the ancient Scandinavians. Eden, 'den. The garden in which Adam and Eve were placed by God ; hence, a de- lightful region or residence. Edentata, -den-ta'ta. That ord. of mam- mals to which sloths, ant-eat- ers, armadiUoes, (fee, belong. , Edentate, - d e n t ' a t. Am animal having no fore teeth, as the armadillo. Edgrar. King of " The Peaceable," s, 943 ; D. 975. St. Dunstan was his chief pofitical adviser. E. Atheling, grandson of King Edmund Ironsides, was proclaim- eoem writ- ten in elegiac verse. Element, -ment. In Chem. one of the 64 simple substances which hitherto have resisted resolution by chemical analysis ; one of the ultimate, indecomposable con- stituents of any kind of matter. The first or simplest rules or principles of an art or science ; rudiments. In Scholastic Philos- ophy, one of the four constituents of the material world— fire, air, earth and water, which were supposed to be ultimate inde- composable principles. Elephant, -fant. The popular name of a gen. constituting a sub-fam. of five-toed proboscidian mammals, comprehending two species, Elephas (Elasmodon) Indicus and Elephas (Loxod«n) Africanus, the former inhabiting India, the latter Africa. ELEPHANTA 297 ELIJAH 'r h e tusks occur in ■both sexes, and are of great value, f r o m the Ivory of which they consist, fur- nishing an im portant article of commerce. Ten species Head of Indian Elephant, of fossil elephants have been described, in- eluding the mastodon the mammoth. Elephanta, -fan'ta. island off W. CO as! Hindustan m. E. of Bombaj', noted as' contain- ing many remark- -rr ^ » . « . ^-.i n_ ^ able reli- Head of African Elephant. gious antiquities. Among these are an immense stone elephant from which a slope leads to an artificial rock cave, SO by 40 ft. , the roof of which is supported by pillars 18 ft. high. It is cut up into apart- ments, which contain carved images of objects and animals in Hindu Myth., in- cluding the gods. Elephant-fish, -fish. Callorhynchus antarctica, a fish belonging to the ord. Elasmobranchii, having a proboscis-like process on its nose. Elephantiasis, -i"a-sis. In Med. a term applied to several varieties of skin diseases in which the limbs suffer enlarge- ment and the skin discoloration. Elephantidse, 'i-do. A fam. of animals included among the Pachydermata of Cuvier, but raised by some into a distinct order of mammals, that of the Proboscl- dea. comprising the elephants, the mam- moth, the mastodon, and perhaps the dinotherium. Elephantine, -fan'tin. A small ISTilotic island oi)posite Assouan, U. Egypt, con- taining many ruins, the most remarkable being that of the Nilometer, referred to bv Strabo. Elephant's-tusks, -tusks. A gen. of gastoropodous mollusks, fam. Dentalidee or tooth-shells. In parts ot Africa the shells are used as money. Elephant, White. The highest order of Danish knighthood, numbering but 80, exclusive of the royal males. Eleusinia, e-loo-sin'e-a. Solemn festi- vals with mysterious religious rites, cele- brated every 4 j'ears by the ancient Greeks, in honor of Cores and her daughter Pro- serpine. The presiding priest was termed a hioropliant, and to disclose the secrets of the rites was an offense that could not fail of being avenged by the gods. Eleutheropomi, e'lu-ther-o-p6"mi. A sub-ord. of chondropterygian fishes, in-, eluding sturgeons and chimseras. Elevator, el-e-vat-er. A muscle which serves to raise a part of the body, as tha lip or the eye. A mechanical contrivance for raising i)ersons or goods from a lower story of a building to a higher. A series of boxes or buckets attached to a belt traveling round drums, for hoisting grain, meal, &c., in a mill. A building containing mechanical elevators, especially a grain warehouse. Eleve, a-lfiv. A pupil ; one brought up or protected by another. Eleven, e-lev'n. The sum of ten and one. A symbol representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. In cricket, the number of players on a side. Elf, elf. A wandering spirit ; a fairy ; a goblin ; an imaginary being anciently sup- posed to inhabit unfrequented places, and in various ways to atiect mankind. A mischievous or wicked person. A diminu- tive person; a dwarf; hence, a pet name for a child. Elf-arrow, 'a-ro. The name popularly given to the flint arrow-heads Avhich were in use at an early period among the bar- barous tribes of many countries. They were supposed to be shot by fairies. Elf-land, 'land. The region of the elves; fairy -land. Elgin and Kincardine, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of. A Scotch noble descended from the royal house of Bruce ; B. 1777, I). 1841. While in the diplomatic service in Turkey and Greece, he secured the celebrated collection of artistic remains known as the Elgin marbles. James, his son, 8th earl, n. 1801, d. 1863, was govern- or-general of Canada and viceroy of India. Eli. In Scrip, a high-priest and the Judge of Israel preceding Samuel, d. 1116 b. c. Elias, Mount St. A range of N. Alas- ka. Elijah (The Tishbite). One of Israel's ELIOT 293 ELUTRIATION most distinguished propiiets, called Elias ill tlie New Testament. Ho is said to have been translated abt. 8D6 b. c. Eliot, Jolin (The Apostle of the In- dians). An English clergyman, b. 1(';04, emigrated to Mass. 1631, becoming pastor of the lloxbury Church, and devoting most of his after life to missionary efforts among the Indians. Eliot, Samuel. An American historian; B. in Mass. 1S21, d. 1882. Elisha. A prophet of Israel, pupil and 8. of Elijah ; lived bet. 890 and &35 b. c. Elite, si-let. A choice or select body ; the best part ; as the elite of society. Elizabeth. Queen of p:ngland ; daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne l>oleyn ; b. 1533, 1). 1G03. She s. her sister Mary, 1558, and consummated the establishment of Prot- estantism as the faith of the realm. Elizabethan, -liz'a-beth"an. Pertain- ing to Queen Elizabeth. E. architecture, the mixed or debased architecture of the times of Elizabeth and James I., when the worst forms of Gothic and Italian were combined. Elizabeth Petrowna, pa-trov'na. Empress of Russia; b. 17U9, d. 1761. She -was a daughter of Peter the Great, and became empress thx-ough the deposition of Ivan, 1741. Elizabeth, St. (Of Hungary). Daughter of Andreas II., King of Hungary, and wife of Louis, Landgrave of Thuringia; b. 1207, D. 1281. She was eminent for piety and asceticism. Elk, elk. Alces Malchis or Cervus Alces, the largest existing species of the Cervidae or deer fam. It is found in Europe and Asia, but chiefly in North America, where it is called the Moose or Moose-deer. Elke. CygnuB ferus, the wild swan or ' hooper. Ell, el. A measure used chiefly for meas- uring cloth. The English ell is 45 in., the Flemish 27, the Scotch 37.2, and the French 64. EUery, "William.. An American states- man, and one of the signers of the Decla- ration of Independence ; b. in K. I., 1727. D. 1820. Ellora. A village of prov. Aurungabad, Hindustan, celebrated for immense Brah- man temples, hewn out of the solid rock. Elliptic, -lip'tik. A flat body, oval and acute at each end. Ellsworth, Oliver. An eminent Amei-- ican jurist, second Chief Justice of the U. S.;b. in Conn., 1745, D. 1807. Ellwand, 'woud. A measuring-rod, which in England was 45 in. long, and in Scotland 87i. In Scotland, the constellation otherwise known as the girdle or belt of Orion. Call- ed also Our Lady's ellwand. Elm, elm. The En- glish name of the gen. of trees, Ulmus, ord. ^ Ulmaceaj, of which ' there are thirteen spe- cies. The elm for use- fulness ranks next to the oak as a timber tree, Elmidae, 'i-de. A fam. of small aquatic coleopterous insects found adhering to the under sides of stones lying at the bottom of running water. Elmo's-flre, el'moz-flr. A popular name for a meteoric appearance seen playing about the masts of a ship. Cal'ed also Castor and Pollux, Helena, and Corposant. El Obeid, cl-o'baid. Cap. of Kordofan, Africa ; pop. abt. 35,000. Elog'ist, e'lo-jist. One who pronounces a panegyric, especially upon the dead; one who delivera an eloge. Elohim, -him. One of the names of God, of frequent occurrence in the Bible. It is used both of the true God and of false gods, while Jehovah is used only of the true God. Elohist, -hist. The epithet applied to the supposed writer of the Elohistic passages of the l*entateuch, in contradistinction to Jehovist. Elongration, -long-ga'shon. In Aetron. the angular distance of a planet from the sun, as it appears to the eye of a spectator on the earth; apparent departure of a planet from the sun in its orbit. In Surg. a partial dislocation, occasioned by the stretching of the ligaments. Elsinore, cl'se-nor. A seaporc of Zee- land, commanding the Sound, and for- merly the place where the Danish gov- ernment collected dues from vessels. Noted for the proximity of the castle of Kronborg, the supposed scene of Shake- speare's tragedy of Hamlet. Elul, 'lul. The 1 2th month of the Je^vish civil year, and the 6th of the ecclesiastical, con-osponding nearly to our August. Eliitriation, -lu'tri-a"shon. The opera- tion of pulverizing a solid substance, stir- ring it with Avater, and pouring off tha ELYDOKIC 299 EMJiRASUEE liquid, to sepirate the foul or exti-aneous substances from the finer, as the elutiia- tion of tin-ore. Elydoric, el-i-dor'ik. A method of paint- iug Willi oil and water, in which the work has the freshness of water colors and the unHowness of oil painting. Elysiadse, si'a-de. A small fam. of nudibranchiate mollusks, in which no tri'.ce of special respiratory organs has been detected. Elysian Fields, e-lizh'yan. In Myth, the Paradise or Heaven of the ancient heathen world ; they Avere variously lo- cated. Elytrine, el'i-trin. The name given to the substance of which the horny covering ef crustaceous insects is composed. Elzevir, el-ze'ver. Of or belonging to the Elzevir family. E. editions of the classics, ifcc, published by the Elzevir fam- ily at Amsterdam and Leyden, from about 1595 to 16S0, highly prized for accuracy and elegance. A peculiar cut of tj-pe. Em, em. In printing, the unit of meas- urement ; the square of the type. The cm of pica is the standard unit. Emanation, -a-na'shon. The act of flowing or proceeding from a fountain- head or origin. In Philos. a system which supposes that all existences proceed by successive disengagements from one be- ing, which is God. Emancipation, G-man'si-pa'^shon. The act of setting free from slavery, subjec- tion, civil restraints or disabilities, &c.; hb- eration, as the emancipation of slaves. E. proclamation, a war edict of President Lincoln declaring all slaves in the IT. S. free. Eatified by the votes of the States at the close of the Kebellion. Emasculation, -mas'ku-la"shon. The act of depriving a male of the parts which characterize the sex; castration. The act of expurgating some parts from a book, writ- ing, &c., as being over- vigorous or coarse. Emballing-, em-bal'ing. The condition of being distinguished by the ball or globe, the ensign of royalty ; promotion to sov- reignty. Embalon, Tjal-on. The beak of an an- cient war-galley, made of metal and sharp- ened fco that it might pierce an enemy's vessel under w.iter. Embassy, 'bas-si. The public function or residence of an ambassador ; the charge or employment of a public minis- ter, whether ambassador or envoy. Embaterion, ba-te'ri-on. A war-song of the Spartans, accompanied by flutes. bat'tld. Arrayed in order Embattled Molding, ment. E. molding, in Arch, indented lika a battlement. Ember, 'ber. A small live coal. Ember-days, -daz. The Wednotday, Friday and Saturday after Quadragesima Sunday, after Whitsunday, after Holy- rood -day in September, and after St. Lu- cia's day in December, appointed in tho Church of England for fasting and absti- nence. Ember-groose, -gos. An Arctic bird, known also as the great northern diver and loon, gen. Colymbus, ord. Natatores. Emberizidse, -iz'i-de. A fam. of ?maU birds, ord. Insessores and tribe Coniros- tres. It includes the buntings, the snow- flake, yellow-hammer, reed-sparrow and the ortolan, esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. By some naturalists thev are classified as a sub-fan^, of the Fringillidffi, under the title Emberizinsp. Emblazonry, -bla'zon-ri. Tho actor art of emblazoning ; blazonry. Heraldic dec- oration. Emblem, 'blem. A work of art repre- senting one thing to the eye and another to the understanding ; a ])ainted or sculp- tured enigma ; a figure representing some obvious history, or suggesting some moral truth. A symbol. Emblemata, -ble-ma'ta. The sculptured figures, usually made of the precious met- als or of amber, with which ornaments were decorated by the ancients. Embolism, 'bol-izm. Intercalation ; the insertion of days, months or years in an account of time, to produce regularity. The Greeks made use of the lunar year of 354 days, and to adjust it to the solar year of 365 they added a lunar month every second or third year. Embrasure, -bra'- zhur. An opening in a wall or parapet ' through which can- non are pointed and .• fired ; the indent or^ crenelle of an em-^ battlement. In Arch, the enlarge- Embrasure. EMBOSSMENT EMPIEE ment of the aperture of a door or window inside the wall. Embossment, -bos'ment. The act of forming- protuberances upon, or state of being embossed. A prominence, like a boss ; a jut. Eelief ; rising work. Embrocado, -bro-ka'do. A pass in fenc- ing. Embroidery, -broi'de-ri. Work in gold, silver, silk, or other thread, formed by the needle on cloth. Embryo, 'bri-fl. The iirst rudiments of an animal in the womb, before the several members are distinctly formed, after which it is called a tetus. In Eot. the rudimentary plant contained in the seed, produced by the action of the pollen on the ovule. Emerald, 'e-rald. A precious stone whose colors are shades of green. It is a little harder than quartz and is composed of GT to 68 per cent, of silica, 15 to IS al- umina, 12 to 14 plucina, and minute quanties of peroxide of iron, lime and oxide of chromium. The emerald and beryl are varieties of the same species. A size* of printing type. Emerald G-reen, gi-en. A durable green pigment prepared fi-om thearseniate of copper. Emieritus, e-mer'it-us. A soldier or other public functionary of ancient Kome Avho had served out his time and retired from service. Hence, one who has been honorably discharged from public service. (Emersion, -mer'shon. The act of ris- ing out of a fluid or other covering or sur- rounding substance. In Astron. the re- appearance of a heavenly body after an eclipse or occultation. Emerson, Ralph "Waldo. An emi- nent American poet and essayist; B. in Mass. 1S03. Emery, em'e-ri. An amorphous variety of corundum and sapphire extensively used in the arts for grinding and polishing metals, hard stones and glass. Its com- position is alumina 82, oxide of iron 10, sili- ca 6, lime 1 i. Razor-strop paper is made by mixing' the finest emery powder and a little finely powdered glass with paper pulp. Emetic, e-met'ik. A medicine that pro- vokes vomiting. Emeute, e-mat. A seditions commotion; a riot. Emigrant, em'i-grant. One who re- moves his hal)itation, or quits one ceuntiy or region to settle in another. Emigrre, a-me-gra. Ono of the old French nobles who became refugees dur- ing the i-evolution of 1789. Eminential, em-i-nen'shl-al. In Alg. a term applied to an artificial kind of equa- tion, which contains another eminently. Emir, e'mir. The title given by Moham- medans to all Independent chiefs. When associated with other words it denotes the heads of certain departments in Turkey. Thus the caliphs style themselves Emir-al Mumenin, Prince of the Faithful ; Emir-al Omrah, Prince of Princes, is the title of the governors of the diflferent provinces, &c. The title is also given to all descend- ants of Mohammed, thx-ough his daughter Fatima. Emmanuel. In Scrip., a title of the Saviour, alluding to His incarnation. Emmanuel (The Great). King of Portugal; b. 1469, d. 1521. He was brother-in-law of Charles V. of Spain. Emmet, em'met. An ant or pismire. Emmet, Robert. An Irish patriot ; b. ITSO, executed 1803. Emmet, Thomas Addis. Brother of the above ; n. 1764; took an active j)art in the insurrection of 1798, and was im- prisoned 3 years. In 1814 emigrated to N. Y., and became attorney-general of the State ; i>. 1827. Emollient, e-mol'li-ent. A medicine which softens and relaxes living tissues that are inflamed or too tense. Emol- lients proper ai-e oils, cataplasms, fomen- tations, &c. Empaistic, em-past'ik. Ancient inlaid work resembling modern buhl ; marquet- ry. It consisted of i>ressing threads or lines of one metal into another. Empasm, -pazm'. A powder used to re- move any disagreeable odor from the per- son. Emperor, 'per-er. The sovereign of an empire ; a title of dignity superior to that of king. Empidse, emp'i-de, A group of dipter- ous insects, which are at the same time vegetable feeders and carnivorous, jirey- ing on ephemerae, phryganeaj, tipulariae, &c. Empire, em'pTr. The territory or countries under dominion of an em- peror or other powerful sovereign ; usual- ly a territory of greater extent than a kingdom. The population of an empire. Supreme control; governing influence. E. State, the Stiite of New York, so called from the enterprise of its people, its wealth, population, &c. E. City, New EMPIRIC 301 ENCEATITES York, as being the capital of the Empire State. Empiric, -pir'ik. A phj'^sician who lacks a regular professional education, and re- lies on his own experience. Hence, a quack ; a charlatan. Emplecton, -plek'ton. In Arch, a method of building by the Greeks and Romans, in Emplecton. and the central space filled in with rubble- work. EmiKjritira, -pu'ri-um. A town or city of extensive commerce, or in which the commerce of an extensive country cen- ters ; a market-place ; a Avarehouse ; a shop. Empress, 'pres. The wife of an em- peror ; a female who governs an empire. Empyem.a, -pi-e'ma. A collection of pus, blood or other fluid matter, in some cavity of the body, especially in the cavity of the pleura or chest. Empyrean, -pT-re'an. The highest heaven, where the pure element of fii-c was supposed by the ancients to exist. Em.s. A populiu- spa, in Nassau, on the Lahn, 5 m. from Nassau. A river of Wcsti)halia, Germany. Emu, e-mu. T li e popular name of a large cursorial biri, Dromaius No- vae HollandiJB, found in Aas- tral ia. It is about T feet in length and stands higher .-^:^^.^^, than the casso- '^i.'::-^^^^. warv. It is un- like' the ostrich Emu, in having its feet three-toed. Emu--wren, 'mu-ren. An Australian bud, the Stipiturus malachurus, fam. Syl- viada\ Emydee, em'i-de. A fam. of chelonian reptdes, comprehending the fresh-water tortoises or terrapins, intermediate in form between the turtles and land tor- toises. Enaliosaur, en-al'1-o-sar. A member of a group of fossil marine^i-ep tiles of great size, one example of which is the ichthyo- saurus. Enamel, -am'el.. A colored substance of the nature of glass, but possessing a greater degree of fusibihty or opacity, used as an ornamental coating. Enamels have for their basis a pure crystal glass or frit, ground with a fine oxide of lead and tin, the color being varied by adding other substances. Encardion, -kar'di-on. In Bot. the heart or pith of vegetables. Encarpus, 'pus. In Arch, a sculptured ornament in imitation of a garland of fruits, leaves or flowers, sometimes an Encarpus. imitation of drapery, and frequently of musical instruments, implements of war or of the chase. Encaustic, -kas'tik. The art of painting on enamel ; the art of painting in burned Avax or in any way wherein heat is used to fix the colors. Encephalon, -se'fa-lon. The brain ; the contents of the skull, consisting of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and membranes. , Enclielya, kel'i-a. A fam. of Infusoria, of very simple organizations. They live in stagnant water, and are multiphed by transverse spontaneous divisions. Enchodus, 'ko-dus. A gen. of scombe- roid fossil fishes found in the chalk forma- tion. Encke's Comet, eng'kaz. The first comet whoso period was defined ; dis- covered by Pons of Marseilles, 1818, but named after Johann Franz Encke, of Hamburg, who established its periodicity. Encore, an-kor. Again ; once more ; used by the auditors when they call for a repeti- tion of a particular part. Our use of this word is unknown to the French, who use the word bis (twice) if they wish a repeti- tion. Encratites, en'kra-tits. A name given to a sect in the 2d century because they condemned marriage, forbade the eating ENCKINITE ENFEOFFMENT of flesh or drinking of wine, and rejected all the comforts and conveniences of life. Tatian, an Assyrian monarch and a dis- ciple of Justin Martyr, was the leader of this sect. Called also Continents. Encrinite, 'kri- nlt. A name ap- plied to the whole order of Crinoidea or stone-lilies, but more specifically restricted to the genera having rounded, smooth stems. The pet- rifted remains of the encrinites Marble, showing En- compose vast crinites. strata of marble in N. Europe and K. America. In the cut the variety in the figures of the en- crinites is caused by the different angles at which they occur. Encyclic, -sik'lik. Circular; sent to many persons or places ; intended for many, or for a whole order of men. Encyclopaedia, -si'kl6-pG"di-a. The circle of sciences ; a general sj'stem of in- struction or knowledge. A work in which the various branches of science or art are discussed separately ; a cyclopasdia. Encyclopeedist, -pGd-ist. The compiler of an cncj^clopaHiia, or one who assists in such compilation ; also a person whose knowledge is of a very wide range. Endecagon, en-de'ka-gon. A i)lane figure of eleven sides and angles, Endecagynous, -kaj'in-us. In Bot. having eleven pistils or" female organs of fructification. Endecaph.yllous, kafil-lus. In Bot. having a winged leaf composed of eleven leaflets. Endless, end'les. Without end. E. saw consists of arib- bou of steel serrated on ono edge and ])assing continuous- ly over a wheel or pulley above and one below. E. screw, a mechanical ur- rangeme n t , the t h r e u d of whicli gears in a wl with skew teeth, the obliquit y c o r r e - f(ponding to the angle of pitch of screw Endless Screw aad Wheel. Endemic, -dem'ik. Peculiar to a people or nation , as, an endemic disease is one to which the inhabi tints of a particular coimtry are peculiarly subject. Enderby Land. A large island in the Antarctic Ocean ; lat. 67° 80' 8., Ion. 50° E. ; discovered 1831, by Biscoe. Endive, 'div. A plant, Cichorium En* divia, ord. Compositaj, used as a salad. Endocarp, en'do- kiirp. In Bot. the inner layer of the peri- carp. It may be hard and stony, as in the plum and peach, mem- branous as in the apple, or fleshy as in the orange. The endocarp or stone, the epicarp Fruit of Common or outer skin, and the Peach, mesocarp or fleshy part, are shown in the cut. Endogamy, -dog'a-mi. A custom among some savage peoples of marrying only within their own tribe ; opposed to ex- ogamy. Endogen, 'do-jen. A i)lant belonging to one of the large pri- mary classes into which the vegetable kingdom is divided. To this class belong^ palms, grasses, rush- es, lilies, &c. Endomorph,-morf. A term applied to minerals inclosed in minerals. Endorse, -dors'. In Her. an ordinary containing in breadth one-fourth, or, ac- cording to some, one-eighth of the pale. It bears the same relation to that ordinary as the cottise does to the bend. Endowment, -dou'ment. The act of settling dower on a woman, or of settling a fund or permanent provision for the sup- port of any person or object. That Avhich is bestowed or settled on. Gift of nature. Eneid, e-ne'id. An epic poem written in Latin by Virgil, of which ^Eneas, re- puted the founder of the Latin race, is the hero. Energetics, en-er-jet'iks. That branch of science which investigates the laws reg- ulating physical or mechanical forces, as opposed to vitAl. Enfeoffment, fefment. In law, the act of giving the fee simple ofanestatc- Endogens crystals or other ElfFILADE 503 ENKEACONTAHEDEAL The nstrument or deed by whick one is invested Avitli tie fee of an estate. Enfilade, -fi-l ad'. Milit. a line or straight passage ; a situation which may be j^^ ^ raked with shot through ^^T^Xii '^'^ its whole lenj,'th. -"^^^ ' Eiigrag'ed,-gajd. Pledged; affianced ; enlisted ; earn- estly employed. E. col- umn, a column attached to a wall so that part of it 13 concealed. E. wheels, wheels that are in gear with each other. Engliie, 'jin. Any ma- chine for applying steam to propel vessels, rail- way trains, &c. ; a steam- engine. Any instrument Engaged Col- in any degree complicat- umn. ed; tharS by which any ef- fect is produced, as a cannon, the rack, a battering ram, & c . Means ; any- ^; thing used to effect a purpose ; a tool; an agent. Engrineer, -Gr'. A per- 8 on skilled zn the prin- ciples and Steam Fire-Engine, practice of engineering, either civil or mili- tary. A mechanical engineer practices the avocation of the machinist, in executing the great machines employed in the arts and manufactures. Au engine-driver; one who manages an engine; a person who attends the machinery on board a steam- vessel. Eng-iseope, 'ji-skop'. A kind of reflect- ing microscope. Engrland, ing-gland. The S. section of the island of GL Britain, bounded X. by Scotland, E. by the ISIorth Sea, W. by Wales, the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea, S- by the English Channel ; area 50,812 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 26,000,000. The prin- cipal cities are London, the cap., Liver- pool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, ' Hull, Bristol, Newcastle-on-Tyne and , Sheffield ; chief rivers, Thames, Severn, Trent, Mersey, Ouse, Med way, Tyne, Pee, Teas and Wear ; lakes, Derwent- water, tJltro water, "Windermere and ^eswick ; mountains, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Yorkshire, Cotswold, th« Cheviots on the Scottish border, and the Derbyshire Peak. It is divided into 40 counties. Engine-tuming', -tern-ing. A method of tiu-ning executed by what is termed a Examples of Engine-turning, rose-engine. It is used in ornamental work, such as the curved lines on the backs of watches ; also similar lines on bank note plates, &c. England., Churclipf . The Protestant Episcopal. Englante, iin-ghan-ta. In Her. bearing acorns or similar glands. English, ing'glish. One of the Low Grcr- man gi-oup of languages, and that spoken by the people of England and the de- scendants of natives of that country. It is a direct development of Anglo-Saxon. There appear to have been three chief dia- lects of English— the Northern, Midland and Southern, the second of which grad- ually became the dominant and literary dialect of the country, and the immediate parent of modern English. Although Teutonic as regards its grammar and particles, as well as the great propor- tion of words in daily use, yet perhaps no language has incorporated so many foreign Avords. The chief sources from which these contributions have been received are Norman-French, French and the other Ito- maace languages, Latin and Greek, besides contributions from Celtic, German, Dutch, Hebrew, Persian, Hindu, Chinese, Turk- ish, Malay, American, tfee. A great many of the terms borrowed from the last- mentioned languages are names of articles of trade. As a collective noun, the people of England. In printing, a size of type, Engraver, -grav'er. One who engraves ; a cutter of letters or devices on stone, metal or wood ; a sculptor, a cai-ver. Enhydra, -hl'dra. A gen. of ca.'nivorr ous mammals, fam, Mnstelidaj, sub-fam. Lutrinae, consisting of only one species, the searotter, Enneacontah.edraI, en'ne-a-kon-ta^ he"-dral, Having 90 faces; said of a crystal or other solid figure bounded by planes. ENNEACONTAHEDEOTf 3W ENTEESOL Enneacontaliedron, -dron. A fignre haviag 90 Bides. Ennead, -ad. One of the divisions of Porphyry's collection of the doctrines of Plotinus, so named from its being- arranged in six divisions,each con ttiining nine books. Enneagron, -a-gon. A polygon or plane ligiire w ith nine sides or nine angles, Enneandria, -an'- dri-a. Tlie Dth class of the Linna-an sys- tem of plants, com- prehending such as have hermaphrodite flowers with 9 sta- mens. E n n i s , 'is. An Irish form of the Celticinis, an island, x' ;i • a frequent element Enneandna. of place names ; Ennis, Enniskillen, «fec. Enniscorthy, -kor'the. A toAvn in Co. Wexford, Ireland, in which the principal actions of the rebellion of 1798 were fought ; pop. 8,300. E3iniskillen,-nis-kil'ln. Cap. of Co. Fer- managli, Ireland, on an island in Lough Erne, noted for its memorable seige by James II., 1CS9 ; pop. C,500. Enoch, o'nok. In Scrip, an antediluvian patriarch, father of Methuselah ; n. 33TS B. c, and was translated at the age of 365. Enomoty, e-nu'mo-ti. In Greek Antiq. any band of sworn soldiers ; specifically, a body of soldiers In the Lacedaemonian army, variously estimated at 25 and 82, bound together by an oath. Enopla, en'op-la. A tribe of turbellarian annelids. The members are microscopic, and live in fresh or sea water. Enorthotrope, -or'tho-trop. A card on which confused objects are transformed into various figures or pictures, by caus- ing it to revolve rapidly ; a thaumatrope. Enos, e'nos. The eldest son of Seth, an antedihivian, who lived 905 years ; B. '2045, B. 1140 B. c. Entablature, -tab'la- tur. In Arch, that part of an order which lies upon the abacus of the column, consisting of the architrave.tho frieze and the cornice. Entellus, -tel'lus. An E. Indian species of monkey, gen. Semno- pithecus. Itreceivesdi- Entablature. vine honors from the natives, by whom it is termed Hoonuman. V- J Enter-mewer, 'ter-mu-er. A (lawk gradually changing the color of its feathers, commonly in the 2d year. Entomoid, 'to-moid. An object having the appearance of an insect. Entomologry, -tom-ol'o-ji. Thatljrancb of zoology which treats of the structure, habits and classificiition of the Insecia or insects. Entomology formerly deali with all articulated animals. Entomoph.ag-a, -ofa-ga. A group of hymenopterous insects whose larviB gen- erally feed parasitically upon living insects. A ti-ibe of marsupials, as the opossums, bandicoots, &c., which are insectivorfnis, though not exclusively so. A section of edentates, as the ant-eater and pangolin. Entoptiyte, 'to-fit. A term properly applied to a plant grooving in the interior of animal or vegetable structiu-es. Gen- erally, however, restricted to plants grow- ing on or in living animals, bdonging to the Algffi or Fungi. The fur on the tongues of persons with disoi-dered stomachs is an Alga, Leptothrix buccalis, and the same parasite infests ill-cleaned teeth. Other diseases are refen-ed to the growth of eu- tophytes on or in various sU-uctures, and the disease is cured by killing the parasite. Epidemic diseases, as cholera, have been ascribed to spores or germs being con- veyed through the air. Entozoa, -to-zo'a. A general name for those anuulose parasitical animals which infest the bodies of other animals. Entr'act, an-trakt. The interval between the acts of a drama. A short musical en- tertainment performed during such inter- val. Entre nous, -tr no. Between onrselvea. Entrepot, -po. A warehouse or magazine for the depositing >^[^ — [SSOT s^ of goods; a free '• ' * port where for- eign merchan- dise is deposited tinder the sur- veillance of cus- toms officers till ' it is re-exported; also, a m art where goods are sent to be dis- ti'ibuted. Entresol, -sol. A low story be- tween two others of greater heiff-ht; a low apartment Entresol or Mezzanine. or apartments. Called also Mezzanine ENYOT 805 EPHESIANS Envoy, 'voi. One deputed by a govern- ment to negotiate a treaty or transact other business with a foreign ruler or government, inferior in rank to an am- bassador. Enzootic, -zo-ot'ik. A disease restricted to the animals of a district. Eocene, e'o-sen. In Geol. the earliest of the three periods of the tertiary strata, each of which is characterized by contain- ing a different proportion of fossil shells of recent species. The eocene beds are ar- ranged in three groups, termed the lower, ' middle and upper. Eolian, -o'li-an. Pertaining to JEolia or ^oUs, ia Asia Minor, inhabited by Greeks. E. mode, in music, the fifth of the authen- tic Gregorian modes ; it consists of the natural notes A B D E F G. Pertain- ing to -^olas, the god of the winds. E. Eolian Harp. lyre or harp, a simple stringed instrument that sounds by the impulse of air. E. at- tachment, ' contrivance attached to a piano-forte, oy which a stream of air can be thrown upon the wires, prolonging their vibration and increasing the volume of sound. E. rocks, in Geol. the blown sands of the desert and the seashore. Eolidse, -ol'i-do. A fam. of nudibranch- late gasteropodous mollusks. Eolipile, -pil. A hollow ball of metal, with a slender neck, used in hydraulic ex- periments. Eon, 'on. A space of time, especially the time during which anything exists ; an age ; an era ; cycle ; eternity. In Platonic Philos. a virtue or attribute existing throughout eternity. The Platonists represent the Deity as an assemblage of eons. The Gnostics considered eons as certain substantial powers emanating from the Supreme Deity, and active in the operations of the universe. Eozoon, -o-zo'on. The name given to a supposed gigantic fossil foraminifer, found in the Laurentian rocks of Canada and in the quartz rocks of Germany, the oldest form of life traceable in the history of the globe. Epaulet, 'pal-et. A shoulder-piece ; an ornamental badge, distinguishing the mil- itary or naval rank of the wearer. Epauliere, -pal'yar. Anciently a shoul- der-plato fastened to the sleeve of the hauberk. Latterly the pauldron was used to cover the epaulidre. Epacris, ep'a-kris. A gen. of plants, the typical gen. of the ord. Epacridacece. Among those cultivated is E. grandi- tiora. Epact, C'pakt. In Chron the excess of the solar month above the lunar synodical month. Epaminondas, e-pam-m'- 6n-das. The greatest geneml and statesman of Theban Greece ; b. 412 b. c, killed at 2d battle of Mantinea, after achieving a notable victory over the Spartans, 862 b. c. Eparch, ep'ark. In Greece, the governor of a province or eparchy. Epanlement, e-pal'ment. In Fort, a terra used to desig- E. Grandi- nate the mass of material flora, which protects the guns in a battery, dis- tinguished from a parapet by being' with- out a banquette or step on which tho men stand to fire. Epencephalon, op-en-sefal-on. In Auat. the hindmost of the four segments of the brain. It includes the cf-rebellum, the fourth ventricle, the medulla oblongata,' and the pons Varolii. Epergrne, e-pern'. An ornamental stand with a dish and branches for tho center of a table. Epemay, ai-pair-na. A town in dept. Marne, France, celebrated for its manu- facture of champagne ; pop, 9,300. Epha, 'fa. A Hebrew measure of capa- city, containing, according to one estimate, 8.6096 gallons ; according to another only 4.4286. ^ Ephelis, e-fe'lis. A term for the freckles that appear on persons of fair complexion when exposed to the sun; also brown patches occurring on other parts of the body. Ephemera, -fe'me-ra. A fever of one days' continuance. A gen. of neuropter- ous insects, tlie type of tho fam. Epheme- ridoB ; the May -fly and day-fly. Ephemerist, -rist. One who studies the daily motions and positions of the planets ; an astrologer. One who keeps an ephemeris ; a journalist. Ephesians, Epistle to the, e-fs'zhans. In Scrip, letters written by St. Paul to th« church at Ephesus, during his imprison- ment at Pwome, abt. 61, EPHIALTE9 EPIZOON EpMaltes, -fi-al'tez. The nightmare. Eplxesus, efe-siis. A noted city of Asia Minor, cap. of Ionia, now in ruins. It was celebrated for its temple of Diana, considered one of the 7 wonders of the world ; also as the seat of one of the first 7 Christian churches, founded by St. Paul. It was situated abt. 88m. S. E. of Smyrna. Ephod, 'fod. In Jewish Antiq. a species of vestment worn by the high priest over the second tunic. A girdle of one piece with the ephod, fastened it to the body. Just above the girdle, in the middle of the ephod, and joined to it by little gold chains, rested the square breast-plate with the Urim and Thummim. A similar vest- ment of an inferior material seems to have been in use in later times among ordinary priests. Ephor, 'for. One of the five magistrates chosen by the ancient Spartans as a check on the regal power and the senate. Epic, 'pik. A narrative poem of elevated character, Epicarp, 'pi-karp. In Bot. the outer skin of fruits, the fleshy substance being the niesocarp, and the inner portion the endocarp. Epictetus, e-pik-te'tus. A celebrated lioman stoic philosopher, b. 60. d. in ban- ishment at Nicopolis, abt. 124. Epicurus, 'e-kii'rus. A Greek philos- opher, founder of the Epicureans, b. abt. 340, B. 270 B. c. Epicurean, -re"an. A man devoted to sensual pleasures or luxuries, especially a gourmand. Epidemic, -pi-dem'ik. An infectious or contagious disease, which attacks many people at the same period and in the same country. Epidermis, -derm'is. The cuticle or scarf-skin of the body. In Bot. the exterior cellular coating of the leaf or stem of a plant. Epig-astrium, -pi-gas'tri-um. The upper part of the abdomen. Epiglottis, -glot'is. A cartilaginous plate behind the tongue, which covers the glottis during the act of swallowing. Epigronation, -pig'on-a"ti-on. A loz- enge-shaped piece of stiff material which forms part of the dress of the Pope and of bishops in the Greek Church while ofiieiating. Epigram, 'pi-gram. An interesting thought represented happily in a few words, whether verse or prose ; a pointed 'XT antithetical saying. Epilogue, 'pi-log. In lihet. the closing part of a discourse, in which the principal matters are recapitulated. In the drama, a speech or short poem by one of Equidae, 'kwi-de. The horse fam., ord. Ungulata, sub-division Perissodactyla, divided into two groups — one including the asses and zebras (gen. Asinus), the other comprising the true horses (gen. Equus). Equilateral, -lat'er-al. side exactly corr< others in length, of equal sides. Equilibrist, -kA^il'i-brist. One who keeps his balance in Equilat- Tinnatural positions and haz- eral. ardous movements, as a rope-dancer. Equinia, -kwin'i-a. A dangerous conta- gious disorder, originating in the horse, ass and mule, communicable to man ; glanders in man. Equinoctial, -kwi-nok'shal. In Astron. the celestial equator, so called because, when the sun is on it, the days and nights are of equal length in all parts of the world. Equinox, -noks. The precise time when the sun enters one of the equinoctial points, or the first point of Aiies, about the 21st of March, and the first point of Libra, about the 23d of September, making the day and night of equal length. Called respectively the vernal and autumnal equi- noxes. Equinoctial gale. Equitation, e-kwit-a'shon. The act or art of riding on horseback ; horsemanship. Equites, ek'wi-tcz. An order of Roman cit- izens originally forming the cavalry of the army, said to have been instituted by Rom- ulus. About the time of tlie Gracchi (123 15. c.) the Equites became a distinct order in the State, and judges and farmers of the revenue were selected from their ranks. Equivocation, 'o-ka'^shon. Ambiguity of speech ; the use of expressions suscept- ible of a double signification, with a view to mislead ; prevarication. Equuleus, -kwu'le-us. The Horse's Head, a northern constellation consisting of 10 stars. In Rom. Antiq. a rack for extorting confessions, at first used against criminals, but afterwards against Chris- tians. E. Picloris, the Painter's Horse or Easel, a southern constellation consisting of eight stai's. Equus, 'kvvus. The horse, a gen. of ani- mals, ord. Equida?. Era, 'ra. In Chron. a fixed point of time, from which any number of years is begun to be counted, as the Christian era. A succession of years proceeding fi-om a fixed point, or comprehended between two fixed points, as the era of the Seleucidcs ended with the reign of Antiochus. ERASISTEATUS EEMINE Srasistratus. An ancient physician, the reputed son of Aristotle, b. in Oeos abt. 300 15. c. He discovered the functions of the brain and nervous system. Erasmus, Desiderius. A distin- guished scholar and writer, also a reform- er, B. at Kotterdam, 1466, u. 1536. He differed fi-om Luther, but sharply criti- cised the K. C. Church government. Erastian, -ras'ti-an. One whose opinions are akin to those of Thomas Erastus, a German divine of the 16th century, who maintained the com])lcte subordination of the ecclesiastical to the secular power, Erato, er'a-to. One of the Musos, whose name sig- nities loving or lovely. She presided over lyric and especially amatory poetry, and is generally represen ted crowned with roses and myrtle, with the lyre in the left hand and "the plectrum in the right in the act of j)laying. i Erebus, e're-bus. In ( Myth, the son of Chaos: and Darkness, who mar- ' ried his sister Night and was the father of Light and Day. HeAvastrans- foi-med into a river and plunged into Tartarus, because he aided the Titans. Hence, the lower world, particularly the abode of the virtuous; hades; hell. Eremitism, -Tnit- izm. State of a hermit ; living in seclusion. Erica, e-rl'ka. The heath, a gen. of branched rigid shrubs, ord. Ericaceae, con sistiug of more than 400 species. Ericsson, John, er'iks-sun. A distin- guished inventor; born in Sweden, 1803; removed to the U. S., laSO. He constructed the monitor Merrimack, and is still engaged in perfecting naval engines of war. Eridanus, e-rid'a-nus. A winding southern constellation containing 84 stars, among which is Achernar, a star of the fn-st magnitude. Erie, Lake. The 4th of the five great inland seas, Avhich divide the U. S. and Erato. Erica herbacea. Canada, connected with L. Ontario by the Niagara Kiver ; area, 7,800 sq. m. It is connected with tide-Avater by the Erie Canal and the Hudson River, and by the Ohio Canal, Ohio and Mississippi rivers ; and on the Canadian side, by the Welland Canal, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. It is inclosed on the N. by Canada, E. by New York and Pennsylvania, S. by Ohio, an I W. by Michigan ; its length is abt. 26) m., its breadth from 10 to 65 m. Erie. A city of Pennsylvania on Lake E. cap. of CO. of same name : pop. 27,787. Erigrena, Joannes Scotus. An Irish theologian ; b. abt. 810. His Avritings, denounced by the R. C. Church, are among the most profound of the Middle Ages. Erinaceadae, 'riri-a-se"a-de. The ur- chin or hedgehog tribe. Erinnys, e-rin'nis. In Greek Myth, one of the Furies; a goddess of discord; hence, discord in general. Eriodendron, -den"- dron. The Avool-tree, a gen. of plants, ord. Malvacca?. The woolly' coat of the seeds of some of the species is used for stuffing cush- ions and similar pur- poses. Eriodes, er-i-6'dez. The name noAv given to the snb-gen. of quadru- mana Brachyteles. Erlang-en, air'lang-gn. varia, S. Germany, the seat of the Prot- estant University ; pop. 13,186. Erl-kingr, erl'king. The English form of the name given, in German and Scandinavian Myth., to a personified nat- ural power Avhich Avorks mischief, espe- cially to children. Ermine, er-min. The stoat, a quadruped of the Avease 1 tribe! (Mustela Er minea). In conse- quence of the' change that oc- curs in the color Ermine, of its fur at different seasons, it is not generally knoAvn that the ermine and stoat are the same. In Avinter the fur changes from a reddish broAvn to a Avhite, under Avliich shade the animal is recog- inzed as the ermine. In both states the tip of the tail is black. The fur is In great request ; at one time it Avaa an In- ERNE ESKAR sigiiia of royalty, and is still worn by judges. The ermine has the power of ejecting a fluid of a strong musky odor, Sme, urn. A river of Ireland Avhich empties into Donegal Bay, abt. 100 m. in length. Eros. In Myth, the Greek name of the god of love, corresponding with the Ro- man Cupid. Erotetic, e-ro-tet'ik. Interrogatory. Erotic, -i-ot'ik. An amorous composition. Erotomania, -r6'to-ma"ni-a. Mental alienation or melancholy caused by loveii Errantes, er-ran'tGz. A sub-ord. of an- nelides, known as sea-centipedes, sea- mice, and nereids. Erratic, -rat'ik. Irregular ; wandering. In Geol. a bowlder which has been con- veyed from its original site ; an erratic block. Erse, ers, A name given to the language of the descendants of the Gaels or Celts, in the Highlands of Scotland, as being of Irish origin. The Highlanders themselves invariably call it Gaelic. Erskine, Thomas, Lord. A dis- tinguished Scotch lawyer and statesman ; B. 1750, D. 1823. Eruca, c-ro'ka. An insect in the larval state ; a caterpillar. Erudition, e-ru-di'shon. Learning; scholarship ; particularly, learning in lit- erature, as distinct from' the sciences. Erythacinse, 'i-tha-si"no. The red- breast.-*, a sub-fam. of passerine birds, fam. Luscinidse. The common robin red- breast is the Erythaca rubecula. This sub-fam. is by some made a group of the thrushes. Eryx, e'riks. A gen. of colubrinc ser- pents, separated from Boa, and ditfering from it in having a very short obtuse tail and the ventral plates narrower. Erzeroum, airz'room. Cap. of pashalic of E., in Turkish Armenia ; pop. 116,000. ETzg-ebirg-e Mountains, erts'ga-bur- ga. A chain extending from the valley of the Elbe to the Fichtelgebirge raiige, bordering Saxony and Bohemia. Esau (Edom), e'sau. Eldest son of the patriarch Isaac, brother of Jacob, and founder of the Edomites; B. abt. 1835 b. c. Escallop, es-kol'lop. A fam. of bivalvu- lar shell-tish, whose shell is regularly in- dented. Escallopee, 'lo-pe. In Her. covered as an escutcheon, Avitli lines resembling the outlines of scallop shells, overlapping «ach other. Escapement, -kfip'mcnt. The general contrivance in a time-piece by which the pressure of the wheels and the vibratory motion of the pendulum or balance-wheel are accommodated the one to the other, Eschara, 'ka-ra. A gen. of zoophytes, class Bryozoa or Polyzoa, resembling the Flustra, but calcareous. EschatologT, -tol'o-ji. The doctrine of the last or linal things, as death. Escritoire, -kri-twar'. A box with in- struments and conveniences for writing; sometimes a desk or chest of drawers with an apartment for writing instru- ments. Esculapius, 'kii-la'oi- us. In Myth, the god of medicine, the son of Apollo by the nymph Coronis. His worship prevailed over all Greece. He is usually represent- ed as an old man. The most characteristic em- blem of E. is the serpent. The name is often used as a general term for doctor. Esculent, -lent. Some- thing which may be safe- ly eaten by man. Escurial, The, -koo- re-Al. The celebrated royal palace, 24 m. S. of Madrid, Spain ; built by Philip H., at a cost of $15,000,000. Escutch- eon, -kueh'- o n . The shield o n which a coat of arms is represent- ' e d ; the shield of a family ; the picture of ensigns ar- morial; the symbol of one's birth and dignity. Esdras, Books of, ez'dras. Two books (formerly four) of the Old Testament. The others are now called Ezra and Nehe- miah. Eskar, es'ker. A term for a late geo- logical formation in the superficial drift, generally consisting of a long linear ridge of sand and gravel, derived from the waste of till or bowlder-clay ; their arrangement took place probably under water over which icebergs floated. Esculapius. Escutcheon of Elizabeth, Queen of Henry VII. ESKIMO E8TUAEY iEskimo, 'ki-mo. One of a tribe in- habiting the northern parts of N. Amer- ica and Greenland. Eskixao-dogr. One of a breed of dogs extensively spread over the northern re- gions of America and of E. Asia. It is the only beast of burden in these lati- tudes. Esneh,, 'na. A town of U. Egypt, 25 111. from Thebes, on the Nile ; it has con- siderable commerce, and contains the ruins of an immense temple. Esox, e'soks. The pike, a gen. of ab- dominal fishes, including the common pike, the fox-pike, the gar-fish, &c. Espadon, es'pa-don. A long sword of Spanish invention, used by foot-soldiers or for decapitation. Espartero, Joachim Baldomero, Duke of Victory. A Spanish general and statesman ; b. 1783, d. 1879. He re- fused the crown on the abdication of Isabella, 1870. Espionagre, 'pi-on-aj. The practice or employment of spies ; the practice of watching the words and conduct of others. Espousal, -pouz'al. The act of espous- ing or betrothing ; formal contract or cel- ebration of marriage. Espringal, -pring'gal. An ancient mil- itary engine for throAving stones. Esquimaux, 'ke-moz. The race, classed Avith the Mongolians, inhabiting Arctic Asia, Greenland and America. Esquire, -kwir'. Properly, a shield-bear- er or armor-bearer; an attendant on a knight ; hence, a title of dignity next be- low a knight. In the IT, S. universally be- stowed upon inferior judges, and usually given to professional and literary men ; in the addresses of letters esquire is put as fl complimentary adjunct to almost any per- son's name. In Her. the helmet of an esquire is represented sideways, with the visor closed. Esquisse, -kes'. In the fine arts the first sketch of a picture or model of a statue. Essed, 'sed. A two-wheeled Avar chariot used by the ancient Britons and Gauls. Essen. A city of Khenish Prussia, noted for its manufacture of arms. Herr Krupp's celebrated steel Avorks are located here, employing 8,000 men ; pop. 43,200. Essence d'Orient, fis-sans dd-rySn. A substance of a pearly ap]»earanco found at the base of the scales of the bleak, used to line the interior of glass bubbles in the manufacture of artificial pearls. es-senz'. A Je>vish sect re- markable for their strictness and absti. nence. Essequibo, -se-ke'bo. A river of Brit- ish Guiana, S. America ; its mouth is 20 uj. Avide. Essex, Earl of. A title of the English house of Devereux. Three of these are renowned ; Walter, b. 1540, n. 1576. He Avas a favorite of Queen Ehzabeth. Ptob- ert, his son, b. 1567, died on the scaflbld 1601. He was also a f:\vorite of Elizaoeth, but incurring her displeasure, attempted to ipcite a rcA'olt. Eobert, his son, 8.151)2, D. 1647. He commanded the Parliament forces in the contest Avith Charles I., resign- ing after his victory at Edgehill. Estaing, Charles Hector Comte d', daiz'tahn. A French naval olficer ; b. 1729, died by the guillotine 1794. He Avas Yice-Admiralof thelieet Avhich cooi)erat- ed Avith the Americans in the E evolution. In the Eevolution of 1790-91 he unsuc- cessfully endeavored to save the lives ol Louis XVI. and his queen, and A\'aa con- demned to death. Esterhazy. A princely Hungarian family* Avhich trace their origin to the 10th centmy. Esther, es'ter. The name of one of the books of Scripture and of the hero- ine of the book, held to have been written late in the reign of Xerxes or early in that of his son Artaxerxcs Longimanus, and supposed to be the composition of Mordecai, uncle of the heroine. Estival, -tlv'al. Pertaining to summer, or continuing for the summer. Estoile, as-toil. In Her. a star Avith six Avaved points ; a mullet has only five, and these straight. Estoilee, 'Q. In Her. a star vrith four long rays in the form of a cross, broad in the center, and terminating in sharp points. Estradiot, es-trad'i- ot. An Albanian light- horseman, employed in the French army in the loth and 16th cen- turies. Thoy some- times fought on foot. Estramacon, -tram- a-son. A sort of dag- ger used iu the middle ages. A pass Avith a sword. Estuary, 'tu-a-ri. An arm of the sea ; a frith > or firth ; the mouth of ' a river or hike, Avluire the tide mecta the cur- rent. An Estradiot. ETAGEEE 811 ETTCALTPTUS Etag-ere, u-tfi-zhar. A piece of domes- tic I'urnitiire supplied with shelves, as a side-board, a what-not, &c. Etanin, et'a-nin. The star Gramma of the constellation Draco, interesting as being the star by the observation of which Bradley was led to the discovery of the aberration of the fixed stars. Et ceetera, set'e-ra. And others of the like kind ; and so forth ; and so on Written also Etcetera, and contracted &c. Etclliilgr, ech'ing. The process of pro- ducing designs upon a metal or glass plate by means of lines drawn through a kind of varnish by a pointed instrument and corroded by an acid. The impression taken from an etched plate. Eternal, e-tem'al. An appellation of God. That which is everlasting. Eternity, 'i-ti. The condition or quality of being eternal ; duration or continuance wthout beginning or end. The whole of time j)ast ; endless future time ; the state or condition which begins at death. Etesian, -te'zi-an. Eecurring every year; blowing at stated times of the year ; pe- riodical; applied by Greek and Eoman writer^ to the periodical winds in the Mediterranean. Ethal, 'thai. A solid substance separated from spermaceti, fusible at nearly the same point as spermaceti, and crystallizing in plates. In point of composition it re- sembles ether and alcohol. Ethelingr, eth'el-ing. An Anglo-Saxon nobleman. Ethelbert, eth'el-burt. The first Chris Uan King of Kent, England, converted by his \vife Bertha, of France and St. Augus- tine: reigned 560 to 616. He gave the English the first written code of laws. Ether, e'ther. Tn Astron. and Physics, a hypothetical medium of extreme ten- uity and elasticity mpposed to be dif- fused throughout all space, and the me- dium of the transmission of light and heat. In Chem. a very light, volatile and iRfiammable fluid, produced by the re- placement of the hydrogen of organic acids by alcoholic radicals. Ethics, eth'iks. The science of human duty. The whole of the moral sciences, including moral philosophy, international law, public or political law, civil law, and history, profane, civil and political. Ethiopia, e-the-o'pe-ah. The name for- merly given to an immense and vaguely defined section of 0. Africa, now kuowTJ as Abyssinia, Kordofan, Nubia, &c. Ethiops Martial, e'thi-ops mur'shal. Black oxide of iron ; iron finely powdered. Ethiops Mineral, mi'ne-ral. A com- bination of mercury and sulphur ; black sulphuret of mercury. Ethnarch, cth'nark. In Greek Antiq. a viceroy ; a governor of a province. Ethnic, 'nik. A heathen ; a pagan. Ethnogrrapher, -nog'ra-fer. One who cultivates ethnography, one who treats of the different races and families of men. Ethnology, -nol'o-ji. The science ol races. Ethology, -ol'o-ji. The science of eth- ics ; the science of character. Etiolation, 'ti-6-la"shon. The becom- ing white by excluding the light of the sun or by disease. lu Hort. the rendering plants white, crisp and tender, by exclud- ing the action of light from them. Etna, et'na. A table cooking-utensil, heated by a spirit lamp. Etna, Mount (-ffitna). The volcano on the island of Sicily, 10,784 ft. above the sea-level. Its most destructive outburst occurred in 1693 ; its latest gi-eat eruption in 1787. Etruria, e-troo're-ah. The ancient name of nearly the whole of Italy. The Etrus- cans posse.. 1153. The outbreak against the papacy, led by Arnold of Brescia, occurred during his pontificate. E. IV. (Gabriele Condol- mero), s. Martin V., 1431 ; d. 1447. The schism occasioned by the action of the Council of Basle occurred in his pontifi- cate. Eugnbine, 'gu-bin. Of or belonging to the ancient Eugubium (now Gubbio), or to the seven tablets discovered there in 1444. These tablets, called the E. tables, furnish a comprehensive memorial of tho ancient IJmbrian tongue, and show that it somewhat resembled the ancient Latin, as well as the Oscan. Eumeues, ii-me'nez. A favorite general of Alexander the Great, b. 360, d. 816 b.c. E. received Pontus, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia as his share of the empire at Alexander's death, but was killed through the intrigues of Antigonus. Eumenides, -dez. In Class. Mvth. a name given to the Furies, because'it was considered unlawful and dangerous to name them under their true designation Erinnys. Eunomia, -no'mi-a. A small asteroid revolving between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, discovered 29th July, 1851, by De Gasparis. Eunomian, -an. One of a sect of here* tics, disciples of Er.nomius, bishop of Cy- zicum in the 4th century. Thev main- tained that the Father was of a different nature from the Son, and that the Son did not in reality unite himself to human na- ture. Eunuch, u'nuk, A castrated male ser- vant employed in Eastern harems. Euomphalus, -om'fal-us. A gen. of fos- sil gasteropodous mollusks, fam. Turbini- da>, appearing in the Silurian strata, and keeping its place till the triassic period. Eupatried, 'pat-rid. A member of the ancient aristocracy of Athens, in Avhom were vested the privileges and powers of lawgivers. Euphemism, 'fem-izm. In Ehet. a figui*e in which a dehcate word or expr«8- EUPHOKIUM 313 EUTYCHIAK sion is substituted for one which is offen- sive. Euphonium, -um. A brass bass in- strument, g-enerall}- used as a substitute for tlie bass trombone. Euplionon, 'fo-non. A musical instru- ment of great sweetness and power, re- sembling the iipright piano in form and the organ in tone. Euphrates, u-fra'teez. A large river of W. Asia, joined by the Tigris at Kurnah ; 1,800 m. in length, and navigable nearly 1,200 m. Euphrosyne, -fros'i-ne. An asteroid, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, discovered by Ferguson, September 1, 1S54. Eupyrion, -pir'i-on. Any contrivance for obtaining an instantaneous light, as lucifer-matches, &c. Eurasian, -ra'shi-an. One born in Hin- dustan of a Hindu mother and European father. Eureka, -re'ka. The exclamation of Archimedes when he discovered the method of detecting the amount of alloy in King Hiero's crown ; hence a discov- ery ; an expression of triumph. Euroclydon, -rok'li-don. A tempestu- ous wind in the Levant, which was the oc- casion or the shipwreck of the vessel in which St. Paul sailed, as naiTated in Acts xxvii., now known as Gregaha. Europa, -ro'pa. An asteroid, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, discovered by Goldschmidt, February 4, 1858. Europa, -ro'pa. In Myth, sister of Cadmus, and mother of Minor and Khada- manthus, by Jupiter, who seduced her in the form of a bull. The continent of Eu- rope derives its name from her. Elirope, u'rop. The smallest of the five continents, about one-fifth the size of America. It is bounded N. by the White Sea and Arctic Ocean, E. by Asia, S. by the Mediterranean and W. by "the Atlantic ; lying bet. 36° and 71° 12' N. lat., and 9° 80' W. and 60° 60' E. long. Its govern- mental divisions are Sadowa, France and Smtzerland, republics ; Monaco, princi- pality ; Belgium, Denmark, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Portugal and Spain, kingdoms; Austria, Germany, Rus- sia and Turkey, empires. Its marine divis- ions include the German Ocean, the Med- iterranean, Baltic, Eu.xine, Irish, North, "White, and seas of Marmora and Azof. Its principal islands are Great Britain, Ireland, Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, Malta, Candia, Zealand, Nova Zembla and Spitz- bergen. Its mountain ranges include the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Appenines, Balkan and Hartz, with the Ural range dividing it from Asia in the N. and the Caucasus in the 8. Its chi^f rivers are the Thames, Severn, Clyde, Shannon, Danube, Dnieper, Volga, Dneister, Khine, Ehone, Seine, Tagus, Guadalquiver and Loire. Its lakes include Ladoga, Peipus, Onega, Maggiore, Como, Geneva, Lu- cerne, Constance, Cumberland and West- moreland, wth Lough Neagh and Lochs Lomond and Ness. Total area, abt. 3,775,- 000 sq. m.; pop. abt. 326,500,000. Euripides, u-rip'e-dez. The greatest of Grecian tragic poets , b. in Salamis, 480, D. 406 B. c. He was the friend of Socrates and the rival of Sophocles. Eurylaiminse.-ri-la-ml'ne. A snb-fam.of fissirostral insessorial birds, fam. Coracia- dfe, forming one of the connecting links between the swallows and the bee-eaters, closely allied to the todies. Eurypterida, -rip-te'ri-da. An extinct sub-ord. of crustaceans, ord. Merostomata, closely allied to the king-crabs. Eusebian, -se'bi-an. A follower or one holding the opinions of Eusebius,the father of ecclesiastical history, who was at the head of the semi- Arian or moderate party at the Council of Nice. Eusebius, Pamphili. u-se'be-us. A celebrated divine, honored with the title of "Father of Ecclesiastical History;" b. at Caesarea, 266, d. abt. 340. He was bishop of his native city from 314 till his death. Eustachian, -sta'ki-an. Of or pertain- ing to Eustachi, a famous ItaUan physi- cian, who died at Eome, 1574. E. tube forms a communication between the in- ternal ear and the back part of the mouth. E. valve, a semilunar membranous valve which separates the right auricle of the heart from the interior vena cava. Euterpe, -ter'pe. In Myth, one of the Muses, who presided over lyric poetry; daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. In Astron. an asteroid discovered by Hind, 1853. In Bot. a gen. of palms. Euthanasia, -than-a'zi- a. An easy death. A putting to death by pain- less means. Eutychian, -ti'ki-an. A follower of Eutychius, who taught that in Jesus Christ there was but one nature, compounded of the divine and human natures. This herasy wa* Euterpe. EU8TATHIAN 814 EVOLUTION condemned by the Synod of Chalcedon, 451. Eustathian, 'thl-an. One of a sect of heretics of the 4th century, so named from their founder Eustathius, who de- nied tlio lawfulness of marriage. He was excommunicated by the Council of Gangi-a. Euxanthine, iiks-anth'in. A substance supposed to be derived from the bile or urine of the buffalo, camel, or elephant. It comes from India under the name of purree or Indian yellow, and is used as a pigment. It is the magnesia salt of eux- anthic or purreic acid. Euxine, 'in. The sea between Eussia and Asia Minor ; the Black Sea. Evang-elical, e-van-jel'ik-al. Contained in the gospels, or four first books of the New Testament. According to the relig- ious truth taught in the New Testament. A term applied to a section In the Prot- estant churches who profess to base their principles on Scripture alone. Applied in Germany to Protestants as distinguished from Eoman CathoUcs, and especially to the national Protestant church formed in Prussia in 1817. E. Alliance, an associa- tion of various churches and countries, formed in 1845, to concentrate the strength of an enhghtened Protestantism against the encroachments of Popery and Pusey- ism. E. Union, a religious body consti- tuted in Scotland in 1843. Evangelist, ist. A witer of the history or doctrines, precepts, actions, life and death of the Saviour; specifically, S8. Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. One of an order of men in the early Church who appear to have been a kind of missionary preachers. A person licensed to preach but not having a charge; a layman en- gaged in missionary work of any kind. Evangelistary, "a-ri. A selection of passages from the Gospels, as a lesson in divine service. Evaporation, -va'per-a^shon. The act of resolving or state of being resolved into vapor ; the conversion of a solid or Uquid by heat into steam, which becomes dissi- pated in the atmosphere in the manner of an elastic fluid ; vaporization. Evaporometer, -om"et-er. An instru- ment for ascertaining the quantity of a fluid evaporated in a given time; an atmom- eter. Eve, ev. In Script, the wife of Adam, progenitor of the human race. Eve. The close of the day; the evening. Evection, c-vek'shon. In Astron. the most considerable of the lunar ix-regulari- ties, caused by the action of the sun upoa the moon. Its general and constant effect is to diminish the equation of the center in syzygies, and increase it in the quadra- ture. It is periodical, running through all its changes in about 27 days. The li- bration of the moon. Eveningr-star, e'vn-lng-star. Hespe- rus or Vesper ; Venus, visible in the even- ing. Everett, Alexander Hill. An Amer- ican litterateur and diplomatist; b. in Mass., 1792, d. while Commissioner to China, 1847. Ho was Minister to Eussia, Holland and Spaiji. Edward, his younger brother; b. 1794, d. 1865, was a distin- guished statesman ; serving in Congress, as Governor of Mass., Minister to Eng- land, and Secretary of State in President Fillmore's cabinet. Evergreen, -gren. A plant that retains its verdure through all the seasons, shedding its leaves in the spring or summer. Everlasting, -last'ing. Eternity ; eter- nal duration, past and future. Eviction, -vik'shon. Dispossession by judicial sentence ; the recovery of lands or tenements from another's possession by course of law. Evolation, -la'shon. The act of flying away. E V o 1 u t e, '6-liit. In Geom. a curve from which another curve, called the involute or, evolvent, is described '' by the end of a thread gradually wound upon the former, or imvround from it. Evolution, -lu'shon . The act of unfold- ing or unrolling ; development. A series of things unrolled or unfolded. In Geom. the opening of a curve and making it de- scribe an evolvent. In Math, the extrac- tion of roots from powers ; the reverse of involution. Milit. the wheeling, coun- termarching, or other motion by which the disposition of troops is changed. Naut. the change of form and disposition of a fleet. In Biology, the theory of genera- tion. The evolution theory of the origin of species is, that later species have been developed by continuous differentiation of organs and modification of parts from species simpler and less differentiated, and that thus all organic existences, oven man himself, maybe traced back to a simple cell. EWE 815 EXEUNT Ewe, \i. A female sheep ; the female of the oviue race of animals. Ewer, ' er . A kind of pitcher with a wide spout, that accompanies a wash-hand hasin. Ewing, Thomas. An American jurist and statesman, b. in Va., 1789, d. 1871. He was a m.-mber of the U. S. Senate, Secretary of tlie Treasury, and first Secre- tary of the Interior. Exeeresis, egz-e're-sis. That branch of surgery which relates to the removal of parts of the body. Exaltado, eks-al-ta'do. In Spanish Hist, a member of the extreme liberal or radical political party. Exarch, 'iirk. A prefect or governor under tlie Byzantine Empire. A title as- sumed fur a'tirae by the Bishops of Con- Btantinople, Antioch, Ephesus and Caesa- rea, as superiors over the surrounding metropolitans. A title given to inspectors of the clergy, commissioned by the East- ern patriarchs. Excalibur, eks-kal'i-ber. The mythol- ogical sword of King Arthur given him by the Lady of the Lake, to whom Merlin directed him to apply for it. Excellency, ek'sel-Ien-si. A title of honor j4iven to governors, ambassadors, ministtTP, and the like. Excerebration, eks-se're-bra"shon. The act of removing or beating out the brains. Excerpt, ek-serpt'. An extract from an author or from a writing of any kind. Excise, ek-slz. A tax or duty imposed on certain commodities of home produc- tion and consumption. That department of the civil service which is connected Avith the levying of such duties. In some States, the Board of License. Excision, -si'zhon. The act of cutting otV; extirpation ; destruction. Excitator, -at'er. An instrument em- ployed to discharge an electrical apparatus in such a manner as to secure the operator from the elfect of the shock. Exclusionist, eks-klQ'zhon-ist. One of a party of I'.nglish politicians m the time of Charles II. favorable to a bill to exclude his popish heirs from the throne. Excommunication, -kom-mu'ni-ka"- shon. Expulsion from the communion of a church. Excoriation, -k6'ri-a"shon. The act of flaying, or the operation of wearing off the skin or cuticle ; a galling ; abrasion ; the Httit« of b^ng gaUed or stripped of skin. Excortication, -kor'ti-ka^'shon. The act of stripping off bark. Excrement, 'krc-ment. Matter excreted and ejected ; that which is discharged from the animal body after digestion ; al- vine discharges. Excuhitorium, -ku'bi-t6"ri-um. A gallery in a church where public watch was kept at night on the eve of some fes- tival, and from which the great shrine* were observed. Excursus, -ker'sus. A dissertation oi digression appended to a work, containing a more full exposition of some important point or topic than could be given in the notes to the text. Exeat, 'e-at. Leave of absence given to a student in the English universities. The permission granted by a bishop to a priest to go out of his diocese. Executioner, ek-se-ku'shon-er. One who executes or carries into effact ; espe- cially one who carries into effect a judg- ment of death. Executive, egz-ek'nt-iv. Any ofiicer who superintends the execution of the laws ; the person or persons who adminis- ter the government. Executor, -er. The person appointed by atestator to execute his will or to see it carried into effect. Executrix, -triks. A female executor; a woman appointed by a testator to exe- cute his will. Exedra, -ed'ra. In Anc. Arc. an apart- ment provided with seats for the purpose either of repose or of conversation. They were open to the sun and ah-, and were appended to the portico. Exegresis, eks-e-je'sis. The exposition or interpretation of any literarj^ produc- tion, but more particularly the exposition or interpretation of Scripture. Exelmans, Bemy Joseph Isidore, Baron, ek-sel-miin'. A French mar- shal ; B. 1775, D. 1852. He fought in Na- poleon's chief campaigns. Exequatur, -e-kwa'ter. A written rec- ognition of a person in the character of consul or commercial agent Issued by the government to which he is accredited. An authoritative recognition of any ofticial document ; official permission to perform some act. Exergne, egz-erg'. The small space be" neath the base line of a subject ergraved on a coin or medal, left for the date, en- graver's name, &c. Exeunt, eks'6-unt. A word used in dra- EXFOLIATION 816 EXPONENT matic literature to denote the period at which actors quit the stage. E. omnes (all go out) is used when all leave the stage at the same time. Exfoliation, -fo'li-a^shon. In Surg, the scaling of a bone ; the process of separa- tion, as i)ieces of unsound bone from the Bound part ; desquamation. In Mineral, separation into scales or laminae. "Exheredation, eks-he'rc-da"shon. In civil law, a disinheriting ; the act of a father excluding a child from inheriting / any part of his estate. Exhumation, eks-hum-a'shon. The act of exhuming or digging up that which has been buried. Exile, egz'd. Banishment ; the state of being expelled from one's native country or place of residence by authority, and forbidden to return. A removal to a for- eign country for residence for any cause distinct from business. The person ban- ished or expelled or who abandons his countrv. Exmouth, Edward Pellew, Vis- count. An English admiral; «. 1T57, d. 1833. Noted for his expedition to Algiers, 1816, when in a bombardment of four hours he destroyed the Algerian ships, silenced their forts, shelled the palace, and compelled the Dey's submission and the release of 1,200 European prisoners. Exo, 'o. A common prefix in words taken from the Greek, the equivalent to without ; on the outside. Exocetus, -sep- tus. The flying- fish, a gen. of tel- eostean fishes, . fam. Scombereso- cidip, sub-ord Abdominales. It can raise itself ,„ . „ , from the water 1 lying-fish, and pass through the air as much as 200 yards. Exodus, 'o-dus. The emigration of large b )dies of people from one country to another. The departure of the Israel- ites from Egypt under the leadership of Moses. The Second book of the Old Tes- tament. Ex officio, -of-fi'shi-6. By virtue of of- fice, and without special authority. Exogranxy, -og'a-mi. A custom among certain savage tribes which prohibits a man from marrying a woman of his own tribe. Exophthalmia, -of-thaFmi-a. A pro- trusion of the eyeball to such a degree that the eyelids cannot cover it. Exogen. Exogren, M-jen. A plant whose stem Is formed by successive additions to the out- side of the wood, the largest primary class of plants in the Vegeta- ble kingdom. All ihe . trees of cold climates, and most of those in hot latitudes, are ex- ogenous, and distinguished from the endo- genous by the reticulated venation of their leaves, and by their seeds having two cotyledons or lobes. Exordium, egz-or'di-um. The introduce tory part of a discourse ; the preface or proemial part of a composition. Exosmose, eks'os-mos. The passage of gases, vapors or liquids, through mem- branes or porous media, from within out- ward, in the phenomena of osmose, there- verse process being called endosmose. Exoterics, -te'riks. The lectures of Ar- istotle on rhetoric, to which all were ad- mitted ; his published writings. Exotic, egz-ot'ic. Anything not native ; anything of a foreign origin. Expatriation, eks-pa'tri-a^'shon. The act of banishing or state of being banished; especially, the forsaking one's own coun- try, with a renunciation of allegiance, and ■with a view of becoming a citizen in anoth- er country. Expectation-week, -pekt-a'shon-Avek. the interval between Ascension-day and Whitsu day, so called because at this time the apostles continued in prayer and expectation of the Comforter. Expectorant, -pek'to-rant. Any medi- cine which promotes exijectoration or dis- charges from the lungs. Experientialism, -pe-ri-en'shal-ism. The doctrine that all knowledge or ideas are derived from expei-ience, none being intuitive. Expiator, -er. One who expiates or atones. Expletive, 'plet-iv. A word or syllable inserted to fill ;i vacancy; an oath; a curse. Explosive, -plo'siv. Anything with a tendency to explode. In Philol. a mute or non-continuous consonant, as k, t, b. Exponent, -po'nent. In Alg. thenum- ber or figure which, placed above the root at the right hand, denotes how often that root is repented or how many multi- plications are necessary to produce the power. One who or that which stands aa EXPOET 817 EYE an index or representative. One that ex- pounds or explains anything. Export, 'port. A commodity conveyed out of one country or state to another in traffic. Ex post facto, post fak'to. In law, done after another thing. An ex post facto law is a law made to visit with penal consequences an act done before its passing. Express, -pres'. A messenger sent on a particular errand or occasion. Any regu- kr provision made for the speedy trans- mission of goods or messages ; any vehicle or other conveyance sent on a special message. A railway train which travels at a specially high rate of speed. Exsufflation, -suf-fla'shon. Allowing or blast from beneath. A kind of exor- cism, performed by blowing and spitting at the evil spirit. Extempore, eks-tem'po-re. Extempo- raneous speaking ; the act of expressing one's self Avithout premeditation. Extensor, -tens'er. In Anat. a muscle which serves to extend or straighten any part of the bodj^ ; opposed to flexor. Extermination, -ter'min-a"shon. The act of exterminating ; total expulsion or destruction; extirpation. In Alg. the process of causing to disappear, as un- known quantities from an equation ; elim- ination. Extern, -tern. Outward form or part ; exterior. A R. C. student or pupil who does not live or board within a college or seminary ; a day scholar. Exterritoriality, -te'ri-to'ri-al"i-ti. Imiuunitj' from a country's laws, such as that enjoyed by an ambassador. Extersion, -ter'shon. The act of wip- ing or rubbing out. Extinguisher, ek-sting'gwish-er. He, who or that which extinguishes ; specifi cally, a hollow conical utensil to put on a candle or lamp to extinguish it. Extirpation, -sterp-a'shon. The act of rooting out ; eradication ; excision ; total destruction. Extortion, eks-tor'shon. Oppressive or illegal exaction ; illegal compulsion to pay money or to do some other act. Extra-constellary, -tra-kon'stel-la-ri. A term applied to those stars which are not classed under any constellation. Extract, 'trakt. In Lit. a passage taken from a book or -writing ; an excerpt. Any- thing drawn from a substance by heat, solution, distillation, or chemical process. Extradition, -tra-dl'shon. Deliver}- >> one nation to another of fugitives froia justice, in pursuance of a treaty. Extrados, -tra'dos. In Arch, the ex' terior curve of an arch ; the outer curve of a voussoir. Extrajudicial, -iu-di"shal. Otit of the f)roper court, or the ordinarj' course oi egal procedure. Extramundane, mun'dan. Beyond the limit of the material world. Extramural, -miir'al. Without or be- yond the walls, as of a fortified city or a university. Extraneous, -tra'ne-us. Foreign ; not belonging to a thing ; not intrinsic. Extratropical,-tra-trop'ik-al. Without the tropics, north or south. Extravagant, -trav'a-gant. One who is confined to no general rule. Eccles. certain decretal epistles of the i)opes, pub- lished after the Clementines, but not at first an-anged and digested vnth the other Papal Constitutions. Extravasation, -sa"shon. The act of forcing or letting out of its proper vessels or ducts, as a fluid; eftusion. Extrinsically, -trin'sik-al-li. From without ; externally. Extroversion, -tro-ver'shon. A mal- formation consisting in an organ being tm-ned inside out, as the bladder. Exude, -ud' To flow from a body, through the pores or by a natural dis- charge. Exuviation, -a"shon. In Zool. the re- jection or casting off of some part, as the deciduous teeth, the skin of serpents, the shells of crustaceans and the hke. Eyalet, i'a-let. A Turkish government or principahty under the administration of a Aizier or pasha of the first class. Eyas, 'as. A young hawk just taken from the nest, not able to prey for itself. Eyck, Jan Van, ik. (John of Bruges). One of the greatest of Flemish painters ; B. 1390, I). 1440. His brother Hubert was also a noted artist ; b. 13C6, ». 1426. The brothers have been pronounced the origi- nators of oil painting. Eye. The organ of vision, formed by the combination of two segments from a larger and a smaller sphere. The segment of the lesser sphere is composed externally of a strong membrane called the cornea, with- in which are the aqueous humor and the iris. The iris is a colored membrane cap- able of contraction and dilatation, suspend- ed in the aqueous humor, with a hoi© EYEBALL 318 FABLE the pupil) in tlie center for the transmis- sion of light. The larger sphere presents three coats, the outermost being the scler- otic, within which is the choroid and last- ly the retina. The eyes of a ship, the eyes of her, the foremost part in the bows of a ship. It was an old custom in Britain to paint an eye on each bow, and in Spanish and Italian boats, as well as in Chinese Ciks, the practice is still observed. The wse holes are also called the eyes of her. The word is applied to many other things about a ship. Eye-ball, 'bal. The ball, globe, or apple of the eye. Eyebrow, 'brou. The hairy arch above the eye. Eye-g-lass, 'glas. A glass to assist the sight. The eye-piece of a telescope, mi- croscope and the like. In Surg, a glass for the application of coUyrium to the eye. Eyelash, 'lash. The line of hair that edges the eyelid. A single one of the hairs on the edge of the eyehd. Eylau, I'lou. A town on the Pasmar, 20 m. from Kdnigsberg, E. Prussia, noted as the scene of the great victory, Feb. 8, 1807, of Napoleon over the Russian-Prus- sian allies. Eyelet, 'let A small hole or perforation to receive a lace or cord. Eyelid, 'lid. The cover of the eye ; that portion of movable skin vdth which an animal covers or uncovers the eye-ball at pleasure. Eye-piece, 'pes. In a telescope, micro- scope, or other optical instrument, the lens to which the eye is appUed. Eyestone, 'ston. A small calcareous body, the operculum of small Turbinidaj, used for removing substances from be- tween the lid and ball of the eye. Being put into the inner corner of the eye, it works its way out at the outer cor ner, bringing with it any foreign sub- stance. Eyestring, -'string. The tendon by whi«h the eye is moved. Eyetooth, 'toth. A pointed tooth in the upper jaw next to the grinders ; a fang ; a canine tooth. Eyrie, 'ri. A bird's nest ; specifically the nest of an eagle or other bird of prey. Ezekiel. In Scrip, one of the greater He- brew prophets, son of the priest Bezi, who, with Jehoiakim, king of Juda, was carried captive to Mesapotamia ; b. abt. 570 B.C.; the date of his death is un- known. The book of E. contains his prophecies. Ezra. In Scrip, a Jewish priest, who led the second expedition of his people home from the Babylonian exile, 458 b. c. A tomb said to be his is still shown on the Tigris, some 20 m. above its junction with the Euphrates. The book of E. re- lates the events connected with the second return i that of Nehemiah (formerly first book of E.) the incidents of the fli-st r«- turn, 21 years before. F FIS the 6th letter of the English alpha- bet, and is a labio-dental articulation, classed as a surd spirant, its corresponding sonant spirant being v, which is dis- tinguished from f by being pronounced with voice instead of breath. The figure is the same as that of the ancient Greek di- gamma, which it also closely resembles in power. F is a common consonant initially, medially and finally, in the latter two cases being often doubled. As an initial it is very common in conjunction with 1 and r, as in fly, free. In plurals it often becomes V, asl n knife, knives ; calf, calves. As a Latin numeral it signifies 40, and with a dash over the top, 40,000. F. often stands for Fellow ; F. E. S., Fellow of the Eoyal Society ; F. S. A., Fellow of the Societv of Antiquaries. F, in Music, is the fourth note of the diatonic scale. In the calen- dar F is one of the seven Dominical letters. Ea, fa. In music, the Italian name of the 4th note of the diatonic scale. Fabian, ^'bi-an. Delaying ; dilatory ; avoiding battle, in imitation of Q. Fabius Maximus, a Roman general, who conduct- ed military operations against Hannibal. Fabii, -be-I, An illustrious Roman family. Quintus Fabius Maximus, elected consul 122 B, c, defeated the AUobrogos in Gaul In a great battle in which they lost 120,000 men. Quintus Fabius Max- imus RuHanus, tho greatest soldier of his day, was five times consul and twice dic- tator, 322 to 295 B. 0. Quiutus Fabius Maximus Vemicosus, chosen consul 283 and dictator 217 b. o,, carried on a success- ful defense against Hannibal, and was elected consul for the fifth time, 209; b. 203 B c Fable, 'bl. A feigned story or tale, in- tended to instruct or amuse. FABLIAU 819 FAIRFAX Fabliau, fab-16-6. In French Lit. one of the metrical tales of the Trouverea or eai-ly poets of the Langue d'Oil. Fabulist u-list. An inventor or writer of fables. Facade, fa-sad'. The face or front view 01- elevation of an edifice. Face, fas. The front part of an animal's head, made up of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, &c.; the visage. Aspect or air of the face; cast of features; look. In a general sense, the sm-face or side which presents itself to the view of the spectator : the front ; the forepart. Facet, fas'et. A little face ; a small sur- face, as the facets of a diamond. In Arch, a Hat projection between the flutlngs of columns. In Anat. a circumscribed por- tion of the surface of a bone. Facetiae, fa-se'shi-e. "Witty or humorous sayings or writings. Facient, fa'shi-ent. In Aig. the variable of a quantic as distinguished from the co- eillcient. Facinorous, -sin'er-us. Atrociously wicked. Facsimile, fak-sim'i-lo. An exact copy or likeness, an imitation of an original in all its proportions, traits and peculiarities. Faction, 'shon, A party, in pohtics, combined or acting in union, in opposi tion to the government or state. A party promoting discord or unscrupulously promoting their private ends at the ex pense of the public good. In the U S. usually applied to any active sub-division of a poUtical party. Tumult, discord, dissension. In Eom. Antiq. one of the four classes, distinguished by spe- cial colors, into Avhich the combatants in the circus were divided. Factor, 'ter. In Com. an agent em ployed by foreign mei-chants to transact busuiess. He may buy and sell in his own name, in which particular consists the main difference between factors and brokers. An Arith. the multiplier and multii)Iicand. In Alg. any expression considered as part of a product. Factory, to-ri. A building or collection of buildings appropriated to the manu- facture of goods ; the place where work- ers are employed in fobricating goods, wares or iitensils. In Great Britain, asso- ciations of tradei"8 and merchants doing business in the East, for purposes of mutual protection. Factoturr^, -turn. A male servant em- I)loyed to do all kinds of work. Faculse, 'u-lo. In A»tron. spots on the sun's disk, which appear brighter than the rest of Ms surface. Faculty, 'ul-ti. The body of individ- uals constituting one of the learned pro- fessions, more especially, medical and surgical professions. In colleges, the masters and professors of the several de- partments. Faeces, fe'sez. Excrement ; also, set- tUngs ; sediment after infusion or distilla- tion. Fagot, fag'ot. A bundle of sticks or twigs, used for fuel, or for raising batteries, filling ditches, and other purposes in fortifica- tion ; a fascine. A bundle of ii-on for re- manufacture, or steel in bars. Fagotto, -got' to. A mu- sical instniment with a reed and mouth-piece like the clarionet and resem- bling the bassoon. The alto-fagotto has a range of three octaves. F a g- u s , fa'gus. The beech, a gen. of plants, ord. Cupuliferse. There are about twenty species. Fahrenheit, Q-abriel Daniel, far'en-hlt. A lagotto. distinguishea German philosopher ; b. 1690, D. 1740. He invented the thermom- eter known by his name. Faience, la-i-ens'. A sort of fine earth- enware glazed with a fine varnish, and painted in various designs, named from Faenza in Komagna, where it is said to have been invented in 1299. Faint, fant. A fainting fit ; a swoon. The impure spirit Avhich comes over first and last in the distillation of whisky, much impregnated with fetid essential oil (fusel oil). Fair, far. EUiptically, a fair woman ; a handsome female. The fair, the femalo sex ; specifically, the loveliest of that sex. A stated market, or meeting of buyer* and sellers for trade. Among the most celebrated fah-s in Europe are those of Frankfort-on-the-Main and Leipzig in Ger- many, of Nijni-Novgorod in Eussia. of Lyons in France. A festival in behalf of a religious or benevolent object. Fair Isle. An island in the N. Atlantic, bet. the Orkneys and Shetland, the scene of the disastrous wreck of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the remaining ves- sels of the defeated and scattered Spanish Armada, 15S8. Fairfax, Thomas, liOrd. An En glish general, who commanded the Par FAIRY 820 FAMILIST liamentary army at the outbreak of the civil war, 1642 ; and again in 1646 ; b. 1611, D. 1671. Thomas, Lord F., his grandson, b. 1691, d. 1782, spent part of his life in Virginia, and was the friend and patron of Gen. Washington. Fairy, fu'ri. A fay ; an imaginary spirit, supposed to assume human form, dance in meadows, &c. Fakir, fii'ker. An Oriental ascetic or begging monk. They are filthy in habits, and inflict upon themselves the severest tortures and moi'tifications. In the U. S. applied to streethawkers of cheap or coun- terfeit jewelry, trinkets, «&c. Falcllion, fal'shon. A broad short sword, with a slightly curved point, much used in the Middle Ages. Falconet, fal'kon-et. An ancient piece of ordnance, whose diameter at the bore was 4i inches, and which carried shot of H to 2 pounds. Falconidee, 'i- du. A fam. of; raptorial birds in' which the de-; structive powers are most perfect- : ly developed, in- cluding the dif- ferent species of eagles, the hawks and falcons prop- erly so called, comprising the sub-fam. caraca- ras, buzzards, eagles, falcons, kites, hawks and harriers. Faldstool, fald'stol. A folding stool similar to a camp-stool ; especially, a kind of stool placed at the south side of the altar, at which the kingn of England kneel at their coronation. A small desk at which in cathedrals, churches, &c., the litany is enjoined to be sung or said. It is sometimes called a Litany-stool. Falernian, fa-ler'ni-an. The ancient T>ine made from grapes from Mt. Faler- nus. Falkland Islands. An English group in the S. Atlantic, abt. 300 m. 8. E. of the Straits of Magellan; pop. less than 1,000. Fall, fal. The act of dropping from a higher to a lower place by gravity ; de- scent. Descent of water ; a cascade ; a cataract. The season when leaves fall from trees ; autumn. That which falls. Lapse from Innocence, especially the act Peregrine Falcon. of our first parents in eating the forbidden fruit; also, the apostasy of the rebellious angels. Naut. the part of a tackle to which the power is appUed in hoisting. Fallingr-sickness, 'ing-sik-nes. The epilepsy ; a disease in which the patient suddenly loses his senses and falls, Fallingr-star, -star. Meteors which ap- pear as luminous points shooting or dart- ing through the sky, and followed by long trains of light. They are believed to consist of small cosmical bodies which en- ter our atmosi)here under the influence of the earth's attraction, ignite and are va- jiorized in consequence of the friction re- sulting from the immense velocity with which they move. Called also shooting- star. In Bot. the popular name of the common nostoc, from its sudden appear- ance on gravel walks after rain. Falling-stone, -ston. A stone falling from the atmosphere; a meteorite; an aerolite. Fallow- deer, -der. The Cerviifl dama. t^e horms are pe- cuUar to the ^ male. Fallow- ''^ finch, -finsh. A small insessorial dentirostral bird, the Saxicola oenanthe or wheat-ear. Some- times also called the FaUow-chat. Fall River. A city and seaport of Bris- tol Co., Mass., at mouth of Taunton River, 45 m. S, W. of Boston ; it has extensive textile manufactories ; pop. 48,691. Falsehood, 'hod. Contranety or want of conformity to fact or truth ; falseness. "Want of veracity ; untruthfulness ; a lie. Falsetto, fal'set-to. The tone above the natural compass of the voice. Falsi crimen, fal'sl kri'men. In law, the crime of what is false; the crime of fraud, forgery. Fama, ftl'ma. In Eorn. Myth, the dei- fied personification of rumor. Familiar, fa-mil'yer. An intimate ; a close companion. A demon supposed to attend at a call ; a familiar spirit. In the Inquisition, an oflicer employed in appre- hending the accused — so named because regarded as part of the family of the chief inquisitor. Familist, 'mil-ist. One of the religious sect called the Family of Love which Fallow-deer. FAMILY FAEOE ISLANDS arose in Holland in 1556. They taught that religion consists wholly in love, inde- pendently of any form of truth held and believed. Pamily, 'mi-li. The collectire body of jiersous who live in one house and under one heosited in the cells of the adipose or cellular membrane of animal bodies. It consists of tAvo substances, stcarine end elaine or oleine, the former sohd, the lat- ter liquid. Human fat appears to contain no steaiine, but margarine and oleine. In printing, type-work containing much blank space, and. therefore paying tho Avorkman Avell. Fatalism, fat'al-izm. The doctrine that all things are subject to fate, or that they take place by inevitable necessity. Fata Morg-ana, fa'ta mor-ga'na. A striking optical illusion, principally re- marked in the Strait of Messma, betAveen the coast of Sicily and Calabria. The images of men, houses, trees, &c., are oc- casionally seen from the coast, sometimes in the water, in the air, or at the surfaco of the Avater. Fate, fat. Primarily, a decree pro- nounced by God, or a fixed sentence, by which the order of things is prescribed ; hence, inevitable necessity ; destiny de- pending on a superior cause and uncon- trollable. Final event , death. In Myth, the Destinies or Parcae; three goddesses supposed to preside over the birth and life of men, Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos. Father, fa'ther. He who begets a child; next male ancestor ; a male parent. A male ancestor, the progenitor, or foundei', of a race, family, or hne. The appellation of the first person in the Trinity. The title given to dignitaries of the Church, superiors of convents, confessors and priests. The title of a senator in ancient liome. The eldest member of any pro- fession, or of any body. Fathers of the Church, the early teachers and expound- ers of Christianity. Those who Avere con- temporary with the apostles are called Apostolic Fathers. These are five : Cle- Tcent of Eome, Barnabas, Ilermas, Igna- titus and Polycarp. Those of the first three centuries, sl^ied Primitive Fathers, are Justin, Theophilus, bishop of Antioch, Irenajus, bishop of Lyon, Clement of Alexandria, Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, Origen of Alexandria, Gregory Thauma- turgus, Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, Tertullianus of Carthage, and the five above named. The fathers of the fourth and fifth centuries are ranged in tAvo classes, fathers of the Greek and Latin Church. The former are Eusebius of Csesarea, Athanasius, Basil the Great, bishop of Caisarea, Gregory Nazianzenus, Gregory of Nyssa, Cyril", bishop of Jerusalem, Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantiaople, FATHER-IN-LAW FEBRUAEY Epiphaniua, bishop of Salamis in Cyprus, Cyril, bishop ol" Alexandria, Ephraini,the Syrian deacon of Edessa. The latter, Jtactantius, Hilary, bishop of Poictiers, Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, Jerome, the translator of the Bible, Augustin, bishop of Hippo. Adoptive father, one who adopts tlie children of another. Puta- tive father, one who is only reputed to be the father ; the supposed father. Father-in-la-w, -in-la. The father of one's husband or wife." Fathom, 'um. A measure of length con- taining 6 feet. Patimide, fat'i-mid. A descendant of Fatima, daughter and only child of Ma- homet. A line of caliphs, the Fatimite dynasty, was founded in 909 by Abu- Mohammed Obeidalla, who gave himself out as grandson of Fatima, and continued till the death of Adhed, the 14th Fatimite cahph, in llTl. The members claimed pontifical attributes. Pat-lute, 'lot. ■'a mixture of pipe-clay and linseed-oil for filling joints, &c. Faun, fan. In Rom. Myth, a demigod or rural deity, differing little from the satyr. The form was principally human, with a short goat's tail, pointed ears, and project- ing horns; sometimes also with cloven feet. Fauna, 'a. A collective word signifying all the animals peculiar to a region or epoch, and also a description of them ; con-esponding to flora in respect of plants. Faust, Johann (Fust), fowst. One of the three reputed inventors of the art of printing by movable types ; a citizen of Mentz, B. abt. 1400, d. 1460. Faust, John (Dr.Faustus). A cele- brated astrologer of the latter part of the 15th century, the hero of numerous tales and dramas, from the superstitious legend that he sold himself to Satan for 24 years, was served by Mephistopheles, Satan's emissary, who canned him to his master at the expiration of the contract. FauteTlil, fo-tul. An arm-chair ; an easy chair. A seat in the French academy. Droit de fauteuil, the pri\dlege formerly enjoyed by gentlemen of rank at the French Court of sitting on a fauteuil in presence of the king, corresponding to the droit de tabouret enjoyed by ladies. Fauvette, -vet'. A teinn introduced from French works, apphed to the species of soft-billed birds or warblers, such as the nightingale. Faux-pas, -pa. A false step ; a breach of manners or moral conduct ; more par- ticularly a lapse from chastity. Favose. Favose, -vose'. Ilav ing pits, depressions or cells, like those of* a honeycomb. Favosite, fa'vo-sit. A gen. of fossil corals common to the Siluri- an, Devonian and Carboniferous sys- tems. Favre, Jules. A French statesman and orator, b. 1S09, D. 18T8. He was one oi the principal leaders in the establishment of the republic after Napoleon III. surren- dered to the Germans at Sedan. Fawn, fan. A young deer ; a buck or doe of the first year. Fay, fa. A fairy ; an elf. Feast, i^st. A sump- tuous repast or enter- 1 tafnment, A festival in commemoration of some event, or in V^'^^Ji.'yWiW^SSii^ honor of some person- Fawn, age. Feather, feth'er. A plume ; one of the dermal growths which form the covering of bii-ds. Those which cover the body are called the plumage. In founding, a thin rib cast on iron framing. A slip in- serted longitudinally into a shaft or arbor, and projecting so as to fit a groove in the eye of a wheel. Feathering:, -ing. The uniform turning of the blade of an oar horizontally, when raised from the water. In Arch, an ar- rangement of small arcs separated by pro- jecting cups, used as ornaments in the molding of arches, &c., in Gothic archi- tecture ; foliation. Feather-weigrhfc, -wat. Scrupulously exact weight, such as that a feather would turn the scale, when a jockey is weighed or weighted. The lightest weight that can be placed on a horse. Febrifacient, fe-bri-fa'shi-eiat. That which i)roduce8 fever. Febrifugre, -fuj. Any medicine that mitigates or removes fever. Febris, fG'bris. Fever. Febronianism, -bro'ni-an-izm. In R. C. Theol. a system of doctrines antagonist tic to the admitted claims of the pope, asserting the independence of national churches, and of bishops within their own dioceses. February, feb'ru-a-ri. The name of th« FEBRUUS 324 FELLOW-CRAFT second month in the year, introduced into the Roman calendar by Numa. In com- mon years, this month contains twenty- eight days ; in the bissextile or leap-year, twenty -nine days. Februus, -us. In Class. Myth, an old Italian divinity, whose worship Avas cele- brated with lustrations in the month of February. Fecial, fu'shal. A member of a college of ancient Roman pries4^s, whose province it was when any dispute arose with a for- eign state, to demand satisfaction, to de- termine the circumstances under which war might be commenced, to perform the various religious rites attendant on the declaration of war, and to preside at the formal ratification of peace. Fecit, 'sit. A word which is placed on one's work, as a statue, &c., along with the name of the maker or designer ; as Straduarius fecit, Straduarius made it. Fecula, fe'ku-la. Starch or farina, called also Amylaceous F. The green colpring matter of plants ; chlorophyll. Fedelini, fa-del-e'nS. A dried Italian paste iu inpeform, smaller than vermicelli. Federal, fe'dcr-al. An appellation in America, given to those politicians who wanted to strengthen thefcedusor general government compact, in opposition to others who wished to extend the separate authority of the several states. In the American civil war of lSGl-5, the term Federals was applied to the Northern party who strove to retain the states in the Union, in opposition to the Confed- erates, wlio desired to secede. Federation, -a'shon. The act of unit- ing in a league. A league ; a confederacy. A federal goverment, as that of the U. S. Feed, fed. Food ; that which is eaten ; pasture ; fodder. In Mach. as much ma- terial as is supphed at once to a machine to make It act. In Mech. any contrivance for giving to a machine a regular and uni- form suj)ply of material to bo operated on. Feeder, 'er. One that gives food or sup- plies nourishment. One who fattens cat- tle for slaughter. A fountain, stream or channel that stippUes a main canal with water. A branch or side railway or canal connecting with the main line. In iron- founding a large head or supply of fluid iron to a runner or mold in heavy cast- ings. In mining, a short cross vein pass- ing into a lode. Feed-Water, 'wa-ter. Warm water sup- l)lied to the boiler of a steam-engine by the feed-pump through the feed-pipe. Feejee Islands (Fiji), fe'je. An En- glish group of 200 islands in the S. Pacific, 65 inhabited ; pop. abt. 150,000. Feeler, 'er. An organ of touch in in- sects and others of the lower animals. *^ Fee-tail, fe'tiil. An estate limited to a man and the heirs of his body, or to him- self and particular heirs of his body. Feint, fant. An assumed or false appear- ance ; a pretence of doing something not intended to be done. Fel-bovinum, fel-bo-vi'num. Ox-gall, or bills bovLna, an extract of which is used by painters to remove the greasiness ol colors, &c. •=■ Felidae, le'li-de. A fam. of carnivora in which the predaceous instincts reaoh their highest development. They are among quadrupeds what the Falconidse are among birds. The species are numerous, but none are found in Australia. The family comprehends the domestic cat, the wildcat, the lion, tiger, leopard, lynx, jaguar, panther, che^h, ounce, caracal, serval, ocelot, &c. Felinee, -ll'no. The cat family ; a sub- fam. of the Felidae, comprising the cats, lions, tigers and lynxes. Felix, fG'likz. The name of four popes, F. I., s. Dionysius, 269 ; d. in prison and was canonized. F. II., s. Liberius, 358, D. 3G5; was canonized. F. III., s. Sim- plicius, 483, », 492, F, IV,, s, John I,, 526, D. 580. Felixian, -lik'si-an. One of a Spanish religious sect of the latter part of the 8th century, who sided with the Archbishop of Toledo in the Adoptian controversy. Fell, fel. A seam or hem sewed dovrn level with the cloth. In weaving, the line of termination of a web formed by the last weft-thread driven up by the lay; the line to which the warp is at any in- stant wefted. Fellah, 'la. An Egyptian or Syrian peasant or agricultural laborer. Chiefly applied by the Turks in a contemptuous sense. Felloe, 'lo. One of the curved pieces of wood which form the circular rim of a cart or carriage wheel. Fellow, 'lo. A companion; an asso- ciate. One o^ the same kind. An equal in rank ; a peer ; a compeer. One of a pair. An appellation of contempt; a man without good breeding or worth. A member of a college that shares its reve- nues ; or a member of any incorporated society. Fellow-craft, -kraft. A Freemason ol FELO DE SE S25 FENIAN the second rank ; one above an entered apprentice. Felo de se, fC-'16 do se. In law, one wlio commits felony by suicide. Pelon, fel'on. In law, a person who has committed felony. A person guilty of heinous crimes. A whitlow ; a sort of intlammation in animals similar to whit- low. Felony, -i. In law, a crime which occa- sions the forfeiture of lands or goods, or both, and for which a capital or other pun- ishment may be inflicted. Felspar, 'spar. A mineral consisting of siUca and alumina, with potash, soda or lime, a principal constituent in all igneous and metamorphic rocks, as granite, gneiss, porphyry, greenstone, trachyte, fclstone, &c. Felstone, 'ston, A rock composed of felspar and quartz. It may be compact and amorphous or vitreous, as pitchstone. Felt, felt. A cloth made of wool, or wool and hair or fur, matted by rolling, beating and pressure, generally with lees or size. Felt-grain, 'gran. In Carp, the grain of cut timber that runs transversely to the annular rings or plates. It is op- posed to the grain that follows the course of the annular rings, called quarter grain. Feltre, fel'ter. An ancient cuirass made of wood or felt. Felucca, fe-lnk-a'. A long, narrow vessel, Felucca, rigged ^vith two lateen sails, common in the^Mediterranean. Female, fe'mal. Among animals one of that sex which conceives and brings forth young. Among plants, that which pro- duces fruit ; that which bears the pistil and receives the pollen of the male flow- ers. Feme-covert, fem-ku'vert. A married woman who is under covert of her hus- band. Femerell, 'e-rel. In Arch, a dome or cover placed on the roof for the purpose of ventilation or the escape of smoke. Feme-sole, -sol'. An unmarried woman. Femicide, 'i-sld. ThekilHngof awoman. Femur, fii'mer. In vertebrate animals, the first bone of the leg or pehic extrem- ity. In Entom. the third joint of the leg. In Arch, the interstitial space between the channels in the triglyph of the Doric order. Fen, fen. Low land overflowed or covered partially with water, producing aquatic plants ; a moor or marsh. A disease af- fecting hops, caused by a quick-growing moss or mold. Fence, fens. That which fends off; a wall, hedge, ditch, bank or line of posts and rails, or of boards and pickets. Any- thing to restrain entrance. The art of self- defense, especially by the sword ; skill iu fencing or sword-play ; hence, fig. skill la argument and repartee. A purchaser or receiver of stolen goods. In tools, Mach., «fec., a guard, guide or gauge to regulate or restrict movement. Fencer, 'er. One who teaches or prac- tices tlie art of fencing with sword or foil. A horse good at leaping fences. Fender, fend'er. A utensil employed to hinder coals of fire from rolling forward to the floor. A piece of timber or bundle of rope hung over the side of a vessel to pre- vent it being injured by collision. Fenelon, fen'a-15ng. (Franfois de Salignac delaMothe.) An eminent French divine and writer, b. 1651 ; d. 1715. Fenestella, fe-nes-tel'la. In R. C. Ch. the niche on the south side of an altar, containing the piscina, and frequently also the credence. In Zool. an extinct gen. of fan-like polyzoa, very abundant in palaeo- zoic rocks. Fenestral, 'tral, A small window ; also the framed blinds of cloth or canvas that formerly supplied the place of glass. Fenestration, fe-nes-tra'shon. The act of making windows. In Arch, a design in which the windows are arranged to form the principal feature. Fengite, fen'jit. A transparent alabaster or marble, sometimes used for windows. Fenian, fu'ni-an. One of an association which had its origin in America among the refugees from Ireland after the out- break of 1&48, the object of Avhich was the erection of Ireland into an independent republic. It propagated itself rapidly over Ireland, as well as in the large towns of Britain having considerable Irish element. In 1865, 1866 and 186T the Fenians made several abortive attempts at risings, and two or three raids were attempted upon yfiNKS FEEMENTATION CaiiMla \>ith "equally litti e Fetiches of Dahomey. or of Judea, appointed 62, before whom the Apostle Paul was charged by the Jews with treason ; d. abt. 81. Petation, fe-ta'shon. The formation of a fetus. , .. Pete, fat. A feast ; a holiday ; a festival day. Fete de Dieu, a feast of the K. C. Ch. in honor of the real presence in the Eucharist, tcept on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. Fete-cliainpetre, -shan-patr. A festival in the open air ; a rural entertainment. Fetich, fo - tish. Any ob- ject, animate or inanimate, natural or arti- ficial, regarded as having mys- terious powers residing in it or as being the representative or habitation of a deity. Fe- tichism pre- vails in Africa. Each t r i b has a fetich in common, but every individual may have one of his own, to which he olfers up prayers, and which, if these are not heard, he punishes, throws away or breaks. Peticide, 'ti-sTd. In Medical Jurispru- dence, the destruction of the fetus in the womb, or the act by which criminal abor- tion is produced. Fetlock, fet'lok. A tufl of hair growing behind the pastern joint of horses. The joint on which the hair grows. An instru- ment fixed on the leg of a horse when in pasture to pi-event his running off. The fetlock is used in heraldry ; thus, some branches of the Scotch family of Lockhart have for arms a man's heart within a fet- lock, signifying that one of its heads ac- companied Sir James Douglas when he set out \vith Bruce's heart for Jerusalem ; and a falcon within a fetlock was a badge of Edward IV., for the duchy of York. Fetlock-joint, -joint. The joint of a horse's leg next to the hoof. Fetlow, 'lo. A whitlow or felon in cat- tle. Fetor, fe'ter. Any strong offensive smell ; stench. Fetter, fet'er. A chain for the feet. Fettle, '1. The state of being in high condition or order. Fetus, fe'tus. The young of viviparous animals in the womb, and of oviparous an- imals in the egg, after it is perfectly formed, before which time it is called em- bryo. FeWa. fet'wa. In Turk. Law, the writ- ten decision of a mufti on some legal point. Feudalism, fud'al'izm. The system of holding land by military services. Feudary, a-ri. A tenant who holds his lands by feudal service ; a feudatory. An ancient officer of the English Court of Wards. Feu de Joie, fij-d-zhwa. A bonfire, or a firing of guns iu token of joy. Feuillage, -yazh. A bunch or row of leaves. Feuillans, -yanz. A rehgious order, founded by Jean dela Barriere in 1577 ; so called from the Convent of Feuillant in Languedoc. Feuillant 011113. A French political society, formed 1791, during the Eevolu- tion. Its leaders held ministerial power only a month, 1792, and were overthrown by the Jacobins. Feuilleton, fwel-ton. That part of a French newspaper devoted to light litera- ture or criticism. Fever, fe'ver. A diseased state of the system, characterized by an accelerated pulse, increase of heat, deranged functions, diminished strength, and often with ex- cessive thirst. Fez fez. A red head- di-es8 fitting closely, with a tassel of blue at j^^^ the crown, much worn W^"^ "'**®EI^JI in Turkey and N. Africa " generally. Fez (Fas). Cap. of an Egyptian and ancient kingdojn of that Turkish Fez. name, now a walled city and cap. of the prov. of F., Morocco, SO m. S. E. of Tangier. The city is deemed sacred by the Mohammedans, ani only good Moslems are permitted to enter it ; pop. abt. 62,000. Fiacre, fe-a-kr. A small four-wheeled carriage ; a hackney-coach. Fiance, an-sa. AJa affianced or betrothed person. Fiants, fl'ants. The dung of the fox or badger. Fiasco, fG-as'ko. A failure in a musical performance ; an ignominious failure gen- erally< Fiat, fl'at. A decisive or effective com- mand. In Law, a short order or warrant FIB FIESCHI by a judge for making out and allowing certain processes. Fib, fib. A lie or falsehood ; used as a softer expression than either. Fiber, fl'ber. A gen. of rodent mam- mals, fam. Castoridae, the only known species being the musk-rat, or F. zibethi- cus. A thread or filament; one of the I hair-hke bodies of whic^ the tissues of animals and plants are partly constituted. The slender root of a plant. Pibril, 'bril. A small fiber ; the branch of a fiber ; a very slender thread. Pibrilla, 'la. One of the components of fiber : specifically, one of the hairs from the epidermis which covers the young roots of plants. Pibrin, 'brin. A peculiar organic com- pound substance found in animals and vegetables, procured in its most charac teristic state from fresh blood by whip- ping it with a bundle of twigs. It also ex- ists in chyle, forming the chief part of muscular flesh, and is composed of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen, being closely allied to albumen and oaseine. Fibroeartiiage, 'br6-kar"ti-]aj. The substance intermediate between the proper cartilage and tho ligament which consti- tutes the base of the ear, the rings of the trachea, the epiglottis, &c. Fibroin, -in. The principal chemical constituent of silk, cobwebs and the horny skeletons of sponges. Fibrolite, 'bro-lit. A mineral composed of silica and alumina. Fichtelite, fish'tel-It. A mineral resin found in the Fichtelgebirge, Bavaria. Fichu, fi'sho. A light piece ot dres^ worn by ladies, covering the aeck and shoulders. Fictor, fik'ter. Any artist who works in wax, clay or other plastic material, as contradistinguished from one who works in solid substances. Fiddle, fid'l. A stringed instrument of ■. music, the finest of solo instruments and the leading instrument in the orchestra. Naut., a contrivance to prevent things from rolling off the table in bad weather. Fiddle-bow, -b(5. The bow strung with horse-hair with which the player draws sounds from the violin. Fiddler, 'ler. One who plays on the vio- hn. In the IT. S. the popular name of a small crab with one large claw and a very small one. Fides, fl'dez. in Class. Myth, the god- dess of faith, commonly represented with her hands closely Joined. An asteroid be- tween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Fid-hammer, fid'ham-mer. A tool con- sisting of a fid at one end and a hammer at the other. Fidicula, fi-dik'u-la. A small musical instrument in the shape of a lyre. Fidouia, -do'ni-a. A gen, of lepidopter- ous insects, fam. Geometridte. Fiduciary, -du'shi-a-ri. A trustee. One who depends on faith for salvation ; an antinomian. Fief, fef. A fee ; a feud ; an estate held of a superior on condition of mihtary or other service. Field, Cyrus W. An American mer- chant, B. in Mass. 1819. The organizer of the Atlantic Cable Company. Field-artillery, feld'.'ir-til-e-ri. Light ordnance applicable to the active opera- tions of the field, including officers, men and horses. Field-book, 'buk. A book used in sur- veying, engineering, geology, &c., in which are noted angles, distances, observa- tions, &c. Field-cricket, 'krik-tt, Acheta campes- tris, one of the most r oisy of all the crick- ets, larger and rarer than the house-cricket. Field-duck, Muk. The little bustard Otis tetrax. Fielder, 'er. A cricket or base-ball play- er who stands out in the field to catch and stop balls. Fieldfare, 'far. A bird of the gen. Tur- dus. Field-grlass, -glas. A binocular tele- scope or opera-glass of great power. A small achromatic telescope. That one of the two lenses forming the eye-piece of an astronomical telescope or compound microscope which is the nearer the object glass, the other being the eye-glass. Fielding', Henry. An eminent En- glish novelist; k. 1707, of a family alhed to the royal house of Austria ; n. at Lisbon, Spain, 1754. He is known as the " Father of English fiction." Field-marshal, -mar'shal. The highest rank conferred on general officers in tha British and some other armies. Field-officer, 'of-fis-er. A military of- ficer above the rank of captain and below that of general, as a major or colonel. Fiend, fend. An infernal being ; a demon ; the devil ; a person with malicious quali- ties. Fieschi, Joseph Marco, fe-es'ke. A Corsician, b. 1790, who exploded an in* riESOLE FILE-LEADER fernal machine in tlie streets of Paris, 1885, by which Marshal Mortier nnd 9 others of the suite of King Louis Phillippe were killed, the king receiving slight wounds. F. was guillotined, 1836. Piesole, Fra Q-iovanni da, fe-ais-o'- Ifi. (Beato Angelica), whose real name was Giovanni Guido, among the gi-eatest of Italy's painters; b. 1387, d. 1455. Fierycross, fi'e-ri-kros. In Scotland, in ancient times a signal sent as a summons to repair to arms. It consisted of a cross of light wooQ, the extremities of which were set fire to and then extinguished in the blood of a goat. Fi. fa.,fi'fa. The abbreviation of Fieri facias. Fife, fif. A small flute having but one key, and a compass of two octaves rang- ing upward from D on the fourth line of the treble clef. Fifty, flfti. The number which consists of five times ten. A symbol representing this number, as 50 or 1. Figr, fig. The fruit of the fig-tree (Ficus Oarica). An excrescence on the frog of a horse's foot following a bruise. Fiftieth, fif ti-eth. One of fifty equal parts into which a unit or whole is divid- ed. t'ifth-raonarchy Man. One of a sect of EngUsh fanatics which sprung up in the time of Cromwell, and considered him as commencing' the fifth great monarchy of the world (Assyria, Persia, Greece and Eome preceding), during which Christ should reign on earth 1000 years. Fifteen, fif ten. The number which con- sists of five and ten. A symbol represent- ing this number, as 15 or xv. Fig-apple, fig'ap-I. A species of apple without core or kernel. Figr-eater, 'et-er. A bird; the greater pettychaps. Fig-htingr-fish, f^t'ing-fish. Macropodus or Ctenops pugnax, a small fish, fam. Anabasidae. In Siam they are kept in glass globes, for the purpose of fighting, and an extravagant amount of gambling takes place about the result. Fig-shell, fig'shel. The name given to the various species of Pyrula, fam. Mur- icidae. Fig-tree, 'tre. A tree, gen. Ficus, the F. Carica, a native of the Mediterranean region. The tree in its native countries yields two crops of ripe fruit each season. Figurant, 'ur-ant. One who dances at the opera in groups of figures. An acces- The ornamental Figure-head. sorv chai-acter on the stage, who has nothing to say. Figure, 'ur. The form of anything, as expressed by the outline or ter- minating extremities ; fashion. In Arith. a character standing for a number, as 2, 7, 9. In Astrol. the horoscope ; the diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses. Figure-head, figure, statue or bust on the bow of a ship over the cutwater and immediate- ly under the bowsprit. Figure-mak - : er, -mak-er. A modeler ; one who practices • the most refined part of the art of molding and casts busts, animals, foliage, &c.; a maker of wooden anatomical mod- els for artists. Figure-stone, -ston. Agalmatolite or bildstein ; a var'ety of talc-mica, so soft as to be easily cut into figures. Filament, fil'a-ment. A thread ; a fiber ; a fine thread, of which flesh, nerves, skin, plants, roots, &c., and also some minerals, are composed. Filatory, -to-rl. A machine which spins thread. Filature, -tiir, A reel for drawing oflf silk from cocoons ; a fllatory. An estib- fishment for reeling silk. Filbert, 'bert. The fruit of a cultivated variety ol Corylus Avellana, or hazel. The oil is little inferior to the oil ol al- monds. File, fil. A line or wire on which papers are strung in due order for preservation. The papers strung on a line or wire ; a collection of papers arranged according to date or subject for ready reference. A roll, list or catalogue. A row of soldiers ranged one behind another. A steel in- strument, having teeth upon the surfiice for cutting, abrading and smoothing metal, wood, &c. File-cutter, 'kut-er. A maker of files. File-fish, 'fish. A name given to cer- tain fishes from their skins being granu- lated like a file ; they constitute the gen. Balistes. File-leader, 'led-er. The soldier placed infront of afile. riLE-MAECHING 331 FINGER File-marching, 'march-ing. The inarching of a line of soldiers two deep, when faced to right or left, so that front and i-ear rank march side by side. Filiation, fil-i-a'shon. The relation of a son or child to a father ; the correlative to paternity. Adoption. The fixing of a bastard child on some one as its father ; afiiiiation. Filibuster, 'i-bus-ter. Originally, a buc- caneer in the W, Indian Islands who preyed on Spanish commerce to 8. Amer- ica ; now applied to adventm-ers from the U. S. who invade a foreign country. Filices, 'is-ez. Scientific name of the large group of cryptogamic plants, known as ferns. Filicite, 'i-sit. A fossil fern or fllicoid }ilant. Filiety, fi-li'e-ti. The relation of a son to a parent ; sonship. Filiformia, fil'i-form-i-a. One of the two sections into which crustaceans of the order Lsemodipoda are divided, the other being the Ovalia. Filigree, -grc. Originally granular net- work, the Italians who introduced it plac- ing beads upon it ; an enrichment on gold or silver wrought delicately in the manner of little threads or grains, or of both inter- mixed. FilitelSB, -i-te'le. A tribe of spiders who spread their threads about the places in which they prowl in pursuit of their prey. Fillibeg, 'h-beg. A dress reaching only to the knees worn in the Highlands of Scotland ; a kilt. Fillipeen, -li-pen. A present given in accordance with a custom borrowed from Germany. When a person eating nuts finds one with two kernels, one of them is given to a person of the opposite sex, and whoever at the next meeting shall utter the word fillipeen first is entitled to a present from the other. The term is ap- plied also to the kernel thus given. Writ- ten also Phillipcna, Philopena. Fillmore, Millard. The 13th Presi- dent of the U. S., J?, in N. Y. 1800; sat several terms in Congress, was defeated for Governor, but elected Vice-President on the ticket with Gen. Taylor, 1848, and became President on the death of the lat ter 1S50 ; d. 1874 at Butfalo. Filly, 'li. A female or mare foal ; a young mare A wanton girl. Film, film A thin skin ; a pellicle, as on the eye . a fine thread, as of a cobweb. Filter, fil'ter. A strainer ; any substance through which liquors are passed for de- JFlns fecatlon. Filters, with charcoal and sand filling, are now largely employed for the purpose of filtering water for domestic uses. Filtrate, 'trat. The liquid which has been passed through a filter. FimasMng, fim'ash-ing. Among hunt- ers, the dung of several sorts of Avild beasts; fumets. Fimble, 'bl. The male plants of hemp, which ripen soonest. Fimbria, 'bri-a. A fringe ; specificallr, in Anat. applied to the fringed extremity of the Fallopian tube. In Bot. applied to the dentated ring of the operculum ol mosses. Fin, fin. One of the projecting! wing-like organf^^ which enable fishes to balance themselves in an upright position, and assist in regulating their movements in the water, consisting of a thin elastic membrane supported by little bony or cartilaginous ossicles. The pectoral and ventral are known as paired fins, and represent the limbs of other ver- tebrates ; the dorsal, anal and caudal are median, vertical, or impar fins, and pecu- liar to fishes. Applied to many things re- sembling a fish's fin. Finance, fi-nans'. The system or science of public revenue and expenditure. The income or resources of individuals. Finch, finsh. The popular name of the small singing birds, gen. Fringilla. Also applied to the numerous group constitut- ing the fam. Fringillidae. Finery, fin'e-ri. Fineness ; splendor ; ornament ; showy or excessive decoration. In iron-works, the second forge at the mill at which the iron is hammered and fashioned into a bloom or square bar. Finesse, fi-nes'. In whist-playing, the act of playing with the view of taking the trick with a lower card than may be in the hand of your adversary on the left, while a higher card Is in your own hand. Finestiller, fin'stil-er One who distils spirit from treacle or molasses. Finestuff, 'stuf. The second coat of plaster for the walls of a room, made of finely sifted lime with sand and hair Fin-foot, fin'fttt. Heliornis, a gen. of S. American birds, so called from their feet being lobed. Finger, fing'ger One of the five extr«mo members of the hand, exclusive of the thumb ; a digit. FINGEE-ALPHABET FIEE Fing-er-alphabet, -al-fa-bet. Certain positions and motions of hands and lin- gers answering to tiie written alphabet. Fingrer-board, -bord. The board at the neck of a violin, guitar or the like, where the fingers acton the strings ; also the range of keys of a piano-forte, organ or harmonium a key -board. ring-er-grlass, -glas. A bowl at "table in which to rinse the fingers after dinner. Fing-ering:, -ing. In music, the manage- ment of the fingers in playing on an in- strument. The marking of the notes to guide the fingers in playing. A thick, loose woolen yarn Fingrer-post, -post. A post set up for the direction of travelers, generally where roads cross or divide. Fingrer-stone, -ston. A fossil resen- bling an arrow. Finial, fin'i- al. In Gothic Arch, the or- namental ter- mination or apex of a pin- nacle,canopy, gable or the like. Finical- ness, -kal- ne3. Quality of being fini- cal ; extreme nicety in dress or manners ; foppishness ; fastidiousness. Finingr, fin 'ing. The process of Finials. ing. Clarifying of wines, malt liquors, &c. The preparation, generally a solution of isinglass or gelatine, used to fine or clarify. Fining-pot, -pot. A vessel in which metals are refined. Finis, 'is. An end ; conclusion. Finistere, fin-is-tair. A dep. of W. Franco, b. E. by depts. Morbihan and Cotes-du-Nord, N. by the Enghsh Chan- nel, W. and S. by the Atlantic; cap. Quimper, pop. 700,465. Finite, fi'nite. Having a limit ; opposed to infinite. In Gram, a term applied to those moods of a verb which are limited by number and person. Finland. A country of N. Europe, for- merly belonging to Sweden but now a Kussian grand duchy ; cap. Ilelsingfors ; area 147,415 sq.m.; pop. abt. 2,000,000. Finland, Gulf of. A vast arm of the Baltic, dividing Finland from the Faissian provinces ; length 260 m., maximum breadth 90 m. Its ports are Cronstadt, Sweaborg and Eeval. Finmark. A Norwegian prov., th« most northerly portion of Europe ; cap. Hammerfest ; area, 1,284 sq. m.; pop. abt. 22,000. Finn, fin. A native of Finland ; a Fin- lander. Finner, 'er. A species of whale (Physa- lus), so called from their possessing a dor- sal hump or fin. The name is sometimes given to members of the gen. Balasnoptera. Finnikin, 'i-kin. A pigeon with a crest somewhat resembling the mane of a horse. Finnish, 'ish. A language spoken by the Fins in Northwestern Kussia and re- lated tribes in Esthonia and Livonia, allied to the Turkish and Hungarian. Fin-pike, 'pik. A fam. of ganoid fishes, remarkable for the structure of the dorsal fin, which is separated into twelve or six- teen strong spines, eacli bordered behind by a small soft fin. Two species of this curious group are living, but the family attained its maximum in paloiozoic times. Finster-Aarhom, finz-tiir-ahr'horn. The highest Alpine peak in the Bernese Oberland, bet. Berne and Yalais ; 14,020 ft. Fion. A name given in the Ossianic poetry to a semi-mythical race of war- riors of superhuman size, strength and prowess. Generally they are supposed to nave been Irish militia, and to have had theirnames from Fion MacCumhal (the Finn MacCoul of Dunbar, and Fingal of Macpherson), their most distinguished leader ; but others beheve them to have been of the race that inhabited Germany before the Germans, and Scotland and Ireland before the Soots. Fir, fer. A name sometimes used as co-extensive with the term pine, and inclu ding the whole gen. Pinus, but generally re- stricted to the sec. Abies. The tim- ber is valuable in house and ship building. Firdusi. An eminent Persian poet, B. abt. 940, D. 1020. Fire, fir. The simultaneous evolution of heat and light during the process of combustion ; com- bustion. Anciently, fire, air, earth and water were regarded as the four elemeuta Scotch Fir FIOED riEEWOEK of vhich all things are composed. The burning of anything ; a conflagration. Greek fire, an artificial fire which the Greeks used in their struggles against the Saracens, and which is said to have burned even in water. Piord, fj'ord. An inlet from the sea, usually long, narrow and very irregularly shaped, common on the coast of Norway ; a frith. Fire-alarm, 'a-larm. An apparatus for instantaneously commimicating informa- tion of fire, as by telegraphic signal. Fire-arra, 'arm. Any weapon whose charge is expelled by the combustion of powder. Fire-arrow, 'a-ro. A small iron djirt, furnished Avith a match impregnated with powder and sulphur, formerly used to fii-e the sails of ships. Fireball, 'bal. A ball filled with powder or other combustibles, intended to injure by explosion, or set fire to inflammable material. A popular name of a class of meteors which exhibit themselves as globular masses of light, moving with gi-eat velocitv across the sky. They ai-e not to be confounded with another class of meteors that explode in their passage. Fire-balloon, 'bal-lon. A balloon pro- pelled by air rarefied by heat. A balloon sent up at night with fire-works, which ignite at a regulated height. Firebox, 'boks. The box in which the fire in a locomotive is placed. Fireclay, 'klii. A clay, consisting chiefly of silica and alumina, capable of sustaining intense heat, and used in making fire- bricks, gas retorts, crucibles, &c. It ex- ists chiefly in coalmeasm-es. Fire-cracker, 'krak-er. A small fire- work, consisting of a paper cylinder filled with gunpowder, &c., and furnished with a fusee. Firedarap, 'damp. Light carbureted hydrogen gas or marsh-gas, sometimes abundantly evolved in coal mines, and productive of the most dreadful results by its explosion. Fire-dress, 'dres. A dress which en- ables the wearer to pass through a fierce flame, consisting of a light armor of me- tallic gauze, lined vnth cloth immersed in certain saline solutions. Fire-eater, 'et-er. A juggler who pre- tends to eat fire. A cant term for a fight- ing cliaraeter or duellist. Fire-eng-ine, 'en-jin. A machine for throwing water to extinguish fire, a species of force-pump, in which the water is subjected to pressure sufficient to raise Fire-escape, permanent and moveable. Firefly, 'fli. A name indefinitely given to any winged insect which possesses luminosity. Except the lantern-fly, the fireflies are all coleopterous, and mem- bers of two allied families, the Elateridae or skipjacks, and Lampj'^ridae, to which the glow-worm belongs. Fireplace, 'plas. The lower part of a chimney which opens into an apartment, and in which fuel is burned ; a hearth. Fireplug-, 'plug. A plug for drawing water from the main pipes in a street to extinguish fire. Fire-policy, -po-li-si. An instrument whereby, in consideration of the payment of a premium, an insurance company en- gages to make good to the assured person such loss as may occur by fire to his prop- erty. Firepot, 'pot. A small earthen pot filled with combustibles, used in military oper- ations. That part of a furnace in which the fire is made. Firescreen, 'skren. A movable screen placed before a fire to intercept the heat. A woolen screen placed in the passage way from a powder magazine, whenever this is opened. Fireship, 'ship. A vessel filled with combustibles to be set on fire for the pur- pose of burning an enemy's ships. Firestone, 'stdn. A sandstone which bears a high degree of heat. Firework, 'werk. A preparation of gunpowder, sulphur and other inflam- mable materials, used for making explo- FIEE-WORSHIP nSSILmGUIA sions in the air on occasions of public re- joicings, &c.; also ttie name given to various combustible preparations used in war. An exhibition of fireworks ; pyro- technics. Fire-worsMp, Ver-ship. The worship of fire, the highest type of which worship is seen in the arloration of the sun. In the early religion of India the sun appears in the form of the god Agni, what was first regarded as a mere phenomenon in time being regarded as a sentient indi- vidual. Thus in the Yedic hymns Agni is the god of fire, corresponding to the Greek Hephaestos. The worship of fire was practiced by the ancient Persians or Magians, and is continued by the Parsees. The establishment of this species of idol- atry is ascribed to Zoroaster, who taught that in the sim and in the sacred fires of temples God more especially dwelt, and that therefore divine homage was to be paid to these. Firing'-iron, 'ing-I-ern, An instrument used in fiirriery for cauterizing ; a cautery. Firkin, fer'kin. A measure of capacity, being the fourth part of a barrel. A small wooden vessel or cask of no determinate capacity; used chiefly for butter, tallow, &c. Firm, ferm. A partnership or association of two or more i)ersons for carrying on a business ; a commercial house. Firmament, 'a-ment. The region of the air ; the sky or heavens. In old Astron. the orb of the fixed stars, or the most remote of all the celestial spheres. Firman, fer-man'. A decree, order or grant of an Oriental sovereign, issued for various special purposes; passport, per- mit, license or grant of privileges. Firmilian, St. Bishop of Ca^sarea ; n. abt. 200, D. 269. He was the friend of Origen and St. Cyprian, and suppressed the Novatian heresy. Firolidae, fi-rol'i-de. A fam, of gaster- opodous mollusks, ord. Nucleobranchiata or Jleteropoda. First-day, ferst'da. A name given to the Lord's-day by Quakers and other Christian bodies, from its being the first day of the week. First-fruit, 'frcH. The fruit or produce first matured and collected in any season. Of these the Jews made an oblation to God, as an acknowledgment of His sover- eign dominion. In the Ch. of England, the incomeof every spiritual benefice for the first j^ear. First-mate, 'mat. The chief officer of a merchant vessel, next in rank to the cap» tain. First-water, 'wa-ter. The first or highest quality; purest luster; apphed principally to diamonds and pearls. Fish, Hamilton. An American states- man, n. in N. Y. ISOD, has been success- ively a member of Congress, Governor of his native State, and Secretary of State under Presidents Grant and Arthur. Fish., fish. A general name for a class of animals subsisting in water, the first divis- ion of vertebrate animals. Cetaceous animals, as the whale and dolphin, aro popularly called fishes, but they breathe by lungs, are viviparous, and s^uckle their young like mammalia. The term has been also extended to other aquatic ani- mals, as mollusca, Crustacea, «fec. Fish-carver, 'karv-er. A broad knife, generally of silver, for carving fish at table; a fish-slice ; a fish-knife. Fisher's Hill. An elevated plateau in A^irginia, 20 m. S. of Winchester, noted as the scene of a severe battle between the Federals under Gen. Sheridan and the Confederates under Gen. Earlv, Sept. 22, 1SG4, the latter being defeated," with 1,000 killed and wounded, over 1,000 prisoners, and 16 guns ; Federal loss, abt. 8,000. Fish-flour, 'flour. A kind of flour made by grinding dried fish. Fishing'-fly, 'ing-fli. An artificial fly used as bait for catching fish. Fishing-tackle, -tak-1. All the appar- atus, as rod, lines, hooks, artificial flies, &c., used by an angler. Fishjoint, 'joint. In Rail, a splice con- sisting of one or more oblong plates, bolt- ed to the sides of two raOs meeting end to end. Fish-louse, 'lous. A name for several crustaceans, ord. Siphonostoma or Ichthy- ophthira, as the genera Argulus, Caligus, &c., parasitic on fishes. Fishplate, 'plat. In EaU. one of th© plates composing a fishjoint. Fish-sound, 'sound. The swimming bladder or air-sac of a fish. Isinglass is prepared from the sounds of some, others are converted into glue, and some are eaten. Fish-tongue, 'tung. An instrument used by dentists for the removal of the wisdom-teeth. Fish-way, 'wa. A contrivance to enable fish to ascend a fall. Fishwife, 'wif. A woman who sells fish. Fissilingruia, -ling'g-svi-a. One of two FISSIPAEA FLABELLUM divisions of the lacertilia or lizards. The fam. Lacertidffi, the monitors, the gen. Ameiva, and some fossil genera, belong to this section. Fissipara, -sip'ar-a. In ZooL animals ■vvhicli propagate by spontaneous flission, as the polypi, Infusoria and certain worms. Fissiped, 'si-ped. An animal whose toes are not coimected by a membrane. Fissipennae, -pen'ne. The plumed moths, a small group of lepidopterous in- sects. Fissirostres, -ros'trez. A tribe of the Insessoresor pei-chtng birds, divided into two sections : the Nocturna, Caprimul- gidai, comprehending the night-jars or goatsuckers, whip-poor-wills, &c., and the Diurna, Hirundinida3, including the swallows, 8^vifts, martins, &c. Fissurellidae, -su-rel'li-de. The key- hole limpets, a fam. of gasteropodous mollusks, oi'd. Scutibranchiata. Fissure-needle, fis'hur-ne'dl. A spiral needle for bringing together the lips of a wound, so made as to introduce a thread or wire, which is left in the place when the needle is withdrawn. Fist, fist. The hand clenched. The talons of a bird of prey. Fistuca, fis-tu'ka. An instrument for driving piles ; a monkey. Fistula, -la. A wind instrument of mu- sic. In Surg, a channel excavated be- tween an internal part and the skin-sur- face, showing no tendency to heal, differ- ing from a sinus in being callous. Fistularia, -Wri-a. Tobacco-pipe fish, Tobai ;-o-pip a gen. of acanthopterygious fishe?, fam. Aulostomida3, or Fistularidaj, chai-acter- ized by the elongation of the facial bones into a long fistula or tube. Fistulina, -ll'na. A gen. of Fungi, al- lied to Boletus, found on old trees, and esteeemed in some parts of Europe as an article of food. When grilled it is scarcely to be distinguished from broiled meat. Fitch, fich. In Fur. the skin of the pole- cat. Fitch, John. An American inventor, B. in Conn. 1743, d. 1798. He built the first boat propelled by steam, tested oa the Delaware Eiver, 1787. Fitch-hrush, 'brush. A brash or hair- pencil made of the hair of the polecat. Fitchet, 'et. A polecat ; a foumart. Fitz, fits. A son ; used as a prefix in cer- tain surnames, as Fitzgerald, Fitzherbert, especially of the illegitimate sons of kings or princes of the blood, as FitzrQ}^ Fitz- clarence. Fitzg-erald, Edward, Lord. A no- ble Irishman, son of the Duke of Leins- ter ; b.1763, p. in prison, 1798. He was an enthusiastic patriot, and joined the so- ciety of United Irishmen, ana was leader in the "rising" of '98. Arrested on a charge of treason, he died while awaiting trial. Fiume, fe-oo'ma. An Austrian seaport, on the Gulf of Quarnero, 33 m. S. W. of Trieste ; pop. abt. 18,000. Five, f iv. The number which consists of four and one ; the number of the fingers and thumb of one hand. A symbol rep- resenting the number, as 5 or V. Five-fingrer, 'fing-ger. Potentilla rep- tans, a perennial plant ; cinquefoil. Five-fingers, -gers. The name given to two species of star-fish, the Uraster ru- bens and Solaster papposus. The five of trumps in certain games of cards. Fives, f ivz. A game played with a ball, sometimes called hand-tennis. Fives. A disease of horses, resembling the strangles. Written also Vives. Five Hundred, Council of. One of the two French councils (the other being " The Ancients ") invested with legislative powers by the Convention, 1795; dis- solved by Napoleon, 1799. Flabellum, 'lum. A fan ; specifically, an ecclesiastical fan anciently used to drive away flies from the chalice during the eucharist. ' Such fans are a mark of -Flabellum. FLABELLAEIA 836 FLAME-BEAPvER distinction ia the Cli. of Home, and are earned before tlie Tope and other digni- taries on state occasions. riabellaria, fla-bel-la'ri-a. A gen. of fossil palms, occurring in secondary and tertiaiy rocks. The fan-coral, a gen. of Actinozoa, ord. Alcj^onaria. Flaccus, Caius Valerius. A Eoman poet, author of " Argonautica," describ- ing the expedition of Jason : b. abt. 12, d. abt. 88. Flag:, iiag. A flat stone used for paving. "Flag. An ensign or colors ; a cloth on which certain figures are painted or wrought, borno on a staff, and employed to distinguish one company, party or nationality from another ; a standard on which are certain emblems expressive of nationality, party or opinion. In the army a flag is a banner by which one regi- ment is distinguished from another. In the navy, flags not only designate the country to which they belong, but denote the rank of the oflicer in command. There are also small flags used in the navy for signals or telegraphs. Black flag, a sign that no mercy will be shown to the van- quished. Ked flag, a token of defiance to battle. White flag, a flag of truce, an in- vitation to the enemy to confer, and in the meantime a notification that the fighting shall cease. Plag-ellum, -jol'lum. In Bot. a runner ; a weak, creeping branch sent out from the bottom of the stem, and giving off at its extremity leaves and roots. In Zool. the lash-like appendage exhibited by many infusoria; an appendage to the' legs of some Crustacea. Plag-eolet. 'jel-et. A small wind instru- ment of music, played on by means of a mouth-piece Inserted in a bulb. The double flageolet consists of two Instru- Flagellant. ments united by one mouth-piece, and producing double notes. Flag-ellant, fla'- -jel-lant. One who whips Mmself in re- ligious discipline ; specifically, one of a fanatical sect' founded in Italy 1260, who walked in procession with feet and shoulders bare, and whipped them- selves till the blood ran down theh-5 bodies, to obtoin thef mercy of God and^ appease his wrath against the vices of the agt Fla&-ofB.cer, flag'of-fis-er. A distin. guishing title for the commander of a squadron. Flagship, 'ship. The ship which bears the flag-officer and on which his flag is dis- played. Plake-white, flak'whlt. In painting, the purest white-lead. "When levigated, it is called body -white. Basic nitrato of bismuth, or pearl-white. Flambeau, flam'- - _ , j^-- \- ■ — bo. A fl a m i n g J -y ~ ~~^'- torch : a light made ■' ^~ '" '^ " of thick wicks cov- ered with wax or other inflammable material. Flamboyant, -boi'ant. A style of Gothic architec- ture once popular in France. Its chief characteristic is a wavy fla m e - 1 i k e tracery in the win- dows. Flam.e, flam. A blaze; vapor in com- bustion ; hydrogen or any inflammable gas in a state of visible combustion. Heat of passion ; tumult. Ardor of inclination ; warmth of aff"ection. Flame- bearer, 'bar-er. The name given to the members of a gen. of humming-birds, having flery crimson-colored feathers round the neck like a gorget. The little flame-bearer inhabits the extinct volcano Chu-iqui, in Veragua, 9,000 feet above the -,-r Flamboyant Win- dow. FLAMEN FLEET Flamingo. level of the sea. It measures only 2^ Inches in length. riamen, flu'men. In Eom. Antiq. the name given to any priest devoted to the service of one particular deity. Originally there were but three, Flamen Dialis, con- secrated to Jupiter ; Flamen Martialis, to Mars ; and Flamen Quirinalis, to Quirinus or Komulus. The number was ultimately increased to fifteen, the original three re- taining priority in point of rank, as Majores, and elected from the patri- cians, while the twelve Minores were plebeians. Plaming-o, fla-ming'go. A bird of the gen. Phce- nicopterus, ord.Natatores or Palmipedes, a fam. Phoenicopteridffi, allied to the Anatidie. Flaminius, Titus duiixtius, fla-min'yus. A Koman general ; b. abt. 280, 1). 175 b. c. He defeated the Macedo- nians, and in 196 reheved Greece from Macedonian supremacy. F. Caius Nepos, a Eoman Censor, built the celebrated Flaminian Way (road), 221 b. c; elected consul, 22g-227, he was in the latter year defeated by Hannibal at Lake Thrasymene, and perished on the field, with the larger part of his army. Flanders. Anciently a flourishing in- dependent European state, now consti- tuting two Belgian provinces, E. and W. F., having a total pop. of abt, 1,500,000; cap. Bruges. Flange, flanj, A projecting edge, rim, or rib, as the projecting pieces on the wheels of railway carriages to keep them on the rails. Port-flange, a piece of timber fastened over a ship's port to prevent dirt or water from entering when it is open. Flange-rail, 'ral. A rail furnished with a flange on one side to prevent the wheels of cars running ofl" the line. Flannel, flan'nel. A soft nappy woolen cloth of loose texture. Flat-fish, 'fish. A fish which has its body of a flattened form, swims on the side, and has both eyes on one side, as the flounder, turbot, halibut and sole ; also api)lied to the skate and other mem- bers of the ray family. Flatidse, 'i-de. A sub-fam. of hemip- terous insects, belonging to the Fulgor- id«e. They yield Chinese wax. Flat-race, 'ras. A race over level or Flax. clear ground, as opposed to a hurdle-race or steeple-chase. Flattery, 'te-ri. The act of one who flat- ters ; false, insincere or venal praise ; ca- jolery. Flatting, 'ing. Preserving unburnished gilding by touching it with size. A mode of house-painting, in which the paint, mixed with turpentine, leaves the work without gloss. The rolling out of metal into sheets. Flatting-mill, 'ing-mfll. A mill for rol- ling out metals by cyhndrical pressure. Flax, flaks. The common nameofplants, gen. Linum, ord. Linacese. The species,^ number nearly a hundred, the cultivated species being L. usitatissimura. The fi- ber is used for making thread and cloth called lin- en, cambric, lawn, lace, &c. A useful oil is expressed from the seeds, and the res- idue, called linseed cake, is one of the most fattening kinds of food for cattle. Flax-comb, 'kom. An instrument with teeth, through which flax is drawn for separating it from the tow or coarser part and the shives. Called also Hackle, Heckle and Hatchel. Flax-dressing, 'dres-ing. The process or trade of breaking and scutching flax. Flaxraan, John. An eminent English sculptor ; b. 1755, d. 18.6. Canova pro- nounced him the "greatest of modern artists." Flax-mill, 'mil. A mill for the manu- facture of linen goods. Flaxseed, 'sed. The seed of flax ; lin- seed. Flea, fle. An insect, gen. Pulex, ord. Aphaniptera. All the species are similar to the common flea (P. irritans). Flea-beetle, 'be-tl. Diff'erent species of beetles, fam. Halticidfe, so called from their leaping powers, being provided, lik« fleas, with thickened hind-legs. Fleece, fiCs. The coat of wool that covers the sheep or that is shorn from a sheep at one time. Any covering resembling wool in quality or appearance. The loose thin sheet of cotton or wool coming from the breaking-card in the process of manufac- ture. Fleet, flet. A body or squadron of ships ; a number of ships in company, whether of war or of commerce. FLEMISH SCHOOL FLOATING-DOCK Flemish. School, The. In Paint, the school founded in Flanders, early in the 15th century, by the brothers Van Eyck, and counting among its scholars Eubens, Vandyke, Teniers, the younger, and others scarcely less eminent. ilensborg', flainz'borg. A German sea- port in Schleswig-Holstein, on a fiord of the Baltic, having large ship-yards ; pop. 23,146. Plesh, flesh. A compound substance forming a large partof an animal, consist- ing chiefly of fibrin, -svith albumen, gela- tin, ha^matosin, fat, phosphate of sodium, phosphate of potassium, phosphate and carbonate of calcium, sulphate of potas- sium and chloride of sodium, permeated by an acid fluid, caUed flesh-juice. Animal food in distinction from vegetable. The body as distinguished from the soul. In Theol. the character as influenced by ani- mal propensities or selfish passions. Kin- dred ; family ; near relatives. In Bot. the soft pulpy substance of fruit, which is fit to be eaten. Flesh-brush, 'briish. A brush for ex- citing action in the skin by friction. Flesh-color, 'kul-er. The color of flesh; carnation. Fleshing', 'ing. A covering, as drawers, worn by actors, dancers, &c., resembUng tlie natural skin. Fletcher, flech'er. An arrow-maker ; a manufacturer of bows and arrows; hence the family name Fletcher. Fleur-de-lis, fler-de- le'. In Iler. a bearing which some authorities maintain represents the lily, others the head of a lance or some warlike weapon. The fleur-de- lis has long been the dis- tinctive bearing of the kingdom of France. In Bot. the iris. Fleurus, floo'rooz. A town in Hain- ault, Belgium, near Charleroi , noted for battles fought in the vicinity in 1622, 1690, 1794, 1S15 ; pop. 3,800. Fleury, Andre Hercule de, floo're. An eminent French divine and statesman, B. 1658, D. 1743. He was appointed a cardinal and prime minister, 1726. Flier, fli'er One that flies or flees ; a run- away ; a fugitive. A part of a machine which, by moving rapidty, equalizes and regulates the motion of the whole ; a fly. One of the arms attached to the spindle of a spinning-wheel, over which the thread passes to the bobbin. The fan- wheel which Fleur-de-lis. rotates the cap of a wind-mill as the -wind veers. In printing, a contrivance for tak- ing off or delivering the sheets from a printing machine. Written also Flyer. Flig-hter, flit'cr. In brewing and distil- hng, a horizontal vane revolving over the surface of wort in a cooler, to produce a circular current in the liquor. Flint, flint. In Mineral, a sub-species of quartz, very hard, strikes fire with steel, and is an ingredient in glass and in all fine pottery ware. Liquor of flints is a solvi- tion of flint or silica in potash. A piece of flinty stone used in a flint-lock. Flint-glass, 'glas. A species of glass, so called because ijulverized flints were originally employed in its manulacture. JB Its dispersive power in regard to fight: ,■ renders it invaluable in the manufacture of g| the object-glasses of telescopes and microscopes. Quartz and fine sand are now substitued for flint in its manufacture. Flinty-rock, 'i-rok. A siliceous schist containing about 57 per cent, of silica, the rest being lime, magnesia and oxide of iron. Lydian stone, used under the name of touch-stone for testing gold by its color, is a variety ; also horn-stone. Flitch, flich. The side of a hog salted ^ and cured. In Carp, one of several asso- « ciated planks fastened side by side to form TjS a compound beam. Flittermouse, flit'er-mous. A bat ; a fliekermouse ; a flindermouse. Float, flot. The small piece of ivory on the surface of the mercury in the basin of a barometer. The hoUow metallic sphere of a self-acting faucet which floats in the boiler of a steam-engine or in a cistern. Floating-bridg-e, 'ing-brij. A bridge of timber supported Avholly by the water. Milit. a double bridge, the upper floor projecting and capable of being moved forward by pulleys. A flat-bot- tomed steam ferry-boat, in harbors or rivers, generafly running on chains. Floating-- a ti 7 dock, -dok. in ;'— '\ A capacious '""'" s t r u c t u re, generally of a rectangular I shape, in-g' • tended to 3- i serve as a^ ffifaR- „;-^ graving- dock. Some 1 ! - k. are built in water-tight compartments, from which the water may be drawn or into which it may be introduced at pleasure. FLOOR 330 FLOWEE-PIECE Floor, flor. The bottom or lower part of a building' or room. A i)latform of boards or planks laid on timbers, as in a oridge ; any similar platform. A story in a build- ing ; a suite of rooms on a level. That pai-t of the bottom of a vessel which is most nearly horizontal. In legislative assembhes, tho part of the house assigned to the members. Plora, flo'ra. In Bot. a work systemat- icaily describing the species of plants of a country or geological period. The botany or the complete scries of plants indigenous to any region or period. One of the small asteroids between the orbits of Mai'S and Jupiter. Flora. In Roman Myth, the goddess of flowers, identical with Chloris of the Greeks. She was the reputed wife of Zephyrus, and was worshipped before Rome was built. Floran, flor'an. Tin ore stamped very small. An exceedingly small-gi-aincd tin ore, scarcely perceptible in the stone, though perhaps very rich. Florascope, flo'ra-skop. An optical in- strument for inspecting flowers. Floreal, -rfi-al. In the French repub- lican calendar, tho eighth month of the year, dating from September 22, 1792. It commenced April 20 and ended May 19. Florence. One of the first of Italian cities, on both sides of the Arno, 1ST m. N. ^Y. of Rome, in a beautiful Apennine valley. F. was anciently the cap. of Tus- cany, and of the Italian Kingdom from 1865 till 1ST2. It has magnificent palaces, churches, art galleries and other public buildings, and its roll of distinguished citizens includes Dante, Petrarch, Boccac- cio, Gahleo, Michael Angelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Leo X.; pop. 120,400. Floriculture, flo'ri-kul-tur. The culti- vation of flowers or floAvering plants. Florida, flor'e-da. Lit. "Land of Flow- ers." The S. E. State of the IT. S., b. N. by Georgia and Alabama, E. by the Atlan- tic, S. and W. by the Gulf of Mexico; area, 59,268 sq. m.; pop. 142,803 whites, 126,600 negroes; principal towns, Talla- hassee, the cap., Pensacola, Appalachicola, St. Augustine, St. Mary's, Fernandina, Jackv?onvilIe, and Key West ; St. Augus- tine and St. Mary's on the E., and Pen- sacola and Tampa on the W., have fair harbors ; chief rivers, the Escambia, St. John's, Appalachicola, Perdido, Suwanee and Choctawhatchee ; lakes, St. George, Macao, Kissimee and Okeechobee; June io, 1861, F. formally seceded from the Union, but was re-admitted Ip 1865. y- Florida Keys. A group of small islands and reefs, extending S. W. from Capo Florida some 200 m. Thompson's Island, on which the city of Key West is situated, is the chief. Florin, 'in. A name given to diff"erent coins of gold or silver, of ditferent values, and to moneys of account, in ditferent countries. The English florin is 50 cents, the Austrian gulden or florin about tht same ; the gulden or florin of Germany an(^ tho guilder or florin of Holland, 40 cents. Florinean, flo-rin'c-an. One of a secto/ Gnostics of tho 2d century, so called from Florin us, a Roman priest, who was excom- mun catedby Pope Eleutherius In 176. Floripondio, flor-i-pon'di-o. Datui-a sanguinea, an infusion from whose seeds prepared by tho Peruvians induces stupe- faction, and if used largely, furious deliri- um. Florist, 'ist. A cultivator of flowers; one who deals in flowers. One who writes a flora or an account of plants. Floss, flos. A silky substance in the husk* of certain plants. Untwisted filaments of silk, used in embroidering on satin, &c. A fluid glass floating upon iron in a pud- ling- furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxides and earths. Flotsam, flot'sam. Such portion of tho wreck of a ship and the cargo as continues floating on the surface of the water. Flounce, flouns. A strip of cloth at- tached to a gown or dress, with the lower border loose and spreading. Flounder, floun'der. A small, flat mala- copterygious fish. fam. Pleuronectid.ie, gen. Pieuronectes or Platessa. A tool V sed to stretch leather for a boot front. Flour, flour. The meal of wheat or other grain, especially the finer part separated by bolting ; hence, tho fine and soft pow- der of any substance. Flow, flo. A stream of water or other fluid ; a current. The rise of the tide. Abundance ; copiousness, as a flow of spirits. Any gentle procedure or move- ment, as of thought, language and the like. Flower, flou'er. In Bot. the organs of reproduction in a phenogamous plant. A complete flower consists of stamens and pistils, together with two sets of leaves, the calyx and corolla. Flower-clock, -klok. A contrivancs for measuring time by means of flower* that open and shut at certain hours of tha day. Flower-piece, -pes. A painting or pic ture of flowers. FLOWEETRY 340 FLYmG-FISH riowretry, 'ret-ri. Carved work repre- senting flowers. Plue, flu. A passage for smoke in a chimney, leading from the fireplace to the chimney. A pipe or tube for conveying heat to water in steam-boilers. A passage in a wall for the pm-pose of conducting heat. Fluff, fluf. Light down or nap such as rises from beds, cotton, &c., when agi- tated ; flue. Fluid, llu'id. A body whose particles move and change their relative position without separation ; a liquid or gas ; op- posed to a solid. Fluke, fluk. The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground. In mining, an instrument used in cleaning a hole pre- vious to its being charged with powder for blasting. One of the two triangular divisions constituting the tail of a whale. Flume, fliim. The passage for water that drives a mill-wheel ; an artificial chan- nel for gold-washing. Fluor-spar, flu'or-spar. A common min- eral containing, Avhen pure, 48.7 per cent, fluorine, 51.3 calcium. It is often beauti- fully banded, especially when in nodules, which are much prized for the manufac- ture of vases, and occasionally for beads, brooch-stones, and other ornamental pur- poses. It was held in high esteem by the ancients for the same purpose, being the material of the original myrrhine vessels. Flute, fl lit. A musical wind-instrument consisting of a tapering tube with six holes for the fingers, and from one to four- teen keys which open other holes. The sound is produced by blowing M-ith the mouth into an oval aperture at the side of the thick end of the instrument. Its useful compass is about two and a half octaves, including the chromatic tones. Flute-stop, 'stop. In organs, a range of Avooden and metal pipes tuned in unison with the diapason, designed to imitate the flute. Flute-work, 'werk. The name given to a particular class of stops in organ-build- ing, in contradistinction to reed-work. Fluvialist, flu'vi-al-ist. One Avho ex- plains geological phenomena by the action of existing streams. Fluvicolinse, -ko-]i'''ne. The water- caps, a sub-fam. of birds, fam.Tyrannidse; a synonym of Alectrurinaj. Fly, fli. A wnged insect of various spe- cies, whose distinguishing characteristics are that the whigs are transparent and have no cases or covers. In Mech. an aiTangement of various designs to regulate the motion of machinery. In weaving, a shuttb with wheels driven through the shed % a blow or jerk. In knitting ma- chines, a piece for holding the needle in position while passing through a new loop. In spinning, one of the arms thatrevolve round the bobbin and twist the yarn as it is wound on the bobbin. That i)art of a vane which shows which way the A\ind blows. A light carriage ; a hackney coach; a cab. A hook dressed to resemble a fly or other insects, used by anglers. In a theater, a gallery stage at a level, where the ropes for drawing up parts of the scenes, &c., are ^.-.c-s-cv ^- worked. — ''^V^v Flyblow, 'bio. the ogg of a fly. Flycatcher, ^3^ 'kach-er. In ^-f-'^ Zool. the Eng- lish name of the White-collared Fly- catcher. birds of the gen. Muscicapa, ord. Insessores,tribe Den tiros tre 8, and fam. Musci- capidai, in many places of great use in d**^ stroying noxious insects. Flying- - buttress, 'ing-b ut-tres. In Gothic Arch, a but- tress in the form of an arch springing from a soMd mass of masonry. Flying- Dutch- man, 'ing duch'- man. A legendary Dutch captain who for some heinous of- fense was condemned to sail the sea, beat- ing against head- -winds, till the day ©f : judgment. The "ves- sel commanded ]ty this captain. Flyingr-Jlsh, -fish. A name common to fishes of the famihes Scomberesocidog and Sclerogenidaj, which have the power sustain i n g themselves for a time in the air. General 1 y, however, limited to' the gen. Exocet u s. Flying-fish. Flying-buttress. FLYFISHING 341 FOIL Flsrfisliillg:, 'fish-ing. Angling ; the art oi- practice of angling for fish >vith flies, natural or artificial, as bait. Flyingr-fox, 'foks. Pteropus rubricoUis, a bat found in the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, the largest of the bat tribe. Flying'-grurnard, -ger-nard. A gen. of fishes, fam. Sclerogenidaj or Cataphracta, or mailed-cheeks, closely allied to the gur- nards. Myingr-lemur, -le-mer. The name giv- en to insectivorous mammals, gen. Gal- eopithccus. They possess a broad flying membrane, extending from the nape of the neck to the tail, by means of which they can take extended leaps from tree to tree. Plyingr-phalanger.-fa-lan-jer. A popu- lar name of members cfagen. of nocturnal marsupials (Petaurus), fam. Phalangist- ida?, nearly allied to the true phalangers. A fold of the skin extends along the flanks, and this acting as a parachute en- ables the animal to leap great distances. Plyingr-squid, -skwid. The popular name of a gen. of ccphalopodousmollusks (Ommastrephes),* allied to the calamaries or squids. Fly-wheel, whiil. In Mech. a wheel placed OH the revolving shaft of any ma- chinery for the purpose of rendering the motion equable and regular by means of its momentum. Fo, fo. The name under which Buddha is worshipped in China. This name (writ- ten also Foe and Fohi) seems to be the nearest approach that the Chinese, owing to the meagerness of their articulation, can make to the real sound, Buddha. Foal, fol. The young of the equine genus of quadrupeds, and of either sex : a colt. Foal-teeth., 'teth. The first teeth of horses, which they shed. Foam, fdm. Froth ; spume ; the aggre- gation of bubbles formed on the surface of liquors by fermentation or violent agita- tion. Foam-cock, 'kok. In steam-boilers, a cock at the level of the water, by which impurities are drawn off. Focimeter, -sim'et-er. In Photog. an instrument for finding the focus of a lens which has not been properly achroma- tized. Fodder, fod'der. Food for cattle, horses and sheep, as haj', straw, &c. Fcenus, fe'nus. A remarkable gen. of ^hymenopterous Insects, fam. Ichneumon- idse. They are parasitic, feeding in the larva state upon other insects, in Avhich the eggs are deposited by a long oviposi- tor. In the perfect state they feed upon the nectar of flowers. Fog:, fog. A dense watery vapor exhaled from the earth or from rivers and lakes, or generated in the atmosphere near the earth. Fogrbank, 'bangk. At sea an appear- blance n hazy weather sometimes resera- ing laud at a long distance, but which vanishes as it is approached. Fogr-bell, 'bel. A bell placed on some rock, shoal, &c., whoso ringing is a warn- ing to sailors in foggy weather. Fogrg-ia, fud'jah. Cap. of prov. of same name in S. Italy ; pop. 34,390. Fogr-horn, 'horn. A horn kept on board of a vessel to sound as a warning signal Siren Fog-horn. in foggy weather. A sounding instru- ment for warning vessels of their proxim- ity to the coast during a fog. The most powerful is an instrument called the siren, or siren fog-horn, the sound being pro- duced by means of a disk vnth. twelve radial slits made to rotate in front of a fixed disk exactly similar, a cast-iron trumpet 20 feet long forming part of the apparatus. Fogr-sigrnal, 'sig-nal. Any signal made during fog to prevent collision. In Eail. a signal made by placing detonating pow- der or torpedoes on the rails, which ex- plode on the engine passing over them, and give warning of danger. A shrill steam whistle to give warning that a train is ap- proaching. A signal made on board ship during a fog to prevent collisions, or on shore to warn ships off a coast. Foil, foil. A leaf or thin plate of metal, as tin foil. Among jewelers, a thin leaf of metal placed under precious stones to make them appear transparent, and give them a ]>articular color. A coat of tin with quicksilver, laid on the back of a looking-fflass, to cause reflection. In Arch. FOIL S42 FOOLSCAP tencing. y^\. n. A small %f \^ weasel. A ^^ ^4^ iir, black on '^ % a small arc In the tracery of a Gothic -win dow, panel, &c, Poll. A blunt sword. or one that has a button at the end used in fencing, Foin, foin ferret or kind of fur a whitish ground, Fencing Foils. from the ferret or weasel of same name. Foix, G-aston de, fwaw. A nephew of Louis XII. of France, Due de Nemours and Count de Narbonne ; b. 1489. While in command of the French army in Italy ho won the great battle of Ravenna, but was killed Avhile pursuing the flying foe. Polding'-d.oors, 'Ing-dorz. Two doors which meet in the middle, and either slide back or turn back on hinges. Polding-machine, 'ing-ma-shen. A machine which delivers newspapers or other printed work folded. Poley, John Henry. A distinguished Irish sculptor ; is. in Dublin, 181S ; d. 1879. Foliagre, fo'h-aj. Leaves in general. A cluster of leaves, flowers and branches ; particularly in Arch, the representation of leaves, flowers and branches, intended to ornament and enrich capitals, friezes, pedi- ments, &c. Folio, fo'H-6. A sheet of paper once folded. A book of the largest size, formed by once doubhng a sheet of paper. In book-keeping, the left and right hand I)ages of an account-book, expressed by the same figure. In printing, the number appended to each page. In law, a certain number of words in conveyances, &c. Poliot, -ot. The generic name for a com- l)aratively harmless devil or goblin, allied to Puck or liobin Goodfellow. Folkestone. A fortified seaport, 7 m. S. W. of Dover, England, from which the steamers for Boulogne sail ; pop. 13,200. Follicle, fol'li-kl. In Bot. a dry seed-vessel or pod opening on one side only; a carpel dehiscing by the A-entral suture, and having no dorsal suture ; a uni- valvular pericarp formed of a simple pistil. A vessel distended with air, as on the roots, stems and leaves of Utriculada and on the leaves of Aldrovanda. In Anat. a little bag in animal Follicle of bodies ; a gland ; a minute Columbine. secreting cavity. Folkland, fr)k'land. Land, under Saxon law, of the folk or people, as distinguished from bookland, or land held by cVarter or deed. Folkland was the property of the people, and while it continued to be folk- land it could not be alienated. Folklore, 'lor. Rural superstitions, tales, traditions, or legends. Fomalhaut, fo'mal-hat. A star of the first magnitude in the constellation Piscis Australia or Southern Fish, much used in astronomical measurements. Fond-du-lac, fond-doo-ljik. Lit. " End of the Lake." A county and city of Wis- consin, the latter situated at the S. end of Lake Winnebago, 70 m. N. W. of Mil- waukee ; pop. 13,094. Fondus, fon-dii. A term apphed to that kind of printing of cahco, paper-hangings, &c., in Avhich the colors are blended into each other. Font, font. The vessel used in churches as the repository of the baptismal water, A spring or fountain of water ; a source. A complete assortment of printing types of one size, including points, accents, &c. Fontainebleau, fon-tan'blo. A French town, dept. Seine-et-Marne, 82 m. S. E. of Paris, noted for its magnificent royal palace and grounds of 34,200 acres. Fontana, Domenico. An Italian architect; b. 151^3, d. 1(507. Under Pope Sixtus V. he erected the Egyptian Obelisk in front of St. Peter's, Pome, 1580, and later built the Lateran and Quu-inal pal- aces, and the Vatican Library. Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, font-nail'. An eminent French writer, nephew of Corneille ; b. in Rouen 1C57, d. 1757. Oneof his ablest works, an "Essay on the Geometry of the Infinite," was written when he was 70 years of age. Fontenoy. A Belgian village 6 m. S. E, of Tournai, noted as the scene of the great battle, AijrilSO, 1745, in which the En- glish and their allies under the duke of Cumberland were disastrously defeated by the French, xmder Marshal Saxe ; pop. 2,400. FoochoVT" foo. A Chinese seaport, prov. Fokien, on the Min, opened to foreign trade, 1842 ; pop. about 1,000,000. Fool, fol. One who is destitute of reason or the common powers of understanding ; an idot ; a natural. One who counterfeits folly ; a iirofessional jester or butfoon. Foolscap, folz'kap. Paper of the small- est regular m.e but one ; so called from its ancient water-mark being the outline of a fool's head and cap. # . FOOT 343 FOREMAN Poot, fyit. In animal bodies, the lo^yest extremity of tlie \(fg. The part of a stoclc- ing or boot which receives the foot. The lowest part or foundation. Poot-and-mouth Disease. Eczema epizootica, a highly contagious eczema- tous affection which attacks the feet and mouths of cattle, and occasionally spreads to the udder of milch-cattle. Poot-ball, 'bal. A large, light ball to be driven by the foot ; hence, fig. any object subjected to many vicissitudes or changes of condition ; as he was the foot-ball of for- tune. A game played with a foot-ball by two parties of players. ]Poot-board, 'bord. A support for the foot ; a board at the foot of a bed , the platform on which the engineer and fire- man of a locomotive stand ; a foot-plate. Poofbridgre, 'brij. A narrow bridge for foot passengers. Poot-gTiards, 'gardz. Guards of infan- try. The foot-guards in the British army consist of three regiments, the Grenadier, Coldstream and Scots Guards. Poot-lig-hts, 'llts. In theaters, a row of lights i)laoe(l ; astruc- Fountain. ture kept supplied with water for use or ornament. Origin ; first principle or cause. In Her. a circle called a roundle, divided into six spaces by waved Hues across the shield, and tinctured argent and azure. Fountain-pen, -pen. A writing pen with a reservoir for furnishing a continu- ous supply of ink. Fouquier-T i n V i 1 1 e, Antoine Gluentin, foo-ke-ai'tang-veel'. A blood- thirsty French Jacobin ; b. 1747, guillo- tined 1795. He was public accuser before Robespierre's Revolutionary Tribunal, and gloated over the death of thousands of innocent victims. Sentenced to the same fate, he exhibited the most abject cowardice. Four, for. The number consisting of tAvice two. Hence a four-oared boat ; the crew of a four-oared boat. Four Evangrelists, The. The name given to four of the group of islands off the W. entrance to the straits of Magellan called the Twelve Apostles. FOURIER 84T FRANCE Fourier, Francois Charles Mane. A distinguished French socialist, b. 1772, ■D. 1887. Fourierism, fr/ri-er-izm. The Social system propounded by Fourier, that the world was to be subdivided into associ- ations, consisting of ISOO members, each group occupying a common edifice, and all enjoying the fruit of their labors in common. Though talent and industiy were to be rewarded, no one was to be de- barred from a certain amount of luxurj' and amusement. A universal language was to be established, while the several groups were to be associated together under a central government, like the cantons of Switzerland or the TJ. S. of America. Four-in-hand, fijr'in-hand. A vehicle drawn by four horses and guided by one driver holding all the reins. Four Lakes. A series of small lakes in Dane Co., Wis. Madison, the State cap., is built on a narrow isthmus bet. the thii-d and fourth. Fourling, 'ling. One of four children born at the same time. Fourpence, 'pens. An English silver coin worth four pennies; a fourpenny bit; a groat. Four-poster, 'p6st-er. A large bed having four posts or pillars for the cur- tains. Fourscore, 'skor. Twenty taken four times ; 80 units. Fourteen, 'ten. The number consisting of ten and four. A sjrmbol representing this number, as 14 or xiv. Fourteenth, 'tenth. One of 14 equal parts in which a whole is divided ; the quotient of a unit divided by 14. In music the octave or replicate of the 7th, a dis- tance comprehending 13 diatonic inter- vals. Fowl, foul. A barn-door fowl ; a cock or hen. Anciently a b4rd. Fowling-piece, 'ing-pes. A light gun for shooting birds. Fox, Charles James. An eminent English orator and statesman ; b. in Lon- don, 1749 ; D. 1806. He denounced the conduct of the government toward the American colonies, and later espoused the cause of the Frenchrevolutionists; he held the office of foreign secretary in 1782, and again in 1806, at the time of his death. Fox, Greoi^e. Founder of the Society of Friends ; b. in Leicester, Eng., 1624 ; n. Fox, foks. An animal of the gen. Cania. Common Fox (Canis vulpes). Fox-bat, 'bat. A bat, fam. Pteropida?, one species, the Pteropus eduUs, or kalong, attaining a length of 4 to 5 feet from the tip to tip of the wings. Foxhound, 'hound. Abound in which are com- bined fleetness, strength, spirit, ^^ scent, perse- ^a«:55;^ verance, and sub- Foxhound, ordination ; sup- posed to be a mixed breed between the staghoiind or the bloodhoimd and the greyhound. Fraction, frak'shon. The act of break- ing, or state of being broken ; specifically, the rite of breaking bread in the celebra- tion of the eucharist. In Arith. and Alg. one or more aliquot parts of a unit or whole number, distinguished as vulgar, proper, improper, simple, compound, complex and decimal fractions. Fragaria, fra-ga'ri-a. The strawberry gen., ord. Rosacese. Franc, frangk. The name given to two ancient coins in France, the one of gold and the other of silver. A French silver coin and money of account which since 1795 has formed the unit of the French monetary system, and has also been adopted as the unit of currency by Switz- erland and Belgium. It is di^dded into 100 centimes, and its value is about 19 cents. France. One of the Great Powers of Eu- rope, occupying the N. W. portion of the continent ; b. N. by the English Channel and Belgium, E. by Germany, Switzer- land and Italy, S, by the Mediterranean and Spain, andW. by the Atlantic; it has a length from N. to S. of 660 m., and a breadth of 335 to 620 m.; area 203,738 sq. m.; pop. 38,192,412. F. is divided into 86 departments, all being named after some natural feature by Avhich they are distin- guished. Chief toAvns, Paris, the cap., Lj'ons, Lille, Toulouse, Rouen, Orleans, Amiens, Eheims, Tours, Marseilles, Havre, Bordeaux, Nantes, L'Orient, Dieppe, Dunkerque, St. Malo, Bayonne, FRANCIA 848 FEAKKFOET La Eochelle, Brest, Toulon, Cherbourg and Eochefort, the last 14 being seaports, and the last four naval stations. Princi- pal rivers, Seine, Loire, Khone, Oise, Ga- ronne, Somme, Yonne, Aisne and Cher. Mountains, Pyrenees, Alps, Jura, Vos- ges, Auvergne, Cote d'Or, Cevennes and Arree. Principal islands, Corsica, Ush- ant. Belle-isle, Noirmoutier, Ee, Oleron and Hyeres. There are no lakes of notice- able size or importance. The colonies of F. are Algeria, Senegambia, Gaboon and the islands of Eeunion, Mayotte, Nossi- B6 and Ste. Marie in Africa, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Martinique, Guadaloupe and Guiana in America, Pondicherry, Kari- kal, Mahe, Yanaon, Cochin China and Chandernagore in Asia, New Caledonia, the Loyalty and Marquesas groups in Oceanica. The history of F. as a nation begins with Pharamond, chief of the Franks and founder of the Merovingian dynasty, 420. Her government is now a republic. Francia, Jose G-aspar Rodrignez, fran'the-ah. Dictator of Paraguay ; b. 175S, D. 1S40. He was a physician by profession, but was made Secretary of State in the young Eeimblic, 1811, and be- came dictator 1814. Francis. A name of many European sovereigns, among the most celebrated being F. I., of Germany, b. 1708, eldest son of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, found- er of the present imperial house of Haps- burg. Lorraine, through his marriage with Maria Theresa, daughter and heiress of the Emperor Charles VI., s. Charles VIL as Einperor of Germany, 1745 ; n. 1765. F. II. of Germany, and I. of Aus- tria, son of the Emperor Leopold II., b. 1768 ; was declared Emperor of Austria, 1804, and renounced the imperial German title 1806 ; n. 1835. Most of his active life was passed in the struggle against Na- poleon I. F. I., of France, son of Charles, Comte d' Angouleme, by Louise of Savoy, B. 1494; he married the daughter of Louis YII., 1514, and s. him 1515 ; d. 1547. His reign was characterized by almost contin- uous wars ^\^th Italy and Germany, but he was a wise and liberal ruler. F. II., B. 1548 ; 8. his father, Henry II., 1559, having married, 1558, Mary Queen of Scots ; he was sickly and weak-minded ; D. 1560. F. I., of the Two Sicilies, b. 1777; s. his father, Ferdinand I., 1825; he was a tyrant ; ». 1830. F. II., b. 1836; grandson of F. I. and s. his father, Ferdi- nand 11. (the infamous Bomba), 1859. He possessed the tyrannical instincts while lacking the abilities of Ms immediate an. cestors, and was dethroned 1861, Gen. Garibaldi loading the successful revolt. F. Joseph Charles, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungan-, b. 1830 ; s. his un- cle Ferdinand IV., 1848; still on the throne. Francis, St. (of Assi- si). Founder of the Franciscan order of monks ; b. at Assisi, Ita- ly, 1182, D. 1226, canon- ized 1230. Francisca, -sis'ka. The ancient Frankish battle- axe, differing chiefly from the modern kind in the angle at which it was! joined with the handle. Franciscan, 'kan. One i of the order of mendicant ! friars founded by St. : Francis of Assisi, about I 1210, and otherwise called | Minorites, or, from the . "'v v«^5«^r^-\ color of their habit. Gray prancilcan or ^"^'•s- Gray Friar. Francis de Paulo, St. Founder of the Minim order of monks; b. In Cala- bria, 1416, D. 1507, canonized 1651. Francis de Sales, St. An eminent theologian, bishop of Geneva ; b. at Sales, near Geneva, 1567, d, 1622 ; canonized 1665. Francis Xavier, St. A devoted Jesu- it, called the " Apostle of the Indies ;" B. in Navarre, 1506 ; d. in Sumatra, 1552 ; canonized 1622. Most of his life was spent as amissionary in the E. Indies. Franc-tireur, fran-te-rvjr. One of the French guerrilla soldiers, organized in the war of 1870, after the defeat of the regular army, for harassing the enemy, cutting off detachments, &c. Frang-ipane, fran'ji-pan. A species of pastry, containing cream, almonds and sugar. A kind of perfume. Frank, frangk. Amemberof the ancient German tribe or aggregate of tribes which overthrew the Eoman dominion in Gaul and gave origin to the name France ; a native of Franconia. A name given by the Turks, Greeks and Arabs to all inhab- itants of the western parts of Europe. Frank. A letter sent by mail free of post- age ; also, that which makes a letter free, as the signature of a person possessing the privilege. Frankfort. Cap. of Kentucky, on the Kentucky Eiver ; pop. 6,958. FEAIirKFORT-BLACK 849 FPwEDEEICK African Frankincense. Frankfort-black, 'furt-blak. A fine black pigment used in copper-plate print- ing. rrankfort-on-the-Main. A noted German city, on tlie river Main, 20 m. N. E. of Metz, founded in the 5th century by the Franks, and cap. of the Eastern Em- pire from iyiS to 889, afterward the place of election of the German emperor. Later F. became a member of the Hanseatic League, and was a " free city " from 1259 till 1866, when it was incorporated vrith Prussia. F. was captured by the French in 1T50, 1792 and^, 1796; pop. abt. 100,000. Frankincense 'in-sens. Oliba- num, a gum res- in which distils from incisions made in the Bos- weUia thurifcra, ord. Amyrida- ceae, inhabiting the mountains of India, which, when burned, ex- hales a strong aromatic odor. African frankincense is yielded by B. Carterii ; the common frank- incense is the produce of Pinua Abies or spruce fir. Franklin Bay. A bay in the Arctic Ocean off the coast of British N". America. Franklin, Benjamin. A distin- guished American philosopher and states- man ; n. in Boston, 1706; died in Phila., 1790. He commenced life as a printer's apprentice, andremoved to Phila., on be- coming a journeyman, and soon after es- tablished the "Pennsylvania Gazette," a newspaper which became famous as the medium of "Poor Eichard's" sayings. In the troubles preceding and during the Eevolution he was sent upon a delicate mission to England and France. He also served as member of the Continental Con- gress, as President of Penn., and as a member of the convention which framed the Constitution. His discovery, 1752, of the identity of electricity and "lightning, won the admiring plaudits of the scien- tists of the day, and F. was elected an honorary member of the most distinguish- ed societies, Franklin, Jolin, Sir. A celebrated English naval officer and Arctic explorer ; B, 1786; i>. (it is believed) 1847, while on a voyage in search of a N. W. pas- sage. Franklinite, 'lin-It. A mineral com- pound of iron, zinc and manganese. Franks, The. A name taken by a Confederation of Gothic tribes who in- vaded Gaul and Spain 256-270, and settled In Gaul 481, founding the Kingdom of France. The Orientals call all the inhab- itants of W. Europe Franks. Frater, fra'ter. A monk ; a member of a religious establishment. Fratercula, 'ku-la. A gen, of web- footed birds, the puffins. Fratricelli, 'tri-sel-lT. A sect of Fran- ciscans established in Italy in 1294. They claimed to be the only true church, and denounced the pope, whose authority they threw off, as an apostate. They made all perfection consist in poverty, forbade oaths, discountenanced marriage, and w^ere accused by their opponents of very lewd practices. The sect is said to have continued until the Eeformation, which they embraced. Fratricide, -sid. The crime of mnrder- ing a brother. One who kills a brother. Fraunhofer's liines, froun'ho-ferz linz. The dark lines observed crossing a solar spectrum at right angles to its length, caused by the absorption of por- tions of the rays emitted from the incan- descent body of the sun in their passage through the gases and vapors. The dis- covery led to the invention of the spectro- scope, to the science of spectroscopy, and to all present knowledge of solar and stellar chemistry. Fraxin, fraks'in. A substance existing in the bark of the common ash-tree, de- coctions of which have the property of fluorescence. Frazer River, A large stream of Brit- ish N. America, which empties into the Gulf of Georgia, opp. Vancouver's Island, Freckle, frek'l, A yellow spot in the skin, particularly on the face and hands, hereditary or produced by the action of the sun. Any small spot or discoloration, Frederick (Frederic). A name of numerous European sovereigns, the most noted of whom are : F. V. of Bohemia, B. 1596 ; died in exile, 1632. Seven kings of the name filled the throne of Norway and Sweden between the years 1522 and 1853, of whom the most conspicuous was F. VI., who s. his father, 1808; allying himself wth Napoleon, a British fleet un- der Nelson destroyed his fleet and bom- barded his cap. In 1814 he was forced to cede Norway to Bernadotte, King of Swe- den ; D. 1S39. F. I. of Germany (Barbar- ossa, the "Eed-beard"), son of Freda"M;k, FEEDEEICKSBUEG 850 FEEESTOIfE Duke of Suabia, b. 1121, s. his uncle Con- rad III. as emperor, 1152. He joined the 8d Crusade, and was drowned in Pales- tine, 1190. F. XL, B. 1194, crowned 1215 ; J>. 1250. He led a Crusade 122T, to the Holy Land, and captured Jerusalem. F. II. of Prussia (Frederick the Great), b. 1712, s. his father, 1740; d. 1786. His reign was one of almost con- tinuous wars with France, Austi-ia and Russia, in the Seven Years' War, 175(>-63, the three being allies, F. receiving only nominal assistance from England. F. William III., b. 1770, s. his father, F. William II., 1797; he participated in the Napoleonic wars, at one time losing more than half his dominions, but recovering these finally on the downfall of the French Emperor ; d. 1840. His son Wil- liam IV. s. to the throne, but was forced, 1S5S, to relinquish power to his brother, the reigning Emperor William I. of Germany, who s. Wm as King of Prussia, 1S61. Predericksburg:, A city of Spottsyl- vania Co., Va., on the Eappahannock, 65 m. N. of Eichmond, noted as the scene of a series of the most sanguinary battles, Dec. 13-16, 1862, of the late civil war, re- sulting In the defeat of the Federals un- der Gen. Burnside by the Confederates under Gen. Lee, with a total loss of over 12,000 ; pop. 5,010. Frederickshall. A Norwegian seaport on Swinesund fiord, 57 m. S. E. of Chris- tiania, at the siege of which, 1718, Charles XII. of Sweden was killed by a musket ball ; pop. 6,300. Frederickton. Cap. of New Bruns- wick, on the St. JolmEiver, 60 m. N. W. of St. John ; pop. 7,000. iFreetown, (St. Q-eorg-e). Cap. of the English Colony of Sierra Leone, Upper Guinea, W. Africa; pop. 16,200. Pree-Chargre, fre'chiirj. In electrical experiments with the Leyden jar or bat- tery, a term applied to that part of the in- duced electricity which passes through the air to surrounding conductors. Free Church, cherch. That ecclesias- tical body (Free Church of Scotland), which, on the disruption of the Estab- lished Church of Scotland in May, 184S, was founded by those who left her com- munion. Free-city, 'sit-i, A city having an inde- pendent government and virtually form- ing a state ; a name given to certain cities, principally of Germany, which were really small republics. They were once numerous, but are now reduced to three, viz. Bremen. Hamburg, Ltibeck and Freedman, fred'man. A man who has been a slave, but is manumitted. Free-lance, fre'lans. A member of one of those companies of knights and men- at-arms who wandered from place to place, after the Crusades, seUing their services to the highest bidder. Freemartin, 'mar-tin. A cow-calf twin born with a bull-calf. It is generally bar- ren, and in this case on dissection is found to have parts of the organs of each sex, but neither perfect. Freemas on- ry,''ma-sn-ri. A term apphed to an organization caUing them- selves Free and Accepted Ma- sons, and all the mysterie s therewith con- nect e d . A c - cording to its own pecuhar ,, . t^ v, language it is Masonic Emblem, founded on the practice of social and moral virtue. It claims the character of charity, in the most extended sense ; and brother- ly love, relief and truth are inculcated in it. Fable and imagination have traced back its origin to the Eoman Empire, to tho Pharaohs, the Temple of Solomon, the Tower of Babel, and even to the building of Noah's ark. In reality it took its rise in the middle ages along with other incor- porated crafts. Skilled masons moved from place to place to assist in building Cathedrals, abbeys, «fcc., and it was essen- tial for them to have some sign by which, on coming to a strange place, they could be recognized as real craftsmfen and not impostors. Free-SOiler, 'soil-or. In the United States, one of a faction of the Democratic party which advocated the non-extension of slavery. Free-spirits, 'spi-rits. A sect of here tics which originated in Alsace in the 13th century, and quickly spread over Italy, France and Germany. They claimed free- dom of spirit, and claiming that they could not sin, lived in open lewdness, go- ing from place to place accompanied by women under the name of sisters. Freestone, 'ston. Any species of stone composed of sand and grit, so called be- cause it is easily cut or wrought. FPwEE TEMPLAR 851 FRICTIO:S' Free Templar. A member of an or- gunizJition cer-deck, and having a tier also on the lower deck. Frigate- b i r d, -herd. The name given to a gen. of trop- ical birds (Tachy- petes), pel- ican fam. (Pelican- !S'°„°'the- ™^»'«-«- cormorants ; a man-of-war bird. Frigid Zone, frij'id. A space about either pole of the earth, terminated by a parallel of 66^° of latitude, known as the polar circles. At the pole the sun is visi- ble for half the year and invisible the other half. Frimaire, fre-raar. The 8d month of the French repubhcan calendar, dating from September 22, 1792. It commenced November 21, and ended December 20. Fringe, frinj. An ornamental append- age to the borders of garm e n t s or furni- ture, con- sisting of loose thread s. The use of fringes is of very great antiquity, as shown by the dresses of figures on the ancient imr_ Assyrian Fringes. FEINGILLIDJS S53 FROimSPIECE Head, Foot and Bill of a Finch. Egyptian and AssjTian monuments. In Bot. a row of teeth bordering the orifice of the capsule in almost all the genera of mosses. Pring-illidae, frin-jil'li-de. The finches, ord. Coniros- t r e s . The species have been divided among several sub-families, as the weavers, tanagers, haw- finches, true finches, bunt- ings,larks, bull- finches, cross-beaks, the Spizellinaj and Pitylinas. But the first two are now ranked as distinct families. Fring-illinee, -ll'ne. A sub-fam. of the Frinirillidit', including the true finches, such as the goldfinch, chatfinch, bullfinch, canary, &c. Fringingr-reef, 'ing-ref. A class of coral reefs, known also as Shore-reefs, from their encircling islands, at a moderate dis- tsmce from the shore. Prit, frit. The matter of which glass is made after it has been calcined in a fiir- nace, consisting of silex and metallic alkali, occasionally with ether ingredients. Frith., frith. A narrow arm of the sea; an estuary ; the opening of a river into the sea. A wear for catcMng fish ; a kind of net. Frizz, friz. That which is frizzed or curl- ed, as a wig or lock of hair. Frobisher, Martin, Sir. An English naval oflicer and na\igator, the first who sought a N. "W. passage ; h. 1518, i>. 1594. F. Strait divides the N. side of Hudson's Strait from the W. shore of Davis' Strait; length 140 m., wdth abt. 20 m. Frock, frok. Primarily, an ecclesiastical garment with large sleeves worn by monks ; hence the j>hrase, to unfrock a priest. An upper coat; an outer garment; especially, a loose garment worn by men over their other clothes. A gown, which opens behind, worn by females and chil- dren. Frock-coat, Hcot. A straightbodied coat, h-iNing the same length before and behind ; a surtout. Frog-fisli, 'fish. The name given to the members of the teleostean gen. Ba- trachus, fara. Lophiida*. The grunting frog-fish ia remarkable for the noise Frog and its Metamor- phoses. it makes when taken, which resem- bles the grunt- ing of a pig. Frog-, frog.^ The common name of ani- mals belong- ing to the gen. Kana, tailless amphibian s, , ord. Anoura, rem a r k a b 1 e for the trans- form a t i o n 8 they undergo while passing from the tadpole form to that of the mature frog. In farriery, a tender horn in the sole of a horse's foot, divided into two branches, and running toward the heel in the form of a fork. A triangular crossing plate for the wheels of rail way carriages, where one lino crosses another at an oblique angle. An orna- mentjil fastening for a frock or gown. The loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or Bword. Frog-h.opper, 'hop-er. Aphrophora spu- maria, a small insect, ord. Ilomoptera, re- markable for its powers of leaping. Its larvaj are found on leaves, inclosed in a frothy liquid, commonly called cuckoo-spit or frog-spittle. Froissart, Jean. An eminent French historian ; «. 1837, d. 1406. Frond, frond. In Bot. a term used to designate the leaves of ferns and other cryptogamous plants. Fronde, frond. The name of a party in France, who, during the minority of Louis XIV., waged civil war against the court party on account of the heavy fiscal impo- sitions. Frondescence, frond-es'sens. In Bot. the precise time of the year and month in which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. The act of bursting into leaf. Frondeur, fron-der. A member of the Fronde. Generally, an opponent of the' party in power ; a member of the opposi- tion. Frontier, fron'ter. That part of a coun- try which fronts or faces another country; the confines of a countiy; the marches; the border. Frontignac, 'tin-yak. French wine, from Frontignan (Ilerault), where it is produced. Frontispiece, 'tis-pes. That which is seen in front, or which directly presents , itself to the eye ; as the principal face of a FEOin'LET 854 FULCEUM FOECEPS building. An ornament or engraving fronting the first pago of a book. Frontlet, frunt'let. A frontal or brow- band ; a fillet or band worn on the fore- head. In Ornith. the naargin of the head behind the bill of bu-ds. Frost, frost. The act of freezing. That state or temperature of the air which oc- casions the congelation of water. Frozen dew; called also hoar-frost and white- frost. Coldness or severity of manner or feeling. Black -frost, a state of the atmos- phere by which vegetation is frozen with- out any appearance of rime or hoar-frost. Frosting, 'ing. A composition resem- bling hoar-frost, made of loaf sugar mixed with whites of eggs, used to cover cake, &c. Frost-smoke, 'smok. A thick fog re- sembling smoke, arising from the surface of the sea when exposed to a temperature much below freezing-point. When the thermometer is down to zero, the fog lies close on the water in eddying white wreaths. Frost-work, 'werk. The beautiful cover- ing of hoar-frost deposited on shrubs or other natural objects. Froude, James Anthony, frood. An English essayist and historian ; b. 1818. Fructescence, fruk'tes-sens. In Bot. the time when the fruit of a plant ar- rives at maturity and its seeds are dis- persed ; the fruiting season. Fructidor, fruk-ti-dor. The 12th month of the French republican calendar, begin- ning August 18 and ending September 16. Fructist, 'tist. One who classifies plants by their fruit. Fructose, 'tos. In Chem. sugar of fruit, c on si sting partly of cane-sugar and partly of inverted sugar, an Tmcrystallizable sugar. Fruit, frot. In a general sense, whatever vegetable products the earth yields, as corn, grass, cotton, flax, grapes, and all cultivated plants. In a more Umited sense, the reproductive product of a plant ; the seed or the part that contains the seeds, as wheat, rye, apples, pears, acorns, melons, arfe bet. France and Piedmont, 11,615 ft. high. A road made by order of Napoleon I. crosses it at the height of 6,000 ft. Geng-his Ehan. A Tartar chief who consolidated his people and carried on perpetual and successful war; b. 1164, i>. 1227. He overrun a great part of N. China, destroyed Samarcand and Bokha- ra and subjugated Persia. It is estimat- ed that 5,000,000 souls were slain in his Avars. Genitals, ien'it-alz. The parts of an an- imal which are the immediate instruments of generation ; the privates ; the sexual organs. Genitor, -er. One who procreates; a sire ; a father. Genoa. The commercial metropolis of modern Italy, formerly the cap. of a duchy, noted for its magnificent palaces and churches, also for its manufac- tures ; pop. abt. 180,000. It is strongly fortified. Genoiiilliere, zhnol- yur. A steel covering for the knees Avhich first ( appeared in the 13th cen- tiu-y. In Fort, the i)art( of the interior slope of the parapet below the sill of an embrasure. Genouilli^res. The height of the parapet above the banquette in a barbette battery. Genius loci, je'ni-us lo'sl. The presid- ing divinity of a place. The pervading spirit of a place or institution. Genre, zhan-r. A term applied to paint- ings Avhich depict scenes of ordinary life, as domestic, i-ural or village scenes. The term is applied in an analogous sense to sculpture and the drama. Gens, jens. In ancient Rome a clan or house embracing several families united together by a common name and certain religious rites ; as the Fabian gens, all bearing the name Fabius. Genseric. A Yandal King, b. at Seville, 406, i^. 477. He invaded Africa, 429, de- feated the Romans, captured Carthage, and Mauritania 43&. His fleet also defeated the Roman fleet, and in 455 he captured and sacked that city, carrying the Empress Eudoxia a i>i-isoner to Carthage. GEITTIA^T GEOLOGY Q-eixtian, jen'sM-an, The name given to the members of the gea. Geiitiana, a largo gen. of tlie bitter herbace- ous plants, having op- posite, often strongly ribbedleaves, and blue, 3'ello\r or red, often showy flowers. The root, the only medi- cinal part of the plant, has a yellowish brown Gentian, color and a very bitter taste, and is in frequent use as a tonic. Grentian-spirit, jen'shi-an-spi-rit An alcoholic liquor produced by vinous fer- mentation of an infusion of gentian, much drunk by the Swiss. Gentil, 'til. A species of trained falcon or hawk. Oentile, til. In Scrip, any one belong- ing to the non-Jewish nations ; a worship- er of false gods ; any i)erson not a Jew >r a. Christian ; a heathen. In civil affairs all nations who were not Eomans. Genus, jG'nus. In logic, that which has several species under it ; a class of a greater extent than species. In science, an as- semblage of species possessing certain characters in common, by which they arc distinguished from others. Geo. A frequent prefix in compound words derived from Greek, referring to the earth ; as, geography, geology, geom- etiy. Geocyclic, -6-sIk'iik. Of or pertaining to the revolutions of the earth. Circling the earth periodically. G. machine, in- tended to represent Low the changes of seasons, the days, &c., are caused by the inclination of the axis of the earth to the plane of the ecliptic, at an angle of 66^°, and how tlie axis, by remaining parallel to itself In all points of its path round the fiun, invariably preserves this inclination. Geode, Md. In mineral, a lump of agate or other mineral, or a mere incrustation. It is sometimes empty, and the cavity is line dwith crystals, as m agate balls ; some- times it contains a solid movable nucleus, and sometimes an earthy muitter, whence the name, Geodephaga, -6-defa-ga, Predaceous land-beetles, a div. of carnivorous coleop- terous insects, subdivided into two large families, Cicindelidte and Carabida;. Geodesy, -od'e-sl. That branch of ap- plied mathematics which determines tlie figure and area of the earth's surface and the variations of gravity. Geoffrey of Monmoutli. An ancient English histo:-ian ; b. abt. 1090 ; d. 1154, as abbot of Abingdon. His chronicles ol the early kings are high authority. Geoffrey Saint-Hillaire, Etienne. An eminent French naturalist ; b. at Etjunpes, 1TT2 ; d. in Paris, 1S44. G. S. II., Isidore, his son, b. iu Paris, 1805; p. 18G1, was also distinguished in the same line as his father. Geography, -og'ra-fi. The science which treats of the world and its inhabi- tants. General or Universal G. treats of the earth both as a distinct body in the universe, and as connected >vith a system of heavenly bodies. Mathematical G. ap- ples mathematical truths to the figure of the earth, and determines the relative positions of places, longitudes and lati- tudes, the Imaginary lines and circles, their measure, distance, «&c. Physical G. describes the principal features of the earth's surface, climates and temi>eratnres, and shows bow these, with other causes, affect the condition of the human race, and also gives a general account of ani- mals and productions. Political G. treats of the jnhi&itantsand their social relations. Sacred or Biblical G. treats of Palestine and nations mentioned in Scripture, illustrating and elucidating Scripture history. A book containing a description of the earth or of a portion of it. Gteology, -ol'o-ji. The science which deals with the structure of the crust of the globe and of the substances which compose it ; or the science of the minerals and the relations which the several con- stituent masses bear to each other. It also investigates the successive changes that have taken place in the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature. The geolo- gist ought to be well versed in chemistry, mineralogj', zoology, botany, comparative anatomy and every brunch of science i-e- lating to organic and inorganic nature. The rocks have been variously di\ided in accordance Avith their position and con- tents. The first great division is into un- fitratified and stratified. The unstratified rocks may belong to any age ; they are divisible into two groups, metamorphic and volcanic, all crystalline. Four sub- stances enter into their composition — mica, quartz, felspar and hornblende. The stratified rocks have been deposited from water, and have been divided into meta- morphic and fossiliferous. The meta- morphic rocks are gneiss, some granites, serpentine and the like. The oldest strata, Lauren tian, are represented by these rocks, and the tertiaries exhibit tlie GEOMETPJCIAN 808 GEOEGE conversion of limited areas into crj'stalline masses. The fossiiiferous strata have been divided into Laurentian, Cambrian, Biluiian, Devonian and Old Ked Sand- stone, Carboniferous, Permian or Lower New Hed Sandstone, Triassic or Ui)per New Ked Sandstone, Oolitic or Jiirassic, subdivided into lias, oolito proper, pur- becks, Cretaceous, Tertiaiy, divided into Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene and Pleisto- cene, Quaternary or Post-tertiary, di- vided into Prehistoric or Post- pleistocene and Historic or llecent, in which deposits are now forming', and species now existing- or existing- Avithin the historic period. Another division of stratified fossiiiferous rocks is into Primary or Palaeozoic, Secondary or Mesozoic, Tei-tiary or Caino- zoic, and Post-tertiaiy or Quaternary. Greometrician, -om'e-tri'''shan. One skilled in geometry ; a mathematician. Geometry, -om'e-tri. The science of magnitude in general ; that branch of mathematics which treats of the properties and relations of magnitudes. It is the most general and important of the mathe- matical sciences; it Is founded upon a few axioms or self-evident truths, and every proposition which it lays down, whether it be theorem or problem, is subjected to the most accurate and rigid demonstration. It is distinguished as theoretical or speculative and practical. The former treats of the various proper- ties and relations of magnitudes, with demonstrations of theorems, &,c. ; and the latter relates to the performance of ope- rations and the application of geometrical principles to the various measm-ements in the ordinary concerns of life. Ge<>-navig'atioii,o-na-vi-ga"8hon. That branch of the science of navigation in which the place of a ship is determined by referring to it some other spot on the surface of the earth— in opposition to Cffilo-navigation. Geonomy, -on'o-mi. The science of the physical laws relating to the earth, includ- ing^ geology and physical geograjihy. Geophagrist, -ofa-jist. One Avho prac- tices geophag-ism ; one who eats earth. George. The name given to four (Hano- verian) kings of England. G. I. (Lewis), son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Han- over, by Sophia, granddaughter of James I., B. 'at Osnaburg, 1660 ; s. his fiither, 1C98, and on the death of Queen Anne was declared her successor under the Act of Settlement Avhich excluded the E. C. de- scendants of James II. G. was entirely ignorant of the English language, and waa onlv tolerated by the English people'; d. 172^. George II. (Augustus) son antls. of the former, b. at Hanover, 16S3 ; crowned 172T, ». 1760. G. distinguished himsoH in the general European war of 1740, in which he was the ally of Austria against Prance, Spain and I*i-us8ia, and command- ed in person in the victory over the French at Dettingen, 1743. In 1755 v/ar Avas renewed and G. allied himself Avith Frederick the Great of Prussia against France in the seven years' Avai-. G. III., grandson of the former, and son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, b. 173S ; r>. 1820, after the longest reign of any English monarch. During his reign the American Colonies secured their indepen- dence. G. IV., son and s. of the former, B. 1762, D. 1830. He was an unpopular monarch, and Avas s. by his brother Wil- liam IV. George, figure of St. George on horse- back en- coun t e r - ing the dragon, Avorn pen- dent from the collar by knights of the Gar- ter. A loaf. supi»o s e d to have George. been originally stami>ed Avith a figure oi St. George. Georg-e, Lake (Horioon). A beauti- ful lake in N. E. New York, an exten- sion of L. Champlain ; 30 m. long by 3 m. Avide. G«orge, St. (of Cappadocia). The patron saint of England and Greece, AA-asa pious and learned priest, appointed Ariita Bishop of Alexandria, 854. He Avas killed by a mob, and canonized 494. Tradition Bays he Avas named "Victorious" from haAing killed a terrible dragon in Asia Minor, supposed to bo that mentioned by St. John'in the Book of Pevelation. George, St., Order of. The title of several orders of European knighthood, some now extinct. The principal aro tho Eussian military order, instituted by Catharine II., 1769 ; that of St. G. Lucca, 1838 ; tho Hanoverian Order of St. G., 1839, and that of St. G. of the Keunicn, founded by Joseph Bonaparte In Naples 1*08. GEGEGETOWN GEliMANY Georg-etown. A city and. port of entry of Washington Co., District of Columbia, 2 m. N. W. of "Washington ; pop. 12,578. Gteorg-ia, jor'je-ah. A section of W. Asia, inclnding nearly tha entire isthmus connecting the Caspian and Euxine seas, now the Kussian govt, of Trans-Caucasus ; cap. TiHis, area 18,000 sn. m., pop. abt. 850,000. Georgia. One of the S. States of the American Union, b. N. by Tennessee and N. Carolina, E. by the Atlantic, S. by Florida, W. by Alabama ; area 58,000 sq. m. G. is divided into 138 counties. Its chief towns are Atlanta, the cap., Sa- vannah, Macon, Milledgeville, Athens, Brunswick, Kome, St. Mary's, Colum- bus and Newton ; principal rivers. Sa- vannah, St. Mary's and Altamaha. G. was named after George II. of England, and was the last organized British colony Avithin theU. S., Savannah being laid out as a city by Gen. Oglethorpe, 1733. G. seceded Jan. 19, 1861 ; was readmitted to the Union, 1S68 ; pop. 1,542,180. Georgria, Gulf of . In the N. Pacific, bet. British Columbia and Vancouver's Island ; 100 ra. long by 20 m. wide. Q^orgrian Bay (Manitouliix liake). An arm of Laku Huron, on the Canadian shore ; 50 by 20 m. Geoscopy, -os'ko-pi. Knowledge of the earth or soil obtained by inspection. Geoselenic, 'o-sG-len"ik. Eclating to the joint action or mutual relations of the eartli and moon ; as geoselenic phenomena. Geothermometer, '6-ther-mom"et-er. An instrument for measuring the degree of terrestrial heat in mines and artesian wells. Geotrupidae, .ie-o-tr^p'i-de. A fam. of burrowing lamellicorn beetles, sec. Peta- locera, which, Avhen alarmed, feign death. Gephyrea, ge-fl're-a. A class of the Anarthropoda, comprising the spoon- worms and allies. Gerall, ge'ra. The smallest piece of muney current among the ancient Jews, the 2dth part of a shekel, or nearly 3 cents. Gerard, Matirice Etienne, Comte. A French general ; b. 1793, d. 1855. He served Mith distinction under Napoleon I., and captured Antwerp, 1832. Gerbillus, jer-bil'lus. A gen. of small burrowing rodents (the gerbils), fam. Mu- jidje, having a long tail, tufted at the end. Gerlo-antico, -16-an-te'kd. A rare, rich, flesh-colored inarblo used for statuary piu'po^ed ia B.om». German, 'man. A native or inhabitant of Germany. The language of the higher and more southern districts of Germany, and the literary language of all Germany, It is divided into three periods — Old High German, from the 8th to the 12th centu- ry. Middle High German, to the 15th cen- turj% and Modern High German. The first embraces the Allemannic, Frankish and other sub-dialects. The second is tho language of the Minnesingers, of the na- tional heroic legends (Heldensagen), and of the lay of the Nibelungen. Modern German is properly the dialect of Saxony, which Luther rendered classical by Ms translation of the Bible. German-silver, -sil'ver. Packfong; the white alloy of nickel, formed by fus- ing together 100 parts of copper, 60 of zinc and 40 of nickel. Germanicus, Caesar. A Eoman gen- eral, brother of Emperor Claudius ; b. 14 B. c, D. 19 A.D. His principal military exploit was the defeat of the great German chief Arminius (Hermann). Ho was the father of the notorious Caligula, and his daughter AgTii>pina was tho mother of the Emperor Nero. Germantown. A suburb of Philadel- phia, noted as the scene of the defeat of Gen. Washington bj' Gen. Ilowe, Oct. 4, 1777. Germany (Empire of). A confedera- tion of States occupving the greater por- tion of N. Central llurope, bounded N. by the North and Baltic Seas and Denmark, E. by Kussia, S. by Austria and S\%itzer- land, and W. by France, Belgium and the Netherlands ; cap. Berlin ; area 9,590.21 German sq. m.; pop. abt. 44,000,000. The teiTitorial divisions of the empire are the Kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, and Wurtemberg; grand-duchies of Hesse, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Saxe-Weimar, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Oldenburg ; duchies of Brunswick, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Anhalt ; principalities of Lippe-Detmold, W a 1 d e c k, Schwai-zburg - Rudolstadt. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, R e u s s - Schleiz, lieuss-Greiz and Schaumburg- Lippe, Avith the free cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lubeck, and the ceded province of Alsace-Lorraine. The princi- Sal cities are Berlin, Munich, Dresden, tuttgart, Carlsruhe, Darmstadt, Schwer- in, Breslau, Leipzig, Cologne, Mentz, Augsburg, Weimar, Neu-Strelitz, Olden- burg, Brunswick, Meiningen, Altenburg, Gotha, Dessau, Hamburg, Bremen, Brem- erhaven, Konigsberg, Frankfort-on-the- Maia and Strasburg, Chief rivers, the Dan* GERMmAL 870 GIANTS' CAUSEWAY nbe, Ehine, Elbe, Weser, Main and Oder. The present empire was formed Jan. 18, 18T1, wlien the ruling monarch of Prussia, King "WilHam I., was crowned hereditary- Emperor of the Germans, the constitution being adopted May 4 of the same year. G-erminal, zhfir-mo-nal. The 7th month of the first French republican calendar, commencing March 21 and ending April 19. Germination, jerm-i-na'shon. The first act of growth by an embryo plant ; the time in which seeds vegetate after being planted or sown. G-erontes, ge-ron'tez. In Greek Antiq. magistrates in Sparta who, with the ephori and kings, were the supreme au- thority of the state. They could not be elevated to the dignity before their 60th year. Gerry, Elbridge. An American states- man ; B. iH Mass., 1744, p. 1814. He was a member of the Continental Congress, Commissioner to France (1797), governor of Mass., and (1812) Vice-President of the U. 8. Gerusia, -rO'si-a. The senate of ancient Sparta ; the aristocratic element of Spartan polity. Gervillia, jer-vU'li-a. A gen. of conch- ifers or bivalves, fam. Aviculidae, or wing-shells, found fossil from the carbon- iferous system to the chalk, inclusive. Gestation, jest-a'shon. The act of carry- ing young in the womb from conception to delivery ; pregnancy. Exercise in which one is borne or carried, as on horseback, or in a carriage, without the exercise of his own powers. Gesture, 'tur. A motion of the face, body or limbs expressive of sentiment or passion ; any action or posture intended to express an idea or a passion, or to en- force an argument or opinion. Gethsemane. The garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives, near Jerusalem, celebrated as the scene of the agony of Christ and his betrayal by Judas. Gettysburg'. A town in Adams Co., Penn., 86 m. S. W. of Harrisburg, noted for its proximity to the desperate three days' battle (July 1 -S, 1863) between the Federals under Gen. Meade, and the Con- federates under Gen. Lee. The latter was defeated, losing 80,000, including 14,000 prisoners ; the Federal loss was upward of 23,000. Geyser, gl'zer. The name given to springs of hot water. The geysers of Ice- land number nearly one hundred. Thoy are, however, surpassed by those which have been discovered in comparatively recent times in the Rocky Mountains, in the Yellowstone region. Ghat, gat. In the E. Indies, a pass through a mountain ; also, a range or chain of hills. A landing-place or stairway to the rivers of India. Ghazepore, gaz-e-poor'. Cap. of adist. of same name in British Bengal, India, on the Ganges ; pop. 107,000. Ghee, gc. In the E. Indies, butter made from the milk of the buffalo, clarified by boihng. Ghent, gant. Cap. of E. Flanders, Bel- gium, 80 m. N. W. of Brussels, at the junction of the Lys and Scheldt ; built on 26 islands with canals dividing them, and connected by 800 bridges. It dates back to the 7th century, and is surrounded by a broad wall, 8 m. in circumference ; pop. abt. 122,000. Gherkin, ger'kin. A small-fruited vari- ety of the cucumber, used for pickling. Ghetchoo, get'sho. E. Indian name for Aponogeton monostachyoa, tHb roots oi which resemble potatoes. Ghetto, 'to. The quarter in certain Italian towns where Jews live. Ghibelline, gi'bel-in. One of a faction in Italy in favor of the emperor and op- posed to the Guelfs, or pope's faction. They arose in the 12th century, and dis- turbed Germany and Italy for 800 years. Ghoont, gont. A small sure-footed E. Indian pony, used in the mountain ranges as a pack or saddle horse. Ghost, Holy, The, gost. In Theol. the third person in the Trinity. All who subscribe to the Athanasian Creed believe the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and Son ; the Greek Church teaches that he proceeds from the Father only. Ghost-moth, moth. A nocturnal lepl- dopterou 8 insect, so called from the male being white and hovering with a pendu- lum-like motion in the twilight over one spot where the female, which is red and gray, is concealed. Ghoul, ghol. An imaginary evil being among Eastern nations, supposed to prey upon human bodies. Giallolino, jyal-lo-le'no. An oxide of lead or massicot, a fine yellow pigment, also known as Naples Yellow. Giants' Causeway. A remarkable basaltic formation on the N. coast of Ire-, land, constituting a platform 600 ft. longf by 850 broad and 25 ft. high, of closely ar- GIAOUR 371 GIRANDOLE ranged columns. It owes its name to a tradition tliat giants constructed it -with a view to invading Scotland. Griaour, jour. A word used by the Turks to designate the adherents of "all religions except the Mohammedan. The use is so common that it is often appUed without Intending an insult. A dog. Gibberish., gib'ber-ish. Eapid and in- articulate talk ; unmeaning words. Gibbet, jib'bet. A gallows ; consisting of an upright post with an arm projecting from the top, on which malefactors are hanged. The projecting beam of a crane which sustains the pulleys and the weight of goods; a jib. Gibbon, gib'bon. A name common to apes, gen. Hylobates, but more particular- ly restricted to the species Hylobates lar, having imusually long arms. Its color is black, but its face is surrounded by a ■white or gray beard. Gibbon, Edward. A distinguished Enghsh historian ; b. 1757, d. 1794. Gibel, jib'el. A fish of the carp gen., Cyprinus gibelio, said to be able to Uve 30 hours out of water. Gibeonite, gi^be-on-it. A slave's slave ; a workman's laborer ; a farmer's drudge. Giblets, jib'iets. The entrails of a fowl, removed before roasting, as the heart, liver, gizzard, «fec., often served as a sauce or in a pie. Gibraltar. An Impregnably fortified city and seaport in Spain at the naiTOwest part of the Straits of G.,held by the En- glish. Straitsof G., the passage connect- ing the Atlantic and Mediterranean and dividing Europe and Africa ; length 36 m., width from 15 to 24 m. Gig-, gig. A httle thing that is whu-led round in play ; a top ; a whirligig. A light carriage \\ith one pair of wheels ; a chaise. A long narrow rowing-boat, adapted for racing ; also a ship's boat, generally furnished with sails. A machine consisting of rotary cylinders covered vnth wire teeth for teazling woolen cloth. Gilbertine, gil'bert-in. One of a relig- ious order founded about 1148, by Gil- bert, lord of Sempringham in Lincoln- shire, England, the male members of which observed the rule of St. Augustine, and the females that of St. Benedict. Gill, jil. A measure of capacity, contain- ing the fourth part of a pint. Gill-flirt, 'Ilert. A sportive or wanton gh-1. Gillie, 'li. In the Highlands, a man-ser- vant ; a serf ; a boy. Gimbal. Gimbal, gim'bal. A contrivance for securing free motion in suspen • sion, or for suspending anything, as a chronom- eter, so that it may keep a constant position or remain in equiHbrium. The mariner's compass Is suspended by such a contrivance. Gimcrack, jim'krak. Originally a ppruce or pert boy. A tr^sdal piece of mechanism ; a toy. Gin, jin. A contraction of Geneva, a dis- tilled spirit. A machine used instead of a crane, from which a block and tackle is suspended, and a windlass is attached. A whim or windlass which turns a cjdinder and winds on It a rope, raising minerals, &c., from a depth. A machine for sepa- rating seeds from cotton. A machine for driving piles, an engine of torture, and a pump moved by sails. A trap ; a snare. Ging-al, 'gal. A large musket used in Asia by the'natives, and fired from a rest. Some are mounted on carriages. The Chinese use them extensively. Gingerbread-work, 'jer-bred-werk. Ornamental work cut, carved, or formed in various fanciful shapes, as an ornament to buildings, &c. Ging-hanx, ging'am. A kind of striped cotton cloth. Ginseng, jin'-seng. A "name given < to two plants of the gen. Panax, ord. Araliaceae,the root of which is considered by the Chi- nese a imiver- sal panacea or remedy for all ills. Giorgione, Giorgio Barbarelli. An eminent Italian painter, founder of the Venetian School ; b. 1477, d. 1511. He was a feilow-student with Titian, Giraffe, ji-raf. The cam«lopard (Gu-af- fa Camelopardalis or Camelopardalis Gi- raffa), a ruminant animal constituting the only species of its gen. and fam. It is the tallest of animals, reaching the height of 18 to 20 feet. It is a mild and inoffensive animal, and in captivity is very gentle and playful. Girandole, 'ran-dol. A chandelier ; a lai-ge kind of branched candlestick. In Ginseng. GIEAED 872 GLANDERS I'yrotcchnics, a revolving firework ; a, re' volving suii. Crir^rd, Stephen. An American phil- anthropist, is. in France, 1750 ; d. In Thila- delphia, l6ol. He made a large fortune as a nercliant la Philadelphia, and at his death left $2,000,000 to found a college for or- phan boys, to be conducted on sti-ictly secular principles. The building, one 6t the finest in the country, was begun in 18o3, and completed in 1348. G-irasole, 'ra-s6l. The turnsole (Helio- troi)iuui curopteum). A transparent va- riety of opal, usually white or bluish- white, but when turned toward any bright light it constantly reflects a reddish color —hence its name ; Fire-opal. Girdle, ger'dl. A band or belt ; some- tliing drawn round the waist of a person and fastened. Inclosure ' circumference. In jewelry, the line which encompasses the stone, i)arallcl to the horizon. In Arch, a small circular band or fillet round the shaft of a column. Girl, gerl. A female child ; a person of the female sex not arrived at puberty ; an unmarried young woman. In the language of the chase, a roebuclv of two years old. Girondist, zhi-rond'ist. A member of a celebrated pohtical party during tiie first French revolution, so named because the most talented and eloquent of their leaders were from the department of La Gironde. Girth, gerth. The band by which a sad- dle or any burden on a horse's back is made fast by passing under his belly. Any circular bandage. The measure round anything of a cylindrical shape. In print- ing, one of two bands attached to the rounce of a press, and used to run the carriage in or out. Gittem, git'tern. An instrument of the guitar kind strung -with wire ; a cittern. Gitteth, 'teth. A musical instrument supposed to have been introduced to the Israelites by David fi-om Gath in the land of the Phihstines. Giusto, jus'to. In Music, ia just, cor- rect, or steady time. Gizzard, giz'erd. The third and princi- pal stomach in birds. It performs the function of teeth in triturating or grinding the food. Glacier, gla'shi-er. An immense accu- mulation of ice fining a valley and pouring down its masses to vallevs yet lower. They present the appearance of frozen tor- rents, frequently several miles in length, traversed by deep rents called crevasses. They movo gradually down into the lower valleys at a var3'ing rate of 18 to 24 inches in twenty-four hours. In the wn- ter of 1818-19 some Swiss glaciers came 60 far down into the lower valleys as to sweep away whole villages. They are found in many lofty mountain ranges, as the Alps, the Andes, &c. G. theory at- tributes important geographical changes to the action of glaciers, which, during the glacial period, covered a large part of the frigid and temperate zones. The name is also given to any theory account- ing for the downward motion of glaciers. Glacis, gla'sis. A gentle slope or slop- ing bank. In Fort, a sloping bank so raised as to bring the enemy into the most direct line of fire from the fort. In Geol. an easy slope, like that of shingles piled on the shore by the action of tides and vraves ; less steep than a talus. Glade, glud. An opening or passage through a wood ; on open place in a wood or forest. An opening in ice or a place left unfrozen ; smooth ice. An everglade. Gladiate. glad'i-;it. Sword-shapcd ; as the legume of a i>lant. Gladiator, -cr. In Eom. Antiq. one Avho fought in public for the entertain- ment of the people. At first prisoners, slaves or condemned criwiinals ; but af- terward freemen fought in the arena, for hire or from choice. Under the empire knights, senators and even women ex- hibited themselves in this way. Gladstone, "William. E^wart. A dis- tinguished English statesman and orator ; 15. in Liverpool, 1809. He is at present (18S4) ])rime minister for the second time, succeeding the late Lord Beaconsfield (Disraeli). Glag-ol, gla'gol. An ancient Sclavonic air ])habet, principally used in several E. C. dioceses of Istria and Dalmatia in the jisalms, liturgies and offices of the church. It bears traces of having existed prior to Christianitj', and to have been ori- ginally cut on sticks in the Eunic fashion. The earliest Sclavonic manuscripts are written in Glagol. Glair, glar. The white of an egg used as varnish to preserve paintings, and as a size in gilding. Glaive, glav. An ancient cutting weap- on, used by foot soldiers, fixed to the end of a pole, and differing from the bill in having its edge on the outside curve. Glanders, gliin'derz. In Farriery, a dangerous contagious disease of horses. In Sled, a dangerous contagious disease in the human subject, accompanied by a GLASGOW 873 GLOBATE pustular eruption, communicated by inoc- ulation from glaudered animals. Glasgow, glas-go. The principal manu- facturing and commercial city of bcotland, on both sides the river Clyde, 42 m. S. E. of Edinburgh ; pop. abt. 470,000. Criass, glas. A hard, brittle, transparent artilioial substance, formed by the fusion of silicious matter, such as powdered liiut or fine sand, together with some alkali, al- kaline earth, salt or metallic oxide. Al- though exceedingly brittle when cold, yet it is so ductile when heated that it may be 6pun into lilaments of the greatest con- ceivable fineness, and these when cold are pliant and elastic in a high" degree. Solu- ble glass, a silicate of potash or soda in which the alkali predominates. Tempered or toughened glass is hardened by being Immersed in a hot bath of melted wax, resin, oil, &c. The name is applied to many objects made of glass, as looking- glass, hour-glass ; also to ditferent optical instruments. G. of antimony, a vitreous oxide of antimony mixed Avith sulphide. G. of borax, a vitreous transparent sub- stance obtained by exposing to heat the crystals of biborate of podium. Glasschord, 'kord. The name given by Franklin to a musical instrument, with keys like a piano-forte, but with bars of glass instead of strings of wu-e, invent- ed in Paris in 1785 by a German named Beyer. Glass-eye, -I. The common name in Jamaica for a species of thrush (Turdus jamaicensis), so called from the glass-like iris of the bird. A pulp}^ berry on which it feeds is called glass-eye berry. Glassite, it. One of a religious sect founded in Scotland in the early part of the 18th century by John Glass, a minister of the Established Church, deposed in 1728 for his opinions regarding ecclesiasti- cal polity, in England and America, to Avhich this sect spread, the adherents called themselves Sandemanians, after Robert Sandeman, a native of Perth, and 6on-in-law of Mr. Glass. Glass-mosaic, -mo-za'ik. A modem Italian work in imitation of thfe antique, formed of small squares of colored glass, representing a painting so perfectly as to deceive the eye, used for brooches, lids of snuff-boxes, &c. Glastonbury-thom, 'ton-ber-i-thorn. A variety of hawthorn, the original thorn, in popular tradition, having been the staff brought over by Joseph of Arimathea from the Holy Land to Glastonbury, Eng., where he is said to have founded the celebrated abbey. Glauber-salfc, gla'ber-salt. Sulphate of soda, a well-known cathnrtic. It may be preparfed by the direct action of sulphuric acid on carbonate of soda. Glaucolite, 'kol-It. A variety of scapo- lite, composed chiefly of the silicates of alumina and lime. Glaucoma, -ko'ma. An almost incurable disease of the eye, being an opacity of the vitreous humor. It somewhat resembles cataract, especially in the gradual obscmra- tion of vision. Glaucopis, 'pis. A gen. of birds, fam. Corvidae, the only known species of which is the New Zealand crow, called by the natives kokako. Glaucus, 'kus. A gen. of nudibranchiate gasteropodous moUusks, popularly known as sea-lizards. Glaucus. In Myth, a marine deity, said to have built the' ship Argo and accom- panied Jason on the expedition in quest of the Golden Fleece. Glendale. A parish, also known as Frazer's Farm, near Malvern Hills, Ya., noted as the scene of a bloody battle (June 30, 1862), between the Federals, under Gens. Meade, McCall and Seymour, and the Confederates, under Gens. Longstreet and Ilill. The former withdrew, having suffered heavy loss. Glendower, Owen. A Welsh chief, a descendant of Llewellyn, the last native Prince of Wales, who revolted against Henry IV. and successfully defended the mountain fastnesses against the English armies. Later he joined Harry Percy and Lord Mortimer, and shared in their defeat near Shrewsbury. Ectiring to Wales, he maintained a successful revolt until his death; b. 1350, ». 1415. • Gliadine, gll'a-din. The viscid portion of gluten, a slightly transparent brittle substance, having a slight smell similar to honey-comb. Glires, 'rez. The 4th order of mammalia, according to the system of Linnaeus. It includes the porcupines, hares, rabbits, &c., beavers, rats and mice ; guinea-pigs, agoutis, marmots, lemmings, hamsters, dormice, jerboas, the paca and squirrels, and corresponds closely to the Rodentia of Cuvier. Their chai-acteristic is two flat incisors in each jaw. Globate, glob'at. Having the form of a globe; spherical; spheroidal. GLOBE 374 GLUE Globe. Any round or spherical soJid body ; a ball ; a body whose sur- face is in every part equl* distant from the center. ' The earth ; the terraque- ous ball. An artificial sphere of metal or other substance on whose con- ^^^ triobe. vex surface is drawn a map of the earth or of the heavens. That on which the oceans, seas, continents, isles and coun- tries of the earth are represented is called a terrestrial globe, that which exhibits the constellations a celestial globe Globe-fish, 'fish. The nameg-iven tc several fishes of the genera Died on and Tetraodou, fam. Diodonti- / GOAT 376 GOLD ily. The form of C. gnu i)artake8 of that of the antelope, ox and horse. Goat, got. A well-known horned rum- inant quadruped, gen. Capra. They are of the size of sheep, but stronger, less timid, and more agile. They frequent rocks and mountains, and subsist on scanty coarse food. Their strong ordor is pi'overbial. Their milk is sweet, nourishing and medi- cinal, and their flesh furnishes food. Some varieties furnish valuable hair or wool. Goat-sucker, 'suk-cr. A name common to tlie various species of birds gen. Cap- rimulgus given originally from the erro- neous opinion that they sucked goats. The whip- j)Oor- will is an American species. Gobbler, gob'ler. One who' swallows in haste ; a greedy eater ; a gormandizer. A turkey-cock. Gobelin, go'be-lin, A species of rich tapestry, ornamented with complicated and beautiful designs in brilliant and per- manent colors ; also a printed worsted cloth for covering chairs, sofas, &c., in imitation of tapestry. Gobius, go'bi-us. The goby, a gen. of fishes, sec. Malacopterygii Abdominales, fam. Cyprinidaj, including the gudgeons. Goblin, gob'lin. An evil or mischievous sprite ; a gnome ; an elf; a malicious fairy. Go-cart, go'kiirt. A small framework on castors, without a bottom, in which chil- dren learn to walk without danger of fall- ing. God, god. The Supreme Being ; Jeho- vah ; the eternal and infinite Spirit, the Creator and the Sovereign of the uni- verse. Any being beheved to possess di- vine power, and worthy of worship. Any person or thing exalted too much in esti- mation, or deified and honored aa the chief good. God-wit. A bird found in Europe and Airica, es- teemed for its flesh. Godchild, 'child. Vl* One for whom a S^ person becom^cs :5--n|^ jnsor at bap- 0^^ sponsor at ba} tism and prom ises to see educat- -, , . ed as a Christian; Uodwit. a godson or goddaughter. Godenda, go-den 'da. A pole-axe having a spike at its end, used in the 13th cen- tury. Godfather, '13-ther. A man, other than the father, who at the baptism of a child makes a confession of the Christian faith in its name, and guarantees its religious education ; a male sponsor. One who gives a name to any person or thing. Godfrey of Bouillon. The principal chief of the first Crusade, a son of Eus- tace, 2d Count of Boulogne ; u. 1058 ; d. 1100. He captured Jerusalem, 1098. Godhead, 'hed. Godship ; deity ; di- vinity ; divine nature or essence. A deity in person ; a god or goddess. Godmother, 'muth-er. A woman who becomes a sponsor for a child In baptism. Godo^wn, gO-doun'. In the E. Indies, a warehouse. God's Acre. An old name for a burial- ground — still occasionally used. Godson, god'sun. A male for whom another has been sponsor at the baptismal font. Goethe, Johann Wolfgung- von, fon goh'ta. The German Shakespeare ; B. 1749, D. 1832. Goggle, gog'l. A strained or affected rolling of the eye. In Surg, instruments used to cure squinting or the distortion of the eyes which occasions it. Cylindrical tubes in which are fixed glasses for defend- ing the eyes from cold, dust, &c., and sometimes with colored glasses to abate the intensity of liirht. Spectacles. Blinds for horses that are apt to take fright. Goitre, goi'ter. Bronchocele ; a morbid enlargement of the thyroid gland, contain- ing a serous fluid or sometimes a gaseous matter. Its position is on the antei-ior part of ;i | the neck. The sameV disease affects the testes and the female breasts, but is not called goitre. Cellular sarcoma is a name applicable to the disease in all locations. • Golconda. An ancient and celebrated city in the Nizam's dominions, India, once the cap. of a powerful kingdom, but now of little importance ; noted for dia- mond-cutting. Gold, gold. A precious metal of a bright vellow color, and the most ductile and imalleable of all metals. It is not hable to i jury by exposure, and is therefore well fitted to be used as coin. It may be beaten into leaves so exceedingly thin that 1 grain in weight will cover 56 square inches. It mav also be melted and remelted with scarcely any diiniaution. Ita specifio Goitre. GOLDEN-BEETLE 8TT GOKDOLA gra\ity is 19.3, or about nineteen times heavier than Avatcr. The fineness of pold is estimated by carats. Jeweler's pold is usually a mixture in the proportions of three-fourths of pure pold with one-fourth of copper. Gold is seldom used for anj' purpi)se in a state of perfect purity on ac- count of its softness, but is combined with some harder metal. Graphic gold, an ore of tellurium, consisting of tellurium, gold and silver. G-olden-beetle, 'n-bc-tl. The popular name of several species of beetles, gen. Chrj-somehi, belonging to the tetramerous sec, ord. Chrysomelida;. Golden-pheasant, -fez-ant. Phasia- nus ])!ctus, a beautiful species of Chinese pheasant. Golden-"wasp, -wosp. The popular name of the Chrysididse, a tribe of hymen- opterous insects, which, in the richness of their color, vie with the humming-birds. They deposit their eggs in the nests of other hj^menoptera, their larvae destroying those of these insects. GrOldfi.nch.,'finsh. The Frlngilla carduclis, a common ]5ritish song-bird, so named from the yellow markings on its wings. Goldfish, 'fish. A fish of the gen. Cypri- nns, of the size of a pilchard, so named from its bright color. They are reared and kept for ornament. Gold-foil, 'foil. A thin sheet of gold used by dentists and others. Gold-leaf, 'lef. Gold foliated or beaten into a thin leaf on a block of marble with liammers of polished iron. It is then cut into pieces about an inch square, placed between skins and again beaten, until it ha.s acquired the necessary degree of thin- ness. Gold-size, 'siz. A size or glue used as a surface on which to apply gold-leaf ; a mix- ture of chrome and varnish used in gold- printing and for other purposes. Goldsmith. Oliver. An eminent Irish author; is. 1T2S, d. 1774. His " A'^icar of Wakefield" is one of the master-pieces of simple romance. Goldsmiths'-note, 'smiths-not. The name given to the earliest form of bank- note, from the fact that it was issued by goldsmiths. Gold-thread, 'thred. A thread formed of tiattened gold laid over a thread of silk by twisting it Avith a wheel and iron bob- bins ; the same as Gold-wire. Golf, golf. A game played with clubs and balls, on large commons, where a series of small holes are cut in the turf so as to form a circuit or round. The object of the game is, starting from the first liole, to drive the ball into all the other holes in succession, the side which holes its ball \vith the fewest strokes being said to gain the hole. Golf-club, 'klub. A club used in the game of golf. These are of different uses and names, one being the driver, another the putter, a third the spoon, a fourth the deck, &c. An association formerly for practicing golf playing, Golgrotha. The scene of the crucifixion of Christ, just outside of the E. gate of Jerusalem ; also known as Mt. Calvary. Goliath. In Scrip, a Philistine giant, slain by David, w^hile still a shepherd boy, with a sling and stone, abt. the 11th cen- tury 15. c. Goliath-beetle, go-li'ath-bc-tl. The popular name of beetles, gen. Goliathus, remarkable for their large size, and on account of their beauty and rarity much prized by collectors. Goloshe, -losh'. An overshoe, gener- ally made of vulcanized india-rubber. Gomarite (Gomarist), 'mar-Tt. A fol- lower of Francis (iomar, a Dutch disciple of Calvin in the 17th century. The sect, otherwise called Dutch llemonstrants, strongly opposed the doctrines of Armini- us, adhering rigidly to those of Calvin. Gomer. Eldest son of Japhet, youngest son of Noah, and progenitor of the inhabi- tants of Asia Minor and S. Europe. Gk)iauti, -mii'ti. The Malayan name for the sago-palm. Gondola, gon'do-la. A flat-bottomed boat, very long and narrow, used at Ven- ice in Italy on the canals. They terminate at each end in a sharp point or peak ns- Gondola. ing to the height of 5 feet. Towards th« center is a curtained cabin for the passen- gers. A long platform rsalway car. GONFALON 878 GOKE Gonfalon, 'fa-Ion, An ensign or standard ; espe- cially an ensign having' two or three streamers or tails fixed on a frame made to turn like a vane. The person intrusted with the gonfalon in the medieval republican cities of Italy was often the chief person- age in the state. Gonfalon. Gk>ng:, gong. A Chinese musical instru- ment made of a mixed metal of copper and tin, in form like a round flat dish with a rim 2 or 3 inches in depth. It is struck by a padded drum-stick. They are in com- pion use in hotels in America to announce meals. In Mach. a stationary bell whose hammer is moved by a wire or cord, as in the engine room of a steamer. G-ongronha, gon-gon'ya. A variety of mate or Paraguay tea, prepared from the leaves of Ilex Gongonha and I. Theezans, species of holly. Qoniaster, go-ni-as'tcr. A gen, of star- fishes, occurring also fossil in the green- sand, chalk and elder tertiaries ; often called Cushion-stars. Goniatites, 'ni-a-tT"tez. An extinct gen. of fossil shells, belonging to the di- branchiate cephalopodous mollusks, fam. Ammonites. Gonionieter,-ni-om'' et-er. An instrument for measuring solid angles, or the inclina- tion of planes, particu- larly the angles formed by the faces of crystals. Goniopholis, -ofol- is. A genus of fossil crocodiles. GonoplacidsB, -no- pla'sl-do. A fam. of brachyurous crustaceans. Several species occur fossil. Gonopteryx, gon-op'ter-iks. A gen. of lepidopterous insects, the brimstone or sulphur butterflies. Gonorrhea, go-no-re'a. A specific con- tagious inflammation of the male urethra or the female vagina. Gonosome, go'no-som. In Zool. a col- lective term for the reproductive zoolds of a hj'drozoon. Good Friday, A fast of the Christian church in memory of our Saviour's cruci- fixion, kept on the Friday of Passion- week ; tlie thii-d day before Easter. Goniometer. Good Templarism gm\ tem'pler'izra. The principles of th«y society of Good Templars, combining teetotalism with certain mystic rites imitated less or more from freemasonry, having secret signs, passwords and insignia peculiar to itself. The members differ from Free Templars in that they recognize the authority of the grand lodge. Goon, glm. A species of E, Inslian grain. Gooroo, go'ro. A Hindu spiritual guide. Goose, gos. The common name of birds, fam. Anseridae, ord. Lamellirostres, a weU- known family of natatorial birds. Goose-step, 'step. The act of a soldier marking time by raising the feet alternate- ly without moving. Gopher, go'fer. The name given by the French settlers in the valley of the Missis- sippi and Canada to many burrowing animals of different genera, A species oi burrowing land-tortoise of the Southern States, whose eggs are valued. In Georgia a snake, the Coluber coupen. Gopher-wood, -w6d. A species of wood used in the construction of Noah's ark, but whether cypress, pine or other wood is a point not settled. Goracco, -rak'ko. Prepared tobacco, a paste smoked in their hookahs by the natives of W, India. Goral, 'ral. Antilope goral or Nemorhe- dus goral; a species of antelope inhabiting the Himalayan Mountains. Goramy, -ra-mi'. A fish, gen. Osphro- menus, fam. Anabasidae or Labyrinthi- branchidfe. It is kept in jars in Java and fattened on water-plants. It is one of the few fishes which bmld nests. Gordiacea, gor-di-a'se-a. The hair- worms, an order of annuloid animals with a body resembling horse-hair. Gordian, Marcus Antonius Afri- canus. A Roman pro-consul, elected in association wth his son Emperor of Rome; ]{. 160; suicided after the death of his son, 238. G., Marcus Antonius Pius, grandson of above, B. 225; became Emperor, 238; murdered by the usurper Philippus, 244. Gordian Knot, The. An intricate knot, made by Gordius, King of Phrygia, which, the oracle declared, could only bo untied by one Avho should conquer Asia. Alexander the Great cut It open with his sword. Gore, gor. Blood that is shed or drawn from the body ; thick or clotted blood. Gore. A triangular-shaped piece sewed into a garment, sail, (fee, to widen it in any GOEGE 879 GOTHAED part; a gusset, of land. A slip or triangular piece Plate Gorget. Gorge, gorj. The throat ; the gullet ; the canal by which the food passes to the stomach. In Arch, the narrowest part of the Tuscan and Doric capitals : also a cavetto or hollow molding. That which is gorged ; swallowed food caused to re- gurgitate through nausea or disgust. A narrow passage between hills or moun- tains. The entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort. Gorget, gor'jet. A piece of armor for de- fending the throat or neck; also a breast- plate like a half-moon. The camail or throat covering of chain-mail is sometimes called the gorget of mail. Gorgey, Arthur. A Hungarian gen- eral, IS. ISIS; D. 1S78. He was given chief command of the patriot army in 1848, and in 1849 was made dictator and traitorously surrendered his anny to the Eussians. Gorgon, 'gon. In Greek Myth, one of several monsters of terrific aspect, the sight of which turned the beholder to stone. They are represented as three sis- ters — Stheno, Euryale and Medusa. Gorgoneia, -gon-I'a. In Arch, masks carved in imitation of the Gorgon's or Medusa's head ; used as key-stones. Gorgonidae, -de. A fam. of sclerobasic corals, ord. Alcyonaria, comprising the eea-shrubs, fan-corals and the red coral of commerce. Gorilla, go-ril'la. The largest animal of the ape kind, called also the Great Chim- f)anzee ; possessed of great strength, and las a barking voice, rising in rage to a terrific roar. The gorilla has thirteen ribs, and in the proportion of its molar teeth to the incisors and in the form of its pelvis it approaches closely the human form The Phoenician navigator Hanno found the name in use in the 5th century b. c. in W. Africa. GortschakofF, gor-chah-kof . The pat- ronymic of a noble Russian family, the most distinguished members being Michael, Prince G., b. 1795, who was Commander-in-Chief of the llussian ar- mies in the Danubian Principalities and Crimea, 1853-5, and afterward Governor of Poland ; i>. 1861. Alexander, Prince G., brother of the above, was a distin- guished diplomatist ; b. 1800, d. 1879. Goshawk. Goshawk, gos'hak. A raptoxlal bird of the hawk kind, gen. Astur, the fe- male being much the larger. It was formerly much us> chitecture. Eudeness of manners ; barbarousuess. Gothard, Mount St. A celebrated Swiss plateau and pass, the former 11,000 ft. above the sea level. The highway from Lake Lucerne to Lake Maggiore, N. Italy, is through the GOTHLAND GRACE pass, 6,S00 ft. high. The souices of the rivers Rhino, Rhone and Reuss are in the vicinity of the noted St. G. hospice. G-othland. A? southerly div. of Sweden, containing 12 counties ; pop. 2,580,000. A Swedish island in the Baltic ; cap. Wisby ; pop. 57,300. G-otteiiburgr. Cap. of the Swedish co. of same name, 2S0 m. 8. W. of Stockholm, and facing the northernmost point of Den- mark ; pop. 00,000. GrOUgh, Hugh, Viscount. A distin- guished British general ; b. in Ireland 1779, D. 1867. He won distinction by subjugating the East Indian Sikhs. Gouda, gou'da. A kind of cheese from Goudii, in Holland. Gouge, gouj. A chisel with a hollow or Bemi-cylindrical blade ; a similar instru- ment x'lsed in turning wood. An imposi- tion ; a cheat ; also, an impostor. Gounod, Felix Charles. An eminent JTreuch musical composer ; b. 1818. Gourinae, gou-ri'ne. The gi-ound doves or pigeons, asub-fam. of the ColumbidfB, which far surpass in size all other j>igeons. The head of G. Victoriieis sm-mountedby a handsome crest. Gourmand, gor'miind. A glutton ; a g-reedy feeder. Gourmet, -ma. A man of keen palate ; a connoisseur in wines and meats ; an epi- cure. Gously, gous'li. An old form of harp used by the Sclavoniaus, whose bards were called Gouslas, the poetry which they chanted being styled gouslo. Gout, gout. A constitutional disease giv- ing rise to paroxysms of acute pain with a specific form of inflammation, appearing after puberty chiefly in the male sex, and returning after intervals. It is generally characterized by affection of the first joint of the great toe, by nocturnal exacerba- tions and morning remissions, and by vas- cular plethora. Indolence, inactivity, and too free iise of tartareous wines, fermented liquors and very high-seasoned food, are the X)rincii)al causes which give rise to this disease. Governess, guv'ern-es. A female vested with authority to control and direct ; a tutoress ; a lady who has the care of in- structing and directing children. Any- thing regarded as feminine that governs, instruct, or tutors. Governor-general, -jen'-'er-al. A gov- ernor who has under him subordinate or deputy governors ; a viceroy ; as the gov- ernor' general of India. Governor. Governor, -er. Ho who or that which governs, rules or directs. One in- vested with su- preme authority to administer or enforce the laws ; the supreme ex- ecutive magistrate of a state, commu- nity, corporation or post. A tutor, one who has the care of a young man ; one v^ho in- sti-ucts a pupil and foi-ms his manners. A father ; an employer ; an elderly per- son. A contrivance in mills and ma- chinery for maintaining a uniform velocity with a varying resistance. Governor's Island. A small island in N. Y. harbor, on which is erected Castle William and Fort Columbus. Gowan, gou'an. Decomposed granite; granite rock in a soft or fragile condition. Go"wlee, gou'Ie. Lit. a cow-herd ; the name «fono of the Indian castes. Grab, grab. A sudden grasp or seizure ; a catch. An implement for clutching boring bits and the hke for the purpose of giving power and steadiness in work- ing them ; also an instrument of various shapes for clutching objects for the pur- pose ofraising them, as" for drawing pipes, drills, &c., from artesian wells. Gracchus, Caius Sempronius. A Roman orator and statesman who, as tribune, was the originator of many ex- cellent laws ; B. 159 b. c, killed in a mas- sacre organized by Opimius, 121. His brother Tiberius Sempronius was elected tribune, and was also killed in an uprising of the patricians against his proposal to distribute the public lands ; b. lOS b. c, D. 183. Grace, grfis. Favor ; kindness ; disposi- tion to oblige another. In Scrip, the free, unmerited love and favor of God ; also the influence of the Spirit in renewing the heart and restraining from sin. Virtuous atfection or disposition, as faith, patience, &c., i)roceeding from divine influence. That element in deportment or languaga which renders it appropriate and agree- able ; elegance with appropriate dignity. Aff"ectation of elegance ; assumption of dignity or refinement. In Greek Myth, beauty deified ; one of three goddesses in whose gift were grace, loveliness and fa- vor, worshipped in Greece under the name GRACULINtE 381 GKAND-CKOSS of Charites, called Gratiae by theEomans. Thev were generally known aa Aglaia, Thalia and Euphrosyne. Graculinae, grak-u-ll'ne. The gracklcs, a sub-lam. of conirostral birds, ord. Pas- seres, fam. Sturnidae or starlings. The Paradise grackle of India has acquired great celebrity as a desti-oyer of locusts and caterpillars. Gradient, gra'di-ent. The degree of slope or inclination of the ground over which a railway, road or canal passes or is intended to pass ; the rate of ascent or descent. Q-raduate, -at. One who has been ad- mitted to a degree in a college or univer- siti', or by some professional incorporated society. Graf, graf. The German equivalent of the English earl and French count. Graft, graft. A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree as the stock which is to support and nourish it. Graham of Claverhouse, Jolin (Viscount Dundee). A Scotch gen- eral ; n. 1650, killed at the battle of KUhe- crankie, 1689. He achieved notoriety for his persecution of the Covenanters. Grail, gi-iil. The legendary holy vessel, supposed to have been of emerald, from which our Saviour ate the paschal lamb at the last supper, or, according to other legends, from which he dispensed the wine, and said to have been brought to England by Joseph of Arimathea, who had caught the last drops of Christ's blood in it as he was t:iken from the cross. The grail having been lost, became the great object of quest to the knights-errant of all nations, none being qualified to discover it but a knight perfectly chaste in thought and act, and tho stories and poems of Ar- thur and the Knights of the Round Table are founded on this legend of the quest of the holy chalice. Graining", 'ing. In painting, the process of producing an imitation of the grain or fibers of wood ; wainscotting. A process in leather-dressing by which tho skin is softened and the grain raised. Grain-leather, 'leth-er. A name for dressed skins, blacked on the grain side. Grains, granz. The husks or remains of malt after brewing, or of any gi-ain after distillation. Grains of Paradise. The pungent somewhat aromatic seeds of Amomum Meleguetta, nat. ord. Zingiberaceae, a plant of tropical W. Africa. They are chiefly used in cattle medicines and to give a fiery pungency to cordials. i Grain-tin, gran'tin. The purest kind of tin, prepaied from the ore called stream- tin found in river-beds. Grallatores, gral-a-to'rez. Orders of birds adapted for wading in water, includ- ing the cranes, herons, storks, plovers, snipes, rails, coots, &c. &c. Most modern naturalists have, however, separated the herons and storks from the Grallatores, and placed them in an order by them- selves, to which they give the name Ciconiaj. Gramineee, gra-min'e-o. A very import- ant group of Glumaceae, generally her- baceous, the bamboos forming a marked exception to this rule. The various cereals and the sugar-cane aro members of this family. Graminivorous, min-iv'6-rus. Feed- ing or subsisting on grass; said of oxen, sheep, horses, &c. Grammalogrue, grara'ma-log. In pho- nography, a letter- word ; a word repre- sented by a logogram ; as it, represented by I , that is t. Grammar, gram'mSr. A system of general principles and of particular rules for speaking or writing a language ; a book containing such principles and rules; a digested compilation of customary forms of speech in a nation. Gram. The French standard unit of weight, equivalent to a cubic centimeter of water, or the millionth of a cubic meter at a temperature of 4° Centigrade, or 39.2° Fahrenheit in a vacuum, in Paris. It is equal to 15.43248 grains troy. Grampian Hills. The principal moun- tain of Scotland, the highest summit, Ben Nevis, being 4,406 ft. above sea level. A mountain chain in Victoria, B. Australia. Grampus, 'pus. A marine cetaceous mammal, gen. Orca, which grows to the length of 25 feet. The grampus is carniv- orous and remarkably voracious, even at- tacking the whale. Granada. Ancient Spanish city, cap. of prov., ^nd formerly of the kingdom of same name ; on the Xenil, 120 m. W. of Seville. It is noted for its specimens of Moorish art, the chief of these and most magnificent extant being the Alhambra palace ; pop. T0,T46. Gran Chaco (El). A large interior sec- tion of S. America, occupied by roving Indian tribos and vast herds of cattle. Grandchild, grand'child. A son's or daughter's child. Grand-cross, 'kros. The highest class of knighthood in the order of the Bath. GRAND-DUKE GEAPE Grand-duke, Muk. The title of the sovereign of several of the states of Ger- many, considered of a rank between duke and king ; also applied to members of the imperial iamily of Russia. The great horned owl. Grrandee, pran-de'. A nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who has the king's leave to be covered in his presence. Grandfather, grand'fa-ther. A father's or mother's father. Grand-g-arde, 'gard. A piece of plate armor used in the 15th and 16th centuries In the tournament. It covered the breast and left shoulder. Grand Gulf. A village of Claiborne Co., Miss., on the Mississippi River, 60 m. above Natchez. The Confederates fortified it strongly during the rebellion, but the works were captured by Com. Porter, May 3, 18(53. Grand-jury, 'ju-ri. A jury whose duty it is to examine into the grounds of accu- sation against offenders, and to find bills of Indictment to be presented to the court. Grand Lodg'e. The principal lodge or governing body of Freemasons. Grand-master, 'mas-ter. The title of the head of the military orders of knight- hood, as the Hospitallers, the Templars, and the Teutonic knights. The title is also given to the heads of the order of Freemasons. Grandmother, 'muth-er. The mother of one's father or mother. Grand-nephew, 'ne-vu. The grandson of a brother or sister. Grand-niece, 'nes. The grand-daughter of a brother or sister. Grandparent, 'pa-rent. The parent of a parent. Grand-piano, 'pi-a-no. A large piano, of great compass and strength, and in which the wires or strings are generally triplicated. They are generally in the shape of a harp, to correspond with the varying lenjf th of the strings. Grand-seignior, -sen'yer. The sov- ereign or sultan of Turkey. Grandson, 'sun. The son of a son or daughter. Grand- vicar, -vi'ker. A principal vicar ; a Frencli ecclesiastical delegate. Grand- vizier, -vi-zer'. The chief min- ister of the Turkish Empire. Grange, grfmi A farm, with the dwell- ing-house, stables, byres, barns, &c. A society or lodge of farmers in the U. S., for the purpose of promoting the interests of agriculture, more especially for abolish- ing the restraints and burdens imposed on it by the commercial classes, and for doing away with middlemen. Granger, griinj'er. A member of a farm- ers' grange. A farmer. Granicus. An ancient name of a small river in Bithynia, on whose banks Alex- ander the Great vdth 80,000 soldiers de- feated the Persian King Darius with 600,- 000, 334 B. c. Granilite, gran'i-lTt. Indeterminate granite ; granite that contains more thah three constituent parts. Granilla, -il'la. The dust or small grains of the cochineal insect. Granite, 'it. An unstratified rock, com- posed generally of quartz, felspar and mica, united in a confused crystallization, that is, without regular arrangement of the crystals. Granivorous, gran-iv'6-rus. Eating grain ; feeding or subsisting on seeds ; as granivorous birds. Grant, Francis, Sir. A celebrated British painter ; u. 1804, d. 1877. Grant, Ulysses Simpson, Gen. Eighteenth President of the U. S. ; b. in Ohio, 1822. Educated at West Point, ho served during the Mexican war, but re- signed in 1854. Voluntering at the outbreak of the rebellion, he was soon commissioned as brigadier-general, and rapidly rose to the command of the western department, and in 1864 was made commander-in-chief of the entire forces, and transfei-red to the East. After a series of repulses and de- feats lasting over a year, he forced Gen. Lee to evacuate Richmond, and received the surrender of the last army of the Con- federacy, April 9, 1865. The rank of Gen- eral was created expressly in his honor, and he acted as Secretary of War from Aug. 1, 1867, to June 14, 1868. Elected President in November of that year, he was re-elected in 1872. A candidate for a third term, he was defeated for the nom- ination by James A. Garfield, and remov- ing to N. Y. city, engaged in business in which he was unfortunate, the firm of Grant & Ward, in which he and his three sons were partners, having failed (May, 1884) with liabilities estimated at over $17,000,000. Died July 23, 1885. Grape, grap. Properly, a cluster of the fruit of the vine, but commonly a single beiTv of the vine. The cOTcabel or knob at t^e butt of a cannon. GRAPE-SHOT GEEAT BKITAm Grape Q-rape-shot, 'shot. A mis- sile intcrmediato between case-shot and solid shot, con- sisting of three tiers of cast- iron l>alls arranged between four parallel iron disks con- nected together by a central AVTought iron pin. Graphite, graf'it. One of the forms under which car- bon occurs in nature, also Iknown as Plumbago, Black-lead an ' "Wad; used chiefly in the manufacture of pencils, crucibles and portable furnaces, in bur- nishing iron to protect it from rust, and for counteracting friction between the rub- bing surl^ices of machinery. Grapholite, 'ol-Tt. A species of slate suitable for writing on. Graph-Ometer, -om'et-er. A mathe- matical instrument, called also a semi- circle, for measuring angles in surveying. Grapnel, grap'nel. A small anchor fitted with four or five flukes or claws. A grappling-^ iron used to hold one ship to another preparatory to boarding. Grapsidee, graps'i-de. A fam. of de- capod brachyurous crustaceans, fam. Catametopes. Graptolitidas, grap-to-nt'i-de. An ex- tinct sub-fam. of the hydrozoa, found fossil in Silurian slate. Grass-clotli, gras'kloth. A name given to certain beautiful light fabrics, made in India from the fiber of Boehmeria nivea or China grass, Bromelia Pigna, &c. None of the plants are grasses. Grasshopper, 'hop-er. A saltatorial orthopterous insect, fam. Grj-llidse, nearly allied to the locust ti-ibe. Grass-widow, 'wi do. A wife living apart from her husband. Gratelupia gra-te-lu'pi-a. A genus of fossil bivalve moUusca. Graticule, 'ti-kfd. A design or draft divided into squares for the purpose of producing a copy of it in larger or smaller dimensions. Grattan, Henry. An eminent Irish lawyer, orator and statesman ; b. 1750, ». 1820. He was a member of the last Irish and also of the British Parliament, Grave-digrerer, grav'dig-er. One whose Grapnel. occupation is to dig graves. The common name in Jamaica for a hymenopterous in- sect, gen. Sphex. Gravel, gra'vel. Small stones or frag' mcnts of stone, or very small pebbles. In Pathol, small concretions or calculi in the kidneys or bladder, similar to sand or gravel; the disease occasioned by such concretions ; stone. Graver, grav'er. One who carve? or engraves ; a sculptor. An engraving tool made of fine tempered steel ; a burin. An instrument used for turning iron after it has been roughed out by the heel-tool. Gravidation, gra-vid-a'shon. The act of gravidating or making pregnant, or state of being gravidated or made preg- nant ; pregnancy ; impregnation. Gravi&rada, -vi-gra'da. A family of huge fossil animals allied to the sloths, but of the bulk of a rhinoceros, difi'ering from the sloth in that their feet, instead of being suitable for climbing, were adapt- ed for digging. Gravimeter, -vim-'et-er. An instrument for determining the specific gravities of bodies, Avhether liquid or solid. Gravitation, -vi-ta'shon. The act of tending to a center of attraction ; the force by which bodies are pressed or drawn, or by which they tend toward the center of the earth or other center, or the effect of that force. Gray, Thomas. A gifted English poet: B. 1716, n. 1771. Gray-lagr. gra'lag. The common wild goose or fen -goose, the supposed original of the domestic goose. Gray- ling*, 'hng. Thy- mallusvul-^ garis, avo- Salmonidse, called also Umber. It is ex- cellent food. Gray-0"Wl, 'oul. The tawny owl, a com- mon British species. Grazioso, gra-tsi-o'so. An instruction to the performer that the music is to be exT'Cuted elegantly and gracefully. Greaser, grez'er. A name of contempt given to a Mexican or Central American Creole. Great Britain. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or, " The Brit- ish Empire." A political division cov- ering sections of the five continents, the GEEAT-GO 884 GREENOCK Horned Grebe. original comprising the island of Britain, formerly divided into the kingdoms of England and Scotland and the principal- ity 01 Wales ; to this Ireland was added by conquest, in a series of invasions be- ginning in 1160 and ending only in 1691, when Limerick surrendered. The several divisions of the Empire with the area and population are : In Europe, 121,987 sq. m., pop. 34,869.900; Asia, 1,102,946 sq. m., pop. 161,000,000 ; Africa, 223,831 sq. m., pop. 1,340,000 ; N. America, 8,524,161 sq. m., pop. 4,372,869 ; C. America and W. Indies, 28,688 sq. m., pop. 1,236,000; S. America (and islands), 164,472 sq.m., pop. 254,810 ; Australia, 3,008,890 sq. m., pop. 2,815,726. The government is a constitu- tional monarchy, the title of the present sovereign being Victoria Alexandrina, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India. Great-g-o, grut'go. The examination for degrees at some universities. Grebe, greb. The common name of, birds, gen. Podiceps, fam. Colymbidag. Grecism, gro'sizm. An idiom of the Greek language. Grecque, grek. An attachment to coffee pots for holding the coffee grounds. The bottom is perforated with holes, and the hot water is poured through it, carrying with it the aroma of the coffee without the grounds. The name is also given to a cof- fee-pot furnished with this contrivance, Greece. A kingdom of S. Europe compris- ing two large divisions known as Livadia or N. Greece, and the Morea (ancient Peloponnesus), or S. Greece, including several islands. The sub-divisions or monarchies are Attica and Bceotia, Phocis and Phthiotis, Acarnania and jEtolia, Eu- boeain theN., Corinth and Argohs, Arca- dia,Laconia, Messenia, Achaiaand Elis,the Cyclades and Ionian Islands ; total area, 20,162 sq. m., pop. 1,864,254. Modern G. dates only from 1832, having been pre- viously under Turkish dominion for cen- turies. The principal cities are Athens the cap., Zeitunia, Missolonghi, Egripos, Nauplia, Tripolitza, Sparta, CalamSta, Patras, Syra and Corfu, capitals of the several nomarchics. The government is a limited monarchy, and the ruling mon- arch is George I., of the royal house of Denmark. Greek Churcli. That branch of the Christian church Avhlcli separated from the Latin or Western church in the 9th and 10th centuries, and is the prevailing religion of Russia, Greece and the Otto- man Empire. The principal points of difference with the R. C. Church are in holding that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father above, in permitting the marriage of priests. In denying purga- torial punishment, in holding to consub- stantiation in the eucharist, and denying other than the nominal spiritual supremacy of the patriarchs of Constantinople. Greeley, Horaxie. A distinguished American journalist and author n. in N. II., 1811, p. 1872. He was the founder and life-long editor of the N. Y. Tribune. Greenback, grcn'bak. A popular name for the paper money of the U. S., first is- sued in 1862 ; so called from the back of the note being of a green color. The term is sometimes used to include the U. 8. bank-notes. Green-chafer, 'chuf-er, A coleopterous insect of the genus Agestrata. Greene, Nathaniel, Gen. An Ameri- can patriot, B. in li. I., 1742, d. 1786. He ranked next to Gen. Washington in the Revolutionary struggle. Green-ebony, 'eb-on-i. An olive-green wood obtained from the S. American tree Jacaranda ovalifolia, ord. Bignoniaceae, used for round rulers, turnery, marquetry work, &c., and also in dyeing, yielding olive-green, brown and yellow colors. Greenfinch, 'finsh. An insessorial bird, gen. Coccothraustes, the C. chloris, fam, Fringillidse. Green-grage, 'gaj. A species of plum, the reine claude of the French. Greenhouse, 'hous. A building, largely of glass, constructed for the purpose of cultivating exotic plants which are too tender to endure the open air during the colder parta oi the year. The temperature in Avinter is kept up by means of artificial heat. Greenland. The northernmost part of the American continent, separated from the main land by Davis' Straits and the Atlantic, and extending to 60° N. lati- tude. It is under Danish jurisdiction, and its Etiropean population number only about 10,000. The natives are called Es- uimaux. The principal settlements aro Disco, Upernavik and Frederickshavn. Greenlandite, 'land -it. A variety of precious garnet obtained from Greenland, Green-mineral, 'min-er-al. A carbonate of copper, used as a pigment, Greenock. A Scotch seaport having ex- GEEENOUGH GRESSOEIAL tensive shipv;xrds, on the Frith of Clyde, 19 m. N. W'. of Glasgow ; pop. 49,700, Q-reenougrh. Horatio. A distinf^uished American sculptor, b. in Mass., 1805, d. 1S52. Green-room, 'rum. A room near the stage in a theater, to which actors retire during the intervals of their parts in the play. Q-reensand, 'sand. A name common to two grouits of strata, the one belon^ng to the lower cretaceous series, the other to the upper cretaceous series ; between them is the gault. Green-sickness, 'sik-nes. A disease of young females, characterized by livid com- plexion, languor, depraved appetite and. digestion, and a morbid condition of the catamenial discharge ; chlorosis. Green-snake, 'snak. The name given in the U. S. to two species of coluber. Green-tea, 'te. A tea of a greenish color, due to the mode in wliich the leaves of the plant are treated in the process of drying. Greenwicll, A city in Kent Co., En- gland, G m. 8. E. of London Bridge. It is noted for its seamen's hospital, the Koyal Observatory and as the point from which longitude is reckoned ; pop. 143,671. Gregrarinidae, gre-ga-rin'i-de. A class of animal organisms, comprising the low- est forms of the Protozoa, found in the intestines of various animals, especially the cockroach and earth-worm. Gregrariousness, grc-ga'ri-ns-nes. The state or quality of being gregarious or of living in Hocks or herds. Greg-g-oe, 'go. A short cloth jacket or cloak with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. Gregrorian, -go'ri-an. Belonging to, established or produced by Gregory. G. calendar, the calendar as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582, which adjusts the leap years so as to harmonize the civil year with the solar, and shows the new and full moon, with the time of Easter and the movable feasts depending thereon, by means of epacts. G. year, the ordinary year, as reckoned according to the Grego- rian calendar. It consists of 365 days, 6 hours, 48 minutes, 49 seconds, the excess over 365 days forming a whole day every fourth year. G. epoch, the time from which the Gregorian computation dates, the year 1582. G. chant, one of a series of choral melodies introduced into tho ser- vice of the Christian Church by Pope Greg- ory I. about the end of tho 6th century. Grenade. G. telescope, the first and most common form of the reflecting telescope,invented by James Gregory, a Scotch mathematician. Gregrory. The name of 16 Roman pon- tilts, the most prominent of whom were G. YII. (Hildebrand), «. 1028 ; s. Alex- ander II., 1073 ; D. 1085. He inaugurated extensive reforms in the Church, <»xcom- municated the Emperor Henry IV. of Germany, and aimed to subordinate tho entu-e civil power of Europe to the spii-it- ual. G. XIII. 8. Pius v., 1572, and was also a reformer and liberal patron of learn- ing, endowing the Gregorian and other colleges at Home ; he introduced the "new- style " into the Julian calendar ; v>. 15S5. Gregrory, James G. An eminent Scotch mathematician ; u. 1638 ; d. 1674. Gremial, 'mi-al. An episcopal ornament for the breast, lap and shoulders, made of silk or damask. Grenade, -nad'. A hol- low shell of metal or an- nealed glass, filled with powder, fired bj' means ^ of a fuse and thrown among enemies. They are of different sizes ani thrown from a cannon or by hand. Grenadier, gren-a- dcr'. Originally, a soldier who threw hand grenades. When hand grenades went' out of general use, the name was still re- tained for the com- pany, the members of which were of great height and were dis- tinguished by a par- ,- ticular dress, as for in- ~ stance the high boar- Grenadier of 1740. skin cap. A S. African bird of brilliant plumage, red above, black below, called also G. Grossbeak. Grenadine, '-din. A thin gauzy silk or woolen fabric, used for ladies' dresses, shawls, &c. Grenville Georg-e. An English states- men, who, as prime minister, originated the oppressive Stamp Act of 1765, which resulted in the revolt and independence of the American colonies ; u. 1712 ; d. 1770. Gressorial, gres-so'ri-al. A term applied to birds which liave three toes forward (two of which are connectod) and one bor- hind. GEEUZE GEOIN Greuze, Jean Baptiste. A distin. guished Frencli painter ; b. 1726, d, 1805' Grey, Claarles, 2d Earl. An English statesman under whoso prime minister- ship the Eeform Bill of 18B0 was passed ; B. 1764, D. 1S45. Grey, Lady Jane. Granddaughter of Henry Vlil., and bequeathed the crown of England by Edward VI. She was per- suaded against her will to assume the throne, but was queen only a few days, the people declaring in favor of Princess Mary, Edward's sister. Lady Jane and her husband, Lord Guilford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland, were be- headed on Tower Hill ; b. 1537, i>, 1554. Greyliound,gTa' hound. A tall flee dog, remarkable for the keenness of its sight, the sym- metrical strength and beauty of its form, and its great ileetness. There are many sub-vari- Greyhound, eties from the Irish and Highland breeds to the Italian grey- hound. It figures on Egyptian monu- ments, and is supposed to be the gaze- hound of old English Avriters. Gribble, grib'l. An isopod crustacean, which commits great damage by boring into submerged timber. It is not unlike a wood-louse. GrifBn, griffin. In Myth, an imaginary animal, the fore part being represented as an eagle and the lower part as a lion. It was supposed to Avatch over mines of gold and hidden treasures, and was consecrated to the Bun^, G. male, in Her. a griffin without wings and having large ears. A species of vulture. The bearded griffin is the lammergeycr. Grillag-e, gi-il'aj. In Engin. a frame- work composed of heavy beams, used to sustain foundations and prevent their ir- regular setthng in soils of unequal com- pressibihty. Grille. A lat- tice or open work or grat- ing. A metal screen to in- close or pro- tect a shrine, tomb or sacred Grille, ornament. A gate of metal inclosing or protecting the entrance of a religious house or sacred building. A small screen of iron bars in the door of a nunnery or convent, through which inmates converse with visitors ; th« wicket of a monastery. Grimm's Law. A law discovered by Jacob L. Grimm, the great German phil- ologist, formulating certain changes which the mute consonants undergo in corre- sponding words in the most important branches of the Aryan family of languages. Griquas, gre'kwus. S. African half- castes, occupying the banks of the Orang« Kiver, resulting from the intercourse be- tween the Dutch settlers and Hottentot and Bush women. Part are Christiana and considerably civilized. They have a thriving settlement called Griquatown, 530 miles northeast of Cape Town. Grisaille, gres-al'. A style of painting in gray tints employed to represent solid bodies in relief. Grisette, gri-zet'. In France, a girl or young married woman of the working- class; more commonly, a belle of the working class given togayetyand gallan- try. A female servant of loose morals. Grisi, Giulia, gre'se. An eminent Italian cantatrice ; b. in Milan, ISIO, n. 1869. Grison, gri'sun. A S. American animal of the weasel kind but a little larger. It is very amusing in captivity. Called also, Huron. Grisons, gre'sunz. The inhabitants of the eastern Swiss Alps. The largest and most eastern of the Swiss cantons. Grivet, griv'ot. A small green-gray Abys- sinian monkey, gen. Cercopithecus. The common hand-organ monkey is either a vorvet or grivet. Griwennick, gri-ven'ik. A silver coin of Kussia, equal to 10 copecks, or about 8 cents. Groat, grot. An old English coin and money of account, equal to fourpence. A proverbial term for a small sum. Grocer's-itch, gro'serz-ich. A variety of eczema impetiginoides, produced in grocers and persons working in sugar- refineries by the irritation of sugar. Grog, grog. A mixture of spirits and water not sweetened; rum and water cold without sugar. Also a general term for strong drink. Grog-gery, 'e-ri. A place where grog and otlier liquors are sold and drunk. Grogram, 'ram. A coarse stuff made of silk and mohair. A strong, coarse silk. Groin, groin. The hollow or depression of the human body in front at the junction GEOMET 887 GEOUND-TACKLE of the thigh with the trunk. In Arch, the angular curve made by the intersection of simple vaults crossing each other at any angle. A 'svooden breakwater constructed between low and high water to retain sand or mud thrown up by the tide. G-romet, grom'et. A ring for fastening the upper edge of a sail to its stay. Shot gromet, a similar ring used to contain shot in time of action. Q. wad, a wad used in firing cold shot from smooth-boi'e guns Avhen the elevation is less than 8° . Groningren, gron'Ing-ain. A fortified seaport and cap. of a prov. of same name, in the Netherlands, 87 m. N. E. of Am- sterdam, celebrated for its university ; pop. 41,000. Q-roning-enist, gro-nin'jen-ist. One of a sub-sect of the Anabaptists, which took its rise in the ten-itory of Groningen. They held the opinion that Judas and the high priests were blessed, because in the murder of Jesus they had executed the designs of God. Groora, grom. A boy or young man Avho has the charge of horses ; one of several ofiicers in the English royal household, as groom of the stole ; groom of the chamber. A man newly married or about to be married ; a bridegroom. Groora's-man, gromz'man. One who acts as attendant on a bridegroom at his marriage. Groot, grot. An old money of account in Bremen, of the value of rather over a cent. Seventy-one groots were equal to one rix-doUar or thaler. Gros, gro. A fabric, usually of silk, of & strong texture ; as gros de Naples, gros de Tours, gros de Berlin, &c., all strong fabrics. Grosclieii, gro'shen, A German coin equal to a little over two cents. Ten groschens make one mark, which is worth about 25 cents. Thogroschen is divided into 10 pfenuige. Grossbeak, gros'- A V fc.»\ bck. A name com- — -"* ^ ^*^'^ mon to several in- sessorial birds of different genera, re- sembling the finches, ^» to whose family (Fringillidas) they in i>'-J^»-*^~ "irt-^ general belong. ^Sj^^ii^^^ Grote, Georgre. Green Grossbeak, An English histoH- an; k. 1794, d. 1871. Grotesque, gro-tesk'. A capricious va- riety of arabesque ornamentation used by the Eomans in decorative painting, and revived by the artists of the Eenaissance. A squat-shaped printing type. Grotius, Hugo (De Groot). A dis- tinguished Dutch jurist and author b. 1583, D. 1645. His " International Law " is still authority. Grotto, grot'to. A cave or nattiral cavity in the earth, as in a mountain or rock. An artificial cavern decorated with rock- work, shells, &c., constructed for coolness and pleasure. Grouchy, Emmanuel, Marquis de. A French Marshal ; b. 1766, d. 1847. Ho refused to march his corps from Wavre to the assistance of Napoleon I. at Water- loo, without orders, and has been charged with treachery Ground-dove, 'duv. A name common to birds, fam. Columbidse, which live mostly on the ground and little on trees. They include the beautiful bronze-wings of Australia, Ground-h.O&, 'hog. The popular name of the American marmot, usually called Woodchuck. A name applied to the Orycteropus capensis of S. Africa. Ground-line, 'lln. In Geom. and Persp. the line of intersection of the horizontal and vertical planes of projection. Groundling-, 'ling. A popular name for two fishes that keep at the bottom of the water, the spined loach and the black goby. Ground-nut, 'nut. Arachis hypogaea, an annual plant growing in the warm parts of America, having pods containing two to four seeds of the size of a hazel- nut, and a root resembling licorice, for which it is sometimes used. The peanut or earthnut. Ground-pig:, 'pig. A S. African rodent, sub-fom. Echimyna; so called from its burroAving habit's. Ground-plan, 'plan. The representa- tion of the divisions of a building on a level with the gi'ound. Ground-rent, 'rent. Rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's land. Ground-squirrel, 'skwi-rel. The com- mon name of several rodents, gen. Tami- as, allied to the true squirrels. A well- known species is the chipmunk, hackee or chipping-squirrel. Ground-swell, 'swel. Abroad deep swell or rolling of the sea near the shore. Ground-tackle, 'tak-I, A general term GKOUSE GUDGEON for tlio anchors, cables, &c., used for se curing' a vessel at anchor. Grouse, grons. ■ —- The common name of a num- ber of rasorial birds, g-en. Te- trao, fam. Te- £ traonidse, inchid- /j' ing the capercail zie, wood grouse, _. or cock of the ~~'"^--^jS>%-fe:!S{'^ V woods, black- ■^^^■'^f^^'' cock, the prairie- ^^^ Groucse. hen of N. Amer- ica, the spotted grouse, dusky grouse, &c. Grove, "William Bobert. An emi- nent English electrician and scientist : u. 1811, D. 1879. Growxer, grpul'er. A fish of the perch kind, so called from the sound it utters on being landed. Gru-gTU, gro'gro. The grub of the large coleopterous insect Calandra palmarum. It lives in palm-trees and in the sugar-cane and is regarded as a delicacy by the natives of S. America. Gruidae, -i'do. A fam. of wading birds, of which the crane is the type. Grunts, grunts. A popular name in the "W. Indies for fish, gen. Hsemulon, and in the TJ. S. for those of the gen. Pogonias. Gryllidae, gril-ll'de. A fam. of insects, ord. Orthoptera. The three principal genera are Gryllus, Gryllotalpa and Tri- dactylus. The common house-cricket and the locust afford examples of the first. Grypliaea, gri-fe'a. A gen. of fossil la- luellibranchiate bivalves, closely allied to the oyster,abundant in the secondaiy strata from the lias upwards to the chalk, but scarcely known in tertiary strata. Gryphite, griflt. An oblong fossil shell, gen. Grypha?a, popularly known as mil- ler's thumbs or crowstones. They occur in the cretaceous and Jurassic formations. Gryphosis, gri-fo'sis. A gro-vving inward of the nails. Gr3rpin8e, gri-pl'ne. The wedge-tailed humming-birds, a sub-fam. of tenuirostral birds, ord. Passeres, fam. Trochilidse. Guaiacum, gwfi'ya-kum. A gen. of plants, ord. Zygophyllacefe, and also the resin of G. officinale, popularly called lig- num vitiB. The resin is used in medicine, as well as the bark and wood. Guan, gwiin, A S. American gaUina- ceous bird, gen. Penelope, aUied to the curassows. Guacharo. Guacliaro, gwa- cha'ro. An inses- sorial bird, the ste- atornis caripensis, family of goatsuck- ers, Guadalupe. (Guadalupe Hidal- go). A town 3 m. N. of the city of^ Mexico, noted as' the place where the treaty of peace with the'U. S. was negotiated (1848), by which Upper California and New Mexico were ceded to the latter. Gruanaco, gwa-na'ko. The Auchenia Huanaca, fam. Camelidse or Pylopoda, a species of the genus of ruminant mam- mals to which the llama belongs. Guano, gwii'no. A substance found on many small islands, especially in the Southern Ocean and on the coast of 8 . America and Africa, chiefly composed of the excrements of sea-birds in a decomposed state. It is an excellent manure. Ghiara, 'ra. The Brazilian name of tho scarlet ibis. Guarapo, -ra'pO, A preparation from the juice of the sugar-cane, much used as a beverage in Venezuela. The same name is given to sugar and water which has undergone vinous fermentation. Guatemala. A C. American republic, bounded N. by Yucatan and Mexico, E. by San Salvador and Honduras, W. and S. by the Pacific; area, 40,781 sq. m.; pop. 1,2-37,590. Nueva G., the cap. 90 m. from the Pacific, has a pop. of 46,000. The Montagna is the only river of size, and Golfo Dolce the only lake. Guatemozin. The last prince of the Aztec dynasty in Mexico, s. of Monte- zuma ; B. 1481, put to death by order oi Oortez, 1522. Guayaquil. Cap. of dept. of same name and principal commercial city of Ecuador, S. America ; pop. 24,870. Gudgeon, gui'on. A small fresh-water fish, fam. Oy- - prinidfe. S e a - gudgeon, the] black goby r o ck - fi s h . In Mach. that part of a horizontal shaft or axle which turns in the collar, In- dependent of the body of the shaft. Gudgeon. GUDIN GUINEA-rOWL Gudin, Jean Antoine Theodore. An eminent French painter : b. 1802, d, 1877. Guebre, gii'ber. The name griven by the Mohammedans to one belonging to the Persian fire-worshippers, called in India Parsees. They worship fire as a symbol of the Supremo Being. Their sacred books are termed Zend-Avesta. Guelph, gwelf. The name of a dis- tinguished princely family in Italy, origi- nally German, and re-transported into Ger- many in the 11th century, stili, however, retaining large possessions in Italy. "Welf, Bon of Iscnbrand, Count of Altorf, one of the vassals of Charlemagne, is said to have been the first to bear the name. It still continues in the two branches of the House of Brunswick— the ducal and the royal, to which latter the reigning family of Britain belongs. After the battle of "Weinsberg, fought in 1140 against the Waiblingens (Ghibellines), the term was extended to that fection in Italy "Which aimed at national independence and supported the pope, while that of Ghibelliiie was given to the supporters of the emperors in their endeavor to sub- jugate Italy to Germany. Guereza, ge-re'za. A beautiful Abys- sinian monkey, gen. Colobus. Q-uericke, Otto von. An eminent German philosopher and mechanician, in- ventor of the air-pump; b. 1602, d. 1686. Queux, gu. The title of the patriot nobles of the Low Countries who Avith- stood Philip II. of Spain in his efibrts to impose the Inquisition on their native land. Guevei. The native name of the pigmy antelope of Africa, the smallest species of the familj'. In size it scarcely exceeds a rat, and its legs are not thicker than a goose-quill. Guiana. A country of E. S. America, between the Amazon and Orinoco, former- K divided into British, French, and utch G., but since 1872, when the Dutch ceded their portion to Great Britain, Into two divisions. British G. has an area of 134,800 sq. m.; pop. abt. 300,000; chief towns,Georgetown, Paramaribo and New Amsterdam ; principal rivers, the Demerara, Surinam, Essequibo, Berbioe and Corentyn. Fi-ench G. comprises the eastern section ; area, 35,080 sq. m.; pop. abt. 34,000 ; it is the chief penal settlement of the French government. Guicowar. gi'kwar. The title of a sov- ereign prince in India, the ruler of Baroda. Spelled also Guikwar, Gaekwar, &c. Guillemot. Guido (G. Reni). An eminent Italian painter ; b. 1575, d. 1642. Guilder, gild'er. A coin in Holland Avorth twenty stivers or 40 cents; a florin. Guilford Court-house. A village oi Guilford Co., N. Carolina, the scene of a severe battle (March 15, 1781) between the British under Lord Cornwallis and the Americans under Gen. Greene, the latter being defeated. Guillemot, gil'le- mot. A natatorial bird, gen. Uria, in- cluded among the auks, or made with them a sub-fam. of the divers. Guillotine, -lo-ten'. An engine for behead- ing persons at one stroke — an invention of the middle ages- adopted with im- provements by the National Assembly of France during the first revolution on the propos- al of a Dr. Guillotin, after whom it is named. I n this apparatus decapitation is effected by means of a steel blade loaded with a mass of lead, and sliding be- tween two up- right posts, grooved o n their inner sides, the i»er- son's neck be- ing confined in a circular opening between two planks, the upper one of which also slides up or down. Guinea. An extensive coast region of W. Africa, comprising Angola, Benguela, Congo, Liberia, Ashantee, Dahomey, Sier- ra Leone, Benin, Bia- fra, and other smaller territorial ilivisions. Guinea-fowl, -foul. The Numida nieleagris of the rasorlal order, fam. Phasianidae, close- ly allied to the pea- cocks and pheasants. Guinea-fowl. fl French Guillotine. GUINEA. GUN-BAEREL Guinea-pig. Guinea, gin'e. A gold coin of Great Britain of the value of 21 shillings sterling ; since the issue of sovei-cigns in 1817 no longer coined. Guinea-pig', -pig. A rodent mammal, gen.Cavia or Cavy, tho C. cobaya, found in Brazil. The ~ name guinea- pig is a misno- mer, as the animal is not related to the pig. Gui n e a - worm, -Averm. A spe- cies of worm, common in hot countries, which often insinuates itself under the human skin, causing intense pain. Guipure, ge-pur'. An imitation of an- tique lace, vei-y dm-able, equally beautiful, and less expansive. A kind of gimp. Guitar, gi-tar'. A musical stringed in- strument, somewhat resembUng the lute, having six strings, which are played upon by twitching with the fingers of the righiihand.while the notes are stop- ped by the fingers of the left. /^'^M Gulaund, g Q - - ^iifi-*^ land. An aquatic fowl of a size be- Guitars, tween a duck and a goose. It inhabits Iceland. Guizot, Francois Pierre Guill- aume, gwe-zo'. A distinguished French scholar, historian and statesman ; b. 1787, D. 1874. Gulf-stream, gulf strem. A current of warm water, which flows from the Gulf of Mexico through the channel between Cuba and America, past the Bermudas, touching the tail of the Great Bank of Newfoundland, and thence sweeps on- ward toward Europe, part going north and part returning southerly to the tropics. Gul-gul, gul'gul. A sort of chunam or cement made of pounded sea-shells mixed with oil, which hardens like a stone, and Is put over a ship's bottom in India, so that worms cannot penetrate it. Ghilo, gii'lo. The generic name under J which the gluttou or wolverine and the Gull. grison, with other carnivorous congeners, have been arranged. Gull. A natatorial bird, gen.Larus, fam. Laridre, ord. Longi- pennes of Cuv er. There are various species, as the com- mon gull or sea-mew, the black -headed gull, the herring gull, tho kittiwake, the wagel or great black -backed gull, tho ivory gull, tho burgomaster, «fcc. Gum. A juice which exudes from trees and thickens on the surface, or is obtained fi'om their seeds or roots. There are six varieties of gum, namel3% gum-arabic, gum-scnegal, gum of the cherry and other stone-fruit trees, gum-tragacanth, gum of Bassora and the gum of seeds and roots. Gum-animal, 'an- i-mal. The Gal ago senegalensis, a quadru- manous animal of W. Africa, about tho size of a rat. Gum-arabic, -ar'a- bik. The juice of va- rious species of trees I of the gen. Acacia. Gum-elastic, 'e-las- tik. Caoutchouc ; india- rubber. Gum-arabic Plant. Gum-juniper, -iu'ni-per. The resin of Callitris quadrivalvis, a coniferous tree, used in varnish-making ; when powdered it forms pounce, used for preparing paper and parchment for writing on. Gum-resin, -rez'in. A mixed juice of plants, consisting of resin and other sub- stances, extracted by incision. Tho most important are olibanum, galbanum, scam- mony, gamboge, euphorbium, asafetida. aloes, myrrh and ammoniac. Gum-seneg-al, -sen'c-gal. A kind of gum-arabic brought from the country of the river Senegal, In Africa, yielded by Acacia Verek. Giim-tragacanth, -trag'a-kanth. A gum yielded by several species of Astrag- alus, sub-gen. Tragacantha. Gun, gun. A name applied to every species of fire-arm for throwing projectiles by tlie explosion of gunpowder or other explosive. Gun-barrel, 'bar-el. The barrel or tube of a gun. Gun -barrel drain, a cylindrical drain of small diameter. GUN-BOAT 891 GUY DE LUSIGI^ATT Gun-boat, 'bot. A boat or small vessel fitted to carry one or more guns of heavy caliber, and from its light draught capable of running close inshore or up rivers. Gun-carriage, 'kar-ij. The carriage or structure on which a cannon is mounted or moved, and from which it is fired. Gun-cotton, 'kot-tn. A highly ex- plosive substance produced by soaking cotton or any vegetable fiber in nitric and sulphuric acids, and then leaving it to dry. It has about four times the explosive force of gunpowder. Gun-metal, 'met-1. An alloy, generally of nine parts of copper and one part of tin, used for the manufacture of cannon, &c. Other metals, as zinc or iron, have some- times been added or substituted for the tin. Gunny, 'ni. A strong coarse sackcloth, for bags, sacks and packing generally, made from jute, the fiber of Corchorus capsularis, and sunn, the fiber of Crotala- ria juncea. Gun-port, 'port. A hole in a ship for a cannon. Gunpowder, 'pou-der. An explosive mixture of saltpeter, sulphur and char- coal, reduced to a fine powder, then gran- ulated and dried. Gun-tackle, 'tak-1. The blocks and pul- leys affixed to the sides of a gun-carriage and the side of a ship by moans of which a gun is run up to or drawn back from the port-hole. Gunter's Chain, 'terz-chiin. The chain in common use for measuring land, having a length of 66 feet ; it Is divided into 100 links of 7.92 inches. 100,000 square links make one acre. Gunter's Iiine, lln.. A logarithmic line on Gunter's scale, used for performing tho multiplication and division of num- bers mechanically by tho dividers. A sliding scale corresponding to logarithms for performing these operations by inspec- tion without dividers. Gunter's Q,uadrant, kwod-rant. A kind of stereographic projection on the l)lane of the equator, the eye being sup- posed in one of the poles. It is used to find the hour of the day, the sun's azi- muth, «fec., as also to take the altitude of an object in degrees. Gunter's Scale, skrd. A large plain scale having various lines upon it, both natural and logarithmic, of great use in solving mechanically by means of a slider problems in navigation and surveving. Gun To'wn.- A cress-road settlement in Mississippi, on M. & O. R. R., noted for the defeat of a Federal force of 12,000, under Gen. Sturgis, by the Confederate cavalry under Grcn. Fon-est, June 10, 1864 ; Federal loss, 3,500. Gurg-let, ger'glet. A very porous earthen vessel for cooling water by evaporation. Goirnard, 'nard. The ixmular name ol fishes, gen. Trigla, fam. Sclerogenidse. Gustavu.S. The name of four kings of Sweden, G. I. (Vasa), b. at Stockholm, 1496 ; drove the Danish usurper, Chris- tian II., from the country and was crowned king 1527; d. 1559. G. II. (Adolphus), grandson of above, was one of the greatest generals of history; b. 1594; crowned 1611 ; killed at the battle of Liitzen, Ger- many, 1632. He defeated the Prussians and Poles, and as champion of the Protes- tant cause overrun nearly the whole of Germany. G. III., b. 1746 ; crowned 1771 ; assassinated by Ankarstrom, one of his nobles, 1792. G. IV., b. 1778 ; s. hia father, G. III., 1792 ; was deposed and d. in Switzerland, 1837. Gusto, gust'6. Nice appreciation or en- joyment ; keen relish ; taste ; fancy. Gut, gut. The intestinal canal of an ani- mal from the stomach to. the anus ; intes- tine ; a narrow strait. Gutenberg", Johann. The inventor of the art of printing with movable types ; b. at Mentz, Germany, 1400 ; d. 1468. Gutta, 'ta. One of a series of pendent ornaments, generally in the form of the frustum of a cone, but sometimes cylin- di-ical, attiiched to the under side of the mutules and under the triglyphs of the Doric order. Gutta Fercha, per'cha. A substance resembling caoutchouc in many of its properties, but stronger, more soluble and less elastic. It is obtained in the state of a milky-looking juice, which hardens on being exposed to the air, and is the sap of a large tree of the gen. Isonandra, ord. Sapotacese. Guttifer, 'i-fer. In Bot. a plant that ex- udes gum or resin ; a plant belonging to the ord. Guttifera). Guttural, 'er-al. A letter or combination of letters pronounced in the throat ; any guttural sound or articulation. In the English alphabet the gutturals are c, g (both hard), k and q. Guy de Lusignan. A French knight. and Crusader who was elected King of I Jerusalem, 1186; losing his cap. and I crown, 1187, to Saladin. Kichard CcBur do GYLE GTRElJfCEPHALA Lion made him King of Cyprus ; b. 1136, ». 1194. Gyle, £?il. A brewer's vat. The ferment- ed wort ased by vinegar makers. Q-ymnasiarch, jim-nu'zi-iirk. A magis- trate \vho suijerin tended the gymnasia in Greece. Q-ymnasium, -um. A place where atliletic exercises are performed. Among the ancient Greeks those who took part in such exercises were naked or nearly so, hence the name. A school or seminary preparatory to the universities. Gfymnast, 'nast. One who teaches or practices gymnastic exercises. Gymnoderinse, 'no-de-rI"ne. A S. American sub-fam. of conirostral birds, fam. CorvidiB, nearly aUied to the true crows; the fruit crows. Gymnodont, -dont. One of a fam. of plectognathous teleostean fishes, in- cluding the spinous globe-fishes. Gymnogen, -gen. In Bot. a plant •with a naked seed ; a gymnosperm. Among the gymnogena are pines and firs, yews, joint-firs, the Cycadaceae, &c. GyuinolaeirLata, -le'ma-ta. An order of the Polyzoa, in which the mouth is devoid of the valvular structure known as the epistome. Gymnophiona, -fl'6-na. Huxley's name for a small order of Amphibia, in- cluding only certain vermiform animals which are found in various tropical coun- tries burrowing in marshy ground, some- what like gigantic earthworms. Gymnophthalmata, -nof-thal'ma-ta. A tribe of Medusffi, having a disk-shaped body, circulating vessels running to the margin, and the eye-specks either uncov- ered or wanting. Gyrunophthalinidse, 'mi-dS. A fam. of lizards comprising several genera, in which the eyes are distinct and exposed, the eyelids being rudimentary. Gymnosoraata, -no-so'ma-ta. An or- der of Pteropodii in which the body is not protected by a shell. Gymnosophist, -nos'o-fist. One of a sect of ancient Hindu philosophers Avho lived solitarily in the woods, wore little or no clothing, ate no flesh, renounced all bodily pleasures, and addicted themselves to mystical contemplation. ^ymnotus, -no'tus. A genus of fishes, sec. Apodes, or those which have no dor- sal fin. The only known species is the Gymnotns eleotricus, or electric eel. Gynseceum, jin-G'se-um. Among tha ancients, the females' apartment or di- vision of a house of consideration. A sort of manufactory in ancient Rome for making clothes and furniture for the em- peror's family, the managers of which were females. In Bot. the pistil taken in a collective sense, precisely as the stamens form the andrceceum, the petals the corolla, and the sepals the calyx. Gynarch.y, 'iir-ki. Government bj" a fe- male or females. Gypaetinaa, jip-a'e-tl-ne. The bearded vultures, a sub-fam. of which the type is the gen. Gypaetos. Gypogeranidge, 'o-jer-an"i-de. A fam. of vultures, including a single genus, of which only one species, the secretary-fal- con of S. Africa, is known, Gypsogrrapliy, -sog'ra-fi. The art of engraving on gypsum. Gypsologry, -sol'o-ji. That branch of knowledge that treats of the gypsies, their language, history, manners and cus- toms. Gypsoplast, 'so-plast. A cast taken in plaster of Paris or white lime. Gypsum, 'sum. A mineral found in a compact, crystallized state, as alabaster and selenite, or in the form of a soft chalky stone which in a very moderate heat gives out its water of crystallization, and be- comes a very fine white powder, exten- sively used under the name of plaster of Paris. Gypsy, 'si. One of a peculiar vagabond race found in every country of Europe, as well as in parts of Asia, Africa and Amer- ica,distinguishable from the peoples among whom they rove by their bodily appear- ance and by their language. Their lan- guage, which they call Romany chiv or chib or Romanes, is a Hindu dialect closely allied to Sanskrit, but much cor- rupted by admixture with the tongues of the peofiles among whom they have so- journed. Ethnologists generally concur in regarding the gypsies as descendants of some obscure Indian tribe. Gypsy-moth, 'si-moth. The Hypo- gymna dispar of naturahsts. Gyracanthus, jl-ra-kan'thus. A gen. of fossil acanthopterygious fishes, found in the carboniferous and Permian forma- tions. Gyrencephala, jl-ren-sefa-la. One of the four sub-classes into which Owen has divided the mammalia, based on the struc- ture of the brain. To the G. belong tho Quadrumana, Carnivora, Artiodaotyla, GYEFALCON HADITH Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Toxodontia, Sirenia, and Cetacea. Gyrfalcon, jer'fa-kn. A species of fal- con, one of the boldest and most beautiful of the tribe. Gyrinidse, ji-rrnl-de. A fam. of coleop- terous insects, sec. Pentamera, sub-sec. Hydradephaga or water-beetles. Gyrodus, 'ro-dus. A thick -toothed fos- sil flsh found in the oolite of Durrheimin Eaden, as also in the chalk. Gyrolepis, -rol'e-pis. A gen. of fossil ganoi 1 lishes, found in the new red sand- stone and the bone beds of the lias. Gyronechina, -ron'G-kl"na. Whirligigs, a sub-fani. of aquatic carnivorous beetles. Gyrophora, -rof'o-ra. A gen. of lichens, one of which is the tripe-de-roche, on which Sir J. Franklin and his companions lived for some time. G3rropristis, ro-pris'- tis. A gen. of fossil placoid fishes from the red sandstone near Belfast. Gjrroscope, 'ro-skop. An apparatus, consist- ing of a rotating disk mounted by very ac- curately fitted pivots in a ring or rings, also rotating in different ways. By means of this instrument the rotation of the earth on its axis can bo ocularly demonstrated. Gyroscope. Gyve, jiv. A shackle, usually for the legs; a fetter. H HIS the 8th letter of the alphabet, and often called the aspirate, though not the only aspirated letter in EngUsh. The sound that distinctively belongs to it is that which it has at the beginning of a syllable either before a vowel, as in hard, heavy, or after, w, as in where, when. This letter, along with most of the others ia the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, was bor- rowed from the Latin alphabet, into which It passed from the Greek. In music, H is the German equivalent for B natural, B being with them our B flat. As a numeral in Latin, H denotes 200. and with a dash over it 200,000. As an abbreviation in Latin, H stands for homo, haeres, hora, &c.; in EngUsh, H.M.S. stands for his (her) majesty's ship or service, H.E.II. for his (her) royal highness, H.P. for half- pay. Habakkuk, ha-bak'kuk. The name of one of the books of the Old Testament. Ilabakkuk was the eighth of the twelve minor prophets, and his prophecy is ad- mired for Its elevated, lyrical style. Haberdasher, 'ber-dash-er. A dealer in drapery goods. Habergreon, -ber'je-on. A coat of mail consisting of a jacket without sleeves, formed of little iron rings, and descended from the neck to the middle of the body. Habitant, 'bit-ant. An inhabitant. A name applied to inhabitants of Lower Canada of French extraction. Habit-shirt, -shert. A thin musUn or lace garment, worn by females over the breast and neck. Habrocozna, -brok'r)-ma. A gen. of mammals, ord. Eodentia, sub-ord. Hystri- cida3, allied to the cavies. Habromania, -bro-ma'ni-a. Insanity in which the delusions are of a gay char- acter. Habroneme, hab'ro-ncm. In mineral, having the form of fine threads. Hachure, hach'ur. Short hues which mark half-tints and shadows in designing and engraving, employed in dehneating mountains. Hacienda, 5-the-en'da. In Spanish America, a manufacturing, mining, stock- raising, or other esteblishment in tho country ; an isolated farm or farm-house. Hack, hak. A horse kept for hire; a worn-out horse. A drudge or a person overworked ; a writer employed in the drudgery and details of book-making. Hackery, 'e-ri. A rude two-wheeled cart drawn by oxen, used by the natives of India. Haddock, had'dok. A fish of the cod fam., but smaller than the cod. Hackney, 'na. A horse kept for riding or driving ; a pony. A coach or other carriage kept for hire. Hades, ha'dez. The invisible abode of the dead ; the place or state of departed souls ; the world of spirits. Hadith, had'ith. In Mohammedan theol. the body of traditions relating to Moham- med, now forming a supplement to th« Koran. Originally it w»3 not lawful to HAD J HAIRCLOTH commit tliem to ■writing, but the danger of their being lost or corrupted led to their being placed on record. Hadj, haj. The Mohammedan pilgrim- age to Mecca and Medina. Hadji, 'o. A Mussulman who has per- formed his pilgrimage to Mecca. The name is also applied to a Greek or Arme- nian who has visited the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem. Hadrosaurus, had-ro-sii'rus. A gen. of extinct reptiles belonging to the deino- saurian division of the (5rnithoscelida. It appears to have been the American repre- sentative of the iguanodon of Europe, re- sembling it in its enormous dimensions, herbivorous habits and anatomical struc- ture, Haexaa, ho'ma. Blood ; much used as a prefix in words of Greek origin referring to the blood. Haemachrozae, -krom. The coloring matter of the blood ; Haematosin. Eaematics, -mat'iks. That branch of physiology which treats of the blood. Haematinone, -mat'in-on. A red glass known to the ancients and used for mo- saics, ornamental vases, &g. It contains no tin and no coloring matter except cu- pric o.xide. All attempts of the moderns to imitate it liave hitherto failed. Haematosis, -ma-to'sis. The arteriali- zation of blood ; sanguification, or the formation of the blood. Hsenaatozoa, 'ma-to-zo"a. A term ap- plied to the entozoa which exist in the blood of mammals, birds, reptiles, fished, and many invertebrate animals. They are generally microscopic, without generative organs, and found both in the arteries and veins. Haemoglobin, 'mo-glob-in. The fluid matter of a red color contained in the red corpuscles of the blood. It can be resolved into an albuminous substance called glob- ulin, and the coloring matter hiematin. Haemulon, 'mu-lon. A gen. of ?can- thoptcrygious fishes, fam. Sci<'enida5. Hafiz, haf'lz. Having the whole Koran by heart. Hafiz, Mohammed Shem.s-ed- Deen. An eminent I'ersian poet ; r>. at Shiraz, abt. 1300, i). abt. 1390. His writ- ings have been translated into English. Haft, haft. A handle ; used chiefly of a knife, sword or dagger ; the hilt. Hagr, hag. An ugly old woman. A witch. A fury ; a she-monster. A pen. of car- tilaginous, fishes allied to the lamprey. Hagada, hag-ii'da. A legend, anecdote, or saying in the Talmud illustrative of the law. The free rabbinical interpretation of Scripture. Hagrg-ai, gi. The name of one of the books of the Old Testament. Haggai was the tenth of the twelve minor prophets, and the first of those who prophesied in Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity. He urged the rebuilding of the temple. Hag-iocracy, ha-ji-ok'ra-si. The gov- ernment of the priesthood ; a sacred gov- ernment ; a hierarchy. Hagiography, -ji-og'ra-fi. The last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Tes- tament. These divisions are : The Law, contained in the first five books ; the Prophets, or ISfevim ; and the Cetuvim, or writings, by way of eminence. The latter is called by the Greeks Ilagio- grapha, comprehending the Psalms, Prov- erbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Euth, Esther, Chronicles, Canticles, La- mentations and Ecclesiastes. In the E. C. Ch. lives of the saints. Hagiology, -ol'o-ji. History or descrip- tion of the sacred writings. That branch of literature which has to do vrith the his- tory of the lives and legends of the saints. Hague, The. Cap. of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, a prov. of Holland, 10 m. S. W. of Leyden ; pop. 97,300. Hahnemann, Samuel Christian Friedrich. A distinguished German physician and chemist, originator of the homeopathic svstem of medical practice ; B. 1755 ; t). in Paris 1843. Haiduck, bl'd«k. One of a class of mercenary foot-soldiers in Hungary who sold their services to the best bidder. The name is now given to macers in the Hungarian courts, halberdiers of Hunga- rian magnates, .and the lackeys and other attendants in German courts. Haik, hiik. A large piece of woolen or cotton cloth worn by the Arabs over the tunic but under the burnoose. Also written Hyke. Hailstone, hiU'stdn. A single ball or pellet of hail. Hair-bracket, har'brak-et. In ship- building, a molding which comes in at the back of or runs aft from the figure-head. Hair-breadth, bredth. The diameter or breadth of a hair ; a very small distance. Among the Jews it was reckoned the forty-eighth part of an inch. Haircloth, 'kloth. Cloth made of hair or in part of hair ; used for covei-ing the cushions of chairs, couches, &c., and HAIE-LINE HALF-LAP COUPLING Bornctimea woru next the skin in doing penance. Hair-line, 'lln. A slender line in writ- ing or drawing ; a hair-stroke. A type having all the laco-lincs fine. Hair-pencil, 'pen-sil. A fine brush or pencil made of hair. Hair-pin, 'pin. A pin used to keep the liair in a certain position ; especially, a double pin or bent wire used by women. Hair-powder, 'pon-der. A fine-scented powder of flour or starch for sprinkling the hair of the head. Hair-salt, 'salt. Epsomite, a native sul- phate of magnesia. Hair-space, 'spfis. The thinnest space used by printers. Hair-spring, 'spring. In watch-mak- ing, the fine spring giving motion to the balance wheel. Hair-tail, 'tal. The blade-fish, or Trich- iurus lepturus. Haixvtrigrger, 'trig-er. A trigger to a gun-lock so dehcately adjusted that the slightest touch >vill discharge the piece. Hair-worm, 'wemi. A fihforra worm, gen. Gordius. Hai-tsai, ha-tsa. A transparent gluten much used in China, the chief ingredient of which is supposed to be Plocaria tenax, a small sea- weed. Hake, hak. A gen. of fishes, cod fam. Hakem, ha'kem. In Arabia a wise Hake, man ; hence, a physician. A title sometimes given to a commander, ruler, or governor, as of a province. Hakemite, -It. Eelating to the caliph Hakem, or to the astronomical tables pub- lished under the caliph Hakem. Halacha, ha'la-ka. The Jewish oral or traditional law, as distinguished from the written law laid down in the Scriptures, and like it believed to be of divine origin. The ultimate conclusion of Talmudic i*ab- bis on a disputed question. Haladroma, -la'dro-ma. A gen. ofpal- mii)ed birds, ord. Lougipennes, resem- bling the petrels in figure and beak, and the cormorant in their pouch-Hko throat. Halation, ha-lu'shon. In Photog. an appearance as of a halo of fight surround- ing the edge of a dark object in a photo- graphic piotnro developed upon iodide of silver. Halberts. Halbert, hal'bert. An ancient military weapon, intended for both cutting and ^ thrusting, formerly ' carried by sergeants of foot, artillery and marines. Halcyon, 'si-on. A' gen. of the kingfisher family, of which there are many species. Called more com- monly Alcedo. H. days, according to the ancient belief, the seven days before and as many after the winter solstice, when the halcyon was be- lieved to brood, and the weather was calm • hence, days of tranquillity. Haldanite, hal'dan-it. A follower of the brothers Haldane, Scotch Independ- ents or CongregationaHsts, who seceded from the Established Church of Scotland and founded the sect at the close of the last century. Hale, Matthew, Sir. An eminent English jurist ; b. 1609, d. 1676. Half-blood, haf'blud. One born of the same mother but not the same father aa another, or ^ice versji. One born of a male and female of different breeds or races ; a half-breed. Half-breed, 'bred. One who is half- blooded ; specifically apphed to the off- spring of American Indians and whites. Half-brother, 'bruth-er. A brother by one parent, but not by both. Half-caste, 'kast. One bom of a Hindu parent on one side and of a European on the other. Half-cock, 'kok. The position of the cock or hammer of a gun when it is ele- vated only half-way and retained by the first notch. Half-cro-WTl, -kroun'. An English sil- ver coin of the value of 2s. 6d. Half-dime, -dim'. A silver coin of the TJ. S. of the value of five cents. Half-eagle, 'e-gl. An American gold coin of the value of five dollars. Halfer, 'er. A male fallow-deer gelded. Half-face, 'fas. The part of the face seen iu profile. Half-lap Coupling:, 'lap kup-ling. In Mech. a kind of permanent coupling in which the boss-ends of the connected shafts are made semi-cylindrical, so as to overlap each other. This is reckoned the best form of permanent coupling. HALF-LENGTH HALTICID^ Half-lengrth, 'length. Showing only the upper half of the body, as a portrait. Half-pace, 'pas. The resting-place of a staircase. The broad space or interval between two flights of steps. When it occurs at the angle turns of the stair it is called a Quarter-pace. A raised floor in a bay-window. Half-penny, ha'pen-ni. An English copper coin of the value of half a penny. Half-pike, haf'plk. A spear-headed ■weapon with a shaft about half the length of the ordinary pike. One form of this weapon, called alsospontoon, was former- ly carried by infantry officers ; another form is used in the navy in boardmg ships. Half -round, 'round. In Arch, a mold- ing whose profile is a semicircle. »It may be either a bead or a torus. Half-shift, 'shift. In playing the violin a move of the hand a little way upward on the neck of the instrument so that the first linger can readily stop the note G on the first string. Half-sovereigrn, 'so-ve-rin. A British gold coin iu value 10s. Half -tint, 'tint. An intermediate color ; middle tint. Haliaetus, hal-i-a'e-tus. A gen. of birds, fam. Falconidae, eagle group, differing from the true eagles in the greater length of the bill, in the toes and lower part of the tarsi being destitute of feathers, in feeding on carrion almost as readilj' as on newly-killed prey, and in inferior courage. The most noted species is 11. leucocepha- lus, the white-headed erne or sea-eagle, the chosen symbol of the U. S. Halibut, ha'li-but. A fish, gen. Ilippo- glossus, one of the largest of the flat-fish family or Pleuronectidai. Halictus, -lik'tus. A gen. of hymenop- terous insects, sec. Aculeata, sub-sec. Api- arire, and group Andrenidaj or short- tongued bees. Halieutics, -li-ii'tiks. A treatise on fishes, or the art of fishing ; ichthyology. Halifax. Charles Monta^ru, Earl of. A celebrated English statesman and financier; b. 1661, d. 1T15. As prime minister he was the originator of the na- tional debt, and founder of the Bank of England. Halifax. A city in W. Kiding Co., York, England, noted for its woolen manufac- tories, 85 m. S. W. of York ; pop. 71,300. The cap. of Nova Scotia, a fortified sea- port, the naval depot of the British N. American fleet, and a trans-Atlantic steam- ship station ; pop. 3S,846. Haliogrraphy, -og'ra-fi. That depart- ment of science which treats of the sea. Haliotis, -o'tis. A gen. of gasteropo- dous niollusks, both fossil and recent, commonly called sea -ears or ear-shells. Halitns, 'li-tus. In Physiol, the breath ; the vapor exhaled from the body, so long as the blood is warm ; the odorous vapor exhaled by newly drawn blood. Hall, Joseph. An eminent English the- ological writer ; b. 1574, d. 1656. Hallam, Henry. An Enghsh historian; B. 1779, V. 1859. Halleck, Fitz-Greene. An eminent American poet ; b. in Conn. 1790, d. 1867, Halleck, Henry "Wag-er, Gen. An American general, b. at Utica, N. Y., 1814, graduated at W. Point, 1839, ap- pointed major-general, 1861, and rose to be commander-in-chief, July, 1862, being superseded by Gen. Grant, March, 1864 ; D. in Louisville, Ky., 187'2. Hallelujah, hal-le-lo'ya. Praise ye Je- hovah ; give praise to God. It is used as a noun or as an exclamation. Halley, Edmund. A noted English astronomer ; b. 1656, d. 1742. He was the first who accurately predicted the action of a comet, and made other impor- tant celestial discoveries. Halloo, -10'. A cry uttered to attract at- tention. Hallow-e'en, 'lo-en. The eve or vigil of All-IIallows or All-Saints. Hallowmas, -mas. The feast of All- Souls ; the time about All-Saints' and All- Souls' Day, viz., the 1st of November, and thence to Candlemas. Hallux, 'luks. The innermost of the five aigits which normally compose the hind foot of a vertebrate animal. In man, the great toe. Halmaturus, -ma-tii'rus. A gen. of marsupials belonging to the kangaroos. Halo, ha'ld. A luminous ring or circle, either white or colored, appearing round the sun or moon. When they are of small diameter they are usually called coronse. Halos are at times accompanied with other phenomena, such as parhelia, or mock- suns ; paraselene, or mock -moons, and variously arranged white bands, crosses or arcs. Haloscope, -skop. An instrument which exhibits all the phenomena connected with halos, parhelia and the hke. Halticidae, hal-tis'i-de. The flea-feeetles, a fam. of coleopterous insects, of which the gen. H'altica is the type. HALTIO 89T HAN Haltio, 'ti-o. In Lapland Myth, one of the guardian spu-its of Mount Niemi. Salyard, 'viird. A ropo or tackle for hoisting and lowering sails, yards, &c. "Written also Halliard. Halysites, 'i-slts. A fossil gen. of coral, fom. JTavositida;, peculiar to the palaeozoic strata. jEaxn, ham. A common element in En- glish place-names, as Buckingham, Dur- ham, &c., a home. Hamlet is a diminu- tive. The inner angle of the joint which unites the thigh and the leg of an animal. The thigh of a hog, or other animal, salted and dried in smoke. Ham. In Scrip, the 2d son of Noah, and progenitor of the African race through his sons Cash, Phut, Mizraim and Canaan. Ham. Atownofdept. Somme, France, 86 m. S. E. of Amiens, noted for its strong fortress in which Napoleon III. was con- fined, 1840-46, and from which he escaped in disguise ; pop. about 3,000. Hamadryad, 'a-drl-ad. In Oreek and Eoman Antiq. a wood-nymph, feigned to live and die with the tree to which she was attached. Ham.adryas, -as. A dog-faced ape (Cy- noccphalus hamadryas). Hamal, ha'mal. A porter in Constanti- nople. Ham.arthritis, ham-iir-thr!'tis. In Med. universal gout, or gout in all the joints. Ham.el, 'el. The name for the bright star alpha in the constellation Aries. Hamiform., ha'mi-form. In Zool. curved at the extremity ; resembUng a hook. Hamburg. A free city, cap. of prov. of same name, in Germany, the commercial emporium of the empire, on the Elbe at its junction Avith tlie Elster, and GO m. from its mouth ; pop. 354,720. Hamilcar. A famous Carthaginian gen- eral father of the more celebrated Hanni- bal; B. abt. 300 B. c; killed in battle in Spain, 229. He successfully defended Sicily against the llomans for 5 years, and finished his successful military career in Spain. Hamilton. The patronyomic of a noble Gcottisii family. James H., 2d Earl of Arran, became regent in 1542. He was a warm {partisan of Maiy Queen of Scots ; 1). 1575. Eam.iIton, Alexander. An eminent JL'Cotch-American statesman and orator, B. in Nevis, 1757, killed in a duel with Aaron Burr, at Weehawken, N. J., 1804. He was » member of tha Continental Hammer-beam. Congress, one of the Commissioners which framed the Federal Constitution, and Secretary of the Treasury under Presi- dent Washington. Hamilton, "William, Sir. The most celebrated metaphysician of the Scotch school ; B. 1788, d. 1856. Hamilton, William Bo-wan, Sir. An eminent Irish scientist and astron- mer, b. 1805, d. 1865. Hamitic, ham-it'ik. Eelating to Ham or his descendants; specifically, appellative of a class of African tongues, comprising the ancient Hieroglyphic language, Cop- tic, Ethiopian or Abyssinian, Libyan or Berber, and the Hottentot groups. Hammer-beam. A beam acting as a tie at the feet of a pair of pjrincipal rafters. Hammer- fish, 'mer-fish. A rapacious fish, fam. Squalidfe or sharks, the balance-fish, called also Ham- mer-headed Shark. Hammer-oyster, -ois-ter. A bivalve shell-fish found jn the W. Indies, resem- bhng the pearl-oyster when young, but when mature resembling the form of a hammer. Hammock, 'mok. A hanging bed, con- sisting of a piece of cloth, gathered at the ends and suspended by cords and hooks. Hampden, John. An English patriot and Parliamentary leader ; B. 1594, killed at Chalgrove Hill, 1643. He was a cham- pion of popular rights against the oppres- sive measures of Charles I., and sulfered prosecution and imprisonment. Hampton Boads. A broad channel of Chesapeake Bay, opening into James lliver bet. Norfolk and Hampton, com* mandcd by Fortress Monroe. Hamster,ham'- ster. A gen. of rodent burrow- ing quadrupeds (Cricetus) of the rat family (Mu- ridse). Hamstring-, 'string. One of the tendons of the ham. Han, han. The Chinese dynasty founded by Kau-tsu, and lasting from b. c. 206 to A. D. 220. It is the most celebrated of all Hamster. HANAPER HANOVER COURT-HOUSE tho dynasties of China, and with it com mences tho modern history of that emi>ire, Hanaper, ha'iia-p or. A kind of basket used in early days by the king s of England for j h o 1 d i n g Hanaper. their money ^ as tliey journeyed from place to place ; the king's treasury. This word answered to tlie modern exchequer. Hancock, John. An American states- man ; B. in Mass., 17-37, n. 1793. He was president of the Provincial and Continen- tal congresses and one of tho signers of the Declaration of Independence, and governor of his native State from 1780 till his death. Hancock, "Winfield Scott, Gen. An American officer; b. in Penn., 1S24; gradu- ated from West Point, 1844, served through the Mexicaa war, appointed brigadier-gen- oral, 1861, and served with gallantry through the rebellion ; now senior Major- General in command of the Department of the Atlantic, headquarters at Governor's Island. In ISSO he was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency, being beaten by Gen, Garfield. Hand-book, hand'buk. A small book or treatise ; a manual or compendium ; a guide-book for travelers. Handcuff, 'kuf. / manacle or fastening for the hand, consisting of an iron ring round each wrist and linked together. Handel, G-eor^re Frederick. The most eminent musical composer of the ages ; b. at Halle, Germany, 1684, d. 1759. Hand-gallop, 'gal-lup. A slow and easy gallop, in which the hand presses the bridle to hinder increase of speed. Handicap, han'di-kap. In racing, an allowance of a certain amount of time or distance to the inferior competitors in a race to bring them all as nearly as possible to an oquahty, or the extra weight imposed upon the superior competitors with the same object. Also the name of such a race. Hand-lead, 'led The lead which is used for sounding in rivers, harbors or shoal water, much smaller than the deep- sea load. Handloom, 'lom. A weaver's loom worked by the hand, as distinguished from a power -loom. Handmill, 'mil. A mill for grinding grain, pepper, coffee, &c., moved by the hand. Hand-press, 'pros. A printing press worked by hand. Handrail, 'vM. A rail or railing in a stair raised upon slender posts called bab listers. In a locomotive engine, the rail- ing along the sides to protect person* when passing to the front. Handspike, 'splk. A bar used with the hand as a lever for raising weights, heav- ing about a windlass, &c. Hangr-chow-foo. A walled Cliinese city, cap. of prov. of Che-kiang, on the Tsien-tang-kiang, 140 m. S. E. of Nankin, and formerly cap. of the kingdom; pop. 740,000. Hanger, hang'er. A short, broad sword incurvated at the point. In Mach. apart that suspends ajournal-box in which shaft- ing, &c., runs. Called also Hanging- bracket. Hanging-buttress, 'ing-but-tres. In Arch, a buttress not standing solid on a foundation, but sup- ported on a corbel. Hanging-garden, -gar- dn. A garden formed in terraces rising one above the other. The hanging- gardens of Babylon were anciently reckoned among the wonders of the world. They were five in number, occupied each an area of 4 acres, and the summit was 300 feet above the base, so that the whole presented the appearance of a great pyramid. Han-lin, han'lin. The national or imperial college of China from the mem- bers of which the emperor's ministers are generally Hanging-but- chosen, tress. Hannibal. The most famous general of Carthage ; b. 247 b. c, suicided to avoid falling into the hands of the Romans, 188, his projects of reform being rejected by his own people. For more than 20 years he was successful in his struggle against Rome. Hanover Court-House. A village, cap. of Hanover Co., Va., noted as tho scene of a severe engagement. May 28, 1863, between a Confederate corps and a IIANSE HARMONICA Federal brigade under Gen. Porter, tlie latter winning a decisive victory. Hanse, bans. A league ; a confederacy. H. towns, certain commercial cities in Germany which associated for the protec- tion of commerce as early as the 12th cen- tury. To this confederacy acceded cer- tain commercial cities in Holland, Eng- land, France, Spain and Italy, until they amounted to seventy-two, and for centu- ries the confederacy (Hanseatic League) commanded the respect and defied the g>wer of kings. Liibeck, Hamburg and remen, the three free cities of Germany, are still often spoken of as the Hanse towns. Hanselines. The loose breeches worn during the 15tk century. Hansom, han'sum. A two-wheeted hackney carriage or cabriolet. It holds two persons, and the driver sits on an el- evated seat be'iind the body of the car- riage. XEanuman, han'u-man. The name of a fabulous monkey, the friead of Vishnu, much referred to in the second or class- ical age of Hindu mythology. Also, the name of a moakey in India to which wor- ship is paid. Hapalidse, hap-al'!-de, A fam. of S. A merican platj-rhine monkeys. The mar- moset, eahoni'and ouistiti are the popular and native names for these animals. Hapsburg-, House of. The dynastic lineof the Austrian emperors, named from the Castle of H. , in Switzerland, and found- ed by ILudoiph, Count of H., who was elected Emperor of Germany 1273. Since 178G the djTiasty has borne the name of Hapsburg-tjorraiue. Har, har. A syllable occurring as a pre- fix in person and place names, and signi- fying an army ; thus, Harold signifies the loader of an army ; Hereford, ford of an army. It takes various forms, as hare, Jier, here, &c. Hardiugre, Henry, Tiscount. An English general; b. 1785, D. 1856. He served with credit in the Peninsular war, was appointed Governor-General of India, 1S44, and subdued the Sikhs, and s. the Duke of Wellington as Commander-in- Chief, 1852. Hardware, 'war. Wares made of iron or other metaL Hare, bar. The common name of the ro- dent quadrupeds, gen. Lepus, remarkable for its fecundity, generally producing three or four at a'timo and breeding eev- eral times in the year. In Astron. one of the forty-eight ancient constellations of Ptolemy, situated in the southern hemi- sphere. Hare-kanguroo, 'kang-ga-ro. A small kangaroo of Australia, not imlike a hare, but smaller in size. Hareld, ha'reld. An oceanic duck of the sub-gen. Harelda. Its do^v]l is said to ri- val that of the eider. Harem, hn'rem. The apartments appro- t)riated to the female members of a Mo- lammedan family. The occupants may consist of wives to the number of four, fe- male slaves, who may be retained as con- cubines or as servants, and of female freo slaves, with whom concubinage is un- lawful. Harfangr, h&r'fang. The great flnowy owl found in the arctic regions. Hari, ha'rL A name of the Hindu god Vishnu. Harleian, har'le-an. A collection of 7000 manuscripts, besides rare printed books, made bv Secretary Harley, Earl of Oxford, and his son. The collection is now in the British Museum, Harlequin-TDeetle, 'le-kwin-be-tl. A coleopterous insect, so called from the mixtm-e of gray, black and red on the ely- tra. Harleq.tiin-duck, -dufc. A species of duck having a beautifully mottled plu- mage, the male being fantastically streaked with gray, whence the name. Harleqtlin-snake, -snak. A venom- ous S. American snake, striped with red and black. , Harlot, 'lot. A woman who prostitutes her body for hu-e ; a prostitute. Harmattan, -mat' tan. A hot, dry wiad which blows periodically from the interior parts of Africa toward the Atlantic in De- cember, January and February ; it viith- ers vegetation, and even affects the hu- man body so that the skin peels off. Harmonia, mo'ni-a. A small asteroid between the orbits of Mars and Jupite... Harmonica, -mon'i-ka. A collection of musical glass gob- lets, resembling fineer-glasses, putj- into a revolving^ motion on their centers while the rim is touched by the finger. A musical instrument consisting of a smaU box, in which are raagad horizontally a Harmonica. HAEMOmCHOED HAEEI-KARRI number of oblong- plates of glass or metal, which are struck with a small flexible hammer. Harmonicliord, -kord. An instru- ment played like a piano-forte, but sound- ing like a violin. Harmonicon, -kon, A powerful musi- cal instrument consisting of a large barrel organ, containing pipes to imitate wind- instruments and an apparatus to produce the effects of drums, cymbals, &c. A small mouth instrument consisting of free reeds inclosed in a box in such a way that inspiration produces one set of sounds, respiration another. Chemical harmoni- con, a contrivance in which a tlame of hydrogen gas causes a column of air in a tube to give forth musical sounds. TTa.naoniplloii, -fi>n. A musical wind- instrument consisting of a series of free reeds inserteti in a tube like a clarinet. It is played upon by means of keys arranged like those of a jnano-forte. Harmonist, 'mon ist. One of a sect of Pi-otestants from Wiirtemberg, who set- tled in America in 1808. They hold their property in common, and consider mar- riage a civil contract. Harmonium, -md'ni-um. A musical instrument resembhng a small organ, played on a clavier similar to that of an organ, the sounds being produced by free reeds. Harmonometer, -mon-om'et-er. A monochord for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. Harold. The name of two of England's early kings. II. I., sm-named Harefoot, because of his fleetness, was 2d son of Canute the Great, and s. to the throne, 103T, B. 1040. H. II., son of Godwin, Earl of Kent, was proclaimed King 1066, as s. of Edward the Confessor; he defeat- ed an invasion of Norsemen the same year, but was himself defeated and overthrown by William, Duke of Normandy a few days later. Harp, harp. A stri ng d musical in- strument of great anti- quity,found among the Assyrian s , Egyptians/ Hebr e w s , G^e e k s , Irisii, Welsh, Egyptian harps, and other nations. Haroun-al-Raschid. The most eminent of the Abbassides caUphs; b. abt. 766, D. 809. Harpa, hiir'pa. A gen. of gasteropodous mollusks of the whelk family, commonly called Ilarp-shells. Harpalidae, -pal'i-de. A fam. of coleop- terous insects, sec. Geodephaga, usually found under stones. Harper, harp'er. A player on the harp. An Irish brass coin of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, of the size of a shilling and the value of a penny. Harper's Fei*ry. A village in Jefferson Co., W. Virginia, at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, 53 m. N. W. of Washington, noted as the scene of John Brown's abolition raid, 1859, and for several minor engagements in the civil war. Harpoon, har-p6n'. A spear or javelin used to strike and kill whales and large fish. It may be thrown by the hand or fired from a gun. Harpooner, 'er. The man in a whale- boat who throvrs the harpoon. Harpoon-gun, 'gim. A gim for firing a harpoon, employed in the whale-fishery. Harp-seal, hiirp'sGl. The Greenland seal. Harpsichord, 'si-kord. A stringed mu- sical instrument with a key-board, some- thing like the horizontal grand piano-forte, superseded by the piano-forte about the middle of the 18th century. Harpy, hiir'pi. I In Class. Antiq. fabulous winged I monster, ravenous \ and filthy, having the face of a wo- man and the body of a bird. The harpies were three in number, Aello, Ocypete and Cek eno. Harpy-eagrle, -6-gl. The Thrasaetu* Ilarpyia, a raptorial bird of Mexico and S. America, celebrated for its great strength. Harridan, ha'ri-dan. A hag ; an odious old woman. Harrier, -er. A small dog of the hound species employed in hunting the hare. There are several breeds. A hawk of the gen. Circus, aUied to the buzzards. Harri-Karri, -ka'ri. The Chinese term for the mode of suicide incumbent ou Japanese officiaia, when ordered by gor- Harpy. HAEEISBURG iOl HATCHING-APPARATUS ernment to perform it as a punishment for any offense. It is effected by inflicting two gashes across the abdomen in the form of across. Harrisburgr. Cap. of Pennsylvania, in Dauphin Co., on the Susquehanna, 107 m. N. W. of Phila. ; pop. 30,762, Harrison, John. An EngUsh mechanic and inventor ; b. 1693, n. 1776. He in- vented the most perfect sea-clironometer of his time, also the compensation pendu- lum. Harrison, "William Henry, Gten. Ninth President of the U. S. ; b. in Va., 1773 ; D. one month after his inauguration, April 4, 1841. He was the hero of the Indian battle of Tippecanoe, in Indiana, 1811, and also defeated a British force on the Thames, Canada, 1813 ; afterward elected to the U. S. Senate, and sent as minister to Colombia, 1828-29. Was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for the Presi- dency, 1836, and was elected 1840. Harrow, 'ro. An agricultural imple- ment, formed of pieces of timber or metal crossing each other and set with iron teeth. Hart, h.lrt. A stag or male deer when he has passed his fifth year, and the sur- royal or crown antler is formed. Hart of ten, a hart with ten tines or branches on his horns. Hartbeest, 'best. The name given by the Dutch colonists to the kaama, a S. African antelope. Hartshorn, harts'horn. The antler of the hart or stag, formerly much used as a source of ammonia. A name given to the salt and spirit of ammonia. Jelly of hartshorn, a nutritive jelly, fonnerly obtained from the shavings of the horns of harts, now procured from the bones of calves. Hartford. Cap. of county of same name, also of the State of Connecticut, on tlie Connecticut Kiver, 30 m. N. E. of New Haven ; pop. 42,015. Hartz Mountains. A range in N. W. Germany, abt. 70 m. in length by 28 in width. The Brocken, the highest peak, is 8,740 ft. above sea level. The range is rich in minerals, but is especially noted for the superstitious traditions witli which many of its chief heights and valleys are identified. Harvard. The oldest American college, founded 1638 ; located at Cambridge, now a suburb of Boston, Harvester, har'vest-er. A machine for cutting grain, grass, or other crop ; a mower ; a reaper. Harvest-fly, -fll. A name appUed to several large hemipterous insects of the Cicada group, popularly called locusts. Harvest-month, -month. September. Harvest-moon, -mon. The moon near the full at the time of harvest, or about the autumnal equinox, when, by reason of the small angle of the ecliptic and the moon's orbit with thhs. Heliog-raph, 'li-o-graf. An instrument for taking photographs of the sun. A pic- ture taken by heliography ; a photograph. HELTOLATRT 406 HELODUS Heliolatry, -li-ora-tri. Tho worship of the sun. Heliolites, 'U-o-li"tez. A gen. of corals, lam. Milleporidaa. They occur in the Si- lurian aud Devonian systems. Heliometer, -li-om'et-er. An instru- ment for measuring- tho diameters of the sun, moon and planets, or any distance hctween celestial objects. Heliopolis. A once famous Egyptian city, now in ruins, C> m. N. E. of Cairo ; the original seat of the ancient sun-wor- ship. Helioscope, 'li-o-skop. A sort of tele- scope fitted for viewing tho sun without pain or injury to the eyes, made with col- ored glasses, or glasses blackened -with smoke, or with mirrors formed simply of surfaces of trans[)arent glass, which reject but a small portion of light. Heliostat, -os-tat. A name given to va- rious contrivances for reflecting tho sun's light either temporarily or continuously to an observer at a distance. The simplest ieliostat is a mirror hung up at a distant station so as to reflect a flash to the ob- server whose station may be many miles from it. ECeliotype,'li-o-tTp. A photographic pro- cess by which pictures can bo printed in the same manner as lithographs. Helium, -um. A name proposed for a new hypothetical elementary substance supposed to have been discovered by spectrum analysis in the form of glowing gas in the atmosphere smroundiug the sun. Helix, 'liks. A spiral line, as of wire in a coil. In Arch, a small volute or t\vist under the abacus of the Corinthian capital, of which in every perfect capital there are sixteen, two at each angle, and two meeting Tinder the middie . of each face of the ' abacus. A gen. of gasteropodous mollusks, typo of the fam. Helicida?, ord. Pulmonata, and com I)rising the land shell-snails. Hell, hel. The place of the dead, or of Eouls after death ; the lower regions or the grave ; called in Hebrew sheol, and by the Greeks hades. The place or state of pun- ishment for the wcked after death. Helladotherium, 'la-dc-thG"ri-um. A fossil gen, of mammals gome what restm- llelices. bling tho giraffe. It occurs in the pliocene of France and Greece. Hellas. The ancient name of Greece proper, now Livadia. Hell-bender, 'bend-er. A name given to the large N. American salamander. Hellenes, -le'nez. Tho inhabitants ol Greece ; tho Greeks. Hellenist, 'len-ist. One who affiliates with Greeks or who adopts their language, manners and customs ; especially, a J ew, who used the Greek language in the early ages of Christianity. Hellespont, 'les-pont. A narrow strait between Europe and Asia, now called tho Dardanelles. Hell-Gate. A narrow rocky channel in the East River, oi)posite the upper end of N. Y. City, in which the eddies were very powerful. The navigation has been ma- terially improved through the removal of most of the rocks by submarine blasting. Helm, helm. The instrument by which a ship is steered, consisting of a rudder, a tiller, and in large vessels, a wheel. Helm- et,Iielm'- et. A defensive coveri n g for the' head. The ear- lier Greek and Eo- nian helmets did not protect the face. Dur- ing the Middle Ages helmets were mado of steel, frequently inlaid with gold, and provided with bars and flaps to cover tho face in battle, and to allow of being opened at other times. Helmet-shell, shel. The common Jiame of shells gen. Chassis, pcctinibran- chiate gasteroi)ods, fam. Buccinida\ Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwigr Ferdinand. One of Germany's most eminent scientists , «. 1S21, d. 1SS3. II* invented the ophthalmoscope. Helminthic, hel miu'thik. A medicine for cxpeihng worms. Helmintholite, 'thol-It. A fossil worm, with or without a shell. Helmund. An Afghanistan river, empty- ing into Lake liamoon ; SOO m. in length. Helocera, he-los'era. A tribe of pen- tamerous beetles, including mimic beetles, pill -beetles, &c. Helodus, 'lo-dus. A fossil gen. of shark toeth. Open Helm- et. HELOPID^ 407 HENEY Helopidae, -lop'i-dc. A fam. of coleop- terous insects, sec. lleteromera. Helot, 'lot. A slave in ancient Sparta. Helps, Arthur. An eminent Britisli histoiian and essayist ; b. 1S13, d. 18TS. Helsingrfors. Cap. of grand duchy of Finland, Europ?an Russia, on the gulf of same name ; strongly fortified, pop. 84,- soo. Helve-hammer, hclv'ham-mer. A large heavy blacksmith's hammer, tilted by the helve and oscillating on bearings. Helvetic, hel-vet'ik. Of or pertaining to the llelvetii, the inhabitants of the Alps, now Switzerland. Helvetic. A follower of Zmnglius in opposition to Luther. Hemachate, ho'ma-kat. A species of agate, interspersed with spots of red jasper. Hemadromometer, -dro-mom"et-er. An instrument for measuring the rate at which the blood moves in the arteries. HemadyxLamom.eter, -dl-na-mom"- et-er. A contrivance for ascertaining the Iiressure of the blood in the arteries or veins. Hem.astatic, -stat'ik. A remedy for stanching the flow of blood. Hematherm., -therm. A name given by some some zoologists to a warm-blood- ed animal. Hem.atiu, -tin. The red coloring matter of the blood occurring in solution in the in- tei'ior of the blood corpuscles or cells. Hematite, -tit. A name applied to two ores of iron, red hematite and brown hematite. Hemerohaptist, 'me-ro-bap"tist. One of a sect among the Jews who bathed every day. Hemi, hem'i. A prefix signifying half, used in many compound words derived from the Greek. Hemicarp. -karp. One of the halves of a fruit whicli spontaneously divides into two, as a pea. Hemicrania, -mi-kra'ni-a. A pain that affects only one side of the head. Hemidactylus, -dak'til-us. A gen. of lizards of the gecko or flat-toed family. Hemigale, hc-mig'a-le. A pretty Bor- nean carnivorous mammal of the civet . family. Hem.iiia, -ml'na. An ancient Eoman measure containing half a sextarius, about i pint English wine measure. In Med. a ^measure oy UK M-^ Hieroinaii!37T, 'er-o-miir-ter. A priest who suffers martyrdom. Hieronimian, -nim"i-an. One of a re- Mgious order jirofcssing the rule of St. Augustine, founded by Columbini of Si- enna in 1454. Called also a Jesuate. Hierophant, -fant. A priest ; one who teaches the mysteries and duties of relig- ion. Hig-h-caste, hi'kast. Of or belonging to the highest order or caste of Hindus. Hig-hland-flingr, -fling. A sort of horn- pipe peculiar to the Scottish Highlanders. Higrh-mass, 'mas. In the R. C. Ch. the mass which is read before the high-altar on Sundays, feast-days and great occa- sions. High-men, 'men. False dice so loaded as always to turn up high numbers ; op- posed to low-men. Highness, 'nes. A title of honor given to princes or other persons of rank. Hig-h-pressure, 'pre-shur. Having a pressure greater than 50 lbs. on the square inch ; said of steam and steam-engines. Hild, hild. An element in names of per- sons, signifying a person of noble charac- ter or rank, as Hildebert, a bright hero ; Mathild, Matilda, a heroic lady. Hildreth, Hichard. An American his- torian ; «. in Mass., 1807, ». in Florence, Italy, 1865. Hill-folk, hil'fok. In Scand. Myth, a class of beings intermediate between elves and the human race, inhabiting caves and small hills, and eager to receive the benefit of man's redemption. Hillel. An eminent Jewish rabbi, cred- ited with the authorship of the Talmud ; B. at Babylon abt. 110 a. d. ; r>. 230, hav- ing lived 120 years. Himalayas, The. An Asiatic moun- tain chain, the loftiest in the world ; esti- mated length 1,900 m., width 100 m. The highest peak is Mount Everest, 29,100 ft. above sea level. Himilcon. A Carthaginian general, s. of Hannibal in the war against Hionysius of Syracuse, whom he defeated ; b. abt. 450 ]{. c, D. 892. Himyaritic, hira-ya-rit'ik. The lan- guage spoken in the southeast of Arabia, a dialect of Arabic. Hin, hin. A Hebrew measure of capacity, containing the sixth part of an ephah, or about 5 quarts. Hind, hind. The female of the red deer or stag. HmD-CALF 41! niSTERlD^ Hind-calf, 'kaf. A hart of the first year. Hindi, 'de. A dialect of Northern India, differing- from Hindustani in being a purer Aryan dialect. Hindley's Screw, hind'liz slcro. A screw cut on a folid whose sides are arcs of the i)itch circle of a wheel into which the screw is intended to work. Hindustan. India Proper. A section of S. Asia, bounded by the Himalayas on the N., Assam and Burmah on the K, Afghan- istan and Beloochistan on the W. and the Indian Ocean on the S. ; area, 1,627.572 sq. m. ; pop. 214,820.746. Its principal rivers include the Ganges, Indus, Brahma- Sootra, Taptee, Nerbudda, Godavery, [ahanuddy ; its mountain ranges, the Himalayas, Ghauts and Vindhyas. The political divisions are British India, com prising the presidencies of Bengal, Bom- bay and Madras ; the protected States, virtually under British control, and the independent States of Nepaul and Ehotan, Hindustani., hin-do-stan'e. One of the languages of Hindustan, a form of Hindi which grew up in the camps of the Mo- hammedan conquerers of India since the 11th century as a medium of communica- tion with the subject population, more corrupted than Hindi, and filled with Persian and Arabic words. It is the offl cial language and means of general inter- course throughout nearly the whole Pen- insula. Called also Urdu. Hingr-ching", hing'ching. The Chinese name for the phonetic signs In their alpha- bet. Hinny, hin'ni. A mnle ; the produce of a stallion and a she ass. Hip-knob, -nob. In Arch, a finial or similar ornament placed on the top of the hip of a roof or on the point of a gable. Hippocrates. An em- inent Grecian physician, styled "The Father of Medicine" ; b. in Cosabt 460 b. c.;d. 894. Hippocrene, kro'ne. A spring on Mount Helicon in Boeotia, consecrated to the Muses, the waters of which possessed the power of poetic in- spiration. Hippodrome, 'po-drom. Anciently, a place in which horse-races and chariot races were performed; sometimes applied to a modern circus. Hip-knob. Hippogriff, -grif. A fabulous monster, half horse and half-griffon ; a winged horse. Hippolith, -hth. A stone found in the stomach oi intestines of a horse, Hippolyte, po'li-tc. A gen. of long tailed crustaceans allied to the shrimps. Hippopathologry, -pa-thol"o-ji. The science of veterinary medicine ; the pa- thology of the horse. Hippopopliag-i, pofa-ji. Eaters of horse-flesh. A name given by the old geogi-aphers to certain nomadic Scythian tribes, on the north of the Caspian Sea, who fed on horse-flesh. Hippopotamus, -p6-pot'a-mus. An ungulate or hoofed mammal, a native of Africa, whoso flesh is greedily eaten bv the natives. It has been found of the length ofl7 feet, and stands about 5 feet high. It dehghts in water, and feeds on water- plants or on the herbage growing near the water. It is an excellent swimmer and diver and can remain under water a con siderablo time. Its tusks and teeth are Eupei'ior to ivory. There are several ex- tinct species known. Hippopus, 'po-pus. A gen. of lamelli- branchiate mollusks, of which there is but one known species, the H. maculatus, or bear's-paw clam. Hip-roof, 'rof. A roof, the ends of which rise immediate- ly from thej' wall pi at e si with the same Hip-roof, inclination to the horizon as its other two sides. Hircus, her'kus. The goat ; sometimes used as the systematic name of the gen., but more frequently as the specific name of the common domestic goat. In Astron. a fixed star of the first magnitude, the same with Capella. Hirudo, hi-rfrdo. The leech, a gen. oi red-blooded worms or annelids. HirTindininse, -run'din-!"no. A sub- fam of birds comprising the swallows, and coiistitutiug with the swifts the family Ilirundinidfe. Hispidse, his'pi-dc, A fam. of coleop- teroiifi insects, of which the typo is the gen Uispa; popularly known in the U. S. as little leaf beetles. Histeridee, -ter'i-de. A fam. of clavi- corn beetles. The gen, Hister is the type, niSTElONISM 414 HOGSHEAD Histrionism, 'tri-on-izm. The acts or ])i-aotice of stago-playcrs , feigned repre sentation. Hive, hiv. A box, chest or basket for the reception and habitation of a swarm of honey-bees. A swarm of bees, or the bees inliabitinga hive. Hoar-frost, hor'frost. The white parti - ck>s of frozen dew. Hoai'Stone, 'ston. A landmark ; a stone designating? the bounds of an estate. Hoax, hoks. Something done for decei)- tion or mockery; a trick played off in sport ; a practical joke, Hoazin, ho'a-zin. A singular gregarious H. American bird, sometimes called the Crested Turaco, gen. Opisthocomus. It is of the size of the peacock. HobartTown. Cap. of Tasmania, an important seaport on the river Derwent ; pop. 48,420. Hobbisra, hob'izm. The principles of Thomas Hobbes, an Enghsh philosopher of the ITth century, who considered reh- gion to be a mere engine of state, and man by nature altogether a ferocious and selfish being, requiring tho strong hand of des- potism to keep him in check. Hobby, 'bi. A small but strong-winged British fiilcon, sometimes trained to chase larks, i)igeons, and even partridges. Hobby-horse, -hors. A wooden horse on whicli boys ride. One of the principal performers iu a morris dance, having the figure of a horse supported round his waist, and his feet concealed by a long foot-cloth. Hobg-oblin, -gob'iin. A kind of goblin or fairy. Hobnail, 'nfil. A nail with a thick strong head used for shoeing horses, or for the soles of heavy boots. Hobomokko, -o-mok'ko. Among Amer- ican Indians an evil spirit. Hoche, Lazare, osh. A brilliant French general; n. ITOS, d. 1797. He was given command of the army of the Moselle when but 24 years of age, and drove the Aus- trians under Wurmser out of Alsace ; he then brought the Civil War in Vendee to a close, and in 1797, as Commander-in Chief of the army of the Sambro and Mouse, he defeated the Austrians in sev- eral battles. He died suddenly in the flower of manhood. Hochstadt, hok'stat. A Bavarian town on tho Danube, 11 m. N.W. of Augsburg, noted as the scene of four groat battles, the defeat of the Emperor Henry IV. in 1061, the defeat of the Imperialists by the French and Bavarians. 1703, the defeat of the iatter by Prince Eugene, 1704, and the defeat of the Austrians by the French un- der Moreau, 1800. Hock, hok. The .ioint of an animal be- tween the knee and the fetlock In man, the posterior part of the knee-joint ; the ham. A light Ithenish wine, either spark ling or still. Hockey, '6. A game of ball played Avith a club curved at the lower end, by wo parties or sides, the object being to drive the ball into that part of the field marked off as their opponent's goal. Hod, hod. A kind of shoulder trough, having a long handle, for carrying mortar and brick to masons and bricklayers. A coal-scuttle. Hodja, 'jii. In Turkey, a professor in a mcdress or secondary school attached to a mosque. Hodjas have been softos and passed an examination in the Arabic lan- guage, tlie Koran and its commentaries. Hodometer, -om'et-er. An instrument for measuring the length of Avay traveled by any vehicle. Hoe, ho. An instrument for cutting up weeds and loosening the earth m fields and gardens. A plate of iron with an eye for a handle. Horse-hoe, a frame uiounted on wheels, used for the same purpose as a hand hoc, and worked by horse-power ; a cultivator. Hoe-cake, 'kak. A cake of Indian meal; so named because sometimesbaked on a hoe. Hoflfmanist, hof'man-ist One of a sect of Lutheran dissenters, followers of Hoff- man, a professor at Helmstadt in 1598, who taught that reason and religion are antagonistic. Hog:, hog, A swine, All varieties of the domestic hog are derived from the wild boar. They are ungulate animals, and be long to the family Haida?. In the game of curling, a stone which does not go over the hog-score ; tho hog-score itself. Hogarth, William. A distinguish oil English painter ; u. 1697, d. 1754. Hogg-, Janus. An eminent Scotch poet and novelist, called " The Ettrick Shep- herd," li. 1772, D. 1835. Hog's back, hogz'bak. In Geol. a term used to express the ridgy conformation of any district of alternate rounded ridges and ravines. Hogshead, 'hod. A measure of capacity containing 52.' imperial gallons. In Amer- ica this name is often given to a butt, con taining from 100 to 140 gallons. HOHENLINDEW 415 nOLY-FIRE Hohenlinden. A Bavarian village on the Iser, 86 m. 8. of Munich, noted for the victory of the French under Morcau, over the Austri.ins iindcr Archduke John, ISOO. Hohenstauffen. A German dynastic line, ll;3S to 1268, the most distinguished of Avhom Avas tho Emperor Frederick Bai-- barossa, cro\\Tied 115'2. IHoheazolleni. A Prussian state, formed of two provinces, and nearly sur- rounded by Wurtemberg and Baden. The dynasty -was founded in 800 by Thassilo, count of Zollern; in tho 16th century the younger branch of tho family became the ruling dynasty of Frussia. Holland, hol'land. (The Netherlands). A European Kingdom bounded N. and ^Y. by the North iSea, 8. bv Belgium, and E. by Prussia; area 11,801 sq. m.; pop. 4,107,659. It is divided into 12 provinces, and has colonies in the E. and \V. Indies, and on the W. coast of Africa. Among the colonies arc the islands of Java, Jla- dura, Celebes, the Moluscas, Curacoa, and others of less importance. The principal cities include The Hague, the cap., Ams- terdam, Kotterdam, Utrecht, Arnheim and Middk'burg. Sollands, 'landz. A sort of gin imported from Holland. Hollow-brick , '16- brik. A brick madevdth perforations thiough it for the i)urpose of warm- ing or ventilation, or to prevent jjioisture from l>enetratingawall. Hollo w-square, -skwur A body o^ sol- diers drawn up in tho form of a square, with an empty space In the middle. Hollow wall, -wal. A wall built iu two thicknesses, leaving a cavity between, either for the pur- pose of p-eventing moistm-e from being driven by storms through the brick wor for ventilating, Hollow-wall, for preserving a uniform temperature in apartments, or for saving materials. Uoilow-ware, -war. A general trade name given to various iron articles which are hollow, as caldrons, kettles, sauce- pans, coffee-mills, &c. Holmes, Oliver Wendell. An j\meri(\in poet, author and scientist; b. in Mass. 1803. Hollow-brick. Holocaust, ho'lo-kast. A burnt sacri- fice or ollering, tho whole of which was consumed by lire, a species of sacrifice in use among tho J ews and some pagan na- tions ; now sometimes applied to a great slaughter or sacrifice of life. Holometabola, ho'lo-me-tab"o-la. Tho sec. of tho class Insecta which undergo a complete metamorphosis. Holometer, -lom'eter. A mathemati- cal instrument for taking all kinds of measures, both on the earth and in the heavens ; a pantometer. Holophanerous, -lo-fan'G-rus. In ZooL an epithet apijfied to the metamorphosis of insects when complete. Holoptycllius, -lop-tik'i-us. A gen. of fossil ganoid fishes. Tho name is limited to those oi the old red sand-stone, and that of Khizodus given to those of the coal-measures, Holostomata, -lo'stom'a-ta. A division of gasteropodous mollusks in which tho aperture of the shell is rounded or entire. Holothuroidea, -thu'roi-dt;"a. The sea-cucumber or sea-slugs, an order of echinoderms, capable of extending them- selves to several times tho length they have in a state of repose, and of extraor- dinary reproduction of parts, even of vital organs. The young tmdergo a met- amorphosis during development. Holstein, House of. A dynasty, formerly rulers of an independent duchy, now a Prussian province, the elder branch of which is at preset represented by the Dukes of Schloswig-Holstein, Sonderburg- Augustenburg, and of Schleswig-Holstcin- Sonderburg-Glucksburg, and the youngest (H. Gottrop), by the Czar of Kussia, and tho Prince of Wasa, son of ex-King Gus- tavus IV. of Sweden. Holster, hol'ster. A leathern case for a pistol, carried by a horseman at tho fore- part of his saddle. Holy-cross, ho'li-kros. An order of Augustinian canons, suppresse/' in the ITth century. An ecclesiastical orde- es- tablished in Franco in 1834, who devola themselves to preaching and education— the brothers educating orphan boys, and tho sisters educating girls and attending the sick. A society formed by clerical members of the extreme ritualistic section of the English Church. Holy-fire, -fir. In the E. C. and Greek Churches, a light kindled on Holy Satur- day, the Saturday preceding Easter Sun- day, by sparks from a flint. All the lights are previously extinguished, and the holy fii-e is greeted by the cccleslaetics on their HOLT-EOOD DAT 416 IIONET knees exclaiming? " Lumen Christi" (Light of Christ^ At Homo tlie ceremony is per- formed in the presence of the pope. At Jerusalem it is celebrated by the Greek and Armenian clergy combined. There the light is represented as miraculous. Holy-rood Day. The 14th day of Sep- tember, on wliioh a religious festival is observed in memory of the exaltation of our Saviour's Cross. Holy-cross Day. Holy-stone, -stdn. A soft sandstone used by seamen for cleaning the decks of shijjs. Holy-water Sprink- ler. An instrument con- sisting of a bunch of twigs or a brush of horse-hair, which is dipped in the holy -water vessel and shaken over or toward the congre gation. Homburgr, A popular spa, formerly cap Ilesse-Nassau, Prussia, 9 m. N. W. of Franlvfort ; Holy -water pop. 8,260. Sprinkler. Homer, ho'mer. The eminent Greek poet, supposed to have ilourished about 800 years ij. c, and to have been a native of Scio ; both the " Iliad " and " Odyssey " are by some critics ascribed to him, but others consider the last named as the production of several different writers. Home-rule, hdra'rol. The political pro- gramme of the National party in Ireland subsequent to the collapse of Fenianism. Its leading feature is the establishment of a native parliament to conduct internal legislation, leaving the general political government of the empire to an imperial parliament. Homicide. ho'mi-sTd. A person who kills another ; a manslayer. The act of one person killing another, sometimes .iustifiable in law. Homiletics, -mi-let'iks. The art of ] -reaching. Homily, 'mi-li. A discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an audience. Book of Homihe.s, in the C. of Englaml, one of two series of plain doctrinaf discourses, ascribed to Cranmer, 15i7, and Jewell, 15G3. Hominy, -ni. Maize hulled and coarsely ground or broken. Homo, ho'mo. A prefix derived from the Greek, signil^'ing sameness ; opposed to hetero, denoting difference. Homoeopathy, -me-op'a-thi. The mode of treating diseases by the administration of medicines capable of exciting in healthy- persons symptoms similar to those of tho disease treated. Homogrenesis, -mo-jen'e-sis. The doc- trine that tho offspring of an animal or plant run through the same cycle of ex- istence as the parent, as opposed to heter- ogenesis or xenogenesis, which maintoins . that tho offspring of certain organisms rua through a totally different series of states from those of tho parent. Homoiousian, -moi-ou'si-an. One of a sect ot Arians, followers of Eusebius, who m.iintained that the nature of Christ is not the same with, but only similar to, that of the Father, as distinguished from the Homoousians, who maintained that he was of tho same nature. Homologroumena,- hora'o-lo-gou"m6- na. An epithet api)lied by Ensc^bius to the generally acknowledged books of tho New Testament, to distinguish them from the Antllegomena. Homoousian, hd-md-ou^si-an. A mem- ber of the orthodox party in the Church during tho great controversy upon tho nature of Christ in the 4th century, who maintained that the nature of tho Father and the Son is the same, in opi)osition to the llomoiousians, who held that their natures were only similar. Homoptera, -niop'ter-a. One of tho sections into which the ord. of hemipter- ous insects has been divided, the other section being the Heteroptora. To this section belong the Alphidaj, Coccidae, Cicadidas, Fulgoridaj, &c. Homuncionite, hdm-un'shon-it. Ec- cles, one of a sect of early heretics, follow- <'rs of Photinus, who denied the divinity of our Lord, and held that the image of God is impressed on the body, not on the mind of man. Homunculus, hd-mung'ku-lus. A lit- tle man ; a manikin ; a dwarf. Hon. An abbreviation of Honorable. Honduras. A republic of Central America, bounded N. and E. by the Car- ibbean Sea, S. by Nicaragua and San Salvador, and W. by Guatemala; area, 47,095 sq. m.; pop. abt. 500,000. It con- sists of 7 provinces with Comayagua as the cap. and chief emporium. Hone, hon. A stone of a fine grit, used for sharpening instruments that require a. fine edge, and particularly for setting- razors ; an oilstone. Honey, hun'i. A sweet, viscid juice, col- lected and elaborated from the flowers of HONEY AI^T 417 nOOGIILT Honey -comb. plants by Bcveral kinds of insects, for the food of themselves and their progeny, es- pecially by the honey-bee. Honey-ant, ant. A kind of ant inhab- iting xMexico. Some of these insects secrete a kind of honey in thou- abdomens which become so distended as to appear like small pellucid grapes. When food is scarce these ants are devom-ed by others, and they are also eaten by the inhabitants of the country. &oney-buzzard, -buz-ard. The Pernis apivoriis, so called from breaking into the nests of bees and wasps to obtain the larvaj. ffoney-comb, -kom. A waxy substance of a lirm, close . ,__, ,-_- texture, formed ^s^BJftaiLJdJ!. glomeration o"" '**^ cells for the recep tion of the honey, and for the eggs which produce their young. Any substance, as a casting of iron, «fec.. perforated with cells like those of a honey -comb. JHoney-oomb Moth. A gen. of moths of the same tribe with the clothes' -moths, which infest bee-hives. They appear to c"Joy perfect immunity from the stings of the bees. Honey-devr, -du. A sweet saccharine substance found in the leaves of plants in small drops like dew. There are two kinds ; one secreted from the plants,'and the other deposited by the insects known as ajihides. Different kinds of manna are the dried honey-dew or saccharine exuda- tions of certain' plants, A kind of tobacco which has been moistened Avith molasses. Honeygnide, -gTd. A name given to African cuckoos gen. Indicator, which, bjf thflir motion and cries, conduct per- sons to hives of wild honey. Honeymoon, -mon. The first month after marriage ; the interval spent by a newly-married pair in traveling, before settling down. Honey-sucker, -snk-er. The common name of birds film. Mcliphagid.O' snb-ord. Tennirostres, ord. Insessores, i>eculiar to Australiaand the neighboring islands. Hong*, hong. The Chinese name for the foreign factories or mercantile houses sit uate\it; b. 1798, d. 1845. Hood-cap, 'kap, A species of seal, th« Stemmatoous cristatus, so called from an appendage on the head which the male in- llates when angry or excited. Hood-xnould, 'mold. In Arch, the upper project- ing molding of the arch over a Gothic door or , window, &c. Hooded - snake, 'ed-snak. Thecobra- de-capello, which is the Portuguese for the snake with a hood. Hoof, hr»f. The liorny substance that covers the feet of horses, oxen, sheep, goats, deer, «fec. Hoogrhly, hoog'Ie. A river of India, formed by the two W. branches of the Ganges, 250 m. long ; Calcutta and Huogh* ly are located on its banks. Hood Molding. HOOKAH 41S HOEIZON Hookah, iK/kiih. A pipe with a largo bowl and a loii^ pliable tubo, so constructed that the smoke of the tobacco is made to pass through water for tho purpose of cooling it. Hooker, Joseph. An Amer" loan general ; r.. in Mass. 18Ht, ». 1ST9. lies. Gen. Burnside as Commander-in-Chief of the Federal army, Jan. 13C3, but * was removed after tho disas- trous defeat of Chancellors ville. May 2-3, of tho same year. Hook-motion, huk'mo-shon . stfsam-engine a valve-gear which is versed by V-l^^oks. Hook-SQUid, 'skwid. A name applied to the decapodoua cephalopod mollusks of the genera Onychoteuthis and Enoploteu- this, allied to the common squids or ca- lamaries, remarkable for the length of their tentacles. Hoondee, hon'do. An E. Indian bill of exchange drawn by or upon a native bank- er or shroff. Hoop, bop. A circular band of wood, metal or other material used to confine the staves of casks, «fec., or for simi- lar purposes. A circle or combination of cir- cles of elastic material, used to expand the-, skirts of ladies' dresses: a farthingale; crinoline. _^ '„. Hoop, 18th cen- Hooper, William. tury. An American states- man; B. in Mass. ~ 1T42, D. 1790. lie was a member of the Con t i n e n t a Congress, and a signer of the Dec- laration of Inde- l^endence. Hoopoe, hu'pG. A bird of the gen. IT pupa, whose head Is adorned with a beautiful crest, which it can erect Hoopoe, or depress at })]casure. Hoosier, 'zhi-er. A term applied to citi- zens of the State of Indiana. Hoot, hot. A cry or shout In contempt. Hop-fly, 'fli. A species of Aphis, so de- structive in hop- plantations as to cause material variations in tho price of hops. Hop-frogrfly, 'frog-tll. A species of froth-tly which does much damage in hop- plantations Hopkins, Stephen, 'kinz. An Amer- ican statesman, J5. in 11. I., ITOT, i). 1785. He was a member of tho C-ontinontrd Con- gress, and signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Hopkinsian, -kin'si-an. A follower of Dr. Samuel Hopkins, of Connecticut, who rejected the Calvinistic doctrine of imput- ed sin and imputed righteousness. Tho basis of the system is that all virtue and true holiness consist in disinterested be- nevolence, and that all sin is selfishness. Hopkinson, !Francis. An American statesman, b. in Penn., 1737, d. 1791. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from N. J., and a signer of the Declai-a- tion of Independence. Joseph H., his son, a distinguished jurist, and author of " Hail, Columbia," b. 1770, d. 1812. Hoplite, 'lit. In Greek Antiq. a heavy- rrmed soldier. Hoplotheke, -lo-the'ke. Eccles. a work containing the opinions of the fathers against heretics, supposed to have been compiled by order of Emmanuel Corn- menus. Hopple, 'pi. A fetter for the legs of horses or other animals when turned out to graze. Hoppo, 'po. In China, an overseer of commerce ; a collector. A tribunfil whose fauction it is to collect that portion of the public revenue arising from trade and navigation. Hor, Mt. A summit of the Seir range, Arabia, bow called Jebelorely-llarboon- A tomb marks the traditionary burial- place of Aaron, the first Jewish high- priest. Horace, hor'as. (Quintus Horatius Flac- cus). The eminent Latin poet ; B. at Ve- nusia, 65, d. S b. c. Horatii and Curatii. In Rom. Hist, tho names of three brothers of two fami- lies, chosen 670 b. c, by the Eomans and Albans, to decide by battle whether liomo or Alba should bo the subject city. The n. were victorious, and Alba submitted to Eome'a authority. Horizon, ho-ri'zon. The circle which bounds that part of the earth's surface visible to a spectator from a given point. An imaginary great circle, parallel to the sensible horizon, whose plane passes through the (;enter of the earth, whos« j»oles are the zenith and nadir, and which divides the globe into two equal hemi- HORIZOTq--GLASS 419 HORSE-POWER spheres : called the Rational or Celestial Horizon. Horizon-glass, -glas. In Astron. one of two small spcculnms on one of the ra- dii of a quadrant or sextant. One half the fore-glass is silvered, Avhile the other half is transparent, in order that an object may be seen directly through it ; the back-glass is silvered aboVe and below, but in the middle there is a transparent stripe through which the horizon can be seen. Horigontal, -ri-zon'tal. Par- allel to the hori- zon ; on a level. Hornb ill. horn'bil. A verj- singular gen. of ■birds (Buceros), akin to the tou- cans, remarkable for the large size of the bill, and Svn^^T; Rhinoceros Hornbill tuberance b y which it is surmounted. Hornbook, 'buk. In former times, the first book of children, or that in which they learned theu- letters ; so called from the horn covering placed over the single page of which it consisted, the whole be- ing fixed to a wooden frame with a handle. It generally contained the alphabet in Ro- man and small letters, several rows of monosyllables, and the Lord's Prayer. A book containing the first principles of any science or branch of knowledge ; a manual. Homed-h.orse, hornd'hors. The gnu. Horned-screamer, 'skrCm-er. The kamiclii, a grallatorial bird, gen. Palame- dea, liaving a long movable horn project- ing from its forehead. Its voice is loud and shrill, and its cry is uttered suddenly and with such vehemence as to have a very startling effect. Hornet, horn'et. An insect of the gen. Vespa or wasp, much larger and stronger than the wasp, and causing more severe pain by its sting. Hornie, 'i. A name given in Scotland to the devil, in allusion to the horns with Avhich he is gejierally represented. Homito. or-ne'to. In Geol. a low, oven- shaped mound, common in tlie volcanic districts of S. America, from whose sides and summits columns of hot smoke and other vapors are usually emitted. Hornpipe, 'pip. An instrument of mu- sic formerly popular in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe vntYi holes, and a piece of horn forming the bell-shaped end. A lively dance and the music for it. Horogrraphy, hor-og'ra-fi. The art of constructing instruments for showing the hours, as clocks, watches, dials ; dialling. Horologe, 'o-loj. A piece of mechanism for indicating the hours of the day ; a time- piece of any kind. Horolgium, -o-loj'i-um. The Horologe or Clock, a southern constellation consist- ing of 12 stars. H. Flone or Flora's clock in Bot. a table of the hours at which tht flowers of certain plants open and close in a given locality. Horoscope, 'os-kop. In Astrol. an ob- servation made of the aspect of the heavens at the moment of a person's birth, by which the astrologer claimed to foretell the future. A scheme or figure of the 12 houses or 12 siens of the zodiac, in which is marked the disposition of the heavens at a given time, and by which astrologers formerly told the fortunes of persons, ac- cording' to the position of the stars at the time of their birth. A kind of planisphere, invented by John of Padua. A table of the length of the days and nights at all places. Horoscopy, -os'ko-pi. The art or prac- tice of predicting future events by the dis- position of the stars and planets. The as- pect of the heavens at the time of a child's birth. Hors de combat, hor de kon-ba. Dis- abled from fighting ; rendered useless. Horse, hors. A quadruped, gen. Equus, constituting with the ass, zebra and quag- ga the fam. Equidje or Solidungula. Horsefly, 'AT. A large fly that stings horses and sucks their blood, the latter characteristic distinguishes it from the gadfly. Horsegnards, 'gardz. A body of cavahy for guards. The name given to the })ublio oflice, Whitehall, London, apin-opriated to the departments under the comman- der-in-chief The military authorities at the head of the British Avar department, in contradistinction of the civil chief, the secretary-of-war. Horse-jockey, '.jo-ki. A professional rider or trainer of race-horses ; a dealer in horses. Horse-Mackerel, 'mak-er-el. A spe- cies of fish, the scad. Horse-Power, 'pou-er. The power of a horse or its equivalent; the force with which a horse acts when drawing. From a variety of experiments it is found that a horse, at an average, can raise 160 lbs. HORSETAIL HOUND weight at the velocity of 2J- miles per hour. The power of a horse exerted in this way is made the standard for esti- mating the power of a steam-engine, each horse-power being estimated as equiva- lent to 83,000 lbs. raised one foot high per minute. Horsetail, 'tal. The tail of a horse. A Turkisii standard. Horticulture, hor'ti-kul-tur. The art of cultivating or managing gardens or raising fruits, flowers and culinary vegeta- bles Hosanna, ho-zan'na. An exclamation of I)raiso to God, or an invocation of bless- ings. hoz. Close-fitting trousers or breeches reaching to the knee. Covering foi the lower part of the legs, including the feet ; stockings. A flexible pipe for conveying fluid to any required point. Hosea. In Scrip, the name of one of the minor prophets, who flourished 734^783 B. c; author of a canonical book of the Old Testament, bearing his name. Hose-reel, 'rcl. A light carriage flir- nishod with a larga ravoMng druia for carrying hose for fire-engines, &c. Hosraer, Harriet. An eminent Amer- ican artist ; b. in Mass. 1831, but for many years a resident of Eome. Hospice, hos'pis. A place of refuge or entertainment for travelers on some diffi- cult road or pass, as among the Alps, kept by monks, who also occupy it as a convent. Hospital, 'pit-al. A building for the re- ception of any class of persons who are unable to supj^ly their own wants, and are more or less dependent upon public help to have those wants supplied. Hospitaller, -er. One re- siding in a hospital for the purpose of receiving the poor, the sick and the stran ger. On e of a religion s community, of which there were several, Avhoso office it was to reheve the poor, the stranger and the sick. One of an order of knights who builtft hospital at Jeru-i^ ealem a.d. 1042 for pilgrims.""' They were called Knights of St. John, and after then- -.rf^^-^AZ^ removal to Malta, Knights Hospitaller, of Malta. Hospodar, -pS-dilr'. A title of dignity Knight formerly borne by the vassal princes ol Moldavia and Wallachia, and in earlier times by the princes of Lithuania and the King of Poland. Host, host. One who receives and enter- tains another at his own house ; one from whom another receives food, lodging or entertainment; a landlord; the correlative of guest. In the K. C. Ch. the consecrated wafer, representing the body of Christ, or, as Roman Catholics believe, transubstan- tiated into his own body. * Hostillar hOs'til-er. Eccles. the monk who entertained the guests in a monas- tery. H. external, the monk who relieved those who came to the gates of the mon- astery. H. intrinsic, the monk who en- tertained the guests residing in the mon- astery. Hostilius, Tullius. Third King of Eome; s. Numaabt. 650; in his reign the war with Alba ended with the Horatii- Curatii combat (see Horatii). < Hotbed, hot'bed. A bed of earth heated by fermenting substances, covered with glass to defend it from the cold air, intend- ed for raising early plants, or for nourish- ing exotic plants of warm climates. Hothouse, 'hous. A house to shelter tender plants and shrubs from the cold air, and In which a relatively high tem- perature is artificially kept uj). Hot-press, 'pres. A means of calender- ing and smoothing paper or cloth by sub- .iecting it to heavy pressure between glazed boards; hot iron plates are distributed through the pile to heat it. Hottentot, 'n-tot. One of a certain de- graded tribe of S. Africa. An isolated branch of the Hamitic or N. Afi:ican family of tongues. Houdon, Jean Antoine. An eminent French artist ; s. 1741, d. 1828. Among his works is tho statue of "VVa s hington in the State House at Richmond, Va. Hound hound. A^ generic name! of the dog ; but more par ticularly restricted to particular breeds or varieties used in the chase. Deer-hound. HOUND-FISH 421 HUB Smooth Houndfibh. Hound- fish, 'rish. A popular name for certain fishcfs of the shark famity. Hour, our. The twenty-fourth part of a day ; sixty minutes. Certain prayers in the K. C Ch., to be repeated at certain times of the day, as matins and vespers. In Myth, goddesses of the seasons or hours of the day. Hour-grlass, 'glass. An in- strument for measuring time, consisting of a glass vessel hav- ing two compartments, from the uppermost of which a quan- tity of sand, Avater or mercury runs by a small aperture into the lower, Houri, hou'ri. Among the Mohammedans a nymph of paradise. In the Koran the houris are represented as most beautiful virgins, created of pure musk and endowed with unfading youth and immunity from all disease. Their company is to form the chief fehcity of the faithful. Hou»e-fly, hous'flr. A well-known dip- terous insect, the Musca domestioa of naturalists. Householder, 'hold-er. The master ©r chief of a faniily ; one who keeps house Avith his family ; the occupier of a hou«e. Housekeeper, 'kSp-er. One who occu- pies a house with his family; a man or woman who maintains a family in a house. A female servant who has the chief care of the family. Housel, houz'el. The cucharist; the sacrament ; the act of taking or receiving the sacrament. House-surgeon, 'ser-jon. The resident medical otlicer in a hospital. Housewife, 'wif. The mistress of a family ; the wife of a householder ; a fe- male manager of domestic aftJairs. A little case for pins, needles, thread, scissors and theMke. • Houston, Sanx. An American states- man and general; b. in Va., 1793, d. 1862. He was President of Texas after its seces- sion from Mexico, and Governor of the State after its admission to the Union ; alsoTJ. S. Senator. Houyhnhmn, hou'inm . One of a class of beings described by Swift in " Gulliver's Travels" as a raco of horses endowed ■with reason and extraordinary virtues, Howdah. and who bear rule over the Yahoos or men-like beings, a vicious, disgusting raee^. Hovel, ho'vel. An open shed for shelter- ing cattle, protecting produce from the Aveather, &c. A small mean house. Howadji, hou-aj'i. A name given to a merchant in the East, because merchants were formerly the chief travelers. Howdah, 'da. A seat erected on the back of an elephant for per- sons to ride in. It is of various forms. Howe, Ellas. An American in- ventor ; B. in^ Mass., 1819 ; n.' 1S67. He patent- ed the first sew- ing machine. Howel, 'el. A cooper's tool for smooth- ing his Avork, as the inside of a cask. Howitzer, 'its-er. „ . , Q A short piece ofc^jTrT'^l ^n ordnance usually ^^|)j || — H IkJ having a chamber tr for the powder narrower tha)i the* bore, especially de- signed for the hori- Brass IIoAvitzer. zontal firing of shells with small charges, combining in some degree the accuracy of the cannon with the caliber of the inortar, but much lighter than any gun of the same capacity. Howqua, 'kwa. A Chinese tea of very fine quality. Ho'wth. A popular seaside resort at the N. entrance to Dublin Bav, Ireland, 8 m. N. K. of the city of Dub'Un. Huamangra. Cap. of prov. Ayacucho, Peru, 140 m. K W. of Cuzco, rioted for its proximity to the battle-ground, 1824, where the Spaniards were disastrously defeated by Sucre, and their power la S. America destroyed. Hub. hub. The central part, usually cy- lyndrical, of a wheel in whioh the spokes Hubs of Wheels. are set radially ; the nave. In die-sink- ing, a cylindrical pieco of steel on which HUCKABACK 492 HUNGARY the design of a coin is engraved in relief. A fluted screw of hardened steel used In •utting screw-tools, chasing-tools, &c. Huckaback, huk'a-bak. A kind of lin- en cloth with raised figures on it some- thing Hke damask, used for table-cloths and towels. Huckle, '1. The hip ; a bunch or part projecting like the hip. Hudson, Hendrik. An English nan gator ; b. 1580 ; discovered the river in IsT. Y. State which bears his name, while in the eervice of the Dutch E. India Co., 1609 ; in 1611 discovered Hudson's Bay. He is supposed to have perished at sea, having been deserted by his crew. H. Bay, an immense inland sea of British N. America ; area 510,000 sq. m. Hug, hug. A close embrace ; a clasp or gripe. Hughes, Thomas. A popular English statesman and author, writing under the sobriquet of •' Tom Brown "; u. 1S28. Hug-o, Victor Marie, Vicomte, oo- go'. A French poet and novelist, with radical political sentiments ; b. 180J. Huguenot, hii'gi'-not. A French Protes- tant of the period of the religious wars in France in the 16th century. Hull, Isaac. An American naval com- mander, b. in Conn. 1775, d. 1843. He cominanded the frigate Constitution in the fight (1812) in which the British frigate Guerriere was captured. This was the first naval engagement of the war. Humanitarian, -manM-ta"ri-an. One who has a great regard or love for human- ity ; a philanthropist. One who denies the divinity of Christ, and believes him to have been a mere man. A disciple of St. Simon, from his maintaining th<- perfect- ibility of human nature without the aid of grace. Humbl&-bee, Imm'bl-be. The common name of a gen. of large, hairy bees (Bom- bus). Humble-pie, -pi. A pie made of the heart, liver, kidneys and entrails of the deer. Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von. A distin- guislied German traveler, scientist and author; b. 1701); d. 1859. K.-rl Wilhelm, Baron von H.. brother of the preceding, was an eminent statesman and philologist, styled " the creator of comparative philol- ogy ;" B. 1767, p. 1835. Hume, Daniel. An eminent British historian ; b. in Edinburgh 1711, ». 1770. Tufted-necked Humming-bird. Humming-bird , 'ing-berd. A name given to the individ- uals of a family (Tro- childiai) of minute and beautiful birds, so called from the sou nd of their \vings in flight. Some 400 species are known. Humming-bird Hawk-moth. A lepidopterous i n - sect, the Macro- glossa Stella tarum, fam. Sphingidie. It is one of the most beautiful of the diurnal species, and re- markable for the loudness of the sound which its wings produce. Hun, hun . A member of an ancient A si- atic race, probably of Mongolian or Tartar stock, first appearing prominently in his- tory about 375 a. d. In that year they crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Goths and drove them over the Danube into the Eoman province of Pannonia (Hungary). In the reign of Attila (434) they overran and ravaged the greater part of Europe, and compelled the Eomans to pay tribute. With the death of Attila their power was broken. Hunchback, hunsh'bak. A hump-back ; a hump-backed person. Hundred, hun'dred. The product of 10 multiplied by 10; five score. A division or part of a county in England, supposed to have origin aliy contained a hundred families or freemen. Hundred-fold, -fold. A hundred times as much. Hundredth, 'dredth. The one after the ninety-ninth. One of a hundred parts into which anything is divided. Hundredweight, 'dred-wat. In avoir- dupois weight, a denomination usually denoted by cwt., containing 112 lbs. Hungary-water, hung'ga-ri-wa-ter. A toilet distilled water consisting of dilute alcohol aromatized ; so called because first made for the use of a queen of Hungary. Hungary. A country of Central Europe, formerly an independent kingdom, but since 1570 attached to the Austrian I-^m- pire, of which it forms the easterly and largest part ; area 82,867 sq. m.; pop. 15,- 789,445. The chief cities are Buda-Pesth, the cap., Presburg, Arad, Komorn, Temes- var, Gran, Debreczin, Szegedin and Maria Theresienstadt. Its rivers are the Dan- HUNS HYAL^EID^ ube, tho Save and otber tributai-ies, and the Carpathian mounUiin range extends from E. to W. along its northern frontier. Huns, The, hunz. A Scythian race which occupied Tartary several centuries prior to the Christian era, and against the incur- sions from which the great wall of China was built. They finally divided into tv.o nations, called North and South H. The former crossed into Europe and ravaged a large section of the Koman Empire, under the leadership of Attila, capturing and sacking Eome in the 5th centurv. Forced by the Goths to retire across the Tanais, they again penetrated E. Europe, settling in the section since known as Hungary. Hunker, hnngk'er. In U. S. politics, a member of the section of the Democratic party opposed to progress ; hence, any per- son opposed to innovations in general ; a conservative. Hujit, James Henry lieig-h., hunt. A distinguislied English poet, editor and author; b. ITSl, d. 1859. Hunt-counter, -koun'ter. A dog that runs back on the scent, and hence is worth- less. Hunter, 'er. One who engages in* the chase of Avild animals. A hunting-dog. A horse used in the chase. A watch whose glass is protected by a metal cover ; a hunt- ing-watch. Hunter, John. An eminent British anatomist ; b. near Glasgow, 1728, d. 1793. Hunting-cog:, 'ing-kog. In Mach. an odd cog in one of two geared wheels, serving to change the orderof contact of the teeth, so that the same teeth shall not continu- ally meet. Huntingdonian, -ting-dd'ni-an. Ec- cles., a member of the Countess of Huntingdon's connection, founded by George Whitefield after his separation from tlie Wesley sin 1748. Huntingrton, Samuel. An American statesman and jurist, b. in Conn. 1782, i>. 1796. He was a member of th§Continen- tal Congress, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Chief Justice and Gov- ernor ofhis native State. Hurdy-grurdy, her'di-ger'di. A mu- sical instrument whose tones are produced by the friction of a wheel against four strings, two of which are pressed by the lingers or by keys. Tho other two strings are tuned a'fifth apart to produce a drone bass, and are not stopped. Huron, Lake. The smallest of the five great lakes of N. America, bet. lakes Erie and Michigan, abt. 800 m. in circumfer- ence ; it contains 3.000 islands, one o{ which, the Great Manitoulin or Sacred Island, runs parallel to nearly the whole of the northern coast. Hurricane, hur'i-kan. A violent tern- pestor wind storm. H. deck, a light ele- vated deck of a steamboat. Husband, huz'band. A man joined to a woman by marriage : the correlative of wife. Huss, Johann, hoos. A distinguished religious reformer, b. in Bohemia 1373, burned at the stake by order of the Council of Constance 1415. His followers, called Hussites, inaugurated a war for religious freedom, 1418, and continued with such success that the Emperor Sigismund granted them acceptable terms and peace was restored. Hutchinsonian, huch-in-so'ni-an. A follower of the opinions of John Hutch- inson, of Yorkshire, England, a philoso- pher and naturalist of the 18th century, who rejected Newton's doctrine of gravi- tation and iTiaintained that the Old Testa- ment Scriptures embraced a complete system of natural philosophy as well as of religion. Hutchinson, Thomas. An American statesman, k. in Mass. 1711, x>. in London 1780. He was Chief Justice of his native State 1760, and Governor in 1709 ; his un- wise course in the latter position did much to precipitate tho Eevolution. Huxley, Thomas Henry. A distin- guished English scientist and author, B. 1825. ITo is a leader of the Darwnian school of naturalists. i Huzvaresh, huz-va'r*sh. Same as Peh- levi ; tho dialect Int© Avhich the Zend- Avesta of Zoroaster was translated during the Sassanian dynasty in Persia. Huzza, -za'. A form of hurrah. H3rads, hl'adz. A clustar of seven stars in the Bull's Head, sujtposed by the an- cients to indicate the approach of rainy weather when they rose Avith the sun. This notion Avas derived from the fable of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione, Avho, overwhelmed Avith grief at the fate of their brother Hj'as, Avho Avas torli in pieces by abull, Avept so Aiolently that the gods in compassion took them into heaven and placed them in the Bull's forehead, Avhere thoy still continued to Aveep. Hyaenodon, -e'no-don. A gen. of fossil carnivorous quadrupeds found in eocene and mioccno strata of the tertiaries. Hyalasidae, -al-o'i-de. A fam. of ptero- pods, of the gen. Hyatea is the type. HYALESCENCE 424 HYDEOPATHY Myalesccnce, -es'sena. The act or pro- cess of becoming transparent as glass. Hyalog-raphy, -©g'ra-fi. The aot of writing or engraving on glass. Jlyalonemidse, 'al-o-nG"mi-d(j. A fumily of glass sponges, comprising the glass-rope of Japan, Hiyalotype, -al'o-tip. A positive photo- graphic picture taken on glass. ilybrid, 'brid. A mongrel or mule ; an animal or plant, the produce of a female animal or plant which has been impreg- nated by a male of a different variety, species or gmius. ilyde Park. A park of 400 acres in the city of London, England. JSydra, hi'dra. In Greek Myth, a ser- pent or monster in the lake of Lernsea, in ArgoUs, represented as having many heads, one of which, being cut off, was immediately succeeded by another, unless the Avound was cauterized. The destruc- tion of this monster was one of the twelve labors of Hercules. A southern constella- tion running along the south of Cancer, Leo, and Virgo. A genus of fresh-water polypes of a very low type of structure. They may be divided into almost any number of fragments, and each portion becomes developed into a fresh indepen- dent polypite. Reproduction is effected by gemmation as well as by the production of ova and sperm- • cells. Hydrant, 'drant. A pipe with suitable valves and a spout by which Avater is i-aised and discharged from a main pipe ; also, a street fountain. Hydraulics, -dral'- iks. That branch of science which deals with the application of the motion of liquids to machinery and of machinery to the motion of liquids. Hydriad, 'dri-ad. In Myth, a water nymph. Hydrobarometer, 'drd-ba- rom'-'et-er. An instrumeitl for determining the depth of the sea. Hydrobranchiata, -brang-ki-a " t a . The first section of the ord. Gasteropoda, containing mollusca which breathe in water only. Hydrocantbaridse, -kan-thar^i-d^. Water-beetles, a group of aquatic coleop- terous insects, with numerous genera. HydrocllOBrus, -dro-kc'rus. A gen. of Hydrant. rodent mammals, fam. Oavlda), the best- known member of which is the cai)ybara or water-hog. Hydrocoriase, -kor'i-sS. Th« water- bugs, a tribe of heteroptcrous insects containing two families, the Notonectidss or water-boatmen, and the Nepida; or water-scorpions. Hydrogen, -jon. An elementary sub- stance, the vapor of a metal, and capable of solidification. The name was given to it by the French chemists in consequence of its being one of the elements of water. It also forms a component of all vegetable and animal products, and is usually pro- cured by the action of dilute sulphuric acid upon zinc or iron, or by passing the vapor of water over red-hot iron. It unites with all other elementary gaseous bodies, and forms with them compounds of importance and utility ; thus with oxy- gen it forms water ; with nitrogen, am- monia ; with chlorine, hydrochloric acid ; Ac. It forms compounds also with car- bon, iodine, phosphorus, cyanogen, sul- phur, &c. Hydrog-nosy, -drog'no-si. A history and description of the waters of the earth. Hydrography, 'ra-fl. That branch of Ssieiicj which has for its object the mea- surement and description of the sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, embracing marine surveying, the determination of the winds, currents, &c., and the art of forming charts, which exhibit the contour of the bottom of the sea and harbors. Hydromel, 'dro-mel. A liquor consist- ing of honey diluted in water ; when al- lowed to ferment It is called mead or vinous hydromel. Hydroraeteor, -dro-mo'te-cr. A mete- or dependent upon the vapor of water ; iu the plural, a general term foi all the aque- ous phenomena of the atmosphere, as rain, hail; snow, &c. Hydrometer, -drom ' et - er. An instrument to measure the specific g#ivity or density of^ water and other fluids, the^ strength of sinrituous liquors and of various solutions. An inr^trument to measure the ve- locity of running water. Hydromys, hl'dro-mis. A gen. of rodent quadrupeds, fam. Muridtu ; the beavor-rats. Hydropathy, -dro'pa-thi. A mode of treating diseases by the use of pure Avater both in- llydrom- ternally and externally ; the ctor. Avater cure. HYDHOPHIS 425 HYMN^ Hydrophis, -fis. Water-snakes ; a g^eii. of venomous reptiles, I'am. Hydridae. Hydrophobia, -dro-lo'bi-a. A disease produced by the bite of a mad animal, es- pecially of a mad or rabid dog, one of the characteristics of -svhich is an aversion to or inability to swalloAv liquids. Hydrophore, 'dro-for. An instrument for obtaining specimens of water at any particular depth. Hydropli3rte, -fit. A plant which lives and grows in Avatcr. Hydropult, -pult. A machine for throw- ing water by hand-power, used as a gar- den-engine or fire-annihilator. Hydrostat, -stat. A term applied to any apparatus for preventing the explosion of steam-boilers. Hydrostatics, -dro-stat'iks. The sci- ence which treats of the weight, motion and equilibrium of fluids, particularly of water. Hydrus, -drus. A gen. of water-snakes, now generally called Hydrophis, the type of the fam. Ilydridfe. A constellation of the Southern Hemisphere. Hyemation, -em-a'shon. The passing of a winter in a particular plac*. Hyena, -ent vnth the other. One of the asteroid# be- tween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, discovered in 1S49. It revolves round the su-^i in 2160 solar days, and is three and one- fourth times the distance^ of the earth from the sun. Hyla, 'la. A gen. ofbatrachian reptiles; the tree-frogs. Hyleosaurus, 'le-o-sa"ru8. A gigantic fDssil lizard, discovered in the Wealden formation of Tilgate Forest. Its probable length was about 25 feet. It is one of the Ornithoscelida, the gi-oup which presents a structure intermediate between that ef ex- isting birds and reptiles. Hylism, 'lizm. In Metaph. the theory which regards matter as the original prin- ciple of evil, in opposition to the good spirit. Hylopathism, -lop'ath-ism. The doc- trine tliat matter is sentient. Hylophag-OUS, -lof-a-gus. A term ap- phed to an animal that feeds upon the young shoots of trees, roots, &c. Hylotheism, -lu-the'izm. The doctrine or belief that there is no God except mat- ter and the universe. Hymen, 'men. In Class. Myth, a fabu- lous deity, the son of Bacchus and A^enus, supposed to preside over marriages. Hymenoptera, 'men-op'te-ra. An ord. of insects, the tail of the female being mostly armed with an o\ipositor by means of which she perforates the bodies in which she deposits her eggs, or with a sharp sting. The order in- cludes the bees, wasps, ants, ich- neumon- flies, &c. Hymn,him. A song or ode in henor of God, or in Hymenoptera. honorof '' '■ some deity ; a sacred lyric. HYMENEAL U26 Hymeneal, -men-G'al. A. marriage song. Kelating to marriage. Hyraenologry, -ol'o-ji. A treatise on the membranes of the animal sj-stem. Hyopotamus, -pot'a-mus. The river- hog; anon-ruminant, even-toed mammal found fossil in the tertiary strata of En- gland and France. Hypatia, hl-pu'shah. Daughter of The- on, of Alexandria, of high education and a teacher of mathematics ; n. in Alexan- dria, toward the end of the 4th century. 8he became the most celebrated professor of the Neo-Platonic school of philosophy, and was killed by fanatical Christians, 415. Her writings were burned in the destruc- tion of the Alexandrian Library. Hypaethral, -pe'tliral. In Arch, a build- ing not roofed, as the Temple of Neptune at Paestum. Hyperborean, -per-b6're-an. An in- habitant of the most northern region of the earth. In the early Greek legend the Hyperboreans were a people who lived beyond the north wind, were not exposed to its blasts, but enjoyed a land of per- petual sunshine and abundant fruits. They were free from disease, violence and war, and their natuTal life lasted 1000 years, which was spent in the worship of Apollo. Hyperdulia, -du'll-a. The peculiar worship offered by Koman Catholics to the Yirgin Mary, so called because higher than that given to other saints (which is known as duha), though of course Inferior to la- tria, the worship due to God alone. Hyperion, -pe'ri-on. In the oldest mythology of Greece, the god of the sun, distinguished for his beauty : afterward identified with Apollo. Hypnologry, hip-nol'o-ji. The study of the phenomena accompanying sleep; a treatise or discourse on sleep. H3rpocarpog'ean, hi'pr)-kar-po"je-an. A plant which produces its fruit below ground. Hypodermic, -po-der'mik, A medi- cine introduced under the skin, as mor- phia or other narcotic agent. , « Hypog-sean, -jc'an. A term applied t& l)arts of plants which grow beneath the surface of the earth. Hypostasis, -pos'ta-sis. That which forms the basis or foundation of some- thing. Used by early Greek Christian writers to denote distinct substance of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit in the God- head, called by them three hj-postases, and by the Latins persona;, whenco the modern term persons applied to the Goil- head. « Hypotenuse, -pot'e- -nus. In Geom. the subtense or longest side of a right-angled trian- gle, or a line that sub- tends the right angle. HypsiprynaxLUS, hip si-prim'nus. A gen. ol' marsupial animals a b. Hypotenuse, known as kangaroo rats. Hjrpsistarian, -sis-ta'ri-an. One of certain heretics of th© 4th century, some of whose notions were Pagan, some Jew- ish and some Christian: so called from wor- shiping the most high in one person only. Hypsometer, -som'et-er. A thermo- metrical barometer for measux-ing alti- tudes. Hypsometry, -ri. The art of measur- ing the relative or absolute heights of places upon the surface of the earth, either by the barometer or by trigonomet- rical observations. Hyrax, 'raks. A gen, of pachyderma- tous mammalia, intermediate in their char- acter between the rhinoceros and the tapir. Hyson, 'son. A species of green tea from China. H. skin, the refuse of hyson tea. Hysteranthous, his-ter-an'thus. Plants in which the leaves appear after the flowers, as in the willows, poplars, &c. Hystricidae, -tris'i-dc. The porcupine tribe, a fam. of rodents. IIS the 9th letter and 3d vowel of the English alphabet, in Avhich it repre- sents not only several vowel sounds but also the consonantal sound of y. The two panncipal sounds arc the short sound as in pit, pin, fin, and the long as in pine, fine, wine. It has also three other sounds, that in first, dirk, that in machine, intrigue ; and the consonant sound heard in many words Avhen it precedes a rowel, as in million, opinion, trunnion. I and J wer« formerly regarded as one character. I. The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person ; the word which expresses lANTHINA 42T ICHKEUMONID^ j one's self. In Metliapli. the conscioua thinking subject ; the ego. lanthina, I-an'thin-a. A gen. of oceanic gasteropotlous mollusca ; the violet-snails. "When alarmed it pours out a violet secre- tion, which serves for its concealment, in the manner of the ink of the cuttle-fish. lapetus, -ap'e-tus. In Myth, the son of \ Titan and Terra, and founder of the human race. In Astron. a satellite of Saturn. latroleptic, -a'trd-lep"tik. Curing by ointments and frictions. The iatroleptic method consists in the application of medicines to the skin aided by friction. It is also termed the Epidermic Method. Iberian, -be'- ri-an. One of the primitive in- h a b i t a nts of Spain. The Basques are sup- posed to be rep-; i-eseutatives of the ancient Spanish Iberi- ans. Ibex, 'beka. A sub-gen. of the hollow - h o rn - ed ruminants (cavicorcia), in- Ibex, habiting the highest points of the Alps and Apennines. Ibidem, ib-i'dem. In the same place ; contracted ib., Ibid. Ibis, i'bis. A gen. of grallatorial birds allied to the storks, one of whose most remark- able species is tho Ibis religiosa of Cuvier. It was reared in the temples of ancient Egypt •\vlth a degree of respect border- ing on adoration. The sacred ibis is named Threskiornis by some zoologists. , Ice, Is. A solid, trans- . parent, brittle substance, formed by the congela- tion of a fluid by means of the abstrac- tion of the heat necessary to preserve its fluidity. Water begins to freeze at 32° Fahrenheit. Ice-belt, 'belt. A fringe of ice along the shores in Arctic regions. Iceberg:, 'berg. A vast and lofty body of ice floating on the ocea.n, sometimes 2 miles long and half as broad. Sacred Ibis. Iceblink, 'bhngk. A bright yellowish- white tint near the horizon, reflected from the snow in the arctic or antai'ctic regions, observed before the ice itself is seen. Iceboat, 'bot. A strong boat, common- ly propelled by steam, used to break a passage through ice. A boat for sailing on the surface of ice. Ice-cap, 'kap. A bladder containing pounded ice, applied to the head in cases of inflammation of the brain. The great sheet of land ice formed round the pole during glacial times. Ice-cream, 'krom. A species of confec- spe aim tionery made by congealing cream A'ari- ously flavored in a vessel surrounded by a freezing mixture. Ice-fern, 'fern. A beautiful fern-like incrustation of ice or hoar-frost produced on the glass of windows by the freezing of the insensible moisture. Ice-field, 'fold. A sheet of ice so exten- sive that its limits cannot be seen from the mast-head. A lai-ge sheet of ice. Ice-floe, 'flo. A sheet of ice, smaller than an ice-field. Iceland, Is'land. An island of the N". Atlantic belonging to Denmark ; area, abt. 40,000 sq. m. It is of volcanic formation, and the gi-eater portion is in a chronic state of terresti-ial agitation. Mt. Ilecla is the principal volcanic peak, and the geysers and basaltic caves are among the most in- teresting of tho natural phenomena of the world. The natives are pure Scandinavian, speak the Old Norse tongue, are Prot- estants and well educated ; pop. abt. 10,- 000. lieikiavik is the cap. and the chief port. Iceland-moss, -mos. Cetraria islandica, a species of lichen found in the arctic re- gions, and on lofty mountains. It is used in medicine, and is a nutiitious article of diet. Ice and-spar, -spar, A transparent rhomboidal variety of calcareous spar, or carbonate of lime. It possesses the i)rop- erty of double refraction, and is valuable for experiments on the double refraction and polarization of light. Ice-plO"W, 'plow. A sort of plow for cutting grooves on ice, with a A'iew to its removal, or to open a i)assage for boats. Ichneumonidse, 'i-dc*. A fam. of hymenopterous insects, the genera and epecies of which are very numerous, over ■ 3,000 species existing, it. is said, in Europ* alone •, the iclmeumon-flies. TCE-8AW 42S IDAHO Xce-saw's -sa. A largo saw, used for cutting tbi-ougli the ' ice, to relieve ships ■H-hen frozen up, or for cutting blocks for storage. Ich. dien, cch' den. Lit. "I serve": the; motto of the Prince of Wales, originally adopted by Edward the Black Prince, in token of his subjec- tion to his father, Edward III. Ic h.neu- mon, i k - nfi'tuon. A' dlgitigrade carnivoro u s, animal, gen H e r p estes. fam, Viver- ridje, bear- Egyptian Ichneumon. ing a close resemblance to the weasel tribe both in form and habits. Ichnite, 'nit. In Geol. the term ap- plied to fossil footprints; often used in composition ; as ornithichnite, bird foot- print; tetrapodichnite, the footprint of a four-footed animal, as a batrachian rep- tile. IclinologTr, -nol'o-ji. That branch of geology which treats of the fossil foot- marks of animals. Ichor, i'kor. In Myth, an ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the veins of the gods of the Greeks and Ko- mans. A thin watery acrid discharge from an ulcer, wound, &c. Ichthyolite, ik'thi-o-llt. A fossil fish or the impression of a fish in rock. Ichtlayolog-y, -thi-ol'o-ji. The branch of zoology which treats of fishes, their structure, form and classification, habits, uses, Ac. The orders are Pharyngo- branchii, Marsipobranchii, Elasmo- branchii, Ganoidei, Teleostei, Dipnoi. Ichthyophagist, -ofa-jist. One who subsists on fish. Ichthyopsida, -op'si-da. The primary division of the Vertebrata, comprising the fishes and .imphibia. Ichthyo- saurus, -o- 8a"rus, A fish-like liz- Ichthvosaiirus. ard ; an inj- wionfefe fossfl marine saurian or reptile having an organization combining the characters of saurian reptiles and of fishes with some of the peculiarities of the whales. Ichthys, 'this. A word found on many seals, rings, urns, tomb-stones, ..fee., be- longing to early Christianity, and sup- posed to have a mystical meaning, from each character forming an initial letter of the words " Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the Saviour." . ' Iconoclast, i-kon'o-klast. A breaker or destroyer of images; c.xposer of shams, superstitions or impositions. Iconography, -og'ra-fi. That branch of knowledge that treats of ancient art so far as it consists in the representation of ob- jects by means of images or statues, busts, paintings in fresco, mosaic works, engrav- ings on gems or metals, and the like. loonolater, -ol'a-ter. One who wor- ships images : a name sometimes given to the Eoman Catholics. Icosahedral, 'kos-a-he"dral. Having twenty equal sides. Icosahedron, -"dron. A goliasse3 up into the neck of the bottle. A different kind of li- quor Is put into each vial, and any one of the liquids can be poured out at pleasure by uncovering the corresponding hole, which admits the air and permits the liquor to escape. Infallibility, -fal'i-bil'M-ti. Thequalitv of being incapable of error or mistake. A dogma of the R. C. Ch. that the church as a whole is not suffered by the Holy Ghost to fall into error. Infallibility of the Pope, Inexhaustible Bottle. INFANTA 484 INGEESS the dogma, first established as an article of faith by the Ecumenical Council Avhioh met at Eome in 1870, that the Pope when speaking ex cathedra upon matters of faith or morals, though not in council, is infallible. Infanta, -fan'tii. In Spain and Portu- gal, any princess of the royal blood, ex- cept the eldest daughter when heiress ap- j^arent. Infante, -fan'tfi. In Spain and Portu- gal, any son of the king, except the eldest or heir apparent. Infanticide, -fant'i-sTd. The murder of an Infant; specifically, the destruction of a child, either newly-born or in the course of parturition, Infantiry, 'fant-ri. Soldiers that serve on foot, as distinguished from cavalry. Infernal, -fer'nal. Pertaining to the lower regions, or regions of the dead, the Tartarus of the ancients. Pertaining to or resembling hell; inhabiting hell. I machine, an apparatus, contrived for the purposes of assassination or other mis- chief. Inferno, -fer'no. Hell, from Dante's great poem. Infidel, 'fi-del, A disbeliever ; a skeptic. One who does not believe in God or has no rehgious faith ; an atheist ; a free- thinker. A person who refuses to believe the inspiration of the Scriptures and the divine origin of Christianity. A term ap- plied by the professors of any religious system to a person who refuses to believe that the system is of divine origin, as by Mohammedans to a Christian. Infinite, -nit. That which is infinite; an infinite space or extent ; specifically, the infinite being ; the Almighty. Infinite, -ne'to. In Music, perpetual, as a canon whose end loads back to the beginning. Inflorescence, -flO-res'sens. A flower- ing ; the unfolding of blossoms. In Bot. a mode of flowering or the manner in Avhich flowers are supported on their foot- stalks or peduncles. Infracostal, -fra-kost'al. In Anat. sit- uated beneath the ribs. Infralapsarian, -laps-a"ri-an. One of that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of election as contemplating the apostasy as i)ast, and the elect as being in a fallen and guilty state ; opposed to Su- pralapsarian. Infra-maxillary, -maks'il-la-ri. In Anat. belonging' to the lower jaw. Infulu. Infra-median, -me'di-an. A term ap- phed to the zone along the sea-bottom ly- ing at the depth of between 50 and 100 fathoms, when it was believed that marine life did not extend below 200 fathoms. Marine life is now believed to extend to all depths. Infra-mundane, -mun'dan. Lying or being beneath the world. Infructuose, -fruk'tu-6s. Not ])roduc- tng fruit. Infula, 'f u-la. A name given among the ancient Romans to a woolen head-dress, worn by priests and vestal virgins as a sign of their calling, by the emperors and higher mag'- istrates on solemn occasions, and by those seeking protec- tion or sanctuary. It was also placed upon' the victim in sacrifice. The term has also been apphed to the head-covering of a Christian priest, and latterly to a pendent ornament at the back of a miter. Infumation, fu-ma'shon. The act of drving in smoke. Infusionism, 'zhon-izm. The doctrine that souls are pre-existent, and that a soul is divinely infused into each human fcetus as s«on as it is formed by genera- tion ; opposed to Traducianism and Crea- tionism. Infusoria, -so'ri-a. A class of minute, mostly microscopic animals, so named from being frequently developed in organic infusions, provisionally regarded as the highest class of the Protozoa. IngersoU, Jared. A distinguished Amei-ican statesman and jurist ; u. in Conn. 1T49, d. 1822. He was twice At- torney-General of the U. S., assisted in framing the Constitution, and was the Federalist candidate for Vice-President, 1812. Ingrluvies, glii'vi-ez. In Zool the crop, craw or gorge of birds. The stomach or paunch of ruminant animals. Ingot, 'got. A wedge of gold or silver cast in a mold ; a mass of unwrought metal. Ingrain, -gran. A yarn or fabric dyed with fast colors before manufacture. Ingres, Jean Dominique Au- gruste, an-gr. An eminent French painter ; n. 1781, b. 1867. Ing'ress, 'gres. In Astron. the entrance of the moon into the shadow of the earth in eclipses, the sun's entrance into a Eiga, &G. INHALER 485 INSECTIVORA. Inlialer, -hfil'er. In Med, an apparatus for inhaling' vapors and volatile substances, as steam of Iiot water, vapor of chloro- form, iodine, &c. An apparatus to ena- ble a person to breathe without injury in a deleterious atmosphere ; a respirator. Inia, 'i-a. A gen. of Ce t a c e a -^ belonginor ^-A _ „™__«_^ to thedol- '-"'^tfe^PJ^^^viC?" phinfam., "'■"■ containing Inia Boliviensis. only on e knoAvn species, I, boliviensis. Injector, jekt'er. An apparatus for sup- plying the boilers of steam-engines with water. It Avorks equally well whether the engine is running or at rest. Ink, ingk'. A colored liquid, used in Avriting and the like. Common writing ink is generally made of an infusion of galls, copperas and gum-arabic. Ink-bag, 'bag. A bladder-shaped sac, found in some dibranchiate cephalopods, containing a viscid fluid resembling ink, by ejecting which they render the sur- rounding water opaque and thus conceal themselves. It is used to some extent for drawing under the name of sepia. Inkermann, iug'kur-man. A village of the Crimea. European Russia, noted for the battle, Nov. 6, 185i, in which the allied English and French defeated the Russians; the latter lost abt. 9,000 men, the former, abt. 4,500. Inman, Henry. An eminent American artist, n. in N. Y. 1801, d. 1846, while at work on a large order from Congress for the historical embellishment of the Cap- itol. Ink-stone, 'ston. A small round stone of difterent colors,containing native vitriol or sulphate of iron, used in making ink. Inlet, in'lct. A bay or recess in the shore of a sea, lake or river ; a large strip of water running into the land. Inn. A house for the lodging and enter- tainment of travelers. In England, a col- lege of municipal or Common law profes- sors and students. Inning:, 'ing. In base-ball or cricket, the time or turn for using the bat. Innocent, 'nd-sent. On o free from guilt or harm. A natural ; an idiot. Massacre of the Innocents, the murder of the chil- dren of Bethlehem, by Herod, as recorded in Mat. ii. 16. Innocent. A title borne by 13 Roman pontiffs, the most distinguished of whom was I. III. (Lothario Conti), b. in Rome, 1161, s. Celestine III., 1198; d. 1216. During his pontificate the 4th Crusade took place; also the persecution of the Albigenses, the excommunication and de- position ot the German Emperor Otho, and the interdicts upon the commerce of England and France. Innocents'-day, -sents-da. A church festival celebrated on the2Sth of Decem- ber, in commemoration of the infants murdered by Herod. Innocua, -nok'a-a. One of the three sections into which the colubrine snakes are divided, according as they are venom- ous or otherwise, the other two sections being the Suspecta and Venenosa. In this section, which includes the boas and pythons, there are no fangs. Innspruck, inss'prook. Cap. of the Tyrol, in Austria, at the junction of the irin and Sill : pop. 16,370. Inosite, 'os-it. A saccharine substance, isomeric with glucose, found in the mus- cular substance of the heart, in the lungs, kidneys, brain, &c. In posse, pos'se. In possibility of being. Inquisition, -kwi-zi'shon. In the R. C, Ch. a tribunal for the examination and punishment of heretics, established in the 12th century by Father Dominic, who was charged by Pope Innocent III. with orders to excite Catholic princes and peo- ple to extirpate heretics. Its operations were confined to S[)ain and Portugal and their colonies, and to part of Italy, and its functions were exercised with the greatest cruelty. It still nominally e.xists, but Its actionals confined to the examination of books and the trial of ecclesiastical of- fenses. Insect, 'sekt. In Zool, one of a class of invertebrate animals, division Arthropoda or Articulata, distinguished by the fact that the tlu-ee divisions of the body— the head, thorax and abdomen — are always distinct from one another. Insects are all pi'oduced from eggs. They have been di- vided into three sections — Ametabola, Hemimetabola, and Holometabola, accord- ing as they remain always the same or undergo an incomplete or complete met- amorphosis. The first do not pass through metamorphosis; the second undergo an incomplete change, while in the last the metamorphosis is complete. Insectivora, -sek-tiv'd-ra. In Zool. an order of mammals which live to a great ex- tent on insects. The shrew, hedgehog and mole are familiar examples. An order of birds that feed on insects, as the swal- mSESSOEES 436 INTERNUNCIO lows. The sub-order -w hich includes tlie great majority of Olieiroptera or bats, Insessores, -ses-sO'rez. In Ornith. perchers or i)asserine birds, compreliend- ing all those which live habitually among trees, with the exception of birds of prey and climbing birds. Insomixia, -som'nl-a. Want of sleep ; in- ability to sleep. Insouciance, an-so-syans. The quality of being insouciant ; heedlessness ; uncon- cern. Inspissation, in-spis-a'shon. The oper- ation of rendering a fluid substance thicker by evaporation, &c. Installation, -stal-a'shon. The act of giving possession of an office, rank, or order with the customary ceremonies ; generally apphed to ministers. Instep, 'step. The forepart of the upper side of the human foot ; the tarsus. That part of the hind-leg of a horse which reaches from the ham to the pastern-joint. Insulator, 'su-lat-er. A substance or body that insulates or interrupts the com- munication of electricity or heat to sur- rounding objects ; a no«-conductor. Insurgent, -ser'jent. A person who rises in opposition to civil or poHtical au- thority ; one who openly and actively re- sists the execution of the laws. Intaglio, -tal'yo. A figure engraved or cut into a substance so as to form a hol- low. A precious stone with a figure or device engraved on it by cutting, the re- verse of cameo, which has the figure in relief. Integer, 'te-jer. An entire entity. In Arith. a whole number, in contradistinc- tion to a fraction. Integument, -teg'u-ment. That which naturally invests or covers the body of an animal above the Protozoa; also the skin of seeds. tntensifier, -tens'i-fl-er. In Photog. those substances which, when applied to a negative, increase the actinic opacity of the deposit ah-eady formed. Inter, -ter'. To bury ; to inhume. Inter, in'ter. A Latin preposition, signi- fying among or between. Interact, -akt. In the drama, the interval between two acts ; a short piece between others ; an interlude. tntercostales, -kos-ta"lez. In Anat. the two sets of muscles between the ribs, the external and internal. Interdict, -dikt. Prohibition ; a prohibit- ^ ing wder or decree. Interlacing Arches. Interest, est. Premium paid for the us« of money; the profit per cent, derived from money lent or property used by an- other person, or from debts remaining unpaid. Interf retted, -fret'ed. In Her. interlaced: applied to any bearings linked together. Interim, in'ter-im. The meantime ; time intervening. Interimist, -ist. A Lutheran who ac- cepted the Interim, a pacific decree of the Emperor Charles V. Interlace, -las'. To be in- termixed ; to intersect. I. arches, circular arches which intersect each other. Interlocutor, -lok'u-ter. One who s])eaks in a dialogue ; one who takes part in a conversation. Interlude, -lud. An entertainment be- tween the acts of a play, or between the play and the afterpiece. The first name given to regular dramatic compositions in England. A brief piece of church music played between stanzas of the metrical psalm or hymn. Interment, 'ment. The act of deposit- ing a dead body in the earth ; burial ; sepulture. Intermontane, -mon'tan. Between mountains. Intermundane, -mun'dSn. Being be- tween worlds or between orb and orb. Intermural -miir'al. Lying between Avails. Intern, -tern'. To send to or cause to remain in the interior of a countiy Avithout permission to leave. International, -ter-na'shon-al. A se- cret society, the objects of which, so far as avowed, are, by a close union of the work- ing classes in all countries to put down international Avars ; to overthroAV all laws, customs and privileges contrary to the interests of the iniustrial classes ; to op- pose the international union of Avorking- men to the influence of capital in the or- ganization of labor. Secularistic and com- munistic theories are held by many mem- bers, but their application is no part of its programme. Internuncio, -nun'shi-o. An envoy of the pope, sent to smaller states, dis'tin- guished fi-ora the nuncio who represents him at com-ts of emperors and kings. INTEEPELLATION 437 ION Interpellation, -pel-iri"siion. A ques- tion put by a inember of a lesislative as- seuiby to a minister or member of the government. Interpolator, 'p6-la-ter. One -wlio foists into a book or manuscript spurious words or passages ; one who adds some- thing to genuine writings. Interpreter, 'pre-ter. One who ex- plains or expounds ; a translator. One who explains what a speaker says in one language to the person spoken to in an- other. Interregnum, -reg'nnm. The time in which a throne is vacant, between the death or abdication of a king and the ac- cession of his successor. Any interval during which the powers of the executive are in abeyance. Interrog-ation, 'r0-ga"shon, A ques- tion ]nit; inquiry. The note, mark or sign ?, indicating that the sentence im- mediately preceding it is a question. Interstellar, -stel'ar. Situated among the stars. Intervital, -vl'tal. Between two live.s ; pertaining to the intermediate state be- tween death and the resurrection. Intestate, test'at. A person who dies Avithout making a vaUd Mill. Intestine, 'tin. The canal or tube that extends from the right or pyloric orifice of the stomach to the anus, receives the partly digested food from the stomach, retains it till it mixes ■nith the bile and pancreatic juice, and till the chyle is taken up by the lacteals, and conveys the faeces from the body. Intinction, -tingk'shon. The act of dyeing. Eccles. the practice of adminis- tering the sacred body and blood together in the communion, as is done to the laity in the East. In the R. C. Church intinc- tion is practiced by the priest Avhen he breaks a portion of the host, puts it in the chalice and receives both together. Intine, 'tin. The inner coat of the shell of the pollen-grain in plants. In toto, to 'to. "Wholly ; entirely. Intoxicant, in-toks'i-kant. That which intoxicates ; an intoxicating liquor or sub- stance, as brandy, bhang, &c. Intra, in'tra. A Latin preposition and adverb, signifying within. Intrafoliaceous. -fo-li-a"shus. In Bot. growing on the insido of a leaf. Intramundane, -mun'dan. Belonging to the material world. Intramural, -mur'al. Being within the walls or boundaries, as of a university or city. Intransigrentes, -trans-i-hen'taz. The name given to the extreme left in the Spanish Cortes, and afterwards to a very advanced republican party, corresponding to the extreme Communists of Francw and elsewhere. Intro, in'tro. A Latin adverb, used as an English x^refix, and signifjing within, into, in. Introit, -tro'it. In the E. C. Ch, a psalm or passage of Scripture sung or chanted while the priest proceeds to the altar to celebrate mass ; now used for any musi- cal composition designed for opening the church service or for the service generally. Intuitionalism, -tu-i'shon-al-izm. In Metaph. the doctrine that the perception of truth is from intuition. Intumescence, -mes'ens. The state or process of swelling or enlarging with heat ; expansion. Inverness. A Scotch seaport at the mouth of the Kess, 115 m. N. of Edin- burgh; pop. 18,647. It is the chief city of the Highlands. Invertebrata, -ver'te-bra"ta. One of the two great divisions of the animal king- dom — the other being the Vertebrata — including all animals destitute of vertebras or a backbone. Inverted, -vert'ed. In Arch, an arch with its intrados be- low the axis or springing hue, and of T„ „ .„. . ,„„ which therefore the I^^^rted Arches, lowest stone is the key stone. Invisible, -vi'zi-bl. A Eosicrucian, be- cause not daring publicly to declare him- self. A heretic of the 16th century, who denied the visibiUty of the Church. Involucre, -vo-Iii'ker. In Bot. any col- lection of bracts round a cluster of flow- ers. Inwick, 'wik. In the game of curling, a station in which the stone stops very near the tee after passing through a wick. Iodine, I'od-in. In Chem. a peculiar non-metallic elementary solid substance, constituting one of the 'group of halogens! It exists in the water of the ocean and mineral springs, in marine molluscous animals, and in sea-weeds, from the ashes of which it is chiefly pirocured. It is large- ly employed in medieine. Ion. Iq Myth, the son of Apollo and lONA 43S IRON-CLAD Creusa, aad reputed ancestor of the Ioni- an 3. lona (Icolmkill or Columbkill), Lit. yt. Columba's Ketreat. A small island of the Hebrides, noted as the ancient seat of monasteries, established by St. Columba, who introduced Christianity into Scotland. The remains of 4S Scotch, 4 I/ish. 8 Nor- wegian and 1 French king are interred in one of its ruined churches. Xonia. A section of Asia Minor, colo- nized from Attica about 1,000 b. c. It con- tained the important cities of Ephesus, Miletus, Colophon and others. It was conquered by the Lydians, 560 n. c, and by the Persians 55T, by the Macedonians, and linally, 133 n. c, by tho Eomans. Ionian Islands. An elongated group of abt. 40 islands in the Mediterranean, S. and W. of Greece, and now belonging to that kingdom. Corfu is the chief. Ionian Sea. The arm of the Mediter- ranean which connects -with the Adriatic by the Strait of Otrantc. Its maximum Avidth is 400 m. Ionic, i-on'ik. One of the five orders of architecture, the distinguishing charac- teristic of which is the vo- lute of its capital. I O TJ, i'6 ii. A paper hav- ing on it these letters, fol- lowed by a sum, and duly signed; in use as an ac- knowledgment of a debt, and taken as evidence there- of. Iowa, i'o-wah. A State of the American Union, ad- lonjc Qraer niitted 1846; bounded N. by Minnesota, E. by Illinois and Wiscon- sin, S. by Missouri, and W. by Nebraska and Dakota ; area, 65,045 sq. m., pop. 1,024,615. It is mostly rolling prau-ie, with considerable coal and mineral area. The chief cities are Des Moines, the cap., Du- buque, Iowa City, Davenport, Council Bluffs, Burlington, Keokuk and Cedar Rapids. Principal rivers, the Missouri, Mississippi, Des Moines, Cedar and Iowa. Iplligenia, if-e-je-ni'ah. In Myth, the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytem- nestra, offered as a sacrifice to Diana, but preserved by the goddess and made a priestess at Tauris. She was taken back to Greece l)y lier brother Orastes. Ipse dixit, ip'se diks'it. A mere as- sertion Avithout proof. Iranian, i-ra'ni-an. A family of Indo- European or Aryan tongues, indudiag Persian, Zend, Pehlevi, Parsi or Pazend, and cognate tongues. The word is de- rived from the legendary history of the Persian i-ace given in Firdusi's '' Book of Kings," according to which Iran and Tur are two of three brothers, from whom the tribes Iran (Persians) and Turan (Turks and thou- cognate tribes) sprang. Ireland (Erin or Hibernia), The most westerly island of Europe, a division of the British Empire; bounded N., S. and W. by tho Atlantic, and E. by the North Channel, the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel ; area, 32,506 sq. m., pop. 5,849,200. Its chief cities are Dub- lin, cap., Cork, Belfast, Limerick, Water- ford, Galway, Clonmel, Sligo, Londonder- ry and Enniskillen. Principal rivers, the Shannon, Boyne,Barrow, Lee, Suir, Nore, Slaney, Foyle and Erne. Its lakes, Neagh, Allen, Eee, Erne, Corrib, Mask, Killarney and Conn. The mountain ranges are the Connemara, Wicklow, Mourne, Derryreagh, Galtees, Slieve Bloona and Slieve Donard. It is governed by a Lord-Lieutenant, has 32 representa- tives in the British House of Lords, and 105 in tho Commons. Irene, i-re'ne. The Greek goddess of peace. One of the small planets between tho orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Iridescence, i-rid-es'ens. The condition of being iridescent ; exhibition of col- ors like those of the rainbow. Iris, I-rls. In Class. Jlyth. the goddess of the rainbow and the messenger of the gods; hence, sometimes used for any messenger. The lleur-de-lis or flag- flower, a beautiful and extensive genus of plants of the nat. order Iridacese. In Astron. one of the asteroids between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Iriscope, 'ri-skop. A philosophical toy for exhibiting prismatic colors. Irish, 'rish. A native of Ireland ; the people of Ireland. The Irish language; the Iliberno-Celtic. Iron, 'crn. The commonest and most useful of all the metals, constituting about 2 per cent, of the whole mineral crust of the globe. Iron exists in nature imder four diff"erent states— the native state; that of an oxide; in combination with combustible bodies, particularly sulphur, and in the state of salts. Iron-clad, -klad. A vessel prepared for naval warfare by being cased or covered, wholly or partially, with thick iron plates, generally having a backing of teak behtnd and often also between the plates. lEON-CEOWN 489 ISMAELIAN Iron-hats. Iron-crown, -krouu . An antique crown of gold set witli jewels, made originally for the Lombard kings, which was supposed t# confer the right of sovereignty over ail Italy on the wearer. It was so called from inclosing an iron circlet, said to have been forged from one of the nails used in the crucifixion of Christ. Iron-hat, -hat. AJiead- pieee of met- al worn from the 12th to the 17th cen- tury. Called also Steel-hat and Kettle-hat. Iron-liquor, -lik-er. Acetate of iron, used as a mordant by dyers, &c. Iron-sand, -sand. A variety of octahe- dral iron ore in grains. Ironside, -sTd. One of Oliver Cromwell's veteran troopers ; a soldier noted for rough hardihood. Ironstone, -ston. A general name ap- plied to the ores of iron containing oxygen and silica. Iroquois, ir-o-kwoi'. A league of N. American Indians, originally located in W. and Central JST. Y., composed of six tribes, the Oneidas, Mohawks, Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagos and Tuscaroras. They sided with Great Britain in the war of the Kevolution, and have since been scattered, a few still being on reservations in W. N. Y. Irving, Edward. A Scotch divine, the most eloquent preacher of his age ; b. 1792, B. 1884. He was the founder of the sect called Irvingites, or the Catholic Apos- tolic Church. Irving', "Wasliingrton. A distin- guished American author; ». in N. Y., 17S3, D. 1859. Irvinglte, er'ving-it. A follower of Ed- ward Irving, a clergyman of the Scottish Church, who, drifting into mysticism, was deposed in 1833. A prominent fea- 1 ture in Irving's doctrines was the imme- diate second comingof our Saviour. His followers organized themselves into a body called "The Holy Apostolic Church," which still exists. • Isaac, I'zak. In Scrip, son of Abraham and Sarah, and father of Esau and Jacob, one of the Hebrew patriarchs. He died at Hebron, aged 180 years. His life is re- corded in Genesis. Isag'Og'ics, 'sa-goj'iks. That department of theological study introductory to exe- gesis or the intei-pretation of Scripture. Isag'on, -gon. In Math, a figm-e whose aHgles are equal. Isaiab., -za'yah. In Scrip, the most emi- nent of the Hebrew prophets, the son o' Amoz, and active during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kingdl ofJudah. Isapostolic, -pos-tol"ik. A term ap- plied to the Christian fathers who were alive in the time of the apostles, and to the customs instituted by these fathers ; to certain holy women resembling the apostles in sanctity ; to the founders of Clirlstianity in any given country. Ishmael, ish'miil. The eldest son of Abi-aham, the Hebrew patriarch, by Hagar, the bondwoman. He was the an- cestor of the Arabians. Ising-lass, i'zing-glas. The purest com- mercial form of gelatine, prepared from the sounds or air-bladders of certain fresh- water fishes, particularly several species of sturgeon found in the rivers of Russia. A name sometimes given to mica. Isis, 'sis. One of the ^^^ chief deities in the Egyp- tian mythology, the sis- ter or sister-wife of Osi- ris, and mother of Horus. Among the more philo- sophical theologians she was made the symbol of ' pantheistic divinity. By ' the people she was wor- shipped as the goddess of fecundity. The cow- was sacred to her. She is represented usually as J a woman with the horns igjg of a cow, between which is a globe supporting a throne, and some- times with a lotus on her head and the sistrum in her hand. Islam, iz'lam. The religion of Moham- med, and also the whole body of those who profess Islamism. Ismael, Shah, is-mah-el. Founder of the Sufi dynasty, Persia ; b. 1487, d. 1524. Ismaelian, -ma-e'li-an. A member of the Mohammedan sect which maintained that Ismael, and not Moussa, ought to be Iniaum. In the 10th century they formed a secret society, from WjJiCh sprang the Assassins. IS0CRATE3 440 IZZAED Isodomon. Isocrates. A Greek philosopher and orator, friend of Plato and teacher of Xenophon ; u. 436, d. 338 b. c. Isodomon, i-sod' o-mon. One of the methods of building walls amonff theGreeks, in which the stones' forming the courses were of equal size and so disposed that the vertical joints of an npper course were immediately over the middle of the stones forming the lower course. Isopathy, -sop'a-thi. The theory that diseases are cured by the products of the diseases themselves. The theory that a diseased organ is cured by eating the same organ of a healthy animal. Isotlxerm, 'so-therm. An imaginary line over the earth's surface passing through points having the same tempera- ture. Also a similar hne based on the distribution of temperature in the waters of the ocean. Ispahan. Formerly the largest and most important city of Porsia and its cap. for many centuries, on the Zendarood Kiver, 210 m. S. of Teheran. At one time it had a pop. of 600,000, but with the transfer of the seat of government to Teheran it be gan to decline ; present pop. abt. 65,000. Israelite, iz'ra-el-it. A descendant of Israel or Jacob ; a Jew. Isthmian, ist'mi-an. Games celebrated at the Isthmus of Corinth, forming one of the four great national festivals of Greece, and celebrated in April and May in the first and third year of each olympiad. The contests embraced all varieties of athletic performances and racing. Itacolumite, it-a-koFii-mit. A. laminated talcose sandstone, in connection Avith which the diamond is generally found. In thin slabs it is flexible. Italy, it'ah-le. A peninsular kingdom of ' S. Europe, bounded N. by 8nitzerland and Austria, E. by Austria and the Adri- atic, S. by the Mediterranean, i. id W. by Prance, theLigurian and Tyrrhenian seas, arms of the Mediterranean ; area 112,766 sq. m., pop. abt. 80,000,000. It is divided into 09 provinces, and the principal cities are Rome, cap., Florence, Naples, Venice, Turin, Milan, Mantua, Leghorn, Padua, Pisa, Bologna, Cagliari, Parma, Ancona, Perugia, Potenza, Chieti, Bari and Co- senza. Its gulfs are Venice, Manfredonia, Taranto, Squillace, Policastro, Gaeta, Genoa and Spezzia ; rivers, the Po, Tiber, Adige, Brenta, Piave, Arno, Tagliamento and Volturno ; lakes, Como, ISIaggiore, Guarda, Bolseno and Bracciano ; moun- tains, Alps and Apennines. Italic, -tal'ik. A printing type sloping towards the right, and usually employed to distinguish words or sentences, or to render them emphatic. They were in- vented about the j'ear 1500 by Aldus JNIanutius, a Venetian printer, who dedi- cated them to the States of Italy (whence the name). Itzibu, it'zi-bii. A Japanese money of account, constituting the monetar}^ unit. In silver it is a coin of the value of about 83 cents. lulus, i-Q'lus. A gen. of Myriapoda, ord. Millepede. Chilognatha or Diplopoda. The common galley worm is the type of the genus. Ivory, i'vo-ri. The substance composing the tusks of the elephant, extensively used in the arts. The name is also given to the tusks of the walrus, hippopotamus, nar- Avhal, &c. Ivory-black, -blak. A fine soft black pigment, prepared from ivory -duet by caU cination, in the same way as bone-black, extensively used in the filtering beds of sugar refiners for purifying the syrup of ■ raw sugar. Ivory-nut, -nut. The seed of Phytele. phas macrocarpa, a low-growing palm as large as a hen's egg ; the albumen is close^ grained and very hard, resembling ivory. It is often wrought into ornamental work, and is ealled Vegetable Ivory. The seeds are also known as Corozo-nuts. Ixion, iks-T'on. In Greek Myth, a king ofThessaly, father of the Centaurs, who for his wickedness was tied to a perpet- ually revolving wheel in the infernal regions. Ixodes, -o'dez. The ticks, a section of the family Acarida or mites, and class Arachnida. They are parasitic. Ixoljrte, iks'o-llt. A mineral resin found in bituminous coal. It becomes soft and tenacious when heated, whence the name. Izard, iz'iird. The wild goat of the Py- renees ; the ibex. Izzard, 'erd. The former name of tha letter Z. , 441 JACK-STRAW J IS the 10th letter 1ft the English alpha- bet, and the 7th consonant. The sound of this letter coincides exactly -vvith that of gin genius; it is therefore classed as a palatal, it was formerly used interchange- ably Avith i, both letters having originally the same sound ; and after the j sound came to be common in Enghsh i was often ■written where this sound must have been pronounced. Separation of these two let- ters in English dictionaries is of compar- atively recent date, being brought about through the influence of the Dutch print- ers. In medical i>rescriptions, at the end of a series of numerals, j Is generally put fori; as, vj (six); viij (eight). J. P. is an abbreviation for Justice of the Peace. Jaal-groat, ja'al-got. A species of goat found in the mountains of Abyssinia, U])per Egj'pt and Mount Sinai. Jabberingr-crow, jab'ber-ing-kro. Cor- vus Jamaicensi8,a conirostral bird found in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, remark- able for the resemblance of its voice to human speech. Jabiru, 'i-ro. A wading bird of the crane kind, the Mycteria americana or Senegal- ensis. Jacamar, jak'a-mar. The name given to climbing birds gen. Galbula, sub-fam. Galbuliuas, ord. Scansores, nearly allied to the kingfishers, Jacana, -na. The common name of gen. Parra, grallatorial or wading birds, vul- garly called surgeons from a prominent spur on the wing. Jacare, -ra. A species of Brazihan alli- gator. Jaca-tree, ja'ka-tre. Artocarpus integri- folia, a species of bread-fruit tree foimd in the Indian Archi- pelago. The fruit is called jack-frult,and the wood jack- wood. Jacclius, jak'kus. A gen. of small S. AmericaTi monkeys with thumbs on the hind feet only, and flat nails only on the thumbs. They are squirrel-like in their habits, omniv- orous, and are known by the jiame of marmosets. Jackass, 'as. The male of the ass. Laughing jackass, a species of kingfisher. Jacchus. Jackal, jak'al. An animal, gen. Canis, the C. (Sa- cahus) aureus, re- sembling a dog and a fos ; a na- tive of Asia and Africa. It inter-l breeds with the: _^ common dog and*"-*^-^'<^^^So.~tl^ may be domestl- Jackal, cated. Jack-back, 'bak. In brewing, a vessel below the copper which receives the infu- sion of malt and hops, and has a per- forated bottom to strain oft" the hops. Jack-boot, 'bot. A kind of large boot reaching up over the knee and used as a sort of defensive armor for the leg, introduced in the 17th century ; also a similar boot reaching above the knee, worn by fishermen. Jackdaw, 'da. An inses- sorial bird, gen. Corvus (C. ^_^ monedula), the smallest of the ' ~^ crows. Jack-boot. Jack-flagr, 'flag. A flag hoisted at the si)ritsail topmast-head. Jack-hare, 'har. A male hare. Jack-Ketch., 'kech. In England, a pub- he executioner or hangman, Jack-rib, 'rib. In Arch, any rib in an arch or dome shorter than the rest. Jack-saw, 'sa, A natatorial bird, gen. Merganser. Jackson, Andrew. The 7th President of the U. S. ; b. in S. Carohna, 1767 ; d, 1845. He commanded the American troops in the victory over the British at New Orleans, 1815, and also carried the Indian war in Florida to a successful close; elected President, 1828, and re- elected 1832. Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall). One of the most distin- guished Confederate generals ; b. in Ya., 1824 ; mortally wounded by his own troops. May 2, 1S63, dying on the 10th. Jack-straw, 'stra. One of a set of straws or strips of ivory, whalebone or the hke, used in a child's game, the jack- straws being thrown confusedly together on a table, to be gathered uj) singly by a hooked instrument without disturbing the rest of the pile. JACOBEAN 44S JAMES Jacobean, ja-kO'bG-an. In Arch, the term sometimes applied to the style of Elizabethan architecture prevailing in the aj^e of James I. It differed from pure Elizabethan chiefly in having- a proater admixture of debased Italian forms. Jacobin, jak'o-bin. A Gray or Domini- can Friar, from these friars having lirst established themselves in Paris in the Eue St. Jacques. A member of a club of violent republicans in France during the revolution of 17S9, who held secret meet- ings in the monastery of the Jacobin monks. Jacobite, -bit. In Eng. Hist, a partisan of James II. after he abdicated the throne, and of his descendants ; an opposer of WiUiam and Mary. Eccles. one of a sect of Christians in Syria and Mesopotamia vi^ho hold that Jesus Christ had but one nature, having its name from Jacobus Baradffius, a Syrian disciple of Eutyches. Jacob's-staflf, ju'kobz-staf. A surveyor's instrument for taking heights and dis- tances where great accuracy is not re- quired. Jacob's-stone, -ston. The stone brought from Scone, in Perthshire, by Edward I. and inclosed within the chair on which the kings of England sit at their corona- tion; so named from being reputed to have been the stone which supported Jacob's head at Luz. Jacobus, ja-ko'bus. An English gold coin, value 25s. sterling, struck in the reign of James I. Jacquerie, zhiik-re. An insurrection of peasants ; originally, the name given to a revolt of the peasants against the nobles of Picardy, France, in 1358. Jagrannatha, jeg-gen-nii'tha. Lit. "Lord of the World," the name given to Krish- na, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu, and to a very celebrated idol of this deity. The temple specially dedicated to Jagannatha is situated at Puri in Orissa. Great num- bers of pilgrims, at the time of the festi- vals of Jagannatha, assemble from all quarters of India to pay their devotions at his shrine. On these occasions the idol, along with those of his brother and sister, is mounted on a monstrous car resting on sixteen wheels, Avhich is drawn by the pilgi-ims ; and formerly great num- bers of people were wont to "throw them- selves under the wheels, and Avere thus crushed to death, the victims believing that by suffering this sort of death they shouldbe immediately conveyed to heaven. This horrid practice, liowevex-, is now of Jaguar. rare occurrence. Written also Jugger- naut. Jag-ataic, jag-a-ta-ik. A term applied to the easternmost dialects of the Turkish group of tongues, spoken by the people of Turkestan. Jagruar, ]a'- g w ti r . Felis onca, the Amer- ican tiger or ounce of Brazil, the largest and' most formidable feline quadru- ped of the New World. Jab, ja. Jehovah. Jain, Jan. One of a Hindu religious sect which, from the wealth and influence of its members, forms an important division of the Indian population. The name sig- nifies a follower of Jina, one of the de- nominations of their deified saints. They deny the divine origin and authority of the Vedas, but reverence certain holy mortals, who have acquired by self-denial and mor- tification a station superior to that of the gods : and they manifest extreme tender- ness for animal life. They affirm that the Avorld has existed from all eternity, not having been created, and that it will exist forever. JacQuard, Joseph Marie, zhah-kahr. A French mechanic and inventor, b. 1T52, D. 1S34. His invention of the J. loom revolutionized the art of weaving. Jaffa (Joppa), A seacoast town of Syria, abt. 83 m. N. W. of Jerusalem, formerly the chief port of Judea. During the Crusades it was the principal landing place of the European invaders. Pop. abt. 5,000. Jalousie, zhiil'o-ze. A wooden frame or blind for shading from the sunshine, much used in tropical or hot countries ; a Venetian blind. Jamaica. The chief English W. India island ; area 6.400 sq. m., pop. abt. 500,- 000. Spanish Town is the cap. but King- ston is the chief port. It is traversed from E. to W. by the Blue Mountains. James, St. One of Christ's favorite apostles, son of Zebedee and brother of St. John. We was martyred abt. 44 by order of Herod Agrippa. James. The name of a number of sover- eigns of European States, the most noted of whom were J. I. (VI. of Scotland) of England; b. 1566, crowned King of Scotland while an infant <» the abdica- JAMES EIVEE 44S JAVA tion of his mother, Mary Queen of Scots, Elizabetli of ]^]ngland having declared In his favor. He s. to her throne 1603, d. 1625. J. II., B. 1633, 8, his brother Charles II. 16S5, driven from his kingdom by William Prince of Orange 16S8, utterly de- feated in Ireland, and d. an exile in France ITOl. J. IV. of Scotland, "the hand- somest and most chivalrous prince of his age," B. 1468, s. his father J. III., who was murdered after the disastrous defeat near Bannockburn, 1488; killed in the san- guinarj- battle at Flodden Field, 1513, in which nearly the entire Scotch peerage of mature age perished with their king. James River. The largest river of Vir- ginia, 500 m. in length, formed bj'' the junction of the Jackson and Cowpasture rivers. It empties into Chesapeake Bay at Norfolk, and Kichmond, the State cap. is at the head of tide- water. Jam-nut, jam'nut. In Mech. a nut placed in contact with the main nut on the same bolt to keep it from turning. Jampan, 'pan. In the E. Indies, a solid sedan-chair supported between two thick bamboo poles, and borne by 4 men. Jan, Jan. In Mohammedan Myth, an in- ferior kind of demon. Janizary, 'i-za-ri. A soldier of the Turk- ish foot-guards, the Grand Seignor's guards. They became turbulent, and rising in arms against the sultan, were de- feated and destroyed in Constantinople, 1826. Jansenist, 'sen-ist, A follower of Jan sen, bishop of Ypres In Flanders, who leaned to the doctrine of irresistible grace as maintained by Calvin. The Jan- senists formed a powerful party in the E. C. Church. Jantu, jfin'to. A machine for raising water to irrigate land, used in Hindustan. January, .ian'u-a-ri. The first month of the year according to the present compu- tation. Janus, ja'nus. A Latin deity represented with two faces looking opposite ways, holding a key in one hand and a staff in the other. He presided over the commence- ment of all undertakings. His temple at Eome was kept open in time of war, and shut in time of peace. Japan, jah-pahn'. An Asiatic empire, consisting of nearly 4,000 islands, otf the Chinese coast, bet. lat. 23-50° N. and Ion. 12^153° E.; area 179,000 sq. m., esti- mated pop. 86,000,000. It is divided into upward of 200 provinces, governed by daimios, subordinate to the Mikado, or emperor. The chief cities are Teddo, cap., Nagasaki, Yokohama, Hiogo. Osaka- Niigata, Hakodadi, Miako and Matsumai. Japan is rapidly adapting herself to the highest forms of civiHzation. Japan. Work varnished and figured in a manner practiced by the natives ol Japan. The varnish employed in japan- ning articles. Japan-eartll, 'erth. A name of terra japonica, catechu or cutch, procured frou Acacia Catechu. Japan-lacquer, 'lak-er. A valuably black hard yarnish used in japanaing. It is obtained ' from Ehus vernlx, a tree, ord. Anacardiaceaj. Japetidae, -pet'i-de. One of the three great divisions into which Dr. Latham di- vides the family of man, the other two be- ing Mongolidae and Atlantidse. It com- prises the chief nations of Europe belong- ing to the ftunily generally known as the Indo-European. Japheth. In Scrip, the third son of Noah, and reputed progenitor of the Cau- casian race. Jararaca,ja-ra-ra'ka. A species of small serpent, a native of Brazil, and very poi- sonous. Jardiniere, zhiir-den-yar. An ornamen- tal stand for plants and flowers, used as a decoration of an apartment. Jarl, yarl. The name given in the early history of the Scandinavian kingdoms to the lieutenant or governor of a province ; an earl. Jasper, j^is'per. An impure opaque col- ored quartz, less hard than flint or com- mon quartz, but which gives fire Avith steel. It admits of an elegant polish, and is used for vases, seals, snufl'-boxes, «fec. Jasponyx, 'pu-niks. The purest horn- colored onyx, with beautiful green zones, composed of genuine matter of the finest jaspers. Jassy, yas'se. A Eoumanian city, 162 m. N. E. of Odessa. Its strategic importance is indicated in the fact that it has been in the hands of the Turks, Tartars, Poles,; Austrians and Eussians ; pop. 93,620. Jaunting-car, jiin'ting-kar. A light car used in Ireland in which the passen- gers ride back to back. Java, jah'vah. The principal island of the Dutch E. Indies, in lat. 6-1° S., long. 105-115° E., separated from Borneo on the N. by the Sea of Java ; area (including Madura)", 51,386 sq. m.; pop. .ibt. 17,000,- 000. Batavia, the cap., is the residence of the viceroy of the Dutch E. Indies. JATELIN 444 JEESEY CITY Javelin, 'lin. A light spear thrown from the hand, In use in ancient warfare both by horse and foot. Jay, ja. A bird, gen. Garrulus, fam. Cor- vidfe or crows. Jay, Jolm. A distinguished American efcitesman and jui-ist, n. in N. Y., 1745, u. 1829. He was a member of the flrst Con- tinental Congress, chief justice and gov- ernor of the State of New York, and spe- cial commissioner in negotiating a treaty with England, 1T94. Jazerant, ja'zer-ant. One of the contri- vances of the Middle Ages to supply the place of the heavier armo'r of chain and plate, composed of overlapping pieces of steel, fastened by one edge upon canvas, which was covered with cloth, silk or vel- vet, the gilt heads of the rivets that se- cured the plates forming an ornament on the outside. Jefferson, Thomas. The 3d President of the U. S.; b. in Va., 1743, c. 1826. He took an active part In the proceedings of the Continental Congress, was chairman of the committee which reported and the reputed author of the Declaration of Inde- pendence ; was afterward Governor of Va., Minister to France, Secretary of State in President Washington's Cabinet, Vice-President with President John Ad- ams, and was elected President in 1801 and 1805. JeffreyB, Q-eorgre, Lord. An English judge and Vice-chancellor, notorious for cruelty and injustice ; b. 1689, d. in the Tower 1689. Jehovah., je-ho'va. A Scripture name of the Supreme Being, the proper form of which, according to most scholars, should be Yahveh or Yahweh. Jelerangr, jel'er-ang. A species of E. In- dian squirrel (Sciurus javanensis). Jelly-fish, 'li-flsh. The popular name of the Medusida), Acalephaa or sea-nettles. Jemidar, jem-i-dar'. A native officer in the Anglo-Indian army having the rank of lieutenant. Jena, ya'nah. A city of Saxe-Weimar, Germany, on the Saale, noted for its prox- imity to the great battle, Oct. 14, 1806, in which Napoleon I. defeated the Prussian army with immense loss ; also as the seat of a venerable university founded 1558. Jengis Khan (G-enghis), jain'gis. A Tartar chief who was raised to the Khan- to and carried on almost continuous wars in China, Persia, Bokhara and Samarcand ; B. 1164, D. 1227. It is estimated that his wars caused the slaughter of 5,000,000 'souls. Egyptian Jerboa. Jenner, Edward. An English phy- sician ; B. 1749, p. 1823. He Avas the dis- coverer of vaccination, as a remedy for small-pox, for which Parliament rewarded him by a present of $150,000. Jennet, jen'net. A small Spanish horse. Jenny, 'ni. A machine for si)inning, moved by water or steam. Jenny-ass, -as. The female ass. Jentlingr, jent'ling. A fish, gen. Leu- ciscus, the blue chub. Jerboa, jer-bo'a. A name common to . all the members of the family of rodents DipodidjB, but fre- quently appropria- ted to the members of the typical gen. Dipus. Jereed, je-rSd'. A wooden javelin, used in Persia and Turkey, especially in mock fights. Jeremiah. In Scrip, one of the greatest of Hebrew prophets, and author of the book which bears his name, and of " La- mentations." He flourished in the 6th century n. c. Jerkin, jer'kin. A hawk, the male ol the gyrfalcon. Jerkin-head,-hed. In Arch, the end of a roof when it Is formed into a shape intermediate be- tween a gable and a hip. Jerome, St. An eminent father of the Latin Church, R. abt. 838, D. 420. He translated the Scrip- tures into Latin (the f Vulgate), wrote the "Lives and writings ' Jerkin-head Roof, of the Elder Chris- tian Fathers," and other valuable theolog- ical works. Jerome of Pragne. A distingui,shed reformer, b. at Prague, 1364 ; martyred, 1416. He was an earnest supporter of Huss. Jersey. The largest of the Channel Is- lands, a gi-oup belonging to Gt. Britain ; length 12 m., width 7m.; pop. 58,624. Cap. St. Heller's. Jersey City. Cap. of Hudson Co., N. J., opposite New York ; pop. 120,722. JEEUSALEM 445 JOHN JerusalexQ.. The ancient cap. of Judoa' now tlio Turkish province El Kuds, Syria, 37 m. E. of the Mediterranean, and 24 m. W. of the river Jordan; present pop. abt. 25,000. Jester, jest'er, A buffoon ; a merry -andrew ; a person formerly retained by per- sons of rank to make sport for them. They were usu- ally dressed 'in fantastic style. : Jesuit, jez'u-it- One of a religious order founded by Jester. Ignatius Loyola in the 16th ceuturj'-, and forming the most celebrated of all the R. 0. religious orders. They have often been expelled even from Cath- olic countries, owing to their interference in secular affairs. Jesuitess, -es. One of an order of nuns established on the principles of the Jesuits, , but suppressed by Urban VIII. in 1630. Jesus, jG'zus. The Son of God; the Saviour of men. In the New Testament the name lesous, Jesus, is frequently conjoined with Christos, the Anointed, Christ. Jet, jet. A black, inflammable fossil sub- stance, harder than asphalt, susceptible of a good polish, and glossy in its fracture, found in beds of lignite and cannel coal, being a highly compact form of either. It is \vrought into toys, buttons and orna- ments. Jew, ju. A Hebrew ; a descendant of Arphaxad, son of Shem, eldest son of Noah. Jewess, 'es. A Hebrew woman. Jezid, je'zid. One of a sect dwelling in the mountainous country near Mosul, Asiatic Turkey, who are said to unite the ancient Manichean belief of that district ■with the doctrines of Mohammedanism and Zcndism. Jiboya, ji-boi'a. An American serpent of the largest kind. Jigrger, jig'er. The common name of the chigoe or chigre, a flea wliich penetrates the feet of persons in the W. Indies and S. America. Jinnee, jin'nG. In Mohammedan Myth, one of a race descended from Jan, and created thousands of years before Adam. They are governed by a race of kings named Suleyman, one of whom built the pyramids, and their chief residence is the mountain Kdf. Arabic writers state that the jinn are aerial animals, wth transpar- ent bodies, which can assume various forms. Joan of Arc (La Pucelle d'Or- leans.) A French peasant maid, b. 1411; burned at the stake, 14:31. She claimed to be inspired with a mission to free her native country from the English who oc- cupied a large portion of it, and restore internal peace, and in 1429, when but 18, visited Charles VII. at Chinon, and prom- ised to raise the siege of Orleans and con- duct him to Rheims to receive coronation. The King commissioned her, and attho head of an army largely inspired by her own enthusiasm she accomplished what she had promised, the King being crowned at Rheims within three months. She was taken prisoner by the Burgundian allies of the English, 1431, and burned as a sor- ceress. Job. In Scrip, a patriarch of TJz, the ex- emplar of religious patience, whose his- tory in the book bearing his name is fa- miliar, although it is a matter of doubt whether he was a real or mythical person- age. Jockey, jok'i. A man whose profession it is to ride horses in horse-races. A dealer in horses ; one who trades in horses. Jockey-club, -klub. A club or associa- tion of persons interested in horse-racing, &G. Jogi, jog'i. In the E. Indies, the name given to a Hindu devotee ; a mendicant. Jobannes, jo-han'ez. A Portuguese gold coin of the value of $9 ; contracted often into Joe ; as, a joe or half-joe. It is named from the figure of King John, which it bears. Jobannisbergr, 'is-berg; The finest and most expensive of the Rhenish wines. John. The name of a large number of European sovereigns, the most noted of whom are Don John of Austria, natural son of the Emperor Charles V. ; B. 1546, D. 1578. He was one of the ablest gen-- erals of his age, defeating the Moors in Spain, and as commander of the com- bined fleets of Spain and Italy gaining the important naval victory over tho Turks at Lepanto. Declining the Grecian throne, he became viceroy of the Nether- lands, 1576, and it is believed was poisoned. J. of Burgundy, surnamed by the Sultan Bajazet, "Sans Peur — the Fearless;" b. 13t4, s. his father PhUip the Bold on the Burgundian throne. He was made prisoner in a campaign against the Turka but released; fought against the English, and as guardian of the Dauphin attained JOHN 446 JOSEPHINE ahnost regal power in France, but was murdered, 1419, at the instigation of the latter. J. (surnamed "Lackland") of England, b. 1166, d. 1216. He was the youngest son of Henrj^ II., and brother and s. of Eichard Coeur de Lion, of wliom he was the most opposite in character. He attempted to deprive the people of the charter of liberties granted by Henry I., but the barons flew to arms and compelled him to sign Magna Charta, 1215. He died the object of universal execration. J. I. (The Great) of Portugal, b. 1357, d. 1438. He carried on successful wars against Spain and the Moors, and stimulated mar- itime discoveries and colonization. J. II. (The Perfect), b. 1432, s. his father Alfon- so v., 1481, D. 1495. J. III., B. 1488, s. his father Emmanuel the Great, 1521, d. 1557, He established the Inquisition and colonized Brazil, and Japan was discovered during his reign. J. IV. (Braganza), b. 1598, D. 1656. He completely freed his country from Spanish rule. J. VI., b. 1769, appointed regent 1793, left his country 1807, on its occupation by the French, and retiring to Brazil became its first emperor. J. I., of Sweden, b. 1172, d. 1222. He es- tablished Christianity in his native coun- try. Of the popes 23 bore the name of John between the years 523 and 1415. John, St. (The Evangelist). One of the twelve apostles, son of Zebedee, and the favorite of Christ. He is credited with be- ing the author of three epistles, the gospel which bears his name, and the Revelation. He ». at Ephesus, 99. Johnson, Andrew. The 17th presi- dent of the U. S., through the assassina- tion of Abraham Lincoln ; b. in N. C, 1808, D. 1875. Originally a tailor, Mr. J. entered politics in Tennessee in early man- hood, and was in turn elected a member of the Legislature, of the National House of Eepresentatives, Governor of the State two terms, and to the U. S. Senate. Ad- hering to tlie Union when his State se- ceded, he Avas appointed military govern- or, and in 1864 was elected Vice-President, being sworn in as President on Mr. Lin- coln's death. Differing with his party re- Bpecting reconstruction, he Avas impeached, but acquitted by a very close vote. He was elected to the U. S. Senate after his term as President expii-ed. Johnson, Reverdy. An eminent American statesman and jurist ; b. in Md., 1796, D. 1876. Johnson, SaxnueL A distinguished Enghsh author and lexicographer, b. 1709, n. 1784. His dictionary is still the author- ity in Great Britain. Johnston, Albert Sidney. An American general, believed to be the ablest in the Confederate service; b. in Ky., 1803, killed at the battle of Shiloh, 1862. Johnston, Joseph Eccleston. An American general who distinguished him- self in the Confederate service ; b. in Va., 1809. He commanded the southern wing of the Confederate army at the time of Gen. Lee's surrender to Gen. Grant, and surrendered to Gen. Sherman. Joint-worm, joint'werm. A jointed worm ; an intestinal worm, gen. Taenia ; tape-worm. Jolly-boat, jol'U-bot. A small clincher- built boat belonging to a ship, smaller than a cutter. Jonathan, jon'a-than. A sportive col- lective name for the inhabitants of the U. S., as John Bull is for Englishmen ; some- times applied to an individual as a speci- men of the class ; as, he is a regular Jon- athan. ' Jones, Paul. (Peal name John Paul), A briUiant American naval commander iir the Revolution ; b. in Scotland, 1747, v. in Paris 1792. After the conclusion of peace with Gt. Britain he became rear-ad- miral in the Russian service, but was dis- missed on account of a private quarrel and died in Paris in poverty. Jonson, Ben. An English poet and dramatist, the contemporary and friend of Shakespeare ; b. 1574, d. 1687. Jordan. The chief river of Palestine, 200 m. in length, emptying into the Dead Sea. Joseph, jo'zef. A riding coat or habit for women, with buttons down to the skirts, formerly much in use. Joseph. In Scrip, one of the 12 patri- archs, the favorite son of Jacob, b. in Mesopotamia abt. 1525 b. c, was sold by his envious brothers and taken to Egypt as a slave, but rose to be prime minister. Also the name of the husband of Mary, mother of the Saviour. Two German em- perors bore tliis name. J. I., b. 1676, was made king of Hungary and of the Romans, and s. his father Leopold I. as emperor 1705, D. 1711. J. II., B. 1741, s. his father Francis I. 1764, t>. 1790. Josephine, Marie Joseph !Rose Tascher de la Pag-erie. First wife of Napoleon I., b. in Martinique, 1763, d. 1814. She Avas the Avidow of the Viconite de Beauharnais, by Avhom she had two children, Eugene and Hortense (mother of Napoleon III). Napoleon divorced her because she bore him no children. She Avas universally loved and pitied. JOSEPHUS 447 JUGGEE:PrAUT Josephus, Flavius. An eminent lie- brew historiun ; b. at Jerusalem a. d. 37, D. at Eome 95. Joso, 'so. A small fish of the gudgeon kind. Joss-stick, jos'stik. In China, a small reed covered with the dust of odoriferous wood'<, and burned before an idol. Jougrs, jngz. An instrument of punish- ment formerly used in Scotland, consist- ing of an iron collar which surrounded the neck of the criminal, and was fastened to a Avail or tree by an iron chain. Jourdan, Jean Baptiste. A distin- guished French Marshal ; b. 1762, b. 1833. Journeyman, jer'ni-man. Any me- chanic or workman who has served his apprenticeship, and is supposed to have learned his special occupation. Joust, jost. A mock encounter on horse- back, in which the combatants pushed with lances and struck with swords, man to man, in mock fight ; a tilt; one of the exercises at tournaments. It has recently been revived in some of the Southern States. Joustingr-lielmet, 'ing-hekn-et. A wide, large helmet made to cover the head and neck, and rest upon the shoul- ders of the knight, used in jousts and tournaments. It was decorated with the orle displajdng his colors, and his crest above that. Jove, jov. Thechiefdivinity of the Ko- mans ; Jupiter. The planet Jupiter. Jovinianist, j6-vin'i-an-ist. A follower of Jovinian, a monk of the 5th century, who denied the virginity of Mary. Juan Fernandez. An island in the Pa- cific, abt. 100 m. W. of Valparaiso, noted as the residence for four years of Alexan- der Selkirk, an adventurous Scotch sailor, whose life on this island is supposed to have suggested Defoe's "Kobinson Crusoe." Juarez, Benito. President of Mexico when that country was invaded by France, and also after the death of MaximiUan ; b. 1807, V. 1872. He was of native Indian descent. Juba, ju'ba. The long, thick-set hairs which adorn the neck, chest or spine of certain quadrupeds. Jubilate, -bi-la'te. The third Sunday after Easter ; so called because in the primitive church divine ser\ice was com- menced Avith the Avords of the si.tty-sixth Psalm: "Jubilate Deo, omnes terraei" — " Sing to the Lord, all ye lands." Jubilee, -le. Among the Jews, every 50th year, being the year following the revolution of seven weeks of years, at AA'hich time all the slaves were liberated and all lands Avhich had been alienated during the Avhole period reverted to their former oAvners. A church ceremony cel- ebrated at Rome at stated intervals, orig- inally of a hundred years, but n«Av of tAventy-flve, in Avhich the Pope grants plenary indulgence to sinners. Judah.. One of the 12 IlebrcAv patriarchs, the 4th son of Jacob, b. 1755 b. c, and progenitor of the principal JcAvish tribe, from Avhichall Jcavs derived their name. Judas Iscariot. One of the 12 apos- tles, and the betrayer of Christ for thirty pieces of silver, lie committed suicide. Judaism, 'da-izm. The rehgious doc- trines and rites of the Jcavs, as enjoined in the laws of Moses. Judas-tree, 'das-tre. A plant of the gen. Cercis, ord. Leguminosae, sub-ord. Ca?salpinea3, Judg'e, juj. In Jewish Hist, a chief mag- istrate Avith civil and military powers. The Israelites Avere governed by judges more than 300 years, and their history is called the Book of Judges. Judgrment-day, 'ment-day. In Theol. thedayAvhen the final judgment AA-ill be pronounced on the stibjects of God's moral government. Judica, jii'di-ka. The 5th Sunday of Lent : so named because in the primitive church the services of the day were begun with the opening Avords of the forty -third Psalm: "Judica me, Domine"— "Judge me, O Lord." Judiciary, -di'shi-a-ri. That branch ol the government Avhichis concerned in tho trial and determination of controversies between parties and of criminal prosecu- tions ; the system of courts of justice in a government; the judges taken collec- tively. Jugrata, -gu'ta. In Numis. tAvo heads represented upon a medal side by side or joining each other. jugrg-ernaut, jug'ger-nat. The popular form of Jagannatha, the" famous Hindu idol. A city in Bengal, India, 260 m. S. W. of Calcutta, sacred to Hindu pil- gi-ims, containing a temple dedicated to Vishnu, to which hundreds of thousands annually repair. The god is borne on a huge car from the temple to a pavihon about a mile distant, and formerly many devotees cast themselves before the Avheela and Avere crushed to death, it being esti^ JULIAN 448 JUPITEE mated that millions have thus sacrificed themselves. Julian, ju'li-an. The calendar as adjusted by Julius Caesar, 46 b. r!.,in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, 6 hours, instead of 365 days, which re- mained in use until superseded by the Grregorian year. Julian, Flavins Claudius (The Apostate). Emperor of Kome, nephew of Constantine the Great ; b. in Constan- tinople, 331, crowned 361, i). 363. He at- tempted to restore the ancient paganism. Julianist, -ist. One of a section of the early Coptic Church, who held the Sav- iour's body to be incorruptible : so called from Julian of Halicarnassus, their leader: opposed to Severian, Julius. The name of three popes, of whom J. II., who s. Pius III. 1503, was distinguished for his success in form- ing an alliance with the Spanish, Swiss and Venetians and the expulsion of the French from Italy, by his patronage of Michael Angelo, and as being the original founder of the magnificent St. Peter's cathedral ; d. 1513. July, -II'. The 7th month of the year, during which the sun enters the sign Leo: so called from Julius, the surname of Caius Csesar, who was born in this month. Jumart, 'mart. The supposed off- spring of a bull and mare. Jumna. A river of Hindustan, chief branch of the Ganges, 860 m. in length. Jungly-g-au, 'gli-gou. Bos sylhetanus, a species of ox inhabiting mountainous parts of the northeast of India. It has more the ui)p e a r - ance of the do - m e 8 t i c breeds of oxen than any of the other wild oxen of Asia. Junk. A flat-b o t - t o m e d ship used in China and Ja- Chinese Junk. pan, often of large dimensions. It has a high forecastle and poop, and ordinarily three masts. Jungfrau, yoong'frow. (The Virgin). A Swiss Alpine peak, 18,T18 ft. above the sea level, Jumping-deer. The black-tailed deer, found in the U. 8. west of the Missis- sippi. June, jun. The 6th month of the year, when the sun enters the sign of Cancer. Jung-le-fowl, jung'gl-foul. A name given to two birds, natives of Australia and India. The jungle-fowl of Australia is Megapodius tumulus. The Indian jungle-fowl is Gallus Sonneratii, the first species of the gen. Gallus known in its wild state to naturalists. Junker, jungk'er. A member of the aristocratic party in Prussia which came into power under Otho von Bismarck- Schonhausen (Prince Bismarck), when he was appointed prime minister, 9th of Oct., 1S62. Juno, jii'no. InEom. Myth, the highest and most powerful divinity next to Ju- piter, of whom she was the sister and wife, the equivalent of the Greek Hera. She was the queen of heaven, and under the name of Kegina (queen) was wor- shipped in Italy at an early period. ' She bore the same rela- tion to women that Jupiter did to men. She was also the guardian of the national finances, and a temple, which contained the mint, was erected to her on the Cap- itoline. In Astron. one of the small plan- ets between the orbits of Mars and Ju- piter. Junta, jun'ta. A meeting ; a council ; specifically, a grand council of state in Spain. Junto, 'to. A select council or assembly, which deliberates in secret on any affair of government ; a meeting of men for secret intrigue for party purposes ; a faction ; a cabal. Jupiter, iu'pl-ter. In Eom. Myth, the supreme ^eity, the equivalent of the Greek Zeus. He received from the Romans, whose tutelary deity he was, the titles of Optimus Maximus (Best Greatest). He was regarded as supreme in human aflEairs ; Jie foresaw and directed the future, and sacrifices were offered up to him at the beginning of every under- Juno. JUPOIT KAFILAH taking. White was sacred to him ; hence, white animals were oltered up1n sacrifice to him, his priests wore white caps. his chai-iot was represen - ted .as drawn by four white horses, and the consuls were dressed in white upon the occasion of their sacrificing to him when they entered upon office. He is often represented with thunderbolts in his hand, and the eagle, his favorite bird, is generally placed by the side of his throne. One of the su- Serior planets, remarka- le for its brightness, ' . having four moons. Its Jupiter, mean diameter is about 85,000 miles ; its distjmce from the sun 490,000,000 miles, and its period of revolution round the sun a little less than twelve years. Jupon, ju-pon'. A tight- fitting military garment without sleeves, worn over the armor, and de- scending just below the hips, frequently richly em- blazoned and highly orna- mented. I Jure "^ivino, ju're di-vi'- no. By divine right. Juryman, -man. One who serves as a juror. Jupon, Justin, St. (The Martyr). Oneofth* Christian fathers, b. in Palestine abt. 103, martyred 165. Justinian. The name of two emperors of Constantinople. J. I., «. 4S3, s. his nephew Justin I. 52T ; n. 565. He was wise and warlike; the celebrated "Justinian Code" was compiled under his patronage, and the empire was re- stored to nearly its largest former di- mensions. J. II. 8. his father Constan- tino III. 685 ; deposed and exiled, 696 ; killed by Philippicus Bardanus, who s. him 711. Jute, jut. A fibrous substance resem- _ bling hemp, prepared by maceration from the inner bark of Corchorus capsularis, and C. olitorius or Jews'-mallow. In India it is made into cloth for bags,jind in this country it is used in carpets, bag- ging and other fabrics. It is also used to mix with silk in cloth for ladies' dresses and the like. Jutland. A Danish prov. covering the peninsular mainland ; pop. abt. 800,000. Juvenal, Decimus Junius Juve- nalis. An eminent Roman satirist : b. 40, ». 107. Juvenescence, ja-ve-nes'ens. The state of being juvenescent ; a growing young. Juvia, Ma. The fruit of the BerthoUetia excelsa, commonly called Brazil-nut. Juzail, -zal. A heavy rifle used by the Affghans. K KIS the 11th letter and the 8th consonant of the English alphabet, and represents one of the sounds of the original Indo- European alphabet. In Anglo-Saxon k was occasionally used, but c wfis regu- larly employed for the same sound, and previous to the 13th century this letter was seldom used. K has always the same sound, being classed as a guttural mute, explosive, or momentary consonant, and represents a hard or surd articulation. Formerly, k was added to c in musick, Sublick, &c., but is now omitted as super- nous. Kn forms a common initial com- bination in English words, but in this position the k is now silent, as in know, knife, knee. Before r or 1 as an initial combination this sound is represented by c, as in cream, clean. As a contraction K stands for Knight, as K. B., Knight of the Bath ; K. G., Knight of the Garter ; K. C. B., Knight Commander of the Bath. Kaalingr, 'Ung. A bird, a species of starling, fonnd in China. SLaama, 'ma. A S. African antelope (Bubalis caama), the baarte-beest of tie Dutch colonists. Kabani, ka-ba'ni. A person who, in Oriental states, supplies the place of a notary public ; a kind of attorney in the Levant. Kabin, ka'bin. A species of marriage among Mohammedans, which is not bind- ing for life, but is solemnized on condi- tion that the husband allows the wife a certain sum of money in case of separa- tion. Sadarite, kad'a-rlt. One of a eect among the Mohammedans who deny the doctrine of predestination and maintain that of free-will. Kafilah, kaTI-la. A party traveling with ' KAFIR 450 KANT camels. Early navigators applied the term to convoys of merchant ships. Kafir, 'er. One of a race spread over Southeastern Africa, from Cape Colony to Delagoa Bay, so called by the inhabitants of Eastern Africa on account of their re- fusal to accept the faith of Mohammed. Kaftan, 'tan. A garment worn in East- ern countries, consisting of a kind of long vest tied at the waist with a girdle, Avith sleeves extending beyond the points of the lingers. A long cloth coat is worn above it. Kalxau, ka'ha. The proboscis-monkey (Nasalis larvatus), remarkable for the length of its nose. Kakapo, kak'a-po. The owl-parrot, the Strigops habroptilus, resembUng an owl. Kalazxd, ktl'land. A lay fraternity which originated in Germany in the 13th cen- tury. The members assembled on the first of each month to pray for their de- ceased friends, after which they took a repast in common. The ceremonies gradu- ally degenerated into excesses, and the fraternity was abolished. Kaleidoscope, ka-li'do-skop. An opti- cal instrument which exhibits, by reifec- tion, a variety of beautiful colors and sym- metrical forms, and enables the observer to render permanent such as may appear appropriate for any branch of the oma- Biental arts. Kaliyuga, kal-i-yii'ga. The last of the four Hindu periods contained in the great Tuga, equal to the iron age of classic mythology. It consisted of 432,000 solar- sidereal years, and began some thousands of years before the Christian era. Kalki, 'ke. An avatar or incarnation of Vishnu, which it is considered Avill take place about the close of the Kaliyuga age, when all whose minds are given up to Avickedness shall be annihilated, and righteousness established on earth; and the minds of those who live at the close of that age shall be awakened and be as pellucid as crystal. Kalong:, ka'long. A name given to sev- I eral species of fox-bats, specifically to the groat frugivorous fox-bat of India. Kalpa, kal'pa. In Hindu Chron. a day, or according to others a day and night of Brahma, or a period of 4,320,000.000 or 8,640,000,000 solai--sidereal years Ac- cording to some the number of kalpas is infinite ; others hmit them to thirty. A great kalpa, instead of a day, comprises ttio life of Brahma. Kalpsu-Sutra, -pa-sfl'tra. In Vedic Lit, those Sanskrit works which treat of th» ceremonial attending the performance of a Vedic sacrifice. Kalseepee, -se'pe. The Mahratta name for an elegant species of antelope, and signifying literally black-tail. Kama, kti'ma. The Hindu god of love. Kami, kam'e. A Japanese title belong- ing primarily to the celestial gods who formed the first mythological dynasty, then extended to the terrestrial gods of the second dynasty, and then to the long line of spiritual princes who are still rep- resented by the mikado. Kamptulicon, kamp-tu'li-kon. A kind of floor-cloth composed of india-rubber, ' gutta percha and ground cork. Kamsin, kam'sin. A hot southerly wind in Egypt ; the simoon. Kamtschatka. A large peninsula on the E. coast of Siberia, belonging to Eussia. Kanaka, ka-nak'a. A native of the Sandwich Islands. Kancliil, kan'chil. A very small deer (Tragulus pygma3us) inhabiting the Asiatic islands. Called also the Pigmy Musk-deer. ISjSLJie, Elisha Kent, An American Arctic explorer, b. in Penn. 1820, v. 1857. Kangrar oo, kang'ga-ro. The native name of the animals gen. Macropus, a gen. of marsupial mammalia pecu- liar to Austral- asia. They ai-e the largest animals having a double uterus or womb. An external pouch or append- age to the abdo- men exists, and in this the young are carried for months after birth. Kansas, kan'sas. A State of the Amer- ican Union, admitted 1861, bounded N. by Nebraska, E. by Missouri, S. by Indian Ter., W. by Colorado ; area 81 ,31 8 sq. m.; pop. 996,096. Chief towns, Topeka, cap., Leavenworth, Lawrence, Atchison and Fort Scott; rivers, Missouri, Arkansas and Kansas ; its surface is mainly i)rairie. Kant, Immanuel, kahnt. A German author and philosopher, founder of the Critical or Transcendental School ; b. 1724, D. 1804. Ho was of Scottish de- scent. Aroe Kangaroo. KARAGAIT 451 KETTLE-DRUM Karagran, kar'a-gan. Vulpes K., a species of gray fox found in the Russian empire. Karaite, ka'ra-it. A member of a Jew- ish sect which adheres to the letter of Scripture, rejecting all oral traditions, and denying the authority of the Talmud ; op- posed to Kabbinists. Karamsin, Nikolai Mikhaelo- vitch.. An eminent Russian historian ; B. 1765, D. 1826, Earaskier, ka-ras'ki-er. One of the chief otficcrs of justice in Turkey, residing at Constantinople, and a member of the XJlema. Kamac. An Egyptian village occupjing the site of ancient Thebes ; chiefly noted for its extensive ruins. Kartikeya, kar-ti-ka'ya. In Hindu Myth, the god of war, corresponding to the Latin Mars. He is commander-in-chief of the celestial armies. Kattimundoo, kat-ti-mun'do. The milky juice of the E. Indian plant Eu- phorbia Cattimundoo, resembling caout- chouc. It is used as a cement for metal, knife-handles, &c. Katydid, ka'ti-did. An orthopterous insect, Platyphyllum concavum, a species of grasshopper. Kava, 'va. A species of pepper (Macro- piper methysticum), from whose root an intoxicating beverage is made by the South Sea Islanders, Kayak, ka'ak. A light fishing-boat in Greenland, made of seal-skins. Keblah., keb'la. The point toward which Mohammedans turn their faces in prayer, being the direction of the temple at Mecca. Kedgre, kej. A small anchor. Keel, kel. In brewing, a broad flat vessel used for cooling Hquids. Keen, ken. In Ireland, the piercing lam- entation made over a corpse. Keeve, kev. A large tub or vessel used in brewing ; a mashing-tub. In mining, a large vat used in dressing ores. Keitloa, kit-16'a. A species of rhinoce- ros having two horns, the front one curved backward, the back one forwai-d. Kelaenonesian, ke-le'no-ne"si-an. In Ethn. one of the dark-colored inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. Kelliadsa, -I'a-de. A family of lamelli- branchiate moUusca, embracing several genera. Kelp, kelp. The produce of sea-weeds when burned, from which carbonate ol soda is obtained. Kelpie, kel'pi. In Scotland, an imagin- ary spirit of the waters in th« form of a horse, believed to give previous warning when a person was about to be drowned, and sometimes maliciously to assist in drowning persons. Kent-bug-le, kent'bu-gl. A curved six- keyed bugle, on which ev- ery tone in the musical scale Kent-bugle, can bo sound- *" ed. Also called the key-bugle. Kentucky. One of the States of the American Union, admitted 1792, bounded N. by Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, E. by Virginia and W. Virginia, S. by Tennes- see, W. by Missouri; area, 87,680 sq. m.; pop. 1,648,690 ; principal towns, Frankfort, cap., Louisville, Lexington, Covington, Paducah, Henderson, Columbus and Hickman ; chief rivers, the Mississippi, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Cumber-' land. Green and Licking. Kepler's IJaws, kep'lerz laz. The laws of the courses of the planets established by Kepler. Kerana, ke-ra'na, A long wind instru- ment like a trumpet, much used in Persia, being sounded evening and morning. Kermes, 'mez, A dye-stuff consisting of the dried bodies of the females of one or two species of Coccus, more permanent but less brilliant than cochuieal. Kern, kern. A light-armed foot-soldier of the ancient Irish militia and the Highlands of Scotland, armed with a dart or skean ; opposed to gallowglass, who was heavy- armed. Kettle-drum, ket'1-drum. A copper vessel, usually Iiemispherical, covered Kettle-drum, with parchment, formerly used in pairs In martial muvsic for cavahy, but now chiefly confined to orchestras. KEEODOH KILLARNET Kestrel. Kerodon, ker'o-don. A S. American gen. of rodents, allied to thocaTies, about the size of a guinea-pig. Keroselene, 'o-se-lon. An extremely light, volatile, liquid hydrocarbon, which iirst passes over when petroleum, coal- tar, &c., are distilled. Kerosene, -sen. A liquid hydrocarbon distilled from coals, bitumen, petroleum, &c.. extensively used as a lamp-oil. Kersey, 'zi. A coarse, woolen cloth usually ribbed. Kerseymere, -mer. A thin twilled stuff wov- en from the tin est wools ; cassimere. Keslop, kes'lop. The stomach of a calf prepared for rennet. Kestrel, 'trel. The Falco Tln- nunculus, a common British species of falcon, called also Stannel and "Wind- hover. Ketch, kech. A strongly- built vessel, of the galiot order, usually two-masted , and from 100 to 250 tons burden, for- merly much Ketch, used as bomb vessels. Kettle-hat, -hat. The iron hat of a knight in the middle ages ; also the leather bur- gonet. Kevel, kev'el. Antilope Dor- cas, a species of "^.^ , antelope simi- *y2?^ lar to the gazelle in its manners and habits. Key, ke. One of the twenty-four com- moners who represent the people in the Parliament or Court of Tynwald of the Isle of Man, forming one of the branches of the legislative body of the island, the other branch consisting of the governor and Ms council. Kevel. The jurisdiction of a Keystone, -ston. The stone of an arch which, being the last put in, keys or locks the whole together. Khan, kan. In Asia, a governor ; a king ; a prince ; a chief. An Eastern inn ; a caravansary. The khans in towns are of two kinds — those for travelers and pil- grims where a lodging is furnished gratis, and those for traders, usually handsomer and more convenient. A small sum is charged for lodgment, but a duty is charged on all goods sold within. These may belong to government or to private individuals. Khanate, 'at. khan. Khartoum. A city of upper Nubia, Egj'pt, on the Blue Nile, just above its junction with the White Nile. It has a large caravan trade ; pop. 36,4T0. Khedive, ke-dov'. A Turkish title ap- plied to the Pasha or Governor of Egypt, implying a rank or authority superior to a prince or viceroy, but inferior to an in- dependent sovereign. The title is an old one revived by Ismael I. Kholsun, koFsun. The native dog of India ; the dhole. Elhotbah, kot'ba. A Mohammedan form of prayer, repeated at the commencement of public worship in the mosques every Friday morning. It is regarded as the most sacred portion of the service, and the insertion of his name in this prayer is regarded as the chief prerogative of the sultan. Kibitka, ki-bit'ka. A tent of the nomad tribes of the Kirghiz-Tartars. A Eussian vehicle consisting of a frame of wood cov- ered with felt or leather, and placed on wheels, serving as a movable habitation. Kiblingr, kib'ling. A part of a small fish used by fishermen for bait on the banks of Newfoundland. Kid, kid. A young goat. Leather made from the skin of a kid, or from other hides in imitation of it. Kidderminster, 'er-min-ster. An En- glish carpeting composed of two webs, each consisting of a separate warped woof, interwoven at intervals to produce the figures. Kid-fox, 'foks. A young fox. Kikekunemalo, kik'e-ku-nem"a-lo. A pure resiu similar to copal, but of a more beautiful whiteness and transparency, forming the most beautiful of all the var- nishes. Killamey. A town in Co. Kerry, Ire- land, noted for the three beautiful lakes in KILODYNE 4 the vicinity, also for the Island of Inuis- fallen, and foi- its proximity to the highest mountains and most romantic scenery in the island. Kilodyne, kiro-dln. In dynamics, a thousand dynes. Zkilogram., -gram. A French measure of weight, being 1,000 grams, equal to 2.204S5 lbs. avoirdupois. Kilogrraixuueter, -6-gram 'et-er. The French unit employed in estimating the mechanical work performed by a machine. It represents the work performed in raising a kilogram through a meter of space, and corresponds to 7.233 foot- pounds. Kiloliter, ki-lol'it-er. In French deci- mal measures 1,000 liters, 35.8166 cubic feet, or 220.0967 imperial gallons. Kilometer, -lom' et-er. In French deci- mal system of measures 1,000 meters, the meter being the u^^it of linear measure and equivalent to 3.280S992 English feet. Kilostere, kil'o-star. A French solid measm-e, consisting of 1,000 steres or cubic meters, and equal to 35317.41 cubic feet. Kilt, kilt. A short petticoat, worn by men as an article of dress in lieu of trous- ers : the national dress of the Highlanders of Scotland. Kinetics, -net'iks. That branch of dynamics which treats of forces causing or changing motion in bodies. Kin g, king. A Chinese musical instru- ment consisting of sixteen resonant stones or metal plates, so arranged in a frame of wood as to sound as many musical notes. King. The chief magistrate or sovereign of a nation ; a monarch ; a prince ; a ruler. King-at-arms, 'at-armz. In Her. an otticer of great antiquity, and formerly of great authority. In England there are now three kings-at-arms, vb... Garter, Olarencieux and Norroy. There is fi, Lyon-king-at-arms for Scot! land and an Ulster-ktng-at- arms for Ireland. King-bird, 'berd. The popular name of two birds, the one belonging to the gen. Paradisea, the other to the gen. Tyrannus. King-crab, 'krab. A name given to the species of Lim- ulus, a gen. of crustaceans, ord. Xiphosura. King-crow, 'kro. A bird -k-._„ ^^„y^ (Dicrurus macrocercus), ^^"o-craD fam. Ampelidae or chatterers. ^\»ISB ISfi King, Rufus. An eminent American orator and statesman ; b. in Me., 1755 ; D. 1827. Kingfisher, -fish'er. The gen- eral name of the birds fam. Hal- cyonidse,sub-ord. Fissirostres, ord. Insessores. It i- probable thai| this bird is tht halcyon of tht ancients, of which so many wonderful stories were told. King-vulture, 'vul-tiir. The Sarcor- hampus Papa of the intertropical regions of America, fam. Vulturidae. Kinkajou, 'ka-jo. A plantigrade carniv- orous mammal of northern S. America belonging to the group Cercoleptidse, and allied to the family Ursidae. Kinnikinic, kin'i-kin-ik". A compo- sition for smoking, consisting of the dried leaves and bark of red sumac or red wil- low. Spelled also Killikijiick. Kiosk, ki-osk'. A Turkish pavilion or summer house. It has been iutroduoed Spotted Xiugfisher. Kio&k. from Turkey and Persia into gardens, parks, «fec., of Europe and America. Kip-skin, kip'skin. Leather prepared from the skin of young cattle, inter- mediate between calfskin and cowhide. Kirk, kirk. The Established Church of Scotland ; a church. Kirsch-wasser, kersh'vas-ser. An al- coholic Hquor distilled from the fermented juice of the small black cherry. It is called the brandy of Switzerland. Kish, kish. A substance resembling plumbago found in iron-smelting fUr* naces. It consists of cai'bon and manga< nese. KISSMISS 4M KOB Kite. Kissmiss, kis'mis. A small Persian grai)e from which Shiraz wine is made. Kitchen-midden, kich'en-mid-n. The name given to certain mounds, from 3 to 10 feet in height and 100 to 1,000 feet in length, found in the U. S., Denmark, Scotland, &c., consisting chiefly of the shells of edible shell- fish. They are the refuse heaps of a pre-historic people, unacquainted with the use of metals, all the Implements found in them being of stone, bone, horn or wood. Fragments of rude pottery oc- cur. Kite, kit. A rap- torial bird of the fal- con fam , gen. Milvus, the least formidable of the birds of prey. Kittiwake, kit'ti-wak. A natatorial bird, gen. Larus or gulls. Kleber, Jean Baptiste. A gallant French general ; n. 1751, assassinated by an Arab in Egypt, 1800. Kleptomania, klep-to-mri'ni-a. A sup- posed species of moral insanity, exhibit- ing itself in an irresistible desire to pilfer. Klipspring-er, klip'spring-er. A beauti- ful little S. African antelope, gen. Oreotra- gus,as sure-footed and agile as the chamois, which it somewhat resembles in its habits. Knapsack, nap'sak. A bag of leather or strong cloth for carrying a soldier's or tourist's necessities. Knave, nfiv. A playing card with a sol- dier or servant painted on it ; a jack. Knighthood, 'hud. The character or dig- nity of a knight. Order of Knighthood, an or-, ganizod and duly con- 8 1 i t u t e d body of knights. These are of two classes — associa- tions or fraternities, possessing property and rights of their own as independent bodies, or merely honorary associ- ations. To the former belonged the three cele- brated religious orders founded during the Cru- sades—Templars, IIos- Eitallers and Teutonic der of St. Patrick. :»ights. The other embraces most of the existing European Star, Jewel and Collar of the Or- orders, such as the order of the Golden Fleece, of the Holy Ghost, and of St. >Ii- chael. The British orders are the order of the Garter, the Thistle, St. Patrick, the Bath, St. Michael and St. George, and the Star of India. The various orders have each their appropriate insignia. Knigrht, nit. In feudal times, a man ad- mitted to a certain military rank, with spe- cial ceremonies. In modern times, one who holds a certain dignity conferred by the sovereign and entitling the possessor to have the title of Sir prefixed to his Christian name, but not hereditary like the dignity of baronet. Knight-errant, -er'rant. A wandering knight ; a knight who traveled in search of adventures. Knobber, nob'er. A hart in its second year ; a brocket. Knobstick, stik. An English term of disparagement applied to a workman who reftises to join a trade's union or who works when the members of the union are on strike. Knot, not. A grallatorial bird, fam. Scolopacidae, gen. Tringa (T. canutus), closely allied to the snipe. Knout, n out. An instrument of punish- ment, consisting of thongs of leather at- tached to a short handle of wood, used in Russia. Know-nothing", n«>'nuth-ing. A mem- ber of a secret political organization in the IT. S., the main objects of which were the repeal of the naturalization law and of the law which permitted others than native- born Ameiicans to hold office. It w^as formed in 1853, and lasted 2 or 3 years. Knoz, John. An eminent Scotch di- vine and reformer ; b. 1505, n. 1572. Blnubs, nubz. Waste silk formed in winding off the threads from a cocoon. Knuckle-duster, nuk'1-dust-er. An iron instrument contrived to cover the knuckles so as to protect them from inju- ry when striking a blow, adding force to it at the same time, and with knobs or points projecting so as to render the blow still more severe. It is used by garroters and similar ruffians ; also called brass- knuckles. Koala, ko-a'la. A marsupial animal of Australia, commonly referred to the fam. Phalangistidae, somewhat resembling a small bear. Kob, kob. A name given to many spe- cies of African antelopes of the gen. Ko- bus, but more commonly applied to K. Sing-sing. KOBOLD 455 KUTUSOFF Kobold, ko'bold. A domestic spirit or elf in Gennan Myth., coiTesponding to the English pobliri and Scotch brownie. The metal cobalt has its name fi-om this spirit. Koodoo, kO'do. The striped antelope (Antilope strepsiceros, or Strepsiceros koodoo), the male of -which has horns nearly 4 feet long, and beautifully t\visted in >\ide spirals. Konig'Sbergr. Cap. of E. Prussia, on the Pregel, near its mouth. It is built on piles ; pop. 112,746. Konigsgratz. A town of Bohemia, Austria, at the junction of the AUer and Elbe, noted as near the scene of the great battle, 1866, of Sadowa, in which the Prussians defeated the Austrians ; pop. 6,390. Koran, ko'ran. The Mohammedan book of faith. Kosciusko, Thaddeus. A distin- guished Polish patriot, b. 1749, d. in ex- ile iu Switzerland, 1817. He served un- der Washington in the American Jlevolu- tion, and was afterward commander-in- chief of the Polish army in the unsuccess- ful revolution of 1794. Kossuth, Liouis. An eminent Hunga- rian statesman and orator, b. 1802. He was the principal promoter of the unsuc- cessful revolt against Austria, 1S4S-49. Koster, kos'ter. A species of sturgeon. Koth., koth. A shiny earthy substance ejected by some S. American volcanos. Kow-tow, kou-tou'. The mode of sa- luting the Emperor of China by prostrat- ing one's self before him on all fours, and touching the ground with the forehead nine times. ELraal, kral. In S. Africa, among the native tribes, a village ; a collection of huts ; sometimes a single hut. Elremlin, krem'lin. In Russia, the cita- del of a town or city. The term is spe- cifically applied to the ancient citadel of Moscow, containing an imperial palace, several churches, among which is the Church of the Annunciation, in which the coronation of the Eussian emperors is performed, convents, an arsenal, &c. It was partly destroyed by the French in 1S12, but has been repaired. Kreutzer, kroit'ser. An old S. German copper coin, equal to the 60th part of the gulden or florin. The Austrian current coin bearing this name is the 100th part of a florin, equivalent to one-fifth of an En- glish penny. Kriegspiel, kreg'spel. A game of Ger- man origin, in which, by means of pieces Krishna. representing troops moved by two gene- rals, on a map, the manoeuvres of actual warfare are represented. Bjrishna, krish'- na. In Hind. M,vth. the s of iron which cross one an- other like net-work, so as to leave open interstices, only used when air rather 6ian light is to be ad- mitted. Laud, lad. That part of diVino worship which consists in Lattice-window. LAUD LEAD praise. In the R. C. Oh. the second ser- vice of the day said after nocturns, and usually includ'3d in the term matins. liaud, "William. An English divine and statesman ; b. 157-3 ; made Arch- bishop of Canterbury 1638 ; beheaded for high treason 1641. Liaudanuzu, 'a-num. Opium prepared in spirit of wine ; tincture of opium. liaugrher, laf'er. A variety of Arabian pigeons, so named from its cry. Liaug'h.ing'-gras, 'ing-gas. Nitrous oxide, or protoxide of nitrogen. liaunce, lans. A name common to two specifts of Ammodytes or sand-eels. Laura, la'ra. Formerly a collection of cells or hermitages separated from each other, where the monks did not live in com- munity, but each provided for himself, all being under one superior. Liaureate, 're-at. One crowned -with laurel ; a poet laureate. liaureiis, Henry. An American states- man ; B. in S. C. 1724, ». 1792. He was sent on a mission to the Hague, 1780, and en route was captured by the English and kept a prisoner in the Tower of London for 1-4 months. Liaurentian, -ren'shi-an. In Geol. a term applied to a vast series of stratified and crystalline rocks of gneiss, mica-schist, quartzite, serpentines and limestones, about 40,000 feet in thickness, northward of the St. Lawrence in Canada. It is the lowest fossiliferous system of rocks. liautu, 'tu. A cotton band worn on the head of the inca of Peru as a badge of royalty. Xiava. la'va. The general term for all rock matter that flows in a molten state from volcanoes, and which when cool forms varieties of tufa, trachyte, trachytic greenstone and basalt. L. ware, a coarse ware resembling lava, made from iron slag cast into urns, tiles, table tops, &c, Ijaveiider-"water, 'ven-der-wa-ter. A perfume composed of spirits of wine, es- sential oil of lavender and ambergris. Laver, la'ver. In Scrip, a basin placed in the court of the Jewish tabernacle, where the officiating priests washed their hands •and feet and the entrails of victims. Ijavvoisier, Antoine Laurent. An eminent French natural philosopher and chemist ; b. 1743, n. by the guillotine during the " reign of terror, " 1 794. He was the founder of the antiphlogistic or modern school of chemistry. Law, John (of Lauriston). A Scotch gambler and adventurer ; b. 1671, n. in Venice, 1729. He gained the confidence of PhiUp, Eegcnt of France, and became the financial director of the kingdom. He formed the Mississippi Company and orig- inated the " South Sea Bubble," the ob- ject being to monopolize trade with the E. and W. Indies, Louisiana, etc. It failed and bankrupted thousands. L. died in poverty. Law, la. A rule of action or condT;ict laid down or prescribed by authority ; an edict of a ruler or a government. Lawn-sleeve, lan'slev. A sleeve made of lawn ; a part ofa bishop's dress. Lawn-tennis, 'ten-nis. An out-door game in which the players are separated from each other by a low netting, and strike a tennis ball toward each other by means of bats. Lawrence, James. An American na- val oQicer ; b. in N. J., 1781 ; mortally wounded in the battle between the Chesa- peake and Shannon, 1813. Lawrence, St. A large river, for some distance, in connection with the lakes through which it runs, the boundary bet. the U. S. and Canada. As the St. Louis, it is an affluent of Lake Superior, and is given different names between the several lakes, it being known as the St. L. only from Montreal to the sea ; its total length is about 2,000 m., and at Anticostl it is 350 m. wide. It empties into the Guli of St. L., a great arm of the Atlantic. Layard, Austen Henry. An English archajologist ; b. at Paris, 1817. His dis- coveries in Nineveh and elsewhere in Asia have given him ^vlde distinc- tion. Lay-figrure, la'fig-ur. A figure used by paint- ers, made of wood or cork, in imitation "^f the human body, which serves, when clothed, as a model for draperies, &c. Lazzaroni, Kits-ii-ro'ne. A name given to the poorer classes at Naples who have no fixed habitation, and spend most of their time in idling. Lea, 16. A measure of yarn, containing in cotton and worsted 80 threads, in linen, 120. Lead, led. A soft, flexible and inelastic metal, both malleable and ductile. The lead of commerce, which commonly con- tains silver, iron and copper, is extractt?d from the native sulphide, the galena of mineralogists. Lay-figure. LEAD-AEMING 463 LEGATE Xiead-ariuing:, 'arm-ing. A lump of tallow pressed into the lower end of the sounding lead, for the purpose of ascer- taining the nature of the bottom. Ijeaf-cutter, lef'kut-er. A name given to certain species of solitary bees, from their lining their nests with fragments of leaves and petals of plants cut out by their mandibles. Iieaf -hopper, 'hop-er. A name common to the hemipterous insects, gen. Tcttigo- nia. T. vitus is very destructive to vines. Iieaf -louse, 'lous. A name common to various insects of the fam. Aphides ; a plant-louse. Iieaf-metal, 'met-al. Bronze in the form of thin leaves, used for giving a cheap and brilliant sui-face to metal and other substances. Lieander. In Heroic Hist the lover of Hero, who nightly. swam the Hellespont to visit her, but was eventually drowned. lieaping'-fish, lep'ing-fish. Salarias tri- daetylus, a small fish, blcnny fam., having the power of leaving the water for a time. It displays great agility in moving on the damp shore. Lieap-year, 'yer. Bissextile ; a year con- taining 366 days ; every fourth year, which leaps over a day more than a common vear. iieather-back, bak. A marine tortoise, gen. Sphargis. I^eather-head, -bed. An Australian bird, the Tropidorhynchus corniculatus, a species of honey-eater. Called also Triar- bird. Xieban, leb'an. A common Arabic beve- rage consisting of coagulated sour milk diluted with water. • Liebanoil, -on. An extensive mountain range in W. Asia. Ijectern, lek'tern. The desk or stand on which the larger books used in the services of the K. C. and similar churches are placed. iectica, -tl'ka. In ancient Eome, a couch or litter in which persons were car- ried. They were used for the living and for conveying the dead to the grave. They were used also by the Greeks for the latter purpose. liectionary, 'shon-a-ri. A book con- taining portions of Scripture to be read in worship on particular days. Liectistemiuni, -ti-ster'ni-um. In Class. Antiq. a sacrifice in the nature of a feast, in which the Greeks and Eomans placed the images of their gods recUning on couches round tables furnished with viands, as if they were about to partake of them. Lector, 'ter. In the early church a per- son set apart for the purpose of reading parts of the Bible and other religious writings to the people. Leda, Ic'da. In Classical Myth, the mother, by Jupiter, of Helen, Castor and Pollu.Y. A small planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Led-horse, led'hors. A spare horse to be used in case of emergency ; a sumpter- horse ; a pack-horse. Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Augruste. A distinguished French lawyer, radical politician and orator ; B. 180S, B. in exile in England, 1874. Lieech., lech. The common name of sev- eral genera of discophorous hermaphrodite blood-sucking worms, ord. Suotoria, fam. Hirudinidaj. liee. The patronymic of an illustrious American family, of whom the following are the most notable members : Richard Henry L., b. in Va., 1732 ; v. 1794. He was a warm promoter of the War of Inde- pendence and as a member of Congress active and prominent as a patriot and statesman. Arthur L., brother of the foregoing ; b. 1740, d. 1792. He was prominent in Congress and was sent, 1776, as one of the commissioners to France. Henry L., cousin of the above ; b. 1756, D. 1818. He commanded the famous Vir- ginian Light Horse during the Revolution, was Governor of Virginia after the war and later a member of Congress. Robert Edward Lee, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate forces during the Rebellion, was the son of Gen. H. Lee ; b. 1808, d. 1870. Leeds. An English borough, "W. Riding, Co. York, noted for its woolen manufac- tures ; pop. 263,426. Lee-tide, le'tld. A tide running in the direction that the wind blows. Leg', leg. The limb of an animal, used in supporting the body and in walking and running. Xiegracy, 'a-si. A bequest ; a particular thing or sum of money given by last will or testament. Legalist, le'gal-ist. A stickler for adhe- rence to law or prescription ; specifically, in Theol. one who relies for salvation upon the works of the law or on good works. Leg'ate, leg'at. An ambassador. The pope's ambassador to a foreign prince or state ; a cardinal or bishop sent as the LEGEND 464 LEMMING pope's representative or commissioner to a sovereign prince. Liegrend, lej'end. A chronicle or register of the lives of saints, formerly read at matins and at the refectories of religious houses. A story generally of a marvel- ous character told respecting a saint; hence, any remarkable story handed down from early times; a tradition. An in- scription or motto on a shield or coat of arms ; specifically, in Numis. the words round the field of a medal or coin, as dis- tinguished from the inscription which is across it. Zjegrerdeniain, 'er-dC-man". Sleight of hand ; a deceptive performance which depends on dexterity of hand. Liegrlioni, leg'horn. A plait for bonnets and hats made from the straw of bearded wheat cut green and bleached. A hat made of that material. Xieg'h.orn. An Italian seaport, prov. Pisa, on the Mediterranean, 82 m. 8. W. of Florence; pop. 91,648. Ijegrion, le'jon. In Eom. Milit. Antiq. a body of infantry conslstitig' of ditferent numbers of men at different periods, from 3,000 to above 6,000, often with a comple- ment of cavalry. Each legion was divided into ten cohorts, each cohort into three maniples and each maniple into two cen- turies. Any military force. L. of Honor, an order instituted in France by Napoleon when first consul, as a reward for merit, both civil and military. The order origi - nally consisted of grand crosses, grand officers, commanders, oflicers and legion- aries, but has since lost much of its origi- nal character. Also the name of an Ameri- can beneficial society. lieg-islature, lej'is-lat-ur. The body in a state or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws. Legitimist, lc-jit'1-mist. One who be- lieves in the sacredness of hereditary monarchical government. In France, an adherent of the elder branch of the Bour- bon family, which was driven from the throne in 1880. Legruminosae, le-gri'mi-no"se. . One of the largest and most important natural orders of i)]ants, including about 7,000 species dispersed throughout the world. Four sub-orders are recognized : Papilion- aceaj, Swartziea?, Ca^salpinieJE and Mimo- seae. It contains peas, beans, lentils, clover, hicern, sainfoin, vetches, indigo, logwood and many other dyeing plants, acacias, senna, tamarinds, &c. Legruxuliiosite, ^luiu-os-It. Ono of a gen. of fossil plants apparently pod-bear- ing. They occur in tertiary strata. Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von. An eminent German philosopher ; u. 1646, t». 1716. Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of. An English statesman, one of Queen Elizabeth's favorites; b. 1531, n. 15SS. lie was appointed lieutenant-general the year of his death. Leiotlirix, K-o-thriks. A gen. of birds known as silky chatterers, fam. Ampelli- dae. Leiotrichi, -ot'ri-ki. One of the two di- visions into which Huxley has classified man, characterized by the smoothness of the hair, the other division being Ulotrichi, crisp or woolly haired people. The Leiot- richi comprise the Australioid, Mongoloid, Xanthochroic and Melanochroic groups. Xieipoa, -po'a. A gen. of gallinaceous birds. L. ocellata, the only known spe- cies, is the native pheasant of W. Aus- tralia, which in its habits is very like the domestic fowl. It leaves its eggs to be hatched by the heat of the sun. Leipzig- (Leipsic). An important city of Saxony, Germany, 20 m. 8. E. of Halle, on the White Elster. It is an extensive manufacturing and educational center, and is noted as the scene of one of the most sanguinary battles (Oct. 16-19, 1813) of modern times, in which Napoleon I. was defeated by the allied armies ; pop. 92,674. Leman, le'man. A sweetheart of either sex ; a gallant of a mistress ; usually in a bad sense. Lemniscus, lem-nis' kus. In Anc. costume, a various-colored wool- en fillet or ribbon pen dant at the back pari of the head, from dia- dems, crowns, &c. Lemon, on. The fi-uit of Citrus Limo- num. The tree that produces lemons, the Citrus Limonum, ord. Aurantiacofe. Lemming:, 1 o m ' i n g . A gi-oup of rodent" mammals, allied to the mouse-w^ and rat, consti- l-jw^ tuting the gen.J^fe^ Myodesof some*J naturalists, Lemmus of others; found in Norway, Laplaxid, Siberia and the north- Lcmniscus i^C's Lemming. LEMUEES 465 LEPANTO em parts of America. The most noted species is the common or European lem- ming (M. Lemmus), vast hordes of which periodically migrate toward the Atlantic and the Gulf of Bothnia, destroying all vegetation in their path. Numbers of bears, wolves and foxes follow them in their march, making them their prey, li e m u r e s, lem'u-roz. Spirits of the departed; ghosts ; spec- ters. Ijemuridae, le-mu'ri-de. A family of quad- rumanous ani- mals distinct from the mon- Ked Lemur, keys and ap- proaching the insectivores and rodenU; the lemurs. Xiena. A large Siberian river emptjoag into the Arctic Ocean ; length 2,550 m. Xieno, le'no. A cotton gauze thinner and clearer than book-muslin, used for win- dow-blinds. Liens, lenz. A trans* Karent substance, usual- j glass, so formed that, rays of light passing through it are made to change their direction, and magnify or diminish objects at a certain dis- tance. lient, lent. A religious fast of forty days, begin-, ning at Ash Wednesday -«j^^^^^^sbs«-- ( and continuing till East- 1^^^*******^^^ er, observed in com- memoration of the forty days' fast of Christ. liCO, le'o. The Lion, the fifth sign of the zodi ac, containing 95 stars. L. Minor, the Little Lion, a constellation of the northern hemisphere con- taining 53 stars. made remarkable by the Iconoclastic schism. Also the name of 13 popes, of whom those deserving special mention are L. I. (The Great), who a. Sixtus IxL, 440. During his pontificate Kome was sacked by the Vandals, 455, under Gen- seric. He condemned the Eutychian here- sy, D. 461. L. X. (Giovanni de Medici), b. 14T5, s. Julius IL 1513 ; d. 1521. He was a munificent patron of learning and the arts, and shrewd and successful as a states- man, but the church was scandalized by the wholesale traffic in indulgences, which finally led to the Keformation. Leonidas. A Spartan king who s. his brother Cleopienes I., 402 b. c. In 480 he with a few soldiers defended the Pass of Thermopylse against Xerxes and his Per- sian army, nearly a million strong, the Greeks perishing to a man after killing five times their number. Leonides, -on'i-dez. A name given to the group of meteors observed in Novem- ber each year, but occurring with profusion about three Lenses. Leo, Leo. The name of 4 Byzantine emperors of whom the most noted was L. Ill (the Isaurian), who rose from humble birth to high military rank, and s. Anastasius II. 717. He defeated the Saracens before Constantinople ; d, 741. His reign was Leopard, lep'ard. A carnivorous digitigrade Feiis. Leopold. The name of several Europe- an sovereigns, of whom the most distin- guished are: L. I. (the Great), of Ger- many, B. 1640, D. 1705. During his reign successful wars were waged against the Turks, French and Hungarian rebels. L. I. of Belgium, a son of the Duke of Saxe- Coburg-Saalfeld, b. 1790; refused the crown of Greece, 1S80, and was elected King of the Belgians after^he separation of B. and Holland, 1S31 ; d. 1865. L. Ill of Austria, b. 1350 ; killed in the battle of Sempach by the Swiss, 1386. Lepadidae, le-pad'i-de. The barnacles or goose-mussels, a fam of clrriped crus- taceans, free-swimming when in the larva state, but when adult attached by the an. tennaa to submarine bodies. Lepanto. Principal town of the Greek eparchy of L. on the bay of same name, noted for the great naval victory, 1570, over the Turks by the combined fleets of Pojlip II- > the Pope and tlie Venetians, the Turks losing 26,000 kiHed and 10,000 prisoners. LEPIDOFTERA 466 LEVI Lepidoptera, lep-id-op'ter-a. Tlie most beautiful of all the orders of insects, com- prising the butterflies and moths. licpidosi- ren, -o- 6i"ren. A gen. of fish- es, ord. Dipnoi; the -^ mud-fish. - LepidosireiTaDuectens. Lepidosteus, -os'tu-us. A gen. of fishes with bony polished or ganoid scales, and hence known as bony-pikes. Tliey belong to the fum. Lepidosteidae, ord. Ganoidei, and resemble many of the mes- ozoic fossil genera more than any other living fishes. Lepidus. Marcus iEmilius. The Great Triumvir. The adherent of Caesar in his conflict with Pompey, and his as- sociate Consul, 46 ; in 43 he with Antony and Octavius formed the celebrated trium- virate. L. receiving Spain and Narbonnese Gaul as his share of the supreme power. Deprived of his command, 47, he was given a position in Africa, but failing In an attempt to regain his former position, he D. in exile, 13 b. c. Ijeptodactyl, lep-to-dak'til. A bird or other animal having slender toes. Lepus, iG'pus. A gen. of rodents, com- prising the hare and rabbit. In Astron. the Hare, a southern constellation contain- ing 19 stars. Lerneeadae, ler-ne'a-de. A group of par- asitic suctorial crustaceans, ord. Ichthy- ophthira or fish-lice. Iierot, le'rot. The garden dormouse (Mj^oxus nitela), a little rodent which makes great havoc among fruit. liesseps, Ferdinand de. A cele- brated French engineer and diplomat, b. 1S05. He conceived and directed the work on the Suez Canal, and is at present engaged in uniting the Atlantic and Pacific by a canal across the Central American isthmus. Lestris, les'tris. A gen. of palmiped birds. The L. parasiticus is the arctic gull, and the L. catarrhactes the skua gull, the most formidable of all the gull kind. Liethe, iG'the. In Greek Myth, the river of oblivion ; one of the streams of the in- fernal regions. Its waters possessed the quality of causing those who drank them to forget their former existence. Lettish., let'ish. The language spoken by the people of Livonia, originally a Sclav onian branch of the Aryan family of tongues. Leuciseus, Ifi-sis'kus. A gen. of fishes, fam. Cyprinidie; the roixch, dace and bleak afford familiar examples. LeucCBthiops, lu-ke'thi-ops. A-n albino or individual affected with a want of color- ing matter in the skin and cuticular ap- pendages. Leucophasia, -ko-fa'si-a. A gen. of white butterflies. Lieucopterian, 'kop-te'ri-an, InEccles. Hist, one of a sect of the Greek Church charged with the errors of the Origenists, and \vith corrupting the text of the Gospel. Lieucosiadse, -ko-sl'a-de. A family of short- tailed decapodous crustaceans, con- taining many pretty, round, porcellane, exotic crabs. Ijevant, le-vant'. A name given to the maritime parts of the countries lying on the eastern portion of the Mediterranean and its contiguous waters, as Turkey, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, Egypt, &c. An easterly wind blowing up the Mediterra- nean ; a levanter. Level, lev'el. Any instrument by which to find or draw a straight line parallel to the plane of the horizon, and by this means to determine the true level or the differ- ence of ascent or descent between several places, for various purposes In architec- ture, agriculture, engineering, hydraufics, surveying, &c. Levelingr-staff, -ing-staf. An instru- ment used in leveling in conjunction with ? spirit-level and telescope. Lever, le'ver. In Mech. one of the me- chanical powers, which is of three kinds. When the fulcrum is between the weight and the power, as in the handspike. When the weight is between the power and the fulcrum, as in rowing a boat, where the fulcrum is the water. When the power is between the weight and the fulcrum, as in raising a ladder from the ground by one of the lower rounds, the fulcrum being the foot of the ladder. The bones of animals are levers of the third kind. Leveret, lev'er-et. A hare in the first year of its age. Lever-valve, le'ver-valv. A safety- valve kept down by the pressure of an ad- justable weight or si)ring. Leverrier, Urban Jean Joseph. An eminent French astronomer, b. ISll, d. 1877. He discovered the planet Neptune, 1846. Levi. In Scrip, one of the Hebrew pa- triarchs, son of Jacob, and i)rogenitor of the Levites; b. abt. 1750 b. c, d, in Egypt, aged 137. LEVIATHAN 46T LICTOR lieviathan, -vi'a-than. An aquatic ani- mal described in the book of Job, ch. xli., and mentioned in other passages of Scrip- ture. It is not known whether it was a crocodile, the whale, or a species of ser- pent. Le viration, -vl-ra'shon . The act or cus- tom among the Jews of a man's marrying the widow of a brother who died without issue. The same custom or law prevails in some parts of India. Levitation, lev-i-ta'shon. Among Spir- itualists, the alleged phenomenon ofbodies heavier than air being rendered buoyant in the atmosphere. Lievite, le'vit. In Jewish Hist, one of the tribe or family of Levi ; more particulai-ly, one employed in various menial duties connected A\1th the tabernacle or temple. They were subordinate to the priests, the descendants of Aaron, who was also of the family of Levi. Leviticus, -vit'i-kus. A canonical book of the Old Testament, the third book of Moses, containing the ceremonial laws. Levogrlucose, 'vd-glu-k6s. In Chem. a sugar isomeric with dextroglucose, but distinguished from it by turning the plane of polarization to the left. The equal mix- ture of the two constitutes fruit or inverted sugar, which turns the plane of polariza- tion to the left, the rotatory power of levo- glucose being greater than that of dextro- glucose. Lex, leks. Law. Liexicon, 'i-kon, A dictionary ; a vocab- ulary or book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language, with their definition. Leyden-jar, li-dn- jar. A glass jar coated inside and outside, usuallv with tin-foil, to Avithin a third of the top. that it may be readily charged with electi-icity, and thus employed in a vari- ety of interesting and useful experiments. Lewis, Meriwether. An American explorer ; B. in Va. 1774, d. 1809. L. in company with Clarke explored the then unknown region in which the Missouri rises, and traced the Columbia to its month. L. river, the largest tributary of the Columbia, 900 m. long. Leyden, John of ( Johann Beccold). A religious enthusiast, b. at Leyden, Hol- land, 1510, executed 153Q. With Matthv-s he incited the Anabaptists to armed rervolt, Leyden-jar. seized Munster, which he held for some time, and with his followers was guilty of numerous excesses. L., a city of S. Hol- land, 2-2 m. S. W. of Amsterdam, formerly noted for its university founded by William Prince of Orange, 1575, and for its obstinate resistance to the Spaniards, 1574, during which 6,000 citizens died of famine and pestilence. Li, le. A Chinese copper coin, otherAvise called a cash. It is worth about one-tenth of a cent. A Chinese measure of length, equal to .486 inch. Lia-fail. Lit. Stone of destiny. The stone on which the ancient Irish kings are said to have been crowned, brought by Fergus to Scotland, and ultimately de- posited at Scone, where the Scottish kings sat on it at their coronation. It was re- moved by Edward I. to England and placed in Westminster Abbey, where it still forms part of the coronation chair. liias, li'as. In Geol. that series of strata lying at the basis of the oolitic or Jurassic series, and above the triassic or new red sandstone. Libellulidae, -bel-u'li-de. The dragon - flies, a fam. of neuropterons, or, accord- ing to some, orthopterous insects. Liberal, lib'er-al. An advocate of free- dom from restraint, especially in politics and religion ; a member of an English part}^ which advocates confennng more power on the people. Liberia. A small republic of W. Africa, a refuge for the manumitted slaves from the U. S. Length, 600 m.; average breadth, 50 m.; Monrovia is the cap. Total pop. abt. 650,000, of whom600,000 are natives. Libra, li'bra. In Astron. the Balance. the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox in September. Libya. In Anc. Geog. the name given to Africa, especially N. Africa. Libyan, lib'yan. A name given to a group of tongues, other^vise called Berber. Lictor, 'ter. An officer among theEo- mans who bore an ax and fasces or rods as ensigns of his office. His duty was to at- tend the chief magistrates when thev ap- peared in public, to clear the way for them and cause due respect to be paid them ; also to apprehend and punish OTiminals. i^ ._J?i Libra. LICHEN 468 LILLIBULLERO Lich-gate. i^iclieix, li'ken. In Eot. ono of an order of cellular cryptogainic plants without stem and leaves, and coneisttng mainly of a th alius. Thoy include Iccland-moss , roindeer- moss,rock and tree moss; but are entirely distinct from the true moss- es (Musoi). Lich-g-ate, licli'gat. A church-yard gate, -with a porch under which a bier inij,'ht stand while the intro- ductory part of the funeral service was road. Liebig", Justus, Baron von. An eminent German chemist; b. 1S03, u. 1S73. Liegre, Icj. A vassal holding a fee by which lie is bound to perform certain services and duties to his lord. A lord or superior ; a sovereign. Lieutenant, lu-tcn'ant. A commis- sioned ohicer in the army next in rank be- low a captain ; L. general, an officer next in rank to the general ; L. colonel, an offi- cer next below the colonel in rank. A commissioned officer in the navy ranking with a captain in the arm}'. Lieutenant-governor, -gu-vern-cr. An officer performing the duties of a gov- ernor. In some British possessions and colonies under a governor-general, the chief magistrate of a separate district is called a lieutenant-governor. liife-annuity, llf'an-nu-i-ti. A sum of money paid yearly during a person's life. Life-belt, 'belt. An inflated belt of in- dia-rubber or cork, used to support the bod y in the water. Life-preserver, 'pre- zerv-er. An air-tight jack- et or belt or a complete dress designed for the pres- ervation of the lives of, persons compelled to trust themselves to the water. Life-rocket, 'rok-et. A rocket discharged from a life-mortar, and which con- veys a rope to a ship in dis- tress, so as to establish communication Avith those Life-preserver, on board. Liffey. A river in Ireland, 60 ra. long, emptying into Dublin Bay. Lig-an, ll'gan. Goods sunk in the sea, but having a cork or buoy attached in or- der that they may be found again. Also written Lagan. Ligrht, lit. That aj^ent or force In nature by the action of which upon the organs of sight objects from which it proceeds are rendered visible. Ligh.tllOUse, 'hous. A tower or other lofty structure with a powerful light at top, serving as a guide or warning of danger to navigators at night ; a pharos. Light-infantry, 'in-fant-ri. A body of soldiers selected and trained for rapid evo- lutions. Lightning", 'ning. A flash of light the result of a discharge of atmospheric elec- tricity from one cloud to another, or from a cloud to the earth. Lightning-rod, -rod. A pointed insu- lated metallic rod erected to protect buildings or vessels from lightning; a lightning-conductor. Lights, lits. The lungs; the organs of breathing, particularly in brute animals. Light- Ship, 1 j t' ship. A ship a n c li o red \ and serving! as a light- house. Lie: ht-_^ weig'htj^W 'wat. In""^' sporting, a Light-ship." ~ man or an- ^ imal below a fixed weight ; a boxer, jock- ey or horse under a standard weight. Lignite, 'nit. Fossil-wood, wood-coal or brown coal, a combustible substance mineralized to a certain degree, between peat and coal. Lignum, 'num. Wood ; that portion of arborescent plants which comprises the al- burnum and the duramen. Ligny. A Belgian tillage, 10 m. N. E. of Gharleroi, noted as the scene of the open- ing battle of the series which ended at Waterloo, June 16-18, 1816, in which Na- poleon I. defeated the Prussians under Blucher. Liliputian, lil-i-pu'shan. One belong- ing to a diminutive race, described in Swift's imaginarj' kingdom of Lihput. Any person of a very small size. LillibuUero, -bul-le"ro. Oiiginally, a LILT-BEETLE LTNGAM ■watchword of the Irish Koman Catholics in their massacre of the Protestants in 1641 ; afterward, the refrain and name of a jjoUtical song popular during the reign of James II. Lily-beetle, -be-tl. A small tetram- erous beetle (Crioceris merdigera), fam. Crioceridae. liima, ll'ma. A gen. of conchiferous moUusca, scallop family (Pectinidfe). XJ-iQia^iiiiSS, -ma-s!'ne. A sub-fam. of pulmoniferous gasteropodous mollusks, of which the gen. Limax is the type ; the slugs. Liinia. Cap. of Peru, S. America, on the Rimac, 7 m. from the Pacific ; pop. abt. 125,000. liinxber, lim'ber. The forepart of the carriage of a field gun, consisting of two ■wheels and an axle ■with a framework and shafts tor the horses. On the top of the Limber, frame are two ammunition boxes Avhich serve also as seats. The limber is con- nected with the gun-carriage, properly so called, by an iron hook, called the pintail, fastened'into an eye in the trail or wooden block which supports the cannon. When the gun is brought into action it is un- limbered. liimbo, 'bd. In Scholastic Theol. a re- gion beyond this world in which the souls of those who have not offended by personal acts are detained till the final judgment. Two or more such regions are sometimes mentioned. lame, lim. A viscous substance, sometimes laid on twigs for catching ; birds ; bird-lime. A use- ful caustic earth, obtained by exposing limestone or carbonates of lime to a rod boat in kilns, by ■which the carbonic acid is expelled, in which state it is called quicklime. The metallic base of lime is calcium. A small fruit re- sembling a lemon. Limekiln, 'kil. A furnace in which limestone or shells are exposed to a strong heat and reduced to lime. Lime-lig'h.t, 'lit. A very powerful light jiroduced by turniiig two jets of gas, one of hydrogen and one of oxygen, in a state of ignition on a ball of lime. Lime. Limitarian, lim-it-a'ri-an. One who holds the doctrine that a part of the hu- man race only are to be saved ; opposed to universaUst. Limneeadee, -ne'a-de. The pond-snails, a fam. of fresh-water, univalve, inopercu- late, gasteropodous mollusks, having f\ lung sac instead of gills. Limnite, 'nit. Yellow ochre or brown iron ore, containing more water than 11- monite. Composition : oxide of iron 74.8, water 25.2. Limnoria, -no'ri-a, A gen. of isopodoua crustaceans which are most destructive to wood-work immersed in water. Limonite, ll'mon-It. An iron ore which is found earthj^, concretionary, or mamil- lary, and fibrous. It consists of sesquiox- ide of iron 85.6, water 14.4. Liimosa, -mo'sa. A gen. of wading birds, the godwits. Lim.pet, lim'pet. A cyclobranchiate gasteropodous mollusk, gen. Patella, ad- hering to rocks. Xiimulus, 'Q-lus. A gen. of large crus- taceans; the king-crabs. Lincoln, Abraham. The 16th Presi- dent of the U. S., B. in Ky., 1809 ; elected President 1860, and re-elected 1864; assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while witnessing a performance at Ford's Theater, Washington, April 15, 1865, less than a week after the surrender of Gen. Lee, and the collapse of the Ee- bellion. Lind, Jenny. A distinguished vocal- ist, 11. 1821. She retired from the stage on her marriage to Otto Goldschmidt, 1851, and resides in London. Lineagre, lin'e-aj. Eace ; progeny ; de- scendants in a line from a common pro- genitor. Linen, 'en. Thread or cloth made of flax or hemp. Fossil linen, a kind of amianth, with soft, parallel, flexible fibers. Linen-scroll, -skrol. In Arch, an or- nament employed to fill panels ; so called from its resemblance to the convolutions of a folded napkin. Liner, lln'er A ship of the line ; man- of-war. A vessel regularly trading to and from certain ports. Ling:, ling. A fish of the gen. Lota (L. molva). Lingr a m , 'gam. In Hind. Ling. Myth, the male or- gan of generation, worshipped as being LINGARD 470 LIRA I representative of God or of the fertility of nature. Ling-ard, John, 'ard. An English his- torian, 15. 1771, D, 1S51. liinguist, 'g\vist. A person skilled in languages ; one who knows several lan- guages. A ready conversationalist. liingTila, 'gii-la. A gen. of mollusks, class Brachiopoda, fern. Lingulidse, a fam- ily that has survived with but little change since the early Silurian period. Liinkboy, lingk'boi. A boy or man that carries a link or torch to light passengers. Link-mo t i o n, 'mo-shon. Motion communicated by links, applied es- pecially to a sys- tem of gearing for Link-motion, working the valves of a locomotive-engine. liinnsean, lin-ne'an. Pertaining to Lin- njeus, the celebrated botanist. L. sys- tem, in Bot. the system of classification Introduced by Linneeus, in which the classes are founded upon tlio stamens, and the orders upon the pistils. Linneeus (Carl von Linne). An eminent Swedish botanist and naturalist, B. 1707, ». 1778. Linnet, 'net. A small sin g 1 n g bird, gen. Frin- gilla. Li noleum, -6' 1 e - u m . A preparatio n of linseed-oil with chloride of sul- phur, by which it is rendered solid. When rolled into sheets it is used as a substitute for india-rubber or gutta- percha ; dissolved it is used as a varnish. As a paint it is useful both for iron and w ood, and for ships' bottoms ; as a cem- ent it possesses some of the qualities of glue ; vulcanized or rendered hard by heat, it may be carved and polished like wood, and mixed with ground cork and pressed upon canvas it forms floor-cloth. The floor-cloth thus produced. Linsangr, 'sang. A pretty animal allied to the civets. Linsee4-cake, 'sed-kak. The solid mass whicli remains when oil is expressed from flax-seed, used as food for cattle and sheep ; oil cake. Linseed-oil, -oil. A yellow ofl pro- cured by pressure from the seed of lint or Linnet. flax, used as a venicle for colors by painters, in the manufacture of linoleum, &c. Linsey-woolsey, 'si-wul-si. Dress goods made of hnen and wool. Linstock, 'stok. A pointed staff with a fork at one end to hold a lighted match, used in firing a cannon. Lint, lint. Flax. Linen scraped into a soft substance used for dressing wounds and sores. Lintel, lin-tel. In Arch, a horizontal piece of timber or stone o v er a door, win- dow or other opening. Liion, li'on. A quadruped, gen. Felis. F. leo, the larg- est and most majestic of alii carniv orousf animals. Off the African lion there are several vari- eties, as the Barbaiy,€tem- bian Senegal Head of Gambian Lion, and Cape lion. The Asiatic varieties are generally dis- guished as the Bengal, Persian or Arabian 'ion and the maneless lion of Gujerat. The American lion is the puma. A sign in the zodiac ; Leo, Lioness, -es. The female of the lion kind. Lionet, -et. A young or small lion. Lipogram, li'po-gram. A writing in which a particular letter is wholly omit- ted, as in the Odyssey of Tryphiodorus, in which there was no A in the first book, no B in the second, and so on. liip-reading", 'reding. Reading or un- derstanding what one says by the move- ment of the lips ; used in regard to the deaf and dumb. Lippi, Pra Filippo. One of the most eminent of Italian painters ; b. 1412, d. 1469. His natural son, Filippino, was even more renowned as an artist ; b. 1460, D. 1505. Liqueur, li-kar'. A spirituous compound of water, alcohol, sugar and some infusion or extract from fruits, spices and various aromatic substances. Liquor, lik'er. A liquid or fluid sub- stance, as water, milk, blood, sap, juice and the like. Alcoholic or spirituous liuid, either distilled or fermenti^d. liira, le'ra. An Italian silver coin con- LISBON 471 LITOEN taining 100 ccntesimi or centimes, and in value equivalent to a franc, or about 20 cents. " Ijisbon. Cap. of Portugal, near the mouth of the Tagus ; pop. 228,749. In 1755 L. was nearly destroyed by an earth- quake. lasp, lisp. The habit or act of lisping, as in uttering an aspirated th for s, dh for z. liissa. An island oflf the Dalmatian coast, noted for the great naval battle, July 20, 1866, in which the Austrian fleet under Tegethoff defeated the Italians under Per- sano. liissencephala, lis-en-sef'a-la. A pri- mary division of mammaha, according to Owen, comprising the Cheiroptera, In- sectivora, Kodentia and Edentata. Xiiszt, Fl'anz, list. An emment Hun- garian pianist and musician ; B. 1811. He entered a convent and took orders, 1865. liitany, lit'an-i. A collection of short prayers or supplications in the Book of Common Prayer, which are said or chant- ed, the priest uttering one and the people responding with another alternately. lathanthrax, li-than'thraks. Stone- coal. In distinction from xylanthrax, or wood -coal. liitharire, lith'arj. The yellow or red- dish protoxide of lead partially fused. It is used in assaying as a flux, and enters largely into the composition of the glaze of common earthenware. liithochromatics, 'o-krd-mat"iks. The art of painting in oil upon stone, and of taking impressions on canvas. Liithodoinus, li-thod'o-mus. A gen. of Lamellibranchiata, mussel fam., which perforate stones, shells, &c. lliithoglypll, hth'o-glif. The art of en- graving on precious stones, &c. Lithog-lypllite, li-thog'li-flt. A fossil that presents the appeai-ance of being en- graved or shaped by art. Lithogrraphy, li-thog'ra-fi. The art of writing or drawing on stone, and of pro- ducing impressions from it on paper ; in- vented by A. Sennefelder, at Munich, in 1T93. liitholatry, -thol'a-tri. The worship of stones of particular shapes. Liithologry, 'o-ji. The science of stones ; the study of the mineral structure of rocks. In Med. a treatise on stones found in the body. liithophagri, li-thof'a-jT. A name ap- plied to all bivalve and univalve moUusca, radiata, &<•,., that penetrate stones and other hard substances. Lithophytes. Litliophaiie, lith'o-fan. A style of or- namentation produced by impressing thin sheets of porcelain into figures, which be- come visible when viewed by transmitted light. Lithopliosphor, -fos-for. A stone that becomes phosphorescent by heat. Iiithophotograpliy, -fo-tog"ra-fi. The art of producing prints from lithographic stones by means of photogi-aphic pictures developed on their surface. Iiith.opliyl, -fil. A fossil leaf or im- pression of a leaf, or a stone containing such. Liithopliyte, fit. A name given to those species of polypes whose substance is stony or horny, as the corals and s fans. Formerly classed with plants, hence the name. Liithosiidse, -o-sl'i- dc. A family of Lepidoptera, section Heterocera. liithotint, 'o-tint. The art or process of producing pictures in colors from a litho- graphic stone. The picture so produced. Liitliotoixxe, -tom. A stone so formed naturally as to appear as if Cut artificially. Lithotomy, li-thot'o-mi. The operation of cutting for the stone in the bladder. liitliotrity, 'ri-ti. The operation of trit- urating the stone in the bladder by means of an instrument called a lithotriptor. Liitliotypy, 'i-pi. A peculiar process of stereotyping ^vith a mixture of gum shellac, fine sand, tar and linseed-oil in a heated state, which when cold becomes as hard as a stone. Ldtlioxyle, li-thoks'il. A variety of opal, in which the form and texture of the wood Avhich lias been petrified is distinctly visible. liithuanian, lith-u-a'ni-an. The lan- guage of Lithuania, a member of the Slavonic family of Aryan tongues gradu- ally becoming extinct. liitmus, ht'mus. A blue coloring matter procured from Roccellattnctoria and other lichens. Paper tinged blue by litmus is reddened by the feeblest acids, and hence is used as a test for the presence of acids ; and litmus paper which has been reddened by an acid has its blue color restored by an alkali. liitorn. 'orn. A European bkd; a spocies of thrush. LITRAMETER 472 LOCH Litrameter, li-tram'et-er. An instru- ment for ascertaining tlie specific gravitv of liquids. ^ Liter, iG'tr. The French standard meas- ure of capacity in the decimal system, I he Lnfrhsh imperial gailon is equal to 4.54345797 liters. Litterateur, lit'ter-a-ter. One engaged m literary work ; one who adopts litera- ture as a profession. Little Rock. Cap. of Arkansas, in Pulaski Co., on Arkansas River, 300 m. from its .iunction with the MississioDi: pop. abt. 25,000. Littleton, Thomas. An eminent En- ghsh jurist; b. 1418, ». 1481. Littorina, -to-rl'na. A gen. of pectini- branchiate mollusks, of which the common periwinkle is a specimen. Liturgy, 'er-ji. Th« entire ritual for pub- lic worship, in churches which use pre- scribed forms ; in the E. C. Ch. the mass. Lituus, li'tu-us. In Rom. Antiq. a curved staff used by the augurs in quartering the heavens. An instrument of martial music ; a kind of trumpet. Liver, liv'er. The glandular structure which in animals secretes the bile. In man it forms the largest gland of the body. Liverpool. A fortified seaport, and one of the chief commercial cities of England, on the Mersey, 32 m. S. W. of Manchester; pop. 843,729. Liverstone, -ston. A stone or species of earth which, when rubbed or heated to redness, emits the smell of liver of sul- phur, or alkaline sulphuret. Livingrston, Edward. An eminent American statesman and iurist ; b. in N. Y., 1764, D. 1836. Livingstone, David. A distinguished Scotch explorer, b. 1815, b. at Itaca Africa, 1873. Livre, iG-vr. An old French money of account, having been superseded by the franc. The livre tournois was worth about 20 cents, the livre parisis, 25 cents. Livy, Titus Livius. An eminent Ivoman historian, B. at Padua, 59 b. c, D. abt. 3 A. D. Lizard, liz'erd The popular naoK of all the lacertilian reptiles, but spo Lizard. dfically restricted to the fam. Lacertidao. Uama. Llama, lii^mii. An ungulate rumi n a t i n g quadr u p c d , gen. Auchenia (A. lama), closely allied to the camel. It was the only beast of burden in America be- fore the arrival of the Span' iards, and is still used as such in the An- des. IJandeilo Beds, lan-di'16 bedz. In (jeol. the name of one of the lower Silurian rock groups. It is 5,000 feet thick in North Wales. Llanero, iyan-er'O. An inhabitant of the lianos of S. America. They are principally converted Indians or descendants of In- dians and whites, and are distinguished lor ferocity and semi-barbarous habit?. Llanos, lan'oz. Vast and almost en- tirely level steppes or plains in the northern part of S. America. Lloyd's, loidz. A society of under- writers and others in London for the collection and diffusion of marine intelligence, the insurance, classification and certification of vessels, and the trans- action of business of various kinds con- nected with shipping. "Lloyd's List," a London daily publication, containing full and early information as to shipping mat- ters. "Lloyd's Register," a register of shipping, published yearly. Loach, loch. A small fish gen. Cobitis (C. barbatula), inhabiting small clear streams in England. A name given also to the eel-pout (Lota vulgaris) and the three-bearded rockling (Motella vulgaris). Load-line, lod'lin. A line drawn on the side of a vessel to show the depth to which she sinks in the water when prop- erly loaded. Loadstar, 'stiir. A star that serves to guide ; especially the polestar. Loadstone, 'ston. An ore, consisting of the protoxide and peroxide of iron, fre- quently called the magnetic oxide of iron. It was known to the ancients, and they were acquainted with its singular proper- ty of attracting iron. It communicates its properties to iron and steel, wliich then become what are called artificial magnets. Loch, loch. A narrow arm of the sea running into the land. LOB ATE LOG-BOOK l^uuale. Foot of Grebe. Lobster. liObate, lob'at. A term api)lied to the feet of birds Avhich, as the grebe, are fur- nished witlt broad-lobedmeui braues. liObipe d i d ae , -i-iicd'i-do. Afam- ily of aquatic gral- latorial birds, near- ly allied to the rails, and also connected ■with the ])almipeds or Aveb-footed birds. The family includes the coots and phala- ropos. Lobster, 'ster. The common name of the mac- riirous, decapod - ous, stalk-eyed crustaceans, jjen. Homanis. They are esteemed ii very rich and nourishing ali- ment, but dangerous unless fresh and in good condition. The sea crayfish or spring- lobster is the Palinurus vulgaris of zoologists. The fresh-water lobster (Astacus fluviatilis) is called crawfish or crayfish. ILochaber-ax, -ab'er-aks. A warlike weapon cousisting of a pole bearing an ax at its upper end, formerly used by the Highlanders of Scotland. liOchag-e, lok'aj. In Greek Antiq. an ofiiccr who commanded a cohort. Lock, lok. Anything that fastens; specifi-j cally, an appliance used for fastening doors, chests, drawers, «fec. In fire-arms, the mechanism by which the piece is discharged. An inclosure in a canal, with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from one level to another. Locke, John. An eminent English philosopher ; b. 1G32, d. 1704. Loco, lo'ko. In Music, a direction that the notes are to be played exactly as thev are written. Locomotive, -ko-mo'tiv. Any steam- engme which travels with the load which It draws. Loculose Into cells. Lock. Locust. lok'u-Ios. In Bot, divided Lo c u s t , 'kust. Tht common name of sev- eral insects belonging to the sec. Sal- tatoria, ord. Orthoptera, of which the gen. Locusta is a type They are allied to the grasshoppers and crickets. Their ravages are well known. Locusts are eaten in many countries roasted or fried, and are often preserved in lime or dried in the sun. The most celebrated species is the migratory locust. The harvest-fly (Cicada) of the U. S. is called a locust. XiOde, I6d. In Mining, any regular vein or course. The lodes containing metallic ores are said to be alive ; others, which merel}- contain lapideous matters are called dead lodes. Lodi. A city of Milan, Italy, noted for the decisive victory gained by 2^apoleon I., May 10, 1796, over the Austrians : pop abt. 20,000. Log-, log. Naut. an apparatus for measur- ing the rate of a ship's 1 velocity through the water. The record of a ship's progress ; a log-book. Log". A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing about three quarters of a pint ; it Avas the seventy-sec- ond part of the bath or ephah and the twelfth part of a hin. L o gr a n, log'an. rocking-stone ; a large stone or rock so balanced as to be easily moved. Written also Loggan-stone. Logan. A chief of the Cayugas ; n. 1725, killed in battle 17S0. His fannlv were murdered by Ohio frontiersmen 1774, and he swore to maint-jin continuous warfare against the whites, an oath which he kept. Logr-board, log'bdrd. Naut., two boards or slates shutting li. e a book, on which the ship's log is kept for 24 hours, and then transferred to the log-book. Log-book, 'buk. Naut., a book into which are transcribed the contents of the log- board or log-slate, Avith anv other par- ticulars relating to the vessel's voyage that are considered worthy of being regis- tered. A Log of a Ship. LOG-CABIN 474 LONGIEOSTEES Log-cabin. loj-ii. In Italian Arch, a gallery or arcade affording an airy and sheltered resting- place or outlook. Among famous loggie are those of the Vatican, decorated by Eaphael and his scholars. liOg--line, log'lTn. Naut., a line about 150 fathoms in length, fastened to the log or float and wound on the log-reel. LogOgrram, log'o-gram. In Phonog- raphy, a word-letter ; a phonogram that, for the sake of brevity, represents a word. A set of verses forming a puzzle. Log-OS, log'os. The Word ; the Divine Word ; Christ. Logrotype, 'o-tip. A name given to two or more letters cast in one piece, as ff, ffl, &c. h- , , , liOgthingr, 'ting. The legislative por- tion of the Norwegian storthing, consist- ing of one-fourth of the members, the other three-fourths constituting the odelsthing or representatives of landed property. The members of the logthing form, 'vvith the judicial authorities, the su- preme court. Loire. The largest river of France, 600 m. long, emptying into the Bay of Biscay. liOk, lok. In Scan. Myth, the CAil diety, the author of all calamities. He is the father of Ilela, goddess of the lower regions. Lollard, lol'ard. One of the semi-mo- nastic society for the care of the sick and burial of the dead, originating at Antwerp about 1300, and not extinct. One of the followers of Wicklifte in England, who were persecuted in the reigns of Henry IV. and V. o .y Lombard, lom'bard. A public institu- tion in France and Italy for lending monev to the poor upon articles deposited, called also Mont-de-plete. In Arch, the form which the Eomanesque style assumed un- der the hands of the Gothic invaders and colonists of the north of Italy, from the beginning of the 9th to the l&th century. Lombardy. An ancient kingdom of if. Italy, named from the Longobardi, an ancient tribe who occupied it in OGS, com- prising the provinces of Milan, Mantua, Pavia, Bergamo, Como, Brescia, Cremona and Sondrio. It was an independent king- dom from 843 till 961, when it was annexed to the German Empire ; several republics succeeded until reduced br Austria, 1748; in 1796 formed by Napoleon into the Transpadine Kepublic, and incorporated with the Kingdom of Italy 1805, in 1815 the great powers created the Kingdom of Lombardo-Venetia, and transfen-ed it to Austria in exchange for her ])ortion of the Netherlands, and in 1859 this became a part of Sardinia, being merged into the Kingdom of Italy 1866. Londinium, lon-din'i-um. Eomanname for London. London. The cap, of England and of the British Empire, on the Thames, abt. 40 ra. from the sea. It is the largest city in the world ; area, 687 so. m. ; pop. 4,782,546. ^ Longr-bow, long'bo. The favorite na- tional weapon of the English from the time of Edward II. down to tiie i)eriod when fire-arms were introduced. Longrfellow, Henry Wadsworth. An eminent American poet, u. in Me. 1807. Longr-flleld-ofif, long'feld-of. A fielder at cricket, standing behind and to the left of the bowler. Long--field-on, -on. A fielder at crick- et, standing behind and to the right of the bowler. Long i c o r - nes, lon-ji- kor'nez. A fam. belong- ing to the te- tramerous sec. of the , coleoptera or beetles, in- cluding avast - - number o f large and beautiful species. Longimetry, -iim'e-tri. The art or practice of measuring distances or lengths, Avhether accessible or inaccessible. Longinus. A distinguished Greek phi- losopher, «. abt. 210; put to death by Aurelian, for aiding Zenobia, the cele- brated queen of Palmyra, 273. Longripennatae, lon'ji-pen-na"te. A family of aquatic birds, including the al- batross, gulls and terns, and petrels. Longirostres, -ji-ros'trCz. A group of Longicorn Beetle. LOl^G ISLAND 475 LOKETTE wading birds, comprising the gnipes, sand- pipers, curlews, rutfs, godwits, turn- stones, avosets, &c. liOng Island. An island belonging to New York, and separated from that State by the East Eiver, and from Connecticut by L. I. Sound ; length 115 ui. ; maximum breadth, 20 m. It is divided into three counties, Kings, Queens and Suffolk. Brooklyn, its chief city, has a pop. of 5C6,G68, and is connected with N. Y. city by a magnificent suspension bridge, one of the grandest engineering triumphs of the ages. L. I. Sound is a large strait, connecting with the Atlantic on the W. through East Kiver, and on the E. by the Eace ; it is the highway for vessels trad- ing between New York and N. England. liOngritude, lon'ji-tud. In Geog. a dis- tance on the surface of the globe measured on an arc of the equator or a parallel of latitude, expi-essed in degrees, minutes and seconds, or in time, for since any point of the earth's surface passes through 860° of longitude in twenty-four hours, 15° are equivalent to one hour. Liongrlegr, long'leg. A fielder at cricket. LiOiig'-slip, 'sHp. A fielder in cricket, standing behind and to the left of the bat- ter's wicket. liOngr-stop, 'stop. A fielder at cricket, who stands behind the \vicket-keeper and stops l>alls which escape him. Long-street, James. An American general who won distinction in the Con- federate service ; u. in S. Carolina, 1S21 ; he served with gallantry in the Mexican War. Has been in the customs service since the restoration of the Union. LiOngr-tom, 'tom. A long gun on vessels, used for throwing a ball a great distance. XiOO, lo. A game at cards, played with three cards. A full pack is used, and as many as seventeen persons may play. Lookout Mountain. A height on the Tennessee Kiver near Chattanooga, noted for the defeat of the Confederates under Gen. Bragg by the Federals under Gen. Hooker, Nov. 21, 1SG3. Loon, lun. A name given to the great northern diver or ember goose from its awkwardness in walking. Loop, lop. A mass of half-melted iron taken from the furnace in a pasty state for the forge or hammer. Loop-line, 'lln. A line of railway run- ning out of the main line and returning to it again, forming a loop. Lope de Vega (Felix Lope de Vega Carpio). A distinguished Span- ish poet and dramatist ; u. 1562, d. 1635, He is called the Spanish " Shakespeare." Lopllilis, lo'fl-us. A gen. of acanthop- Fishing-frog (L. piscatorius). terygious fishes, fam. Lophiidfe. Lophobrancbii, lo-fo-brang'ki-l. fam. of *==22^ liOphobranchii. fishes cov- < ered with s mall plates for scales. It com-' prehends the pipe- fishes. Lophoph.- orinae, -fofo-rr'ne. The monauls, asub- fam. of gallinaceous birds of the pheasant family. Lorciia, lor'cha. A Chinese sailing ves- sel, carrying guns, built after the Euro- pean model, but rigged like a junk. Lord, lord . A person possessing supreme power and authority ; a monarch. The Supreme Being ; Jehovah ; also applied to Christ, especially in the expression, our Lord. Lord's Supper in the Christian Church, the sacrament of the eucharist, so named because it was instituted by our Saviour when he took his last meal with his disciples, on the occasion of celebrating the Passover. Lords temporal, lay peers who have seats in the British House of Lords. Lords spiritual, the archbishops and bishops who have seats in the House of Lords. House of Lords, the second branch of the English Legislature or Parlia-1 ment. Lord-lieutenant, lord'lu-ten-ant. A British official of high rank, representing the sovereign. LiOrd's-day, lordz'da. The first day of the week ; Sunday. Lorette, lo-ret. A French term desig- nating a class of women of light character ; a member of the demi-monde, differing from a grisette in assuming a more showy appearance, living va higher stylo and in doing no work. LORETTINE 476 LOWELL Xiorettine, ret'In. One of an order of nuns founded in Kentucky 1812. Called also Sisters of Loretto, or iYiends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross. They occupy themselves with education and the care of destitute! orphans. liOrgrnette, lor-nyet. An opera-glass. Lorikeet, 'i-ket. The general name of certain small Australian parrots, forming the gen. Trichoglossus, remarkable for their extensible tongue. Ijoris. 16'ris. A gen. of quadru- m a n o u s mam- mals, allied to the lemurs. liOrraine. For- merly an indepen- dent duchy on the Rhine, afterward absorbed by Loris. France and Ger- many, and a large section of "which now forms a part of the united province of Alsace-Lorraine, ceded by France to Ger- many after the war of 1870-71. IiOry, 'ri. An oriental group of scansorial birds, fam. Psittacidse s. or parrots. The col lared lory is easily^; taught to speak. liOthaire. The name of two German emper- ors and one king of the Franks. L. I., b. 795, '^r,; ». 855. L. II., B. 1075, • ,,ry^j son of Gebhard, Count of Arnsberg, elected Purple-capped over Conrad of Franco- Lory. nia, 1125; D. 1137. L., king of the Franks ; b. 941, s. his father, Louis d'Outremer, 954 ; d. 986. liOtopliagi, -tof'a-ji. In ancient Greek legends, the name of the people who lived on the fruit of the lotus-tree. They re- ceived Ulysses and his followers hospit- ably, but the fruit induced such happy languor that they forgot their native land, their sole object being to live in delicious dreajny idleness in Lotus-land. liOuis, lo'e. The baptismal name of a number of European sovereigns, of whom 5 were emperors of Germany, and 18 kings of France. liOUisiana. A S. State of the American Union, bounded N. by Mississippi and Arkansas, E. by Mississippi, S. by Gulf of Mexico, W. by Texas ; .admitted 1812 ; area 41.346 sq. m., pop. 989,946. Chief cities, New Orleans, cap., Baton Kouge, former cap., Bayou Sara, Skreveport, Nachitoches and Algiers ; principal ' rivers, Mississippi, Sabine, Grand, Red, Bayous Teche and Calcasieu. L. se- ceded Jan. 25, 1861 ; was i-eadmitt^d to the Union June 25, 1868. liOuis Pllilippe. The last king of France, son of L. P., Due d'Orleans, b. 1773, elected by the popular vote 1830, driven from the throne and country 1848, D. in England 1850. Louis-Q,uatorze, -ka-torz. A style of architecture prevalent in France in the reign of Louis XIV. The palace oi Ver- sailles and the east front of the Louvre are prominent examples of the st3'le. Louse, lous. The common name of a gen. (Pediculus), of apterous insects, par- asitic on man and other animals. Louisville. The chief commercial city of Kentucky, on the Ohio River at the head of the falls ; pop. 123,758. Lout, lout. An awkward fellow; a bumpkin ; a clown. Louvre, 1 o ' v e r . A dome or turret. . L. window in a church t o w e r , partially closed by sloping bars to ex- clude the rain, while allowing the sound of the bell to pass. Lover, SamueL An Irish novelist and poet, b. 1797, D. 1868. Love-bird, luv'- berd, A member of a gen. (Psitta- cula) belonging to the Psittacidse. They are a beauti- ful group, consist- ing of very diminutive species. Love-child, 'child. An illegitimate child. Love-day, 'da. A day in old times ap- pointed for the amicable adjustment of disputes between neighbors. Love-feast, 'fC-st. A feast or banquet (in Gr. agape) in the primitive ohin-ch, at which rich and poor feasted together, and the former made a contribution for the lat- ter. A species of religious ordinance held by the Moravians and Methodists, to which members alone are admitted ; an imitation of the agapa3. Lowell, James Russell. A dis- tinguished American p^et and litterateur, Louvre. LOW-GEEMAiq- 477 LIIMBEICIDJE3 B. in Mass. 1S19. Appointed Minister to Spain 1877, and at present Minister to Great Britain. liOW-German, 16-jer'man. The lan- guage spoken by the dwellers in the northern and Hatter part of Germany, in many respects nearer to Dutch or Fricsic than to lligh German. Lioxiadae, loks-T'a-de. The cross-bills, a fam. of conirostral birds, of Avhich tie gen. Loxia is the type. Loxodon, 'o-don. A sub-gen. of ele- phants, living and fossil, so called from the rhomb- shaped disks of the worn mo- lars. Loxodronxics, -o-drom'iks. The art of oblique sailing by the loxodromic or rhumb, which always makes an equal an- gle with every meridian. IjOXOSOma, -so'ma. A marine polyzoon- like animal, a connecting form between the worms, the Polyzoa, and the Brachio- poda. Loyola, Igmatius de, St. (Don Inigo Lopez de liecalde). The distinguished flounder of the order of Jesuits, u. in Spain 1491, d. 1566, canonized 1622. liozengre, loz'enj In Geom. a figure with four equal sides, having two acute and two ob- tuse angles, called popularly a dia- mond : a rhomb. Lozenge Molding. L. molding, a kind used in Norman architecture, of different forms. liUCanidse, lu-ku'ni-de. The stag-beetles, a fam. of lamellicorn coleopterous insects, distinguished by the very large and pow- erful mandibles with which the males are furnished. Liucan, Marcus AnneeusLucanus. An eminent Eoman poet ; b. in Spaiu 3S, put to death by the emperor Nero 65. Luce, lus. A pike fuU grown ; a fish used as a heraldic bearing. Liuceme. A canton of Switzerland ; also , the name of its capital, one of the most im- portant manufacturing centers of the re- public, and of a beautiful lake occupying almost the exact center of Switzerland. Lucifer, lu'si-fer. The morning star; the planet Venus when she appears in the morning before sunrise ; when Venus ap- pears in the evening, she is called Hesper- us, or the evening star. The prince of darkness ; Satan. A match ignitible by friction. Lucif erian, -fc'ri-an. One of a sect that followed Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in the 4th century, opposed to the Arians. Lucimeter, -sim'et-er. An instrument for measuring the intensity of the light which proceeds from ditterent bodies ; a photometer. Lucina, -si'na. In Eom. Myth, the god- dess who presided over tne birth of chil- dren, said to have been the daughter of Jupiter and Juno, but frequently con- founded with Diana and Juno. Lucius. The name of three popes. Lucknow. A city of Hindustan, on the Goomtee, 150 m. N. W. of Benares, noted for its magnificent architecture, and also for the famous defense, 1S57, of 4 months by its garrison of 300 British soldiers, the besieging sepoys numbering 30,000 ; pop. 307,000. Lucule, 'kill. In Astron. a luminous spot on the sun. LucTlllite, -kul'lit. A sub-species of hmestone, often polished for ornamental purposes. Ludlow Kocks, lud'16 roks. In Geol. a portion of the upper Silurian rocks, 200O feet in thickness. Lugrgrer , lug'er. A ves- sel carrying either two or three masts with a run- ning bow- sprit and lug- sails. Lu^worin, 'werm. A n annelid, ord. Errantia, gen. Are n i c o 1 a , sometimes &? foot long. ' ^ Luke, St. ^^^»^^- The associate of St. Paul, and author of the gospel bearing his name, also of the "Acts of the Apostles." Tradition fixes his birth-place as Antioch, of Gentile par- entage, and his death by martyrdom abt. 90. Lumacliel, lu'ma-kel. A calcareous stone composed of shells and coral con- glutinated. When red colors predominate it is called fire-marble. Lumbrical, lum'brik-al. A muscle of the fingers and toes, resembling a worm. Luzabricidae, -bris'i-de. The earth- worms, a fam. of annehds, ord. Oligochae- ta, comprising only the gen. Lumbricus. LUMPFISH 478 LTCUEGUS XiUxap£Lsh., lump'fish. An acanthop- terygijus fish, gen. Cyclopterus, fara. Discoboli, so named from the cliuasiness of its form. liUna, 1 u'na. The moon. liunarian, -na'ri-an. An inhabitant of the moon. liunation, 'shon. The period of a syn- odic revolution of the moon, or the time from one new moon to the following. Lunette, lii-net'. In Fort, a work in the form of a redan with flanks. In Farriery, a half horseshoe. In Arch, an aperture for the admission of light in a concave ceiling. A watch-glass, flattened in the center ; also, a convexo-concave lens for spectacles. Iiung", lung. In Anat. one of the two organs of respiration in air-breathing ani- mals, situated one on each side of the chest, and separated by the heart and larger blood-vessels. Iiupercal, lu-per'kal. One of the most ancient of Roman feasts, celebrated in the middle of February in honor of Lupercus. liUpulin, 'pii-lin. The peculiar bitter aromatic principle of the hop. Called also Lupulite. T^ie fine yellow powder of hops, which contains the bitter principle. Liupus, 'pus. A southern constellation : the Wolf. Lusiad, 'si-ad. The celebrated Portu- guese epic poem, written by Camoens, on the establishment of the Portuguese gov- ernment in India, pubhshed 1571. Lustration, lus-tra'shon. In Class. Antiq. the sacrifices or ceremonies by which cities, armies or people defiled by crimes were purified. Lustrum, lus'tcum. A lus- tration or purification ; partic- ularly, the purification of the Avhole Eoman people per- formed at the end of every fivej^ears. Hence, the space of five years, or fifty completed months, among the ancient liomans. Lusus naturae, lii'sus na- tu'ro. A monster, or any- thing unnatural in the phys- ical world. Lute, lut. A stringed mu- sical instrument of the guitar kind, formerly very popular in Europe. The strings are struck by the fingers of the right hand and stopped oa the frets by those of the left. Lute. Lutetia, iQ-te'shi-a. A small planet be- tween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Luther, Martin. The great German reformer; b. at Eisleben 1488, d. 1546. Lutheranism, 'ther-an-izm. The doc- trine of religion taught by Martin Luther, the chief characteristic of which is con- substantiation, or the doctrine that the body of Christ is present in the eucharist. Luth.em, 'thern. In Arch, a dormer or garret window. Lutzen. A small town of Saxony, Prus- sia, 12 m. 8. W. of Leipzig, noted for its proximity to the scene of the great vic- tory, 1632, of the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus over the Imperialists, under Wallen stein; also, 1813, of the defeat of the Eusso-Prussians by Napoleon. Luxembourg", Francois Henri de Montmorenci. One of the greatest of French generals ; b. 1628, d. 1696. He successively defeated the Spanish in the Low Countries, the combined forces of Austria, Holland and Spain, and the En- glish. Luxemburg:. A grand duchy, a de- pendency of Holland governed by a butch viceroy; area 990 sq. m., pop. 208,736. Also, a Belgian province, formerly attached to the ^rand duchy, area 1,695 sq. m., pop. 223,800. L., cap. of grand duchy, on the Akette, 22 m. S. W. of Treves, anciently of considera- ble importance in a military sense, but now dismantled ; pop. 15,370. Luzon (Lucon). The priLcipal island of the Philippine group, belonging to Spain ; area 56,000 sq. m.; pop. 2,317,000. Manilla is the cap, Lyceum, lI-sG'um. In Greece, a place near the river Ilissus, where Aristotle taught philosophy. A house or apart- ment appropriated to instruction by lec- tures or disquisitions. An association for literary improvement. A school for the higher education preparatory to the uni- versity. Lycbnobite, lik'no-bit. One who la- bors or transacts business by night, and sleeps by day. Lycodon, ll'ko-don. A gen. of slow- moving innocuous serpents found in S. Africa. LycurgTls. A distinguished Spartan statesman, known as the "Lawgiver," re- puted son of King Eunomus ; b. abt. 800 B. 0., but no record of his death has been found. He refused the crown, ti-aveled extensively, and on returning to Spax-ta framed his famous code of laws. LYE 4T9 MAC liye. Water impregnated with alkaline &ult imbibed from the ashes of wood ; any solntiou of un alkali. Lyell. Charles, Sir. An eminent S.'otti>h pcolotrist, B. 1797, ». 1S78. Lyencephala, -en-sef'a-la. A primary divisioii of mammals, according to Owcii, compri.'-ing the Monotremata and Mar- snpialla. Lymnsea, lim-ne'a. A ^en. of pulmonif- eroiis gusteropodous mollusca, the pond- snails. Lymnite, 'nit. A fossil fresh-water snail. liympliad, 'fad. An ancient ship with one mast. The feudal ensign of the lord- ship of Lome, and borne by the family of Argyll and others of the clan Campbell. Lynch-law, linsh'la. Tlie practice of piinisliing men for "crimes or olTensea by private unauthorized persons \Wthout a legal trial, said to have been so called from a Virginian farmer named Lynch, who took the law into his own hands by capturing a thief, tying him to a tree and flogging him. European Lynx, tamed and trained for hnnting. A north- ern constellation directly in front of Ursa Major. Lyon. Cap. of dept. of EhOne, France, and an important manufacturing center, at the junction of the lihone and Saone, 17i5 m. N. ^Y. of Marseilles ; pop. abt. 852.000. Lyra, iT'ra. The Lyre, a constellation ol the northern hem- isphere, surround- ed by Cygnus, Aquila, Hercules and the head of Dracx). Lyre, llr. One of the most ancient 1 stringed instru- ments, used by the Egyptians, Asfjt- ians and Greeks. Egyptian, Assyrian Lyre-bird. A and Greek Lyres, bird not^d for having sixteen tail feathers ar- ranged in the form of a lyre. Lysander. A distin- ' guished Spartan states- man and general ; b. abt. 446 B. c, killed in battle against the Thebans 395. He conquered Athens, and founded the oligar- chy known as the reign of the Thirty Tyrants. Lytton, Lord. (Edward George Earle Lytton Bui- Lyre-bird. wer-Lvtton.) A distinguished English novelist; b. 1805, d. 1874. Lyssa, lis'sa. The madness of a dog; hydrophobia. Lythe, ITth. The coal-fish or whiting pollack at its 4th year. M MIS the 13th letter and 10th consonant of the alphabet, a^d one of the origin- al Indo-European consonants. It repre- sents a labial and nasal articulation, and the sound is quite uniform, being always that heard in man, time, rim. It is never silent in English words proper, though in a few words from foreign sources it is not 80unded,mncmonic (from the Greek)being one of the tew examples. M as anumcral stands for 1000, with a dash or stroke over it, for 1,000,000. It stands in abbrevia- tions for various Avords ; as A. M. or M. A. for Artium Magister, Master of Arts ; M. D. for MedicinsD Doctor, Doctor of Medicine; A. M. for Anno Mundi, the year of the world ; MS. for manuscript, MSS. for manuscripts ; M. P., Member of Parliament, &c. M was formerly a brand or stigma impressed on one convicted of manslaughter and admitted to the benefit of clcrg)% Maash.a, ma-ash'a. An E. Indian coin, a little more than the 10th part of a rupee in weight. Mab, mab. A mjrthical personage, often represented as the queen of the fairies, though otherwise Tltania holds that posi> tion. Mabby, 'bi. A spirituous liquor distilled from potatoes in Barbadoes. Mac, mak. A Gaelic word signifying son, jind prefixed to many surnames, as Mao Donald, Mac Gregor, &c. It is also syn- onymous >vith Fitz in names of Norman MACACU8 480 MACMAHOIf origin, with O in Irish, and with Ab or Ap in Welsh names. Macacus, ma-ka'kus. A gen. of mon- keys, j.rioup Cercopithecina, characterized by short tails and prominent eyebrows. M. limus is the Barbary ape or magot, the only monkey found in Europe. Macao. A Portuguese seaport, on the Chinese island of Kwang-tung, W. of the estuary of the Canton Elver, 84 m. S. W. of Canton; [lop. 88,726. Macaroni, mak-a-rr>'ni. A dough of iine wheaten Hour made into tubular or pipe form, a favorite food among the Ital- ians. A fop ; an exquisite ; a dandy. The 8hoi-t period that the macaronies led the fashion dates from 1770 to about 1775. Macaroon, -run'. A small sweetcake. Macaiilay, Thomas Babington, Lord. An eminent English historian, jurist and essayist, b. ISOO, d. 1 Macaw, ma-ka'. One of a gen. (Macrocercus) of the parrot tribe. They are magnificent birds, of different col-: ors. ! Macbeth. A Scottish Thane who assassinat- ed King Duncan, 1049, and usurped the throne ; b. 1002 : killed in battle by Macduff, 1057. Macaw. Maccabees, mak'ka-bcz. In Scrip, name of two books treating of Jewish his- torv under the Maccabeean princes, Included in the Apocrypha, and accounted canonical by the It. C. Church. Maccabees. A line of Hebrew priests and kings, who after driving the Syrians from Judea, 157 b. c, ruled abt. 126j^ears. The founder was Mattathias, who was s. by his three sons, Judas (surnamed Mac- cabeus), from whom the line was named, Jonathan and Simon ; Hyrcanus, son of Bimon, and Aristobulus, his son and successor, assumed the title of king ; he was s. by his brother Alexander Jannaeus. The latter's sons, Hyrcanus and Aristobu- lus, involved the country in civil war, and the dynasty ended with Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II., with the Eoman con- quest. He left two children, Aristobulus and Mariamne, but the family became ex- tinct on the death of the lattei-. Maccouba, 'ko-ba. A snuff flavored with attar of roses. Spelled also Macco- boy. Macchiavelli, Niccolo. An Italian the statesman noted for political cunning and artifice ; k. 1469, v. 1527. MacClellan, George Brinton. An American general, b. in Penn. 1826. He was madecommandcr-in-chief of the Fed- eral army, June 21, 1861, and relieved Nov. 6, 1862. In 1864 ho was the unsuc- cessful candidate of the Democrats for the Presidency, but was elected Governor of N. J., 1877. MacDowell. Irwin. An American general, b. in O. 1818, d. 1882. lie com- manded the Federal troops at the first bat- tle of Bull Ilun. Ancient War-maces. It was a favorite weapon with knights, with the cavalry immediately succeeding them, and at all times with fighting priests, whom a canon of the Church for- bade to wield the sword. An ornamented stafl^^of copper, silver or other metal, re- sembling the warlike instrument, borne before magistrates and other persons in authority. The heavier rod used in bil- liards. A currier's mallet. Mace-bearer, 'bar-er. A person who carries a mace before public functionaries. Macedonian, mas-e-do'ni-an. A fol- lower of Macedonius, bishop of Constan- tinople, who, in the 4th century, denied the distinct existence and godhead of the Holy Spirit, which he conceived to be merely a divine energy diffused through the universe. Machete, ma-cha'ta. A Spanish imple- ment, resembling a large chopping knife or cutlass, used for cutting canes, corn, vines, &c. Mackenzie River. A large stream in British N. America, emptying into M. Gulf, an arm of the Arctic Ocean : total length 2,500 m. Mackerel-midgre, -mij. Motella or Couchia glauca, a minute fish little more than 1 inch in length. Mackintosh, 'in-tosh. An overcoat, rendei-ed waterproof by a solution of india-rubber. Mackintosh, James, Sir. A British statesman and litterateur : b. in Scotland, 1766 ; D. 1832. MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice MACMILLANITE 431 MAELSTROM Maurice. A Frenck marshal of Irish descent; r.. ISOS, d. 1SS3. He won dis- tinction in Ali^iers, the Crimea and the vrar with Germany, ISTO-Tl, but was de- feated at Worth;' made commander-in- chief on the establishment of the republic, and elected president to s. M. Thiers, 1873, resigning ISTU. Xffacmillanite, -mil'an-Tt. One of a body also known as the Keformed Pres- byterian Church of Scotland. Macon, mii-con'. A red French wine. MacPherson, James Birdseye. An American general; a. in O., 1828; killed in a reconnoissance near Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. Macrobiotidee, 'ro-bI-ot"i-de. A family of minute vermiform Arachnida, without respiratory organs, known to microsco- pists as sloth or bear animalcules, or water- bears. The most singular circumstance connected with them is their power of returning to life, like rotifers, when moist- ened, after having been for a considerable time in a dry and apparently lifeless state. Macrocercus, -ro-ser'kus. A gen. of birds, Psittacidse or parrot fam. ; the macaws. Macrocosm, 'ro-kozm. The great world ; the universe, or the visible system ofAvorlds; opposed to microcosm, or the little world constituted by man. Macrodactyli, -ro-dak'ti-lT. A fam. of birds, ord. Grallatores, comprising the coot, rail, water-hen, the jacana, «fcc. Macrometer, -rom'et-er. A mathemat- ical instrument to measure inaccessible heights and objects. Macropus. 'ro-pus. A gen. of marsupial mammals, the t}'peof the fam. Macropod- idai ; the kangaroos. Macrotone, -ton. In Gram, a horizontal line placed over vowels to show that they have their long or name sound ; as, a in name, c in me, i in line, 6 in home, ii in t&be. Macrura, -r^'ra. A fam. of stalk -eyed decapod crustaceans, including the lob- ster, prawn, shi-imp. Mactation, -ta'shon. The act of killing a victim for sacrifice. Madagascar. A large island off the 8. E. coast of Africa, in the Indian Ocean ; area, 234,400 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 6,000,000. Cap. Tantanarivo. Madeira, ma-de'ra. A rich wine made on the isle of Madeira. Madeira. A Portuguese island off the N. W. coast of Africa ; pop. 123,760. Cap. Funchal. M. (or Gayari), a large river of S. America, emotying into the Amazon ; length 2,000 m. * Madeira-nut, -nut. A species of wal- nut with a thin shell, from the island of Madeira. Mademoiselle, mad-mwa-zel. The title given to a yoimg unmarried lady in France^ miss. Madison, James. Fourth President of the U. S. ; u. in Va., 1751; d. 1836. He was president two terms, 1808-16. Madjoun, 'jun. An intoxicating drug, made by the Turks from the pistils of the flowers of the hemp plant, ground and mixed in honey, with powdered cloves, nutmegs and saffron. Madonna, ma-don'a. An Italian term of address equivalent to Madam. It is given specifically to the Virgin Mary, and hence pictures representing the Virgin are generally called madonnas. Madoqua, mad'o-kwa. A very tiny an- telope of Abyssinia, about as large as a rabbit, Avith legs the thickness of a lady's finger. Madras. One of the three presidencies of British India, comprising most of the great peninsula of Hindustan and di\ided into 21 districts; it has over 1,700 m. of sea- coast, but not a single good harbor ; pop. abt. 26,000,000. M., cap. and principal city, is on the Coromandel coast, 870 m. S. W. of Calcutta ; pop. 740,528. Madrepore, 're-pore. A coral-bnildlng I)olype, gen. ^; "I; cpora, the type of the fam. Madreporid«. The tertn, however, is more generally applied to the polypidom itself than to the polype, and in this sense is equivalent to coral. Madrepores raise up walls and reefs of coral rocks with astonishing rapidity in tropical climates. The term is often applied to other branch- ing corals than those of the gen. Madre- pora. Madrid. Cap. of Spain, on the Manza- nares River, 40 m. N. E. of Toledo : pop. 439,720. Madrig-al, 'ri-gal. A little amorous poem. Also an elaborate vocal composi- tion now commonly of two or more move- ments, and in five or six parts. Madrilenian, ri-le'ni-an. A native or inhabitant of Madrid, Spain. Maelstrom, mal'strom. A celebrated Avhirlpool on the coast of Norway, near the island of Moskoe. It is very dangftr- OU8 in winter, and at times rages violent- ly, so as to be heard several miles, and to ingulf small vessels -which approach it. MAGDALEN 482 MAHABHARATA Mag'daleil, mag'da-len. A reformed prostitute ; an inmate of a female peniten- tiiiry. M. hospital or asylum, an estab- lishment into which prostitutes are re- ceived with a view to their reformation. Mag-deburg:. A strongly fortified and important commercial city of W. Prus- sia ; poj). S3,fcKJ0. Ma,g:eilan, Fernando. A Portuguese navigator, Avho, 1520, discovered and pa-ssed through the Straits of M. into the Pacific ; b. 1470, killed by the natives of the Philippine Islands 1521. Straits ofM., the channel dividing S. America from Tierra del Fuego, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ; 800 m. long ; the tide rises 50 feet in the straits. Mag-griore, Lake (liocarna). A lake, 40 by 8 m., in X. Italy ami S. Switzer- land.' Its islands and coast scenery are most romantic. Mag-enta, ma-jen'ta. A brilliant blue- red color derived from coal tar. Called also Fuchsine. Mag-grot, mag'ot. The larva of a fly or other insect ; a grub ; a worm. Magi, ma'ji. The caste of priests among the ancient Medes and Persians ; hence, holy men or sages of the East. Magic Lantern. An optical instrument which exhibits images considerably magni- fied. Magilp, ma-gilp'. A gelatinous compound _ used by artists as a ve- ^^^ Lantern, hide for colors, pro- duced by mixing linseed-oil and mastic varnish. Magister, -jis'ter. Master ; sir ; an ap- pellation given in the middle ages to per- sons of scientific or literary distinction, equivalent to the modern title of Doctor. Magna Charta, mag'na kar'ta. The great charter of tbe liberties (Magna Char- ta Libertatum) of England, signed and sealed by King John in a conference be- tween him and his barons at Kunnymede, June 19, 1215. Any fundamental consti- tution which guarantees rights and priv- ileges. Magnate, 'nat. One of the nobility or persons of rank forming the House of Magnates in the National representation of Hungary, A person of rank or distinc- tion. Magnesium, -ng'ehi-um. The metallic base of magnesia. It maybe obtained bv decomposing chloride of magnesium by means of potassium. The chief salts are the carbonate, the chloride, the sulphate (Epsom-salt), the phosphates and tha siHcates, among ivhich are such minerals as chrysolite, meerschaum, soapstone and serpentine. Magnet, 'net. Loadstone; an ore of iron which has the peculiar properties of attracting metallic iron, of pointing to the magnetic poles of the earth when freely- suspended, and of dipping or inclining in a perpendicular Ijlane on being removed from the equator. These it com- municates to iron or steel by contact. A bar or mass of iron or steel to which the peculiar properties of the loadstone have been im- parted, an artificial magnet. Magnetite, -it. A black oxide of iron, which sometimes possesses polarity, ana is highly magnetic ; magnetic iron ore. Magnificat, -nifi-kat. The song of the Virgin Mary, Luke i., 46 — so cail«d be- cause it conimences Avith this word in the Latin A^ulgate. Magnifico, -ko. A grandee of Yenice. A rector of a German university. Magpie, 'pi. A well-known Brit- ish bird, the Pica caudata, type of the gen. Pica, be- longing to tho Corvidf© or crow fam. Celebrated for crafty in- Maenie stincts, power of -magpie, imitating words, and the propensity to purloin and secrete glittejing articles. Magpie-moth, -moth. Lorene prossu- / lariata, fam. Geometridse, otten called the' gooseberry -moth. Magus, ma'gus. A Magian ; one of the Magi or ancient Oriental philosophers. "^SLgySLT, magVar. One of an Asiatic race which invaded Hungary about the end of the 9tli century, and fettled there, where it still forms the predominant race. The native tongue of Hungary. It belongs to the Ugrian family of the Turanian or agglutinate class of tongues. Mahabh.arata, ma-ha-bha'ra-ta. The name of one of the two great epic poems of ancient India, the other being the ., Ramayana. It is founded on, and con- tains a history of, the contest for suprem- MAHADEVA MAKI acy between the two great regal families of" North India — the Pandavas and Kurus or Kauravas — ending in the victory of the former. In realit}', however, this narra- tive occupies but a fourth of the poem, the remainder being episodical and added at various times. The Mahabharata thus becomes a sort of encyclopaedia, embrac- ing everything which it concerned a culti- vated Ilindu to know. Jffahadeva, -de'va. A name of Siva, one of the Indian deities, from which the sacred Ganges is fabled to have sprung. Maharajah, -ha-ra'ja. The title as- sumed by some E. Indian princes. Maharmah, -hiir'ma. A muslin wrap- per worn over the head and across the mouth and chin by Tm-kish and Arme- nian ladies when they appear abroad, Mahmoud. The name of two Turkish Sultans. M. II., B. 17S5, s. his brother Mustapha IV., ISOS, d. 1S39. During his reign the Janissaries revolted and were exterminated, 1S26, and the independence of Greece was secured through the alli- ance of Russia, France and England, the principal battle being the naval engage- ment at Navarino, 1S27. Mahout, -hot. In the E. Indies, an ele- phant driver or keejjer. Mahratta. rat'ta. One of a race of Hin- dus inhabiting Central India, suj)pose.d to have migrated or to have been pushed thither from the north. Maiden, mad'n. An ancient English instru- ment of capital punish- ment, somewhat re- sembling the guillotine. Maigrre-food, mu'gr- fod. Food permitted to lioman Catholics on fast-days. Mail, mal. Armor ; a defensive covering' forwaiTiors, and some- times their steeds. A suit of armor com- prehended a coat of mail, Ma i 1 e d - Chain-mail. King-mail. cheeks, mald'chcks. The Sclerogenida* or Triglida^ a fam. of acauthopteryjrious fishes, having large bones in the head. Bull-heads are members of this family. Main. (Maine or Mayn). A considerable river of Central Germany, emptying into the Ehine opposite Mentz ; length 300 m. Maine. A state of the American Union, bounded N. by the Dominion, E. by the Atlantic, W. by Vermont, S. by Massa- chusetts and the Atlantic, admitted 1820: area, 31,766 sq. m. ; pop. eiS,98G. Chief cities, Augusta, cap., Portland, Bath, Ban- gor, Saco, Eockland and Belfast. Princi- pal rivers, Kennebec, Penobscot, St. Croix, Sebasticook, Saco and Androscog- gin. Lakes, Moosehead, Grand, Schoodic, Umbagog and Chesuncook. The Green Mountains ex- tend along the W. and H. boundaries. Maistree, mfis'tre. In the E. Indies, a native do- mestic carpenter. Maize, maz. Indian corn, the Zea Mays of botanists, a monoecious grass. Maizena, -G'na. The starch prepared f r o m maize ; corn-flour. Majesty, maj'es-ti. A title Maize, of emperors, kings and queens. Most Catholic M., the title of the kings of Spain. Most Christian M., a title borne by the former kings of France. Most Faithful M., the title of the kings of Portugal, Majolica, ma-jol'i-ka. A kind of earth used for making dishes, vases, &c. ; also the ware itself, resembling porcelain. Called also faience. Major, ma'jer. Milit., an officer next in rank above a captaui and below a lieuten- ant-colonel ; the lowest field officer. Major-domo, -jer-dO'mo. A man who takes charge of the management of a household ; a steward ; also, a chief minis- ter or great officer of a palace. Major-greneral, -jen'er-al. A military officer next in rank below a lieutenant- general. Majuscule, ma-jus'kul. In Diplomatics, a capital letter ; opposed to minuscule. M. writing, writing composed entirely of capi- tal letters, as In old Latin manuscripts. Maki, ma'- ki. A sub- division of the Linnsean gen. Lemur, , including the i macaco, the mongoozand thovari. The ring -tailed maki(L.Cat- ta) is of the size of a cat. Eing-taUed Maki, MALACCA 4S4 MAMELUKES Malacca. A British settlement and military station on tho W. coast of the Malay peninsula ; pop. abt. 60,000. Straits of M., the channel between Sumatra and . tho Malay peninsula. Malaclai. In Scrip, a prophet supposed to have lived abt. 425 u. c, tho book which bears his name being- tho last of tho pro- ]ihetic utterances before the appearance of John the Baptist, the immediate fore- runner and contemporary of Jesus Christ. Malachite, mal'a-kit. A carbonate of coi)])er found in solid masses of a beauti- ful green color. It takes a good polish and is manufactured into toys. Blue malachite or azurite contains a larger pro- portion of carbonic acid. Malacolog-y, mal-a-kol'o-ji. The science of molluscous or soft-bodied animals, including the knowledge of such animals, whether i>rotected by shells or entirely naked, and their distribution into classes, sub-classes, orders, families, genera and .species. Malacostraca, -kos'tra-ka. The higher division of the Crustacea, including the shrimps, lobsters, crabs, &.C., together with the wood-lice and sand-hoppers. Malagra. A Spanish seaport on the Medi- terranean, cap. of prov. of same name, noted for its fruits and wine; pop. 43,000. Malapterurus, ma-lap'te-ru-rus. A gen. of small malacopterygious fishes, sec. Abdominales, fam. Siluridoe, pos- sessed of a high degree of electrical power. Malay, ma-la'. One of the five principal divisions of mankind according to Blu- menbach. They occupy the countries and islands between China and Hindustan. Malay Archipelago (Eastern or Indian). A great number of islands in the China Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans, divided into 5 sections, and including Java, Sumatra, Borneo, the Phihppines, with hundreds of less size and importance; total pop. estimated at 8,000,000. Malay Peninsula. A long and narrow section of Farther India, S. E. Asia, bounded E. by the Gulf of Siam and China Sea and "W. by the Bay of Bengal and Strait of Malacca; pop. 228,400. Malibran, Maria Felicia. An emi- nent French vocalist ; b. 1808, t>. 1836. Malignant, -lig'nant. In English Hist, one of the adherents of Charles I. and his son in their struggle against Parliament; a Cavalier ; so called by tho Boundheads, or opposite party. Malingerer, -ling'ger-er. MiUt., a soldier who feigns hunself sick. Mall, mal. A public work ; a level shaded walk. Mallard, 'lard. The common wild duck. Malleaceae, -iG-a'se-G. A fam. of lamel-« libranchiate mollusks, of which the gen. Malleus is the type, regarded by some as a sub-fam. of the Aviculidai or pearl-oys- ters. Malleation, -le-a'shon . The .act of beat- ing into a plate or leaf, as a metal ; exten- sion by beating. Mallet, 'let. A wooden hammer. Mallophaga. -of'a-ga. An ord. of mi- nute apterous insects, parasitic on birds; bird-lice. Malmsey, mam'zi. A kind of gr.apo ; .also, a sweet white wine made in Madeira of grapes which have been allowed to shrivel upon tho vine Malt, malt. Grain, usually b.arlcy, steeped in water and made to germinate, after which it is dried in a kiln, and then used in the brewing of porter, ale or beer, and in whisky distilling. Liquor pro- duced from m.alt ; beer. Malta. An English island in tho Medi- terranean, which with Gozo adjacent covers an area of 115 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 170,000. M. is tho chief British station in S. Europe, and is both naturally and arti- ficially one of the strongest places in the world. It is noted for its numerous sieges, that by the Turks, 1565, when held by the Knights of St. John of Jeru- salem, costing the besiegers tho lives of 50,000 men, Malte-Brun, Conrad. An eminent geographer ; b. in Jutland 1775, d. a citi- zen of France, 1826. Maltha, mal'tha. A variety of bitumen, intermediate betvfeen Uquid petroleum and solid asphalt. Malthus, Thomas Robert. An Enghsh clergyman and political econo- mist ; B. 1766, n. 1834. He held that pop- ulation increased faster than the necessa- ries of life, and opposed early marriages. Malt-kiln, malt'kil. A heated chambet in which malt i's dried to check the ger mination after steeping. Maltose, '6s. Sugar produced from starch paste by the action of malt or diastase, having the same composition as glucose. Malurinse, mal-ii-rl'ne. A sub-fam. at dentirostral insessorial birds, of which tlw» gen. Malurus is the type ; the soft-tailea warblers. Mamelukes, The. Male slaves orlg- MAMMALIA MANCnOO Inally brought from Circassia by Egyp- tiau Sultans, who rose in 125S, assas- sinated Turan Shah, thfl Sultan, and ruled the country for a period of 263 years. Their power was broken by Selini I. Mfthemet All completely destroyed their power, ISll, by treacherously slaughtering 470 of their leaders. Maxnraalia, mam-ma'li-a. The highest class in the animal kingdom, whose dis- tinctive characteristic is that the female buckles her young on a secretion, pecu- liar to the class, fiu-nished by the mam- mary glands of the mother, and kno\vii as milk. ' Mammeliere, -mel-yar. In Anc. Armor, one of two cir- cular plates fastened to the surcoat right above the breasts . To these the helmet, sword, or dagger w!is secured by a chain. JSIammifer, 'mi-fer. An an ' imal which has breapte for nourishing its young ; a mam- Mammel- "^al- i6res. Maminillary, 'mil-arri. In Geol. ground btudded with roiMidsd breast shaped projections. Mammon, 'in on, Tho Syrisu god of riches, mentioned in the New Testament as a person iHcation of worldlinesa. MamLm.oth., 'moth. An extinct spe- cies of elephant, Elephas primigeniu?. Ft was covered with hair of three sorts, one of these stiff like bristles, a foot in length, another coarse and flexible, and the third a kind of wool. An entire carcass which had been preserved in the ice was discov- ered near the close of the last century on the banks of the Lena, Siberia, in such a perfect state that its flesh was eaten by dogs, wolves and bears. If was 9 feet high, about 16 feet in length, the tusks were 9 feet long. This is the only in- stance of a fossil animal preserved onture. Mammoth Cave. The largest natural excavation known, in Edmonson Co., Ky., 130 m. S. W. of Le.xington. It has been explored for a distance of 10 tc 12 m. Man, man. An individual of the human race ; a human being. Pai-ticularly, a male adult of the human race, as distin- guished from a woman or a boy, Blumen- bach divides mankind into five varieties : Caucasian, skin white ; Mongolian, olive ; Ethiopian, skin and eyes black ; American, skin of a red tint : Malay, varying from a light tawny to a deep brown, Huxley di- vides man"^into five groups— Australioid, Negroid, Mongoloid and the Xanthoclu:oio and Melanochroic (fair and dark whites), but omits several races. Man, Isle of. A British Island oflF the W. coast, and almost directly opposite the boundary between Wales and Scotland ; area, 2S0 sq, m. ; pop, abt. 150,000, cap. Castletown, It is governed by its own legislature, called the House of Keys. Manacle, 'a-kl. An instrument of iron for fastening the hands; handcuft's ; shackles. Manakin, -kin. The name given to tha deutirostral insessorial birds forming the subfam. PipriniC. They are generally small and of brilliant plumage. Man-ape, Tip. An anthropoid ape, as the gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-outang and gibbon. Manatee, -a-tc. The- sea-cow, a gregar ions aquatic mammal gen, Mana- tus, ord. Si- Manatew. renia, allied to the Cetacea. Manby's Apparatus, 'biz ap-pa-ra" tus. An apparatus by which a shot, with a line or chain attached to it, is thrown by a mortar over a stranded vessel. Manche, -sha'. An E. Indi.nn boat with Manche. masts raking forward, flat bottom an* light draft. Manchester. One of tho L'\q?t impor tan t manufacturing cities o' r.npland,ip Lancaster Co., on the Irwpll, lo3 m. N. W. of London ; pop. 842,680. Manchoo, -chii' A nativeofManchoo- ria. China ; on' cf tW reigning dyna«t> i» Chiiia. The coui i lsLns. Italy, strongly fortified, and noted as a strategic center ; pop. abt. 80,000. Manumission, -u-mi'shon. The act of liberating a slave from bondage ; eman- cipation. Manumotor, 'u-mo-ter. A small wheel- carriage so constructed that a person sit- ting in it may move it in any direction ; a carriage for exercise. Manx, mangks. Tho native language of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man. It belongs to the Gadhelic branch of the Celtic tongues, allied to the Irish and Gaehc. Maori, ma'o-ri. One of the native in- habitants of New Zealand. Map, map. A representation of the sur- face of the enrth or any part of it, or of the whole or any part of the celestial sphere, usually drawn on paper or other material. Map-mounter, 'mount-er. A work- man who backs maps with canvas, var- nishes them, fixes them on rollers, &c. Mara, mii'ra. In Norse Myth, a demon who torments men with frightful visions. A Pategonian rodent, the cavj'. Marabou-stork, -ra-bo'stork. The name given to two species of storks, the delicate white feathers beneath the wing and tail of which form the marabou- feathers. Marabout, -bot'. In N. Africa, among the Berbers, one of a body of saints or sorcerers held in high estimation. Maracaibo. A seaport of Venezuela, 800 m. W. of Caracas ; pop. 24,876. Marai, ma-nl'. A sacred Inclosure or temple among the islanders of the Pacific Ocean. Maranatba, mar-a-nii'tha. The Lord MAEASCHIKO 488 MAEGRAVE comes or has come : a word used by the apostle Paul in expressing a curse. Maraschino, -as-ke'no. A delicate spirit distilled from cherries. Marat, Jean Paul. A notorious Trench demagogue and Jacobin leader ; ti. 1744, assassinated by Charlotte Corday July, 1793. Marathon. Avillage of Greece on the E. coast of Attica, 20 m. N. E. of Athens, famous for the signal victory of Miltiades over the Persians under Xerxes, 400 b. o. Marble, mfir'bl. The popular name for any species of calcareous stone or mine- ral, of a compact textm-e, and of a beauti- ful appearance, susceptible of a good pol- ish. It is really hmestone, or a stone which may be calcined to lime, a carbon- ate of lime; but limestone is a more gen- eral name, comprehending calcareous stones of an inferior texture. Arun- del or Arundelian marbles, a collection of ancient sculptured marbles, purchased by Sir William Petty at Smyrna in 1624 for the Earl of Arundel, whose grandson pre- sented it to the University of Oxford. The most curious and interesting portion is called the Parian Chronicle, from having been kept in the islands of Paros. In its perfect state the inscription contained a chronicle of the principal events in Gre- cian history from the tune of the mythical or semi-mythical Cecrops (1582 b. c.) to the archonship of Diognetus (264 b. c), but part of it is lost, and what remains is much corroded and defaced. Elgin mar- bles, a splendid collection of 92 basso-ri- lievos and fragments of statuary brought from the Parthenon at Athens to Eng- land by Lord Elgin in 1814, afterward purchased by the government, and now in the British Museum. Marble-cutter, -kut-er. One who works in marble ; an instrument or ma- chine for cutting marble. Marc, mark. The refuse matter which remains after the pressure of fruit, as of grapes, olives, &e. Marcellus, Marcus Claudius. A distinguished Eoman ; b. 257 B, c, d. 194. Elected Consul 222, and praetor 216. He checked the victorious march of Hanni- bal, captured Syi-acuse 212, and defeated Hannibal at Canusium 209. March, march. The third month of the year. A frontier or boundary of a terri- tory ; a border ; especially applied to the boundaries between England and Scot- land and England and Wales, with the country adjacent. Marcher, march'er. The lord or officer who defended the marches or borders of a territory. The lords marchers of Eng- land were noblemen who lived on the marches of Wales and Scotland. Marchioness, mar'shun-es. The Tvife or widow of a marquis ; a female having the rank and dignity of a marquis. Marcionite, ''shi-on-lt. A folio \ver of Marcion, a Gnostic of the 2d century, Avho adopted the Oriental notion of the two conflicting principles of good and evil, and imagined that between these there existed a third i)ower, neither wholly good nor wholly evil, the creator of the Avorld and the God of the Jewish dispensation. Marcobrunner, -ko-brun'er. A cele- brated Ehine wine Marcosian, 'zi-an. A disciple of Mar- cus, an Egyptian, a judaizing Christian, about the 2d century.' Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. On e of the ablest Roman emperors ; b. 121, s. Antoninus Pise, 161, his associate being Lucius Yerus. He was given the title "Germanicus" Ibr his successes over the barbarians beyond the Danube; d. ISO. The Christians were greatly perse- cuted during his reign, but it is claimed that he was not responsible for this. Marcy, "William L. A distinguished American statesman ; B. in Mass., 1786 ; I). 1857. His mature life was spent In New York, of which State he was gov- ernor 8 times, and was also Secretary of War in President Polk's Cabinet, 1845, and Secretary of State in President Pierc.(v',s Cnbinet, 1858-57. Mare, mar. The female of the horse or of other species of the gen. Equus. Mareca, mar'c-ka. A gen. of palmiped birds, containing the widgeon. Mareng-o. A village of N. Italy, 3 m. S. E. of the city of Alessandria, noted as the scene of the memorable victory, June 14, 1800, by Napoleon over the Austrians under General Milas. Margrarin, mar'ga-rin. A peculiar pearl- like t.ibstanco extracted from hog's lard and certain vegetable oils. Marg-aritaceae, -ri-ta"sc-e. A fam. of lameUibranchiate mollusca containing many genera of much interest ; the pearl- -oysters. Margray, 'ga. A Brazilian animal of the cat kind, the Felis M. or F. tigi-ina. Margrave, 'grav. Originally, hke mar- quis, a lord or keeper of the' marches or borders ; now a title of nobility in Ger- mans . &c. MARGEATINE MARQTTI3 Margraviiie, 'gra-vln. The -wife of a margrave. Mariana. Juan da. An eminent Spanish historian ; b. 1536, D. 1623. Marid, ma'rid. In Mohammedan Myth. an evil jinnee or demon of tho most powerful class. ISffarigTaph., marl-graf. A machine, of French invention, for registering the height of tides, &c. Marikin, -kin. The Jacchus rosalia, a small S. American monkey, with fine silky hair, and furnished with a mane. Also called the Silky Tamarui. Mario. G-tdseppe (Marquis of Candia). An eminent Italian vocalist ; B. lc?08, 1). 1SS2. Mariolatry, ma-ri-ol'a-tri. Tho adora- tion of the Virgin Mary. Marion, Francis. An American par- tisan general in the Revolutionary War ; b. in S. C, 1732, d. 1795. Marionette, mar'i-on-et". A pnppet moved by strings. Mariput, -put. The zoril, an animal of tho gen. Yiverra, a species of civet. Mark, St. (MarcusV One of the four Evangelist.5, son of Marv, a devout Chris- tian woman of Jerusalem. He accom- panied Paul and Barnabas on their mis- sionary tour, and according to tradition visited Egypt and W. Africa, sultering martyrdom abt. 60 or 62. Markab, mar'kab. A star of the sec- ond magnitude in the northern constella- tion Pegasus. Market-cross, 'ket-kros. A cross set up where a market is held. Most market towns in England and Scotland had, in early times, one of these, sometimes of elaborate construction. Marlborong-h, John Churchill, Duke of. The ablest general of his age; B. in England 1650, d. 1722, Marl-stone, marl'ston. Sandy, calcare- ous and ferruginous strata which divide the upper from the lower lias clays. Marmora, Sea of. A small body of water between Europe and Asia, con- nected with the Black Sea by the Bos- phorus, and with the -^Cgean Sea by the Dardanelles ; length 185 m., width 45 m. Marmoratum, mar-mo-ra'tum. A ce- ment formed of pounded marble and lime mortar, used by the ancients. Mazmortinto, 'mor-tin-to. A process employed to decorate walls, ceilings, &c., la UuitatioQ of marble. Marmot. MarmosG, miir'mos. A marsupial quadruped re- sembling tho opossum, but smaller, being ^ only about six -»i^ inches in -^5^3?«S|'^*«:^ length exclu- sive of tho tail. Marmose. Marmoset, 'mo-zct. A small American' monkey, gen. Jacchus, Marraot, 'mot. A rodent quad- rup e d, gen. A r c t o m y s , classed with the , Muridae or with , the Sciuridffl. A. monax is the groundhog or woodchuck. Maronite, mu'ron-It. A follower of Maron, an inhabitant of Lebanon in Syria. The sect originated in the 6th century, and held at first the opinions of the Mo- nothelites, though they now deny holding them. Since the 12th century they have several times submitted to tlie popo and joined tho K. C. Church, without, how- ever, giving tip their peculiarities. Maroon, ma-r<'n. A name given to fu- gitive slaves in the W. Indian Islands and Guiana. A bright white light used for signals in the £. Indies, A brownish- crimson or claret color. A rocket having the case bound ^v-ith tarred twine, so that it explodes wth a great noise. Marque, mark. A license or commis- sion to make reprisals on the belongings of a public enemy, usually in the phrase letters of marque and reprisal. European nations agreed to abohsh them in 1856, but the U. 8. refused to do so. Called also Letters of Mark, Letters of Mart. Marquee, mar-ko. An officer's field tent. Any large tent or wooden structure erected for a temporary purpose. Marquis, 'kwis. Originally, an oflacer whose duty was to guard tho marches or i frontiers f the king- dom ; now a title of dignit}' in Bribiin next in rank to that of duke, the second of the five Coronet of a Mar* orders of nobility. Cor- quia, rt^sjjonding titles exist in Trance, lULy and Germany. The wife MARQUETET MARTINI-HENRY RIFLE of a marquis is styled marchioness. The coronet of a marquis consists of a circle of gold, with four strawberry leaves and four balls or pearls on its edge ; the cap crimson velvet, with a gold tassel on the top, turned up with ermine. Marquetry, 'ket-ri. Inlaid work, con- sistinjiT of tiiin pieces of fine woods of dif- ferent colors, or colored marbles, precious stones, shells, ivory, &c., arranged so a^ to form various figures. Marquisate, -at. The seigniory, dig- nity or lordship of a marquis. Marrow, mar'o. The fat contained in the osseous tubes and cells of the bones. M. controversy, a famous controversy in the Church of Scotland the remote cause of the formation of the Secession Church. It was so called from a book called " The Marrow of Modern Divinity," condemned by the General Assembly (1720) as being tainted with antinomianism. Mars, miirz A Latin dei- ty, identified at an early Eeriod by the latins them- selves with the Greek Ares. He was the god of war, and as such bore the epithet Gradi- vus ; he was also the pa- tron of agri- culture,which procured him the title of Sil- vanus ; and as the patron of the state he was called Quirinus. Mars is generally represented as of youthful but powerful figure, armed with the helmet, shield and spear. At other times he is bearded and heavily armed. The planet which comes next to the earth in order of distance from the sun. Marseilles. A S. French seaport, the most important commercial city on the Mediterranean, on the Gulf of Lyons, 60 m. N. W. of Toulon ; pop. 325,780. Marseillaise, mar-sa-yaz. The national song of the French Republic, written in 1792 by Rouget de I'Isle, an officer in the garrison atStrasburg, Marshal, 'shal. Originally, an officer who had the care of horses ; a groom. La ter, the chief officer of arms, whose duty was to regukte combats in the lists. One who regulates rank and order at a feast or any other assembly, directs the order of Erocession and the like. In France, the ighest military officer. In other coun- tries of Europe a military officer of high rank, and called field-marshal. In the U. 8. a federal civil officer in each judicial district, answering to the sherift'of a coun- ty. Earl M. of England, the eighth officer of state, made hereditary by Charles II. in the family of Howard, duke of Norfolk. Provost M., a military officer, exercising civil authority. Marshall, John. An eminent Ameri- can jurist, 15. in Va. 1755, d. 1885. He was for 34 years Chief Justice of the U. 8. Supreme Court. Marsh-harrier, m arsh'ha-ri-er , Bi'itish bird of prey, gen. Circus. Marsipotaranchii, mar-sip'6-brang"- ki-I. The order comprising the hag-fishes and sea-lampreys. Marsupialia, -sii'- pi-a"U-a. A group ly^ i^^^mi^z:^,^^ of mammalia, differ- -f*'<-'^^«ii»>.-:t»«ss ing from all others in their organization. The kangaroo and opossum are familiar examples. Marsupiuna, -um. The poucii in which marsupial mammals and the pipe-fish and sea-horses carry Virginian Opossum. their young. Mai-tagron. 'ta-gon. A lily, Lilium Mar- tagon, the bulbs of which are eaten by the Cossacks. Martello Tower, -tel'lo tou-er. A small circular-shaped fort, with very thick walls, chiefly built to defend the English sea- board. The armament is a single heavy traversing gun. Marten, ten. A digit igrade carnivorous quadruped, gen. Mustek or Mar- tes, fam. Mustelidae, the fur of which great demand. Uffartini-Henry Rifle, -tc'ne-hen'ri ri'fi. A breecb -loading rifle, the breech of which is the invention of Martini and the barrel that of Alex. Henry of Edin- burgh. It will fire 35 shots a minute. 4 Pine-marten. in MARTIN 401 MASTER Martin. Martin. The name of 5 popes. Martin, 'tin. A general name ap- plied to various j^^ species of birds, "^ gen. Hirundo or swallows. Martinet, 'ti- net. A military or naval ofScerwho is an excessively strict disciplinarian. Martinmas, 'tin-mas. The feast of St. Martin, the 11th of November. Mart3rr, 'ter. One who suffers persecution or death rather than renounce his opin- ions. Martyrology, -ter-ol'o-ji. A history or register of martyrs. Marut, ma-rut. In Hind. Myth, a god of the vdnd. Marver, mar'ver. In glass-making, a plate of marble or cast-iron, with hollows in it for shaping work when blown. Maryl&ud. A State of the American Union, one of the original 13, bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. bj' Delaware, S. by ttie Atlantic, District of Columbia and Tirgiuia, W. by the Virginias ; area, 11,1-^ sq. m. ; pop. 934.1}43. Principal cities, Annapolis, cap., Baltimore, l>ed- erick, Havre-de-Grace, Chesterto\vn, Elk- ton and Easton. Chief rivers, the Susque- hanna, Patapsco, Patuxent, Ifanticoke, Choptank and Chester. Mountains, Al- leghanies and South Mountain, an offshoot of the Blue Ridge range. Mascled, 'kid. Armor such as worn by the Nor- man soldiers represented in Bayeux Tapestry, com- posed of small lozenge- shaped metallic plates fastened on a leathern or quilted undercoat. Masculine, 'ku-lin. Gram., the masculine or male gender. Mashallah, mash-al'la. A Turkish and Persian interjection : " Praised be Allah ! or God." iffask, mask. A visor ; a dis guise; a masquerade; a dra- matic performance. Maslach, mas'lak. A Turkish' stim ulunt prepared from opium Mason, ma'sn. A builder in stone or brick. A member of the fraternity of Fi-ee Masons. Mason-bee, -be. a name given to hy Mask. menopterous insects, genera Osmia and Chalcidoma, which consti-uct their nests with sand or gravel. Mason-"wasp, -wosp. A name given to hymenopterous insects, gen. Odynerus, from their ingenuity in excavating their habitation in the sand. Masoola-tooat, ma-so'la-bot. A large E. Indian boat used on the Coromandel coast for conveying passengers and goods between ships and the shore. Masora, -so'ra. A Hebrew work on the Hebrew Scriptures, by several rabbins, between the 6th and 9th centuries. It sup- plies the vowel points, besides critical, grammatical and exegetical remarks. Mass. mas. A 8er^ice which forms an essential part of both the R. C. and Greek Churches, and in which the conse- cration of the slicramental bread and wne and communion take place. Massachusetts. One of the 13 original States of the American Union, bounded N. by Maine. New Hampshire and Ver- mont, E. by the Atlantic. S. by the Atlantic, Connecticut and Rhode Island, W. by New York; area, 7,800 sq. m. ; pop. 1,783,085. Principal cities, Boston, cap., Lynn, Lowell, Wor- cester, Newburyport, Salem, Beverly, New Bedford and Fall River. Chief rivers the Connecticut, Merrimack, Housatonic, Taunton, Nashua, Charles, Blackstone, Chicopee, Westfieid and Deerfield. Moun- tains, the Hoosac and Taconic ranges. M. inaugurated the movement against "taxa- tion without representation," which re- sulted in the independence of the colonies. M. Bay, a large arm of the Atlantic extend- ing along the E. coast of the State, between Capes Ann and Cod. Massena, Andre. (Prince d'Essling and Due de RivoliV One of Napoleon's most successful marshals, b. 1758, d. 1817. He resigned his command in Portugal, after the sanguinary but indecisive battle of Fuentes Onoro. Masseter, 'se-ter. One of a pair of mus- cles which raises the under jaw. Massilia, -sil'i-a. A small planet revolv- ing between the orbits of Mars and Jupi- ter. Mast, mast. The fruit of the oak, beech or forest trees ; nuts. Master, 'ter. One who is placed in au- thority ; one who has others under his im- mediate control : correlative to slave, ser- vant, «fcc. In the merchant service, the captain of a ship. In the navj', the oflicOT who navigates the ship imder the durec* MASTEE-SINGEE 492 MAUMLETDAE tion of the captain. He ranks with lieu- tenants. The liead of or a teacher in a school. Formerly a respectful title of ad- dress, but now applied to a boy. A degree in colleges and universities, as M. of Arts. The title of the head of some societies or corporations, as the Grand M. of the Knights of St. John ; the Master of a lodge of Free Masons, &c. The old masters, an- cient painters of eminence. The little masters, certain German engravers of the 16th century, so called from the smallness of their prints. Master-singer, -sing-er. One of a so- ciety of German poets of the 15th and 16th centuries, who submitted their produc- tions to judges, who marked the feults in them, he who had the fewest faults receiv- ing the prize. Mastiff, 'tif. A noble va- riety of dog of a very old English breed, valu- a b 1 e as » watch-dog. Mastiff- bat, -bat. A name given to a bat, gen. Molossus. fi-om its head resembhng that of the mastilf- dog. Mastodon, 'td-don. A gen. of extinct fossil proboscidian quadrupeds resembling the elephant, but larger, found associated with those of the mammoth. One speci- Masuu. Mastodon restored. men, nearly perfect, was found in Missouri in 1840. It is now in the British Museum ; its dimensions are — extreme length 20 ft. 2 in., height 9 ft. 6f in., tusks 7 ft. 2 in. Mastology, -toFo-ii. The natural his- tory of animals which suckle their young. Mat, mat. In copper-smelting, the alloy of copper, tin, Iron, &c., otherwise called White-metal. Mataco, 'a-ko. The three-banded arma- dillo ; an edentate mammal, gen. Dasypus, remarkable for its power of rolling itself into a ball. Matador, -dor. The man appointed to kill the bull in Spanish bull-fights. "When the bull is excited to furv by the attacks of the picadores and banderilleros, the matador steps forward and plunges his sword into the animal near the left shoulder-blade. Matamata, ma-ta-ma'ta. A curious S. American tortoise, \v-ith a small carapace and exposed head and feet ; the Chelvs fimbriata. Matamoras. The principal Mexican city on the Eio Grande. 40 m. from its mouth ; pop. abt. 52,000. Materialism, ma-te'ri-alizm. The doc- trine which denies the existence of any Bpuitual substance, and holds that the mind is mere matter ; opposed to spiritual- ism. Materia Medica, -a med'i-ka. The brand! of medical science which treats of the various substances employed in the practice of medicine, and their operation. A general term for all the substances em- ployed in medicine. Mathemeg", math'e-meg. A fish of the cod kind, inhabiting Hudson's Bay. Mather, Cotton. An eminent American theologian of the Puritan school : b. in Mass., 1663 ; d. 1723. Matin, mat'ln. Time of morning ser- vice ; the first canonical hour in the E. C. Church. Matin-dog:, -dog. A large dog, allied to the Danish dog, but now scarcely seen except in France. Matinee, -in-a. An entertainment or re- ception held early in the day. Matricide, 'ri-sid. The kUling or mur- der of one's mother. Matriculate, ma-trik'u-lat. One who is matriculated or enrolled in a register, and thus admitted to membership in a society. Matron, ma'tron. A married woman, especially an elderly married woman. A head nurse in a hospital. The female su- perintendent of any institution. Matthew, St. (Levi). One of the 12 Apostles, sou of Alpheus, and auth»r of the first gospel ; he was a revenue ofificer at Capernaum when called by Christ. Tradition says he lived at Jerusalem 15 years after the ascension, and suifered martyrdom in Persia. Maty, mat'i. A native servant of all work in India. Maud, mad. A gray woolen plaid worn by shepherds in Scotland. Maumletdar, mam'Iet-dar. In the E. MAUND MAZEPPA Indies, a person who superintends the collection of the revenue, the police, &c. Maund, mand. In the E. liidies, a measure of weight varying from 25 to 82 lbs. Maundy-Thursday. The Thursday in Passion-week, or next before Good Fi-iday, on which the sovereign of Eng- land distributes alms to a certain number of poor persons at Whitehall. Maxirice of Nassau, Prince. Second son of William "the Silent," Prince of Orange ; b. 1567, d. 1625. He s. his brother as Prince of Orange. 1621, after a most successful military career, which he began at the age of 20 as Captain-General of the United Provinces. Mauritius (Isle of France). A Brit- ■ ish island in the Indian Ocean. Cap. Port Louis ; pop. 350,000. Maury, Matthew Fontaine. An American commodore ; b, in Va., 1806 ; r>. 1S73. He was distinguished as a hy- drographer and publicist. His war record was made in the Confederate service. Mausoleum, ma-so-le'um. A magnifi- cent tomb or stately sepulchral monu- ment. A sepulchral edifice erected for the reception of a monimaent, or to con- tain tombs. Maut, rjjat. An Egyptian goddess, the personification of Mother Nature, and the second person of the Theban trinity, cor- responding to the Greek Demeter. Mauve, mav. A beautiful purple dye obtained from aniline, the sulphate of a base called mauveine ; also the color. Mavis, ma'vis, The Turdus mu- ^ sicus, throstle or*v s ong-thrush of*^ Europe. Its song ' is sweet and has considerable com- pass ; it can be taught musical airs, and rarely to articulate words. Maw worm, ma- werm. The As'caiis vermicularis, which infests the rectum of mankind, and pcca- slonally visits the maw or stomach. Maximilian, maks-i-mil'i-an. A Bava- rian gold coin worth about $2.12. Maximilian. The name of two Ger- man emperors. M. I., son of Frederick III., became king of the Netherlands 14TT, through his marriage with Mary of Bur- gundy, and emperor 1494 ; n. 1519. Swit- rerland Beoured her independence during Mavis. his reign. M. II. s. his father Ferdinand I., 1564; D. 15T6. He relieved Hungary from Turkish domination. Maximilian, Ferdinand Joseph. (Archduke of Austria.) \ ounger brother of Emperor Francis Joseph, b. 1832, exe- cuted in Mexico, June 17, 1867, having been persuaded by Napoleon III. to ac- cept the sovereignty of that country, then occupied by the French troops. These being recalled the Mexicans rose under Juarez, and defeated and captured M., who was shot with two of his generals. His vvife Carlotta, daughter of Leopold I., king of Belgium, lost her reason over the cruel fate of her husband, and is still living a hopeless but quiet maniac. May, ma. The fifth month of the year. Maya, 'a. In Hindu. Myth, the will or energy of the supreme being, personified as a female, by whom he created the uni- verse. May-bird, 'herd. The name ^iven in Jamaica to a fine song-bird, the Turdus mustelinus. A name given to the bobo- link or rice-bird. May-day, 'da. The first day of May, so called in England, in commemoration of the festivities Avhich from a very early pe- riod were observed on that day. The chief features of the celebration are' the gather- ing of flowers, crowning the May-queen, dancing round the May-pole, &c. Mayence (Mentz). An important commercial city of the grand duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, S. Germany, strongly fortified ; pop. 54.362. May-fly, 'fli. The popular name of the Sialis lutaria, a neuropterous insect. The name is also applied to various insects of the gen. Ephemera. Mayor, 'er. The chief officer of a muni- cipal corporation. M. of the palace, in France, originally the first officer of the royal household, then the first officer of state, under the Merovingian kings. Ul- timately, in the year 752, Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace to Childeric IV., pro- cured the deposition of that king, and him- self ascended the throne, founding the Car- lo vingian dynasty. Mayoress, -es. The Avife of a mayor. Mazarin. Jules, Cardinal. A French statesman, b. in Italy 1602, d. 1661. He 8. Eichelieu as Prime minister of Anne of Austria, queen regent, and is believed to have been privately married to her. Mazeppa, Ivan Stepanovitch. A PoUsh adventm-er, B. 1644. He wUs de- tected in an amour with the wife of a Po- MAZOLOGT 494 MEDINE llsh noble, and bound to the back of a wild horse which was turned loose and carried him to the country of the Cossacks, in which he rose to be "their hetman or chief 1687. Discovered in a plot against Russian rule, he fled to Turkey, where he died in obscurity, 1709. Mazologry, -zol'o-ji. That department of zoology which treats of mammiferous animals. Mazurka, ma-zijr'ka. A lively Polish round dance in f or f time. Mazzini, Guiseppe. A distinfruished Italian patriot andrevolutionist, n.at Genoa 1807, D. 1872. Most of his mature life was spent in exile in England. Meade, Georg-e Gordon. An Amer- ican general ; b. at Cadiz, Spain, 1816, d. in Penn. 1372. He commanded the Fed- eral forces at the important battle of Get- tysburg, Penn., and was second in com- mand to Gen. Grant in the Kichmond campaign. Meadow-lark, me'do-lark. A song- bird, oriole fam.; Sturnella magna. Meadow-ore, -or. In Min. conchoidal bog-iron ore. Meat-offering", met'of-er-ing. In Scrip, a sacrifice consisting of meat or food, or more strictly of flour and oil. Mecca. The holy city of the Mohamme- dans, in Arabia, 270 m. S. E. of Medina, noted for the famous mosque of El Haram, 350 ft. long by 800 ft. wide, con- taining the venerated Caaba. M. was the birth-place of Mohammed. It formerly contained a pop. of over 100,000, but now has only abt. 25,000. Mechanic, me-kan'ik. One skilled in shaping and uniting materials, as wood, metal, &c., into any kind of structure, machine or other object ; one who fol- lows a mechanical occupation for a living. Mechanics' institute, an institution for the instruction and recreation of persons of the artisan classes. Mechanics, 'iks. A common name for the science which treats of motion and force. Practical mechanics, the applica- tion of the principles of mechanics to practical purposes, as the construction of machines, buildings, &c. Eational me- chanics, that branch which treats of the theory of motion ; kinematics. Mechanog-raphy, mek-an-og'ra-fi. The art of multiplying copies of a writing or any Avork of art by the use of a ma- chine. Mechitarist, -it'ar-ist. One of a sect of Armenians acknowledging the authority of the pope, but retaining their own ritual, They have printed the best editions oi Armenian classics. Mech]in, 'lin. A fine lace made at Mech- lin or Malines in Belgium. Medal, med'al. A coin, a piece of metal in the form of a coin, stamped Avith some figure or device to preserve the portrait of some distinguished person, or the memo- ry of an illustrious action or event, or as a reward of merit. Medalet, -et. A small medal. Medallion, me-dal'yun. A large an- tique Eoman medal struck to commem- rate persons or events. In Arch, any tab- let, bearing on it objects in relief, as fig- ures, heads, animals, flowers, &c. Medallurgy, -er-ji. The art of making and striking medals and coins. Medea. In Myth, the Avife of Jason, daughter of uEtes, King of Colchis, and niece of Cira, noted for her works of magic. She assisted Jason in his search for the Golden Fleece and accompanied him to Greece, where, being deserted by him, she killed her two sons. Media. An ancient division of W. Asia N. of Persia, whose kings for abt. 100 yeai-s were sovereigns of the known world. It was conquered by Cyrus 560 b. c, and in- corporated with Persia. « Medici. A noble Florentine family, founded by Giovanni de M. in the 14th century, and became extinct in the male line, 1787. Several of its members were distinguished as soldiers, others as statesmen and patrons of the arts. Medicine, med'sin. Any substance used as a remedy for disease. The science and art of preventing, curing or alleviat- ing diseases of the human body. M. seal or stamp, small, greenish, square stones found near old lioman towns and stations engraved with inscriptions used as seals by ancient physici.ins. Medieval, -i-e'val. One belonging to the middle ages. Medievalist, -ist. One versed in the history of the middle ages ; one who sym- pathizes with the spirit and principles of the n»iddle ages. Medina. A city of Arabia, the " Town of the Prophet," in the Hejaz, 100 m. N. E. of Yembo, its port on the Eed Sea, ranking after Mecca in sacredness to the Mohammedans, its mosque contain- ing Mohammed's tomb ; pop. 17,860. Medine, me-den'. A small coin and money of account in Egypt, the 40th part of a piastre. MEDITEKRANEAN SEA 495 MELBOURNE Hediterranean Sea. Tho large body of water separating Europe from Africa and W. Asia: length 2,300 m. maximum breadtli 1,200 m. It con- nects with the Atlantic at its west ex- trem'ty bv the Strait of Gibraltar, and on the li. with the Sea of Marmora by the Dardanelles. Medjidie. mej'i-di. A Turkish order of knighthood, instituted in 1852, and con- ferred on many British and other officers of the Crimean War. A Turkish gold coin worth about $4.50. Medrissa, me-dris'sa. A high school or gymnasium in Mohammedan countries for the education of youth. Medusa, me-dii'sa. In Myth, one of the three Gorgons, wlio is represented as originally a beautiful maiden, but as hav- ing her hair changed into serpents by Athene, which made her head so horrible that all who looked at it were turned to stone. Medusidse, 'si-do. The jelly-tishes or sea- nettles; an ord. ot Hy- drozoa, co-extensive with the sub-class Dis- cophora. Meerschaum, mer'- shum. A hydrated silicate of magnesium, consisting of 60.9 parts siHca, 26.1 magnesium, and 12.0 water, occur- ring as a fine white clay, sea-shore in places in rounded lumps, it was supposed to be petrified sea- foam, lience its German name. It is manufac- tured into tobacco-pipes. Megaceros, me-gas'e-ros. An extinct genua of deer, whose remains occur in the bogs of Scotland and shell marl of Ireland below the peat or bog earth. Specimensof the horns have been found measuring 10 feet 4 inches, and from 10 to 12 feet between the tip?. Megacosm, meg'a-kozm. The great world ; macrocosm. Megalanea, -a-la'ne-a. A gigantic extinct land-lizard, of Australia. Its length was about 20 feet. Megalesian, -le'si-an. In Roman Antiq. a magnificent festival, with games, celebrated at Rome in April, lasting six days, in honor of Cybele, the mother of the gods. The games were scenic and not circensian. Megralotis, meg-a-16'tis. A gen. of Afri- can digitigrade carnivorous mammals, Medusa. Found on the CanidaB or dog family, characterized by the large size of their cars ; the fennecs. M e g-alo- saurus, 'a- 16-sa"rus. A ' gen." of fossil deinosaurian <^;! reptiles, 40' to 50 ft. in length, com- Megaiosaurus iiesioxcu. bining the characters of the monitors and crocodiles. Megrapodius, -pO'di-us. A gen. of raso- rial birds, the most remarkable species being the Australian jungle-fowl, remark- able for erecting mounds of earth, stones, leaves, &c., 15 ft. high and 150 in circum- ference, in which, at a depth of 2 or 3 ft., it deposits eggs, leaving them to be hatched by the heat of the fermenting vegetable mass. Meg-aptera, me-gap'ter-a. A gen. of Avhales, fam. Balaenidse, including the hump-backed whales. Megrarian, -ga'ri-an. A school of phi- losophy founded at Megara, in Greece, by Euclid, a disciple of Socrates. It was re- markable for the subtlety of its logic. Megatherium, mf -r-a-the'ri-um. A fos- sil gen. of edentate i.iammals, allied to the sloths, about 8 ft. high, and 12 to 18 ft. long. Mehemet Ali. Pasha of Egypt, b. 1769, I). 1S49. He was warlike and energetic, breaking the power of the Mamelukes by the massacre of their leaders, and con- quered Syria. The viceroyalty was made hereditary in his family. Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest. A distinguished French painter, n. ISll. Mekong, (Cambodia). A large river of S. E. Asia, emptying into the China Sea: length 1,300 m. Melada, me-la'da. Crude or impura sugar as it comes from the jians ; a mix- ture of eugar and molasses. Melanesian. me-la-nG'si-an. A family of languages spoken by the inhabitants of numerous islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Melanism, mel'an-izm. In Physiol, an undue development of coloring 'material in the skin and its appendages ; the oppo- site of albinism. Melbourne. Cap. of Victoria, Australia, on Bay of Port Philip, the most important commercial city of the island continent ; pop. 225,480. MELANIAIT MENELAtrs Melanian. Melanian. One of a family of mol- luska having a turret or spire- shaped shell. Melancthon, PMlip. (Real nameP. Schwarz- erdt.) An emi- nent German the- ologian and re- former; B. 1497, D. 1550. Ho was the contemporary, friend and successor of Luther as the head of the German Refor- mation. UlelchisGdician, -kiz'e-di'''shan. One of a sect in the 3d century who aflirmed Melchisedec to be Christ, or the Holy Ghost, and paid him divine adoration. Melcllite, melk'It. One of an Eastern sect of Christians who, while adhering to the Greek Church, acknowledge the authority ofthei)ope. The name is also given to such members of the Greek community as are lloman Catholics. M e 1 e a grri- nse, mel'-e-a- gri"nc. A sub- fam. of the Phasianidfe,or pheasant fam- ily, compris- ing the tur- keys and gui- nea-fowl. Meles, me'- les. A gen. of plantigrade mammals, the badgers. Iffieliplxag-idee, mel-i-faj'i-de. A fam. of teuuirostral insessores, the honey-eaters or honey-suckers. Melisuginse, -su'ji-no. A sub-fam. of tenuirostral, passerine birds, fam. Tro- chilidai, the straight-billed humming-birds. MelitaBa,-te'a. A gen. of butterflies, fam. Nymphalida^. Mellivora. me-liv'«)-ra. A gen. of the Melidas or badger family. Melodeon, IG'de-on. A wind-instru- ment furnished with metallic free reeds and a key-board ; a variety of the harmo- nium. Called also Eeed-organ. Meloe, mel'O-G. Agon, of coleopterous insects, fam. Cantharidae ; the oil-beetles. Melolontha, -o-l')n'tha. A gen. of la- mellicorn beetles, of which the common cock-chafer is an example. Melopiano, 'pi-a-no. An invention by Meleagris. Melpomene. which sustained sounds can be produoel on a piano-forte. Melotsrpe, -tip. A photographic process in which the dark chamber is dispensed with. Melpomene, -pom'e-ne. In Class. Myth, the muse who presides over tragedy, daughter of Zeus and Mne- mosyne. She is generally represented as a young woman, with vine leaves surrounding her head, and j holding a tragic mask. A small planet revolving be- tween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Melrose, 'roz. Honey of roses. Memnon. In Heroic Hist, son of Tith- onos and Eos, and King of Egypt, killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. Some writers consider M. identical with Ameno- phis II. of Egypt, in whose honor the colossal statue near Thebes was erected, which was long believed to emit a musi- cal sound when touched by the iirst beam of the rising sun. Memphis (Moph of Scrip.) A fa- mous city of ancient Egypt, on W. bank of the Nile, 10 m. S. of modern Cairo ; now in ruins. M., a city of Shelby Co., Tennessee, on the Mississippi, 209 m. S. W. of Nashville ; pop. 33,592. Menagerie, me-nafer-i. A yard or place in which wild animals are kept. A collection of wild or foreign animals kept for exhibition. Menai Straits. A channel of the Irish Sea, bet. N. Wales and the Island of Anglesea. It is crossed b}^ a suspension bridge and by the Britannia tubular bridge; length 14 m. Mendelssohn, Moses. An eminent German jthilosopher of Jewish descent; b. 1729, D. 1786. Mendelssohn - Bartholdy, Felix. A distinguished German composer; b. 1809, 1). iS47. His first successful opera was written when he was but 18 years of age. Mendicant, men'di-kant. A beggar ; especially, a member of a begging order or fraternity ; a begging friar. Mene, me'ne. A Chaldaic word signify- ing numeration. Menelaus. In Heroic Hist. Kingof Spar- ta and husband of Helen, whose abduction by Paris led to the Trojan war. After the Ml of Troy the pair were rewedded. mengketia;^ 497 MEELANGUS Hengretian, men-jn-e'shi-an. One of a sect in the Greek Church. Menhaden, -ha'den. A salt-water fish, fam. Chipeid;!?, or herrings. Meniscus. A moon-shaped body. Mennonite, 'non-lt. Onp of a sect of Anabaptists named after Simon Menno, a Friesland priest of the 17th century, who did not believe in original sin, and ob- jected to taking oaths or making^ war. Meno pome, men 'd-pora. A tailed amphibian vertebrate, ord. IJrodela, peculiar to the fresh waters of N. America, which seems to form a connecting link between the pennibrauchiate amphibians and the salamander. It is variously called hell- bender, mud-de\il, ground puppy, young alligator and tweea. Menura, me-nu'ra. A singular gen. of birds forming the insessorial fam. Menu- ridaj. The only species known is the Ivre- bird. Mephitis, -f I'tis. A gen of carnivorous animals, remarkable for the disagreeable odor which they emit ; the skunk. Merchant-bar, mer'chant-bar. A bar of iron in a finished state for the merchant; iron after the puddled bars have been piled and reheated and rolled. Merchant-captain, -kap-tan. The master of a merchantman. Merchantman, -man. A ship employed in the transportation of goods, as distin- guished from a ship of war. Merchant-tailor, -ta-ler. A tailor who furnishes materials for the garments which he makes. Mercury, 'kii-ri. In Myth, the name of a Roman divinity-, Identified later witli the Greek Hermes. As repres enting Hermes he was re- garded as the son of Jupiter and Mai'a, and was looked upon as the god of elo- quence, of commerce and of robbers. He was also the messen- ger, herald and am- bassador of Jupiter. As a Roman divinity he was merolv tho Mercury. patron of commerce and gain. Mercury. Quicksilver, a metal whose specific gravity is greater than that of any other, except the platinum metals, gold and tungsten, being 13.56, or thirteen times and a half heavier than water. It is the only metal which is liquid at com- mon temperatures. Mercury is used in barometers to ascertain the weight of the atmosphere, and in thermometers to de- termine the temperature of the air. In Astron. the planet that revolves round the sun Avlthin the orbit of the planet Venus and next to it. Mere. A pool or lake. Meregoutte, mar-gut. The first run- ning of wine, oil, &c., before any pressure has been used. Merg-anser, mer- gan'ser. A migra- tory arctic water- fowl, gen. Mergus. Meridian, me- rid'i-an. Mid-day; noon. In Geog. an imaginarv circle ,, on the surface of Merganser, the earth passing through both poles, and through any other given place, the plane of it thus di\iding the globe into two hemispheres. Every place on the globe has its meridian, and when tlie sun arrives above this circle it is mid-day or noon. Longitude is measured between the me- ridians. In Astron. a similar imaginary cu-cle of the celestial sphere, passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith of any iilace. Magnetic Meridian, one of the great circles which pass through the assumed magnetic poles. Meridian-mark, -mark. A mark placed at a convenient spot several miles from an observatory, and due south of the place of the transit instrument, to serve as a means of marking the direction of the true south point of the horizon. Merino, -rc'no. A dress stufl', twilled on both sides, manufactured from merino wool. Meriones, -ri-o' nt'Z. A gen. N. American ro- dent mouse-Uke mammals, fam. Dipodidse. M. hudsonicusisthe; iumiting-mouse. Merlang-us, mer-lang'gus. A gen. of fishes, fam. Gadidae, rncludingr the whiting and pollack. -o' // of//; Meriones. MEELIN METAGENESIS Merlin, 'lin. A hawk, gen. Falco, about the size of a ■blackbird, but very- bold. Merlin, Ambro- sius. A noted An- glo-Saxon prophet and sooth-s a y e r , whose nam e a p - pears freque n 1 1 y in the legendary his- tory of the 5th cen- tiuy, associated with that of King Arthur. Merlv.cius, -lii'shi-us. A gen. of teleos- tean fishes, cod fam. Mermaid, 'mad. A fabled marine crea- tiu-e, having the upper part like that of a woman, and the lower like a fish. Merman, 'man. Thu male correspond- ing to mermaid ; a man of the sea, with the tail of a fish instead of legs. Meropidae , m o - rop'i-d(3. A fam of in- sessorial birds, of which the bee-eater (Merops) is the type. Merostomata, -ro- stom'a-ta. An ord of Crustacea;, includ- ing forms often of gi- gantic size, compris- ing the king-crabs or Limuli, and the ex- tinct Pterygoti and Eurypteri. Merovingian, -vin'ji-an. A term ap- phed to the earhest dynasty of Erankish kings of Gaul. The dynasty gave place to the Carjovingians in 752. A term ap- Slied to the written characters of certain [SS. in French libraries, of the Merovin- gian period. Merry-thoug-ht, mer'i-that. The fur- cula, or forlved bone of a fowl's breast, which is sportively broken by two unmar- ried persons, one pulling at each end, the longest part being taken as an omen that the one who gets it will be married first ; the wish-bone. Mersey. A river of England, which forms a broad estuary at Euncorn, 12 in. above Liverpool ; it is navigable to Man- chester, SI m. from Euncorn. Merycotherium, me'ri-ko-the"ri-um. A gen. of huge fossil mammals, akin to the Bactrian camel, occoi-ring in the drift of Siberia. Mesartin, mes-ar'tin. The well-known Merops. double star of the constellation Aries, said to have been the first recognized star ol tiiat kind. Mesched. An impoi-tant commercial city of Persia, 455 m. N. E. of Teheran, noted for containing the splendid tomb of the Sultan Haroun-al-Easchid : pop. 78,- 000. Mesmer, Friedrich Anton. A Ger- man physician and philosopher ; n. 1718, D. 1815. M. was the author of the system of Animal Magnetism or Mesmerism. Mesmerism, mez'mer-izm. The doc- trine that one person can exercise in- fluence over the -will and nervous system of another, and produce certain phenom- ena by virtue of a supposed emanation, called Animal Magnetism, proceeding from him, or simply by the domination of his will over that of the person operated on. Messalian, mes-sa'li-an. One of a sect of heretics of the 4th century who pro- fessed to adhere to the strict letter of the. gospel, specifically refusing to work, and quoting this passage : " Labor not for the food that perisheth." Messiad, -si'ad. A poem with the Mes- siah for its hero ; specifically, a modern German epic poem written by Klopstock, relating to the sufferings and triumphs of the Messiah. Messiah, -si'a. Christ, the Anointed; tlie Saviour of the Avorld. Messidor, -si-dor. The 10th month of the year in the calendar of the first French Eepublic, commencing June 19 and ending July 18. Messieurs, -yerz. Sirs ; gentlemen ; used in English as the plural of Mr., and generally contracted into Messrs. Mestee, mes-te. The offspring of a white and a quadroon. Written also Mus- tee. Mestizo, -zo. The ofi'spring of a Spaniard or Creole and an American Indian. Metabola, me-tab'o-la. In Entom. in- sects that undergo metamorphosis. Metacarpus, met-a-kar'pus. The hand between the wrist and fingers. Metagrelatine, -jel'a-tin. In Photog. a substance used as a preservative in the collodion process. Metagenesis, -jen'e-sis. In Zool. the changes of form which the representa- tive of a species undergoes in passing, by a series of successively generated indi- viduals, from the egg to "the perfect state ; alternation of generation. METAL METE0P0LITA1!T S£etal, 'al. An elementary opaque body or substance, having a peculiar luster con- nected with its opacity called metallic ; Insoluble in water ; solid (except mercury) at ordinary temperatures, generally fusible by heat ; a good conductor of heat and electricity ; capable, when in the state of an oxide, of uniting with acids and form- ing salts : and having the property when its compounds are submitted to electroly- sis, of invariably appearing at the nega- tive pole of the battery. There are 51 sub- stances classed as metals. Metallocliroiny, -lok'ro-mi. The art or process of coloring metals. Metallography, -og'ra-fi. An acconnt of metals, or a treatise on metallic sub- stances ; the science of metals. Metalloid., -old. In Chem. a term ap- plied to all the non-metallic elementary substances, 13 in number : oxygen, hydro- gen, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, sulphur, selenium, phos- phorus, boron and silicon. Metallurgry, -er-ji. The art of working metals. Metamorphist, -a-mor'fist. One of a sect of sacramentarians of the 15th cen- tury, who affirm that the body with which Christ rose to heaven Avas wholly deified, ha\ing lost all its humanity. Metaplirast, 'a-frast. A person who translates from one language into another, word for word. Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura. An eminent Itahan poet, b. 1698, d. 1782. Metazoa, -a-zo'a. One of the two great sections into which Huxley divides the animal kingdom, the other being the Pro- tozoa. Metempsychosis, me-tem'si-ko"sis. Transmigi-ation ; the passing of the soul of a man after death into some other ani- mal body, a doctrine held by Pythagoras and his followers, and still prevailing in India. Metemptosis, met-em-to'sis. In Chron. the solar equation necessary to prevent the new moon from happening a day too late, or the suppression of the bissextile once in 134 years. The opposite to this is the proemptosis, or the addition of a dav every 300 years and another eveiy 2400 years. Meteor, me'te-er. A transient fiery or luminous body seen in the atmospiiere or in a more elevated region ; an aerolite ; a shooting-star. Meteorolite, -ol-it. A meteoric stone ; a stone or solid compoimd of earthy and metalhc matter which falls to the earth from space. Called also aerolite. Meteorologist, 'o-jist. A person who studies the phenomena of meteors or keeps a register of them. Metheg-lin, -theg'lin. A liquor made of honey and water boiled and fermented, often enriched Avith spices. Methodist, meth'od-ist. One of a sect of Christians founded in England in the ISth century by John AVesley, so called from the fact that the name was applied to Wesley and his companions by their fellow-students at Oxford, on account of the exact regularity of their lives, and the strictness of their observance of religious duties. Methuselah. In Scrip, son of Enoch, who lived before the Deluge, reaching the age of 969 years. Metic, me'tik. In ancient Greece, a so- journer ; a resident stranger in a Grecian city or place. Metif, 'tif. A half-breed between a white and a quadroon. Metis, 'tis. One of the asteroids between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Metra, met'ra. An ingenious pocket in- strument, combining a thermometer, clin- ometer, goniometer, level, magnifying lens, measure for Mire gauze, plummet, platina scales, anemometer, &c., by which the temperature, direction and dip of rocks, the angles of cleavage and crystalli- zation, the level of workings, the latitude, &c., can be determined. Meter, me'ter. A French measure of length, equal to 89.37 English inches, the standard of linear measure, being the ten milhonth part of the distance from the equator to the N. pole, as ascertained by actual measurement of an arc of the me- ridian. Metrochrome, met'ro-krom. An in- strument for measuring colors. Metrograph, -graf. An apparatus on a railway engine which measures and records the rate of speed at any moment, and the time of arrival and departure at each station. Metrouozne, -nom. An instrument con- sisting of a pendulum, set in motion by clockwork, for the purpose of determin- ing, by its vibrations, the movement of musical compositions. Metronymic, -ro-nim'ik. A name de- rived fi-om a mother or other female an- cestor, as opposed to patronymic. Metropolitan, -pol'i-tan. A bishop har* METTEEmCH 500 MICEOPHOTOGEAPHY ing authoritj' over the other bishops of a province ; an archbishop. In the Greek Ch. the title of a dignitary intermediate between patriarchs and archbishops. Metternicli, Clemens Wenzel, Prince von. An eminent Austrian statesman and diplomat ; n. 1773, d. 1S59. IVCetz. A city of prov. of Alsace-Lor- raine, at the junction of the Moselle and Seille, 80 m. 8. W. of Strasburg. It is strongly fortified, and was sunendered to the Germans, 1871, by Marshal Ba- zaine ; pop. 60,000. ]!lleum, me'um. Mine ; that which is mine; commonly used in the 'phrase "meumand teum," meaning what be- longs to one's self and what belongs to any one else. tJIexioo. An extensive republic (former empire) of N. America, bounded JST. by the U. 8., E. by the U. 8. and Gulf of Mexico, 8. by Central America, and W. by the Pacific ; area 773,144 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 11,000,000. Principal cities, Mexico, cap.. Vera Cruz, Tampico, Matamoras, Mazatlan, Acapulco, 8an Bias, La Puebla and Jalapa ; of these Vera Cruz and Tam- pico are considerable seaports. Chief rivers, the Eio Grande del Norte, on the E. boundary ; Colorado, Bravo del Noi-te, Grande de 8aptiago and Conchas. Lakes, Mexico, Parras and Chapula. Mountain ranges, the Cordilleras and Sierra Madre. The volcanic mtn. Popocatapetl is 17,783 ft. above sea level, M., the cap., is the oldest city of America; pop. 260,000. Mexico, Gulf of. A large body of Avater bet. N. and 8. America, connecting with the Atlantic by the Florida channel, and with the Caribbean Sea by the chan- nel of Yucatan ; length 1,200 m.; average width 650 m. Meyerbeer, Giacomo. (Jacob Meyer Beer). An eminent German musician and composer, of Jewish extraction ; b. 1794, u. 1863. At the age of 9 he was one of the first pianists of Berlin. Mezzotinto, met-zo-tin'to. A partic- ular manner of engraving on copper steel in imitation of painting in Indii ink. Miako (Meaco). A city on the island of Niphon, Japan, 240 m. W. of Jeddo, the residence of the Mikado ; pop. abt. 410,000. Mica, ml'ka. A mineral of a foliated struc- ture, consisting of thin flexible laminse or scales having a shining and almost metal- lic luster. The laminai are easily separated, and are sometimes not more than the 300,- 000th part of an inch ia thickness. They are employed in Eussia for window panes, and in coal-burning stoves as reflectors. Micah.. In Scrip, a canonized book of the Ola Testament, written by M., a minor prophet in the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz and Ilezekiah. Michael. In Scrip, the archangel men- tioned as having the Hebrews under his special guardianship. A name borne by 8 emperors of the East. Michael-Angelo Buonarotti. Italy's greatest and most versatile artist, excel- ing as an architect, painter and sculptor ; B. in Tuscany 1474, d. 1563. He designed St. Peter's at Eome 1505, and superintend- ed its completion 1546. Michaelmas, mik'el-mas. The feast of St. Michael, the archangel, Sept. 29. Michelet, Jules. A distinguished French historian; b. 1798^^d. 1874. Michig-an. A State of the American Union, admitted 1837, boimded N. by Lake Superior, E. by Lakes Huron and St. Clair, Canada, 8. by Ohio and Indiana, "W. by Lake Michigan and Wisconsin ; area, 56,243 sq. m.; pop. 1,636,937. Pi-incipal cities, Lansing, cap., Detroit, chief com- mercial metropolis, Bay City, Iviles, Mar- quette, Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Kalamazoo, and Grand Haven. Chief rivers, Au Sa- ble, Huron, Saginaw, Eaisin, Kalamazoo, Grand, Manistee, Muskegon, Menominee, and St. Joseph. It borders on Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, Michigan and Su- perior. The Porcupine Mountains are in the extreme N. end of the State. M. Lake, the second in size of the great chain of 5 Inland lakes ; length 360 m. ; width from 80 to 100 m. It is 600 ft. above sea level. Microlestes, mi'kro-les-tez. A gen. of extinct marsupials, containing the earliest known mammahan inhabitant of our plan- et. It occurs at the upper part of the up- per trias, and appears to have been most nearly related to the banded ant-eater of New South "Wales. Micropantogrraph, -pan'to-graf. An instrument for executing extremely mi- nute writing and engraving. Called also Micrograph. Microphone, -fon. An instrument to augment small sounds. By some arrange- ments the sounds of the human voice con- veyed to a distance by the telephone can be made audible in every part of a hall. Microphotography, -f6-tog"ra-fi. A photographic process by which an object is diminished in size, and yet its exact form retained. MICROSCOPE 501 MILLEI^IUM Microscope. Microscope, -skop. An optical instrument consisting of a lens or combination of lenses (in some cases mir- rors also) which mag- nifies objects, and thus renders visible minute objects that cannot be seen by the naked eye. Micro s c o p i u m , -sko'pi-um. The Mi- croscope, a southern constellation, situated above Grus and In- dus, at the junction of Capricornus and Sagittarius. It contains 10 stars. Microsthene, 'kros-then. A member of one of the four groups into which Dana divides mammals. The Microsthenes in- clude the bats, insectivora, rodents, &c. Midas. In Myth, a Phrygian King who was endowed by Bacchus wth the power of changing anything he touched into gold. This affecting his food, on appeal to Bacchus he rid himself of his won- derful power by bathing in the Pactolus, the sands of which Ivere turned to gold. Middle Ag-es, The. A period in Eu- ropean history generally considered as be- ginning about the date of the destruction of the Koman empire and extending to the Eeformation, or opening with the invasion of France by Clovis, 486, and ending with the capture of Naples by Charles VIII., 1496 — or about 10 centuries. The first half of the period is known as the Dark Ages. Midg'ard, mii'gard. In Scand. Myth, the abode of the human race, formed 'out of the eyebrows of Ymir, one of the first giants, and joined to Asgard, or the abode of the gods, by the rainbow-bridge. Midire, mij. The ordinary English name given to numerous minute species of Tipulidfe, resembling the common gnat. Midgret, mij'et. Canadian name for the sand-fly. Midsummer, mid'sum-er. The middle of summer, the summer solstice, about the 21st of June. M. day is the feast of the nativity of St. John the Baptist ; com monlj' reckoned June '24. Mid-Txricket, 'wik-et. In cricket, one of the fielders standing about half-way be- tween the batsmen. Mid-wicket on stands to the right of the batsman who is strik- ing, mid-wicket off to his left. Midwife, 'wif. A woman tiiat assists other women in child birth ; a female practitioner of the obstetric art. MifBin, Thomas. An American statesman and general ; b. in Penn., 1744, D. 1800. He was a member of the Conti- nental Congress, and governor of his na- tive State 9 years. Mihrab, meh'rab. An ornamented re- cess in the exterior wall of a mosque, hav ing the mimbar or pulpit to the right. The people pray in front of the mihrab, which always marks the direction of Mec- ca ; and in it a copy of the Koran is kept. A similar praying place is found in the Jewish synagogue, containing a copy of the law, and pointing out the direction of Jerusalem. Mikado, mi-ka'do. The emperor o! Japan, the spiritual as well as the tempo- ral head of the empire. Milan. Cap. of prov. of same name, N. Italy, formerly cap. of Lombardy, 79 m, N. E. of Turin; pop. abt. 200,000. Mile, mil. A measure of distance. The English statute mile contains 8 furlongs, 1760 yards, or 52S0 feet. The square mile is 640 acres. The ancient Scottish mile was 1.127 English miles; the Irish mile, 1.273 EngUsh miles ; the German short mile is 3.897 English miles, the German long mile 5.753. Geo.graphical or nautical mile, the 60th part of a degree of latitude, or 6,079 feet nearly, Milesian, mi-le'zhi-an. A native of Ire- land, whose inhabitants, according to Ii-ish tradition or legend, are descended from Milesius, a King of Spain, whose two sons conquered the island 1,300 years before Christ, establishing a new nobility. Mill, mil. A money of account of the U. S. of the value of a tenth of a cent. Mill-bar, 'bar. Eough bar-iron as dis tinguished from merchant-bar, which is finished ready for sale. Mill-cake, kak. A cake of gunpowder before it is subiected to granulation. Milleflore Glass, 'le-fi-o"re glas. Or- namentid glasswork made by fusing to • gether tubes of elass enamel, usually im bedded in flint-glass. Millenarian, le-na'ri-an. One who beUeves in the millennium, and that Chi-ist will reign on earth with his saints a thousand years before the end of the world ; a chiliast. Millennium., len'i-nm. A word used to denote the thousand years mentioned in Rev. XX. ] -5. when Satan will be power- less, and millenarians believe, Christ wiU reign on earth with his saints. MILLEPED 502 MmEEALOGIST Millepora. IKCilleped, 'le-ped. A name common to the fam lulidse, ord. Myriapoda, from the number of their feet. The most common is the lulus sabulosus, the young of which when hatched have only three pairs of legs, the remainder being gi-adually ac- quired till they number about 120 pairs. Millepora, -lep'o- ra. A gen. and family of reef-build- ing branching cor- als, so named from their numerous minute distinct cells or pores per- pendicular to the surface. Miller, Hugh An eminent Scottish geologist and author; B. 1802, suicided 1856. He began life as a stone mason. Millerite, 'er-It. A disciple of William Miller, who taught that the end of the world and the coming of Christ's reign on earth were soon to take place. Mill-furnace, 'fer-nas. In iron-works, a furnace in Avhich the puddled metal is reheated before being again rolled. Milliard, -li-ard. A thousand millions. Millig-ram, i-gram. In French weights and measures, the thousandth part of a gram, equal to a cubic millimeter of water, or to .0151 of a grain. Milliliter, -h ter. A French measure of capacity containing the thousandth part of a liter, equal to ,06103 decimals of a cu- bic inch. Millimeter, -me-ter. A French lineal measure containing the thousandth part of a meter ; equal to .03937 of an inch. Milling'-tool, 'ing-tol. A small indent- ed roller used to mill or nurl the edges of the heads of screws, &c. Million, 'yon. The number of ten hun- dred thousand, or a thousand thousand, represented by the figures 1,000,000. Millionaire, -ar. A man worth a mil- lion of money ; a man of great wealth. Mill, James. An eminentBritish political economist and historian; b. 1773, d. 1836. M., eJohn Stuart, his son, was also an origi- inal thinker and prolific Avri ter on econom- ic and social subjects ; b. 1806, d. 1873. Mill Springs. A locality in Wayne Co., Ky , noted for the defeat, Jan. 19, 1862, of the Confederates under Gen, Critten- den, by the Federals under Gen. G. H. Thomas, Gen. ZollicoflFer of the Confeder- ate army being among the killed. Millstone, 'ston. A stone used for grind- ing grain. The stone best suited for this purpose is called buhrstone, or burr-stone. Milne-Edwards, Henri. An illus- trious French naturahst; b. 1800, d. 1879. Miltiades. The distinguished Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon, and saved his country ; later he was tried for misconducting the war, con- victed and died in confinement ; b. abt 560, B. 489 B. c. Milton, Jolm. An eminent English poet; B. 1608, d. 1674. Milwaukee. Cap. of co. of same name, on Lake Michigan, and the commercial metropolis of Wisconsin ; pop. 115,587. Mill- Wright, 'rit. A mechanic or wrigbt whose occupation it is to construct tho machinery of mills, Milreis, 'res. A Portuguese coin worth a thousand reis, or about 57 cents. Milvns, 'vus. A gen. of raptorial birds, fara. Falconid£e; the kites. Minaret, min'a-ret. A slender lofty turret ris- ing by stories, surround- ed by balconies, com- mon in MohammedSn mosques, used by the priests for summoning from the balconies the peoi)le to prayers, an- swering the purpose of s^ belfries in Christian ^v churches. PrtT] Mincio. A river of N. ! '' '' " Italy, only 38 m. long emptying into the Po' 12 m. S. E. of Mantua, 1 I but noted for the nu-|J merous battles along its '^, banks, both in ancient f"' and modern wars. Bona- • parte, 1796, and Charles Beauharnais, 1814, de- feated the Austrians on the M.; 1S48, Charies Albert Albert, king of Sardinia, forced Eadetzky to cross the M., and in the Franko-Italian war against Austria, 1859, it was the principal sti-ategio base of operations. Minden. A fortified town of Westpha- lia, Prussia, on the Weser, noted for the defeat in its vicinity, Aug. 1, 1759, of the French under Marshal Contad6s, by the allied German-EngUsh army under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick ; pop. 18,462. Mineralogrist, -er-al'o-jist. One who is versed in the science of minerals, or who treats of the propei-ties of mineral bodies. Minarets. MTNEETA MIRAGE KLinerva, rai-ner'va. In Rom. Myth, one of the three chief divinities to whom a common temple was dedicated on the Capitoline hill, Jupiter and Juno bein^ the other two. She was a virgin, daughter of Jui>iter, and Avas identified by the Ro- mans with the Greek goddess Athene, the goddess of Avisdom, of war and of the lib- eral arts, and was represented, like her, with a grave and noble countenance, armed with helmet, shield and spear, wearing long full drapery, and on her breast the aegis, with a border of serpents, and the head of Medusa in the center. Mingrelian, ming-gre'li-an. One of a sect of Greek Christians inhabiting Min- grelia, who, among other pecuharities, refrain from baptizing their children till their eighth year. They ai-e followers of Gyrillus and 'Methodius. Iflinie-ball. A rifle-bullet invented by Capt. Minie, of Trance. Minim, 'im. One of a re- formed order of Franciscans, founded by St. Francis of Paula in Calabria in 1473. The smallest liquid measure, about Mtnie-ball. equal to one drop. The fluid drachm is divided into 60 minims. Miniver, 'i-ver. The Siberian squirrel, which has fine white fur ; also the fur it- self. Mink, mingk. A semi-aquatic quadru- ped allied to the polecat and weasel. It exhales a strong odor of musk, and its fur is in considerable request. Minnesingrer, min'ne-sing-er. One of a classjif Gorman lyric poets and singers of the l2th and 13th centiuies, composed chiefly of knights, nobles, princes and even emperors. They often engaged in poetical contests for the gratification of princes and ladies of the court. Their songs are mostly in the Swabian dialect, which was the court language. Thev gave way to the mastersingers of the IStii and 16th centuries. Minnesota. A State of the American Union, admitted 185T, bounded N. by Manitoba, E. by Lake Superior and Wis- consin, S. by Iowa, "W. by Dakota Ter- ritory ; area, 83,581 sq. m., pop. 780,778. Principal cities, St. Paul, cap., St. Anthony, Stillwater, Red "Wing, Minne- apolls,Fort Snelling and Mankato Chief rivers, the Mississippi, Minnesota, Red River of the North, St. Croix and St. Louis. Lakes, Red, Cass, Leech, Mille Iiaefl, YemiiUoa and Wioibigosk. Minniwakan, Lake (Devil Lake). A sheet of brackish water in Dakota Ter- ritor}', without visible outlet ; area, 750 sq. m. Minnow, -6 A spe- cies of cyprin old fish, the Leuciscus phox- inus, the smallest British species. In Minnow America the name is given to the Phoxinus Isevis. Minos. In Myth, king and lawgiver of Crete, afterwards made a judge in Hades. Also a King of Crete who compelled the Athenians to send him yearly 9 boys and 7 girls to be devoured by the Minotaur. Minotaur, min'6-tar. In Greek Myth, a monster fabled to liave had the body of a man with the head of a bull, and to have fed on human flesh, on which ac- count Minos shut him iip in the labjrrinth of Daedalus, and at first exposed to him criminals, but afterwards youths and madens yearly sent from Athens as a trib- ute. He was slain by Theseus. Mint-mark, mint'mark. A private mark put upon coins in the mint, for the purpose of identification. Minute-grun, min'it-gun. A gun dis- charged at intervals of a minute in token of mourning or as a signal from a vessel in distress. Minute-man, -man. A soldier enlisted for service wherever required, and ready to start at a minute's notice. Miocene, mi'o-sen. In Geol. the second of the four subdivisions of the tertiary strata, the oldest being the eocene. MiohippuB, -o-hip'pus. A fossil genua of pachyderms, Fam. Eqnldse, about the size of a sheep. Mir, mer. A communal division in Russia. Mira, mi'ra. A singular star of the third magnitude, in the neck of Cetus. It ap- pears and disappears periodically seven times in six years. Mirage, mi-razh'. The name given to an optical illusion, occa- sioned by the refrac- tion of light through contiguous masses ofg air of different density. The mirage is com- monly vertical, that is, presenting an ap- pearance of one object over another, like a ship above its shadow ia the vrater, Mlrago, MIEABEAU 504 MOABITE Mirabeau, Honore Q-abriel de Riquetti, Comte de. A distinguished Trench orator and statesman ; u. 1749, d. 1T91. Mirza, mer'za. The common title of honor in Persia, when it precedes the sur- name of an individual. When appended to the sui-iiame it signifies prince. M i s c e g" e nation, mis'su-je-na^shon. Mixtiu-e or amalgamation of races. Miserere, mi-zu-re're. The name of a psalrn in the K. C. Church service. A projecting bracket on the under side of a hinged seat in a stall ot a church ; the seat and bracket together. Misericordia, miz'e-ri-kor"di-a. A narrow-bladed dagger used by a knight in the middle ages against a wounded adver- sary, when giving him the mercy or finishing stroke. Mishna, mish'na. A collection or digest of Jewish traditions and explanations of Scripture, divided into six parts. Misog-amist, mi-sog'am-ist. Abater of marriage. Misogynist, 'i-nist. A woman-hater. Missal, mis'al. The E. 0. mass-book. • Missionary Ridge. An elevation bet. Lookout Mountain and W. Chickamauga Creek, Ga., noted for the defeat of the Confederates under Gen. Bragg, Nov. 25, 1863, by the Federals under Gen. Grant. Mississippi. A State of the American Union, admitted 1817; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1869 ; bounded N. by Tennes- see, E. by Alabama, S. by Louisiana and Gulf of Mexico, W. by Louisiana and Ar- kansas ; area, 47,156 sq. m. ; pop. 1,181,- 597. Principal cities, Jackson, cap., Vicksburg, Natchez, Columbus, Port Gib- son, Holly Springs, Bayou Sara and Gren- ada. Chief rivers, the Mississippi, Ten- nessee, Yazoo, Big Black. Pearl and Tom- bigbee. M. Kiver (Father of Waters), a river of the U. S., abt. midway between the Atlantic and Rocky Mountains ; second to the Amazon, the largest of the world; rising in N. Minnesota and flowing through or between 10 states to the Gulf ; length 4,400 m. Mister, 'ter. Sir ; master ; the common title of address to an adult male, now always written in the abbreviated form Mr. Missolonghi. A Greek seaport in yf]tolia. on the Gnlf of Patrr.s. 24 ra. W. of Lepanto, noted for its long siege by the Turks during the Greek war of independ- ence, and as the place where Lord Byron died, 1S24 ; pop. about &,200. Mistletoe. Missouri. A State of the American Union, admitted 1822; seceded 1861,- readmitted 1S6S ; bounded N. by Iowa, E. by Illinois and Kentucky, S. by Ar- kansas, W. by Kansas, Nebraska and In- dian Territory ; area, 65,850 sq. m ; pop. 2,168,380. Principal cities, Jefferson City, cap., St. Louis, Springfield, St. Jo- seph and Kansas City. Chief rivers. Mis- sissippi, Missouri, Kansas, Grand, Charl- ton, Osage and Salt. Mountains, the Ozark range. M. Eiver, the most im- portant feeder of the Mississippi, which it joins bet. Alton, 111., and St. Louis ; length, 8,130 m. Mistletoe, miz'l-to. The Yiscum album, or- der Loranthacese, a plant growing parasiti- cally on various trees, celebrated on account of the religious pui*- poses to which it was consecrated bj^the an- cient Celtic nations of Europe. Traces of the superstitious regard for the mistletoe still re- main in Germany and England, as kissing un- der it at Christmas. Mistral, mis'tral. A violent cold north- west wind experienced in districts bor- dering on the Mediterranean, destroying crops, fruit, &c., and a terror to sailors. Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight. An eminent American astronomer and Gen- eral ; B.in Ky., 1810; d. Avhile in com- mand of the Dept. of the South, in the Federal service, 1862. •• Mite, mit. A name common to numer- ous small, in some cases microscopic, an- imals, class Arachnidu, division Acarida, including the cheese, fxour, itch, garden, wood, spider and water mites. Mithras, mith'ras. The principal deity of the ancient Persians, the god or genius of the sun. Mithridates the Great. King of Pontus, who overrun all xisia Minor, but was defeated by Pompey and suicided ; reigned from 120 to 63 n. c. Mnemonics, ut-mon'iks. The art of improving the memory. Mnemosyne, -mos'i-ne. In Greek Myth, the goddess of memory, and mother of the Muses by Jupiter. Moabite, mo'ab-It. One of a tribe ol pastoral people inhabiting the mountain- ous region east of the Dead Sea, whose MOAPwIA 606 MOHUE worship was polluted by many abomi- nable rites, including that of human sacri- fice. Tlieir name is extinct, and they are not now distinguished from other Arabs. Moaria, mo-a'ri-a. The hypothetical B. Pacific continent, of which Australia and New Zealand are the largest fragments. Its assumed existence is used to account for peculiarities in the present distribution of man and other animals and plants. Mobby, mob'i. The juice expressed from apples and peaches, and distilled to make brandy. Mobee, mo-be'. A fermented liquor in the W. Indies, made from sugar, ginger and snake-root. Mobile. The principal commercial city of Alabama, cap. of county bf same name, on M. Bay, an arm of the "Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of M. Elver ; pop. 29,132. M. River, formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee, 50 m. N. of the city of M. Mobsman, mobz'man. A member of the swell mob ; a dressy thief or swindler who affects the airs of a gentleman. Moccasin, mok'a-sin. A shoe made of deer skin without a stiff sole ; the custom- ary shoe worn by the N. American In- dians. A very venomous N. American serpent. Called also Water-viper, M o c k i n g- -bird,^^^ mok'ing-berd. An . p^^ ^...- • , , American bird, type l^'«*'.^^~-^--~^'«' of the gen. Mimua, v^^*" thi-ush family (Tur-^;|\ didie or Merulidse). ^ " It imitates the cries or notes of almost every species of ani- mal. Its own notes form a beautiful and varied strain. Medalist, mod'al- ist. One who regards the three persons of the Trinity as diflFerent modes of being, not as distinct persons. Moderate, mo'der-at. A member of a party in the Church of Scotland which arose early in the ISth century, and claimed moderation in doctrine, discipline and church government. The difference of opinion led to the disruption. May IS, l.S4^3, Modiste, -dest. A female who deals in articles of fashion, particularly in ladies' apparel ; a milliner or dressmaker. Moeso-Groth., me'sd-goth. One of that section of the Goths who settled in Mcesia on the lower Danube, and devoted them- selves to agricultural pursuits. Mocking-bird. Modillion, mo-dil'yon. In Arch, a carved g bracket used in the cornice of the Corinthian, Composite and Koman Ionic orders. Modillion. Moeso-Q-otMc, 'ik. The language of the Mojso-Goths. In it we have the earliest written example of a Teutonic dialect, part of the Scriptures having been trans- lated by Ulfilas, bishop of the Mceso- Goths, in the 4th century. Mognl, mo-gul'. Lit. a Mongolian. The Great M., the popular name for the sover- eign of the empire founded :n Hindustan by the Mongols under Babir in the 16th century, which terminated in 1S06. Mohair, 'bar. The hair of the Angora goat. Cloth made of the hair of the same animal; camlet. A wool and cotton cloth, an imitation of mohair. Mohammed (Mahomet). The Arab founder of Islamism ; b. at Mecca, 569 ; i>. at Medina, 6-32. He belonged to the Koreish tribe, and was 40 years old when he professed to have received a divine command to introduce a reformed religion, in which the Unity of God and the renun- ciation of false gods were the fundamental points. The name was also borne by four Turkish Sultans, M. II. (the Great) being the conqueror of Constantinople and a large portion of Central Europe. Mohammedan, -ham'med-an. A fol- lower of Mohammed, the founder of the Moslem religion ; one who professes Mo- hammedanism. Mohawk. A river of Central N. Y., emptying into the Hudson 10 m. N". ol Albany ; length, 135 m. Mohawks. A tribe of N. American In- dians, one of the confederated Iroquois, living along the Mohawk liiver, in New York. They now live in W, Canada and are fairly ci vilized. Mohr, mor. A W. African species of an- telope, gen. Gazella, much prized on ac- count of producing the bezoar-stones so highly valued in East- ern i/iedicine. Mohur, mo'her. A^ British Indian gold coin, value fulfteen rupees. Mohr. M0HEGAN8 506 MONACO IMolieg-ans (Mohicans). A once pros- perous trloii of the Algouquins, occupying W. New England and E. New York at the time of the first Euro- pean settlement. They were al- most destroyed by the Iroquois, the small rem- nant becoming identified -with other tribes. Moholi, mo-ho' 1 i . A quadru- manous mam- Moholi. mal, lemur fam. and gen. Galago. Mohurrum, mo-hur'rum. The first month of the Mohammedan year, during which a festival is celebrated in memory of Hossein and Houssein, sons of Ali, and nephews of the Prophet. Moidore, moi'dor. A gold coin of Por- tugal, valued at about $6.50. Mokah, mo'ka. The title of a doctor of laws in Turkey. Molar, 'ler. A grinding tooth ; a double tooth. Molasses, mo-las'ez. The uncrystal- lized syrup produced in the manufacture of sugar. Mole, mol. A small insectivorous ani- mal, gen. Talpa, fam. Talpidae, which forms a readjust under the surface of the ground. The Cape mole, or changeable mole, is remarkable as being the Only mammal that exhibits the splendid metal- lic reflection which is thrown from the feathers of many birds. Molecule, mol'e-kul. The smallest quan- tity of any elementary substance or com- pound which is capable of existing in a separate form. It differs from atom, which is not perceived, but conceived. Mole-rat, mol'rat. A name given to ro- dents, gen. Spalax, which live in the earth and burrow in it like moles, the S. typh- lus has only the traces of eyes. Moliere. Jean Baptiste Poquelin. An eminent French wit and dramatist ; b. 1622, D. 1673. Moline, mo'lin. The crossed iron sunk in the center of the upper millstone, for receiving the spindle fixed in the lower stone ; a mill-rynd. MoUah., mol'a. An honorary title ac- corded to anyone in Turkey who has ac- quired respect from purity of life, or who exercises functions relating to religion or Mollusks. the sacred or canon law. It is not con- ferred by authorit}', but from pubhc re* epect, and is nearly equivalent to master', excellency. Ulemas are mollahs. Mollusca,-lus'. ka. An aniiiial sub-ki]igdoia, comprising those soft-bodied animal s whi ch are usually provided/ with an exo- skeleton or shell. MoUuscoida, -koi'da. A group of ani- mals comprising the Polyzoa, Tunicata, and Brachiopoda. Molly Magruire, 'li ma-gwlr". The name assumed by inembt-rs of a secret il- legal association in Ireland, reorganized in America. Moloch, mo'lok. The chief god of the Ph«nicians,frequently mentioned in Scni>- ture as the god of the Ammonites, whose worship consisted chiefly of human sacri- fices, ordeals by fire, mutilation, &c. A Moloch-lizard, gen. of Australian lizards. M. horridns is one of the most ferocious-looking, though one of the most harmless, of reptiles. Molokan, -lo'kan. Milk-drinkers ; a Eussian sect which forbid making the sign of the cross or the use of images, con- sider all wars unlawful, and observe the laws of Moses respecting meat. Molossus, -los'us. A gen. of bats ; the bull-dog or mastiff bat. Moluccas, The. (Spice Islands.) A group belonging to Holland in the Ma- lay Archipelago. Momotinse, 'mot-I-ne. The motmots, asub-fam. of fissirostral birds, fam. Cora- ciadte, allied to the jays and crows. Momus, 'mus. In Greek Myth, the god of raillery and ridicule. Mona, 'na. A monkey, gen. Cercopithe- cus, sometimes called the variegated mon- key, because its fur is varied with gray, red, brown and green. Monaco. A principality and city imder French protection in S. France, noted for its gambhng facilities, the Prince obtain- ing his revenue from the license or per- centage of the gaming tables. It was founded in the 10th century by the family MONAD 507 MONKEY-WEENCH Monadelph. of Grimaldi, who still retain the sover- eigntj'. Monad, mon'ad. An ultimate atom or simple substance -without parts. An imag- inary entity in the philosophy of Leib- nitz, according to whom every monad is a soul, and a human soul is only a monad of elevated rank. Monadelphia, -a- del'li-a. The 16th class in Linnaius' sexual system of plants. In Zool. that division of the mam- malia in which the uterus is single. It comprises all mam- mals with the excep- tion of the marsupi- als and monotremes. Monandria, -an'- dri-a. The 1st class in Linnseus' sexual system of plants. Monarcliian, -ark'i-an. One of a sect of early heretics who held that the Father, Son and H^/ly Ghost were the same person; a Patripassian. They assumed this name in the 2d century. Monastery, 'as-ter-L A house of relig- ious retirement or of seclusion from or- dinary temporal concerns, usually applied to houses for monks. Among Christians monasteries for men were founded in Up- per Egypt about the year 305 by St. An- tony. About the middle of the same cen- tury female monasteries were instituted. Monastic vows were not, however intro- duced till the Cth century, by St. Benedict. The monastic life is pi-acticed among the Brahmaus and Buddhists, and has been so from pre-Cliristian times. Monasticon, 'ti-kon. A book giving an account of monasteries, convents and re- ligious houses. Monday, mun'da. The second day of the week. Mondjourou, mond-jo-ro'. The Indian shrew, called also Soudeli or Indian Musk- rat, a native of Hindustan. It emits a powerful scent of musk. Monera, mo-ne'ra. A name proposed by Haeckel for certain minute murine or- ganisms, the lowest group of the Ehizo- poda. They are at the very base of the animal kingdom, or form a kingdom. Kegnum Protisticum, between animals and vegetables. Money, mun'i. Coin ; stamped metal that may be given in exchange for com- modities. Bank notes, notes of hand, leU ters of credit, accepted bills on mercantila firms, (fcc, all representing coin, are called money, or paper money, and are used as a substitute for it. Monge, Gaspard, Comte de Peluse. The most eminent geometer and natural philosopher of modern times; b. at Beaune, France, 1740, d. 1818. Mongolia. A large country of N. E. China, in the center of which is the im- mense sand desert Ta-Gobi ; 1200 m. by GOO. Mongolidee, mon-gol'i-de. One of the three great divisions into which Dr. La- tham divides the family of man, the other two being the Atlantidaj and Japetidaj. It is the largest, and takes its name from the Mongols, who are considered the t>'pe. Monitor, 'i-ter. The popular name for a class of shallow, semi-submerged, heav- ily-armed iron-clad steam-vessels, invent- ed by Ericsson, carrying either one or two revohing turrets, each containing one or more enormous guns. Monitoridae, -i-tor'i-de. The monitors, a fam. of saurian reptiles, allied to the true lizards. Monk, mungk. One of a community of males inhabiting a monaster}', and bound by vows to celibac}^ and religious exercises. Monk, Georg-e, Duke of A be- marle. A distinguished Enghsh general ; B. 1608, D. 1670. He fought on both sides in the war with Charles 1., and finally re- stored the crown to Charles 11. Monk-bat, 'bat. Molossus fumarius, a species of bat in Jamaica, the males of which are often found in great numbers together. M p n k e y , mung'ki. A name used in its wider sense for all the quadruma n a , except the le- murs and al- lies, including monkeys prop- er, apes and baboons. In its more re- stricted sense it designates the long-tailed members of the order. Monkey-jacket, -jak-et. A sailor's close-fitting-jacket, generally made of pi- lot cloth. Monkey-wrench, -rensh. In Mech. a screw-key with a movable iaw, which caa be adjusted to the size of the nut. Diana Monkey. MONK-SEAL 508 MONSIEUR Monk-seal, mungk'sGl. A species of seal in the Mediterranean, tj^je of the gen. Pelagius or Monachus. It seems to have been the seal best known to the an- cients. Monmouth, James Fitzroy, Duke of. The natural son of Charles II., B. 1649. He claimed the throne on the death of his father, but was defeated, made prisoner and executed hy order of King James II., 1685. Monocarp, mon'o-karp. A plant that perishes after having once borne fi-uit ; an annual plant. Monoceros, -os'e-ros. A one-horned creature ; a unicorn ; a sea-monster with one horn, probably the sword-fish. The Unicorn, a constellation containing 38 stars. Monoch.rome, 'o-krom. A painting with one color, relieved by light and shade. Monodon, 'o-don. The sea-unicorn or narwhal, fam. Delphinidae, a cetaceous mammal which has a horn-like tusk pro- jecting from its head. Monog'amist, mo-nog'a-mist. One who upholds monogamy or the practice of marrying only once. One who has a single wife, as opposed to a bigamist or polygamist. Monogeny, noi'e-ni. The doctrine that the human race has sprung from a single species ; the essential specific unity of the human species. Monogram, mon'6-gram. A character or cipher composed of one, two, or more letters interwoven, being an abbreviation of a name. Monolitll, -lith. ' A pillar or column formed of a single stone, as the obelisks and columns of Egypt. Monomania, -o-ma'ni-a. That form of mania in which the mind of the patient is absorbed by one idea, or is ii-rational on one subject only. Monometallism, -met'al-izm. The fact of having only one metal as a standard in the coinage of a country ; theory or belief in the advantages of a single metallic standard. Monorayaria, -m!-a"ri-a. A group of mollusca, consisting of bivalves whose shell is closed by a single adductor muscle, as the oyster and pecten. Monongahela. A river of 8. W. Penn. , which unites with the xiUeghany at Pitts- burgh and forms the Ohio. Monophyodont, -6-fro-dont. Mam- mals in which only a single set of teeth Is ever developed. The sloths, armadillos, orycteropus, ornithorhynchus, and the true cetacea are examples. All other mam- mals generate two sets, the first deciduous, the second permanent. Monophysite, mo-nof i-sTt. One of the adherents of Dioscorus, bishop of Alexan- dria, who was condemned for the same heresy Avith Eutyches, A. D. 451. They main- tained, that In Jesus Christ the human and divine natures were so united as to form one nature only. Monopteron, mo- uop'ter-on. In Arch, a temple without walls, composed of columns Monopteron. arranged in a circle and supporting a con- ical roof. M o n o s epalous. Having only one sepal. Monosperm, mon'o-sperm. A plant of one seed only. Monostich, -stik. A poem consisting of one verse only. Monosyllable, -sil-a-bl. A word of one syllable. Monotessaron, -o-tes'sa- ron. A Scriptural narrative prepared from a collation of the four evangelists ; a har- mony of the four evangels. Monotheism, '6-the-lzm. Mono8ei>- The doctrine of the existence alous. of one God onl3\ Monroe, James. The fifth President of the U. S.; a. in Va., 1758 ; d. in N. Y., 1831. He was President two terms— 181T -25. Monroe-doctrine, 'ro-dok-trin. The doctrine first propounded by President Monroe, that America should abstain from intermeddling Avith the broils of the Old World, Avhile it Avould not suffer the latter to interfere Avith the aff'airs of the New. Monseigrneur, -son-j'er . A French title of honor given to princes, bishops and other high dignitaries. Before the Eevo- lution the Dauphin of France Avaa styled Monseigneur, Avithout any addition. Monsieur, mu-see-ver. A title given to the eldest brother of the King of France. The common title of courtesy in France, answering to the Enghsh Sir and Mr.; abbreviated Mons., M.; plural Messrs., MM. MONSTRANCE 609 MOON Monstrance, mon'strans. In K. C, Church the glass- faced shrme in which the con- secrated host is presented for the adoration of the people. Montaigrn e, Michel Ey- quem de. A dis- tinguished French essayist; b. 1533, ». 1592. Montana. A ter- ritory of the Amer- ican Union, bound- ed N. by British N, America, E. by Da kota, S. by Wyo- ming, W. by Idaho; area, 143,77*6 sq. m.; pop, Monstrance. , 39,159. Princi- pal cities, Virginia City, cap., Helena, Bannock and Benton City. Chief rivers, the Missouri and Yellowstone. Moun- tains, N. Kocky range. Montanist, 'tan-ist. A follower of the heresiarch Montanus, a Phrygian of the 2d century, who pretended he was inspired by the Holy Spirit and instructed in sev- eral points not revealed to the apostles. Mont Blanc. A peak of the Savoy Alps, the highest in Europe, 15,777 ft. above sea level. Montcalm de St. Veran, Iiouis Jo- seph, Marquis de. A French general ; B. 1712; killed, simultaneouslv with his gallant antagonist. Gen. Wolfe, "on Quebec Heights. 1759. Mont Cenis. A summit of the Graian Alps, celebrated for the passage of Bona- parte's army, ISll, and more recently for the railway tunnel through the heai't of the mountain, S m. in length. Mont-de-piete, -de-pe-a-ta. The name given to a class of establishments for advancing money to the poor at a rea- sonable rate of interest. They originated in Italy under the patronage of the papal government in the 15th century, to coun- tervail the exorbitantly usurious practices of the Jews. They have spread to other countries, as France and Spain. Monte, 'ta. A Spanish gambling game played with dice or cards. Monte-bank, -bangk. A gaming-table or establishment where monte is played. Mortem, 'tem. The name given to an ancient English custom, till l&i7 prev-alent among the scholars of Eton, whieh con- sisted in their proceeding every third year on Whit-Tuesday to a tumulus (L. ad montam, whence the name) near the Bath road, and exacting money for salt, as it was called, from all persons present, or passers-by. The sum was given to the captain, or senior scholar, and used in de- fraying his expenses at the university. It has been known to approach nearly £1,000. Montenegro. (Kara-Dagh, the " Black Mountiiins,") One of Turkey's semi-inde- pendent provinces, bounded N. by Bosnia and Herzegovina, E. by Bosnia, S. by Albania, W. by Dalmatia; area, 1,700 sq. m.; pop. abt. 230,000 ; cap. Cettigne. Montesquieu, Charles de Second- at. Baron de, A distinguished French author : b. 16S9 ; d. 1755. Montevideo. Cap. of Uruguay, S. Amer- ica, on the estuary of the La Plata, 125 m. N.E. of Buenos Ayres ; pop. 144,726. Montezuma II. Emperor of Mexico, and last of the Aztec dynasty ; b. 1470, crowned 1502 ; killed while a prisoner to Cortez, 1520. Montgrolfier, -gol-fya. A balloon filled with atmospheric air dilated by heat. M. ram, a hydraulic ram by which the fall of a coluam of water is caused to elevate a portion of itself to a height greater than that of its source. Montg-omery, Bichard. An Ameri- can general of the lievolution, b. in Ire- land, 1736 ; killed at the assault on Quebec, 1775. Month, munth. One of the twelve parts of the calendar year; a period of time nearly corresponding to one revolution ol the moon round the earth ; called distinc- tively a calendar month. The i)eriod be- tween change and change of the moon, reckoned as twenty -eight days ; a lunar month. Montmorenci. One of the oldest and and most celebrated families of France, the head of which was long known as the premier baron of Christendom ; it gave France 6 constables and 11 marshals. Montreal. A city of Quebec, Dominion of Canada, on an island in the St. Law- rence, ISO m. S. W. of Quebec ; pop. 138,264. Moodir, mo'der. The Turkish governor of ii city or district. Moon, mcin. The orb, which revolves round the earth ; a secondary planet or satellite of the earth, whose boiTOwed light is reflected to the earth and serves to dispel the darkness oi night, its mean MOON-BLINK 510 M0EIBI7ND distance from the earth is about 237,000 miles ; its diameter is 2,160 miles and its magnitude about l-49th of that of the earth. It completes its revolution round the earth in a mean or average pei-iod of 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11. o seconds, whicia constitutes the sidereal month. The satelhte of any planet. Moon-blink, 'blingk. A temporary evening blindness occasioned by sleeping in the moonshine in tropical climates. Moonstone, 'ston. A variety of adularia worked by lapidaries. By reflected light it presents a pearly play of color not un- like that of the moon. Moon-year, 'yer. A lunar year ; the time requu-ed for twelve revolutions of the moon, 854 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, 87 seconds. Moor, mor. A native of the coast of Africa, called by the Eomans Mauretania; the country of dark-complexioned people ; Morocco, Tunis, Algiers, &c. Moorcock, 'kok. The male of the red- grouse. The female is called the moor- hen. Moor hen, 'hen. The g a 1 1 i n ule or water hen ; the f* male of the red^ grouse. Mo o r i n g--block, 'ing-blok. A pecu- liar anchor used in some ports for ridin ships by. Moorish, 'ish, A style of architecture which the Moors of Spain and other Mo- hammedan nations have employed in mosques and other public e d 1 fl c e 8 . Called also Mor- esque, Sai-acenic or Arabian architecture. Many interesting ex- Mooring-block. amplcs of this style of architecture re- main at various places in Spain, the finest of all being the Alhambra at Granada. Moore. Thomas. An eminent Irish poet, the "Bard of Erin;" b. 1779, D. 1S52. More, Thomas, Sir. An eminent En- glish statesman and philosopher, b. 1480, beheaded on a false charge of treason by order of Henry VIII . , 1535, Moose. A high-priest or Moreau, Jean Victor. A French gen- eral, B. 1763, killed in the battle of Drea- deii, on the side of the allied forces, 181J Moose, mos. An animal, gen. Cer- vus, C. Alces, the largest of the deer kind, growing sometimes to the height of 17 hands, and weighing 1,200 lbs. ; the Europe- 1 an variety i s known as the elk. Moostahid, 'ta-bid. chief mollah in Persia, Moot-court, mot'kort. In Law schools, a meeting or court held for the purpose of discussing points of law or arguing and deciding fictitious cases. Moot-hill, 'hil. A hill of meeting on which the ancient Saxons held their great courts. Moplah, mop'la. A Mohammedan in- habitant of Malabar, descended from Arabs or Moors and native women. Moravian, mo-ra'vi-an. A native or inhabitant of Moravia. One of a rehgious sect, called the United Brethren, tracing its origin to John Huss. Called in Ger- many Herrnhuter, from Heri'uhut, their first settlement. Morelschiki, -rel-shik'i. A sect of Eus- sian fanatics whose leading idea is to mor- tify the flesh for the sake of saving the soul and have recourse to self-mutilation, torture and death. Called In Enghsh Im- molators. Moresque, mo-resk'. A style of orna- mentation for flat surfaces named after the Moors, but really developed by the Byzan- tine Greeks. Called also Arabesque. Morg-anatic, mor-gan-afik. A term ap- phed to a semi-matrimonial alliance be- tween a monarch, or one of the highest nobility, and a lady of inferior rank. In Germany such unions are called left-hand- ed marriages, because in the ceremony the left hand is given. If the male be of sovereign rank, the children of the female do not inherit the lather's sovereignty, but they are considered legitimate in most otlier respects. Morgray, 'ga. The small-spotted dog-fish, or bounce, a species of shark. Morgne, morg. A place where the bodies of persons found dead are exposed, that they may be claimed by their friends ; a dead-house. Moribund, mor'i-bimd. A dying person. MOEIN'S-APPAEATUS MOSAIC Morion. Morin's-apparatus, 'inz-ap-pa-ra"tus. A simple apparatus designed to illustrate the laws of falling bodies. It shows that the velocity increases as the square of the time, or as'l, 4, 8, 16, &c. M-Orion, 'ion. A met- al helmet, somewhat like a hat in shape, of- ten with a crest or comb over the top, and without beaver or ^ visor. Mormon, 'mon. A member of a sect founded in the U. S. in 1830 by Joseph Smith. The distinguishing peculiarities of the sect are — the belief in a continual divine revelation through the inspired me- dium of the prophet at the head of their church, the practice of polygamy, and a complete hierarchical organization. They occupy the Territory of Utah, with Salt Lake City as their capital, and are largely scattered throughout adjoining Territories. They call themselves the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The govern- ment and leading statesmen are consider- ing ways and means by which their polyg- amous practices may be suppressed. Morning'-star, morn'ing-star. The planet Venus when it rises before the sun. In Milit. Antiq. a weapon of offense used from the Conquest till the time of Henry VII. It consisted of a wooden ball con- taining iron spikes at the end of a polo, to which it Avas sometimes suspended by a chain. It was also termed a Holy-water Sprinkler. Morocco, mo-rok'6. A fine leather made from the skins of goats, tanned with su- mach, dyed and grained, the last process being that which gives it its well-known wrinkled appearance. The art of prepar- ing it is said to have been derived from the Moors. Morocco. An empire of N. Africa, bounded N" by the Sti-aits of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean, E. by Algeria, S. by the Desert of Sahara, "W". bv the Atlantic ; area 219,390 sq. m. ; pop, abt. 9,000,000. It has three capitals. Fez, Morocco and Mequinez, the Snltim residing at Fez ; other principal cities, Tangier and Moga- dor. The Sebu is the only considerable river, and the Atlas the sole mountain range. Morpheus, mor'fiis. In Greek Myth. the god of sleep and dreams. Morphia, 'fi-a. The narcotic principle of opium, a vegetable alkaloid. In small doses it is powerfully anodyne ; in large doses it causes death, with narcotic symp- toms. Morphologry, -fol'o-ji. That department of science which treats of the laws, form and arrangement of the structures of plants and animals. Morris, 'is. A dance borrowed from the Moors, usually jierformed with castanets, by a single person ; a morisco. A fantas- tic dance, supposed to be of Moorish ori- gin, and for long an important element of holiday amusement in England. Morris. A curious fish, allied to the eels, gen Leptocephalus. Its body is so com- pressed as to resemble tape. Morris, George P. An American poet and iournalist ; b. in Penn. 1802, d. in N. Y. 1864. Morse-alphabet, mors'al-fa-bet. In Teleg. a system of symbols used in mes- sages where Morse's self-recording instru- ment, called the indicator, is employed. Mortar, mor'- ter. A vessel of metal, stone or glass, in which substances are Sulverized, or i s 8 o Ived by beating or tritu--; ration Avith a pes- tle, much used Mortar. by apothecaries and chemists. A short piece of ordnance, thick and wide, used for throwing bombs, carcasses, shells, &c. A mixture of hme and sand with water, used as a cement for uniting stones and bricks in walls. Mortar-vessel, -ves-el. A strongly- built gun-boat, the armament of which is usually a single mortar ; a bomb- vessel ; a bomb-ketch. Mosaic, mo-za'ik. A kind of inlaid work formed by an assemblage of little pieces of enamel, glass, marble, pre- cious stones, «fec., of various colors, cut and disposed on a ground of ce- ment in such a manner as to form designs, and to im- itate the colors and gradations of painting. M. gold, an alloy of copper and zinc, called also ormolu ; also a sulphide of tin. the au- rum musivum of the ancients. M. ■wool- work, rugs, «fec., made of variously ool« Mosaic. MOSCHUS 513 MOUNTAIN ored threads, arranged so that the ends show a pattern. Moschus, mos'kus. The musk-deer, a gen. of ruminating' animals, allied to the antelopes. The M. moschiferus jields the perfume called musk. Moscow (Moskwa). Cap.ofaEussian government of same name, on the M. river, 400 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg ; pop. about 420,000. It was the ancient cap. of Muscovy (Russia). Moselle, mO-zel'. A white French wine. Moses. In Scrip, the Hebrew law-giver and leader of the Israelites from Egypt ; B. in Egypt abt. 15G8 B. c. ; d. on Mount Pisgah, at the age of 120 years. Moskwa. A river of Moscow, PLUSsia, emptying into the Aka; length 200 m. The bloodj' battle of Borodino, from a village in the vicinity, was fought on its banks, 1812, bet. the French and Russians, in which the total loss was upward of 80,000 men ; the Russians were defeated. Moslem, moz'lem. A Mussulman ; an orthodox Mohammedan. Mosque, mosk. A Mohammedan temple or place of religious worship. A class of mosques are set ai)art for the instruction of young men, and with many there are hospitals and public kitchens ibr the bene- fit of the poor. Mosquito, mos-ke'to. A name applied to several species of the gen. Culex and allied genera of insects, extremely annoy- ing to both man and beast. Mosto, 'to. Must ; a preparation used for '' doctoring " wines of inferior qualities. Motazilite, mo-taz'il-Tt. One of a nu- mei'ous and powerful sect of Mohamme- dan heretics, who denied predestination. They appeared a few generations after Mohammed. Moth., moth. The popular name of a numerous and beautiful division of lepi- dopterous insects, the best known species being the silkworm moths and the clothes- moths, gen. Tinea. Mother-of-pearl. The hard silveiy brilliant internal or nacreous layer of shells, particularly the oyster family, often variegated with changing purple and azure colors, extensively used In the arts and in the manufacture" of handles for knives, buttons, toys, snuff-boxes, &c. Motley, John Lothrop. An eminent American histori;in ; b. in Mass., 1814 ; i). in England, 1877. He was Minister to Austria, 1861-67, and to Great Britain, 1869-71. Mot-Mot, mot'mot. A beautiful S. American fissirostral bird, gen. Moraotus or Prionites. Moton, mo'ton. A small plate covering the armpits of a knight, used when plate- armor was worn. Motor, 'ter. A source or originator of mechanical power ; a moving power, as water, steam, &c. Moucharaby, mo- shiir-a-bi. In Arch, a balcony with a parapet and machicolations, projected over a gate, originally to defend the entrance. Mou£9.on, moflon. The Ovis or Caprovis Musimon, an animal of the sheep kind, habiting Corsica, Sar- dinia and Greece. is about the size of a ,, •■ , small fallow-deer and Moucharaby. bears a strong resemblance to the ram. Moulin, mo-lin. A deep round hole in a glacier, into which the water accumulated in the rills is precipitated. Moultrie, "William. An American gen- eral ; B. in S. C. 1731 ; d. 1805. He waa governor of his native State, 1785. Mound, mound. In Her. a ball or globe, part of the regalia of an emperor or king, and the sign of sov- ereign authority, enriched with i)recious stones, and surmounted by a cross. Mount. An isolated moun- tain, or one of unusual height ; abbreviated Mt. Mt. Aconcagua, the highest Mound, peak of the Andes, S. America, 23,910 ft. Mt. Blanc, highest of the Alps, Europe, 15,777 ft. Mt. Kilimandjaro, highest of the Moon, Africa, 21,000 ft. Mt. Marcy, highest of the Adirondacks, Essex Co., N. Y., 6,467 ft. Mt. Mitchell, highest of the Black, N. C, 6.732 ft. Mt. Rainer. highest of the Cascade, Washington Ter., 12,134ft. Mt. St. Ellas, Alaska, 17,000 ft. Mt. Shasta, an isolated peak, highest in Cali- fornia, 17.500 ft. Mt. Tvndall, highest of the Sierra Nevada, California, 14.200 ft. Mt. Washington, highest of the White, in N. II., 6,226 ft. Mountain, moun'tin. A mass of earth and rock rising above the common level of the adjacent land ; an elevated mass higher than a bill. The highest peak in the worM MOUNTAIN-BAEOMETEE 518 MULLAGATAWNT ^8 Mt. Everest, in the Himalayas, 29,002 ft. above sea level. The M., the extreme democratic party in the first French revo- lution. Mountain-barometer, -ba-rom '-et-er . A barometer adajjted for measuring the height of mountains. Mountain-cat. The wild-cat. Mountain-cock. The male of the cap- ercailzie. Mountain-green, -gren. A carbonate of coi)per ; malachite. Mountain-soap, -sop. A mineral of a pale brown color, so named from its soapy feel. It is used in crayon painting. Mountebank, 'ti-bangk. Any boastful and talse pretender ; a charlatan ; a quack. Mount Vernon. A locality in Fairfax Co., Va., the seat of Gen. Washington's ancestral home and where his remains are entombed. This is now public property, purchased by subscription in 1858. Mouse, mous, A small rodent quadru- ped, the Mus musculus ; also other rodents of the same gen. Mouzah, mouz'a. In the E. Indies a village with its ancient township. Mowing'-niachine, mo'ing-ma-shen. An agricultural machine, resembling in its main features a reaping-machine, em- I>loyed to cut grass, clover, &c. Moxa, moks'a. A soft downy substance prepared in China and Japan from the young leaves of certain species of Artemi- sia, used for the gout, vith steam-tight covering in the bottom of a boiler through which the sed- iment is removed. Mud-worm, 'werm. An Invertebrate animal, group Limicote, ord. Oligochjeta, class Annelida. Muezzin, mij-ed'zin. A Mohammedan crier attached to a mosque, whose duty it is to proclaim the ezam or summons to praj'ers five times a day — at dawn, ut noon, 4 p. m., sunset and nightfall, from the balcony of a minaret. Muffle, muf 1. The tumid and naked portion of the upper lip and nose of ru- minants and rodents. Mufflon, 'Ion. The wild sheep or mua- mon. Mufti, 'ti. The high-priest or chief of the ecclesiastical order among the Mohamme- dans ; a doctor of Mohammedan law. Mugrg^nt, mug'ent. A species of wild fresh-water duck. Mugrg'letonian, -l-to'ni-an. One of an English sect that arose in the 17th century, the founders being John Ke««ve and Lu- dovic Muggleton, who claimed to have the spirit of prophecy. Mug-ilidse, mu-jil'i-de. Fishes of the mullet tribe, ord. Acanthopterygii. Mulatto, -lat'to. The offspring of pa- rents of whom one Is white and the other a negro. Muliebrity, mu-li-e'bri-ti. Woman- h<»od ; the state of puberty in a female. Womanishness ; effeminacy. MuUa, mul'a. In Hindustan, a Moham- dan learned in the law ; a schoolmaster . Mullagratawny, -ga-ta"ni. An E. In- dian curry-soup. MULBERRY 514 MUNGER Mulberry. Mulberry, -ber-re. The fruit of the ge- nus Moms. Mule, mul. A quad- ruped of a mongrel breed, usually gener- ated between an ass and a mare, some- times between a horse and a she-ass. But the name is ap- plied to any animal produced by a mix- tare of different spe- cies. A spinning machine. Muller, 'er. A flflt-bottomed pestle, with a rounded edge, used for grinding pigments and other substances upon a slab. MuUer, Friedrich. Max. A distin- guished German philologist ; b. 1823, d, ISSl. Mullet, 'et. A name common to two groups of acanthopterygian fishes, viz., the fam. MugilidtB or gray mullets, and the fam. Miillidje or red mullets. In Her. a figure resembling the rowel of a spur, with five points in English and six in French, tho fllial distinction of a third son. Mullion, 'yon. In , Arch, a vertical divi- sion between the lights of windows, screens, &c. One of thedivi- ' sions between tho pan- els in wainscoting. Mulquf, 'kuf. A very ancient ventilat- ing device, which has been in use in Egypt 3000 years. Mulse, muls. "Wine boiled and thickly sweetened with lioney. Multipede, 'ti-ped. An animal that has many feet, such as a centipede. Multiplication, -pll-kfi'^shon. A com- pendious method of performing addition, called simple when the terms are abstract numbers, and compound when the mul- tiplicand is a concrete number. M. table, a table containing the product of all the simple digits, and ouwai-d to some as- sumed limit, as to 12 times 12. Multiplyiug---wlieel, -pli-ing-whel. A wheel which increases the number of movements in machinery. Multoca, -t5'ka. The Turkish code of law, consisting of precepts from the Ko- Mullion. ran, traditional injunctions of Mohammed, and decisions of early caliphs. Multura, 'turn. In brewing, an extract of quassia and licorice, used for tho pur- pose of economizing malt and hops. Multuxxgula, -tung'gu-la. The divis- ion of Perissodactyle Ungulate quadru- peds, in which each foot has more than a single hoof, as the rhinoceros, each of ■whose feet has three toes, each in a sepa- rate hoof. Mum, mum. A species of German malt liquor, made of the malt of wheat, with the addition of a Uttle oat and bean meaL Mumbo-Jumbo, 'bo-jum'bo. A god of certain negro tribes whoso image is clad in fantastic clothing. Mummer, 'er. One who mumms or masks himself and makes diversion in disguise; a masker ; a masked buffoon. Mummy, 'i. A dead body embalmed and dried. An immense number have been found in Egypt, consisting not only of human bodies, but of buUs, apt^, ibises, crocodiles, fish, &c. The term is likewise given to human bodies preserved in other ways, either by artificial prepara- tion or by accident. Mumimycliog, -chog. A small fish of tho carp kind. Mu^umy-clotll, -kloth. The cloth in which mummies are swathed. Mundil, 'dil. A turban richly embroid- ered with gold and silver. Mung'O, mung'go. Artificial short-sta- ple wool, formed by tearing to pieces and disintegrating old woolen fabrics. Shod- dy is a similar material obtained from coarser fabrics. Mungroose, mun'gos. The E. Indian name for a species of quadruped, one of the ichneumons kept in many houses to rid them of reptiles, rats, mice, &c. Muxxlch.. Cap. of Bavaria, S. Ger- many, on the Isar ; pop. 214,600. Mxinster. A prov. of Ireland, originally a Milesian kingdom, containing cos. Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford; bounded N. by Con- naught, E. by Leinster, S. and TV. by the Atlantic. Muntin, 'tin. The central vertical picco that divides the panels of a door. Muntjac, munt'jak. A small species of deer, a native of Java. The male has short horns, tlio female none. Mrmger, Thomas. A German fanatic ; B. 1478, executed 1526. In 1525 he joined the Anabaptists, collected a body of 40,00d ivfUNTZ'S METAL 515 MUSCULITE followers and committed numerouB excesses before being' defeated and cap- tm-ed by the Landgrave of Hesse. Muntz's Metal, munts'ez met-al. An alloy of 6<) parts copper and 40 parts zinc, used for sheathing ships and other pur- poses. Mureena, mu-re'na. A gen. of apodal, malacopterygious fishes, fam. Mursenidae, resembling the eel. Mural, miir'al. Pertaining to a wall. M. circle, an Instrument which has su- perseded the mural quadrant, susceptible of much more ac- curate divisions and less liable to derangemen t than quadrants, the principal Mural Ch'cle, fixed instrument in all great public ob- servatories. Its chief use is to measure aagular distances in the meridian. M. crown, a golden crown, bestowed amongthe ancient Romans on him who first mounted Mural Crown the wall of a besieged place and lodged a standard. M. painting, a painting executed in distemper colors. Murat, Joachim. A marshal of France, and for four years King of Naples, consid- ered by Napoleon I., his brother-in-law, the finest cavalrj' soldier in Europe ; b. 1771, shot by his NeapoUtan subjects after trial by court-martial, 1S15. Murchisonia, mer-chi-so'ni-a. A genus of fossil gasteropodous raoUusks, fam. Pleuroto marii die . Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir. An eminent British geologist ; b. 1792, d. 1S72. Murex, mu-rex. A genus of gasteropod mollusks resembling the whelk. They were in high esteem from the earliest ages ©n account of the purple dye that some of them yielded. Murfreesboro'. Cap. of Rutherford Co., Tenn., SO m. S. E. of Nashville, noted for the sanguinary battles Dec. 31, 1862, and Jan. 2, 1863, between the Federals under Gen. Rosecrans and Confederates under Gen. Bragg; the latter being defeated, with a loss of 11,000 ; Federal loss, 12,000. Muriate, 'ri-at. The old name for chlo- ride. Muricite, -sit. Fossil remains of the Murex. Muridae, mu'-ri-de. A sub-order of ro- dents, including the difi'erent species of rats and mice, the jerboas, mole-rats, lemmings, hamsters, &c. Murina, -ri'-na. A fam. of rodent quad- rupeds, of which the gen. Mus is the type, sub-ord. Mm-idfe, including the hamsters, mice, voles, mole-rats, &c. ' Murillo, Bartolome Esteban. An eminent Spanish painter ; b. 1618, d. 16S2. Murk, raerk. Refuse or husks of fruit after the juice has been expressed ; marc. Muroe. A bird; the razor-bill. Murray, James Stuart, Earl of. A natural son of King James V. of Scotland, B. 15;33. He was chief Minister of his half Bister, Mary Queen of Scots, and became regent on her deposition; assassinated, 1570. Murrliine, 'In. A delicate ware, made of fluor-spar or fluoride of calcium, brought from the East. Vases of tiiis ware were used in Rome as wne-cups, and were be- lieved to have the quality of breaking if poison were mixed with the liquor they contained. Murza, mer'za. The hereditary nobility among the Tartars. Mus, mus. A gen. of rodents, including rats and mice. Musaph, -&{'. The book containing the Turkish laws. Musca, 'ka. A southern constellation, situated between the Southern Cross and the south pole, consisting of 6 stars. Muscadel, -del. The name given to sev- eral kinds of sweet and strong Italian and French wines. The grapes which produce these wines. Called also Muscat. Muscat. The principal seaport of E. Arabia, held by the Portuguese from 150T till 1648, when it reverted to the Arabs ; pop. 74,000. Muscology, -kol'o-ji. That part of bot- any which investigates mosses ; a dis- course or treatise on mosses. Muscovado, -kO-vil'do. Unrefined sugar ; the raw material from which loaf and lump sugar are procured by refining. Muscovite, 'ko-vlt. A natire of Mus- covy or ancient Russia. Muscovy-glass, -vi-glas. Muscovite, a variety of mica brought from eastern Russia. Musculite, 'ku-llt A petrified mussel or shell. MFSE 516 MUSTELID^ Muse, muz. In Greek Myth, one of the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, the • inspiring goddesses of song, and according to later ideas divinities presiding over the different kinds of poetry, the sciences and arts. Their original number was three, but afterward they are always spoken of as nine in number : Clio, the muse of his- tory ; Euterpe, of lyric poetiy : Thalia, of comedy, and of merry or idylhc poetry ; , Melpomene, of tragedy; Terpsichore, of choral dance and song ; Erato, of erotic poetry and mimicry ; Polymnia or Poly- hymnia, of the subhme hymn ; Urania, of astronomy, and Calliope, of epic poetry. Museum, mii-ze'um. A repository of things that have an immediate relation to literature, art or science ; a cabinet of curiosities ; a collection of objects ta nat- ural history. Music-box, 'rik-boks. A small instru- ment, having a toothed barrel operating on vibrating tongues, which plays one or more tunes on being wound up. Music-recorder, -re-kord-er. The name given to several devices for recording mu- sic as it is played on any sort of keyed in- strument, as the organ or piano-forte ; a phonograph or phonautograph. Music-s mitll, -smith. A workman who makes the metal parts of piano-fortes, &c. Musk, musk. A substance obtained from a cyst or bag near the navel of a musk- deer (Moschus moschiferus). It is origi- nally a viscid fluid, but dries into a brown pulverulent substance. Its chief use is as a perfume. An artificial musk is obtained by the action of nitric acid upon the oil of «mber. Muskallongre, mus'kal-lonj. A large variety of pike. Musk-cavy, musk'ka-vi. A W. Indian rodent mammal, gen. Capromys, fam. Muridse; its feet emit a strong smell of musk. Musk-deer, ^ 'dGr. The male '•«N. of the Moschus -v.ll^i! moschiferus, an animal that in- habits Central Asia, and pro- duces the well- known perfume; it is about three feet in length. The gland or bag which contains the musk is about the sizt* of a hen's egg. The pigmy musk- deer, also called kanchil and chevrotain, Musk-deer. Musk-ox. inhabits some of the Asiatic islands, and is considerably smaller. Musk-duck, 'duk. A species of duck, oilvu erroneously called the Muscovy- duck (Cairina moschata). It has a musky smeLl. Mus k - o z , 'oks. The Ovibos mos- chatus, a ru- minant mam- mal of the bo- vine tribe of N. America. The flesh is pleasant t o the taste, but smells strong- ly of musk, the odor of which is also dif- fused from the living animal. Musk-rat, 'rat. An American rodent quadruped allied to the beaver, the Fiber zibethicus, the only known species of the genus. It has the smell of musk in sum- mer, but loses it in winter. The fur is used by hatters. Its popular name in America is musquash, the Indian name ; called also musk-beaver. An aquatic in- sectivorous animal, secreting a substance of a strong musky smell, found in S. Rus- sia and the Pyi-enees ; the desman. Sorex murinus, an Indian species of shrew which secretes a powerful musky odor. Musnud, mus'nud. In Persia and India a throne or chair of state. Musophag-idee, mu-so-faj'i-de. The plantain-eaters, a fam. of insessorial birds. Muspelheim, mRs'pel-hlm. In Scand, Myth, the abode of fire, which at the be- ginning of time existed in the south. Sparks were collected from it to make the stars. Musquaw, mus'kwa. A name for the common black bear of America. Mussel, 'el. A lameUibranchiate mol- lusk, gen. Mytilus, fam. Mytilidje. The name is also given to mollusks, gen. Lith- odomus, date-shells or stone-borers. Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de. An eminent French poet; u. 1810, d. 1S57. Mussulman, 'ul-man. A Mohammedan; a true believer in Mohammed ; a Mosloui. Mustang-, mus'tang. The wild horse of the pampas and prairies of America, a d'^scendant of horses of Spanish importa. tiox:. MustelidSB, mus-te'li-de. A fam. oi quadrupeds, comprehending the otters, or. mines or stoats, sables, martens, ft-rrets, minks, skxmks, polecats and weasels. MUSTAPHA BIT MYEMECOPHAGID^ Mustapha. The name of four Tm-kisli sultana; M. I. s. his brotlur Ahmed I., 1617; strangled by oi-der of Amurath IV., 1639. M. II. s. Achmet II., 1695; deposed and D. 1703. M. III. s. Osnian III., 1757 ; d. 1774. M. IV. s. Selim III., 1S07 ; deposed and assassinated by his brother Mahmoud, 1808. Mutagre, mu'taj. A. process for checking the fermentation of the must of grapes. Mutchkin, much'kin. A liquid measure in Scotland, the fourth part of a Scotch pint. Muttra (Mathura). A city of Bengal, British India, on the Jumna. It is the reputed birthplace of the god Krishna; pop. 65,000. Muzarab, mn'za-rab. One of the Chris- tians formerly living under the sway of the Moors in Spain. Myadee, mi'a-de. A fam. of lamellibran- chiate mollusks. Including the genera Mya, Corbula, Neaera, Thetis, &c., many species of which are fossil as well as recent; gaping bivalves. Mycelium, -se'li-um. The cellular fila- mentous spawn of fungi, the equivalent of the root of flowering plants. Mycetes. 'tez. A gen. of jilatyrhine American apes ; the howling monkeys, Mycologry, -kol'o-ji. That department of botany which Investigates fungi ; a treatise on the fungi. Mygrale, 'ga-le. A gen. of aquatic in- sectivorous animals, of which the Russian muskrat is the best known species ; the desman. A gen. of hairy spiders of which the bird-catching spider is the type. Mylabris, ml-la'bris. A gen. of vesica- tory beetles, fam. Cantharidae. Hylodon, 'lo-don. An extinct edentate animal, allied to the megatherium. Its Skeleton of a Mylodon. remains have been found in the upper tertiaries of S. America. It was a clumsy animal as large as a hippopotamus. Myliobatidee, 'li-6-bat"i-dG. A fam. of cartilaginous fishes, ord. Selachii, in- cluding the eagle-rays. Mylitta, -lit'a. A Babylonian goddess, the impersonation of procreation. Her worship spread over Assyria and Persia. Mynbeer, min-her'. The ordinary title of address among Dutchmen, correspond- ing to our sir, Mr. Myodes, mi'6-dez. A gen. of rodent mammals, fam. Muridae, containing the lemmings. Myodynamiometer, -di-na'mi-om"et- er. An instrument for measuring the comparative muscular strength of man or other animals. Myopia, -6'pi-a. Short-sightedness; near, sightedness. Myoxidae, -oks'i-de. Dormice, a fam. of rodent mammals. Myriagrram, mir'i-a-gram. In the French system, a weight of 10,000 grams, or'22.04S5 lbs. avoirdupois. Myrialiter, -liter. A French measure of capacity, containing 10,000 liters, or 610,280 cubic inches. Myriameter, -me-ter. A French meas- ure of length, equal to 10 kilometers, or 6.218S257 English miles. Myriapo- da, -i-ap'o- da. The low- est class of articulate animals, in- cluding cen- tipeds and raillipeds. Myriarc h. , Myriapoda. 'i-ark. A Greek commander of 10,000 men. Myriare, -ar. A French land measure of 10,000 ares, or 1,000,000 square meters, equal to 247.1143 acres. Myriologrue, -6-log. In modern Greece, an extemporary funeral song, composed and sung by females. Myrioscope, -skop. An ingenious vari- ation of the kaleidoscope. M3mnecobiTis, mer-me-ko'bi-us. A gen. of Australian marsupials. M. fas- cialis is the banded ant-eater, having 64 teeth. Myrmecophagridae, -faj'i-de. The hairy or true ant-eater, a fam. of edentate mammals coniined to S. America ; they- have no teeth. MTEMIDONS 518 NAIAD Mimuidons. In Greek Myth, a people of Phthiotis, originally ants, but trans- formed into men by Jupiter ; Peleus and Achilles were among their notable kings. Myrrh. The gum- my resinous exuda- tion ot Balsamoden- dron Myrrha, ord. Amyridacefe, a heal- ing stimulant. A common name for a Slant of the genus lyrrhis. Mysis, mi'sis. The opossum -shrimps, a gen. of crustaceans, ord. Stomapoda. Mystagogy, mis'- ta-go-ji. The princi- ples, practice, or doc- Myrrh. trines of a mysta- gogue; the interpretation of mysteries. Mystery, 'ter-i. Something hidden from human knowledge and fitted to inspire a sense of awe. A species of dramatic composition much in vogue in the middle ages, tbe characters and events of which were drawn from sacred history. A term applied to certain rites and ceremonies in ancient Greek and Roman religions, onlj'- known to and practiced by those initiated by certain preparatory ceremonies. Mythology, mith-ol'o-ji. The science which investigates myths Avith a view to their interpretation and to discover the degree of relationship existing between the different myths of different people; a treatise on myths. A system in Avhich is embodied the convictions of a people in regard to their origin, divinities, heroes, foundei-s, &c. Myxine, miks'in-e. The hags, a gen. of cyclostomous fishes, remarkable for their slippery integument. K •Vr IS the 14th letter and the 11th conso- iN nant of the alphabet. Its ordinary sound as in not, sun, is formed by placing the tip of the tongue against the palate at or close behind the root of the upper teeth, and sending a voiced sound through the nose. It differs from m in the fact that the tongue and roots of the teeth ai-e brought together instead of the lips, that is, it is a dental nasal instead of being a labial nasal. As a numeral N signifies 900, and with a stroke over it, 9,000. As an abbrcAiation, JT, stands for north ; N. B. for nota bene, note well ; N. P. for notary public, &c. ITabob, nfi'bob. The title of the governor of a province or commander of an army In India under the Mogul empire ; a subordi- nate provincial governor, who acted un- der the soubahs or viceroys. Nacarat, nak'a-rat. A pale red color with an orange cast. A crape or fine linen fabric dyed fugitively of this tint, and used by ladies to give their countenance a rose- ate hue. Nacodar, na-ko-dar'. The captain of an Arab vessel. Nacre, na'ker. Mother-of-pearl. Nadab, dab. The high-priest of the Persians. Nadir, 'der. That point of the heavens directly opposite to the zenith ; the point directly under the place where we stand. The zenith and nsdir are the two poles of the horiion. Nadir Shah. A Turkish chief, B. 1688; given command of the Persian army, 1T29; he defeated the Turks, and in 1739 usurped the Persian throne. Overrunning Afghan- istan and capturing Delhi, 1T38-9, he mas- sacred 120,000 of the inhabitants of that city ; assassinated, 1T47. Naevus, nG'vus. A natural mark, spot, or blemish on the skin of a person ; a birth-mark. N. maternus, a mother's mark ; a mark on the skin of a child. Naga, na'ga. An ancient race who ap- pear to have invaded India about six cen- turies before the Christian era. A term ap- plied to a number of tribes hving on the borders of Assam,Munnipoor and Burmah. A class of mendicants in Hindustan going naked and carrying arms. In Hind. Myth, a deified serpent. Nagasaki. A seaport city of Japan, on the island of Kiou-Siou, 600 m. S. W. oi Yeddo ; pop. 75,000. Nagor, na'gor. A species of antelope, the gazelle of Senegal. Nagpoor. Cap. of prov. of same name, Hindustan ; pop. 121,000. •» Nahum. In Scrip, one of the 12 minor prophets, who lived about 718 b. o. The book bearing his name predicts the de- struction of Nineveh. Naiad, na'yad. In Greek and Eom. Myth, a water nymph; a female deity that presides over rivers and springs, rep- resented as beautiful. KAIDID^ 519 NAPOLEOBT Naididae, -id'i-de. The family or group of water- worms, ord. Oligocha-ta. Naik, 'ik. In India, a sepoy corporal, ranking below a havildar or sergeant. Naja, 'ja. A gen. of serpents, fam. Elap- idiB, Colubrine section of the Ophidte, among the most dangerous of all the ven- omous snakes. The best known examples are the cobra de capello of India and the N. hajo of Egypt, which is identified by many writers with the asp employed by Cleopatra to bring about her death. "NsunSiZ, na-maz'. The common prayer of a Turk. Namtir. Cap. of a province of same name, Belgium, at the junction of the Meuse and Sambre, 33 m. S. E. of Brus- sels. It is strongly fortified, but was cap- tured by the Trench, 1692, 1101, 1746; pop. 25,000. Nandu, nan'du. The S. American os- trich, gen. IJhea. Nankin. A large inland city of China, formerly cap. of the empire, on the Yang- tse-Kiang, noted for the famous porcelain tower, built 1431, and costing 400,000 taels ($1,800,000) ; pop. abt. 425,000. Nantes. A seaport of W. Trance, on the Loire, 210 m. S. W. of Paris ; it has an extensive foreign commerce, and is noted as the place from which Henry IV., 1598, issued the "Edict of Nantes," grant- ing full religious rights to his Protestant subjects. The edict was revoked, 16S5, by Louis XIV. Pop. 129,347. Nape-crest, nfip'krest. A gen. of TV. Afiican birds, allied to the plantain-eaters. Napha-water, na'fa-wa-ter. A fragrant perlumo distilled from orange flowers. Naphtha, nap'tha. A variety of bitu- men, thin, volatile, fluid and inflammable, unctuous to the touch, and constantly emitting a strong odor. Springs of na- tive naphtha (called also petroleum or rock-oil) exist in many parts of the world, and it is largely employed as a source of artificial light. Nap i e r ' s Eones, na- perz' bonz. A contri- vance de- vised by John Na- pier, for fa- cilitatingil large calcu-lZ lations in!. 9 multiplica- tion or divia- Napier's Bones or Bods. ion. It consists of a number of rods mada of bone or other convenient material, the face of each of which is divided into nine equal parts in the form of little squares, and each part, with the exception of the top compartment, subdivided by a diagonal line into two triangles. Naples. Cap. of province of same name, 8. Italy, formerly cap. of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, on Bay of N., at foot of Mt. Vesuvius, 118 m. SliE. of Kome : pop. 423,600. Napoleon, -po'le-on. A French gold coin, worth 20 francs, or about $3.75. A game played with cards. Napoleon. The name of three French emperors, only tw(. of whom enjoyed royal honors. N. I. (Napoleon Bonaparte) B. in Ajaccio, 1769, and rose from a lieu- tenant of artillery, 1785, to brigadier-gen- eral, 1793; to command of tho army, 1795; created First Consul for 10 years, 1799; assumed the title of emperor. May 18, 1802, and was crowned King of Italy, in Milan, May 26, 1805. Under a coalition of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain, he was forced to abdicate April 11, 1814, retu-ing to the Island of Elba; escaping Feb. 26, 1815, he repaired to Paris, welcomed by the people, and joined by the eoldiers; defeated at Waterloo, June 18, he abdicated in favor of his son, N. It., a child of four j'ears of age, and surrendered to the English, who banished him to the isolated island of St. Helena, where he d. May 5, 1821, his remains be- ing transferred to Paris, 1840. N. mar- ried Josephine, widow of Alexandre de Beauharnais, 1796, but divorced her, 1809, because she bore him no children, and married Marie-Louise, Archduchess of Austria, 1810 ; she bore him a son, March 19, 1811, who was called King of Eome. N. II. (Franfois Bonaparte) son of the former, never reigned, but on the abdica- tion of his father, returned wth his mother to the court of his grandfather, Francis, Emperor of Austria, who bestowed upon him the title of Duke of Reichstadt ; ». 1882. N. III. (Charies Louis Napoleoa Bonaparte), 8d son of Louis Bonaparte, brother of N. I., and for a time King oi Holland, and Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of Josephine by her first hus- band ; B. 1808. Assuming to be the suc- cessor of N. II., he made two unsuccessful attempts at inciting a popular revolution, the last, 1840, being punished by a sen- tence of life imprisonment in the fortress of Ham ; escaping 1846, under the repub- lican amnesty of 1848 he returned to France, and was elected to the Assembly 17APU 620 NAVAERE ami sliortly after President ; in 1851 he usurped supreme power as Dictator, and by a plebiscite, 1852, was elected emperor, assuming the title N. III. Beclai-ing war against Germany, 1870, he was defeated and made a prisoner, 1871, retiring to England on his release, where he d. Jan. 9, 1878. He married Eugenie Maria de Guzman, Comtesse de Teba, a Spanish lady, 1853, and left an only child, Napo- leon Eusreue Louis Jean Joseph, b. 1856 ; killed in S. Africa, where he was serving as a British officer, 1882. Napu, na-po. A very small, but elegant musk-deer, inhabiting Java and Sumatra, remarkable for having the smallest blood- corpuscles of anyanimal yet known. Naraka, nar'a-ka. In Hind. Myth, a name corresponding to our hell. It consists of twenty -eight divisions, each inhabited by a pecu- liar class of sinners, and each the scene of a dif-' ferent kind of torture. Narcissus, nar-sis'sus. A genus of bulbous- rooted plants. Narg-Mle, 'gi-le. A kind of smoking appara- tus used by the Turks and others, in which the smoke is passed through water. Narwla a 1 , 'whal. The Mo n o d on monoce r o s , a cetaceous m a m m a 1 Narwhal, found in the northern seas, averag- ing from 12 to 20 feet in length ; also called Sea-unicorn, Unicorn-iish, or Uni- corn-whale. It yields valuable oil. ITasalis, na-za'lis. A gen. of monkeys, containing the curious Bornean long- nosed kahau : called also Proboscis Mon- key. Naseberry, naz'ber-i. The fruit of Achras Sapota, ord. Sapotaceae. It is as large as ;, a quince, and one of the richest and most agreeable of W. Indian fruits. Nashville. Cap. of Tenn., on the Cum- berland, 230 m. N. E. of Memphis ; pop. 43,350. Nasicoruia, na-zi-kor'ni-a. The fam. of perissodactyle mammals to which the rhinoceros belongs. Nasua, 'sii-a. A gen. of S. American plantigrade Mammalia, ord. Ursidffl. The coati or coatimondi is the best-know* epecies. Natautes, -tan'tez. A fam. of Arane- id.'e or spiders, which live entirely upon or beneath the water. Natation, na-ta'shon. The art or act of swimming. Natatores, na-ta-to'rez. An order of swimming Wds, divided into four fami- lies— Brevipennatse, including tiie pen- guins, auks, guillemots, divers and grebes ; Longipennutie, comprising the (fulls, terns and petrels ; 'i'otipalmat^e dr Steganopodes, the pelicans, cormorants, gannets frigate-birds, darters, and others ; Lamellirostres, the ducks, geese, swans and flamingoes. Natal. An English colony in S. E. Af- rica ; area 16,150 sq. m.; pop. abt. 350,000. Cap. D' Urban ; pop. 19,500. Nathan. In Scrip, a prophet who con- veyed the divine rebuke to King David after his adulterous intrigue with Bath- fiheba. Nattes, nat'tez. A name given to an or- nament used in the decoration of surfaces in the architecture of the 12th century, from its resemblance to the interlaced withs of matting. Nature-printing-, na'tiir-print-ing. A process by which objects, such as plants, ferns, lace, «fec., are impressed on a lead plate so as to engrave themselves, copies or casts being then taken for printing. Nauplius-form, na'pli-us-form. In Physiol, the earliest stage in the develop- ment of many Crustacea. Nauropometer, -ro-pom'e-ter. An in- strument for measuring the amount of a ship's heel or inchnation at sea. Nautch-grirl, nach'gerl. In the E. In- dies, a native dancing-girl. Nautilidae, na-til'i-dC. A family of cephalopodous "mollusks, constituting with the Ammonitidse or ammonite fam. the ord. Tetrabranchiata. Navarch, na'vark. In Greek Antiq. the commander of a fleet. Navarino. A city of Greece, on the Ionian Sea, 6 m. N. of Modon, in the vicinity of which, Oct. 20, 1827, the Turco-Egvptian fleet of 70 sail, under Ibrahim Pacha, was defeated and de- stroj'ed by the combined fleets of Russia, France and England, under Admiral Cod- rington. Navarre. Formerly an independent Kingdom of Spain, now one of the Basque provinces, bounded N. by France, the ITAZAEENE 621 NEGRITO Pyrenees constituting the line, E. by Ara- gon, S. by Old Castile, W, by the Atlantic ; pop. 843,700. Cap. Pampliina. Ifazarene, naz-a-ren'. An inhabitant of Naziirelh. A name given to Christ, and to the early converts to Christianity, in contempt. Nazareth. In Anc. Geo. a town of Gal- ilee, Palestine, 6 m. N. W. of Mt. Tabor, historically famous as the birthplace of Christ; it is now called Nasirah: pop. 3,200. Nazarite, Vrlt. A Jew who by certain vows and acts devoted himself to the pe- culiar service of Jehovah for a certain time or for life. Neagh, IiOUgrh.. The largest lake in Ireland, in Ulster ; area 150 sq. m. Neander, Joliann August Wil- lielm. An eminent German ecclesiasti- cal historian and essayist ; B. 17S9, d. 1850. He was of Jewish descent. Neap-tide, nep'tid. Low tide. Nearctic, ne-ark'tik. One of the six re- gions into which zoologists divide the sur- face of the earth, based on their character- istic fauna or collection of animal life. The Nearctic region extends throughout America down to the Isthmus of Tehuan- tepec. Neat, net. Cattle of the bovine gen., as bulls, oxen and cows. N.'s-foot oil, an oil obtained from the feet of neat. Nebalia, ne-ba'ii-a. A gen. of entomos- tracous Crustacea, ord. Phyllopoda. Nebo, Mt. In Scrip, the mountain in Moab, from which Moses saw the Prom- ised Land, and where he died ; identified as Mt. Attarus, 10 m. N. of theArnon. Nebraska. A State of the American Union, admitted 1S67, bounded N. by Dakota Ter., E. by Iowa and Missouri, S. by Kansas and Colorado, "W. by Wyo- ming; area 75,905 sq. m.; pop. 452,402. Principal cities, Lincoln, cap., Omaha, Nebraska City, Columbus and Grand Island. Chief rivers, Missouri, Nebraska (Platte), Niobrara, Eepublican Fork of Kansas, Elkhorn and Loup Fork of Platte. Nebris, neb'ris. A fawn's skin worn bv hunters and others. In works of art it is the characteristic covering of Bacchus, bacchanals, fauns and satyrs. Nebuchadnezzar. King of Babylon ; B. abt. 626 B. c, s. his father Nabopolas- sar 609, captured Jesusalem 606 and car- ried aw^ many captives, including the prophet Daniel ; afterward took Tyre and reduced Egypt ; p. 562 b. c. Necker, Jacques. An eminent French financier and statesman ; b. in Switzer- land 17:JJ, D. 1S04. He was father of the celebrated Madame de SUel. Necrology, nek-rol'o-ji. A register of ptnsons who die within a certain time ; an obituary or collection of obituary notices. Necromaiicy, 'ro-man-si. The art of revealing future events by means of a pre- tended communication vnth the dead. The art of magic. Necrophaga, -rofa-ga. A group of clavicoru beetles, comprehending those which feed on dead and decomiwstng ani- mal substances. Necrophilism, 'il-izm. An unnatural and revolting love or appetite for th© dead, manifested in various ways, as liv- ing beside dead bodies, exhuming corpses to see them, kiss them, or mutilate them ; some times developing into canni- balism. Necrophobia, -ro-fo'bi-a. A horror of dead bodies. Exaggerated fear of death, a symptom occurring in persons 8a&ei*ing from certain diseases. Necrophorus, -rof'o-rus. A gen. of coleopterous insects, called burying-bee- tles, from the peculiar instinct which they exhibit of burying the dead bodies of small animals, such as moles, mice, frogs, &c., as a receptacle for their eggs and larvae. Necropolis, -rop'o-lis. Ancient ceme- teries, which in the neighborhood of some cities are very extensive, and filled with magnificent remains. The name has also been given to modem cemeteries in or near towns. Nectar, 'tar. In Greek Myth, the drink of the gods, which was ima^ned to con- tribute much toward their eternal exis- tence. Any very sweet and pleasant drink. NectariniadSB, 'ta-rin-i"a-de. A fam. ofinsessorial birds, comprising the honey- suckers. Nee, na. Born : a term sometimta placed before a married woman's maiden name to Indicate the family to which she belongs. Needle-gTin, ne'dl-gun. A breech-load- ing rifle whose cartridge is exploded by the stroke of a needle or small spiko. This fire-arm is now superseded. Negrito, ne-grl'to. A name given by Spaniards to the Alfourous, diminutive, negro- like tribes, inhabiting the Philippine Islos and contiguous islands, not exceed- ing 4 feet 8 inches in height. Negrito in modem ethnology includes all peoples re- KEGRO NEREIDS sembling the negro more than the Malayo- Polynesians. 2^"egTO, ne'f^ro. One of that division of mankind characterized by their black skin, and liair of a woolly or crisp nature, na- tive of a limited area in the African con- tinent. The term negro is loosely applied to other colored races and to mixed breeds. Keg-ro-cacliexy, -ka-keks-i. A pro- pensity for eating dirt, peculiar to the na- tives of the W. Indies and Africa. NegTO-fly, -fli. The Psila rosje, a dip- terous insect, so named from its shining black color ; also called the Carrot-fly. HfegViS, 'gns. A liquor made of wine, Avater, sugar, nutmeg and lemon-juice. l^ehemiah. In Scrip, a patriotic He- brew, B. at Babylon during the captivity, but gaining the favor of Artaxerxes Lon- ginianus, King of Persia, and of Esther iis queen, obtained the privilege abt. 444, B. c, of restoring Jerusalem to its condi- tion before being captured by Nebuchad- nezzar. He 8. Ezra in the government of Judea, and was the author of the book called after him. Heith, na'ith. An ancient Egyptian god- dess, worshipped especially at Sais, and having some of the characteristics of the Oreek Athene. Nelson, Horatio, Viscount. The most famous of English admirals, b. 1758, killed at the battle of Trafalgar, 1805, in the moment of victory over the French. Nenxatelmia, nem-a-tel'mi-a. The divis- ion of Scolecida comprising the round- worms, thread-worms, &c. Nematoda, -to'da. An ord. of entozoa, comprising the parasitic Ascai-is lumbri- coides, the Oxyuris and the trichina ; the last gives rise to a dangerous disease known as trichiniasis. The non-parasitic comprise 200 known species. Nemansa, ne-ma'sa. A small planet be- tween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Nemea, ne'me-a. An ancient city in Ar- golis, Greece. In Myth, the Nemean lion ravaged Greece till slain by Hercules. Nemean games or festivals, the same in character as those of Olympia, celebrated at Nemea every second year. Nemertida, ne-mer'ti-da. The ribbon- worms, a division of the ord. Turbellaria, sub-kingdom Annuloida, some of the species of which attain a length of 30 or 40 feet, which they can suddenly contract to 3 or 4 feet. Nemesis, nem'e-sis. In Myth, a female Greek divinity, regarded as a personifica- tion of the righteous anger of the gods, inflexibly severe to the proud and insolent. According to Hesiod she was the daughter of night. Nemocera, ne-mos'er-a. A group of dipterous insects, comprising the gnats or mosquitoes and crane-flies. Nemogrlossata, 'm6-glo-sa"ta. a tribe of hymenopierous insects, including those which have a long filiform tongue, as the bee tribe. Neocomian, -o-ko'mi-an. In Geol. the lowest of the cretaceous deposits, the low- er green-sand and wealden. Neo-Latin, 'o-la-tin. New Latin, a term applied to the Romance languages as hav- ing grown immediately out of the Latin. Latin as written by modern authors. Neolog-ist, -ol'o-jist. One who intro- duces new words or phrases into a lan- guage. An innovator in any doctrine or system of belief, especially in theology. Neopliron, '6-fron. A gen. of birds of the vulture family, known as the Alpine or Egyptian vulture, Pharaoh's chicken and white crow. Neopliyte, -fit. A new convert or pros- elyte. A novice ; one newly admitted to the order of priest. A tjro'; a beginner in learning. Neoplatonist, -o-pla^ton-ist. A mysti- cal philosopher of the school of Ammoni- us Saccas and Plotinus in the 3d to 5th centuiy, who mixed some of the tenets of ancient Platonists with other principles, drawn from various sources, particularly from the theosophy of the East. Neotropical, -trop'ik-al. A term ap- plied to one of the six regions into which zoologists divide the earth, based on their characteristic fauna or collection of animal life. It includes C. America south of the isthmus of Tehuantepec and S. America. Neph,, nef. In Egypt. Myth, an ancient divinity worshiped in Ethiopia and the. Thebais, represented as having a ram's' head with curved horns. Written also Nouf. Nepides, nep'i-de. One of the families into which Hydrocorisse are divided ; the water-scorpions. Nepotism, ne'pot-izm. FavoritiBm shown to nephews and other relations ; patronage bestowed in consideration of family relationship and not of merit. Nereidse, -re'i-de. A fam. of dorsibran- chiate annelids of which Nereis is the type gen.; thesea-centipeds. NEPTUNE 528 NEW BEUNSTVICK The chief murine Neptune. Neptune, nep'tun. divinity of the Ro- mans, hence iden- tified by the Ro- mans themselves with the Greek Po- seidon, whoso at- tributes they trans- ferred to their own god. In works of art he is usually , represent ed as armed with a tri- dent, and the horse and the dolphin are his symbols. A planet beyond the orbit of Uranus, and the remotest from the sun yet known in the solar system. Nereid, nc're- id. In Myth, a sea nymph. They are repre- sented as riding o n sea-horses, sometimes with the tail of a fish. They numbered^ 50, were the - -^-r ,-, daughters of Ne- Nereid, reus, and constantly attended Neptune. Nero, Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. An infamous emperor of Kome from abt. 54 to 68. He Avas the adopted sou and s. of the Emperor Claudi- us, and amonw his crimes was the murder of his wife and mother. Neroll. ne-ro-li. The essential oil ob- tained from the flowers of the bitter or- ange by distillation. Nescience, ne'shi-ens. The state of not knowing-; want of knowledge; ignorance. Nesselr6de, Charles Bobert, Count von. A distinguished Russian states- man, B. in Spain, of German descent, 1780, D. 1862. Nestor, nes'tor. A gen. of the parrot family, connecting the parrots and cocka- toos. Nestor. In Heroic Hist, a Greek hero of the Trojan war, son of Neleus, grandson of Neptune, and king of Pylos and Mes- senia. His wise and able reign extended over three generations. Nestorian, nes-td'ri-an. An adherent of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople in the 5th century, who was deposed and condemned as a' heretic for maintaining that the two natures in Christ were not so Nottle. blended and united as tobcundistinguisb' able. The term is still applied to Chris- tians of Persia and India, the remains ol the Nestorian sect. Nethinim, neth'in-im. Among the Jews, servants of the priests and Levites, em- ployed in the meanest offices about the temple. Nettapus, net'a-pus. A gen. of web- footed birds, allied to the barnacle-geese, of small size, containing the pigmy and the Madagascar goose. Nettle, net'tl. A stinging plant of the gen. Urtica. Neufchatel. A canton of Switzer- land, bounded N. and E. by Berne, S. by Yaud and W. by France ; area 281 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 100,- 000 The name is also given to a iovm ; (pop. abt. 11,000) cap. of the canton, and to a lake (Yver- dun) surrounded bv the cantons of N., Berne, Fribourgand Yaud ; area, 90 sq. m. Neurologry, nu-rol'o-ji. That part of anatomy which treats of the nerves. Neuroptera, -rop'ter-a. An order of r.apacious insects, including the dragon- Ihes, caddis-flies, may-flies, white ants, ant-lion, &c. Neuvaines, 'viinz. In the R. C. Ch, prayers offered up for nine successive days to obtain the favor of Heaven. Neva. A Russian river, 40 m. long, con- stituting the chief means of communica- tion between Central Russia and the Gulf of Finland. Nevada. A State of the American Union, admitted 1864 ; bounded N. by Oregon and Idaho Ter., E. by Utah, S, by Ari- zona and W. by California, the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains being the line ; area, 112,900 sq. m. ; pop. 62,266. Principal cities, Carson City, cap., Virginia City, Humboldt City, Aurora and Lander City. Chief rivers, Humboldt, Truckee, Walker and Carson. Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Augusta, Mammoth and Humboldt ranges. Lakes, Tahoe, Humboldt, Walker and Pyramid. Newark. Cap. of Essex Co., N. J., and one of its chief manufacturing cities, on the Passaic, 41 m. N. E. of Trenton ; pop. 186,508. New Brunswick. A division of the NEW CALEDONIA -^TEW YORK Dominion of Canada ; bounded N. by the provinces of Bonaventure and Remouski, E. by Gulf of St. Lawrence and Prince Edward's Island, S. by Ray of Fundy, W. by Maine, connected with Nova Scotia on the S. E. by an isthmus ; area, 27,030 sq. m. ; pop. 321,233. Principal cities, Fred- ericton, cap., and St. John, the commer- cial emporium. Chief rivers, Miramichi, Eestigoucheand St, John. Bays, Chaleur, Miramichi, Chignecto and Passama- quoddy. H'ew Caledonia. A French Island and penal colony in Australia; area, 6,054 sq. m. ; pop. 68,000. Cliief cities, Port Balade and Port St. Vincent. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. A thriving seaport of ('o. Northumberland, England, on the Tyne, 6i tn. E. of Carlisle : poo. 151,673. ^ Newel, 'el. In Arch, the up- right cylinder or pillar round which in a wind- ing staiz-case the steps turn, and are supported from the bottom to the top. New E n- grland. The N. E. section of the IT. S., com- prlsing the 6 States of Maine, NewHampshire, Vermont, Mas- sachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Newfoundland. A British island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, separated from Labrador by the Straits of Belle Isle; area 40,200 sq. m.\ pop. 173,856. Cap. St. John's. Rivers, Exploit and Ilumber. Newfoundland Dog-. A well-known and fine variety of the water dog, native to Newfoundland, where theyare emploved in drawing sledges and little carriages "laden with wood, fish, &c. It is remarkable for sagacity, patience and good nature. New Hampshire. A State of the American Union, one of the original 13 ; bounded N. by the Dominion, E. by Maine, 8. by Massachusetts, W. by Ver- mont, a small section in the S. E. touch- ing the Atlantic ; area, 9,280 sq. m. ; pop. 846,991. Chief cities, Concord, c^ip., Portsmouth, Manchester, Bristol, Nashua, Haverhill and Gorham. Principal rivers, Connecticut, Merrimacand Androscoggin. Ancient Stair and Newel. Lakes, Winnipiseogee, Ossipoe and Um- bagog. Mountains, White, with outlying ranges called Grand Monadnock, Kear- sarge and Moosehillock. New Haven, Cap. of county of same name, and formerly one of the capitals of the State of Connecticut, a thriving T)ort, 76 m. N. E. of N. Y, City ; pop. 62,882. New Hebrides. A group of 7 islands in Polynesia, Pacific Ocean ; area, 2,500 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 200,000. New Jersey. One of the original 13 States of the American Union ; bounded N. by New York, E, by the Atlantic, S. by Delaware Bay, W. by Pennsylvania ; area, 8,320 sq. m. ; pop. 1, 81,116. Prin- cipal cities, Trenton, cap., Jersey City, Newark, Camden, Paterson, Elizabeth, New Brunswick, Burlington, Orange and Beverly, with the popular seaside resorts Long Branch, Cape May and Atlantic City. Chief rivers, Delaware, Passaic, Hackensack, Raritan, Rahway, Navesink, Great and Little Egg Harbor. Mountains, Kittatinny and Highland ranges. Newport. A city and watering-place in Rhode Island, on Narragansett Bay, 28 m. S. E. of Providence ; also a semi-capital of the State; its harbor is well fortified: pop. 15,693. News-letter, nuz'let-er. The name given to small printed sheets, issued weekly in London about the time of Charles II., the news for which was col- lected from cofi'ee-house gossip, in con- tradistinction to the " London Gazette," then the only authorized newspaper, which contained little besides proclama- tions and advertisements. It was the predecessor or original of the modern newspaper. New T&outh Wales. A S. E. Colony of Australia, formerly a British penal col- ony ; area 323,437 sq. m,: pop. 764,620. Principal cities, Sydney, cap., and Ade- laide. Chief rivers, Lachlan, Macquarie, Peel, Hunter, Clarence and Murrum- bidgee. Bays, Botany and Moreton. Newton, Isaac, Sir. An illustrious English astronomer and philosopher ; u, 1642, D. 1727. New York. One of the original 13 States of the American Union, bounded N. by Canada and Lake Ontario, E. by Conn., Mass. and Vt., S. by the Atlantic, N, J. and Penn., W. by Lake Erie and Canada ; area47,000 sq. m.; pop. 6 082,871. Principal cities, Albany, cap., New York, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Troy, Rochester, Utica and Syracuse, Chief rivers, Hudson, East, NEWT 525 NIOTITATIOir Mohawk, Niagara, Delaware, Susquehan- na, Genesee and Oswego. Lakes, Erie, On- tario, Cliamplain, on the borders, Oneida, Canandaigua, Cayuga, Seneca, Chautau- aua and George. Mountains, Adiron- acks and Highlands (Catskills) of the Hudson, and N. range of the Alleghanies. K. Y. City, the commercial metropolis of N. America, covering the island of Man- hattan, and extending across Harlem Eiver, at the junction of the Hudson and East rivers, and head of N. Y. Bay; pop. 1,210,S99. Newt, J':>v'^>f;^x-^A.v ^v nut. One ^w— ^^^?5^^?3SS?^.a. 1855, during the Crimean war. Nick, nik. Originally, a goblin or spirit of the waters, but in modern usage ap- plied only to the Evil One, generally ^vith the addition of Old. Nickel, 'el. A white metal of great hard- ness, difficult to be purified, always mag- netic, and when pure malleable and duo- tile. It unites in alloys with gold, cop- per, tin and arsenic, which it renders brit- tle. With silver and iron its alloys are ductile. Nickel-plating-, -plat-ing. The surfac- ing of metals with nickel by means of a heated solution or the electro-bath, for the purpose of rendering them less liable to oxidation by heat or moisture. Nickel-silver, -sil-ver. An alloy com- posed of copper 60, zinc 17i, and nickel 22i. Nicolaitan, -G-la'l-tan. One of a sect in the early Christian Church, so named from Nicolas, a deacon of Jerusalem. They in- clined to licentious and pagan practices. Nicotiana, ni-ko'shi-a"na. The tobacco gen. of plants. The species generally grown as tobacco are N. tabacum and N. macrophylla. N. persica, a native of Per- sia, is much more fragrant and agreeable than the common tobacco. Nicotianin, -a-nin. A concrete oil ex- tracted from the leaves of tobacco. It af- fords nicotine. Nictitation, nik-ti-ta'shon. The act of winking, a natural and instinctive action NIELLO NINE for the purpose of moistening and clean- ing the eyes. Niello, ni-el'lo. A method of ornamenting metal plates practiced in the middle ages, which gave rise to copper-plato engraving. Niflheim, nefl'him. In Scand. Myth, the region of endless cold and everlasting night, ruled over by Hela. iSTiger. A large river of W. Africa ; length 2,300 ra. "J^igger, nig'er, A negro ; in deprecia- tion or vlerision. A vulgar term often ap- plied toother colored races, more particu- larly to the natives of the E. Indies. Nigrht-glass, nit'glas. A telescope so constructed as to concentrate light, so as to enable objects to be seen at night. Nigrht-hawk, 'hak. A species of goat- sucker, fam. Caprimulgidae. Nig-ht-heron, 'he-run. A species of Nycticorax, a gen. of Grallatores or wad- ing bii'ds, fam, Ardeidae (herons and cranes). Nig-htingrale, 'in-gal. A small dentiros- ti-al passerine bird, gen. Lus- cinia, fam. Lus- cinidse or Tur- didaj, and nearly allied to the water -ouzels; often called in poetrv Philomela or Philomel. The nightingale sings at night, audits AT,-„T,«r,„oi„ famed chant is Nightmgale. the love-song of the male, which ceases Avhen the female has hatched her brood. Nig-htsliade, nit'shad The English name of various species of plants, chiefly of the gen. Sola- num, a berry -bearing poisonous herb. HiMlist, ni'hil-ist. A member of aEussian se- cret society, the adher- ents of which mostly acknowledge material- ism as their philosophi- cal creed, but are chiefly characterized by their social and political aims idea is that no considerable advance can be made by mankind without an entire reconstruction of society, the cnief features of which are the principle of common prop- erty in land, and of communistic principles generally. They hesitate at no crime to Nightshade, Their leading further their cause, and assassination is one of their approved weapons. Nile. A large and celebrated river of Africa, the fertilizer of Egypt; length 4,500 m. Nilometer, -lom'et-er. An instrument for measuring the rise of water in the Nile during its periodical floods. When the inundation reaches the height of 21 cubits it is considered adequate, at 24 cubits it is destructive. Nimbus, nlm'bus, A term applied in art, especially in sacred art, to a halo or disk surrounding the head in representa- The Nimbus. tions of divine or sacred personages ; as also to a disk or circle sometimes depicted round the heads of emperors and other great men. The nimbus of God the Father is represented as of a triangular form, with rays diverging from it all round ; the nimbus of Christ contains a cross more or less enriched ; that of the Virgin Mary consists of a circlet of small stars, and that of angels and saints is a circle of small rays. When the nimbus is depicted of a square form it indicates that the person was alive at the time of delineation Nine, nln. One more than eight or one less than ten. The nine worthies, famous persons often alluded to by old writers and classed together, like the seven won- ders of the world, &c. They included three Gentiles (Hector, Alexander, Julins Cajsar); three Jews (Joshua, David, Judas Maccabaeus) ; and three Christians ( Arthar of Britain, Charlemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon). t Nine. The number comnosed of eight and one ; or the number less by a unit than ten ; three times three. Tlie Nine, NINE-KILLER 527 NOCTOGRAPH a name given to the Muses on account of their number. Xine-killer, nln'kil-er. The popular name of the red-backed shrike or butcher- bird of Britain and the northern butcher- Mrd of America, from the belief that the lird catches and impales nine of the ani- mals on which it feeds before it begins its neal. Nineteen, 'ten. The sum of nine and ten, or one less than twenty. Ninety, 'ti. Nine times ten. Ning-po. A Chinese seaport at junction of rivers Taon and Kin ; pop. 283,000. Niobe, nI-6-be. In Greek Myth, the daughter of Tantalus, and one of the Plei- ades, married to Am- phion, King of The- bes. Proud of her numerous progeny, she provoked the an- ger of Apollo and Diana by boasting over their mother Leto, who had no children but those two. She was pun- ished by having all her children put to death, and she her- self was metamorphosed by Jupiter into a stone which shed tears during the sum- mer. Niobite, 'o-bit. One of a sect of Mono- physite heretics founded by 8tephanus, surnamed Niobes, an Alexandrian rhetori- cian or sophist. Nipter, nip'ter. The ceremony of wash- ing the feet practiced in the Greek and some other churches on Good Friday, in imitation of the act of our Saviour. In monasteries the abbot and twelve monks took part in the ceremony. Nirvana, nir-va'na. According to the teaching of Buddhism, the condition of one who has attained to the highest state to which a sentient being can reach. One •who has attained this condition %\ill at death pass entirely out of existence. Nisan, ni'zan. The first month of the sacred and seventh of the Jewish civil year, answering nearly to our March. It was originally called Abib. Niter, 'ter. A salt, called also saltpeter, and in the nomenclature of chemistry ni- trate of potassium or potassic nitrate. It is chiefly employed in chemistry as an ox- idizing agent and in the formation of ni- Niobe. trie acid. Its chief use in the arts is in the making of gunpowder. Nitrogen, 'trG-jen. That element which is the basis of nitric acid, and the princi- pal ingi-edient of atmosphei-ic air, consti- tuting about four-fifths of common air, the rest being principally oxygen. It is nei- ther combustible nor a supporter of com- bustion, neither acid nor alkaline, and possesses n either taste nor smell. Nitro-grlucose, -tro-glu'kos. An organ- ic substance produced by acting upon finely powdered cane-sugar with nitro- sulphuric acid. Nitro-Glycerine, -glis'er-in. A com- pound produced by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine. It is a light yellow, oily liquid, and a most pow- erful "explosive agent. Nivose, ne-v5z. Snow month: tho name given in the French revolutionary calendar to a Avinter month, beginning December 21 and ending January 19. Nix, niks. In Teut. Myth, the common name of all water-spirits good and bad. The Scotch water-kelpie is a wicked nix. Nizam. A state of S. India, under Brit- ish protectoi-ate ; area, 95,000 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 12,000,000. Cap. Hyderabad. Noah.. In Scrip, a patriarch, 9th in de- scent from Adam, b. abt. 2950 b. c. He was 600 years old when the deluge des- troyed all the race except his family, who were saved in the ark by following the di- \ine direction ; d. at the age of 950. Noachidse, no-ak'i-de. The immediate families or tribes descended from Noah, or from Shem, Ham or Japheth. Noble, no'bl. A person of rank above a commoner. In Numis. an English gold coin, value 6s. 8d., struck in the reign of Edward III. The noble having increased in value to 10s., a coin of the former value or a noble was ivssued bv Henry VI. and Edward lY., and called an angeL Noctilionidse, nok-til'i-on"i-de. A fam. of insectivorous cheiroptera (bats), desti- tute of nasal appendages. Noctiluca, -ti-lu'ka. A minute gen. of phosphorescent animals, the luminosity which appears at the surface of the sea during the night being chiefly due to them. Noctilucin. 'sin. The semi-fluid sub- stance in phosphorescent animals which causes light. Noctograph, 'to-graf. A writing frame for the blind. An instrument which re- cords the presence of watchmen on theif beats. NOCTUAET 623 NORNA Noctuary, 'tii-a-ri. An account of wliat passes iu the niglit ; tho converse of a diary. Noctule, 'tul. The largest British species of but. Nocturn, 'tern. An office of devotion, formerly used in the E. C. Ch. at mid- night. It now forms part of the matins, which service is divided into three noc- turns, each of which consists of three (or more) psalms and three lessons. Nocturnae, -ter'ne. A sec. of raptorial birds, including but one family, the Strig- idas or owls. Nocturne, 'tern. A painting exhibiting some of the characteristic effects of night light. Noetian, no-G'shi-an. A follower of No- etus in the 3d ceutury, condemned at the Council of Ephesus for denying the dis- tinct personality of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost. IToxu, non. Name. N. de guerre (lit. war-name), a fictitious name assumed for a time. N. do plume (lit. pen-name), a signature assumed by an author. Nomad, no'mad. One of a race or tribe of people whose chief property is in their flocks, and who have no fixed place Of abode. Nomarch., nom'ark. The governor or chief nuigistrate of a nome or province, as in modern Greece. Nome, nom. A province or other polit- ical division of modern Greece and ancient Egypt. Nomen, no'men. One of the three names generally given to an ancient Eoaaan. It distinguished tho gens or clan. Nonag-enarian, non'a-ien-a"ri-an. A person between ninety and a hundred years old. Non compos mentis, kom'pos men'- trs. Not of sound mind ; not having xhe regular use of reason. Nones, nOnz. In the Eom. calendar, the r)th day of the months January, February, April, Juno, August, September, Novem- ber and December, and the seventh day of March, May, July and October, so called as falling on the ninth day before the ides. The otlice for the ninth hour ; one of the breviary oflices of the E. C. Ch. Nonillion, no-nil'li-on. The number produced by involving a million to the ninth power ; a unit with fifty-four ciphers annexed ; or according to the French sys- tem of numeration, a imit with thirty ciphers. Nonpareil, -pa-rel'. A size of printiijg tyi»e, a little larger than ruby and smalllr than minion ; the type in which this bodk is printed. 1 Noologry, no-ol'o-ii. The science of ^^ tell ectual facts or phenomena. / Noon, non. The middle of the day ; l|ie time when the sun is in the meridian ; twelve o'clock. T Nootka-dog-, not'ka-dog. A large Va- riety of dog domesticated by the natif as ' of Nootka Sound, remarkable for its wool- like hair, which holds together like a fleece, and is made into garments. Nopalry, no'pal-ri. A plantation of no- pals for rearing cochineal insects, contain- ing 50,000 plants. Noragrhe, -ra'ga. One of a class of an- cient monuments, probably sepulchral, very numerous in the island of Sardinia. Noria, 'ri-a. A hydraulic machine used in Spain, Syria, Palestine and other coun- tries for raising water. Norimon, nor'i-mon. A Japanese palanquin. Norma, 'ma, A square for measuring right angles, used by carpenters, mason.^ and other artificers to make their work rectangular. A pattern ; a gauge ; a templet ; a model. The Eule, a southern constellation, containing 12 stai-s. Norman, 'man. A name given primari- ly to a Scandinavian, but noAv applied to a native or inhabitant of Normandy, which takes its name from a body of Scandinavians who settled here in tho 10th century. N. architecture, the round- arched style, a variety of tho Eoman- esques, introduced at 'the Norman Con- quest from France into Britain. N. French, the language spoken by the Nor- mans at the Conquest, the language of English legal procedure till the reign of Edward III. Normandy. An ancient province of N. France, now the depts. of Manche, Orne, Calvados. Eure and Seine Inferieurc. In 1066 Wifliam I., Duke of N., invaded En- gland, and established a Norman dynasty, uniting the two counti-ies, a union which was finally dissolved by Charles VII. of France, who expelled the English 1450. Noma, 'na. In Scand. Myth, one of the three Fates, past, present and future, whose decrees were irrevocable. They were represented as three young women, named respectively Urd,"Verdaiidi and Skuld. There were numerous infei-ior Norns, each individual having one whe determined his fate. NOREOT 529 NOVA SCOTIA Norroy, 'oi. The title of the third of the three English kings-at-arms, whose jurisdiction lies to the north of the Trent. Norse, nors. A name for the language of Norway. Old N., the ancient language of Scandinavia, represented by the classi- cal Icelandic and still with wonderful pur- itj' by modern Icelandic. Norseman, 'man. A native of ancient Scamlinavia ; a Northman. North, north. One of the cardinal points, boing that point of the horizon directly oijposito to the sun in the meridian, at the left hand when one faces the east. North. Carolina. One of the original States of the American Union, bounded N. by Ya., E. by the Atlantic, S. by S. C, W. byTenn.; area 50,704 sq. m.; pop. 1,- 399,750. Principal cities, Ealeigh, cap., Wil- mington, Newbern, Edenton, Beaufort, Charlotte and Ehzabeth. Chief rivers, Neuse, Pamlico, Chowan, Roanoke, Tar, Cape Fear, Yadkin and Catawba. Moun- tains, Blue Eidge and Alleghanies. North Pole, north' pol. That point of the heavens toward the north which is 90 degrees every way distant from the equinoctial, or the upper extremity of the imaginary axis on which the celestial sphere is supposed to revolve. The northern extremity of the earth's axis. North Sea (German Ocean). A large section of the Atlantic, N. of Continental Europe, extending from the Straits of Do- ver to the Shetland Islands, and inclosed by Norway, Denmark, Germanv, Holland, Belgium, France and Great Britain; length, 700 m., maximum width, 420 m. It connects with the Atlantic by the En- glish Channel and Pentland I?'rith, and with the Baltic by the Skager-rack, NTorth-star, 'star. The north polar star, the star alpha of the constellation Ur- sa Minor. It is close to the true pole, consequently never sets, and is therefore of great importance to navigators In the northern hemisphere. Northwest, -west'. The point in the horizon equally distant between the north anc. Numbers, 'berz. The title of the 4th book of the Pentateuch ; so called because it begins with an account of the number- ing of the Israelites. Numb-fish, 'fish. The torpedo, a fish of the ray family, popularly so called from the numbing effects of its electric shocks. Numenius, nu-me-ni-us. The gen. to which the curlevrs are referred, longiros- tral fam. Numeral, nii'mer-al. A figure or char- acter used to express a number ; as, the Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3, &c., or the Eo- man numerals, I, V, X, L, C, &c. In Gram, a word expressing a number, as one, two, three, &c. Numero, -oi Number. The figure or mark by which any number of things is distinguished ; abbreviated to No. Numida, 'mi-da. A gen. of gallinaceous birds, including the guinea-fowls. Num.iBmatics, -mis-mat'iks. The science of coins and medals. The word coin is now applied to pieces of metal struck for the purpose of circulation as money ; while medal signifies pieces of similar metal not intended for circulation as money, but struck and distributed in commemoration of some person or event. Ancient coins, however, are often termed medals. The parts of a coin or medal are, the obverse or face, containing generallya figure, and the reverse, contaiaing various figures or words. The words around the border form the legend, those in the middle or field the inscription ; the lower part is the basis or exergue, and contains the date, &c. Nummulite, n u m ' u - 1 i t. A name common to m e m b e rs of a class of fossil poly thalamouf^ foraminifera, hav- 1 i n g e X t ernally somewhat the ap- pearance of a piece of money. They occur so abun- dantly in some parts of the mio- cene formation that the name of nummu- litic limestone is given to the strata. The pyramids of I-^pypt are constructed of stone composed of nummulites. Nun, nun. A woman devoted to a relig- ious life, and who lives in a cloister or nunnery, secluded from the world, under a vow of perpetual chastity. Nummulite. NUNNEEY 531 OBADIAII Nunnery, 'er-i. A house or cloister in which females, under a vow of chastity and devoted to religion, reside during life. Nut-cracker, nut'krak-er. An instru- ment for cracking hard-shelled nuts. The name of an insessorial bird, generally re- ferred to the crow family, and so placed as to approximate either to the woodpeck- ;ta ers or starlings, Nut-hatch, 'bach of birds, gen. Sitta. Nutmeg:, 'meg. The the fruit of moschata or The common name Nutmeg. kernel of Myristica fragrans. Nut-oil, 'oil. An oil obtained from Avalnuts, superior to the best lin- seed oil for delicate pig- njents. Nutpe, 'pe. An Egyp- tian divinity, sister and wife of Seb, and mother of Osiris and Isis, and as such called the mother of the gods. She con-esponds to the Greek Khea. Nyassi (Maravi). A large lake in S. Central Africa, discovered, 1861, by Dr. Livingstone, and since traversed by Stan- ley ; length abt. 300 m. ; width from 20 to 60 m. Nyaya, nya'ya. A system of Hindu philosophy, which, amidst a mass of wholly unintelligible doctrines, embodies that of the transmigiation of souls, and which makes the highest attainable good of man consist in the emancipation from the destiny of being born again after death. Nycthemeron, nik-them'e-ron. The natural day of 24 hours. Nycticebus, -ti-se'bus. The kukang or slow-paced loris, the typical animal of Nycticebid£E. # Nyctipithecus, 'ti-pl-the"kus. A gen. of American monkeys, fam. OebidflB, oi which one species is the well-known douroucouli. They represent the lemur tribe. Nyctophilus, -tofil-us. A gen. of bats, fam. Vespertilionidse, sub-fam. Ehinolo- phinfe. Nylgrau, nil'ga. The Portax picta or tragocamelus, a large species of Central Asiatic antelope. Spelled also Neelghau, Nilghau. Nymph, nlmf. In Myth, one of a nu- merous class of inferior divinities, imag- ined as beautiful maidens, not immortal, but always young, considered as tutelary spirits of localities, and also of races an'd families. Those who presided over rivers, brooks and springs were called Naiads ; those over mountains. Oreads ; those over woods and trees, Diyads and Hama- dryads ; those over the sea, Nereids. Nympha, nim'fa. The pupa, chrysalis, or aurelia of an insect ; the second state oi an insect passing to its perfect form. Nymphalidae, -fal'l-dC-. A fam. of but- ter-Hies, among which are included those bearing the English names of the peacock^ painted lady, Camberwell beauty, red ad- miral, &c. Nymphomany, -fo-ma-ni. Morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in females. Nymphotomy, -fot'o-mi. In Surg, the e.xoision of the nymphse ; the cii'cumcision of the female. Njrroca, ni-ro'ka. A gen. of ducks, con- taining the pochard. o OIS the 15th letter and the 4th vowel in the alphabet. The sound originally represented by this letter was no doubt a pure vowel sound, such as that in mor- tal, but in English it has seven distinct sounds and shades of sound, as in note, tobacco, not, mortal, move, wolf, comfort, and the several words in which the O is sounded as in these. O is the usual char- acter for a cipher or nought ; it was also sometimes used by the ancients for 11, and Avith a dash over it for 11,000. In Old Music, O was a mark of triple time from the notion that the tenary, or number 8, is the most perfect of numbers, and prop- erly expressed by a circle, the most per- fect figure. O. An exclaonation used in earnest or sol- emn address, appeal or invocation, and prefixed to the noun of address. O. A common prefix in Irish surnames, and equivalent to Mac, son of, in Gaelic and many Irish names. Cannes, r)-an't3z. The Chaldean sea-god, described as having the head and body of a fish, and also a human head and feet. In the daytime he lived with men to instruct thera in the arts and sciences, but at night retired to the ocean. Oast, ost. A kiln to dry hops or malt. Ohadiah. In Scrip, a book of a single chapter of 21 verses, credited to the prophet 0., of whom, however, nothing is known. OBAN OCEAN Oban, ('/ban. The principal g'old coin of J;ip;iu, worth a little more than $20. • Obeah., o-bO'a. A species of magical art or wi tell craft practiced among the African ne.irroes. The practicer ja called an obeah- inan or obeah-womau. Written also Obi. Obelisk, ob'e-llsk. A column of a rec- tangular form, diminishing toward the top, generally finishing with a low pyra- mid. The proportion of the thickness to the height is nearly the same in all obe- lisks, that is, between one-ninth and one- tentli ; and the thickness at the top is never less than half, nor greater than three-fourths of the thickness at the bot- tom. Egypt abounded with obelisks, which were of a single block of stone ; and many have been removed thence to Eome, Paris, London and one to Central Park, N. Y. City. They seem to have been erected to record the honors or triumphs of mouarchs. Oberon, 'enon. In mediffival myth, the king of the fairies. The name is identical with Auberon or Alberon, the first syllable of which is the old German word alb, Icel. alfr, elf or fairy. His consort was Titania or Mab. A satellite of Uranus. Obi (Oby). A river of Siberia, emptying into the Arctic Ocean ; length, 2,700 m. Obit, 'it. Funeral solemnities. The an- niversary of a person's death, or a service or observance held on the anniversary of his death. Obituary, o-bit'u-a-ri. A list of the dead, or a register of obitual anniversary days, when service is performed for the dead. An account of persons deceasetl, often accompanied with a brief biograph- ical sketch. Object-g-lass, ob'jekt-glas. In a tele- scope or microscope, the lens which first receives the rays of light coming directly from the object, and collects them into a focus, where they form an image which is viewed through the eye-piece. Oblate, 'lat. Eccles. A secular person, who, in the middle ages, devoted himself, his dependants and estates, to some mon- astery, into which he was admitted as a lay brother. A member of a congregation of secular priests who live in community, devoting themselves to the cure of souls under a bishop. Oblates were first intro- duced into the diocese of Milan by St. Charles Borromeo in the 16th century, and the congregation, as thus instituted, was introduced into England by Arch- bishop Manning. Oblation, -la'shon. Anything offered or presented in worship or sacred service ; an oftspriug ; a sacrifice. Oboist, ob'o-ist. A player on the oboe ; a hautboyist. O b o 1 u s, ob'o-lus. A small coin > of ancient j G r e e c e, \ latterly of silver, the sixth part of Brass Obelus ofMetapontum. an Attic drachma, equal to 2i cents ; multiples of this coin were also used, including pieces of the value of 5, 4, 3, 2, U oboU, and i, i, i of an obelus A small ancient weight, the sixth part of an Attic drachm. Obsequy, se-kwi. A funeral rite, cere» mony, or solemnity. Obsidian, -sid'i-an. Vitreous lava, or volcanic glass, a glassy mineral, either impure orthoclase or lava which has be- come glassy by rapid cooling ; generally placed among the felspars. Obsidian con- sists of sihcate of alumina with iron, and lime or potash or soda according to the species of felspar involved. In Mexico and Peru cutting weapons and rings were manufactured out of it. Obstetrician, -stet-ri'shan. One skilled in obstetrics ; an accoucheur ; a mid-wife. Obverse, ob'vers. In Numis. that side of a coin or medal which has the face or head on it, as distinguished from the other side, called the reverse. Oc, ok. An arrow used by the Turks. Occident, 'si-dent. The western quarter of the hemisphere, so called from the de- cline or setting of the sun ; the west ; used in contradistinction to orient. Occiput, -put. The hinder part of the head, or that part of the skull which forma the hind part of the head. Occultation, -kul-ta'shon. In Astron. the hiding of a star or planet from sight, by passing behind some other heavenly body ; applied to th eclipse of a fixed star by the moon. The time of a planet or star being so hidden. Circle of perpetual oc- cultation, a small circle of the celestial sphere parallel to the equator, as far dis- tant from the depressed pole as the ele- vated pole is from the horizon, containing stars which never appear in our hemi- sphere. It is opposed to the circle of per- petual apparition. Ocean, o'shan. The vast body of salt water which covers more than three-fifths of the surface of the globe ; the sea. It ia OCEANICA ODDFELLOW Ocelot. divided into five great basins, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. Oceanica. Tlie fifth division of the globe, comprising Australasia, Polynesia and the Malay Archipelago ; the island continent. Oceanides, 6-se-an'i-dez. In * Greek Myth, nymphs of the ocean, daughters of Oceaius and Tethys. C)ceanus, 'an-us. In Greek and Eoman Myth, the god of the ocean, that is, of the rivers surrounding the earth, the source of all the rivers and other waters of the ■svorld. Ho is represented as a mightv god, who yielded to none save Zeus (Ju- piter). Ocelot, o'se- lot. A digiti- grade carniv- orous mam mal of the cat kind, the Pells pordalis. The name is also given to several other nearly allied species of Felis. Ochlocracy, ok-lok'ra-si. The rule or ascendency of the multitude or common people ; a mobocracy. O'Connell, Daniel. An eminent Irish orator and patriot; n. 1775; D. 1847. Octach.ord, 'ta-kord. A musical in- strument having eight strings. A system of eight sounds. Octaeteris, -e-te'ris. In the ancient Greek calendar, a cycle or period of eight years, during which three months, of thirty days each, were intercalated, mak- ing the average length of the year 865J days, Octag-on, gon. In Geom figure of eight sides and eight angles. When these are equal it is a regular octagon. Octahedral, -ta-hc'dral ing eight equal surfaces. Octahedron, dron. In Geom. a solid con- tained by eight equal and equilateral tri- angles. It la one of the five re g u 1 a r bodies. Octans, 'tans. In Astron. Octans Had- leianus, a constellation situated at the south pole, which it indicates. Octapla, 'ta-pla. A polyglot Bible in eight languages. Octavo, -ta'vo. The size of one leaf of a jual I Hav- Octagon. Octahedron. sheet of paper folded so as to make the eight leaves : usually written 8vo ; hence, a book having eight leaves to the sheet. There are difterent sizes of octavo. Octillion, -til'yon. The number pro- duced by involving a million to the eighth power ; 1 followed by 48 ciphers. Ac- cording to foreign usage what is called an octillion is represented by 1 followed by 27 ciphers. Octo-bass, 'to-bas. A musical instru- ment, the low octave of the violoncello. October, -to'ber. The tenth month of the year. Octodecimal, -de'si-mal. A crystal whose prism, or middle part, has eight faces and the two summits together ten faces. Octodecimo, -mo. The size of one leaf of a sheet of paper folded so as to make eighteen leaves. A book m which each sheet is folded into eighteen leaves ; usual- ly written 18mo. Octogenarian, 'to-ie-na"ri-an. A per- son eighty years of age ; one whose ago is between eighty and ninety. Octopede, -pGd. An eight-footed animal. Octopus, -pus. A gen. of dibran- chiate Cephalo- i poda, the type of Octopoda, and)' familiarly known as cuttle-fishes and p o u 1 p e 8. They have eight arms. Ocuba-wax, o- ku'ba-waks. A vegetable wax obtained from the fruit of Myristica ocuba, olficinalis or sebifera, used exten- sivelv in Brazil for the manufacture of candles. Ocular, ok'u-ler. The eyepiece of any optical instrument. O. cone, the cone formed within the eye by a pencil of ravs proceeding from an object, the base of the cone being on the cornea, the apex on the retina. Ocypodidse, 6-si-pod'i-de. A fam. of brachyurous crustaceans, of which th« gen. Ocypoda is the type ; sand-crabs ; racing crabs. Odalisk, da-lisk. A female slave or con- cubine in a Turkish harem. Oddfellow, od'fcl-lo. A member of an extensively ramified friendly society, orig- inally an association of a convivial kind, Common Cuttle. ODEON 584 OGYGIAJr modeled on Freemasonry, and still retain- ing binding oaths, watch words, secret signs, &c. It assumed its present form in 1812. Odeon, o-de'on. A kind of theater in Greece in which poets and musicians sub- mitted their works to the approval of the public, and contended for prizes. The name is now sometimes applied to a hall for musical or dramatic performances. Odessa. A fortified seaport of 8. Eussia, on the Black Sea; pop. 133,700. Odin, r» din. The chief god of Northern Myth., the omniscient ruler of heaven and earth, having his seat in Valaskjalf, where he receive9,through his two ravens, tidings of all that takes place in the world. As war-god he holds his court in Valhalla, where all brave warriors arrive after death, and enioy the tumultuous plea- sures they delighted in while on earth. The fourth day of the week, "Wednesday, derived its name from this deity. Odillon Barrot, Camille Hya- cinthe. A distinguished French lawyer and statesmen; is. 1791, t>. 1874. O'Donnell, Leopoldo (Count of Iiucena and Duke of Tetuan). An eminent Spanish general and statesman, of Irish descent ; b. 1 3U9, d. in exile, 1867. Odontalg'ia, 6-don-tal'ji-a. Pain in the teeth; toothache. Odontiasis, -tl'a-sis. The cutting of the teeth ; dentition. Odonto, o-don'to. A powder used for cleansing the teeth ; a dentifrice. Odontoceti, -sG-tl. The toothed whales, in opposition to the whalebone whales. The group consists of four famihes — the dolphins and porpoises, the sperm-whales, the ziphioid whales, and the Zeuglodonti- das. Odontog-raph, -graf. A scale used in laying off the teeth of gearing wheels. Odontolog^r, -tol'o-gi. That branch of anatomical science which treats of the teeth. Odontophorinee, 'to-fo-rK'ne. A sub- ftxm. of gallinaceous birds, fam. Tetraoni- dcT, embracing the partridges or quails. Odynerus, od-i-ne'rus. A gen. of hj^- menopterous insects, fam. Eumenidaj; the burrowing wasps. Odyssey, o'di-sG. An epic poem attrib- uted to Homer, in which the adventures of Odysseus (Ulysses) are celebrated. CEdicnemus, C-dik-ne'mus. A gen. of grallatorial birds, intermediate between the bustards and'plovera ; thick-knees. CEdipus. In Heroic Hist., King ol Thebes, son ', f Laius and Jacasta ; he killed his father, and married his own mother, in ignorance of the relationship. When this was discovered, Jacasta com- mitted suicide, and (E. put out his eyes and disappeared. CEnology, e-nol'o-ji. That branch of knowledge which investigates the nature, qualities and varieties of wine. (Enonxeter, nom'et-er. A hydrometer specially adapted for determining the alcoholic strength of wines. OflF-color, of'kul-er. A defective color : used especially in regard to diamonds or other gems. Offenbacla, Isaac. A popular German composer of opera bouffe ; b. at Cologne, 1822. Offertory, 'fer-to-ri. Eccles. In the E. C. Ch., that part of the mass in which the priest prepares the elements for consecra- tion. The sentences in the communion service of the Church of England read while the alms are being collected. The alms collected. The music appropriated to the service above designated. Officinal, -fis'in-al. A drug or medicine sold in an apothecary's shop. Officina Sculptoris, -fi-sT'naskulp-tO"- ris. The Sculptor's Shop, a southern con- stellation consisting of 12 stars, south of Cetus. Ogrdoad, og'do-ad. A thing made up of eight parts, as a poem of eight lines, a body of eight persons, and the like. Ogree, o-jO'. In Arch, a molding consist- ing of two members, the one concave, the other convex, or of a round and a hollow ; cyma. An ornamental molding in the shape of an S, used on guns, mortars and howitzers. Oghati, og'ham. A particular kind of writing practiced by the ancient Irish and some other Celtic nations. Its characters (also called oghams) consist principally of lines or groups of lines deriving their significance from their position on a single stem or chief line, under, over, or tlirough which they are drawn either perpendicu* lar or oblique , curves rarely occur. Ogre, 6 ger. An imaginary monster or hideous malignant giant of popular le- gends, who lived on human flesh. Og'resS. gres. A female ogi-e. Ogyg-ian, -jij'i-an. Pertaining to Og3^ge8, a legendary monarch in Greece, about whom little is certainly known ; and to a great deluge in Attica, said t<» have taken OHIO OMAR place in his reign. Of great and dark an- tiquity. Ohio. A State of the American Union, admitted 1802 ; bounded N. by Michigan and Lake Erie, E. by Pennsylvania and W. Vu-ginia, g. by W. Virginia and Ken- tucky, W. by Indiana ; area, 89,962 sq. m. ; pop. 8,198,062. Principal cities, Columbus, cap., Cincinnati, Cleveland, Springfield, Toledo. Chillicothe, Dayton, Akron, Zanesville. Steubenville and Mari- etta. Chief rivers, Ohio, Huron, Sandusky, Maumee and Cuyahoga. O. Itiver, a large stream formed by the junction at Pitts- burgh of the Alleghany and Monongahela, and emptying into the Mississippi at Cairo ; length 950 m. Ohm, om. In Elect, a technical name for a certain amount of electric resistance. Thus, electricians talk of a piece of cable having 10 ohmads, or more frequently 10 ohms, of resistance, meaning thereby that its resistance is equal to that of 10 British Association units. Ohm's Liaw, omz la. In Elect, an im- portant law propounded by Ohm, referring to the causes that tend to impede the action of a voltaic battery. Oil-bag, oil'bag. A bag, cyst, or gland in animals containing oil. Oil-beetle, 'bc-tl. The name given to coleopterous insects, gen. Meloe, fam. Canthiirida', from the oily-like matter which they exude. Oil-coal, 'kol. A coal or shale -vvtiich yields a high proportion of oil in distilla- tion. They yield from 25 up to 100 gal- lons of oil per ton. Oil-color, 'kul-er. A pigment made by grinding a coloring substance in oil. Oil-stone, ston. A slab of fine-grained stone u(5ed for imparting a keen edge to tools, oil being used for lubricating its rubbing surface. Oil-well, 'wel. A well sunk into an oil- bearing mineral bed for the reception of petroleum or mineral oil which flows or filters into it. Oke, ok. An Egj'ptian and Turkish weiirht, equal to about 2| lbs. In Hun- gary and Walachia, a measure of about 2A pints. Olaf (Olave). The name of several Scan dinavian kings, the most distinguished being O. II. (the Saint) ; b. 986, became King of Norway, 1018; i>. 1030. Oleograph, o'ie-o-graf. A picture pro- duced ill oils by a process analogous to that of lithographic printing. Oleomargarine, mar"ga-rin. A substi- tute for butter prepared by chopping clean animal fat fine and boiling it ; when cool it is churned with pure fresh milk, washed, worked over and salted. Oleometer, -iG-om'et-er. An instrument to ascertain the weight and purity of oil ; an elieometer. Olga, St. A Russian lady, wife of Igor, son of Prince Rurik, who became regent, 903, on the death of her husband. She embraced Christianity and was canonized by the Greek Ch. Oligarchy, ol'i-gar-ki. A form of gov- ernment in which the supreme power is placed in the hands of a small exclusive class ; members of such a class or body. Oligodon, -lig'o-don. A gen. of small serpents, fam. Colubridae ; the spotted adder. 1 i V e-oil, ol'iv-oil. A, fixed oil ob- tained by ex- pression from the ripe fruit or pericarp of the olive. Olives, Mount of. A ridge on E. side of Jeru- salem, from which it is separated by the narrow valley of Je- h o saphat . On the central peak stands the Church of the Ascension. Olivetan, O-liv'e-tan. A member of a religious order of the R. C. Ch., an off- shoot of the Benedictines, founded in 1318 bv Tolomei of Siena. Called also Monks of the Order of Mount Olivet. OUa, ol'la. A palm leaf prepared for writing on in the E. Indies. The pen is a sharpened j)iece of wood or metal. Olympiad, o-lim'pi-ad. A period of four years reckoned from one celebration of the Olympic games to another, by which the Greeks computed the time from 770 n. c, the first year of the first Olj-mpiad, till 394 A. D., the second year of the 293d Olympiad. Olympus, Mt. The sacred mountain of the Greeks in Thessaly, 9,745 ft. above sea level. Omar. Second caliph of the Arabian dynasty, s. Aboo-Bekr, 6S4. He cap- OHve. OMASUM OPAH tured Damascus and Jerusalem and built the splendid mosque occupyiuj? the site of the ancient temple, defeated the Greeks, and conquered Persia, Syria and Egypt, destroying tlie fnnious Alexandrian library; assassinated at Medina, 644. Omasum, o-iu:.'sunj. The third stomach of nuninating animals ; the manypUes. Called also Psalterium. Ombrometer, om-brom'et-er, A ma- chine or instrument to measure the quan- tity of rain that falls ; a rain gauge. Omegra, 6-me-ga. The name of the last letter of the Greek alphabet, as Alpha, A, is the first. Hence in Scrip. Alpha and O. denotes the first and the last, the begin- ning and the ending. Omer, o'mer. A Hebrew measure, the 10th of an ephah. Omer, Pasha (Michael Lattas). A Turkish general ; n. in Croatia, 1S05, be- came a Turkish subject 1828, defeated the Russians in several battles, command- ed the Turkish army in the Crimean cam- paign, and suppressed the Cretan insur- rection, 1SG8 ; D. 1871. Omneity, om-ne'i-ti. That which com- prehends all ; the Deity. Om.nibus, 'ni-bus. A four-wheeled ve- hicle for carrying passengers. In glass- making, a sheet-iron cover for articles in an annealing arch, to protect them from air. Om.nipotence, -nip'o-tens. The state of being omnipotent; unlimited or infinite power ; an attribute of God. Omnipresence, -ni-prez'ens. The qual- ity of being omnipresent ; i)re8ence in every place at the same time ; ubiquity ; an attribute peculiar to God. Omniscience, 'shi-ens. The quality of being omniscient ; knowledge unbounded or infinite ; an attribute peculiar to God. Omnivorous, -niv'o-rus. All-devouring; eating food of every kind indiscriminately. Omphale. In Myth. Queen of Lydia, whom Herculos fell in love ^vith, and for ' IVhose sake he dressed in woman's garb. Onagrer, on'a-jer. The wild ass of Cen- tral Asia. An f^ncient war-engine used for thro-sving stones. Onanism, o'nan-izm. The crime of self- pollution ; masturbation. One, wun. The first v/hole number, con- sisting of a single unit. The symbol rep- resenting one, 1 or 1. Oneirocritics, o-ni'ro-krit"iks. The art of interpreting dreams Oneirodynia, -din"i-a. Disturbed im agination during sleep ; nightmare. OneirologTJT, -rol'o-ji. The branch of science which treats of dreams ; a discourse or treatise on dreams. Onicolo, -nik'o-16. A variety of onyx having a ground of deep brown, m which la a band of bluish-white. It is used for cameos, and ditfers from the ordinary onyx in a certain blending of the two colors. Onocentaur, o'no-sen-tar. A fabulous being, with a body part human and part asinine, depicted on ancient sculpture. Onom.atopoeia, on'o-ma-to-pe"a. The formation of words by imitation of sounds. Some philologists hold that all language had its origin in this principle ; but though some words are directly and consciously onomatopoetic, such as ding-dong, bow- wow, quack-quack, it is impossible to prove that a great majority are of this character. Ontario, Lake. The easterly and smallest of the great N. American chain of 6 lakes ; area, 5,400 sq. m.; length, 1T2 m., maximum breadth, 60 m. It receives the water of Lake Erie by the Niagara River, and its outlet is the St. Lawrence. Ontogrenesis, -to-jen'e-sis. In Biol, the history of the individual development of an organized being, as distinguished from phylogenesis, the history of genea- logical development, and from biogenesis, life development generally. Onyx. A semi-pellucid gem with vari- ously-colored zones or veins. Any stone exhibiting layers of two or more colors strongly contrasted is called an onyx, as banded jasper, chalcedony, &c. O. mar- ble, a beautiful translucent limestone, from Oran, Algeria, used for the manu- facture of ornamental articles. Oolithe, 6'o-lith. The fossil egg of any oviparous animal, as a bird, reptile, &c. Oology, o-ol'o-ji. The branch of knowl- edge that deals with birds' eggs, enabling the vai'ious kinds to be discriminated. Oolong*, 6'long. A variety of black tea with the flavor of green tea. Oomiac, 'mi-ak. A large boat used by the Esquimaux. Oopak, 'pak. A variety of black tea. Ootheca, o-o-the'ka. An egg-case, as that of the cockn>£>ch, containing eggs, like peas in a pod. Ooticoid, -ot'i-koid. A mammal of the lowest group, including the marsupials, &c. Opah, o'pa. A large and beautiful sea- fish of the dory £am. It is 4 to 5 ft. long, OPAL 5ST OPOSSUM and weighs 140 to 150 lbs. The flesh is much esteemed. Opal, 'pal. A precious stone of various coloi-s, whicli comes under the class of pellucid gems. It consists of silica -with about 10 per cent, of water, is very brittle, and charactei-ized by its iridescent reflec- tion of light. Opaline, -in. A semi-translucent glass, whitened by the addition of phosphate of lime, i)eroxide of tin or other ingredients ; called also milk-glass. Opaqueness, o-pak'nes. The quality of being oi>aque or impervious to light; opacit}\ Opera, op'e-ra. A dramatic composition set to music and sung on the stage, ac- companied with musical instruments and enriched by the accessories of costumes, scenery, dancing, &c. O. glass, a short telescope used at operas and places of public amusement to behold objects dis- tinctly. Operameter, -e-ram'et-er. An apparatus attached to a machine to indicate the rev- olutions of a shaft, axle or wheel, the strokes of a piston, the copies from a printing-press, &c. Ophicleide, of'i-klld. A brass wind instrument invented to su- persede the serpent. It consists of a wide conical tube, terminat- ing in a bell like that of a horn, with a mouthpiece similar to that of the serpent, and ten holes or ventages which are stopped by keys. Ophicleides are of two kinds, the bass and the alto. Ophidia, o-fid'i-a. An ord, of reptiles, comprising snakes and serpents, covered with horny scales. Gray divides them into two sub-orders, Viperina and Colubrina, the former having only two poison fangs in the upper jaw, the latter having solid teeth, besides grooved fangs. Ophidium, o-fid'i-um. A gen. of mala- copterygious fishes aUied to the cod fam- ily. Ophiocephalus, ofi-o-sef'al-us. A gen. of acanthopterygious fishes, allied to the Anabasidse, or climbing perches, able to live a long time out of water, often traveling from one pool to another. Ophiolatry, -i-ol'a-tri. Serpent- worship. Ophiologry, 'o-ji. That branch of zool- ogy which treats of serpents. Ophiosaurus, -o-sa"rus. A gen. of rep- tiles occurring in the'S. States ; the glass- snakes. So fragile is this reptile that a slight blow will cause the body to separate into several parts. Ophite, 'it. A member of a Gnostic sect of the 2d century ; so called because they held that the serpent by which Eve was tempted was Christ, and hence regarded the seri)ent as sacred. Ophiuridae, -i-u'ri-dc. A fam. of echin- oderms known as the lizard-taiU d star- fishes, having five arms. If they lose their arms they renew them in a few days. Ophthalmologry, -thal-mol'o-ji. That branch of science which deals ^vlth the eye. Ophthalmoscope, 'mo-skop. An in- strument for viewing the interior of the eye. Opinions, o-pT'ni-kus. A beast of herald- ic creation, having the body of a lion, head and wings of an eagle, and a tail resem- bling that of the camel. It Is sometime* borne without wings. Opinionist, -pin'yun-ist. Eccles. Hist., one of a sect who practiced poverty, and held that there could be no vicar of Chi'ist on earth who did not act likewise. Opium, o'pi-um. The inspissated juice of the white poppy which flows from in- cisions made in the heads of the plant. It is one of the most energetic of narcotics, and extensively employed as a medicine,but its habitual use is attended with similar if not worse eft'ects than the intemperate use of ardent spirits, and it is fatally poi- sonous in large doses. The chief active principle of opium is morphia, in combi- nation with meconic acid, but it also con- tains narcotine, narceine, codeine, gum- resin, extractive matter and small por- tions of other proximate pi-inciples. Opodeldoc, op-o-del'dok. A solution of soap in alcohol, with the addition of cam- phor and essential oils. Oporto. A Portuguese seaport on the Douro, 174 m. N. E. of Lisbon, noted for its trade in port wine ; pop. 92,740. Opossum, 6- pos'sum. The popular name of several species of Didelphys, gen. of marsupi- al omnivorous r mammals. The best known spa- -^ cies is the Didel- phys virginiana. The flesh is nutritious and pleasant to the taste, and the fur is employed in theman- ufaoture of various articles. The females Virginia Opossum. 0P0SSUM-8HEIMP OEBIOULA of some species have au abdominal pouch in which they carry their young. When cauglit or threatened with danger the opossum simulates death. Opossum-slirirap, -shrimp. The pop- ular name of several species of Mvsis, a gen. of stomapod crustaceans. They re- ceive their name from the females carry- ing their eggs and j^oung in a i)ouch be- tween the thoracic legs. Ops, ops. In Class. Myth, the Eoman female divinity of plenty and fertihty. She was the wife of Saturnus, and the pro- tectress of everything connected with agriculture. Opsomania, op-so-ma'ni-a. The mor- bid love of some particular aliment. Optic, 'tik. An organ of sight ; an eye. Optician, op-ti'shan. A person skilled in the science of optics. One who makes or sells optical instruments. Optics, 'tiks. The branch of physical science which treats of the nature and properties of light, of the structure of the eye, the laws of vision, and of the con- struction of those instruments in which light is the chief agent, as telescopes, mi- croscopes, &c. OptigTaph., 'ti-graf. A telescope con- structed for the purpose of copying land- scapes, &G. Optimates, -ti-ma'tez. The Eoman aris- tocracy ; aristocracy or nobility in general. Optimism, -mizm. The opinion or doc- tx-ine that everything in natm-e is ordered for the best. The tendency to take the most hopeful view of matters social or political ; belief in the world's improve- ment. Option, 'shon. The power or liberty of choosing. On the stock exchange, a right to effect a certain dealing or not at a cer- tain date, at the option of the person bar- gaining, who pays a premium for the right. Local option, the principle by which the voters or the inhabitants of a certain locality may decide as to whether places for the sale of intoxicating liquors shall exist in the locality. Optometer, -tom'et-er. An instrument for measuring the limit of distinct vision, determining the focal lengths of lenses necessary to correct imperfections of the eye. Opus, 6'pus. A musical composition, often abbreviated to Op. 0. Alexandrin- um, a mosaic pavement consisting of geometric figures, in black and red tessera on a white ground. O. incertum, mason- ry formed of small stones, occasionally traversed by bricks or tiles. 0. operatum, in Theol. the mere outward administration of a sacrament or rite, which is supposed to be attended with a spiritual effect. O. recticulatura, a net-work arrangement ol stones or bricks. Or, or. In Her. gold. It is expressed by small points or dots. Ora, o'ra. A money of account among the Anglo-Saxons, valued in Doomsday Book at 20d. Oracle, or'a-kl. In Class. Antiq. th« answer of a god, or the priest or priestes* of a god, to an inquiry made respecting some future event. The deity who was supposed to give answers to inquiries. The sacred spot whence supernatural re- sponses proceeded. The Greeks surpassed all nations in the number and celebrity of their oracles, but those of Jupiter at Do- dona, of Apollo at Delphi and of Trophon ■ ius near Lebadeia, enjoyed the highest reputation. The communications, revela- tions or messages delivered by God to prophets. The sanctuary or most holy place in the Jewish temple. One who communicates a divine command. Any person whose determinations are not dis- puted or whose opinions are of great authority. Orangre-blossom, 'anj-blos-som. The flower of the orange-tree, a wreath ot which is generally worn by a bride at her marriage as an emblem of purity. Orang:em.an, -man. a member of a secret society instituted in Ireland in 1795 to uphold the Protestant religion and ascendency and to oppose the Catholic religion and influence ; named from Wil- liam III., Prince of Orange. Orangre-pekoe, pG-ko, A black tea of which there is a scented variety. Orangr-Outangr, o- rang'6-tang. A quadru- manous mammal, the Pith ecus satyr us or Sim- ia satyrus, which ap- proaches most nearly to man, being in this respect only inferior to the chim- panzee and gorilla. Oratorio, or-a-to'ri-6. A sacred musical compo- ? sition, consisting of au-s, recitatives, duets, trios, choruses, «fec., the sub- ject of which is taken rk„o«f, niw^r.r»" irom Scripture ; a small Orang-Outang. place of worship ; a chapel. Orbicula, bik'ii-la. A gen. of brachiopod ORBIT OEGAN-COUPLEE si.ells, found in larg'e masses on the coasts of Peru and Chili, and also in the northern seas. Orbit, 'bit. In Astron. the path of & jjlaiiet or comet ; the curve-line which a planet describes in its periodical revolu- tion round its central body or sun. Orchesog-raphy, -ke-sog'ra-fl. A treat- ise upon dancing. Orchestra, 'kes-tra. The part of a theater or other public place appropriated to the musicians. The instrumental band in con cert -halls, theaters, &c. Orchestrion, kes'tri-on. A mechanical musical instrument resembling a portable orjran. Orchis. A plant having the stamens and pistils united in a single col- umn, around which the petals are arranged. Ordeal, 'dG-al. An ancient form of trial to determine guilt or inno- cence, still practiced in the East and by various' savage tribes. ' In En- gland there were two principal kinds of ordeal, fire -ordeal and water- Orchis, ordeal ; the former being confined to persons of higher rank, the latter to the common people. Both might be performed by deputy, but the principal was to answer for the success of the trial. Order, 'der. /v^i^T^^-yvBi A body of men iS^^'x- i//5 of the same rank or pro- fession consti- tuting a sepa- rate class in the commu- nity ; often a religious fra- t e r n i t y. A body of men associated to- gether by hav- ing had a com- mon honorary distin ction conferred on them by asov- Insigniaof theOrderofSt. ereign prince Michael and St. George, or other source of honor. The various orders of knight- hood have their appropriate insignia. A division of natural objects, as plants or animals, intermediate between class or sab-class and genus. Eccles. a book con- tiinlng a collection of certain forms, or a certain service to be followed on certain occasions. In Class. Arch, a column en- tire (including base, shaft and capital), with a superincumbent entablature, viewed as forming an architectural whole. There are five kinds of orders, viz., Doric, Ionic, Tuscan, Corinthian and Composite. Order-book, -buk. In Com. a book in which orders are entered. In the House of Commons, a book in which a member must enter any motion he intends to pro- pose previous to moving it. Ordinal, 'din-al. A number denoting order. A book containing forms for or- daining and consecrating bishops, priests and deacons. Ordnance, ord'nans. Cannon or great guns, mortars and howitzers ; artillery. Ore, or. The compound of a metal and some other substance, as oxygen, sul- phur, or carbon, by which its properties are disguised or lost. Metals found free from such combination are called native metals. Oread, o're-ad. A mountain nymph. Oreas, o-re'as. The eland, or Cape elk of S. Africa. Oregon. A State of the American Union, admitted 1S59 ; bounded N. by Washing- ton Ter., E. by Idaho, S. by CaUfornia and Nevada, W. by the Pacific ; area, 95,274 sq. m.; pop. 174,768. Principal cities, Salem, Cap., Portland, Oregon City, Astoria, Koseburg, Corvallis and Umatilla. Chief rivers, Oregon (Colum- bia), Willamette, Umatilla, Owyhee and Rogue. Mountains, Cascade and Blue Mountain ranges. O. (Columbia) River, the largest N. American river emptying into the Pacific, navigable abt. 100 m. from its mouth, which is 6 m, wide. Oreillet, o'ra-yet. An ear-piece ; one of two pieces fixed on the side of an open coursing or tilting helmet, -with a hinge to admit of being lifted up. Oreog-raphy, o-re-og'ra-fi. The science of mountains. Organ, or'gan. The largest and most har- monious of wind instruments of music,con- sisting of agreat number of pipes of differ- ent sizes, of wood and metal, some of which are flute or mouth pipes, and other reed- pipes, all being in;!de to sound by means of compressed air applied by bellows. Organ-coupler, -kup-ler. A device for connecting two sets of keys in an organ, so that by operating a lever or pedal each key when struck sounds the octaves as well as its own note. OK GAN-HAEMONIUM 640 ORNITHOLOGY Organ-harmonium., -har-mo-ni-um . A harmonium of great compass and power, used as a substitute for an organ. Orgranista, -gan-is'ta. The common name of a number of small birds allied to the wrens, remarkable for the sweetness of their song. Orgranog'en, 'o-jen. In Chem. a term applied to four substances, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. Orgranologry, -ol'o-ji. A branch of physiology which treats of the organs of animals, especially of the human species ; anatomy. The doctrine that particular parts of the brain are fitted to serve as Instruments for particular faculties of the mind ; phrenology. Orgeat, 'zhat. A preparation extracted from barley and almonds, iised as a sirup in certain drinks, or medicinally as a mild demulcent. Orgy, 'ji. Secret rites or ceremonies connected with the worship of some of the pagan deities, as the worship of Ceres ; but particularly applied to the revels at the feast in honor of Bionysius or Bacchus, or the feast itself. Any wild or frantic revel ; a drunken revelry. Oribatidse, -i-bat'i-de. The wood- mites, a family of Acarida, Orichalc, 'i-kalk. Mountain brass, a metallic substance resembling gold ; the brass of the ancients. Oriel, o'ri-el. A large bay or recessed win- dow, often called oriel or bay window. It pro- jects from the outer face of the wall. Orient, ent. The East ; the part of the horizon where the sun first appears in the morning. Oriental, -ri-en'tal. ^ , .^ , A native or inhabitant Oriel Wmdow. of some eastern part of the world; an Asiatic. Orientalism, -izm. An eastern mode of thought, expression, or speech ; doctrines or idioms of the Asiatic nations. Knowl- edge of Oriental languages or literature. Oriflamme, i-flam. An ancient royal standard of France, originally tl'C banner of the abbey of St. Denis. It was a piece of red silk fixed on a gilt spear, Avith the an- terior edge cut into points. Origen. An eminent Father of the Church ; B. in Egypt, 186 ; d. at Tyre, 258. Some Oriole. of his Arlan teachings were condemned by the Council of Constantinople, 553. Orinoco. A large river of 8. America, emptying into the Atlantic; length 1960 m. Oriole, :/ri-ol The popular name of insesso rial birds, gen. Orio- lus, fam.Corvidae. In old systems many American < species were in- eluded in this gen., but as they have little in common with the true orioles except color, and have a real affinity to tho starlings, they are now included in the starling family under the gen. Icterus. Orion, o-ri'on. A constellation situated in the southern hemisphere with respect to the ecliptic, but the equinoctial passes nearly across its middle. Oi'ion contains a remarkable nebula, and 80 stars, accord- ing to the British catalogue, but there are thousands of others visible through pow- erful telescopes. Orleans. The titular ducal name of two branches of the French royal family. The first began with Louis, 2d son of Charles v., B. Ibtl, assassinated 1407. The second began with Philippe I., 2d son of Louis XIII., B. 1660, D. 1701. It ended with Louis Philippe I., crowned 1830 ; abdi- cated, 1848 ; D. 1850. Orloff. The patronymic of an ancient and noble llussian house, several members of which have figured with distinction in war and diplomacy. Ormolu, or'mo-lu. A variety of brass which contains 25 per cent, zinc, 75 per cent, copper, a close imitation of gold, used in cheap jewelry, time-pieces, lamps, girandoles, &c. Called also Mosaic Gold. Ormuzd, 'muzd. The cheif deity of the ancient Persians, or followers of Zoroaster, now represented by the Parsees. He is the creator of all things, lord of the uni- verse, the light, and source of light, wis- dom and the rewarder and jmnisher of all men ; opposed to Ahriman, the spirit or I»rince of evil. Ornithichnology, -nith'ik-nol"o-ji. That branch ofgeologj^ which treats of or- nitliichnites or the footmarks of extinct bn-ds. Omitholite, 'o-llt. The general name for the remains of birds occurring in a fos- sil state. Ornithology, -ni-thoFo-ji. That branch, of zoology which treats of birds. OENITHOEHYNCHUS 641 OSSIAN Omithorhynclius, -thu-iing"ku8. A burrowing' monotrematous mammal, pe- culiar to the fresh waters of Australia, and known as the duck-bill or duck-billed platypus, duck-mole and water-mole. Ornithosaur, -nith'o-sar. A fossil rep- tile with bird-like characters. Orography, -o-rog'ra-fi. The science which treats of the mountains and moun- tain systems ; orolo^. Orohipus, or-o-hip'pus, A fossil gen. of pachyderms, fam. Equidae, about the size of a fox. Oroide, o'roid. An alloy resembling gold, used in the manufacture of cheap watch-cases, jewelry, &c. One formula is copper, 100 parts ; zinc or tin, 17 ; magne- sia, 6 ; sal-ammonia, 3.6 ; quicklime, ,12 ; tartar of commerce, 9. Orphrey, or'fra. In Anc. Costume, gold embroid- ered work ; cloth of gold. Orrery, 'e-ri. A machine so constructed as to rep- resent, by the movements of its parts, the motions and phases of the planets in their orbits. Similar machines are called also Planetariums, Orris, 'is. A particular pattern in which gold and silver lace is worked. Orthoepy, 'tho-e-pi. The art of uttering words %vith propriety ; a correct pro- nunciation. Orthographer, -thog'- „ ^ ^ ^ . ra-fer. One skilled in or- Eochet erabroi- thography ; one that dered with Or- spells correctly, accord- phreys. ing to common usage. Orthopaedia, -tho-pe'di-a. The act of curing or remedying deformities in the human body. Orthoptera, -thop'ter-a. An ord, of in- sects, sub-class Heraimetabola, or insects in which the metamorphosis is incom- plete, including the locusts, crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, Mantidfe, &c. Orthorh3mchus,-tho-ring'kus, A gen. of birds belonging to Trochilidse ; the giant humming-bird. Ortolan, 'tO-lan. A species of bird, fam. Pringillidse, the Emberizahortulana, much esteemed by epicures. The name given in the W. Indies to the rice-bird, and in America to the rail. Ortyx, 'tikfl. A gen. of gallinaceous .'>.- birds, the partridges and quails of Am«;n ica, but ditt'ering from those of the eastern hemisphere. Orycter- OPUS, O- .r.:,^^,. rik-ter'o- ,-Cit^'' pus, gen. of yl:[M] edenta t e insecti v- orous ani- mals, re- semblin g x. _xv v both the Earth-hog. ant-eater and the armadillo. The O, ca- pen sis has received the name of the aard- vark, or earth-hog, from the Dutch colon- ists at the Cape of Good Hope. Osbome-series, os'born-se-rez. In Geol. a series of strata of the middle eocene feriod, occurring near Osborne in the sle of Wight, Oscan, 'kan. An ancient ItaUan lan- guage, of which a few fragments remain, spoken by the Samnites, who lived on the south of llome. It had not entirely dis- appeared as a spoken tongue in the time of the earlier emperors. Osiris, o-sl'ris. The great Egyptian deity, eldest son of Seb or Saturn and Nut or Khea, and husband of Isis. He was the personation of all physicjil and moral good, and was styled Manifestor of Good, Lord of Lords, King of the Gods, &c. He fell a prey to the intrigues of his brother Set, the Typhon of the Greeks, who rep- resented the sum of evil agencies, and then became judge of the dead. His soul was supposed to animate a sacred bull called Apis. The worship of Osiris ex- tended over Asia Minor, Greece and Rome, but the rise of Christianity over- threw it. Osmanli, os'man-li. In Turkey, an official functionary ; a placeman. The term osmanlis is often, but erroneously, applied to all Turks, Osprey, 'pra. A rapacious bird, of .^. which only one species is known, Pandion Haliaetus, called also the Fish- ing Hawk or Fish- ■, and sometimes the Bald Buzzard, from the white upon its head. i Ossian. A semi- mythical Gaelic hero Osprey. OSTENSOET 542 OUTCEOP and bard of the 8d century, reputed son of Fingal, King of Morven. Ostensory, 'so-ri. In the E. C. Ch. a monstrance or transparent shrine for the exposition of the host. Osteolog-ist, -tc-ol'o-iist. One versed in osteology ; one who aescribes the bones of animals. Ostracion -tra'shi-on. A sen. of closed in J\rge ganoid plates ; trunk fishes. Ostrich., 'trich. A large cursorial bird, gen. Struthio, fam. Struthionidaj, the largest of all existing birds, attaining a height of fi-om 6 to 8 feet. The white African Ostrich. quill-feathers of the wings and tail are highly esteemed as articles of dress and decoration. It is incapable of flight, but runs with great speed. Ostrogroth, 'tro-goth. One of the eastern Goths, as distinguished from the Visi- goths or western Goths. Otacoustic, 6-ta-kous'tik. An instru- ment to facilitate hearing ; an ear-trum- pet. Otaria, -ta'ri-a. A gen. of seals, includ- ing O. jubata, or the sea-lion. The seal- skin of commerce is obtained from mem- bers of this genus. Othman I. (Osman). Founder of the Ottoman empire; a. in Asia Minor, 1240, son of Ortogrul, a Turcoman chief. He became chief, 12S0, and conquered Greece and Bithynia, 1299 ; d. 1326. Two other Sultans have borne the name. OtllO. A name borne by one emperor of Rome (Marcus Salvius) ; b. 32 ; assassin- ated Nero and usurped the throne, 68 ; suicided, 69. Also by 4 emperors of Ger- many. Otidse, 'ti-de. A fam. of grallatorial birds ; the bustards. With the i)lovers, lapwings, &c., they constitute the sec. Pressirostres, ord. Grallatores. Otocyon, -tr/si-on. A pretty little species of fox in S. Africa, remarkable for its enormous ears. Otography, -tog'ra-fi. That branch of anatomy which describes the ear. Otoscope, ot'6-skop. An instrument for examining the interior of the ear. Otozoum, ot-o-zd'um. The name given to gigantic footsteps of an unknown ani- mal, probably batrachian, in the new red sandstone of Connecticut. Ottawa (Grand). A large river of Canada, emptying into the St. Lawrence, near Montreal ; length, 800 m. Cap. of the Dominion of Canada, in Ontario, on the O. Eiver, 95 m. N. E. of Kingston ; pop. 88,644. Otter, ot'er. A digitigrade carnivorous mammal, gen. Lutra, of which there are several species ; the fur is highly prized. Ottoman, 'to-mau. A Turk. A kind of couch or sofa introduced from Turkey. Oubliette, o-bli-et. An ancient dungeon with an opening only at the top, for per- sons condemned to* perpetual imprison- ment or to perish secretly. Oudinot, Nicolas Charles (Due de Hegrgio). A French marshal who com- manded the armv which overran Spain and captured Madrid, 1823 ; b. 176T, ». 1847. Ounce, ouns. A weight, the 12th part of a pound troy, and the 16th of a pound avoirdupois. A \h,,.. money of ac- ^iii'" count in Moroc- co, worth about 7i cents. An animal of the gen. Felis (F. uncia). It is spotted like the panther, to which it bears resemblance, but is less in size and not so fierce, in parts of Asia being trained for hunting. The same name has been given to the American jaguar. Ourebi, ou're-bl. A pretty S. African antelope about 2 feet high. Outcrop, out'krop. In Geol. the expo- sure of an inclined stratum at the surfaco Ounce. OVER 54S OYSTER of the ground ; loassetiBg. The part so exposed ; the basset-edge ; the crop. Over, 6'ver. In cricket, a certain number of bo\vl3 pitched from one end in succes- sion, at the end of which the fielders pass over to ditTerent sides. Overliand., -hand. In cricket or base- ball, with the hand above the elbow or over the ball ; round-arm. Overshot, -shot'. A • wheel that receives the water shot over the top on the descent. The buckets are so fash- ioned and disposed as to retain the water un- til they reach the lowest point. The water acts principally by its grav- ity. ^ Overshot Wheel. Ovibos, o'vi-bos. A gen. of ruminants, classed both with the ox tribe and sheep. The only known species is the musk-ox. Ovidee, -de. A sub-fam. of cavicorn ru- minants comprising the sheep and goats. Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso. An eminent Roman poet and statesman ; b. 43 ». c. ; D. in banishment, IS a. d, Ovipara, -vip'a-ra. That division of ani- mals which bring forth eggs ; opposed to Vivipara, or animals which produce their young alive. Ovolo, 'vo-16. In Arch, a round molding, the quarter of a circle ; called also the Quarter Round. O V o v i viparous, -vT-vip"a-rus. A term applie * ^ mediate between Palaeothenum Restored, the rhinoceros, the horse and the tapir. Palamede i - dae, pal'a-rae- de"i-de. The screamers, a fam. of which the gen. Pal- amedea is the • type. Palanqui n , -an -ken . A, covered con- ' veyance used ,^ . „ in Asia, borne nomed Soroamer. by poles on the shoulders of men, in Palanquin. ' which a single person is carried from place to place. Palatine, 'a-tln. One invested with roy- al privileges and rights ; a count palatine. In media'val France and Germany pala- tines attached to the court were for the purpose of assisting the sovereign in his judicial duties. Later they were detached from the court and placed in charge of pro^^nces, where they maintained a court and palace in the sovereign's name. Palermo. Cap. of the island of Sicily, Italy, noted as the scene of the religious PALESTINE 546 PALM-SUNDAY massacre known as "the Sicilian Vespers," 1282 ; pop. 173,526. Palestine. (The Holy Land.) A country of Syria, Asia, the home of the Hebrews after their deliverance from Egyptian slavery ; also known as Canaan and Judea, now under Turkish dominion, bounded 8. by the Arabian desert and W. by the Mediterranean ; area 11,000 sq. m. Jerusalem, cap., is the only city of import- ance. The Lake of Tiberias, Dead Sea and River Jordan are its chief waters, and it is intersected by the Lebanon Moun- tains. Palestra, pa-les'tra. In ancient Greece a place appropriated to wrestling or other athletic exercises. A wrestling contest. Paletot, pal'e-to. A loose sort of man's coat or woman's long jacket; an over- coat. Palette, 'et. A thin oval board or tablet with a thumb-hole on which a painter lays the pigments Avith which he paints ; a pallet. In Milit. Antiq. one of the pro- tective plates for covering the junction of the armor at the armpits, the bend of the shoulder and elbows. Palfrey, pal'fri. An ordinary riding- horse, or a horse used by noblemen and others for state, distinguished from a wax- horse. A small gentle riding-horse fit for ladies. Pali, pii'li. The sacred language of the Buddhists, not now spoken, but used only in religious works. It is one of the Prakrit dialects. Palimpsest, 'limp-sest. Parchment or other writing material, from which writ- ing had been removed for the purpose of the page being written upon a second time. A monumental brass which has been en- graved on the reverse side. Palissy-ware, pal'is-i-war. A peculiar pottery, remarkable for its beautiful glaze, the ornamentation being in very high relief, and consisting frequently of models offish, reptiles, shells, or leaves. Bernard Palissy, a French potter of the 15th century, was the designer, and the art of manufacturing it died with him, all attempts to imitate it having failed. Palla, 'la. A largo upper robe worn by Eoman ladies. Palladiura, -la'di-ura. A statue or imago of the goddess Pallas, on the preser- vation of which was said to have depended the safety of Tioy. Hence, something that affords effectual defense and safety. Palm-cat, pam'kat. An animal of the gen. Paradoxm-us, the common paradox- ure, fam. Viverridai (civets and genets). It can curl its tail into a tight spiral. Pallas, 'las. The goddess of wisdom among the Greeks, '• subsequently iden- tified vdth the Iioman Minerva. One of four small planets revolving between the orbits of Mars and Jupi- ter. Pallium, 'li-um. A large square woolen cloak worn by the Greeks, en- velopi n g the whole person, cor- responding to the toga of the Eom- Pallas, ans. An ecclesiastical pall. Palmer, 'er. A pilgrim who carried a staff of palm-tree, or one that returned from the Holy Land bearing branches of palm ; a crusader. Distinguished from other pilgrims by being a constant traveler to holy places, and living on alms under a vow of poverty. Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount. A distinguished English statesman ; b. 1184, d. 18(55. Palmetto Ranch.. A locality near Palo Alto, Cameron Co., Texas, historically noted as the scene of the last conflict in the civil war. May 13, 1865, in which the Federals, 459 strong, under Col. Barrett, were defeated by the Confederates, 600 strong, under Gen. Slaughter. Palmiped, pal'mi-ped. A bird that has webbed feet. The goose and duck are fa- miliar examples. Palmistry, 'mis-tri. The art or prac- tice of telling fortunes by the lines and marks in the palm of the hand ; a species of imposition practiced by gypsies. Also, tho art of judging character from the shape of the hand. Palm-oil, pam'oil. A fatty substance obtained from several specimens of palms, but chiefly ft-om the fruit of the oil-palm. In cold countries it acquires the consis- tence of butter. It is employed in the manufacture of soaj) and candles, and for lubricating purposes. The natives of the Gold Coast use' it for butter; and when eaten fresh, it is wholesome and delicate. Called also Palm-butter. Palm-Sunday, 'sun-da. The Sunday next before Easter ; so called in commem- PALMYRA 547 PANDERE3S oration of our Saviour's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the multitude strewed palm branches in the way. Pal2ri3n*a (Tadmor). In Auc. Geog. a mag^niflcent Asiatic city on a fertile oasis in the Syrian desert, which attained its highest power in the 3d century under the celebrated Queen Zenobia ; destroyed by Aurelian, 274, and restored by Justin- ian I. 527, it is now in ruins, those of the temple of Baal being magnificent. Palo Alto. Alocahty of Cameron Co., W. Texas, bet. Brownsville and Point Isabel, famous for the crushing defeat. May 8, 1846, of the Mexican army, 6,000 strong, under Santa Anna, by the Amer- icans, 2,100 strong, under Gen. Z. Taylor. Palsgrave, palz'grav. A count pala- tine ; a count or earl who has the super- intendence of the king's palace. Palsgrravine, 'gra-vin. The consort or widow of a palsgrave. Paludamentiixu, pa-lii'da-men"tum. The cloak worn by an ancient Roman general commanding an army, his pi-inci- pal officers and personal attendants, in contradistinction to the sagum of the common soldier, and the toga or garb of peace. It was open in front, reached to the knees, and was fastened across the chest with a clasp. Paludinidse, pal-ii-din'i-d5. The river- snails, a fam. of fresh-water gasteropodous mollusks, ord. Prosobranchiata. Pampas, pam'pas. Immense plains in the southern portion of S. America east of the Andes, and mainly in the Argen- tine Confederation. Pampas-cat, -kat. A species of leopard found on the pampas. Itmight easily be mistaken for a large domestic cat which has run wild. Pam.pero, -per'6. A violent wind from Avest or southwest which sweeps over the pampas and is often felc far out at sea. Pan, pan. lu Greek Myth, the chief god of pas- tures, forests and flocks, represented vrith the head and breast of an elder- ly man, while his lower parts were >^>-r -« ^=<.^ > y»/ • a like the hind quar- -ff 'l^-r^^.-'^fjf-il^,^^ ters of a goat V.;:."^;|g^;.iAat^^- whose horns he' likewise bore, lie ^If^'fl'^^V^^^'vi^" is represented as " ' ""' fond of music, and Pan of danciag-svith the forest nymphs, and as the inventor of the sj'i-inx or shepherd's flute, hence termed Pan's-pipes or Pan- dean pipes. The Romans identified Pan with their god Inuus, and sometimes with Faimus. Pan. The Indian name of the famous eastern narcotic masticatory, consisting of areca-nut sliced and wrapped up in leaves of the betel-pepper vine, along -with a small quantity of quickhme. It is chewed by all classes in many Asiatic countries, taking the place of opium a»d tobacco. Panama. A seaport of Colombia, C. America, on the Pacific, 37 m. S. E. of Chagres; pop. abt. 10,000. Isthmus of P., a narrow neck of land connecting N. and S. America, a prov. of New Grenada. Panatlieneea, 'ath-e-ne"a. The most celebrated festival of ancient Athens, in honor of Athene, the patroness of the city, and designed to remind the people of Attica of their imion into one people by Theseus. Gymnastic ganaes and musical competitions, &c., took j)lace. These festivals were held annually, but every fourth year they were of greater solemnity and magnificence. Pancratium, -kra'shi-um. One of the games or gymnastic contests exhibited in all the great festi- vals of an- c I e n f Gr e e c e , " consisting!L;^»(v-i of bo.xing;^^ and A\Test- ' ling. Pa n d a , 'da. An ursine quadruped, gen. Ailnrus, the A. fulgens. It is about the size of a large cat Pandect, 'dekt. A treatise which con- taios the whole of any science. The digest or collection of Roman civil law, made by order of the emperor Justinian, consistiner of fij'tj' books. Pandemoninm, -de-mo'ni-um. The f)]ace of abode of demons or evil spirits; lell. Any lawless, disorderly place or assemblage. Pander, 'der. A pimp ; a procurer ; a male bawd. One who ministers to the gratification of any of the baser passions. Panderess, -es. A female pander ; a procuress. Panda PANDOEA 648 PAPACY Pandora, do'ra. In Class. Myth, the naino of the first woman on earth, on whom all the gods and goddesses bestowed gifts. Pandora's box, a box which she brought from heaven, containing all hu man ills, which escaped and spread over the earth, hope alone remaining. At a later period the box is said to have con- tained all the blessings of the [: 'xls, Avhich would have been preserved for the human race had not Pandora opened it, so that the blessings, with the exception of hope, escaped. Pandura, 'da-ra. A Neapolitan musical instrument, larger than the mandoline, strung with eight metal ^vires and played Avith a quill. Pandy, 'di. A Hindu ; a sepoy. Panegyrist, pa-ne-ji'rist. One who be- stows praise ; a eulogist : an encomiast either by writing or spi;akiu;^. Pangolin. An animal covered with hard scales, inhabiting Asia and Africa. Panhellenism, hel'len-izm. A] scheme to unite' the Grreeks into' one pohtical body. Panhellenium, -16'ni-um. The national council or con- gress of Greece. Pannonia. The ancient name of Hun gary, originally peopled by a Celtic race. Panorama, 6-ra'ma. A complete or entire view. A picture in which the ob- jects of nature visible from a single point are represented on the interior surface of a cyhndrical wall, the point of view being in the axis of the cylinder. Panorpidae, pa-nor'pi-de. A fam. of neuropterous insects, the type of which is the scorpion-fly. Pan-presbyterian, pan'pres-bi-te"ri- an. Relating to an assembly of represen- tatives of those who hold Presbyterian views from all parts of the world. Panslavism, sla'vizm. A scheme or movement for the amalgamation of all the Blavic races into one confederacv. Panspermy, 'sper-mi. The doctrine that living organisms can spring only from liv- ing parents ; biogenesis. Pantagamy, -tag'a-mi. That peculiar domestic relation existing between the sexes in certain quasi-religious and social- ist communities, by which every man is at once the husband and brother of every Pangolin Panther. woman, and every Moman the wife and sister of every man. Called also Complex Marriage. Pantamorph., 'ta-morf. That which assumes or exists in all shapes. Pantheism, 'the-izm. The doctrine or system of theology which maintains that the universe, man included, is God, or modes or manifestations of God, Pantheology, -the-ol'o-ji. A system of theolog>- comprehending all rehgions and a knowledge of all deities ; a complete system of divinity. Pantlaeon, 'on. A magnificent edifice dedicated to all the gods, especially the building so called at Itome. It is now a church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and martyrs. It is of cyhndrical form, 188 ft. in diameter. A work treating of the whole body of divinities of a people. Panther, 'ther. A ferocious digitigrade carnivore, native of Asia and Africa, the Felis pardus, sup- posed to be identical \ with or a variety of the leopard. The name is given to the puma in America. Pantisocracy, -ti-sok'ra-si. A Utopian community in which all the members are equal in rank and social position. Pantochronometer, 'to-kro-nom^et- Qx. An instrument, a combinatio i of the compass, sun-dial and universal time-dial, which performs the offices of all. Pantograph, -graf. A jointed instrument so constructed that drawings, maps, plans, &c., can be copied me- chanically on the orig- inal scale, or on one re- duced or enlarged. Spelled also Panta- graph, Pentegraph. Pantology, -tol'o-ji. Universal knowledge. Pantometer, -tom'et-er. An instrument for measuring elevations, angles and dis- tances. Pantophagist, -tofa-jist. An animal or person that eats all kinds of food. Papa, pa-pa'. Father ; a word used by children. A Greek parish priest or pope. Papacy, pa-pa-si. The office and dignity of the pope or bishop of Eome. The suc- cession of popes ; the popes collectively. Pantograph. PAPAPHOBIA 549 PAEAMOUE Papaphobia, -pa-fo'bi-a. Dread or hatred of tho ]joi)e or of popery. Paper-coal, 'por-kol. A variety of ter- tiary lijrnite, so named from its splitting into films or leaves not thicker than paper. Wheji burning- it emits an offensive odor. Papeterie, pa-pa-tre. An ornamented case or box containing paper and other materials for Avriting. Papier znache, pap-ya-mii-sha. A ma- terial prepared by pulping paper into a mass of a doughy consistence, v.'hich may be molded into various forms. Papion, jiap'i-on. Cynocephalus Sphinx, a species of the dog-headed baboons, akin to the mandrill, to which great reverence was paid in ancient Egypt. Many mum- mied forms have been found in the temple caves in Egj-pt. Papin, Denis. An eminent French physicist; u. IWT, d. 1714. He was the first to make a practical application of Bteam power as a motor, and invented the safety valve. Papist, pa'pist. A Roman Catholic ; one that adheres to the Church of Home and the authority of the pope. Papoose, pa-pos'. Among the native In- dians ofN. America a babe or young child. Papua (New G-uinea). An island in Au8trala»ia, second in size to Australia ; area, 250,000 eq. m. It belongs to Great Britain, but has never been extensively colonized. Parabola, -rab'o-la. A conic section arising from cutting a cone by a plane {arallel to one of its sides, t is the curve in which any projectile would move, were Parabola, it not for the resistance of the air. Paracelsus. A notorious S\viss empiric and pretended alchemist ; b. 1493, d. 1541. Parachute, par'a-shot. In ballooning, an ai)i>ar;i- Parachute drop from his balloon to the groand with- out sustaining injury. While the balloon is ascending the parachute is like a closed umbrella. Paraclete, -klC-t. An advocate ; one called to aid or support; hence, the Consoler, Comforter or Intercessor, a term applied to the Holy Spirit. Paradise, pa'ra-dis. In Scrip, the gar- den of Eden, in which Adam and Eve were placed inmiediately after their creation. A region of supreme felicity or delight. Heaven, or the blissful seat of sanctified souls after death. ParafS.ne, par'a-fin. A fatt)' substance obtained from the dry distillation of wood, peat, bituminous coal, wax, &c., largely used in the manufacture cf candles. Paraguay Tea, -gwu te. Tho leaves ol the Ilex Paraguay en sis, used in S. Ameriea as a substitute tor tea. Called also Mate. Paraguay. A S. American republic, bounded ISf. by Brazil and Bolivia, E. by Brazil, S. by the Argentine Confederation, W. by the latter and Bolivia ; area 82,000 sq. m ; pop. abt. 850,000. Cap. and prin- cipal city, Asuncion. Chief rivers, Para- guay, Pilcomayo and Eio Vermejo. Moun tains. Sierra Amambohy and Maracayou ranges. Paralipomena, -li-pom"e-na. Things omitted. A supplement containing things omitted in the preceding work. The books of Chronicles are so called. Parallel, pa'ra-lel. A line which through- out its whole extent is equidistant from another line. In Geog. a line oh the globe or on a map marking the latitude ; a circle or part of a circle parallel to the equator. Parallelogram, -ra-lel'o- gi-am. In Geom. a four- sided figure composed of straight lines, and having its opposite sides parallel and equal. A quadrilateral figure of more length than Parallelogram, breadth. Parallelopiped, -pi' ped. In Geom. a reg solid comprehended under} six parallelograms, the op- posite ones of which are similar, parallel and equal Parallelopiped. to each other ; or a prism whose base is a parallelogram. A brick is a familiar example of this figure. Paramaribo. A seaport, cap. of Dutch Guiana, S. Ameriea; pop. 2S,600. Paramour, par'a-mor. One who takes PARANA 550 PARRAKEET tlie place of a husband or wife ■without ])03sessing the rights. Parana. A large river of S. America, which with the Urugiiav forms the Rio do la Plata ; length 2,400 m. Paraphrast, 'a-frast. One who para- phrases ; one who explains or translates in words more ample and clear than the author. Paracene, -a-sen'. In Rom. Antiq. the place beyond the stage of a theater, used by the actors as a dressing-room Paraselene, 'a-SG-le"ne. A mock moon; a luminous ring or circle encompassing the moon in Polar regions in which some- times are other bright spots bearing re- semblance to the moon. They are analo- gous to the parhelia or mock suns, and are supposed to depend upon the presence of innumerable minute crystals of ice. Parasite, -sit. One that frequents the tables of the rich and earns his welcome by flattery ; a trencher friend ; a sycophant. An animal that lives upon or in, and at the expensj of other animals, A plant which grows upon another, and feeds upon its juices. . Parchment, ptirch'ment. The skin of a young calf, sheep or goat, prepared for writing on. Pargeting:, piir'jet-ing. A kind of orna- mental plaster, m'uch used in the interior and often in the exterior of English houses of the Tudor period. Parhelion, -hc'li-on. A mock sun seen in Polar regions by the side of that lumin- ary. They sometimes number two or more, and are always connected by a white horizontal circle or halo. They are the re- sult of modifications which light under- goes when it falls on crystals of ice, rain- drops, &c. Pariah, pa'ri-a. A name loosely applied to the lowest class of Hindus, who have, properly speaking, no caste ; hence, one despised and contemned by society ; an outcast. Properly, however. Pariah (a Tamil name) is applied to members of a widely spread race in B. India, generally of the Hindu religion, and superior to some ten other castes in their own country. Parian, -an. A iine variety of porcelain clay, of which statuettes, &c., ai-e made; so named from its resemblance to P. mar- ble. P. marble, a mellow-tinted marble, highly valued by the ancients, and chosen for their choicest woi'ks. Paridae, -de. The titmice, a fam. of dejitirostral passerine birds. Paris. In Heroic Hist, son of Priam, King or Troy, who abducted Helen, and caused the Trojan war, in which he killed Achilles, and was himself mortally wound- ed by an arrow shot by Philoctetes. Paris. • Cap. of France, on both sides the Seine, and the most beautiful city of Eu- rope ; pop. abt. 2,250,000. Park, lytungo. A distinguished Scot- tish African explorer ; n. 1771, perished while on his second expedition in the Af- rican wilds, 1805. Parker, Theodore. An eminent Amer- ican theologian : b. in Mass. 1810, d. at Rome 1860. Parkman, Francis. An American historian ; b. in Mass. 1S23, b. 18S3. Parliament, 'li-ment. A meeting or assembly of persons for conference or de- liberation ; an assembly of the people or their representatives to deliberate or legis- late on national aifairs ; a supreme na- tional or general council. The grand as- sembly of the three estates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the lords spiritual, the lords temporal (the two forming one house), and the com- mons ; the general council of the nation constituting the legis/ature, summoned by the sovereign's authority to consult on the affairs of the nation, and to enact and repeal laws. The authority of parliament extends over the United Kingdom and all its colonies and foreign possessions. It must meet at least once a year for the dis- patch of business. The word parliament •was introfhiced into England under the Norman kings. The supreme council of the nation was called under the Saxon kings witenagemot, the meeting of wise men or sages. Parliamentarian, -men-ta"ri-an. One of those who adhered to the pariiament in the time of Charles I. Parnassus. A sacred Greek mountain in Phocis, Delphi, famous for its oracle, being situated on its W. slope. Its high- est summit was dedicated to Bacchus, and the two others to Apollo and the Muses, Parque try, 'ket-ri. A spe- cies of inlaid wood- work in geometric or oth e r p a t - terns, and gen- erally of dif- ferent colors. Parrak e e t , par'a-ket. The namo given, to various genera PAERICIDE 551 PASSIONAL of scansorial birds grouped into a sub-fam- (Pezophorinje) of the Psittacidfe or par- rots. Among the most familiar are the rosc-rinjred parrakeet, the Alexan- drine orrinsjT parrakeet, the ground parra- keet, and the warbling- parrakeet. Writ- ten also Parakeet, Parroquet, Perroquet. Parricide, 'ri-sld. A person who murders his mother or father. The murder of a parent or of one to whom reverence is due. Parrot, 'ot. A name common to birds fam. PsittacidcTe, ord. Scan- sores or climbers. Sev- eral species can no only imitate the vaii ous tones of the human •", voice, but also exer- - cise in some cases ac- ^,^ tual conversational ^p powers. Amocg par- i^g^, rots in the -widest ^^^ sense of the word are included the parra- Parrot keets, macaws, lories, cockatoos, &c. Some live to th e age of TO and even 90 years. Parrot-fish, -fish. A fish, gen. Scarus, fam. Labrida?. Parry, William Edward. Sir. A distinguished English xVrctic explorer : u. 1790, I). 1865. Parsee, par'se. One of the adherents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian religion, descended from the refugees driven from Persia into India by Mohammedan perse- cution about the middle of the Tth cen- tury. Partheniad, -the'ni-ad honor of a virgin. Parthenon, 'the-non. A celebrated Grecian temple of Athena Parthenos, on the Acropolis of Athens, of marble, a per- ipteral octostyle, with 17 columns on the sides ; its length 223 feet, breadth 102. Parthenope, -then'6-pe. One of the small planets between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Partridge, 'trij. A rasorial bird, gen. P e r d i X , grouse fam. (Te- traonidas). The name is applied iu the IT. S. to several species of the gen. Ortyx or quails. Parturition, -tu-ri bringing forth or being delivered of young. poem m Partridge. The act of Party-g-old, 'ti-gdld. Beaten or leaf sil- ver with a coating of gold on one side. Parvenu, 've-nu. An upstart, or one newly risen into notice. Pascal, Blaise. An eminent French mathematician and philosopher, b. 1623. D. 1662. Pasch, i)ask. The passover ; the feast of Easter. Paschal cycle, the cycle which serves to ascertain when Easter occurs, formed by multiplying together the cycle of the sun (twenty-eight years) and that of the moon (nineteen years). Paschal. The name of three popes, the last P. III. (Guido de Grema), elected 1165, in opposition to Alexander III., was declared an usurper, although supported by Emperor Frederick!.; n. 1168. Pasha, pa-shii'. In Turkey, an honorary title originally bestowed on i)rinces of the blood, but now conferred upon military commanders of high rank and the govern- ors of provinces. There are three grades, distinguished by a number of horse-tails attached to a laiice. Three horse-tails are allotted to the highest dignitaries, who have also the title of vizier. Spelled also Pacha. Pasht, pasht. In Egypt. Myth, a god- dess chiefly worshiped in Bubastus, iu Lower Egypt, whence her alternative name of Bubastes. She Avas the daughter of the groat goddess Isis, and was repre- sented with the head of a cat, the animal sacred to her. Pasigraphy. pa-sig'ra-fi. An imaginary' system of writing that may be understood and used by all nations ; a universal lan- guage. Passant, 'ant. In Her. applied to a lion or other animal which appears to walk. Passe-garde, -giird. In armor, a pro- jecting piece on the paukb-ons or shoulder- pieces, to wai'd olf the blow of the lance. P assenger- pigeon, 'en-jer- l)ij-on. A bird of the pigeon fam., the Ectopistes mi- gratorius. Passional, pa'- shon-al. A MS. of the four Gos- pels, upon which the kings of Eng- land, from Henry I. to Edward VI., took the eorona* tion oath. PASSIONARY PATRIARCH Passionary, -a-ri. A book in which are '.escribcHl the sufferings of saints and martyrs. Passionist, -ist. A member of a relig- ious order in the Church of Home, found- e*l in 17:^7 by Paolo Ei-ancisco de Danei, who afterwards assumed the name of " Delia Croce." It is also known as the Order of the Holy Cross and the Passion of Christ. Passion-play, -pla. A mystery or mi- racle-play representing the different scenes in the passion of Christ. One is periodi- cally repi'esented at Oberammcrgau, in the Bavarian highlands, the only miracle- I)lay which has survived to the present day. Passion-tide, -tid. The season at which the Church commemorates the sufferings and death of Christ. Passover, pas'o-ver. The principal feast of the Jews, instituted to commemorate the escape of the Hebrews in Egypt, when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyp- tians passed over the houses of the Israel- ites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb ; celebrated on the first full moon of the spring, from the 14th to the 21st of Nisan, the first month of the sacred year. During the eight days of the feast the Israelites were permitted to eat only unleavened bread, hence thepassover was also called the feast of unleavened bread. Pastil, 'til. A roll of aromatic paste, composed of gum benzoin, sandal-wood, spices, charcoal powder, &c., for burning as a fumigator or disinfectant. An aro- matic confection. Patala, pat'a-la. In Hind. Myth, one of the inferior regions, consisting of seven or eight divisions, each 10,000 miles deep. Itis an exceed- ingly pleas- ant place, inhabited by snake or serpent gods, male and female, decorated with bril- liant jewels, and who feast on de- licious vi- ands and choice wines. Patamar, -mar. A peculiar vessel employed in the coasting trade of Bombay and Ceylon. Patamar of Malabar. Pastor, 'tor. A minister of the gospel having tke charge of a church and congre- gation. A beautiful bird (Pastor roseus) with a tufted head, allied to the starling. Pastorai-stalf, -al-staf. The oflicial staff' of a bishop or abbot, having the head curved in the form of a shepherd's crook as a symbol of the pastoral ofiice. Patagonia. The southerly portion of S. America, bounded N. by the Argentine Confederation, E. by the Atlantic, W. by the Pacific, S. by the Straits of Magellan. It has never been fully explored. Patent, pilt'ent. A privilege from the government conveying the solo right to make, use or dispose of some new in- vention or discovery for a certain period. Patent-rig-h.t, -rit. The exclusive priv- ilege granted to the first inventor of a new manufacture of making articles according to his invention. Grecian Patera. rifices and libations. In Arch, the repre- sentation of a flat round dish in bas-relief, used as an ornament in friezes, &c. Paterfamilias, pa'ter-fa-mil"i-as. The father or head of a family. Paternoster, pa'ter-nos-ter. The Lord's grayer. Every tenth large bead in the ;. C. Rosary. At this they repeat the Lord's prayer, atd at the intervening small ones an Ave Maria. The rosary itself. In Arch., a species of ornament in the shape of beads used in baguettes, astragals, &c. Pathology, -thol'o-ji. That part of medicine which explains the nature, causes and symptoms of diseases, comprehending nosology, etiology and symptomatology. Patina, -te'na. The fine green rust with which ancient bronzes and copper coins and medals become covered by lying in particular soils, which, like varnish, is at once i)re8ervative and ornamental, con- sisting of carbonate or oxide of copper. Patmos. The small isiand of the Greek Archipelago on which St. John wrote his Revelation ; it is 20 m. S. of Samos. Patriarch, pa'tri-iirk. The father and ruler of a family. It is usually applied to the progenitors of the IsraeUtes, Abra- ham, Isaac, Jacob and the sons of Jacob. PATKIAECHISM PEA EIDGE In the Greek and Latin Cliurches, a dig- nitaiy superior to the order of archbish- ops ; as the patriarch of Constantinople. Any venerable old man. Patriarchism, -izm. Government by a j)at:riarch or the head of a family, wlio ■was botii ruler and priest, as Noah, Abra- ham and Jacob. Patrician, pa-trish'an. A person of no- ble birth; a nobleman. In the Eoman state, the patricians wei-e the descendants of the first Eoman senators. Patricide, pat'ri-sld. The murder or murderer of a father ; parricide. Patrick, St., Order of. An Irish order of knighthood, instituted 17S3 by King George III. Patrick, St. The patron saint of Ireland, B. in Scotland 3T2. March 17 is celebrated in his honor. Patrico, pat'ri-kr>. A gypsy priest. Patrist, pa'trist. One versed in the lives or works of the fathers of the Christian church. Patronymic, pat-ro-nim'ik. A name derived from parents or ancestors. A family name ; a surname ; a name add- ed to the baptismal or Christian name. Patroon, pa-tron'. One who received a grant of a certain tract of land and mano- rial privileges, with the right to entail, under the old Dutch governments of Xew York and New Jersey. Patten, pat'en. In Masonry, the base of a column or sole for the foundation of a waU. A wooden shoe or sole. Paul. The name' of five popes, also of a Czar of Eussia, son of Peter III. and Catherine II.; b. 1754, crowned 1796, forced to abdicate and mvu-dered 1801. P. St. (Saul), was the most eminent oft!' apostles ; b. at Tarsus abt. 1 a. d., i.^ar- tyred in Eome 67. P., St. Vincent de, a celebrated French philanthropist, founder of the order of Sisters of Charity ; jb. 1576, D. 1660, canonized 1737. Pauldron, pal'dron. In Armor, a stioulder- plate of one piece. Paulian, 'i-an. A fol- lower of Paul of Samos- ata, a heretic of the 3d century. Panlician, -I'sh a n . One of a sect named fi-om Paulus, an Arme- nian. They rejected the worship of the Virgin, the saints and the Pauldron, cross ; and asserted a right freely to search the Scriptures. Their history is inter- woven with that of the Greek Church of the 9th and 10th centuries. Pauncll. pansh. The belly and its con- tents. The first and largest stomach in ruminating quadrupeds. Pavia. Cap. of provinc«'«lr* sure of 8 '"" ., quarts. Collared Peccary. Pectinibranchiata, -ti n'i-brang-ki- fi"ta. Those gasteropods having pectin- ated branchiae or gills. Pectoral, 'to-ral. A covering or protec- tion for the breast ; the extra defense for the throat and chest placed over the cuir- ass. Eccles, a sacerdotal vestment worn by the Jewish high-priest. In R. C. Ch. the clasp or fastening of a cope. The front orphrey of a chasuble. The appai-el on the breast of some albs j-.nd tunics. A medicine for complaints of vhe breast and 1 lings. Pecten, ten. A gen. of marine bivalves, fam. Ostreidae, com- monly called clams. P. Jnco bffiusistho.scalloi shell which pi! grims wereaccus tomed to wear ir front of their hats. Pecten PedagogTie, ped'a-gog. A teacher of children ; a school-master. Pedal, 'al. Any projecting piece of met- al or wood which is to be pressed down by the foot ; a treadle. Pedate, 'at. Having divisions like the toes ; footed. Pedestal, es-tal. In Arch, an insulated basement or support for a column, a statue or a vase. Pedestrian, pe-des'tri-an. One who journeys on foot. One that walks ibr a wager. Pedetes, pe-de'tez. A gen.' of rodents, fam. Muridae. al- lied to the jerboas. Pedimane, ped'i-man. One of a family of marsupials, having a thumb on the hind feet. Tlie opossum is an example. Pediment, -ment. The low triangular mass re- sembling a gable at the' end of buildings in the Greek style, and espe- cially over porticoes sur- rounded with a cornice. Also a similar triangular finishing over doors and windows. ' Pedipalp, -palp. One of an order of arachnidans whose feelers are armed with a forceps and are extended before the head. Pedlreme, -rem, A cmstaceous animal, whose feet serve the purpose of oars. Pedometer, pe-dom'et-er. An instru ment by which paces are numbered as a person walks, and the distixnce from place to place ascertained. They are very much like a watch and worn in the pocket. Pedomotor, ped'o-m5-ter A veloci- pede. Pedestal. Pediment. PEDEO I. 655 PELT Pedro I.. Dom (Antonio Joze d' Alcantara). First emperor of Brazil ; son of King John YI. of Portug-al; b. 1798 ; forcea to leave his native country by the French, he went to Brazil 1S07, was made regent 1S21 and Emperor 1822 ; s. to the Portuguese crown on the death of his father 1826, he shortly abdicated in favor of his daughter, Maria de Gloria; sur- rendered the Brazilian throne to his son 1831; he returned to Portugal; d. 188-1. D. P II., the reigning monarch of Brazil ; B. 1825 ; became emperor when 6 years of age by the abdication of his father 1831 ; assumed fall sovereignty 1840. Four kings of Aragon bore this name ; also one king of Castile and Leon. Peduncle, pG-dung'kl. In Bot. the stem or stalk that sup- ports the flower and the fruit. In Zodl. the muscular process by which certain brachiopods are attached, and the stem, vvhich bears the body (capitu- lum) in barnacles. Peel, pel. A fortified tower ; a stronghold. Originally a struc- ture of earth strengthened by palisades, but later a small square tower, the lower part forming a lodging for cattle. Such strongholds are frequent on the Scottish borders. Peel, Robert, Sir. A distinguished English statesman ; b, 1788, d. 1850. Peel. A wooden shovel used by bakers to put bi-ead in and take it out of the oven. In Printing, a thin piece of wood with a long handle affixed to it in the shape of the letter T, used for hanging up sheets to dry and taking them down. Peeler, pel'er. A policeman ; so called from Sir Robert Peel, who reformed the British police force, and who was the first to introduce a poUce costume. Peep-o' -day-boy, pep-o-da'boi. A member of a band of insurgents who ap- peared in Ireland In 1784. They were so named from their visiting the houses of their antagonists, called defenders, at break of day in search of arms. Peepul-tree. pe'pul-tre. A large spe- cies of E. Indian fig. The Hindus revere it because Vishnu is said to have been born under its branches. Peer, per. One of the same rank, quali- ties, endowments or character ; an equal. A member 3f one of the five degrees of nobility (duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron). Houseof Peers, the British House of Lords. Peerage, 'aj. The rank or dignity of a peer or nobleman. The body of peers. Peeress, 'es. The consort of a peer ; a woman ennobled by descent, by creation or by marriage. Pegasus, peg'a-sus. In Class. Myth. the winged horse of the Muses, sprung from the blood of ^ledusa when slain by Perseus. With a stroke of his hoof he caused to well forth the poetically inspir- ing fountain Hippocrene. He was ulti- mately changed into a constellation. In Astron. one of the old constellations of the northern hemisphere figured in the form of a flying horse. A gen. of acanthopter- ous fishes allied to the gurnets. Pehlevi, pa'le-ve. A later dialect of Zend, into which the Avesta or ancient sacred books of the Parsees were trans- lated for the use of priests. It was a learned language which disappeared after the Mohammedan conquest. Peishwah, pish'wa. The title of the prime minister of the king of the Mahrat- tas. Pekan, pe'kan. A species of marten nearly allied to the sable, also called the Fisher, valued for its fur. Pekin. Cap. of the Chinese Empire, on a plain, 100 m. N. W. of the Yellow Sea, bet. the Hoang-ho and Pei-ho rivers ; pop. estimated at 2,200,000. Pekoe, pe'ko. A fine black tea. Pelagian, pe-la'ji-an. A follower of Pe- lagius, a Welsh monk of the 4th centnry, who denied original sin, asserted the doc- trine of free-will and the merit of good works. Pelagius. The name of two popes ; also of the founder of the Pelagians. Pelasgians, -las'ji-anz. A race -widely spread over Greece, Asia Minor, Italy and the coasts and islands of the ^gean Sea in prehistoric times. Pelerine, pel'er-in. A lady's long cape or fur tippet, with ends coming down to a point. Pelican, 'i-kan. A palmiped bird, gen. Pelecanus. Pelisse, pe-les'. cloak or robe worn by« ladies. Pelissier, Aima- Pelican. b 1 e Jean Jacques (Due de Malakoff). A marshal of France ; b. 1794, n, 1864. Pelt, pelt. The skin of a beast with th» hair on it ; a raw hJde. PEMMICAN 556 PENNSYLVANIA Pemmicaii, pem'i-kan. Originally a N. AuiericaH Indian preparation consisting of the lean portions of venison dried in the sun, pounded into a paste and tightly- pressed into cakes ; sometimes a few ser- vice-berries being added to improve the flavor. Pemmican made chiefly of beef is furnished arctic expeditions as an easily preserved food, Avhich will keep for a long time, containing the largest amount of nu- triment m the smallest space. Penance, pen'ans. An ecclesiastical cen- sure or punishment imposed for the pur- gation or correction of the soul of an oftender ; or the sulfering voluntarily en- dured as an expression of penitence, such as fasting, flagellation, wearing hair shirts, &c. In the K. C. Ch. penance is one of the sacraments, and implies contrition, confession and satisfaction, and is followed by absolution. Penates, pe-na'toz. The household gods of the ancient Eomans, whw presided over families, and were worshiped in the in- terior of each dwelling. They included the lares, Pendrag-on, pen-dra'gon, A chief lead- er; a generalissimo ; a chief king. A title anciently conferred on British chiefs in times of danger, when invested with dic- tatorial power. Pendulum, du-lum. A body so sus- pended from a fixed point as to move to and fro by the alternate action of gravity and momentum. The time occupied by each oscillation or swing is counted from the time of the descent of the pendulum from the highest point on one side tiU it attains the highest point on the opposite side. Pendulums receive difterent de- nominations, according to th,e materials of which they are composed, or the purposes they are intended to answer. The grid- iron pendulum is composed of any odd number of rods, so connected that the ex- pansion or contraction of one set is coun- teracted by that of the other. The mer- curial pendulum consists of one rod with a vessel containing mercury at the lower end. The pendulum is of great impor- tance as the regulating power ®f clocks, clocks being nothing more than pendu- lums, with wheelwork and a weight or spring to counteract retarding effects of friction and the resistance of the air. Penelope, pe-nel'o-pe. A gen. of galli- naceoiis birds, resembling the curassows both in appearance and habits. Penelope. In Hero. Hist, wife of Ulys- ses and daughter of Icarius, who remained faithful to her spouse during his long ab- eence in the Trojau war. Pen.vuiii. Pengruin, 'gwin. A com- mon name for natatorial op swimming birds, gen. Ap- teuodytes, fam. Aptenody- tidae or Spheniscida;, allied to the auks and guillemots. A species of W. Indian fruit, Avhoso sharp acid juice is I sometimes used in punchl and also converted into wine, i Penitent, 'i-tent. An ap- pellation given to certain fra- ternities in Catholic coun- tries, distinguished by their habits and employed in charitable acts. Order of Penitents, established by Bernard of Marseilles, about the year 12t2, for the reception of reformed courtesans. The Congregation of Penitents at Paris was founded with a similar view. Penitentiary, -i-ten sha-ri. At the Court of Kome, an office in which are ex- amined and dispatched the secret bulls, graces or dispensations relating to cases of conscience, confession, &c. An officer in some E. C. cathedrals, vested with power from the bishop to absolve in cases reserved to him. The pope has a grand penitentiary, who is a cardinal and is chief of the other penitentiaries. In monastic establishments, a small building in which a penitent confined himself ; also that part of a church to which penitents were admitted during divine service. An in- stitution for the reformation of prostitutes. A modern house of correction in which offenders are confined for punishment and reformation and compelled to labor. Penn, William. An eminent member of the Society of Friends, who received a grant of Pennsylvania from the English Crown ia payment of a debt owing his father, and led the colony which founded Philadelphia ; b. 1644, u. m England, 1718. Pennon, 'on. A small pointed flag or streamer formerly carried by knights at- tached to their spear or lance, and gener- ally bearing a badge or device ; a pennant. Pennsylvania. One of the original 13 States of the American Union, bounded N. by New York, E. by New Jersey, W. by Ohio, S. by Delaware,Maryland and W. Virginia; area, 46,010 sq.m.'; pop. 4.2S2,- 892. Chief cities, Harrisburg, cap., Phila- delphia, Pittsburgh, Eeading, Wilkes- barre, Easton, Lancaster, Erie, Pottsville, Scran ton and Bradford. Principal rivers, Susquehanna, Delaware, Schuylkill, Juni- ata, Monongahela, Alleghany, Lehigh and Cumberland. Mountains, parallel x-angOfi of th;e AllegliaDleis (AppaiacJuans). PEITNY 557 PERCH Penny, 'ni. A bronze coin of Great Brit- ain, of which there are 12 in the shilling and 240 in the pound sterling. It is the radical denomination from which coins are numbered, the halfpenny and farthing being fractions of a penny. A cent in U. 8. currency. In the phrases six penny, eight-penny, ten-penny nails, nails of such sizes that a' thousand will weigh six, eight or ten pounds, penny retains its old meaning of pound weight. Penny-dogr, -dog. A shark common on the south co;ist of Britain ; the tjpe. Pennyweig-ht, -wat. A troy weight containing 24 grains, anciently the weight of a silver penny, whence the name. Twenty pennyweights make an ounce troy. Penology, pe-nol'o-ji. The science which treats of public punishments, as they re- spect the public and the sufferer. Pensionary, pen'shon-a-ri. A person who receives a pension from government for past services, or a. yearly allowance from any source ; a pensioner. One of the chief magistrates of towns in Holland. Pensioner, -er. One in receipt of a pension ; one to whom an annual sum of money is paid by government in consider ation of past services. One of an honor able band of gentlemen who attend on the sovereign of England on state occasions and receive an annual allowance of £150 and two horses. This band was instituted by Henry VII., and is now called the Honorable Body of Gentlemen-at-arms. Pen-slides, 'slidz. An instrument used by surveyors, &c., for drawing maps and plans. Penstock, 'stok. A trough, tube or conduit for conducting water, furnished with a flood-gate. The sluice by which the water supplying a water-wheel is regulated. The barrel of a pump in which the piston plays. Pentacle, kl. A figure consisting of two equilateral triangles so an-anged as to form a six-pointed star. Pentagrlot, -glot. A work in five Ian guages. Pentag'on.-gon. In Geom a figure of five sides and fl angles Pentarchy, 'tar-ki government in the hands five persons. Pentateuch, 'ta-tuk. The Pentagon, first five books of the Old Testament. Pentecost, 'te-kost. A solemn festival m. >*s^ -\ I of the Jews, so called because celebrated on the fiftieth day after the 16th of Nisan, which was the second day of the passover. It was called the feast of weeks, becausa celebrated seven weeks after the passover, "Whitsuntide, a solemn feast of the EngUsh Church, fifty days from Easter, in com- memoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles. Pentelic, -tel'ik. A variety of marble resembling Parian, but denser and finer grained. The Parthenon, Propylaeum, Hippodrome and other Athenian monu- ments were built of it. Pent-roof, pent'rof. In Arch, a roof, the slope of which is all on one side ; a shed- roof. Penult, pe'nult. The last syllable of a woi-d except one. Penumbra, num'bra. The^ partial shadow between the full light and the total shadow caused by an opaque body in- tercepting the light from a luminous body. All points within the penumbra are ex- cluded from the view of some portion of the luminous body, and are thus partially shaded by the opaque body ; while all points Avithin the umbra, or to- tal shadow, are completely ex- cluded from view cf the lumin- ous body. In painting, the boundary of shade and light. Pepin. The name of several distinguished members of the Carlovingian family, of whom P. le Bref, son of Charles Martel, was the first king : b. 702, crowned 752, D. 768. Pepsin, pep'sin. The active principle or digestive ferment of gastric juice. A prep- aration has become an article of pharmacy under the name of pepsin, obtained by drying the glandular layer of a pig's or caif B stomach at low temperatures. Perambulator, per-am'bu-la-ter. An instrument for measuring distances trav- eled ; an odometer. A. small carriage for a child, propelled from behind. Peramelidae, -a-mel'i-de. The bandi- coots, a fam. of Australian marsupials, which appear to fill the place of the hedge- hogs, shrew-mice and other small insec- tivora of the Eastern Continent. Perch, perch. The popular name of sev- eral species of acan- thopter^'gious fishes, ^ gen. Perce, fam. Per- oidae. A roost for Perch. PEECHANT 558 PERIPHEKY birds ; also, auytliing on which they light. A measure of length containing 5^ yards ; a pole or rod. Percliant, perch'ant. Among sportmen, a bird tied by the loot for the purpose of decoying other birds by its fluttering. Percnopteris, perk-nop'ter-is. The Al- pine or Egyptian vulture ; Pharaoh's chicken. Percussion-bullet, per-kush'on-biU- let,. A bullet containing an explosive sub- stance. Percussion-cap, -kap. A small copper cup containing fulminating powder, used In a percussion-lock to explode gun-pow- der. Percussion-fuse, -fuz. A fuse in a pro- jectile set in action by concussion when the projectile strikes the object. Percussion-lock, -lok. A lock for a gun, in which a hammer strikes upon a percussion -cap placed over the nipple, and ignites the charge. Percussion-powder, -pou'der. Deto- nating or fulminating powder. Percussion-stop, -stop. A stop to the harmonium, which renders the touch like that of the ]>iano-forte. Perdicidse, -di'si-de. The name of a 6ub-fam. of Tetraonidae, including the par- tridges, francolins and quaUs. Perdix, diks. The generic name of the ti'ue partridges. The common partridge is P. cinereus. Perennial, per-en'i-al. A plant whose root remains alive more years than two, but whose stems flower and perish annu- ally. Perfectionist, per-fek'shon-ist. One of a small sect of Christians founded by John Hnmpnrey Noyes in America about the middle of the present century on so- cialist principles. The principal commu- nity was established on a farm at Oneida Creek, New York. The name is some- times applied to the Methodists and Ply- mouth Brethren, from their doctrine that man can attain to perfection in this life. Pergunnah, per-guna. In Hindustan, a circle or territory comprising a limited number of villages. Peri, pG'ri. In Per. Myth, an imaginary being, a descendant of fallen angels, ex- cluded from Paradise till their penance is accomplished. Peris may be either male or female. Pericardium, per-i-ktlr'di-um. The membranous sac that incloses the heart. Perigee, per'i-je. That point of the Pericarps. moon's orbit which is nearest the earth, and when the moon has ai-rived at this point she is said to be in her perigee. Formerly applied also to this point in the orbit of any heavenly body. Pericarp, ' i - kiirp. The seed- vessel of a plant, or the shell of the seed-vessel. When the pericarp sepa- rates into distinct layers, as in the plum, the skin is called the epicarp, the pulp the sarco- carp and the stone the endocarp. The principal sorts of pericarps are the capsule, silique, legume, drupe, pome, berry, fol- licle, nat and stro- bilus or cone. Pericles. An eminent statesman and orator of Athens; b. abt. 500 b. c, d. 429. Perihelion, -he'li-on. That part of the orbit of a planet or comet in which it is at its least distance from the sun ; opposed to ajjhelion. Perimeter, -im et-er. In Geom. the boundary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides ; generally applied to fig- ures bounded by straight lines. Periodical, pe-ri-od'ik-al. Any publi- cation which appears at regular intervals ; newspapers, reviews, magazines, &c. Periceci, per-i-e'sl. The name given to the original Achaian inhabitants of Laconia by their Dorian conquerors. In Geog. such inhabitants of the earth as have the same latitudes, but whose longitudes dilfer by 180°, so that when it is noon with one it is midnight with the other. Periostracum, -os'tra-kum. The mem- brane which covers the shells of most mollusks. Peripatetic, 'i-pa-tet"ik. A follower of Aristotle, so called because Aristotle taught his system of philosophy walking in the Lyceum at Athens. One that walks about, or one who is obliged to walk. Ironically, an itinerant teacher or preacher. Periphery, pe-rifer-i. The outside or superficial portions of a body ; the surface generally. In Geom. the boundary lino PERIPTEET 559 PETAED of a closed figure ; the perimeter ; iu a circle, tie circumference. Periptery, -rip'ter-i. In Greek Arch, the range of insulated coluums round the oella of a, temple. Periscii, -rish'i-i. A name given to the inhabitants of the polar circles, whose shadows move round, and at certain times of the year describe, in the course of the day, an entire circle. Perissodactyla, -ris'o-dak"til-a. A section of the Ungulataor hoofed animals, including the rhinoceros, tne tapirs, the horse and its allies, and some extinct forms. Periwinkle, per-i-\ving'kl. A gaster- opodous moliusk, gen. Littorina. The common periwinkle is largely used for food. Permian, per'mi-an. In Geol. a term applied to a system of rocks lying beneath the triassic rocks, and immediately above the carboniferous system. Perry, per'i. A fermented liquor made from the juice of pears. It is analogous to cider. Perry, Oliver Hazard. An American commodore ; u. in Khode Island, 1785 ; d. 1819. He commanded the fleet which de- feated the British in the battle of Lake Erie, 1818. Perry ville. A ^illage of Bovle Co., Ky., 100 m. N. W. of Nashville, near which, Oct. 8, 1862, Gen. Buell, in com- mand of 100,000 Federal troops, defeated Gen. Bragg with 65,000 Confederates. Perseides, per-se'i-dez. A name given to the August meteors, because they seem to radiate from the constellation Perseus. Perseus, 'sus. In Greek Myth, the cele- brated legendary hero, son of Zeus and Danae, who slew the Gorgon Medusa. In Astron. one of the forty-eight constella- tions, containing 59 stars. Persia (Iran). An important kingdom of W. Asia, bounded N. by Asiatic Eussia, Turkestan and the Caspian Sea, E. by Eeloochistan and Afghanistan, W. by Tur- key, 8. by the Persian Gulf; area, 648,000 eq. m.; pop. estimated, 11,000,000. Prin- cipal cities, Teheran, cap., and Tabreez, the commercial emporium. Chief rivers, Aras and Kerkhas. Mountains, Elborz and several isolated ranges. Persian G-ulf. An arm of the Indian Ocean, between Persia and Arabia ; length 570 m. ; mean breadth, 160 m. Persic, 'sik. The Persian language ; a member of the Iranian group of the Aryan 'family of tongues. Perspective, per-spek tiv. A view taken by optical rules ; a glaer, through which objects | are viewed. Peru. A republic of | Western S. Ani erica, bounded N. by Ecuador Perspective. and Brazil, E. by Bohvia, W. by the Pacific, S. bv Chili ; area, 510,- 107 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 8,000,000, Princi- fai cities, Lima, cap., Callao, Arica, quique, Islay, Pisco and Payta. Chief rivers, Ucayale, Purus, Tunguragua, Apurimac, and Pilcomayo, all tributaries of the Amazon. Perug-ino (Pietro Vanucci). An eminent Italian painter, instructor of Raphael ; n. 1446, d. 1524. Peruke, pe-ruk'. An artificial cap of hair ; a periwig. PeschitO, pesh'i-to. Lit. single or true. A term applied to a SjTian transl-ban'thro-pi. A dread of mankind. Phoceena, se'na. A gen. of Cetacea, fam. Delphinidse, comprising the por- poises. Phocidae, 'si-de. A family of cetaceans, of which the seal (Phoca) is the type. It includes only those seals which have no external ears. Phoebus, fc'bus. A name of Apollo, often used in the same sense as Sol, the sun. Phoenicopterus, fe-ni-kop'ter-us. A gen. of palmipede or natatorial birds, the flamingoes, ord. Lamellirostres, fam. Phoenicopterid*. Phoenix, fo'niks. According to the ancient Greek legend a wonderful female bird of great beauty which Uved 500 or 600 years in the wilderness, when she built for herself a funeral pile of wood and aro- matic gums, lighted it with the fanning of her wings and then consumed herself, but from her ashes she revived again in the freshness of youth. Ilonce, the phoe- nix often serves as an emblem of immor- tality. The phcenix i.3 always drawn by the heralds in flames. A paragon ; a per- son of singalav distinction or beauty. A PHOLADID^ I constellation in tho northern hemisphere. A gen. of palms, including the date-palm. Pholadidse, fo-lad'i-dG. A fam. of lamellibranchiate bivalve mollusks, sub- division Sinu-palhata, sec. Siphonida, comprising the genera Pholas, Xylophaga and Teredo. Pholas, 'las. A gen. of marine lamelli- branchiate bivalves, fam. Pholadidse, pop- ularly known as piddocks. They pierce wood, rocks, indurated clay, &g., by rasp- ing with their shell. They are remsu-kably phosphorescent. Phonascetics, fo-nas-set'lks. System- atic practice for strengthening the voice ; treatment for improving or restoring the voice. Phonetics, -net'iks. The doctrine of sounds. The science which treats of the sounds of the human voice, and the art of representing their combinations by writ- ing. Pnonograph., 'no-graf. A type or char- acter for expressing a sound ; 'a character used in phonographj\ An instrument by means of which sounds can be permanent- ly registered, and afterwards reproduced from the register. Phonography, -nog'ra-fi. The descrip- tion of the sounds uttered by the organs of speech. The representation of sounds by characters, each of which represents one sound and always the same sound ; especially, a method of writing or graphic- ally representing language, invented by Mr. Pitman, of Bath, England. Phosphor, fos'for. The morning star or Lucifer ; Yenus, when it precedes the sun and shines in the morning ; phosphorus. Phosphorus, -us. A solid non-metal- lic combustible substance, hitherto unde- composed, occurring chiefly in combina- tion with oxygen, calcium and magnesi- um, in volcanic and other rocks. It ex- ists also in the plants used by man as food, and is a never-failing and important con- stituent in animal structures. It was originally obtained from urine, but it is now manufactured ft-om bones, which con- sist in part of phosphate of lime. It is ex- ceedingly inflammable. Exposed to the air it undergoes slow combustion, emits a white vapor of a peculiar alliaceous odor, and appears luminous in the dark. On this account it is kept under water. Phos- phorus will combine with most metals, forming phosphides; when dissolved in fat oils it forms a luminous solution which is chiefly used in the preparation of lucifer matches and phosphoric acid. It is of all stimulants the most powerful and diflPusi- 53 PHOTOSPHERE ble, but highly dangerous, and can be safe- ly administered only -with the utmost cau- tion. Photics, fo'tiks. That department of science which treats of light. Photius. A Greek who was made pa- triarch of Constantinople on the deposi- tion of Ignatius, 857. Pope Nicholas es- poused the cause of I., and pronounced anathema against P. The latter assem- bled a council which excommunicated the Pope, and was the origin of the schism which divided the Eastern and Western (Greek and Latin) churches : p. in exile, 886, Photo-electrotype, 'to-e-lek-tro-tip, A process in Avhich a photographic picture is produced in reUef so as to afford, by elec- tro-deposition, a matrix for a cast, from which impressions in ink may be obtained. Photo-engrraving:, -engraving. A process in which the action of light on a sensitized surface is made to change the nature and condition of the plate or its coating, so that it may afford a printing surface. Photo-gralvanography, -gal-va-nog- ra-fi. The art or process of obtaining from a photographic negative on glass, by means of a gutta-percha Impression, an electrotype plate. Photoglyphy, -tog'li-fi. The art of en- graving by the action of light and certain chemicals ; a method by which photo- graphs and other transparent designs ean be etched into steel, copper or zinc plates. Photography, 'ra-fi. The science of the action of light on bodies; the princi- ples of phj'sics and chemistry which relate to the production of pictures by the action of light. The art of delineating objects by the action of light. Photo-heliogrraph, -t6-he'li-<>-graf. An instrument for observing transits of Ve- nus and other solar phenomena. Photo-lithography, -U-thog"ra-fi. The art of engraving on stone by means of the action of light and of certain chemicals, analogous to that of producing such copies on metal by photoglyphy. Photologry, tolo-ji. The doctrine or science of light. Photometer, -tom'et-er. An instru- ment intended to indicate the different quantities of light, as in a cloudy or bright day, or between bodies illuminated in dif- ferent degrees. Photosphere, 'to-sfSr. The luminous envelope, supposed to consist of incandes- cent matter, surrounding the son. PHRENOLOGY 664 PHYTOeEOGRAPHY I*hrenology, fre-nol'o-ji. The science of the human mind. The term is now re- stricted, however, to a doctrine founded on a presumed knowledge of the functions of ditferent portions of the brain obtained by comparing their relative forms and mag- nitudes in different individuals with the propensities and intellectual powers of these individuals. Phrygian, frij'i-an. A native or inhab- itant of Phrygia. Eccles., one of an early Christian sect in Phrygia, who regarded Montanus as their prophet, and laid claim to the spirit of prophecy. P. cap, the red cap of liberty worn by the French revolu- tionists. Phthisis, thT'sis. A disease commonly known by the name of consumption ; pul- monary consumption. Phylactery, fi-lak'ter-i Any charm, spell or am- ulet worn as a preserva tive from danger or dis- ease. In Jewish Antiq. a strip of parchment in- scribed with certain textsl from the Old Testament, and inclosed within a small leather case, which was fastened with straps on the forehead just above and between the eyes, and on the left arm near the region of the heart. Among the primi- tive Christians, a case in Avhich they inclosed the relics of the dead. Phylarch, triark. In ancient Athens, the chief or governor of a tribe or phyle. Phyle, 'le. One of the tribes into which the ancient Athenians were divided, orig- inally four, afterward ten. Phyllium, fil'i-um. A gen. of orthop- terous insects, fam. Phasmidaa, popularly known as leaf-insects or walking-leaves. Phyllostom- id8R, fil-o- stom-'i-de. The specter-bats, a family of insec- tivorous Cheir- optera, which have a singular appendage to the nose and a forefinger of two joints. The family comprises the vampires or biood-sucking l>»ts. Phylactery. Head of Vampire-bat, Phylloxera, -ok-sG'ra. A gen. of in- sects which infest the leaves and roots of the oak, vine, &c., forming leaf-galls, and causing much damage in wine-producing countries. Phylogenesis, fl-lo-jen'e-sis. The his- tory of the genealogical development of an organized being ; the race history of an animal or vegetable type, as distinguished from ontogenesis, the history of individ- ual development, and from biogenesis, or life-development generally. Physalia, -sa'H-a. A gen. of hydrozoa, sub-class Siphonophora, ord. Physophori- da8, remarkable for its size, the brilliancy ofits hues, and the severe burning pain produced by its contact. The P. atlantica is known as the Portuguese man-of-war. Physicalist, fiz'ik-al-ist. One who maintains that man's intellectual and mor- al nature depends on and results from hia physical constitution. Physicistl 'i-sist. One skilled in physics; a natural i)hilosopher. Physico-philosophy, -k6-fi-lo8"o-fl. The philosophy of nature. Physico-theologT, 'lk-6-the-ol"o-jl. Theology or divinity illustrated or en- forced by physics or natural philosophy. Physics, 'iks. In the widest sense, that branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter ; the science of nature ; but the terra is now universally used in a narrower sense, and as equivalent to natural philosophy. It includes dy- namics and the branches of science that deal with light, heat, electricity and magnetism. Physiognomist, -i-og'no-mist. One skilled in physiognomy ; one able to judge of the particular temper or other qualities of the mind by signs in the countenance. Physiognotype, -tip. An instrument for taking an exact imprint or cast of the countenance. Physiography, 'ra-fi. That science which treats of the earth's physical feat- ures. Physiology, -ol'o-jl. That science which has for its aim the study and elucidation of the actions and processes incidental to ajid characteristic of the living state, whether in animals or plants. Physique, fe-zek'. The physical struc- ture or organization of an individual. P h y t o - chemistry, f l-to-kem'ist-ri. Vegetable chemistry. P h y t o geography, f i'tr)-je-og"ra-fl. The geography or geographical distribu- tion of plants. PHYTOGLYPHY 565 PIKA Phytog-lyphy, fl-tog'U-fi. The art of printing from nature by taking impres- sions from plants on soft metal, from which copies can be taken. Called also Nature-printing. Phytography, 'ra-fi. A description of plants; that branch of botany which concerns itself with the rules to be ob- served in describing and naming plants. .Phytonomy, -ton'o-mi. The science of the origin and growth of plants. Piano-forte, pi-an'o-for-ta. A metal- stringed musical instrument, of the keyed species. Piarist, pT'ar-ist. One of a religious order who devote themselves to the gra- tuitous instruction of youth ; instituted at Rome by Joseph Casalanza in the 17th century. Piaster, pi-as'ter. A denomination of money of various values. The old Italian piaster was equivalent to about S5 cents ; the Spanish piaster about $1 ; while the Turkish piaster is scarcely one-twentieth the value of the foregoing. Pibroch, pe'broch. A wild irregular species of music peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland, performed on a bagpipe, in imitation of the different phases of a battle — the march, the conflict, the flight, the pursuit and the lament for the fallen. Picador, pik-a-dor'. In bull-fighting, one of the horsemen armed with a lance who madden the bull by pricking with their weapons, but without the intention of disabling him. Picard, 'iird. Eccles., one of a sect of Vaudois, who in the 15th centurj^ attempt- ed to renew the practices of the Adamites, going stark naked and believing in the community of women ; so called from Picard, the reviver of the heresy. Picayune -a-yun'. The name for the Spanish half-real in Florida, Louisiana, &c. It was of the value of 6i^ cents. Now applied to the half-dime — 5 cents. Piccolo, 'ko-lo. A small flute, the tones of which range an octave higher than those of the ordinary flute. An organ stop, the pipes being of wood and having a brilliant piercmg tone. A small upright piano. Picidae, pl'si-de. The woodpeckers and wrv-necks. a fam. of scansorial or climbing bu-ds. Pickaninny, pik'a-nin-i. A negro or mulatto infant. Pickerel, 'er-el. A small pike, a fish, gen. Esox. Pict, pikt. One of a race of people of disputed origin, who ancientty inhabited the northeast of Scotland, by some con- sidered Teutonic, by others 'a branch ol the Cwmric Celts. Pictor, pik'tor. A southern constellation, Picnl, pi-kul'. In China, a weight of 133 J lbs. It is divided into 100 catties or 1,600 taels. The Chinese call it also tan. Piedmont. A division of N W. Italy \ bounded N. and W. by the Alps, E. bj Lombardv and Parma, 8. by Liguria*, area, 11,867 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 3,000,000. Piedouche. pya-dosh. In Arch, a brack et, pedestal or socle, serving to support a bust, candelabrum or other ornament. Piedroit, -drwa. In Arch, a square pillar, partly hid -within a wall. It difl'ers from a pilaster in having neither base nor capital. Piend, pend. The sharp point or edge of a mason's hammer. Written also Peen and Pane. Pierce, Franklin. Fourteenth Presi- dent of the U. S. ; b. in N. H, 1304, elected 1852, d. 1869. Pierides, pi-er'i-dez. A name of the nine Muses, who were so called from Pieria, near Mount Olympus, where they were first worshiped" among the Thra- cians. Pietist, pi'et-ist. A designation given since the end of the 17th century to a re- ligious party in Germany who proposed to revive declining piety in the Reformed churches ; the equivalent of Methodist, Pietra-dura, pi-et'ra-do-ra. A name given to the finest Florentine mosaic- work executed in colored stones, as jasper, carnelian, amethyst, &c Pigreon, pij'on. One of the birds that form the fam. Columbidae, sub.-ord. Columbacei. genera Columba, Ecto- pistes, Turtur. &c. ; a, dove ; the migratory oi* wild pigeon of America i The varieties are dis- tinguished as the car- rier, powter, shaker, tumbler, &c. P. English, a conglomera- tion of Enelish and Portuguese words used by English and American residents in China in their intercourse with the natives. Pigment, pig'ment. Paint; any sub- stance used by painters, dyers, &c., to impart colors to bodies. In Physiol, the coloring matter found in animal and plant bodies. Pika, pi'ka. The calling-hare, Doarly al- Pigeon. PIKE PINNACLE Pilaster. An easy chariot lied to the hares, and formln-^-^:%:f^- -^iC -— =<'^v-\ g a 1 Ion, or "^ '^-ni^lVi? -^^^v^.\X\ 84.65925 cu- -j—. bic inches. ''-'.-":" Pipa, pi 'pa. Tobacco Pipe. Its being manufactured into tobacco-pipes. It is also made into fine earthenware and used by military for cleaning purposes. Pipe-fish, , Great Pipe-fish. branchii, fam.Syngnathidse, so called from the length and slenderness of the body. Pipra, pi'pra. A gen. of passerine birds, tho manakins. Piquet, pik'et. A game at cards played between two persons, with thirty-two cards ; the deuces, threes, fours, fives and sixes being set aside, the as de pique, or ace of spades, being the highest card. Pique-work, pG'ka-work. A minute kind of buhl-work, employed to ornament snuff-boxes, card-cases and the like. Pirameter, pl-ram'et-er. An instru- ment for ascertaining the power required to draw carriages over roads. Pirogrue. A kind of canoe, made from a single trank of & tree, generally small, and .^^ Pirogue of Fiji Islands. worked by paddles ; but sometimes large, decked, rigged with sails and furnished with outriggers. Pisa. Cap of province of same narne, C. Italy, noted for the remarkable campanile of its cathedral, called the " Leaning Tower," which inclines 13 ft. from the per- pendicular ; pop. abt. " Pisces, pis'sez. In Astron. the Fishes, the 12th sign or constella- tion in the zodiac, next to Aries, rep- resented by two fishes tied to- gether by the;^ tails. According to Egyptian Myth- ology' the Pisces were hieroglyphic of the spring season, when fishing commences. The name of the first gi-eat subdivision of vertebrate animals, or the class fishes. Pisciculture, -i-kul'tur. The breeding, rearing, preservation, feeding and fatten- ing offish by artlfidal means ; fish-culture, Pisces. PISMIRE PLATA, PJO DE LA Pismire, 'mir. The ant or emmet. Pistil, 'til. In Bot. the seed-bearing organ of a flower. Piston, 'ton. A short cylinder which fits the cavity of a pump, and acts as a syringe. i Pitch-chain, pich'chan. A chain of metallic plates bolted or riveted together, to work in the teeth of wheels. Pitch-circle, 'ser-kl. In toothed wheels, the circle which would bisect all the Piston, teeth. When two wheels are in gear they are so arraifged that their pitch -circles touch one another. Called also Pitch-line. Pith, pith. A column of cellular tissue in the stem of an exogenous plant. In endo- gens there is no pith. Pithecus, pi-the'kus. A restricted gen. of apes, including the orang, the great pongo of Borneo, and the P. Morio. The gen. is known also as Simla. Pitt, "William. An eminent English statesman and orator; b. ]759, n. 1806. Pittsburgh. An important manufac- turing city of "W". Pennsylvania, at the head of the Ohio River ; pop. 156,389. Pius. The name of nine R. C. pontififs. Piwarrie, pl-w^ar'n. A disagreeable in- toxicating beverage prepared by natives of S. America from cassava Pixy, pik'si. A sort of fairy. Pizarro, Francisco. A Spanish navi- gator and soldier, the discoverer of the Pacific and conqueror of Pern ; b. 1475, assassinated at Lima, Peru, 1541. Placebo, pla-se'bo. An epithet given to any medicine adapted rather to please than to benefit the patient. In R. C. Ch. the vesper hymn for the dead, beginning " Placebo Domino." Placenta, -sen'ta. The after-birth ; a temporary organ developed within the uterus of the human female and of certain animals during pregnancy, and expelled shortly after the birth of the child or young animal. Placer, pla-ser'. A gravelly place where gold occurs ; a spot where gold dust is found in the soil. Plagiarist, plil'ji-a-rist. One that pur- loins the ideas or language of another and pubhshes them as his own ; a plagiary. Plaid, plad. A garment of tartan or checked woolen cloth of several colors worn in Scotland, and forming a prom- inenc part of the national costume. Planchet, plansh'et. A flat piece of metal intended for a coin, with a smooth surface for receiving the die impression. Planchette, plan-shet'. A name given to a heart-shaped piece of board mounted on supports, two ot which are casters, and one a pencil which makes marks as the board moves under the hands of those whose fingers rest upon it. A circumfer- entor. Plane, plan. An in- ^ , strument used i n fiPlliiljil^iiiiiiiiijJii i smoothing boards ; to Plane make smooth. Planet, plan'et. A celestial body which revolves about the sun or other center. Those which revolve about the sun are called primary planets ; those which re- volve about other planets, and with them revolve about the sun, are called second- ary planets, satelhtes or moons. Plane-table, plan'ta-bl. An instrument employed in land-surveying, by which a plan may be made on the spot without the measurement of angles. Planetarium, plan-et-a'ri-um. An as- tronomical machine which represents the motions and orbits of the planets. Planetoid, 'et-oid. One of a numerous group of very small planets revolving round the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Upwards of 200 have been discovered, and the number is being con- stantly increased. Called also Asteroids. Planimetry, pla-nim'et-ri. The art of ascertaining the area or superficial con- tents of any surface. Planing'-machine, plan'ing-ma-shen' . A machine for planing wood. A machine- tool for planing metals. Planisher, plan'ish-er. A thin flat-end- ed tool used by tinners and braziers for smoothing tin-plate and brass-work. A workman who smooths or planes. Planisphere, 'i-sfer. A sphere project- ed on a plane ; a map exhibiting the cu*- cles of the sphere. A name given to any contrivance in which plane surfaces fulfill any of the uses of a celestial globe. Plant, plant. One of the organs which form the vegetable kingdom ; a vegetable. Some plants seem so nearly allied to some of the least highly developed animals that it is diflicult to say precisely where the series of plants ends and that of ani- mals begins. Plata, Rio de ia (River Plate). A large stream of 8. America, formed by the junction of the Uruguay, Paraguay and Parana. It ia 125 m. wide at its moutk. Plantain. PLANTAIlif C The important commercial cities of Buenos Ayres and Montevideo are situated on its banks. Plantain, plan'tan, A name applied to Musa paradisiaca, cultivated in all ti-opical climates for its fruit, which sembles the banana. It is one of the most use- ful fruits in the vegeta- ble kintrdom, forming the entire sustenance ot many of the inhabitants '- of tropical climates. Plantag-enets, The A line of English mon- archs founded 1154 by Henry II., son of Geof- froi, Y., Duke of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England ; it be- came extinct vrith Eichard III., 1485. Plantigrada, plan'ti-gra-da. A section of carnivorous animals in which the whole, or nearly the whole, of the sole of the foot is applied to the gi-ound in walking. It includes the bears, raccoons, badgers, &c. Plaque, plak. An ornamental plate; a brooch ; the plate of a clasp. In the fine arts, a plate of metal upon which enamels are painted. Plastron, plas'trun. A piece of leather stuffed, used by fencers to defend the breast. In Zoul. the lower or ventral por- tion of the bony case of tortoises and tur- tles. Platalea, pla-ta'le-a. The spoonbills, a gen. ofgrallatorial birds closely resembling the storks. Platanista, -ta-nis'ta. A gen. of fresh- water cetaceans, fam. Delphinidaj. Plateau, pla-to. A broad, flat area of land in an elevated position ; a table-land; an elevated plain. Platinum, plat'i-num. A white metal resembling silver, but of inferior luster, the heaviest of known metals. It is ex- ceedingly ductile, malleable, tenacious and difficult of fusion, and undergoes no change from the combined agency of air and moisture. Plato. An eminent Greek philosopher; B. at Athens, abt. 430 u. c, n. 347. Platonic, pla-ton'ik. Pertaining to Plato, to his philosophy or his school. P. bodies, the five regular geometrical solids, the tetrahedron, the hexahedron or cube, the octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron. P. love, a pure, spiritual affection subsisting between the sexes, I PLENIPOTENTIAEY unmixed with carnal desires, a species of love for which Plato was a warm advocate. P. year, the great year, or the space of time in which the stars and constellations return to their former places in respect to the equinoxes. This revolution, which is calculated by the precession of the equinoxes, covers about 26,000 years. Platte (Nebraska). The principal branch of the Missouri Kiver; length, 1,200 m. Piatyodon, -tl'6-don. A broad-toothed animal. Platypod, plat'i-pod. A broad-footed animal. Pleasant G-rove and Hill. A locality in Louisiana, 50 m. S. of Shreveport, noted for a series of stubbornly fought battles, April T-9, 1864, in which the Fed- erals under Gen. ]3anks defeated the Con- federates under Gen. Kirby Smith. Plebeian, ple-be'an. One of the com- mon people or lower ranks of men ; orig- inally applied to those free citizens of Eome who did not come under the class of the patricians. Plebiscite, pleb'i-sit. A vote of a whole people or community ; a decree of a coun- try obtained by an appeal to universal suffrage, a plebiscitum. Pleiad, pll'ad. One of the Pleiades, a cluster of 7 stars in the neck of the con- stellation Taurus, only 6 being visible to the naked eye. They are regarded as the central group of the Milky Way. Ancient Greek legends derive their name from the seven daughters of Atlas and'Hhe nymph Pleione, who made away with themselves from grief at the death of their sisters, the Hyades, or at the fate of their father Atlas, and to have been afterward placed as stars in the sky. Plesiosaurus, ple'si-o-sa"ru8. The name of a gen. of extinct mju-iue saurians, Plesiosaurus, partially Restored. chiefly remarkable for their length of neck, nearly allied to the Ichthyosaurus. Plenipotentiary, plen'i-p()-ten"shi-a- ri. A person invested with full power to transact any business ; an ambassador or PLINY 570 POACHAED envoy to a foreign court, having power to negotiate a treaty or transact other busi- ness. A plenipotentiary is not necessarily accredited to any specific foreign court. More frequently meetings of plenipoten- tiaries are held in some neutral place, so that they may conduct their negotiations uninfluenced by any special power. Pliny (Caius Plinius Secundus, The Elder). A distinguished Koman jurist and naturahst; b. ti8; perished in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius which overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum, 79. P., the Younger (Caius Plinius Ca3- cilius Secundus), adopted son of the for- mer, an eminent jurist and historian ; u, 61, D. 122. Pliocene, pll'o-sen. A geological term applied to the most modern of the divis- ions of the tertiary epoch, the Eocene, the Miocene, the Older Pliocene and the Newer Pliocene or Pleistocene. Pliohippus, -o-hip'pus. A fossil gen. of pachyderms, fam. Equidae, about the size of an ass. Plitt, plit. An instrument of punish- ment used in Kussia, resembling the knout. Ploceinae, pl6-se-i'ne. The weaver-bh-ds, a sub-fam. of FringilUdae. Plotinist, plo-tl'nist. A disciple of Plo- tinus, a celebrated Platonic philosopher of the 3d century A, D., who taught that the human soul emanates from the Divine Being, to whom it is reunited, if good and pure, at death. If not sufficiently purified during life,«it entered into such animals, and even plants, as it had a liking to. Plover, pluv'er. The common name of several species of grallatorial birds, gen. Charadrius, fam. Charadriadae, sec. Pres- sirostres. Plum, plum. The fruit of a tree, gen. Prunus, ord. Rosacefe ; also the tree itself. Plumb. A weight attached to a line, and used to ascertain when walls, &c,, ai-e perpendicular ; a plummet. Plunxb-rule, 'ri)l. A narrow board with parallel edges having a straight line drawn through'the middle, and a string carrying a weight attached at the upper end of the line, used by masons, carpenters, &c,, for determining a perpendicular. Plumiped, plii'mi-ped. A bird that has feathers on its feet. Plural, plo'ral. A form of word express- ing more than one ; the plural number. Plutarch.. An eminent biographer ; b. in Boeotia abt. 50, r. 118. Pluto and Proserpine. Pluto, 'to. In Class Myth, the lord of the in- fernal regions, son of Chronos and Rhea, brother of Jupi- ter and Nep- tune. He is re- presented as an old man, digni- fied but severe, bearing a two- pronged fork. He was gener- ally called by the G r e eks Hades and by the Romans Orcus, Tartarus and Dia. His wife was Proserpine, daughter of Zeus and Ceres, whom Pluto seized in the island of Sicily and carried to the lower world. Plutocracy, -tok'ra-si. The power or rule of wealth. Plutus, plo'tus. In Greek Myth, the personification of wealth, son of lasion and Demeter. Zeus is said to have blinded him, in order that he might not bestow his favors exclusively on good men, but distribute his gifts without any regard to merit. Pluvial, 'vi-al. A priest's cope or cloak for protection against rain. Pluviose, -OS. The fifth month of the French revolutionary calendar, including Jan. 20-Feb. 18 or 19. Plymouth. A seaport and naval depot of Co. Devon, England, at the confluence of the Tamar and Plym rivers with tho Atlantic; pop. 71,400. P., cap. of P. County, Mass., the oldest town in New England, noted as the landing-place of the Pilgrims, Dec. 22, 1620 ; pop. 7,093. Plymouth Brethren. A sect of Chris- tians who first appeared at Plymouth, England, in 1830, but have since consider- ably extended. They object to national churches as being too lax, and to dissent- ing churches as too sectarian, i-ecognlzing all as brethren who believe in Christ and the Holy Spirit. Pneumatics, nu'mat'iks. That branch of physics which treats of the mechanical properties of elastic fluids, and particu- larly of atmospheric air. Pneumootoka, -mo-ot'o-ka. Animals that breathe air and lay eggs, that is, birds and most reptiles. Poachard, poch'ard. A gen. of oceanic ducks (Fuligula), consisting of numerous POCAHONTAS 571 POLYAUTOGRAPHT Pointer. species, natives of the Arctic Seas, in- cluding- the canvas-back. Pocahontas. Daughter of a Virginia Indian chief, Powhatan, who saved the life of (Japt. John Smith, and married John Eolfe, who took her to England, where she died ; b. 1594, d. 1617. Podology, po-doFo-ji. A treatise on the foot. Poe-bird, pO'e-berd. The Prosthemade- ra cincinnata, a New Zealand bird, fam. honey-eaters. It is a favorite cage-bird, from the iineness of its notes and its capabihty of speaking and mimicking. Poephaga, -efa-ga. A group of mar- supials, so named from their herbivorous habits, including the kangaroos and the kangaroo-rats or potoroos. Pointer, ,,^..,.«^:'^ p o i n t'er. A^ ,' -A^iij vaaiety of Span- ish dog nearly allied to the true hounds, remarkable for 1 1 s habit of p o i n ting at game. In As- tron. a name given to the two hindermost stars of Ursa Major, or Great Bear, from their guiding the eye to the pole-star in Ursa Minor. Poitiers. Cap. of Dept. of Viennef France, on the Clair, 58 m. S. E. of Tours, celebrate■■ ■.,. ■■ '• " T-^iT^- :', . In Fort. -^l^-'- T?- ; ' ; ' ■""" '''■br strong grating i::iri7<^ilE'r>c--''J-^ of timber or. iron, resem- bling a harrow, made to slide in vertical grooves in the jambs of the entrance - gate of a fortified place, to pro- tect the gate in case of as- 6 a u 1 t . P. money, coin Portcullis, struck in Queen Elizabeth's reign for the use of the E. India Company. Porte. The Ottoman Court ; the gov- ernment of the Turkish Empire. Porter, David D. An American ad- miral ; B. in Penn. 1813. He command- ed the fiotlUa, 1862, which reduced Forts Jackson and St. Philip, on the Missis- sippi below New Orleans. Port Hudson. A village of E. Feliciana parish, La., 25 m. N. W. of Baton Ilouge, on the Mississippi, noted for its siege by the Federals in the civil war ; surrendered after Vicksburg, July 7, 1862. Portland, 'land. In Geol. beds of hard oolitic limestone and freestone interstrati- fied with clays, named from the rocks of the group forming the Isle of Portland in Dorsetshire, England. P. cement, made from common limestone, mixed with the rauddy deposits of rivers running over clay and chalk. P. vase, a celebrated cin- erary urn or vase, found in the tomb of the Emperor Alexander Severus. It is of transparent dark-blue glass, coated with opaque white glass, which has been cut down in the manner of a cameo so as to give on each side groups of figures doU' cately executed in relief, representing the marriage of Pelens and Thetis. In ISIO the Duke of Portland, its owner, placed it in the British Museum, but in 1845 it was maliciouslj^ broken. The pieces were very successfully reunited, and it still remains in the Museum, but is not shown to the pubUc. Portland. Cap. of Cumberland Co. and chief commercial city of Maine, on Casco Bay ; pop. 33,810. Porto Rico. A Spanish W. India Island ; area 3,750 sq. m.; cap. San Juan de Porto Pdco ; pop. 800,657. Port-side, 'sld. The left side of a ship looking toward the bow. Portugal. The most westerly kingdom of Europe^ bounded N. and E. by Spain, S. and W. by the Atlantic ; area, 34,502 sq. m.; pop. 5,182,400; with its colonies, abt. 10,000,000. Chief cities, Lisbon, cap., Oporto, Braga, Coimbra, Setubal, Evora and Elvas. Principal rivers, Tagus, Douro, Mmho, Guadiana and Mondego. Mountains, the Serrado Monchique and Serro de Estrella ranges. Port-wine, -win. A dark-purple astrin- gent ^vine made in Portugal, so called from Oporto, whence it is shipped. Poseidon, po-si'don. In Myth, the Greek god of the sea, equivalent to the Latin Neptune. Posse, pos'se. A possibility. A thing is said to be in posse, when it may possibly be ; in esse, when it actually is. A num- ber or crowd of people. Posse comitatus, in law, the body of men which the sheriff is empowered to raise in case of riot, or forcible opposition to the execution of jus- tice. Post, post. A Latin preposition signify- ing after, subsequent, &c., and used in this sense in a number of English words. Postdiluvian, -di-lii'vi-an. A person who lived after the Flood, or who has lived since that event. Posthetomy, pos-thet'o-mi. Circum- cision. Post-meridian, p6st-me-rid'i-an. The afternoon : contracted p. m. Post-mortem, 'mor-tem. After death. P. examination, examination of a body af- ter death. Post-natal, 'na-tal. Subsequent to birth. Post-pleiocene, -ph'o-sen. In Geol. the common term for all deposits of later age than the Norwich crag, and older POST-PEANDIAL 5T5 PRAIEIE-SQUIEEEL than the peat-messes and river gravels which contain neolithic remains. Post-prandial, 'pran-di-al. Happen- ing aftor dinner. Postscenium, -se'ni-um. The part of a theater behind the scenes. Post-tertiary, -ter'shi-a-ri. In Geol. the Lyellian term for all deposits and phenomena of more recent date than the Norwich or mammaliferous crag, divided into three sections — historic, pre- historic and post-glacial. Potamogrrapliy, po-ta-mog'ra-fl. A description of rivers. Potash., pot'ash. The popular name ol vegetable fixed alkali in an impure state, procured from the ashes of plants by lix- iviation and evaporation. Refined potash is called pearlash. It is largely employed in the manufacture of flint-glass and soap, the rectification of spirits, in medicine, bleaching, making alum, scouring wool, «fec. Pure potash is the protoxide of po- tassium. Potassium, po-tas'si-um The metallic basis of potash. Next to lithium, the lightest metallic substance known. Potomac. A river of the U. S., rising in the Alleghanies and emptying into Chesa- peake Bay, forming the boundary line be- tween Maryland and Virginia; length, 400 m. Potsdam. A Prussian city on the Havel, 17 m. S W. of Berlia ; it contains a mag- nificent royal palace. Poulp, pulp. An eight-footed dibranchi- ate cephalopod, the Octopus, allied to the Sepia, or common cuttle-flsli. Pouter, poufer. A variety o f pigeon, so called from its inflated breast. Powers, H i - ram. An emi- nent American sculptor ; b. in Vt.,1805.,D.1879.-:^ Pow-"WOW, pou'- wou. Among the |n. : N. American In-Jl*?' dians, a priest ; a Pouter Pigeon, conjuror. Hence, conjuration performed for the cure of dis- eases and other purposes. The feasts, dances, and other public doings of the In- dians preliraininaiy to a gi-and hunt, a council, a war expedition or the like. Hence the term is often applied to any uproarious meeting. Pound, pound. A standard -weight con- sisting of 12 ounces troy, or 16 ounces avoirdupois. The troy and the avoirdu- pois pound are not, however, the same. The pound avoirdupois weighs 7,000 grains tro}', and the pound troy, 5,760 grains. A British money of account con- sisting of 20 shillings, or 240 pence, origi- nally equivalent to a pound weight of silver. An inclosure in which cattle or other beasts are confined when found at large in violation of law. Poussin, Nicolas. The greatest of French historical painters; b. 1594, D. 1665. Pozzolana, pot-zo-lfi'na. A volcanic product occurring in the neighborhood of extinct volcanoes, largely employed in the manufacture of Eoman or hydi-aulic ce- ment. Prsenomen, pre-no'men. Among the ancient Eomans, a name prefixed to the family name, answering to our Christian name. Praetor, 'tor, A title which originally- designated the Eoman consuls as the lead- ers of the armies. Later two praetors were appointed, one of whom tried causes be- tween citizens, and the other causes be- tween strangers, or between strangers ahid citizens. Eventually the number was raised to eighteen. Prague. Cap. of Bohemia, Austria, on the Moldau, 75 m. S. E. of Dresden, the seat of the oldest Gei-man University ; pop. 163,709. Prairial, prii-ri-al. The ninth month in the French revolutionary calendar. It commenced May 20 and ended June 18. I^rairie-dogr, 'ri-dog. A small rodent, the wistonwish, allied to the marmot as well as to the squirrel, and found on the prairies west of the Mississippi. They live gr«gariously in burrows, and are charac- terized by a sharp bark, like that of a small dog. Prairie G-rove. A locality in Arkansas, near Boston Mountain, noted for the de- feat, Dec. 12, 1862, of the Confederates under Gen. Hindman, by the Federals under Gen. Blunt. Prairie-h.en, -hen. The popular nam© of the pinnated grouse of the U. S. Prairie-squirrel, -sk^vir-reI. A name given to the quadrupeds of the gen. Sper- mophilus, inhabiting the prairies of Amer- ica ; also called Gopher. They have a re- semblance to the prairie-dogs, living like them in burrows, and generally associat- ing in considerable numbers. PRAIEIE-WOLF 576 PRESTER Prairie-wolf, -wolf. A small wolf; the coyote. Prakrit, pra'krit. The collective name of those Hindu languages or dialects which acquired greater prominence as the older Sanskrit passed gradually out of use. Prawn, pran. A small crustacean, gen. Palaiuion, "fam. PalajmonidoB, highly prized as a delicate shell- lish. Praxiteles. An eminent Greek sculptor, who Uved abt. 8(30 «. c. Preadamite, pre-ad'am-It, One of the inhabitants of the earth presumed by some writers to have lived before the time of Adam. One who holds that there were persons existing before Adam. Preceptory, 'sep-to-ri. A subordinate rehgious house where instruction was given. They were establishments of the Knights Templars, the superiors being called knights preceptor. All the precep- tories of a province were subject to a pro- vincial superior, thre« of whom held rank above the rest, viz., those of Jerusalem, TripoUs, and Antioch. Precession, pre-se'shon. The act of going before, or forward. P, of the equinoxes, a slow motion of the equinoc- tial points from east to west, or contrary to the order of the signs. The movement is at the rate of about 50-i-" in a year, or a degree in 71.642 years. The precession of the equinoxes was discovered by Hip- Sarchus a century and a half before the hristian era, though it is alleged that the astronomers of India had discovered it long before. At that time the point of the autumnal equinox was about 6° to the eastward of the star called Spica Virginis. In 1750, about 1900 years after, this point was observed to be about 26° 21' west- ward of that star. Hence it appears thut the equinoctial points will make an entire revolution in about 25,745 years. Predacean, -da'shan. A carnivorous animal. Predestination, -des'ti-na"shon. In Theol. the decree or purpose of God by which (according to many theologians) he has from eternity unchangeably appointed or determined whatever comes to pass ; particularly, the preordination of men to everlasting happiness or misery. Prefect, 'fekt. A name common to sev- eral officers, military and civil, in ancient Rome, who held particular commands or had charge of certain departments. An important functionary in France ; who presides over the departments, having ac- tual direction of the police and extensive powers of municipal regulation ; a prefet. Pregnancy, preg'nan-si. The state of being preg-nant ; the state of a female who has conceived or is with child. Prelate, preFat. An ecclesiastic of the higher order, having authority over the lower clergy, as an archbishop, bishop, or patriarch ; a dignitary of the church. Prelector, prii-lek'tor. A reader of dis- courses ; a lecturer. Premier, 'mi-er. The first or chief min- ister of state ; the prime minister. Pre-Raphaelitism, -rafa-el-it-izm. The system or style of painting j;racticed by the early painters before the time of Raphael; the modern revival of their style or system. Presbyterian, pres-bi-te'ri-an. One that maintains the validity of ordination and government by presbyters. A mem- ber of that section of the Christian church who hold that there is no order in the church superior to that of presbyters, and who vest church government in associa- tions of ministers and elders, without any superiority among them either in ollice or in order. Presbytery, pres-bi-te-ri. A body of elders in the Christian church, whether priests or laymen. A judicatory, consist- ing of the pastors of all the churches of any particular Presbyterian denomination within a given district, along with their ruling (i. e., presiding) elders. Prescott, "William BC. An eminent American historian ; b. in Mass., 1796, D. 1S59. President, pres'i-dent. The chief ofBcer of a corporation, company, society, col- lege or the Uke ; the highest officer of state in a republic. Vice-president, one second in authority to a president. Pressiros- tres, -i-ros'- trGz. A section of wading birds, ord. Gral I a t o r e 8 , divided into two families, the charadria- dse or plovers, and the Otidse or bustards. Prester, 'ter. usJftr'lld Bills of Pressirostres. writers a"s the title of a supposed Chris^ tian king and priest (Prester John) of a mediaeval kingdom in the interior of Asia, the locality of which was vague and unde^ fined. PRESS 57T PRIORY Press, pres. An instrument or machine by wbicli any body is squeezed, crushed or forced into a more compact form. A machine for printing; a printing-press. Tlie publications of a country ; ottea re- stricted to newspapers. Prestidig-itation, 'ti-dij'it-a"'shon. Skill in legerdemain ; sleight of hand ; juggling. Pi'etender, prG-tend'er. In Hist, a name given to certain claimants to the British crown, particularly to the son and gi-and- son of James II., heirs to the house of Stuart, who had been excluded by enact- ment of Parliament. Preter, 'tor. A Latin preposition and ad- verb used in some EngUsh words as a pre- fix. It signifies beyond, beside, by, be- 5'ond in time, more tlian. Preterist, -ist. In Theol. one who be- lieves that the prophecies of the Apoca- lyi)se have already been fulfilled. Priam. In Heroic Hist, son of Laome- don, and last king of Troy ; killed during the sacking of that city by Neoptolemus, son of Achilles ; he is said to have had 50 sons. Priapus, pri-a'pus. In Greek and Rom. Mytli. the god of procreation, and hence of gardens and vineyards, where his statue %vas placed. He was the son of Dionysius and Aphrodite. Prichard, James Co"wles. An em- inent English scientist and author; u. 1785, V. 1848. Prickly-pear, prik'- li-par. A gen. of plants, ord. Cactaceae, mnch used for hedges. Prie-dieu, pre-de-u. A knceling-desk for prayers. Priessnitz, "Vin- cenz. A distinguished Austrian physician, founder of the hydro- pathic svstem of treat- ijient ; n. ITi/S, d. 1851. Priestley, Joseph. An eminent English natural philosopher; b. 1733; p. in U. S., lSn4. He discovered oxvgen, nitrous and muriatic gases. Prickly-pear. Prim ^uan (Conde de Reuss and Marques de los Oastillejos). A dis- tinguished Spanish general and states- man; 15. ISU, assassinatfld 1871. Primia Donna, 'ma dou'oa. The diief female singer in an opora. Primate, prl'mat. The cliief ecclesiastic in certain churches, as the Anglican ; an archbishop. The Archbishop of York is primate of England ; the xVrchbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England. Primates, -ma'tez. The name given by Linnseus to his first order of mammalia, including four genera, viz.. Homo, man; Simla, the ape, monkey, «&c,; Lemur, the lemurs, and Vespertilio, the bat. Prime-minister, prim-min'is-ter. In Great Britain, the first minister of state; the premier. Primog-eniture, pri-mO-jen'itur. The state of being born first of the same par- ents. The right, principle or rule under which the eldest son of a family succeeds to the father's real estate in absolute ex- clusion of the 5^ounger sons and daughters. Primordial, -mor'di-al. A first princi- ple or element. Primus, 'mus. The first in disnity among the bishops of the Scottish episco- pal Church, chosen by the other bishops. Prince, prins. One holdmg the first or highest rank ; a sovereign ; the independ- ent ruler of a nation or state. A sovereign who holds of a superior to whom he owes certain services. The son of a sovereign. On the continent the title Is borne by some families of eminent rank not connected with any reigning house. The only case in which the title is a territ«rial ono is that of the Prince of Wales. Prince Edward Island. A British island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, sep- arated from Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick on the S. by Northumberland Strait ; area, 2,173 sq. m, ; pop. 107,832, cap. Charlotte Town. Princess, prin'ses. A female sovereign ; a female having the rank of a prince. The daughter of a sovereign. The consort of a prince. Princess-royal, -roi'aL The eldest daughter of a sovereign. Princeton. A borough of Mercer Co., N. J., containing P. C/oUege, one of the first educational institutions of the U. S. ; pop. 4,1(52. Prior, pri'or. The sui>erior of a priory or a monaster}' of a lower than abbatial rank ; a monk next in dignity to an abbot. Grand prior, a titl'J given to the comman- dants of the priories of the military orders of St. Jolm of Jerusalem, of Malta, and of the Teniplai-s. Prioress, -es. The female head in a convent of nuns, next in rank to an abbess. Priory, 'o-ri. A religious house of which PEISCILLTANIST 578 PEOPHET a prior or prioress is the superior ; in dig- nity below an abbey. Priscillianist, pris-sil'yan-ist. One of a sect so denominated from Priscillian, a Spaniard, bishop of Avila, who was put to death for heresy in 885. His doctrine was substantially that of the Manichaeans. Prism, prizm. In Geom. a solid whose bases or ends are any similar, equal and paraHel plane je y figures, and whose °^^"'^|ff^- *- are parallelograms. An Prisms, optical appliance consist- ing of a transparent medium so arranged that the surfaces which receive and trans- mit light form an angle with each other. Proa, pro'a. A Malay vessel remarkable for Bwftness, and much used by pirates in the Eastern Archi- pelago. Proboscidea -bos- sid'c-a. An order of mammals, in- cluding those which have the nose prolonged into a prehen- sile trunk, in- c 1 u d ing the elephant and the extinct mastodon and dinothcrium. Proboscis, -bos'sis. The snout or trunk of an elephant and other animals, particu- larly insects. Procida, Giovanni da. An Italian patriot ; B. in Sicily 1225, d. 1304. He is credited with inciting the massacre of the French, 1282^ known as " The SiciUan Vespers." •' Proconsul, -kon'sul. In ancient Eome, an officer who discharged the duties of a consul without being himself consul. Procreator, 'kro-a-ter. One that begets ; a lather or sire. Procyon, 'si-on. A fixed star of the second magnitude in the constellation Canis Minor. A gen. of plantigrade car- nivorous mammals, of which the raccoon is the most remarkable species. Progeny, proj'e-ni. Oflfepring ; chil- dren. Progressionist, pro-gre'shon-ist. One who maintains that society is in a state of progress toward perfection ; one who Proa. Profiles of Negro and European. holds that the existing species of animals and ])lants were gradually developed from one simple form. Prog-nathic, prog-nath'ik. In Ethn. a term ap- plied to the skull of certain classes and individuals in whom the jaw slants forward ; p r o g n a thous. The cuts show the characteristic appearance of a prognathic and an orthog^ nathic head. Proletarian, -le-ta'ri-an. A member ol the poorest class of a community ; ore ol the rabble ; one whose only capital is hia labor. Prolicide, 'li-sld. The crime of destroy- ing one's offspring either in the womb or after birth. Promerops, -me'rops. A gen. of insessorial birds, many of which are remark- able for the beauty of their plumage and its singulail arrangement. Prometheus. In Myth, the Titan son of Tapetus. who made an image in the. form of man and animated' it with fire stolen from Piouierops. heaven. For bis partiality to mortals he was chained to a rock in the Caucasus and tortured by a vulture, but was dehvered by Hercules. Propagranda, prop-a-gan'da. A name given to those institutions by which Chris- tianity is propagated in heathen countries, more particularly to the Congregation de Propaganda Fide, established at Eome by Gregory XV. in 1622, now charged vith the management of the E. C. missions. Propeller, pro-pel'er. A screw for propelling a steam-vessel, revolving be- neath the surface of the water at the stern of the ship. Apphed to a vessel thus propelled. Prophet, profet. Onei that foretells future events, especially a person illumi- nated, inspired or instructed by God to announce future events. The Prophets, that division of the sacred writings which includes Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the twelve minor prophets. School of the prophets, I'ropellors. PROPHETESS 6T9 PEOTOPOPE among the ancient Jews, a Bchool or col- lege in which young men were educated and qualified "for public teachers. The students were called sons of the prophets. Prophetess, -es. A female prophet ; a woman who foretells future events. Propitiatory, prO-pi'shi-a-to-ri. In Jewish Antiq. the mercy -seat; the lid or cover of the ark of the covenant, lined within and without with plates of gold. Proscenium, -se-ni-um. The part in a theatre from the curtain to the orchestra ; also applied to the curtain and the frame- work from which it hangs. Proseljrte, pros'e-lit. A new convert to some religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system or party. Proserpine, 'er-pln. In Class. Myth, the queen of the infernal regions. In Astron. a planetoid between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Protectionist, pro-tek'shon-ist. One who favors the protection of some branch of industry by legal enactments ; one op- posed to free trade. Protector. A title assumed by three usurpers of the English throne : Kichard, Duke of York, 1463 ; Duke of Somerset, 154S, and Cromwell, 1653. Protege, -ta-zha. One under the care and protection of another. Protegree. A female who is protected. Protein, 'te-in. The essential principle of food, obtained from animal or vegetable albumen, fibrin or casein ; composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Proteles. A gen. of animals consisting of a single species, the aardwolf (earth- Aardwolf. wolf) of the Cape of Good Hope. It form s the connecting link between the hyenas and civets. Pro tempore, -tem'po-re. For the time being ; temporary. Abbreviated pro tern. Protestant, prot'es-tant. The name applied generally to those Christian de- nominations that differ from the Church of Home and that sprang from the liefbr- mation. Protestant Episcopal. The name in the U. S. of the reUgious denomination which adheres to the doctrines and usages of the Ch. of England. Protetis, pro'te-us. In Class Myth, a marine deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, whose distinguishing characteristic was the faculty of assuming different shapes ; hence, one who easily changes his form or principles. In Zool. a gen. of perenni- branchiate batrachians. One species only has been hitherto discovered, the P. or Hypochthon auguinus, a saurian found in subterranean lakes and caves. Its eyes are rudimentary, and covered by the skin. Prothonotariat, -thon'o-ta 'ri-at. The college constituted by the twelve apostoli- cal prothonotaries in Eome. Prothonotary, -tarri. A chief notary or clerk. In the E. C. Ch. one of 12 offi- cers constituting a college, who receive the last will of cardinals, make informations and proceedings necessary for the canon- ization of saints, &c. In the Eastern Church, the chief secretary of the Patri- arch of Constantinople. A chief clerk ot court in some of the American States. Protista, -tis'ta. A term designed to express those organisms — protophytes and protozoans — which occupy a jwsition between vegetables and animals. Protogrenic, -to-jen'ik. in Geol. ap- plied to crystalline or fire-formed rocks, in contradistinction to deuterogenio, or those formed by mechanical action. Protomartyr, 'to-mar-ter. The first martyr : a term applied to St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr. The first who suffers or is sacrificed in any cause. Protopapas, -to-pap'as. .^Jn the Greek Ch. a chief priest ; a priest of superior rank. Protoph3rte, 'to-fit. A name given to the lowest organisms in the vegetable kingdom, corresponding to the Protozoa of the animal kingdom. Protoph3rtolog:y, -fi-tol"o-ji. The science of fossil botany. Protoplasm, -plazm. A substance consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen, nearly ide"ntical with the white of an egg, and constituting the ba- sis of life in animal and plant structures. Protoplast, -plast. The original; the first individual pair of a species. Protopope, -pop. In EuBsia, apriestof superior rank ; a protopapas. PE0T0ENI3 580 PSEUDOSOOPE Protomis, -tor'nis. The name given to the earliest fossil passerine bird yet known. In size and structure it approaches the lark, audit occurs in the eocene strata of Claris. Protot3rpe, 'to-tip. An original model after which anything is formed; exem- plar ; ai-chetype. Protozoa, -to-z6'a. A sub-kingdom in- cluding the most lowly organized mem- bers of the animal kingdom. Protractor. A mathemati c a 1 i n - strument for measur- ingr angles on paper. Provencal, pro-von- sal. The Komance protractor, language lormeriy spoken in provinces of France. It is the Langue d'oc, and was the tongue used by the Troubadours. Providence. Semi-cap. of E. I., at the head of tide-water in Providence Eiver, Narragansett Bay, 43 m. 8. W. of Boston; pop. 104,857. Proximo, prok'si-m5. The month fol- lowing the present ; next month. Con- tracted Prox. PrudTiomme, pru-dom. Lit. a pru- dent or discreet man. Specifically, in France, a member of a tribunal composetj of masters and workmen whose principal office is to arbitrate in trade disputes. Councils of prud'hommes existed in the 15th century. They were revived by Na- poleon I., 1806. Prussia. A kingdom of C. Europe, and the principal state of the German Empire, bounded N. by the Baltic and Denmark, E. by Eussia, S. by Austria and the states of S. Germany, W. by France. Belgium and Holland; area, 10T,183 sq. m.; pop. abt. 20,000,000. Principal cities, Berlin, cap., Breslau, Cologne, Konigsberg, I>ant- zig, Strasbnrg, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Frankfort- on -the-Oder and Mentz. Chief rivers, Niemen, Pregel, Yistnla, Oder, Elbe, Weser, Ehine and tributaries. Bays, Swinemunde, Liibeck, Gulf of Dantzig. Mountains, Ilartz, Brocken and Eiesenge- birge ranges. Prussian, pru'shan. The ancient lan- guage of Prussia proper, belonging to the Sclavonic family of the Aryan tongues ; it has been extinct for 200 years, Low-Ger- man having supplanted it. Prytaneum, pri-ta-ne'um. A public hall in ancient Greek states and cities serving as the common home of the com- munity. That of Athens was the most fomous. Pnith. A tributary of tlie Eiver Danube, forming the boundary between Eussia and Moldavia, emptying into tha D. m. 12 below Galatz; length 500 m. The crossing of the I', by the Prussians, 1S68, opened the Crimean war. Psalm, sam. A song or hymn in praise of God. One of the hymns composed by King David and others, a collection of 150 of which constitute the Book of Psalms. The word is also applied to ver- sifications of the scriptural psalms. Psalter, sal'ter. The version of the Psalms in the Book of Common Prayer. In the E. C. Ch. a series of devout sentences or aspirations, 150 in number, in honor of certain mysteries, as the sufferings of Christ. A large chaplet or rosary, con- sisting of 150 beads, in accordance with the number of the Psalma. Psaltery, -i. An in- strument of music used by the Hebrews, the form of which is not known. That now used is a flat in- strument in the form of a triangle, with 13 , chords of wire, which are struck with a plectrum or crooked stick. Psellismus, sel-iz'- mus. A defect in enunciation, such as lisp- ing. stammoring,&c.; alsoa dcjfective enun- ciation due to a hare-lip, or defect of lip. Pseudsesthesia, su-des-the'si-a. Im- aginary or false feeling ; imaginary sense of touch in organs that have been re- moved. Pseudepig-rapliy, -de-pig'ra-fl. The ascription of false names of authors to works. Pseudiso de- mon, -di-sod'6- mon. A mode of building in . Greece in which the courses dif- fered as to the size of the stones : opposed to isodomon. Pseudo. A prefix signifying false, coun- terfeit, or spurious. Pseudonym, su'do-nim. A false or feigned name : in French nom de plume. Pseudosoope, su'do-skop. An optical instrument somewhat on the principle of the stereoscope, but revei'sing the reliefs so that what is nearest appears farthest, and a picture on a wall as if sunk into a deep recess. Psaltery of the 12th century. Pseudisodomon. PSILANTHKOPIST 6S1 PULCHEEIA Psilanthropist, sMan'throp-ist. One who believes that Christ was a mere man ; a hainanitarian. Psittacidae, sit-tas'i-de. The parrot tribe, a faiu. of scansorial birds, compris- ing' over 300 species, of which the gen. Psittaciis is the type. Psyche, si'kc. The soul ; th e mind . In Myth, an alle^'orical per- sonification of the human soul, a maiden, so beauti- ful as to be taken for Ve- nus herself. This god- dess, becoming jealous of her rival charms, ordered Cupid to inspire her with love for some contempti- ble wretch. But Cupid fell in love with her him- self. Psyche, by Jupiter's command, became ira- , mortal, and was forever ^ . , , united with her beloved. Cupid and A small jdanet revolving l^sycne. between the orbit i of 3Iars and Jupiter. Psychologry, -kol'o-ji. That branch of knowledge which deals with the human soul. Ptarmig-an, tfir'mi- gan. A gallinaceous bird, gen. Lagopus, fam. Tetraonids, or gi-onse. The willow- ptarmigan abounds in the Arctic regions. PteridologT, ter-i- dol'o-ji. The science of ferns ; a treatise on ferns. Ptero d a c - tylus, -o- dak'ti-lus. A gen. of ex- tinct flying reptiles (pter- odactyls),ord. P t e rosauria. Several spe- cies have been discov- „^ ^ . , t> ^ a gred. Pterodactyl Kestored. Pteromys.'o-mis. A gen. of rodents, fam. Sciuridse (squirrels) ; the flying squirrels. Pterylography, -i-log'ra-fi. A descrip- tion of the feathers of birds. Pthah, tha. An ancient Egyptian divin- ity, the creator of all things and source of life, and as such father and sovereign of the gods. Pthah is really a special energy of the god Neph. urmigau. Ptolemy. The dj'nastic name of an Egyptian royal house, of whom 13 kings reigned from 823 to 43 b. c. P. Claudius, an eminent Greek astronomer and geogi*a- pher; b. in Alexandria 125, d. IGO. Publicist, pub'li-sist. A writer on the laws of nature and nations ; one who treats of the rights of nations. A writer on cur- rent political topics. Publicola (Valerius Publius). An emineat Eoman jurist, pro-consul with Brutus, 509-T B. c. He was the author of the laws which protected the liberties of tlie masses, and gained for him his sur- name P., " The People's Friesd." Puchapat, pu'cha-pat. The leaf ef Po- gostemon patchouli, of India, mixed with tobacco for smoking, and used for scent- ing women's hair. The essential oil (pat- chouli) is employe! to scent clothes. Puddle-ball, pud'1-bal. In iron manu- facture, the lump of red-hot iron taken from the puddling furnace in a pasty state to be hammered or rolled. Puddler, 'ler. One employed at the pro- cess of turning cast-iron into wrought- iron. Puebla, La. Cap. of a Mexican state of same name, 7G m. S. E. of City of Mexico; pop. abt. 80,000. Pueblos. A name given to several small semi-civilized Indian tribes of New Mexi- co, whose customs antedate the Spanish occupation. They number a'j»t. 20,000. Zuni is the principal village. Puffln, puf'in. T h e common name for the div- ing birds, gen. Fratercula, auk family Pugrgri, pug'i. In India, a detect ive who follow.' up the pug oi footmark ; one whose business is „ -.^ ^ to trace thieves. Common Puffin. &c., by their footsteps. Puisne, pu'ne. A junior; an inferior. In law, a judge af inferior rank. Pulaski, Casimir, Count. A Polish patriot, js. 1747. He won distinction in the revolution against IJussia and after- ward came to America, 1777, when he was appointed brigadier-general; killed at the siege of Savannah, 1779. Pulcheria, St. Daughter of the em- peror Arcadius ; b. 899 i). 463. Shegov- erned the Eastern empire 8C years,414-. PULEX PYLOEUS 450, in the name of her brother Theodo- sius, and 3 years in her own name. She was as eminent for piety as, for abihty. Pulex, 'leks. A gen. of apterous insects, consisting of the various species of fleas. JPuIkha, pul'ka. A Laplander's traveling sledge. Laplander in his Pulkha, IhlUey, pul'li. A small wheel movable aboutan axle and having a groove in its circumference over which a cord passes ; it is one of the six simple machines or mechanical powers, and used for raising weights. Pulpit, 'pit. An elevated ' place or inclosed stage in & puHeys church, in which the preacher stands ; in ancient times often made of stone and richly carved. The pulpit, preachers generally ; the public teaching in churches. Pulque, 'ka. A vinous Mexican bever- age obtained by fermenting the juice of tho various species of the agave. It re- sembles cider, but has an odor similar to putrid meat. Pumper-nickel, pum'per-nik-el. A species of coarse bread made from unbolted rye. Pumpkin, pump'kin. A climbing plant and its fruit, of the gen. Cucurbita, the C. Pepo, ord. Cucurbitaceae. P'Ondit, pun'dit. A learned Brahman ; cne versed in the Sanskrit language and in the science, laws and religion of India. Punic, pu'nik. The language of the Carthaginians, which belongs to the Canaauitish branch of the Semitic tongues and is allied to Hebrew. Punjaub, The. That section of British India embraced within the Indus on theW. and the Sutlej on the E. ; pop. about 19,000,000. Purana, pu-ra'na. One of a class of sacred poetical writings in the Sanskrit tongue, which treat of the creation, de- struction and renovation of worlds, the genealogy and deeds of gods, heroes and princes, the reigns of the Manus, &c. The number is stated to be eighteen, and, to- gether with the Tantras, they form the foundation of the popular creed of tho Brahminical Hindus. Purim, 'rim. An annual festival among the Jews instituted to commemorate their preservation from the massacre with which they were threatened by the machinations of Haman, Puritan, 'ri-tan. The name by which the dissenters from the Church of England were generally known in the reign oi Elizabeth and the first two Stuarts ; the original settlers of New England. Purcon, per'kon. The native name for a priest of the Oiiental fire-worshipers. Purg-atory, 'ga-to-ri. According to the belief of Koman and Greek Catholics, and others, a place in which souls after death are purified from venial sins or im- dergo the temporal punishment which, after the guilt of mortal sin has been re- mitted, still remains to be endured by the sinner. Purple, 'pi. A secondary color com- pounded by the union of the primaries blue and red. Pusane, pu'siin. In ancient armor, the gorget or a substitute for it. Pusey, Edward Bouverie. An em- inent English theologian ; b. 1800, ». 1882. Pushto, push'to. The language of the Afghans. Putnam, Israel. An American general; B. in Mass. 1718, d. 1790. Pyaemia, pl-e'mi-a. In Pathol, blood- poisoning, a dangerous disease resulting from the introduction of decaying animal matter, pus, or other unhealthy secretion into the system. Pygrmy, pig'mi. A fabulous race of dwarfs, first mentioned by Homer as dwelling on the shores of Ocean, and who had to sustain a war against the cranes every spring. A little or dwarfish person ; a dwarf. A species of ape ; the chimpan- zee. Pylagoras, pl-lag'nr-as. In Ancient Greece a delegate or representrtive of a city, sent to the Amphictyonic council. Pylon, 'Ion. In Arch, the mass of build- ing on either side of the entrance to an Egyptian temple. Pylorus, pi-16'ru8. The lower and right orifice of the stomach, through which the food passes on to the intestine. PYRAMID 5S8 Pyramid, pir'a- mid. A structure of a well-known shape, erected in different parts of the world, the most noted being those of Egypt and Mexi- co. The pyramids of Egypt commence immediately south of Cairo, continuing southwards at varying intervals for nearly 70 miles. The four largest are near Ghizeh, a village about four miles south- west of Cairo. The base of the Great Pyramid, or Pyramid of Cheops, is 746 feet square, occupying 13 acres, and it is built in platforms ;"that at the top contains only 1067 square feet. The height was originally 480 feet 9 inches, present height 4C0 feet, and the series of platforms pre- sents a succession of 203 steps. The in- terior contains numerous chambers. It is unquestionably the most stupendous stone building ever erected, and is said by Herodotus to have employed 100,000 men for 20 years. P3nrenees, The. A mountain chain in S. W. Europe, forming the boundary bet. France and Spain, 270 m. ; Mt. Perdu is 10,994 feet high. P y r h eliometer, per-he'li-om"et-er. An Instrument for measuring the inten- sity of the heat of the sun. Pyrochroa, pir-o-kro'a. A gen. of cole- opterous insects, distinguished by its pure red color ; cardinal beetle. P y r o - electricity, '6-e-lek-tri8"i-ti. Electricity produced by heat ; the science which treats of electricity so produced ; thermo-electricity. Pyrolatry, pi-rora-tri. The worship of fire. Pjrroleter, 'e-ter. An apparatus for the extinction of fire by carbonic acid ; a fire- extinguisher. Pyrology, 'o-ji. The science of heat, latent and sensible. P3rronieter, -rom'et-er. An instrument for measuring gradations of temperature above those Indicated by the mercurial thermometer. Pyrophone, pir'o-fon. A musical in- strument, in which the various notes are produced by the burning of hydrogen gas within glas's tubes of various sizes and lengths. PyToteclinics, -o-tek'niks. The art of making and using fireworks. Pyroxyline, pi-rok'sil-in. A term em- bracing all explosive substances obtained by immersing vegetable fiber in nitric or nitro-sulphuric acid. I*yrrh.ic, pir'ik. An ancient Grecian Avarlike dance. Pyrrho. A distinguished Greek phil- osop\r, r, founder of the Skeptic school ; b. abt. 3s0, D. 290 b. c. Pj^thagoras. An illustrious Greek philosopher ; b. in Samos abt. 600 b. c. ; date and place of death nnknown. He taught the doctrine of metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls through dif- ferent orders of animal existence. Pjrtlion, pi'thon. A gen. of large ser- pents, fom. Boidae, allied to the boa, which attain a length of 30 feet. They are not venomous, but kill their prey by com- pression . Pythoness, -es. The priestess of Apollo at his temple at Delphi, who gave oracular answers : hence, any woman supposed to have a spirit of divination ; a witch. Pyx, piks. In the K. C. Ch. a cov- ered vessel used for holding the consecrated host. A box in Avhich specimen coins are deposited at the Mint. Trial of the pyx, the final trial by weight and assay of gold and silver coins of Great Britain prior to their issue from the Mint. Pyx. Pyxis, pik'sis. A box ; a pyx. P. Nau- tica, the Mariner's Compass, a southern constellation QIS the 17th letter of the alphabet, a con- sonant having the same sound as k or hard c. It is a superfluous letter, as the combination qu, in which it always occurs, could be equally well expressed by kw, or k alone when the u is silent. It is most common as an initial letter ; it never stands alone as a final though in such Avords as pique, oblique it is really final, the following \owel8 being silent. The QUACK 584 QUARTER-MASTER name of the letter is said to be from the Fr. queue, a tail, from its form. As an abbreviation, among matliematicians, Q. E. D. stands for quod erat demonstrand- um, which was to be demonstrated ; Q. E. F., quod erat faciendum, which was to be done ; in Rom. literature and inscrip- tions, Q stands for Quintus. Quack, kwak. One who pretends to skill or knowledge which he does not possess ; a cliarlatan. duadragrene, kwod'ra-jen. A papal in- dulgence lor 40 daj's ; a remission of the temporal punishment due to sin, corre- sponding to the 40 days of the ancient can- onical penance. Quadrag-esima, -ra-jes'i-ma. Lent ; so called because it consists of 40 days. Q. Sunday, the first Sufada}" in Lent, and about the 40th day before Easter. Quadrant, -rant. A fourth part ; an instrument with which latitudes are taken. Quadrat, 'rat. In Printing, a piece of type-metal cast lower than a type, used for filling out blank spaces. a, a, Quad- Quadrigra, -rl'ga. An an- rants, cient two-wheeled chariot drawn by four horses, harnessed abreast. It was used in racing in the Greek Olym- pian games, and in the Circensian games of the Romans. Quadrig-enarious, 'ri-je-na"ri-us. Con- sisting of 400. Quadrilateral, -ri-t ■ » lat'er-al. A figure liav- 1 I ing four sides and con- \ I scquently four angles ; \ I a quadraiigiihi'- figure. \ \ The Q. famous in Aus- J tro-Italian Jxistory, is Quaurihaerai. formed by the four fortified po'ints, Peschiera and Mantua on the Mincio, and Verona and Legnago on the Adige. Quadrille, ka-dril'. A game played by four i)ersons witli 40 cards, the tens, nines and eights being discarded. A dance of five figures or movements executed by four couples forming a square. Quadrillion, kwod-ril'li-on. The fourth power of a million, or the number repre- sented by a unit with 24 ciphers annexed ; acciording to the French, a unit with 15 ciphers annexed. Quadripennate, -ri-pen'at. One of a so ;'.iim ofi'isectis destitute of elytra and }-.;a ing four wings. Quadrisacrainentalist,-8ak-ra-men"- tal-ist. A disciple of Melanchthon, who allowed the four sacraments of baptism, the eucharist, penance and holy order. Quadroon, -ron'. The offspring of a mulatto and white; a person quarter- blooded. Quadruxaana, -rii'ma-na. An order of mammals comprising apes, monkeys, ba- boons, lemurs, «fec. Quadruped, 'ni-ped. An animal having four legs and feet, usually restricted to mammals, though many reptiles have four legs. Four times the sum or -pi. Quadruple, number. Q u ag-ga . kwag'a. An animal of the gen. Equus, allied to the zebra, found ^.aj, in 8. Africa. W-^ It has been bred with the horse. Quahaug", kwa'hog. In N. " England, the popular name of a large species of clams. Quail, kwfd. A common name of bird.^, gen. Coturnix, nearly allied to the partridges. There are several species, all ftxvorite table birds. Quaker, kwiik'er. One of the religious "■ sect called the Society of Friends. The name was given in reproach, and was adopted by the Society. Quaker-gun, -gun. A wooden imita- tion of a cannon used for the purpose of deceiving the enemy. Quart, kwart. The fourth part of a gal- lon ; two pints ; equal to 69.3185 cubic inches. Quarte, kiirt. One of the four guards in fencing ; a corresponding position of the body. Quarter-foil. An or- namental figure repre- senting an expanded flower of four petals. Quarter - maste r , Milit. an oflicer who superintends the tents, «&«., of a regiment, and keeps the Quail. i Quarter-foils, quarters, barracks, QUAKTZ 585 QUININE regimental stores. Naut. a petty officer, who has charge of the stowage of ballast and pro^^sions, coiling of ropes, &c., and attends to the steering of the ship. Quartz, kwarts. A name given to numer- ous varieties of the native oxide of silicon, called also silicic acid. When pure and crystalline, it is known as rock-crj'stal. Hornstone, amethyst, siderite, agate, avanturine, flint, opal, chalcedony, onyx, sardonyx and jasper are varieties of this mineral. Quartz veins are often found in metamorphic rocks, and frequently con- tain rich deposits of gold. duass, kwas. A thin, sour, fermented liquor, made by pouring warm water on rye or barley meal, drank by the peas- antry of Kussia. Quaternary, kwa-ter'na-ri. The num- ber four. In Geol. the strata above the tertiary. Called also post- tertiary. In Chern. compounds which contain fom- elements, as gum, fibrin, &c. duatre Bras. A village of Brabant, Belgium, 3 m. S. E. of Gemappe, where, June 17, 1S15, was fought the indecisive battle between the English and Freneh which preceded the battle of Waterloo, next day. Quebec. Cap. of E. Canada, or Quebec, on a high bluff bet. the St. Lawrence and St. Charles rivers, the chief commercial city of the Dominion ; pop. 94,324. Queen, kwen. A female sovereign. Q. consort, the wife of a king. Q. dowager, widow of a deceased king. Q. mother, a queen dowager who is also mother of the reigning sovereign. Queen-post. One of two sus- pending posts in a trussed roof. Queen - regent. A queen who holds the crown in her own right ; a a, a, ^ueen - posts qucen-regnant. Queen's-metal, kwenz'met-ai. An alloy of y i)arts ot tin, 1 bismuth, 1 antimony and 1 lead, used for b, tiebeam struts or braces ; d, d, pinlins; e, sti-aining beam ; f, f, common rafters ; g, g, wall plates ; h, ridge-piece. making tea-pots, spoons, «s;c. Queen-bee. 'be. The sovereign of a swarm of bees, the only fully -developed and prolific insect in the hive, all the others being either males or drones and neuters. Her sole occupation consists in layir g the eggs for the increase of the pop- ulation of the hive, from 300 to 2,000 eggs being deposited daily. Queenstown (Cove). A port on Cork harbor 10 m. 8. of Cork, a mail station for trans-Atlantic steamers ; pop. 16,457. Queretaro. Cap. of province of v«;ame name, 110 m. N. W. of City of Mexico, noted as the f)lace where the treaty of peace between the U. S. and Mexico was ratified, 1S4S, also for the execution of th« Emperor Maximilian, 1867: pop. abt. 52,000. Quern, kwem. A stone hand-miU for grinding grain. Questor, kwes'tor. A certain magistrate of ancient Rome whose chief office was the management of the public treasury ; receiver of taxes, tribute, «&c. Also written Quaestor. Quick-march, kwik'march. A march at the rate of Si miles an hour, 110 paces (275 ft.) a minute. Called also Quick-step. Quicksilver, 'sil-ver. Mercury, a met- al which is liquid at ordinary tempera- tures, only becoming sohd at about 40<* below the zero of Fahrenheit. Quietist, kwl'et-ist. One of a sect of mystics, originated by Molinos, a Spanish priest, in the 17th century. Other sects of quietists have appeared in dilterent ages, such as the Messahans or Euchites in the 4th century, the Bogomili in the 11th century, the Ceghards, Beguines and Ilesychasts in the 13th century, the Brethren of the Free Spirit in the 14tli century, and otners of less note. Quince, kwins. The fruit of the Cydonia vulgaris, ord. liosaceae. Quince-seed, 'sed. The seeds of the quince, used for making a gummy sub- stance for imparting stiffness and gloss to the hair, as also a mucilage for chapped lips. Quincy, Josiah.. An American lawyer, orator and essayist ; b. in Mass. 1744, d. 1775. His son Josiah, b. 1772, ». 18&4, was also distinguished as an orator. While a member of Congress he opposed the ad- mission of Louisiana, also the war, 1812, with Great Britain. Quindecagron, kwin-dek'a-gon. In Geom. a plane tigure with 15 sides and 15 angles. Quindecemvir, -de sem'ver. In Horn. Antiq. one of a body of 15 magistrates who had charge of the Sibylhne books. Quinine, 'in. A vegetable alkali, obtained from the bark of several trees of the goh. Cinchona. With acids It forms eryst^liz- QUINQTTAGESTMA RACK able salts, the most important of which is the sulphate, largely used in medicine. duinquagesima, -kwa-ies'i-ma. Fifti- eth. Q. Sunday, so called as being about the fiftieth day before Easter ; Shrove Sunday. Quinquenniewi, -kwen'i-ad. A period of 6 years. Quinquevir, 'kwe-ver. In Eom. Antiq. one of 5 special commissioners frequently appointed under the republic to carry any measure into effect. Quintain, 'tan. A figure or object to be tilted at, constructed in various ways. Quintal, 'tal. A weight of 100 lbs. The French quintal is 100 kilograms, or 220 lbs. avoirdupois. duintile, 'til. The aspect of planets when distant from each other the fifth part of the zodiac or 72 degrees. Q,uintilian, -til'i-an. One of a sect of heretics in the second century, disciples of Montanus, who took their name from Quintilia, a lady whom he had deceived by his pretended sanctity. They made the cucharist of bread and cheese, allowed women to be priests and bishops, and de- cried baptism as useless. Q,uintilian, Marcus Fabius Q,uin- tilianus. An eminent Eoman rhetor- ician ; R. abt, 43, d. 118. Quintillion, 'li-on. A number produced by involving a million to the fifth power. or a unit followed by 30 ciphers ; in French and Italian notations, a unit followed by 18 ciphers. duintroon, -tron. In the "W. Indies, the child of a white man by a woman who has one-tixteenth part of negro blood. Quipo, kvdp'o. A cord spun from vari ously colored threads, to which smaller threads were attached as a fringe ; used among the ancient Peruvians and Mexi- cans for recording events, &c. The colors denoted sensible objects, as white for sil- ver, yellow for gold, and the like ; also ab- stract ideas, as white for peace, red for war. Gluirinus, kwi-ri'nus. An Italian war- like divinity, supposed to be the same as Mars. duirites, 'tt-z. A designation of the citi- zens of ancient Rome in their civil capac- ity ; that of Romani applying to their political and military capacity. Quito. Cap. of republic of Ecuador, S. America, on a plain bet. two ranges of the Andes ; pop. abt. 80,000. Quoit, koit. A flat ring of iron, convex on the upper and concave on the under side, so that the outer edge curves down- ward, used in playing (or pitching) in a game called quoits.' Quotidian, kwo-tid'i-an. Anything that returns every day. A fever whose parox- ysms return daily. R RIS the 18th letter of the alph.ibet, classed as a liquid and semi- vowel, and generally represents two shghtly different sounds. Among the Romans r was called the "dog's letter" (Utera canina), from its sound being comparad to the snarling of a dog. It has close affinities with 1, and its interchange with that con- sonant is common. It is also closely al- lied to s (with the z-sound). In words from the Greek the Latins wrote h after r, as a representative of the aspirated sound with which this letter was pronounced by the Greeks, but in English h is superfluous, rhapsody, rheum, rhetoric being pro- nounced as if written rapsody, i-eum, rct- oric. As an abbreviation R stands for rex, king ; or regina, queen ; also for royal ; as R. N., Royal Navy; R. A., Royal Acad- em}'. Among physicians R stands for receipt, take. Kabbi, rab'bi. A title of respect given to Jewish doctors or expounders of the law. The rabbi of the present day teaches tha young, delivers sermons, assists at mar- riages and divorces, and decides some questions of ritual. Kabbinist, 'bin-ist. Among the Jews, one who adhered to the Talmud and the traditions of the rabbins, in opposition to the Caraites, who rejected traditions. Rabble, 'l. The tool used in the process of puddling to stir the melted iron and ekim oft" the slag ; the puddling-tool. Rabelais, Francois. A distinguished French humorist ; B. 1495, d. 1553, as cu- rate of Meudou. Rabi, 'e. The name given to the great grain crop of Hindustan, consistinij of wheat, barley, oats and miUets. It is the last of the" three crops, and furnishes about five-sixteenths of the food supply. Racine, Jean. An en)inent French poet and dramatist ; b. 1639 ; d. 1699. Rack, rak. An ancient instrument for the judicial torture of criminals and suspected pwsons. It was a, wooden frame within EACCOO]!*r 587 EANA Tv-hich the prisoner was laid on his hack upon the floor, with his wrists and anlcles attached by cords to rollers, which were moved in opposite directions till the body rose to a level with the frame. Raccoon, rak-kdn. An American plan- tif,'rade carnivorous mammal, the com- mon raccoon being the Procyon lotor. Its fur Is valuable. Racket-court, 'et-kort. An are^^ or court in which the game of rackets is l>layed ; a tennis-court. Rack-rent, 'rent. A rent raised to the uttermost ; a rent greater than any ten- ant can reasonably pay. Racovian. ru-ko'vi-an, Amembt^rofa polish sect of Unitarians : so called from Kacow, where tliey have a seminary. Radetzky, Joseph Wenzel, Prince. An Austrian general, who won distinction in wars with the Turks, French and Ital- ians ; B. 1766, D. 185S. Radiant, ra'di-ant. In optics, the lumi- nous point or object from which light em- anates, that falls on a mirror or lens. In Astron. the point In the heavens from which a star-shower seems to proceed ; thus, Andromeda in the constellation Leo is the radiant of the November star- showers, known as Leonides. Radius, ra'-do-us. The y^ — I ^ semi-diameter of a cir- /^ I >. Raffaelle-ware, rSf [ j \ Majolica ware, so called from the supposition that the designs were painted by Kaffaelle. liadius. Rafi3.esia, raf-lC'si-a. A gen. of parasitical plants, type of the ord. of liafflesiace*, natives of Sumatra and Java, having scales in place of leaves. R. Arnoldi produces a flower measuring 3 feet in diameter. It Is used in Java as a powerful astringent and styptic. Rag-huvansa, rag-hfl-van'sa. ThetUle of one of the most celebrated Sanskrit I»oems, the legendary history of the kings descended from the sun. Ragrlan. James Henry Fitzroy Somerset, Lord. An English general, a descendant of the Plantagenets ; b. 178S, D. in the Crimea while Commander-in- Chief of the British Army, 1855. Ragmarok, riig'na-rek. In Scand. Myth, the day of doom, when the present world will be annihilated, to be i-eeonsti-ucted on an imperishable basis. Rahu, ra'hu. In Indian Myth, the demon who is supposed to be the cause of th« eclipses of the sun and moon. Rajah., ra'jii. In India, a title which be- longed to the princes of the Hindu race, but now apjdied to Hindus of rank and to large land-holders, irrespective of theur caste. Rajput, raj'pvit. A member of various tribes of India of Aryan origin, descended from the royal races of the Hindus or from the Kshatriya or military caste. At pres- ent they chiefly occupy the province of Eajputana, but all over India there are families who claim the title. Rakee, ra-kc'. A coarse spirit made chiefly in Kussia from grain •, common Kussian brandy. Rakshasa, rak'shas-a. In Hind. Myth, one of a class of evil spirits or genii. They are cruel monsters, frequenting ceme- teries, devouring human beings and as- suming any shape at pleasure. They are generally hideous, but some, especially the females, allure by their beauty. Raleig:h,"W'alter, Sir. A distinguished English politician, wit, historian, soldier, navigator and poet ; B. 1552 ; executed for high treason, by order of James I., 161S. Raleig-h. Cap. of N. Carohna, 148 m. N. W. of Wilmington ; pop. 9,265. Rallus, ral'lus. The rails, a gen. of birds, fam. Eallidai. Rama, ra'ma. In Hind. Myth, the name common to three incarnations of Yishnu. They are all of surpassing beauty. One corresponds somewhat to the classical Bacchus, another to Mai-s, and the third is Yishnu in his 6th incarnation. Ramadan, -dan. The 9th month of the Mohammedan year. As the Mohammed- ans reckon by lunar tinre, it begins each year eleven days earUer than in the preced- ing year, so that in thirty -three years it occurs successively in all the seasons. The great annual Mohammedan fast, kept throughout the entire month, from sunrise to sunset. Written also Khamazan and Kamadzan. Ramphastos, ram-fas'tos. The true toucans, a gen. of scansorial birds, type of the fam. Kampliastidw. Ramsay. David. An American states- man and historiiin ; b. in Penn., 1749, D. 1815. Ramus. Pierre la Ramee. A dls- tinguished French philosopher and philfil- ogi.st: B. 15'.^0. killed on St. Bartholomew's day, 1572. Rana, ra'na. A gen. of amphibian vef EAITANITE EEAD tebrates, including the various pnecies of fi-ogs as distinguished from the toads (gen. Bufo). Kananite, 'nan-lt. A sect of Jews who honored trogs because they were one of the instruHients in plaguing Pharaoh. Ranch, ranch. In Southwestern TJ 8 a rancho ; & stock fai-m. * ' Rancko, ran'cho. In Mexico, a farming establishment for rearing cattle and horses, distmguished from a hacienda, which is a cultivated farm or plantation, Randolph, John. (Of Roanoke.) An emment American statesman and orator ■ B. m Va., 1773, d. 1883. He claimed de- scent from Pocahontas. He Mas a mem- ber of both houses of Congress and minis- ter to Kussia. Rannee, ran-ne'. The wife of a Hindu rajah ; a queen or princess. Rang-oon. A fortified seaport of Fur- ther J ndia, on the Irrawaddy, 30 m. from the Indian Ocv-an ; pop. 30,000. Ranke, Leopold. A distinguished Ger- man historian ; is.- 1796, d. 1673. Ranter, rant'er. A name given by way ot lepioach to one of a denomination of ?r!^f rr9^'"stians which sprang up in 1G45. They called themselves Seekers their members maintsining that thev were seeking for the true churcS. The name is also vulgarly applied to the primitive Methodists. Raphael (Rafaelle and Raffaelle) i he most eminent of modern painters ; r. at IJrbino, Italy, 1483 ; d. at liome, 1520 ' Rappahannock. A river of Va 125 m long, emptying into Chesapeake I:>ay. Its banks Avere the scene of manv l^f.?™"t movements and battles in the Civil ^ ar. Raptores, rap-to'rez. Birds of prey The oagles, vultures and falcons are examples Rara avis, ra'ra a'vis. A rare bird • a prodigy ; an unusual person ; an uncom- mon obiect. Raskolnik, ras-kol'nik. The name given t(> a dissenter from the Greek Ch in Eussia. Rasores, ra-so'rez. Gallinaceous birds or scratchcrs, coni],riRing the sub-orders Gallinacei and Golumbacei. The domes- tic towl may be regarded as the type. Rationalist, rash'on-al-ist. In Theol one who considers the supernatural events recorded in the Scriptures as events hap- pening m the ordinary course of nature and considers tho morality of the Scrin- tures subject to the test of human reason Ratafia, rat-a-fe'a. A spirituous liquoi liavored with the ker- ^ ^ - ^ ^""* uels of cherries, apri- cots and peaches. Ratchet, rach-et. In a watch, a small tooth ' at the bottom of the' fusee or barrel, which stops it in winding up. Ratel, rat-el. A car- nivorous quadruped, ~:atchet-wh.-el gen. Mellivora, of the ^"^^'^^'^^ ''^^<^'- badger family Meiidae. The honey-ratel Iloney-ratel. is celebrated for the destruction it makes among the nests of the wild bee. Rath, rath. A prehistoric fortification in Ireland, consisting of a circular rampart of earth with a mound in the center. Ratitse, ra-tl'te. Huxley's second divis- ion of the class Aves, the other two being the Saururse and Carinatas, comprising all birds that cannot fly, such as the ostriches emus and cassowaries. ' Rattazzi, XJrbano. An eminent Ital- He was ian statesman ; b. 1810, v. 181 prime minister three times. Rattlesnake, rat'l- snak. A venomous snake of the gen. Cro- talus, distinguished from the other mem- bers of the family by the tail terminating in a series of articulated horny pieces, which the animal vibrates in such a manner as to make a rattling sound. Ravenna. Cap. of province of same name, C. Italy, on the Adriatic, near the mouth of the Montone. 43 m. S. E. ot Bologna, at one time cap. of the W. Em- pire ; pop. abt. 21,000. Re. A i)refix from the Latin denoting iteration, return, repetition, retrogression, &c. The form red also occurs in words 1 beginning with a vowel, as redolent, re- deem. Read, Nathan. An American mechan- Eatilesnake. RAT 580 EEDBREAST Stnrry Eay, iclan ; is. iuMass., 1759, b. 1S49. lie in- vented the macliine -which makes headed nails at a single operation. Ray, rfi. Kaia, a gen. of elasmobian- chiate fishes, in- cluding the sting- ray, starry ray, spotted torpedo, skate, dans connected by curtains form fines of intrenchment. Red-bird, red'berd. The popular name of several birds, as the Tanagra a^stiva or summer red-bird, the Tanagra rubra and the 15altimore oriole or hang-nest Red-book, 'buk. A book containing the names of all the persons in the service of the State. Eed-book of the Exchequer, an ancient English record in which are registered the names of all that held lands per baroniam in the time of Henry II. Redbreast, 'brest. A bird so called from the color of its chest feathers, the Erythacus rubecula, fam. Sylviadse, ord. Dentirostres. It is also known as the I Eobin-redbreast, or simply as the Eobin. ^^ EEDEMPTIONIST 590 EEHOBOAM An Americao name for a singing bird, gen. Tardus, wliose breast is a dingy orange- red ; the migratory thrush. Bedemptionist, re-dem'shon-ist. A member of an order of monks who de- voted themselves to the redemption of Christian captives from slavery. More frequently called Trinitarians. Redemptorist, 'tor-ist. Oaeofarelig- 1 ions C'.)ngret,'ation founded in Naples by ' Liguori in ITtii, and revived in Austria in 1820. They devote themselves to the education of youth and the spread of Catholicism. They style themselves members of the congregation of the If oly Eedeemer. Called also Liguorists, Li- guorians. Bed-fire, red'f Ir. A pyrotechnical mix- ture, consisting of nitrate of strontia, sul- phur, antimony and chlorate of potash. It burns with a red flame. Redowa, '0-a. A Bohemian dance, a sort of polka. Bed Biver. A large affluent of the Miss- issippi, rising in N. W. Texas, skirts the Indian Ter., and flows through Arkansas and Louisiana ; length 1,200 m. K. K. of the North, a stream which rises in Minne- sota and empties into Lake Winnipeg, British North America ; length, 700 m. Bed Sea (Arabian G-ulf ). A long and narrow arm of the Indian Ocean, bet. N. E.Africa and Arabia; length, 1,400 m. ; maximum breadth, 280 m. Bedshank, 'shangk. A bird, gen. Te- tanus, the T. calidris, so called from its red legs. A term applied to a Highlander in derision of his bare legs. Bedstart, 'stiirt. A bird (lluticilla phoenicura), fam. Sylviadae, nearly allied to the redbreast. The American redstart is a small bird, fam Muscicapidae or fly- catchers. Bed-tapiszn, tap'izm. The system of red tape or excessive ofticial routine; strict adherence to official formalities. Beebok, rO'bok. A species of S. African antelope, the Pelea capreola or Antilope capreolus. The horns are smooth, long, straight and slender, and so sharp that the Hottentots and Bushmen use them for needles and bodkins. Beed-bird, red'berd. Same as Kice- bird. Beed-pipe, 'pip. A musical pipe made of reod. A pipe in an organ in which the vibration is produced by means of u reed. Beef, ref A chain, mass or range of recks in the ocean, lying at or near the •ur&«e of the water. A portion of a sail folded or rolled up to contract it in pro- portion to the increase of the wind. Beem, rem. The Hebrew name of an animal mentioned in Job. xxxix. 9, and translated unicorn. The common belief is that the reem was the aurochs or urus. Beformation. The name given to the religious revolution begun bj' Luther and others about 1517, and which divided the Western Church into the two sections known as Prot- estant and lioman Catholic. Befractometer, re-frak-tom'et- e r. An instrument for exhibiting and measuring the re- fraction of light. Befrig-erator. box lor keeping I articles in hotj weather by means ^^^^®- Refrigerator. Beg-al, 'gal. An old musical instrument ; a small porfeible organ played with the fingers of the right hand, the left working the bellows, Begratta, -gat'ta. Originally a gondola race in Venice ; now any important sailing or rowing race in which a number of yachts or boats contend for prizes. Beg-el, 'gel. A fixed star of the first magnitude in Orion's left foot. Begent, 'gent. A governor ; a ruler. One invested with vicarious authority ; one who governs a kingdom in the mi- nority, absence or disability of the king. Begent-bird, -berd. The Sericulus chrysocephalus of Australia, belonging to the"^fem. Meliphagidye or honey-eaters, and to the tenuirostral group of the Insessorea or perchers. Beg-icide, rej'i-sld. A king-kifler; one who murders a king. Begnlus, Marcus Attilius. A Eo- man patriot, captured by the Carthagin- ians in the first Punic war and sent home to urge his people to make peace, under a promise to return if this was refused. Ho eloquently urged the more energetic pros- ecution of the war, which was decided upon, and on returning to Carthage was executed Avith great cruelty ; b. abt. 300, T>. 250 B. c. Begrur, r^'ger. The native name for the cotton soil of India, covering at least one- third of S. India. Belxoboam. In Scrip, son of Solomon REICHSEATH 591 REQUA-BATTEEY and Naamah, s, his father; b. 1016; crowned, 975 ; d. 958 b. c. Heichsrath, rlchs'rat The imperial Parliament of Austria. BeicLstadt, rich'stat. The desig^nation given to the free cities which, uader the old German constitution, held immediate- ly of the empire. E^chstag', richs'tag-. The imperial Parliament of Germany which assembles at Berlin ; the German Diet. Held, Mayne. An American novelist; B. in Ireland, 1818. He served as captain in the U. S. army in the Mexican war. Heindeer, ran'der. A species of deer found in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, the Cervus tarandus, or Tarandus rangifer. It is keen of sight and swift, being capable of maintaining a speed of 9 or 10 miles an hour for a long time. Among the Laplanders the reindeer is a Eeindea:- substitute for the horse, the cow and the sheep, as he furnishes food, clothing and the means of conveyance. The caribou of IS. America, if not absolutely identical with the reindeer, would seem to be a well-marked variety of it Seindeer-moss, -mos, A lichen (Cen- omyee rangiferina) which constitutes al- most the sole winter food for reindeer, &c., in high northern latitudes. Seis, res. Ahead; a chief; a captain. E. elfeudi, one of the chief Turkish officers of state, cfcaneeilor of the empire and minister of foreign affairs. Seisner-work, ris-ner-werk. A kind of inlaid cabinet-work ia which woods of contrasted colors are employed. S,enibrandt, Paul (Van Byn or Crerritz). An eminent painter ; b. In Holland, 1606; d. 1669. Benxiped, rem'i-ped. An aquatic ani- mal whose feet serve as oars ; applied gpecially to a gen. of crustaceans, fam. Hippidse, and to one of an order of coleop- terous insects, including those which have tarsi adauted for swimming. Bemora, 'o-ra. The sucking-fish, a spe- cies of teleosteaa fishes having an oval, adhesive disk o. the head by which it at- taches itself to other fishes or to the bot- toms of vessels. Bemphan, 'tan. In Scrip, an idol wor- shiped by the Israelites while they were in the wilderness. Benaissance, re-nas'sans. The revival of anything which has long been in decay or extinct ; a term generally applied to the transitional movement in Europe fi-om the middle ages to the modern world ; but specially applied to the revival of letters and arts In the 15th century. E. architecture, a style which originated in Italy in the first half of the 15th century ; a revival of Roman and Grecian art. Benan, Ernest. A French Orientalist and skeptical author ; b. 1823. Bente, rant. A public fund or stock bearing interest; French government stock. Bep, rep. A dress fabric having a corded or ribbed appearance. Bepousse, re-pos-sa. A term applied to a style of ornamentation in metal, espe- cially silver, resembling embossing. Bepresentative, rep-re-zent'a-tiv. On« who or that which represents or exhibits the likeness of another ; that by which anything is represented or exhibited. House of Eepresentatives, the popular branch of the supreme legislative body in the United States : the lower house of the national congress. It consists of members chosen biennially by the people of the several states in numbers proportioned to their population. Beptile, rep'til. In a general sense, an animal that moves on its belly, or by means of small short legs, as snakes, liz- ards, caterpillars, &c.; a crawling creature ; speeifieally, in Zool. an animal belonging to the class Eeptilia. Beptilia, rep-tl'U-a. A class of verte- brate animals, constituting with the birds, to which they are most closely allied, Huxley's 2d division of vertebrates, Sau- ropsida. The reptiles lie between am- phibia and birds. Bepntolican Fork. The main branch of the Kansas Itiver, rising in Colorado and flowing through Nebraska, emptying into the K. in Riley Co., Kansas ; length, 500 m. Bequa-battery, re'kwa-bat-er-I. A EEQUTEM EETUETT-MATCH kind of mitrailleuse, consisting of a num- ber of rifled breech-loading barrels ar- ranged upon a horizontal plane on a light field carriage, used iu the American civil >vur. S>eqtiiein, 'kwi-em, A funeral hymn or dii-ge sung for the repose of the soul of a dead person ; a service or mass contain- ing a hymn beginning " Eequiem seter- nain," &c. A grand musical composition performed in honor of some deceased per- son. Rere-brace, rer'bras. Armor for the ai-m above the elbow, forming the connec- tion between the pauldron and the vam- larace. Beredos, 'dos. In Arch, the back of a fireplace ; the open fire-hearth. The decorated portion of the wall behind the altar in a church ; the wall or screen at the iMick of a seat ; a partition wall separating the chaacel from the body of the church. Baeaca. A village of Gordon Co., Ga., 8i m. N. W. of Atlanta, noted tor a severe battle, May 15, 1804, between the Federals under Gen. Sherman and the Confed- erates under Gen. J. 8. Johnston, the latter being defeated. Besaca de la Palma. A locality in Cameron. Co., Tex., 10 m. N. E. of Brownsville, where (May 9, 1&46) Gen. Taylor, with 2,000 Americans, defeated Gen. Arista yrith 6,000 Mexicans. IResin, rez'in. An inflammable substance found in most vegetables, and in almost «very part of them. It is divisible into liard resins and soft resins, the latter being generally called balsams. Resurrectionist, -er-rek'shon-ist. One whose business it is to steal bodies fi-om the grave for dissection. Retepora, re-te'po-ra. A gen. of zoo- phytes, class Polyzoa. The typical species (K. cellulosa) is known by the name of IJeptnne's ruffles. Ketiariae, -ti-a'ri-e. The name given to the spiders which spin a web to entrap their prey. Keticulate, re-tik'u-lat Netted ; resembling net- work ; having distinct lines crossing each other like net-work ; applied to leaves and also to min- erals. K. glass, an orna- mental ware in which a net-work of air-bubbles is inclosed in the glass and arranged in regular inter- lacing series, £, molding, a member composed of a fillet Interiaced in various ways. li. work, that variety ol masonry wherein the stones are square Eeticulated Work — Eoman. and laid lozenge-wise, resembling the meshes of a net, very common among the ancients. Betiarius, -us. In Eom. Antiq. a gladi- ator who wore only a short tunic and car- rie?" the' purpose' of dis- ^^^^^^^ ^^- tilling or eflfecting ceiver. decomposition by the aid of heat. Betriever, -trev'er, A dog trained to go in quest of game which a sportsman has shot, generally cross-bred, a large kifid being the progeny of the Newfound- land and setter ; a smaller kind, a cross between the spaniel and terrier. Betro, re'tro. A prefix in words fi-om tho Latin, signifying backward or back. Betum-ball, -tern'bal. A ball used as a plaything, which is "held by an elastic string so as to make it return to the hand from which it is thrown. Beturn-match, 'mach. A second match or trial played by the same sets of players to give the defeated party their REVEILLE EIIIZOPnOEACE^ Beveille, -val'ya. Milit., the beat of drum, bugle sound, or other signal given about break of day, to give notice that it is time for the soldiers to rise and for the sentinels to forbear challenging. Revolutionary Tribunal, The. A jjame given the infamous " Council of Safety," instituted by the French Conven- tion, 1798, under the direction of which the "Keignof Terror" ■was inaugurated, the notorious Fouquier-Tinville being public accuser, and the court itself sim- ply giving force to Eobespierre's com- mands. Robespierre and his accomplices were its last victims, perishing on the guillotine, July 28-30, 1794. Revolver, -volv'er. A fire-arm having a revolving barrel or breech cylinder so con- Btructed as to discharge several shots in quick succession without being reloaded. Reynolds, Joshua, Sir. An eminent EugHsh portrait painter ; b. 1723, i). 1792. R h. ae t o - Romanic, re'to-ro-man"ik. That member of the Romance family of tongues spoken in S. Switzerland and in districts north of the Adriatic. Rhapsodist, rap'sod-ist. Originally, among the ancient Greeks, one who com- posed, recited or sang rhapsodies ; espe- cially one whose profession was to recite or sing the verses of Homer and other poets. Rhe, re. The Egyptian name for the sun regarded as a divinity. Written also Re and Ri. Rhea, 'a. In Myth, the daughter of Uranos and Ge, wife and sister of Cronos, and mother of Zeus (Jupiter), Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), Here (Juno), Hades (Pluto), &c. A gen. of birds, of which the three-toed ostriches of S. Amer- ica are the representatives. Rhenish Prussia. A W. province of Prussia, on the Rhine, separated from the main portion of the Kingdom by several German States; bounded W. by Holland and Belgium ; area, 10,230 sq. m.; pop. abt. 4,000,000. Rheochord, 'o-kord. A metallic \vire used in measuring the resistance, or vary- ing the strength of an electric current. Rheomotor, -mo-ter. Any apparatus by which an electric or galvanic cuiTcutis originated. Rheoscope, -skop. An instrnment by which the resistance of an electric, gal- vanic or magnetic current may be ascer- tained. Rheostat, -stat. In electro-magnetism, an instrument for adjusting a ch>cait so that any required degree of force may be maintained. Rhesus, 'sus. The name of a gen. of monkeys, including the bruh or pig-tailed monkey (R. nemestrinus), which is often domesticiited. The name is also given to the Macacus Rhesus, a species of E. In- dian monkey, held in great veneration by the natives, and of which large numbers swarm about the temples. Rhig-olene, rig'o-len. A light coal-oil used in surgical operations to render the skin insensible to pain. Rhine, The. The principal river of C. Europe, rising in Switzerland, and flowing N., empties into the North Sea by a delta 110 m. in width. It forms the boundary between Baden and Alsace-Lon-aine and passes through Prussia and Holland. Rhine "Wine, rin win. A general term for wines produced on the Rhine, but more specifically for those of the Rhein- gau, in the southwest of Nassau. Among the best white Rhine wines are Johannis- berg, Hochheimer. Rudesheimer, Stein- berger, Rothenberger and Markobrunner. Of the red wines Asmannhauser is the most celebrated. Rhinobatidae, ri-no-bat'i-de. The shark-rays or beaked rays, a fam. of plagi- ostomous elasmobranchiate fishes, unit- ing the character of the sharks and the rays. The saw-fish is the most remark- able member of the family. Rhinoceros, -nos'e-ros. A gen. of per- issodactylate ungulates or hoofed mam- Indian Rhinoceros. mals, co-extensive with the fam. Rhinocerotida?, and nearly allied to the ele- phant, hippopotamus, tapir, &c. Rhinoscope, 'no-skop. A small mirror lor inspecting the passages of the nose. Rhizodont. 'zo-dont. A reptile whose teeth, like those of the crocodile, are planted in sockets. Rhizophoracese, -zof6-ra"se-e. The mangroves ; a natural order of trees ol whicll the gen. Ehizophora is the type. RHIZOSTOMID^ 594 RICHARDSON Rhizostomidee, -zo-stom'i-de. A fam. of Hydrozoa, ord. Lncernarida, in which reproductive elements are developed in free zooids, produced by fission. Bhode Island. One of the ori^nal 13 States of the American Union, bounded N. and E. by Massachusetts, S. by the Atlantic, W. by Connecticut ; area, 1,055 gq. m.; pop. 276,531. Principal cities, Providence and Newport, caps., Bristol, Warren, Scituate, Smithfield, Pawtuckct and Natick. Rivers, Pawtuxet, Provi- dence, Blackstone and Pawcatuck. New- Sort is the fashionable seaside resort of Few England. Hhodes. A Turkish island, off the coast of Asia Minor, area 440 sq. m.; pop. abt. 33,000. R., its cap., anciently held the naval sovereignty of the world, but was successively held by the Romans, Per- sians, Saracens, Knights Hospitallers and Turks ; pop. 20,000. Bhodian, ro'di-an. Pertaining to Rhodes, an island of the Mediterranean. R. laws, the earliest system of marine law known to history, said to have been com- piled by the Rhodians after they had ob- tained the sovereignty of the sea, about 900 B. c. Hhoxab, romb. An oblique- t~f angled e quilateral paraUelo- \ j gram. \: Khomboid, -boyd. A fig- \, uro approaching to a rhomb. Bhone. A river which rises in Switzerlan d, near / I the source of the Rhine, and / / flows S. through France, I ——f emptying into the Gulf of Ehomboid. Lyon ; length, 650 m. IRhubarb. ro'barb. The common name of plants of the gen. Rheum, which yield the leaf-stalks used for making tarts, &c. E-byncboceti, rtn-ko-se'tl. A fam. of cetaceans allied to the cachalots or sperm- whales. Rhyncbophora, kof 6-ra. The curculios or weevils ; a sub-sec. of coleopterous in- sects, characterized by having the head prolonged in the form of a snout or pro- boscis. Rhysimeter, ri-sim'i-ter. An instru- ment for measuring the velocity of fluids or the speed of ships. Rialto, re-ill'to. A bridge over the Grand Canal in Venice. Ribadoquin, ri-bad'6-kwin. A mediaeval engine of war, consisting of chariot forti- fied with iron spikes. In the 14th cen- Rhomb. tury they were furnished with small can- nons. The name was also given to ft pow- erful cross-bow for throwing long darts. Ribbonism, rib'on-izm. The principlea of a secret association of Irishmen, which had its origin about ISOS. The primary object was antagonism to the Orange or- ganization, to which was added the retal- iation of agrarian oppression, by the as- sassination of landlords, land-agents, &c. The members were bound to each other by an oath, and had pass-words, signs, &c. They had their name from a piece of rib- bon they wore as a badge. Rice, ris. A plant of the gen. Oryza and its sei There is only one important | species, O. sativa, the grain j of which forms a large por- tion of the food of the inhab- itants of the warmer portion I of the world. Canada rice, or the wild rice of N. America, is the Zizania aquatica, quite difl'erent from the true rice. The seeds are farinaceous, and much used for food by the Indians. Rice-bird, 'herd. A bird of the U. S., the Emberiza oryzivora, or Dolichonyx oryzivorus, so named from its feeding on rice ; the reed-bird. In N. England it is called bobolink or bob-lincolu. One of the names of the paddy-bird or Java spar- row. Rice-wine, 'win. A highly intoxicating liquor made by the Chinese from rice. Ricbard. The name of three kings of England. R. I. (Coeur de Lion); b. 1157, 2d son of Henry II., s. his father 1189. He led the English contingent in the first Crusade to the Holy Land, and while on his return, 1192, was imprisoned by the Emperor of Germany, being ransomed after two years ; killed at the siege of Limoges, 1199. R. II., son of the Black Prince ; b. at Bordeaux, 13G6, s. his grandfather, Edward III., 1377 ; deposed in favor of Henry IV.; he is believed to have D. in prison abt. 1400. R. HI., son of Richard, Duke of York, b. 1452, was the last of the Plantagenet line. Ho usurped the throne on the deatli of his brother Edward IV., 1483, imprisoning, and it is believed ordering the Tnurder of his two young nephews. Defeated by Henry, Earl of Richmond, at Bosworth, R. was killed on the field and was suc- ceeded by the victor, as Henry VII. Ricbardson, Samuel. A popular English novelist ; b. 1689, d. 1761. KTCHELIEU 595 ROANOKE Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de. An illustrious Frenju statesman, prime minister under Louis XIII,; B. 15S5, d. 1642. Richmond. Cap. of Va., on the James Eiver, 15() m. from its mouth. During the Civil War it was the cap. of the Con- federate States, and the objective point of attack of the Union armies ; surrendered April 3, 1S65 ; pop. G3,6()0. Richter, Jean Paul Friedrich. A distinguished German author ; b. 1763, D. at Bayreuth, 1825. Ricinus, ris'i-nus. A gen. of apetalous plants, ord. Euphorbiaceae. The best known species is the R. communis or pal ma Christi, which produces castor-oil. Riding-, rid'ing. One of the three dis- tricts— N., E. and "W. Ridings— into which the county of York, in England, is divided, anciently under the government of a reeve. Riffle, rin. A trough used in gold wash- ing. Riffler, 'ler. A file with a curved ex- tremity, for working in depressions. Rig'a. Cap. of Livonia, Russia, on the Dwina, 9 m. from Gulf of R.; pop. 118,- 000; Gulf of R., an arm of the Baltic, 100 m. long by 70 wide, connecting on the N. ivith the Gulf of Finland, and on the S. W. with the Baltic. Rig-el, ri'jel. A bright fixed star of the Isl iiiagnitude in the left foot of Orion, Rig"- Veda, rig-ve'da. The first and principal of the Vedas or sacred hymns of the Hindus. It is probably the oldest literary document extant, supposed to be upward of 3,000 years old. Rime, rim. White or hoar frost ; con- gealed dew or vapor, Rimmon, 'mon. A Syrian god, whose Beat was Damascus. Ring-finger, ring'fing-ger. The third finger of the left hand, on which the ling is placed in marriage. Iling--gauge, 'gaj. A gauge for measor- ing ro!.i-metal; also, a similar instru- ment for measuring shot and shell. A conical piece of wood, or metallic slip with a graduated scale, used by jewelers for measuring finger-rings. Riiig-grold. Cap. of Catoosa Co., Ga., 2i7 m. N. W. of Augusta, noted for a san- guinary battle Nov. 27, 1863, between the Federals under Gen. Hooker, and the rear guard of Gen. Bragg' a retreating army under Gen. Cleburne; the latter were defeated. Ring-money, 'mun-i. A kind of mon- ey consisting of rings, in use before tha invention of coining, by the ancient Egyptians and generally in tlie East, whence it spread into Europe, the Scandi- navians using it as late as the 12th cen- tury. It is still in use in Africa, being regularly manufactured at Birmingham for traders, under the name of Manilios. Ri9 Branca (Parima or White River). A Brazilian river, emptying into the Rio Negro near Mour ; length, 700 m, Rio G-rande. (R. G. del Norte, E. Bravo del Norte, R. del Norte.) A large river, rising in Colorado and emptyinar into the Gulf of Mexico, forming" the boundary between Texas and Mexico; length, 1,800 m. R. G. do Norte, a Bra- zilian river, emptying into the Parnahvba ; length, 600 m. E. G. do Sul.,a river of S. Brazil, emptying into the Sao Francisco ; length, 250 m. Rio Negrro (Black River or Sauces). A river of S. America, rising in the Andes and forming the boundary bet. the Argentine provinces and Patago- nia, emptying into the Atlantic ; length, 700 m. Ripple, rip'l. A large comb or hatchel for separating the seeds or capsules from flax and broom-corn. Rishi, rish'i. In Skr. Myth, the name given to the seven sages "inhabiting the seven stars constituting the constellation of Ursa Major. The name was given also to the inspired authors of the Yedic hymns, and later to renowned, though not inspired, poets. Ritual, rit'ii-al, A book containing the rites or ordinances of a church or secret order. The manner of performing divine service, or the work of a lodge. Rix-dollar, riks'dol-Ier. A silver coin of Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, &c. Its value varies from 60 cents to $1.12. Roach, r5eh. A fish, gen, Cyprinus or carps, the C. rutilus. Road-steamer, rod-stem'er. A loco- motive with broad wheels, for running on common roads. Roanoke. A river which rises in S, Ya., and flowing through N. C, empties into Albemarle Sound ; length 450 m. R. Island, a small island in A. sound which was stronglv fortified by the Confederates in the Civil War, but captured, Feb. 11, 1862, by a fleet of 100 vessels and a land force of 16,000 troops under Gen. Burn- side. EGBERT 596 ROEBLING Robert. The name of several princes and sovereigns of Europe, the following being the most noted : R. I., of France, l)roclainied by the revolted nobles in place of Charles the Simple, 922 ; Icilled in a battle which he won from C, 923. R. of Anjou, s. his father, Charles II., as King of Naples, 1309 ; p. 1343. R. I. (Robert Bruce), of Scotland. R. II., first of the race of Stuart; n. 131G, waged unsuc- cessful war against England ; n. 1390. R. III., son and s. of the former ; i$. 1340, crowned 1390, p. 1406 ; he also earned on a disastrous warfare v.ith England. R. I. (The Devil), Duke of Normandy, s. his brother Richard III., 1027, n. 1035, after a pilgrimage to Palestine. He was s. by his son William the " Conqueror" of En- gland. Robertin, rob'er-tin. One of an order of monks, so called from Robert Flower, the founder, 11S7. Robert. Liouis Lieopold. An eminent French painter ; b. 1794, d. by suicide in Venice, 1835. Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore. A notorious French revolu- tionist; B. 1758, D. on the guillotine, to which he had assigned thousands of inno- cent men and women as President of the " Committee of Public Safety," in asso- ciation with Couthon and St. Just, July, 28, 1794. Robin-Q-oodfellow, -in-gud'fel-lo. A domestic spirit or fairy, the offspring of a young woman and Oberon, king of Fairy- land, analogous to the Brownie of Scot- land. Robinson, Edward. A distinguished American author and biblical exponent ; b. in Conn. 1794, d. 1863. Robur Caroli, ro'ber kar'o-lT. The Royal Oak, a southern constellation of 12 stars. Roc, rok. The well-known monstrous bird of Arabian mythology, of the same fabulous species with the simurg of the Persians. Roccella, -sel'la. A gen. of lichens, one species of which (R. tinctoria) 5ields the dye 60 largely used in dyeing under the name of orchal or archil. Rocbambeau. Jean Baptiste Don- atien de Vimeur. A marshal of France ; b. 1725, d. 1807. He command- ed the French allies In the American rev- olution. Rochester. Cap. of Monroe Co., N. Y., at the head of the falls of the Genesee River, 7 m. from its mouth, 94 m. E. of Buffalo ; pop. 89,366. Rochet, roch'et. A short surplice, with tight sleeves, open at the sides, formerly worn by priests and acol3'tes, but now by bishops and jn-ivileged canons. A mante- let worn during ceremonies by the peers of England. Rockaway, rok'a-wa. A low four- wheeled carriage, with full standing top. Rock-drill, 'dril. A tool for boring rock by a chisel or rotary motion. Rocky Mountains. A range of N. America, divkled into two chains, of which the E. extends from the Mexican fi-ontier to the Arctic, and the W. skirts the Pacific to Prince William's Sound; the highest peak is Mt. St. EUas, in Alas- ka, 17,900 ft. above sea level. Rodentia, ro-den'shi-a. An ord. of mammals containing many genera, in- cluding the squirrel, rat, mouse, hare, rabbit, beaver, &c. They nibble and gnaw their food (hence the name). Rodgrers, John, An American com- modore ; B. in Md. 1771, d. 1838. He won distinction in operations against France, Tripoli and England. R., John, son of the preceding, also a naval officer ; B. in Md. 1809, served with credit during the Civil War, and appointed rear admiral, 1870. Rodiya, rod'i-ya. One of a degraded race in Ceylon, living in a more abject state than the Pariahs of India, being con- sidered disqualified even for labor. Un- der British rule their condition has been improved. Rodney, G-eorg-e Brydg-es. A dis- tinguished Engfish admiral ; b. 1718, n. 1792. Rodolph (Rudolph). Founder of the Austrian monarchy, son of Albert IV., Count of Hapsburg, Switzerland ; b. 1218, elected Emperor of Germany 1278, d. 1291. Roe, ro. The sperm or spawn of fishes. The roe of the male is called soft roe or milt; that of the female hard roe or spawn. A mottled appearance in wood, especially in mahogany. Roebling:, John A. An eminent American civil engineer ; B. in Prussia 1806, emigrated to U. S. 1881, p. 1870. He constructed the canal aqueduct across the Alleghany River at Pittsburgh, sus- pension bridges at Pittsburgh and Niag- ara Falls, bridge across the Ohio at Cin- cinnati, and planned the great Brooklyn bridge over the East River which was completed, 1883, under the direction of his son. Washington A. Roebling. ROEBUCK EOOF Roe- buck, 'b u k . A species of deer, the i Capreolu s Ca p r iE a , ; one of the ' smallest of the cervine genus, bat xweuucK. of elegant shape and remarkably nimble. It is about 2 feet 3 inches high at the shoulder, and vreighs 50 or 60 lbs. Roland. A famous French hero, the supposed nephew of Charlemagne, and the subject of numerous medieval ro- mances : killed at the battle of Konces- vailfs, ITS. Roller-skate, rol'er-skat. A skate mounted on small wheels or rollers, and used for skating upon asphalt or other smooth flooring. Rollin, Charles. An eminent French historian; b. 16G1, d. 1741. Rolling-Tnill, 'ing-mil. A combination of machinery used in the manufacture of malleable iron and other metals of the same nature. It consists of sets of rollers, whose surfaces revolv* nearly in contact while the heated metal is passed between them, and thereby subjected to a strong pressure, the object being to expel the scorise and other impurities, and to shape the mass into a plate, bolt, or bar, accord- ing to the form given to the surfaces of the rollers. RoUo. Founder of the ducal family of ]^orniandy, and ancestor of William the Conqueror ; b. in Norway, abt. 860 ; be- came a sea rover and occupied Normandy, which was ceded him b}' Charles the Sim- ple, 911. He embraced Christianity, and married the daughter of the French king; ». 925. Romaic, ro-ma'ik. The vernacular lan- guage of modern Greece, that is, of the uneducated or the peasantry, a corrupted form of the language of ancient Greece. The cultivated language of modern Greece is called the Hellenic. Romanesque, -man-esk'. The debased ^;t;yle of architecture and ornament that prevailed in the later Eoman empire, and the styles that proceeded from it, known as Byzantine, Lombard, &c. The common dialect of Languedoc and some other dis- tricts in the south of France. Romanism, -izm. The tenets of the Cluirch of Eouae ; the Eoman CatlioJic religion. Romanoff (Romanov or Roman- OW). The surname of the dynasty ol Kussia founded by Michael Feodoro* vitch, son of the Metropolitan of Rostov, elected Czar 1613, d. 1645. The direct line beeame e.xtinct, 1732, the empress Elizabeth being s. b}' her nephew, Peter III., founder of the Romanoft-Olden- burg or Komanotf-Holstein-Gottorp dy- nasty. Romans (Epistle to The). In Scrip, a New Testament book, written by St. Paul abt. 58, and addressed to the Ch. at Eome. Romany, 'an-i. A gypsy. The lan- guage spoken by the gypsies, a dialect brought from Hindustan and allied to the Hindustani. Romanus. The name of several By- zantine emperors. Also of a pope, s. to Stephen VI., 898, D. 899. Romanzieri, ro-man'tse-a-re. A school of Italian poets who took for their subjects the romances of France and Spain, especially those relating to Charle- magne and his i)aladins. Ariosto oan-ied this poetry to its highest perfection. Rome (Roma). The cap. of the most e.xtensive and greatest empire of antiquity; later the metropolis of Christendom, the seat of the head or pope of the R. C. Ch., and present cap. of Italy, on both sides the Tiber, 115 m. N. E. of Naples. It was founded 753 years b. c. ; pop. 227,384. Romulus. The traditionary founder of Eome, twin brother of Eemus, sons of Ehea Sylvia, by the God Mars. Mother and children being cast into the Tiber, the boys were rescued and nurtured by a she wolf. Eemus was killed in a dispute over the building of the wall. The city was peo- pled by outlaws, who obtained wives by the "Eape of the Sabincs". E. was a bold and successful warrior, and was trans- lated to heaven and made a god under the name of Quirinus. Roof, rof. The cover of any house or building. Eoofs are distinguished, bv th« flQ tfi e Curb Roof. Gable Eoof. Ogee Eoof. M. Eoof. Hip Eoof. Shed Eoof, materials of which they are mainly EOOK 598 EOSETTA STONE Kook. formed, by their form and mode of construction, of ■vvhicli there are a great variety. Book, rok. A bird, gen. (.'orvus (C. fru- gilogns), resembling the crow, but dif- fering from it in not feeding on car- rion. !Rood, rod. A square measure, the fourth of a statute acre, equal to 40 square perches or poles, or 1210 square yards. A measure of 5^ j-ards in length ; a rod, pole or perch ; also a square pole, or 272^ square feet, used in estimating mason work. A large crucifix placed at the en- trance to the chancel in medieval churches. Sometimes images of the Yirgin Mary and St. John were placed on either side of the image of Christ, in allusion to John xix. 26. Booxnal, ro'mal. The slip-knot handkerchief employed by the Thugs or hereditary strang- lers of India in their murderous operations. Booster, rost'er. The male of the domestic fowl ; a cock. Roquelaure, ro'ke- \or. A short cloak much used in the ear- lier portion of the 18thy century. Rorqual, ror'kwal. A^ cetaceous mammal gen. -^ Bala^noptera, closely al- Eoquelaure. lied to the common whales. The northern rorqual attains a great size, being found from 80 to over Eorqual. 100 feet in length. They are ferocious and yield little oil. Bosa, Salvator. A distinguished Italian painter ; b. 1615, i>. 1673. Bosace, roz-as'. An ornamental piece of plaster-work in the center of a ceiling, in which a luster or chandelier is placed. Bosario. Cap. of the Argentine Confed- eration. 8. America, on the Parana, 190 m. N. W. of Buenos Ayres ; pop. 15,600. Bosary, rd'za-ri, A chaplet ; a gar- land. A string of beads used by Eoman Catholics for counting their prayers. There are five or fifteen divisions, each contain- ing ten small and one large bead; for each of the small beads an Ave Maria, and for each of the larger a Paternoster is i epeated. Bosecrans, "William Stark. An Am- erican geueral, b. in O., 1819 ; at present Member of Congress for California. Bose-cut, roz'kut. A term applied to a gem the back of which is left flat, and the face cut into a series of inclined triangular facets arranged around a central hexagon. Bose-diamond, 'diamond. A dia- mond nearly hemiepherical, cut into 24 tri- angular planes arranged around a hex- agonal center. Bose-engine, 'en-jin. An appendage to the turning-lathe, by which a surface of wood or metal, as a -watch-case, is en- graved with a variety of curved lines. Bose-festival, 'fes-ti-val. A festival celebrated June 8, which had its origin in Salency in France. A girl is selected from three most distinguished for female virtues, her name being announced from the pulpit to give an opportunity for ob- jections. She is then conducted to church, where she hears service in a place of honor, after which she formerly used to open a ball with the seigneur. She is called La Eosi6re, because she is adorned by roses held together by a silver clasp presented by Louis VIII. The fes- tival has been imitated at other places. Bose-noble, 'no-bl. An ancient En- glish gold coin, stamped with the figure oi a rose, first struck in the reign of Edward III., and current at 68. 8d. Eose-noble6 were also coined in the reign of Edward IV. of the value of 8s. 4d. Bose-rial, 'rl-al. A name for British gold coins of various reigns and various values. The noble of Edward IV. was so called from the figure of a rose which was added to the reverse. There were rose- rials of James I. of the value of 30s. Bosetta Stone, ro'zet'a ston. The name given to a stone in the British Museum, originally found by the French near the Eosetto mouth of the Nile. It is a piece of black basalt, and contains part of three distinct inscriptions, the first or highest in hieroglyphics, the second in enchorial characters, and the third in Greek. According to the Greek EOSE-WINDOW 699 EOUND-TOWER inscription the stone was erected in the reig-u of Ptoleuiy Epiphanes, about 193 B. c. Rose-window, roz'win-do. In Arch, a circular window divided into compart- ments by mullions or tracery radiating or branching from a center. Called also Catherine-wheel and Marigold Window. Bosicrucian, roz'i-kro'shi-an. One of a secret sect or society some account of ■which was given in works published in Germany in the 17th century, and which was said to have originated two or three centuries previous. "Whether such an or- ganized society ever did really exist or not is an open question. Its members are said to have made great pretensions to a knowl- edge of the secrets of nature, and espe- cially as to the transmutation of metals, the prolongation of life, and acquaintance with what was occurring in distant re- gions, «fec. The society was often known as Brothers of the Rosy Cross. SfOsin, roz'in. The name given to resin when employed in a solid state for ordi- nary purposes. Boas, John, Sir An English Arctic ex- plorer; B. 1777, J>. 1866. His nephew. Sir James Clark Koss, b. ISOO, also at- tained distinction as an Arctic explorer ; D. 1862. Rossini, GioaccMmo. The most eminent of Italian composers; b. 1792, d. at Paris, 1870. Rota, ro'ta. An ecclesiastical court at Rome, composed of prelates. In Eng. Hist, a political club founded by Harring- ton, 1659, who advocated the election of officers of state bj^ ballot, and the retire- ment of a certain number of members of Parliament annually by rotation. Rotacism, ro'ta-sizm. Faulty pronun- ciation of the letter R, a species of psel- lismus ; burr. Rotalia, ro-ta'li-a. A gen. of the For- aminifera, so called from their nautiloid wheel-like contour. They are extremely minute. Rote, rot. An old stringed musical in- strument, a kind of harp, lute, guitar, or viol. JSothesay. Cap. of Co. Bute, a Scottish seaport, 30 m. S. W. of Glasgow ; it gives the title of duke to the male heir to the British throne ; pop. 9,100. Rothscluld.. The name of the heaviest flrni of capitalists in the commercial world, of Jewish blood; founded at Frankfort-on-the-Main by Anselm Meyer E.; B. 1743, D. 1812, leaving an immense fortune to his five sons, each of whom opened and conducted a banking-house in the larger European capitals. Their ag- gregate wealth is estimated at nearly $6,000,000,000. Rotifera, ro-tifer-a. A class of animal- cules, distinguished by their circles of cilia, which, through the microscope, appear like revolving wheels. They can be de- siccated and kept for months and still be revived on the application of moisture. Rotterdam. An important commercial city of Holland, at the junction of the Meuse and Rotte, 35 m. S. W. of Am- sterdam ; pop. 127,600. Rottolo, rot'o-lo. A weight used in parts of the Mediterranean, varying from li to 5 lbs. Rouble, ro'bl. The unit of the Russian money system. The silver rouble is equal to about 60 cents ; it is divided into 100 co- pecks. Rouen. Cap. of Dep. Seine-Inferieure and ancient metropolis of Normandy, France, on the Seine, 67 m. N. W. of Paris ; pop. 109,450. Rougre-et-noir, rozh-e-nwar. A game of cards played between a banker and an unlimited number of persons at a table marked with four spots of a diamond shape, two colored black and two red. A player may stake his money upon rouge or noJr by placing it on the red or black spots, or he may stake it on two other chances, couleur or inverse. ROTllette, ro-let'. A game of chance played at a table, in the center of which is a cavity surrounded by a revolving disk, the circumference of which is divided into compartments colored black and red al- ternately, and numbered with a zero and double zero. A ball is rolled in an oppo- site direction to the revolving disk, and the wager is laid upon the color of the compartment in which it finallj' stops. Roundhead, round'hed. A name given by the Cavaliers or adherents of Charles I., during the English civil war, to members of the Puritan or parliament- ary partj', who wore their hair closely cut, the Cavaliers wearing theirs in long ringlets. Round-robin, 'rob-in. A written peti- tion, memorial or remonstrance signed by names in a ring or circle, so that it is im- possible to ascertain who heads the list. Round-tower, 'tou-er. A tall, slender tower, common in Ireland, and in two places in Scotland, from 30 to 130 ft. in height, and from 20 t» SO ft. in diameter. ROUSSEAU EUSH Antiquaries generally agree that they date from the 9th to the l'2tli century, and in considering them as strongholds. Housseau, Jean Jacques. A dietin- guishcd French author; B. at Geneva, 1712 ; D. 1778. Rousseau, Lovell H. An American general ; n. in Ky., 1818 ; d. 1869. Routier, ro'ti-a. One of a class of mili- tary adventurers of the 12th century, who hired themselves out to whoever would pay them best : so named from being al- ways on the route or move. Royalist, roi'al-ist. An adherent to a king, or one attached to a kingly govern- ment. Specifically applied in history to a partisan of Charles I. and Charles the II. of England, and to an adherent of the Bourbons after the first French revolu- tion. Bubens, Peter Paul. The leading painter of the Flemish school ; b, at Sie- gen, 1577 ; d. 1640. Bubezahl, 'be-tsal. Number STip, a famous mountain spirit of Germany, sometimes friendly, sometimes mischiev- ous ; said to be favorable to the poor and oppressed, but waging war on the proud and wicked. Rubicon, rO'bi kon. A snmll river which separated Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, the province allotted to Julius Caisar. The crossing of the R. by Csesar ■was the first step in the civil war between him and Pompey, equivalent to a declara- tion of war. Ruby. A crystallized gem next to the diamond in hardness and value, of various shades of red, the most highly prized being crimson and carmine red. It con- sists of nearlj' pure alumina, with small quantities of magnesia, &c. RudolpMne, -dol'f in. A set of astro- nomical tables composed by Kepler, founded on the observations of Tycho Brahe, named in honor of Rudolph II., em neror of Bohem ia. Ruff, ruf. A bird allied to the wood- cock, and found in Europe and Asia. Rum, rum. Spirit distilled from cane juice, fi-om the treacle or molasses which drains from sugar, or from dun- der, the lees of former distillations. Ruminant, ro'mi- Ruff. ' let- Im nant. A member of the ord. Rurainautia ; an animal that chews the cud, as the cam- el, deer, goat and bovine kind. Rumswizzle, rum'swiz-1. A frieze cloth made in Ireland from undyed foreign wool which resists wet. Rune, run. A letter of the alphabet peculiar to the ancient northern nar tions of Europe. There • were three leading classes of runes— the Scandinavian, the Ger- man and the Anglo- Saxon, agreeing in some respects. Of these the ! first consisted of 16 ters, while the Ans Saxon consisted of 40. -Rune Runic monuments oc- -Kune. cur in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Ger- many, Britain and some parts of France and Spain. The earliest mention made oi the runes was in the 6th centui-y. Rupee, rii-pe'. A silver coin current in India and islands of the Eastern Archi- pelago, equivalent to 50 cents. Rupert's Drop, 'perts drop. A drop of glass thrown while in a state of fusion into water, and thus suddenly consoli- dated. The thick end may be subjected to the blow of a hammer without breaking, but should the smallest part of the tail be nipped off or the surface scratched with a diamond, the whole flies into fine dust with considerable force. This is due to the sti-ain in the interior, caused by the consolidation of the crust while the in- ternal mass is liquid. This philosophical toy receives its name from being S brought first into notice by Prince Rupert, nephew of Charles I. R u p icola, -pik'o-la. A gen. of inses- sorial birds termed rock manakins or cocks of the rock ; they ai-e crested and of beau- tiful plumage. Rush, Benjamin. An eminent Amer- ican philanthropist and statesman ; b. in Penn.. 1745; D. 1813. Richard, his son, B. 1780, D. 1S59, was prominent as a statesman, acting as Attorney-General Orange Rock Cock. EUSKIN 601 SABBATH and Secretary of the Treasury of the U. S., also as Minister to England and France. Kuskin, Joh.n. A distinguished En- glish author and art critic ; b. 1S19. Russell, John, Earl. An eminent En- gUsli statesman, 3d son of the Duke of Bedford ; «. 1792, d. 1S7S. He was Prime Minister in 1S46 and 1S65. Russia. An empire extending over a large portion of N. Europe and almost the Avhole of N. Asia, covering nearly one- seventh of the surface of the globe ; total area, 8,082,970 sq. m. ; total pop. about 90,000,000, of which nearly 80,000,000 are inhabitants of European E. Principal cities, St. Petersburg, cap., Moscow,War- saw, Kiga, Odessa, Kishinov, Suratov, Wilna, Kazan, Kiev, Nikolaieff and Khar- koff. In Europe ; Tobolsk, Omsk, Yenise- isk, Irkoutsk, Takoutsk and Petropaul- ovski, in Asia. Chief rivers, the Dneiper, Don, Volga, Dneister, Bug, Dwina and Niemen. in Europe ; the Anioor, Lena, Obi and Yenesei, in A sia. Lakes, Ladoga, Peipus, Onega and Baikal. Mountains, Ural, Caucasus, Great and Little Altai chains. Russniak, rus'ni-ak. A member of a branch of the Slavic race, inhabiting Galicia, Hungary, Podolia, Yolhynia and Lithuania, distinguished from Russians proper, or Muscovites, by their language and mode of life. They are uncultivated and devoted almost entirely to agricul- ture. Russud, 'ud. In the E. Indies, a pro- gressively increasing land-tax. i Ruth. A book of the Old Testament, the heroine being II., the Moabitic widow of a Hebrew, son of Naomi, who became the wife of Boaz and the ancestress of David. Rutha, rut'a. In the E. Indies, a car- riage on two low wheels. Ruysdael. Jacob. A distinguished Dutch landscape painter ; b. 1630, d. 1681. Ruyter, Michael A. An eminent Dutch admiral ; b. 1607 ; killed in battle with the French, 1675. Ryde. A popular sea.shore resort on the Isle of Wight; pop. 27,362, Ryot, rl-ot. A Hindu peasant who holds land under the mode of assessment termed ryotwar. s SIS the 19th letter of the English alpha- bet, and is both a lingual and a dental. More descriptively it Is classed as a sib- ilant, from its hissing sound. It has two sounds, the one surd, or uttered with breath merely, as in sack, sin, this ; the other sonant, or uttered with voice, as in muse, wise. In a few words it is silent, as in isle and viscount. S is a very com- mon letter in English words, both initially and finally, singly or in conjunction with other consonants. The principal reason for its being so common is that it is the characteristic of the plural and other in- flections. In abbreviations 8 stands for South, 8. E., Southeast, S. W., South- west ; F. Pv. S., Fellow of the Eoyal So- ciety ; S. T. P., Sanctis Theologiae Pro- fessor, Professor of Sacred Theology. In Chem. S is the symbol for sulphur. Saadh, sa'ad. One of an Indian sect of pure deists, whose mode of life in many respects resembles that of the Quakers. Saadi, Muslih-ed-Deen. A celebrated Persian poet, b. 11S4, d. 1291, living to the great age of 107. Sabhathian, sa-ba'thi-an. A member of a religious sect of the 17th century, fol- lowers of Sabbathius Zwi, of Smyrna, who declared himself the Messiah, sent to shake olf the thralldora of Clu-istianity and Mohammedanism and to convert all hu- manity. Eemnants of the sect still exist in Poland and Turkey. Sabbatarian, sab-ba-ta'ri-an. One who observes the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath instead of the flrst. A sect of Baptists ; called also Seventh-day Bap- tists, because they maintain that the Jew- ish Sabbath has not been abrogated. One who observes the Sabbath with extraor- dinary rigor. Sabbath, 'bath. The day -which God appointed to be observed as a day of rest from all secular labor, and to be kept holy and consecrated to his service and worship. This was originally the seventh day of the week, and this day is still ob.served bj' the Jews and some Christians. But the Chris- tian church very early began to observe the first day of the week in commemoration of the resurrection of Christen that day. Hence it is often called the Lord's-day. The heathen nations in the north of Europe dedicated the first day of the week to the sun, and hence their Ohristian descendants continue to call the day Sunday. Sabbath is not strictly synonyrhous with Sunday. Sunday is the name of the day ; Sabbath, the name of the institution. Sunday is the Sabbath of Christians ; Saturday is the Sabbath of the Jews. SABELLIAN 602 SAOBARIITM Sabelliau, sa-bel'i-an. A follower of Siibellius, a philosopher of Egypt in the 3d century, who taught that there is one person only in the Godhead, and that the Word and Holy Spirit are only vir- tues, emanations or functions of Deity. Sabian, sa'bian. A worshiper of the sun and other heavenly bodies. One of an obscure sect, who mingled Christianity, Judaism, Mohammedanism and heathen- ish superstition together, known as Chris- tians of St. John, and still scattered in small numbers about the Lower Euphrates and Tigris and other places. One of a sect that arose in the 9th century, called also Pseudo-Sabians or Syrian Sabians. Their religion is described as the heathen- ism of the ancient Syrians, modified by Hellenic influences. Sabine, sa'bln. One of, or pertaining to, an ancient people from whom the found- ers of Home took their daughters by force, having invited them to some public sports or shows Avith this object. When the Sa- bines came to revenge the act, the women acted as mediators and succeeded in es- tablishing a lasting peace between them. The deed is known as the "rape of the Sabine women." Sabine Cross-Roads. A locality in W. Louisiana, 4 miles from Mansfield, noted for the defeat (April 8, 1864) of the Federals, under Gen. Banks, by tihe Con- federates, under Gen. Taylor. Sable, 'U. .^..-^^iWmm^W^l^^ A digiti- "^s3m;lak^W^ grade car- nivorous„ mammal, It nearly al-'^: lied to thei common' marten and pine mar- ten, the Mustela zibellina. Sabot, sa-bo. A wooden shoe, made of one piece, worn by Seasants in France, ;elgium, &G. A wooden disk attached to a projectile to main- tain it in its proper posi tion in the bore of a gun ; also a metiillic cup or disk fixed to a projectile to fill the bore and take the ri- fling when the gun is discharged. Sabotiere, -bo-te-ar. making ices. Sable. Sabot. A machine for Saber, sa'ber. A sword with a broad, heavy blade, thick at the back, and curved towards the point, specially adapted for cutting ; a cavalry sword. Saccbarometer, sak-ka-rom'et-er. An Instrument for determining the quantity of saccharine matter in any solution. Saccomydse, -ko-ml'de. A family of mammals comprising the pouched rats and gophers, which are furnished with external cheek-pouches. Sacbem, sa'chem. A chief among some of the native Indian tribes ; a sagamore. Sachet, sii-sha. A small bag for contain- ing odorous substances ; a scent-bag ; a perfume cushion. Sackbut, sak'-but. A musical instru- ment of the trumpet kind, which can be lengthened or shortened according to the tone required. In Scrip, a musical stringed instrument mentioned in Dan. iii., supposed to be identical with the sambyka of the Greeks, perhaps a kind of guitar. Sacque, sak. A kind of loose govni or upper robe worn by ladies in the 17th and 18th centuries, introduced from France. A modern article of female dress, fitted to the waist, but hanging loose over the hips, with close sleeves. Sacrament, sak'ra-ment. In Theol. an outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual grace. In the E. C. Oh. and the Greek Ch. it is held that there are seven sacraments, viz., baptism, confirmation, the eucharist, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and matrimony. Protestants in general acknowledge but two sacra- ments, baptism and the Lord's supper. When used without any quahfying word, sacrament means the eucharist or Lord's supper. Sacramentarian, 'men-ta"ri-an. One that difi"ers from the E. C. Church and the Lutherans in regard to the sacra- ments ; a word applied by Eoman Cath- olics to Protestants, and by the followers of Luther in the 16th century to the fol- lowers of Zwingle. Sacramento. A river of Central Cali- fornia, rising in the Eocky Mountains and emptying into San Francisco Bay ; length 480 m. A city (cap.) of California, on the S. river, 75 m. N. E. of San Fran- cisco ; pop. 21,420. Sacrarium, sa-kra'ri-um. A family chapel in the houses of the Eomans, de- voted to some particular divinity. The adytum of a temple. That part of a church where the altar is situated. SACRISTAN 603 SAINT JUST Sacristan, sak'ris-tan. An officer of the church who has charge of the sacristy. Sacristy, -ti. An apartment in a church where the sacred utensils and the vest- ments in which the clergyman officiates are deposited ; the vestry. Sacti, 'ti. In Hindu Myth, the female power of the universe, spouse of Siva. Sadda, sad'da. A work in the modern Persian tongue, being a summary of the Zendavesta or sacred books. Sadducee, 'du-sG. One of a sect among the ancient Jews, who denied the exist- ence of any spiritual beings except God, and believed that the soul died Avith the body, and tliat there was no resurrection. They rejected the oral law which was up- held by the Pharisees, and adhered to the text of the Mosaic law. Sadoc. A Hebrew philosopher who lived abt. 230 B.C.; founder of the sect called Sadducees. Sadowa. A village of Bohemia, Austria, n*ar Konigsgratz, noted for the victorv, July 3, 1866, of the Prussians, 220,00(J, commanded by King William, over the Austrians, 190,000, under Marshal Bene- dek. The latter lost 160 cannon and 15,000 prisoners. Safety-valve, safti-valv. A contriv- ance for obviating or diminishing the risk of explosions in steam-boilers, by opening at a certain pressure. Sagra, sa'ga. An ancient Scandinavian legend or tradition, relating either myth- ical or historical events ; a tale ; a history. Sagramore, sag'a-mor. Among some tribes of American Indians, a king or chief; a sachem. Sagritta. saj'i-ta. The Arrow, a constel- lation of the northern hemisphere. It contains no stars higher than the fourth magnitude. In Zool. a gen. of annelids forming Huxley's ord. Chaetognatha. Sahara, Desert of. (Great Desert). A vast section of N. Africa, bounded N. by the Barbary States, E. by Egj-pt, S. by the Soudan, W. by the Atlantic, princi- pally consisting of plains of sand, desti- tute of water or vegetation, but diversified with small fertile tracts called oases ; area, abt. 2,500 sq. m. Sahib, sa'ib. A term used by the natives of India or Persia in addressing or speak- ing of Europeans. Sahibah is the corre- sponding feminine form. Lit., master, mistress. Saic, sit'ik. A Turkish or Grecian vessel, common in the Levant, Said, Port. A city of Egypt, at the Mediterranean entrance to the Suez Canal: pop, 12,600. Sagittarius, -ta'ri-us. One of the zodiacal con- stellations which the sun enters Nov. 22. Eep- resented by the figure of a cen- taur shooting an arrow from his bow. Sagro, sa'go. A kind of starch, produce d from the st e m or cell u 1 a r substance of several palms and palm-lik e vege ta - bles. Sagrum. 'gum. The mill tary cloak worn by K o m an sold 1 er 8 and inferi- or officers, Sago Palm, in contradistinction to the paludamentum of the superior officers. It was the garb of war, as the toga was the garb of peace. Saigron. Cap. of the French possessions in Cochin China, on a river of same name, 35 m. from the China Sea ; pop. 48,500. Saint Clair, Arthur. An American general, n. in Scotland, 1735, n. 1818. Ho served with credit in the Revolution, was elected to Congress, 1785, and Governor of Ohio. 1789 ; in 1791 was disastrously de- feated by the Miami Indians. Saint Clair. A small lake between Lakes Erie and Huron ; area 3G0 sq. m. Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augrustin de. An eminent French author and critic ; B. 1804, v. 1869. Saint John. Cap. of Now Brunswick, at the mouth of St. J. River, 135 m. N. W. of Halifax ; pop. 82,650. Saint John's. Cap. of Newfoundland ; pop. 29.426. Saint Just, Antoine. A French rev- olutionist ; B. 176S, guillotined 1794. He was one of Robespierre's most violent abettors, and perished with his diief. SAINT LOUIS 604 SAMOYED Saint liouis. The commercial metrop- olis of Missouri, on the Mississippi, 18 m. below its junctloii vnth the Missouri and 196 above the mouth of the Ohio ; pop. 350,618. Saint Paul. Cap. of Minnesota, on the Mississippi, 9 m. below the Falls of St. Anthony ; pop. 41,473. Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri, Ber- nardin de. A diitiuguished French author, c. 1737, d. 1814. Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Comte de. A versatile French philan- thropist, political economist, philosopher and author ; b. 1750, d. 1825. He served in the American army in the Eevolution ; returning to France he spent a fortune in endeavoring to establish an ideal society ; he was also the founder of the i)hiIo8oph- ical sect of which Thierry, Comte and Chevalier Avere the principal apostles. Saint-Siraonian, sant-si-mo'ni-an, A partisan of the Comte de St. Simon, Avho maintained that the principle of joint- stock property and just division of the fruits of common labor among all mem- bers of society is the true remedy for the evils of society. Saiva, sl'va. A votary of Siva. The Saivas ai"0 one of the three groat sects of Hindustan. Its members belong chiefly to the learned and speculative classes. Sakhrat, sak'rat. In Mohammedan Myth, the name for a sacred stone, one gi-ain of which confers miraculous powers. It is of an emerald color, and the blue tint of the sky is due to its reflection. Saki. sfi'ki. The American name of those platy- rhine monkeys Avhich constitute the gen. Pithecia. Fox-tailed mon- keys. Sakta, sak'ta. A member of one of the great Hindu sects, theSaktas. comprising the worshipers of the female princi- ple according to the ritual of the Tantra. They are di- vided into tlie followers of the right-hand and left-hand ritual. The latter practice the grossest iinpurities. Saladin (Malek-Nasir-Youssoufi. An eminent Saracen Sultan : n. 1137, bo- came vizier, 11C8, and sovereign of Egypt, Saki Cu\io. 1173. He captured Jerusalem but was de- feated and besieged in Acre, by Eichai-d Coeur de Lion and Fhiiip Augustus of France, 11S9, surrendering under a three years truce, 1191, retaining Jerusalem ; d. 1193. He was of a chivalric and noble character. Salaam, sa-lam'. A ceremonious salu- tation or obeisance among orientals. Salamandri - dee, sal-a- man'- dri-dc. Afam. of amphibians, comprehending the salamander. Salic, sal'ik. A term applied to a code of laws belonging to Common Salamander, the Sali a n Franks. One of these excluded women from inheriting certfiin lands, j)robably be- cause military duties were connected with the holding of those lands. In the 14th century females were excluded from the throne of France by the application of this law, and it is in this sense that the term Salic law is commonly used. Sallust, Caius Crispus. An eminent lloman historian of the 1st century is. e. Salmonid ae , ji^^^^- -mon'i-de. The'^ salmon tribe, ut fam. of fishe;; belonging to Salmon, the Malacopterygii abdominales, of which the salmon is the type. Salonica. A Turkish seaport in Roume- lia, 185 m. N. W. of Athens ; pop. 74,800. Salt, salt. Chloride of sodium, formerly termed nmriateof soda, a substance which has been known, and in common use, as a seasoner and ])reserver of food from the earliest ages. It is formed when chlorine and sodium or hydrochloric kcid and soda come together. Salt Lake City. Cap. of co. of same name, and seat of the territorial govern- ment of Utah ; pop. 20,708. Samaveda. sii'ma-vG da. The name of one of the four Vedas, or sacred hymns of Hindustan. The Samaveda means the Veda containing samans or hymns for chanting. Sambo, sam'bo. The offspring of a black person and a mul.atto ; a zambo. Often a[)pliod to negroes in general. Samoyed, sa-mo'yed. A member of a racoof people inhabiting the shores of the Arctic Oceau from about the river Mezen SAMPAI5 605 SAN- SALVADOR on the European side to the Lena on the Asiatic. Their language is Turanian. Sampan, sam'pan. A name applied to boats of various builds on the Chinese rivers, at Singapore, &c. On the Canton river sampans are often used as habitations. Samshoo, 'sho. A Chinese spirit dis- tilled from rice. Samson. In Scrip., a Judge of Israel, son of Manoah, of the tribe of Dan; b, 1155 B. c. lie possessed extraordinary strength, and while a prisoner to the Philistines was deprived of his sight and destroyed himself with a large number of his enemies by pulling down the temple in which thsy were assembled. Samuel, Sam'u-el. The name of two ca- nonical books of the Old Testament, cover- ing three principal periods, the restoration of the theocracy of which Samuel was the leader ; the history of Saul; David's reign. Samuel. In Scrip., a prophet and last Judge of Israel, of the tribe of Levi; B. 1162, D. 1072 B. c. He consecrated Saul the first king, and annointed David, his successor. The two books of the Old Testament bearing his name are supposed to have been written by S. San-benito, san-be-ne'to. A loose up- per garment painted with flames, figures of devils, the person's own portrait, &c., worn by persons condemned to death by the Inquisition when going to the auto de fe. Those who expressed repentance wore a garment of the same kind with flames directed downward ; that worn by Jews, sorcerers, renegades, bore a St. Andrew's cross in red before and behind. Sandal, Mai. A kind of shoe, consisting of a sole fastened to the foot, gene- rally by means of straps, cross- ed over and wound round the an k 1 e . Ori g i n a 1 1 y made of leather, they were after- ward made of gold, silver and other pre- cious material. The official shoe of a bish- op or abbot, commonly made of red leather, and sometimes of silk or velvet. A tie or strap for fastening a shoe. Sand-blast, sand'blast. A method of engraving and cutting glass and other hard materials by the percussive force of particles of sand driven by a steam or air blast. Called also sand-jet. Grecian and Boman Sandals. Sand Piper. A bird of the snipe femily, inhabit- in.;^ the sea - shore. Sand, Georgre. The pseudonym of Q celebrated French novelist, Amantine Lucile Sand Piper. Aurore Dupin do Franceuil (Madame Dudevant), a great- granddaughter of Marshal Saxe ; b. ISOi, D. 1876. Sandusky. Cap. of Erie Co., Ohio, on Lake Erie ; pop. 15,SB8. Sandwich Islands. A chain of 13 islands in the N. Pacific, forming the kingdom of Hawaii ; area, G,000 sq. m.; pop. abt. 80,000. Cap. Honolulu. San Francisco. The commercial me- tropolis of the American Pacific coast, on the bay of the same name, Calilbrnia ; pop. 233,959. Sangreal, sang-ra'al. The holy vessel from which our Lord ate the paschal lamb, or from which he dispensed the ■wine, at the last supper. Sangu, sang'gji. The native name of the Abyssinian ox, characterized by the great size of its horns. San^uisug'a, sang'gwi-sii-ga. A gen. of abranchiate annelidans, of which the medicinal leach is the type. Sanhedrim, san'he-drim. The great council among the Jews, whose jurisdic- tion extended to all important affairs. It had power of life and death. The presi- dent was generally the high priest, and the other members consisted of chief- priests, elders and scribes, in all amount- ing to seventy-one or seventy-two. Sanhita, 'hi-ta. The name of that por- tion of the A'^edas, or sacred writings of the Brahmans, which contains the mantra or hymns. Sanjak, 'jak. A subdivision of an e.valet or minor province of Turkey, so called because the governor of such district, called sanjak-beg, is entitled to carry iu war a standard of one horse-tail. Sankhya, sang'khya. The name of on© of the three great systems of Hindu phil- osophy. It teaches how eternal happi- ness, or complete exemption from ill, can be obtained. San Marino. A republic of C. Italy, area, 22 sq. m., pop. abt. 9,500. Cap. San Marino ; pop. T,436. San Salvador. A C. American re- public, bounded N. by Honduras, E. by SANS-CULOTTE SARDONYX Honduras and Nicaragua, 8. and W. by the Pacific ; area 7,230 sq. m., pop. 802,- 600. Cliief city, San Salvador, cap., 5 m. from its port. La Libertad ; pop. 23,870. Sans-culotte, sanz-kn-lot'. Tho name given in derision to the popular party by the aristocrats in the French revolution of 1789, and afterward assumed by the patri- ots as a title of honor. Lit,, a fellow with- out breeches, Sanskrit, san'skrit. The ancient lan- guage of the Hindus, being that in which most of their vast literature is written, from the oldest portion of the Vedas (sup- posed to date from about 1500 b. c.) downward, though it has long ceased to bo a spoktu language. It is one of the Aryan or Indo-European family of tongues, and stands in the same relation to the modern Aryan languages of India as Latin stands to the Romance. Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de. A Mexican general and statesman ; b. 1798, i>. 1877. lie was elected President, 1833, and became Dictator 1835. Texas revolted 1836, and 8. A. was defeated and captured at San Jacinto. Restored to power 1841, he was expelled the country 1845, but on the breaking out of the war with the U. S., 1846, he returned, and was made Commander-in-Chief. With the vic- tory of the U. S. he left the country, but mado several unsuccessful attempts to regain the supreme power. Santiag-o de Chili. Cap. of the repub- lic of Chili, S. America, at the W. base of the Andes; pop. 121,600. Santiagro de Cuba. Ancient cap. of the island of Cuba, on its S. E. coast ; pop. abt. 100.000. Santiagro de la Vegra (Spanish Town). Cap. of the island of Jamaica ; pop. 8,400. Santon, san'ton. An Eastern priest, a ki id of dervis, regarded by the people as a saint. Sao Francisco. A large river of Bra- zil, emptying into the Atlantic, noted for its falls, 160 m, above the mouth, rivaling Niagara ; length 1,200 m. Saone. A river of France, uniting with the Rhone at Lyon ; length 225 m. Sapajou, sap'a-jo. A name generally given to a group of 8. American platy- rhine, prehensile-tailed monkeys, includ- ing fifteen or sixteen species. Sapphire, safflr. A precious stone, next in hardness and value to the dia- mond, belonging to the corundum class, which embraces the ruby, the oriental amethyst, the oriental topaz and the eme» raid, and composed essentiallv of crystal- lized alumina. Saprophag-an, sa-profa-gan. A mem- ber of a tribe of coleopterous insects, com- prising such as feed on animal and vegeta- ble substances in a state of decomposition. Saracen, sar'a-sen. An Arabian or other Mussulman of the early and proselytizing period; a propagator of Mohammedanism in countries west of Arabia. Saragrossa. Cap. of prov. of same name, in Spain, the ancient cap. of Aragon, on the Kbro, 176 m. N. E. of Madrid ; pop. 69,726. Saratoga Springrs. A village and popular watering-place, cap. of S. Co., N. Y., 38 m. N.W. of Albany ; pop. 8,421. In the vicinity. Gen. Burgoyne surren- dered to Gen. Gates, Oct. 13, 1777. Saraswati, -swa-te. In Hindu Myth, the name of tho female energy or wife of Brahman, the first of the Hindu triad. She is the goddess of speech, music, arts and letters. SarcophagXLS, siir-kof a-gus, A species of stone used among the Greeks for mak- ing coffins, which was so called because it was believed to have the property of con- suming the flesh of bodies deposited in it within a few weeks. It was otherwise called Lapis Assius, from being found at Assos, a city of Lycia. Hence, coflin or tomb of stone. The oldest known sar- cophagi are Egyptian, and are found in certain of the pyramids. Sarcophagi were also used by the Phoenicians, Persians and Romans ; and in modern times stone coffins have not been uncommon for roy- alty and persons of high rank. Sarcophile, 'ko-fil. One of the Sarcoph- aga, or carnivorous Mai-supialia ; also used generally for any flesh-eating animal. Sardine, 'deen. A small fish (Oiupea Sardina) of the same gen. as the herring ard pilchard. It is umch esteemed for its flavor, large quantities being preserved in oil. Sardinia. An Italian island, separated from Cor.sica by the Strait of Bonifacio ; area, 9,240 sq. m.; pop. abt. 600,000; cap. Cagliari. Sardius, 'di-us. A precious stone, prob- ably a sard or carnelian, one of which was in Aaron's breastplate. Ex. xxviii., 17. Called also Sardel and Sardine. Sardonyx, 'do-niks. A precious stone, a rare variety of onyx, consisting of alter- nate layers of sard and white chalcedonj', formerly much employed for the sculjp- SAEGA9S0 SEA 60T SAW-FISH Sasln or Indian Antelope. cure of cameos. The name has sometimes been aj)plied to a variety of chalcedonic quartz resembling carnelian, and also to carnelians whose colors are in alternate bands of red and wbite. Sax^asso Sea. The name given to a large expanse of water in the center of the Atlantic, W. of the Canary and Cape de Yerde islands: it is very calm and covered with sea-weed, whence its name. Sarto, Andrea del. An eminent Ital- ian painter ; b. 14S8, i>, S a s i n, sa'sin. The common In- d i a n antelope (Antilope cervi- capra), remark- able for its swift- ness and beauty. It is abundant in the open dry plains of India, in flocks of from ten to sixty fe- males to a single male. S a s k a t che- ■wan. A large river of British N. America, ris- ing in the Eocky Mountains and emptying into Lake Winnipeg ; length, 1,000 m. Sassenach, sas sen-ach. A general name applied by the Celts of the British Isles to those of Saxon race ; a Saxon ; an English- man. Satan, sa'tan. The grand adversary of man ; the devil or prince of darkness ; the arch fiend. Satellite, safel-lit. An obsequious de- pendant ; a subservient follower. A sec- ondary planet or moon ; a small planet revolving round a larger one. Satin-stone, 'in-ston. A fibrous gyp- sum used by lapidaries ; satin-spar. Saturday, 'er-da. The 7th or last day of the week ; the Jewish Sabbath. Saturn, 'em. An ancient Italian deity, popularly believed to have made his first appearance in the reign of Janus, instruct- ing the people in agi-iculture, gardening, &c., thus elevating them from barbarism to social order and civilization. He was consequently elected to share the govern- ment with Janus, and the country was called Saturnia after him. His reign came afterwards to be sung by the poets as " the golden age." He was often identi- fied with the Kronos of the Greeks. His temple was the state treasurj-. Ops was his wife. His festivals. Saturnalia, corre- sponded to the Greek Kronia. One of the planets of the solar Rystem, less in magni- tude than Jupiter and more remote from the sun, its distance being somewhat more than 812,000,000 miles. Satyr, 'er. In Class. Myth, a sylvan deity or demi-god, half man and half goat, hav- ing horns on his head, a hairy body, with the feet and tail of a goat. Satyrs were common attendants on Bacchus, andAvere distinguished for lasciviousness and riot. Saul. In Scrip, the first King of Israel, son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin, anointed by Samuel 1091 B.C.; slain with his sons on Mt. Gilboa, 951 b. c. Saurian, sa'ri-an. One of the order Sauria ; a lizard or lizard-like animal. Sauterne, so-tem. A species of white Bordeaux wine, made from grapes grown in the neighborhood of Sauternes, depart- ment of Gironde. Savannah. The commercial metropolis of Georgia, on the S. river; pop. 30,709. Savary, Anne Jean Marie Bene (Due de Rovigro). A distinguished French general and statesman ; b. 1774, ». 1833. Save. A river of Austria, emptying into the Danube at Belgrade ; length, 590 m. Saviour, sav'yer. Jesus Christ, the Ke- deemer, who has opened the way to ever- lasting salvation by his obedience and death, and who is therefore called the Saviour by way of distinction. Savonarola, Girolamo. A distin- guished Italian orator and religious re- former; B. 1452, martyred 1497. Savoy. An ancient duchy, and later a division of the Kingdom of Sardinia; ceded to France, 1860; bounded N. by S^Wtzer- land, E. and S. by Italy. House of S., a dynastic race, founded by Berthold, a German count, whose descendants took the title of counts, 1111; in 1720 the title of King of Sardinia, and in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II. became King of Italy. Saw-fish, sawfish. An elasmobranchiat* Tentacled Saw-fish. SAXi: SCHAMYL fish, gen. Pristis, nearly related to both the sharks and the i-ays. It attains a length of 15 to IS feet. Saxe, Hermann Maurice, Count de. A distinguished marshal of France, son of Augustus (The Strong), Elector of Sa.xony and King of Poland; b. 1690, d. 17o0. He gained the great victoi-ies of Fontenoy and Laufeld, in Flanders. Saxe, John Godfrey. An American poet and wit ; b. in Vt. 1816. Sax-h.orn, saks'horn. One of several brass wind-instruments wth a wide mouthpiece and three, four or five cylin- ders, comprising the high small sax-horn, the fioprano, the alto, the tenor, baritone, bass, and double bass. Saxon, sak'son. One of the people who formerly dwelt in N. Germany, and who invaded and conquered England in the 5th and 6th centuries ; one of their descend- ants ; an Anglo-Saxon ; one of English race. The language of the Saxons, Anglo- Saxon. A native or inhabitant of modern Saxony. S. architecture, the earliest stage of native EngUsh architecture, its period being from the conversion of England till about the Conquest, when Norman archi- tecture began to prevail. Saxony. A kingdom of N. E. Grermany; area, 1718 German sq. m., pop. 2,537,819. Chief cities, Dresden, cap., Leipzig, Chem- nitz, Zuickau and Freiberg. Principal rivers, the Elbe, Pleisse and Saale. Saxophone, sak'so-fdn. One of a fam- ily of brass wind instruments invented by M. Sax, 6i.x in number : the high, the so- prano, the alto, the tenor, the baritone and the bass. Saxotronxha, -trom-ba. One of a class of brass instruments with three or four cylinders ; the set Includes the high, so- pVano, alto, tenor, baritone and bass. Sax-tuba, saks'tu-ba. A brass instru- ment with wide mouthpiece and three cylinders. Scagrliola, skal-yi-o'la. In Arch, a com- position, imitative of marble, composed of gypsum, or sulphate of lime, calcined and with the addition of water made into a fine paste. While soft it is bestudded with splinters of spar, marble, granite, bits of concrete, colored gypsum, «fec., colored with ochers, boles, &c., smoothed and pohshed. Scald, skald. An ancient Scandinavian poet ; one" whose occupation was to com- pose poems in honor of distinguished men and their achJevemGnts, and to recite and sing them on public occasions. Scaligrer, Joseph Justus. The most eminent plnloJoger of his age ; u, at Ageu, France, of Italian pai-entage, 1040, v. 1609. Scallop, skal'lop. A marine lamelli- branchiate mellusk, sec. Asiphonida, fam. Ostreidae, gen. Pecten. Scansores, skan- so'rez. An ord. of birds, popularly known as cUmblng \)ivds. Scallop shell. Scape-wheel, skapVhel. The wheel which drives the pendulum of a clock. Scapular, skap'u-ler. A portion of dresa consisting of two bands — one going down the breast and the other on the back — worn by a religieux. Tongue scapular, a scap- ular on Avhich twelve tongues of red cloth were sewn, put on a monk who had offended with his tongue. In Surg, a bandage for the shoulder-blade. ScarabseidsB, skar-a-bG'i-de. A group of beetles, forming the chief part of the section Lamellicornes, and having the gen. Scaraba;u8 as its type. The S. sacer, or saered beetle of the Egyptians, was re- garded with groat veneration ; and figures ofit, plaia or inscribed with characters, were habitually worn by the ancient Egyp- tians as an amulet. Scauper, skap'er. A tool having a semi- circular face, used by engravers to clear away the spaces between the lines of an engraving. Sceptic, skep'tik. One who doubts the truth and reality of any principle or sys- tem of principles or doctrines. In Philos. a follower of Pyrrho, founder of a sect of philosophers who maintained that no cer- tain inferences can be drawn from the re- ports of the senses, and who therefore doubted of everything. A person who doubts the existence and perfections of God or the truth of revelation ; one who disbelieves in the divine origin of the Christian religion Schaffhausen. A N. canton of Switzer- land, also a cit}% cap. of canton, remark- able for its wooden bridge across the Rhine; three miles from the Falls of S., 100 ft. high ; pop. 10,873. Schamyl. A noted Circassian chief ; b. 1797, i>. 1878. Elected imaum or king, 1834, he successfully defended his country against Eussia for 30 years, but was forced to surrender, 1859, and afterward resided in Kalouga, Russia, maintaiaing the state of a prince. SCHEELE SCOTLATTD Scheele, Carl Wilhelm. A distin- 1,'uished Swt^Ush chemist ; b. 1742, d. 1786. Ho mane of the most eminent of German metapliy»ical philobophers, ranking \\ith Kaut, liegel and Fichte; b. 1775, D. 1854. Schiller, Johann CJhristoph Fried- rich von. An eminent Gorman poet and historian ; b. 1759, d. 1805. Schlegrel, August "Wilhelm von. A distinguished German poet and critic, B. 1766, D. 1845. Schofield, John McAllister. An American general ; b. in N. Y., 1831. He served with distinction during the civil war. Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. An American ethnologist and author : b. in N. y. 1793, D. 1864. Schoolman, skol'man. A man versed in the niceties of academical disputation, or of school divinity ; specifically, philos- ophers and divines of the middle ages who adopted the principles of Aristotle, and spent much time in abstract speculation. They were so called because they taught originally in the schools of divinity es- tablished by Charlemagne Schooner, skoon'er. A vessel with two masts. Schubert, Franz. An eminent Austrian musical composer ; b. 1797, D. 1828. Schw^artz, Berth- old. A German monk (Franciscan), who invented gun- powder ; B. abt. 1300, d, Schwarzenbergr, Karl Philipp, Prince von. An Austrian general ; b. 1771, D. 1820. He negotiated the marriage «f Napoleon I. and the Austrian princess, and commanded the allies at the victory of Leipzig, 1813. ' Scisenidee, sI-G'ni-de. A family of acan- thopterous fishes, the type of which is the genus Scia&na. Some members of the fiimily possess a remarkable power of emitting sounds, aa the maigre and drum- fish. Scilly Islands. A group of 150 at the W. extremity of the English Channel, but few of which are inhabitable. Scimitar, sim'i-ter. An oriental s'vord, the blade of which is single-edged, short, curved and broadest at the point-en''^ skor'pi-on. ^e-»\. ^--;^.~n.. The name of any species of . Scorpio, a gen. ' of pulmonary, arachnids,' ord. Arthro- gastra or Pe- dipalpi. Their sting gives rise to excruciating pain, but is rarely attended either with redness or swelling, and is very seldom, if ever, fatal to man. In Astron. the 8th sign of the zodiac, which the sim enters about Oct 23. Scotland. One of the principal divisions of the kingdom of Gt. Britain and Irelandj occupying the north portion of the Islana Gt. Britain ; bounded N. and W. by the Atlantic, E. by the G. 1866. He was com- mander-in-chief from 1841 till 1861, and in 1852 was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency. Scratch.-race, skrach'rils. A race in which the competitors are either drawn by lot or taken without regard to qualifica- tions ; a race without restrictions. Scray, skra. Sterna Hirundo, the sea- swallow ; the tern. Screw-jack. A contiivance for lift- ing heavy weights hy means of a screw- lever or handle. Scribe, skrib. Ono who writes ; a pen- man. An official or public writer ; a sec- retary ; an amanu- ensis. In Jewish and Sacred Hist. originally a military officer whose duties included the recruit- ing and organizing of troops, the levying of war-taxes and the like. At a later period, a writer and a doctor of the law ; one who read and explained the law to the people. In carpentry and bricklaying, a pointed marking tool. Scribe, Angrustin Sug-ene. A pop- ular French poet and dramatist ; b. 1T91, D. 1861. Scriptorium, skrip-to'ri-um. In a monastery or abbey, the room set apart for the writing or copying of mjinuscripts. Scripture, skrip'tur. Tho books of the Screw-jack. Old and New Testaments ; the Bible. Any portion of tho sacred writings. Scroll-bead, skrol'hed. An ornamental timber at the bow of a vessel, finished oil with carved work in the form of a volute or scroll ; the billet-head. Scruple, skro'pl. A weight of 20 grains. Scudo, sko'do. An Italian silver coin ol diiierent value in the different states. The Genoese scudo is equivalent to about $1.30 ; the lioman, $1.08 ; the Sardinian and Milanese, 94 cents. The old lioman gold scudo was worth 10 silver scudi. S c u p p ernong", skup'er-nong. The name for a species of grape, supposed to be a variety of Vitis vulpina, found wild and cultivated in the Southern States. I\ is said to have come from Greece. Scutari. A city of Turkey in Asia, op- posite Constantinople, on the Bosphorus ; l)op. 30,000. The Sultan has a palace hero which he frequently occupies. Scutibranchiata, sku'ti-brang-ki-a"ta. Tho name given to an order of honnaphro- dite gasteropodus inollusks, having the gills covered with a shell in the form of a shield, as the llaliotis or ear-sheU. Scutum, 'turn. The shield of the heavy- armed Eoman legion- aries. It was made|i of wood or wicker- work, covered with leather and plates of iron. In Anat. the patella or knee-pan, In Zool. any shield- like plate, especially such as is developed in the integument of many reptiles. Sea, se. The general Various forms of name for the continu- Scutum. 0U8 mass of salt water which covers the greater part of the earth's surface; the ocean. The term is also applied to an off-shoot of the main sea or ocean which, from its position or configu- ration, is considered deserving of a special name. Some lakes are also called seas, as the Caspian, the Aral and Sea of Galilee. Sea-anem-One, 'a-nem-o-ne. The pop- ular name given to the 'actinias, a coelenter- ate gen. (class Actinozoa) of animals, hav- ing somewhat the appearance of fiowers. Sea-calf, 'kaf. The common seal, a spe- cies of Phoca. Sea-covr, 'kou. A name given to the dugong or balicore, to the manatee ; also to the walrus or sea-horse. SEA-ELEPHANT 611 sea^eSpent Sea-elephant, 'el-e-fant. A species of Sea-elephant. seal, the Macrorhinus proboscideus or Morunga proboscidea ; the elephant-seal. Sea-fish, 'fish. Any marine fish ; any- fish that lives usually in salt water. Sea-fowl, 'foul. A marine fowl; any bird that lives by the sea and procures its food from salt water. Sea-fox, 'foks. A fish of the shark fam., Alopias or Alopecias vulpes, called also Fox -shark or Thresher. It is called sea- fox, from the length and size of its tail, and thresher from its habit of using it as a Aveapon. Sea -horse, ' h r s. The morse or wal- rus. A fubu-' lous animal depicted with fore i)arts like those of a horse, and with hinder pai-ts like those of a fish. The Nereids used sea-horses as riding steeds, and Nep- tune employed them for drawing his char- iot. In the sea-horse of heraldry a scal- loped fin runs down the back. Sea-king-, 'king. A king of the sea ; specifically, one of the piratical Northmen, who infested the coasts of W. Europe in the 8th, Dth and 10th centuries ; a viking. Seal, sel. The name given generally to mammals of certain genera, ord. Carnivo- feea-hoi-se. Crested Seal, ra, sec. Pinnigrada. The seals are divided The male into two families : the Phocidje or com- mon seals, which have no external ear ; and the Otaridae, or eared seals, whichi in- clude the sea-bear, sea-hon, &c. Sea-letter, se'let-er. A document from the custom-house, expected to be found on boai-d of every neutral ship on a foreign voyage. It specifies the nature and quan- tity of the cargo, the place whence it comes and its destination. Called also Sea-brief. Sea-lion, 'll-on. A name y'- com mon ^--^ to several,/^, large members" of the seal family" (Otaridaj), ' ^ ^ the best ^I^^E known of Sea-Uon. which is the Otaria jubata or O. Stelleri. has a mane on the neck reaching to the shoulders. In Her. a monster consisting of the upper part of a lion combined wim the tail of a fish. Seal-skin, sGl'skin. The skin of the seal, which, when dressed with the fur on, is made into articles of clothing, or, when tanned, into boots, &c. The skin of some species, when the coarser long outer hair is removed, leaving the soft under fur, ia the expensive seal-skin of which ladies' jackets, «fec., are made. Sea-mile, sc'mll. A nautical or geograph- ical mile ; the 60th part of a degree of latitude or of a great cu-cle of the globe. Seannachie, sen'a-che. A Ilighland genealogist, chronicler or bard. Sea-nymph, sc'nimf. A nymph or god- dess of the sea ; one of the inferior Olym- pian divinities called Oceanides. Sea-otter, 'ot-er. A marine mammal, gen. Enhydra, fam. MustelidiB, and closely allied to the common otter. The skin is of great value. Sea-serpent, 'ser-pent, A name com- mon to a family of snakes, Hydrida;, of several genera, as Hydrus, Pelamis, Cher- sydrus, isc, exceedingly venemous. The Hydrus Stokesii inhabits the Australian seas and is as thick as a man's thigh. An enormous animal of serpentine form, said to have been repeatedly seen at sea, some- times represented to be as much as 700 or 800 feet long, and its folds appearing like a number of hogsheads floating in a line at a considerable distance from each other. SEB 612 SEDEAT Seb, seb. One of the great Egyptian di- vinitiea represented as the father of the gods, a character ascribed to other gods, as Neph, Pthah, &c. He married his Bister Nutpe, and was father of Osiris aBd Isis. He corresponds to the Greek Kronos. Sebastopol. A strongly fortified sea- port of the Crimea, Eussia, on a bay of same name, noted for its siege and capture by tlie allied French, English and Turkish armies, the investment lasting from Oct. 9, 1854, till Sept. 8, 1855 : pop. abt. 34,000. Sebundy, se-bun'di. In the E. Indies, an iiTegular or native soldier or local militia-man, generally employed in the service of the revenue and police. Secant, Be'kant. In Geom. a line that cuts another or divides it into Earts ; a straight ne cutting a curve In two or more points; in trigon. a straight line drawn from the center of a circle, which, cutting the cir- cumference, proceeds till it meets with a tangent to the same circle. Seceder, -sed'er. In Scottish Eccles. Hist, one of a numerous body of Presby- terians who seceded from the established Church, 1733. Secessionist, -se'shon-ist. One who maintains the principle of secession; specifically, in the U. S., one who took part or sympathized with the inhabitants of the Southern States in their struggle, 1861-65, to dissolve the Federal Union. Second-cotisin, sek'und-kuz-n. The son or daughter of a cousin-german. Second-sight, -sit. The power of see- ing things future or distant; prophetic vision— a well-known Highland supersti- tion. Secant. Secretary-bircl. cab. Sector. Sectary, 'ta-ri. A person who separates from an established church, or from the prevailing denomination of Christians ; one that belongs to a sect ; a schismatic ; a sectarian. Sector, -tur. That which when applied to a circle, cuts off a part of it ; a mathematical , instrument. Secularist, 'u-ler-ist.\ One who theoretically rejects every form of refigious faith and every kind of religious wor- ship; one who refuses to believe, on the authority of revelation, in anything external to man's present state of existence. One who believes that education and other matters of civil policy should be conducted without the intro- duction of a refigious element. Sedan, se- d a n ' . A covered chair or vehicle for can- y i n g one per- son, borne on poles by two men, used in Eng- land in the reigns of Anne and the first Georges, that is, in ihe 16th and Itth centuries. Sedan. A fortified city of France, on the Mense, noted for the victory, Sept. 1-2, 1870, by the German army, com- manded by King William I. and the Crown Prince of Prussia, over the French, commanded by Napoleon III. The latter became a prisoner, with 100,000 of his sol- diers ; pop. 16,200. Sedilia, -dil'i-a. Stone seats for the priests in the south wall of the chancel of many churches, usually three in number, for tho use of the priest, the deacon and subdea- con duiing part of the service of high mass. Sedrat, sed'rat. In Mohammedan Myth. the lotus-tree which stands on the right side of the invisible throne of Allah. Each seed of its fruit contains a houri, and two rivers issue from its roots. In- numerable birds carol in its branches, which exceed in width the distance be- tv/een heaven and earth, and numberless angels rest in their shade. Sedan-chair. SEE 618 SEMI-PELAGIAN See, Be. The seat of episcopal power; tbe diocese or jurisdiction of a bishop or archl^i^ho;). The authority of the pope ; the paja; court. Seg'ineiit, seg'ment. ^/^ ^ ^ ^ A piece cut off from ii %ure by a line or plane. Sefatian, -fa'shi-an. One of a sect of Mo- hammedans who hold peculiar views with re- toegment. gard to the essential at- a, b, chord ; c, tributes of God. They segment. are opposed to the Motazilites. Seine. A river of Central France, which flows through Paris and empties into the English Channel at Havre-de-Grace ; length. 414 m. A N. dept. of France ; area, ISl sq. m.; cap. Pai-is. Selachii, -lu'shi-T. A section of clasmo- branchiate fishes, which includes the sharks and dog-fishes. Selenograpliy, sel-e-nog'ra-fi. A de- scription of the moon and its phenomena ; the art of picturing the face of the moon. Selenology, -nol'o-ji. That branch of astronomical science Avhich treats of the moon. Seid, Bed. One of the descendants of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima and his nephew Ali. Seidlitz-water, sid'lits-wa-ter. The mineral water of SeidJitz, a village of Bohemia. Sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of soda and carbonic acid are its active in- gredients. S. powder is a well-known ef- fervescing chemical preparation, having properties similar to this water. Seismology, sls-mol'o-ji. The science of earthquakes ; that department of science which treats of volcanoes and earth- quakes. Seismometer, -mom'et-er. An instru- ment for measuring the direction and force of earthquakes and similar concus- sions. SeiSTira, se-zhu'ra. A gen. of Australian birds, fam. Muscicapidae or fly-catchers. The S. volitans is the dish-washer of New 8. Wales. Selim. The name of three Turkish sul- tans. S. I. s. his father Bajazet II., 1512 ; D. 1520. S. II. s. his father Solvman the Magnificent, 1566. He took Cyprus from the Venetians, but was disastrously (defeated in the naval battlo of Lepanto 1751 ; D. 1574. S. III. b. his father Mus- tapha III., 1789. He instituted great re- forms, but was deposed and murdered by the Janissaries, IcJoS. Selters-water, selt'erz-wa-ter. A highly prized medicinal mineral water found at Nieder-Selters in the valley of the Lahn, Nassau, Germany. It contains chloride wf sodium, carbonates of magnesium, sodium, and calcium and a large quantity of free carbonic acid. Called less correctly Seltzer- water. Semaphore, sem'a-for. A kind of tele- graph or apparatus for conveying informa- tion by signals visible at a distance, such as oscillating arms or flags by day and lan- terns at night. Many kinds were in use before the invention of the electric telegraph, and some are still employed on railways. Semele. In Myth, daughter of Cadmus, and mother of Bacchus by Jupiter. Juno in disguise persuaded her ta invite Ju- piter to visit her in his Olympian splendor, and she was burned to death by the light- ning. Semen, se'men. The seed or prohflc fluid of male animals; the secretion of a testicle; sperm. The seed of plants, or the matured ovule. Semi, sem'i. A prefix signifying half; in ])art ; partially. Semi-Arian, -i-a'ri-an. A branch of the Arians who profftssed to condemn the errors of Arius but acquiesced in some of them. They did not acknowledge the Son to be consubstantial with the Father, but admitted him to be of a like substance, not by nature, but by a peculiar privilege. Semi-bull, 'i-bftl. A bull issued by a Pope between the time of his election and that of his coronation, having only an impression on one Bide of the seal. After consecration the name of the pope and date are stamped on the reverse, thus consti- tuting a double-bull. Seminole, -nol. A tribe of Indians, originally a vagrant offshoot from the Creeks. They gave great trouble to the settlers in Georgia and Florida, and after a tedious war the remains of the trib« were removed to the Indian Territory. Semi-Pelagrian, -pe-la"ji-an. A fol- lower of John Cassianus, a monk who, about the year 430, modified the doctrine^ of Pelagius, by maintaining that giace wa? necessary to salvation, but that our natural faculties were suflicientfor the commence, ment of repentance and amendment ; that Christ died for all men ; that his grace wai equally ofl'ered to all men ; that man wai born free, and therefore capable of roceiv* Ing its influences or resisting them. SEMIEAMIS 614 SEPTUAGESIMA Semiramis. In Syrian tradition, daughter of the goddess Derceto, Avho was abandoned and miraculously nursed by doves, and became wife of Ninus, founder of Nineveh, whom she succeeded. The legends of her warlike ability, gross vo- luptuousness, and final disappearance in the form of a dove are numerous and familiar. Semitic, se-mit'ik. Eelating to Shem or his reputed descendants; pertaining to the Hebrew race or any of those kindred to it, as the Arabians, the ancient Phoenicians, and the Assyrians. S. or Shemitic lan- guages, group or family of languages dis- tinguished by triliteral verbal roots and vowel inflection. It comprises three branches — Northern, Aramaean, Aramaic or Chaldean; Central or Canaanitish; and Southern or Arabic. Semmes, Haphael. An American naval officer; u. in Md. 1810, d. 187T. He resigned his commission at the out- break of the Civil War, and became the most daring and successful commander in the Confederate service. His vessel, the Alabama, was sunk by the U. S. steamer Kearsarge, Capt. Winslovv, off Cherbourg, France, June 19, 1864, but S. and most of his crew escaped on the British yacht Deerhound. Semnopithecus, sem'no-pi-tho"kus. A gen. of catarhine or Old AVorld apes. One of the most familiar species is S. Entellus, the sacred monkey of the Hindus. Senate, sen'at. In ancient Eome, a body of elderly citizens appointed or elected from among the nobles of the state, and having supreme legislative power. The number during the best period of the Koman repubhe was 300. The upper or less numerous branch of a legislature in various countries, as in the U. S., in the separate States, in France, and in some Swiss cantons. Senatus, se-nS'tus. A senate ; a govern- ing body in certain universities. Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. An emi- nent lloman philosopher, tutor of the Emperor Nero, by whose orders he was murdered, 65. Senegal. A large river of "W. Africa, emptying into the Atlantic ; length, 1,000 m. Senegrambia. A section of "W. Africa, bounded N. by the Desert of Sahara, E. by the Soudan, S. by Upper Guinea and Siberia, W. by the Atlantic ; area, 400,000 sq. m.; pop. abt, 8,500,000. Sennacherib. In Scrip, an Assyrian King, T02-680 B.C., whosa army of 185,000 were slain by the angel of the Lord as h« was about to invade Judea. He was mur- dered by his own sons while worshiping his gods. Senor, sen-yor'. A Spanish title or form of address, corresponding to the English Mr. or Sir; a gentleman. Senora, -yo'ra. The feminine of Seftor ; Madame or Mrs.; a lady. Sensitive-plant, sens'i-tiv-plant. A name given to several plants which display movements of their leaves in a remarkable degree, not only iinder the influence of light and darkness, but also under me- chanical and other stimuli. The common sensitive-plant is a tropical American leguminous annual, gen. Mimosa. Sepal, se'pal. In bot. one of the separate divisions of a calyx when that organ is made up of vai-ious ' leaves. Sepoy, se'poi. Na- tive E. Indian soldiers in the British service. In Bombay, a foot messenger.' ^> ^' b^pals. Sept, sept. A clan, a branch of a race or family, used particularly of the races or families in Ireland. September, sep-tem'ber. The 9th month of the year, so called from being the 7th month from March, formerly the 1st month of the year. Septennate, -ten'at. A period of seven years. Septennium, 'ni-ura . A period of seven years. Septentrio, 'tri-o. In Astron. the con- stellation Ursa Major or Great Bear. Septentrion, -on. The north or northern regions. Sept-foil, sept'foil. A British plant, the Potentilla Tormentilla. A figure of 7 equal segments of a circle used in the E. C. Church as a symbol of the T sacraments, 7 gifts of the Holy Spirit, &c. Septillion, sep-til'li-on. In Eng. nota- tion, a million raised to the seventh power; s number consisting of a unit followed by 42 ciphers. In French and Italian no- tation, a unit followed by 24 ciphers. Septuagenarian, sep'tu-a-je-na^ri-an. A person 70 years of age ; a person be- tween 70 and 80 years of age. Septuagesima, -jes"i-ma. The third Sunday before Lent or before Quadragesi- ma Sunday, so called because it is about 70 days before Easter. SEPTUAOrNT 615 SETTEE Beptuag-int, -jint. A Greek version of the Old Testament, so called either be- cause it was approved and sanctioned by the sanhedrim, or supreme council of the Jewish nation, which consisted of about 70 members, or because, according to tradi- tion, about 70 men were employed on the translation. It is reported by Josephus to have been made in the reign and by the order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, King of Egypt, about 270 or 280 years before the birth of Christ. It is supposed, however, by modern critics, that it was the work, not only of different hands but of separate times. The S. was in use at the time of our Saviour, and is that out of which most of the citations in the New Testament from the Old are taken. Septuiu, sep'tum. In Hot. the partition of an ovary or fruit produced by the sides of the carpef* brought together and con- solidated. Sequin, se'kwin. A gold coin first struck at Venice about the end of the 13th century, equivalent to a, a. Septa, about $2.32. Coins of the same name but varying in value were issued by other states. Serag-lio, se-ral'yO. The palace of the Sultau of Turkey at Constantinople. It is of immense size, and contains government buildings, mosques, &c., as well as the sultan's harem. Hence, harem ; a place for keeping ^\ives or concubines ; place of licentious pleasure. Serai, -ra'. In Eastern countries, a place for tiae accommodation of travelers ; a caravansai-y ; a khan. Seralbumen, sc'ral-bu-men. Albumen of the blood : so called to distinguish it from ovalbumen, or the albumen of the white of an egg, from which It differs in chemical reaction. Seraph., ser'af. An angel of the highest order. Serapis, se-ra'pis. Tho Greek name of a deity whose worship was introduced Into Eg.vpt in the reign of Ptolemy I. He was considered as a combination of Osiris and Apis. His worship extended into Asia Minor, Greece and IJome. Seraskier, -ras'ker. A Turkish title given to every general having command of a separate army, but especially to the commander-in-chief. Serein, -ran. a mist or fine rain which falls from a cloudless sky, a phenomenon frequent in tropical climates. Serf, serf. A villein; one of those who in the middle ages were incapable wf holding property, were attached to tho land and transferred with it, and liable to feudal services of the lowest description ; a forced laborer attached to an estate, as formerly in Eussia. Sergre, serj. In the E. C. Ch. the wax candles, sometimes weighing several pounds, burned before the altar. Sergrius. The name of four Popes. Serial, 8«'ri-al. A tale or other composi- tion commenced in one number of a peri- odical work and continued in successive numbers. A work or publication issued in successive numbers ; a periodical. Serif orm, ser'i-form. Applied to a sec- tion of the Altaic family of languages, comprising the Chinese, Siamese, Bur- mese, &c. Sering-apatam. (City of Vishnu.) A city of Madras, Brit. India, on the Cavery, 260 m. S. W. of Madras ; pop. about 14,000. Tippoo Saib, the celebrated Eajah of My- sore, was killed when the British took S., 1799. Seri>ent, 'pent. An ophidian reptile without feet ; a snake. Serpentarius, -pen-ta'ri-us. A constel- lation in the northern hemisphere. Called also Ophiuchus. Serpula, ser'pu-Ia. A gen. of ccphalo- branchiate annelidans, ord. Tubicola, in- habiting cylindrical and tortuous calcare- ous tubes attached to rocks, shells, &c., in the sea. The shells are in generaJ ex- quisitely colored. Sesha, sesh'a. In Hindu Myth, the kingr of the serpents, with a thousand heads, on one of which the world rests. Vishnu re- clines on him in the primeval waters. When depicted coiled he is the symbol of eternit)-. Settee, set-te'. A long seat with a back to it; a large 8 o f a - shaped seat for several per sons. A vessel carrying t w o or three masts with la- teen sails, common in the Mediterranean. Settee. 8ESTBECB ei6 SHAMANISM Sesterce, ses'ters. A Eoman coin or de- nomination of money, in value the fourth part of a denarius, and originally contain- ing two asses and a half, about 4 cents. The Romans generally reckoned sums of money in sestertii, although the coin used in making payments was commonly the denarius. Large sums they reckoned by sestertia, that is, sums of a thousand ses- tertii. Seven, sev'n. The number greater by one than six; a group of things amount- ing to this number. The symbol repre- senting this number, as 7 or vii. Seventeen, -ten. The number greater bj' one than sixteen ; the sum of ten and seven. A symbol representing this num- ber, as 17 or X vii. Seventh-day, ''nth-da. Pertaining or relating to the seventh day of the week or the Sabbath of the Jews. Seventh-day JBaptists, a religious sect holding generally the same doctrinal views as the Baptists, but differing from them in observing the seventh day of the Aveek instead of the first as the Sabbath ; Sabbatarians. Seventy, 'n-ti. The number made up of seven times ten, A symbol represent- ing this number, as 70 or Ixx. The S., a name given to the Jewish sanhedrim. Severus. The name of three Roman emperors, of whom the most distinguished was S. Lucius Septimius, 193-211, who d. at York, in Britain. Seville. Cap. of prov. of same name, Spain, on the Guadalquivir, 62 m. N. E. of Cadiz ; pop. 86,400. Sevres Ware, sa-vr war. A kind of porcelain ware, of artistic design and brill- iancy of coloring, manufactured at Sevres, France. Seward, William Henry. A distin- guished American statesman, b. in N. Y. 1811 , D. 1872. He was Governor of his na- tive State, a member of the U. S. Senate and Secretary of State in President Lin- coln's Cabinet. Sexag'enarian, sek3'a-je-na"ri-an. A person aged 00 or between 60 and 70. Sexag-esima, -jes'i-ma. The second Sunday l>efore Lent, so called as being about "the 60th day before Easter. Sexdigitist, -dij'i-tist. One who has six lingers on one liand or six toes on one foot. Sextant, 'tant. In Math, the sixth part of a circle. An improved form of quad- rant, capable of measuring angles of 120°. Sextillion, -til'li-on. According to En- glish notation, a million raised to the Shad. sixth power ; a number represented by a unit with 86 ciphers annexed ; according to French notation, by a unit with 21 ci- phers annexed. Sexualist, 'u-al-ist. One who believes and maintains the doctrine of sexes in I)Iants ; or one who classilies plants by the sexual system. Seymour, Horatio. An aminent Americftu statesman, b. in N. Y. iSll. He was twice Governor of his native State, and in 1868 an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency against Gen. Grant. Sforza. The family name of the dukes of Milan, Italy, from 1450 tUl 15;35. Shad, shad. A . teleostean fish, gen. Alosa, fam. Clupeidaj. Shadoof, sha-duf . A contrivance em- ployed in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for the purpose of irrigation. It consists of a long polo suspended on a frame, the short end being weighted so as to lift a bucket when filled, Shafiites, shafi-its. One of the four sects of the Sunnites or orthodox Moham- medans. Shah, sha. A title given by European writers to the monarch of Persia ; an abbreviation of Padishah. 8. Nam eh [Per., the Book of Kings], the title of sev- eral Eastern works, the most ancient and celebrated of which is the poem by Fir- dousi, containing the history of ancient Persian kings. Shakee, sha-ke'. An E. Indian coin of the value of about 6 cents. Shaker, shak'er. A member of a relig- ious sect founded in Manchester, England, about the middle of the 18th century ; so called popularly from the agitations or movements in dancing which form part of their ceremonial. They call themselves the United Society of Belie vers in Christ's Second Appearing. They teach a system of doctrine founded partly on the Bible and partly on the supposed revelations of Mother Ann Lee, their first inspired lead- er, and her successors. They lead a celi- bate life and hold their property in com- mon. They are now mostly confined to the U. S. Shakespeare, William. England's greatest dramatic pott; b. 1564, d. 1616. Shamanism, sham'an-izm. A general name applied to the idolatrous religions of a uumber of barbarous nations, compre- SHANGHAE 617 8HEREEF bending those of tbe Finnish race, as the Ostiaks, Samoyedes, and other inhabi- tants of Siberia, as far as the Pacific Ocean. They believe in a Supreme Beinjr, but also that the governiiieut of the world is in the hands of a number of secondary gods, both benevolent and malevolent towards man, and that it is absolutely necessary to ' avert their malign influenceby magic rites and spells. Their beUef respecting another life is that the condition of man will be more wretched than the present ; hence death is greatly dreaded. Shanghae (Shanghai). A Chinese city on the TVoo-sung, 160 m. S. E. of Nankin ; pop. abt. 155,000. Shark, shark. One of a group of elasmo- branchiato fishes, celebrated for the size and voracity of many of the species, sjme species of which are known as "man-eat- ers." Shannon. The principal river of Ire- land ; length, 220 m. Shastra, stias'tra. A law or book of laws among the Hindus, particularly a book containing the authorized Institutes of their religion, and considered of divine origin. The term is apphed, in a wider sense, to treatises containing the laws or institutes of the various arts and science*, asxhetoric. Shays, Daniel. An American captain in the Revolution ; b. in Mass, 1740 ; D. in N. Y., IS'25. He became notorious as leader of an abortive rebellion against the State laws of Mass., 1786. Shear-water, shCr'wa-ter. The name of several marine birds, gen. Pufiinus, be- longing to the petrel family. Shechinah, she-kl'na. The Jewish name for the symbol of the divine pres- ence, which rested in the shape of a cloud or visible hght over the raercy-seat. Written also Shekinah. Sheep, shop. A ru minant animal, gen. Ovis, fam. Caprida;, nearly allied to the goat.' Sheflaeld. A borough/ of England, W. Kiding Co, York, at junction of the Don and Sheaf, noted for its cutlery, steel and plated-ware manufactures ; pop. 254,671. Sheik. shOk. A title of dignity properly belonging to Arab chiefs. The heads of monasteries are sometimes called sheiks among the Mohammedans, and it is also Kooky Mountain Sheep. the title of the higher order of religious persons who preach in tbe mcsqaes. Tha Sheik-ul-lslam is the chief mufti at Con- stantinople. The name is widely used among Moslems as a title of resp'yct or reverence. Shell, Richard Lalor. An eminent Irish orator; n. 1793, d. 1S61, while Brit- ish Minister at Florence. Shekel, shek'el. An ancient coin among the Jews and other nations of tha same stock. Dr. Arbuthnot makes the weight to have been equal to 9 dwts. 2^ grs. troy weight, and the value about 57 cents; others make its value about 63 cents. The golden shekel was worth about $7.13. The shekel of the sanctuary was used in calcu- lating the offerings of the temple and all sums connected with the sacred law. It is supposed to have been double the value of the common shekel. Shelbume, "William Petty, Earl of (first Marquis of Lansdowne). An eminent British statesman ; u. 1787, D. 1S05. He approved the policy which resulted in the American Eevolution, and as Prime Minister, 17S2, negotiated the treaty which recognized the independence ofthelT. S. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. A distin- guished English poet ; b. 1792, drowned by the capsizing of hia boat in the Gulf of Leghorn, 1S22. Shell-fish, shel'fish. A mollusk, whoso external covering consists of a shell, aa oysters, clams, &c. ; an animal whose outer covering is a crustaceous shell, as the lobster, Shem. The oldest of Noah's three sons and founder of the Shemitic (Semitic) races. He lived to the age of 600. Shenandoah. A river of Va. , emptying into the Potomac at Harper's Ferry ; length, 170 m. Sheol, she'ol. A Hebrew word of fre- quent occHirence in the Old Testament, and translated grave, hell er pit. The word appears to represent a subterranean place of vast dimensions in which the spirits of the dead rest. Sometimes the idea of retribution or punishment is con- nected with it, but never that of future happiness. Shepherd King^, The (Hyksos). A foreign dynasty which ruled in Egypt 511 j-ears, beginning 2100 b. c. Specula- tions differ as to their origin and fate. Shereef, she-ref. A descendant of Mo- hammed through his daughter Fatima and HasBaa IbaAli. WrHtea Scherif, Sher- SHEEIDAN 61S SHEEW-MOUSE rift>, Cherif. A prince or ruler ; the chief magistrate of Mecca. Sheridan, Philip Henry. An Amer- ican {general ; u. in O., 1S;31 ; made lieu- tenant-general, 1S69. and general, on Gen. Sherman's retirement, 1SS4. Sheridan, Richai-d Brinsley. A distinguished Irish orator and dramatist ; B. 1751, D. 1816. {Sherman, Rogrer. An eminent Amer- ican btutesman ; u. in Mass., 1721 ; D. 1798. Sherman, William Tecumseh. An American general ; b. in 0., 1820. His celebrated march to the sea from Atlanta, Gd., 18(>4-5, broke the backbone of the re- bellion. Made lieutenant-general, 1866, he fi. Gen. Grant as general, 1809, retiring on account of age, 1884. Sherry, sher'ri. A species of wine, so called from Xeres in Spain, where it is made. Sheytan, sha'tan. An Oriental name for the devil. Shield, sheld. A piece of defensive ar- mor carried on the arm ; a buckler. Shiite, shi'it. A member of one of the two great sects into which Mohammedans aro divided, the other being the Sunnites or Sunnis. The Shiites consider Ali as being the only rightful successor of Mo- hammed. They do not acknowledge the Sunna or body of traditions respecting Mohammed as any part of the law, and are treated as heretics by the Sunnites. The Shiahs represent nearly the Avhole Persian nation, while the Sunnites are rcpnesented by the Ottoman Turks. Shillelah, shil-lel'a. An Irish name for an oaken sapling or other stick used as a cudgel. Shilling:, shil'ing. A British coin of cur- rency and account, equal in value to twelve pennies, or to one-twentieth of a i)ound sterling. Shiloh. A locality in Hardin Co., Tenn., 2 m. W. of Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee, and 12 m. S. W. of Savannah, noted for the two days' severe battle (April 6-7, 1862) between the Federals, under Gen. Grant, and the Confederates, under Gens. A. S. Johnston and Beaure- gard, Johnston being killed. The latter were defeated. Shintoism, shin'to-izm. One of the two great religions of Japan, originally a form of nature worship, the forces of nature being regarded as gods, the sun being the supreme god. The soul of the sun-god founded the reigning house in Japan, and Shittah-tree. hence the emperor is Avorshiped as of divine origin. Worship is also paid to the souls of distinguished persons. The es- sence of the religion is now ancestral wor- ship and sacrifice to departed heroes. Written also Sintu, Sintuism. Shittim-wood, shit'tim-wod, A sort of precious wood of which the tables, al- tar 8 and boards of the Jewish t a bernacle were made. It was pro- duced by the shittah- tree (prob- a b I y the Acacia vera or A, Seyal). S h o gun, shd'gun. The proper name of the major- domos of the imperial palace and general- issimos of Japan, who formerly usurped the governing i)ower. Also called Tycoon. Short-horn, short'horn. One of a breed of ciittle having the horns shorter than in almost any other variety. The breed originated 'in the beginning of this century in the valley of the Tees, England. The cattle are easily fattened, and the flesh is of excellent quality, but for dairying purposes they are inferior to some other breeds. Shot-graug-e, shot'gaj. An instrument for testing cannon projectiles.' Shot-metal, 'met-al. An alloy of lead 56 parts, and arsenic 1, used for making small shot. Shot-silk, 'silk. A silk stuff whose warp and weft threads are of different colors so as to exhibit changeable tints. Shrapnel-shell, shrap'nel-shel. A shell, invented by Gen. Shrapnel, fdled with bullets and a bursting charge suffi- cient to split the shell open and release the bullets at any given point, generally about 80 yards before reaching the object aimed at. Called also Spherical Case-shot. S h r e -w - mou s o , shro'mous. A harmless lit- tle animal, resembling a Shrew, mouse, gen. Sorex, ord. Insectivora, while the mie« pi-oper belong to the Eodentia. SHRIKE 619 SIDEEOSTAT Shrimp. Shrike, shrik. A general name applied to the members of a fomily (Laniidse) ofin- sessorial birds belonging to the dentirostral division of the order. The family is di- vided into two groups, the Laniidte, or true shrikes, andThamnophihna;, or bush- shrikes. Shrimp, shrimp. A small crusta- c e a n , gen. Crangon, ord. De- capoda, sub-ord. Macroura, allied tc the lobster, cray- fish and prawn. Shroffag'e, shrof'aj. The examination of coins, and the separation of the good from the debased. Shrove-Tuesday, shrov'tuz-da. Con- fession Tuesday; the Tuesday after Quinquagesima 'i^unday, or the day pre- ceding the first of Lent, or Ash-Wedn<^s- day, on which day all the people of Eng- land, when Koman Cntholics, confessed their sins to the priests, after which they passed the day in sporU* and merry-raak- ing, and dined on i>ancakes and fritters. The latter practice still continues, and it has given this day the appellation of Pancake Tuesday. The Monday preceding was called Collop Monday, from the primitive custom of eating eggs on coUopa or slices of bread. Shroud, shrowd. A winding-sheet ; a set of ropes reaching from the mast-head to the sides of a ves- sel ; to dress for the grave. Shtshob, shchob. A machine used in Eussia for making calculations, some- thing similar to the abacus. Shrouds. Shwanpan, shwan'pan. A calculating instrument of the Chinese, similar in shape and construction to the Eoman abacus, and used in the same manner. Siam. A large kingdom of Further In- dia, S. E. Asia, bounded N. by Laos and the Shan country, E. by Annam, S. by Gulfof Siam, W. by Burmah ; area2.'50,- 000 sq. m.; pop. abt. 7,000,000. Chief cities, Bangkok, cap., Meeklong, Paknam and Paklat. Principal rivers, the Meiiam, with several tributaries. Gulf of S., an arm of the Indian Ocean, 500 m. long by 800 wide, bet. Lower Siam and Cambodia. Siberia. Eussian Asia, 'omprising nearly one- fourth of the continent, and the entire N. section, covering 8,500 m. E. and W. and 1,200 N. and S., bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean, E. by the Pacific and Sea of Kamlchatka, S. by China and Independent Tartary, W. by European Eussia; pop. abt. 10,000.000. (See de- tails under Eussia.) Sibyl, Ml. A name common to certain women menti o n e d by Greek and Eoman writers, said to be endowed with a prophetic spirit. Their number is variously stated, but is generally given as ten. Sic, sik. Thus, or it is so : a word of- /r^ / ten used in quot- 'frr^ , ,._, , ^. ing within brack- ^'c>yl ot Delphi, ets in order to call attention to the fact that the quotation is literally given. It is generally used to suggest that there is or seems something wrong in the quotation, to indicate a difference of opinion, or to express contempt. Sicilian Vespers. A massacre of the French, who, under Charles of Anjou, had seized Sicily by Airtue of a grant from Pope Alexander IV., and against whose rule the natives rebelled the day after Easter, March 80, 1282, rose simultane- ously and destroyed the garrisons at Pa- lermo, Messina and other places. Sicily. An Italian island in th« Medi- terranean, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Messina ; area, 10,425 sq. m.; pop. 2,846,819. Chief cities, Palermo, cap., ^lessina, Catania, Syracuse, Ahcata, Caltanisetta, Marsala and Girgenti. A mountain range, of which Mt. Etna, a volcanic peak 10,900 ft. above sea level, is the highest point, intersects the N. por- tion from E. to W. Siddons, Sarah. The most distin- guished of English tragediennes : p, 1T55, D. 1&31. She belonged to the Kem- ble family, noted as actors. Siderography, sld-er-og'ra-fl. The art or i>ractice of engraving on steel : particu- larly applied to the transfer process. Siderolite. 'er-o-llt. A meteoric stone, chiefly consisting of iron. A nummulite, a fossil many- chambered organism having a stellated appearance. Siderostat, -stat. An apparatus for ob- serving the light of the stars. SIDEPwOTTPE SIMONIAN tS^iderotype, -tip. A method of produc- Incr sun-pictures by means of animonio- ferric citrate. Paper Impregnated with this salt is exposed to light in the camera, and the picture is developed with a neu- tral solution of gold or silver. Sidney, Sir Philip. An English sol- dier and poet, nephew of the famous Kol)ert Dudley, Earl of Leicester ; b. 3554, killed in the battle of Zutphen 1586. He is called the " Bayard" of his age and country'. Siexra, se-er'a. A chain of hills or mass of mountains with jagged or saw-like ridges. Sierra Leone. An English colony on W. coast of Africa, used as a residence for liberated slaves ; area, 468 sq. m. Cap. Freetown ; pop. 44,800. Sierra Nevada. A mountain range in 8pain ; also a range in California. Siesta, -es'ta. The practice indulged in by inhabitants of hot countries generally, of resting for a short time in the hot part of the day, or after dinner. Sigel, Franz. An American general; B. in Baden, Germany, 1824. Sigrismund. Son of Emperor Charles IV.; B. 1368, became King of Hungary 13S7, and Emperor of Germany 1410, d. 1437. He made himself notorious by be- traying John Huss, the martyr. The name was also box'ne by three Kings of Poland. Sigla, sig'la. The signs, characters, ab- breviations, or letters used for words in ancient manuscripts, printing, coins, medals, and the like. Sig'nal-lamp, 'nal-lamp. A railway lamp, with abuU's-eye in it, made to give out light of different colors as signals. Sig-nor, sen 'y or . A n En gli sh form of the Italian Signore, Spanish Sefior, a title of respect equivalent to the English Sir or Mr., the French Monsieur, and the Ger- man Herr. Written also Seignior. Sig-nora, -yO'ra. An Italian title of ad- dress or respect, equivalent to Madam, Mrs. Sigrnorina, -rc'na. An Italian title of respect, equivalent to the English Miss and the French Mademoiselle. Sikh, sC'k. One of an Indian community, half religious, half military, founded about 1500, which professes' the purest Deism, and is chiefly distinguished from the Hindus by worshiping one only invis- ible God. They founded a state in the Pun- jaub in the 18th cenfeucy, which was annex- «d to the British Empii-e hx India 1S49. Silhouette. Silenus, sMG'nus. A Grecian divinity, the foster-father and attendant of Bacchus, and likewise leader of the satyrs. He was represented as a robust old man, gen- erally in a state of intoxication, and riding on an ass carrying a cantharus or bottle. Silhouette, sil'ii-et. A name given to the rep- resentation of an objects filled in of a black color, the inner parts being in- dicated by lines of a lighter color, and shad- ows or extreme depths by the aid of a shining medium. . Silk, silk. The fine, soft thread produced by the larvffi of num e r o u s species be- longing to the gen. Bombyx and other genera' of the fam.^ Bombycidae, Silk-worm. • 1 e p idopter- ous insects of the section popularly known by the naire moth, the most important of which is the Bombyx mori, or common silkworm. Silvanus, sil-va'nus, A Eoman rural deit}^, so called from L. silva, a wood. He is usually represented with a sickle in his right hand and a bough in his left. He was the protector of herds and trees from wolves and hghtning, the god of agricul- ture, or the defender of boundaries. Simeon. In Scrip, second son of Jacob and Sarah, and progenitor of one of th« twelve tribes. S. Stylites, a religious dev- otee ; B. in Asia, 390, d. 460. His sur- name came from his having lived for near- ly 50 years upon the summits of pillars from which he preached. Simiadae, sim'i-a-de. A quadrumanous family of mammals now limited to include the higher apes, such as the orangs, go- rilla and chimpanzee. Simnis,WilliamQ-illmore. An Amer- ican novelist ; b. in S. C, 1806, d. 1870. Simon, St. In Scrip, one of the twelve apostles, called the Canaanite or Zelote. He suffered martyrdom abt. 43 in Persia. Simon, Jules. A French statesman and philosopher ; b. 1814. Simonian, si-mo'ni-an. A follower of Simon Magus, whose system was a spe- cies uf gncsticism. SIMONY 621 SIVA Sine. Simony, sim'o-ni. The act or practice of trarticking in sacred things; particularly thcbuvini,' or selling of ecclesiastical pre- ferment, or the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money or reward. Simoom, si-mom'. A hot suffooating Avind that blows occasionally in Aft-ica and Arabia, generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or tandy plains. It is called Sirocco in S. Italy, Samiel in Tur- key, Solano in Spain, Kamsin in Egypt and Syria, and Harmattan in Guinea and Senegami)ia. Simplon, The. A peak of the Italian Alps, 11, Ml ft. above sea level. Sinai. In Scrip., the mountain upon ■which Moses received the tables of the law, believed to bo Mt. Sel-bal, bet. the Gulf of Suez and Akabah, 7,000 ft. high. Sine, sine. A geomet- rical line drawn irom the end of an arc. SingTiltus, sin-gul'. tus. In Med. the hie cough ; a convulsive motion of the dia- phragm and parts ad- jacent. Sinologue, sin'o-log. A student of the Chi- nese language, literature, history, Ac; one versed in Chinese. Sioux. A powerful N. American Indian tribe, now located about the head-waters of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Siphon, si'fon. A bent pipe whose i^^^ Yv \^ ||» legs are of unequal length, used for draNving liquid out Siphons, of a vessel by cans- ^ ing it to rise in the tube over the rim or top. For this purpose the shorter leg is inserted in the liquid, and the air is ex- hausted by being drawn through tho longer leg. Siphon-recorder, -re-kord-er. An in- strument invented by Sir W. Thomson for recording messages sent through long telegraphic lines, as the Atlantic cables. Sirenia, -re'ni-a. An ord. of marine her- bivorous mammals allied to the whales, comprising the manatee and dugong. Be- sides the living members the Sirenia were represented bj' a gigantic species 25 feet long and 20 in circumference, noAV ex- tinct, no specimen having been seen for 200 years. Sirius, sir'i-us. The large bright ibtar Siren. called the Dog-star, in the mouth of the constellation Canis Major. Siren, 'ren. In Greek Myth, one of several (ac- cording to some writers, three) sea -nymphs, who by their singing fascin- ated those that sailed by their- island, and then destroyed them. In works of art they are often represented as having partly the form of birds, sometimes only the feet of a bird. Sirocco, si-rok'ko. An oppressive relax- ing -wind coming from N. Africa, over the Mediterranean, to Italy, Sicily, &c. Writ- ten also Scirocco. Sirvente, ser-vant. In the literature of the middle ages, a species of poem in com- mon use among the Troubadours and Trou- veres, usually satirical, though sometimes devoted to love or praises, and divided into strophes of a pecuhar construction. Sittinae, sit-ti'ne. The nut-hatches, a sub-fiiraily of insessorial birds, named from the gen. Sitta. Sivatherium, -va-the'ri-ura. An ex- tinct gen. of Ruminantia, found fossil in the tertiary strata of the Sivalik Sub-Him- Sivatherium Kestored, alayan range, It surpassed all known ruminants in size. It had four horns and a protruding upper lip, and must have re- sembled an immense antelope or gnu. Siva, si'va. In Hindu Myth, the name of the third god of the Hindu triad, in which he represents the principle of de- struction. His emblem is tho lingam or phallus, symbolical of creation which fol- lows destruction ; and he is represented with every horrible sign of limnaii blood' SIVAN SLITTING-MILL shed, and frequently accompanied by a white bull. The worshipers of Siva as- sign to him the first place in the triad, and to them he is not only the chief deity, but the deity which comprises in itself all other deities. Sivan, 'van. The third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to part of May and June. Six, siks. The number of six or twice three. A symbol rei^resenting this num- ber, as G, yi. Sixtus. The name of five popes. Skag-er-rack, The. An arm of the N. Sea, bet. Denmark and Norway, connect- ing the German Ocean and the Cattegat ; length, 150 m. ; breadth, SO m. Skate, skat. A name popularly applied to severai species of the gen. liaia, with Gray Skate. cartilaginous skeletons, having the body much depressed, and approaching to a rhomboidal form, Skean-dhu, skGn'du. A knife which, when the Highland costume is worn, is stuck in the stocking. Skink, skingk. The common name of lizards, gen. Scincus. Skippet, skip'et. In Archaeol. a small cylindrical turned box with a lid or cover for keeping records. Skittles, skit'lz. A game played with nine pins set upright at one end of a skit- tle-alley, the object of the player, stationed at the other end, being to knock over the set of ])ins with as few throws as jjossible of a flattish-shaped ball. Skunk, skungk A digitigrade carnivo- rous quadruped, gen. Mephitis, fam. Mus- telida?, approaching in form and general appearance the badger and glutton. It emits a fetid scent. Slav, sliiv. One of a race widely spread over E. Europe ; a Slavonian or Sclavoni- an. The oiiginal names of the tribes ap- pear to have been Wends or Winds and Serbs. The group is cTivided into eastern and western. The foiiuer coaiprises the '^i^'h^y^ Russians, Bulgarians, Illyrians (Serbs, Ci-oats, Winds); the latter the Poles, Sile- sians and Poniei anians, the Bohemians or Czechs (including the Moravians), and the Polabians, comprehending the Slavic tribes of N. Germany. The ancient Scyth- ians and Sarmatians seem to have been Slavs. Written also Sclav, Sclave, Slave, Slovak. Slave-cofla.e, slav'kof-1. A band of slaves for sale ; a coffle. Slave- fork, 'fork. A forked branch of a tree em- ployed to inclose the necks of Slav e -- Avhen <)• t h^ e i 1 marc h 'jfL from the .j-y^f^ interior of''^^' Africa to "' ' to prevent Slaves Coupled by Slave-forks, their running away. Slavic, slav'ik. Same as Slavonic. Church Slavic, an ancient dialect of Bulgarian still used as the sacred language of the Greek Church. Called also Old Bulgarian. Slavonic, sla-von'ik. The language of the Slavs ; a name given to a family of Ar- yan tongues spoken by the Slaves or Slavs ; it is divided into two branches, the eastern and western — the eastern compre- hending Russian, Polish, Bohemian, Ser- vian, Bulgarian ; the western, Lithuanian, Lettish, and the extinct Old Prussian. Sledge, slej. A vehicle moving on run- ners for the conveyance of loads over frozen snow or ice ; a sled. A kind of traveling winter carriage mounted on run- ners ; a sleigh. The hurdle on which traitors were formerly drawn to execution, Sleigrll, sl.a. A vehicle mounted on run- ners for transporting persons on the snoAf or ice. It is of a more elegant or orna mental form than the sledge or sled used for heavy traflie. Slibowitz. slib'o-vits. An ardent spirit, distilled in Bohemia from the fermented juice of plums. Slittingr-mill, slit'ing-mil. A mill whera iron bars or plates are split into nail rods, etc. A machine used by lapidaries for shtting or cutting gems, stones, &c., pre' vlous to grinding and polishing. SL0GA5I 623 SNOW-LINE Sioop. Slog-an, slo'gan. The war-cry or grathor iiig Avord or phrase of one of the old High hind chins ; any exciting call to war. Sloop, slop. A vessel "vvith one mast, and often with notliing bu t fore-and-aft sails. Sloth, sloth. The popular name of cer- tain edentate mam- mals, of which only two species are known, the Brady- pus tridactylus or ai, of S.America, about the size of a common cat, and Bradypus or Oholoepus didactylus or unuu, of the W. Indies, abo€rlanus, allied to the salmon, inhab- iting the tjalt water al»out the mouths of Slow-lemui\ rivers. When first taken out of the water smelts have a strong smell of cucuiaber. Smelting-, 'ing. The process of obtain- ing metals, as iron, copper, lead, &c., from their ores by the combined action of heat, air and flu.xes. Sm^ithsonian Institute, The. A publi<**cieutiflc institution established al Washington, D. C, by act of Congress, 1&46, named from James Smithson, a« English natural philosopher, who, in his will, gave over $500,000 to the American Nation for the inci'ease and diffusion of knowledge. Smollett, Tobias George. An emi- nent Scottish historian and novelist ; b. 1721, D. 1771. Sm3rma. A Turkish eitj"^ and seaport in Asia Minor, 210 m. S. W, of Constanti- nople ; pop. 162,700. Snail, snal. A slimy, slow-creeping, air- breathing, gastcropod moilusk, gen. He- lix, fam. Helicidje, differing from the slugs chiefly in being covered with a de- Dressed spiral shell. Snake, snak. A name commonly given to any serpent, but more particularly used to designate the Natrix torquata, fam. Colubrid^- It is destitute of poison- fengs. Snipe, snip. The English name for those grallatorial bu^ds which form the gen, Scolopacidsei, Snow, sno Fro- v y zen vapor: watay ^tev^ ^ particles congeal- -=::* ^=- '^3 ed into white //\^ crystals in the air ^ ^ and falling to the earth. Snow is formed in the air when the tem- perature of the at m o s p h e r e sinks below the freezing-point. Snow-eyes, 'iz. A contrivance used by the Es- quimaux as a Qystals of Snow. Sreventive of snow-blindness, made of ght wood A\ith a bridge resting on the nose like spectacles, and a naiTow slit for the passage of the light. Snow-groose, 'gos. A web-footed bird the Anser hyperboreus, inhabiting the arctie regions. Snow-line, 'lin. The limit of perpetual snow, or the line above which mountains are covered with perpetual aaow. SINOW-PLO'W 624 SOLDEE Snow-plow, 'plou. An implement for clearing away the snow from roads, rail- M-ays, &c. Snow-shoe, 'sho. A kind of flat shoe or racket, innd, about 6 feet long, used by the Lapps for skating on snow, and to some extent by the Swedes and Norwegians. Snuff, snuf. A powdered preparation of tobacco, n»ade by grinding the chopped leaves and stalks of tobacco in which fer- mentation has been induced by moisture and warmth. Soap-stone, sop'ston. A species of steatite. Sobieski. The family name of John III. of Polantl, Avho checked the Saracen advance, drove them out of Poland, and, A\ith the aid of French ar d German allies, raised the Biege of Vienna IGCw; n. 1648, created het- man and grand marshal, 1665; elected king 1 67 i, n. 1696. Socialism, s6'shal-izm. The name, ap- pHed to various theories of social organiza- tion ha\ing for their common aim the abo- lition of that individual action on which modern societj^ depends, and the substitu- tion of the regulated system of co-opera- tive action. The term originated among English communists, and was assumed by them to designate their own doctrine, but is now employed in alarger sense, not nec- essarily implying communism, or the en- tire abolition of private propertj-, but ap- plied to any system which requires that the land and the instruments of i)roduction should be the property of communities or associations, or of the government. Society Islands. A cluster of 13 islands in the S. Pacific, under the protection of France. Tahiti is the chief : pop. about 2o,(m. Society of Jesus (Jesuits). A religions order in the 11. i). Ch., founded by Ignatius Loyola, a Spaniard, 1510. Socinianism, -sin'i-an-izm. The teach- ing or doctrines of Lailius and Faustus Socinus (16th century), who denied the doctrine of the Trinity, the deity of Christ, the personality of the devil, the native and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement and the eternity of punishment. Their tlieory was that Chilst was a man divinely commis- sioned, who had no existence before ha was miraculously and sinlessly conceived by the Virgin Mary; that human sin was the imitation of i^dam's sin, and that human salvation was the imitation and adoption of Christ's virtue ; that tho Eiblo was to be interpreted by human reason, and that its metaphors were not to bo taken litera!lj\ The Socinians are now represented by the Unitarians. Sociology, -shi-oFo-ji. The science which investigates the laws or forces which reg- ulate human society, existing and histori- cal, savage and civilized ; the science which treats of the general structure of society, the laws of its development, and the progi-ess of actual civilization. Soda, 'da. The yn'otoxide of metal sodi- um, formerly called mineral alkali. It has likewise been called a fixed alkali, in con- tradistinction from ammonia, which is a volatile alkali. It is formed when sodium is burned in dry air or oxygen. Soda-water, -wa-ter. A refreshing sum- mer drink, consisting of ordinary water into which carbonic acid has been forced imder })re8sure. On exposure to the ordi- nary atmospheric pressure the excess of cai-bonic acid escapes, thus causing effer- vescence. It rarely contains soda in any form, but is flavored with various syrups.. Sodomy, sod'om-i. The crime of Sodom; a carnal copulation against nature. Sofala. A Portuguese colony on the Mo- zambique coast, S. E. Africa ;' area, 10,000 sq. m.; cap., Sofala; total iK>p. abt. 320,000. Sofl, so'fi. One of a religious order in Persia, otherwise termed dervishes. Sofism, 'iizm. The mystical doctrines of the Mohammedan sofis. Written also Sufism. Softa, soPta. In Turkey, a pupil of a medrissa or secondary school engaged in professional studies "for oflices in the church, the law, the army or the state: often restricted to students of the Koran. Written also Sophta. Soissons. An ancient city of France, on the Aisne, 17 m. S. W. of Laon, noted as the scene of the overthrow of Roman power in Gaul by Clovis, 486, who made S. his cap.; pop. 10,964. Sol, sol. The sun. In Her. a term imply- ing or, or gold, in blazoning the arms ol emperors, kings ^and princes by planets, instead of metal and color. Tho name given to gold by the old chemists and al- chemists, luna being used to denote silver. Solder, 'der. MetalMc cement; a metal SOLDO G25 SOEBONNE or metallic composition used in uniting other metallic substances by being fused between them. Soldo, 'do. A small Italian coin, the twentieth i)art of u lira. S o 1 e a, so'lc-a. The under sur- face of the foot or hoof or an ani- m a 1 ; the sole. The Sole. sole; a gen. of malacopteryjsrious fishes of the Pleuro- nectidm or flat-fish family. S. vulgaris is the common sole. Solferino. A village of Brescia, N. Italy, 20 m. N. W. of Mantua, noted for the victory, June 24, 1S59, of the Ibdians and French, commanded by their respec- tive sovereigns, over the Austrians under their emperor; the decisive battle of the war. Soli dungTila, sol-id-ung'gu-la. The faraii^v of hoofed quadrupeds, comprising the horses, asses and zebras. Called also Equidae. Solomon. In Scrip, third king of Israel, youngest son and s. of David, and the most celebrated of the Hebrew royal line; b. 1035, o. 1015, d. 975 b. c. He was the author of the book of Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Proverbs, and part of the Psalms. Solstice, 'stis. In Astron. the point in the ecliptic at the greatest distance from the equator, at which the sun appears to stop or cease to recede from the equator, either north in summer or south in ivinter; a tropic or tropical point. There are two solstices— the summer solstice, the first degree of Cancer, which the sun enters about the 21st of June; and the winter solstice, the first degree of Capricorn, -which the sun enters about the 22d of December. Solon. The first Athenian constitutional lawgiver, and one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece; he flourished in the 6th cen- tury B. c. Solway, Frith of. An arm of the Irish Sea, dividing Scotland and England ; length, 40 m.; breadth, 24 m. Solyman (Suleiman). The name of three Turkish Sultans, the most noted being S. the Magnificent, b. M'JG, s. his father Selim I., 1520. He overran nearly the whole of central Europe, Arabia and Persia, but was repulsed at the siege of Malta, 1565 ; d. 1566. Soma, sO'ma. A plant, ord. Asclepiad- aceaj, the Asclepias acida; also an intoxt eating drink obtained from it, which played an important part in the great Yedic sacri- fices of the ancient Hindus. Somaj, -maj'. A Hindu sect which pro- fesses a puro4heism, and exer«ises a system of eclecticism in regard to Christianity and other systems of religion. Brahmo is generally prefixed to indicate its mono- theistic character. Somatist, 'mat-ist. One Avho admits the existence of corporeal or material beings onl}' ; one who denies the existence of spiritual substances; a materialist. Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of. (Lord Protector of England.) Uncle to Edward VI., and regent during the latter's minority; b. 1496, beheaded for treason 1552. Somnambulism, som-nam'bQ-lizm. A peculiar perversion of the mental funccions during sleep, in which the subject acts automatically; sleep-walking. Somniloquy, -nlFo-kwi. A talking in sleep; the talking of one in a state of somnipathy. Somnus, 'nus. In Class. Myth, the per- sonification and god of sleep, described as a brother of Death (Mors). Soodra, so'dra. The fourth or lowest caste into which the Hindus are divided, comprehending artisans and laborers. Sophist, sof ist. In Greek Hist, one of a class of leading public teachers during the 6th and 4th centuries b. c, including Soc- rates, Plato, Aristotle, and their disciples and followers. As the professional teachers, however, taught for pay, and their ranks became swelled by shallow associates, the title sophist gradually acquired a bad sense, coming to mean, in the language of Aristotle, " a pretender to knowledge, a man who employs what he knows to be fallacy, for the purpose of deceit and of getting money." A captious or fallacious reason er. Sophocles. An ancient Athenian tragic poet ; B. 495, b. 406 b. c. Sophomore, 'G-mor. In American col- leges, one belonging to the second of the four classes ; one next above a freshman. Soprano, so-pnVno. In music, the highest species of female voice. A singer having such a voice. In both senses equivalent to Treble, the English term. Sorbonne, sor-bon'. A celebrated insti- tution founded in connection with the University of Paris in 1252, by Eobcrt de Sorbon, chaplain and confessor of Louis 80R0RTCIDE 626 SOY IX. The college of the Sorbonne was one of the four constituent parts of the faculty of theology in the University of Paris. It was suppressed dTiring the revolution and deprived of its endowments. At the re- construction of tlie university, in 1803, the building erected for it by Kichelieu, and still called the Sorbonne, was given to the theological faculty in connection "svlth the faculties of science and belles-lettres. Sororicide, so-ru'ri-sld. The murder of a sister. The murderer of a sister. Sothiac, soth'i-ak. Of or pertaining to the dog-star Sothis. Sothic year, the ancient Egyptian year of 365 days without any int'^rcalatiou. It was divided into twelve months of thirty days each, \vith five davs added at the end. The period of 1460 Julian years was the Sothiac period. Sotnia, sot'ni-a. A company or squadron in a Cossack regiment. Sou, so. An old French copper coin, 24 of which made alivre or shilling. The present five-centime pieces, 20 of which make a franc, are still popularly called sous ; but all regular money accounts in France are made out in francs and cen- times. Soubah, so'ba. In India, a grand divis- ion of the country ; a province, as Ben- gal. Soubahdar, -dar. In India, the gov- ernor of a large province. A native sepoy officer with the same rank as a captain. Soudan, The (Nign^itis). A large section of N. Central Africa ; bounded N. by Sahara, E. by Darfour and Kordofan, B. by Ethiopia, W. by Senegambia; area, abt. 2,5o0,000 sq. m. ; estimated pop. 31,000,000. The Niger is the princi- pal river, and the Kong is the only moun- ttjn range. Soul, sol. The spiritual, rational and Immortal part in man which distinguishes Mm from the brutes. Soulouque, Faustin. A negro slave ; 35. in Ilay ri, 1TS5 ; n. in France, 186T. He ■was manumitted when a child, joined the army, rose to be general, was elected President and declared himself Emperor, under the title of Faustin L, 1849. He proved a brutal tyrant, and was driven from his throne and the island, 1859. Soult. Nicolas Jean de Dieu (Due de Dalmatia). A distinguished mar- shal of France ; u. 1T69, d. 1S51. Sound-bow, sound'bo. The part of a bell on which the clapper strikes. It is the point of greatest thickness, and is con- sidered as unity in stating the proportions of the bell. Soutane, so-tan'. A white woolen cas- sock worn by the E. C. clergy beneath tho rochet. South, south. One of the four cardinal points of the compass, directly opposite the north. Southanaipton. An English seaport, 71 m. S. W. of London; pop. 58,426. South Carolina. One of the original thirteen States of the American Union ; bounded N. by N. Carolina, E. by the At- lantic, S. and "W. by Georgia ; area, 30,- 213 sq. m. ; pop. 995,577. Principal cities, Columbia, cap., Charleston, Beaufort, Ai- ken, Camden, Spartanburg, Georgetown and Winnsborough. Chief rivers, the Great and Little J'edee, Congaree, Wat- eree, Sautee, Coombahee and S. Edisto. Mountains, the Blue liidge range. S. C. was the first State to secede, 1861, and was re-admitted 1870. Southcottian, -kot'i-an. One of the followers of Joanna Southcott, a religious fanatic, n. in Devonshire, Eng., 1750. She first pretended to a divine mission and held herself out as the woman spoken of in the book of Eevelation. In 1814 she announced herself as the mother of the promised Shiloh, whose speedy advent she predicted. Her death, in December of that year, did not undeceive her disciples, and the sect continued to exist for many years. Southern Cross, suth'ern kros. In Astron. a small bright constellation (Crux), in the southern hemisphere, tho principal stars of which are arranged in the form of a cross. Southey, Robert. An English poet and author ; b. 1774, d. 1843. South Mountain. A point near Mid- dletown, Frederick Co., Md., noted for the defeat (Sept. 14, 1802) of the Confed- erates, under Gens. Hill and Longstreet, by the Federals, under Gens. Hooker and Eeno, the latter being killed. Sovereign, sov'er-in. One who exer- cises supreme control ; a supreme x-uler ; a king, queen, emperor, &c. ; a monarch. An EngUsh gold coin, current at 22s. Gd. from the reign of Henry VIII. to that of James I. A gold coin of the value of 20s. , the standard of the English coinage of the present day. Soy, soi. A sauce prepared in China and Japan from a small bean, tlie fruit of the Sqia Mspida, eaten witii fish, cold meat, &c. SPA 627 SPERMACETI Spa, spa. A general name for a mineral spring, "or the locality in which such springs exist ; from Spa, a celebrated watering-place in Belgium. Spahi, spa'he. One of the Turkish cav- alry. The Spahis were disbanded along with the eTanissaries, In 1S26. A native Algerian cavalry soldier in the French army. Spain. A kingdom of S. W. Europe; bounded N. by France, E. by the Mediter- ranean, S. by the Straits of Gibraltar, W. by Portugal and the Atlantic ; area. 195,- 007 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 19,000,000. Princi- pal cities, Madrid, cap., Barcelona, Mala- ga, Valencia, Seville, Granada, Cadiz. Saragossa, Valladolid, Xeres, Cordova and Palraa, on the island of Majolica. Chief rivers, Ebro, Douro, Minho,'Tagus, Guad- iana and Guadalquivir. Mountains, the Pyrenees, Cantabrian, Montes de Castile and de Toledo, S i e r ra Morena and Sierra Ne- vada ranges. Spandrel. The space between the outer mold- ings of two con tiguons arches. Spaniel, span' yel. The nam given to severa distinct breeds of the canine race, all more or less elegant. Spanish-fly, 'ish-fli. A coleop- terous insect, tho Cantharis vesica toria, used in vesicatories or compositions for raising blisters. Sparks, Jared. An American author ; B. inConn., 17S9 ; Sparro-w, spa'- ro. A small in- sessorial bird, tron. Pyrgita, fam. Fringilli- d .Te , sub-ord. ("onirostros. Spa r r o-w- liawk. The' common name of .1 small hawk, very destructive to pigeons and small birds. The American sparrow-hawk is Falco sparverius. Sparta (Lacedeemon). In Anc. Geog. the cap. of Laconia, chief city of the Pelo- Spaniel (Kinj Charles). Sparrow, ponnesus, and rival of Athens, on th» right bank of the KuroTas, 20 m. from tho sea. Its site is now occupied by the town of New Sparta and the villages of Magula and Psychiko. Spatterdasll, spat'ter-dash. A covering of cloth or leather for the leg. fitting upon tho shoe ; a gaiter ; a legging. Spatularia, -u-la'ri-a. A gen. of fishes belonging to the sturgeon tribe ; remark- able for tho form of their snouts, which Spatularia. are enormously long and leaf-like in form. The tyjie of the gen. is the i)addle-flsh of the Mississippi, Spa"wn, span. The eggs or ova of fishes, frogs, «fec., from which, when fertilized by the males, a new progeny arises that con- tinues the species. Spear, spCr. A long pointed weapon used in war and hunting, by thrusting or throw- ing ; a lance. Spectacle, spek'ta-kl. A show; a pageant; a gorgeous or splendid gDectacle show ; an exhibition ^Pec^'c mainly attractive to the eye, A well- known optical instrument used to assist or correct some defect in the organs of vision. Spectroscope, 'tnl-skop. The instru- ment employed in spectrum analysis, con- sisting of a tube with a slit at one end, and a convex lens at the other, a prism, or train of prisms, and a telescope. Spectrum, 'trum. An image of some- thing seen, continuing after the eyes are closed, covered, or turned away ; also termed ocular spectra. The oblong figure or stripe formed on a wall or screen by a beam of light received through a small hole or slit and refracted by being pass«d through a prism. Speke. John Hanning*. An English African explorer; b. 1S27, d, 1864. Ho discovered Lake N'j-anza, 1858, and claimed to have traveled the Nile to its source, 1862. Spenser, Edmund. An eminent En- glish poet ; B. 1553, d. 1598. Spermaceti, sper-ma-sG'ti. A fatty ma- terial obtained from cavities in the skull of the Physeter or Catodon macrocepha- lus, a species of whale. It is also found diffused through the blubber. During the life of the animal the spermaceti is in a SPERMATOZOON" SPINNING-JENNY fluid state, but on exposure to the air it concretes and deposits from the oil. Spermatozoon, -to-zo'^on. One of the inicroscoi)ic unimalcular-like bodies devel- oped in the semeu of animals, and es- sential to iuiprejjnation. Spermologry, -molM-ji. That brancfli of science wiiich investigates sperm or seeds; a treatise on si)erm or seeds. Sphenography, sfc-nog'ra-fi. The art of writing in wedge-shaped and arrow- headed characters ; the art of deciphering cuneiform writings ; that branch of philo- logical science which concerns itself witli such writings. Sphere, sfer. An orb or globe of the mundane system. Armillary, sphere, an artificial rei)- resentat.ion of the circles of the sphere, by means of rings. Sphericity, sfe-ris'i-ti. The state or quality of being s[)herical or or- b i c u 1 a r ; globularity ; roundness. Armillary Sphere. Spherog-raph, sfo'ro- graf. A nautical instrument consisting of a stereograi)hic projection of the sphere upon a disk or pasteboard, in which the meridians and parallels of latitude are laid down to single degrees. By the aid of this projection, and a ruler and index, the angular position of a ship at any place and the distance sailed, may bo mined Spheroid, sfc'royd. A figure aj)proaching to sptierc ; but not perfectly spherical. Spherometer, sfo-rom et-er. An instrument for measuring tlie thickness of small bodies when great accuracy is required, as the curvature of optical glasses, &c. Sphinx, sfingks. In „,,„«:^.,5^?r«(f?^ Greek Myth, a she-'^-i^^^ '^,^ ph, del eter- Spheroid. H-' 1 monster, said to have proposed a riddle to the Thebaiis and to have killed all who were not able to guess it. It was at last solved by (Edipus, where up o n the sphinx slew herself. In art this monster is often rej)resented as a winged lion with the breasts and head of Greek Sphinx. Egyptian Sphinx. a woman. In Egyp- tian Antiq. a figure of s omewhat 8 i m i lar shape having the body of a lion and a hum an (male or female) or animal kead. The human-headed figures have been called androsphinxes ; those with the head of a ram criosphinxes, and those with the head of a hawk hieracosphinxes. The Egyp- tian sphinx was probably a purely symbol- ical figure, and the Greeks may have ap- plied the term sphinx to the Egyptian statues on account of an external resem- blance between them and their own fig- ures of the sphinx. A gen. of lepidopter- ous insects, sec. Crepuscularia ; the hawk- moths. The cynocephalus passio, or Guinea baboon. Sphrag-istics, sfra-jis'tiks. The science of seals, the chief object of which is to as- certain the age and genuineness of the documents to which seals are affixed. Sphygmometer, sfig-mom'et-er. An instrument for counting the arterial pul- sations : a sphygmograph. Spice, spis. A vegetable production, fra- grant or aromatic to the smell and pun- gent to ihe taste, as pepper, nutmeg, gin- ger, cinnamo'i and cloves. Spider, spi'der. The common name of animals of the Linna?an gen. Aranea, now divided not only into many genera, but into many families, constituting a section (Araneida) of the class Arachnida, ord. Puhnonaria. Spider-monkey, mung-ki. A name given to many species of platyrhine or New World monkeys, but more especially to members of the gen. Ateles, distin- guished by the great relative length, slen- derness and flexibility of their limbs and by the prehensile power of their tails. Spinet, spin'et. A stringed musical in- strument, which differed from the virginal only in being of a triangular form. Spinning'-jenny, 'ing-jen'ni. The name given to che first spinning-machine by means of which a number of threads could be spun at once. It consisted of a number of spindles turned by a wheel or spindle worked by hand. SPII^OZA SPRING Spinoza, Baruch. A distinguished Dutch philosopher, of Jewish descent, of the Pantheistic school ; b. 1632, ». 1677. Spinozism, spi'no-zizm. The system of philosophy of Spinoza, based on the idea of an original substance embracing all existence, substance in this sense mean- ing something very different from what is usually understood by the word. This original substance, in which ali antagonism between mind and matter, liberty and necessity, &c., ceases, all subjects of finite consciousness disappear, he called God ; by which he understood that which has an independent existence and the understanding of which does not require thef Idea of anything else. This substance is infinite and naught else exists. _ . , , Spin-wheel. A small Spm-wheel, wheel having cogs on its outer edge. Spiral, spl'ral. Wind- ing like a screw ; a wheel having its teeth cut at an angle with its axis. Spirit, spir'it. Imma- terial intelligence ; an intelligence conceived of apart from any physical organization. The in- telligent, immaterial Spiral Wheel, and immortal part of man ; the soul, as distinguished from the body which it occupies. Spiritualism, -u-al-izm. In Philos. the doctrine of the existence of sphits as dis- tinct from matter. Spiritualism, as dis- tinguished from materiaHsm, maintains the existence of spirit, which materiaHsm denies or ignores, but it does not neces- sarily deny the existence of matter. As a system spirituahsm originated in the U. S., 1848. ■ Spitztoergen. A group of islands, con- stituting the most Jiortherly land yet dis- covered, 200 m. N. of ^Norway; they are claimed by Eussia. S p 1 ittt-armor, splint'iir-mer. A name given to ar- mor made of over- lapping plates. It never came into very general use, because the con- V e X i t y of the breast-plate would not allow the body to bend unless the plates were made to over- lap upwards, and this rendered them Splint-armor. Spoon-bill. liable to be drawn olf by the martel-de-fer of an antagonist. Spohr, liUdwigr. A German composer; B. 1784, I). 1859. Spoliary, spo'li-a-ri. The place in the lioman amphitheaters where the slaugh- tered gla. at Boston, 1832. Square, skwar. Having four equal sides ; parallel. A figure having four equal sides and four right angles : an area of four sides : a mathe- matical instrument. Square-coupling", 'ku-pl- Square, ing. In mill-work, a perman- ent coupling, of which the coupling-box is made in halves and square, corresponding to the form of the two connected ends of the shafts. Squaw, skwa. Among N. American In- dians, a female or wife. Squire, skwir. The title of an English gentleman next in rank to a knight. An attendant on a knight ; the knight's ar- mor-bearer. A title popularly given to a country gentleman. In the U. S., a title of magistrates and lawyers, especially of justices of the peace. Squ'.rrel, ftkwir'- rcl. A small ro- d n t mammal, fam. Sciuiida), the type of which is the gen. Sciurus, or true squirrels. This family com- prehends three groups — the true squirrels (Sciurus), tho ground-squirrels (Tamias), and the Squirrel. flying-squirrels (Pteromys and Sciurop« terus). Squirrel-monkey, -mung-ki. A pla- tyrhino monkey, gen. Callithrix, inhabit- ing Brazil, resembHng the squirrel. Squirting-eucumber, skwert'ing-ku- kum-ber. One of the popular names of the fruit of Ecballium agreste, which, when nearly ripe, separates suddenly from its peduncle, at the same time ejecting its juices and seeds. Sradha, sriid'ha. A funeral ceremony paid by the Hindus to the manes of de- ceased ancestors, to effect, by means of oblations, the re-embodying of the soul of the deceased after burning his corpse, and to raise his shade from this world up to heaven among the manes of departed an- cestors. Sravaka, sra'va-ka. A name given to those disciples of Buddha who, through the practice of the four great truths, attain the dignity of saints. Stabat Mater, sta'bat ma'ter. The first words ("The mother stood"), and hence the name, of a mediseval hymn still sung in the ecclesiastical services of the E. C. Ch. during Holy Week It has been set to music by Pergolesi, Eossini and other famous composers. Stadium, 'di-um. A Greek measure of 125 geometrical paces or 625 Koraan feet, equal to 606 feet 9 inches English. The course for foot races at Olympia, which was exactly a stadium in length. The name was also given to all other places throughout Greece where games were celebrated, Stadtholder, stat'hold-er. Formerly the chief magistrate o. the United Prov- inces of Holland, or the governor or lieu- tenant-governor of a province. Staffa. One of the Hebrides, oflf the S. W. coast of Scot- land, noted for its caves and pillars of basalt. Stag, stag. The" male red-deer or a : generic name of the red- deer (Cervus ' claphus) ; the male of the hind ; a hart ; sometimes applied particularly to a hart in its 5th year. stag. Stael-Holstein, Anne Louise Ger- maine Necker, Baronne de (Mm.e. de Stael). An eminent STAG-BEETLE 631 STAROSTY stag-beetle. French authoress, daughter of M. Necker and wife of Baron de Stael, a Swedish dip- lomat ; B. 1T66, D. 1817. Stag- -bee- tle, stagr'be- ti. A name given to bee- tles, gen Lucanus, a" genus of lar mellicorn coleopterous insects, fam, Lucanidfle. S t a hi , Greorg- Ernst. An eminent German chemist and physician ; b. 1660, o. 17-34. Stair. James Dalrymple (First Viscount). A distinsruished Scotch jurist and statesman ; b. 1619, d. 1695. Stalactite, sta-lak'tlt. A mass of cal- careous matter, usually in a conical or cy- lindrical form, pendent from the roofs of caverns, produced by the filtration of wa- ter containing particles of carbonate of lime through fissures and pores of rocks. As some of the wnter often drops to the floor also, a mass of the same kind is formed below, called a stalagmite. Stalagrmite. -lag'mit. A deposit of sta- lactitic matter on the floor of a cavern. This sometimes forms sheets over the surface, and sometimes rises into columns, which meet and blend with the stalactites above. Stallion, staryun. A horse not castrat- ed ; an entire horse ; a horse kept for breeding purposes. Stamp-act, stamp'akt. An act for regu- lating the imposition of stamp-duties ; es- pecially, an act passed by the British Par- liament, 1765, imposing a duty on all pa- per, vellum and parchment used in the American colonies, ai.d declaring all writ- ings on unstamped materials to be null and void. This act roused a general op- position in the colonies, and was one cause of the Kevolution. Stanhope, Charles. An English states- man ; B. 1753, D. 1S16. He married a daughter of William Pitt, and in Parlia- ment opposed the American war. His daughter. Lady Hester Stanhopo, b. 1766, was confidential secretary of her imcle, William Pitt, and on his death took up her residence in Syria, where she was considered a queen by the Arabs; d. at her castle on Mt. Lebanon, 1S.39. Stanton, Edwin US.. A distinguished American jurist and statesman ; b. in O., 1818, D. soon after being appointed to the Supreme Court bench, 1869. Stapelia, sta-pe'li-a. An extensive and curious gen. of j)lants, ord. Asclepiadacete, or milk-weeds. Most of the species are natives of the Cape of Good Hope. They are succulent plants, without leaves, fre- quently covered with dark tubercles, giv- ing them a very grotesque appearance. In most instances the flowers give ofi:"a very unpleasant odor, like that of rotten flesh, and the name of crrrion-flower has been given some of them. Star, star. In a popular sense, any celes- tial body whatever except the sun and moon ; but in Astron. the term is usually restricted to one of those self-shining bodies, constituted like the sun, situated at immense distances from us, and doubt- less, like our sun, the centers of systems similar to our own. Stars are distinguished from pLanets by remaining apparently im- movable with respect to one another, and hence they have been called fixed stars, although their fixity has been disproved in numerous cases, and is no longer be- lieved in regard to any. An ancient name for all deeds, releases'^or obligations of the .Tews, and also for a schedule or inventory. Starboard, 'bord. The right-ha d side of a ship or boat when a spectator stands with his face toward the stem or prow-f. opposed to port or larboiu-d. Star-fish, 'fish. A term in its widest application embrac- ing all the echino- derms comprised in the orders Ophiuroi- dea and Asteroidea, but more commonly restricted to the members of the lat- ter order, of which the common gen, As- terias may be taken as the type. Starling-, 'ling. An i n s e s serial bird, ord. Pas- seres, gen. Stur- nus and family Sturnida*. They are often kept in cages, and may be taught to whistk some tunes, andi even to pronounce words and sen- tences. Starosty, star'os- ti. In Poland, a name given to castles Sun Star-fish. STAR-STONE C82 STENTOE and doinatus conferred on noblemen for life by the crowa. Star-stone, stiir'ston. A rare variety of sapphire. When cut, and viewed in a direction perpendicular to the axis, it pre- sents a peculiar reflection of light in the form of a star. Staten Island. An island in the Bay of N. Y., 6 m. 8. of the city, 14 m. long by 8 wide, forming the co, of Eichmond; pop. 88,991. Statistician, stat'is-tish"an. One versed in statistics, one who collects, classifies, or arranges facts, especially numeric I facts, relating to the condition of a com- munity or state. Statoblast, 'o blast. An internal bud, developed in someof the molluscoidPoIy- xoa, and which, on the death of the parent organism, ruptures and gives exit to a young polyzoon. This mode of reproduc- tion is called reproduction by internal gemmation. Statue, stat'ii. A lifelike representation of a human figure or animal in some sub- stance, as marble, bronze, iron, wood, &c. Ecjuestrian statue, a statue in which the figure is represented as seated on horse- back. Statute, 'lit. A law proceeding from the government of a state; an enactment of the legislature of a state ; a written law. Steam, stem. The vaporous substance into which water is converted under cer- tain circumstances of beat and pressure ; water in a gaseous state. Steam-engine, 'en-jin. A-n engine Avorked by steam, or an engine in Avhich the mechanical force arising from the elas- ticity and expansive action of steam, or from its property of rapid condensation, or from the combination of these princi- ples, is madfl available as a source of mo- tive power in the arts and manufactures, and in locomotion. The first actual work- ing steam-engine of which there is any j record was invented and constructed by ' Captain Savery, an Englishman, to whoin a patent was granted for it in 1698. It Avas brought to a high state of perfection bv the celebrated James Watt about the year 1782. Steam-graugre, 'gaj. An attachment to a boiler to indicate the pressure of steam ; a pressure-gauge. Steam-hammer, 'ham-er. A heavy forgo hammer operated by steam. Steatite, ste'a-tlt. Soapstonc ; so called from its smooth or unctuous feel ; a sub- species of rhomboidal mica, a hydrated silicate of magnesia and alumina. It is used in the manufacture of porcelain, in polishing marble, &c. ; as the basis of rouge and other cosm etic powders ; in the composition of crayons, &c. Steamship, 'ship. A ship propelled by Steamship. the power of steam. Steel, stCl. Iron combined with a small portion of carbon. Steel usually contains also small quantities of silicon, phosphorus, manganese and sulphur, but iron and car- bon are its only essential constituents. Steel-bronze, 'bronz. A hard, tenacious alloy, composed of about 90 parts copper to 10 parts tin, used as a substitute for steel, especially in the manufacture of cannon. Steele, Richard, Sir. A distinguished Irish essayist and dramatist : u. 1G71, D. 1729. Steelyard, 'yard. An instrument for weighing bodies, consisting essentially of a rod or bar marked with notches desig- nating the number of tons, hundred- Aveights, pounds, &c., and a Aveight Avhich is movable along this bar, and Avhich is made to balance the Aveight of the body by being moved to a proper distance from the fulcrum. Steeple-chase, ste'pl-chas. A horse- race, in Avhich ditches, hedges, fences and other obstacles have to be jumped. Stegranogrraphy, steg-a-nog'ra-fi. The art of Avriting in cipher, or in characters not intelligible except to the persons Avho correspond Avith each other ; cryp- tography. Stenography, ste-nog'ra-fi. A generic term Avhich embraces every system of shorthand, Avhether based upon alphabetic, phonetic or hieroglyphic principles. To those based upon the phonetic principle the name phonography is generally given. Stentor, sten'tor. The name of a Greek herald in the Trojan Avar, Avho, according to Homer, had a voice as loud as that of 50 other men together ; hence, a person hav- ing a very powerful voice. A gen. of in- fusorial animalcules, so named from tho trumpet-like shape of the body. STEP STOLA Step, step. A prefix used in composition before father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, cluld, &c., to indicate that the person spoken of is a relative only by the marriage of a parent. Stephen. The name of one king of En- gland, who reigned 1135-11S4. Also of live kings of Hungary and of nine popes. Stephen, St. In Scrip, the first Chris- tian martyr, stoned to death outside the walls of Jerusalem, by order of the Sanhe- drim. Stephens, Alexander Hamilton. An eminent American jurist and states- man ; B. in Ga., 1S12. lie was Vice- President of the Confederate States and both before and since the Civil War a member of the U. S. Congress. Stephenson, Georg-e. A distinguished English engineer ; «. 17S1, d. 1S4S. He invented the first locomotive engine which was put to practical use, 1S14-1S22. His son Kobert was also eminent as an engineer, building several of the finest bridges in Great Britain ; also the Victo- ria tubular bridge at Montreal, Canada ; B. 18U3, D. 1S59. Stereometry, ster-e-om'et-rl. The art of measuring solid bodies and finding their solid contents. The art or process of determining the specific gravity of liquids, porous bodies, &c. Stereopticon, -op'ti-kon. A sort of double magic lantern for exhibiting photo- graphic pictures greatly magnified upon a wall or screen with stereoscopic effect. Stereoscope, 'e-«>-sk6p. An optical in- strument to illustrate the phenomena of binocular vision. Stereotrope, -trop. An instrument by which an object is perceived as if in mo- tion and ^^ith an appearance of solidity or relief as in nature. Stereotype, -tip. A plate cast from a stucco or papier-mache mold, on which is a fac-similc of the superficies of an-anged types, which plate being fitted to a block may be used under the press exactly as movable tj'pes are used. The plates are composed of an alloy similar to ordinary type-metal. Sterlet, ster'let. A ganoid fish of Russia, the Acipenser ruthenus, from whose roe is made the finest caviare. It is a small species of sturgeon. Sterne, Laurence. A celebrated Irish author and humoi-ist; b. 1713, d. in London 1T6S. Stethoscope, steth'6-skop. An instru- ment used by medical men for distinguish- Stigma. It Ing sounds within the thorax and other cavities of the body. Steuben, Friedrich "Wilhelm Au- gust. An American general ; b. in Prussia 1T30, ». 1794. Stevens, Thaddeus. An American statesman, b. in Vt. 1793, i>. in Penn. ISGS. He was for 20 years a member of the Lower House of Congress. Stewart, Charles. A distinguished American naval commander ; b. in Penn. 177S, 1). 1SG9. Stickleback, stik'1-bak. The popular name for certain small teleostean fishes which constitute the gen. Gasterosteus. They are among the few fishes which build nests for their young, and the first in which this habit was observed. Stigrma, stig'-ma. Any mark of infamy. In Bet. that part of the pistil which receives the pol- len or prolific powder. Still, stil. An apparatus i for separating, by means of heat, volatile matters from substances contain- ing them, and re-con- densing them into the liquid form, assumes many forms according to the pur- poses for which it is used. Tlie most im- portant use of stills is in distilling spirit- uous liquors. Stilt-plover, stilt'-plnv-er. A wading bird h.aving remarkably long slender legs, a feature from whichit derives its com- mon name. Stockholm. Cap. of Sweden, 330 m. JT. E. of Copenhagen; pop. 142,169. Stocks, stoks. An apparatus formerly used for tlie punishment of petty oHcnders, as vagrants, trespassers and the like. It usually consisted of a frame of timber with hides in which tlic ankles, and some- times both ankles and wrists, were con- fined. The frame or timbers on which a ship rests while building. Stoic, stO'ik. A disciple of the philoiiopher Zeno, who founded a sect about 303 k. c. He taught that men sliould be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and sub- mit without complaint to the imavoidable necessity by which all things are gov- erned. Stola, 'la. A garment worn by tlie Eo- mau women over the tunic; it came as low as tlie ankles or feet, and was fastened round the body by a girdle, leaving broad folds above the breast, and had a flounce sewed to the bottom. It was the char- STOLE 634 STUAET acteristic dress of the matrons, as the toga was of the men, and women divorced from their husbands, or courtesans, were not allowed to wear it. Stole, stol. A long robe worn by ladies, reaching to the ankles or heels. A long narrow scarf with fringed ends, worn by- ecclesiastics of the Eoman and Enghsh churches, by deacons over the left shoulder, fastened under the right arm ; by bishops round the neck, with both ends pendent in front; and by priests similarly, but with the ends crossed over the breast at mass. Groom of the stole, the first lord of the bed-chamber in the household of the English kings. Stomapoda, std-map'o-da. An order of malacostracous crustaceans, having six to eight pairs of legs, mostly near the mouth (hence the name). Stone-coal, 'kol. Hard coal; anthracite. Stone-coral, ston'kor-al. Coral in masses, in distinction from that in the form of branches. Stone River. A stream in Tennessee, emptying into the Cumberland, 6m. N. E. of Nashville. On its banks, Jan. 1-3, 1S63, was fought ft sanguinary battle between the Federals, under Gen. Rosecrans, and the Confederates, under Gen. Bragg, the latter being defeated. It is also called the Battle of Murfreesboro. Stone-ware, -war. A species of potter's Avare made from a composition of clay and flint. Stork, stork. A name given to birds gen. Ciconia, sub-fam. Ci- conina}, but especially to C. alba (the common or white stork). Storm-siimal, storm'sig-nal. A signal for indicating to mar- iners and lishermen the probable approach of a storm. Story, Joseph. An eminent American jurist ; b. in Mass. 1779, n. 1845. He was a Justice of the Supreme Court, lSll-45. Stoup, stop. A basin for holy water, usually placed in a niche at the entrance of E. C. churches. Stout, stout. The strongest kind of porter. There are several varieties, as brown stout, double stout. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. An Ameri- can novelist, daughter of Eev. Lyman Beecher ; n. in Conn. 1814. Strabo. A Greek geographer and histo- rian, who lived about the beginning of the Christian era. Stork. Strasburg (Strasbourg-). A cele- brated city of Alsace-Lorraine, noted for its extensive fortihcations, its cathedral and manufactures ; pop. 86,724. Strass, stras. A variety of flint-glass, used in the manufacture of artificial gems. Stratford-on-Avon. A village of Co. Warwick, England, on the Avon, m. S, "VV, of Warwick, noted as the birthplace of Shakespeare. Strathspey, strath -spiV. In Scotland, a species of dance in duple time, supposed to have been first jjracticed in the district from which it received its name; also the music for this dance. Stratocracy, stra-tok'ra-si. A military government ; government by military chiefs and an army. Stratum, stra'tum. In Geol. a layer of any deposited substance, as sand, clay, limestone, &c., Avhich is spread out over a certain surface by the action of water or Avind. Strauss, David Friedrich. A distin- guished German rationalist ; b. 1808, ». 1877. Strawberry, stra'ber-i. The English name of the fruit and ])lant of thei gen. Fragaria, ord. Eosa-^ cca\ S t r a w b e rry-pear, -par. A i)Iant, gen. Cereus, the C. triangu- laris, ord. C a c t a c c a?, Avhich groAvs in the W. Indies. The fruit is" sweetish, slightly acid, pleasant, and coohng. Strelitz, strel'its. A soldier of the ancient Muscovite guards, abolished by Peter the Great. Stroke-oar, strok'or. The aftmost o.ar of a boat or the man that uses it. Struthionidae, stro-thi-on'i-de. A fam- ily of terrestrial birds incapable of flight, including the ostrich, cassoAvary, emu, &c. Strychnia, strik'ni-a. A vegetable al- kaloid, the sole active principle of Sti'ych- nos Tieute, the most active of the Java poisons, and one of the active principles of S. Ignatii, S. nux-vomica, S. colubrina, &c. It is usually obtained froui the seeds of S. nux-vomica. Strychnine and its salts are most energetic poisons. Stuart. The name of a r.ace of British monarchs, founded by Walter, SteAvard of Scotland (Avhence the name), by Ms mar- Btrawbeny. STUOCO «35 SUDDEE riage with Mariorv, a daujrhter of King Robert Brnce. " His son p. David II., 1371, as King of Scotland, under the title of Kobert II., and the Scottish line ended with James YI., who became King of England as James I. The English line ended with the abdication of his grandson, James II., although several of his descend- ants made futile attemjjts to regain the crown. The last male of the line, Henr}', Cardinal of York, lived in Italy on a pen- sion from the British goverment ; d. 1807. Stucco, stuk'ko. Fine i)laster used as a coating or finish for walls. Stucco-work, -werk. Ornamental work com[)osed of stucco, such as cornices, moldings and other ornaments in the ceil- ings of rooms. Stupa, sto'pa. The name given by Bud- dhists to certain sacred monumental struc- tures. As distinguished from the dagoba, the stupa commemorates some event, or marks some spot, held dear by the follow- ers of Buddha ; while the dagoba contains relics of that deity. Sturgreon, ster'jon. A ganoid fish, gen.,, Acipenser, fain. Sturionida?. Style, stil. In Chron. a mode of reckon- ing time with regard to the Julian and Gregorian calendar. Stj'le is Older New. The Old style follows the Julian manner of computing the months and days, in Avhich the year consists of 365 days and 6 hours. This is something more 'than 11 minutes too much, and in the course of time, between Caesar and Pope Gregory XIII., this accumulated error amounted to 10 days. Gregory reformed the calen- dar by retrenching 10 days, and fixing the ordinary length of the civil year at 365 days ; and to make up for the odd hours it was ordained that every fourth year (called ^eap-year) should consist of 366 days. Stylite, stl'lTt. In Eccles. Hist, a pillar- saint ; one of those ascetics who, by way of penance, passed the greater part of their lives on the top of high columns or pil- lars. Perhaps the most celebrated was St. Simeon the Styhte, who lived in the 5th century. Styinphalides, stim-fa'li-dcz. In Greek Myth, certain foul birds of prey — so named from frequenting the lake StVmph.'ilus in Arcadia, or from a hero Stymphalus, whose daughters they were supposed to be — hav- ing iron wings, beaks and claws. They could shoot their feathers like arrows, and thus kill man and bea*5t. Eur\'stheus im- l)osod on Hercules the labor' of driving them from their abode. Styx, stiks. In Class. Myth, the princi- pal river of the lower world, round which it passed seven times, and which had to be crossed in passing to the regions of dis- embodied souls. Sub, sub. A Latin preposition, denoting under or below, used in EngHsh as a pre- fix to express an inferior position or inten- tion, and also a subordinate degree. Subdeacon, 'dG-kn. The lowest of the greater orders in the E. C. Ch. His office is to assist the deacon at mass. Subjectivism, -jek'tiv-izm. In Metaph. the doctrine of Kant that all human knowledge is merely relative, or that we cannot prove it to be absolute. Sublixaation, -H-ma'shon. In Chem. a yn-ocess by which solid substances m-e, by the aid of heat, converted into vapor, which is again condensed into the solid state by the application of cold. Subli- mation bears the same relation to a solid that distillation does to a liquid. Sub-order, -or'der. A subdivision of an order in classifications ; a gi-oup of ani- mals or plants greater than a genus and less than an order. Subsellium, -sel'li-um. A small shelv- ing seat in the stalls of churches or cathe- drals, made to turn up upon hinges, so as to serve either as a seat or to lean ag.ain8t in kneeling, as occasion requires. Subsellia are still in con- stant use on th'i Con- t i n e n t of Europe. Called also miserere. Subtangrent. In Geom., the jjart of the axis contained between the ordinate and tan- gent, drawn to the same plane in a curve. SubTxlicornes, sri-bu'li-kor"nez. A division of neuropterous insects, having awl-shaped antennsv. It includes the dragon -files and Ephemera; or may -flies. Succuba, suk'ku-ba. A kind of female demon formerly believed in. Such de-j mons were fabled to have connection wjtlk men in their sleep. ' Succubus, -bus. A kind of male demon formerly believed in. Sucrose, sii'kros. A general name for the sugars identical in composition and in many properties with cane-sugar, but de- rived from different sources, as beet, tur- nip, carrot, maple, bh-eh, Ac. Sudder, sud'er. In India, the chief seat or headqTuirters of government, as distin- guished from the laoffussil or interior ol tho country. Subtangent. SUE 636 SUMTER Sue, Eugrene, A French novelist ; b. 1S04, D. 1657. Suez, Gulf of. The N. W. arm of the Riid Sea, between Egy])t and the Sinai peninsula ; length 200 ni., width 80 to 40 m. Istlinius of 8., a neck of land connect- ing Asia and Africa, CO to C5 m. in width. S. Canal, an ariificial ship-channel. 100 m. long, connecting the Mediterranean and Ilid seas, constructed by M. Ferdinand de Lesseps through the Isthmus, 1859- ISGD. Suffragan, suf'fra-gan. A bishop wlio has been consecrated to assist the ordi- nary bishop of a ste in a particular portion of his diocese. A term of relation applied to every ordinary bishop with respect to the archbishop who is his superior. Sugar, shii'ger. A Avell-known sweet granular substance, i)repared chiefly Irom the expressed juice of the sugar-cane (Saccharmn olhcinarum), but obtained also from a great varietj^ of other plants, as maple, beet-root, birch, parsnip, &c. Sugrar-cane, -k fm . The cane or plant from whose juice sugar is obtained ; Saccharum offieiua- rum. S u g- a r-maple, -ma-pl. A tree. gen. Acer, the A. sac- charinum, a native of N. America; also known under the n a m e of rock- maple. Sugar-mill, -mil. A machine for press- ing out tiie juice of the sugar-cane. It consists usually of three heavy rollers, placed horizontally and parallel to each other, one above and between the other two. Suicide. su'i-s!d. Self-murder ; the act of designedly destroying one's own life. Suidae, -de. The s%vine, a family of un- gulate (artioda!;tyle or "even-toed") mammalia. TL'^ "amily includes the do- mestic hog, of V. .. . .eh there is an endless variety of breed ■ 1he Avild boar, which is the parent stock r the domestic liog ; the masked boar of . inica, or wart-hog ; the bai)yroussa and the peccary. Sulky, sul'ki. A light two-wheeled car- riage for a single person, drawn by one horse, used principally for trials of speed between trofting-horses. Sullivan's Island. In Charleston harbor. 6 m. below the city, defended by Fort Moultrie. Sugar-cane. Sully, Maximilien de Beth-une, Due de. An eminent French soldier and stati-sman ; n. 1560, d. 1041. Sully, Thomas, a celebrated Amer- ican painter ; b. iu England, 17S3 ; i>. 1ST2. Sulphur, 'fer. Brimstone, an elementary non-metallic combustible substance. Sulphur-ore, -or. The commercial name of iron pyrites, from the fact that sulphur and sulphuric acid are obtained from it. Sulpitian, -pi'shi-an. In the R. C. Ch. one of an order of priests established 1642, for the purpose of training young men for the clerical office ; so called from the prjr- ishofSt. Sulpice, Paris, where they were lirst organized. Sultan, 'tan. The ordinary title of Mo- hammedan sovereigns ; by "way of emi- nence, the appellation given to the ruler of Turkey, who assumes the title of Sultan of sultans. Sultana, -ta'na. The queen of a sultan ; the empress of the Turks ; a sultaness. A name given to birds of the gen. Porphyrio, fam. ItallidfB. Sumatra. A large British island of the E. Archipelago ; area, 125,000 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 2,700,000. Principal cities, Bencoolen, Padang, Quedah and Palembang. Summer, sum'er. That season of the j'ear when the sun shines most directly upon any region ; the warmest season of the year. North of the equator it may be said to include June, July and August. Astronomically considered, summer be- gins in the northern hemisphere when the sun enters Cancer, about the 21st of June, and continues for three months, till Sep- tember 23d. In latitudes south of the equator just the opposite takes place. The entire year is also sometimes divided into summer and winter. Sumner, Charles. An eminent Amer- ican statesman ; b. in Mass., 1811 ; n. 1874. Sumpitan, 'pit-an. A long straight cane tube or blowpipe, in which a poisoned dart is placed and expelled by the bn-ath ; used by the natives of islands in the East- ern Archipelago. Sumter, Thomas. An American gen- eral ; B. in S. C, 1784 : d. 1832. After the Eevolution he served in Congress and Avas Minister to Br.izil. Sumter, Fort. A fortification on an artificial island in Charleston harbor, noted as the scene of the first battle in the Civil War. It was occupied by Major Anderson with about 100 men and was at- tacked by the Confederates, under Gen. SUN- 687 SURINAM Beauregard, April 12, 1S61, surrendering the next day. Sun, sun. The splendid orb or luminary which, being in or near the center of our system of worlds, gives light and heat to all the planets, an, found principally in the tropical parts of Africa and Asia, with plumage approaching in splendor to that of the humming-birds, which in many re- spects they resemble. Sundanese, 'dan-ez. One of a section of the ^Slalay race inhabiting Malacca, the Sunda Archipelago and the Philippines. Sunday, 'da. The first day of the week ; the Christian Sabbath ; the Ij)rd's-day. Sun-dial, 'dl-al. An instrument to show the time of day by means of a shadow cast by the sun. Sun-dogr, 'dog. A luminous spot occa- sionally seen a few degrees from the sun, supposed to be formed by the intersection of two or more haloes. Sometimes the spot appears when the haloes themselves are invisible. Sunfis h 'fish. The i^^P name of a tele '^ ' ^ ostean fish gen . Orthago- ^^ ' ^^ '^^"^^^^ riscus, fain. a-u.^^^ .. ^.^^^ -^. Diodontida3. The sunfish appears like the head of a large fi sb 8 e parated from the Short Sunfish. body. While s^\^mming it turns upon itself like a wheel. It grows to a large size, attaining a diameter sometimes of 12 feet. Sunna, sOn'a. The name given by Mo- hammedans to the traditionary portion of their law, which was not, like the Koran, committed to writing by Mohammed, but preserved from his lips by his immediate disciples or founded on the authority of his actions. The orthodox Mohammedans who receive the Sunna call themselves Sunnites, in distinction to the various sects comprehended under the name of Shiites. Superf rental, su-per-front'al. Eccles., the part of an altar-cloth that covers tlie top, as distinguished from the antepen- dium, which hangs down in front. Superior, Lake. The largest and most westerly of the chain of N. American lakes ; area, 28,600 sq. m.; it is about 040 ft. above sea-level. Supei'naturalism, -nat'ii-ral-izm. The state of being supernatural. A term used in theology in contradistinction to rationalism ; the doctrine that religion and the knowledge of God require a revela- tion from God. It considers the Christian rehgion as an extraordinary phenome- non, communicating truths above the comprehension of reason. Supralapsarian, 'pra-lap-sri"ri-an. In Theol. one who maintains that God, ante- cedent to the fall of man or any knowl- edge of it, decreed the apostasy and all its consequences, determining to save some and condemn others, and that in all he docs he considers his own glory only. Sura, so'ra. A chapter of the Koran. Surabaya. A fortified seaport of Java, cap. of Dutch prov. of same name; pop. 131,460. Surat. A city of Bombay, British In- dia ; on the Taptee, 150 m. N, of Bom- bay ; pop. abt. 100,000. Surcoat, ser'kot. An outer garment worn in the 13th and 14th centuries, and later, by both sexes, and showing a vari- ety of forms, short or long. A kind of loose sleeveless wrajjp^^r formerly worn over a coat of mail to protect it from wet. Often emblazoned with the wearer's arms. Surgery, 'jer-i. The operative branch of medicine ; that branch of medical science and practice which involves the perform- ance of operations on the human sub- ject, whether with or without instru- ments. Surinam. A river of Dutch Guiana, S. SURMULLET C88 SWEDENBOEGIAlsr America, emptying into the Atlantic : length 300 m. Surmullet, 'mul-et. The common iiixnief(,u- fishes, fam. Mullidae, formerly included in the perch family. Surname, 'nriui. An additional name; a name or appellation added to the baptis- mal or Christian name, and which be- comes a family name, originally designat- ing occupation, estate, place or residence, or some peculiar thing or event that re- lated to the person. Surnames were also formed by adding the name of the father to that of the son. Surplice, 'plis. A white linen garment worn by priests, deacons and choristers in theCh. of England and the It. C. Ch. over their other dress during the performance of religious services. It is a loose, flowing vestment, reaching almost to the feet, having sleeves broad and full, and differs from the alb only in being fuller and hav- ing no girdle nor embroidery at the foot. Surtout, -tot'. Originally a man's coat to be worn over his other garments ; but in modern usage, an upper coat with long wide skirts ; a frock-coat. In Her. an es- cutcheon placed upon the center of a shield of arms ; a shield of pretense. Surturbrand, 'ter-brand. Fibrous brown coal or bituminous wood found in the north of Iceland. It resembles the black oak found in bogs, is used for fuel, and is made into articles of furniture. Survejring:, -va'ing. The act of deter- mining the boundaries and area of a portion of the earth's surface, by means of meas- urements taken on the spot ; the art of determining the form, area, surface, con- tour, &c., of any portion of the earth's surface, and delineating the same on a map or plan. Surya, sor'ya. In Hindu Myth, the god of tlie sun. Sus, sus. A gen. of pachydermatous ani- mals, which includes the domestic hog. Suslik, sijs'lik. A pretty little animal of the marmot kind, Spermophilus citillus, found in IJohemia, and as far north as Si- beria; tlie earless marmot. Susquehanna. A river rising in Cen- tral N. Y., running through Penn., and emptying into Chesapeake Bay at Havre (le Grace, Md.; length, 400 m. Su^lej. A river of India, emptving into the Chenab : length, abt. 1,000 m. Sutra, so'tra. The name given to certain collections of books of aphorisms in Sans- krit literature, forming the Vedangas, or six members of the Veda. Swan. Suttee, sut-te'. A Hindu widow who immolates herself on the funeral pile. The voluntary self-immolation of Hindu wid- ows on the funeral pile of their husbands. The origin of this horrid custom is uncer- tain. It is not commanded in the sacred books, but they speak of it as highly mer- itorious, and the means of obtaining eter- nal beatitude. The practice is now prac- tically extinct. Suwarrow, Alexander Vaailie- vitch. (Count liymnikski and Prince Italiyski.) A Russian general ; b. in Finland of Swedish parentage, 1T29 : d. ISOO. Suzerain, su'ze- ran. A feudal lord or baron ; a lord par- am ount. Swallow, swol'lo. A common name of a number of insesso- rial birds of the flssiros- tral section of the or- der. Swan, swon. A nata- torial bird, gen. Cyg- nus, fam. Anatida;. Sweden. A country of N. Europe, forming with Norway tlie united kingdom of S. and Norway; bounded N. by Finmark and Lapland, E. bv the Gulf of Bothnia, S. by the Baltic, W. by Norway ; area 170,516 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 5,000,000. Principal cities, Stockholm, cap., Gothenburg, Mal- mo, Norrkoi.ing, Carlscrona, Gefle, Up- sal, Jdnkoping and Lund. The rivers are small, but Inkes are large and numerous, including the Wener, Ma-lar, Wetter, Storsg, Stor and Stora Lulea. The prin- cipal mountain range is the Scandinavian or Kiolen, separating S. from Norway. Swedenborg", Emmanuel (Swed- borg-). A distinguished Swedish philos- opher and theosophist; b. 16SS, d. in Lon- don, 1772. He was founder of the sect known as the Sweden borgians or the Church of New Jerusalem. Swedenborg-ian, swG-den-bor'ji-an. One wlio holds the doctrines of the New Jerusalem Ch. as taught by Emmanuel Swedenborg. They believe that the re- generate man is in direct communication with angels and with heaven ; that the Scriptures contain three distinct senses, called celestial, spiritual and natural, united by correspondences, and accommo- dated to particular classes, both of men and angels. They hold that there havo been various general judgments ending SWEET-BEEAD SYDNEY particular dispensations. The last was in 1757, wlien Swedeuborg received the office of teaching the doctrines of the new churcli promised in the Apocalypse. As this church is to be eternal, there wU be no other general judgment, but each individ- ual is judged soon after death. Sweet-bread, swet'bred. The pancreas of an animal, as of a calf or sheep, used as food. Sweetmeat, 'met. An article of confec- tionery made wholly or principally of sugar; fruit preserved "«itu sugar, as peaches, pears, melons, nuts, orange-peel, &c. Sweet-rush, 'rush. A plant of the gen. Acorns {A. Calamus) ; sweet-flag. Swift, swift. A reel or turning instrument for wiiidmg yarn. The common name of birds, gen. Cypselus, fam. Cypselidae. Swift, Jonathan. An eminent Irish di- vine and wit ; a. 1667, D. 1715. Swine, swln. An un- gulate ; a mammal, gen. Bus, which fur- nislies man with a large portion of his most nourishing food ; a hog. Swine's-feather. swTnz'feth-er. A small si)ear about .=ix inches long, called also a Hog's Bi-istle, anciently used as a bayonet. The name was afterward ap- plied to a similar spear fitted into the mus- ket rest in order to render it a defense against cavalry. Switch, swich. A small flexible twig or rod. In liail. a contrivance for transfer- ring a railway train or part of it from one line of rails to another. Switzerland. A central European re- public of 22 states or cantons, bounded ISr. by Germany, E. by the Tyrol, S. by Italy, "W. by France ; area, 15,722 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 3,000,000. Chief cities, Berne, eap., Geneva, Zurich, Basle, Lausanne, La Chaux de Fonds, St. Gall, Lucerne, Neufchatel and Freiburg. Chief rivers, Ehone, Khine, Ticino, Reuss and Aar. Lakes, Geneva, Constance. Lucerne, Neuf- chatel, Zurich, Thun, Bienne, "Wallcn- stadt and Bi-ienz. The Alps intersect the entire republic, and the Jura range forms the W. boundary. Swivel, swiv'el. A fastening so con- trived as to allow the thing fastened to turn freely on its axis ; a twisting link in a chain consisting of a ring or hook ending in a headed pin which turns in a link ol the chain so as to prevent kinking. Milit., a small cannon, fixed in such a manner ss to be turned in any direction. In Sad- dlery, a loop or runner through which the check-rein passes. Sword, sord. An offensive weapon hav- ing a long strong steel blade, either straight and with ashai-p point for thrust- ing, as the modern rapier ; yvith a sharp point rind one or two cutting edges for thrusting and striking, as the broadsword, or curved and Mith a sharp convex edge for striking, as the eastern scimitar, &c. Sword-cane, 'kfm . A walking stick con- taining a long pointed blade, as in a scab- bard, or from which a shorter blade is made to dart out on the touch of a spring. Sword-dance, 'dans. A dance in which swords are brandished or clashed together by the dancers. A dance peculiar to the Scotch Highlanders, in which two swords are laid crosswise on the ground, the skill of the dancer being shown in never touch- ing the swords with his feet while dancing over them with various intricate steps. Sword-fish, 'fish. An acan- t h o J) t erygious ; (telcostean) 'fish, ■ gen. Xiphias, fam. Xiphiidae, closely allied to the Scomberidc'e or mack- erel tribe, remarkable for its elongated upper jaw, Avhich forms a sword-like weapon, whence the name. It attacks other fishes with its jaw, and sometimes perforates tha planks of ships with the same powerful weapon. Sycamore, sik'a-mor. A tree of the gen. Ficus, the F. Sycomorus or sycamore of Scripture. It is very common in Palestine, Arabia and Egj-pt, gi-ow- ing large and to a great height, and though the grain is coarse, much used in building and very du- rable. Its wide-spreading branches afford a grateful sha(?e in those hot climates, and its fi-uit, which is produced in clustered racemes upon the trunk and the old limbs, is sweet and delicate. Sycee, sI-sC. The fine silver of China cast into ingots in shape resembling a na- tive shoe, and weighing commonly rather more than a pound troy. Sychee, -cho'. The Chinese name for black tea. Sydney. Cap. of New South "Wales and Sword-iish. Sycamore. SYLPH 640 TABAXTD^ metropolis of AustraLasia, on Port Jackson Bay, E. Australia ; pop. 179,442. Sylph., silf. An imaginary being, inhab- iting the air ; an elemental spirit of the air, accoi'ding to the system of Paracelsus, holding an intermediate place between uiaterial and immaterial beings. They are male and female, have many human characteristics, and are mortal, but have no soul. The term in ordinary language is used as feminine, and often apphed figuratively to a woman of graceful and slender proj)ortions. Sylva, sil'Aa. The forest trees of any region or country. Sylvan, 'van. A fabled deity of the \\0()d ; a satyr ; a faun ; sometimes, a ruslic. Sylvester. The names of two popes and one anti-pope. S. I., elected 814, d. 335. The Cotincil of Nice, 325, Avas held during his pontificate. Sylviadse, -vT'a-de. A family of denti- ro.st!-:il birds comprehending the blackcap, niglitingale, hedge-sparrow, redbreast, redstart, stx>nechat, wheatear, whitethroat and all warblers. Symposiarch, sim-po'zi-ark. In Greek Anti(|. the president, director or manager of a feast. Symposium, -um. A drinking to- gether ; a merry feast ; a convivial meet- ing. Ssmagrogrue, sin'a-gog. A congregation or assembly of Jews met for the purpose of worship or the performance of religious rites. The house appropriated to the re- ligious worship of the Jews. Syncretist, 'kret-ist. One who at- tempts to blend incongruous tenets or doctrines of different schools or churches into a system ; especially, a follower of Callixtus, a Lutheran divine, who, about the beginning of the 17th century, en- deavored to frame a religious system which should unite together the different Christian sects. Syngrnathidee, -gna'thi-de. A family of lopliobranchiate fishes, including the pipe-fish. Synod, 'od. In Ecclos. Hist, a council or meeting of ecclesiastics to consult on matters of religion. Synods are of four kinds : General or ecumenical, national, provincial and diocesan, and are so called from the extent of territorj-^ represented. S3naomiOSy, si-no'mo-si. Sworn brother- hood ; also, a society in ancient Greece, nearly resembling a modern political club. S3rracuse. An ancient city of Sicily, 8. Italy, the birth-place of Archimedes, Plato and Cicero ; and famous from about 700 B c; pop. 22,710. Syria. A country of Asiatic Turkey, bounded N. by Asia Minor, E. by the Syrian Desert, S. by Arabia, W. by the Mediterranean, embracing Palestine and Phcenicia ; area, 144,483 sq. m.; pop. abt. 2,200,000. Principal cities, Damascus, cap., Jerusalem, Antioch, Beyrout, Alex' andrctta, Aleppo and Latakia. Rivers, Jordan and Orontes. Mountains, tho Lebanon and Anti-Libanus ranges. Syringe, sir'inj. A portable hydraulic instrument of the pump kind, employed to draw in a quantity of water or other fluid and to eject the same with force. Syzygry, siz'i-ji. In Astron. the conjunc- tion or opposition of a planet with the sun, or of any two of the heavenly bodies. On the phenomena and circumstances of the syzygies depends a great part of the lunar theory. In Pros, the coupling of dif- ferent feet together in Greek or Latin verse. Sze-Chuen. (Four Rivers.) A N. prov. of China, cap. Ching-too-foo ; pop. 80,000,- 000. Szegredin. A Hungarian city, 53 m. N. W. of Arad ; pop, abt. 72,000. TIS the 20th letter of the alphabet, a sharp mute consonant, closely alUed to d, both being dentals. When t is followed by bin the same syllable, as in think, that, with, the combination forms two distinct sounds — surd or bre.athed, as in think, and sonant or vocal, as in that. The let- ters ti before a vowel, and unaccented, usually pass into the sound of sh, as as in nation, partial. If s or x precede ti (as in qnestion), t retains its ovra sound. T is often doubled in the middle of words, seldom at the end, as in butt, mitt. T is often used to denote things of this form, as the T-palace in Mantua, T-squ.are, «fec. Tabanidae, ta-ban'i-de. A family of dipterous insects, of which Tabanus is the typical gen., popularly known by the names breeze, cleg, or gadfly, and particu- larly annoying to cattle. TABAED 641 TALBOT Tabard, ta'biird. An ancient close-fit- ting garment, open at the sides, Avith wide sleeves, or flaps, reaching to the elbows. It was worn over the body armor, and was ponorally emblazoned with the arms of the wearer or of his lord. Tabasheer, tab-a-sher. A concretion found in the joints of the bamboo and other large grasses. It consists of silica mixed with a little lime and vegetable matter, is highly valued in the E. Indies as a tonic, and as such is often chewed along with betol. It is used also in cases of bilious vomiting, bloody flux, piles, &c. Its optical properties are peculiar, as it exhibits the lowest refracting powers of all known substances. ITabbyingr, 'i-ing. The art or operation of passing stuff's between engraved rollers to give them a wavy appearance. Called also Watering. Tabernacle, 'er-na-kl. A slightly con- structed temporary habitation ; especial- ly, a tent or pavilion. In Jewish Antiq. a movable building, of a rectangular figure, 46 feet by 15, and 15 feet in height, divided into two compartments, by a vail or cur- tain, and covered with four different car- pets. The outer compartment was called the holy place, being that in which incense •was burned and the show-bread exhibit- ed ; and the inner the most holy place, or holy of holies, in which was deposited the ark of the covenant. A temple ; a place of worship; a sacred place. Any small cell or repository in which holy or precious things are deposited. In Goth. Arch, a canopied stall or niche ; an arched canopy over a tomb ; also, a tomb or monument. Feast of tabernacles, the last of the three great annual festivals of the Israelites, which required the presence of all the people in Jerusalem, commemorative of the dwelling in tents during their journeys in the wilderness ; and also a feast of thanksgiving for the harvest and vintage. It was celebrated in autumn, and lasted 8 days. Table-diaznond, ta'bl-dl-a-mond. A diamond whose upper surface is quite flat, the sides only being cut in angles. Tablintim, tab-ll'num. In Eom. Antiq. an apartment in a Eoman house in which records were kept and the hereditary statues placed. It was situated at the further end of the atrium, opposite the door leading into the hall. Taborite, ta'bor-It. A name given to cer- tain Hussites, or Bohemian reformers, in the 15th century, from Tabor, a hill-fort which was their stronghold, called after Mount Tabor in Palestine. Tacbometer, ta-kom'et-er. An instrument for measuring ve- • locity. Tacbygraphy, -kig'ra-fi. The art or practice of quick writing ; shorthand; stenography. Tacitus, Caius Cornelius. An eminent Roman historian of the first Christian century. Taconic System, -kon'iksis'- tem. In Geol. a system of upper Cambrian or lower Silurian rocks Tach- lying to the east of the Hudson, ometer. so named from the Taconic range in the western slope of the Green Moun- tains. Tadpole, tad'pol. The young of a ba- trachian animal, especially of a frog in its fii'st state from the spawn ; a porwigle. Tael, tal. In China, a denomination of money worth about $1.50 ; also, a weight of 1^ oz. Tae-pingr, ta-e-ping'. One of a body of very formidable rebels who first appeared in China in 1850. The tae-pings were not suppressed till 1866, and this was effected with English assistance. Tagrbairm, ta'ya-rem. A mode of divina- tion practiced among the Highlanders. A person wrapped in a fresh bullock's skia was hid down alone at the bottom of a waterfall or precipice, or other wild place. Here he revolved any question proposed and whatever his exalted imagination sug gested was accepted as the response in- spired by the spirits of the place. Tag^S. The largest river of Portugal, rising in Spain and emptying into the At- lantic, forming the harbor of Lisbon length 400 m. Tabiti (Otabeite). The principal island of the Society group, S. Pacific cap. Papiete. Tailor-bird, 'ler-berd. A bu-d, gen Orthotomus, fam. SylviadsB. Taine, Hippolyte Adolpbe. A distin guished French essayist and critic, b 1828. Talapoin, tal'a-poin. The title, in Siam of a priest of Fo: a bonze. A species of monkey, the cercopithecus talapoin. Talaria, ta-la'ri-a. The small wngs at- tached to the ankles or sandals of Hermes or Mercury in representations of this deity. Talbot, Jobn (Earl of Sbrews- bury). An English general, b. 1373, killed at Chatillon, France, 1453. He wiia forc«d to abandon the siege of Orleans by the French under Joan oif Arc. TALC 645 TAMIL Talc, talk. A magnesian mineral, consist- ing of broad, flat, smooth lamina) or plates, UHctuous to the touch, of a shining luster, translucent, and often transparent. Talent, tal'ent. The name of a weight and denomination of money among the ancient Greeks, and also applied by Greek writers and their translators to various standard weights and denominations of money of different nations. The Attic talent as a weight contained 60 Attic minae, or 6,000 Attic drachmie, equal to 56 Ibi. 11 oz. troy weight. As a denomina- tion of silver money it was equal to about $1,222.50. The great talent of the Eomans is computed to be equal to about $496.66, and the litt!e talent to $375. A Hebrew weight and denomination of money, equiv- alent to 3,000 shekels, or about 93} lbs. avoirdupois; as a denomination of silver it has been variously estimated at from $1,700 to $1,980. Taled, ta'led. A sort of habit worn by the Jews, especially when praying in the synagogue. Talesman, 'iGz-man. In Law, a person summoned to act as a juror from among the bystanders in open court. Taliput, tal'i-put. The great fan-palm (Corypha umbraculifera). Talisman, 'is-man. A charm consisting of a magical figure, engraved under cer- tain superstitious observances of the con- figuration of the heavens; the seal, figure, character, or image of a heavenly sign, con- stellation, or planet engraven on a sym- pathetic stone, or on a metal correspond- ing to the star, in order to receive its in- fluence. The word is also used as equiv- alent to amulet. T a 1 1 e y r and-Perig-ord, Charles Maurice de (Prince de Benevente) A distinguished French statesmen, u. 1754, D. 1838. Talmnd, 'mud. The body of the Hebrew civil and canonical laws, traditions and explanations, or the book that contains them. Its authority M'as long esteemed second only to that of the Bible, and ac- cording to' its precepts the Jewish people order their religious life down almost to the present day. It consists of two parts, the Mishna and the Gemara, the former being the written law, and the latter a col- lection of traditions and comments of Jewish doctors. Talookdar, ta-luk'dar. In India, a na- tive acting as the head of a revenue depart- ment but under a superior, or zemindar, through whom he pays his rent ; a petty zemindar. Talpidee, tal'pi-de. The family of inolos. Talvas, 'vas. A wooden buckler or shield used in the 14th century. Tamandua. A,, species of ant [ eater about the" size of a cat. Tamarin, tam'- a-rin. The com- m , mon name for Tamandua. the species of the sub-gen. Midas of S. American monkeys. They are aetive, rest- less, and irritable little creatures, two of the smallest being thej silky tamarin and the j little hon monkey, the J latter, though only a! few inches in length, ' presenting a wonderful resemblance to the lion. Tamarind, tam'-a-rind. A tree which yields the fruit called tamarinds. Tambourine, -bu-ren'. ^ A musical instrument of" the drum species, having small pieces of metal called ' jingles inserted in the hoop, to which also small bells are sometimes at- Tamarind Tree tached. It is sounded by sliding the fingers along the parchment, or by striking it with the hand or elbow; a timbrel. Tamerlane (Timour). Snr-'J named "The Great." A Mon- gol. B. in Independent Tartary 1836, D. 1405. He overran Tam- Khorasan, Armenia, a large part bourine. of Persia and India, Georgia, and Eussia as far as Moscow, and was on his march to China when he died. Tam-tam, 'tam. A kind of native drum Tam-tams, used in the E. Indies and in W. Africa. Tamil, '11. One of a race of men inhabit- ing S. India and Ceylon, belonging to the Dravidian stock, and forming the most TAMMUZ G48 TARBOOSH civilked and energetic of the i-ace. The language spoken in the southeast of the Madras Presidency, and in the northern parts of Ceylon. It is a member of the bravidian or Tamilian family. TamniTlZ, 'muz. A word occurring Ojt^e in the Bible (Ezek. viii. 14), and probably designating the Phccnician Adonis. His feast began with mourning for his loss. Tanagra, tan'a-gra. A gen. of passerine birds, finch family (FringilUda;), contain- ing several species. Tancred. A Korman knight and leader in tlie first crusade ; b. 1078, d. 1112. Tangrent, -jent. A right . j^ ""V'-'l line which touches a carve, but does not cut it. Tang-hin, 'gin. A deadly poison obtained from the ^0 seeds of Tanghinia veneni- Tangents, fera. Trial by tanghin, a kind of ordeal formerly practiced in Mad- agascar to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person, by taking the tanghin poison. Tangriers. A fortified city of Morocco, on the Straits of Gibraltar ; pop. 12,400. TangTim, 'gum. A variety of piebald horse found in Thibet, of which it is a na- tive. Tanistry, 'ist-ri. A mode of tenure that l)revailed among various Celtic tribes, ac- cording to which the tanist or holder of honors or lands held them only for life, and his successor was fixed by election. According to this custom succession was hercditaiy in the family, but elective in the individual. Tanjore. A citv of Madras, Brit. India, 170 m. S. W. of Madras; pop. 91,870. Tanka, tang'ka. A kind of boat at Can- ton, Macao, &c., rowed by women, A woman who plies in such a boat. Tanna, tan'na. In India, a police station; also, a military post. Tannadar, -dar. In India, the keeper or commandant of a tanna. Tantra, 'tra. A division, section or chapter of certain Sanskrit sacred works of tlie worshipers ot the female energy of Siva. Each tantra has the form of a dialogue between Siva and his wife. They are much more recent productions than the Vedas, possibly posterior even to the Christian era, although their behevers regard them as a fifth Veda, of equal an- tiquity and higher authority. Tanzimat, 'zi-mat. The name given to the organic laws, conetituting the first contribution toward constitutional gov- ernment in Turkey, published in 1844 by Sultan Abdul-Medjid. Tap, tap. To touch gently; to open a cask; to bore into ; a gentle blow ; a spile or pipe for drawing liquor from a cask. | Tapestry, tap'es-tri.' A kind of hangings of wool and silk, often Tap. enriched with gold and silver, representing figures of men, animals, landscapes, &c., formerly much used for covering walls and furniture. Tapestry is made by a process interme- diate between weaving and embroidery, being worked in a web with needles in- stead of a shuttle. Tape-worm, tiip'werm. The name com- mon to certain internal parasites (Ento- zoa) constituting the ord. Cestoidea or Tseniada of the sub-kingdom Annuloida, found in the alimentary canal of warm- blooded vertebrates. They attain a great length. Tapir, ta'-^, pir. Anun-f., gulate oi''-* hoofed ani- mal, gen. Tapirus. T apiridae ■ - p i r ' i -de. The tapir " tribe of ani- mals, which differ from the pig tribe in possessing only three toes on each hind foot, and in the better devel- opment of the proboscis. Taqua-nut, ta'kw3-nut. The seed or nut of the S. American tree Phytelephas macrocarpa, popularly called vegetable ivory, and used as ivory. Taranis, tar'a-nis. A Celtic divinity, regarded as the evil principle, but con- founded by the llomans ^vith Jupiter. Tarantass, -an-tas'. A large covered traveling carriage, balanced on long poles and without seats, much used in Russia. Tarantella, -tel'la. A swift, whirling Italian dance in six-eight measure; also, the music suited for the dance. Tarboosh, tar'bosh. A red woolen skull-cap, usually ornamented wth a blue silk tassel, and worn by the Egyptians, Turks and Arabs ; a fez. Malay Tapir. TAEGET 6U TATTOOING Target. Target, 'get. A small shield or hxickler, cut out of ox-hide, mounted on light but strong wood, strengthened by bosses, spikes, &c., and often orna- mented. The mark in archery, musketry or artillery practice. Targnm, 'gum. A translation or para- phrase of the Hebrew Sci-iptures in the Aramaic or Chaldee language or dialect, which became necessary after the Baby- lonish captivity, when Hebrew began to die out as the popular language. The Targum, long preserved by oral transmis- sion, does not seem to have been com- mitted to writing until the first centuries of the Christian era. Tarpan, 'pan. The wild horse of Tar- tiiry, belonging to one of the races regard- ed as original, and not descended from do- mestic animals. They are not larger than an ordinary mule, are migratory and their color is invariably tan or mouse, with black mane and tail. Tarpeian, -pe'i-an. The rock on the Capitoline hill, at Rome, over which per- sons convicted of treason to the state were hurled. It was so named, according to tradition, from Tarpeia, a vestal virgin of Eome, daughter of the governor of the citadel on the Capitohne, who, covetous of the golden bracelets worn by the Sa- bine soldiery, opened the gate to them on the promise of receiving what they Avore on their left arms. Disgusted with her treachery, they crushed her to death with theu- shields, and she was buried at the base of the rock. Tarquinius Lucius Priscus. The fifth king of Rome, and first of the Tar- quins ; crowned (514, d. 576 b. c. T. Lu- cius Superbus, his grandson, married two sisters, daughters of Servius Sullius, Avhom he assassinated at the instigation of his later vdfe, 534 b. c. T. Sextus, his son, the notorious hero of the rape of Lucretia, was the last of the race, and with his expulsion, 510 b. c, Rome be- came a republic. Tartan, tar'tan. A species of cloth, check- ered or cross-barred with threads of vari- I ous colors. It was originally made of ' wool or silk, and constituted the distin- guishing badge of the Scottish Highland clans, each clan having its own pecuUar pattern. Tartar, 'tar. A native of Tartary; a name rather loosely apphed to members of various Mongolian or Turanian peoples in Asia and Europe. A name given to couriers employed by the Ottoman Porte and by European ambassadors in Constan- tinople. A jjerson of keen, irritable tem- per. Tartarus, 'ta-rus. In Greek Myth, a deep and sunless abyss, as far below Ha- des as earth is below heaven. It was closed by iron gates, and in it Jupiter im- prisoned the rebel Titans. Later poets describe Tartarus as the place in which the spirits of the Avicked receive their due punishment. Tartary. A vast undefined territory of Central Asia, divided into E. and W. Tar- tary, the former belonging to China, the latter to Russia. Tashkend. A city of Russian Turkestan, Central Asia, on the Sihoun, 90 m. N. E. of Khokan ; pop. 43,450. Tasimeter, ta-zim'e-ter. An instrument for measuring extremely slight variations of pressure, and by means of these other variations, such as those of temperature, moisture, &c. Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land). A British island S. of Australia ; pop. abt. 110,000. Hobart Town is the cap. Tasset, tas'set. Armor for the thighs ; one of a pair of appendages to the corselet, consisting of skirts of iron that covered the thighs, fastened to the cuirass with hooks. Tasso, Torquato. An eminent Itahan poet ; B. 1544, ». 1595. Tata, ta'ta. In W. Africa, the residence of a territorial or village chieftain. The larger tatas are usually forti- fied. Tatouay. A, kind of armadillo, found in South' America. Tattooing,tat-to'- i n g . A i)ractice common to several uncivilized nations, ancient and mod- ern, and to some extent employed among civilized na- tions. It consists in marking the skin^ with punctures or incisions, and in- troducing wounds c I liquids, so produce an indel- ■ ^ ^ Ible stain. Tattooing. into the:«4'! , i VW iolored-_f fr iriliiv TAURUS 645 TEGUEXDf Tautog. A beetle, fam. The art of pre- Taurus, ta'nis. ,^v The Bull ; one of the /V^ twelve signs of theV^ zodiac, which the sun enters about April 20. Tautog. A fish found on the coast of New England ; the blackfish. Taxi arch., taks'l-iirk. An Athenian offictr commanding a taxis or bat- talion. Taxicorn, taxs'i-kom Taxicornes. Taxidermy, -der-mi. paring and preserving skins of animals and also of stuffing and mounting them. Tay. A river of Scotland, emptjing into the German Ocean through the Frith of Tay, S m. E. of Dundee ; length, 145 m. Taylor, Bayard. A distinguished American author and traveler; b. in Penn., 1825 ; i>. while Minister at Berlin, 1SS2, Taylor, Jeremy. An eminent English prelate and author ; b. 1613, d. 1667. Taylor, Zachary. Twelfth President of the U. S. ; b. in Va., 1734 ; d. while in office, 1S50. He was commander of the U. 8. Army in the war with Mexico, under Gen. Scott. His son, Richard, b. in La., 1830. was a general on the Confederate side in the Civil War. Tcliad, "Lake. A lake in the Soudan, Central Africa, 200 m. long by 140 wide. Tchetwertak, chet'ver-tak. A Russian silver coin worth 25 copecks, or about 20 cents. Tchudi, cho'de. A name applied by tho Russians to the group of peoples of which the Finns, the Esthonians, the Livonians and Lap- landers are members. Tea, to. The dried leaves of the Thea sin- ensis, or chinensis (the tea-plant), ord. Tern- stromiacea;, extensive- ly cultivated in China Tea-plant, and Japan ; also the plant itself. Teclie. A bayou in La., emptying into the Atchafalaya ; length 200 m. •Tecum, tc'kum. The fibrous produce of a. Brazilian palm-leaf, ressmbung green ■wool. Teal. Teal, tel. The common name for.l ducks of the g«n._^ Querquedula, the- smallest and most beautiful of the Anatidje, or duck^ family. Tebeth, te'beth. The 10th month of the Jewish ecclesi- astical year, beginning with the now moon in December and ending -with the new moon in January. Tecumseh. A famous IST. American In- dian chief of the Shawnees; b. in O.,1770. He formed an alliance of many of the N. W. tribes, but was defeated by Gen. Har- rison at Tippecanoe, Ind., ISll. T. be- came an ally of the British in the war of 1812, and as brigadier-general commanded the right -wing in the battle of the Thames, 1S13 ; he was mortally wounded. In this fight. Te Deum, dG'um. The title of a cele- brated Latin hymn of praise, iisually as- cribed to St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, and woll known through the translation commencing, "We praise thee, O God." It is sung on particular occasions and on high festival days in the R, C. and also in some Protestant churches. A thanksgiv- ing service in which this hymn forms a principal part. Tee. In the E. Indies, an umbrella. The umbrella-shaped structure as a termina- tion or finial crowning the Buddhists' topes and Hindu pagodas ; it is supposed to be a relic shrine. A mark set up in playing at quoits. The mark made in the ice, in the game of curling, towards which the stones are pushed. The nodule of earth from which a ball is struck off at the hole in the play of golf. Teens, tenz. The years of one's age having the termination -teen. These be- gin with thirteen and end with nineteen, wiien a person is said to be in his or her teens. Tees. A river of N. England, emptying into the German Ocean ; length, 90 m. Teetotaler, tc'td-tal-er. One who more or less formally pledges or binds himself to entire abstinence from intoxicating liquors, unless medically prescribed ; a total abstainer. Teheran. Cap. of P^-sia, 210 m. N . of Ispahan ; pop. 90,000. TegTiexin, te-gek'sln. A lizard (Teuis Teguexin), fam. Teidre, of Brazil and Gui- ana, upwards of 5 ft. in length. TELAMON 64« TEMPLE Telaraon, tera-mon. In Arch, the fig- iiro oia man employed as a column or pil- aster to support an entablature, in the game manner as caryatides ; called Atlan- tes by the Greeks. Telegrraph., 'e-graf, A general name for any instrument or apparatus for convey- ing intelligence beyond the limits of dis- tance at which the voice is audible, the idea of speed being also implied. Thus the name used to be given to a semaphore or other signaling apparatus. The word, however, is now usually r««stricted .in its application to the electric telegraph. Telegrapliy, te-leg'ra-fl. The art or practice of communicating intelligence by a telegraph ; the science or art of con- structing or managing telegraphs. Telemeter, -lem'et-er. An instrument for determining the distance from a gun of the object fired at. Telengisoope, -len'ji-skop. An instru- ment which combines the powers of the telescope and microscope. Teleolog-ist, tel-c-ol'o-jist. One versed in teleology ; one who investigates the final cause or purpose of phenomena, or the end for which each has been produced. . Teleostei, -os'te-I. An order compris- ing almost all the common fishes, and comprehending the sub-orders Malacop- teri, Acanthini, Acanthopteri, Pleetog- nathi and Lophobranchii. Teleozoon, 'G-o-zo-on. Any animal composed of a number of cells and ar- ranged in tissues. Teleplione, -fon. In a general sense any instrument or apparatus which trans- mits sound beyond its natural limits of au- dibility ; the name is generally, however, restricted to an instrument transmitting sound by means of electricity and tele- graph wires. Telescope, -skop. An optical instru- ment essentially consisting of a set of lenses fixed in a tube or a number of slid- ings tubes, by which distant objects are brought within the range of distinct, or more distinct vision. Telescopium, -e-sko'pi-um. The Tele- scope, a constellation in the Southern hemisphere, situated south of the Cen- taur and Sagittarius. It contains 9 stars, all, except one, of less than the fourth magnitude. T. Herscheh, Herschel's Telescope, a new asterism inserted in honor of Sir William Herschel. It is sur- rounded by Lynx, the Twins and Auriga ; IT stars have been assigned to it. Telespectroscope, -spek'tro-skOp. An instrument composed of a telescope and spectroscope, used for forming and ex- amining spectra of the sun and planets, or their atmosphere. Telestich, te-les'tik. A poem in which the final letters of the lines make a name. Tell, Wilhelm. A Swiss patriot ; b. abt. 12S5, said to have been drowned in the Schachen, in attemping to save the life of a friend, 1350. Tellina, tel-h'na. A gen. of marine and fresh-water lamellibranchiate mollusca, characterized by the hinge of the shell hav- ing one tooth on the left and two teeth on the right valve, often bifid. About 200 species are known. Tellurion, -lu'rl-on. An instrument for showing in what manner the causes ope- rate which produce the succession of day and night, and the changes of the season; a kind of orrery. Tellurism, 'lur-izm. A theory account- ing for animal magnetism, propounded by Kieser, who substituted the idea of tellu- ric spirit in place of the universal fluid of Mesmer and the nervous atmosphere of Kluge. This influence or spirit was pos- sessed by all cosmical bodies, so that the moon Avas held to magnetize the inhabi- tants of the earth by night, the sun de- magnetizing them in the morning. Teletype, te'lo-tlp. A printing tele- graph. Templar, tem'plar. One of a religious military order fii*st established at Jerusa- lem to protect pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land. The order originated in 1118, the members devoted themselves to the service of God, promising to live in per- petual chastity, obedience and poverty, after the manner of canons. Baldwin II., Kingof Jerusalem, bestowed upon them their first place of residence, close to the temple, whence they received the name of the "poor soldiers of the Temple," after- ward converted into Templars, or Knights Templars. The knights wore a white cloak adorned Avith a red Maltese cross. A branch or degree of modern Freema- sonry. Temple, 'pi. An edifice dedicated to the service of some deity or deities, and connected Avith some pagan system of Avorship. The most celebrated and im- posing of ancient temples were those of Artemis or Diana at Ephesus, of Zeus Olympius in Athens, and that of Apollo at Delphi. Any one of the three edifices built on Mount Moriah at Jerusalem, and dedicated to the public Avorship of Jeho- vah. The first, erected by Solomon TEN &47 TERENCE about 1012 B. c, was destroyed by Nebu- chadnezzar about 5S8 b. c. The second, constructed by the Jews on then* return from captivity about 536 b. c, was pil- laged or i)artially destroyed by Antiochus Epiphanes 170 b. c, Pompey (53 b. c. and by Herod 37 b. c. The third, the largest and most magnificent of the three, was begun by Herod the Great 20 b. c, and completely destroyed at the capture of Jerusalem by the Komans 70 a. d. The name of two semi-monastic estabhsh- ments of the middle ages, one in London, the other in Paris, inhabited by the Knights Templars. The Temple Church, London, is the only portion of either es- tablishment now existing. Ten, ten. The decimal number, or the number of twice five ; a figure or symbol denoting ten units, as 10 or x. A play- ing card with 10 spots. Tench, tensh. A teleostean fish, gen. Tinea, fam. Cvprinida', of which T.vul- ,, garis (the com- ieiiuu. mon tench) is the type. TenebrsB, ten'e-brG. In the E. C. Ch. the ollice of matins and lauds in the last three days of Holy "Week, at which is used a triangular candlestick on which are 15 candles, one of which is extin- guished after each psalm. Teniers, David (The Elder). An eminent Dutch painter ; b. 15S'i, t>. 1649. His son, D. " The Younger," b. 1610, i>. 1690. He excelled his father. Both were pupils of Rubens. Tennessee. A State of the American Union, admitted 1796, seceded 1861, re- admitted 1S70 ; bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by North Carolina and W. Virginia, S. by Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, "W. by Missouri and Arkansas, from which it is separated by the Mississippi River ; area 45,600 sq. m. ; pop. 1,542,359. Principal cities. Nashville, cap., Knoxville, Green- ville, Memphis, Fayetteville, Murfreesboro and Columbia. Chief nvers, Tennessee, Cumberland, Holstein and Clinch. Moun- tains, Cumberland and Alleghany ranges. Tennis, 'is. A game in which a ball is driven against a wall in a specially con- structed court and caused to rebound be- yond a line at a certain distance, by sev- eral persons striking it alternately wth a small bat called a racket, the object being to keep tlie ball in motion as long as possi- ble without touching the ground. Tennis-court, -kort. An oblong edi- fice iu which the game of tennis is played. Tennyson, Alfred. An eminent En- glish poet ; B. 1S09, made poet laureate 1^51, and knighted 1883. Tenrec, 'rek. Centetes ecaudatus, an animal allied to the hedgehog, inhabiting Madagascar. Tenter, 'ter. A machine or frame used in cloth manufacture to stretch the pieces, and make them set or dry even and square. Tenuirostres, 'u-i-ros"trez. A sub-or- der of passerine or insessorial birds, com- prehending those which have the beak long and slender, gradually tapering to a point. Teocalli, te-«-kal'li. A temple among the Mexicans and other aborigines of America. They were generally solid four-sided truncated pyramids, built terrace-wse, with the temple proper on the platform at the summit, constructed of earth faced ^^^tll brick ; many still remain in a more or less perfect state. Tephrosia, tef-ro'zi-a. A gen. of plants belonging to the papilionaceous division of the Leguminosa3. It consists of shrubs or herbs scattered over every quarter of the globe. T. apoUinea, Or Egjptian In- digo, yields a fine blue dye. T. toxicaria affords a narcotic poison, and the leaves are used for intoxicating fish. T. virgini- ana is a powerful vermifuge. The root of T. emarginata is used for poisoning fish. T. tinctoria yields a blue coloring matter, used in Ceylon as indigo. T. piscatoria contains the narcotic principle of the genus, and is used for poisoning fish. Teraph, ter'af. A household deity or image reverenced by the ancient Hebrews. The teraphim seem to have been either wholly or in part of human form and of small'size. Teratologry, -a-tol'o-ji. That branch of biological science which treats of mon- sters, malformations, or deviations from the normal type occurring in the vege- table and animal kingdoms. Tercentenary, -sen'ten-a-ri. A day ob- served as a festival in coinmemoration of some event, as the birth of a great man, a decisive victory, or the like, that happened 300 years before. Teredo, te-re'do. A gen. of lamelli- branchiatemollusks, fam. Pholadida?. The T. navalis, or ship-worm, is celebrated on account of the destructioir which it occa- sions to ships and submerged wood. It is about 1 foot in length and J inch in thickness. Terence, Terentiua Publius Afer. An eminent Roman .ramatist of the 2d century b. c. He was bom a slsTe. TEEMAGANT ^i8 TEST-PLATE Termagant, ter'iiia-gant. The name of a fabled deity of the Mohammedans, men- tioned V)y old writers, and introduced into the moralities or other shows, in which he figured as a most violent and turbulent personage. Applied to a vulgar, quarrel- some woman. Terminist, 'min-ist. One of a sect of Christians who maintain that God has fixed a certain term for the probation of particular persons, during which time they have the offer of grace, but after whieh God no longer wills their salvation. Terminus, -us. A boundary; a limit; a stoneor other mark raised for marking the bound- ary of a property. The Ko- man deity that presided over boundaries or landmarks, rep- resented without feet or arms, to intimate that he never moved. A bust or figure of the upper portion of the hu- man body, terminating in a tapering block; a pillar statue; ahalfstatueorbust. Termini are employed as pillars, bal- usters, or detached ornaments for niches, &c. The extreme '"^ station at either end of a rail- Terminal way or important section of Statue of a railwav. Pan. Termites, 'mi-tez. A fam.ofneuropter- ous insects, known as white ants, corre- sponding with the Linnsean gen. Termes. Termitinse, -mi-ti'ne. A division of Neuroptera, including the termites or white ants. Tern, tern. A common name of certain natatorial birds of the gull fam. (Larida?), constituting the gen. Sterna ; sea-swal- lows. Ternary, 'na-ri. The number three ; group of three. Terpsicliore,terp-sik'- 6-re. In Greek Myth. one of the Muses, the inventress and patron- ess of dancing and lyri- cal poetry. Sheis gene- rally represented with a lyre, having T strings, or a plectrum in the hand, sometimes In the act of dancing, and crowned with flowers. ' Terra, ter'ra. The I ' ^-^^ -^j^iJi Latin word for earth or A^; -.-C?^^!. ) the Earth. Te?7ichore Terra-cotta,-kot'ta. A mixture of fine clay and fine-grained white sand, or calcined flints, with pulvei-ized potsherds or crushed pottery, air-dried and baked to the hardness of stone, much used in ancient and modern architecture for decorations, statues, vases, &c. Terrapin, 'a-pin. The popular name of several species of fresh-water or tide- water tortoises, constituting the fam. Emydaj. Terrestrial, -res'tri-al. An inhabitant of the earth. A section of the class Aves (birds) corresponding to the orders Cur- sores and Easores. A family of ])ulmo- nated gasteropods. A division of isopodous crustaceans. A Terrier, 'i-er. small dog, re- markable for the eager ness and courage with: which it goes to^ earth and attacks foxes, ba d g e r 8, cats, rats, &c. There are several .varieties. Tertiary, 'shi-a-ri rank or formation Scotchi Terrier. Of the third order, third. T. color, pro- duced by the mixture of Uvo secondary colors, as citrine, russet or olive. T. era or epoch, in Geol. the earliest period in which mammals appear. Tertullian, Cluintus Septimius Plorens. A distinguished father of the church ; b. at Carthage, abt. 150, i>. abt. 220. Tesh.o-lama, tesh'o-la-ma. One of the two popes of the Buddhists of Thibet and Mongoha, the other being the Dalai-Lama, each supreme in his own district. When the Tesho dies his place is filled by a child, into whose body he has announced before death his purpose of migrating. Called also Bogdo-lama, Pen-chen. Tessera, tes'se-ra. A small cube, re- sembling dice, of marble, precious stones, ivory, glass, wood, &c., used by the an- cients to form mosaic pavements, orna- menting walls and like pTirposes. A small square of bone, wood, &c., used as a ticket of admission to the theater, &c., in ancient Eome. Test-paper, test'pa-per. A paper im- pregnated wth a chemical reagent, as litmus, &c., used for detecting the pres- ence of certain substances, whose presence causes a reaction and a changein the color of the paper. In Law, an instrument ad- mitted as a standard of comparison for hand-writing. Test-plate, 'plat. A finely-ruled glass TESTTJDO U9 THALBETl-G plate used in testing- the power and defin- ing qualit}' of microscopes. Some of these ruled plates have 225,000 lines to the inch. Testudo, tes-tu'do, Amonp the ancient Ilonians a cover or screen which a body of troops formed with their oblonfr shield's or targets, by holding them over their heads when standing in close order. Tetra. A prefix in compounds, derived from the Greek, signifying four, fourfold; as, tetrachord, tetrarcli. Tetracerus, te-tras'G-rus. The generic name of a curious species of Indian ante- lope, having four horns. The females are hornless. The height of an adult is about 20 inches. Tetra decapoda, tet'ra-de-kap''o-da. The name given by Agassiz to a division of malacostracous crustaceans from their having, tv'pically, 7 pairs of feet in the adult. They are the Edriophthalmata of other zoologists. Tetradite, -dit. One who regarded four as a mystic number. Among the ancients, a child born in the fourth month or on the fourth day of the month. Eccles. one of certain sects who held this number in especial honor, as the Manichees, who, thinking this the perfect number, believed there were four persons in the Godhead. Tetragon, -gon. A plane figure hav- ing four sides ; a quadrangle. , T e t ragramma- ton, -gram 'ma- ton. Among several ancient nations, the nivstic number four ■[ 3XD Tetragons. which was often symbolized to represent the Deity, whose name was expressed in several languages by four letters, as in the Assyrian Adad, Egyptian Amon, Persian Soru, and Latin Deus. Tetrahedron, -he'- dron. In Geom. a figure comprehended under four equilateral and equal triangles, or a triangular pyramid hav- ing four equal and equi- lateral faces. Itisoneof Tetrahedron, the five regular sohds. In Crystal, the tetrahedron is regarded as a secondary form of the octahedron, from which it is'derived by cutting away the alternate angles. Tetrahexahedron, -heks'a-he"dron. A solid bounded by twenty-four equal foces, four corresponding to 'each face of the cube. Called also Tetrakishexahe- dron. Tetramorph., 'ra-morf. In Christian art, the union of the fonr attributes of the evangelists in one figure, winged, and standing on winged fiery wheels, the wings being covered with eyes. It is the type of unparalleled velocity, Tetrapla, -pla. The name given to an edition of the Bible, arranged byOrigenin four columns, containing four Greek ver- sions, Aiz., the Septuagint, that of Aquila, that of Symmachus, and that of Theodo- sian ; also, a version in four languages. Tetrapod, -pod, A four-footed animal ; especially an insect having only four per- fect legs. Tetrapteran, te-trap'ter-an. An insect which has four wings, Tetrarch., te'trark, A Eoman governor of the fourth part of a province : & sub- ordinate prince ; hence, any petty king or sovereign. Teuton, tii'ton. Originally, the name given to members of an ancient German tribe first heard of 230 n. c. ; ultimately applied to the Germanic peoples in general, and often used to include Germans, Dutch, Scandinavians and those of Anglo-Saxon descent. Teutonic order, a military re- ligious order of knights, established in the 12th century, in imitation of tho Templars and Hospitallers. It was ox>mposed chiefly of Germans who marched to the Holy Land in the Crusades, and was established in that country for charitable purposes. At a later period the conquests of the order raised it to the rank of a sovereign power. It began to decline in the 15th century, and was finally abolished by Napoleon, 1S09. Texas. A S. W. State of tho AmericaH Union, formerly a prov. of Mexico, bnt, becomingindependent, 1835, was admitted 1845, seceded 1861. re-admitted 1S6S; bounded N. by Kansas and Indian Ter., E. by Louisiana and Arkansas, S. by Gulf of Mexico, W. bj-- Mexico and N, Mexico; area, 237,504 sq. m.; pop. 1.. 591. 749. Principal cities, Austin, cap., Galveston, San A'ntonio, Houston, Indianola, Dallas, Denison, Jefferson, Paris, Victoria and Waco. Chief rivers. The Rio Grande, Eed, Trinity, Brazos, Guadalupe. Colorado, Nueces, Antonio and Pecos. The Apache and Guadalupe ranges of mountains in- tersect the S. W. corner. Thackeray, "William Makepeace. A distinguished English novelist ; b. in Calcutta 1311. n. in London, 1863. Thalbergr, Sigismimd. An eminent THALIA 650 THEOCEAST Swiss pianist and composer ; u. 1S12, d 1871. ' Thalia, tha-ll'a. In (/reek MytJi. the Muse of comedy and the pat- roness of pastoral and comic poetry. She is gene rally represented "With a comic mask, a shepherd's staff or a wreath of ivy. Thames. Tho chief river of England, flow- . ing through London, and emptying into tho Ger- man Ocean; length 215 in. Also, a river of On- tario, Can., emptying Thaiii ' into Lake St. Vlair, ^^''^'''• noted for tho defeat on its banks, Oct. 5. 1813, of the British army, under Gen. Proctor, by the Americans, under Gen. Harrison, Tecumseh being mortally wounded. Thammxiz, tham'Tnuz. The 10th month of the Jewish civil year, containing 29 days, and answering to a part of Juno and July. A Syrian deity for whom the He- brew idolatresses wore accustomed to hold an annual feast or lamentation, commenc- ing with the new moon of July; same as the Phoenician Adon or Adonis. His death happened on tho banks ofthe river Adonis, and in summer time the waters were said always to become reddened with his blood. ThanatologT, than-a-tol'o-ji. The doc- trino of, or a discourse on death. Thanatopsis, -top'sis. A view or con- templation of death. Thane, than. A title of honor among the Anglo-Saxons. In England a freeman not noble was raised to the rank of a thane by acquiring a certain portion of land— five hides for a lesser thane— by making three sea voyages, or by receiving holy orders. Every thane had the right of voting in the witenagemot, notonly'of the shire, but also of the kingdom, when im- I)ortant questions were to be discussed. After tho Norman conquest thanes and barons M^ere classed together. In the reign of Henry II. the title fell into disuse. In Scotland the thanes were a class of non- military tenants ofthe crown, and the title was in use till tho end of the 15th century. Thaumaturg-us, tha'ma-ter-gus. A miracle worker ; a title" given by Roman Catholics to Romo of their saints, as Greg- ory Thaumaturgus. Thea, thc'a. A gea. of plants, ord. Tera- stro?miacea), comprising the species yield- ing the tea of commerce. Theanthropism, -an'thro-pizm. A state of being God and man. A concep- tion of God or of gods as possessing qual- ities essentially the same as those of men but on a gi-ander scale. Theater, 'a-ter. A building appropri- ated to the representation of dramatic spectacles ; a play-house. Among tho Greeks and Romans theaters were the chi<"f public edifices next to the temples. Thebaid, 'ba-id. A poem concerning Thebes. Several classical authors Avroto poems under this name, but it is applied byway of pre-eminence, to a Latin heroic poem in twelve books, written by Statins, the subject being the civil war between Eteocles and Polynices, or Thebes taken by Theseus. Theine, 'in. A bitter crystallizable prin- ciple found in tea, coffee and some other plants, tea yielding 2 to 4 per cent. It is the principle which gives to tea its re- freshing and gently stimulating qualities. Called also Caffeine, Theism, 'izm. The belief or acknowledg- ment of tho existence of a God as opposed to atheism. Theism differs from deism, the latter denying revelation, which the- ism does not. Theiss. A river of Hungary emptving into the Danube ; length 5CK) m. Thelphusian. One of a family of crustaceans re- sembling the land-crab, which live in the earthi near the shore. Themis, 'mis. In Greek Myth, the goddess of Thelphusian. law and justice. In Astron. one of the asteroids. Themistocles. An eminent Athenian statesman and general ; b. abt. 510 n. c. Ho tied to the Persian court under charges of treason, and there D. 449 n. c. Thenar, the'nar. In Anat. the palm of tho hand or the sole ofthe foot. Theocracy, -ok'ra-si. Government of a state by the impiediate direction of God. Of this species the Israelites furnish an illustrious example. The theocracy lasted till tho time of Saul. Theocrasy, -ok'ra-si. In Anc. Philos. the intimate union of the soul with God in 0(mtemplation, which was considered attainable by the newer Platonists. Simi- THEODICY 651 THESMOPHOEIA Theodolite. lar ideas are entertained by the philoso- pliors of India, and by many relicfious sects. A mixture of tlie worship of dif- ferent pods. Theodicy, -od'i-si. Any theory pro- fessing to reconcile the attributes of God ■with the present order of things in the ■world ; more especially, an explanation of the existence of evil. Theodolite, 'o-lit. A surveying instrument for measuring horizon- tal and vertical angles by means of a telescope. Theodoric (The Q-reat). A king of the Goths, -who, after the fall of the W. Emi>ire, ruled as King of Italy, 493- 626. Theodorus. The name of two popes. Theodosius. The name of three emperors, T. I. (Flavius), surnamed "The Great," B. in Spain. 846. reigned 378-^95. With the close of his reign the disintegration of the Roman Empire set in. lie Avas the author of the bloody massacre of Thessa- lonica, for which Ambrose, the fearless archbishop of Milan, compelled him to do penance. T. II., his grandson, s. his fa- ther Arcadius as emperor of the East ; b. 401, D. 450. T. III. (Adramyttenus) s. Anastasius II. as emperor of the East ; b. 654, crowned 715, d. 716. Theolo&^y, -ol'o-ii. Divinity ; the entire science of the Christian religion ; the science which treats of God and man in all their known relations to each other. Thepmachy, rom'a-ki. A fighting against the gods, as the battle of the giants with the gods in mythology. A strife or battle among the gods. Opposition to tho divine will. Theopathy, -op'a-thi. Emotion excited by the contemplation of God; piety, or a sense of piety. T h e o p h i lanthropism, 'o-fi-lan"- throp-izm. Love to both God and man ; the doctrines or tenets of the theophilan- thropists ; theophilanthropy. Theophilanthropist, -fi-lan"throp-ist. One who practices or professes theophi- lanthropism. One of a society formed at Paris during the first French revolution. It proposed to establish a new religion in place of Christianity, which had been abolished by the Convention. The system attempted to be established was pure de- ism. Theopneusty, 'op-nDs-ti. Divine in- spiration ; the supernatural influence ol the Divine Spirit in qualifying men to re- ceive and communicate revealed truth. Theresa, St. A Spanish Carmelite nun, eminent for learning and piety, foimder of a reformed society of barefooted mem- bers of that order ; b. 1515, D. 15S2, can- onized by Pope Gregory XV. ThGOSOphist, -os'of-ist. One who pro- fesses to derive his knowledge from divine reA-^elation. Therapeutae, ther-a-pu'te. A Jewish sect of the lirst century after Christ, so called from the extraordinary purity of their religious worship. They withdrew into solitary places, Avhere they devoted themselves to a life of religious contem- plation, and to them with the Essenes tho origin of monasticism in tho Christian church has been traced. Therapeutics, 'tiks. That part of medi- cine which relates to the composition, tho apphcation and the modes of operation of tho remedies for diseases. Thermidor, ther'mi-dor. The name of the 11th month of the year in the calen- dar of the first French republic. It com- menced July 19, and ended August 17. Thermo. The first part of a number of compound words, and usually signifying connected with heat or temj^erature. Thermometer, ther-mom'et-er. An instrument by which the tem- perature of bodies are ascertained;! founded on the property which heat possesses of expanding all ] bodies. The ordinary thermome- ter is a tube of mercury which I rises ■with the increase of heat, and j sinks as the air cools. Thermopylae. A narrow pass] between Mt. ^Etna and tho sea, which a handful of Spartans under King Leonidas held against an j immense Persian host under" Xerxes, perishing to a man. Ther- Thesatirus, thC-sa'rus. A treas- "l^^^®- ury. T. verborum, a treasury of words; a lexicon. Theseus. In Heroic Hist, the son of vEgeus and friend of Hercules, who slew the Minotaurs with the aid of the Cretan Princess Ariadne. The two eloped, but A. was killed by the arrow of Artemise as they landed on the island of Naxos. T. was the hero of numberless adventures, and was finally killed by Lycomedes of Scyros. Thesmophoria, thes-mo-fSM-a. A t&' THESMOTHETE THOMAS A KEMPIS mous ancient Greek festival celebrated by married women in honor of Demeter as the mother of beautiful offspring. Thesmothete, thez'mo-thet. A law- giver; a legislator; one of the six infe- rior archons at Athens. Th,espis. An eminent Greek dramatist, called the father of tragedy. He Nourished in the 6th century b. c. Thessalonians, Epistles to. In Scrip, two letters written by St. Paul to the Society at Thcssalonica.'in Macedonia, abt. 52. Their authenticity has never been doubted by the church. Thetis, thet'is. In Greek Myth, the daughter of Nereus and Doris, one of the Nereids. She was married to Pelous, king of the Myrmidons, and became the j mother of Achilles. Thetis Avas a symbol ( of water in the ancient cosmogonies. In Astron. a small planet revolving between the orbits of M.ars and Jupiter. Theurgy, thC'er-ji. The working of some divine or supernatural agency in human Mairs ; effects or phenomena brought about among men by spiritual agency ; specificallv, divine agency or di- rect interference of the gods in human af- fairs or the government of the world. A 63-stem of supernatural knowledge or powers believed by the Egyptian Platon- ists and others to have been communi- cated to mankind by the beneficent deities or good s])irits, and to have been handed down traditionally by the priests. The art of invoking deities or spirits, or by their intervention conjuring up visions, interpreting dreams, prophesying, re- ceiving and explaining oracles, &c. Thibet. A large coimtry of S. Central Asia, mostly embraced within the limits of the Chinese empire ; pop. estimated at 6,000,000. Lassa is the principal city. T. is governed by a grand lama, who is also worshiped as divine. Thierry, Amedee Simon Domin- iCLUe. A distinguished French historian ; n. 1797, D. 1876. His brother, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, was even more eminent as an author ; b. 1795, d. 1856. Thiers, Louis Adolphe. An eminent Erench statesman and historian ; b. 1797, I). 1877. He was the first President of the Eepublic, elected 1>71, resitrned 1873, and 8. by Marshal MacMahon. Thirty, ther'ti. The number which con- sists of three times ten. A symbol rep- resenting thirty units, as 30 or xxx. Thirty Years' War, The. The war in Germa^iy betwe^m. th« Catholics and Protestant*, 161^1648. Thistle. Thistle, this'l. The com m o n name of prickly plants of the tribe Cynaracese, ord, Compositic. Order of the T., a Scottish order of knighthood, sometimes called the order of St. Andrews, insti- tuted by James YII. (James II. of England), 1687, when eight knights were nomi- nated. The insignia of the order consist of a gold collar composed of thistles inter- , laced -with ' spr i g 8 of rue, the jewel, a figure of St. Andrew in the middle of a star of eight pointed rays, susp ended from the col lar; the star of silver and eight-ray c d , four of the rays being pointed, the others fan- shaped, -with a thiistle in the center sur- rounded by the Latin motto "Nemo me impune lacessit ;" and the badge oval, with the motto surrounding the figure of St. Andrew. The order consists of the sov- ereign and 16 knights, besides extra knights (princes), and a dean, a secretary, the lyon-king-at-arras, and the gentleman usher of the green rod. Thoznseau, to-mG'an. One belonging to a church of early Christians, said to have been founded, on the Malabar coast of India, by St. Thomas. Thomaism, tom'a-izm. The doctrines of St. Thomas x\quinas with sespeot to predestination and grace, and especially tlie immaculate conception of the Virgin. Thomas, G-eorg-e Henry. An Amer- ican general ; b. in Va., 1816, p. 1870. Thomas a Kempis. An eminent German theologian ; b. 1380, D. 1471. Order of the Thistle— Star, Jewel, Badge and Collar. THOMAS HUCYDIDES Thomas, St. (Didymus). One of the twelve apostles ; n. in Galilee, and believed to have sutTered martyrdom in Coroinandel, India. Thomsonian, -so'ni-an. Applied to a system of botanical medicine, one of whose doctrines is, that as all minerals are from the earth their tendency is to carry men into their graves, whereas the tendency of herbs, from then- groA\ing upward, is to keep men from their graves. Thor, thor. The second principal god of the ancient Scandinavians, the god of thunder. He was the son of Odin, or the supreme being, and Jorth, the earth. He was the champion of the gods, and called in to their assistance whenever they were in straits. He was also the friend of man- kind, and the slayer of trolls and evil spirits. He always carried a hea\y ham- mer (mjolnir, the crusher), Avhich, as often as he discharged it, returned to his hand of itself ; his girdle had the virtue of renewing his strength. Thor is repre- sented as a powerful man, Avith a long red beard, a crown on his head, a scepter in one hand, and his hammer in the other. Thursday is called after him, and his name enters Into many proper names. Thomson, James. An EngUsh poet ; B. 1700, D. 1748. Thorwaidsen, Albert Bertel. The most eminent of Danish sculptors; b. 1770, p. 1S44. T h o t h , thoth. An Egyptian divinity whom the Greeks considered identical with Hermes or Mercury. He was the inventor of the sciences and arts, and especially of speech and hiero- glyphics or letters. He is represented as a hu- man figure with the head of a lamb or ibis. Thous, tho'us. A name given to a gen. of African dogs, intermediate be- F . '., 1 tween the wolf, the fox Thoth. and the jackal. Thousand, thou'zand. The number of ten hundred. A symbol representing the number ten hundred, as M, 1,000. Often apphed indefinitely to a great number. Thousand Islands. A chain, said to number nearly 1,500, of small islands at the foot of Lake Ontaj-io and the entrance of the St. LawTence River; they are a popular summer resort. Thrasher, thrash'er. One who Ihrashes grain. A species of shark, the Alopias or Alopecias vulpes or sea-fox, called the thrasher from its using its tail-fin as a weapon of attack. Krown thrasher, an American singing bird of the thrush fam- ily, the Turdus or Harporhynehus rufus. Thrashingr-machine, 'ing-ma-shen. A machine for separating grain, as wheat, oats, barley, &c.,from the straw, operated by animal or steam power. Three, thrc. The number which consists of two and one. A symbol representing three units, as 3 or iii. Threnodist, 'no-dist. A writer of thre- nodies ; a composer of dirges. Thresher, thresh'er. Same as Thrasher. A member of an Irish Catholic organiza- tion, instituted 1S06, the principal object being to resist the payment of tithes. Their threats and warnings were signed Captain Thresher. Throne, thron. An elevated and orna- mental chair of state used by a king, em- peror or pope. The term is also applied to the seat of a bishop in his cathedral church, and to the ofiicial chair of the pre- siding oficial of certain societies. Throttle- valve, throt'1-valv. In steam- engines, a valve which regulates the sup- ply of steam to the cylinder. Thrower, thro'er. A person who twists or winds silk ; a throwster. A potter who works a thro\ring wheel or engine. Throwingr-engine, 'ing-en-jin. 'In pottery, a revolving disk or table on which the mass of clay is first roughly molded by the hand of the potter ; a' potter's wheel. Thrush, thrush. A name common to birds, gen. T II r d u 8, fam. Turdidaj, but commonly ap- phed to the song- thrush (Turdus musicus). Thuban, tho' ban. The star Alpha, constella- tion Draco. This star was once much brighter than it is at f)resent. It has been supposed that the ong sloping passage from the northern face of the great pyramid of Egypt was constructed for the purpose of watching the sub-polar meridional passage of this star, the polar star (according: to this view) when the pyramid was built. Thucydides. A celebrated Greek histo- rian and general ; b. 471, d. abt. 408 b. c. Thrush. THUG 654 TIBEEIUS Tliug, thug. A member of a i)eculiar confraternity or association of robber sand assassins formerly prevalent in India. They roamed about in bands, decoyed travelers and others into retired spots and there plundered and murdered them, pref- erably by strangulation, and only b}' the shedding of blood when forced by circum- stances. Their motive was not so much lust of plunder as certain religious ideas, and of their spoil one-third was devoted to the goddess Kali, whom they wor- shiped. They were suppressed by the Britisli Government, 1S30. Thule, thu'le. The name given by the ancients to the most northern countiy with which they were acquainted, believed by some to have been Iceland, by others Norway, and by many one of the Shetland Islands. Probably the word did not al- ways denote the same country. The Eo- mans spoke of it as ultima Thule, " the farthest Thule." Thumbkins, thum'kinz. An instru- ment of torture much used by the Spanish Inquisitors, and occasionally used in Brit- ain. The last recorded instance of their Scotch Thumbkins. application in Great Britain was in the case of Principal Carstairs, who, in 16S4, was ineffectually tortured at the orders of the Scotch pri\'y-council with the view of making him reveal the secrets of the Ar- gyle and Monmouth parties. Called also Thumb-screw. Thummini, 'im. A Hebrew word denot- ing perfections. The ITrim and Thuumiiui were worn in the breastplate of the high- priest, but what the)' %vere has never been satisfactorily ascertained. Thunder, thun'der. The sound which follows a Hash of lightning ; a report due to the sudden disturbance of the air pro- duced by the violent discharge of atmos- pheric electricity or lightning. Thunderbolt, -bolt. A shaft of light- ning ; a brilliant stream of electricity pass- ing from one part of the heavens to another, and particularly from the clouds to the earth. The name originated in the Thurible ancient notion that the destructive effects of lighting could be caused only by a shaft or bolt-hko hard body being hurled at the object destroyed. Thurible, thii'ri-bl. A kind of censer, of gold, silver, brass or latten, in the shape of a covered cup, perfor- ated so as to allow the fumes of burning in- cense to escape. It has chains attached, by which it is swung at high mass, vespers and other solemn : offices of the E, C. ' Ch. - Th3rrsus, ther'sus. One of the coinmon emblems of Bacchus and his followers. It consisted often of a spear or staff decorated "vvith ivy and vine branches, or of a lanco thrust into a cone of pine. The Bacchan- als carried thyrsi when they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. Tiara, tl-a'ra. An ornament or article of dress vdth which the ancient Persians cov- ered their heads ; a kind of turban. The king of Persia alone had a right to wear it straight or erect ; the lords and priests wore it turned doAvn on the fore side. Xenophon says the tiara was encompassed with the diadem, at least in ceremonials. The pope's triple crown. The tiara and keys are the badges of the papal dignity ; the tiara of his civil rack and the keys of his jurisdiction. In its present form it is composed of a high cap of cloth of gold, encu-cled by three coronets, with a mound and cross of gold at the top. From the cap hang two pendants, embroidered and fringed, and semee of crosses of gold. The cap was first adopted by Damasus II., 104S. It afterwai-ds had a plain circlet of gold put round it. The coronet was attached by Boniface VIII. and the second coronet by Benedict XIT., to indicate the prerogative of spiritual and temporal power. It is not known who first adopted the third coi'onet, indicative of the Trinity. Tiber. A river of Italy, flowing through Eome, and emptying into the Mediterra- nean at Ostia ; length, 212 m. Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar. Second emperor of Eome ; crowned 14, ©. 37 a. d. He Avas a mon- ster of sensuality and brutality. T. II. (Constantino), surnamed Thrax, from Thracia, his native country; erowned 574, TIBIA 655 TINTORETTO Tibia, tib'i-a. A kind of pipe, the com- monest musical instrument of the Greeks and liomans- Tick, tik. The name common to certain small parasitical arachnidans or mites, con- stituting- the sec. Ixodes (called also Suc- toria), fam. Acarida. Ticknor, Georgre. An eminent Ameri- can author; u. in Mass., 1791, d. 1861. Ticonderogu. A village of Essex Co., N. Y., 95 m. N. E. of Albany, noted for its old fort, surprised and captured by Col. Ethan Allen and his "Green Moun- tain Boys," at the outbreak of the Eevolu- tion. Tic-polong-a, tik-po-long'ga. An ex- tremely venomous snake, a native of In- dia, Ceylon, &c., sometimes called also Katuka, gen. Daboia, fam. Yiperidae. Ticuna-poison, ti-ko'na-noi-zn. An arrow-poison used by the Vicunas and 1 other Indian tribes dwelling near the Am- azojis. When given to animals it pro- duces strong convulsions, lasting for hours. Tide, tid. Time ; season. The alternate rising and falling of the ocean and conuect- ing waters. It appears as a general wave of water, which gradually elevates itself to a certain height, then as gradually sinks till its surface is about as much below the medium level as it was before above it. It is occasioned by the attraction of the moon. Tieck, Liudwlgr. An eminent German poet and novehst ; b. 1T73, d. 1S53. Tien-Tsin. The port of Pekin, China, on the Peiho, SO m, S. E. of Pekin : pop. 1,200,000. Tierra del Fuegro. (Land of Fire). A group of islands separated from the southernmost point of S. America by the Straits of MageUan. Tiers Etat, ter-zfi-ta'. In French Hist, the third estate, that is, the people exclu- sive of the nobility and clergy ; the com- monalty ; th3 commons. The nobles and clergy constituted the first and second es- tates previous to the Revolution of 1789. Tiflis. Cap. of Georgia in the Russian government of Trans-Caucasus, on the Kur ; pop. abt. 75,000. Tiger, ti'gcr. A carnivorous animal, the largest and fiercest of the gen. Felis, F. tigi-is, fam. Felida?. Tights, tits. A tight-fitting under cov- ering worn on the legs by acrobats, actors, dancers and the like. Tigress, H'gres. The female of the ti- ger. Tigris. A river of W. Asia, uniting with the Euphrates at Kumah; length, 1,150 m. Tilbury, til'be-ri. A gig or two-wheeled carriage \vithout a top or cover. Tiler, 'er. In freemasonry, the door- keeper of a lodge. Timbrel, tim'brel. An instrument o^ music ; a kind of drum, taber, or tabret, which has been in use from the highest antiquity. It is now known under the name of Tambourine or Tambour do Basque. Timbuctoo (Tombuctoo). A city of W. Central Africa, neai' the boundary bet, the Soudan and Sahara, 8 m. N. of the Niger ; pop, abt. 22,000. Time, tim. The general idea of succes- sive existence ; the measure of duration. Time is absolute or relative. Absolute time is considered without any relation to bodies or their motions ; conceived as un- bounded, continuous, homogeneous, un- changeable in the order of its parts, and divisible without end. Relative time is the sensible measure of any portion of duration, marked by the apparent revohi- tion of the sun, or the rotation of the earth on its axis. Time is divided into years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes and seconds. Time-fuse, 'ftiz. A fuse which can be so arranged as to explode a charge at a certain determinate interval after the time of its ignition. Tim.e-lock, 'lok. A lock having clock- work attached, which prevents the bolt being withdrawn when locked, until a certain interval of time has elapsed. Tim.e-piece, 'pes. A clock, watch or other instrument to meastxre or show the progress of time. Timoleon. A patriotic Corinthian who, 344-8.38 B. c, delivered all the Greek cities of Sicily from the rule of usurping tyrants, and checked the progress of Carthaginian power. Timotliy, Epistles to. In Scrip., two letters, which, with the Epistle to Titus, form the "three pastoral epistles" gener- ally ascribed to St. Paul. Tin, tin. A raetal of a white brilliant color, shghtly tinged with gray. In hardness it is intermediate between gold and lead. Tinewald, tln'wald. The ancient par- liament or annual convention of people in the Isle of Man. Tintoretto. The artistic name of Gia- como Robust!, an eminent Yenetian painter ; b. 1512, d, 1S94, TIPPECATfOE TOISON- Tippecanoe. A river of Indiana, emp- tyin;.' into the Wabash, 9 m. N. E. of La- fayette, noted for the defeat on its banks, Nov. 5, ISll, of the allied Indians under Tecumseh and his brother, by Gen. Har- rison ; length, 200 ra. Tipperary. Cap. of co. of same name, prov. Muuster, Ireland. Tippoo Sahib. Eajah of Mysore, India, son and s. of Ilyder Ali ; b. 1749, killed at the storming of Seringapatam, his cap- ital, by the English, 1T99. Tirailleur, ti-ral-yer. A name origi- nally applied In France during the revolu- tion of 1T9'2 to light-armed troops who were thrown out from the main body to bring on an action, cover an attack, or annoy or deceive the enemy ; a skirmisher; a sharp-shooter. Tisri, tiz'ri. The 1st Hebrew month of the civil year, and the 7th of the ecclesias- tical, answering to a part of September and October. Titan, ti'tan. In Greek Myth, one of the twelve children (six sons and six daugh- ters) of Uranus (Heaven) and Ge (Earth). They rebelled against their father and de- posed him, raising Cronos, one of their number, to the throne. After a long con- test they were defeated by Zeus and thrown into Tartarus. Poetical for the sun. Titania, -ta'ni-a. The queon of Fau-y- land and consort of Oberon. Titanotherium, 'tan-o-the"ri-um. A large fossil herbivorous mammal, possibly twice the size of a horse, somewhat allied to the tapir, whose remainil are found in the miocone stratsi of Missouri. Titian, Tiziano Vecelli. The most eminent painter of the Venetian school; B. 1477, i>. 1576. Titmouse, tit'mous. An insessorial bird, ord. Dentirostres, and forming the type of the fom. Paridae. Titus, Flavius Sabinus Vespasi- anus. A Roman general and emperor, 8. Vespasian, 79, r>. 81. Before he ascend- ed the throne he captured and destroyed Jerusalem, 70. Tivoli. A city of the Campagna, Italy, 18 m. N. E. of Kome, at the famous cas- cades of the Teverone ; pop. abt. 8,500. Tiu, te'u. In Northern Myth, the original supreme divinity of the ancient Teutonic mythology, corresponding with Dyaus of India, Zeus of Greece, and the Jove of the Eomans. Toad. tod. The common name of am- phibian vertebrates, gen. Bufo, now con- stituted into a family, Bufonidae. Tobacco, to-bak'ko. A genus of plants (Nicotiaiia), ord. iSolanacete. There are several species, all narcotic. Those most generally cultivated are N. tabacum and N. macrophylla, the former being often called Virginian tobacco. Tobit, tob'it. One of the Old Testament Apocryphal books. Tobolsk. Cap. of Siberia, Asiatic Rus- sia, near the junction of the Irtish and Tobol, 976 m. E. of St. Petersburg ; pop. 18,000. Tocantins. A Brazilian river, empty- ing into the Para ; length, 1,000 m. Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Hen- ri Clerel de. A distinguished French statesman, historian and philosopher ; b. 1805, D. 1859. Todas, to'daz. A small race of men, in- habiting the upper part of the Neilgherry Mountains in S. India. Under the influ- ence of polyandry and intemperance they are rapidly disappearing. Their language is Dravidian, and they are doubtless the aborigines oi the country. Todleben, Erancis Edward. A Russian miUtary engineer and generai ; b. of German ancestry, 1818 ; d. 18Sii. Ho won distinction by his defense of Sebas- topol against the French, English and Turks, 1855-6. Togra, to'ga. The principal outer garment worn by the ancient Romans. It was made of wool or silk, the usual color being white. It covered the whole bo3, d., by suicide in prison, 179S Tonka-bean, tong'ka-ben. The fruit of the Dipterix odorata or Coumarouna odorata, ord. Leguminosae, sub-ord. Papil- ionaceffi. The fruit is an oblong dry fibrous drupe, containing a single seed. The odor of the kernel is extremely agreeable and it is used in perfumery. Tonquin. The N. province of Anam, S. E. Asia, the scene of present hostilities between the French and Chinese. Gulf of T., an arm of the China Sea, 300 m. long by 150 in breadth. Tontine, ton'tin. An annuity shared by subscribers to a loan, with the benefit of survivorsliip, the annuity being increased as the subscribers die, until at last the whole goes to the last survivor, or to the last two or three, according to the terms on which the ii'oney is advanced. By means of tontines many government loans were formerly raised in Esgland. Tope, top. The popular name for a spe- cies of Buddhist monument, intended for the preservation of relics or the com- memoration of some event. When for the former purpose the tope is called a dagoba, when for the latter a stupa ; the term tope having reference to their external shape only. Topeka. Cap. of Kansas, in Shawnee Co., on Kansas liiver, 50 m. S. W, of Leavf nworth ; pop. 15,452. Tophet, to'fet. A place situated at the southeastern extremity of Gehenna, or Valley of Hinnom, to the south of Jerusa- lem, where the idolatrous Jews wor- shiped the fire-gods and sacrificed their children. In consequence of these abom- inations the whole valley became the com- mon laystall of the cit}-, and symbohcal of the place of torment in a future life. Topia, 'pi-a. A fanciful style of mural decorations, generally consisting of land- scapes of a heterogeneous character, re- sembling tliose of the Chinese, much used in the I*ompeian houses. Topography, to-pog'ra-fi. The descrip- tion of a particular place, city or tract of land ; the detailed description of any country or region, including its cities, towns, villages, castles, &c., distinguished from geography in being descriptive and more detailed. TOEAH 65S TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTUEE Torah, to'ra. A term in ancient Hebrew literature for any decision or instruction in matters of law and conduct, given by sacred authority ; the revealed will of God ; counsel or instruction proceeding from a sacred source ; hence, a book con- taining such instruction. Toreador, tor-e-a-dor'. A general name for a bull-fighter in Spain, especially one who fights on horse-back. Written also Torreador. Toreumatologry, to-ru'ma-tol"o-ji. The science or art of sculpture, or a treatise on sculpture. Toronto. Cap, of Ontario, in York Co., Dominion of Oaiiada, on Lake Ontario- 338 m. S. W. of Montreal. Torpedo, tor-pG'do. An elasmobranch- iate fish, allied to the rays, forming the type of the fam. Torpedinidaj, noted for their power of discharging electric shocks when irritated. Torque, tork. In Archasol. a personal or- nament worn by the ancient Britons, Gauls and Germans. It consisted of a stiir collar, formed of a number of gold wires t\visted together, or a thin plate, gen- erally of gold, worn round the neck as a symbol of rank and command. Torricelli, Evangelista. An eminent Italian philosopher ; b. 1608, d. 1647. He invented the barometer. Torsk, torsk. A malacopterygious teleos- tean fish of the cod tribe, Brosmius vul- garis. Torso, tor'so. In Sculp, the trunk of a statue, deprived of head and limbs. Tortois e , ' t o i s. The name which is generally restricted to the family of reptiles Testud in - ida?, or land -tor- toises, or with a m *- • qualifying term is Tortoise, applied to the Emydte, the terrajnns or fresh-water tortoises, and the Trionycida?, the mud-turtles, or soft tortoises. The name was often formerly apphed to all turtles. Tortoise-sliell, -shel. A name popularly apphed to the scutes or scales of the tor- toise and allied chelonians, especially to the shell of the havvk's-bill turtle, exten- sively used in the manufacture of combs, snuff-boxes, vidowed queen. Trumpets (Golden- breasted). Tulip. Tarquia became his son-in-law, and, seiz- ing the throne, put his father-in-law to death. He is credited vrith. many reforms. Tulipom.ama, tu'lip- 6-ma"ni-a. A violent passion for the cultiva- tion or acquisition of tulips, which began to exhibit itself in Hol- land about the year 1634, and spread lik© an epidemic. Tulip marts were established in the large towns, where roots were sold and resold as stocks on the exchange. A single root of Semper Augustus was thought cheap at 5500 florins, and on one occasion 12 acres of building lots were offered for a single root of this species at Haarlem. The mania raged for several years till the gov- ernment found it necessary to interfere. TuUus, Hostilius. Third traditionary king of Home, warlike and successful. The singular contest bet. the Horatii and Curiatii occurred during his reign. Ttilwar, tul'war. The E. Indian saber. Tumulus, tii'mu-lus. A barrow or ar- tificial burial mound of earth. Tunbridgre "Wells. A popular English spa, in Co. Kent ; pop. 28,720. Tundra, tun'dra. A term applied to the immense stretches of flat, boggy country extending through N. Siberia and part of Eussia. They are frozen the greater part of the year. Tunic, tu'nik. A very ancient form of garment among the Greeks and Eomans. It was worn by both sexes under the toga and the palla, and fastened by a girdle or belt about the waist. The senators had a broad stripe of purple (called latus clavus) sewed on the breast of their tunic, and the equites had a narrow stripe (called angus- tus clavus) on the breast. Tunis. One of the Barbary States, N, Africa, nominally under Turkish rule, bounded N. and E. by the Mediterranean, S. by Tripoli and Algeria, W. bv Algeria ; area, 50,000 sq. m. ; pop. 2,700",000. Its cap., Tunis, on bay of s.ields strychnia. Upper-world, up'er-werld. The ethe- real regions ; heaven. The earth, as op- posed to the infernal regions. Upupa, i\'pu-pa. A gen. of insessorial or perching birds, distinguished by a double range of long head-feathers, w'hich they can erect at ■will. U. epops, or common hoopoe, is the type. Ural (Orxral). A large river of Eussia, forming the S. E. boundary of Europe and emptying into the Caspian Sea ; length, l,S00'm. U. Mountains, a chain forming the principal division between European and Asiatic Eussia. Uralsk. A city of European Eussia, on the Ural, 155 m". S. W^. of Orenburg, the official residence of the hetman of the Cossacks ; pop. 15,500. Urania, ii-ra'ni-a. In Greek Myth, the muse of astronomy. She was a daughter of Zeus by Mnemosyne, and is generally repre- sented holding in her left hand a celestial globe to which she points with a little staff. Uranoffraphy, -ra- n o g ' r a - li . That / branch of astronomy/:-^' Avhich treats of the^* — heavenly bodies and the construction of celestial maps and globes, &c. Uranus, u'ra-nus. In Greek Myth, the son of Ga?a, the earth, and by her 'the fa- ther of the Titans, Cyclopes, Hecaton- cheirians, &c. He hated his children, and conilned them in Tartarus, but on the in- stigation of Gsea, Kronos, the youngest of tho Titans, overthrew and dethroned him. In Astron. one of the primary planets, discovered by Sir William Herschel 1781. It was first called Georgium Sidus in hon- or of George III., afterwards Herschel, in honor of the discoverer. It is the seventh planet in order of distance from the sun. Urban. The name borne by eight popes. U. II., lOSa-1097, urged the first Crusade, 1095. U. VI., 187a-i389. Clement A^II. was elected at the same time, and held sway at Avignon, originating the "west- ern schism " which divided the church for nearly half a century. Urceola, er-se'o-la. A gen. of plants, ord. Apocynaceae. There is only one species, U. elastica, or caoutchouc-vlae. Urania. URCEOLE 670 UTILITAEIANISM Urceole, 'sii-ol. In the E. 0. Ch. a ves- sel to contain water for washing' the hands. A vessel to contain wine and water. Urdu, ur'dll- A native name for the present Hindustani tongue, a member of the Indie family of Aryan tongues, so named because it grew up since the Itth century in the camps (urdu) of the Moham- medan conquerors of India as a means of communication between them and the subject population. It abounds with Per- sian and Arabic words. It is now, how- ever, the literary tongue of India and the means of general intercourse. lire, Andrew. An eminent Scotch chemist, physician and author ; b. 17T8, d. 1857. Ureter, ii-re'ter. The excretory duct of the kidney, a tube conveying the urine from the kidney to the bladder. Urethra, 'thra. The canal by which the urine is conducted from the bladder and discharged. Urim, u'rim. An ornament or appen- dage belonging to the habit of the Jewish high priest in ancient times, along with the Thummim, in virtue of which he gave oracular answers to the people, but what the Urim and Thummim really were has not been satisfactorily ascertained. Uroscopy, o-ros'ko-pi. The judgment of diseases by inspection of the urine. Ursa, er'sa. A name, of two constellations. U. Major, the Great Bear, is one of the most conspicuous of the northern constel- lations, near the pole. It is remarkable from its seven brilliant stars, by two of which, called the pointers, the pole-star is readily found. IT. Minor, the Little Bear, contains the pole-star. This constellation has seven stars placed together in a manner very much resem- bling those in U. Major, the pole-star be- ing in the corner of the triangle farthest from the quadrangle. Called also Big and Little Dipper. Ursidee, 'si-de. A fam. of plantigrade carnivorous animals, of which the Bear is the type. Besides their plantigrade walk the U. are characterized by grinders less or more tuberculated, claws litted for dig- ging, and generally by a short tail. They are carnivorous and frugivorous. Ursula, St. A traditionary virgin mar- tyr, reputed daughter of a British prince, who, with 11,000 other virgins, suffered Ursa Major. cruel martyrdom at Cologne in the 3d or 4th century. Ursulines. (Nuns of St. Ursula.) A II. C. sisterhood founded by Angela of Brescia, 1537. Originally they were devot- ed to education and took no religious vQws, but they were formed into an order by Gregory XIII., 1577. Uirubu, u-ro'byj. The native name of a S. American vulture, the Catharista Iota (black vulture or zopilote), very nearly al- lied to the turkey-buzzard. Urugruay. A river of S. America, rising in Brazil, and forming the W. boundary of Uruguay, uniting with the Parana to form the Kio de la Plata ; length 800 m. Urugruay (Banda Oriental). A re- public of S. America, bounded N. by Bra- zil, E. by the Atlantic, S. by the Rio de la Plata, W. by the Argentine Republic; area, 71,755 sq. m.; pop. 764,856. Prin- cipal cities, Montevideo, cap., San Joso, Colonia and Maldonado. Chief rivers, Uruguay and Rio Negro. Urumiyall. A Persian city, near lake of same name, 35 m. W. of Tabreez, noted as the supposed birthplace of Zoroaster. Lake U., a body of brackish water, abt. 800 m. in circumference. Urus, u'rus. The mountain bull or Bos Urus, which ran wild in Gaul at the period ofthe Roman invasion. Usbeck, us'bek. A member of a Turkish or Tartar tribe scattered over Turkestan, Central Asia. Ushas, i.i'shas. In Hind. Myth, one of the ancient elemental divinities, the god- dess of dawn. In the Vedic hymns she is represented as a young wife awakening her children and giving them new strength for the toils of the coming day. Usquebaugrll, us'kwe-ba. A strong compound cordial, made in Ireland of brandy, or other spirits, raisins, cinnamon, cloves', &c. Ustilag-o, -ti-liVgo. A gen. of fungi; smut. Utah. A Territory ofthe U. S., bounded N. by Idaho and Wyoming, E. by Colo- rado, S. by Arizona, W. by Nevada ; area, 93,107 sq. m.; pop. 125,000. Cap., Salt Lake City. Chief rivers, Colorado and Humboldt. Mountains, Humboldt and Wahsatch ranges. U. is principally settled by Mormons. Utilitarianism, ii-til'i-ta"ri-an-i8m. The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the end and aim of all social and political institu- tions. The doctrine that virtue is UTOPIA 671 TALEDICTORT founded on utility, or that utility is the sole standard of morality, so that actions are right because they are useful. Utopia, -t«)'pl-a. Sir Thomas More's imaginary island which he represents in his celebrated work (Utopia) as enjoy- ing the utmost perfection in laws, politics, &.G., as contrasted with the defects of those which then existed ; hence, a place or state of ideal perfection. Utrecht. Cap. of prov. of same name, in Holland, on the Old Ehine, 20 m. S. E. of Amsterdam; pop. 67,142. Uva, u'va. In Bot. such succulent inde- hiscent fruits as have a central placenta. U. ursi, bearberry. Uxmal. An ancient city of Yucatan, Mexico, 45 m. S. W. of Merida, now in ruins, noted for its remains of Aztec-Indian architecture. Uxoricide, uk-sor'i-sid. The murder ol a wife by her husband. A husband who murders his wife. Uzema, (i'ze-ma. A linear measure in Burmah, about 12 statute miles. VIS the 22d letter of the alphabet, rep- resenting a labial or labiodental conso- nant sound, accompanied by the same po- sition of the organs as that required for f, but uttered with voice, and therefore called sonant, while f is surd, or uttered with breath merely. Both v and f are also continuous consonants, and they also belong to the class of the spirants. V and u were formerly the same letter, but they have now as distinct uses as any two let- ters in the alphabet. This letter did not belong to the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, and its sound is believed to have been repre- sented by f, but appears to have occurred only between two vowels (as in heofon, heaven). The giving of the v sound to f also illustrates the change of consonant in the plural of such words as thief, thieves, wolf, wolves, life, hves. In spelling v is never flnal, nor is it ever doubled. As a numeral, v stands for 5. In music, V. S. stands for volta subito, turn over (the leaf) quickly. In Her. V. is used to express vert or green, in the tricking or drawing of arms with a pen and ink. Vaal. A river of S. Africa, on the banks ofwhichare located the most proliiic dia- mond mines of the known world. It forms the boundary bet. the Orange Free State and Cape Colony, emptjing into the Orange Eiver; length 500 m. Vaccination, vak-si-na'shon. The art or practice of inoculating persons with cow-pox, for the purpose of securing them from the contagion of small-pox. Vaccinium, -sin'i-um . A gen . of plants, ord. Vacciniaceie, of which it is the type. The species produce berries known by the common names of bilberries, whortle- heiTies, cranberries, «&c. Vacuist, vak'u-ist. One who holds the doctrine of a vacuum in nature; opposed to a plenist. Vacuna, va-ku'na. In Latin Myth, the goddess of rural leisure, to whom hus- bandmen sacrificed at the cloge of harvest. She was especially a deity of the Sabines. Vacuum, vak'u-um. Space empty, or space devoid of all matter or body. Whether there can be absolute vacuum in nature has been much controverted. The existence of » vacuum was maintained by the Pythagoreans, Epicureans and Atomists ; but it was denied by the Peri- patetics, who asserted that " nature ab- hors a vacuum." The modern theory is that an absolute vacuum cannot exist, the subtle medium known as ether being everywhere present. In a less strict sense a vacuum is said to be produced when air is more or less completely re- moved from the receiver of an air-pump, a barometric tube, «fec. Vaiseshika, vi-sS'shi-ka, The second of the two great divisions of the Nyaya system of Hindu philosophy, and sup- posed to be a later development of it, dif- fering from it principally by its doctrine of atomic individualities (viseshas), whence the name. Vaislinava, -shna'va. One of the great divisions into which Brahmanism is di- vided, characterized by belief in the su- premacy of Vishnu over the other gods of the Trimurti. This division is broken up into subordinate sects named after respect- ive founders. Vaisya, vls'ya. A member of the third caste among the Hindus, comprehending merchants, traders and cultivators, and comprising the bulk of the Aryan popula- tion of India, after deducting the Brah- mans and Kshatriyas, the priestly and warrior castes. Valedictory, val-e-dik'to-ri. An oration or address spoken at commencement in colleges by one of the class whose mem- VALENCIA 672 YANDAL hers recoivo the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and take their leave of college and of each other. Valencia. Cap. of province of same name, formerly a kingdom of Spain, on the Guadalquivir, 2 m. from the Mediter- ranean, 190 m. S. E. of Madrid ; pop. 90,- 000. Its university Avas founded 1209. Valenciennes, va-lan-si-en. A rich va- riety of lace made at Valenciennes, France. The meshes are in the form of an irregular hexagon, formed of two threads partly twisted and plaited at the top of the mesh, the pattern being worked in the net. Valentine, val'en-tln. A sweetheart or choice made on Valentine's day. This term is derived from St. Valentine, to Avhom the 14th of February is sacred. It was a very old notion that on this day birds began to couple. Hence, perhaps, arose the custom of young men and wo- men choosing each other as valentines by a kind of lottery, and of sending special love missives on this day. A letter or missive sent by one young person to another on St. Valentine's Daj^. Valentinian, -en-tin'i-an. One of a sect of heretics who sprung up in the 2d century, so named from Valentinus, their founder. They were a branch of the Gnostics, who regarded Christ as a kind of incorporeal phantom. Valentinian. The name of three Eo- man emperors who reigned 364-455. Valerian, Valerianus Publius Liucinius. A Koman emperor, crowned 253, captured and cruelly put to death by Sapor of Persia, 260. Valetta, La. Cap. of the island of Malta, and station of the British fleet in the Mediterranean ; pop. 70,146. It is strongly fortified. Valhalla, -hal'la. In Scand. Myth, the palace of immortality, inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle, who spent much of their time in drinking and feast- ing. A name figuratively applied to any edifice which is the final resting-place of the great men of a nation ; and specifi- cally, to the Pantheon or temple of Fame built by Ludwig I. of Bavaria, at Donau- stauf, near Eatisbon, consecrated to all distinguished Germans. Valkyr, viirkGr. In Scand, Myth, one of the " choosers of the slain," or fatal sistersof Odin, represented as awful and beautiful maidens, who, mounted on swift horses and holding di*awu swords in their hands, presided over the field of battle, selecting those destined to death and con- ducting them to Valhalla, where they ministered at their feasts, serving them with mead and ale in skulls. Valladolid. Cap. of province of same name. Old Castile, and ancient cap. of Spain, on the Esqueva, 100 m. N. ^V, of Madrid ; pop. 41,728. Also the name of two Mexican cities. Valois. The dynastic name of the French kings, 1328-1589, derived from a province conferred (1285) by Philip III. on his second son, Charles. Valparaiso (Valley of Paradise). A seaport of Chili, the most important commercial center of the Pacific S. Amer- ican coast ; pop. 78,463. Valve, valv. Any movable lid or cover adapted to the orifice of a passage into a vessel, so formed as to open communica- tion in one direction and close it in the other, by lifting, sliding or turning ; uschI to regulate the admission or escape of water, gas or steam. Vampire, vam'plr. A spectral being or ghost, still possessing a human body, which, according to a superstition exist- ing along the lower Danube, leaves the grave during the night and maintains a semblance of life by sucking the warm blood of living men and women while they are asleep. Dead wizards, were- wolves, heretics, and such like outcasts, become vampires, as do also the illegiti- mate offspring of parents, themselves ille- gitimate, and any one killed by a vampire. A person who Itreys on others ; an extortioner or^ blood-sucker. A vampire-bat. Vampire-bat, -bat. A n a m e common to the blood- sucking Viats. Van Buren, Martin. Eighth Presi- dent of the U. S. ; u. in N. T., 1782 ; d. 1862. Vancouver's Island. A large British island of the N, Pacific, separated from British Columbia by the Gulf of Georgia, and from Washington Ter. by the Strait of Fuca ; area, 1,300 sq, m, ; pop. abt. 10,000. Cap. Victoria. Vandal, van'dal. One of a Teutonic race originally inhabiting the S. shore of the Baltic. They pillaged Eome in the 5th century, and unsparingly destroyed the monuments of art and the productions of literature ; hence the name is applied to one who willfully or ignorantly destroys or Vampire-bat, VANDER HELST 673 VASE disfijured any work of art, literature, or the iike. Vander Heist, Bartholomew. An eminent Dutch portrait painter ; B. 1610, p. 1(3TU. VanderlyTi, Jolin. An eminent Amer- ican liistorical painter; B. in N. Y.,1776; i>. 1S.V2. Van der Meer, Jan (The Young-er). A distinguished Dutch landscape painter ; 35. 1656, n. 1706. "Vandervelde, Adrian. A famous Dutch animal painter ; b. 1639, d. 1672. William V., his father, an eminent mai'ine painter; n. 1610, d. 1693. "Vandyke, -dlk'. A pointed collar of lace or sewed work, worn by both sexes during the reign of Charles I., and to be seen in portraits painted by Vandyke. V. brown, a pigment obtained from a kind of peat or bog-earth, of a fine, deep, semi-transpa- rent brown color ; so called from its being supposed to be the brown used by Vandyke in his pictm-es. Vandyke, Anthony, Sir. A distin- guished portrait painter ; b. in Antwerp, 1599 ; D. in London, 16il. Vanilla, va-nil'la. A gen. of orchida- ceous plants, remarkable on account of tiieir climbing liabit. The fruit of Vanilla aromatica or jtlanlfolia is remarkable for its fragrant odor and fur the volatile odor- iferous oil extracted from it. It has a sweetish aromatic taste and is employed in confectionery, in the preparation of liqueurs and in flavoring chocolate. Vanloo. The name of two brothers, distinguished French painters ; Jean Bap- tistc, B. 1684, D. 1746 ; Charles Andre, b. 1705, D. 1765. Van Rensselaer, Stephen (The Patroon). An American statesman ; b. in N. Y., 1764, u. 1S39. Vaquero, va-ker'o. A term applied in Mexico and the S. "Western States to one ■who has the charge of cattle, horses or mules; a herdsman. Varangian, va-ran'ji-an. One of those Scandinavians who entered the service of the Byzantine emperors and became the Impeml Guard at Constantinople. They were recruited by Anglo-Saxons and Danes who fled from England to escape the yoke of the Normans, and long up- held the Byzantine throne. Varna. A city of Bulgaria, Turkey, on tiay of same name. Black Sea, 50 m. E. of Shumla ; pop. 82,494. Varnish, viir'nish. A solution of resin- ous matter, forming a fluid which hardens without losing its transiMircncy, used by painters, gilders, cabinet-makers, &c., for coating over the surface of their work in order to give it a shining, transjiarent and hard surface. Varsovienne, var-so'vi-en. A popular dance, named fi-om Warsaw, in Poland, where it originated. Vartabed, viir'ta-bed. One of an order of eccle.siiistics in the Armenian church who live like monks, cultivate tlie sciences and are the vicars of the bishops. Varuna, dian of immortality, cherisher of truth, the seizer and punisher of ill-doers, the forgiver of sins, protector of the good and the exerciser generally of unlimited con- trol over man. Lattcrl}- he became the god of waters, the cause of rain, the Hin- du Neptune. He is represented as a white man, four-armed, riding on a sea animal, generally with a noose in one of his hands and a club in another. Varus, va'rus. A variety of club-foot in which the i)erson walks on the outer edge of his foot. Vasari, Giorgio. A distinguished Ital- ian painter, architect and author ; b. 1512, B. 1574. Vase, vas. A vessel made of various materials, and in various forms, and for various purposes, often merely serving for ornament. The Egyptians, Greeks and Chinese, Japanese and Indian Vases. Eomans made them from precious stones, bronze, silver, gold, ivory and glass, and often used them for sacrificial or oth«r VASELTKE 6T4 VELASQUEZ sacred pui-poses ; but the most prevalent matei-ial for vases of all kinds has been baked clay. Antique vases of painted earthenware have been discovered by thousands in tombs and catacombs in Etruria, S. Italy, Sicily, Greece and some I of the Grecian islands. Many of them exhibit great beauty and elegance, are or- namented by artistic designs of tlie most Taried character, and prized by antiquaries for the light they cast upon the history, mythology, religious, civil and domestic customs of antiquity. Italy, France and . Germany in the 16th and ITth ccntm-ies J)roduced many vases which are the p©r- ection of artistic form and execution, and since the loth century many masterpieces of glass art in the form of vases have is- 1 sued from the Venetian manufactories. From India, China and Japan also have been obtained vases of various materials, especially of porcelain, vying In elegance of form and beauty of ornamentation with those of Europe. Vaseline, vas'e-lin. A product obtained from petroleum after the lighter hydro- carbons are driven oft", and composed of a mixture of paraffins. It is used as a base for ointments, pomade, cold-cream, &c., and for coating steel surfaces to protect them from rust. Vatican, vat'i-kan. The most extensive palace in the world, built upon the Vati- can hill, immediately north of the basilica of St. Peter's at Rome. Since the return of the popes from Avignon the Vatican has been their principal residence, and since the conversion of Eome into the cap- ital of Italy it is their only residence. As such, and 'as the storehouse of valuable literary and art collections, it is one of the chief attractions of modern Home. Vattel, Emriciivon. A distinguished Swiss jurist and writer on international law ; li. 1714, p. 176T. Vauban, Sebastien le Prestre, Seig"neur de. A celebrated _^French uiilitary engineer ; b. 1633, r>. 170T. Vavasor, vav'a-sor. In Feudal Law, a principal vassal, not holding immediately of the sovereign but of a gi-eat lord, and having other vassals who held of him ; a vassal of the second degree or rank. Vayu, va'ii. In Hind. Myth, the wind or wind-god, apparently of equal rank with Indra. Veadar, ve-a'diir. The 13th or intercal- ary month which is added to the Jewish year about every thurd year. It followed the month Adar. Veda, 'da. The general name for tiie body of ancient Sanskrit hymns, with ac- companying comments, believed by the Hindus "to have been revealed by Brahma, and on which the Brahmanical system is based. The hymns number upwards of 1,000. Vedangra, ve-dan'ga. A name common to six Sanskrit works interpreting tlie Ye- dic texts and api)lying them to specilic purposes. They are elaborate treatises on pronunciation, meter, grammar, ex- planation of difficxilt terms, astronomy and ceremonial. They are composed in the Sutra or aphoristic style. Vedanta, -diln'ta. A system of philos- ophy among the Hindus founded on the Vedas. It is chietly concerned in the in- vestigation of the Supreme Spirit and the relation in wliich the universe, and espe- cially the human soul, stands to it Vega, ve'ga. In Astron. a star of the first magnitude in the northern constella- tion Lyra. Vegretarianism, vej-e-ta'ri-an-izm. The theory and j^ractice of living solely on vegetables, as old as the time of Pythag- oras, and for ages strictly observed by many of the Hindus. Vebrng-erichte, lam'ge-rich-te. A sys- tem of secret tribunals Avliich originated during the midtWe ages in Westphalia, and tiien spread over Germany when the regular administration of justice had fal- len into complete disorder. The chief (Frfcigraf, free count) was usually a man of exalted rank. His associates (Frei- scholfen, free justices) concurred in and executed the senteBces of the court, being bound by a tremendous oath to obey all its behests, and keep secret its proceed- ings. The assemblies were sometimes held in public and in the open air, but generally by night in a forest or some con- cealed place. The sentences imposed in- cluded death. When the governments of the various states became more effective and society more settled, the regular ex- ecutive struggled to destroy the power of the V. and ultimately succeeded, the last tribunal being held at Zell, 1568. Velarium, ve-lfi'ri-um. The great awn- ing drawn over the roofless Koman thea- ters or amphitheaters to protect the spec- tators from the rain or the sun's rays. Velasquez. Dieg-o. A Spanish milita- ry officer, who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage and founded the city of Havana ; b. 143S, d. 1523. Velasquez. Dieg-o Rodrigruez de Silva y, Don. An eminent Spanish painter; b. 155)9, d. 1600. VELLUM 675 VERMONT Vellum, vel'am. A fine parchment made of calf 8 skin, and rendered clear, smooth and white for writing on. The term is also applied to a saperior writing paper, and to a kind of cotton cloth pre- pared to imitate vellum. Velociman, vG-los'i-man. A carriage of the nature of a velocipede driven by hand. Velocipede, vC-los'i-pC'd. A light vehi- cle or carriage impelled by the rider's feet. Vendemiaire, von-du-mi-ar. The first month of the Fi-ench republican calendar. It was so called from being the vintage sea- eon. It began September 22 or 23, and ended October 21 or ^2. Vendetta, ven-det'tu. A blood-feud; the act or practice of the nearest kin exe- cuting vengeance on the murderer of a rel- ative. In Corsica the vendetta is regard- ed as a duty incumbent on the relatives of the murdered man, and, failing to reach the real murderer, they take vengeance on his relatives. The practice exists to a more limited extent in Sicily, Sardinia and Calabria, as well as among the Druses, Circassians, Arabs, &c. Vendome, Louis Joseph, Due de. A distinguished French general, grandson of Ca?sar, natural son of Henry IV.; b. 16.>4, D. 1712. Venenosa, -e-nd'sa. One of the three sections into which the colubrine snakes are divided according as they are venom- ous or otherwise, the other two sections being Innocua and Suspecta. It contains some of the most deadly of all living ser- pents, one of the best known being the Cobra di Capello, and the venomous wa- ter-snakes. Venezeula. (Little Venice.) A S. American liepuhlic, bounded N. by the Caribbean Sea, E. by Brit. Guiana, S. bv Brazil, W. bv the U. S. of Colombia"; area, 368,236 sq. m.; pop. 1,300,000. Prin- cipal cities, Caracas, cap., Maracaibo, Ciu- dad BoUvar, Puerto Cabello and Laguayra. Chief rivers, the Oronoco and tributaries. Mountains, Andes and Parima ranges. Venice. Cap. of pro\ince of same name, N. E. Italy, at the headof the Adriatic, 70 m. W. of Trieste; pop. 117,648. Venice-glass, 'is-glas. A glass cup or goblet of the rarest purity, manufactured hear Venice. These glasses were anciently believed to be so exquisitely sensitive that if poison were put into them they would fly into pieces. Vera Cruz. (Holy Cross.) Cap. of state of same name,' in S. E. Aiexico, on the Gulf of Mexico, 1S5 m. E. of the City of M.; pop. 13,600. Venus Venus, vc'nus. In Myth, the goddess of beauty and love, more especially of sensual love. Originally the Ro- man goddess of the spring, at a compara- tively late period she became identified \vith the Greek Aphrodite. She is represented as the highest ideal of fe- male beauty and love, and was naturally a fa- vorite subject with an- cient poets and artists. Among the most famous of her statues is that of Cnidus, by Praxiteles, of which the V. de Medici, found in the Villa Hadriana at Tivoli, is supposed to be a free copy, and the V, of Milo, found in the island of Melos. Among the modern statues one of the most famous is the V. of Canova, where she is represented as issuing from the bath. In Astron. one of the inferior planets having its orbit be- tween Mercury and the earth, and the most brilliant of ail the planetary bodies. From her alternate appearance in the morning and evening she was called by the ancients Lucifer and Hesperus, the morn- ing and evening star. Verd-antique, verd-an-tek'. A term given to a gi-een incrustation on an- cient coins, brass or copper. In Mineral, an aggregate of serpentine and white crystaUized marble, having a greenish color, beautifully mottled, and much used for ornamental purposes. A green por- phyrj' used as marble, and known as Ori- ental verd-antique. Verdi, Giuseppe. An eminent Italian composer ; n. 1S14. Verdigris, ver'di-gi-is. A substance ob- tained by exposing plates of copper to the air in contact with acetic acid, and much used as a pigment, as a mordant in dyeing wool black, in several processes m the chemical arts, and in medicine. Vermont. A State of the American Union, admitted 1791, bounded N. bj- Canada, E. by New nampshlre, S. by Massachusetts, W. by New York; area, 10,212 sq. m.: pop. 332,286. Principal cities, Montpelier, cap., Burlington, St. Johnsbury, Brattleboro', AYoodstock, Windsor. Rutland, Middlebury, St. Al- bans and Manchester. Chief rivers, Connecticut, Passumpsic, Queechy, White, Black, Deerfield, Mi-ssisquoi, Lamoille and Winooski. The Green VEENET 6T6 VESTAIi Mountains extend through the center of the State, from N. to S. Vernet, Claude Joseph. A distin- giiishe. 1164. Victor Amadeus. The name of three dukes of Savoy. V. A. I., b, 1587, s. his father, 1G30, i). 1G37. V. A. II., b. 1666, s. his father, 1673, became king of Sar- dinia, but abdicated, 1730, i>. 1732. Y. A. III., B. 1726, 8. his father, 1773, n. 1796. During his reign the French seized upon Savoy and Nice. Victor Emmanuel I. Brother of Charles Emmanuel IV., King of Sardinia, who abdicated in his favor ; b. 1759, crowned 1802, abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix, 1821, d. 1S24. V. E. II., B. 1820, s. his father Charles Albert 1849, and became king of Italy, 1861, d. 1878. Victoria, rik-to'n-a^ f .:,^^:^^^^^^^^^!,^ \ One of the small plan- ets between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, named after the Ro- man goddess Victoria; called also Clio. A wheeled carriage, with a calash top, seated for two persons, and with an elevated driver's seat in front. V. cross, a British naval and military decoration, Victoria Cross, consisting of a bronze Maltese cross having the royal crest in the center, with a scroll underneath bearing the words "For Valor," and worn, in the case of the navy, with a blue ribbon, and in that of the army, a red one. A single act of valor mav win this decoration, and it is granted to all ranks. A pension of $50 a year accompanies it. Victoria. A British colony in Australia, bounded N. by New South Wales, E. by the Pacific, S. bv Bass' Str.-.it, W. by S. Australia and the Indian Ocean ; area, 86,&31 sq. m. ; pop. 948,712. Victoria Alexandrina. Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress VICTORY 6T8 YIEGINIA of India, daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, 4th son of George III. ; b. 1819, s. her uncle William 1\., 1837 ; married Albert of Saxe Coburg-Gotha, 1840, who died 1861. V, assumed the title Empress of India, 18T6, by act of Parhament. Victory, vik'to ri. A female deity among the Greeks and Komans, the per- sonification of successful conquest. She was represented as a winged woman, bearing a palm-branch and laurel crown. "Vicugrna, vi-kon'ya. A ruminant mam- mal, Auchenia vicugna, fam. Camehdte, closely allied to the llama, the guanaco and the alpaca. Vienna. Cap, of the Austrian empire, on the Danube ; pop. 021,852. Vigny, Alfred Victor, Comte de. A popular French author; b. 1799, i>. Viking", vik'ing. A rover or sea-robber belonging to one of the predatory bands of Northmen who infested the European seas during the Sth, 9th and 10th centu- ries. Viking has been confounded Avith sea-king, but the latter was a man of royal blood and took by right the title of king ; whereas the former name is apphcable to any member of the rover bands. Villafranca. A town of Italy, 9 m. from Verona, noted for the treaty between the French and Austrian emperors, June 11, 1859, which closed the Italian war. Villars, Claude Louis Hector, Due de. A distinguished French marshal: u. ICbS, D. 1734. Villemain, Abel Francois. A dis- tinguished French statesman and author ; B, 1790, D. 1870. V 'na, ve'na. An E. Indian seven-stringed guitar, with a long finger-board provided with about 20 movable frets, and having a gourd attached to each end. Vinaigrette, vin-a-gret'. A small box of gold, silver, &c., with perforations on the top, for holding aromatic vinegar con- tained in a sponge, or smelling-salts. Vincent de Paul, St. An eminent French philanthropist and reformer; b. 1576, D. 1660 ; canonized by Pope Clement XII., 1787. He organized the Congrega- tion of Missions and founded the order of Bisters of Charity. Vincent, St. The most important of the Cape Verd islands, Miudello, its cap., being the seat of government of the group. Vinci, Leonardo da. An eminent Italian painter ; b. 1462 ; ». in France, 1519. Vingi>un, vant-fin. A popular game at cards, depending on the number of pips on the cards dealt out, or the esteemed value of the cards. The object is to get as near as possible to the number without exceeding it. Viol, vl'ol. An ancient musical instru- ment of much the same form as the vio- lin, the parent of modern instnaiients uf the violin kind. There were three i^orts, treble, tenor and bass, each having 3 to strings. Viola, 'o-la. A large violin, to which the part between the second and bsss is gen- erally assigned. It has 4 catgut strings, of which the third and fourth are covered with silver wu-e. Violin, -lin. A well-known stringed mu- sical instrument, having catgut strings, the lowest of which is covered with sil- vered copper wire, stretched by means of a bridge over a hollow wooden body and played with a bow ; a fiddle. It is consid- ered the most perfect of musical instru- ments. Violoncello, -lon-sel"lo. A powerful and expressive bow instrument of thevio- hn kind, filling a place between the violin and double-bass. It has 4 strings, the lower two covered with silver wire. Viperina, vl-per-l'na. One of the two sub-" orders of Ophidia (snakes or serpents), characterized by hav- ing only two perforated poison-fangs in the _. upper jaw, while Viper, in the Colubrina this jawis furnished with solid teeth either with or without addi- tional canaliculated fangs. It comprises two families, Viperida3 or vipers, and Cro- talida? or rattlesnakes. Virgil, Publius Virg-ilius Maro. The most eminent of Koman epic poets ; B. 70, D. 19 B. c. Virg'inal, ver'jin-al. An obsolete keyed musical instrument wit^> one string, jack and quill to each note. It differed from the spinet only in being square instead of triangular, and was the precursor of the harpischord, now superseded by the piano- forte. Virgrinia. The heroine of the tradition- ary Koman tragedj% daughter of Lucius Virginius, who, abt. 450 b. c, was ab- ducted by Appius Claudius, the lecherous decemvir. Her father failing to obtain her release, slew her in the open Forum, and headed a popular uprising which over- threw the decemvirate and restored tha ancient magistracy. VIRGINIA 679 TITRUYIAN Virg-inia. One of the original 13 states of the American Union, bounded N. by Maryland and Chesapeake Bay, E. by the Atlantic and Potomac Elver, S. by Ten- nessee and N. Carolina, W. by Kentucky and W. Virginia; area, 40,y04 sq. m.; pop. 1,512,5(55. Principal cities, Eich- mond, cap., Norfolk, Petersburg, Win- chester, Portsmouth, Lexington, Freder- ickbburg, Lynchburg and Staunton. Chief rivers, James, Potomac, Shenandoah, Kappahannock, York, Appomattox, Eapi- dan, Blackwater, Nottoway, Meherrin, Dan, Staunton, Clinch and Holston. Mountains, Alleghanies and Cumberland. Virgin Islands. A group of 100 small rocky islets in tlie W. Indies, belonging to Gt. Britain and Denmark. Tortola (British) and St. Thomas (Danish) are the principal. Many are uninhabited. Virgro, 'go. One of the 12 signs or constellations of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 22d of August. It is the sixth in order of the signs beginning ■with Aries, and contains 110 stars. V. is usually represented with an ear of corn in her hand. Intended to denote the jieriod of Virgo, harvest. Viscacha, vis-ka'cha. The Calamys V,, a S. American rodent mammal, fam. Chln- chillidje, of the size of a badger. The skins are valued on account of their fur. Visconti. The name of a noble Lom- bard family, which gave several dukes to Milan. Italy, 1250^1447. Viscount, Ti'kount. A title of nobility next in rank to an earl, and above that of baron. It is the most recent English title, having been first conferred on John, Lord Beaumont, by Henry VI., 1440. In Britain the title is frequently attached to an earldom as a second title, and is held by the eldest son during the lifetime of the father. The coronet of a viscount of England is composed of a circle of gold, chased, having on the edge 12, 14 or 16 pearls ; the cap of crimson velvet, turned up with ermine and closed at the top with a tassel of gold. Viscountess, -es. The wife of a vis- count ; a peeress of the fourth degree of nobility. Visigoth, viz'i-goth. One of that branch of the Gothic tribes which settled in Dacia, as distinguished from the Ostrogoths or Eastern Goths, who had their seats in Pontus. Visor, 'or. A head-piece or mask used to eonceal the fiace or disguise the wearer. That part of a helmet which defends the face, which can bo lifted up and down, and is perforated for seeing and breathing. The fore-piece of a cap. Vishnu, vish'no. In Hind. Myth, the god who, with the other two great gods, Brah- ma and Siva, forms the tri- murti or trinity ; the Pre- server, considered by his worshipers to be the su- preme god of the Hindu pantheon. In the early Vedas he appears as the^ manifestation of the sun, and was not regarded as the most exalted deity, this rank being accorded to him by the later writers of the KuTnayana, the Mahabhilrata, Vishnu on and more especially of the his Man-bird Puranas. The Brahmanic Gai-uda. myths relating to Vishnu are characterized by the idea that, whenever a great physical or moral disorder aifected the world, Vishnu de- scended in a small portion of his essence to set it right. Such descents are called avataras or avatars, and consist in Vishnu assuming the form of some wonderful animal or superhuman being, or as being' born in human form of human parents, but endowed with miraculous power. These avatars are generally given as 10, 9 of which are already past, the 10th, the Kalkiavatara, being yet to come. V. is sometimes represented as riding on Garu- da, a being half bird and half man ; as holding in one of his four hands a conch- shell blown in battle; in another a disk, an emblem of supreme jjower ; in the third a mace as the emblem of punishment; and in the fourth a lotus, type of creative power. Vistula, A large river of Central Europe rising in Austria, flowing through Poland, and emptying into the Gulf of Dantzig, Prussia ; length, 534 m. Vitis, vi'tis. A gen. of plants, the type of the ord. Vitaceae ; the vines. Vitro-di-Trino, vit'r6-de-tru"n6. A kind of filigree or reticulated glasswork, invented by the Venetians in the 15th century, consisting of a lace-work of white enamel or transparent glass, forming a series of diamond-shaped sections. In the center of each an air-bubble was allowed to remain a.s a decoration. Vitruvian, vi-tro'vi-an. Of or pertain- ing to MarcusVitrnvius Pollio, a celebrated Eoman architect, born about 80 b. c. V. scroll, an architectural ornament couBirt' VITTA 660 ¥OX-HUMANA Ing of a series of convoluted scrolls, very fanciful and varied, frequently occurring in friezes of the Composite order. "Vitta, vit'a. A headband, fillet or gar- land ; specifically, among the ancient Greeks and Komans, ariblion or fillet used as a decoration of priests, victims, statues, altars, &c. Vittoria. Cap. of province of Alava, Si)ain, 27 m. S. of Bilbao, noted for the victory (1818), of Wellington over the French. "Viverridse, vT-vrr'i-de. A fam, of digitigrade carnivora, many of the species of which are furnished with anal glands, which secrete the peculiar fatty substance known as civet. It includes the civet-cat, genet, palm-cat (Pamdo.xurus typus). bin- tnrongs (Arctictis), cynogale, suricate, ichneumon, Ac. Vizier, viz'i-er. The title of a high po- litical officer in the Turkish Empire and other Mohammedan states. In Turkey the title is given to the heads of the various ministerial departments and to the pashas of three tails. The president of the divan, or prime minister, is known as grand viz- ier, Tizier-azam or sadr-azam. "Vladimir (The Great). Grand l)uke and first Christian ruler of Russia ; B. 940, V. 1015. "Vodka, vod'ka. An intoxicating spirit distilled from rye. "Voiture, Vincent. A distinguished French poet and wit ; B. 1598, r>. 1648. Volcano, vol-ka'no. A hill or mountain VFith a circular cup- hko opening or basin,' called a crater, at its summit, which sends out clouds of hot va- por, gases, and, at times, showers of ash- es, rocks, and streams of fiery liquid lava. Vole, vol. A name Volcano, common to members of a gen. (Arvicola) of rodents resembling, and in many cases bearing the names of rats and mice, belonging to a group (Arvi- colida") which some naturalists regard as a distinct family, others as a sub-family of the Muridaj. Some are aquatic. Volgra. A large river of European Rus- sia, emptying into the Caspian Sea ; length 2,400 m. Volta, Alessandro, Comte. An em- -inent Italian chemist and natural philo.^o- pher, inventor of the Voltaio pile ; b. 1746, V. 1827. Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de. A distinguished French historian, poet, dramatist and philosopher ; b. 1694, . m Switzerland, 1778. Voltaism, vol'ta-izm. That branch ol electrical science which treats of the chemical action between metals and differ- ent liquids, so named from the Italian jihilosopher Volta, whose experiments contiibuted greatly to the establishment of this branch of science. It is, however, more usually called galvanism, from Gal- vani, who first brought to notice the re- markable influence produced on animals by this s])ecies of electricity. Voltameter. An instru- ment for measuring vol- taic electricity. Voltaplast, -plast. A voltaic batteiy used in electro typing. Voltigeur, 'ti-zher. A foot-soldier in a select company of every regi- ment ol"" French infantry, organized by Napoleon. Volturno. A river of^ S. Italv, emptying into Voltameter, the Gulf of Gaeta, 20 m. N. W. of Naples. Oct. 1, 18G0, Garibaldi defeated the Neapolitan army on its banks. Volumenometer, 'u-men-om'e-ter. An instrument for measuring the volume of a solid body by the quantity of a liquid or of air which it displaces ; ^iso for determin- ing its specific gravity. ' Volute, vo-lut'. In Arch, a spiral scroll used in the Ionic, Corinthian and Compos- ite capitals, of which it is a principal orna- ment. Volutidae, 'i-de. A fam. of gasteropo- dous moUusks, of which the gen. Voluta is the tvpe. The music-shells, mitre- shells anil date-shells are examples. Von. A German preposition, equivalent to the Englisli word of, used before sur- names to indicate titled descent. Von Moltke, Helmuth Karl Ber- nard, Count. A distinguished Ger- man general, b. 1800. He was created Count, 1870, and Chief Marshal, 1871. Voussoir, vos'war. In Arch, a stone in the shape of a truncated wedge which forms part of an .irch. The under sides of the voussoirsform the intrados or soflSt of the arch, and the upper sides the ex- trados. The middle voussoir is termed the keystone. Vox-humana, voks-hii-ma'na. A reed* VULCAN 631 WAFER Yulcan. stop 5n an organ, so called from Its sup- posed resemblance to the human voice. Vulcan, vul'kan. In Eoni. Myth, the god who presided over fire and the working of metals. The Koman poets transferred all the stories which are related of the Greek Jlephapstos to their own Vulcan, the two divini- ties becoming in the course of time com- pletely identified. By- some writers he is said to have been borB lame, but by others his lame- ness id attributed to his haTingbeen thrown from Olympus. Vulcan patronized handi- craftsmen of every kind, and to this or to his lameness th* poets most frequently re- fer. In sculpture heis generally represented as a strong, bearded man, with a hammer and pincers and a pointed cap. The name of a hypothetical intra-Mercurial planet, believed to have been discovered in 1859. Vulcanist, -ist. One who supports the Vulcanian or Plutonic theory, which ascribes the changes on the earth's sm-- face to the agency of fire. Vulcanization, -iz-a"shon, A method of treating caoutchouc or india-rubber with some form of sulphur to effect cer- tain changes in its properties, and jield a soft (vulcanized india-rubbei-) or a hard (vulcanite) product. Vulcanology, -ka-nol'o-jl. That de- partment of science which concerns itseli with igneous phenomena, as volcanoes, warm-springs, &c. Vulgate, gat. The anthonzed Latin version of the Scriptures in theK. C. Ch. The V. of the Council of Trent was a combination of the old Itahc version, a literal translation from the Septuagint, and an amended version of St. Jerome. The version now in use was published by Clement VIII., 1592. Vulpes, 'pes. The subgeneric name for the foxes, adopted by those zoologists who distinguish the foxes from the dogs, jackals and wolves, to which they con.<5e- quently restrict the term Canis. Vulture, 'tur. The com- mon name for raptorial bird s, fam . Vult u r i d se . The strength of their talons ! does not correspond Mith ' their size; and they make more use oftheir beak than of their claA's. In general they ai-e cowardly, living chiefly on dead carcasses and offal. They nro divided Into several genera, the chief being Vnltur, Cathartes, Sarcorhamphus, Neophron and Gypaetos, of which the last approaches the Falcon - Idae. In some recent systems the vultures of the Old World are grouped into one family, Gypaetida?, while those of the New World form another, Cathartidse, tho two having disttnctive peculiarities. Vulture. w WIS the 28d letter of the alphabet. It takes its form and name from the union of two Vs, the character V having fprmerl}' the name and force of U. This letter represents two sounds, the one whi '.h distinctively belongs to it, being that Avhich it has at thebeginningof a syllable and followed by a vowel, as in wave, dwell, forward, &c. This sound has some- what the character of a vowel, and w in such a position is often spoken of as a Bemi-vov.'el. At the end of syllables, in which position it is always preceded by a vowel, it has either no force at all (or at most lengthens the vowel), as in law, sow, hollfiw. &c., or it forms the second ele- ment in a diphthong, as in now, few, being then really a vowel and equivalent to the u in nentral. bough, &c. Followed by r it is a silent Initial in a conslderablo number of English words, as wrap, vmte, &c. Wh is another initial coml/ination , as in what, where, whale. &c. As an abbre- viation W. stands for west : W. N.W. for west-north-west, &c. "Wabash. A river rising in Ohio and forming the boundary line bet. Illinois and Indiana, for some distance, emptying into the Ohio : length, 550 m. Wade, Benjamin Franklin. An American statesman; b. in Mass., 1800, I). 1ST9. He represented Ohio in the U. S. Senate fo||piany years. "Wafer, wa'fer. A small thin cake, made of flour, cream, white wine and lump sugar, flavored with cinnamon. A thin circular portion of unleavened bread, gen- erally stamped with the Christian mono- gram, the cross, or other sacred symbol^ WAFFLl WALPURGIS-NIGHT Wagtail. used in the R. C. Ch. in the admimatra- •tion of the eucharist. A thin disk used fur SRaling letters, fastenlug documents together, and the like, usually made of flour, mixed with water, gum and color- ing matter. Fancy wafers are made of gelatine and isinglass in a variety of forms. "Waffle, wof 1. A thin cake, baked hard and rolled ; or a soft indented cake, baked in an iron utensil on coals. "Wagonette, -on-et'. An open four- wheeled pleasure vehicle of light con- struction, seated for six or eight persons. Wag-ner, Richard. A popular German composer; b. 1813, d. 1880. "Wagrani. A village of lower Austria, on the Ro?sbach, 10 m. N. E. of Vienna, noted for the decisive victory gained bj- Napoleon I. over the Austrians, July 5-G, 1S0». Wagtail, 'tai. A small bird, gen. Motacilla, fam. Motacillidae, regarded as a sub-fam. (Mota- cillinia) of the Sylviadae. Wahabee, wa- ha'be. A follower of Abdel Wahab, a re- former of Mohammedanism about 1760. The reformer did not add anything to the Mohammedan code, but the Wahabees rigidly observe the laws, which the others neglect. The members are brave, but iiinatical and intolerant. They have a well-organized government, holding sway over a large part of .Arabia. Waldemar I. (The Great). King of Denmark; b. 1131, D. 1181. He con- quered 8. Norway and Wendish Germany. W. II., 2d son of the former, s. his brother Canute VI., 1203, n. 1241. W. III., crowned 1340, d. 1375. Waldenses, wal'den-sfz. A sect of Christians professing principles substan- tially the same as those of the Reformed churches. They first ap]>eared in the r2th century in the upper valleys of Dauphine and Piedmont, but the persecutions of the 14th and 15th centuries drove them into many parts of Europe. They were, for several centuries, the subjects of cruel per- Becutions, and it was not ti%lS 8 that they enjoyed the same religious rights as the Catholics of Italy. At present the W. in- habit the Val Martino, the Val Angrona, and the Val Lucerna, b. AV". of Turin. Waldgrave, wald'grav. In the old Gwman Empii-e, ii head forest ranger. Waldo, Peter. A merchant of Lyons, France, the reputed founder of the sect known as Waldenses. He flourished abt. 1150-1200. Wales. A British principahty, occupy- ing the W. central portion of the island, bounded N. by the Irisli 8ea, E. bv Eng- land, S. by Bristol Channel, W. by St. George's Channel; area, 7,425 sq. m.; pop. 1,642,718. Principal cities, Bangor, Car- narvon, Wrexham, Holywell, Holyhead, Aberystwith, Carmarthen, Pembroke, Swansea and Merthyr-Tydvil. W. was ruled by native princes until 1282, Avhcn Edward I., of England, subjugated the country. His son, Edward it., was born in W., and assumed th(? title Prince of W., which has ever since been borne by the male heir to the British throne. Walker, Robert James. An Ameri- can statesman and political economist; b. in Penn.,lS01, d. 1869. Walker, William. A noted fllibuster; B. in Tenn., 1S24; captured and shot at Truxillo, C. America, 1860. Wallace, William, Sir. An eminent Scotch patriot ; b. 1270, beheaded in Lon- don, 1805. Wallaichian, wal-lak'yan. One of the natives of Wallachia, descendants of Ro- man and other colonists. That member of the Romance family of tongues, spoken in Roumania (Wallachia and Moldavia) and adjoining regions. Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius,Count von(Waldstein). A distinguished German general; b. 1588, assassinated 1634. Waller, Edmund. An eminent En- glish poet ; B. 1605, x>. 1687. Walloon, -Ion'. One of the descendants of the old Gallic Belgse who occupy the Belgian provinces of Hainault, Liege and Namur, S. Brabant, W. Luxembourg, and a few villages in Rhenish Prussia. The language of the same territory ; a dialect or patois of French, with many Gallic words preserved in it. Walnut, wal'nut. The common name of trees and their fruit, gen. Juglans, ord. JuglandacefP. Walking-fish, wak'ing-fish. The nam© given to an acanth'opterygious fish, gen, Antennarius ( .\. hispidus), from its ability to use its pectoral fins as legs in traversing the land. Walpole, Robert, Sir. A distin- guished English statesman ; b. 1676, d. 1745. Walpurgis-night, val-purg'is-mt. The WALRUS WATERFOED "VN'ah'UB. eve of May 1, associated with the most popular witch superstitions of Germany, tlioujirh its connection AvithWalpurgis, Wal- purga, or Walburga, a female saint of the !^th century, is not satisfactorily accounted for, her feast falling properly on the 25th of February. On this night witches rode on broomsticks and he-goats to some ap- pointed rendezvous, such as the highest ])oint of the Hartz Mountains or the lirocken, where they held high festival with their niaster, the devil. "Walrus, worrus. A marine carniv- ore us mammal, the single species constituting a gen. Trichecus, as well as the fam. Triche- cidip, and belonging, with its alhes the saals, to the pinnigrade section of the ord. Carnivora. The walrus (T. rosmaras) is also known as the morse, sea-horse and sea-cow. "Wampum, wom'pum. Small beads made of shells, used by the N. American Indians as money, or wrought into belts, etc., as au ornament. "Warbeck, Perkin. An English adven- turer who raised an insurrection against Henry YII., claiming to be the younger son of Edward IV.. who, with his brother the heir, was murdered in the Tower, by order of Richard III. W. was captured and beheaded, 1499. Warbler, war'bler. A popular name ap- plied to all birds of the dentirostral fam. Sylviadfe, comprising most of the small woodland songsters of Europe and N. America. The type gen. is Sylvia. The nightingale, robin-redbreast, 'wheat-ear, whinchat, stonechat, redstart, accentors. Sec, belonging to this family. Ward. Edward Matthew. A distin- guished English historical painter; b. 1S16, T). ISTP. Warlock, 'lok. In Scotland, a man pre- pumed to have supernatural power and knowledge by compact with evil spirits ; .1 male witch ; a wizard. Wart-hog-, wart'- bog. A name com- mon to pachyderms, gen. Phacdchoerus, fam. SuidiB. Warsaw. Former. cai>. of Poland, on the Vistula ; pop. abt, 190,000. Warwick, Rich- ard Nevil, Earl of. Wart-hog. (The King Ma- ker.) One of the most prominent states- men and soldiers in English history, of royal descent ; b. 1428, killed at the battle of Bai-net, 14TI. He first seated Edward Duke of York on the throne as Edward IV., but being slighted by the latter took sides with the Lancastrians, drove Ed- ward from the kingdom and reinstated Henry VI. Warm Springrs. (Bath Court House ) A popular spa in Virginia, 64 m. N. W. of Richmond ; pop. 1,300. Warren. Joseph. An American pa- triot ; B. in Mass. . 1 741, killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill, while serving as a volun- teer under Gen. Putnam, 1TT5. Wasp, wosp. The common name of in- sects of various gen- era belonging chiefly to the fam. Vesjudje, ord. Hymenoptcra. Those best known belong to the gen. Vespa. Wasp. Washington. Cap. of the IT. S., in Dis- trict of Columbia, on the Potomac, 39 m. S. W. of Baltimore ; pop. 147,293. The name of a Territory of the U. S., bounded N. by British Columbia. E. by Idaho, S, bv Oregon, W. bv the Pacific ; area, 69,994 sq. m.; pop. 75,116. Chief cities, Olympia, cap., Seattle. Post Townsend, Whatcom, Steilacoom, Vancouver, Walla- Walla, Cascade City and Pacific City. Chief rivers, the Columbia and tributa- ries, Skokomish, Skayit and Chehalis. Mountains, the Cascade range and several independent groups. Also a name given to a section of the Arctic regions, discov- ered by Dr. Kane's expedition, 1854. Washington, Georg-e. (Father of his Countrv.) First President of the U. S.: b. in Va.,'l732, d. 1799. He evinced rare mil- itary talents as commander of the Conti- nental troops in the war Avith France. 1753- 1758, and at the outbreak of the Revolution was appointed Commander-in-Chief, After the close of the war. 1789, he was elected President, and re-elected, 1792, declining a third nomination, Washita (Ouachita.) A river rising In Arkansas, and forming for some distance the boundary between that State and Louisiana, emptying into the Red River ; length 500 m. Waterford. An Irish seaport. In Mnn- ster, on W. Harbor, at the conflnenoe of the Suir and Barrmv rivers, C2 m. N. K of Cork ; pop. 35,791. WATCH 684 WEBER Watch. "Watch, A small time piece, now uni- versally circular in fliape, to be carried in the pocket or nbout the person. Water-color, wa'- ter-kiil-er. In paint- ing, a color carefully ground up with water and isinglass or other mucilage In- stead of oil. "Water-gas, -gas. An illuminating gas obtained by decomposing water. "Water-gilding-, -gild-ing. The gilding of metallic surfaces by covering them Avith a fliluto solution of nitrate of mer- cury and gold, called quick-water, and then volatilizing the mercury by heat. The gold is thus left adhering to the sur- face, upon which it is afterward burnished. "Water-God, -god. In Myth, a diety that l)resides over the water. Water-nixie, -nik-si. A water-spirit ; an elf inhabiting the water. "Water-plant, -plant. A name common to plants living entirelyin water, or requir- ing a preponderating quantity of water. All the species of the orders Nymph- teaceie, Callitrichaceaj, Ceratophyllaceas. Podostemaceft', Butomaceaj, Naiadace^e, Pistiace*, Alismaceje are water plants, also the cryptogamie plants, tam. Algic. "Water-sapphire, -saf-f Ir. A precious stone of an intense bine c.»lor and trans- parent, found in small rolled masses in Ceylon. It is a variety of iolite consist- ing of silica, alumina, magnesia, with a small proportion of protoxide of iron and a trace of manganese. Called also Sap- phire d'eau. "Watershed, -shed. An imaginary line or boundary which runs along the ridge of separation between adjacent seas, lakes, or river-basins, representing the limit from which water naturally flows in op- posite directions. Water-spout, -spout. A remarkable meteorological jihcnomenon frequently observed at sea, analogous to whirlwinds on land. It occurs when opposite winds of dilferent temperatures meet in the upper atmosphere, whereby a great amount of vapor is condensed into a thick black cloud, to which a vertical motion is given, causing it to take the form of a vastfunnel, which draws up the water in its vortex. The whole column assumes a magnificent appearance, being of a light color near its axis, but dark along the side«. Sometimes th« upper aiwl lower parts move with dif- ferent velocities, causing the parts to sepa- rate from each other, often with a loud report. The vapor is at length absorbed in the air, or it descends to the sea in a heavy shower of rain. Water-wraith, -rath. A supposed water-spirit, whose presence prognosti- cates death or woe to the person seeing it. Watt, James. A distinguished British engineer and inventor: u. at Greenock, 1786, D. 1S19. Watteau, Antoine. A distinguished French painter ; «. 1684, v. 1721, Wax, waks. A thick, viscid, tenacious substance, excreted by bees from their bodies, and employed in the construction of their cells ; usually called Bees'-wax. Wax-insect, 'in-sekt. A name given to insects other than the bee which pro- duce wax. The most important is a small white insect (Coccus sinensis or C. pela), a native of China, closelv allied to the cochineal, which deposits" its wax on the branches of plants. The wax known as Chinese wax or pela, is collected and made into a very fine kind of candles Avhich are used by only the higher classes in China. Wayland, Francis. An eminent American divine and author of the Baptist denomination ; b. in JST. Y., 1796, d. 1865. Wayne, Anthony. An eminent American general; n. in Penn.,1745, d, 1796, He was the hero of the assault and capture of Stony Point, 1779, and at tho close of the lievolution led successful campaigns against the Southern and Western Indians, Wealden, Avel'den, In Geol, the Weal- den group or formation. Weasel, wG'zl. A name common to the digitigrade carnivorous animals, gen. Mus- tela, iiun. Mustelidse. Weaver, wev'er. A name given to insesso- rial birds of various, genera, belonging to_ the conirostral section ■^ of tho order, and form- ing a group or sub-fam. (Ploceinae), of the Frin- gillidae or finches. Their nests are woven in a wonderful manner of various vegetable substances, Weber, Karl Maria, Friedrich Ernst, Baron von. A distinguished German composer : B. 1786, d. in Lon- don, 1826. Weaver Bu-d. WEBSTER 685 WEST INDIES Webster, Daniel. An eminent Amer- ican Btiitesmiin, jurist and orator; u. in N. H., 1782, d. 1852. He represented Mass. in the U. S. House of Eejjresenta- tives and Senate several j-ears, and was Secretary of State in the Cabinets of Presi- dents Harrison, Tyler and Fillmore. "Webster, Ifoah.. An eminent Ameri- can lexicojrrapher ; b. in Conn., 1758, D. 1843. His well-linown "Dictionary" ■was first published 1828, and new edi- tions are being constantly issued. Wedgre, Avej. A tai)ered piece of metal or wood, used in split- ting woods, rocks, &c. Week, wek. The space of seven days ; the space from one Sunday to another; a cycle of time which has been used from the earliest ages in Eastern countries, and is nownniver- sall^' adopted over the Christian "^ edge, and Mohammedan worlds. It is com- monly regarded as a ihemorial of the creation of the world in that space of time. Weevil, we'vil. The name applied to coleopterous insects, fam. Curculionidaj, many of which are dangerous enemies to the agriculturist Welding-, weld ^^t.ovl J5 S. unitmg intense or£ U ing. The process of iron by heat. Weimar. Cap. of Modes of Welding. Saxe- Weimar, Ger- a, butt weld, or many, on the Ilm, jumping weld; b, 52 m'. S. W. of Leip- scai-f weld, zig, the recognized literary social center of the empire; pop. If), 826. Wellington, wel'ing-ton, A kind of lonir-legged boot, named after the Duke ofW. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of. A distinguished British states- man and general, the conqueror of Najio- leon I. : i;. in County Meath, Ireland, 1769, V. in England, 1862. Wellingrton. Cap. of N"ew Zealand on New Ulster, or North Island; pop. 26,319. Welsh., welsh. The language of Wales. It is a member of the Celtic family, form- ing with the Breton language and the now extinct Cornish branch the Cymric group. It is distinguished for the beauty of its comjiounds. which it possesses the' capac- ity of forming to an almost unlimited ex- tent. The general name of the inhabitants of Wales. Wend, wend. One of a powerful Slavic people, now absorbed in the German race, which formerly inhabited the N. and E. of Germany. A remnant remains in the E. district of Sachsen-Altenburg, and in the country between the Vistula and Per- sante, Avhere they still speak the Wendio tongue and preserve their peculiar man- ners and customs. Written also Vend. Wenlock Q-roup, wen'lok grop In Geol. that subdivision of the Silurian sys- tem lying immediately below the Ludlow rocks. The thickness of the Wenlock strata is estimated at 4,000 feet. Werewolf, wCr'wulf. Lit. a man-wolf. A man transformed either for a time or periodically into a wolf. Sometimes the Averewolf was a man by day and a wolf by night. A belief in the transformation of man into a wolf is, in some form, common to Europe and elsewhere, both in ancient and modern times. Some of the classic fables (c, g. Lycaon) are reflections of this Myth. Werg-ild, wer-'gild. In Anglo-Saxon and ancient Teutonic law, a fine for man- slaughter and other crimes against the per- son, by paying which the offender escaped further obligation or punishment. Werner, Abraham Grottlob. An eminent German scientist and author ; b. 1750, 1). 1817. Weser. A river of N. W. Germany emptying into the N. Sea; length, 100 m. Wesley, John. A distinguishtnl En- glish divine and founder of the sect known as Wesleyans or Methodists ; b. 1703, d. 1791. Charles W., brother of the above, also a clergyman and poet, was associated ^nth John in his religious labors. Wesleyanism, wes'li-an-izm. Armin- ian Methodism ; the system of doctrines and church i)olity of the Wesley an Meth- odists. West, west. That point of the horizon where the sun sets at the equinox, and midwaj' between the north and south points ; the intersection of the prime ver- tical with the horizon, on that side where the sun sets. West is directly opposite to east, and one of the cardinal points. West, Benjamin. A distinguished American painter ; b. in Penn., 1738, d. in London, 1820. West Indies, The. The collective name of the ^y-eat archipelago, comprising nearly 1,000 islands, situated between the two contin«!nt.-j, and lying between the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. The principal islands are mentioned under theti- respective names. WESTMINSTER WHISKY Greenland Whale. Westminster. The W. division or court quarter of London, Eng.; pop. abt. 800,000. West Point. A village of Orange Co., N. Y., on the Hudson, 52 m. JST. of N. Y, City. It is the seat of the U. S. Military- Academy, founded 1794. West Virginia. A State of the Ameri- can Union, set off from Va., 1S62, bounded N. by Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland, E. and S. by Virginia, W. by Ohio and Tennessee; area, 59,642 sq. m.; pop. 618,- 45T. Principal cities. Wheeling, cap., Park- ersburg, Martinsburg, Lewisburg, Bar- boursville, Buckhannon and Clarksburg. Chief rivers, Ohio, Great and Little Kan- awha, Guyandotte, Elk and Monomrnhela. Kidges of the Alleghany IMountaina in- ters ect the a — ^^. State. Whale, whul. The common name given to the larger mammals of the ord. Cetacea. Whalebone, 'bon. An elastic horny substance which adheres in thin parallel plates to the upper jaw of the family of whales called Batenida?. These laminae vary from a few inches to 12 feet in length; the breadth of the largest is about a foot, and the average thickness is from four to live-tenths of an inch. Called also Ba- leen. Whallahee, wharia-be. A variety of kangaroo of N. S. Wales (Halmaturus ualabatus). It is not so large as the com- mon or woolly kangaroo. Wheat- ear. An ear of wheat; a small bird al- lied to the finches. W h e at on, Henry. A n eminent Ameri- can jurist and diplomat; b. in Wheat-ear. K. I., 1TS5, T>. 1848. He was minister to Denmark and Germany. His work on international law is a standard authority. Wheatstone, Charles. A distinguished English scientist ; b. 1802, d. 1878. He was the inventor of several important electrical appliances, and introduced the electric telegraph into England. Wheeling-. Cap. of W. Va., on the Ohio, 92 m. S. W. of Pittsburgh ; pop. 30,737. Whelp, whelp. The young of the cania© species, and of several other beasts ol prey ; a puppy ; a (Sub. Whelk, whelk. A mollusk, the Buccin- um undatum or trumpet-shell. Whewell, William. An English phi- losopher and author ; b. 1795, n. 1866. Whey, wha. The serum or watery part of milk, separated from the more thiek or coagulable part, particularly in the process of making cheese. In this X)roces8 the thick part is called curd and the thin part whey. Whidah-finch, whi'da-finsh. A name given to birds, gen. Vidua. In size it re- sembles a linnet or canary-bird, and during tie breeding season the male is supplied with long, drooping, dispro- portioned tail-fea- thers. Whimbrel. A' bird closely allied to the curlew. Whin-chat. A small singing bird; the Saxicola rubetra. Whig", whig. A des- ignation formerly given to the meni- bers of one of the great pohtical parties in Britain, now known as Conserva- tives. The name of the political party in the U. S. opposed to the Democratic, now called Kepublican. Whip-poor- will, whip'por- wil. The popular name of an Amer i ican bird, the Chordeiles, A n - trostomus, or Cap- rimulgus vocifer- us, fara. Capri- mulgidje, alUed to the European goat-suck- er or night-jar ; so called from its cry. Whirl-bat, wherl'bat. An old name for the ancient cestus, a boxing-glove used by the Greeks and Eomacs. Whirlwind, wherl'wind. A violent wind moving in a spiral form, as if mov- ing round an axis, this axis, having at the same time a progressive motion, rectilin- ear or curvilinear. Whisky, whis'ki. An ardent spirit dis-' tilled generally from barley, but some- times from wheat, rye, s«gar, molasses, Wliin-chat. Whip-poor-will. WHIST WHITTIER &c. There are two chief varieties, malt- whisky and grain-whisky. Whist, whist. A well-known ?ame at cards, played with the full pack of 52 cards by four persons, two being partners against the other two, each player receiv- ing thirteen cards dealt out one by one in rotation. White, whit. One of the natural colors of bodies, but not strictly a color, as it is produced by the combination of all the pris'natic colors, mixed in the same pro- portions as they exist in the solar rays the color of snow. White-bait, 'bat. A fish, gen. Clupea, the C. alba, long re- „, .^ , . garded as the fry " hite-bait. of the shad. Whiteboy, 'boi. ^ member of an illegal association formed in Ireland about 1760. The association consisted of starving day laborors, evicted farmers and others who used to assemble at nights to destroy the property of harsh landlords or their agents, the tithe collectors, or others that had m.ade themselves obnoxious. In many cases they did not confine their acts to plunder and destruction, but went the length of murder. White-coat, 'kot. A seal-fisher's name for the skin of a seal-calf, when such skins weigh only GO or TO lbs. to the dozen. Whitefleld, George. An English divine celebrated as an orator; b. 1714, d. in Mass., 1770. He was for some time associated with the Wesleys, but in his late r days was an independent itinerant. White-friar, 'tri-er. A friar of the Car- melite order, so called from their white cloaks. White-lead, 'led. A carbonate of lead, used in painting ; ceruse. It is prepared by exposing sheets of lead to the fumes of an acid, u.sually vinegar, and suspending them until the surface becomes incrusted with a wliite coat. When mixed with ground sulphate of baiyta it is known as Venice White, Hamburg White, Dutch White, &c. White-leather, -leth'er. Leather tanned wth alum and salt, a process which does not discolor the hide or give it the brown appearance due to tanning by oak or hem- lock bark. White-metal, -met'al. A general name applied to any alloy in which zinc, tin, nickel, or lead is used in such quantity as to give it a white color : Britannia-metal, German silver, queen's metal and pew- ter are examples. Any of the soft metals, usually of a light color, used for bearings in machinery. White Mountains. A range of the Appalachians, extending from Maine across New Ilampshu-e ; Mt. Washington is the highest j)eak. White River. A stream which arises in Arkansas, flows through Missouri and empties into the Mississippi ; length, 80§ m. White Sea. A large arm of the Arctio Ocean, N. of the Kussiau dominions ; area, 47,000 sq. m. Whitesmith, 'smith. A tinsmith. A worker in iron who finishes or polishes the work, in distinction fi:om those who forge it. White-squall, 'skwal. A violent and dangerous gust of wind which occurs in or near the tropics, wthout haNing its ap- proach indicated by clouds, but accom- panied with white broken water on the surface of the sea. White Sulphur Springs. A popular watering-place of W. Va., 205 m. W. of Eichmond. Whitworth-ball, whit'werth-bal. A projectile invented by Sir J. Whi'tworth for rifled fire-arms, great or small. It is an elongated cylinder, terminating in a pointed cone, its length being 3| times its diameter, and made to fit accurately the bore of the gun. Whitworth-gun, -gun. A rifled fire- arm, whether great or small, having a hex- agonal bore, with a twist more rapid than usu al, invented by Sir J. Whitworth. Whiting, 'ing. ' A fish of the Gadidns or cod tribe, gen. Merlangus, M. vulgaris. Whit-Monday, whit-mun'da. The Monday following Whitsunday, in Eng- land generally observed as a holiday. Called also W'hitsun Monday. Whitney, Eli. A distinguished Amer- ican inventor :b. in Mass., 1765, i>. in Conn., 1S25. He invented the cotton gin and important improvements in fire-arms. Whitsunday, -sun'da. The 7th Sunday after Easter ; a festival of the church in commemoration of the descent «f the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. Whitsuntide, 'sun-tid. The English name for the season of Pentecost, com- prehending the entu-e octavo or the week which follows Pentecost Sunday; the term being strictly applied to the Sunday, Monday and Tuesday of that week. Whittier, John Greenleaf . An em- WICKET-KEEPER 688 "WILLOW ineiit Americfin poot and philanthropist ; B. in Mass., 18(»S. "Wicket-keeper, wik'et-kep-er. In crick- et, tho player belonfpn'j to the side which in out, who stands immediately behind thf' wicket to catch such balls as pass it. "Wide-a"wake, wid'a-wak. A soft felt li'it witli abroad brim turned ui)alIround. "Widgreon, wi.j'- on. A species of n atatorial bird allied to the A n a t i d re or ducks; t h e Mareca pen el- ope. W i d O TV e r , W in- eon. wid'o-er. A man who has lost his wife by death. Wieland, Christoph Martin. A rrenn.'in poetaml novelist; u. 1TB3, o. 1813. "Wiesbaden. A famous watering-place in llesse-Nassau, Germany, 6 m. N. W. of Mentz ; pop, 34,700. "Wig", wig'. An artificial covering of hair for the head, used (jfenerally to conceal baldness, but formerly worn as a fashion- able means of decoration. "Wigrht, Isleof. An Enf^hsh island, off the y. coast of Hampshire, from which it is sei)arated by a strait called the Solent ; area 180 sq. m. ; pop. abt. 70,000. "Wild-cat, wlld'kat. A ferocious animal of tho '^eu. Felis, thoF. catus. "Wild-duck, 'duk. An aquatic fowl, gen. Anas, the A. boschas, otherwise called the Mallard. It is tho stock of the com- mon domestic duck. "Wilderness, The. A section of Spott- sylvania Co., Va., 16 m. W. of Freder- icksburg ; noted for the desperately fought but indecisive battle, May 5-6, lSf4, between the Federals under Gen. Grant and the Confederates under Gen. Lee. "Wild-groose, 'gos. A water -fowl, gen. Ansei-. the A. ferns, a bird of passage, and the stock of the domestic goose. "Wild-swan, 'swon. The Cygnus ferus or CVgruis mnsieus, an aquatic bird, called also the Whistling-swan and Hooper. Wilkes, Charles. An American naval officer; u. in N. Y., ISOl, o. 1877. He discovered the Antarctic continent and cir- cumnavigated the globe in an exploring expedition, 188S-42 ; and in 1861 nearly involved his countiy in war with Gt. Britain by boarding an Enghsh mail steam- er and seizing Messrs. Mason and Slidell, confederate envoys. He was made rear- admiral, 1866. Wilkie, David, Sir. A distinguished IJritish painter ; u. 1805, d. 1841. "William. The name of several Em-ope- an sovereigns, tho most noted of Avhich are: W. 1. (Tho Conqueror) of England, founder of the Norman d5'nasty, iUogiti- mato son of Ilobert, Duke of Normandy; n. 1025, s. his father 1035, and on the death of Edward the Confessor, 1065, claimed the English throne by adoption. Ijauding at Hastings, he defeated Harold, 1066, and firmly established his throne ; n. at Eouen. France, 1087. W. II. (Kufus), 2d son o( the preceding; b. in Normandy, 1056, killed by Sir Walter Tyrrel, 1100. W. III., stadtholder of tho Netherlands an4 kingof England, was son of William II., Princeof Orange, and Maiy, daughter of Charles I. of England; n. atthe llague.lOSO. He married Mary, daughter of James I. of England, and on the deposition of thnt monarch, 1688, he assumed the crown at the invitation of the leading nobilitv ; i>. 1702. W. IV., 4th son of George lit. : u. 1765, 8. his brother George IV. 1830, u. 1837. He was s. by Queen Victoria, his neice, and reigning sovereign. W. III. is the reigning king of the Netherlands. W. I., King of Prussia and present Emperor of Germany ; b. 1797, a younger son of Frederick W. III., of Prussia, 8. his brother, F. W. IV., 1861, made Emperor of Germany, 1870. W. (The Lion), King of Scotland, s. his brother Malcolm 1165, ». 1214. He invaded England, was de- feated and made prisoner, and became a vassal of that country. W. (The Silent), Prince of Orange, b. 1533, eldest son of W., Count of Nassau, inheriting the prin- cipality of Orange, and immense estates in the Low Coimtries from his cousin. When the Netherlands revolted against tho attempt of Philip II. to estabhsh tho Inquisition in that country, W. placed himself at the head of the revolt and suc- ceeded after years of a bloody and varying contest in expelling the Spaniards. The Dutch republic was formed 1579, and W. was made stadtholder ; assassinated, 1534. "Williams, Rog-er. Founder of Bhode Island, a minister of the Ch. of England ; B. in Wales, 1606, emigrated to Mass. as a Puritan, 16^31 ; expelled from that colony, 16;36, he obtained a charter for R. I., 1643, and was its president, 1654-7, d. 1683. "Williamsbxxrg'. Cap. of James Co., Va.. 60 m. E. of Eichmond, noted for the battle. May 5, 1802, bet. tho Federals un- der Gen. Hooker and the Confederates under Gen. Johnston, the latter being de- feated ; pop. 4.109. "Willow, wil'lo. The common name of WILMINGTON WINE different species of plants, gen. Salix, the type of the ord. Salicaceae. In Woolen Manuf. a macliine for opening and disen- tin^'linjr the locks of wool and cleansing tlieiii from sand and other impurities. "Wilmington. The most important city of Delaware, at the junction of Bran- dywine River and Christina Creek, near lielaware River, 28 m. S. W. of Philadel- phia ; pop. 51.000. In N. Carolina, the meti-opolis of the State, on Cape Fear River, 34 m. from the Atlantic; pop. 20,230. Wilmot, David. An American states- man, author, 1S46, of the "Wilmot Pro- viso," a bill declaring that slavery should not be permitted to exist in any territory acquired from Mexico. The bill passed the House but failed in the Senate. B. in Penn., 1814, d. 1868. He represented his State in both houses of Congress. Wilson, Alexander. A distinguished American ornithologist ; b. in Scotland, 17(56, D. 1813. Wilson. Henry. An American states- man ; B. in N. H., 1812, d. 1876. He rep- resented Mavss. in both Houses of the Fed- eral Congress, and was elected Vice-Pres- ident on the ticket with Gen. Grant, 1872. Wilton-carpet, 'ton-kar-pet. A varie- ty of Brussels carpet, in which the loops are cut open into an elastic-velvet pile. Wimple, wim'pl. A covering of silk, linen, or other ma- teri.al, laid in plaits, over the head and round the chin, sides of the face and neck, formerly worn by women out of doors, and still retained as a conventual dress for nuns. Wince, wins. The dyer's reel upon which he wnds the jiiece of cloth to be dyed. Wincll, winsh. The crank, projecting handle, or lever by which the axis of a revolving machine is turned, as in the common windlass, the grindstone, Ac. A kind of hoistinir machine or wind- lass. Windagre; wind'- aj. lu Gun. the difference between the Winch. Windmill. diameter of the bore of a gun or other fire- arm and that of a ball or shell. The rush or concussion of the air produced by the rapid passage of a shot. The influence of the wind in deflecting a ball or shell. Windlass, 'las. A modification of the wheel and axle, used for raising weights, &c. The common form of windlass is the winch used for raising water from Avells, &c., having an axle turned by a crank, and a rope or chain for raising'the weight by being wound round the axl Windmill, 'mil. A mill Avhich receives its motion from the impulse of the wind, used for grinding corn, pumping water, &c. Wind River Moun- tains. An isolated range i of the Rocky Mountains, in' E. Oregon ; Fremont's Peak, the highest summit, is 13,370 ft. above sea-level. Windsor. A borough of Co. Berks, England, on the Thames, 22 m. W. of London, noted for its immense Gothic castle, the principal residence of the Brit- ish sovereigns for 900 years ; pop. abt. 13,800. Windward Islands. The name of one of two groups — the other being called "Leeward Islands"— forming the Carib- bean division of the W. Indies, The W. group includes Martinique, St. Lucia, Bar- badoes, Trinidad, &c. ; the Leeward group includes Domfnica, Guadaloupe, Montserrat, St. Kitts, Antigua and Nevis. Wine, win. The fermented juice of the grape or fruit of the vine (Vitis vinifera). The amount of alcohol in the strongest ports and sherries is from 16 to 25 per cent.; in hock, claret, and other light wines, from 7 per cent. Wine containing more than 13 per cent, of alcohol may be assumed to be fortified with brandy or other spirit. The most celebrated an- cient wines were those of Lesbos and Chios among the Greeks, and the Faler- nian and Cecuban among the Romans. The principal modern wines are port, sherry, claret, champagne, Madeira, hock, Marsala, &c. The principal wine-producing countries are France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Greece, Cape Colony, Australia and America. The juice of certnin fruits prepared in im- itation of wine obtained from grapes, but distinguished by naming the source whence it is derived ; as currant wine ; gooseberry wine. Wine of iron, sheriy with tartrated iron in solution. Quinine wine, WINGED 690 WITENAGEMOT sherry with sulphate of quinine in solu- tion. Oil of \vine, ethereal oil, a reputed anodyne, but only used in the preparation of other compounds. Spirit of wine, alcohol. "Winged, wingd. In Iler. represented with wingfs, or having wings of a ditt'er- ent color from the body. W. bull, an ar- chitectural decoration in ancient Assyrian temples, where winged human-headed bulls and lions of colossal size usually guarded the portals. They were evi- dently typical of the union of the greatest intellectual and physical powers. W. lion, the symbol of the evangelist St. Mark, adopted as the heraldic device of the Venetian iiepubhc, when St. Mark sup- planted St. Theodore as the patron saint of Venice. A celebrated bronze figure of the winged lion of St. Mark surmount- ing a magnificent red granite column, formed out of a single block, stands in the Piazzetta of St. Mark at Venice. Winnipeg-, Lake. A large lake of Bintish N. America, connectel with Hud- son's Bay by Nelson Elver ; length 240 tn. ; breadth 55 m. "Winter, win'ter. The cold season of the year. Astronomically considered vvinter commences in northern latitudes when the sun enters Capricorn or at the sol- stice about the 21st of December, and ends at the equinox in March ; but in or- dinary discourse the winter months are December, January and February. "Wirt, "William. An eminent Ameri- can jurist and author ; b. in Md., 1772, p. 1S34. Wisby. Cap. of the Swedish island of Gothland, in the Baltic, 130 m. 8. of Stockholm ; pop. 7,100. In the 12th and 13th centuries it was among the chief commercial cities of N. Europe, and its code of marine laws was the foundation of existing maritime statutes, "Wisconsin. A State of the American Union, admitted 1S47, bounded N. by Lakes Superior and Michigan, E. by the latter, S. by Illinois, W. by Iowa and Min- nesota; ar*>a, 58,924 sq. m.; pop. 1,315,497. Principal cities, Madison, cap., Milwaukee, Eacine, Fond duLac, Oshkosh, Janesville, Kenosha, La Crosse, Sheboygan, Green Bay, Watertown and "Whitewater. Chief rivers, Mississippi, St. Louis, Montreal, Burnt Wood, Menomonee, Peshtego, Oconto, Fox, St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin and Bock. The larger inter- nal lakes are Winnebago, Horicon and Court Oreilles. "Wise, Henry Alexander. An American statesman : b. in Va., 1S06, d. 1876. IIo was a member of Congress for many years, governor of his native State, and served througli the war as brigadier- general in the Confederate army. Wishing-cap, wish'ing-kap. The cap of Fortunatus, in the fairy tale, upon wearing which he obtained whatever he wished. "Wishing-rod, -rod. The pure gold rod of the Nibelungs, the possession of which conferred the power of keejiing the whole world in subjection. "Wistaria, wis-ta'ri-a. A gen. of plants, ord. Leguminosa\ The species are decid- uous, twining shrubs. Witchcraft, 'kraft. The practices of wtches ; sorcery ; a supernatural power which persons were formerly supposed to obtain by entering into compact with the devil. The behef in witchcraft was com- mon in Europe till the 16th century, and maintained its ground with tolerable firm- ness till the middle of the 17th, and is not yet altogether extinct. Numbers of re- puted witches were condemned to be burned, so that in England alone it is computed that no fewer than 30,000 of them suffered at the stake. Witches'-Sabbath., 'ez-sab-bath. A stated meeting of witches and devils at night for communicating the mischief they had done, and concocting more, at which the most obscene rites, or revels, were indulged in. The witches rode to the rendezvous on broomsticks, or on their demon-lovers in the shape of goats, having previously anointed themselves with the fat of a murdered or unbaptized child. Neophytes were introduced to the devil at such meetings, where they re- ceived his mark on their bodies as evi- dence that they had sold their souls to him. In Germany the witches'-Sabbath was held on Walpurgis-night. Witenagemot, wit'en-a-ge-mot. Among the Anglo-Saxons, the great national council or parliament, consisting of athelings or princes, nobles or ealdormen, the large landholders, the principal eccle- siastics, «fec. The meetings formed the highest court of judicature in the king- dom ; they were siimmoned by the king in any i)olitical emergency ; their concur- rence was necessary to give validity to laws, and all treaties were submitted to their approval. They had even power to elect the king, and if the scepter de- scended in his race it was by means of the formal recognition of the new king by the nobles, bishops, &c., in an assembly convened for the purpo»«. WITTEKINT) WOOL "Wittekind (The Great). A famous Saxon chief, who long defied Charle- magne, but was finally defeated and cap- tured 7S3. He was released and confirmed iu his title and property on recognizing G.'s authority and accepting Christianity; 0. 807. Woad, wod. A cru- ciferous plant, gen. Isatis, the I. tinctoria, formerly cultivated on account of the blue dye extra cted from its pulped and fermented leaves. Woden, wo'den. The Woad. Anglo-Saxon form of the name of the deity called by the Norse Odin. Wednesday de- rives its name from him, and his name is also seen iu several English place-names, as Wednesbury, &c. "Wolf, w^lf. A quadruped belonging to Common Wolf, the digitigrade carnivora, fam. Canidse, in habits and physical development closely related to the dog, some naturalists con- sidering it as the progenitor of existing races of the dog, with which it has been known to Interbreed. "Wolfe, James. A British general ; b. 1726; mortally wounded, in the moment of victory, on the Heights of Abraham, Quebec, 1751), his antagonist, the Marquis de Montcalm, falling in the same battle. The victory ended the rule of France in Canada. "Wolf-fish., 'fish. A teleostean acanthop- terygious fish (Anarrhichas lupus), so called from its ferocious aspect and habits. Called also Sea-cat, Cat-fish and Sea-wolf. "Woirs-bane, wulfs'ban. A poisonous plant, gen. Aconitum (A. napellus). All parts of the plant, especially the roots, are very poisonous, containing a narcotic alkaloid called aconitin or aconitine, one of the most virulent of all known poisons. The plant is u.sed in medicine for nervous and other diseases. Called also Monk's- hood. WoUaston. "Williaia Hyde. A dis- tinguished English chemist and natural philosopher ; b. 1766, d. 1&2S. "Wolverine, wul'ver-In. A carnivoroua mammal, the Gulo arcticus (or luscus) or glutton. W. State, a popular name for Michigan. Wolsey, Thomas. A distinguisbed English statesman and cardinal ; b. 1471, D. , in prison, while under charge of treason, 1580. "Woodbine, wnd'bln. The wild honey- suckle (Lonicera periclymenum). The name is also given to the Virginian creeper (Ampelopsis hederacea), and formerly given to the bind-weed (Convolvulus). "Woodbnry-type, 'ber-i-tlp. A process in photographic printing in which a relief image, obtained on gelatine hardened after certain operations, is made to produce an intaglio impression upon a plate of lead or other soft metal, from which prints are thrown off in a press. A picture produced by the above process. "Wood-carpet, 'kar-pet. A floor cover- ing made of slats or ornamental shapes of wood of different colors fastened to a cloth backing. The different pieces of wood are arranged so as to produce the effects of tessellated floors, mosaic-work, «fcc. "Wood-chuck, 'chuk. The popular name of a rodent mammal, a species of the mar- mot tribe, the xlrctomys monax, or gi-ound- hog. "Woodcock, 'kok. A bird, gen, Scolopax, the S. rusticola, allied to the snipe tribe. "Wood-engrraving, 'en-grav-ing. The art of engraving on wood from Avhich im- pressions can be transferred by means of a colored pigment to paper or other suit- able materiak The wood generally used is box, the blocks being cut across the grain. "Wo o d p e c ker, 'pek-er. The com- mon name of scan- sorial birds, gen. Picus, forming the j^ Picidge of modem i ornithologists. Wood-swallow, Woodpecker. 'swol-lo. A name given in Australia to a gen. of birds (Artamus), fam. Ampelidje or chatterers, much* resembling swallows inhabit. The Australian species (A. sor- didus) is remarkable for its habit of hang- ing suspended from branches in clusters resembling swarms of bees. Wool, wul. The soft hair on sheep and some other animals, a-s the alpaca, some WOOL WYOMING species of goats, &c., whicli in fineness ap{)roacbes to fur. Wool, John Ellis. An American g-eneral ; n. in N. Y,, 1789. d, 1869. "Woolsack, 'sak. A sack or bag of wool. The seat of the lord -chancellor in the British House of Lords, being a large square bag of wool, without back or arms, covered with green cloth. ■Woolwich. A ci;,y of Co. Kent, Eng- land, 8 in. S. E. of London, containing a strongly fortified dockyard, naval arsenal and immense manufactories of war ma- terial ; also the seat of the Eoyal Military School ; pop. abt. 40,000. Wootz, wHts. A superior steel made in the E. Indies, it is believed, by a process direct from the ore, and imported into Europe and America for making the finest classes of edge-tools. Worcester, Edward Somerset, Marquis of. An Enghsh mechanician, and one of the claimants to the invention of the steam-engine ; n. 1601, d. 166T. Worcester, Joseph Emerson. An eminent American lexicographer, author of the popular Dictionary bearing his name ; n. in N. 11., 1784, d. 1865. World, werld. The whole system of created things ; the whole creation ; the universe. Any celestial orb or planetary body, especially considered as peopled, and as the scene of interests kindred to those of mankind. The earth and all created things thereon ; the terraqueous globe. Wordsworth, William. A popular English poet, head of the "Lake School;" n. 1770,1). 1850. Worm, werm. A term loosely applied to any small creeping animal or reptile, en- tirely wanting feet or having but very short ones, including such various forms as the earthworm ; the larvsc or grubs of certain insects, as caterpillars, maggots, &c. ; intestinal parasites, as the tape-worm, thread-worms, &c. ; certain lacertilians, as the blind-worm, &c. Worms. An ancient city of Hesse, Ger- many, on the Ehine, 25 m. S. E. of Mentz, noted for the memorable Diet, 1521 , at which Luther defended himself before Charles Y. : pop. 12.176. Woronzoff, Michael Semenovitch, Prince. A Kussian general who served with distinction in the war with Turkey and against Napoleon I., and later, as vice- roy of tlie Caucasus, conquered the heroic Schamyl ; b. 1782, d. 1856. Wort, wert. New beer unfermented or in the act of fermentation. Worth, William Jenkins. An Amei-ican general ; 15. in N. Y., 1794, d. 1849. Wrangrel, Karl Gustaf , Count von. A distinguished Swedish general: n. 1618, D. 1675. Wren, ren. A gen- eral name given to tenuirostral birds of a sub-fam. of Insecs- ores. Wryneck, ri'nek. A deformity in which the neck is drawn to one side. A disease of the spasmodic kind in sheep, in which the head is drawn to one side. A small migra- tory scansorial bird, gen. Yuux, allied to and resembling the wo odpeckers; so' called from the singu- lar manner in which, i when surprised, it turns its head over its shoulders. Wryneck. Wurtemberg-. A S. German Kingdom bounded N. and W. by Baden, E. by Bavaria, B. by Lake Constance ; area, 7,675 sq. m. ; pop. 1,892,412. Principal cities, Stuttgart, cap., Ulm, Heilbronn and Ess- lingen. Chief rivers, Danube and Neckar with their tributaries. The Schwarzwald mountain range intersects it. Wych-hazel, wich'ha-zl. The common name of ])]ants, gen. Ilamamelis, the type of theord. IIamamelidacea3. Wycliflfe, John (Wickliff). An En- glish Keformer, founder of the Lollards, and translator of the Scriptures into En- glish ; B. 1824, D, 1384. Wyoming. A territory of the U. 8., bounded N. by Montana,'E. by Nebraska ani Dakota, S. by Colorado and Utah, W. by Idaho ; area, 97,883 sq. m.; pop. 20,789. Principal towns, Cheyenne, cap., Benton, Wyoming, Green Kiver City and Fort Laramie. Chief rivers, Laramie, Sweet- water, N. and 8. forks of the Big Chey- enne, Green, Big Horn and Yellowstone. The Wind Pviver, Snow, Big Horn, Elk and Black Hills constitute the mountain ranges, with the isolated groups known as Medicine Bow and the Ked Buttes. Wyoming. A valley of Luzerne Co., Penn., with the Susquehanna running through it, noted for the horrible massa- cre, 1778, of American prisoners by th« Indian, allies of a British force. XIS the 24th letter of the alphabet. It was borrowed by the Komans in com- paratively late times from the Grseks, and passed from the Roman into the An- glo-Saxon alpliabet. Except when iised at the bepinuing of a word, x in English is a double consonant and has usualh' the sound of ks, as in wax, axis, &c.'; but when terminating a syllable, if the sylla- bi© following is open or accented, it often takes the sound of gz, as in luxur^v, ex- haust, exotic, «fec. At the beginning of a word it has precisely the sound of z. Hence it is entirely a superfluous letter, representing no sound that could not easily be otherwise represented. As a numeral X stands for 10. It represents one V placed above another, the lower one being inverted. When laid horizontally, ^ stands for 1,000, and with a dash over it^ it stands for 10,000. As an abbreviation X. stands for Christ, as in Xn., Christian; Xmas., Christmas. X on beer-casks is said to have originally indicated beer which had to pay 10 shillings duty. Xang-i, zan'gi. In Chinese Myth, the supreme ruler of heaven and earth, God. Xanthin, 'thin. A name applied to sev- eral substances from color ; as that portion of the yellow of flowers insoluble in water; the yellow coloring matter in madder; a gaseous product of the decomposition of xanthates. The name is now generally confined to xanthic oxide, the ingredient of urinary calculi ; it is a white crystalline substance. Xanthippe. The Athenian general who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycales, 479 15. c. Xanthocliroi, -thok'ro-T. In Ethn. one of the five groups into which Huxley clas- sifies man, comprising the fair Avhites, Xebec, ze'bek. A small, three-masted vessel, formerly much used by the Alge- rine corsairs, and now to a small extent in Mediterranean commerce. It differs from the felucca chiefly in having several square as well as lateen "sails, while the latter has only lateen sails. Xenoph.011. A Greek historian and gen- eral, who flourished abt. 400 b. c. He was a pupil and friend of Socrates, and successtully conducted the celebrated re- treat of the 10,000 Greek mercenaries from Persia. Xeriff, ze-rif . A gold coin formerly cur- rent in Egj'pt and Turkey of the value of abt. $2.88. A name for the ducat in Mo- rocco. Xerxes. King of Persia, 4S0-4S2 b. c. He invaded Greece, 480, with an immense army, but was finally forced to fly with a few personal attendants, his army be- ing destroyed at Plata^a and his fleet at Mj^cale on'the same day, 479. Ximenes de Cisneros, Francisco, Cardinal. An eminent Spanish sUtes- man ; b. 1436, d. 1517. Xingn. A Brazilian river, emptying into the Amazon ; length, 1300 m. XuUa Islands. A group in the E. Ar- chipelago, of which X. Bessey, 400 m. long by 100 in breadth, is the chief Xylocopa, zl-lok'o-pa. The carpenter- bee, a gen. of hymenopterous insects with sharp-pointed imandibles which puncture wood. Xylography, -log'ra-fi. A process of decorative painting on wood. A design Is drawn on wood, which is then engraved, or the design is reproduced in zinc. An electrotype cast is then taken, and smooth surfaces of wood are i)rinted from this with l)igments prepared for the purpose. The color penetrates the wood, and after being French polished or covered with a fluid enamel the wood may bo sand-papered without destrojing the" pattern. Xylophag-a. -lof'a ga. a group of col- eopterous insects noted for their habit of excavating wood. They resemble weevils, but have no proboscis. Xyst, zist. In Anc. Arch, a covered por- tico or open court, of great length in pro- portion to its width, in which athletea exercised. Written also Xystus. Xystarch, zis'tark. An Athenian officer who presided over the gymnastic exercises of the xystos. YIS the 25th letter of the alphabet. It was taken from the Latin, and origin- ally from the Green upsilon. In the Anglo-Saxon it was always a vowel, and is believed to have had a sound resemljling that of French u. In modern English It is both a consonant and a vowel. At the beginning of syllables and followed by a vowel it is a consonant of the j)alatal class. In the middle and at the end of words y is TACAEE YAEMOUTH a vowel, and is sounded as 1 long, when accented, as In defy, dying, and as i short when unaccented, as in vanity, synony- mous. Y is sometimes called the Pytha- gorean letter, from its Greek original rep- resenting the sacred triad. In Chem. Y is the symbol of yttrium. Y, as a numeral, stands for 150, and with a dash over it for 150,000. Yacare, yak'a-ra. The native name of a Brazilian alligator ( Jacare sclerops) ; the spectacled cayman. Written also Jacare. Yacht, yot. A light and elegantly fitted up vessel, used either for pleasure trips or racing, or as a vessel of state to convey kings, princes, &c. Yager, ya'ger. A member of certain regiments of light infantry in the armies of various German states, originally com- posed of jiiger or huntsmen, whence the name. Yahoo, ya'ho. A name given by Swift, in Gulliver's Travels, to a race of brutes, having the form of man and all his degrad- ing passions. They are placed in contrast with the Houyhnhnms, or horses endowed with reason, the whole being designed as a satire on the human race. Hence, a rough, boorish, uncultivated character. Yale. An American college, at New Haven, Conn., founded at Saybrook as the collegiate school of the colony, and removed to N. H., 1716; named after Gov. Yale, one of its first patrons. Yam, yam. A large esculent tuber or root prod uced by various plants, gen. Dioscorea, growing in tropical cli- mates ; the sweet potato. Yak, yak. A ruminant mammal of the Yam. Yak. bovine tribe, the Bos poephagus, or Poe- phagus grunniens, a small species of ox, ■with horas curving outward, long silky Yama. hair fringing its sides, a bushy mane of fine hair and villous, horse-like tail; sometimes called the grunting ox, from its peculiar voice, which sounds much like the grunt of a i)ig ; known also as Sarlac, Sarlik. Yama, yii'ma. In Hind. Myth, the god of de- parted spirits and the ap- pointed judge and punisherof the dead ; the embodiment of| power without pity, and stern, tinbending fate. He is generally represented as c r o wned and seated on a buf- falo, which he guides by the horns. He is four-armed and of austere countenance. In one hand he holds a mace, in another a noose which is used to draw out of the bodies of men the souls which are doomed to appear before his judgment-seat. Yangr-tse-Kiang. A large river of China, emptying into the Yellow Sea ; length, 2,500 m. Yankee, yang'ke. A cant name, of dis- Euted origin, for a citizen of New England, •uring the American Revolution the name was applied to all the patriots, and during the civil war it was the common designation of the Federal soldiers by the Confederates. Yankee-Doodle, do'dl. A famous air re- garded as American and national. In reali- ty it is an old English air called Nankey Doodle, and had some derisive reference to Cromwell. It is said that the brigade under Lord Percy, after the battle of Lex- ington, marched out of Boston playing this tune in punning allusion to the name Yankee, and the New Englanders adopt- ed it in consideration of the fact that they had made the British dance to it. The national tune of the U. S., however, is " Hail Columbia 1" Yaqui. A river of Mexico, emptying into the Gulf of M.; length, 400 m. Yarkand. Cap. of Bohkara, Chinese Turkestan, on river of same name ; pop. 160,000. Yarmouth, Q-reat. A popular water- ing place, of Co. Norfolk, on E. coast of England ; also the headquarters of th& herring-fishing fleet ; pop. 44,826. YATAGHAN 695 TOEK Yatagrhian, yat'a-gan. A d&gger-]ike sabtir, with double-curved blade, the handle without a cross-guard, much worn in Mohammedan countries. Yawl, yal. A small ship's boat, usually rowed by four or six oars ; a jolly-boat. The smallest boat used by fishermen. Yazoo. A river of Mississippi, emptying into the M. 12 m. N. of Vicksburg; le.ng-th, 290 m. Year, yer. The period of time during ■which tiie earth makes one complete rev- olution in its orbit ; or the space of time which elapses between the sun's leaving either equinoctial point, or either topic, and its i-eturn to the same. This is the tropical or solar year, aud the year in the strict and proper sense of the word. This period comprehends the twelve cal- endar months, and is calculated to com- mence January 1, and to end December 81, It is not quite uniform, but its mean length is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 51.0 seconds. In popular usage, how- ever, the year consists of 865 days, and every fourth year of 366. Yeast, yest. Barm ; ferment ; the vel- lowisii substance, having an acid reaction, produced during the vinous fermentation of saccharine fluids, rising partly to the surface in the form of a frothy, flocculent, viscid matter (surface yeast), and partly falling to the bottom (sediment yeast). Yeast consists of aggregations of minute cells, each cell constituting a plant, Tor- ula cerevisiae. Yeddo (Jeddo). Lit. "Water Gate," cap. of the Japanese empire, on the island ofNiphon; pop. abt, 1,000,000, Yellow, yel'lo. One of the prismatic colors ; a bright golden color, the type of which may be found in the field buttercup. Yellow-bird, -herd, A small singing bird, fam, Fringillidse, common in the U. S., the Fringilla or Chrysometris tristis. Yellow-hammer, -ham-mer. A pas- serine bird, gen. Emberiza, the E. citrin- ella ; called also Y, Bunting. Yellow Sea. A large arm of the N. Pacilic, bet. the Gulf of Pe-che-le and the Eastern Sea, separating Corea from the N. E, Chinese provinces. Yellowstone Park, A tract of ro- mantic mountain and valley, lying around the sources of the Missouri and Yellow- stone rivers, in Montana and ■W"5'oming territories, secured by act of Congress, 1872, as a public park. It includes Y, Lake, covering 330 sq. m,, the geyser region, and mountains 10,000 to 12,000 ft. Tew. high, whose peaks are perpetaally covered with snow, Yellowstone River, The largest tributary of the Missouri, rising in Sub- lette's Lake, Montana, and joining the Missouri after a N, E, course of 1,000 m. Yemen, The S, W, portion of Arabia, an evalet of the Turkish government; pop, 'abt, 500,000. Yenesei, A river of Siberia, emptying into the Arctic Ocean ; length, 2,300 m. Yesso (Jesso), The most northerly of the group of isLands forming the empire of Japan; area, 62,500 sq.m. Cap. Mats- mai. Yew, yu. An evergreen tree, gen. Ta.xus, ord, or sub-ord. Tax- aceas. The com- mon yew is T. baccata. Yezd, A city of Persia, near the desert of Luth, and prin- cipal entrepot of the commerce with India, Persia and Afghanistan ; pop. 42,786. Yezdegrerdian, yez'de-ger"di-an. A term applied to an era, dated from the overthrow of the Persian Empire, when Yezdegerd was defeated bv the Arabians, in the 11th year of the Heg'ira, a. d. 636. Yezidee, 'i-de. A member of a small tribe bordering on the Euphrates, whose religion is said to be a mixture of the wor- ship of the devil, with some of the doc- trines of the Magi, Mohammedans and Christians. Y-moth, wi'moth. A species (Plusia gamma) of moth common in Europe, so called from the pr-isence of a shining mark resembling the letter Y on its beau- tifuUy marked upper wings. Yojan. 'Jan. In Hindustan, a measure of distance varying from 4 to 10 miles, but generally valued about 5. Yokahama. The port of Yeddo, and the principal trading port open to for- eigners ; pop, 12,700. York. Cap, of Co, York, England, on the Ouse, 22 ra, N. of Leeds, n»ted as the place where the first English Parliament sat, 1160 ; pop, 46,320. York, House of. The name of an Englisli dynasty descended from the Plantagenets, which gave that country tliree kings, Edward IV. and V. and TOEKTOWN 696 ZEBU Klchard III. It became incorporated ■with the house of Tudor by the marriage of Henry VII. and Elizabeth, daughter of Edvvai-d IV. Yorktown. Cap. of York Co., Va., on York Kiver, 70 m. S. E. of Pachmond, noted as the scene of the surrender of Lord Cornvvallis and his array of 8,000 men, to the American-French force nnder Gen. Washington. Y. was also besieged and captured during the civil war by Gen. McClellan, May 3, 1862. Young, Edward. An English poet; n. 1684, D. 1765. Young-, Brig-ham. A Mormon prophet, s. of Joseph Smith as President Bishop; B. in Vt., 1801, B. 1877. Yosemite Valley. A most romantic spot in Mariposa Co., Cal., near the foot of the Sierra Nevada ; it is traversed by the Merced Elver, which falls over a precipice 1,800 to 2,000 feet, and is hemmed in by granite mountains 2,000 to 4.000 ft. in height. Yucatan. An E. peninsular State of Mexico, separated from Cuba by the chan- nel of Y., 120 m. wide; area, 52,947 sq. m.; pop. 428,770. Cap. Merida. Yule. yiil. The Old English, and still to some extent the Scotch and N. English, name for Christmas, or the feast of the nativity of our Saviour. Yule-log, 'log. A large log of wood, forming the basis of a Christmas fire in the olden times. ZIS the last letter of the alphabet, -It is a sibilant consonant, and is merely a vocal or sonant s, having precisely the same sound that s has in wise, ease, please, &,g. It did not have a place in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, but in old English of the 14th century it was common. The words in modern English which begin with z are all derived from other languages, mostly from the Greek. When not initial, however, it often represents an older s in genuine English words, as in blaze, freeze, guzzle, hazard, size, &c. As a final it oc- curs in some onomatopoetic words, as in buzz, whizz. In Britain its name is zed, In America zod and zee. Zachariah. King of Israel, s. his father Jeroboam II. 773 b. c. ; assassinated the same year. Zacliarias. Pope, s. to Gregory III.. 741, 1). 752. Zaire (Congo). A large river of S. W. Africa, emptying into the Atlantic in Lower Guinea; length, 1300 m. Zambesi. A great river of S. E. Africa, emptying into Mozambique Channel; lengtli abt. 1,500 m. Zambo, zam'bo. The child of a mulatto and a negro, also sometimes of an Indian and a negro. Written also Sambo. Zangnebar. A region of E. Africa, bounded IST. by the Somanii countrj', E. b.y the Indian Ocean, S. by Mozambique, W. by Ethiopia ; it is little known. Cap. Zanzibar, on an island of same name, 40 m. long by 15 broad, the island having a pop. of 220,000. Zealand. The largest of the Danish islands, forming a province, S. of the Catte- gat; area, 2,675 sq. m. ; pop., including the small islands of Moen and Samsoe, 694,- 816. Cap. Copenhagen. Ze bra, zG'bra, A p achyder- ma tons, solidungu- late mam- mal, the Equus or Asinus ze- br a, a q u a d r u- ped of S. A fri c a , nearly as large as a horse, white, striped brownish -black bands. Zebu, 'bu. A rumin- ant of the ox tribe , the Taurus indicus or Bos indi- cus.having one, or more rare- 1 y two, humps of fat on the shoulders. It varies in size from a large mastiff dog to a full-grown domestic bull, and is often called the Indian Bull or Ox and Cow. The Z. are used as beasts of burden, and theu- fiesh as an article of Zebra. with numerous 'Zebu. ZEDEKIAH ZODIAC food, especially the hump, which is es- teemed a frreat delicacy. To this stock beloiifT the Brahman bulls or sacred bulls of Siva. Zedekiah.. The last king of Judah, placed on the throne, 59S b. c, by Neb- Tichadnezzar, Jehoiachin, his nephew and piedecessor. being carried captive to Baby- lon. Z., ha vinf? rebelled, was taken prisoner to Babylon, 5S6 B. c, and put to death. Zein, ze'in. The gluten of maize, a sub- stance of a yellowish color, soft, insipid and elastic, 'procured from the seeds of Zea Mays or Indian corn. Zeiuindar, zem-in-dar. In India, one of a class of officials created under the Mojjul government. They have been re- garded, first, as district governors; second, as landed proprietors, and third, as farm- ers or collectors of the government rev- cime on land. Zenana, ze-na'na. The portion of a house reserved exclusively for the females in a family of good caste in India. Zend, zend. An ancient Iranian language, in which are composed the sacred writings of the Zoroastrians. It is a member of the Aryan family, very closely allied to the Sanskrit of the Yedas, by means ofwhich, and by the help of comparative philology, it has been deciphered. Called also Avestan. A contracted name for the Zend-Avesta or sacred v.-ritings of Zoroaster. Zenith, zo'nith. The vertical point of the heavens at any place, or point right above a spectator's head ; the upper pole of the celestial horizon ; that point in the visible celestial hemisphere from which a line drawn perpendicular to the plane of the horizon would pass through the earth's center, supposing the earth a perfect sphere. Each point on the surface of the earth has therefore its corresponding ze- nith. The opposite i)ole of the celestial horizon is termed the nadir, and a verti- cal line or plane will, if produced, pass through the zenith and nadir, the specta- tor's place being considered the center of the celestial sphere. Zeno. A Greek philosopher, founder of the Stoics ; b. in Cyprus abt. 800 n. c. Zeolite, 'o-llt. A generic name of hy- drated double silicates in which the prin- cipal bases are aluminium and calcium. Zeolites frequently contain iron, magne- sium and alkalies ; they intumesce before the blow-])ip« and are decomposed by acids, yielding silica. -Zephaniall, zef-a-nl'a. The name of one of the books of the Bible, the work of one of the min»r prophets. The author lived in the reign of Josiah, In the 7th century b. c. The subjects of his prophecy are the temporary desolation ol Judea, the destruction of the Philistines, Moabites, Ammonites, Assyrians, &c., and the promise that God will leave a righteous remnant in Israel. Zero, ze'ro. No number or quantity ; a cipher ; nothing. * Zeus, zus. In Myth, the supreme divin- ity among the Greeks ; the ruler of the other gods; generally treated as the equiva- lent of the Roman Jupiter. Zif, zif. The 2d mouth of the Jewish sacred year and the Sth of the civil, an- swering to part of our April and May. Zimmermann, Johann G-eorg- von. An eminent Swiss philosopher and physi- cian ; B. 1728, D. 1795. Zinc, zingk. A metal frequently called spelter. It has a strong metallic luster and a bluish-white color. Its texture is lamellated and crystalline, and its specific gravity about 7. It is very hard, being acted on by the file with difficulty, and it is very tough. Zion, zT'on. A mount or eminence in Jerusalem, the royal residence of Da\id and his successors ; at present only par- tially within the city walls. Ziska, John. A distinguished Hussite leader, who won distinction in war against the Teutonic Kniirhts, Turks, French and Imperialists, defeating the latter in IS pitched battles ; b. 1360, d. 1424. Zither, tsit'er. A stringed musical in- strument consisting of a sounding-box pierced with a large circular sound-hole near the middle, the strings, to the num- ber of 30 in the more perfect forms of the instrument, being made of steel, brass, cat-gut, and silk covered with fine silver or copper wire, and tuned by pegs at one end. Five of the strings are stretched over a fretted keyboard, and are used for playing the melody, the fingers of the left hand stopping the strings on the frets, the right-hand thumb armed with a metal ring, striking the strings. Zodiac, 'di-ak. An i m aginary belt or zone in the heavens, extending about 8° on each side of the eoliptic. Itis divided into twelve equal parts called signs. It was marked out by ;:ecums Zodiac. ZOLLVEREm ZYMURGT the ancients as distinct from the rest of the heavens because the apparent places of the sun, moon and the planets known to them were always mthin it. This, how- ever, is not true of all tho newly dis- covered planets. Zollverein, tsol'ver-In. The German commercial or customs union, founded about 1S18, and afterwards greatly ex- tended. Its principal object was the estab- lishmejit of a uniform rate of customs duties throughout the various states join- ing the union. Zone, zon. In Geog. one of the five great divisions of f, 7- _ r f, \v v?, the earth, ^ ^ejn/fcTatc- N^j^'; bounded by circles pai-allel to the equator, and named ac- cording to the temp erature prevailing in each. The tor- rid zone ex- _. !>ends from Zones, tropic to tropic, or 23i» north and 28J° south of the equator; two temperate zones, situated between the tropics and polar cir- cles, or extending from the parallel of 23^° to that of eejo north and south, and called the N. and 8. temperate zone respectively, and two frigid zones, situated between the polar circles and the north and south poles. Zoo. A common prefix in Greek com- pounds signifying animal ; as, zoology, a description of animals ; zoophyte, an ani- mal plant. Zoology, -oFo-ji. That science which treats of the natural historj-- of animals or their structure, physiology, classification, habits and distribution. Zoophyte, 'o-flt. The name given byCuvierto' liis 4tli and last primary division or sub-kingdom of animals, including Echinodermata, Entozoa, Acalepha, Polypi and In- fusoria, from their struc- ture outwardly presenting a likeness to that of vege- tables and the polyps often resembling flowers. Zootomy, -ot'o-mi. The anatomy of the lower animals ; that branch of anatomical science which relates to the structure of the lower animals. Zoroaster. A legendary Persian or Bac- mm Zoophyte. trian philosopher, founder or reformer c the Magian religion. Of his history n( thing is known, and the time in which h lived varies in the traditions by som thousands of years, the latest placing hir as contemporary with Darius Hystaspuf The Zend-Avesta, Avhich recognizes th existence of two mighty spirits in contesi Ormuzd and Ahriman— God and Satan- are ascribed to Z. Zouave, zo-iiv. A soldier belonging t the light infantry corps in the Frenc army, organized in Algeria, and origir ally intended to be composed exclusivel of a tribe of Kabyles, but which, havin gradually changed its character, is no^ constituted almost exclusively of Frencl men. Zschokke, Joliann Heinrich Dan iel. A German historian and iiovehst B. 1771, D. 1848. Zuchetto, tso-ket'to. In the E. C. CI the skull-cap of an ecclesiastic coverin the tonsure. A priest's is black, a bishop' purple, a cardinal's red and the pope' white. Zulu, zo'16 or zii-16. A member of a wai like branch of the Kafir race inhabiting territory in S. Africa on the coast of th Indian Ocean, immediately north of th British colony of Natal. Zurbaran, Francesco. A distin guished Spanish painter; b. 1598, d. 1665 Zurich. Cap. of a N. canton of the Swis republic, at the IST. end of lake of sam name, 56 m. N.E. of Berne ; pop. 28,765 Lake Z., one of the most romantic c Swiss lakes, 23 m. in length, ^ to 2^- m. i breadth. Zuyder-zee, The. A large area of th German Ocean, inclosed by the Dutc provinces of Guelderland, Utrecht, i> Holland, Overyssel and Friesland. A grea inundation in 1282 united it Avith th ocean . Zwingle, Ulrich (Zuingrlius). A dis tinguished Swiss reformer: b. 1484, kille at the battle of Cuppel, 1531. Zymologrist, zl-mol'o-jist. One who i skilled in zymolog}^ or in the fermentatio of liquors. Zymometer, -mom'e-ter. An instni ment for ascertaining the degree of fer mentation of a fermenting liquor. Zsnnurgy, 'mer-ji. A name applied t that department of technological chem istry which treats of the scientific princi pies of wine-making, brewing, distillinj and tho preparation of yeast and vinegai in which processes fermentation plays th principal part. AGEICULTURAL SUPPLEMENT. Abele, a-beel, A name from the Dutch of the white or silver poplar, Populus alba, of Europe. A useful tree in paved streets ; suckers too freely to plant else- where. Acarus, a-ka-rus. A genus of mites which gives the name Acaridic to the mite fam- ily, which includes the itch, sugar, cheese, and other mites. Acer, ji'ser. The maple genus ; trees valuable for shade, fuel and timber. Sugar maple, A. saccharinum, yields the maple sugar. Silver M., A. darycarpum, grows fuel rapidly. A. pseudo-platanus, Euro- pean Sycamore, and A. platanoides, Nor- way M., are valued shade trees. Aftermath. The name in England for the second crop of grass, which in this country is usually called Eowen. Ag-riculture. (Lat. ager, a field, and colo, 1 till.) In its broadest meaning, A. comprises cultivation of the Boil of every kind. It is now subdivided into horticul- ture, arboriculture, dairying, breeding and raising domestic animals and others. The history of A. dates back to the early days of Egypt and Palestine, and the primitive iiiethods of those times are in marked contrast to its present status. The Erogress in the sciences and in the arts as had great influence upon A. within the past century. Besides the contribu- tions of chemistry and other sciences and of the mechanic arts, other agents have had a marked influence within recent years in the advancement of A. by educat- ing those who follow it. Among these are agricultural societies, which, by holding ffdrs and by meetings for discussion, have done much to diflfuse information. In the same direction is the work of agricultural papers, which were never so numerous or so useful as at present. To these may be added agricultural colleges, which though they have not done all that was expected of them, have had an influence in the right direction, and they are yearly improving and increasing their usefulness. Albuminoids. Substances resembling albumen in their composition, also called protein bodies. Besides carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, they contain nitrogen, a small proportion of sulphur and some- times phosphorus. The white of egg, animal muscle and the curd of milk, casein, are examples of A. and illustrate the three groups into which they are subdivided. The A. are produced by vegetables, and the value of these, in feeding animals, de- pends upon the proportions of A.they con- tain. Albumuza. Sap-wood. A woody exo- genous stem (tree or shrub). Increases in diameter by an annual layer of wood de- posited outside of the old, or heart wood. This being white or pale the early botan- ists called it A. (Lat. albus, Avhite). In timber the A. is sap-wood, and is rejected by builders, as it readily decays. Alfalfa. A Spanish name for hicerne, Medicago sativa, and in general use on the Pacific slope. Alfilaria, al-feel-a-ree-a. The Spanish- American name for Erodium cicutarium of the geranium family, from Europe, and extensively naturalized in California and neighboring States, where it appears as a forage-plant when there is but little else. It is called A. and also Pin-grass. American Blight. A misnomer given in England to a European insect, the Wooly Aphis, Eriosoma lauigera. This ARRHElS^ATirEPvUil TOO BTTCKTHORIT Aphis (p. 54) covers itself with a cottony substance which exudes from its body. Has sometimes injured younp fruit trees here ; very destructive abroad. Wliale oil soap and kerosene emulsion will de- stroy it. Arrhenathemm, Meadow Oat-grass. Oat-grass, formerly placed in Avena, with the oat, from which it differs in having one of its flowers sterile. A valuable grass for meadow or pasture and gives an abundant aftermath, especially valuable in the Southern States. Asarum. Canada Snakeroot. "Wild Ginger. A genus of low herbs of the Aristolochia family. A slender root-stock bears two heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves, between whieh is a brownish flower lying close to the ground. A. Can- adense is the common Northern species. The root-stock is strongly aromatic, tast- ing like ginger, for which it is sometimes used as a substitute. Astrin??ents. Medicines -uishcd by its strongly rigid trunk; wood very hard and tough, used for turned work, &c. Also called Iron-wood and Blue and Water Beech. Hop Horn- beam, Ostrya Virginica, nearly related to the II., grows larger and has a fruit-cone resembling hops. Huckleberry. Fruiting native shrubs of the genera Gaylussacia and Vaccinium, of the Heath family. In some localities the fruit of Y. is called Blueberries. Im- mense quantities of the fruit are gathered for market from half a dozen ditferent species. Hung-arian Grass. A variety of Se- taria Italica, an annual which in rich warm ground yields abundantly. UsefUl in supplementrhg a short hay crop. Hurdle. A light movable fence, used to confine animals to a^ portion of a field. Made of wicker, split stuflF, and even of iron, in great variety. Ichneumon Flies. Hymenopterous insects, often mistaken for wasps. Their ep^s are laid in and their larvaa live within the bodies of caterpillars or other larvae, ultimately causing their death. Insect Powder. The powdered flowers of several species of Pyrethrum. This dry, diffused in water, or in tincture, kills or stupifles most insects. Imported from the Caucasus and now largely raised in California under the name of Bu- hach. T\=-y. Hedera Helix of the Araliaceas, and other species. Evergreen climbers, clinging to walls, &c., by small aerial roots. Ivy American, a name incorrectly given to Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Ivy, Poison, Ehus Toxicodendron, also called Poison oak. Ivy, German or Parlor. Senecio mikanoides, a climbing compo- site. Jolinswort and St. Jolmswort. Hypericum perforatum. A perennial weed ; leaves with numerous translucent dots containing an acrid oil. June-berx^y. Also Shad-flower and Sugar Pear, Amelanchier Canadensis. A small tree of the division Pomeae of the Kose family. Its long-petaled white flowers appear in early spring, followed by a berry- like edible jwme. Very variable. Kainit. A commercial fertilizer obtained from Stassfurt, Germany, and elsewhere, consisting of chloride of potassium, sul- phate of magnesium, &c. It contains 13 to 14 per cent, of potash, upon which its value depends. Kentucky CofPee-tree. Gymnocla- dus Canadensis. A large tree of the Legu- minosai, with stout branches, large twice- pinnate leaves, and mostly di<]ecious regu- lar flowers, succeeded by a large oblong pod, containing several flattish seeds, for- merly used as a substitute for coffee. Native of Middle and Southern States. Ladies' Slipper. Showy ten-estrial or- chids, several of which are natives of the IT. S. Cypripedium spectabile is the most beautiful, Iiarch. Large deciduous, coniferous trees, of the genus Larix. The European species, L. Europeaea, is noted for the durability of its timber. The native, L. Americana, is also called Tamarack. Laurel. Properly the European Lanrua nobilis, but in this coimtry applied to spe- cies of Kalmia, shrubs belonging to the Heath family. The Mountain L., K. latifolia is a tall shoAvy shrub. The low L., K. augustifolia, is poisonous to lamba in spring ; hence is called Lambkill. Mildew. A minute parasitic plant of the fungus group, attacking the grape, rose and many other shrabs, herbs and trees. Flowers of sulphur applied with a bellows is the most effective remedy. Naphtha. One of the light hydro- carbons obtained in refining petroleum, used as solvent for resins, to mix with paint and as a dangerous adulteration of kerosene. Oil-cake. The marc or residuum left after pressing the oil from hnseed. When ground it is oil-cake meal, used as cattle food. Oleomargrarine. A preparation of ani- mal fat Tised in place of butter. When sold as butter it is a fraud. Its manufac- ture has been prohibited in some States, Osagre Orange. Madura aurantiaca, a native spiny tree of tho Mulberry family. Much used in mild climates for hedges. Peanut. Arachis hypogaea, a legu- minous plant which pushes its forming pod into the ground to mature. Grown PECAIT 704 TELLOW-WOOD In Virg-inia and southward, lloasted and eaten ; used also to express for its oil. Pecan. Carya olivaeformis, a hickory- tree of the Southern States ; produces a rich dessert nut ; supplied to commerce mainly by Texas. Expressed for oil. Persimmon. Trees of the Ebony fam- ily. The native Diospj'ros Vir^dniana, inost abundant at the 'South, yields a small fruit, edible when fro>*ted. The Japanese P., D. Kaki, has a lar^e, much- esteemed fruit, in several varieties. Poke. Phytolacca decandra, a peren- nial herb, 4 to 6 feet high, with racemes of black-purple berries. Root poisonous, yonnjiT shoots used as asparagus. Also called Scoke, Garget and Pigeon berry. Rag-weed. Ambrosia arteraisiiefolia. A jiative, annual, widely disseminated weed of tho Composite family. It has much- divided leaves and a strong unpleasant odor. Tho hay fever is attributed to its irritating pollen. Also called Bitterweed and Koman Wormwood. Ramie. China Grass, a fiber from Bceh- meria nivea, and other species of B., be- longing to the Nettle family. A perennial herb, 4 to 6 feet high, may be cultivated in the Middle States and southward. The ultimate fibers cannot be separated me- chanically ; when treated by a solvent are fine and silky. Rust. A microscopic, parasitic plant (Uredo), preying upon various grains and coating their leaves and stems with an orange or rusty substance, consisting of the spores (seeds) of the fungus plant. Salsify. The roots of Tragopogon por- rifoUus, a biennial liguhfloral composite. Stewed or fried they taste like the oyster, and are called oyster plant and vegetable oyster. Saffron. The dried stigmas of Crocus sativns of Europe, used in medicine for ttieir color and flavor. Name also given to Safliower, the flowers of Carthamus tinc- torius, a composite, used as a dye. Silo. A receptacle for holding green fod- der (ensilage) and is made of earthen, brick, stone or thick wooden air-tight walls. Smut. A microscopic plant allied to tho rusts, mildews and molds (Fungi) at- tacting many plants, but most distinctive to the cereals, especially Indian corn. Cut off the affected parts and burn them. Teosinte. Euchena luxurians, a gigantic grass from East Indies. It bears cutting frequently and valued in warm climates as a forage plant. "Walnut. The fruit of the genus Juglans including J. cinerea, Butter-nut ; J. nigra. Black Walnut, and J. regia, the English walnut. The Hickory nut, often called walnut, belongs to the Jaearly related genus Carya. Water-cress. An aquatic plant (Nastur- tium officinale) of the mustard family, frequently grown in streams as a salad herb. Weed. Any plant that is out of place, and therefore not serving its best ends to man. The foUovving are weeds : Thistles, purslane, quack or quitch grass, docks, bindweeds, &c. Yam, Chinese. Dioscorea batalus, a plant from China and Japan, in cultiva- tion for its large 'edible starch-bearing roots and for ornament. Yarrow. Achillea millefolium, Milfoil. An herb of the Composite family ; common; from Europe and very bitter, i'he usually white flowers are sometimes rose-colored. Yellow-wood, Cladastris tinctoria, a native in rich woods in Kentucky and southward, and one of our handsomest ornamental trees. The wood is light yellow, and the flowers creamy white hx large pendent cluster*. r>3^^ ^m. m^p: THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THU LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 1 WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH ^ DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. fl"? 15 1»5 : n \"'7 • i 1 VB 23648 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY