GIFT OF T43 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS BY JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., PH.D. ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF LATIN, COLUMBIA COLLEGE NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY T*. JA r COPYRIGHT, 1896, m AMERICAN BOOK COMPAN1 EGBERT'S LAT INS w. p. 3 763 PREFACE IT has been generally recognized by classical scholars of the present day that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has become so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary form at least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies. Not- withstanding this general recognition, however, no work in the English language which would serve as an introduction to the study of Latin inscriptions has up to the present time been published. It is to supply this want that the following pages have been written. The purpose determining the plan of the work has been to com- bine abundant introductory and explanatory matter with numerous examples for illustration and for practice in reading. The inscrip- tions, with the single exception of those from movable articles, have been printed in the type ordinarily used for Latin texts, since this form has been considered more satisfactory than any attempt at a typographical imitation of the original letters. Numerous photographic reproductions have been made from the fac-similes of Bitschl's Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica and from the exempla in Hubner's Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae, in order to impress in some degree upon the student the original form and appearance of the inscription. The debt of the author to the works of other writers is of necessity very great. Whenever another's writings have been directly used. 86286 iv PREFACE acknowledgment has been made in the footnotes ; but for assistance obtained from many other sources not noted, the author wishes here to express himself as deeply grateful. The Cours d?Epigraphie Latine of Professor Kene Cagnat has been of the utmost service and has, in fact, formed the basis of this work in many particulars. The author has also relied for much of his infor- mation upon the Prolegomena of Professor Emil Hiibner's Exempla Scripturae Epigrapliicae and upon the same scholar's article, Romische Epfyraphik in Iwan Miiller's Handbuch der Klassischen Altertums- wissenschaft, vol. i., 1892. To Professor Hermann Dessau the author is indebted for material obtained from his Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, vol i., and also for his kind words in regard to the preparation of this volume. In passing this book through the press the author has been greatly aided by his friends and associates. Professor Harry Thurston Peck has read much of the proof and has made possible the author's task by his encouragement and by his advice, so valuable because of wide experience. Dr. Nelson Glenn McCrea has read the entire proof and has in many instances, in connection with this kindly service, given renewed proof of his scholarship. Mr. George Olcott, a Fellow of this College, has been of most valuable service, inasmuch as he has prepared and verified the Chronological List of the Roman Emperors. The index is also the work of Mr. Olcott. The author earnestly hopes that this volume will prove to many the open door to a subject so remarkable in its influence upon classi- cal and archaeological study and at the same time so interesting and attractive in its pursuit. JAMES C. EGBERT, JR. COLUMBIA COLLEGE, December, 1895. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PAGE Bibliography ; Periodical Literature ; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum . 1 PART I CHAPTER I THE LATIN ALPHABET (HISTORICAL) Phoenician and Greek Alphabets ; Etruscan, Umbrian, Oscan, and Latin Alphabets ; Modifications in the Latin Alphabet ; Double Consonants ; Double Vowels 17 CHAPTER II THE LATIN ALPHABET (MORPHOLOGICAL) Archaic Alphabet ; Monumental Alphabet of the Republic ; Monumental Alphabet Perfected ; Documentary Forms ; Cursive Letters ; Uncial Letters ; Methods of Making Inscriptions ; Individual Letters ; Liga- tures ; Sicilicus, Apex, Marks of Punctuation . . . 31 CHAPTER m NUMERALS Numerals ; Fractions 72 v CONTENTS PART II CHAPTER IV THE ROMAN NAME PAGE Praenomeri ; Nomen ; Cognomen ; Names of Women ; Reduplication of Names ; Signa ; Additional Elements ; Names of Slaves ; Names of Freedmen ; Naturalized Citizens ; Inscriptions for Practice . . 82 CHAPTER V NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS Elements of the Imperial Name ; Title of the Emperors ; Titles of Mem- bers of the Imperial Family ; Chronological List of the Roman Em- perors ; Inscriptions of Emperors and their Families . . . .114 CHAPTER VI OFFICIAL TITLES Cursus Honorum Senatorial, Equestrian, after Constantine ; Official Po- sitions of the Third Class ; Inscriptions of the Senatorial Order, of the Equestrian Order, of Officials of the Third Class .... 164 PART III CHAPTER VII TlTULI Dedicatory, Sepulchral, Honorary Inscriptions ; Inscriptions on Public Works ; Inscriptions on Movable Objects ; Inscriptions for Practice . 225 CHAPTER VIII DOCUMENTS Laws and Plebiscites ; Decrees of the Senate ; Imperial Documents ; De- crees of Magistrates ; Public and Sacred Documents ; Military Docu- ments ; Documents of the Municipalities ; Documents of the Collegia; Private Documents ; Wall Inscriptions ; Inscriptions for Practice . 348 CONTENTS vii CHAPTER IX RESTORATION AND DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS. ABBREVIATIONS PAGE Restoration ; Dating ; Table of Archaisms ; Table of Legions ; Table of Imperial Relationships ; Abbreviations 399 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . e , . . .417 INDEX . 461 TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS c 465 INTRODUCTION To a beginner in the study of Epigraphy, the most important matters for consideration are the works which provide material for research, and the method which should be followed in approaching this material. The great storehouse of Latin inscriptions is the Corpus Inscrip- tion 'tm Latinarum, 1 which is indispensable for advanced study in this subject; but notwithstanding the importance of this great work, certain minor collections of inscriptions are more useful to the elementary student and for class-room use. The first of these is the valuable Collectio of Orelli and Henzen : Inscriptionum Latinarum Amplissima Collectio. lo. C. Orellius. 2 vols. Zurich, 1828. Vol. III. is by W. Henzen : Volnmen Tertiam Collectionis Orellianae supplementa emenda- tionesque exhibens. Ed. Guil. Henzen. Zurich, 1856. The last volume contains indices to the entire work. The most serviceable collection of inscriptions for general use is : Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum in usum praecipue academi- cum. . Gustavus Wilmanns. 2 vols. Berlin, 1873. This work contains inscriptions conveniently classified, with Latin notes ; also excellent indices. 1 C. I. L. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Consilio et Auctoritate Academiae Litterarum Eegiae Bornssicae, Editum. See page 6. LATIN INSCRIP. 1 1 2 llATIN INSCRIPTIONS 'Formose who*ar6 unable to consult the Corpus Inscriptionum, a more recent work will provide well-selected inscriptions in greater number than the collection just mentioned. This collection is based upon material gathered by William Henzen. Inscriptions Latinae Selectae. Ed. Hennannus Dessau. Vol. I. Berlin, 1892. For the study of early Latin, the following will be found to be serviceable : Dialectorum Italicarum Aevi Vetustioris Exempla Selecta in usum scholarum. Vol. I. Dialecti Latinae Priscae et Faliscae Exempla Selecta. Pars 1. Engelbertus Schneider. Leip- zig, 1886. Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin. J. Wordsworth. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1874. Remnants of Early Latin. F. D. Allen. Boston, 1880. For a presentation of the inscriptions themselves the student is referred to two great works, one of which gives inscriptions in fac- simile, the other by " exempla." The first of these is the large folio of F. Bitschl, containing inscriptions from the earliest period down to the beginning of the Empire. It is regularly denoted by the letters P. L. M. E. Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica ad archetyporum fidem exemplis lithograph-is repraesentata. Ed. Fr. Ritsche- lius. Berlin, 1862. There are five supplements, which were originally published at Bonn in 1862. They are also found in BitschPs Opuscula PMlologica, vol. IV. 1878. The second of these is : Exempla Scripturae Epigrapliicae Latinae a Caesaris dictatoris morte ad aetatem Jmtiniani. Ed. Aem. Hiibner. Berlin, ISSo. In this book there is a complete introduction in Latin, and over twelve hundred inscriptions with commentary. As the title indicates, this Exempla is a complement to the work of Bitschl, just mentioned. INTRODUCTION 3 As introductory to the study of Inscriptions, the student is re- ferred to two short works of Emil Hiibner : (1) The article entitled " Roman Inscriptions " in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. XIII. 9th ed. This will form excellent preliminary reading. A resume of the subject is presented in a form easily understood. (2) The article "Romische Epigraphik" in the Handbuch der Klassischen AUertmnswtssenschaft, Iwaii Miiller, vol. I. 1886, 2d ed. 1892. This provides a bibliography of the collection of inscriptions and an introduction to the subject more complete than the article in the Britannica. This last work is also published separately. The only complete introduction to Latin Epigraphy is : Cours d'Epigraphie Latine. Rene Cagnat. 1st ed., Paris, 1886. 2d ed., Paris, 1890. This is an exceedingly useful book. A little book abounding in excellent suggestions, containing in- scriptions in illustration, is : Anleitung zum Lesen, Ergdnzen und Datiren Romisclier Insclirif- ten, Karl Bone. Treves, 1881. This work refers in the main to Rhenish inscriptions. For the study of Christian Inscriptions : Manuel d'Epigraphie Chretienne d'apr&s les Marbres de la Gaule. Edmond Le Blant. Paris, 1869. Also, by the same author : L'Epigraphie Chretienne en Gaule et dans VAfrique. Paris, 1890. For historical inscriptions, illustrating the history of the early empire : Latin Historical Inscriptions. G. McN. Rushforth. Oxford, 1893. 4 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS PERIODICAL LITERATURE To study inscriptions properly, one must keep pace with the growth of the subject, as new material is constantly being added. To accom- plish this purpose, familiarity with periodical literature must be maintained. The following are the principal periodicals bearing upon this subject: 1) A running supplement to the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum is published at intervals. Ephemeris Epigraphica (Ephem. Ep.). Vols. I.-VIII. Berlin, 1892. 2) Mitteilungen des Kaiserliclien Deutschen Archaeologischen Insti- tuts, Rdmische Abteilung. Loescher & Co. Rome, 1886. This is known also as : Bullettino deW Imperials Istituto Archeologico Germanico. 3) Hermes, Zeitschrift fur Klassische Philologie. Kaibel and Eobert. Berlin, 1866. 4) Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie. Ribbeck and Bticheler. Frankfurt, 1833. Neue Folge, 1842. 5) Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Wieinlande. Bonn, 1842. 6) Die Westdeutsche Zeitschrift fur Geschichte und Kunst. Treves, 1882. 7) Arcliaologiscli-epigmpMsche Mitteilungen aus Oesterreich-Ungarn. Vienna, 1877. 8) Revue Epigrapliique du Midi de la France. A. Allmer. 7 vols. Vienna, 1878-92. 9) Revue Archeologique, 1 Paris, 1884. 10) Melanges d'Archeologie et d'Histoire Publies par I'Ecole Francaise de Rome. Paris, 1881. 1 For recent discoveries see Remie des publications epigrapliiques relatives a Vantiquite romaine. R. Cagnat. This forms an appendix to the Revue Archeologique; also appears annually as UAnnee iZpigraphique, dating from the year 1888. INTRODUCTION 5 11) Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. 1877. This is the organ of the French School at Athens. 12) Notizie degli Scavi di Antichita Comunicate alia Reale Accademia dei Lincei. 1 Rome, 1890. 13) Museo Italiano cP Antichita Classica. By Domenico Comparetti. Rome, 1885-90. Vols. I.-III. This publication was discontinued with vol. III., and was suc- ceeded by the Monumenti Antichi. f\ J /14) American Journal of Archaeology, and of the History of the Fine Arts, Baltimore, 1885. 15) For Christian Inscriptions : Bullettino d* Archeologia Cristiana. G. B. de Eossi. Rome, 1863. 16) Dizionario Epigrafico di Antichita Romane. Hector De Ruggiero. Rome, 1886. Thirty-two fasciculi have appeared. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE COLLECTIONS OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS To obtain a knowledge of the history of Latin Epigraphy, the student is referred to the following : J. C. ORELLI : Index Praecipuorum Librorum Epigraphicorum aliorumque inscriptiones Latinas continentium. This is found in the first volume of the Inscriptiones Latinae of Orelli, page 21, and in the third volume by Henzen, page xv. R. DE LA BLANCHERE : Histoire de VEpigraphie Romaine, redigee sur les notes de Leon Renier in the Revue Archeologique, nouv. ser. VIII. 1886, page 46. Also in a separate volume, Paris, 1887. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Prefaces to vols. II.-XIV, G. B. DE Rossi : Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae Septimo Saeculo Antiquiores. Prefaces to vols. I. II. 1 Inscriptions of the city of Rome also appear in the Bullettino della Com- missione Archeologica Comunale di Roma from 1872. (Bull. Com.) 6 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS EMIL HUBNER: 1. Bibliographic der Klassisclien Altertumswis- senschaft. Berlin, 1889. Part II., page 354. 2. Article " Romische Epigraphik " in the Handbucli der Klass- isclien Altertumswissenscliaft. Iwan Mtiller. Vol. I. 1886. 2d ed. 1892. J. P. WALTZING: Recaeil General des Inscriptions Latines, et I'Epigmphie Latine depuis 50 ans. Louvain, 1892. This work gives an account of the Corpus Inscriptionum, and a bibliography of Latin inscriptions. COEPUS INSCRIPTIONUM LATINABUM This great collection of Latin inscriptions, published under the supervision of the Royal Prussian Academy at Berlin, is arranged on a geographical basis in fifteen volumes. Each of these volumes with the exception of the first, in which are published the inscriptions dating before the death of Caesar, is assigned to the inscriptions derived from a certain portion of the Roman world. The general plan may be seen from the following : VOLUMES I. Inscriptions dating before the death of Caesar. Editio prima. 1863 (out of print). Editio altera, Pars prior, 1893. Tabulae Lithographae. Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epi- graphica, 1862. VOLUMEX II. Inscriptions of Spain, 1869. SUPPLEMENTUM, 1892. VOLUMES III. Inscriptions of Asia (Egypt), of the Greek Provinces of Europe, of Illyricum. Pars Prior : Inscriptions of Egypt and Asia, of the Greek Prov- inces of Europe, of Illyricum. Parts I.-V. 1873. Pars Posterior: Inscriptions of Illyricum, also Monumentum Ancyranum, Edict of Diocletian de Pretiis Rerum, Diplo- mata Militaria, Wax Tablets of Dacia. Parts VI. -VII. 1873. INTRODUCTION 7 SUPPLEMENT! Fasciculus Primus: Inscriptions of the Greek Provinces of Europe. 1892. SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Secundus: Inscriptions of Illyricum. Parts I.-III. 1892. SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Tertius: Inscriptions of Illyricum. Edict of Diocletian. Constitutions of the Emperors (Diplo- mata militaria). Parts IV.-VIL 1893. VOLUMEX IV. Inscriptions Parietariae of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae. 1871. SUPPLEMEXTUM (in preparation). VOLUMEX V. Inscriptions of Cisalpine Gaul. Pars Prior: The tenth regio of Italy, Venetia and Istria. 1872. Pars Posterior: The eleventh (Liguria) and ninth (Gallia Transpadana, Alpes Cottiae et Maritimae) regiones of Italy. 1887. VOLUMEX VI. Inscriptions of the City of Rome. Pars Prima 1876, Pars Secunda 1882, Pars Tertia 1886, Pars Quarta (1895), Pars Quinta, containing inscriptiones falsae, 1885, Pars Sexta, Indices (in preparation). VOLUMES VII. Inscriptions of Britain. 1873. VOLUMEX VIII. Inscriptions of Africa. Pars Prior: Proconsular Africa, Numidia. 1881. Pars Posterior : Mauretania. 1881. SUPPLEMENT! Fasciculus Prior. 1891. SUPPLEMENT! Fasciculus Alter. 1894. VOLUMES IX. Inscriptions of Calabria, Apulia, Samnium, Sabini, Picenum. 1883. VOLUMEX X. Inscriptions of Bruttium, Lucania, Campania, Sicilia, Sardinia. Pars Prior : Bruttium, Lucania, Campania. 1883. Pars Posterior : Sicilia, Sardinia. 1883. 8 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS VOLUMEN XI. Inscriptions of Aemilia, Etruria, Umbria. Pars Prior : Aeniilia, Etruria. 1888. Pars Posterior: Umbria (in press). The Accademia dei Lincei publishes supplemental volumes of inscriptions of Italy under the title Corporis I. L. Supplements Italica, consilio et auctoritate Academiae regiae Lynceorum edita : Ease. L, Additameiita ad vol. V. Galliae Cisalpinae. Ed. Hector Pais, Eome. 1888. VOLUMEN XII. Inscriptions of Gallia Narbonensis. 1888. VOLUMEN XIII. Inscriptions of the Three Gauls and Two German- ies (in preparation). VOLUMEN XIV. Inscriptions of Ancient Latium. 1887. VOLUMEN XV. Inscriptions of the City of Borne, Instrmnentum Domesticum. Pars Prior : Lateres. 1891. Pars Posterior (in press). The contents of the several volumes may be considered under three divisions. L, Introductory Matter; II., Inscriptions; III., Indices and Tabulae. I. INTRODUCTORY MATTER At the beginning of each volume there is an Index Auctorum, which is an alphabetical list of the. authors referred to throughout that volume, with more or less extensive biographical and biblio- graphical comment. II. INSCRIPTIONS A. False Inscriptions (indicated by an asterisk) are placed at the beginning of this division, and are arranged topographically, accord- ing to cities and towns, with a paging and numbering of their own. The falsae of vol. VI. are collected in Pars Quinta, and are arranged according to the names of the authors. INTRODUCTION B. Valid Inscriptions are classified in three divisions. 1. Inscriptions in general. 2. Those connected with Yiae Publicae. 3. Instrumentum Domesticuin. The main body of inscriptions is arranged on geographical and topographical principles, by provinces as in vol. II., or by regiones as in vols. V., IX., X., with subdivisions according to the cities and towns. The several more important sections capita, e.g. those assigned to provinces, are introduced by historical notes, and by a chronological list of manuscripts and other works containing the inscriptions of the district, together with biographical comment and estimates of the epigraphic authority of the various editors. The character of the inscriptions under the title Instrumentum Domesticum, can be seen from the following subdivisions from vol. XII. : Tegulae, Lucernae, Amphorae, Dolia, Pelves, Vascula, Aequipondia, Statun- culorum formae cretaceae, Signacula ex aere, Sigilla medicorum oculariorum, Anuli, Gemmae, Pondera, Tesserae, Vasa mtrea, Supellex aurea argentea, etc., Massae plumbeae, Fistulae plumbeae. III. INDICES AND TABULAE The Indices contain a classification of the contents of the texts of the inscriptions, the scope of which may be appreciated by the following specimen index from vol. XII. : Nomina virorum et mulierum. Cognomina virorum et mulierum. Tmperatores. Reges. Consules aliaeque anni determina- tiones. Honores alii publici populi Romani. Res militaris, Dei Deaeque et res sacra. Populus Romanus, Tribus Romanae. Provinciae, civitates, pagi, vici, fluvii, montes, praedia, rim, similia. Res municipalis. Collegia. Artes et officia privata. Carmina. Litterae singulares notabiliores. Grammatica quaedam. Notabilia varia. Recensus locorum recentiorum, by Kiepert. Indices are at this time provided with vols. I., II., III., IV., V., VII., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIV. 10 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Tabulae. Maps prepared by H. Kiepert, giving the localities from which the inscriptions are derived, with names both ancient and modern, are placed at the end of vols. II., III., IV., V., VII., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIV. GENERAL ECONOMY Inscriptions Admitted. All Latin inscriptions engraved upon durable materials, such as stone and bronze, and also those cut or impressed upon small movable articles instrumentum, no matter of what character or purpose, are included in this work. Coins, however, are given a place in the first volume, but are elsewhere excluded. The work, as indicated by its title, is limited in its scope to Latin inscriptions, those of other languages, however closely related to Latin antiquities, being as a rule excluded. Bilingual inscriptions in Greek and Latin, however, are given in their complete form, and certain Greek inscriptions appear among those of Pompeii (vol. IV.), and of England (vol. VII.). The limit of time as set by Mommsen in his letter to Borghesi (vol. X., p. vii), is the end of the sixth century, inasmuch as the Fasti Consulares reach almost to that period (541). In all cases of uncertainty as to .date the inscriptions are accepted. Christian inscriptions 1 are admitted, and are marked in the indices with a cross. Criticism of Inscriptions. The great object in the criticism of inscriptions has been to determine their authenticity, for it early became known that false inscriptions had been composed, so closely resembling those of an- tiquity that even the most skillful critics were deceived. 1 Christianas titulos appello inscriptiones eas quae a Christianis relir/inis causa positae sunt. De Rossi, Inscriptiones Christiana e UrMs Romae. Vol. I. p. xxxvii. See bibliography for special works on Christian Inscriptions. INTRODUCTION H The first consideration in determining the validity of an inscrip- tion which exists only in a copy is the standing of the copyist, f or of the author publishing it. The names of Ligorius and Pratilli are in themselves sufficient to condemn the inscriptions published by them alone. The standing of the various authors can be learned from the Index Auctorum attached to each volume. 1 In the (7. /. L., when the unre- liableness of an author has been the reason for the rejection of an inscription, the fact is indicated by some statement; as quamquamfor- tasse genuina, suspecta tamen utpote a tali auctore solo relata II. 432*, or inter titulos suspectos releganda erant necessario propter auctorem fide omnino indignum II. 454* ; also by simply attaching to an inscrip- tion the name of a well-known falsifier, e.g. Ligorius or Pratilli, X. 406*. The science of palaeography is useful in the criticism of inscrip- tions as defining certain rules and usages, a violation of which leads to a suspicion as to the validity of the inscription. This method of criticism has to do with the external presentation, and is concerned with the types of letters, the marks of punctuation, the forms of nu- merals, etc. ; also, if the inscription can be seen, with the nature of the engraving. Such a criterion of criticism is indicated in the (7. /. L., thus: puncta rotunda pessime facta ad imas litteras apposita sunt, XII. 145* ; also titulum recentem esse cum litterarum forma turn spatia inter vocabula relicta punctis dejidentibus demomtrant, XII. 305*, or vidi ego et medio aevo incisam intellexi X. 143*, or descripsi et damnavi V. 75*. The last method of criticism has to do with the text itself. Vio- lations of epigraphic laws, of established principles of the Latin language, or of well authenticated theories as regards Roman antiqui- ties, should arouse suspicion as to the authenticity of the inscription or any portion of the same. In X. 52*, for instance, the tribus does not hold its proper place; in X. 565* there is irregularity in the use of the nomina and prae- 1 Non tarn insrript/onf'x singulas in indicium vocavi quam singulos auctores. Mommsen, C. I. L. IX. and X. p. xi. 12 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS nomina; in V. 40* a munus senator ium is inserted among the eques- trian munera, thus violating rules of the cursus lionorum; in X. 629* Sylvanus is termed divus, and not deus, and in X. 506* appears the irregular expression sacra aedes. Inscriptions have been invented to prove certain statements of classical authors, to account for the name of a town, or determine some disputed point in Roman antiquities or mythology, e.g. XII. 188*, where the comment reads ficta ni fallor ad Annecy nomen expli- candum. Antonini held that Paestum had been a municipality, and based his theory on two inscriptions, X. 109*, 110*. Pratilli declared that amphitheatres were consecrated to Hercules Victor, and used for this theory an inscription of the amphitheatre of Teanum X. 607*. The unreliability of the source determines at once the authenticity of the inscription, when such striking support to a chosen theory is so readily supplied. Other inscriptions, containing historical names and allusions to events of history, were undoubtedly composed for various purposes. Cyriacus shows an inscription from a statue in honor of Cicero, dedicated by the people of Arpinum, X. 711*. Antonini publishes an epitaph of a tomb raised to a son by M. Lamponius, general of the Lucanians in the Social War, X. 91* ; the comment here is ut M. Lamponii in betto sociali Lucanorum duds gens in lapidibus quoque reperiretur. Methods of Presentation. Preliminary to the text of the inscription, information is given as to where it was found, its location in antiquity, and at the present time. In some cases the nature of the monument is described, as basis statuae, tabula marmorea. The text itself is printed in Roman capitals, even if the original was in cursive letters. Imperfect let- ters are represented by type broken in such way as to indicate what remains. Ligatures are shown, also accents and punctuation marks of various forms. The lines of the inscription are repro- duced in the text, but the words are always separated, even if they are united in the original. With the text is also given a brief INTRODUCTION 13 description, printed in small script, of any design appearing on the monument. Thus with the inscription on a sarcophagus, C. I. L. XII. 1537. mulieris imago pueri imago cum tiolumine, cum tunica in manibus laticlavia in clipeo et tiolumine quern duo genii sustinent, pastor cum grege. Special characters are employed as follows : I. Roman capitals inclined indicate 1) Letters added after the first cutting. x. 6051. M . T R E B I N I G R I IN F . P XI I I N . AG - P XII C'MAMILIO-SP F . PR I M I G E Note : v. 4-5 post tempus adiecti sunt. 2) Letters seen by an early editor, but afterwards missing, vi. 1098. MARCIAE . OTACILlhE . SEVERAE S E N ATV S AC PATRIAE Note : Quae inclinatis expressi desumpsi ex Maffei. 3) Letters substituted in antiquity in place of erasures, vi. loss. SENATVS - ET - PATRIAE ET Note : Litteris inclinatis expressi quae in litura reposita sunt. The above was substituted for FVLVIAE-PLAVTILLAE-AVG. 14 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS II. Italics with points beneath indicate letters erased in antiquity which can be replaced. Capitals with points beneath indicate letters erased, but partly visible. xiv. 1007. D - M S quint o B E 6 i F E L I C I S S I MO - QVI - VIXIT - AN XXIII V. 1 et v. 2 ex parte erasi sunt. III. / / / / / indicate letters erased which cannot be replaced. The number of dashes depends upon the number of letters. vi. losi. IMP CAES M AVRELLIO ANTONINO - PIO FELICI A V G V S T n\V M I N I . E I V I S S I M v IV. VIII. 6806. ET SVPER OMNES RETRO PRINCIPES INVIC | TISSIMlF Letters thus enclosed have been substituted in antiquity for earlier erasures. V. ////// indicate illegible or imperfectly copied letters. The number is regulated by the number of letters. XIV. 2150. D M S A C R V M Q/7// SYNILESI H E R E D E S VI. ...... indicate the same as V., but are used only when an early editor has adopted this form. INTRODUCTION 15 VII. FECIT. This kind of type indicates letters barely visible. VIIT. Small italics are used to fill out what is known to have formed part of a mutilated inscription ; also to indicate when a new reading replaces an old. The old reading is given in the commentary accompanying the inscription. . vi. 926. \ IN H Cl o r werowllS-CLAVDllcaes a u g germ pont. \ S MAX TRIR/p o t IX. When there is any break in the stone, it is indicated by lines which trace out the fracture. Any confusion which might arise through the use of similar characters for different purposes is obviated by suitable information in the commentary. After the text of the inscription there follows the testimonium of the eyewitness and the editor, e.g. descripsi et recognovi, vidit I. B. de Rossi, Holstenius descripsit; next the principal authors and reviews providing the inscription ; and finally the lectiones variae, with authorities for the same. If the abbreviations are difficult to understand, or if the inscrip- tion is much mutilated, a transcript is often given in cursive letters. In this transcript square brackets indicate where substitutions are made for letters erased or corrected, while parentheses show the fill- ing out of abbreviations. Where nothing can be supplied, the lacuna is indicated by points equal in number to the missing letters. Vertical lines show the limits of the lines of the text. : w\ov\^> UflS$ JM >j* "%, . \r* \3> -Q /^ --' vJV THE DUENOS INSCRIPTION. See pae-e 346. UNIVERSITY I PART I CHAPTER I THE LATIN ALPHABET (HISTORICAL) FOR its civilization Rome was greatly indebted to the Greeks. Its philosophy was transplanted from Greece ; its literature was an imi- tation of the literature of the same people. The resemblance between the alphabets of the people of Italy and those of the Greeks proves that for the source of the Italic alphabets we must look in a similar direction. A careful study shows that it is to the Ghalcidian colo- nies, such as settled Cumae on the west coast of Italy and Naxos in Sicily, that the Italic alphabets are to be traced. The origin of the Greek alphabet is the Phoenician. Tradition, of however little authority, supports this theory. Herodotus, V. 58-59, states that letters were introduced into Greece by Cadmus, a Phoeni- cian who came to Boeotia. Pliny, N. H. VII. 56 (57), 191, repeats a similar tradition, adding that Cadmus introduced sixteen letters, a, /?, y, S, e, t, K, A, /x, v, o, TT, p, D fr He ^ f /? Van p> T r^ Zayin I PB 1 Cheth q H A/ Teth $ o Yod ^ u Tt i i Kaph 'J\ 7 K K Lamed t c A /*/a Mem Nun s ] fA N /v\ A/ Samekh $ f Ayin o o Pe 7 r n r Tsade jv JV tyoph 9 f f 7 Resh d ^ P /? Shin w/ Vv f ^ s Tau r 1 J( =t = k* 8 >]/=*=/ 3 N l/= X = cA THE LATIN ALPHABET vase found at Formello near Veii in 1882. 1 The civilization of the Greeks is younger than that of the Phoenicians, and the names of the letters are Semitic, not Greek ; hence the inference that the Greek alphabet is Semitic in its origin, derived from the Phoenician. The Phoenician alphabet was not in all respects adapted to the phonetic requirements of the Greek language. First of all, there were no letters to represent vowel sounds. This want was supplied by the use of aleph, he, yod, ayin to represent a, e, i, o. Van F may have supplied the u, the semivowel, but a new sign was invented to provide the vowel u, V or Y. There appears to be a resemblance between the Van of the Mesha (Moabite) stone and the Greek Y upsilon, but Kirchhoff believes this likeness merely accidental. The sibilants abounded in the Phoenician alphabet, and were beyond the needs of the Greeks. In consequence of this, much con- fusion has arisen as to the history of the Phoenician sibilants in the blending of the two alphabets. These Phoenician letters were zayin = dz, samekh=s, lsdde=tsoY ss (lingual), and shin sch (palatal). Of these, tsdde appears to suggest the name zeta, while zayin re- sembles it in form and holds a similar place. Some declare that zeta obtains its name through analogy owing to its proximity to ?ra and Orfra, Samekh seems to have supplied the sound of s and perhaps 1 The Formello alphabet is given on Plate II., column I. See Roberts's Greek Epigraphy, p. 17. PLATE I. COLUMN I. Names of Hebrew letters corresponding to the Phoenician characters in the next two columns. COLUMN II. Early Phoenician letters traced from the "Baal Lebanon" inscription as shown by fac-simile in Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. This inscription is dated by some as early as the tenth century B.C. COLUMN III. Early Phoenician letters traced from the fac-simile of the Mesha Stone as found in Die Inschrift des Konigs Mesa von Moab. R. Smend und A. Socin. Freiburg, 1886. This inscription is placed by scholars in the ninth century B.C. COLUMN IV. Greek alphabetic characters from representation of the Abu Simbel Inscription as found in Insert pHones Graecae Antiquissimae, Roehl, No. 482. This inscription represents the Ionian and so the Eastern Greek alphabets and may be placed in the early part of the sixth century B.C. COLUMN V. Letters taken from Euboean inscriptions of Styra and Chalcis, as shown in Inscrip- tiones Graecae Antiqui^imae, Roehl, pp. 87-103; and from Kretschmer's Griechinchen Vuseninschriften, pp. 62-72. This Euboean alphabet represents the West Greek alphabets. 20 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS its name, while shin has given the form or 2 of the Greek sigma. In some Ionic inscriptions samekh is found equivalent to i. Again, there are inscriptions in which the sign for sigma is M, the Phoe- nician tsade, and it has been suggested that the Greeks had in some alphabets a fourth sibilant san of this form M equal to s, while others had sigma $, S. Another difference between the Greek and Phoenician alphabets consists in the use, in the former, of additional characters to repre- sent ps or phs, kh and ph. In the early inscriptions, such as those of Thera, Melos, and Greta, these phonetic values are expressed by the actual combination of the already existing letters. 1 The appearance of the new characters X (+ ), , *l (Y) in the alphabets of Chalcis and the Chalcidian colonies leads to the belief that they were introduced before the eighth century B.C. 1 Various theories have been proposed as to the origin of these letters, but none has been found worthy of acceptance. W. Deecke 2 considers them Cypriote, arguing from the phonetic values of Cypriote syllabic characters, Y = u, ^ = pu and phu, >j< = ku and khu, fyj, Y, V = se. Kirchhoff has classified the Greek alphabets prior to 403 B.C. (the archonship of Eucleides) in two divisions, 1) The eastern alphabets, which are those of the Aegean Islands, Asiatic coast towns, and certain places in the mainland of Greece, as Corinth, Argos, Attica. 2) The western alphabets, which belong to the Euboean cities Chalcis and Eretria, to Sicily and the Greek colonies in Italy ; also, on the mainland of Greece, to Boeotia, Locri, Thessaly, Western Peloponnesus. The order and value of the purely Greek letters, those newly added, determine the difference between these two classes. The eastern alphabet shows the order , X, -I, with X = ch and *l = ps. The sound ks () is expressed by I or HH samekh seen between N and 0. The eastern alphabet became the recognized Ionic alphabet after certain changes had taken place. The cheth H used at first as spir- itus asper became long e. The was differentiated to produce fi = 6, 1 Kirchhoff, Studien*, p. 172. 2 Baumeister, Denkmaler, p. 51. THE LATIN ALPHABET 21 and placed in the last position. The use of the F digamma and the 9 koppa as letters had ceased, and the F = 6, and the 9 = 90. The western division retained the I (or EB in the Formello alpha- bet) as a numeral in the same way that F and 9 were used as numer- als in the Ionian alphabet. The order of the letters was X, , 4,, with X = ks, 4> ph, -I = ch. For V = ps, TTO- or < disregarded. The Etruscan alphabet was found north of the Tiber, the Oscan in Campania, the Umbrian east of the Apennines, the Latin and the Faliscan between the Etruscan and the Oscan. Etruscan. This is evidently a Chalcidian alphabet, since it shows the use of \l and 0. The X, which in the Chalcidian alphabet = ks, is in the Etruscan a numeral. * The tenues were originally all in use. K is at first found, then disappears, while D supplies its place, giving up the value of g, media. The other mediae, B and D, are not found in the oldest inscriptions. The 9 is found only in the earliest remains, and soon falls out of use. There are two forms of the sibilant, M and ^ or 8, used side by side. The prevailing form in the inscriptions is 8; ^ seldom occurs. Two forms Q and S with 1 For the / sound, the bilabial spirant, the Italic nations seem at first to have used F H, the aspirated digamma. Cf. fhefhaked on the Praenestine fibula and the Etruscan vhulxenas = Fulcinius, Fabretti C. I. I. Suppl. III. 306. The 8 is a modified . 22 PLATE II ALPHABETS OF ITALY GKEEK IN ITALY. ETRUSCAN. UMBRIAN. OSCAN. LATIN. FALISCAN. J\ A fl R AA/1VA f\ B a J] ^ B < D ) < c C ) 5 P D a 5 ^ 3 ? II $ f 3 > J F I 1 t 1 $ i I G ^ r g is B H g- o i 1 I i 1 i K >| )| K I J vj j I. I J 4^ [W W\ VK VIA H4 /W ^A m N H M H /v i/l P ^A 1 1 n p p 7P o p n z a \ I* p 5 S 5 T r > T T T f r X V V V V X V X 4 ^ T 4^ g 8 8 O S d f- THE LATIN ALPHABET 23 value r are found. The vowels are a, e, i, M, with o wanting. The Etruscan is always found written from right to left. Umbrian. All the aspirates are wanting save one, O, which is itself rare, and does not differ in value from the T. Of the mediae C and D have disappeared, and in consequence the K is still in use. The ? is not in use, perhaps was never adopted. The Umbrian, like the Etruscan, has no o, but possesses the other vowels, a, e, i, u. The peculiarities of the alphabet are B appearing as 0, and the new letters S and d, which, with 8 found in Etruscan, have been added to the Greek alphabet. The first, S, is a by-form of the Etruscan 0, but it does not have the same value, being equal to rs. 1 Hence it takes a different place in the alphabet. The d serves for the sound, peculiar to this dialect, of Jc before the vowels e and i. The Umbrian is, as a rule, written from right to left. Oscan. In this alphabet there are wanting the vowel o, X = ks, M = s, and 9. The d was at first disregarded, and the form Q was assumed by the r sound ; so that when the need of a media was felt, a modified S, i.e. R, was used, which may have taken the place of d in the alphabet. Need of was felt at a later date, hence the modified u, i.e. V, changed to v The letter next to the last is a modified form of I, i.e. h, which, with V , naturally assumes a place after 8, as neither appears on the older Oscan coins. The order of writing is from right to left. 1 See Biicheler, Umbrica, and von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte, p. 48. PLATE II. COLUMN I. The Greek Alphabet as found on the Formello Vase. This is the Greek Alphabet as it was written in Italy, and is the link between the Western Greek Alphabets of Euboea, particularly of Chalcis, and the Italic Alphabets. These letters have been traced from Plate 6 of Melanges de Vficole Frangaise de Rome, vol. II., Breal. COLUMN II. Etruscan alphabetic characters traced from representations given in Die Etrusker. C. O. M filler and Muller-Deecke. COLUMN III. Umbrian letters traced from Les Tables Eugubines. Michel Breal. COLUMN IV. Oscan letters from fac-simile inscriptions, in Inscriptiones Oacae (Tabulae). J. Zvetaieff. COLUMN V. Latin archaic letters. COLUMN VI. Faliscan letters from Inscriptiones Ilaliae Mediae Dialecticae (Tabulae). J. Zvetaieff. 24 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Faliscan. This alphabet possesses peculiarities that lead to a classification with the Latin. It differs from the Latin in the disap- pearance of the B and 9. The K also is wanting. The van F is represented by the form T. The old form iji and the position of the Z show the early adoption of the alphabet. The order of writ- ing is from right to left. All these alphabets, together with the Latin, are evidently derived, directly or indirectly, from the same Greek alphabet. The test characters are ^ = ch, X = A\s, C gamma and V lambda. The Oscan and Umbrian people obtained their alphabets through the Etruscans, while the Latins took their letters from the Chalcidian colonists. 1 Latin. The following peculiarities mark the Latin alphabet as distinct from those mentioned above. It has a complete vowel sys- tem, so that is found as well as A, E, I, V. It employs vau F for the sign 8, which does not appear at all. The V serves the purpose of both vowel and consonant. The K has really disappeared from use, except in a few words and abbreviations, and C has taken its place. To provide the gutteral media, C is made into G by a mark of differentiation, and the new letter assumes the position of I (Z), which early goes out of use. In the time of Cicero, I, the old zeta, md Y, upsilon, were taken from the Greek alphabet and placed after X (ix), and the former appeared in the shape Z. The Greek aspirates did not become letters in the Latin alphabet, but were used as numerals, 2 V or *l, the Chalcidian ch, = 50, O = 100 (probably), 1000. The 9 remained in use, but gradually lost ground in later days. The mark of differentiation was added to the P to form R when the letter P began to have a form nearly closed. The original right to left direction of the writing is found gener- ally in the dialect alphabets of Italy, save those of the Romans and Volsci, a fact which assigns the adoption of these alphabets to a period prior to the change in direction in the Greek parent alpha- bet. The medium of change from the original order to the left- to-right is the " boustrophedon " method, which combines the two 1 Von Planta, Osk. Umbr. Dialekte, I. 44. 2 For a different origin see Zangemeister ' Entstehung der romischen Zahlzei- chen" (Sitzungsber. d. k. Preuss. Akad., 1887). THE LATIN ALPHABET 25 systems. With a very few exceptions, the writing of the earliest Latin inscriptions is from left to right. The " boustrophedon " order is found in the inscriptions on the bronzes from Lake Fucinus, 1 but the language of these inscriptions cannot be said to be pure Latin. The Duenos Inscription 2 (Vascula Dresseliana) is written from right to left, but, being on a vase, the order of some lines may be due to economy of space. The inscription on & fibula from Praeneste, 3 which is regarded as perhaps the oldest Latin inscription, is written from right to left, an order which may be due to an attempt at concealing the meaning, as in charms. It is reasonable, however, to believe that this last inscription is a trace of the early retrograde direction of Latin writing. Modifications in the Latin Alphabet. C. This letter is the curved form of the gamma of the Greek alphabet. Its value at first was that of the Greek letter, but after- wards it had the sound of k (surd guttural), a value it assumed in the period preceding the decein viral legislation (451 B.C.). G. This letter finds its origin through the process of differentia- tion in the letter C. The modification was due to the confusion arising from the use of C as the sharp guttural k and as the flat g. In the Duenos Inscription virgo is spelled virco (some read vir cosied), while in the word feced an attempt has evidently been made to change a K into a C, but the K still remains in pdkari. Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, 54 and 59, declares that Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who opened a school in Rome about 523/231, invented this letter. Mommsen (Unterital. Dial, p. 33) shows that Spurius Car- vilius did not invent the letter, for it appears in inscriptions before his time. He may, however, have been the first to teach its use at his school, or he may have given it the position it still holds in the alphabet. The letter G is first seen on the as libralis of Luceria, dating iH. Jordan, Hermes, vol. XV., 1880, p. 5 j F. Biicheler, Ehein. Mus. XXXIII., 1878, p. 989. 2 See page 16. 8 See page 265. 26 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS before 485/269, then in inscriptions in the epitaph of Scipio Bar- batus, who was consul in 298 B.C. The epitaph appears to be less archaic than that of his son, who was consul 259 B.C. Ritschl has set the date as not later than 234 B.C. The words in the Scipio epitaph in which G appears are Gnaivod, prognatus, subigit. It is found also on paterae from Tarquinii in the name Gabinio, the date of which is supposed to be about the same as that of the Epi- taph. 1 Again it is found in the decree of the Senate " de Bacchanali- bus " of 186 B.C., in the words magister, magistratud, magistratum, gnoscier, jigier, agro* The letter G does not appear, however, in the inscription of the Columna Rostrata, which, though dating originally in the time of the Epitaph, was renewed, with a com- bination of modern and archaic forms in the Empire, perhaps under Augustus. 3 This character probably did not come into general use until a period much later than the time of its introduction, for the archaic form C is found long after the invention of the G. A trace of the early use of C is found in the abbreviations C for Gains and Cn for Gnaeus. I. This letter served as both vowel and consonant (semi-vowel). In the time of Cicero a double I is found indicating the semi-vowel ; thus Aiiax, Maiia, aiio, Troiiam, are mentioned by the grammarians Quintilian, I. 4, 11, Velius Longus VII. 54, x ; ana others, and in the inscriptions are found cuims, eiius, plebeiius. 4 This doubling of the vowel for such a purpose did not come into general use. In in- scriptions of the imperial period the tall letter I stood between vowels as the semi-vowel, though ATElO and ElVS are already found in inscriptions of the late days of the Republic. 5 It should be remembered that J was not specialized as a letter until the fifteenth century A.D. At first the letter I, initial, was 1 Corssen, Aussprache, I. p. 10. 2 See page 359. 8 It may, however, be an inscription of the days of Augustus, with imitation of archaic forms. 4 C. I. L. II. 1953, 1687, 1129. Seelmann, Die Aussprache des Lateins, p. 236. 5 C. L L. I. 750, 1418. Christiansen, De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 29. THE LATIN ALPHABET 27 changed to J by being curved to the left, the original shape still serving as the medial letter. As the initial I was usually the semi- vowel, the initial shape became identified with the letter J. K. This letter, in the earliest period, served as the sharp guttural (&), but was afterwards replaced almost absolutely by the letter C, which, at first equal to the sonant g, was relieved of this double service by the use of the differentiated C, i.e. G. K is found in "fhefhaked " on the Fibula Praenestina, which probably belongs to the sixth century B.C., and is apparently altered to C in the Duenos Inscription, dating about the beginning of the fourth century B.C., so that its disappearance from general use must have taken place at a comparatively early period. Its appearance in Latin orthog- raphy is confined to a few words for which it was the common abbreviation, as Kalendae, Kaeso. 1 V. This letter, originating in the Greek upsilon of the form V, served the purpose of both vowel and consonant (semi-vowel). The differentiation of the vowel and the consonant did not occur until about the tenth century A.D. X. This letter, which Quintilian calls nostrarum ultima, was the last letter in the early alphabet of the Romans. In inscriptions of all periods after the Senatus Consultant de Bacchanalibus 568/186, which has, e.g., the form EXSTRAD for extra, xs are found for x, perhaps because the X is regarded as equal to Greek X (cK), and then naturally s is needed. The attempt to express the sound of c followed by s led to such irregular orthography as ucxor, vicxit C. I. L. V. 5735, iuxcta C. I. L. VI. 14614, and visxit C. I. L. VIII. 67. Y. This letter, in reality the Greek upsilon, was employed in the days of the Republic to represent the Greek v, for the Latin V cor- responded more nearly to Greek ov. Before the use of Y, the Greek v was represented by Latin V or at times I. (Of. Cic. Orator, 48. 160, 1 Quintilian, I. 4, 9 ; I. 7, 10; Vel. Long., 2218 (Keil, G. L., p. 53); Ter. >. 2400 (Keil, G. L., p. 349). 28 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS where Ennius is said to have written Burrus for Pyrrhus and Bruges for Phryges.) Bitschl, P. L, M. E. 124, states that, with one exception, there is no instance of the use of this letter until the seventh century of the City. Z. This letter belonged to the earliest Latin alphabet, in which it probably had the place which the letter G afterwards assumed, since this is the position of the in the Greek alphabet. In the Duenos Inscription it is believed by some to occur in the word dze for die, although the letter may be I, or a V forming part of the word Duenoi. It is found in a fragment of an old priestly prayer, Carmen Saliorum, given by Varro, L. L. VII. 26 (M). 1 It appears on a coin of Cosa dating after 273 B.C. 2 taking the place of S in the word Coza(no), and is also seen in the transcription of an Oscan Law of the time of the Gracchi. 3 After this we have no trace of the letter until the time of Sulla, when it reappears as representing the Greek , for which, when initial, S had been used, or, when medial, SS. 4 Cicero (Orator, 48. 160), Nee enim Graecam litteram adhibebant, mine autem etiam duas, probably referred to Y and Z. It should be remembered that Z, when reintroduced, was a Greek letter, and was so recognized in the first century A.D. Z took the last place in the alphabet. Various attempts were made to add to the Latin alphabet. Ver- rius Flaccus, of the Augustan age, suggested a mutilated M, i.e. M, to take the place of M when final. 5 No trace of this has been found, so that it evidently did not come into use. The Emperor Claudius invented three letters : the Greek digamma inverted, to provide the consonant V, the antisigma for the sound 1 The word is cozeulodoizeso (some read cozeulodorieso') . Velius Longus, p. 2217 (Keil, G. L., p. 52) wrote : mihi videtuf nee aliena sermoni fuisse (z littera), cum inveniatitr in Carmine Saliari. 2 C. L L. I. 14; P. L. M. E. VII. 40. a, b. 3 C. /. L. I. 197. 4 Jordan, Kritische JBeitrage, p. 151, states that Z once stood for s between vowels, but lost its usefulness in consequence of "Rhotacism." 6 Velius Longus, p. 2238, Keil, G. L., p. 80, THE LATIN ALPHABET 29 of bs and ps, and the Greek spirit us \- for the sound intermediate between i and u. Claudius wrote a book discussing the need of these letters, and, when emperor, ordered that they should be introduced. This was done in state documents, as senate decrees, such as Tacitus saw (Annales, XL 14), also in the mandates of magistrates and of priests. The most common of these letters is the inverted digamma to indicate the consonant V. There is no certain example of the use of the antisigma 0. The letter f- for the middle sound between i and u is found in inscriptions of the time of Claudius to express a Greek upsilon in the words Aeg\-pti, Batli\-llus, C\-cnus, Gl\-conis, M\-ro, N\-mphius, P\-lades, Zop[-rus. It also occurs in B^-bliotheca and once in G\-bernator. It answers to the i or u before labials, which occurs in the superlative terminations, as opt\-mus and max\-mus. This letter may have had the value of the French u or the Ger- man ii. 1 In the early period, to represent the Greek <, x> and 0, the Latin employed P, C, and T just as S and SS had been used for , and V or more rarely I for Y. About the close of the second century B.C. the aspiration begins to appear, and for the following fifty years the usage varied between the aspirated and unaspirated letters, until finally the aspirated form prevailed. 2 In inscriptions of the imperial period, however, there are found P, C, and T, instead of the aspirates, and in the later imperial period F f or PH. Double Consonants. The introduction of double consonants is commonly assigned to Enriius (239-169 B.C.). This usage, beginning about the end of the sixth century of the City (150 B.C.), did not become common until the middle of the seventh century of the City (100 B.C.). The double consonant is seen first in the decree of Aemilius Paulus, dating 189 B.C. (See page 359.) Marius Victorinus (p. 2456) and Isidorus (Orig. I. 26) refer to the 1 Lindsay, The Latin Language, pp. 25 and 79. 2 PH, CH and TH are seen in the dedicatory inscriptions of L. Mummius, dating 146 B.C. C. T. L. I. 546. 30 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS sidlicus o, which was placed over letters to indicate double conso- nants, thus SELA, ASERES. The occurrence of this sign is uncom- mon, the period of its most frequent appearance being the early days of the Augustan age. Double Vowels. The tragic poet, Attius, 170-94, introduced the double letter to represent the long vowel. 1 Ritschl shows that this usage appears in Latin inscriptions from the time of -the Gracchi up to the Mithridatic war (75 B.C.). The first instance is in the word paastores on the miliarium of Popillius, dating 132 B.C. This doubling was employed in the vowels A, E, U, but not O. 2 Thus we find/oato, haace, luidius. Eeference has already been made to the doubling of the I, not for the purpose, however, of lengthening the vowel, but to indicate the consonantal I. BIBLIOGRAPHY Die Unteritalischen Dialekte. TH. MOMMSEN. Leipzig, 1850. tfber Aussprache, Vokalismus und Betonung der Lateinischen Sprache. W. CORSSEN. 2d ed., 2 vols. Leipzig, 1868-70. The Alphabet. ISAAC TAYLOR. 2 vols. London, 1883. Die Aussprache des Lateins. E. SEELMANN. Heilbronn, 1885. Studien zur Geschichte des Griechischen Alphabets. A. KIRCHHOFF. 4th ed. Giitersloh, 1887. The Latin Language. W. M. LINDSAY. Oxford, 1894. 1 Velius Longus, p. 2220. 2 C. I. L. I. p. 600. In a Faliscan inscription we find nootum. Zvetaieff, Inscr. Ital. Inf. 70. CHAPTER II THE LATIN ALPHABET (MORPHOLOGICAL) THE early writing of the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans, shows a uniform style employed for both public and private use. Similar forms are found on the various materials used, such as clay or wax, and metal or stone, since there is only one form of writing. This uniformity is at first interfered with by reason of the difference in materials. Letters made in soft substances naturally display curved and easy lines, while stiff set forms are found on the hard surface, as the cutting of letters on metal or stone demands greater and more laborious toil. This difference in style is still more marked after the introduction of outlining in crayon or chalk, and of drawing let- ters in colors with a brush on such surfaces as walls and board tablets, finally in the use of ink and pen on papyrus or parchment. The Greeks appear to have used, for the most part, similar styles of writing for both public and private documents, and for inscriptions on monuments, down to the time of the Macedonian supremacy. In like manner the most ancient remains of Roman writing show a style uniform even in its rudeness. This style was not changed until the sixth century of the City, when there was introduced from the Greeks the custom of adorning buildings and monuments with inscriptions, the letters of which were made with regard for beauty and elegance. ARCHAIC ALPHABET This early uniform writing of the Romans may be designated as the Archaic Alphabet. We know from Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Antiq. IV. 26 and 58) that the Romans used writing very early in their history. The treaty of peace made by Tarquinius (Superbus ?) 31 PLATE III ALPHABET OF THE REPUBLIC A A 1\ A A L L L K A A A A A/V AA /v\ XX * B A" >M N 'n < c ( c O o t> D D D r P P P fc E E II ? ft a a^a /T f> F f I 1 R P R R R G Q 6 5 ; 5 5 2 H T T r r 1 1 V N K H _V ^ X 32 THE LATIN ALPHABET 33 with the Gabii was written on an ox-hide ypa//yxcwnj/ dpxaiKois and stored in the temple of Sancus. 1 A treaty made by Servius Tullius with the Latins is said to have been cut in bronze (O-TI/A.//V ^aA/c^v). 2 Cicero (pro Balbo 23. 53) refers to a treaty of alliance between Rome and the Latins engraved on a bronze column, and Polybius III. 22 mentions a commercial treaty made between Carthage and Rome in the earliest days of the Republic, likewise engraved on bronze in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The oldest Latin inscription extant, that on the golden fibula of Praeneste, 3 dating possibly in the sixth century B.C., shows letters which are really Greek in form, and which bear witness to the Greek parentage of the Latin letters, and to a period when the Latin alpha- bet was in a transition state, not fully naturalized- Very old forms, showing Greek influence, are also found in the Duenos Inscription, 4 which dates perhaps in the early part of the fourth century B.C. Besides these, there remain to us inscriptions on coins, mirrors, boxes, and vases. This archaic alphabet is found in the inscriptions given by Ehtschl. P. L. M. E. plates I.-XVII. The marked characteristics of this alphabet are, first and mainly, the near approach* to the par- ent alphabets, the Greek and the Phoenician ; the lack of uniform- ity in the various forms of the same letter (see A), also the oblique lines (as in N) ; together with general irregularity and unevenness. Such archaic forms as A A A, , >, II, I 1 , V, Illl, P, 9 ft> ^> ?> ill( li- cate a period prior to the Second Punic War. MONUMENTAL ALPHABET OF THE REPUBLIC The employment of inscriptions on great monuments led to an improvement in the style of the letters. This. .can be seen by exam- ining the monuments of the last three centuries of the Republic. The earliest of these are the dedicatory inscriptions from the grove of Pisaurum, and the most archaic of the tituli sepulcrales from Praeneste. 1 Dionys. Hal. Antiq. Rom. IV. 58. 2 IV. 26. 3 See page 265. 4 See page 16. LAT. INSCRIP. 3 34 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS On a cippus found at Pisaurum, fifth century A.U.C. P. L. 31. E. XLIII. c. Tunone Ee(ginae) matrona(e') Pisaure(n}se(s~) dono(m) ded(e)ro(n)t. C. /. L. I. 173. Epitaph from a sepulcretum at Praeneste, sixth century A.U.C. Caltia M(arci) f(ilia}. C. I. L. XIV. 3079. It will be seen that the letters do not show particular elegance ; their parts do not always join, and the lines of direction are not straight. Epitaph from Praeneste, sixth century A.r.c. 8ta(tios) Cupio(s). C. L L. XIV. 3114. THE LATIN ALPHABET 35 In the epitaphs of the Scipios (see pages 232. 236) and in that of M. Furius, tribunus militaris at Tusculum, we find great advance made in the evenness and elegance of the letters. > Dedicatory inscriptions from Tuscuiuui, sixth century A.U.C. P. L. M. K XLIX. B.C. (a) M. Fourio(s) C. f(ilios} tribunos militare(s') de praidad Maurte dedet. (6) M. Fourio(s} C. f(ilios~) tribunos \_milita]re(s) de praidad For[tunae~] dedet. C. I. L. XIV. 2577, 2578. Monumental inscriptions of the seventh century of the City show marked improvement in the\ forms and details of the letters, the exactness and beauty of which increase with the growth of the cus- tom of erecting, and likewise inscribing, large architectural monu- ments, whether sepulchral, dedicatory or honorary. The fully developed script ura monumentalis belongs to the days of Augustus and to the early Empire. On a small marble pedestal found at Rome, where it was probably brought from some munieipium, now in the Vatican Museum. The date is 710/44 Hiibner's Exempla, No. 1. Divo luiio iussu \ populi Eomani | statutum est lege | Enfrena. C. I. L. VI. 872, PLATE IV ALPHABET OF THE EMPIRE A a A F F f G/f* ^=> S 6 i L 1L \ I, M M M D^ P ' .p i t T f f 1 T V V V ITT 36 THE LATIN ALPHABET \ 37 MONUMENTAL ALPHABET PERFECTED The letters cut in stone and appearing on large and impressive monuments represent the standard of this fully developed alphabet. It is the scriptura quadrata or lapidaria of Petrpnius (29. 58). 1 This standard scriptura monumentalis was mainly the work of the professional stonecutter, who made the letters with exactness after a pattern previously outlined in color or crayon. There is no adorn- ment, such as extended or added lines, apices, cornua. The letters are square and exact. Whatever variation is found in this alphabet is due to the skill and care of the stonecutter, and is shown in the depth of the cut, gracefulness of form and exactness in detail. It must be remembered that these forms were not confined to stone, but were used on other material, such as bronze. QCRETICI-F METELLAE-CRASSI Sepulchral inscription on the large tomb of Caecilia Metella on the Via Appia, Rome. HUbner's Ezempla, No. 61. Caeciliae \ Q. Cretici f(iliae) \ Me.tellae CrassL C. I. L. VI. 1274. Caecilia was the daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, consul 685/69, and wife of the son of M. Crassus. Although it is not known when she died, the inscription may with probability be assigned to the earlier part of the reign of Augustus. While this scriptura quadrata is strictly the alphabet of great monuments during the early Empire, yet other forms more or less ornamented, showing the influence of the lettering of the acta and of the more ordinary alphabets, are found in monumental inscriptions 1 Allied expressions are saxa quadrata, lapis quadratics, opus quadratum, opifices quadratarii. ^8 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS from the clays of Augustus. The following will illustrate this ten- dency to vary the standard forms. F A EGVPTO'INPOTESTATEM POPVLItOMANl-REDACTA SpLI-DONVMDEDIT On an obelisk which formerly stood in the Circus Maximus ; now in tne Piazza del Popolo, Eome. The date is 744/10. Hubner's Exempla, No. 52. Imp(erator) Caesar divi f(ilius} \ Augustus \ pontifex maximus, \ imp(erator') XII, co(n~)s(iil) XI, trib(unicia} pot(estate~) XIV, \ Aegupto in potestdtem \ populi Romdni rcdacta \ Soli ddnum dedit. C. I. L. VI. 701. wpo-cffomoso tVROANO-GALLO QWESrOR-IMP-CAKARISAVG From an inscription on a marble tablet in the tower of a gateway of the Propylaea at Athens. Hubner's Exeinpld, No. 185. Z. Aquillio C. f(ilio) Pom(ptina tribu} Floro \ Turciano Gallo \ x stl(itibus) iud(icandis) , tribftno mil(itum) leg(ionis) VIIII \ Maccdoni- c(ae), quaest6r(i} imp(eratoria) Caesaris Aug(usti), \ proqnaest(ore) promnc(iae) djpri, tr(_ibuno} pl(ebi), proco(ii)s(ule) Achaiae. \ C. I. L. III. 551. This inscription belongs to the age of Augustus. THE LATIN ALPHABET 39 From an inscription on a pedestal of black marble found at Pompeii, now in the Museum of Naples. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 135. tip. Tarranins L. f(ilius} Sp. n(epos) L. pron(epos) Fab(ia tribu} \ Proculus Gellianus \ praef(ectus) fabr(um~) 77, praif(ectus') curatorum aUei \ Tiberis, praif(ectus)propr(aetore~) i(ure) d(icundo') in urbe LaJinio, \ pater patratus populi Laurentis, . . . Z(oco) d(ato} d(ecreto~) d(ecurionum~) . C. L L. X, 797. The date is between 47-54 A. D. P- CAESAR 1 On a cippus of travertine found at Pompeii, now in the Museum at Naples. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 335. Ex auctoritate \ imp(eratoris') Caesaris \ Vespasiani Aug(usti} \ loca publica a pricatis \ possessa, T. Suedius Clemens \ tribunus, causis cognitis et \ men- suris factis, rei \publicae Pompeianorum \ restituit. (7. 7. L, X. 1018. This inscription dates between 69-79. iMP'OB'RESFlTV FX-^-ORFI I O-PV [L, /V u> V^ O JL L- JU V> l An inscription on a pedestal found at Saguntum, where it still remains. Hubner's Esempla, No. 434. 40 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS P. Scipioni Co(n}s(uli) \ imp(eratori) ob restitu\tam Saguntum \ ex s(enatus) c(onsulto} bello Pu\nico secundo. C. I. L. II. 3836. Hiibner assigns this inscription to either the age of Trajan or the close of the second century. P JIO CAVG-DACIAEA fVLENS I STMC AtPIVMATRACTtANAltroOENJNAR iVMW-SWRAEFCLASSlMAVEN VESENNICIEMERIS From an inscription on a large marble tablet found at Falerio in Picenum, now at Koine, in the Museum of the Vatican. It may be assigned to the middle of the third century A.D. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 551. T. Cornasidio \ T. f(ilio} Fab(ia tribu') Sabino, e(gregiae) m(emoriae) v(iro), \ proc(uratori) Aug(usti} Daciae Apulensis, procurator i) \ Alpium Atrac- tianar(iim) et Po?ninar(um) \ iur(e) gladii, subpraff(ecto} class(is} pr(ae- torice) Baven(natis'), | . . . T. Cornasidi Vesenni dementis \fili eius equo publ(ico} Laur(cnthim^ \ Lavin(atium} ... C.I. L. IX. 5439, vv. 1-5 and 12-14. From an inscription on a pedestal found at Aquincum, dating in the year 270 A.D. Hubner's Escempla, No. 593. Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) M. \ Aure.l(io} Claudio \ Germanico \ P(io) F(elici) invicto | Aug(iisto), pont(ifici) max(imo'), \ trib(itnicia) potes(tate) \ III, c.o(ri)s(uU}, pro \ co(n}s(itli), p(atri) p(atriae), leg(io) II \ Adi(utrix} VI p(ia) VI f(idelis} \ Constans \ Claudiana, \ numini ma\iestatique\eius \ dicatissima. C. I. L. III. 3521. THE LATIN ALPHABET 41 DOCUMENTARY FORMS OF THE LETTERS Reference has already been made to the influence upon the forms of letters due to the materials used. This is seen most clearly in the formative period before the alphabet has reached its full develop- ment, but subsequently another principle supersedes the former. The character of the subject-matter determines the style of writing, and letters are made with a certain design and according to what finally becomes a fixed custom. The effect of this influence may be seen to some extent in the days of the Republic, as in the writing on the bronze law plates, but in the time of the Empire the alphabets as employed for various purposes can be plainly distinguished. In contrast, then, to the letter system of the great architectural monuments, the letters of which were carefully outlined and deeply cut, a more simple style was employed for the more ordinary inscriptions. This style, differing at first merely in size from that of the monumental, gradually assumed its individuality, and finally developed along two general lines, namely, the" forms of writing em- ployed in public documents, scriptura actuaria ; and again, but more widely, the cursive writing used in ordinary life, as on wax tablets. In the early days of Rome public announcements were made by painting letters with ink on the walls or on white board tablets. Such were the declarations of the priests as to the feriae and pro- digia, also the publication of the names of the magistrates, and the historical notices known as Annales MaximL By the same method advertisements of various kinds and information as to contracts and sales were later on placed upon the walls of buildings. This use of the brush had its influence upon the forms of the letters, and a style which was an approach to the alphabet of the pen, and which after became the book-hand, was used for public documents, acta, cut in bronze. The curving of the oblique lines of the letters A, M, N, and of the transverse strokes as in A, E, F, H, I, T, the extending of the tails of L, Q, R, and the diminution in the size of the upper part of the B and R, mark this writing of the acta. No exact or set lines can be drawn defining the use of this alpha- bet, " "tiers are found in stone inscriptions also, and this form 42 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS of writing, scriptura actuaria, became the system used in inscriptions in general after the fourth century A.D. The following inscriptions will illustrate the alphabet of the acta as engraved first of all on metal and then on stone. HVMXKVM'PVBL CfN SBll'II'AGf RI 'I XCf A portion of the Lex de Impei-ln I V.s-y/17 */- ^ ^ w >y x W x '>< X D ^ :? . v- JT- H ^ Vs S~ V- 7 i \~ t- o> 7 ^ ^ V 4,1 JC X /^ ^ Vj- VJ z 44 THE LATIN ALPHABET 45 letters are uncial in character, r fhe following is a portion of one of these. On a pedestal found at Thuinugudi, At', iru. Hubner's JSxempkt, No. 1147. Vocontio. | P. Fl(avio) Pudenti Pompo\niano c(larissimo) v(/ro), erga \ civets patriamque \ prolixe cultori, exercitiis mllitaribus \ effecto, multifari\am loquentes lit\teras amplianti, At \ticnm facundiam adlaequanti Romano \ nitori, \ ordo iwola fontis \ patrono oris uberis \ et fluentis nostr[o~\ alteri fonti. C. I. L. VIII. 2391. METHODS OF MAKING INSCRIPTIONS i To study properly the forms of letters, and appreciate the changes which they undergo, it is very essential to consider the methods by which these forms were imparted to the various materials used. Statements of ancient writers, also terms used in literature and in the inscriptions, as well as a careful examination of existing remains, provide us with information as to the art of engraving letters. The exactness with which letters were inscribed on stone and bronze bears witness to the existence of a custom of outlining in crayon or chalk, or of painting in black, red, or white color, as pre- liminary to the work of the stonecutter or engraver. There is every reason to believe that the practice of giving exact- ness to lettering in stone by means of patterns prevailed generally at 1 Prolegomena, E.cempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae. Aein. Hiibner. PLATE VI CURSIVE OF DACIA X C * * / ^ ^ k ^ Tv oc ? ^ ^ ^ r ^ ^ 2L ('( (> ^ t k ) L .)\ ^ o c f 'V > // ^ ^ ^ -f^ ^ S ;V ^ c r v ^ /" r v ^ vv f n \ Av.-> o * *-^fr / (~^^_ \\ r \ ^ * ^ - )V )) \ ^> c^ r - / 3} (**e*r tv > /( I 7t *v^ t 46 THE LATIN ALPHABET 47 all periods. The effect of cutting after a pattern made with the brush is seen in the later tendency to imitate painted letters in the inscriptions. The custom just referred to originated in the earlier usage existing among the Romans of painting inscriptions, a practice derived, in all probability, from the Phoenicians and Greeks, and found also among other people of Italy, such as the Etruscans and Samnites, who made sepulchral inscriptions in this manner. Some of the earliest of the Roman tituli sepidcrales on the Scipio sarcophagi show letters painted in minium. Reference is made in the Lex Acilia Repetundarum 631/123 to the custom of painting on board tablets. 1 Fasti have been found at Rome painted in red or black colors on the walls of buildings. In like manner registers of officers of the year 707-708 A.U.C. were painted in black upon buildings of Pompeii built of light colored tufa. Amphorae of various kinds show many instances of this custom. How widely the practice extended can be appreciated by considering that a num- ber of painted inscriptions exist to-day, though such a preservation is remarkable. 2 Letters Cut in Stone. The next operation in the preparation of inscriptions, after out- lining or painting of patterns, was the work of the stonecuttei (mar- morarius, lapidarius), which consisted in the cutting (sculpo, scalpo, insculpo) letters out of stone with the use of tools, principally the chisel (scalprum), and the hammer (malleus). Other tools of which we have knowledge from representations in the inscriptions 3 were the regula, compasses (circinus), used also in the pattern-making, square (norma), level and plumb-line (libella etperpendiculum), the scalpellum, dolabra, and ascia. The form of the cut is that of. an inverted isosceles triangle ^MM^^/MMMM.) nence angular and not oblong nor curved. This shape has been useful in determining the genuine- 1 C. I. L. I. 198. verse 14. in tabula in albo atramento scriptos. 2 Hiibner, Exempla, p. xxviii. C. I. L. VI. 16534. 48 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS ness of inscriptions, for it is an evidence of antiquity ; * and the addi- tions of modern hands can thus be recognized. The smoothness and evenness which it displays testify to the perfection attained in this art. As we infer from the perfect and exact form of the letters that they were outlined before being cut, so the evenness and regular order of words lead us to believe that lines of direction were marked upon the stone, probably by means of a cord covered with minium. Naturally these have disappeared. In one of the Scipio inscriptions lines are plainly seen which were marked in the stone (see page 240). After the letters were cut in the stone they were frequently colored with minium, litter ue rubricatae, a practice which belongs to the more recent inscriptions, as well as to those of the most ancient period. 2 In addition to these methods, it became common in the days of great architectural designs and ornamentation to form letters out of some material such as bronze or lead, and insert them in the stone by means of rivets set into holes previously prepared, or to fasten them upon the surface. The architraves of temples, gates, porti- coes, and public buildings, particularly in the Province of Africa, were adorned by these letters in relief (litterae incrustatae or caelatae). Pavements were inlaid with bronze and lead, and bronze plates were inscribed with letters of silver; on vases of silver letters of' gold appear, while bronze weights were thus marked with silver. Letters Engraved on Metal. As stone was the material used for monumental inscriptions (tituli), so bronze was employed for documents (acta), such as leges, senatus consulta, edicta, etc. The cutting of letters in bronze was the work of the aerarius or caelator. This operation is referred to by ancient writers under the word incidere. 3 The difference in material required different 1 Ritschl, Opusc,. IV. 694, note. 2 Pliny, N. H. XXXIU. 122 : minium in voluminum quoque scriptura usurpa- tur clarioresque litteras vel in auro (Momrasen in muro, Hubner in aere} vel in marmore etiam in sepulcris facit. 3 Cic. pro BaJbo 23, PhiL 1. 10. 26 ; Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 19 ; Pliny the Younger, Epist. VIII. 6, 13. THE LATIN ALPHABET 49 methods of treatment, lighter and smaller tools, and work more minute in detail. Hence we find a style of writing related to that employed on board and wax tablets. As can be seen from the bronze plates given in facsimile by Ritschl (P. L. M. E.), in the laws of the Republic the style of the letters is that of the early cursive writing with space between lines, giving evidence of a rapidly moving scalprum. Later documents (acta), show that great skill and facility were attained by those who prepared bronze tablets in the time of the Empire (see page 42). In addition to the documents which were engraved on bronze, inscriptions appearing on various objects of various materials show the use of a similar tool (scalprum), and a similar style of lettering. Such are the thin bronze plates (laminae), placed on the bases of statues and altars and attached in different ways to votive offerings. GELKSVS N Bronze lamina found in Kouie, now in the Kircherian Museum. HUbner's Exempla, No. 893. Neptuno \ ex voto \ Cn. Domitius \ Gelasus. C. I. L. VI. 534. Bronze vases and figures, likewise ivory and bone tesserae, and, in a more recent period, consular diptychs, were engraved with a tool similar to that used in making the acta, and show, in consequence, letters of the same or similar character. In addition to the ordinary methods of engraving or scratching letters upon metal or other materials, at times the lines were made by a succession of points cut in the surface. Letters of this char- LAT. INSCRIP. 4 50 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS acter are found to some extent on gold and silver, bnt frequently on bronze paterae, tabellae, and shields. A tabella ansata of bronze found between Niebla and Moguer in Spain, dating 27 A.D. Hubner's Exempla, No. 869. Celer Erbuti f(ilius) Limicus \ Borea Cantibedoniesi \ muneris tesera(ni) dedit | anno M. Licinio co(n)s(ule). C. I. L. II. 4963. This is regarded as a tessera gladiatoria and is explained by Hiibner thus : Celer, Erbuti filius, natione Limicus, munerarius Boreae gladiatori, natione Cantibedoniensi, muneris gladiatorii tesseram dedit anno M. Licinio consuls. Written Inscriptions. The two forms of inscriptions described above, namely, those on stone and those on metal, show letters deeply cut with a graving tool by professional workmen. Although not the technical term, the word scribo was used in reference to this engraving on stone and metal, but applied more exactly and consistently to inscriptions which may be said to have been "written," inasmuch as they were made without the formal, artistic work of the lapidarius or aerarius, but as the writing of ordinary daily life. These inscriptions show a style of writing of the character of that looked for on wax tablets or on papyrus. Of such a nature are the inscriptions cut with a large stilus (grapliium), in such material as the lime or clay of house walls, or on earthen vessels used for various purposes. The inscriptiones parietariae of Pompeii were scratched with a yraphium before the cement had become hardened. 1 Inscriptions 1 C. L L. IV. See page 386. THE LATIN ALPHABET 51 in cursive style cut or scratched with a graphium are found also at Koine, as, for example, on the walls of the guard-house of the seventh cohort of the Vigiles. 1 On clay vessels lettering was made either before or after baking. In the former case, as the material was soft, the lines are curved, while in the latter they are angular, as cut in hard material with a sharper stilus. Tiles were also thus marked with cursive lettering before or after the material .had been hardened, and were used for educational purposes, often containing alphabets and verses, also for memoranda of various kinds, such as directions to workmen in the brickfields. 2 Very early examples of these scratched tiles have been found in Etruria, containing sepulchral inscriptions with Etruscan words written with Latin letters. 3 * It is not upon such surfaces alone that these scratched (scaripko), or written letters, are found, but metal which was soft enough for the purpose was also used as material for what may be termed " written inscriptions." There exist to-day vessels of silver, such as drinking goblets, and patellae, inscribed thus in cursive style with the names of the maker and the weight. Bronze tablets were thus inscribed with maledictory inscriptions (devotiones), written in "a cursive or semi-cursive style. Lead, as being a softer metal, was freely used for these devotiones and for sepulchral inscriptions, but specimens are rare, as the material was easily destroyed. A very early example of the use of lead for inscriptions is the dedi- catory lamina given C. I. L. I. 196. OJL3___ Pl(autios} Specios Menervai donom port(at). P. L. H. E. II. c. C. 7. L. VI. 3061. 2 C. I. L. V. 8110 (176). C. 7. L. 1. 1347, 1354-1356. 52 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Unscientific Cutting in Stone. The different methods of making inscriptions described above do not include the unscientific cutting (sculpo) of large letters with a scalprum by those ignorant of the art of engraving or careless in their work. A peculiar style of lettering, which approaches the cursive, resulted from this amateur inscribing. It has been termed the scriptura vul- garis. 1 Bitschl 2 has shown that traces of this style are found in the most ancient inscriptions. The imperial period, however, provides much more numerous illustrations of this vulgaris writing, which may be regarded as the epigraphic cursive style. Inscriptions with this lettering were cut without the assistance of outlines, in a careless and hasty manner. Hence we should place under this classification inscriptions found in quarries and on blocks of stone which were inscribed before their removal to the place for which they were designed. From an ancient limestone quarry situated between Birdoswald and Castlesteads, England. Hubner's Exempla, No. 1185. I(unius?) Brutus \ tfec(wno) al(ae) Pet(rianne). C. L L. VII. 872. The above inscription was made by cutting holes along the out- lines of the letters, and afterwards rudely joining them. From an inscription on a block of Carystian marble found at the Emporium in Home, now in the Lateran Museum. Bate, 137 A.D. Hiibner Ex., p. xlvi. 2 P. L. M. E., p. Ill ; Opusc. IV., pp. 511, 687, 725. THE LATIN ALPHABET 53 L. Aelio | Caesare n(ostro) II et Bal\bino co(n}s(ulibus) rationis urbicae sub cur(a} Irenaei \ Aug(usti) lib(erti) proc(uratoris} caesura Tulli \ /Saturnini 7 (= centurionis) leg(ionis) XXII Prim(igeniae'). (Hiibner's Ex.,No. 1160.) Inscriptions are also found cut in the natural rock which show an irregularity due in some measure to the hardness of material and in- convenience of location. A very early illustration is the sepulchral inscription from Pescina, dating about the time of Sulla, which is given below. The letters are monumental, but show in some partic- ulars a cursive tendency. Sepulchral inscription cut in the natural rock over the entrance to a vault near Ffscir.u. N(umerius) Vibidaius V(ibii} f(ilius^) \ Barbo \ G(aio') Pansa 0(lo) Irtio \ con- s(ulibus), pri(die) non(as} \ Febr(uarias). C. 7. L. I. 625 = IX. 3771. The work of the amateur and unskillful stonecutter is seen very commonly in the votive inscriptions, appearing on public or private altars of the different gods, and on marble tablets. VIUCVS HOAIOJIVAX From a votive inscription on a marble tablet, now in the Capitoline Museum, Rome, probably of the second century A.D. Hiibner's Evempia, No. 1155. Silvano sacrum \ Tychicus \ Glabrionis n(ostri) ser(vus) mlicus hortorum \ v(otum) s(olmt}. G. /. L. VI. 623. 54 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Again, parts of the fasti magistratuum and of the calendaria, also of registers of various kinds which were added from time to time, show a form of lettering evidently made without the care and skill of a professional workman. A portion of the fasti anni luliani engraved on a marble tablet, dating between 746/8 and 757 = 3 A.D., and running from March 23-31st. Hubner's Exempla, No. 971. The Roman year was marked off into sets of eight days denoted by the letters A-H, litterae nundinales. These appear in the first column. The Tubilustrium is the fixed festival assigned to March 23d and May 23d. Q(uandoc} rex c(omitiavit) /(as), March 24th; also hP = nefastus dies and C = comitialis dies, are the notae indicating the character of the days. The occasion of the feriae on March 27th is given as Caesar Alexandream recepit. C. I. L. I 2 , p. 223. For complete account of the Kalendaria see page 365. In like manner miliaria, upon which names or other inscriptions were cut without the stone being taken to the domain of a pro- fessional engraver, particularly when names of later emperors have been added to the original inscription while the stone was in posi- tion, show letters carelessly and hurriedly made, often of small size, and with shallow cut. THE LATIN ALPHABET 55 1MPDW- M-AV R- VALE RIO MAXENTIO PlOfELlCHMVlC TOAOPERPETVO AVC On the fifth milestone of the Via Appia at Eome, dating hetween 306 and 312 A.D., now in the Vatican Museum. Hubner's Exempla, No. 700. Imp(eratore) d(omino') w(ostfro) \ M. Aur(elio} \ Valeria \ Maxentio \ Pio Felici invic\to ac perpetuo \ Aug\usto V. C. I. L. X. 6816. Inscriptions showing similar irregularity were cut on the seats of the theatres or circi giving names of the bodies of officials or of the collegia, as well as of individuals who had the privilege of certain portions. 1 Inscriptions made by soldiers are found in the remains of camp fortifications. Inscribed on a eippm militaris, once inserted in the wall of a Kornan fortification on Mt. Taunus (Hoheburg), Germany, now in the Museum of Wiesbaden. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 1181. Pedat(ura) Treveror\um p(edum}' LXXXXVI \ sub cur (am} agente Cres-\ centi.io Eespecto *-..* \:. V-:..: ^^'* ;.JL-.^.'. -' On the handle of a bronze patera found at Evaux, France. Vimpuro Firmi \ Ub(ertus) Suav (. . . ?) | v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens~) m(erito), (In litterae punctatae.} \_Ari]si(i) Epap(h}rod(iti}. (In litterae impressae.} Hiibner's Exempla, No. 933. In addition to these, pigs of silver, bronze, and lead, found in the mines of England, also the lead water pipes (Jistulae plumbeae) and lead missiles (glandes plumbeae), lead tabellae or tesserae which have been cast, show these letters in relief (litterae prominentes). The most interesting of these inscriptiones impressae are those made upon tiles from the numerous tile and brick kilns (Jiglinae). See page 209. These inscriptions in relief which have been imprinted by means of stamps are seen also on glass vessels. Gems cut with a graving tool show inscriptions of a similar character. INDIVIDUAL LETTEKS A The various forms of the letter A may be classified with reference to the three following types : 1. A, with transverse. 2. A, without transverse. 3. A A, with pendant. A. This is found in the earliest remains with the position of the transverse varying in its relation to the height of the letter. 58 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS It is also the monumental form, but with the position of the trans- verse fixed midway between the top and bottom of the letter. Little ornamentation is attached to this standard letter. .A -A A. A w^L J\> In the imperial period ornamented forms showing additions (cornua) and extensions of certain lines become prev- alent. It is noticeable that the extensions are regularly to the left. A. This form is due at first to the negligence of the graver. It appears in the smaller letters of the instrumenta of the Republic and Empire, but belongs to the cursive writing of inscriptions of all peri- ods. A A A, more rarely A, are of Latin origin, and belong in the earliest period to the vulgaris, and later to the cursive writing, both of the Republic and Empire. B The rounded form of this letter is the one in ordinary use in all periods, fa the angular shape, is rarely found in early inscriptions, but occurs in letters cut in lead in time of the Empire, the form being due to the material. The variation in the forms of this letter depends upon the relative sizes of the lobes. Inscriptions in vulgaris lettering on pages 53 and 56 show a form in which the upper lobe has entirely disappeared. Compare with this the cursive letters, in which further modifications are seen. C < ( ( are the archaic forms. In early inscriptions the only point of difference is the breadth, but the full rounded form belongs to the best period. D > D are the archaic forms, the first recalling the letter of the old Chalcidian alphabet. Like C, this letter varies merely in its breadth, and the form of the best period is full and round, b D D occur on the metal plates containing leges of the republican period. E E f: E II are the archaic forms of this letter. The monu- mental form of the best period has three equal parallel horizontals. A similar shape belongs to the days of the Republic, llmno-h it is THE LATIN ALPHABET 59 very narrow in the leges on the bronze plates, but the letter of the Augustan age is well proportioned. A diminution in the length of the central horizontal gives evidence of a period later than the Augustan age. II. This form is very general in its occurrence, appearing in the archaic alphabet and among the cursive forms of the Republic and Empire. It is not a form belonging to the City either in origin or use, although in the imperial period it is familiar in all regions and is found in stone inscriptions. Zangemeister suggests that IE, I: are transition forms from E to II. Htibner supposes that 1 1 = E is analo- gous to I ' = F, and that the latter I ' is developed from F through the medium of V or some one of the numerous cursive forms in which one transverse is wanting. 6 . This curved form, due to Greek influence, appears on a coin and on a jar of Praeneste of the republican period, and about the beginning of the second century A.D. is found in inscriptions which have cursive letters. /^ F f I ' are the archaic forms of this letter. The monumental form of the best period has two horizontals equal and parallel. Narrow shapes are seen in the law plates. F. This form with the second horizontal shorter than the upper is rare in monumental inscriptions until the fourth or fifth centuries. T l ( /' T I ' are the vulgaris and cursive forms which appear in inscriptions of the later Empire, particularly those of Gaul and Ger- many. I ' has been referred to in the account of 1 1 under E, with which its history is connected. ^ Like T and P, F often overtops other letters, particularly when it is initial in the line. This custom dates from the second century A.D., being :' -md mainly in inscriptions of Italy and the provinces, and becomes prevalent in Rome after the third century. G The earliest form of this letter is G, in which the line of differen- "-licularly from the right-hand corner of the letter 60 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS and terminates in a head scarcely perceptible. This is the general form up to the second century, although q is occasionally found. 6. This curved form is found at times in the first century, but becomes more common in the second and third centuries, particularly where smaller letters are used or where patterns have been drawn before the cutting of the inscription. It is very general in its use in City inscriptions of the third, fourth, and fifth centuries. Cj Q C, G are the cursive forms which consort with All I ' ^ and later appear with uncials. In the latter part of the second century they appear on the smaller monuments with monumental letters, and become common in the fourth and fifth centuries. H B. The earliest form of this letter, coinciding in fact with the early letter in the Phoenician and Greek alphabet, is seen on the Fibula Praenestina A similar form is seen in the other Italic alphabets. The main points of variation in the different forms of this letter are the breadth and the position of the transverse. The standard monumental form of the early part of the first century is broad, and the transverse occupies a position at half the length of the shaft, but in almost the same period the letter is found narrow and with transverse higher up. I. This, the most ancient form of the letter, in which there is neither head nor foot, was the prevailing shape even in the early part of the imperial period ; but during the first century the orna- mentation of head and foot was added, particularly where painted patterns were followed. From the time of Sulla a tall I is found taking the place to some extent of the more ancient El which had been used to denote the long vowel. Thus in P. L. M. E. we find CHlLO, MAGISTRl, PRlMVS. It occurs very commonly in the word DlVVS, also in the genitive case DlVl, again in the dative case, third declension, CAESARl, in dative and ablative plural of the second declension although more rarely, GRATIS, also in THE LATIN ALPHABET 61 MElS, HlS, and in the accusative plural of the third declension SAECVLARlS. The tall letter is also used in certain positions as an additional form, and as representing merely a custom in writing. Thus it appears as an initial letter at the beginning of words and lines, from the Augustan period. The words ITEM and I N have a tall initial letter of which there appears to be no explanation save that it is a mere custom, originating in the tendency to ornament an inscription by the simple modification of certain letters. The form I M P (= imperator) is common in inscriptions from 10 B.C. 1 At the close of the second century the tall letter denoting the long vowel dis- appeared from use, but the graphic tall I seems to have been very common during the second and third centuries. 2 The form ] found at the end of words in the latter part of the second century is due merely to the caprice of the graver and has no additional value. The point over the I is not of ancient origin, but appears about the fifth or sixth century A.D. K K. The ancient form of this letter belongs to the time of the Republic and Empire as well. In the earlier period the transverse lines are very short; after the first century, however, letters are found with one or both lengthened. In case of one being lengthened, the preference is in favor of the upper. Occasionally K overtops its fellows. L \f |_ LI l\. These are the archaic forms of this letter. The most ancient form \f, the same as the Chalcidian prototype, gave way, by degrees, to the rectangular shape, and disappeared from use about 200 B.C. 1 Ritschl. Opusc. IV., p. 570, reverentiae sensu imperatoris personae atque maiestati debitae. Hiibner declares, however, that in the majority of instances in his Exempla the word imperator with tall initial stands as the first word of the inscription or line. See Christiansen, De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 37. 2 For the tall letter used as the semivowel, see page 26. 62 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS L The standard letter of the best period is rectilinear and rec- tangular, with transverse measuring a little over one half of the length of the shaft. The transverse varies in length in later periods, being very short in painted letters, even approaching the simple shaft as in I. The letter L is at times taller than other letters. M * The oldest form of this letter consists of five parts, /w. This is found on the Fibula Praenestina, also in the Duenos Inscription. It gives rise to AA' AA), which in the days of the Republic stands as the abbreviation for Manius, as distinguished from Marcus with abbre- viation M. The prevailing form under the Republic, and the stand- ard letter of the best period is that made with oblique lines reaching to the base of the letter. M and M are very rare in the republican period, the former occur- ring only on coins and small articles, and the latter on coins only because of lack of space. The former appears in the instrumenta of the Empire, but as an exception, while it is not seen in the monu- mental inscriptions until after the second century, and then very rarely until the close of the fourth century. M. No instance of the rectilinear form with angle reaching to the base occurs in inscriptions until the middle of the first century A.D. It does not become a familiar letter until the close of the second century, when it is found in Germany, but in the third and fourth centuries it becomes so common as to equal in frequency of occurrence the oblique forms, especially in Gaul and Germany. The oblique form M, however, continued in use as the more ele- gant letter, particularly in the fourth and fifth centuries, when the monumental alphabet approached the style of lettering found in the instrumenta, for the rectilinear form never prevailed in the instru- menta, being merely a chance occurrence. The standard type of the best period suffers modification only as regards its breadth and ornamentation. The earliest shape of this normal letter is very broad and unornamented, its top being the simple angles without cornua. It is not obsolete even in the second THE LATIN ALPHABET 63 and third centuries. The ornamented letter .M. appears in inscrip- tions of the time of Trajan, and becomes common in the period of Diocletian. 1 1 1 1 belongs to the old cursive writing, and may be classed with II, I 1 , Gr. It does not occur in the imperial period, save in the scratched inscriptions of Pompeii. AX. This is a cursive form in the best period, but appears later on monuments of the lower class, and in inscriptions of Germany, Spain and Africa. AA). This five-part letter, denoting Manius, belongs rather to the time of the Eepublic. It exists in a few examples during the Empire, and is retained in marking the praenomina of the Consuls. N /V. The earliest form of this letter is that in which all parts are oblique. This was maintained during the Eepublic, but disappeared entirely under the Empire. N. The rectilinear form is the normal type of the best period, being at first unornamented, afterwards having partial ornamentation, N, and finally, from the second century, becoming fully ornamented, N. The N varies in breadth just as the M, the quadrate form appearing in the early part of the best period, while the slender letter is found in painted inscriptions. A/ is a cursive letter having a history coordinate with the similar form of the m, AX. O <>. These are the archaic forms of this letter. In the early part of the best period the form of the like that of other round letters of the same time is quadrate, that is with height and breadth equal. In the earliest period it is noticeable that the is very often smaller than the other letters. This peculiarity lasted through the imperial period, especially after the letter C, which could envelope the in its curve. This is very common in the abbreviation @ S from the Augustan age down to the end of the third century. 64 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS "~I F 1 P P. These are the archaic forms, the first being due to the retrograde direction found in earliest inscriptions and, like the second, recalling the Greek prototype. The standard letter of the monumental alphabet is the curved and open form. The closed letter is a chance occurrence in republi- can days, appearing on glandes plumbeae and tesserae. It is rare in the imperial period until the second century ; but from the third century it is found in inscriptions of the City and provinces. In Germany, however, it appears as early as the close of the first century and afterwards with greater frequency than elsewhere. Sometimes P rises above other letters, particularly at the begin- ning of the line. Q This letter originates in the Greek Jcoppa, hence its earliest form is ?. Q. Q < Q are other archaic forms. The types of the Republic and Empire vary merely as to the tail, which is either short and straight or long and curved. The short and nearly straight projection belongs to the latter part of the Republic, while in the first century A.D. the tail is lengthened and curved, the abridged form becoming rare. q . The oldest form of this letter as found in the Duenos Inscrip- tion is like the Greek original. p fc P P are other archaic forms. After the R attained its normal curved shape, its form depended upon the relative sizes of the upper and lower parts, as in B, also upon the length and shape of the tail and the manner of its union with the upper part. x The early letters have a full circular form with the end of the circle at times withdrawn from the shaft, while the tail originates at the shaft or close to it. The standard letter of the monumental alphabet of the Republic and Empire was marked by the fully rounded circular portion whose circumference terminated at the THE LATIN ALPHABET 65 middle of the shaft. A diminished circle with circumference end- ing above the middle of the shaft and with a tail somewhat curved are later modifications. In this standard letter the tail either originates at the shaft, or in the circular portion at some distance from the shaft. The former is the earlier shape. R. Often the tail begins at the end of an incomplete circle to the right of the shaft. This is found in the provinces both in the early period and in some monumental inscriptions of the second and third centuries. s S ^ are the archaic forms of this letter of which the angular shape is found in the days of the Republic, but not of the Empire. S, the standard letter of the best period, shows the upper and lower portion equal and fully rounded. Inequality in the sizes of these two portions gives evidence of an inferior alphabet. /. Very slender letters approaching the straight line are found in inscriptions of the lower class, particularly of the provinces. C This is found in inscriptions showing Greek influence, as those of Naples and Sicily. It is a form of the Greek ^. The original four-stroke Greek ^ appears in Latin as an indication of value to denote the semuncia. In rare instances S is taller than other letters when standing at the beginning of the line, and more rarely still when medial. T T T T T are the archaic forms of this letter. In the early period of the Empire the standard letter was plain, with transverse at right angles to the shaft, not very short, but unor- uamented. A form with transverse slightly curved T appears in inscriptions of the first century, and is very common in the second, third and fourth centuries. It belongs originally to the documentary writing and the cursive letters. Very often this letter rises above others, for reasons of space. ainples of this are found from the beginning of the seventh century of the City, and in the imperial period the usage is very common. LAT. INSCRIP. 5 66 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS V. This is the early, and at the same time the regular form of this letter in the Republic and Empire. At times the apex of the angle is placed a little to the right, and as a consequence the right side becomes perpendicular and the left side is lengthened. The curved form U belonging to the uncial writing is found in City inscriptions of the last part of the second and the first part of the third centuries. It afterwards appears frequently in inscriptions with uncial letters. X The early form of this letter is unornamented and exact, with lines equally divided. In the imperial period the quadrate form is the more elegant, but the ordinary shape is narrow and graceful. Many instances occur of a form marked by the broadening of the transverse X. This is seen not only in the plain letter, but also in the more recent and more elegant forms. This letter, as well as the Z which follows, was introduced in the later days of the Republic, to aid in transliterating Greek words. Alphabetic forms were then attaining the perfection which marked the Augustan letters, hence both Y and Z are well proportioned in their early history. The regular letter is a plain rectilinear figure, with the two sides of the angle equal. Even in the best period, however, letters with curved lines are common. Z The letters of the best period show equal angles and equal hori- zontals. J h These are the two letters of Claudius that appear in inscriptions. The former, denoting the consonant V, is the more common. THE LATIN ALPHABET 67 LIGATURES The necessity for economizing space in en graving' letters led to the expedient of joining them in monograms. This custom first appears in the lettering of coins about 200 B.C., and in inscriptions about 150 B.C., particularly at the end of the line, where other devices, such as the use of small letters and their insertion in curved letters, mainly C, e.g. G, , and superposition, as M> were also employed. The use of ligatures did not become very general in Rome or Italy, but they are common in Gallic inscriptions from the first century A.D., and in those of Germany after the second century, while they abound in African inscriptions of the third century. The ligatures of the cursive alphabet of the Dacian wax tablets are given in Plate VII. These present peculiar difficulties, while those of the capital letters, a few of the most common of which are given below, are more readily inter- preted. 1 LIGATURES OF, Two LETTERS M=am, M=ma, N = an, /R=ar, A/ = an, W = au, /ft = ar, Ci = ch, B -=de, ND^nd, NE = ne, Afc me, M^mp, \=>ve, Tl = th, fe ib, I li, M-mi, fol-ni, fe -ir, t ti, A- al, VL ul, IN nn, IT nt, jR er, CR~ or, R -= pr, "fi = tr, "R. ta, T = te, V?= ur, R/ ru. LIGATURES OF THREE LETTERS >W aur, 3T=ent, il- eri, *fe=ite, M-= mae, /\ In some cases a number of letters are combined, thus : 7^?=atur,7fe=matjd,A%A=- maxim, =o(ssa) h(ic) s(ita), Inscr. Bhen. 1983. -o(pto) t(erra) s(it) l(evis) t(ibi), C.I.L. III. 5577. !For a fuller list see Cagnat, Cours d* Epigraphie, p. 24, and Hubner's Exempla, p. Ixviii. PLATE VII fc ? a Bs ir J 6: ? /B I ?- N_ P] 5tj^' i -N co * \n o i .S.5 O 13 c3 a> -~~ s ; p, p, 3 c Ss . . .0, &$^33335?*3SS8o l.S.l^ 43 1 I 2 II JS I tF UNIVERSITY THE LATIN ALPHABET 69 SICILICUS. APEX. MARKS OF PUNCTUATION SiciLidus D This has already been referred to in the treatment of double con- sonants. The testimony of the Grammarians, that the sidUcus was used to denote that the consonant should be regarded as a double letter, is supported by a few instances of its use found in the inscriptions of the time of Augustus. C. I. L. V. 1361 ; G. /. L. X. 3743. APEX From the period just after Sulla up to the second half of the third vowels long by nature were denoted by a sign termed the They appear most frequently in inscriptions of the first century A.D., and of the first half of the second. The earliest form of this sign is ; ~7 J /", but in the time of the Empire the usual form is the acute accent '. The apex is found over A, E, 0, V, El = I, but very rarely over I. 1 Its occurrence in the acta is decidedly less frequent than in the monumental inscriptions. Other methods of indicating the long vowel were : (a) The double vowel introduced by Attius (see page 30). (b) The use of El, the spurious diphthong, to denote long I, a cus- tom dating from the Gracchan period, 620/134. (c) The tall I, from the time of Sulla up to latter half of second century. In the Augustan age both methods were still in use, as in the Monumentum Ancyranum a number of words (twenty-two at least) are found with tall I, and three with El. PUNCTUATION From earliest times individual words in inscriptions were separated by marks of punctuation, which regularly occupied a position mid- way between the upper and lower limits of the letters. These points, 1 Cb De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 13, shows that out of 1119 instances of -.I.- ;pex, 415 were over &, 350 over 6, 169 over e, 147 over w, 4 over i, 32 over de, and 2 over au. 70 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS as a rule, were not placed at the end of a line, and did not indicate sentences or parts of sentences. There are various forms of these punctuation marks. The round form, which may be regarded as the primitive mark, belongs in its general use to inscriptions in raised letters. Very rarely are round marks found in inscriptions, as in stone this shape would be most difficult to make. Stone workers probably made a square with four blows of the chisel, hence we have B, I, in the more ancient inscriptions. In the more elaborate inscriptions triangular shaped points are found, ^ ? ^ ? 4 , which are made more ornamental by the curving of the sides, y. These triangular points remained in use from the earliest times down to the most recent periods. The triangular shape finally passed into the form of an ivy leaf, termed in an inscription (C. I. L. VIII. 6982) hederae distinguentes, & , $ . This form is very common in the latter part of the first century, but is not found in the time of the Republic (see page 40). Naturally in cursive writing the form of punctuation would be a line. Hence in the " scratched " inscriptions of Pompeii we find examples of this form, and from the close of the second century it is found in the stone inscriptions. It has the following varieties : , ^-'j \, f \^. These points of punctuation were regularly placed between the letters, but in some cases, for lack of space, they are found above, or in case of the round forms C, D, G, 0, Q, inside of the letter. Punctuation was not confined to the separation of words, but may be found between syllables, and in some cases between letters. In sepulchral inscriptions of the lower class unusual punctuation of this kind had a place, but it is rare in great public and private inscriptions. In some instances the component parts of compounds were indi- cated by punctuation, as sub legi, in perato, ad versus. Rarely are points found at the beginning of lines, but more fre- quently at the end. In carmina the metric lines are marked, and when half-verses are written this also is indicated by punctuation. THE LATIN ALPHABET 71 At times a long space takes the place of the punctuation mark. In one of the Scipio "Elogia" the ends of the metric lines are indicated by the spacing, while in another the punctuation mark is used, in this case a horizontal line. 1 Like the ivy leaves referred to above, branches of palm are found as early as the first century marking the more important divisions. Under the Republic, punctuation marks were rarely omitted. The leges of the seventh century of the City are an exception in this respect, either because of Greek influence or the carelessness of the engraver. Still more rarely are points omitted in inscriptions of the best period, from Augustus to Hadrian. In sepulchral inscriptions of the lower class, however, they are quite often neglected. DIVISION OF WORDS In the more ancient inscriptions words were not, as a rule, divided at the ends of lines, but were written entire. This is particularly true of the older leges of the Republic, with some rare exceptions, such as the Lex Rubria. 2 In the acta of the imperial period words are frequently divided, the division following the usual law of sylla- bles which generally holds in the inscriptions. BIBLIOGRAPHY Latin Alphabet (Morphological) Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica Enarratio and Indices. FR. RITSCHL. Berlin, 1862. Opuscula Philologica. Vol. IV. FR. RITSCHL. Leipzig, 1878. Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae Prolegomena. AEM. HUBNER. Berlin, 1885. Cours d" 1 Epigraphie Latine. 2d ed. RENE CAGNAT. Paris, 1890. Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography. E. M. THOMPSON. London, 1893. 1 See pages 232, 236. 2 P. L. M. E. Enarratio, p. 120. CHAPTER III NUMERALS THE characters which served as Latin numerals are as old as the letters of the alphabet, and in some cases perhaps older. The original numerals were the vertical I denoting the large unit, the horizontal or denoting the small unit, while V denoted 5, and X denoted 10. The earlier system was probably decimal, the small unit being J^- of the large ; and, although in the later change to the duodecimal sys- tem the small unit became equal to y 1 ^ of the large, the original signs , were still used. 1 Upon the introduction of the alphabet two letters were adopted as numerals, >l (later vL, 1, L), the Chalcidian ch, = 50, and 4>, ph (later CIO) = 1000, since they were not needed in the Latin alpha- bet. A sign for 100 must have been adopted in like manner, and its later representative, C, seems to indicate as its origin (tJi), the remaining aspirate. This appears from a comparison with Etruscan numerals, which closely resemble the Latin, as I = 1, A = 5, X = 10, T = 50. As the Etruscan alphabet retained the aspirates, we would naturally expect some mark of differentiation, if such letters were used as numerals. Hence *l inverted, i.e. T = 50, $ becoming ^ = 1000, and or D, the Etruscan th, becoming = 100. The similarity existing between the Etruscan and Latin systems thus supports the theory that originally expressed 100. 1 The remaining Roman numerals were formed by indicating multi- plication by the doubling of the signs, as = 1000, = 10000, (||j) = 100000, while the halves of these : D = 500, g) = 5000, and ra) = 50000. In the more ancient times the Roman numerals did not go beyond 100000, so that it was necessary to repeat the sign 1 Mommsen, Hermes, XXII. pp. 598, 599. 72 NUMERALS 73 for 100000 to indicate higher amounts. In the inscription on the Columna Rostrata CD is repeated some thirty times. At a later period a sign Q_o, indicating quingenta milia, is found as a substitute for the repetition of signs denoting 100000. In the latter part of the Republic a custom became prevalent to write simple numbers and indicate multiplication by lines above for thousands, and with others on the sides of the signs for hundred thousands, so e.g. V took the place of 100 5000, D took the place of CLD = 500000, and [Xl = 1000000. The earliest use of these lines is found in the Lex Rubria 1 of Caesar's time. In the early Empire the two systems are both in use. Thus in the Pompeian auction tablets of the time of Nero the earlier system is found, while in another of the same period the latter. In the later period the latter form prevailed. 2 There appears to have been a tendency at first to assimilate num- erals to letters. The original numerals I, V, X were identical with three of the letters, and when was divided the resulting form became a D, C took the place of the 0, and -i- became L. M for mille or milia appeared from the second century A.D., but in the combination M P = milia passuum the use of M was much older. The M was an abbreviation for the word mille or milia, and was never used by the Romans as a numeral. 3 The adoption of the C as 100 must have taken place after the date of our earliest inscriptions, subsequent to the time when fhefhaked and pakari were written, for centum at that time would have been kentum. Difficulty naturally arose from the employment of the same signs as letters and numerals. In consequence of this we find a mark of differentiation used, namely, a line crossing the numeral. This is seen in [), which dates from the seventh century of the City; cf. also 3 denoting the denarius. i C. /. L. I. 204, P. L. M. E. 23. 4, etc. 2 M. G. de Petra,_e Tavole Cerate di Pompei, Roma, 1876; No. 15, H-SVCCCLII; No. 16, >l XXXIX ; No. 39,_lpOXXXVIIII. Mommsen, Hermes, XXII. p. 601, XV M N (133 A.D., Henzen 6086); H-S- L M-N (153 A.TK Orelli, 2417). 74 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS In the Augustan period the line was placed over the numeral, perhaps coincident with the use of numerals of iteration in titles. In the time of the Republic the number of iteration with official titles was given in letters, but from the time of the battle of Actium numerals were used. 1 To express amounts intervening between these numerals,, the signs were placed side by side until the next denomination was reached. Two methods might be used : 1) the addition method, when the higher number preceded, 2) the subtraction method, when the lower denomination preceded. The former of these two methods is the older and more usual. 1st method, XVIII = 18; 2d method, XIIX = 18; so (III is more reg- ular than IV, and VII II than IX. For the subtraction method Mommsen (Hermes, XXII. 603) gives the following rules : 1) Not merely one number, but many in order, could be subtracted, so that MX is just as correct or incorrect as IX. 2) Only the numerals I, X, 2 C, 8 were, as a rule, used in subtraction, seldom the sign for 1000, and never V, L, D. 3) The number I is subtracted, as a rule, only before V and X, and only by exception before L and the higher numbers. 4) The subtractive method has the object of saving space. It is therefore inadmissible unless room is gained, so, not MIX but VII, not XXXC but LXX. It predominates in cases where an essen- tial simplification is obtained, and, therefore, particularly in the numbers 80 and 90, and occurs more in the carelessly made private inscriptions than in the precise monumental writing. 5) The numeral or numerals to be subtracted were placed before the last numeral of an addition series, so that X 1 1 X = 18 was writ- ten, not IIXX; and CCCXXC = 380, not XXCCCC. There are certain numerals which deserve special consideration. 1 In C. I. L. VI. 873, dating ? >25 /29, cos. quinct., cos. design, sext., imp. sept., and C. L L. XII. 3148, dating 729 / 25; but in C. L L.Jt. 382^ dating iw/z\,imp. VI. cos. Ill and C. I. L. VI. 701, dating 744/ 10 , imp. XII cos. X\ trib. potest. XW. 2 C. I. L. I 1166. CCCXvl,; 1143. CXvk VIMS; 536, dating ^7/1*7 CCXXC. 8 C. L L. I. 198, dating 68i/ 128 , GDI ; C. I. L. VI. 1243 c, /, Cl, C-oLX. NUMERALS 75 2. II. This numeral, with, the earlier position of line of differen- tiation, is regularly seen in rfS denoting sestertius. 1 1 occurs very frequently, particularly when indicating successive consulships and denoting duumvir (I I VI R). At the beginning of lines IT is also found. 4. Either IV or 1 1 1 1. The former, the subtractive form, belongs to writing of the lower class, appearing first on the vessels of San Cesareo, which date in the seventh century of the City. MM is the more usual form, varying as follows : HHH, Hllh, MM, frequently denoting qiiattuorviri, I II I, I III VIR. 5. V. In Pompeian tablets it is found on its side. 1 1 1 1 1 appears in African inscriptions. 6. VI, also IfTTTI. 8. VIM. The subtractive form MX is a rare occurrence. 9. VMM is the more common form. IX is rare. 10. X. The transverse cuts the middle of the letter when the 1e>narius is denoted, X- 14. XII 1 1 is more common than XIV. 18. XVIII, but XI IX in (7. /. L. III. 582. 19. XVIIII. 28. XXVIII, but XXIIX, C. /. L. VI. 9934. 45. XLV, by exception VL. In some inscriptions /^ 20, ^ = 25, >^=30, /<^=35, ^T=40. 50. i' is the original form, J, appears down to the Augustan period, _L is seen in the "Lex Kepetundarum " (123 B.C.), and during the first and second centuries A.D. 60-100. To represent numbers between 50 and 100, L with X re- peated is the regular form. In some African inscriptions X X X X X X (C. L L. VIII. 1108) is found. TX*X. and ~[xxy are worthy of notice. 500. D, originally half of 0, was subsequently marked by trans- verse E), as in the "Lex Repetundarum," and in many inscriptions of the Empire. 1000. (D is the oldest form. This was not maintained, but appeared in the more common form oo , which was also modified to oo or ex-. Combinations of toie preceding signs were used to denote higher numbers, oo oo oo oo C = 4100. oo oo oo CCXX = 3220. "X)o]mitio T. f. Vol. Decidio [///] viro capital! | [elect]o a Ti. Claudio Caesare \_Augus~\iQ Germanico, qui priinufs] [gwaes]tor per triennium citra [sore]m praeesset aerario Saturni, praetori. C. I. L. VI. 1403. A fragment discovered at Rome preserved in copy. Domitius is the father of Domitia Decidiana, wife of lulius Agricola, Tac. Agr. 6. In tlie year 44 A.D. Claudius intrusted the aerarium to the quaestors. From this the date of the inscription can be approximately determined. Note the name Decidius due to adoption. 7. M. Livius Aug. 1. | Menophilus calc. 1 ollam dat | Liviae Chloe. 2 1. suae. C. /. L. VI. 3939. Found in the Columbaria of Li via at Rome. 1 cal- c(iator}. ' 2 Chlo(a)e l(ibertae). The name of the libertus is obtained from that of M. Livius Drusus, father of Livia. 8. d. m., | T. Allio T. f. Profuturo, | vixit ann. VIII mens. V dieb. V hor. [/], [T] Allius | Admetus et | Aufila Ius|ta parentes. C. I. L. VI. 11484. From Rome. For form of sepulchral inscription see page 237. 9. L. Valeri Laeti | M. Valeri Vetusti | libertus Verna, | M. Valeri Vetusti Prima Vernae ux. | v. s. 1. m. Saluti, | posita 1 k. Mart., | Cn. Cornelio Gaetulico C. Calvisio Sabino cos. 2 C. L L. II. 2093. On a pedestal found near Granada (Iliberris), Spain. Verna is libertus of the two Valerii, L. Laetius and M. Vetustus. He and his wife Prima, a slave of M. Valerius Vetustus, have thus paid their vow to Salus. l Sc. statua. ' 2 26 A.D. THE ROMAN NAME 105 10. dis inanibus | T. Flavi Capitolini, Hermeros Aug. lib. | a libel- lis et | Flavia Irene | parentes filio dulcissimo, | vi. aim. VIII 111. V. C. L L. VI. 8614. Found at Rome, but now at Florence. 11. Q. Fulvio Q. | Fulvi Attiani f. | Q Fulvi Eustici n. Gal. Carisi- ano | patrono et | pontifici obmejrita, centuriae 1 Ores., 2 Maii- ens., | Halos., Erques., | Beres., Arvabores., Isines., Isurgut., | in locum quern ordo m. m. 3 F. A. decrevit posuerunt d. d. | C. /. L. II. 1064. Inscribed in letters of age of Trajan on a pedestal found near Arva (Alcolea del Rio), Spain, now in museum at Sevilla. 1 cen- turia designates some collegium of owners of property ; 2 Ores(t's), Manens(is), Halos . . . , Erques(is}, Beres(is), Arvabores (is), Isine- s(is), Isurgut(ana) are the names of the centuriae. s m(unicipum) m(unicipii) F(lami) A(rvensis). "12. Sex. Afranius Lautus | Sp. 1 f. vix. an. X. mens. VIII dies IIII, | Afrania Prote mater | et Herma pater filio piissimo. (7. L L. VI. 11206. Inscribed on a marble urn found at Rome, now in Castle Pawlowsk, near St. Petersburg. l Sp. f. here denotes illegitimacy of birth. 13. Sp. Carvilius Sp. 1. Eros, Carvilia Sp. f. Bassa fecit | sibi et suis parentibus, Carvilia Sp. 1. Agatherneris. C. I. L. VI. 7593. From the Vinea Randaninia on the Via Appia, Rome. 8p(urius) is here a praenomen. 14. Dama Pup. Agrippae, 1 Manlianus Lucreti, 1 | Anteros Stai Run, 1 Princeps Mescini 1 ministri pagi Aug 2 Fel. suburban. 3 primi posierunt, Ti. Claudio Nerone iter. Cn. Calpurnio Pisoiie. cos. 4 C. I. L. X. 924. Found at Pompeii, existing only in copy. l Sc. serous. -Au(j(usti). 1'upus Agrippa is Agrippa Postumus, five years of age. 3 Fel (ids) suburl>an(i). 4 747/7. 15. L. Manlius L. f. L. 11. Acidinus Fulvian., | Q. Fulvius Q. f. M. n. Flaccus, | hei fratres germani fuerunt. C. L L. I 2 , p. 25. From the Fasti Capitolini, of the year 575/179. The first of these brothers was adopted into the Manlian gens. LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Neratio C. fil. C. n. C. pron. C. abn. Cor. Proculo Betitic Pio Maximilliano, | quaestor., II vir. quiiiq., p. c., 1 flamini divi Hadriani, | curator! operum publ. Venusiae dato ab divo Hadrian!, 2 Aug. Pio, | curat. kal. 3 | Nolanorum dato ab imp. | Antonino Ephaphroditus et Conventa lib., 1. d. d. d. C. L L. IX. 1160. Found at Mirabella, near Aeclanum, existing now in copy. l p(atrono) c(oloniae). 2 Read Hadriano. 3 kal(endarii}. The father was C. Betitius C. f. Cor. Pietas (IX. 1132), the mother Neratia Procilla (IX. 1132). 17. L. Nonius Quintili|anus L. f. Sex. n. C. Sosi cos. triumphal. pro nep., | augur, salius Palat. 1 vix. ann. XXIIII. C. I. L. IX. 4855. Inscribed on a small marble cippus found near Boc- chignani, between Forum Novum and Cures, in Sabine territory. Note the irregular order. C. Sosius triumphed 720/34, was consul 722/32. 1 Palat(inus). 18. T. Aretius T. C. L. 1. | Apiolus Iiml vir idem Augustalis sibi et Aretiae Modes |tae lib. suae et T. Aretio Proculo spurio Modestae | lib. fil., v. f., h. 1. s. h. n. s. (7. /. L. V. 2523. Found at Montagnana, now in museum at Ateste (Este). T. Aretius Proculus is spurius filius of Modesta. 19. menti bonae | d. d. | Surus Tettieni s., | Philonic 1 Marciae s., | Nicomac. Albi. M. s. C. I. L. I. 1168. Found near Celanos, in territory of the Marsi. For form of epitaph see page 236. l Philonic(us) . 20. Sex. Aemilio Paullo patri, | Aemiliae Q. f. Eegillae matri, Sex. Aemil. Paullino fratri, | T. Aemil. Burro fratri, C. Aemil. Vastus | suis. C. I. L. XII. 537. Engraved on a cippus found at Aquae Sextiae (Aix), now in the museum of Aix. It belongs, probably, to 2d century A.D. 21. Antoniae M. f. | Tertullae | Valeriae Asiniae | Sabinianae. (7. /. L. X. 6704. On a marble altar found at Antium, Latium. THE ROMAN NAME 107 22. [Fa?]eriae Mar|[ciae] Hostiliae Crispinae | Moeciae | Corneliae | C. Brutti Prajesentis projcos. uxori, 1. d. d. d. C. L L. VIII. 110. Engraved on a pedestal found at Capsa (Gafsa), Africa. Valeria and Bruttius are the parents of Bruttia Crispina, wife of Commodus. C. Bruttius Praesens was consul in 153 and 180 A.D. 23. Secunda Bullatia P. f . filia, Paulla Bullatia P. f. mater. Mater de sua pecunia sibi et filiae fecit. C. L L. VI. 13661. Found at Kome, now in Villa Albani. 24. M. Briti[>] Spun f. miles | de I. 1 VII p., 2 o. li. s. s. | C. L L. X. 3881. Found at Capua. l l(egione). 2 The name of legion is unknown. 25. Sextiae | T. fil. | Asiniae Pollae M. Noni Arri | Muciani, 1 Col- leg, iuvenum Brixian. | ob merita. C. I. L. V. 4355. Found at Brixia (Brescia) in the forum, where it still exists. l Consul 201 A.D. Sc. uxori. 26. L. Catellia Dionysia sibi et suis. C. L L. IX. 2710. Found at Aesernia, Samnium. 27. a) Curiatia obit a. d. eid(?) Ap. &) Fouria a. d. Ill k. De. C. L L. VI. 8253. 8265. On cinerary ollae, from the vineyard near the church of San Cesareo, Rome. 28. d. m. | Gaiae luliae | C. luli Celeris filiae, vixit annos XVI dies II, | C. lulius Flaccus | coniugi pientissimae ac de se bene meren|ti item C. lulius Ce|ler pater filiae pi|entissimae fecejrunt. C. L L. VIII. 3664. From Lambaesis, Africa. 29. d. m. Ostoriae Spu|ri filiae Quar|tae, Calpurnia | Ostoria pia ma|tri piissimae be|ne merenti fecit. C. L L. X. 5947. Found at Anagnia, in Marsian territory. 108 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 80. d. m. s., Fulvia C. f. Boni|fatia | p. 1 v. a. XLV, | h. s. e. G. I. L. VIII. 1595. Found at Mustis (Hr. Ain. Gaeliaen) in Africa. J j) (*') 31 . Maxima Nasia Cn. f. Apoline dat. G. I. L. IX. 5803. On the upper surface of a cylindrical block of tufa, 18 inches in circumference and diameter, 4 inches high, provided with a cavity which indicates that it served as a receptacle for money. Found at Cluentum (Civitanuova) in Picenum. Note the dative in e. 32. a) Curtia Kosci 1 ; 6) [jV]umtoriai | M. Opi Albi 1 ; c) Geminia C. f . Cn. Vatroni uxor ; d) Luscia M. uxor. G. L L. XIV. 3115, 6) 3178, c) 3143, d) 3156. Sepulchral inscriptions of Praeneste. l Sc. uxori. 33. L. Cocceius L. | C. Postuini 1. Auctus arcitect. C. I. L. X. 1614. Inscribed on the wall of an ancient temple at Puteoli. A freedman of L. Cocceius and C. Postumius. 34. d) Fannia L. f . b) Lavilia M. f . C. L L. XI. 3653, 3663. Sepulchral inscriptions from Caere. 35. L. Caesius L. f. | Cam 1 Bassus domo Pisauri vet. leg. VII C. p. f. 2 an. LIII stip. XXXIII h. s. e., t. f. i., h. p., 3 in. f. p. VI, in a. p. X. G. /. L. III. 2014. Found at Salonae in Dalmatia. l Cam(ilia) (tribu}. 2 C(laudiae) p(iae.} f(idelis). 3 h(ic) s(itus) e(st), t(itulum} f(ieri) i(ussit), h(eres) p(osuif). 36. d. m. ; Fabia Sperata, Sallustis Acathocles ] o cae Rodios | atois epoesan. 1 C. L L. X. 11. Found at Regium Julium (Reggio di Calabria), Bruttium. 1 6 Kal 'P65tos afoot? 37. mur. 1 Columbus Sereniahus XXV 2 nat. Aediis 3 hie adqui- escit, Sperata coniux. (7. I. L. XII. 3325. Inscribed on a column found at Nemausus (Nismes), now in the museum in the same city. l mur(millo). 2 (pugnaruiri) XXV. 3 nat(ione) Aedu(u)s. Note the apex. This is an instance of a slave possessed of two names. THE ROMAN NAME 109 38. M. Maecio M. f. Oceano; | Numisiae H. 1 1. [P]rivatae; C. Maecio Ingenuo equiti leg. X. Gem. C. I. L. XII. 43(54. Inscribed on a large stone serving as a support for cinerary urns, found near Narbonne, where it still exists. x m(ulieris'). 39. a) Camelia; b) Opia; c) Eoscia. C. I. L. XIV. 3083, 3197, 3227. Sepulchral inscriptions of Praeneste. 40. Mercuric Aug. 1 sacrum, | L. Cordius C. f. Pap. | Thevestinus v. s. 1. a. 2 C. 7. L. VIII. 10644. Found at Theveste in Africa. 1 Aug(iisto) . 2 v(otum} s(olvit) l(ibens) a(nimo}. 41. Tatilius Priscianus | Rufinus | matri piissimae et | unici exempli. C. L L. XII. 2464. On a tablet found at Gr Ioi^Xto[i' Saupo / u]ciT77J', vlbv /Saa-iX^ws 'P7j/. II. 767, note 1. 116 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS III. Caesar, C, CAES (Kawrap). This word was the inherited cognomen of the Julian family, and indicated its patrician origin. It belonged, by inheritance, to all the agnati of Caesar, but, at the death of Gaius Caligula, was trans- ferred 1 to the Claudian family, and became the distinguishing mark of the reigning house, being used, not only by the emperor, but by the sons and grandsons. From the time of Hadrian the name was restricted to the emperor and his designated successor. It was placed immediately after the praenomen or nomen, if the latter were given, a position, however, which was not steadily maintained, as at a later period Caesar is found even at the end of the name. 2 IV. The next element is that. which indicates descent. If the father were"a^o!elned emperor, his name was marked by the addition of the adjective divus. The name of Augustus contains the formula dim f(ilius) inasmuch as Caesar was the first to receive apotheosis. V. Cognomina. The names of the Flavian emperors, as well as of those succeed- ing them, show the insertion after the designation of ancestry, or after the word Caesar, if the former is omitted, of certain personal names, cognomina, such as Vespasianus, Domitianus, Nerva, Traianus, Verus, Severus, Pertinax. VI. Augustus, A, AV, AVG The last word in the name of the emperor, strictly speaking, is the honorary title Augustus. It was conferred upon Octavianus by the Senate, Jan. 16, 727/27. Being really honorary, and implying that a person was sacred and deserving of reverence, it was not legally an heirloom. 3 Neverthe- less it was adopted by the successors 4 of Augustus after it had been 1 The last descendant of Augustus on the throne was Nero, but he belonged to the cognati, not to Augustus' own family. Momm. Staatsr. II. 770. 2 Index C. I. L., vol. III. 8 Mommsen, Staatsr. II. p. 773, note 3. 4 Vitellius at first refused the title. Tac. Hist. II. 90. NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS decreed by the Senate, and became a name associated strictly with the principate, for it was held by no one but the reigning emperor until the middle of the second century, when it appears as a cognomen with the united names of Marcus Aurelius and L. Verus, indicating that both had a share in the imperial power. After this time the title was conferred upon other members of the imperial family, and a participation in the powers of the emperor was thus implied. The abbreviation AVGG indicated two Augusti, AVGGG, three. From the latter part of the second century the word Augustus is preceded by additional honorary surnames, such as Pius Felix, 1 Pius Felix Invictus, 2 while, from the beginning of the fourth century, it is strengthened by the use of perpetuus, semper, victor ac triumphator semper. Thus, also, the title optimus was conferred upon Trajan. 3 The word Augustus really completed the name of the emperor, nevertheless there were added in certain instances cognomina, .such as cognomina ex virtute, either inherited, as in the case of 4 Gaius, Claudius, and Nero, who obtained the title Germanicus from Drusus, or received, because of some victory, as in the use of the same word Germanicus in the names of Vitellius, Nerva, and Trajan. Other cognomina of this kind are: Dacicus, Partliicus as belonging to Trajan, Armeniacus, Medicus, Sarmaticus as belonging to Marcus Aurelius. These surnames are of great importance in determining the date of an inscription. 4 TITLES OF EMPERORS These are given in the order in which they are generally found. I. Pontifex Maximus. P M or PONT- MAX (apx^p^ pcyurros)* This title indicated that the emperor, as the president of the collegium of pontiffs, was supreme in all matters of religion. It was assumed by Augustus after the death of Lepidus, and was thereafter held by the emperor, who was always chief pontiff. It regularly occupied the first place. 1 From the time of Commodus. 2 From time of Septimius Severus on coins, from Caracalla in inscriptions. 3 O. L L. IT. 2054. * See page 123. 118 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS II. Tribunida Potestate, or Tribuniciae Potestatis, TRIB P, POT, PT (numeral) (S^/ua/ox^s eov H 4. In reckoning his Tribunician dates, therefore, one" must remember that TRIB POT V covers the years from June 27, 752/2, to June 27, A.D. 4 ; and for any higher number, deduct two from the Tribunician date, which will give the date Anno Domini. Thus, TRIB - POT XXX = A.D. 28-29. A.D. 14 August 19. Princeps. " 15 March 10. PONT MAX " 18 January 1. COS TIT IMP VlTT 21 January 1. 3JL January 1. 37 March 16. COS - Mil COS V Death'bf Tiberius. 126 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS CALIGULA (37-41) C. lulius Caesar; designated on the monuments: C CAESAR GERMANICVS (Caligula is a nickname.) He received the TRIB POT at his accession, March 18, 37, and renewed it on the same month and day of 38, 39, and 40. A.D. 37 March 18. IMP . PONT MAX " 37 July 1. COS Claudius COS " 38 January. P(ater) P(afr-iae) " 39 January 1. COS IT " 40 January 1. COS [JT " 41 January 1. COS . Mil ** 41 January 24. Death of Caligula. CLAUDIUS I. (41-54) Ti. Claudius Nero Drusus Germanicus ; designated on tK nonuments : Tl CLAVDIVS CAESAR . AVG GERMANICVS Claudius received the TRIB POT on January 25, 41, and renewed it regularly on that date ; so that at his death, October 13, 54, he was in the course of his TRIB POT XlTiT He took the name Britannicus after his victories in Britain, but the title seldom appears on the monuments. A.D. 41 January 25. IMP PONT MAX IMP II " 42 January 1. COS M January 5. P(ater) ?(atnae) IMP . TIT " 43 January!. COS-FlT IMP - IV, V " 44 IMP-VIM" " 45 before January 25. COS DESIG FTiT 1 IMP - VTJTi, X, XT 1 Although Claudius did not enter upon his COS TUT until 47, he is called COS DESIG Illl on inscriptions of 45, and already before January 25, of this year. (Cf. C. L L. V. 3326, Verona : TRIB POTEST TlTT, COS - TIT, DESIGNATO Illl ; and see Momms. Staatsr. I., p. 587.) CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 127 A.D. 46 IMP XM " 47 January 1. COS HIT CENSOR (DESIGNATES), i IMP . XTTTT, XV " 48 . CENSOR, IMP XVI 49 IMP- XVII, XVIII 50 IMP- XXI Nero adopted. 51 January 1. COS . V IMP xxn, xxmT 52 IMP- XXVII * 54 October 13. Death of Claudius. NERO (54-69) L. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; after his adoption : Ti. Claudius Drusus Germanicus Caesar; designated on the monuments, at first: NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS, and afterwards (65) : IMP NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AV( GERMANICVS The tribunician dates of Nero are very difficult to determine, for the inscrip- tions show seeming contradictions. The whole matter may best be simplified as follows 2 : Nero ascended the throne October 13, 54, and his TR P was renewed on that date each year until 59, when he appears to have adopted a new system. It is supposed that he shortened his TR P VI, and thereafter counted the years of his tribunician power from December 10 (the old date under the Republic), or December 4 (on which the comitia tribuniciae potestatis were held). It is impossible to decide which, for the inscriptions suit both. His TR P VI began, under the old system, on October 13, 59, coinciding with COS HT, DES J7TT, I M P VI ; but on December 10 (or 4) of the same year 59, he took TR P VJT, and renewed the tribunician dates regularly on^hat day ; so that at his death, June 9, 68, he was in the course of his TR P XV 1 Cf. O_L L. IX. 5959 : TR P VlT, CENSOR . DESIGNAT, and C. L L. V. 8002 : TR P . VI CENSOR 2 This is the theory of Mommsen (Staatsr. II., p. 798, note). The difficulty is that it conflicts with certain coins (Eckhel VI. 264, Cohen No. 29, 30, Argelati p. 93), which have TR P VJ, COS TTTl, and that it makes necessary the assumption of a TR P XV, of which there is apparently no evidence. Stobbe's theory (Philologus, XXXII., 1873, pp. 23 sq.), that the tribunician dates of Nero begin always on Dec.J, similarly conflicts_with C. I. L. III., p. 845, and VI. 2042, which have TR P . VII, IMP . VJT, COS . ITIT 128 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS A.D. 54 October 13. IMP PONT MAX " 55 January 1. COS " 55 (late in the year) P(ater) P(atriae). " 57 January 1. COS M " 57 IMP Ml, UTT, V " 58 January 1. COS flT " 58 IMP-VI " 60 January 1. COS TUT " 60 IMP-VM " 6i IMP- vm, vim " 65 IW.XT " 66 IMP.XlT " 68 (in course of year) COS V " 68 June 9. Death of Nero. GALBA (June 9, 68-January 15, 69) Ser. Sulpicius Galba; designated on the monuments: SER GALBA IMPERATOi CAESAR, or IMP - SER . SVLPICIVS GALBA CAESAR AVG OTHO (January 15- April 17 (?), 69) M. Salvius Otho ; designated on the monuments : IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG VITELLIUS (January 2-December 20 (?), 69) A. Vitellius; designated on the monuments: IMP A VITELLIVS CAESAR, or A . VITELLIVS . IMPERATOR . GERMANICVS, or VITELLIVS . GERM IMP A.D. 68 June 9. Galba, IMP CAES AVG P M - TR P " 69 January 1. Galba, COS M "69 " 2. Vitellius declared IMP by the army in Germany. " 69 " 15. Death of Galba; Otho, IMP CAES AVG TR P "69 " 30. Otho, COS " 69 March 9. Otho, PONT MAX " 69 April 17. Death of Otho. " 69 " 19. Vitellius, IMP CAES - GERM COS PERP " 69 July 1. Vespasian declared IMP by the soldiers at Alexandria. " 69 December 20. Death of Vitellius. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 129 VESPASIAN (69-79) . Flavius Vespasianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP CAESAR VESPASI- ANVS . AVG, or IMP VESPASIANVS CAESAR . AVG Although not legally emperor until December 20, 69, Vespasian counted the years of his reign from July 1, 69, when he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers. His TR P was renewed each year on this day. On July 1, 71, Titus was made his associate in the empire, and their tribunician dates run parallel, Titus being always two years behind his father. Vespasian, at his death, was in the course of his TR P X, and Titus in the course of his TR P VIM VESPASIAN. TITUS. DOMITIAN. .D. 39 Dec. 20 IMP-CAES-AVG-PONT-MAX-P-P IMP IT COS . IT COS 70 Jan. 1 IMP V 71 Jan. 1 COS- IN IMP VT COS July 1 IMP WT IMP- CAES. PONT- TR.P 72 Jan. 1 cos- TTTT COS- TT IMP WIT, X IMP TTT, MM, V 73 Jan. 1 COS II July 1 CENSOR CENSOR 74 Jan. 1 COS V IMP xT, xTT, XJTT, xTm cos- vT cos. m COS- INI 75 Jan. 1 IMP -X 76 Jan. 1 cos- vn COS- V cos . v IMP XVII, XVIII cos- vm IMP XI COS- VT 77 Jan. 1 IMP . XVIIII 78 IMP. XX IMP xm 79 Jan. 1 cos WTT cos . W IMP xTm, xv June 23 Death of Vespasian. LAX. INSCRIP. 9 130 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS TITUS (79-81) T. Flavius Vespasianus; designated on the monuments: IMP TITVS (or T) CAESAR- VESPASIANVS- AVG, and IMP-TITVS- (or T) VESPASIANVS. CAESAR- AVG For the tribimician years of Titus, see above, under Vespasian. A.D. 79 July 23. Sole Emperor, AVG PONT MAX " 80 January 1. COS VTH Domitian, COS VFl IMP . xvi, xvn " 81 September 13. Death of Titus. DOMITIAN (81-96) T. Flavius Domitianus ; designated on the monuments: IMP CAESAR DOMITI- ANVS . AVG ; more rarely IMP - DOMITIANVS . CAESAR . AVG The tribunician dates of Domitian are regular, from the day of his accession, September 13, 81 (TR P), to his death on September 18, 96. A.D K .81 82 September 13. January 1. IMP- AVG . PONT- MAX. P. P cos. vm IMP'- II -Iff 14 83 January 1. cos- vim IMP - V u 84 January 1. COS- X GERMANICVS IMP VlT II 85 January I. COS- XI IMP vm, ix (After September 5). CENSOR PERPETVVS -IMP XI u 86 January 1. cos-xn IMP xli, xm, xim K 87 January 1. cos.xm (i 88 January 1. cos. xTm IMP- XV, XVI u 89 IMP- XVII, XVIII, XVI III, XX, xxr u 90 January 1. COS- XV u 92 January 1. COS- XVI 1 M P . XXII II 95 January 1. cos. xvfi 11 96 September 18. Death of Domitian. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 131 NERVA (96-98) M. Cocceius Nerva ; designated on the monuments : IMP NERVA CAESAR AVG, or IMP CAESAR NERVA AVG The dates of the monuments of Nerva's short reign are not always in accord. His TR P extends from September 18, 96, to September 18, 97, when he received TR P II. From a few inscriptions it seems that a TR P ITT was reckoned from December 10 of the same year, 97. The majority of inscriptions fail to compute this TR P Ml", and carry his TR P . JT down to his death, joining_it with COS III! (98). Those in which TR P . 1TT figures unite it with COS III (97), or COS -Mil (98). For convenience the tribunician dates are here included in the table. A.D. 96 September 18. IMP- CAES- AVG- PONT- MAX- TR P- ?(ater) - P(atriae) " 97 January 1. COS TIT IMP IT September 18. TR P M October 27. Trajan, CAES IMP TR P GERMANICVS " GERMANICVS (December 10. TR P HI) 98 January 1. COS Mil " COS M ' January 25. Death of Nerva. TRAJAN (98-117) M. Ulpius Traianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP- CAESAR NERVA TRA- IANVS-AVGVSTVS With Trajan the custom of computing the tribunician years from December 10 becomes general. Invested with the tribunician power by Nerva on October 27, 97, he counted his TR P M from December 10, 97, or September 18, 98 1 ; and his TR P III on December 10, 98, after which the tribunician year began regularly on this day. A.D. 98 January 25. AVG PONT MAX P(ater) P(atriae) " 100 January 1. COS HI " 101 January 1. COS Mil IMP M,-ITT, HIT 1 The former the date of the comitia tribuniciae potestatis ; the latter the date f hich Nerva counted his tribunician years. Probably the latter. 132 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 102 (late in the year) 103 January 1. 104 105 112 January 1. 114 115 116 (between April and August) 117 August 11 (?) D AC I CVS COS- V (IMP- V) IMP- VI COS- VI OPTIMVS (as cognomen) . IMP VM IMP . vm, vrni IMP . X, XJ PARTHICVS IMP Xil, XlTi Death of Trajan. HADRIAN (117-138) P. Aelius Hadrianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP . CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG Hadrian received the TR P at the death of Trajan. He counted his TR P II from December 10, 117, and the renewal occurred each year on that day. In 136 he adopted L. Ceionius Commodus Verus as his successor, under the name L. AELIVS VERVS . CAESAR ; but Aelius died in 138. A.D. 117 August 11 (?). IMP- CAES -AVG- PONT- MAX -TR.P-[P(ater).P(anae)] OPTIMVS, GERMANICVS, DACICVS " 118 January 1. COS TT " 119 January 1. COS III 122 (IMP- VI) 1 128 April 21 (?) P(oter) P(atriae). IMP -IT 135 136 January 1. 137 January 1. 138 January 1. February 25. July 10. Aelius, COS CAES TR P PONT " COS H Death of Aelius. Antoninus, CAES TR P IMP Death of Hadrian. 1 Found on C. I. L. II. 2014 (Baetica), but certainly a mistake. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 133 ANTONINUS Pius (138-161) T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus; after his adoption: T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius ; designated on the monuments: IMP CAESAR T AELIVS . HADRIANVS ANTONINVS AVG PIVS He received the TR P on February 25, 138, renewed it (TR P Tl) on December 10 of the same year, and thereafter regularly on that day. He died in the course of his TR P XXIIII. On February 25, 147, he adopted as his successor M. Annius Verus Catilius Severus, under the name M - AELIVS AVRELIVS VERVS. M. Aurelius received the TR P, which he renewed regularly on December 10, so that, at the death of Pius, Aurelius was in the course of his TR P XV. ANTONINUS Pius. M. AURELIUS. L. VERUS. A.D. 138 February 25 IMP CAES . AVG TR P 1 July 10 PONT MAX " 139 January 1 COS 11 (IMP 'IT !) ?(ater}>?(atriae) CAES " 140 January 1 COS. IN COS " 141 IMP IT 2 " 14j> January 1 cos. m COS M, " 147 February 25 PONT TR P CAES u 154 January 1 COS " 161 January 1 COS- III COS . IT March 7 Death of Antoninus Pius. MARCUS AURELIUS (161-180). Lucius VERUS (161-169) For the names of M. Aurelius before his accession, and for his tribunician dates, see under Antoninus Pius. He is styled on the monuments : IMP CAESAR M AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVG Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus reigned jointly. The latter was L. Ceionius Commodus, son of L. Aelius Caesar (see p. 132), known after 136, when his father was adopted by Hadrian, as L. Ceionius Aelius Aurelius Commodus, and 1 According to the coins. 2 According to inscriptions. 134 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS after 147, when he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, as L. Aelius Aurelius Corn- modus. After he was given a share in the imperium by his brother Marcus Aurelius, he received the cognomen Verus. He is styled on the monuments : IMP CAESAR^ L AVRELIVS . VERVS. He received theJR P on March 7, 161 ; his TR P II began December 10, 161, his TR P iTT a year from that day, and so on regularly. For the names and tribunician dates of Coinmodus, see below. M. AURELIUS. . L. VERUS. COMMODUS. A.D. 161 March 7 IMP - AVG P M IMP.AVG-P-M-TR.P 1AQ IMP M ARMENIACVS.IMP.fi 1UG 164 at ARMENIACVS 165 IMP . TIT PARTH. MAX L IMP. Til Ififi I ivl r * III PARTH-MAX'-MEDICVS i Mf\ 1 fi " IV1MA * 1 Ivl r III MEDICVS- IMP- mT CAES J.UU IMP- fill 1 167 Jan. 1 P(ater) - P(atriae) l COS . Ill ?(ater} - ?(atriae} l 1Q IMP \7 IMP \7 J.UO 169 Middle of 1 m r V 1 Ivl r > V Death of Verus winter IMP vT 172 GERMANICVS 1 GERMANICVS 174 IMP . VTT 17C SARMATICVS. IMP Vffl SARMATICVS J. i O 176 Nov. 27 IMP TR P 177 Jan. 1 COS IMP . vTTTT i M P . Fl . AVG P P 178 I ivl r v 1 1 1 1 1 IVI r * 1 1 M V \J r I IMP TiT 179 Jan. 1 cos-TT IMP-X 180 IMP . ml March 17 Death of M. Aurelius 1 A title formally bestowed this year, but found on earlier inscriptions and coins. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 135 COMMODUS (176-192) L. Aurelius Commodus ; variously designated on the monuments : L AELIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS at the beginning of his reign; then L AVRELIVS COMMODVS until late in 180 ; then, as sole emperor, M AVRELIVS COMMO- DVS. ANTON I NVS until 191; and lastly again L-AELIVS- AVRELIVS COMMODVS His TR P extends from November 27 to December 10, 176 ; and yearly thereafter. See under Marcus Aurelius. A.D. 180 March 17. Sole Emperor. " 181 January!. COS TlT " 182 IMP V " 183 January 1. COS Till IMP- VI PIVS- PONT- MAX 184 IMP- YD BRITANNICVS " 185 FELIX " 186 January 1. 'COS V IMP VTU " 190 January 1. COS VI " 192 January 1. COS . VM Pertinax, COS - II December 31. Death of Commodus. PERTINAX (193) P. Helvius Pertinax; designated on the monuments: IMP CAES . P . HELVIVS PERTINAX AVG A.D. 193 January 1. IMP CAES AVG - PONT MAX TR . P P P March 28. Death of Pertinax. DIDIUS 'JuLiANUS (193) (Designated, on coins only: IMP CAES . M - DIDIVS . SEVERVS . IVLIANVS . AVG He reigned from March 28 to June 1, 193). SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS l (193-211).- CARAC ALL A (198-217). GET A (209-212) L. Septimius Severus ; styled on the monuments : IMP CAESAR L SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS AVG 1 Usurpers like Clodius Albinus and Pescennius Niger are omitted, as being of no epigraphical importance. 136 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS TR P, June 1 to December 10, 193 ; TR - P II, December 10, 193-194, etc. On June 2, 198, Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla) was made joint emperor, under the name IMP CAESAR M AVRELIVS 1 - (SEVERVS) ANTONJNVS . AVG. His TR P extends from June 2 to December 10, 198; TR P II, December 10, 198-199, etc. In 209 (day uncertain) P. Septimius Geta also received the TR P. He is styled on the monuments : IMP CAESAR P . SEPTIMIVS GETA AVG. His TR P . TT extends from December 10, 209-210, and is renewed regularly. SEVERUS. CARACALLA. GETA. A.D. 193 June 1 IMP CAES . AVG PONT MAX PERTINAX . P(ater) P(atriae) IMP -TT 194 Jan. 1 COS . TT IMP NT TTTT ?(ater) - P(atriae) 195 - PIVS - (PARTHICVS), ARABICVS (PARTHICVS) . ADIABENICVS IMP V, VT, VM 190 - 197 IMP- VlTT IMP . vTTiT, x PARTHICVS. MAXIMVS . IMP-XI . (XH) CAES PONTIFEX IMP.AVG.-TR-P CAES 198 - 201 - PIVS-FELIX-PAR- 202 Jan. 1 cos m" THICVS-MAXIMVS COS 205 Jan. 1 COS- M COS 207 IMP TT 208 Jan. 1 cos . TTT COS-TT IMP XN ?(ater}-?(atnae} 209 BRITANNICVS. IMP- XT AVG TR P 1 PIVS 210 - BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS BRITANNICVS BRITANNICVS 211 Feb. 14 Death of Severus 1 The name is often spelt AVRELLIVS in inscriptions. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 137 CARACALLA (198-217). GETA (209-212) For the names and tribunician dates of Caracalla and Geta, see above, under Septimius Severus. CARACALLA. GETA. A.D. 211 Feb. 14 " 212 Feb. 27 " 213 Jan. 1 214 217 April 8 PONT MAX . BRITANNICVS . MAXIMVS cos-Tm GERMANICVS (MAXIMVS) IMP TIT INVICTVS IMP HIT Death of Caracalla Death of Geta MACKIXUS (217-218) M. Opellius Macrinus; styled on the monuments: IMP CAES M OPELLIVS SEVERVS- MACRINVS- P . F . AVG M. Opellius Diadumenianus, his son ; styled on the monuments : M OPELLIVS ANTONINVS. DIADVMENIANVS- NOBILISSIMVS-CAES . TR . P, April 11, 217, to early January, 218 (?) ; TR P II to June 8, 218. A.D. 217 April 11. IMP . CAES AVG PONT MAX . P(ater) - ?(atriae} (Diadumenianus, CAES) " 218 January 1* COS (Diadumenianus, (IMP) AVG) June 8. Death of Macrinus and Diadumenianus. ELAGABALUS (218-222) Varius Avitus Bassianus * ; styled on the monuments : IMP CAES M AVRELIVS ANTONINVS -P.P. (INVICTVS) - AVG % TR . P . 218 ; TR P . IT, 219 ; TR P . Ml, 220 ; TR P IJ7T, 221 ; TR P V, 222. 2 1 Elagabalus, a nickname given to him as priest of the Syrian sun-god El Gabal. 2 The exact date of renewal is uncertain. 138 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS A.D. 218 May 16. IMP CAES AVG PONT MAX COS P(ater) . P(ariae) " 219 January 1. COS IT " 220 January 1. COS HI " 221 Severus Alexander, CAES PONT IF " 222 January 1. COS JTTT Severus Alexander, COS March 11. Death of Elagabalus. SEVERUS ALEXANDER (222-235) Alexianus Bassianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP CAES M AVRELIVS SEVERVS ALEXANDER - P F AVG His TR P beginning March 11, 222, seems to have been renewed each year early in January. A.D. 222 March 11. IMP - AVG PONT - MAX TR P P(ater) - P(atriae) " 226 January 1. COS IT " 229 January 1. COS TIT " 235 January, February, or March, Death of Severus Alexander. MAXIMINUS (235-238) Styled on the monuments: IMP CAES C IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS P F (INVICTVS) - AVG The tribunician dates of Maximinus are for convenience included in the table. His son, as Caesar, appears on the monuments as C IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMVS NOBILISSIMVS . CAESAR Maximinus being declared an outlaw by the senate in 238, the following emperors ruled, and fell in rapid succession : ! Gordianus I: IMP-CAES- M -ANTONIVS-GORDIANVS-AFRICANVS-AVG IGordianus II: IMP- CAES M -ANTONIVS-GORDIANVS-AFRICANVS- AVG J Balbinus: IMP CAES- D CAELIVS-CALVINVS- BALBINVS- P F-AVG IPupienius 1 Maximus : IMP CAES.M-CLODIVS.PVPIENIVS.MAXIMVS-P.F. AVG 1 Spelled PVPIENVS on coins. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 139 A.D. 235 Jan., Feb., or March. Maximinus, IMP CAES AVG P M TR P P-P Maximus, CAES " 236 January 1. " COS January 16 (?) " TR P II ( GERM- MAX, j SARM MAX, I DAC . MAX IMP . Mi, UFi TR . P Hi IMP V, VI Maximus, GERM . MAX, SARM . MAX, DAC . MAX TR P HIT IMP vn IMP CAES AVG P M . TR P . P P IMP . CAES . AVG . TR P PONT 237 January 16 (?) 238 January 16 (?) 238 February. March. Gordianus I., Gordianus II., Death of Gordianus I and II. Balbinus, IMP CAES AVG P M Gordianus III., CAES TR- P- P- P Pupienius, IMP CAES AVG P M " AVG TR.P-P.P TR-P Middle of May. Death of Maximinus and Maximus. June. Death of Balbinus and Pupienius. GORDIANUS III. (238-244) Designated on the monuments : IMP CAES M - ANTON I VS . GORDIANVS . P F (INVICTVS) . AVG He seems to have renewed the TR P early in January ; the date is uncertain. A.D. 238 Middle of June (?) IMP PONT . MAX ?(ater) - ?(atriae) 44 239 January 1. COS 44 240 IMP- M, Til 44 241 January 1. COS IT 44 242 IMP VI 44 244 February or March. Death of Gordianus III. 140 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS PHILIPPUS (244-249) The elder Philippus appears on the monuments as IMP CAES M IVLIVS PHILIPPVS -P.P. (INVICTVS) AVG. His son is called IMP - CAES . M . IVLIVS (SEVERVS) . PHILIPPVS P . F AVG (FILIVS). The elder Philippus received the TR P in March, 244, and renewed it early in January (?) each year. For his son there are two methods of counting the TR P : (1) as coinciding with that of his father, (2) as commencing in 247, when he became joint emperor. Both methods are employed in the inscriptions. PHILIP THE ELDER. PHILIP THE YOUNGER. A.D. 244 March (?) 245 January 1 246 August (?) 247 January 1 248 January 1 249 Sept. or Oct. IMP- CAES. AVG. PONT- MAX P(ater) P(atriae) PARTHICVS . MAXIM VS,*PERSI- CVS . MAXIMVS COS COS- IT COS. Ill GERMANICVS.MAXIMVS,CARPI- CVS- MAXIMVS Death of Philippus and his son NOBILISSIMVS CAES AVG COS IMP- CAES. AVG. PONT- MAX P(ater) P(atriae) COS IT GERMANICVS CARPICVS DECIUS (249-251) IMP CAES . C MESSIVS QVINTVS . TRAIANVS DECIVS P F. (INVICTVS) AVG f Q . HERENN IVS ETRVSCVS . M ESSIVS DECIVS NOBI LISSI MVS CAES His sons -{ tC-VALENS-HOSTILIANVS- MESSIVS. QVINTVS. NOBILISSIMVS. CAES There are two methods of counting the tribunician dates of Decius : (1) from 248, when he was saluted emperor by the troops, (2) from the death of Philippus, September or October, 249. Both methods are found in inscriptions. The sons received the TR P in 250. The date of renewal for this reign was January 1. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 141 DECIUS. HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS. IIOSTILIANUS. A.D. 249 Oct. (?) IMP-CAES-AVG-P-M-P.P 250 Jan. 1 COS II CAES CAES 251 Jan. 1 cos- m COS DACICVS MAXIMVS AVG Nov. Death of Decius Death of Herennius AVG Dec. De#th of Hosti- lianus TREBONIANUS GALLTJS (251-253) Styled on the monuments : IMP CAES C VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS P F- AVG His son is styled : IMP CAES C - VIBIVS AFINIVS . GALLVS . VELDVMNIANVS VOLVSIANVS P . F AVG The tribunician dates of Gallus and Volusianus are uncertain. TR P is probably November-December, 251 ; TR - P fl is 252 ; and TR P HIT (instead of TR P HT) is 253. GALLUS. VOLUSIANUS. A.D. 251 November (?) IMP- CAES- AVG. P.M. P- P CAES December (?) IMP- AVG . P. M-P-P " 252 January 1 COS II COS " 253 January 1 COS- II September (?) Death of Gallus Death of Volusianus AEMILIANUS (Summer of 253) IMP CAES - M AEMILIVS AEMiUANVS P F INVICTVS AVG 142 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS VALERIANUS (253-259). GALLIENUS (253-268) IMP CAES P . LICINIVS VALERIANVS . P . F (INVICTVS) . AVG His son Gallienus, who shared the empire, is styled IMP CAES P . LICINIVS (EGNATIVS) GALLIENVS P F (INVICTVS) - AVG The tribunician dates are the same for both ; TR P, September to December 10 (?), 253 ; TR P H, December 10 (?), 253-254 ; TR P Ml, December 10 (?), 254-255, etc. V 7 ALERIANUS. GALLIENUS. A.D. 253 Sept. (?) 254 Jan. 1 255 Jan. 1 256 257 Jan. 1 259 IMP- CAES- AVG- PONT- MAX P.P CDS II IMP VM cos m GERMANICVS. MAXIMVS COS- MM Capture of Valerianus by Sapor IMP . CAES . AVG PONT MAX P P COS COS M GERMANICVS. MAXIMVS,DACICVS MAXIMVS IMP IM COS. Ml GALLIENUS (253-268). POSTUMUS, Emperor. in Gaul (258-267) For the name and tribunician dates of Gallienus, who died in the middle oi March, 268, see under Valerianus. Postumus was never recognized as emperor at Rome, but reigned in Gaul, where he formed a senate and government of hn own, and assumed the consulship at pleasure. He is styled on the monuments : IMP CAES . M CASSIANIVS LATIN I VS . POSTVMVS P . F (INVICTVS) AVG We know nothing of the tribunician dates of Postumus, which can be assigned only to years as follows : TR P = 258, TR P M = 259, TR P FIT = 260 ; and so on until TR P X = 267. Victorinus, who reigned with Postumus in Gaul (265-267), is called IMP CAES M PIAVONIVS VICTORINVS . P . F (INVICTVS) AVG CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 143 GALLIENUS. POSTUMUS. A.D. 258 259 260 261 January 1 362 January 1 264 January 1 265 266 January 1 267 Sole emperor (at Rome) COS Ilil IMP -X COS- V COS- VI COS VJT IMP- CAES- AVG.P-M.TR.P COS P P COS- IT COS I1T GERMANICVS . MAXIMVS COS -ml Victorinus,TR.P Victorinus, TR P IT COS-V Victorinus, TR. P- Til CLAUDIUS II (268-270). TETRIO us, Emperor in Gaul (268-273) Gallienus at Rome was succeeded by Claudius, who is styled on the monu- ments : IMP CAES M AVRELIVS . CLAVDIVS P F (INVICTVS) AVG In Gaul, Tetricus and his son succeeded Postumus ; both appear on the monuments as IMP . CAES C . PIVS ESVVIVS TETRICVS P F . INVICTVS AVG The tribunician dates can be classified only by years ; for Claudius, TR P = 268, TR P IT = 269, TR P fiT = 270. (He died before Aug. 20, 270.) For Tetricus, TR P = 268, TR P M = 269, etc., until TR P ^| = 273. CLAUDIUS. TETBICTJS. A.D. 268 January IMP- CAES- AVG -P. M COS P P Middle of March IMP CAES AVG P M P P 269 January 1 COS* GERMANICVS . MAXIMVS 270 GOTHICVS-MAXIMVS,PARTHICVS MAXIMVS 1 Cos II in some inscriptions of Spain and Africa is due to ignorance. 144 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS QUINTILLUS (August, 270) IMP CAES . M AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS . QVINTILLVS INVICTVS -P . F AVG, son of Claudius II., reigned less than a month. AURELIAN (270-275) IMP CAES L DOMITIVS - AVRELIANVS P F (INVICTVS) . AVG The chronology of this reign is most uncertain ; inscriptions and coins alike show the greatest irregularities, especially in the consulates, and are not reliable. Each inscription must be dated approximately on its own merits, and a table of dates is useless. It is supposed that Aurelian became emperor in August, 270. The tribunician dates are usually roughly assigned as follows : TR P, 270 ; TR P FT, 271, etc., to TR P VT, 275 ; but this is complicated by the appear- ance of a TR P VII, which is absolutely inexplicable. According to the Fasti, Aurelian was COS in 271, COS M in 274, COS Ml in 275. The inscriptions show the following titles : GERMANICVS . MAXIMVS (270 or 271). GOTHICVS MAXIMVS (272?). PARTHICVS . MAXIMVS (271 or 272). ARABICVS MAXIMVS (271 or 272). CARPICVS MAXIMVS (271 or 272). PALMYRENICVS . MAXIMVS (272 or 273). Aurelian died in 275, perhaps in March. TACITUS (275-276) IMP CAES . M CLAVDIVS - TACITVS P - F AVG A.D. 275 September 25. IMP CAES AVG P M TR P COS DES Tl . P P " 276 January 1. COS IT TR P IT GOTHICVS . MAXIMVS April (?) Death of Tacitus. FLORIANUS (276) IMP . CAES M . ANNIVS FLORIANVS P F INVICTVS AVG Florianus reigned a few months. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 145 PROBUS (276-282) IMP CAES M . AVRELIVS . PROBVS P . F . (INVICTVS) . AVG The day on which the TR P was renewed is uncertain ; but it was not Janu- ary 1. We may approximately call TR P 276, TR P IT 277, etc. A.D. 276 April. IMP CAES AVG P M P P GOTHICVS " 277 January 1. COS GERMANICVS (?) " 278 " " COS . IT " 279 " " COS ITT " 281 " " COS . TTTl " 282 " COS V September. Death of Probus. CARUS AND HIS SONS (282-285) IMP CAES . M AVRELIVS - CARVS INVICTVS P - F AVG IMP CAES M . AVRELIVS . CARINVS . INVICTVS P F - AVG IMP CAES M AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS P F INVICTVS AVG CARUS. CABIN rs. NUMERIANUS. A.T). 282 Sept. (?) IMP. CAES. AVG- P- M CAES (?) CAES (?) TR.P-P.P 283 Jan. 1 cos. IT COS * PERSICVS- MAX- GER- AVG TR P AVG - TR P MANICVS-MAX Dec. Death of Cams IMP- P- M .P-P IMP P . P GERM -MAX 284 Jan. 1 COS-TI COS Sept. Death of Numerianus 285 Jan. or Feb. Death of Carinus LAT. 1NSCKIP. 10 146 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN (284-305) IMP - CAES C AVRELIVS - VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS P . F INVICTVS . AVG IMP - CAES M AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS P F INVICTVS - AVG FLAVIVS - VALERIVS . CONSTANTIVS NOBILISSIMVS . CAES GALERIVS - VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS - NOBILISSIMVS CAES Diocletian received the TR P on September 17, 284, and renewed it regularly each year (March 1 ? ?) ; at his abdication, May 1, 305, he was in the course of his TR P XXII. Maximian counted his TR P from 285, so that the renewal number was -always one less than that of Diocletian. 1 The tribunician dates of the two Caesars are in doubt. DIOCLETIAN. MAXIMIAN. CONSTANTIUS. GALKKIUS. A.D. 284 Sept.17 IMP CAES AVG, etc. 285 Jan. 1 COS-TT BRIT- MAX, GERM CAES. BRIT-MAX, MAX GERM. MAX 280 April 1 (GERM- MAX- IT?) IMP . AVG, etc. 287 Jan. 1 COS III COS 288 Jan. 1 COS- IT PERS-MAX-GERM PERS- MAX- GERM MAX-iTT, ITU MAX -"Mi, MM 289 SARM MAX SARM . MAX 290 Jan. 1 cos. rm COS Ml 291 - SARM - MAX IT SARM MAX IT 292 Jan. 1 COS COS Mch. 1 CAES.TR-P(?) CAES-TR.P(?) 293 Jan. 1 COS- V COS- MM" SARM. MAX. IM(?) SARM- MAX TTT(?) SARM MAX SARM MAX 1 The TR P of Maximian is counted sometimes from 285, when he became CAES ; sometimes from 286, when he was made AVG. (See Dessau, No. 617, note 2.) CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 147 DIOCLETIAN. M.\ XI. Ml AN. CONSTANTIUS. GALEEIUS. A.D. 294 - GERM MAX . V GERM MAX . V GERM . MAX GERM MAX IMP . X IMP Vim 295 CARP MAX CARP MAX CARP MAX CARP MAX 296 Jan. 1 COS - VI COS- M BRIT MAX BRIT MAX 297 Jan. 1 COS- V cos. IT MED-MAX-ADIAB MED-MAX-ADIAB MED-MAX-ADIAB MED-MAX-ADIAB MAX MAX MAX MAX PERS MAX M PERS MAX M PERS . MAX IT PERS MAX IT GERM- MAX- VI GERM- MAX- VI 299 Jan. 1 COS VI] COS- V| SARM MAX TOT SARM - MAX TUT GFRM MAX . IT HFRM MAX . 71 VJ C r\ IV! " IVI MA 1 1 SARM MAX-Tl vJL_r\IVI IVI MA * If SARM -MAX- II 300 Jan. 1 cos- m cos. In 301 - IMP XVIII IMP - XVII 302 Jan. 1 cos ."mi cos. ml 303 Jan. 1 cos . vm COS- Wl 304 Jan. 1 cos . vmT COS- VlTT 305 Jan. 1 cos. v COS- V Mayl Abdication Abdication IMP . AVG, etc. IMP . AVG, etc. 148 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 1. [O. IuT\\Q Caesari im[_p]., dictat. iteru[m, p. Dio LIX. 12 relates that he assumed all the honores of former emperors except this one, which he received somewhat later. 2 Determine these dates from page 126. 15. [Ti. (TJlaudio Drusi f. Caesari Augu[sto | 6r]ermanico pontif. maximo, tribu[n/c] [ potest. 1 Ill, cos. Ill, imp. V, patri patri[ae, | socu] publici XX libertatis et XXV venal[nm]. C. I. L. VI. 915. Found at Rome, existing only in copy. J See table, page 120. The inscription was set up by the farmers of the two taxes, mcesima libertatis (5% of the value of a manumitted slave) and quinta et vicesima venalium mancipiorum. 16. pro salute Ti. Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici pont. max., trib. pot. VII, 1 cos. IIII, imp. XV, p. p., censoris / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 2 liberorumque / / / / / 2 1 ex voto suscepto C. lulius Sex. f. Cor. Postunius, praef. Aeg(-pti | Ti. Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici, ex auri p. XVI. C. I. L. VI. 918. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome. l See page 126. 2 Probably the words et Valerias Messalinae Aug. and eorum have been erased. According to Tacitus (Ann. XI. 38) the name of Messalina was erased from public and private monuments. 17. Nero Claudius | divi Claudi f. Germarmanici (?) Cae[s]. | n. Ti. Caesaris Aug. pro nep. divi Aus:. abnepos Caesar Aug. | Germanicus pontif. | max., tr. pot. IIII, 1 imp. IIII, cos. | III, p. p. restituit. C. I. L. XII. 5471. Inscribed on a milestone of the road leading from Forum luli to Aquae Sextiae, in Narbonensis. See page 127. INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 153 18. Nero Claudius | Caesar Aug. G-ermanicus j imp., pout, max., trib. pot. XI, 1 1 cos. IIII, imp. VIIII, pat. p., | Cn. Domitio Corbu- lone - leg. Aug. pro. pr., | T. Aurelio Fulvo 3 leg. Aug., | leg. HI Gal. 4 C. L L. III. Suppl. 6741. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Ziata (Charput), Armenia Maior, with two others similar to it. J See page 127. 2 For the account of Corbulo's occupation of Armenia, see Tacitus, Ann. X\ r . 25-26. 3 Aurelius Fulvus, grandfather of Antoninus Pius (Tac. Hist. I. 79). 4 legione tertia Gallica, or perhaps gen. or nom. forms. The name of the emperor is in the nom. case, subject of fecit, to be supplied. Impe- rator after the cognomina is extraordinary, and probably an error. 19. a) imp. Neroni Claudio divi Claudi f. Germ. Caesaris n. Ti. Caesaris Aug. pro n. divi Aug. ab n. | Caesari Aug. Germ. p. m., tr. pot. Xm, 1 imp. XI, cos. im, | L. Titinius L. f. Gal. Glaucus Lucretianus flam. Romae et Aug., II vir 2 | IIII, p. c., sevir eq. R., curio, praef. fabr. cos., 3 tr. mil. leg. XXII Primig., praef. pro legato | insular. Baliarum, tr. mil. l[e]g. VI Vic- tricis, ex votd suscepto pro salute imp. | Neronis quod Baliari- bus voverat anno A. Licinio Nerva cos., 4 II viris L. Saufe[?']o | Vegeto et Q. Aburio Nepote, ub[] velle[] poneret, voto com- pos, posit lovi Iuno[wi] | Minervae Felicitati Eomae divo Augusto. b) divae Poppaeae Augustae | imp. Neronis Caesaris August., L. Titinius L. f. Gal. Glaucus Lucretianus | (for the remainder see a). C. I. L. XI. 1331. This inscription is on a marble tablet found in the neighborhood of Luna, now at Rome, in Capitoline Museum. * See page 127. 2 duovir quartttm, p(atronus) c(oloniae') (Lunensis}. s praefectus fabr urn consitlaris. 4 65 A. D. The colleague of Licinius Nerva, M. Vestinus Atticus, is not mentioned, because he was killed by command of the empe- ror during his consulship. Tacitus, Ann. XV. 68, 69. Sueton. Nero 35. 20. Sergio | Sulpicio Galbae | imp. Caesar. Ephem. Ep. II. 522. From a portion of a cippus found at Spalato, near Salonae, in Dalmatia, where it exists in the museum, dating 68-69 A.D. The diplomata given to veterans of the legio prima Adintrix show that the emperor preferred the form Ser. Galba imp. Caesar Augustus. Note Sergius for tiervius, probably the earliest instance of this spelling. 154 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 21. A. Vitellius L. f. imperator, cos. perp. C. L L. VI. 929. The only known inscription relating to Vitellius from the city of Rome, now existing in a copy. It was originally engraved on a pedestal which was afterwards hollowed out so as to serve as a sepul- chral urn. Cf. Suet. Vitellius, 11, (Vitellius) comitia in decem annos ordinamt seque perpetuum consulem. 22. imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Aug. | pont. max., tr. pot. Hi, 1 | imp. IIX, p. p., cos. HI, des. IIII, | s. c., 2 quod vias urbis | negle- gentia | superior, tempor. | corruptas in|pensa sua restituit. C. L L. VI. 931. Found at Rome, existing now in copy. l Determine date from table, page 129. 2 s(enatus) c(onsulto). 23. imp. Caesar Vespasia|nus Aug. ponti[/] max., trib. pot. | VIIII, 1 imp. XIIX, p. p., cos. IIX, design. Vim ; imp. 3 T. Caesar Aug. f. cos. VI, desig. V[II], Domitianus Caesar Aug. f. | cos. V, desig. VI, 4 vias a novo munierunt | per L. Antonium Nasonem proc. 2 eorum. C. L L. III. Suppl. 6993. Found at Prusa (Brussa), Bithynia. * See page 129. 2 A coin with the head of Vespasian gives the name of the same procurator (Eckhel, II., p. 404). 3 Note the praenomen imp(erator} possessed by Titus before having the name Augustus (Mommsen, Wiener Numism. Zeitschr. III., p. 458 ff., 1871. T. imp. Caes. Aug. f. appears in another inscription (Arch. Ep. Mitth. V., p. 216) and on some coins. 4 The date of the sixth consulship of Domitian is uncertain. The coincidence of three coss. designati is remarkable. 24. senatus populusq. Romanus | imp. Tito Caesari divi Vespasiani f. Vespasian[o] Augusto pontif. max., trib. pot. X, 1 imp. XVII, [c]os. VIII, 1 p. p. principi suo, | quod praeceptis patr[?'s] consiliisq. et auspiciis gentem ludaeorum domuit et urbem Hierusolymam, omnibus ante se ducibus regibus gentibus aut frustra petitam aut omnino inteni[^>]tatem, delevit. C. L L. VI. 944. From an arch in the Circus Maximus at Rome. It is preserved in a copy, the original of which was made before the ninth century, and is given in the Codex Einsiedlensis. l See page 129. INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 155 25. imperator Caesar divi Vespasian! f. Domitianus Aug. Ger- manicus, pontifex | maxsumus, tribuniciae potestatis VIIII, imp. XXI, cos. XV, censor | perpetuus, p. p., ab arcu, | imde incipit Baetica, | viam Aug. 2 [restitute] C. I. L. II. 4721. A miliarium now at Cordova (Corduba), in Spain. 1 See page 130. 2 Augusta via as made by Augustus. 26. Domitiae Cn. f. | Domitiani Caesaris j d. d. C. L L. X. 1422. Found at Herculaneum in the theatre, now in museum at Naples. Domitia was the daughter of Cn. Domitius Corbulo, and married Doinitian in 70 A.D. The inscription dates between 70 A.D. and the time of the destruction of the city, 79 A.D. 27. imp. Caesar | Nerva Aug. Germ, pontif. max., trib. | potest. Ill, cos. IIII, p. p., viam a Tripontio ad | Forum Appi ex glarea silice sternendam sua pecunia incohavit ; | imp. Caes. Nerva divi Nerv[ae /] Trai[a]nus Aug. Germ. p[ow. m]ax., trib. potest., cos. Ill, p. [p.], consummavit. C. /. L. X. 6824. A miliarium of the Via Appia, near Forum Appii, where it still exists. Determine date from page 131. 28. senatus populusque Eomanus | imp. Caesari divi Nervae f. ISTer- vae | Traiano Aug. Germ. Dacico pontif. | maximo, trib. pot. XVII, imp. VI, cos. VI, p. p., | ad declarandum quantae alti- tudinis | moiis et locus tantjj's opejribus l sit egestus. C. L L. VI. 960. On the pedestal of Trajan's Column in the Forum of Trajan, in Rome, still in existence. 1 Another reading is tantis viribus. Dio, LXVIII. 16. See also Jordan, Topog. I. 2, p. 454. Middleton's Remains of Ancient Eome, vol. II. 30 ff . 29. s. p. q. B. imp. Caesari divi Traiani | Parthici f. divi Nervae nepoti | Traiano Hadriano Aug. pont. | max., tr[^.] pot. II, cos. II, | qui primus omnium principum et | solus remittendo sestertium novies | milies centena milia n. debitum fiscis | non praesentes tantum cives suos sed | et posteros eorum praestitit hac [ liberalitate securos. C. I. L. VI. 067. From the Forum of Trajan in Rome. The letters were once formed of bronze set in the stone. Only a small portion exists 156 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS to-day, the remainder being obtained from a copy made before the ninth century, preserved in the Codex Einsiedlensis. 30. imp. Caes. divi Traiani Part. f. divi Nervae n. | Traianus Hadrianus Aug. | pont. max., trib. pot. XX, cos. Ill, p. p., I. S. m. r. 1 statuam ex donis aureis | et arg. vetustate corruptis fieri et consecrari iussit | ex auri p. Ill ~ 2 et arg. p. CCVI ~ C. I. L. XIV. 2088. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Lanuvium, now at Rome, in the Capitoline Museum. l lUnoni Sospiti matri reginae. 2 ex auri pondo (libris} tribus uncia una. 31. Matidiae divae Marcianae [J.]ug. 1 nepti divae | Matidiae Aug. 2 f. divae | Sabinae Aug. sorori imp. Antomni Aug. Pii | materterae, 3 bule et civitas | Efesidrum, c. a. 4 Successd lib. 5 proc. C. /. L. III. Suppl. 7123. Found at Ephesus among the ruins of the temple of Diana. l Sister of Trajan. 2 Mother-in-law of Hadrian. 3 Matidia is called the aunt of Antoninus, inasmuch as she was the sister of his adoptive father's wife, Sabina. 4 c(uram) a(gente). 5 lib^erto} pro- c(uratore). 32. imp. Caesar divi Hadriani fil. divi Traiani Parthici nep. divi \_Nervae\ \ pronepos T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Aug. Pius pontif. max., trib. potes[. II, cos. II,'] 1 \ thermas, in quarum exstructionem divos pater suus -HS |XX] 2 po\\i[citus eraf], adiecta pecunia, quanta amplius desiderabatur, item marmori- bus ad omnem o[rnatum perfedf]. C. I. L. XIV. 98. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Ostia, now in the Vatican Museum. * Mommsen assigns this inscription to 139 A.D., since there is no room for imp. II, which belongs to Antoninus Pius from 143 A.D., nor p. p., the use of which dates from the middle of 139 A.D. 2 Sestertium vicies (centena milicf). Cf. Minucius Felix, Octavius 4. 33. M. Aurelio Vero | Caesari imp. Cae|saris Titi Aelii Ha|driani Antoni|ni Aug. Pii p. p. filio, | cos. II, scaphari qui Eomulae | negotiantur d. s. p. d. d. G. /. L. II. 1169. Found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, preserved only in copy. It was probably set up in company with a similar inscription of Antoninus Pius, II. 1168, and dates with that in tribunicia potestate VIIII, 146 A.D. UNIVERSIT INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 157 34. L. Aelio Aurelio | Commodo imperatoris Caesa|ris T. Aeli Hadri|ani Antonini | Aug. Pii p. p. f., | d. d. p. p. C. L L. VIII. 50. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at El Djem (Thysdrus), in Africa. This is the form of the name of Lucius Verus, afterwards emperor, after his adoption by Antoninus Pius, and before his brother Marcus Aurelius had conferred upon him the cognomen Verus and a share in the imperial power. 35. imp. Caes. divi An|toiiini Pii fil. divi Hadriani iiep. di|vi Traiani Parthi|ci pronep. divi Ner|vae abnepoti L. Aurelio Vero Aug. | Armeniaco pont. maximo, trib. pot. Ill, [imp. II, c]os. II, d. d. C. I. L. X. 17. Found at Locri (Torre di Gerace), Brutium, where it still exists. 36. Coiicordiae | Augustor. imp. Caes. M. Aureli Anto|nini Arme- iiiac. Medic. Par|thic. inaximi p. p. 1 et imp. Caes. L. Aureli Veri Armeniaci Medici Parthici maximi p. p., 1 L. G-argilius Q. til. Pap. Augustalis aed. | statuam, quam ob lionorem | aed. 2 super legitim. 3 ex 4+S IIII mil. num. pollicitus est, ampli- \_ata} pec. 4 anno suo posuit dedicavitq. C. L L. VIII. 8800. Found at Cuicul in Province of Numidia. l Marcus and Verus appear to have been termed patres patriae in 166 A. P. after the month of March. 2 aed(ilitatis). 3 legitim(am~). 4 pcc(unia}. 37. imp. Caesar M. Aurelius | Antoninus Aug. Germanicus Sarmat. et | imp. Caesar L. Aurelius | Commodus Aug. Germanicus Sarmatic. | hos lapides constitui iusserunt propter contro- versias quae | inter mercatores et mancipes ortae erant, uti finem demonstrarent vectigali foriculari 1 et ansarii | pro- mercalium secundum | veterem legem semel dumjtaxat exi- gundo. C. L L. VI. 1016 a. Found at Rome, where it exists to-day in Villa Albani. A similar inscription, somewhat imperfect, was found near the walls of the city, back of the Lateran Basilica (Ephem. Ep. IV. 787). Two others are given in the Einsiedlensis MS., which are there assigned, the one to the via Salaria, the other to the via Flaminia, so that it is prob- able that other stones were placed on other roads about the city. These stones were set up between 177 A.U. in the year in which Commodus was 158 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS called Augustus, and the year in which Marcus Aurelius died, 180 A.D. 1 fonculari for foriculiari ; nothing is known as to the character of this tax, but the ansarium is mentioned in another inscription, VI. 8594, thus : quidquid usuarium (i.e. intended for the use of the purchaser) invehitur, ansarium non debet. (Dessau.) 38. Faustin[a]e Aug. | imp. Caes. M. Aureli | Antoninfj] Aug. Ger- inanici tr. \_po~\i. XXVII, 1 cos. ![//], p. p., C. Laberiu[s Qjuartinus cos., VII [vi]r epul. C. I. L. X. 5824. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Ferentinum, a town of the Hernici, where it exists to-day in the museum. 39. imp. Caes. M. Aurelius | Commodus 1 | Antoninus | Aug. Pius Sarm. | Germ, maximus | Brittanicus 2 pont. max., trib. pot. VIIII, 3 imp. VI, cos. IIII, p. p. pontem Hippi flumi|nis vetustate cor|ruptum restituit, | sumptum et operas submini- strantibus | Novensibus Delmi|nensibus Biditis, cu|rante et dedicante L. lunio Rufino Procujliano leg. pr. pr. G. I. L. III. 3202. Found at Trigl in Dalmatia, now in the museum at Spa- lato. ! This word has been partially erased, but is still legible. 2 Com- niodus seems to have been called Britannicus in 184 A.D. (Eckhel VII. 1 12.) 40. imp. Caes. Lucio Septimio M. fil. Severo Pio Pertinaci Aug. patri patriae Parthico Arabico et | Parthico Adiabenico ponti- fic. maximo, tribunic. potest. XI, imp. XI, cos. Ill, procos. et | imp. Caes. M. Aurelio L. fil. Antonino Aug. Pio Felici tribunic. potest. VI, cos. procos., (p. p., | optimis fortissimisque principi- bus), ob rein publicam restitutam imperiumque populi Roman! propagatum insignibus virtutibus eorum domi forisque, s. p. q.K. C. /. L. VI. 1033. Inscribed on both sides of the famous arch of Severus in the Forum Romanum, in large letters, which were originally filled with bronze. When Caracalla had murdered his brother Geta, he ordered his name to be erased from all inscriptions, hence the words in angular brackets have been cut over the erased name P. Septimio L. fil. Getae nobiliss. Caesari. For date see page 136. It is curious that in a public inscription the pmenomen is written in full ; also that Marcus Aurelius is not termed divus, and that Parthici maximi does not appear with name of Severus. (Dessau. ) INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 159 41. imp. Caes. L. Septimio Severe Pio Pertinaci Aug. Arabic. Adia- beiiic. Parth. max. fortissimo felicissimo pontif. max., trib. potest. XII, imp. XI, cos. Ill, patri patriae, et | imp. Caes. M. Aurelio Antonino Pio Felici Aug. trib. potest. VII, cos. {Hi, p. p., procos. fortissimo felicissiinoque principi) et | luliae Aug. matri Aug. (n) et castrorum et (senatus et patriae et) imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonirii Pii Felicis Aug. (Parthici maximi Brittannici maximi), | argentari et negotiantes boari huius (loci qui invelient), 1 devoti numini eorum. C. L L. VI. 1035. On the Arch of Severus in the Forum Boarium. The bracketed portions are substitutes for erasures, probably of the follow,- ing: cos. et P. Septimio Getae Caesari, et luliae Aug. matri Augg. et castrorum, ct Fulviae Plautillae Aug. imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonini Pii Felicis Aug. uxori, filiae P. Fulvii Plautiani. l Substituted for simply loci. 42. Concordiae | Augg[#] | dominorum nnfV] 1 | impp. L. Septimi Severi et M. Au|reli Antonini (Pi(i) Fel. Aug. Parth. max. | Brit. max. Ger.) 2 AuggQ/] 1 | et luliae Aug. | L. Liciuius Opta- tia|nus ob honorem fl. pp. 3 statuas, quas | ex -&S XX m. n. cum basib. praeter le|gitim. 4 pollicitus | est, ampliata pec. | ex &S XXXV m. n. posuit easque sportulis decuri datis et epul. curi|is, et ludis scae nicis editis, de|dicavit. Ephem. Ep. VII. 757. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Timghad (Thamu- gadi), in Africa. l The third g and third n are erased as referring to Geta. 2 Substitution for name of Geta. *flamonii perpetui. 4 legitimam summam, i.e. the amount allowed by law ob honorem flaminii. 43. M. Aurelio Antonino Caesari imperatori destinato l imperatoris Caes. | L. Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Aug. Arabici Adiabe- nici vindicis et conditoris Romanae disciplinae filio divi M. Antouiui Pii Ger. Sarm. nepoti divi Antonini Pii pronepoti divi Hadriani abnepoti divi Traiani Parjthici et divi Nervae adnepoti, decreto decurionum pecunia public., | Q. Anicius Faustus leg. Augustorum 2 pro praetore patr. col. dedicavit. Ephem. Ep. VII. 353. Inscribed on a tablet found at Timghad (Thamu- gadi), in Africa. 1 197 A.D. 2 As Caracalla did not receive the title Augustus until 198, we would not expect Faustus to be termed legatus Augustorum in the previous year. 160 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 44. [P. Septimio Getae noUlis\simo Caesari Aug.~\ \ imp. Caes. L. Septimi Sever! Pii Pertinacis Aug. | Arab. Adiab. Part. max. fortissi|mi felicissimi pont. max., | trib. potest. VII, imp. XI, cos. II, p. p., procos. i\il.~\ \ imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonini Aug. | trib. potest. II, procos. \_fratri\ \ divi M. Aiitonirii Pii Ger. Sarm. [_nep~\. divi Antonini Pii pi^onep'] divi Hadriani &[bnep.~\ divi Traia|ni Part, et divi Nervae a[efoiep], col. Aejlia Aurelia Mactaris, d. d. p. p. Ephem. Ep. V. 1174. Inscription on a pedestal found at Mactaris in Africa. The name of Geta and words referring to him have been erased. 45. imp. Caes. M. Opellius Severus Macrinus Pius Felix | Aug. pont. max., trib. p. II, 1 | p. p., cos., procos. et M. | Opellius Antoninus | Diaduminianus nobiliss. Caes. princ. inventut., | providentissimi | Augg., fecer. ab Ag. m. p. 2 | LVI. C. L L. III. 5708. A miliarium found at S. Lorenzen (Tyrol), on a road leading from Aguontum (Lienz) into Rhaetia. l See page 137. 2 ab Aguonto milia pasuum. 46. [/ionjori im|j9. | M.~\ AurelfTji 1 Anto|[?i]ini Pii Felicis Aug., | [sajcerd. amp[7.] invic|ti Solis Elagabaj[^', p]ont. max., trib. pot. | . . . , cos. HI, 2 p. p., I [.] p. q. F. 3 G. L L. X. 5827. A marble tablet found at Ferentinum, existing in copy. 1 Aurelii. ' 2 See page 137. 3 Senatus populusque Ferentinas. 47. pro salute domini nostri imperator. Severi Alexandri 1 Pii Augusti et | luliae Maesae 1 et luliae Avitae Mameae 1 sanctissi- marum Augustarum, | Genio sancto castror. peregrinorum T. Fulvius Domitianus domo Nicomedia, quod speculator leg. Ill Parth. | Severianae vovit, has|tatus leg. X Fretensis | princeps peregrinorum | reddedit. Bull, deir 1st. 1884, p. 27. Found in the Atrium of Vesta at Rome. 1 These names are partially erased, but are still legible. 48. imp. Caes. | C. lulius | Verus Maxi[mmits P. F.~\ invictus Aug., | Aquileiensium restitutor | et conditor, viam quoque | gemi- INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 161 nam | a porta usque | ad pontem 1 | per tirones | iuventut. novae | Italicae suae dilectus posterior., longi temporis | labe corruptain, munivit ac restituit. C. L L. V. 7989. Inscribed on stone found at Aquileia, Venetia, where it still exists in Museum of Cassis. : Mommsen considers this the bridge over the Sontius, distant about fifteen miles from Aquileia, which is referred to by authors ; cf. Herodianus, 8. 4. 49. [im]p. Caesari \_M. Ant^omo Gordiand \_Pio~\ Felici invicto Augusto poiitif. max., trib. pot. II, cos., procos., p. p.; Numisius Quintianus v. p., 1 | ab epistulis Latinis, | devotus numini [ maiestatique eius. C. L L. VI. 1088. Found at Home in the baths of Caracalla, existing now in copy. l v(ir) p(erfectissimus) . 50. Furiae Sabiniae | Tranquillinae sanctissimae Aug. coniugi domini n. | imp. Caes. M. Antoni Gordiani Pii Felicis invicti Aug., decuriales geruli l et h. u., 2 devoti numini maiestatiq. eor. C. L L. VI. 1096. On a marble pedestal found at Rome, where a part is still to be seen in the Vatican. l The carriers of letters and documents who belonged to the Apparitores of Rome, and formed a decuria. 2 li(pnore} u(si). 51. Victoriae reducis dd. nn. [imp. Caes. M. lulii Philippi *] | Pii Felicis Aug. et \_0taci~\liae Se[verae] Aug. [co]jiugi d. n., milites leg. II Parth. \_Philippianae] p. f. f. | aet., 2 q. m. c. 3 Oclatin[]o Ad|vento cos., 4 quorum nomi|na cum tribus 5 et patri|is inserta sunt, devo|ti numini maiestati|que eorum d. X k. Aug. Pere|grino et Aemiliano, 6 in his | et evok. 7 Augg. nn., cura age|[w]te Pompon. luliano R. 8 leg. eius. C. I. L. XIV. 2258. Found at Rome, to which place it was probably brought from the camp of the legion at Alba, existing in copy. * The name of Philippus and his wife are wanting, probably because erased. 2 P(iae) f(idelis) f(elicis) aet(ernae). s q(ui) m(ilitare) c(oeperunt). 4 218 A.D. 5 Read tribu(bu)s. 6 consulibus, July 23, 244 A.D. 7 In his (centuriones) et evok(atus) Aug(ustorum) n(ostrorum) . 8 Not understood. 52. imp. Caes. C. Vibio Treboniano Gallo Pio Telici A[wgr] pontif. max., trib. potest. IIII, 1 cos. II, p. p., procos., [ef] imp. Caes. LAT. INSCRIP. 11 162 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. Vibio Afinio Gallo Veldumniano V[oZtm'cmo] \ Pio Felici Aug. pontif. max., trib. potest. IIII, 1 cos. II, p. p., p[rocos], tribus Palatiiia corp. iuniorum iuvenal. hoii 2 client., devoti iiumini maiestatique eor[w>i], homines num. DCCCCLXVIII. 3 C. I. L. VI. 1104. Cf. p. 844. Found at Rome. 1 253 A.D. 2 hnnorati to which clientes is opposed. 3 For this number see Mommsen, Staatsr. III. 265 n. 3. 53. imp. Caes. P. Licinius | Valerianus Pius Fel. Aug. pon. | max. Germ, max., trib. pot. VII, 1 cos. IIII, | p. p., procos. et imp. Caes. P. Licinius Gallienus Germ. Pius Pel. Aug. pont. max., trib. | pot. VII, cos. Ill, p. p., procos. et P. Cornelius Saloni- nus | Valerianus nobiliss. Caes., pont. Secul. 2 vi ignis consumpt. indulg. | sua restitui curaverunt. C. /. L. XI. 826. Inscribed on a tablet of granite found near Modena (Mutina), now in the museum of that place. 1 See page 142. 2 pont(em} Secul(ae}, where the Via Aemilia crossed the river, a place now called Secchia. 54. Gallieno clementissimo principi, cuius invicta virtus sola pietate superata est, et Saloninae sanctissimae Aug., | Aurelius Victor v. e. dicatissimus numini maiestatique eorum. C. I. L. VI. 1106. On the Arch of Gallienus, which stands on the Esquiline near the church of S. Vito, Rome. Cf. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Ch. X. 55. imp. Caes. L. Domitio Au|reliano Pio Fe. | invicto Aug. Ara- bico max. | Gothico max. | Carpico max., | trib. p. Ill, cos. Ill, procos. Ill, princi|pi n., ordo Bare, numini maiestatiq. eius. (7. J. L. II. 4506. Found at Barcelona (Barcino, Tarraconensis), Spain, existing in copy. For date see page 144. 56. providentissimo principi, rectori | orbis ac domino, fundatori pacis | aeternae Diocletiano P. F. | invicto Aug. pont. | max., Ger. max., Pers. max., trib. pot. VII, 1 | cos. IIII, patri pat., | procos., Sept. | [ Fa?e]ntio v. p., p. p. R., | d. n. m. que eius d. 2 d. O. /. L. III. 5810. Found at Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum), where it exists to-day. l See page 146. 2 vir perfectissimus, praeses provincias Raetiae, devotus numini maiestatique eius dedit dedicavit. INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 163 57. dd. nn. Diocletianus et Maximianus invicti seniores Augg., 1 patres impp. et Caess., et dd. nn. Constantius et Maximianus invicti Augg., et | Severus et Maximinus nobilissimi Caesares tliermas felices [.ZKojcletianas, quas [ M ] aximianus Aug. re- \diens] ex Africa sub [pr] aesentia maie [stag's] disposuit ac [/]ieri iussit et Diocletian! Aug. fratris sui | nomini consecra- vit, coemptis aedificiis pro tanti operis magnitudiiie omni cultu perfectas Eomanis suis dedicaverunt. C. I. L. VI. 1130. Dessau 646. Inscription on a tablet from the baths of Diocletian in Rome. It was seen in complete form by the author of the MS. Anonyinus Einsiedlensis, while authors of the sixteenth century described two pieces of the same. Portions of another stone with simi- lar inscription have since appeared ( C. /. L. VI. p. 845 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 794 ; Notizie, 1890, p. 185). l Diocletian and Maximian, after their abdication on the kalends of May, 305, were termed seniores Augusti before the news was received of the death of Constantius at Eboracum a. d. VIII kal. Aug. 306. 58. imp. Caes. Fl. Constantino maximo P. F. Augusto s. p. q. R., quod instinctu divinitatis, mentis magnitudine, cum exercitu suo tarn de tyranno ] quam de omni eius factione uno tempore iustis rem publicam ultus est armis, arcum triumphis insignem dicavit. 2 3 liberator! urbis (JfarcV) (**.) fundatori quietis 4 5 sic. X sic. XX (^f ) ( ;cf ) votis X votis XX C. I. L. VI. 1139. On the celebrated Arch of Constantine, Rome. Some have held that these words instinctu divinitatis were insertions in place of an erasure of some other words nutu lovis o. m. ; de Ross, Bull, di Arch. Crist. 1863, p. 58, refutes this. l The tyrant Maxentius was con- quered in 312 A.D. The arch probably dates 315 A.D., as is indicated by reference to the ten years of his reign, sic. X sic. XX apparently means " as he has reigned ten, so may he reign twenty," while votis may refer to the decennalia or vicennalia. CHAPTER VI OFFICIAL TITLES CURSUS HONORUM CORRESPONDING to the titles given with the names of the emperors, there appear also in the inscriptions, after the names of those who have taken part in public life, the designations of official positions which have been held, arranged regularly in an order determined by their importance and grade. This collection of titles sets forth what is known as the cursus honorum, which may be denned as the suc- cession of official stations through which a person must pass in order to obtain the position of the highest rank. In the early Roman Republic the principle of official promotion, whereby eligibility for the various magistracies depended upon the previous tenure of those of lower grade, and the intervention of a certain period of time, was held in an informal way until B.C. 180, when a certus ordo magistratuum was definitely established by the Lex Villia Annalis. This consisted of the quaestorship, curule aedileship, praetorship, consulship, with a preliminary military service of ten years, and an interval of at least two years between the various magistracies. The time of Sulla and the later days of the Republic witnessed various modifications in the regulations governing this cursus honorum. Under the Empire, however, it found its fullest development and most important application. Roman society, at the close of the Republic, may be classified in three divisions : the senatorial order, the equestrian order, the plebs. This classification and partition of citizens on the basis of rank already determined under the Republic was employed by Augustus and his successors in establishing and developing the imperial government. 164 OFFICIAL TITLES 165 To those of senatorial rank were assigned the old republican magistracies, while to the members of a select body of the knights were given the important praefecturae, such as that of Egypt, and by degrees other offices of administration which were closely related to the princeps. Subordinate officers, both civil and military, also officials of the- various collegia, were selected from the plebs. Thus in the imperial period there were in existence three careers of official service (cursus honorum), open respectively to those of senatorial and equestrian rank and to the commonalty. The cursus honorum appears in the inscriptions arranged on the generally applied principle of an ascending or descending series. In the ascending series, the direct order, the lowest position is men- tioned first, and the highest last, while in the descending series, the inverse order, the highest is mentioned first and the lowest last. 1 This principle is found applied in various ways, as, for example, when in the same inscription honores ordinarii are given in descend- ing order, while others, extra ordinem, appear in ascending order. 2 SENATORIAL CURSUS HONORUM This career was open to senators and all of senatorial rank, namely, those who possessed the requisite property of one million sesterces, and were either the sons of senators or had been raised to the sena- torial rank by the emperor. Before a candidate was qualified to stand for the quaestorship, which was the key to the senatorial cursus, two preliminary forms of service were demanded : 1st. The holding of one of a group of minor offices of annual tenure, known as Vigintiviri. XX VIRI a] Triumvir capitalis, III V CAP, KAPIT. Function, Execution of capital sentences. 1 Borghesi, CEuvres, IV., p. 103. As to the consulship and the sacerdotium, see page 168. 2 See inscriptions, p. 170. 166 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 6) Triumvir monetalis, III V- MON, auro argento aere flando feri- undo ill V A A A F F. Function, Coinage of copper money struck by the senate. c) Quattuorvir viarum curandarum, III! V V, VI AR - CVR, CVRANDAR. Function, Supervision of city streets and roads. d) Decemvir stlitibns iudicandis, XV STL, STLIT IVD, IVDIC. Func- tion, Member of court having cognizance in civil cases. The vigiiitivirate disappeared during the third century. 2d. The serving at least a year as Tribunus (xiXfopxos) militum laticlavius, 1 TR, TRIB M, MIL L, LAT, LATIC, LATICL This office could be held either before or after the vigintivirate. After the Flavian emperors, however, it regularly followed the pre- liminary magistracies. In the time of the Empire the tribunate of the soldiers had importance mainly as a tirocinium for young nobles. and as introductory to the quaestorship. The appointment to this position came from the emperor. Only in rare instances was this service disregarded, but after the early part of the third century it was no longer required. The magistracies which followed were the quaestorship, tribunate of the plebs or aedileship, praetorship, consulship. The age required for the quaestorship was twenty-five years; for the praetorship, thirty years. A period of at least a year must intervene between the first three of these, and of two years between the last two. As a patrician was ineligible to the tribunate of the plebs or the plebeian aedileship, he could pass directly from the quaestorship to the praetorship. Both the tribunate of the plebs and the aedileship disappeared during the third century. The four magistracies were nominally of annual tenure, although the consulship was no longer, as a rule, held through the year. Consuls were either ordinarii, entering upon their duties on the first 1 Augustus at times made prospective senators praefecti alae, as well as tribuni militum, although later on the former position was held almost exclusively by those of the equestrian order. Suetonius, Aug. 38. Veil. Pat. XI. 104. C. 1. L. XIV. 2105. OFFICIAL TITLES 167 of 'January, and giving their names to the year, 1 or suffecti, from whose number were selected the groups of two who should hold office for portions of the year. TABLE OF SENATORIAL MAGISTRACIES (in ascending order). I. Quaestor (ra^as, /cua^rwp) Q, QVAE, QVAES, QVAESIT " pro praetore provinciae ... - PRO, PR PR " urbanus - - VRB " candidates - K, CAND, KAN DID " Augusti, Caesaris - - AVG, CAES " designatus - - DES II. Aedilis (dyopdvopos) AED, AEDIL, AID " curulis (KovpovXrjs') - CVR " plebis (5T/,uoTt/c6s) - - PL " cerealis - CER II. Tribunus plebis TR, TRIB PL candidates - - K, CAND, KANDID III. Praetor (O-T/HXT^S, irpaLrup) PR candidates - K, CAND, KANDID " peregrinus - - PER " urbanus - VRB " tutelarius - - TVTEL " aerarii or ad aerarium . . . . AER IV. Consul (x*epei/s) PONT, PONTIF " Maximus PONT, P M, MAX Quindeciiuvir sacris faciundis XV VI R S F Salius SAL Septemvir epulo or epulonum VII VI R EPVL Sodalfe Augustalis SOD AVG, AVG VST " Augustalis Claudialis " " CL, CLAVDIAL " Hadrianalis u Flavialis " Titius Virgo Vestalis V V Titles of Honor. Towards the close of the first 3 century, titles of honor were given to those of senatorial rank. These are found in the inscriptions in 1 Cagnat, Cours d 1 Epigraphie Lat., p. 99. Wil. Index, ii., p. 480. C. I. L. Indices. 2 Wil. 1193, n. 1. 3 From time of Marcus and Verus, 161-180, Momm. Staatsr. III. 1, 471. " Im Laufe des 1. Jahrhunderts wurde vir clarissimus allmahlich ein officielles OFFICIAL TITLES 169 abbreviated form immediately after the personal name. They are as follows : vir clanssimus (avrjp Xa/i7rp6TaTos), V C ; clarissimae memoriae vir, C M V ; clarissimus puer, C P ; clanssimus iuvenis, C I ; clarissima puella, C P, S ; darissima femina, C F In addition to the four magistracies which form the senatorial cursus honorum the inscriptions also show the official functions which were performed by those of senatorial rank. These functions, vary- ing in importance, were arranged in grades corresponding to the several magistracies, and hence were exercised, according to their relative value, by those who had been either quaestors, quaestoricii, praetors, praetorii, or consuls, consulares. The following table. contains the principal senatorial functions, and the rank of the different officials by whom they were generally performed. Function. Censitor = legatus August! censibus accipiendis, LEG AVG CENS ACC ; assigned to consulares or praetorii. Comes Augusti, COM AVG ; praetorii (generally), but also consulares, aedilicii, quaestoricii. Corrector, CORR ; consulares or praetorii. Curator (eTrt/xeX^TTjs) actorum senatus or ab actis senatus, C, CVR, CVRAT AC- TORVM SENATVS ; AB ACT SENAT ; quaestoricii. Curator rei publicae, C, CVR, CVRAT R P (see logistae). Curator alvei Tiberis et riparum et cloacarum urbis, C, CVR ALV TIB RIPA- RVM ET CLOAC VRB ; consulares. Curator operum publicorum, OPER PVB, PVBL ; consulares or praetorii. Curator aquarum et Miniciae, AQV, AQVAR ET MINI, MIMIC, or - Miniciae, MIN ; consulares. Curator viarum, CVR VIAR ; praetorii or consulares. ludex quaestionis ; aedilicii or quaestoricii. luridicus per Italian! regionis . . ., IVR, IVRID ; consulares. und fest stehendes Pradicat der Manner von senatorischem Stande." "Im Zeitalter der Antonine war die Anwendung des Titels vir clarissimus offenbar allgemeiner Gebrauch, wie man aus Gellius sieht : I. 2, 1 ; I. 22, 6 ; XVIII. 10, 1." Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, I., p. 398. 170 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS luridicus or legatus iuridicus provinciae . . ., per provinciam . . ., LEG IVR, IVRID : consulares or praetorii. Legatus (7r/oe(r/3eir^s) August! pro praetore provinciae . . ., LEG AVG PR PR ; consulares or praetorii, according to province. Legatus legionis 1 (irpeffpevTris, T^e/iwj/ \eyiuvos), LEG LEG ; praetoriL Legatus pro praetore provinciae (proconsulum), LEG PR PR PROV, or legatus proco'hsulis, LEG PROCOS ; quaestoricii. 2 Logista, or curator liberarum civitatium ; praetorii, also quaestoricii. Praefectus (eTropxos) aerarii militaris, PR, PRAE, PRAEF AER MIL ; praetorii. Praefectus aerarii Saturni, AER SAT ; praetorii. Praefectus alimentorum ; praetorii or consulares. Praefectus frumenti dandi ex senatus consulto, PRAEF F D EX S C ; praetorii or aedilicii. Praefectus urbi (urbis), VRB ; consulares. Proconsul (or/oar^ds vTraros), PRO, PROC, PROCO, PROCOS, PROCOSS ; con- sulares (of Asia and Africa), praetorii (of other^senatorial provinces). Quaesitor iudex ; see iudex quaestionis. jEfc.No. l. L . N E R A T I C F VOL PROCVLO XVIR . STLITIBVS - IVDICAN TRIB . MILITVM . LEGION V FT GEMIN FELIC ET LEG VIM AVG QVAEST --AEDIL PLEB . CERIAL . PRAET . LEG LEG . XVI FLAVIAE V F I D E L ITEM MISSO . AB - IMP ' ANTONINO . AVG PIO AD . DEDVCEN dAS . VEXiLLATIONES . IN SYRIAM . OB bELLVM parTHICVM PRAEF AERARI MILITARIS COS MVNICIPES SAEPINAT L. Neratio C. f(ilio) Volt(inia tribii) Proculo (decem) m'r(o) stlitibus iudi- can(dis}, trib(uno) militum legion(is} (septimae) Gemin(ae) felic(is} et leg(ionis) (octavae) Aug(ustae), quaest(ori), aedil(i) pleb(is} cereaZ(i), 1 For names of legions, see page 408. 2 Also those of higher rank, but this must not exceed the rank of the pro- consul. OFFICIAL TITLES 171 praetor (i), leg(at<>) 1eg(ionis} (sextae decimae) Flaviae fidel(is) item misso ab imp(eratore) Antonino Aug(usto) Pio ad deduccndas vexillationes in Syriam ob bellum Parthicum, praef(ecto) aerari(i) militaris, co(ii)s(uli} / Municipes Saepinat(es) . C. L L. IX. 2457. Found at Saepinum, Italy. The citrsns honorum is in the ascending order. All designations between praetori and consitli indicate praetorian functions. EX. No. 2. L . D A S V M I O . P F STEL TVLLIO rv^rn roc: COMITI v b L u c u b AVGVST AVG VR I SO DA L - H A DR I A MALI . SODALI . ANTONI NIANO CVRAT OPERVM PVBLICORVM LEGATO PR PR PROVINCIAR GERMANIAE SVPERIOR ET PANNONI AE . SVPERIOR PRAEFECTO AER . SATVRNI PRAETORI TRIBVN PLEB LEG PROVING AFRICAE QVAEST IMP ANTONINI . AVG Pll TRIB MILIT . LEG Nil FLAVIAE TRIVMVIRO . A A A F F P - T V L L / V S - C A L LI ST I P S V I T L. Dasumio, P. f(ilio) 8tel(latina tribii) Tullio Tusco co()s(iZi'), comiti Auguxt(i). Priestly functions -.auguri, sodal(i) Hadrianali, sodal(i) Antoniniano. Consular functions: curat(ori} operum publicorum, legato pr(o~) pr(aetore) provinciar(um') Germaniae Superior (is) et Pannoniae Superior (is). Praetorian functions : praefecto aer(arii) Saturni, praetori, tribun(o) pleb(is'). Quaestorian functions: leg(ato) provinc(iae~) Africae, quaest(ori) imp(era- toris*) Antonini Aug(usti) Pit. Preliminary service: trib(uno} milit(um') leg(ionis) IIII Ffaviae, triumviro a(uro) a(rgento*) a(ere~) f(lando) f(eriundo). C. L L. XI. 3365. Found at Tarquinium. 172 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS The cursus honorum is in the descending order. The consulship was held between the tenure of the praefecture aerarii Saturni and the provincial adminis- tration, but is placed first in the list of honores. When the word indicating the nature of two successive functions is the same for both, it is usual to find it repeated, but here the title legato p(ro) p(raetore) serves for both, being omitted with the second. The word item is used, as a rule, to denote a succession of functions, while et commonly indicates the tenure of two functions at the same time. This rule is violated here, since Dasumius governed these provinces separately. EQUESTRIAN CURSUS HONORUM In the reorganization of the equites in the imperial period, the most important feature, from an administrative point of view, was the restoration and elevation of the old body of eighteen centuries, known as the equites eq no pubUco (EQ P, PVBL). 1 Admission to this corps not only depended upon the original qualifications of free- birth, and the possession of the requisite property of 400,000 sesterces, but also upon the presentation by the emperor of the knight's horse ; which was in reality the investiture of a suitably qualified person with membership in the equestrian troop. It was to this body that Augustus and his successors looked for officials who were to serve as superintendents (praefecti) and agents (procuratores) possessing authority only as representatives of the emperor. Consistently with the early theories of the Eomans, and in imitation of the senatorial career, the equestrian civil service was preceded by a military apprenticeship. After the initial military service the can- didate for the equestrian honores was eligible for one of ""the procura- torships, which in themselves varied in dignity and importance ; then followed the praefectur.es, which were the highest offices attainable. The equestrian cursus honorum may be considered under three divisions. I. Preliminary service, a) military, b) civil. II. Procuratores. III. Praefecti. Romanus = linrevs pupates, ITTITU 8-qfj.offLi^ T OFFICIAL TITLES 173 I. a) Preliminary military service. Under Augustus no set form of military service appears to have been assigned to the knights, and it was not until the time of Clau- dius that the militiae equestres were in any way clearly defined. According to Suetonius, 1 Claudius determined upon three forms of service : 1st, praefectura cohortis; 2d, praefectura alae; 3d, tribunatus legionis. The inscriptions, however, testify that these tres militiae equestres did not become the usual course of preliminary training until the beginning of the second century, but that omissions, such as of the praefectura alae and substitutions of one or more tribunates in the army, or of the three tribunates 2 in the city, were common. 3 In inscriptions dating from the time of Septimius Severus the old order of promotion from praefectura cohortis to praefectura alae rarely appears, and other military positions form part of the preliminary career. This now in reality loses its preliminary or introductory nature, and becomes the main service for which the procuratorship is the far-distant reward. The centurionate 4 is now the first eques- trian military office, 5 and the primipilate and the praefectura legionis, the old praefectura castrorum, are stepping stones to the procurator- 1 Claudius, 25 "equestres militias ita ordinavit ut post cohortem alam, post alam tribunatum legionis daret." The order given is shown by the inscriptions to be either incorrect or of short duration, for in the inscriptions the praefectura alae regularly has the highest rank. Hirschfeld, Eomischen Verwaltungsge- schichte, pp. 247 ff. 2 tribunus cohortis vigilum, tribunus cohortis urbanae, tribunus cohortis praetoriae. 3 See Hirschfeld's Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 248, note 2. 4 The expression " militiae equestres " used above is first referred to by Pliny the Younger, and afterward appears in inscriptions of the third century. So omnibus equestribus militiis perfunctus, functus, or exornatus, or militiis eques- tribiift perfunctus; again, militia prima, secunda, quarta ; more commonly, a militiis tribus, or tribus militiis perfunctus, a quattuor militiis, or quattuor militiarnm. The expression a militiis has aroused much discussion. Momm- > Z, CENT Cornicularius, COR CORN Curator fisci, F, FIS, FISC C, CVR Evocatus, EVOC, EVOK Fmmentarius, FR, FRVM Imaginifer, IM, IMA, I MAG Immunis, I MM, IMMV Librarius, LIB Medicus, MED Sftfes, M, MIL Qptfo, OP, OPT - principis PR I - cohortis COM - equitum - EQ Princeps, PR, PR I, PR INC Secutor tribuni, S, SE, SEC T, TR Signifer, SIG, SIGN, SIGNF Singular is consularis, S, SING COS praefecti PRAEF Speculator, SP, SPEC, SPECVL Strator, STR, STRAT Tesserarius, T, TES, TESS Tubicen, TVB Veteranus, VET honesta missione, VET H M H-M-M missus, - Vexillarius, VEX VEX ILL Although no complete cursus militaris can be drawn up, yet the Inscriptions give evidence of an order of promotion of the principales, which can be seen from the following series ] : 7. Curator fisci. 8. Cornicularius. 9. Beneficiarius (praef. praet.}. 10. Cornicularius praefecti annonae. 11. Evocatus Augusti. 12. Centurio. L. Secutor tribuni. 2. Singularis. Beneficiarius tribuni. Tesserarius. Optio. Signifer or Vexillarius (Coh. Vig.}. B. The principal titles associated with the Roman naval forces are : Optio, OP, OPT Praefectus classis, PR, PRAE, PRAEF CL, CLAS, CLASS Praepositus classi, PRAEP CL, CLAS Principalis, PR, PR IN Signifer, SIG, SIGN Trierarchus, TR, TRI classis CL, CLAS Velarius, VEL Veteranus, VET, VETE Architects, ARCH IT Armorum custos, ARM CVST Beneficiarius, B, 6, B F Centurio, 0, y Duplarius, or Duplicarius, or Dupli- ciarius. Gubernator, GVBER Librarius, LIB ^fedici/s, MED, MEDIC MZes, M Navarchus, N !P. Cauer, Z)e Muneribus Militaribus, Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 355. 184 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS III. The magistrates of the coloniae and the municipia form a third class of subordinate officials. The internal administration of the coloniae and municipia was similar to that of the superior government at Rome. We may arrange the municipes or Roman citizens of the municipia in three classes or orders : 1) ordo decurionum, 2) ordo Augustalium, 3) plebs (populus, municipes). The ordo decurionum * was the municipal senate composed of life members, generally one hundred in number, 2 who were either ex- magistrates or persons selected from the people through the exercise of adlectio by magistrates similar to the censor at Rome, termed // viri or 7777 viri quinquennales. The persons selected were at least twenty-five years of age, and possessed a certain amount of property, generally 100000 sesterces. There were four grades of senators which were indicated in the list of decuriones (album decuri- onum) : 1) the quinquennalicii, 2) the II virales or II viralicii, 3) the aedilicii, 4) the quaestoricii. The magistrates generally found in the municipalities were the II viri or 7777 viri iure dicundo, the aediles, and the quaestores. Their tenure was annual, and they were elected by the comitia. As in Rome, these magistracies formed a cursus honorum, which was open to those of the senatorial order. The 77 viri or 7777 viri quinquen- nales elected every five years with special censorial powers were considered of the highest rank. In certain places in Italy the highest magistrates were termed dictator, praetor, magister, orpraefectus i(ure) d(icundo). The titles duovir or quattuorvir, found respectively in the coloniae and municipia, implied either that the two magistrates known as aediles and the two iure dicundo formed separate organizations, or, on the other hand, were united in one body of four members. The form 7777 viri iure dicundo is generally found in the Italian municipia, while 77 viri iure dicundo is seen in inscriptions of the coloniae and of the provinces. 1 Also entitled senatus, ordo, decuriones D, DEC, DECC., curia, patres et conscripti, conscripti, ordo splendidissimus or sanctissimus or honestissimus. 2 Cf. the centumviri of Veil and Perusia. OFFICIAL TITLES 185 The ordo Augustalium, like the equestrian order at Kome, held a position midway between the decuriones and the plebs. It dates .from the reign of Augustus, and prevailed especially in the western provinces of the Empire. The Augustales seem to have had a semi- official standing, and to have performed certain functions different from those assigned to other magistrates. The municipal senate named annually a college of six members, seviri Augustales, to whom was entrusted the giving of public games and festivals. MUNICIPAL MAGISTRACIES AND CIVIL FUNCTIONS Quaestor, Q, QVAE, QVAES aerarii, AER arcae publicae, ARK P, PVB alimentorum, A, AL, ALIM or pecuniae alimentariae, P A, ALIM or pecuniae alimentorum publicorum, P, PEC A, ALIM P sacrae pecuniae alimentariae, SAC P ALIM rei publicae, REI P Aedilis, AED, AEDIL curulis, CVR (Ariminum, Ostia). habens iuris dictionem quaestoris pro praetore, HAB IVR DIC Q PRO PRAET (Cirta). pro quaestore, PRO Q (Grumentum, Saporana). > v(iis) a(edibus) sa(cris) p(ublicis) p(rocurandis), V A . S P P (Pompeii). iure dicundo, I IVR D, DIC quaestoriae potestatis (Colonies of Cirta). quinquennalis, Q Q, QQ Tribunus plebis, TR, TRIB PL (Teanum, Venusia). Praetor, PR, PRAET (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation, also in Gaul, Spain). iure dicundo, I D, IVR DIC Censor, CEN, CENS (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation). Dictator, DIC, DICT (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation). Duovir (Duumvir), II . V, D V, II VI R, D VI R iure dicundo, I . D, IVR DIC aedilis. AED, AEDIL (Aeclanuin). 186 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Duovir aerarii, AER (Vienna). ab aerario (Lugdunum). quinquennalis, Q Q iure dicundo quinquennalis, I - D QQ, or at times QQ I D viis aedibus sacris publicis procurandis, V A S P P (Pompeii). Triumvir III V, VI R (common in Africa). aedilicia potestate, - - AED POT (Ariminum). praefectus iure dicundo, PR I D (Colonies of Cirta). locorum publicorum persequendorum, - LOG PVBL PERSEQ, or L . P . P (Vienna). quinquennalis, Q Q (Tiddis, Mactar, in Africa). Quattuorvir RTF VI R aedilis, AED aedilicia potestate, AED POT, POTEST aerarii -> ad aerarium [ AER (Vienna, Nemausus, Antipolis). ab aerario J iure dicundo, I, IVR D DIG viarum curandarum, VI A R CVR (Verona). quinquennalis, or iure dicundo quinquennalis, I D QQ, at times _QQ.|.D Quinquevir, V VI R (in certain parts of Italy). Octovir, VOT-VIR Decemvir, X VI R (Ferentinum, Ostippo, Aquincum). Undecimvir, XI VI R (Nemausus). Quinquennales, Q, QQ, Q . Q, QVIN, QVINQ; see IT vir, Ml vir, ITIT vir, aedilis, praetor, perpetuus, - - PER, P P censoria potestate, C - P Actor, ACT publicus, - - PVB, PVBL Adlectus aerario, ADL AER, AERA Advocatus publicus, ADVOC PVB Agnotheta, AGNOTH (Alexandria, . Ephesus). Alimentarius, ALIMENT Arcarius, ARK Centumvir, C VIR (Cures, Veii, etc.). Commentariensis, CO MM Curator, CVR aedium aerarii, - - AER annonae, - ANN kalendarii, KAL operum publicorum, OPER . PVBL frurnenti comparand!, FRVMEN . COMPAR Decurio, DEC OFFICIAL TITLES 187 Dissignator, DISSIGN (Pompeii). Hoi-rearms, HORR Legatus, LEG Librarius, LIB, LIBR Magister, MAG Minister (pagi), MIN Munerarius, MVNER Patronus, P, PAT, PAIR coloniae, C, COL municipii, M, MVN Praefectus, PRAEF hire dicundo, I I Praefectus aedilicia potestate, AEDIL . POT (Brixia). propraetore iure dicundo, - PRO PR . I - D vigilum et armorum, VIGIL- ET ARM (Nemausus). murorum (Tarraco). Princeps, PR I, PR INC Suffetes (Africa). Scribae, S, SCR SCRI Viatores, VI AT (Narbo, Ostia). AuGUSTALES Augustales, AVG, AVGVSTAL perpetuus, P P, PERP bisellarius, - BIS Curator Augusta! ium, C, CVR AVG Patronus Augustalium , P, PAT, PATR AVG Quaestor Augustalium, Q, QVAE AVG Quinquennales Augustalium, Q, QQ, QVIN AVG Triumvir Augustalis, III VI R AVG Sevir, VI -V, VI R Junior, IVN senior, SEN Augustalis, AVG Augustalis perpetuus, P- P Octovir Augustalis, VIII . VI R . AVG RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS OF MUNICIPALITIES Aedilis lustralis, AED . LVSTR (Tuscu- lum). Aedilis sacris Volcano faciundis, AED SAC . VOLK . FAC Aedilis et praetor sacris Volcano faci- undis, AED . ET PR - SAC . VOLK . FAC (Ostia). Aedituus, AEDIT Augur, AVG Curator, CVR Flamen, FL, FLAM perpetuus, - - P . P, PERP sacrorum publicorum muni- cipii, SAC PVB Haruspex, HAR Magister, MAG Larum Augustorum, etc., LAR- AVG Minister, MIN Monitor sacrorum, MON SAC (Tus- culum). Pontifex, PONT maximus, MAX (Vibo). perpetuus, - - PERPET Rex sacrorum, REX SAC Sacerdos, SAC, SACER coloniae, C, COL Sacerdotes Deorum, Divorum et Diva- rum Salii. NOTE. For titles of particular cults, see Indices of C. I. L. 188 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS IV. The official positions of the various Collegia whose organiza- tion was similar to that of a strictly political body, form . another class of subordinate offices. TITLES OF CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS OFFICES OF THE COLLEGIA Actor, ACT Aedilis, AEDIL Aedituus, AEDIT Arcarius, ARC, ARK Biseliarius, BIS Centurio veteraiiorum, VET Curator. CVR Decurio, D, DEC Dispensator, DISP Flamen, FL, FLAM Haruspex, HAR Honoratus, HON, HONOR Immunis, IMM Magister, MAG Mater, MAT Medicos, MED Mensor, MES Minister, MIN Patronus, P, PAT, PATR Praefectus, P, PR, PRAEF Praepositus, P P, PRAEP Princeps, PRI, PRINC Quaestor, Q, QVAE, QVAES Quinquennales, Q, QQ, QVINQ Sacerdos, SAC, SACER Scriba, S, SCR, SCR I Tribunus, JRIB Triumvir, TU VI R Viator, VI AT BIBLIOGRAPHY Romische Staatsverwaltung. 3 vols. J. MARQUARDT. Leipzig, 1876. Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der Romischen Verwaltungsgeschichte. OTTO HIRSCHFELD. Berlin, 1877. Les Institutions Politiques des Romains. 2 vols. J. B. MISPOULET. Paris, 1882-83. Geschichte und System der Rom. Staatsverfassung. E. HERZOO. Vol. I. 1884, Vol. II. 1887 and 1891. Manuel des Institutions Romaines. A. BOUCHE-LECLERCQ. Paris, 1886. Romische Stnatsrecht. 3d ed. 3 Vols. TH. MOMMSEN. Leipzig, 1887. Le Droit Public Romain. 6th ed. P. WILLBMS. Paris, 1888. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. 6th ed. 3 vols. L. FRIEDLANDER. Leipzig, 1888-90. Cours d'Jfpigraphie Latine. 2d. ed. RENE < CAGNAT. Paris, 1890. Indices of Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, and of the Inscriptions Latinae of Orelli and Exempla Inscriptionum of Wilmanns. INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 189 r INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 1. L. Caecilio L. f. Rufo q., tr. pi., pr. pro cos. 1 (On another side') dis manibus sacrum L. Caecili Run. C. I. L. I. 639, XIV. 2464. Found at Marino in ancient Latium, existing to-day in a copy. L. Caecilius Rufus seems to have been the brother of P.Sulla tribunus plebis, 691/63, praetor, 697/57, frequently mentioned by Cicero. l See note in following inscription. 2. M. Coelio M. f. Vinciano pr. pro cos., 1 tr. pi., q., Opsilia uxor fecit. C. L L. I. 641, XIV. 2602. An inscription on a tomb at Tusculum in Latium. Coelius was tribunus plebis 701/53, and in 707/47 he was placed by Caesar in charge of Pontus with two legions (Cic. Ad. Fam. 8, 4, 3). ! It is Mommsen's theory that not two separate honores, the praetitra and the proconsulates, are referred to here, but merely the honor praetoris provincialis, with added appellation of proconsul. 3. L. Munatius L. f. L. 11. L. pron. | Plancus cos., cens., 1 imp. iter., VII vir | epulon., triump. ex Raetis, 2 aedem Saturni | fecit de manibis, 3 agros divisit in Italia | Beneventi, in G-allia colonias deduxit I Lugdimum et Kauficam. 4 C.I. L. X. 6087. On a mausoleum near Formia (Formiae), Italy. 1 He was consul 712/42 and censor 732/22. 2 Dec. 29, 711/43. Beneventum was among the towns assigned to the soldiers in 712/42 by the triumviri rei publicae constituendae. 3 i.e. manubiis, cf. C. L L. VI. 1316. 4 In 710/44 or 7 1 1/43, when as proconsul he was governing Transalpine Gaul. On the founding of Lugdunum, see Dio. XLVI. 50. 4. L. Memmius C. f. Gal. 1 q., tr. p[^.], frumenti curator ex s. c., 2 | praefectus leg. XXVI et VII Lucae ad agros dividundos, 3 | pontifex Albanus. Memmia filia testamento suo fieri iussit. C. L L. VI. 1460, XIV. 2264. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Alba, now in Rome. l The name of a man of senatorial order without cogno- men, but with the tribus, Galeria tnbu ; so on coins L. Memmi Gal. and L. C. Memies L. f. Gal. (Momm. Bom. Munz., pp. 575, 597). 2 This office was held before the year 732/22, for at that time Augustus took into his own hands the cura annonae. 3 After the battle of Philippi or Actium. Hermes XVI. 171. 190 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 5. Cn. Baebio_Cn. [/.] | Tampilo Valae | Numoniano | q., pr. pro cos., Ill vir. a. a. a. f. f., viro. /. L. VI. 1360. Inscribed on a marble pedestal founji between the Via Appia and Via Latina, near Home, now on the Via Appia. The function of the vigintivirate is here held after the praetorship. 6. Gives Roman! qui | Mytileneis negotiantur | M. Titio l L. f. pro cos., | praef. classis, | cos. desig., patrono, | honoris causa. C. I. L. III. 455 ; Suppl. 7160. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Mytilene, preserved only in copy. 1 consul suffectus, 723/29. 7. P. Paquius, Scaevae et Flaviae filius, Consi et Didiae nepos, Barbi et Dirutiae pronepos, | Scaeva, quaestor, decemvir stliti- bus iudicandis ex s. c. post quaesturam, quattuorvir | capitalis ex s. c. 1 post quaesturam et decemviratum stlitium iudicanda- rum, tribunus plebis, | aedilis curulis, | index quaestionis, 2 | praetor aerarii, 3 pro consule provinciam Cyprum optinuit, viar. cur. extra u. K. ex s. c. in quinq., 4 pro cos. iterum extra sortem auctoritate Aug. Caesaris | et s. c. misso 5 ad compo- nendum statim in reliquum provinciae Cypri, fetialis, | conso- brinus idenique vir Flaviae Consi filiae, | Scapulae neptis, | Barbi proneptis, simul cum ea conditus. Flavia, Consi et Sinniae filia, | Scapulae et Sinniae neptis, Barbi et Dirutiae proneptis, consobrina eademque uxor P. Paquii Scaevae, lilii Scaevae, Consi | nepotis, Barbi pronepotis, | simul cum ed condita. C. L L. IX. 2845-6. Found at II Vasto d'Aimone (Histoniurn) on a large double sarcophagus. l ex s. c. gives the authority for the irregularity in the holding this office post quaesturam. 2 index quaestionis is somewhat inferior in grade to the praetor, and hence in the cursus honorum stands regularly between the aedileship and praetorship. 3 Not before 731 /23, when Augustus placed the aerarium Saturni in the care of two praetors. *viar(um) cur(ator} extra u(rbeiii) R(omam) ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) in quinq (uennium). Momrn. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 669. 5 missus. 8. Q. Vario Q. f. Gemino leg. divi Aug. II, 1 pro cos., pr., tr. pi., | q., quaesit. iudic., 2 praef. frum. dand., | X vir. stl. iudic., | curatori aedium sacr. | monumentor. que public. | tuendorum. 3 j INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 191 Is primus omnium Paelign. senator | factus est et eos honores gessit. | Superaequani publice, patrono. C. L L. IX. 3306. Found at Castelvecchio Subrego (Superaequum), where it is still preserved. Varius Geminus, mentioned frequently by Seneca, is probably the same person. J The names of the two provinces of which Geminus was legatus are not given. 2 Quaesitori iudici is denoted in other inscriptions by quaesitor and index quaestionis. See preceding inscrip- tion and Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 586. Geminus probably held this office between the tribunate and the praetorship. 8 It is noticeable that the honores ordinarii are given in a descending order, and the honores extraordinarii follow in ascending order. Quaesitores iudices were aedilicii or quaestorii. Praefecti frumenti dandi were praetorii or aedilicii, while the curatores operum publicorum were praetorii or consulares. Decemviratus litibus iudicandis was undertaken generally before the quaestorship ; nevertheless, in the time of Augustus, it was sometimes given to those of senatorial order extra ordinem. 9. P. Cornelio Dolabellae cos. 1 VII viro epuloni, | sodali Titiensi, leg. pro. pr. divi Augusti 2 | et Ti. Caesaris Augusti | civitates superioris | provinciae Hillyrici. 3 C. I. L. III. 1741. Found at Ragusa, in Dalmatia, where, a fragment still remains. l consul ord., 10 A.D. 2 14 A. D. and subsequent years. The consulatus and the priestly functions may thus assume the first place, out of their chronological position, and in the order consul, sacerdotium, rather than in the reverse. The remaining honores may, however, imme- diately follow the consulatus, and the sacerdotium be placed at .the end. If the honores ordinarii are given together, and in like manner the extra- ordinarii, or if the important state magistracies appear by themselves, and then those of a municipality, the priestly offices of the state may be inserted between the two series of honores. This is true also of municipal priestly offices. 3 This is the province which was afterwards called Dalmatia, termed maritima pars Illyrici, by Velleius II. 125. 10. Q. Caerellius Q. f. Qui., Ill vir cap., quae. | pro pr., tr. pi., legato ] | pro pr. ter, pr., praef. | frum. ex s. c. s., 2 | leg. Ti. Caesaris Aug., | procos., | ex testamento. Q. Caerellio M. f. | Qui. patri, tr. milit., quae., tr. pi., praetori, | leg. M. Antoni, procos. 192 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. VL 1364. Inscribed on a marble tablet found in a cemetery on the Via Ardeatina, Rome. J legatus. 2 This letter is unnecessary. The name of M. Antonius, although erased from the Fasti Capitolini and elsewhere, nevertheless was afterwards restored in the same. It was given in the fasti of 20 A.D., according to Tacitus, Annales, III. 18. 11. P. Plautius | Pulcher | triumphalis * films | augur, III vir a. a. a. f. f., q. | Ti. Caesaris Aug. V consulis, 2 | tr. pi., pr. ad aerar., comes Drusi fill ] Germanici, avonculus Drusi | Ti. Claudi Caesaris Augusti fili | et ab eo censore inter patricios lectus. curator viarum sternendar. | a vicinis lectus ex auctoritate Ti. Claudi Caesaris Augusti Germanici, | procos. provinciae Siciliae. | Vibia Marsi f., J Laelia 3 nata, | Pulchri. C. L L. XIV. 3607. Inscribed on a marble tablet found near Tibur, existing only in a copy. It refers to the son of M. Plautius Silvanus consul 752/2. l Silvanus, the father of Pulcher, is termed triitmphaUs because of his receiving triumphalia ornamenta. 2 31 A.D. 3 Laelia, the ablative case of the name of the mother is given in addition to that of the father, according to the Etruscan custom (Bormann). 12. C. Ummidio C. f. Ter. Durmio j Quadrato cos., XV vir. s. f., ! leg. Ti. Caesaris Aug. prov. Lusit., 1 | leg. divi Claudi in Jllyrico, eiusd. et | Neronis Caesaris Aug. in Syria, 2 procos. | provinc. Cypri, q. divi Aug. 3 et Ti. Caesaris Aug., aed. cur., pr. aer., 4 X vir. stlit. iud., curat. tabular, publicar., praef. frum. dandi ex s. c. C. L L. X. 5182. Found at S. Germane (Casinum, a Sabine town), where it exists to-day. l 37 A.D. 2 51 A.D. and the years following (Tac. Ann. XII. 45 ; XIV. 26). 3 14 A.D. 4 18 A.D. (C. /. L. VI. 1496). Here the consulship and sacerdotium are given first by themselves, then follow the legationes provinciarum imperatoriarum and the proconsulship, next the honores urbani ordinarii, and then the honores urbani extraordi- narii, the various series being in ascending order. 13. a. Cn. Domitio Sex. f. Volt. | Afro Titio Marcello | Curvio Lucano | cos., procos. provinciae Africae, 1 | legato eiusdem provinciae Tul[/i] fratris sui, 2 septemviro epulonum, i[feMi?] praetorio legato provinciae Afr[^]c[ae] | imp. Caesar Aug., 3 praef. auxili- orum omnium | adversus Germanos, 4 donate ab imp. Yespasiano Aug. et T. Caesar Aug. f . 5 coronis | murali vallari aureis 6 hastis INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 193 puris III | vexillis III, adlecto inter patricios, praetori, tr. pi., | quaest. propraetore provinciae Africfae, | tr.] mil. leg. V Aland., 1III vir. viarum curandar., patrono optinio | d. d. 6. \_Cn. Domitio Sex. f. Curvio Tullo cos., procos. pro- vinciae Africae *], fetiali, praef. wo[xilior. omnium] adversus Germanos 4 qui cum esset candidatus Caesar, pr. desig., missus est ab imp. Yespasiano Aug. legatus pro praetore ad | exercitum qui est in Africa 3 et apsens inter | praetorios rela- tus - , donate ab [im]p. Vespasiano Aug. et Tito Caesare Aug. f . 5 coronis | murali vallari aureis 6 hastis puris III vexillis III, | adlecto inter patricios, tr. pi., quaest. Caesar, Aug., []r. mil. leg. V Aland., X vir. stlitib. iudicandis, patrono optimo d. d. C. L L. XI. 5210, 5211. Found at Fulginia, in Umbria. These inscrip- tions refer to two brothers, known from the Letters of Pliny, VIII. 18, 5, Martial V. 28, 3, and from lateres of the gens Domitia (C. I. L. XV., p. 266). l They were consules suffecti in the last years of Vespasian or Titus, or in early part of reign of Domitian, proconsuls of Africa under Domitian, before 94 A.D. 2 Lucanus was probably legatus provinciae Africae in the proconsulship of his brother Tullus in the year following his own proconsulship. 8 The legatio exercitus Africani was commonly given to praetorii, but Tullus received it as praetor designatus. * They were the praefecti of the auxiliarii of the army in Germany, not, how- ever, before 73 A.D., after they had been placed among the patricii by Vespasian, in 73 or 74 A.D. (Mom. Staatsr. II., 3 1101, note 4). 6 They were presented with the dona militaria after the German campaign. Hence praef ecto auxiliorum, etc., and donato, etc., must be read together, for all the other honores are given in the descending order, save this portion. 6 Aureis appears in both inscriptions where we would expect aurea. The dona militaria for soldiers, under-officers, and officers to and including the grade of centurion, were armillae, torques, andphalerae, and for the higher officers, coronae, hastae purae, and vexilla. Centurions of a higher grade had a right to one corona and one hasta pura, the tribunes and prefects to one corona, one hasta pura, one vexillum, or to two insignia of the same kind. The legatus of the legion of praetorian rank received three of each kind, while the legatus of consular rank received four. The mention of the armillae, torques, and phalerae does not occur after Hadrian. We then find only donis militaribus donatus. The mention of military insignia does not appear at all in the inscriptions after the time of Caracalla. LAX. INSCRIP. IS 194 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 14. C. Plinius L. f. Ouf. Caecilius \_Secundus cos., 1 ] augur, 2 legat. pro pr. provinciae Pon[fo' et Bitliyniae] consular! potesta[.] in earn provinciam e[oj s. c. missus ab] imp. Caesar. Nerva Traiano Aug. German[ico Dacico p. p.?~\ curator 4 alvei Ti[5]eris et riparum Q\t cloacar. urb.,~] praef. 5 aerari Satu[r]ni, praef. 5 aerari mil[#., pr., 6 trib. pl., 6 ~] quaestor imp./ sevir equitum [Romanorum'], trib. milit. 8 leg. [///] Gallicafe, X vir stli^tib. iudicand., ther[mas ex K-S] adiectis in ornatum H-S CCC . . . . \et eo ampjlius in tutela[m] H~S CC, t. f. i., 9 [item in alimentoi] libertor. suorum homin. ChhS I XVIII I LXVI [)CLXVI 10 rei [p. legavit, quorum mjcrement. postea ad epu- lum[p/]eb. urban, voluit pertin[e?*e] .... [item vivu~]s dedit in aliment, pueror. et puellar. pleb. urban. H-S[-D, n item bybliothecam 12 et] in tutelarn bybliothecae hhS C. C. L L. V. 5262. Inscribed on four fragments of a large stone brought originally from Comum to Mediolanum, where it was found. Only one of these now remains, the portion of the inscription on the others exist- ing only in copies. The inscription refers to the baths established by the will of Pliny at Comum, where he was born. Pliny, named P. Caecilius Secundus, became C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus after adoption through his uncle's will (Mommsen, Herm. III., p. 60). ] consul su/ectus, 100 A.D. (Momm., Z.c., p. 91). 2 According to Epist. 3, 8, this was shortly after 103 or 104 A.D. 3 The mission to Bithynia dates 111. 4 105, and years following (Momm., Z.c., p. 47). 5 In Epist. ad Traian. 3, Pliny refers to the praefectura aerarii, which he held in 98-101. He held the praefectura aerarii militaris 94 or 95. 6 Pliny appears to have been praetor in 9o, tribunus plebis 92. 7 In Epist. 7, 16, 2, Pliny says that he has been quaestor imperatoris. He was quaestor Domitiani, as it appears, in 89-90. 8 Pliny says in Epist. 1, 10, 3; 3, 11, 5, that he had been tribunus militum in Syria. 9 t(estamento') f(ieri) i(ussit). 10 decies octies centena et sexaginta sex milia cum sexcentis sexaginta sex (the number 1866666) ; Mommsen, Herm. Ill, p. 102, suggests that the sign of bessis (2/3) has disappeared. n This numeral is supplied from Epist. 7, 18, 2. 12 Pliny had dedicated a library for his fellow-townsmen in 97, or a little earlier (Epist. 1, 8, 2). For the life of Pliny, see Moinrn. Hermes, III., p. 59. 15. L. Min[icms L. fit. Gal. .JVafjtalis cos., 1 procos. provinc. [Africae, sodalis Augus^talis, leg. Aug. pr. pr. divi Traia|ni "P&i[thici et INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 195 imp. Traiani #a]driani Aug. 2 provinc. Pan|nonia[e . . . . , curator a]lvei Tiberis et riparum et | cloacar[itm urbis, leg. divi Trajiani Parthici leg. III Aug., 3 leg. di|vi Traia[n Parthici leg doni^s donatus expeditione Dacic[a] | prima a[6 eodem imperatore~] corona vallari miirali aurea | has[is puris III vexillis III, Z]eg. pr. pr. provinc. Africae, pr., trib. pi., q. p[-rou , //// w']r. viarum curandarum, et L. Municius L. f. \_Natalis Quadro^mus Verus f., 4 augur, trib. plebis desig., q. Aug. et [eodem tempore leg. p]r. pr. patris provinc. Africae, tr. mil. leg. I adiut. p. f., l[eg XI CL p. /., leg. XIIII Ma]vt. Vic., Ill vir monetalis a. a. a. f. f., | balineuni solo suo et du[ctus aquae] fecerunt. C. L L. II. 4509 ; Suppl. 6145. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Barcelona (Barcino, Tarraconensis), Spain. 1 consul sg/ectus, 106 A.D. 2 117 A.D. 3 104 or 105 A.D. ifilius, cf. C. I. L. XIV. 3599. 16. P. Manilio P. f. | Gal. Vopisco Vicinillianfo] L. Elufrio Severo Iul[/o] Quadrato Basso cos., 1 | pontif., flamin., 2 praet., 3 | quaestori divi Traiani | Parthici, trib. mil. leg. | IIII Scythic., Ill vir a. a. a. f. f., salio Collino, curat. | fani Here. Viet., | N. Prosius Platanu[.s] cum Manilia Eutychjj'a] uxore et Vibia Vicinill[a] et Manilis | Vopisciano et Attico libefn's] | suis. C. I. L. XIV. 4242. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Tivoli (Tibur) in 1887. l consul ordinarius, 114 A.D. 2 Dialis, Martial is, or Quirinalis is omitted. 3 Vopiscus as a patrician passed directly from the quaestorship to the praetorship. 17. L. Burbuleio L. f. Quir. | Optato Ligariano | cos., 1 sodal. Aug., leg. imperat. Antonini Aug. Pii pro pr. prov. | Syriae in quo honor, decessit, leg. eiusdem et divi Hadriani pro pr. prov. | Cappad., cur. oper. locor. q. publ., praef. | aerar. Saturn., pro- cos. Sicil., logiste | Syriae, legat. leg. XVI Fl. Firm., cur. rei p. | Narbon. item Anconitanor item | Tarricin., curat. viar. Clodiae Cassiae | Ciminae, pr., aed. pi., q. Ponti et Bithyn., | trib. laticl. 196 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS leg. IX Hispan., Ill vir kapit., | patr. col., | Kasinia Pietas nutr. 2 filiar. eius | s. p. p., 1. d. d. d. 3 C. I. L. X. 6006. Inscribed on a pedestal found in the ruins of Minturnae, now at Naples. It is this inscription which formed the basis of Borghesi's work on the cursus honorum, Oeuv. IV., p. 104-178. * Before 138, in which year as consularis he was in charge of Cappadocia, probably about 130, or the years immediately following. 2 nutr(ix). 3 sua p(ecunia} p(osuit), l(oco) d(ato) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum). 18. L. Novio Crispino Martial! Saturnine | cos. desig., leg. Aug. pr. pr. | provinciae Africae, 1 procos. Galliae Narbonensis, leg. Aug. leg. I Italicae, | leg. Aug. iuridico Astyriae et Gallaeciae, praetori, trib. pleb., quaestori pro praet. provinciae Mace- doniae, trib. mil. | leg. VIIII Hisp., IIII viro viarum | curan- darum, seviro eq. Romanorum, | veteraiii (leg. Ill) 2 Aug., qui milfcare coeperunt G-labrione et Torquato, 3 item Asiatico II et Aquilino cos. 4 C. /. L. VIII. 2747. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Lambaesis, in Africa. 1 It is known that this legatus governed Numidia in 147 and 148 (C. L L. VIII. 2542, 2652). 2 leg. Ill has been engraved over an erasure. 3 124 A.IJ. 4 125 A.D. Since milites veterani commonly received dimissio after twenty-five years of service, Wilmanns places the date of the inscription as 150 A.D. The cursns honorum is given in inverse or descending order. The functions between cos. design, and praetori were assigned to Cris- pinus as being of praetorian rank. 19. L. Aemilio L. f. Cam. Karo * co[s.], | leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciae Cappadociae, | leg. Aug. pr. pr. censitori provinciae Lugclu- nensis, leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciae Arabiae, | curator! viae Flaminiae, leg. leg. XXX U. V., 2 praet., trib. pleb., quaest. Aug., | trib. inilitum leg. VIII Aug., | trib. militum leg. VIIII Hispanae, X viro stlitib. iudic., sodali Flaviali, XV viro s. f., | C. lulius Erucianus Crispus praef. | alae primae Ulpiae Daco- rum | amico optimo. C. I. L. VI. 1333. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Rome, now in the Capitoline Museum. l He appears to have lived under Antoninus Pius (Borghesi, Oeuv. IV., p. 159). 2 legatus legionis tricesimae Ulpiae Victricis. INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 197 20. Q. Pompeio Q. f. Quir. Senecioni | Roscio Murenae Coelio Sex. | lulio Frontino Silio Deciano | C. lulio Eurycli Herculaneo L. | Vibullio Pio Augustano Alpino Bellicio Sollerti lulio Apro | Ducenio Proculo Eutiliano Rufino Silio Valenti Valerio | Nigro 01. Fusco Saxae [^lm]yntiano l \ Sosio Prisco pontifici, sodali | Hadrianali, sodali Antoniniani (sic) \ Veriani (sic), salio Collino, quaestori | candidate Augg., legato pr. pr. Asiae, praetori, consuli, 2 pro coiisuli Asi|ae sortito, praefecto alimen- tor., | XX viro monetali, seviro, praef. feriarum Latinarum ; q. q., patrono | municipii, salio, curatori fani H. V. 3 | s. p. q. T. 4 C. L L. XIV. 3609. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Tivoli (Tibur). 1 Uryntiano is the reading of Borghesi, but the Pamphylian inscription in Bull, de Corr. Hellen. 14 (1890), p. 643, gives authority for Amyntiano. The name in other inscriptions appears as Q. Pompeius Q. f. Senecio So- sius Priscus, or Q. Sosius Priscus. The portion of his name, Q. Pompeius Roscius ... to ... Vibullius Pius he received from his father ; Senecio and Sosius from his maternal grandfather ; Sex. Julius Frontinus from his great-grandfather ; Augustanus Alpinus Bellicius Sollers from Bellicius Sollers, consul in time of Trajan. 2 consul ordinarius, 169 A.D. s H(erculis') V(ictoris'). 4 senatus populusque Tiburs. The arrangement of the cursus honorum is as follows : first, the priestly functions, then quaestor candidatus, followed by legatus pro praetore, a quaestorian function, then praetor, consul, proconsul Asiae, a consular function, hence in ascending series. The functions performed in Italy follow in inverse order, and finally the municipal honores and the municipal priesthoods are given. 21. [#er]cul[f) | Victor! | P. Plotius Romanus l cos., sod. Aug. 01., | leg. Aug. pr. pr. prov. Arab, item Gal., | praef. aer. Sat., leg. Aug. cens. ace. Hisp. cit., 2 iur. 3 per Aem. Lig., cur. viae Labic., 4 cur. Verc., 5 pr. urb., trib. pi., q. kand., VI vir eq. R. tur. II, | trib. mil. legg. I Min. et II Adiut., IIII v. v. cur., | aedem cum omni cultu consecravit. C. L L. VI. 332. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, outside of the Porta Portuensis. l Plotius Romanus was consul suffectus in an un- known year, not however before the time of M. Aurelius, who instituted the office of iuridieut*. 2 leg(atus} Aug(usti) cens(ibus') acc(ipiendis) Hisp(aniae} Cit(erioris'). * Labic(anae}. 5 Verc(ellensiuiri). L98 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 22. C. Caerellio Fufidio Annio Ravo C. fil. Ouf. | Pollittiano sodali Marciano Aureliano | Commodiano Helviano Severiano, III vir. monet. a. a. a. f. f., trib. laticlavio leg. Ill Cyr., VI vir. equit. Eom. turmae primae, quaestor. | candid, imp. Caesaris M. Aurelli | Antoniiii Pii Eelicis Aug., 1 trib. pi. candid., pr. hastar., 2 c. v., 3 | Fufidii Amycus et Chrestina nutritores. C. I. L. VI. 1365. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Rome, now in Florence. * Between 212-217 A.D. 2 pr(aetori) hastar(io~). Cf. Mominsen, Staatsr. II., 3 p. 225. 3 c(larissimo} v(iro). 23. L. lul. Apronio Maenio Pio Salamalliano * trib. latic. leg. X Gem., ad|lecto inter qq., 2 praejposito actis senat., aed. curuli, praeto|ri, leg. Aug. vice quin[*] | p. p. leg. IIII F. f., 1 trib. coh. prim, vig., trib. coh. XI urban., trib. coh. VIIII pr., | p. p. iterum, 2 praef. leg. ll Tra. [/.], | 202 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS proc. XX her., proc. provin[c.] Lugdunens. et Aquitan[icae], | a rationib. Aug., 3 praef. an[ttow.], L. Saufeius Iulianu[s] | amico optim[o]. C. I. L. V. 867. Found at Aquileja (Aquileia), where it still remains. 1 p(rimo) p(ilo} leg(ionis} quartae F(laviae) f(elicis~). ' 2 p(rimo( p(ilo} iterum. The return to this position or grade evidently looked to obtain- ing some special advantage which fell to the primipilarii. 3 An inscrip- tion on a lead pipe (C. L L. XIV. 2008), referring to this man, shows that Secundinus was a rationibus for Antoninus Pius. 6. C. lunio C. f. Quir. | Flaviano praefecto annonae, proc. a rationibus, proc. provinciarum Lugdunesis et Aquitanicae, proc. hereditat., proc. Hispaniae citerioris | per Asturicam et Callaeciam, | proc, Alpium maritimarum, | promagistro XX hereditatium, | tr. mil. leg. VII Gem., pontif. minori, | merca- tores frumentari | et oleari Afrari. C. L L. VI. 1620. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Rome, where a fragment still exists. 7. Cn. Marcio Cn. fi[Z]io Rustic [Rufino praef. co]hortium vigiluin, p[r]aeposito an[?io7iae imp. L. Septimi] \ Severi Pii Pertinac. e[] M. Aurelii Anton[m Augg., praef] classium praetori- a[rw]m Misenatium \et Ravennat., trib. co]|hortium primae prae[fo]riae, XI urban., \_VI vigil, prim. pil. legi^onum III Cyrenaicae, III Gall^'cae, et \ SaUnato^mae P. til. Augustinae ei[^s]. C. L L. IX. 1582. Found at Benevento (Beneventum), where it still exists. Rufinus was praefectus vigiluin from 205-207 A.D. PROCURATORES 8. C. Baebio P. f. Cla. | Attico | II vir. i. [d], primopil. leg. | V Macedoiiic., praef. civitatium Moesiae et Treballia^, |9ra]ef. [c^]vitat. in Alpib. maritumis, t[r.] mil. coh. VIII pr., primopil. iter., procurator. | Ti. Claudi Caesaris Aug. Ger- manici | in Norico, | civitas Saevatum et Laiancorum. 2 C. L L. V. 1838. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found at Zuglium (lulium Carnicum), still in existence. 2 People of Noricum. INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER 203 9. P. Besio P. f. Quir. Betuiniano | C. Mario Memmio Sabino | praef. coh. I Raetorum, trib. leg. X G. p. f., praef. alae Dardanorum, procurator! | imp. Caesaris Nervae Traiani Aug. Germ. Dacici | monetae, proc. provinc. Baeticae, proc. XX hered., proc. pro | leg. provinc. Mauretaniae Tingitanae, donis donate ab | imp. Traiano Aug. bello Dacico corona murali vallari hastis pur. vexillo argent., exacti exercitus. C. I. L. VIII. 9990. Found at Tanger (Tingi), Mauretania, and taken to Oxford, where it remains in the museum. 10. d. m. s. | P. Vibi P. f. Marian! e. m. v., 1 proc. | et praesidi prov. Sardiniae, p. p. bis, trib. cohh. X pr. XI urb. IIII vig., praef. leg. II Ital., p. p. leg. Ill Gall., 7 frument., oriundo ex Ital. lul. Dertona, | patri dulcissimo, | et Reginiae Maxime matri karissimae, Vibia Maria Maxima c. f. fil. et her. C. I. L. VI. 1636. Inscribed on a large sarcophagus found near the fifth milestone of the Via Cassia, near Rome, where it still exists. ] egregiae memoriae viro. 11. T. Cornasidio T. f. Fab. Sabino e. m. v., proc. Aug. Daciae Apulensis, proc. Alpium Atractianar. et Poeninar. | iur. glad., subpraef. class, pr. Raven., praef. alae veter. Gallor., trib. leg. II | Aug., praef. coli I Mont., p. c., auguri, Laur. Lavin., aed., II vir., q., q. q. p. p., 1 collegia fabrum centon. dendro- plior. | in lionorem T. Cornasidi | Vesenni dementis fili eius, equo publ., Laur. Lavin. patroni plebis et col]legior., qui ab ipsis oblatum | sibi honorem statuae in | patris sui nomen memo riamque transmisit. C. I. L. IX. 5439. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Fallerone (Falerio, in Picenum), now at Rome in the Vatican Museum. * aed(ili) , duovi^o), q(naestori\ q(uin}q(uennali) p(er)p(etuo') are municipal honores. 12. M. Aquilio M. f. | Fabia Felici a census equit! Roman., 1 praef. cl. pr. Ravennat., | proc. patrim. bis, 2 proc. hered. patrim. privat., 3 proc. oper. pub., 4 | praep. vexillat., p. p. leg. XI Cl., | 7 fr., 5 patron, col., ob nier. eius | Antiat. publ. 204 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. X. 6657. Found at Nettuno (Antium), now at Rome in the Capitoline Museum. 1 For a censibus equit(um) Roman(orum) , as Mommsen, Staatsr. III., p. 490, note 2, who identities this officer of the bureau for examining the demands of candidates for the equestrian order with the officer of the bureau of petitions (a libellis) or for (proc) a(d) census equit(um') Roman(orum), a special officer only mentioned here, so, Hirschfeld, Vervcaltungsyeschichte, p. 18, note 4. 2 proc(uratori) patrim(onii) bis, i.e. of two provinces. 3 proc(uratori) hered(itatium) patrim(onii) privat(i), was the officer to whom fell the charge of inheritances coming to the emperor on account of ius patronatus. The duties of this officer afterwards devolved upon the procurator rationis privatae. 4 This function, mention of which does not occur elsewhere, was held by Felix in 193 A.D. 3 c(enturioni} fr(umeutariurum). 13. Tib. Antistio Faus|ti fil. Quirina Marci|ano domo Circina, praef. coh. II His[p]anae, | trib. leg. XV [J.poZ]lmaris piae fideli[s, pr]aefecto a|lae Sulpic[m]e c. R., secun|dum man- data impp. do | minor, nn. Augg. 1 inte|gerrim. abstinentis- simoque procur., tres provinc. | Galliae primo umquam eq. R. a censibus accipi|endis 2 ad aram Caesa|rum statuam equestrem ponendam censu|erunt. Musee de Lyon, L, p. 162. Found at Lyons (Lugdunum). J Probably Severus and Caracalla. 2 The meaning is that Marcianus was the first censitor of the equestrian rank to be honored by the tres Galliae with an equestrian statue. 14. M. Bassaeo M. f. Pal. | Axio | patr. col., cur. r. p., 1 II vir. munif., 2 proc. 3 Aug. viae Ost., et Camp., trib. mil. leg. XIlT Grem., proc. reg. Cala|bric., omnibus honorib. Capuae func., | patr. col. Lupiensium, patr. municipi | Hudentinor., universus ordo municip. | ob rem publ. bene ae fideliter gestam. | Hie primus et solus victores Campani|ae pretis et aestim. paria gladiat. edidit. L. d. d. d. C. /. L. X. 1795. Found at Naples, but probably belonging in origin to Pu- teoli. 1 patr(ono)col(oniae^),cur(atori)r(eipublicae). *munifico. 3 The charge of the more important roads was given to men of senatorial order i.e. curatores viae, while those of less consequence were given in charge of equites known here as procurators, in C. L L. VI. 1610 as cumtores. Hirschfeld, Verw., p. 112, note 4. Momin. Staatsr. II., 8 p. 1077, note 4. INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER 205 15. P. Magnio Q. f. Quir. Eufo | Magoniano tr. mil. IIII 7 l proc. Aug. XX her. 2 per Hisp. Baet. et Lusitan., item proc. Aug. | per Baetic. ad | Fal. veget., 3 item proc. Aug. prov. Baet. ad ducen., 4 Acili. Plec. 5 amico optimo | et bene de provincia | semper merito d. d. C. I. L. II. 2029. Inscribed on a pedestal found in Andalusia near El Cerro de Leon (Anticaria), Spain, where it still exists. l tr(ibuno) mil(itum) quater. 2 vicesimae (partis') her(editatium). 3 procurator Augusti ad Falernas vegetandas, an officer looking to the propagation of Italian vines in Spain (Mommsen). 4 ad ducen(a) (milia sestertium). 4 Acili(a) Plec(usa). 16. C. Sextio C. f. Papir[m] | Martiali trib. mil. legionis ![///] Scythicae, proc. Aug. ab actis urbis, 1 p[roc.] | Aug. inter mancip. XL Galliarum et ne|gotiantis, 2 proc. Macedoniae, qui ob memoriam T. Sexti Alexandri | fratris sui, inlatis H-SL mil. 3 rei pub. col. suae Mactaritanae, epulaticium ex usuris curialibus die natali fratris sui | quodannis dari iussit, ob quam liberalitate (sic) \ eius statuam universae curiae d. d. 4 pec. sua posuer. C. I. L. VIII, Suppl. 11813. Found at Mactaris. in Africa. * procurator) Aug(usti) ab actis refers to an officer of equestrian rank in charge of the acta publica (diurna urbis acta, Tac. Ann. XIII. 31) ; liberti Augustorum ab actis (C. L Z. VI. 8674), and adiutor ab actis (VI. 8095) were his subordinates. " 2 inter mancip (es) quadragesimae Galliarum et nego- tiantis. The procurator referred to was the arbitrator between the man- cipes and negotiators. 3 inlatis (sestertium) L mil(ibus). 4 d(ecreto~) d(ecurionum'). 17. P. Cominio P. f. Cl. Clementi praef. classium praet. Misenens. et Kavenn., | praeposito a cens., 1 proc. Aug. XX her.,, 2 proc. Aug. pro|vinc. Lusitan., proc. Aug. | prov. Daciae Apolensis (sic), subpraef. anu., proc. Aug. | ad famil. glad. Transpa., | proc. Aug. XX her. per Hisp. citer., 2 omnib. equestrib. milit. funct., pontif., pa|tron. coloniar. Cone. | Aquil. 3 Parmens. Venafr., 4 ordo Cone. C. L L. V. 8659. Found at Concordia, Italy, where it still exists. Another inscription in mutilated form has recently been found referring to the same Coininius Clemens, from which it appears that he performed his 206 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS military service under Marcus Aurelius (Notizie degli Scavi, 1890, p. 173). 1 Monim., Staatsr. III. 490, note 2. * procurator) Aug(usti} vicesimae her(editatium') at Home, but a similar function in the province is indi- cated by procurator) Aug(usti) vicesimae her(editatium) per Hisp(an- iairi) citer(iorem). 3 Conc(ordiensis) Aquil(eiensis). 4 Venafr(anae). 18. Q. Petronio Q. f. Meliori | proc. annon., adiutori curatoris | alvei Tiberis et cloacarmn, | curator! rei publ. Saenesium, | praetori Etrur. XV populorum bis, trib. mil. leg. Ill Gallieae, sc[?*.] q. VI primo principi, 1 praet. Laur. Lavin., 2 IIII viro qq. Faesulis,f pontif. Faesulis et Florentiae, | corpus inesor. 4 frum. Ost. 5 | L. d. d. d. p. 6 (0 the **v*) Ded. III. non. Feb. | L. Eggio Marullo Cn. Papirio Aeliano cos./ | locus adsign. per C. Nasenn. 8 Marcellum cur. pp. oper. pub. C. L L. XIV. 172. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, having been built into the theatre when it was restored in the fourth or fifth century A. D. l sc[r(ibae*)~\ q(uaestorio sex) primo principi. 2 praet(ori) Laur gentium} Lavin(atium). 3 //// viro q(uin)q(uennali) Faesulis. 4 me(n}sor(um~). 5 fntm(entariorum) Ost(iensium). 6 l(ocus) d(atus d(ecreto) d(ecurionum} p(ublice}. 7 Febr. 3d, 184 A.D. 8 Nasenn(ium}. 19. Aegippi. | L. Mussio Aemiliano Laurenti Lavinatium, | IIII milit., 1 v. e. ? praef. vehicul. | trium prov. Gall. Lugdunens, | Narbonens. et Aquitanic. | ad -S^LX, proc. Alex. Pelusi | p. . . . 2 ad -&SC, proc. portus utriusq. | ad \_SSCC~], \ viro innocentissimo, codicarii navicularii et | quinq. corp. navi- gantes, ob | insignem eius erga se benivolentiam ac singujlarem abstinentiam. (On the side) Dedic. XV Kal. lun. dd. nn. [Philippis] | Augg. cos., 3 | curant. nun. Herniogen[e], | Ann. I. Paulino Coz. 4 . . . C. I. L. XIV. 170. Found at Rome, whither it was brought from Ostia, existing now in copy only. l (a} quattuor milit(iis}, i.e. functus quattuor militiis equestribus. 2 Pelusi p[liari] according to some ; others Pelusi- p[hylac.], i.e. Pelusip[hylac(iae^, like potamophylaciae (C. I. L. II. 1970), Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 263, n. 8. 3 247 or 248 A.D. 4 curant(ibus) nun(dina*) Hermoyen[e^ Au[g.~] n. I. Paulino Coz[ino~] is suggested by Mommsen, but the names have probably been wrongly copied. The first word, Aegippi, i.e. of Aegippius, is separated from the rest, and forms one line of the inscription. INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 207 }. M. Aurelio Basileo viro ducenario, proc. | rationis castrensis, | ordo decurionum ob tanto amore quam (sic) erga | patriam nostram praes|tare consuevit. C. I. L. X. 5336. Found near Interamna, where it still exists within the walls of an ancient town. This is the only instance known of a man of equestrian order being procurator castrensis, since elsewhere the pro- curatores castrenses are libertini. INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS APPARITORES AND AIDES OF MAGISTRATES 1. \_M.~\ lunius M. 1. Menander | scr. libr. aed. cur. princeps | et q. 1 | v. 2 lunia M. 1. Calliste, | luiiia O. s 1. Sophie, vixit ann. VIII. Notizie degli Scavi, 1886, p. 420. Found at Rome on the Via Salaria. 1 scr(iba) libr(arius') aed(ilium) cur(ulium} princeps et (scriba) q(uaes- torius). 2 viva. 3 G(aiae), i.e. mulieris. 2. P. Aelio P. f. Pal. | Agathocliano | pontif. praetori Laurenti|um Lavinatium, scrib. tribuni|cio maior., scrib. q. sexsprimo, scrib. aedil. curulium, de|curial. pullario maiori, 1 | praef. fabr. Ill, accens. velat., 2 Foroclodienses ex deer, decur., patrono, ob meri|ta eius et quod primus | ad thermas publicas marmora et columnas [de]derit, cuius ob dedicati | [owem] sportulas &QC,\_urionibus~\ virit[/m divisif]. (On the side) Ded. VII id. Aug. | Cn. Claudio Severe II | Ti. Cl. Pompeiano II cos. 3 Notizie degli Scavi, 1889, p. 9. Found near Bracciano, where Forum Clodii was situated. * Mommsen, Staatsr. I., 3 p. 366, 11. 6. 2 accens(o) velat(o). 3 173 A.D. 3. Sex. Caecilio | Epagatho scrib. libr. tribunicio, 1 | apparitori Caesarum, scrib. libr. q. Ill decur., 2 viat. Ill vir. et IIII vir., 3 | scrib. libr. aed. cur., patri optimo, | Sex. Caecilius Sex. f. Quir. Birronianus et | M. Caecilius Sex. f. | Quir. Statianus. C. I. L. VI. 1808. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Rome, where it still exists. l scrib (ae) libr(ario} tribunicio. 2 scrib(ae) Ubr(ario~) q(iiaestorio) trium decur(iarum}. 3 matori triumvirum (sc. capitalium) et quattuorvinim (sc. viarum curandarum). 208 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 4. [.] Marius L. lib. Doryphorus anulos aureos consecutus a divo Commodo, 1 scrib. aedilic. et tribunic., scrib. libr. aedil. curul., praeco cos., | [pra]ec. quaestorius, 2 sacerdotal, viator augurum, [lic]oY curiat., Laurens Lavinas, fecit sibi et | . . . ae Ascle- piodote coniugi, item libertis | libertabusque posterisque eorum. C. I. L. VI. 1847. Inscribed- on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing only in a copy. l This refers to the ius aureorum anulorum, conferring ingenuitas, introduced by Commodus. Mommsen, Staatsr. II., 3 p. 893. 2 Mommsen, Staatsr. I., 8 p. 363, note 4. 5. P. Aemilio P. f. Nicomedi patri incomparabili, | decuriali decuriae lictor. [ cos. trium decuriar. X primo, 1 item decur. lictor. 2 popularis denuntiat. 3 X primo, | item praecon. aedilium curul. Xprimo, Aemilii Nicomedes et Mcomedes | et Theofila fili et heredes fecerunt. C. L L. VI. 1869. Found at Rome, now in the Capitoline Museum. 1 decuriali decuriae lictor(iae) co(n)s(ularis} trium decur iar(um), decemprimo. 2 decur(iae~) lictor(iae}. 3 denuntiat (orum). 6. Euliodi. 1 M. Aurel. Sabiniano Augg. lib., patrono civitatis Anagninor. | itemq. collegi caplato rum, decuriali decuriae | lictoriae popularis denuntiatorum itemq. gerulor., sed et decemviralis, 2 | s. p. q. A. 3 erga amorem patriae et civium, quod thermas longa incuria neglectas sua pecunia restituerit, | statuam ex leg. 4 suis ponend. censuer. ; ob cuius dedic. dedit decur. "^V, sexv. | XII, pop. 3I, 5 et epul. suffic. C. L L. X. 5917. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found in the forum of Anagnia, the chief town of the Hernici, Italy. * This is the additional cognomen. ' 2 Sabinianus was a member of one of the decuriae which attended the decemviri stlitibus iudicandis. 3 s(enatus) p(opulus) q(ue} A(nagninus}. *leg(atis}. 5 decur (ionibus) denarios quinos, sex- v(iris) denarios binos, pop(iilo} denarios singulos. 7. Tutic. 1 Hylas hie positus, | qui fuit margaritar. ; hie habuit dec. viat. 2 consujlarem, et colleg. den[d]r. | Eoman. qq. pp. 3 fuit; INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 209 qui reliquit collegio s. s. 4 hhS decem mil. n., uti ex usuris j eius omnibus annis parentet | ei hoc loco, aut si non factum | fuerit ante terminal., 5 inferet | aerario p. R. decem m. n. C. I. L. VI. 1925. Found at Rome, existing only in a copy. * Tutic(ius ?}. 2 dec(uriam') viat(oriam'). z colleg(ii) dendr(ophororum) Roman(orum^) q(uin}q(uennalis} p(er)p(etuus~). 4 s(upra}s(cripto). 5 For terminalia see Marquardt, Staatsv. III., 3 p. 202. I. in honorem domus August. | vv. qq. 1 scholam vetastate corruptam s. p. ret. 1. s. s. 2 : L. Venuleius Agatho, M. Aurel. Auggg. 3 lib. December, M. Aurel. Spendon, C. Gemellius Privatus. | Dedic. V idus Maias Fulvio Pio, Pontio Pontiano cos., 4 curat. C. Gemellio Private. C. L L. VI. 816. Found at Rome, preserved in a copy. l v(iatores} q{uae- storii}. 2 This is the form given in the copy, probably representing s. p. ref. q. i. s. s., i.e. s(wa) p(ecunia) ref(ecerunt) q(ui) i(nfra) s(cripti) s(unf), on the stone. 3 Perhaps, Maximus and Balbinus with Gordian Caesar. 4 238 A.D. 9. M. Falcidio | M. fil. Pal. Hypatiano adlecto in | ordinem dec. Puteolanor., | ordo decuriae luliae | praec. cos., 1 | ob merita M. Falcidi Cupiti praeconis et apparitor. Aug., | patris eius. C. L L. VI. 1944. Found at Rome, now in museum at Naples. 1 For decuria lulia praeconum consulari ct. Monim. Staatsr. I., 3 p. 344, note 5. 10. Anniae | Agrippinae uxori | C. luli Apollini | decur. Romae | trib. item aedil., 1 | accens. velato, 1 | cur mun. glad. 2 | tridui, hered. | 1. d. d. d. Ephem. Ep. VIII. 370. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Puteoli near the amphitheatre. l decur (ialis) Eomae trib(unorum} item aedil- (ium}. 2 cur(atoris} mun(eris) glad(iatorii) . MlNISTRI OF THE DOMUS AuGUSTAE, FREEDMEN AND SLAVES 11. M. Aur. Aug. liber. | Marcioni proximo rationum, proc. | mar- morum, proc. prov. Britanniae, proc. summi chorag., proc. prov. Fryg., Senecianus collib. j ex tabular. | li. c. 1 LAT. INSCRIP. 14 210 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. III. 348. Found at Kaimaz (Tricomia) Phrygia. l ft(onom) c(ausa). 12. d. m. | Aciliae Lamyrae coniugi | carissimae, Apollonius | Aug. n. verna arcarius pro|vinciae Asiae, hoc monumentum cum sarcophago fecit et sibi et suis. Quorum curam agunt col- legia lib. 1 et servorum domini n. Aug. i. s. 2 : | magnum, 3 et Minervium tabulari|orum, et Faustinianum commen|taresium, et decurionum, et ta|bellariorum. | H. m. h. n. s. C. /. L. III. 6077. Found at Epliesus. l lib(ertorum). 2 i(nfra) s(cripta). " Collegia in eo nominata sunt non servorum Ephesi consistentium, sed domus Augustae universae' 1 ' 1 (Mommsen). 3 magnum (sc. collegium familiae imperatoriae) . 13 k P. Aelio Aug. lib. Liberali | procuratori annonae | Ostiensis, procurator! | pugillationis et ad naves vagas, 1 tribunicio collegi magni, 2 decuriali decuriae | viatoriae consul., decu- riali | gerulorum, praeposito rnensae | nummul. f. f. Ost., 3 ornato orna|mentis decurionatus col. Ost., | patrono | Lauren- tium vici Augustanor. O. /. L. XIV. 2045. Inscribed on a pedestal found* in the Laurentine district among ruins of the vicus Augustanus. l What this refers to is unknown. Henzen suggests that it may pertain to a sea postal service (Bull. deW 1st. 1875, p. 10), but cf. Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 1030, note 3. 2 See preceding inscription. 3 Mensae nummulariae f(isci} f(rwnen- tarii) Ost(iensis}. 14. dis manibus | M. Ulpio Aug. lib. | Gresiano an XXXXV, | tabu- lario XX here|ditatium item tabu|lario provinciae Lugu|dunen- sis et Aquitani cae, item tabulario pro|vinciae Lusitaniae, | h. s. e., s. t. \_t.~] 1. Ulpia Pia coniugi f. c. C. L L. II. 3235. Found at Villanueva de los Infantes, near old Mentesa Oretanorum (Pliny, H. N. 3, 3, 25), Spain. 15. Ti. Claudius Aug. lib. Bucolas praegustator, triclinarc, (sic), proc. a munerib., 1 proc. aquar., 2 proc. castrensis, cum Q. Claudio | Flaviano filio et Sulpicia Cantabra matre d. [d]. INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 211 C. /. L. XI. 3612. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Caere, now preserved at Civita Vecchia. See Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, I., 6 p. 192. 1 Hirschfeld, Venc. I., p. 167, note 1 ; Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 951, note 4. 2 An inscription on a lead pipe shows that Bucolas held this office under Domitian. imp. Domitiani Caesaris Aug. Ger. sub cura Bucolae proc. (Notizie, 1890, p. 186.) 16. d. m. | Servato Caesaris n. ser. contrascribtori rationis | summi choragi, vixit aim. XXXIIII | mensibus VIII diebus XII, amico | bene merenti, fecerunt Fortunatus Pompeianus, Op- tatus Aug. lib. adiutores proc. rationis | ornamentorum, et Irenaeus | Caesaris verna adiutor | tabular iorum, et Isidorus | Primitivi Aug. disp. vicar. 1 | rationis eiusdem, 2 et Helius | vicarius eius, 3 domino benejmerenti. O. J. L. VI. 8950. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, preserved in the Villa Albani. * disp(ensatoris) mcar(ius}. 2 i.e. rationis orna- mentorum. 3 Servati. 17. d. in. | Onesati Caes. | n. ser., paedago|go puerorum, | fecit Annia | Stratonice coniugi b. m. || d. m. T. F. Hermes J Aug. lib. a superlecti|le p. Caes. n., 1 | f. Fortunata | lib. pat. b. m. C. L L. VI. 8973. Found at Verona, whither it was brought from Rome. 1 p(uerorutn) Cae(saris') n(ostri). SLAVES AND FREEDMEN OF PUBLICANI 18. Pudens soc. | pub. XL ser. | ) ser. 1 finib. | Cotti vovit, 4 arcar.., Lugud. s. 1. m. .; ' ."*" C. /. L. V. 7213. Inscribed on an altar found at Avigliana, between Susa and Turin, now in the museum at Turin. 1 soc(iorum, pub(lici) (quadragesimae} ser (mis} contrascr(iptor}. 19. d. m. | Inachus | public. XX | lib., 1 Inacho parenti piissimo. C. /. L. VI. 8453. -inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in Vatican J&useilm. l public (i) (vicesimae} lib(ertatis) (servus). 212 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS INSCRIPTIONS OP SUBORDINATE MILITARY OFFICERS (Including Centurions) 20. L. Pompeio L. f . Pom. Reburro Fabro | Gigurro l Calubrigen., | probato in coh. VII pr., | beneficiario tribuni, | tesserario in V ? 2 | optioni in 7, | signifero in */ ? fisci curatori, corn, trib., evoc. Aug., I L. Flavius Flaccimis | h. ex t. C. L L. II. 2610. Found at San Esteban de la Kua (Compostella) Tarra- conensis, Spain, existing in copy. * A tribe of the Asturians (Pliny N. H. Ill, 3, 28). The town Calubriga is unknown. ' 2 centuria. Note that beneficiarius tribuni is placed before the series of functions. 21. C. Arrio C. f. Corn, dementi militi coh. IX pr., equiti coh. eiusdem, donis torquibus armillis donato at imp. Traiano phaleris ob bellum Dacicum, singulari | pr[a]efectorum pr., tesserario, op|tioni, fisci curatori, cornicul. | tribuni, evocato Aug., l l l coh. I vigil., statorum, 7 coh. XIIII urb., V coh. VII pr., trecenario, donis donato ab imp. | Hadriano hasta pura corona aurea, V leg. Ill Aug., primipilari, II viro quin|quennali, patrono municipi, | curatori rei publicae, | decur. et Aug. V[/wV.], municipes Matil. 2 Dessau, 2081. Found at Matilica in Umbria. l centurioni. ' 2 decur(ioni) et Aug(ustali) se[wr(o)], municipes Matil (icenses). 22. C. Oppio C. f. Vel. | Basso p. c., | pr. Auximo, 1 H leg. im Fl. fel., evoc. Aug. ab actis fori, B pr. pr., signif., option., tesse. coh. II pr., mil. coh. XIIII | et XIII urbanarum, | coll. cent. Auxim. patr. ob merita eius. L. d. d. d. (On the side) Posita VI k. lul. | L. Aelio Caesare II, | P. Coelio Balbino cos. 2 C. L L. IX. 5839. Found at Osirao (Auximum) Picenum, where it exists to-day. * p(atrono} c(oloniae), pr(aetori} Auximo. 2 137 A.D. 23. C. .Oppio C. f . Vel. Basso p. p., 1 p. c., pr. i. d. Aux., 2 7 leg. im | Fl. fel. et leg. II Tr. for., | evoc. Aug. ab act. 3 fori, | 5 pr. pr., 4 mil. coh. II pr. | et coh. XIII et XIIII urb., ! omnibus ofnciis | in caliga functo, 5 j centuriones leg. II | Traianae INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 213 fort&, optimo et dignissimo. In cuius ded. cenam col. ded. 6 | L. d. d. d. C. I- L. IX. 5840. Found at Osimo (Auximum), where it still exists. 1 primipilari. * p(atrono) c(oZom'ae), pr(aetori) i(ure} d(icundo') Aux(imi). 3 Cf. Moinra. Ephem. Ep. V., p. 149. 4 b(eneficiario*) pr(aefectorum') pr(aetorio). 5 The positions of signifer, optio, and tessera- rius, enumerated in the preceding inscription, are referred to. 6 In cuius dedications') cenam col(onis} ded(it). The second centurionate and the primipilate were held after the setting up of the preceding inscription. 24. C. Luccius C. fil. j Stell. Sabinus | Beneventi decurio, | vivus sibi et Ofilliae | Paratae uxori et Luccio | Verecundo fratri posterisq. | suis fecit, militavit in coh. | I urb. ad latus tribu- nor., fuit | secutor, optio valetudi., 1 optio | carcaris, singularis, benefic. tribuni, a quaestionib. 2 fact us per Annium Verum praef. urbis, 3 et | tesserarius, optio, signif., fisci curator, optio ab act., cornicul. | trib., benef. Valeri Asiatici praet. 4 (sic) | urb., missus ab imp. Hadriano Aug. Serviano III et Vibio Varo cos., 5 \_dec.~] X [fc]a[Z.], Mai. Erucio Claro H cos. 6 In. f. p. XX in agr. p. XX. C. I. I* IX. 1617. Found at Beneventum, where it still exists. l valetu- di(nari). 2 a quaestionib (us} (praefecti urbis}. 3 Annius Verus, grandfather of Marcus, the emperor, was cos. II in 121 A.D. ; cos. Ill, 126 A.D. Cf. Vita Marci, c. 1. 4 Rather praef. 5 134 A.D. G 146 A.D. 25. L. Tros[i]us L. f. Pup. | Maximus Tergeste, | V coh. XI urb., | militavit 7 coh. II vig., | evoc. Aug. a quaestion. | pr. pr., 1 speculator Aug. | in coh. X pr., vix. an. LV, | mil. an. XXXIII, t. f. i. In fr. p. XII. | in ag. p. XIII. C. I. L. VI. 2755. Inscribed on a cippus found at Rome, from a copy of the sixteenth century. 1 a quaestion (ibus} pr(aefecti) pr(aetorio). 26. C. Virrius lucundus | vexil. coh. II vig | O 1 Viserti Latini, | inilit. ann. VI men. VII | dies XVIIII, | in eis tesserar., optio, larius, vix. ann. XXVII, aram cum base sua | t. p. i. vexil- Arbi- tratu Luciliae Lacaenae | et C. Virri lucundi f. C. I. L. XI. 1438. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Pisa, now in the Anti- norian Museum at Florence. l centuria. 214 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 27. d. m. M. Aur. Augustiano 7 coh. V vig., vix. an. XXXIIII, j provitus ann. XVII, excep|tor presidi 1 provincies M. s. 2 ann. IIII, lectus in prae|toria, eques sive tabu|larius ann. V, factus 7 I in Syria, vixit ann. VIII, | Claudia Pacata coniux | piissimo et Ulpius Mar|cellus nepos b. m. fece|runt. C. I. L. VI. 2977. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing in copy only. l praesidi(s'). 2 M(oesiae) S(uperioris). 28. P. Tutilius P. f. 0[>/] veteranus, sign[t/er], aquilifer leg. V . . . , | curator vete[rcm.], | accepit ab impe[ra] | praemia dupl[icia], | natus est A. Hirtio \_A. /. C.] Vibio Pansa cos., 1 d.e[cessi] \ C. Fufio Gemino L. Ru[6e#io] | Gemino cos., 2 sibi \_et~\ P. Atecingi f. \_et~\ Demincae [/., et] Andoblationi P. f. [ef] Gnatae P. f., | t. f. i. C. /. L. V. 5832. Found at Milan, now at Brera. i 711/43. 2 29 A.D. Note the Gallic names. 29. M. Vettio M. f. Ani. | Valenti mil. coh. VIII pr., benef. praef. pr., donis donato 1 bello Britan. torquibus armillis phaleris, evoc. Aug., corona aurea donat., | V coh. VI vig., */ stat., 2 */ coh. XVI urb., 7 cho. II pr., exercitatori equit. speculatorum, princip. | praetori 3 leg. XIII Gem., ex tree. 4 leg. VI Victr., donis donato ob res prosper, gest. contra Astures torq. phaler. arm., | trib. coh. V vig., trib. coh. XII urb., trib. coh. Ill pr., [trib.'] leg. XIIII Gem. Mart. Victr., | proc. imp. Caes. Aug. 5 prov. Lusitan., | patron, coloniae, speculator. X h. c., 6 | L. Luccio Telesino C. Suetonio Paullino cos. 7 (7. /. L. XI. 395. Found at Ariminum, existing now in copy. l a Claudio. 2 centurioni stat(orum). s princeps praetorii, most honored among centurions after the primipilus ; cf. Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 231. 4 Mommsen thinks p. p. = primo pilo has disappeared here and that this man was not ex trecenario legionis sextae Victricis, but from a trecenarius, i.e. a cen- turio praetorianus, became centurio legionarius, Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 243. 6 Nero is referred to. 6 speculator (es) (decem), h(onoris) c(awsa). " 66 A.D. INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 215 30 militavit L annis, IV in leg. Ill A.[_ug.~\ \ librar., tesser., optio, signifer, factus ex suffragio leg. [J.]uQ/. pr. pr. y] | militavit y leg. II Ital., [y] leg. VII . . . , | V leg. I Min., y leg. X. Gem., y leg. II . . . . , | y leg. Ill Aug., y leg. II[/] Gall., y leg. XXX Up]p., V leg. VI Vic., y leg. Ill Cyr., y leg. XV Apol., | y leg. II Par., V leg. I Adiu- tricis, consecutus ob virtutein in | expeditionem Parthicam | coronam muralem vallarem | torques et phaleras, agit in | diem operis perfecti | annos LXXX, | sibi et Claudiae Marciae Capi- tolinae koniugi karissimae, quae agit | in diem operis per- fecti | annos LXV, et M. Petronio Fortunato filio | militavit arm. VI y leg. X[X]II Primig., y leg. II Aug., vixit ann. XXXV, cui Fortunatus et Marcia parentes | karissimo memo- riam fecerunt. C. L L. VIII. 217. Ephem. Ep. V. 1043. Inscribed on a mausoleum discovered at Henchir Gasrin, ancient Cillium, Africa. 31. M. Apicio T. f. Cam. Tironi | p. p. leg. XXII Primig. p. f., praef. leg. XIII Gem., 1 y leg. XV Apollin., evoc. 2 a com- ment, cust., optioni | evoc., salar. curat. ab indicib., 3 | patron, mun. Raven., 4 pontif. C. /. L. XI. 19. Inscribed on a large marble cippus found at Ravenna, where it still exists in part, in the Museum Classense. l It is curious that the function praefectura legionis should be placed among those of the centurionate. 2 Tiro was at first among the praetorian soldiers, then afterwards became evocatus. 3 For these various functions performed by Tiro as evocatus see Mommsen, Ephem. Ep. V. 148. 4 Raven(natium}. THE NAVY 32. Antho Caesaris | trierarcho Liviano, C. lulius laso f. c. C. L L. XII. 257. Found at Frejus (Forum lulii), existing in copy. It will be remembered that under the Julian and Claudian emperors, a fleet was stationed at Forum lulii. 33. C. lulio C. f. Fal. Magno navarc. princ. | clas. pr. Misen., 1 | adlec. in ord. decur. et inter IIvirale[s] | decret. decur. p. p. 2 | munic. revere [ntes]. \ Cuius dedi[ca^'one] | decurion[?'fo/s] j H~S XX [m. n. dedit~\. (On the aide) Dedic. pr. idus 216 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Saturnino et \_Gallo cos. 3 ], | curant. Q. Sevili[o] ..... Ti. Cl. Phile[> II vims']. C. I. L. X. 8215. Found at Castel Volturno (Volturnum) in the founda- tions of the Curia, now in the Museum Campanum. l navarc(o) princi(pi) clas(sis~) pr(aetoriae) Misen(ensis). 2 p(ostnlatione) p(opuli) (Mommsen). 3 This is suggested by Momiusen, who assigns the inscrip- tion to 198. 34. T. Suillio Albano | qui et Timotheus | Menisci f., natione Nicaens., arm. custod. | lib. Virtut., mil. a. XXV, | vixit ann. X | , Anto[n]ius Quadratus | et Aemil. Quadratus | [a]rm. cus[.] ex IIII Minerv. | heredes, et Suillia Eugenia lib. ben. mer. fecerunt. C. I. L. X. 3406. Found at Puteoli, existing in part in the museum at Naples. 35. d. m. C. Publius Mari|nus mil. clas. pr. Mis., sec. tr., 1 | n. Syr., 2 stip. IIII, | v. ann. XX, paren|tes b. m. f. C. /. L. X. 3494. Found at Naples, where it still exists in the museum. 1 sec(utor) tr(ierarchi). 2 natione Syr(us). 36. Ti. Claudio Aug. lib. Eroti, | trierarcho liburnae Ni|li, exacto classis Aug. | Alexandrinae, L. Iuli|us C. f. Fab. Saturninus et M. | Antonius Heracla trier., heredes eius fecerunt. Ephem. Ep. V. 989. Found at Cherchel (Caesarea), in Mauretania. INSCRIPTIONS OF MUNICIPALITIES Italy Ostia. 37. L. Licinio L. fil. Pal | Herodi | equit. Rom., decuriali | decuriae viatoriae | equestris cos., 1 decurioni, | quinquennali duumviro, | sacerdoti geni col., flam. | Rom. et Aug., curat. oper. publ., | quaestori aer., 2 aedili, flam, divi Severi, sodali Arulensi, | praet. prim. sac. Volk. faciu., | ordo Augustal. | optimo civi, ob merita. C. L L. XIV. 373. Inscribed on a large pedestal found at Ostia, now at Rome in Villa Abani. l co(n)s (ularis). - aer(arii). 3 praet (ori) prim(o') sac(ris~) Volk(ano) faciu(ndis}. INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 217 Praeneste. 38. P. Acilio P. f . Men. | Paullo III HI vir. Aug. q. col., | aed. II vir., flamini divi Aug., | cur annonae, | cur. muneris public!, | cur. kal., cultores lovis Arcani | regio macelli patrono dignissimo. L. d. d. d. (0>i the side) Dedicata V idus Maias | Arriano et Papo cos. | curante Ti. Cl | Vitale nrm vir. Aug. C. /. L. XIV. 2972. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Praeneste, now in Vatican Museum, Rome. The date is 243 A.D. Nomentum. 39. Gn. Munatius M. f. Pal | Aurelius Bassus | proc. Aug., praef. fabr., praef. coh. Ill | Sagittariorum, praef. coh. iterum II | Asturum, censitor civium Komanorum coloniae Victri|censis quae est in Britannia | Camaloduni, curator. | viae Nomentanae, patronus eiusdem municipi, namen perpetus (sic) duum virali potestate, aedilis, dictator IIII. C. L L. XIV. 3955. Inscribed on a large marble cippus found at La Mentana (Nomentum), now in Vatican Museum. Vibo. 40. Q. Laronius Q. f. [augur], \ L. Libertius C. f. pont. max IIIJ v. i. d. q. c. p. 1 ex s. c. Con. 2 H-S . . . . C. /. L. X. 49. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Montelione (Vibo), Italy, existing in a copy. * q(ninquennales) c(enson'a) p(otestate). 2 Con(stat). Aedanum. 41. d. m., Ti. Cl. Maximo | II vir, aed. quaes. | pecuniae alim. vixit aim. XXVII in. V , Ti. Cl. November | et Cl. Hermio|ne filio bene | merenti fee. | et sibi. C. L L. IX. 1415. Assigned by Mommsen to Aeclanum, existing in copy. Beneventum. 42. I. 0. M., C. Ennius C. f. Firmus | permissu decurion. c. B. 1 Benevento, aedilis, | II vir i. d., quaestor, | curator operis thermarum | datus ab | imp. Caesare Hadriano Aug. C. I. L. IX. 1419. Found at Aequum Tuticum, still in existence. l c(olo- niae) B(eneventi}. 218 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Hlstonium. 43. M.J3aebio M. f. Q. n. Am. Suetrio | Marcello equo publico, | aed., q., II II vir i. d., II II vir quinq. II, patrono mimic., flamini divi Vespasian!., | M. Baebius Suetrius Marcellus | et Suetria Rufa patri optumo. Huic decurioiies funus publicum | sta- tuam equestrem clipeum | argenteum locum sepulturae | decre- verunt et urbani statuam pedestre (sic). C. I. L. IX. 2855. Found at II Vasto d'Aimone (Histonium) among the Frentani, where it still exists. Alba Fucens. 44. d..in. s., L. Marculeio Saturnine | veterano Augusti cho. VII ] pr., 1 IIII viro i. d., quaestori rei p|ublice, curatori pecunia|e alument[a]r, curatori annone plebis, curatori oper|um publicor, curatori apu|t lovem Statorem qq cole|gi fabrum tignuariorum L. M. | Arculeius Faustu[s] lunior | IIII vir iure die. curatori ann|one patri optirno et sibi fecit. C. I. L. IX. 3923. Found at modern Scurcula near Alba Fucens, among the Aequi, only existing in part, * veterano Augusti c(p)ho(rtis septimae) pr(aetoriae). The date is 149 A.D.(?) Spain 45. p. H. c. | L. Domitio | M. fil. Serg. Dentoniano, iudic. dec. V, equo | publico per Traian, | II vir. munic. Consabur[e]n., | flam[i]n. perpet., 1 tribun. milit. | cohort. Astur. Callaeciae | et Mauretan. Tingit., 2 flam. p. H. c. 3 (7. /. L. II. 4211. Found at Tarragona (Tarraco), existing only in a copy. 1 Sc. Consaburae. 2 Hiibner believes that by an error this stands for cohort(is) Astur(um} et Callaec(orum) Mauretaniae Tingitanae, because we can hardly believe that the cohors Asturum encamped in the neigh- boring Gallaecia. s p(rovinciae) H(ispaniae} c(iterioris} . 46. M. Valerio M. f. M. n. | Q. pron. Gal. Pullino -H- vir., leg. per- petuo | munic. Pontif. 1 , praef. fabr., flam., | pontif. Aug., mu|nicipes et incolae. INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 219 (7. /. L. II. 2132. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Porcuna (Obulco), where it still exists. l leg(ato') perpetuo munic(ipii) Pontif(iciensis), i.e. Obulconis. 47. L. Porcio L. f. Gal. Himero divorum bis. Ob. merita II vir, praef. pro. | II vir, flamini pleps aere conlato | huius tituli honore | contentus impesam | remisit. C. /. L. II. 34. Found at Alca9er do Sal (Salacia), Lusitania, existing in a copy. Africa 48. Ponti. 1 | C. Helvio C. f. Am. Honorajto aedil., II vir, II vir qq., II[i] 2 et 3 curat. aliment dis[n'&], ob insignes liberalita|tes in rem pub. et cives | amorem viro bono | col. lul. Curubis d. d. p. p. C. L L. VIII. 980. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Kurba (Curubis), where it still exists. * Pontius is the additional cognomen of Honoratus. 2 Mommsen considers this H wr, so that Honoratus held three honores : the ordinary // viratus, quinquennalitas, II viratus cum curatione alimentorum coniunctus. 3 et indicates that both positions were held at the same time. 49. Marti | Victori Aug. sac. M. Ulpius M. | f. Pap. Andro|nicus q., aed., II vir., flam., | II vir qq., pe|cunia sua | posu[#]. C. L L. VIII. 8439. Inscribed on an altar found at Setif (Sitifis), where it is still preserved in the public gardens. 50. C._Fulcinio M. f. Quir. | Optato, flam. Aug., 1 II vir. | qq., pontif., II vir., augur., | aed., qu[ae]stori, qui inrupt[io]ne Baqua|tium co[Z]oniam tui|tus est [tes]timonio | decreti ordinis et | populi, Cartennitani | et incolae primo ipsi, | nee ante ulli, aere conlato. C. /. L. VIII. 9663. Found at Tenes (Cartenna), now in the Algerian Museum. } flam(ini) Aug(ustali}. 220 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS INSCRIPTIONS OF COLLEGIA! 51. Cn. Sentio Cn. fil. Cn. n. Ter. Felici , dec. deer. aedilici<5 adl., d. d. d. adl. 1 , | q. a. Ostiens., II vir., q. iuvenum 2 hie primus omnium, quo ann6 dec. adl. est, et | q. a. fact, est et in proxim. annum II vir designat. est | quinq. curatorum navium marina^, 3 gratis adlect. | inter navicular. maris Hadriatici et ad quadrigam. | fori vinari, patrdnd decuriae scribar. ceraridr. et libraridr. et lictdr. et viator., item praeconum et | argentaridr. et negotiator, vinarior. ab urbe , item mensor. frumentaridr. Cereris Aug., item corpor. | scapharior. et lemmcularidr. traiect. Luculli et | deridrdphorum et tdgatdr. a foro et de sacomar. 4 | et libertdr. et servdr. publicdr. et olearidr. 5 et iuven. | cisianor. 6 et veteranor. Aug., item beneficiaridr. prdc. Aug. et piscator. prdpolar., ciiratdri lusiis iuvenalis. | Cn. Sentius Lucilius | Gamala Clodianus f. [ patri indulgentissimd. C. /. L. XIV. 409. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Ostia, now in the museum at Florence. 1 d(ecurionum) d(ecreto) d(ecurioni) adl(ecto'). 2 i.e. the collegium iuvenum. 8 corpus curatorum navium marinarum. 4 sacomar (is?). 5 The mercatores olearii. 6 Perhaps the same as the cisiarii. 52. d. m., | T. Sillio T. lib. | Frisco | mag. colleg. | fabr. H et q. IT, | mag. et q. sodal. ' fullonum, | Claudiae Filib. 1 | uxori eius matri | sodalic fullon. ; 2 T. Sillius Karus et | Ti. Claudius Phi|lippus mag. et q. colleg. fabr. fili parentib. | piissimis. (7. /. L.-IX. 5450. Found at Fallerone (Falerio) Picenum, where it may be seen in the museum. l Filib. an unknown cognomen. 2 matri sodal(icii) fullonum. 53. dis manibus. | L. Calpurnius Chius sevir Aug. | et quinquennalis , idem quinq. corporis mensor. | frumentarior. Ostiens, et curat. bis | idem codicar. curat. Ostis et III honor. 1 | idem quinquen- nal. collegi. Silvani Aug. maioris quod est Hilarionis, | functus 1 Zur Geschichte und Organisation des Romischen Vereinswesens. W. Liebenam, Leipzig, 1890. INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 221 sacomari 2 idem magistro ad Marte. Ficanum. Aug.- idem in collegio dendrofor. | fecit sibi et | Corneliae Ampliatae coniugi suae carissimae cum qua vixit annis XXXI., | Calpurniae L. lib. Ptheiigidi libertae (sic) Carissimae, | L. Calpurnio Forti vern. lib., L. Calpurnio Felici lib., L. Calpurnio Adaucto vern. lib., | Calpurniae L. f. Chiae vern., Calpurniae L. f. Ampli- atae vern., L. Calpurnio L. f. Felici vern., L. Calpurnio L. f. Pal. Chio Felicissimo, | libertis libertab. posterisq. eorum b. m. C. L L. XIV. 309. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, now preserved in Rome. 1 codicar(ioruin) curat(or) Ostis et III honor (atus). 2 According to Mommsen, functus sacomari is for functionis sacomariae. The Calpurnii and Calpurniae, .sons and daughters of Lucius, and like- wise vernae, Henzen believes to have been children of liberti born before the manumission of their parents, but Mommsen more correctly considers them children of liberti born in the house of their patron. 54. Ti. Claudio Aug. 1. Felici | Scapulano d. HI, q. HI, quinquen- nali, inmuni triplicario, benemerenti ex consensu, decuriae univers, | honoris causa, zothecam publice dederunt. | Atimetus 1. sua pecunia adornavit. C. I. L. VI. 10302. Inscribed on a marble tablet found on Via Salaria, Rome, existing in copy only. \ AMPHORA AND STAMPED HANDLES. From Monte Testaccio. See page 274. 222 PART III CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF INSCRIPTIONS IN the preceding portion of this work we considered Roman names and official titles, elements which are found in inscriptions of all kinds. To study the additional elements which are found in indi- vidual inscriptions, it will be useful to arrange epigraphic material in various classes, and then to examine the special form peculiar to each class. By " Latin Inscriptions," if we use the term in a general sense, we mean the remains of the Latin language of a non-literary char- acter preserved for us in the more enduring substances. There are two great classes : I. Inscriptions proper (e7riypa ..u.;. = SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 233 date of death, the age of the person, and set formulae, such as ossa hie sita sunt, heic cubat, usually written in full until after the repub- lican period, also brief references to the dead as bonus, pudica, and finally the measures of the sepulchre and formulae referring to the protection of the same. tycruL, A-p, |v Inscriptions on cinerary urns found in the vineyard of San Cesareo, Eome, 150-50 B.C. Lutatia \ a. d. IV. k(alendas} 0(ctobris~) \ nan ? C. I. L. VI. 8297. Lima \ a. d. VI. n(onas} 0(ctobris) C. L L. VI. 8290. Lucilla T.f. \ a. d. IV. k(alendas) Marias') C. L L. VI. 8291. At about the close of the fifth century A.U.C. (250 B.C.), contem- poraneous with the introduction of the custom of building tombs with some architectural design, and adding ornamentation, poetical elogia were inscribed after the usual titulus, mainly upon the tombs of distinguished families. The early epitaphs * of the Scipio family 1 See pages 294, 296, 234 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS contain poetic epigrams in saturnian verse, and one l of a later date is accompanied by an epigram in hexameters and pentameters. This custom grew in favor, especially with the middle classes, where Greek influence was felt. 40 Epitaph found at Prcturo, near Amiternum. C. I. L. I. 1297= IX. 4463. P. L. M. E. XLIX. G. Protogenes Cloul(i) l suavei 2 heicei s situst mimus, Plouruma que fecit populo soueis* gaudia nuges. Ritschl states that these are the oldest dactylic verses in the inscriptions, belonging to about the time of Ennius. * Protogenes was the slave of this man. 2 suavei(s) = suavis ? 3 So Buecheler duplici videtur locativi casus nota signa- tum, but Ritschl reads heic ei ; see Lindsay, Latin Language, p, 567. 4 soueis monosyllable. Towards the close of the Republic reference is made occasionally to the cultus of the dei manes, and the tomb is regarded as the (locus) deum maanium (C. L L. I. 1410), or the dei manes are represented as having received the dead, while in the Augustan age the tituli sepulcrales assume the form of tituli sacri, becoming, in reality, dedi- 1 See page 99. Other verse is found, such as iambic senarii, Eph. IV., p. 297; iambic dimeter, C. L L. VI. 6821; elegiac, C. L L. I. 1011 = VI. 9499; hendeca- syllabics, C. I. L, VI. 9752, X. 1948. See Hiibner, Ex. Scr., p. 396, also Antholo- gia Latina, Pars Posterior, Carmina Epigraphica, F. Buecheler, Leipzig, 1895. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 235 cations to the dei manes, while certain characteristics of honorary .inscriptions, such as the full indication of official position, also appear. Epitaph of L. Cornelius Scipio, believed to be the son of Hispallus, Consul 578/17G, O. I. L.I. 34 = VI. 1289. P. L. M. E. XLI. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Scipio, Magna sapientia multasque virtutes Aetate quom parva posidet hoc saxsum, Quoiei vita defecit, non honos, honore, Is hie situs, quei nunquam victus est virtutei, Annas gnatus (viginti) is [div~\eis m[ari]datus } Ne quairatis honore quei minus sit mand\_at~\u[s~], Elements entering into the composition of tituli sepulcrales. I. Dis Manibus (0eots Scu/wxrtv, Kara^Oovioi^). Inscriptions dating from the Augustan age regularly begin with these words, at first written in full, then later on abbreviated D M. Other forms are dis manibus sacrum D M S or d. m. sacrum, d. m. et memoriae or et genio, et quieti aeternae, somno aeternali, etc. In rare instance D M is found at the close of the inscription (C. I. L. X. 684). Sometimes a dedication to some other divinity, e.g. Venus, Juno, or Luna, is substituted for that to the dei manes. This :rs particularly in inscriptions from Spain. 236 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS O O LiJ i y O % O VJ SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 237 II. Name of the dead. After the dedication to the dei manes there followed the name of the dead, with or without official titles or statements as to profession or calling. The name appears either in the nominative case as the subject of some verbal phrase, as hie adquiesdt or iacet, situs est, in the genitive, depending upon dis manibus, or in the dative when the inscription is really honorary in character. Minor elements associated with the name of the dead. 1. The age of the person is expressed by a variety of formulae: annorum AN. ANN, vixit annis (tot) V A, AN, ANN. The accusative annos is also found, but is not as common as the ablative. At times the months (mensibus or menses M, MENS) are also given, and in the early period, particularly in case of infants, the days (diebus, dies D, Dl, DIES), and even the hours (horis H, HOR, 0). A relative clause often expresses the age, qui or quae vixit annis (tot) Q V A, also vixit annis plus minus VIX ANN P M, which is rare before the middle of the third century A. P., but common in the later period. Other formulae are annos agens (tot), defunctus annorum (tot) D, DE, DF, D, DEF AN, ANN, obitus annorum (tot) O, -e- AN, ANN. In inscriptions relating to married persons the length of married life is ex- pressed in various ways, qui or quae vixit annis (tot), or facere, ferre, laborare cum (illo) in place of vivere cum (illo). In epitaphs of soldiers the years of service are usually given, so annorum (tot), stipendiorum (tot) ST, STIP, aerum (tot) AER or militavit annis (tot) M, MIL AN, ANN. These indications of years in tituli sepulcrales are found particularly in inscriptions of men of lower rank who have held no official position and upon whose tomb no honorary titles can be recorded. 2. In the tomb inscription of a gladiator together with his years of service there is also given the peculiar class to which he belonged, as essedarius ESSE, murmillo M, MVR, contra retiarius 7R, also the number of victories, denoted by the symbol (according to some = coronae}. In the case of aurigae the epitaph contains thefactio, e.g.factio veneta; the country, e.g. natione Maurus ;4he age, number of victories, e.g. primum vicit, date of victory, horses with wMch the contest was won, character of contest, e.g. inter singularum vicit (toties), inter binarnm (toties), secundas tulit (toties), and finally the money earned. 1 1 For complete information as to charioteers see Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, II., 6 p. 526 ; Wil. II., p. 181 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 2417, and Bullett. Comunale, 1878, p. 164. 238 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 3. Circumstances of death. a latronibus occisus, peregre defunctus, mors per culpam curantium, tegula prolapsa peremptus, a tauro deceptus. 1 4. Formulae referring to the repose of the dead. hie situs H S, hie situs est H S E, hie sepnltus est H S E, hie iacet H I, hie adquiescit H ADQ, ossa hie sita sunt H S S, ossa hie sunt H S. 5. Salutations addressed to the dead by passers-by, placed either at the beginning or close of the inscription. Ave or have, salve, with the name of the dead in the vocative case, as have Vitalis, Lolli ave. Sit tibi terra levis S T T L, ossa tua bene quiescant O T B Q, sit vobis terra levis S V T L, ossa volo bene quiescant V B Q, hie, ossa volo bene quiescant H V B Q, opto sit tibi terra levis . S T . T . L 4 6. Salutations represented as addressed by the dead to the living, either at the beginning or close of the inscription. Ave, salve, vale viator, tu qui legis vale et cum voles venito, bene valeat is qui hoc titulum perlegit meum. III. The place of burial. 1. Circumstances bearing upon the selection of a place. locus datus decurionum decreto L D D D, loco dato senatus consulto L D S C, empto loco, locus adsignatus a patrono, locus emptus est X argenti, locum precario petierunt ab (illo). 2. Measures of the tomb. infronte or in frontem pedes (tot) I, IN F, FR, FRONT P, RED, in via, in agro or in agrum pedes (tot) I, IN A, AG, AGR, retro RET or in retro pedes (tot) IN R. These are sometimes rendered more explicit by the addition of longus L, LONG, and latus L, LAT, e.g. infronte longum pedes (tot), latum pedes (tot) ; also locus L or locus monumenti L M, e.g. L M in f route pedes (tot), area quae ante sepulcrum est huic monumento cedit in fronte pedes (tot). 3. Protection of tomb from desecration and alienation. huic monumento dolus mains abesto H M D M A, ni violato, hoc monu- mentum heredem non sequetur or sequitur H M H N S, hoc monumentum heredem exterum non sequetur H M H E N S, hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum est heredem non sequetur H-M-S-S-E-H-N-S, hoc monu- mentum sine dolo malo H M S D M, dolus mains abesto et ius civile D M A ET I C, hoc monumentum ad heredem non pertinet H M A H N P, rogo te viator monumento huic nil malefeceris. 1 See Index C. I. L. under Mortes Singulares. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 239 IV. The dedication of the monument. This portion of the inscription partakes of the nature of tituli honorarii which appear on public monuments and buildings. It may consist simply of the designation of the person dedicating the tomb, and an indication of the one remembered, or it may form an elaborate elogium containing references to the deeds of the dead, and setting forth details as to the toinb and the occasion of its dedication. This dedicatory form often takes the place of the ordinary titulus sepulcralis. Minor Elements : 1. The persons who dedicate the tomb or monument. These are designated either by their names or by terms which, frequently modified by adjectives, make clear the relationship or bond of union existing between the dedicator and the one remembered : amicus, heres, libertus, pater infelicissimus, coniux carissima, heres ex iussu eius solus, patronus, parentes non hoc mcrentes a vobis, nutrix filiarum eius, collegium, 2. Terms denoting the object dedicated. domus aeterna, locus sepulturae, monumentum, sepulcrum, sarcophagus, tumulus, titulus, aedes. JiL Verbal phrase. adornavit, aedificavit, constituit, donavit, ponendwn curavit P C, sitb ascia dedicavit S A, ASC D, DED (Gaul), posuit. 4. Phrases explaining the circumstances or the reasons for building the monument. ex auctoritate (illius), ex beneficio, secundum decretum ipsorum (collegii), nomine meo et uxoris, ex praecepto matris, ex testamento. arbitmtu (illius), curam agente (illo), (illo) curante, (illis) curantibus. honoris causa, memoriae causa, ob merita eius, ob memoriam custodiendam adque propagandam, pro mentis eorum. 5. The person for whom, or in remembrance of whom, the tomb has been built is denoted either by his name or by a term indicating the relationship or the basis of the union existing between him and the one providing the tomb. amico bene merenti A B M, coniugi (C), carissimae (o) filiae (o), fratri bene merenti B M, libertae carissimae et bene merenti, libertabus, patrono indulgentissimo, marito amantissimo, mihi et uxori utrisque nobis vivis 240 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS ^Z>H: I 1 1 ; &* U : l - 10 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 241 posteritatique nostrae, sibi et suis S ET S, sibi et suis libertis libertabus posterisque S ET S L L P Q, munidpibus suis incolisque, nutrici et mammillae bene merenti, servo fidelissimo. Words denoting relationship are at times modified by such phrases as (marito) cum quo vixit annis (tot) sine ulla animi laesione, (uxori) cum qua concorditer egit per annus (tot). There are also in existence sepulchral inscriptions which are, in reality, documents l (instrumental). Of this character are the funeral orations, e.g. Laudatio Murdiae 2 of the first- century A.D., which, having formed a part of the obsequies, have been inscribed upon the tomb; also legal documents, such as the will of Dasumius 3 (108 A.D.) and the donatio 4 of Flavins Syntrophus. Columbaria One form of tomb used in Rome was that known as columbarium. 5 These were burial-rooms, built partly above ground, in the walls of which were arranged small recesses or niches having the appearance of pigeon-holes (columbarium = dove-cot). These niches were used to hold vases (ollae) containing the ashes of the dead. Columbaria frequently served as the tombs of men of the lower classes, as of freedmen and slaves, and were, for the most part, built by collegia or societates, whose members thus secured by cooperation a final resting-place for themselves and family. Upon the completion of such a building the ollae were portioned out to the various members of the collegium* A difference in number of the ollae assigned implied a difference in the amount contributed. 7 Each member indicated his own place by inscribing his name upon a marble tablet which was fastened above or below the recess, or by writing his name with a graphium on the wall of the building. The tablets, 1 See Acta ad sepulcra spectantia, C. L L. VI., p. 1356 ff. 2 C. /. L. VI. 10230, and page 293. 3 C. L L. VI. 10229, Wil. 314. 4 C. I. L. VI. 10239, Wil. 312. 5 Wil. L, pp. 118-119. 6 Cf . panes viriles, Wil. n. 336, or sortes, Wil. 333, 335. 7 Wil. 335, 344. LAT. INSCRIP. 16 242 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS termed tessellae, were either removed when the titulus sepukralis was inscribed, or took the place of the same. 1 The general arrangement of sepulchral inscriptions may be shown thus 2 : D. M. S. ille or illius or illi (qui) vixit annis tot ille patri carissimo fecit h. s. e. If the tomb was made by a living person for several others, the arrangement was as follows : D. M. D. M. illi coniugi suae ille fecit vixit annis tot illi coniugi suae et illi filio suo or vixit annis tot vixit annis tot et illi filio suo et illi filiae suae vixit annis tot vixit annis tot et illi filiae suae ille fecit vixit annis tot If the maker of the tomb expected to be one of its occupants, the form was : D. M. . ( vivus ille < . ( VIVO sibi fecit et illi coniugi suae vixit annis tot et illi filio suo vixit annis tot et illi filiae suae vixit a unit tot et suis libertis libertabusque posterisque eorum 1 Wil. n. 380-385. 2 Cagnat, Cours & fipigraphie, pp. 254-256. HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 243 HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS TlTULI HONORARII The custom of raising statues in honor of distinguished men and adding thereto honorary inscriptions appeared in Rome towards the close of the third century B.C. This custom was of Greek origin, and some inscriptions are found in the Greek form, i.e. with the name (in the accusative case) of the person honored and with the verb omitted. The Romans at first merely transferred the inscriptions of their imagines maiormn to their tombs, adding these to the simple and customary tituli sepulcmles. The elogia of the Scipio inscriptions referred to above are of this character, although they are poetical in form. Memorial and honorary inscriptions (elogia), consisting of the name (in the nominative .case) of the person honored, followed by official titles of curule offices and brief historical statements, may be regarded as the primitive form of tituli honorarii. What was thus done by private persons was soon imitated publicly in the setting up, with, however, no sepulchral connection, either during the lifetime of the individual honored or after his death, of honorary inscriptions such as the Columna Rostrata in honor of C. Duilius, and the elogia of the triumphal arch of Fabius. Of a similar character are the brief inscriptions found on the pedestals of statues and those of a memorial and honorary nature which appear on marble tablets and beneath busts. We learn from ancient writers that Augustus adorned his forum with statues of famous men, particularly of distinguished generals, and added inscriptions denoting their achievements. Only a few fragments of these elogia have been preserved, but as copies were set up also at Arretium which still exist, we can learn from them the character of the originals. It is possible that similar elogia found at other places, e.g. at Pompeii, referring to Aeneas and Romulus, may have been copied from the city inscriptions placed, by Augustus. 1 1 In C. I L. elogia appear in vol. I.' 2 pp. 185-202, classed by themselves as somewhat of a literary character, taken from public and private records, and therefore not strictly tituli sepulcrales or tituli honorarii. They have the names of those honored in the noin. case and refer to men of the days of the Republic. 244 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS rCIV^ lET-ttClGl /. , , , /VEM-C ASTR.E1S-EX FOCICXXJT'M x fcNANDOD'CErET'ENQVEEODEM-JVlA^ EM'NAVEBOS-MARlp'CONSOL'PRlMOS , /LASESQyE'NAVALESfRlMOS'OHNAVEIf. /VMQyE'ElS'NAVEB^S'CLASEIS'POENICAS'OM VMAS-COPIAS-OARTACINIENSlS'FRAESENTli RIRESMOSQVENAVEIS- * GAPTOM-NVMEl ' CDCDCDDC 'OM-CAPTOMTRAEDA'NVMEI-ffi (TO(Kl^ Columna Roslrata. Inscribed on a fragment of Parian marble found in the Forum where the Rostra stood, now preserved on the Capitol in the Palazzo dei Conservator!. Hubner's Exempla, No. 91. [Secest~\ano[sque~\ ........... [pp-] [sidione^d exemet lecione[sque Cartaciniensis on/mis'] [ma~\ximosque macistr[a]tos l[uci palam post dies'] [n~]vem castreis exfociont, Macel[amque opidom vi] [p"]ucnandod cepet. enque eodem mac[istratud bene] [r~\<"in navebos marid consol priinos c[eset c,opiasque~\ \_c]lasesque navales primos ornavet pa\_ravetqu?~\, cumque eis navebos claseis Poenicas omn[is item ma-'] [x~]umas copias Cartaciniensis praesente[d Hannibaled] dictatored ol\_or~\om in altod marid pucn[andod vicct] [vi]que nave[is cepe.^t cum socieis septer[esmom imam quin-~] [querfsm~]o8que triresmosque naveis X\_XX, merset JT///] [auro]m coptom : numei CD DCC [arceri]tom captom praeda numei Qjfr C .......... HONORARY INSCRIPTION'S 245 CClptOftl Ctes Q^) (repeated more than twenty-one times) \_mos qu~]oque navaled praedad poplom [donavet pri-] [mosque] Cartacini[ens]is [inec^nuos d[uxit in~\ [triumpod] ..... eis . . . capt . . . C. I. L. VI. 1300. Though this inscription refers to C. Duilius, consul 494/260, who won the battle of Mylae, it was probably inscribed with imitation of archaic forms in the imperial period, perhaps in the time of Claudius (Ritschl, Opiisc. IV., p. 204). Wolfflin believes it to have been taken from a more ancient inscription in the time of Augustus. 1 From the period of Sulla honorary inscriptions regularly assume the dedicatory form having the name of the person honored in the dative case. Such inscriptions form the tituli honorarii of the later Republic and of the imperial period. Inscriptions on statues erected in honor of those still living were at first of simple form, consisting of the name of the person honored followed by the title of the office held at the time of dedication. ffr* A T*^ 1C AESAR iwGvSlFF Tl)/~\ k Y? fir" 1 /^/^r^ 1 1P\1T 1 P I T/*^K FONI I PCOS A DESIGM Inscribed on a pedestal found at Saguntum. Hubner's Exempla, No. 214. C. Caesari Augusti f(ilio} \ pontif(ici) , co(n)s(uU} design(ato}, \principi inventutis. Date 748/6 - 753/1. C. /. L. II. ;)828. From the time of Augustus, however, inscriptions more elaborate and resembling in their contents elogia, but of a dedicatory form, were set up in honor of celebrated men, particularly triumphatores, both at Rome, as in the new fora of Augustus and Trajan, and also in the provincial cities. This custom spread throughout the Roman world and continued until the fourth or fifth century. 1 Bavar. Class. Phil. Hist. 1890, p. 295. Quintilian, Inst. I. 7, 12, and Pliny, JV. H. XXXIV. 20, both refer to this inscription. For the facts of history see Polyb. I. 23, 7 ; I. 24, 2 ; Zonar. VIII. 11; Eutrop. 11.20; Oros. IV. 7, 10. 246 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Tituli honorarii of the form just described regularly consist of the following principal elements : I. The names (in the dative case) of the person honored. The names of emperors are regularly accompanied by the usual titles, while that of others may appear in simple form or, on the other hand, be accompanied by the cursus honorum and the desig- nations of the various functions arranged as described above. In .some cases the name is in the genitive preceded by honori or in honorem. II. The name of the person, or, as in many instances, of the com- munity or collegium raising the statue and setting up the inscription. This element regularly follows the first, although it may be separated from it by certain idiomatic phrases. III. Various phrases or formulae accounting for the conferring of the honor, or bearing upon the circumstances of the raising of the statue or monument. 1. Adjective or appositional phrases indicating the worth or dignity of the person honored : amantissimo patriae, abstinentissimo iustissimo discrtissimo (praesidi pTO\.),praestantissimo (patrono), optimo ac dignissimo (patrono). 2. Phrases indicating the reasons for conferring the honor : ob amorem et instantiam erga patriam civesque, ob merita eius, ob eximiam benignamque erga ortines cives suos adfectionem, pro singularibus erga civitatem nostram meritis, propter eximiam pietatem et affectionem fraternam, ad aetcrnitatem meritorum eius, ad perennem ipsius gloriam, ad referendam gratiam, ad perenne testi- monium, ob honorem eius, honoris causa l H C. 3. Phrases describing the dedicator : dicatissimus numini maiestatique eorum (imperatorum), devotus numini maiestatique eius (eorum), memor liberalitatis et honorificentiae eius. 4. Phrases bearing upon the circumstances of the raising of the statue, regu- larly placed at the end of the inscription : petitu populi Romani, publice P, publice decurionum decreto P D D, ex senatus consulto EX S C, decreto decurionum D D, DEC DEC, DECR DEC, accedente auctoritate proconsulum, permissu proconsulis P P. aere conlato A, AER C, COLL, pecunia publica P, PEC P, PVB, pecunia sua P S, de pecunia sua D S P, de suo D S. locus datus decurionum decreto L D D D or LOG DAT -D-D. 1 This formula occurs at the close of earlier inscriptions. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 247 locus datus senatus consulto L D S C. decurionum decreto pecunia publica D D P P. cura agente (illo) C A, CVR AG, curante ac perficiente (ilio). If the person honored has himself met the expenses of the raising of the statue, the fact is indicated at the close of the inscription : honore usus sumptus remisit loco dato decreto decurionum H-V-S-R-L-D-D-D, honore accepto impensam remisit H A I R, honore contentus sua pecunia posuit H C S P P, honore usus impensam remisit H V I R. IV. The fourth element is a verbal phrase, expressed or under- stood. Such are statuam censuit ponendam, conlocavit, erigi conlocarique iusserunt, statuen- dum curavi, statuam conlocandam decrevit, ponendam or poni censuit, posuit idemque dedicavit, fecit FEC, faciundum curavit F C. The order of the elements may be indicated thus l : illi illi illi illi ille ob merita ille tile ob merita ille ob merita ob merita statuam posuit statuam posuit locus datus decreto decurionum The first shows the omission of the verb, the second and third the position of the verbal phrase, and the fourth the general position of the formulae of honor. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES TITULI OPERUM PUBLICORUM In the last century of the republic it became customary in Home to place inscriptions upon public buildings and temples, also upon other structures, such as bridges, arches, and aqueducts. These were primarily intended to simply indicate the person or the com- munity under whose direction the work had been accomplished. The early and simple form, belonging particularly to buildings erected by private persons, consisted of the name of the one em-t- ing the building and a verb, e.g. fecit, or verbal phrase. Of this character is the inscription on the Pantheon. M AGRIPPA . L F COS TERTIVM FECIT C.LL. VI. 896. 1 Cagnat, Cours d^pigraphie Latine, p. 229. 248 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS As the custom grew in prevalence, the inscriptions were made much more extensive, and under the Empire they were given with great fulness, containing many particulars connected with the rais- ing of the structure so adorned, so that they virtually fulfilled the purpose of records and served as inscriptions in honor of those named, becoming in character, and finally in form, tituli honorarii. ATIVS-GN-F CHlLO LiPE". VS-G-F PAMSA > K RVA ' ^M^ Inscription of Temple of Bona Dea, at Lavernae, now Prezza, near Corfiniuin, Italy. C. I. L. I. 1379 = IX. 3138. P. L. M. E. The various elements which enter into these inscriptions may be classified as follows : I. The names and titles, in the nominative case, of the person or community building the structure or restoring the same. II. The designation of the structure, or description of the work accomplished, in the accusative case : portas, balneas, templum, Aquam Marciam, arcum, aquaeductum, horologium, porticum ad balineum cum piscina et siyno Cupidinis, thermas culn porticibus duplicibus, aquam per publicum ducendam, tabularium faciundum, etc. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 249 If the inscription indicates the restoration or rebuilding of the structure, phrases describing its former condition are found : thermas Herculis vi terrae motus eversas, portions publicas vetustate cor- ruptas, basilicam equestrem exercitatoriam iampridem a solo coeptam. III. A verb or verbal phrase expressing the idea of constructing or of rebuilding and restoring, or again of dedication or of supervision : aedijicare, perficere, dare, de suo dare D S D, facere faciundum curare et probare, adornare or ornare, a solo facere A S F, sternere, ponere, reficere, restituere, reparare, rejiciundum coerare, ad pristinam faciem reducere. IV. Various phrases expressing : place, loco privato, accepto loco a re publica, loco dato publice decreto decurionum L D PVB D D ; time, see page 229 ; measure, (murum) pedes C C ; expense or means of providing for the same, de pecunia sua factum dedit D P S F D, pecunia publica P P, surnptu proprio, parvo sumptu, amplius ex sestertium (tot) m(ilibus) n(ummum) de sua pecunia ; reasons for building the structure, ob honorem aedilitatis, ob honorem flaminis, quod eos e lege in ludis aut in monumentis consumere oportuit, ex pagi decreto, de decurionum sententia D D S, de senatus sententia D S S, de vici sententia faciundum curarunt idemque probarunt D-V-S-F-C-I-Q-P, senatus consulto S C ; supervision of those in authority, curantibus aedilibus, curante ordine splendidissimOj curante et dedicante (illo), sub cur a, per (ilium). The architect's name is given in rare instances. When the structure is dedicated to some divinity, as with temples, the inscription is strictly dedicatory, and is introduced by the name of the divinity in the dative case. See tituli sacri. These tituli operum publicorum also serve the purpose of honorary inscriptions, and assume the form of such, being introduced by the name of the person honored in the dative case, or by phrases 250 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS expressing the idea of honorary dedication, thus explaining the motive for the construction of the building, e.g. in honorem domus divinae IN H D D, pro salute impetatoris Caesar is PRO SAL IMP CAES, pro magnificentia saeculi dominorum nostrorum Augas- tortimduorum DD NN AVGG, aureo saecido dominorum nostro- rum trium D D D N N N . FACTIONEVNOTEMPOREIVSTIS ILEMPVBLICAMVLTVSESTARMIT Inscription on the Arch of Constantine, Roine. Date, 315 A.D. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 702. See page 163. The various forms of tituli operum publicorum may be represented thus: ille in honorem illius l pro salute Imp. Caes. 1 curiam faciundam ille aedificium illud de sua pecunia aedificium vetustate corruptum ille coeravit refecit ob honorem ilium dedicante illo sua pecunia fecit idemque dedicavit aedificium illud l refectum (es) per ilium cura illius When the passive form is used the verb sum is understood, and agency is denoted by per with the accusative. Cagnat, Cours a" 1 Epigraphie, p. 237. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 251 MILESTONES AND BOUNDARY STONES Miliaria et Cippi Terminates Of the inscriptions appearing on public works, those found on the cylindrical or cubical milestones (miliaria) of the Roman viae, and on the boundary stones (cippi terminates) of the agrimensores deserve special mention, inasmuch as they contain names of places, records of distances, measurements, and boundary lines, which are valuable in the study of the geography and topography of both Rome and of her provinces, in. addition to the ordinary information of other tituli operum publicorum. Miliaria Miliaria of republican days, which are rare, compared with the great number belonging to the imperial period, regularly contain inscriptions which are of simple form, consisting of the name of the founder of the road and a number indicating distance. Columna Miliaria of P. Popilius Laenas, found near Hadria. on the Po. Date, P. Popillius C.f. | cos. | vLXXXI C. L L. I. 550 = V. 8007. This is a stone column four feet high and two feet broad, narrowing toward the base for insertion in the ground. Mommsen considers it the oldest form of stone miliaria. The numerals indicate the milia passuum from Ariminum. 252 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS The other and more famous miliarium Popilianum erected by the same man, P. Popilius Laenas, consul 622/132, is more than a mere milestone, and serves the purpose of an elogium. AD IN-EA-VJ A- PeNTEIS-OMNeSyWU AR1OS MMEtUA-vil 'CAP AAVRAN VAA-AXX Hir-COSENTlA VALi-i\T!A- :" AD-FR STAT VAM-CeXXXii S VAAA-AF-C APVA-R EGI VM'MEIUA-Cr E T-E I D EM- P R A f ITOR- 1 N VX "fl C-IM A-F VStT E IVQS -ITA L I C O RV/ ' - ^ V - PR IMVS-F E 1 f-V-T'Ot'AC f?C)p QMS GO Miliariiini of P. I'opilius Laenas. Date, 022/182. P. L. M fecei db Eegio ad Capuom, et \ in ea via ponteis omneis, miliarios \ tabrtariosque poseivei. Hince sunt \ Nouceriam meilia vl/l, Capuam XXCIIII Muranum 0/XIIII, Cosentiam CXXIII, | Valentiam Cvi/XXX /, ad fretnm ad \ statuam CCXXXI /, Regium CCXXXVII | suma af Capua Eegium meilia CCCXXI /. Et eidem praetor in \ Sicilia fugiteivos Italicorum \ con- quaeisivei, redideique \ homines DCCCCXVII. Eidemqne \ primus fecei, ut de agropoplico \ aratoribus cederent paastores. \ Forum aedisque poplicas heic fecei. C. I. L. I. 551 = X. 6950. Found near Polla, in Lucania, where Forum Popilii was situated. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 253 Inscriptions on milestones vary greatly in form, but admit of the following classification : I. The first class is marked by the nominative case of names and titles : in time of the Republic, of magistrates, and in the imperial period, of the emperors. a. These, like ordinary tituli operum publicorum, may be followed by a verb indicating the making or restoring of the road (fecit, poni iussit, muniendam curavit, miliaria restituif), accompanied at times by an object (mam or iter), modified by some phrase referring to the previous condition of the road or the obstacles met in building. Numerals denoting distances follow with or without M P (milia passuum). b. The names and titles in the nominative case may be followed simply by the numeral, with or without M P, or also by the name of a legatus in the nominative case and a verb (e.g. fecit). II. The second class is marked by the dative case of the name of the emperor or magistrate, and resembles honorary inscriptions. This may be followed simply by the numeral, or also by the designation, in the nominative case, of the official or official body making the road or supervising the same, together with a verb ; or the nominative case and the verb may be replaced by per and the accusative of the name, or by the ablative absolute. III. The third class shows the name of the emperor in the abla- tive case, serving thus to indicate the date. Such inscriptions are common in Africa but rare elsewhere. The name in the ablative case may be followed simply by the numeral, with or without M P, or again by the name, in the nominative case, of the official making the road or supervising the same, with a verb, or this may be replaced by the name of the official in the ablative case. The numerals that accompany any of the above-mentioned classes appear as a rule at the close of the inscription with or without M P. Inscriptions of certain roads of Italy and Sardinia show numbers at the beginning, while in others of Italy the numerals occur both at beginning and end, the former indicating the distance from a neighboring city, the latter denoting the distance from Rome. There may also appear a phrase indicating the starting 254 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS point, i.e. the preposition a with the ablative of the name of the place, and to this may be added the designation of the limit of distance in the accusative case preceded by ad. Miliarium found bf*v 3n Haute-Valette and Gr6olieres, near Andon, Maritime Alps. Date 213-21T. r) M. Aurel(ius) Antoninus Aug(iistus) P(ius) Parthic(us) m^aximus) Brittanic(us) m(aximus), trib(unicia}~] po[t(es- tate) . . . c]o(s(wO /I//, [p(ater) p(atriae), proc(onsul) pont(es} viam- q(iie) vetustate colla~\bs(os) rest(ituit\ cura(nte) ac d[_edica~\nte lulio Honorato, p(rocuratore) Aug(usti) ex primipil(o}. M(ilia) p(assuum} decem et octo. C. I. L. XII. 5432. This inscription is restored from another miliarium of the same road, No. 5430. Boundary Stones Boundary stones inscribed on the same general plan as the miliaria were used by the Romans to establish the dividing line between the ager publicus and ager privatus, to define the boundary between different communities, and to mark the course of the Tiber and the line of the Pomerium. Very old specimens of these cippi terminates 1 For an account of Roman roads, see Bergier, Histoire des Grands Chemins de V Empire Romain, II., p. 757; F. Berger, Uber die Heerstrassen des Horn. Meiches; II Die Meilensteine, Berlin, 1883. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 255 remain to-day, the earliest of which, dating before the second Punic war, give the names of certain officials (quaesitores) and a portion of a decree setting apart certain lands as sacred. Others, indicating the portioning out of the public lands (ager publicus) by Gaius Gracchus, contain the names of the tresviri in the nominative case followed by such expressions as terminos restituendos ex s(enatus) c(pnsulto), terminos finisque ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) statui iussit inter (illos) et (illos). In the imperial period the names of the emperors appear in the genitive case with iussu or ex auctoritate, followed by the names of the officials in the nominative case, and some phrase, as inter illos et illos terminavit. The passive form also occurs, fines positi inter (illos) et (illos) iussu, etc. Although inscriptions relating to aqueducts appear regularly on the structures themselves, others are found on the boundary stones which separated the public land assigned for the aqueduct from private property. 1 Such cippi, separated from each other by inter- vals of 240 feet, were set up, where the space to be left unoccupied was set off from private property, by Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius. Cippi of a similar kind also denned the pratum of a legion as dis- tinguished from the domain of municipalities. Terminus Augustalis dividit pratum leg. Ill I et agrum Iuliobrig(ensem). Termini inter Privatum et Publicum These cippi indicate the transfer of private land to the public domain, and mark the boundary for the same. They contain the names of consuls, emperors, or curatores locorum publicorum, and the phrases redemptum a privato publicavit or ex privato in publicum restituerunt. 1 The decree of the senate 743/11 is given by Frontinus, Aquaed. c. 127. Circa fontes et fornices et muros utraque ex parte vacuos quinos denos pedes patrre ; et circa rivos qui sub terra essent et specus intra urbem et extra urbi continentia aedificia utraque ex parte quinos pedes vacuos relinqui; ita ut neque monume.ntum in his locis neque aedificum post hoc tempus ponere neque con- arbores liceret. 256 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Termini Pomerii 1 The ideal boundary of the city, known as the Pomerium, was enlarged by the emperors Claudius and Vespasian. Inscriptions on the cippi that indicated this imaginary line gave the name of the emperor and his titles in the nominative case, followed by auctis populi Romani jinibus pomerium ampliavit terminavitque. Under Hadrian the Pomerium was marked anew, and its limits were 'deter- mined by the college of augurs. The inscription on one of these cippi shows collegium augurum anctore imperatore Caesare Hadriano terminos pomerii restituendos curavit. Termini Riparum Tiberis 2 These cippi determine the breadth and the direction of the banks of the river. Inscriptions of the republican period contain the names of consuls or censors in the nominative case, followed by ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) terminaverunt In the imperial period the name of the emperor, accompanied by titles, becomes the subject of the verb. These inscriptions are accompanied by phrases expressing the distance to the next stone : r(ecto) r(igore) prox(imus) cipp(us) p(edes) XX, or r(ecto) r(igore) ex proximo cipp(o) ped(es) XLS. At times the name of the emperor depends upon ex auctoritate, a phrase which first appears under Claudius, and is followed by the name of the curator alvei et riparum Tiberis in the nominative case, subject of the verb terminavit or restituit. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS OF GENERAL USE INSTRUMENTUM Under the title instrumentum, or instrumentum domesticum, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum presents generally at the close of each volume the inscriptions which appear on movable objects of a 1 D. Detlefsen, Das Pomerium Boms und die Grenzen Italiens, Hermes, XXI. 497. O. Richter, Topographic von Bom (Muller's Handbuch, vol. III. 773-775). 2 Notizie degli Scam, 1890, 32 ; Bull. Com. XV. (1887), 306 ; XX. (1892), 71. Dio Cass. LVII. 14. 7. Tac. Ann. I. 76. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 257 great variety and shape, belonging alike to public and private life. The most important of these may be classified as follows : I. Arti- cles made of Metal 1) Weights and Measures, 2) Tesserae, 3) Armor and Missiles, 4) Lead Water Pipes, 5) Vessels and Articles of Bronze, Silver, and Gold, 6) Stamps. II. Products of Mines and Quarries. III. Tiles and Bricks. IV. Vessels of Clay. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Pondera et Mensurae. By far the largest number of weights and measures are simply marked with numbers and letters indicating their size and equiva- lents. Others are supplied with brief inscriptions, which refer to the authority giving them validity, e.g. ex auctoritate lunii Rustici praefecti urbi. Others contain the date, standard of value, and the name of the place where the weights were tested. Thus the temple of Castor is shown by inscriptions to have been an office for the verification of weights and measures ; cf . exactum ad Castoris. Weights were made of stone, lead, or bronze, and the inscriptions are either in relief, or cut into the surface, or inserted in the material with letters of gold or silver. 1 TESSERAE The term tesserae, confined, when strictly used, to cubes of ivory or bone, is generally applicable to all such small articles of whatever shape or material which served among the Romans as tokens or vouchers. Among the various kinds of tesserae the following are of the greatest importance and interest. Tesserae Frumentariae. These were tokens distributed among the poorer people of Rome, by the surrender or exhibition of which they obtained corn. Very few of these remain, unless we may class with them the tesserae nummariae coins or counters of lead, of which fifty are in existence, 1 Iscrizioni Ponderarie, in Annali deW 1st., 1881, p. 185 ff., and Bull. Com., 1884, p. 61 ff. LAT. INSCRIi'. 17 258 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS according to Benndorf. 1 The types of the latter represent some attribute of Annona, e.g. the modius, or ears of corn. On some of these tesserae there are found inscriptions indicating the time and place of distribution. Tesserae TJieatrales. Circular tesserae of ivory, bone, or lead, used as tickets of admis- sion to the theatres, amphitheatres, or circus, have been preserved for us in considerable numbers. They contain inscriptions consist- ing of Greek names of divinities or poets, and two numbers, seldom exceeding XV, one in Latin and one in Greek, corresponding to each other, indicating the seat assigned in the cavea. There are also seen on these tesserae heads of divinities, representations of buildings, or other devices applicable to the character of the spec- tacle, e.g. the head of Apollo for ludi musici, of Castor for ludi equestres. 2 If two different numbers are given, the one denotes the cuneus, the other the gradus. Exact information of this character is given on tesserae, inscribed in Latin, which are, however, very rare. CVN VI . IN -X VIII Cun(eo) sexto in(feriori), (gradu) decimo; (loco) octavo. Bull. Com. 1830, p. 265. Other tesserae tlieatrales, made of metal and similar to coin, contain on one face representations of the emperor, or some prominent member of the imperial family, and on the other a number rarely exceeding XVI. Sections of the cavea were named after members of the emperor's family, and ornamented with their busts or statues. The number on the tessera evidently indicated a seat in one of these sections. 3 1 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Attischen Theatres, Wien, 1875. Garrucci, 1 Piombi Antichi, Rome, 1847. Eckhel, Doct. Num. VI. 268 ; VII. 203, 448. Marquardt, Staatsverwalt, II. 125. 2 Henzen, Annali delV 1st., 1838, p. 275. Marquardt, Staatsverwalt, III., p. 5:5 ff. Wieseler, Commentatio de Tessereis Eburneis Ossei*que Theatralibus, Gottingen, 1866. Blanchet, Revue Archeologique (3d series), XIII., p. 225 ff. . 3 Fr. Lenormant, La Monnaie dans VAntiquite, p. 62. For the use of contorniates, sometimes classed with these tesserae, see Ch. Robert, sur les Medallions Contorniates, Brussels, 1882. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 259 Tesserae Hospitales. Among the Komans, as among the Greeks, much importance was attached to the tie which hospitality established between an enter- tainer and his guest. This relationship was emphasized and formally recognized by the interchange of tokens which certified to the exist- ence of such a tie. We find references in Plautus to such tesserae 1 of hospitium privatum, but no known specimens are in existence to-day. A similar relationship, however, was often established between two communities, hospitium publicam, or between a com- munity and a private person, as when a distinguished man became the patron of a city. Such compacts were recorded on tablets of bronze (tabulae patronatus 2 ) arranged so as to be placed in public or in the atrium of a house. These, when in small form, were equiv- alent to tesserae hospitales, e.g. the tessera Fundana 3 in the shape of a rish could be carried from place to place. Li Tessera Gladiatoria found at Modena (Mutina). Date 735/19. C. I. L. I. 743. Lepidus Mumme\ia(ri)i s(ervus) sp(ectamt} m(ense) Iun(io) | C. Sentio co(ri)s(ule}. Tesserae Gladiatoriae. The most interesting of the tesserae which have remained to us are those known as tesserae gladiatoriae (termed tesserae consulares, C. L L. I., p. 195). These are oblong blocks of ivory or bone, pro- 1 Plautus, Poenulus, 5, 1, 25, deum hospitalem ac tesseram mecumfero ; 5, 2. 87, HA. Si ita est, tesseram Conferre si vis hospitalem, eccam attuli. AG. Age- dum, huce ostende. Est par probe, nam habeo domi. 2 See page 379. 3 g m r, L. I. 632. 260 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS vided with a handle or hole for suspension or carrying, and inscribed upon the four long faces. The brief inscription found thereon gives, first, the name of a person, generally of a slave or a freedman, in the nominative case ; second, the name of his patron or trainer in the genitive case; third, the abbreviation SP or SPE, or the word SPECTAVIT, and the date in days of the month; fourth, the names of the consuls of the year. The uncertainty as to the exact use of these tesserae has made a satisfactory explanation of the abbreviation SP or SPE very diffi- cult. It has generally been regarded as standing for spectatus, i.e. tested in public and approved because of victory, an explanation consistent with the inscription on the Tessera of Aries, ANCHIAL-SIRTI.L.S SPECTA T . NVM MENSE FEBR M-TVL-C-ANT-COS a I. L. XI 1. 5695. as well as with the well-known line of Horace, Epistulae, I. 1. 2, spectatum satis et donatum rude. Other tesserae, however, have been discovered which contain the word spectavit, with which the ordinary explanation of SP or SPE = spectatus is inconsistent. 1 Mommsen 2 has interpreted SPECTAT NVM of the Tessera of Aries as spectator) numerator), claiming that the gladiator, having graduated from the arena to the cavea, has the privilege of viewing contests as an authorized critic, even though he himself must still participate in them. Again, SP has been explained as sp(ectavit) (populus), and the date as denoting when the people first beheld the gladiator who is now 110 longer a tiro. 3 Some have regarded spectavit as equivalent to spectatus est;* he has made his spectatio, and hence is spectatus, 1 Hiibner, Ephem. Ep. III., pp. 161-163. Henzen, Ephem. Ep. III., p. 204. 2 Mommsen, Hermes, XXL 1886, p. 266. C. L L. VI. 631. 3 P. J. Meier, De Gladiatura Bomana, 1881, p. 53. 4 A. Elter, Ehein. Mus. XLI. 1886, p. 517. P. J. Meier, Ehein. Mus. XLII. 1886, p, 122. F. Haug, Berliner. Philol. Wochenschrift, 1888, p. 763. See also for a summary of the discussion, Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, vol. II., 6 p. 524. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 261 i.e. an approved gladiator. It has also been said that from spectavit gladiatorem in the first sense and with emphasis on the second word arose the expression gladiator spectavit with the second meaning. Tesserae Conviviales. A few counters have been found which probably served as tickets of admission to important dinners and banquets. They are virtually tickets to meals such as were given by the emperor to the people, or by a collegium to its members, who were thus identified. They contain numbers which probably indicated the place reserved for the holder. We learn from the inscriptions l that at banquets tesserae were scrambled for, which served as vouchers for gifts of money and clothing. These were probably the same as sortes conviviales or sparsiones. ARMOR AND MISSILES Scattered and rare specimens of Roman arms contain inscriptions which indicate the owner, and the legion and cohort to which he belonged. It is possible that from the time of Augustus it was required that the pieces of armor should thus be marked. Hiibner, in support of this theory, cites the shield buckle found at the mouth of the Tyne, England, 2 which is ornamented with various designs and inscribed in litterae punctatae thus ; LEG . VIII AVG and . IVL MAGNI IVNI - DVBITATI Leg(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae} ; c(enturiae) Iul(ii) Magni ; lunii Dubitati also the sword of Tiberius found at Mainz, now in the British Museum. 3 Perhaps there should also be classed with these inscriptions those found on some leaden bullae, the purpose of which it is difficult to determine. They may have been a kind of tesserae carried upon the person after enrollment, and serving as a countersign. They have been found in considerable numbers in Great Britain. 4 1 Orelli-Henzen, 3394, 5320; Henzen, Annali delV 1st. XX. (1848), -p. 273 ff. 2 Arch. Epigr. MiUheilungen aus CEsterreich, 1878, p. 105 ff. C. I. L. VII. 495. 3 Brambach, Inscr. Ehen. 1108. * C. I. L. VII.. p. 230 ; Ephem. Ep. III., pp. 144 and 318, IV., p. 209. 262 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Lead Bullets (Glandes Plumbeae). These lead sling-shots used by slingers (funditores) in the Roman army are oval in form with points at both ends. They have been found in large numbers, many of which are, however, undoubtedly spurious, inasmuch as it is known that they were extensively manu- factured in more recent times for the purpose of deceiving scholars. 1 The Komans, imitating the Greeks in their use, imitated them also in placing upon them brief inscriptions. Found near Corropoli, now in the museum at Ascoli (Asculum), Italy. It was used in the Marsic or Social war (90-88 B.C.). Itali. T. Laf(renius) pr(aetor}. C. I. L. IX. 6086. 1. The inscriptions of the greatest number of these glandes are in raised letters, evidently made in the clay mould which was marked when wet by a graphium or other sharp instrument. Zangemeister, who has treated of these missiles very completely in Ephem. Ep., vol. VI., classifies the inscriptions found upon them as follows : Names indicating the people or state making war, e.g. Itali. " " the official ordering their manufacture, e.g. L. Piso L.f. cos. " * the legion, e.g. Leg. XL " " the funditores, e.g. Firmani. " " the maker, e.g. C. Fabricius fecit. Exclamatory expressions addressed to the enemy, e.g. em tibi malum malo / esureis et me celas ; pertinacia vos radicitus toilet. 1 Zangemeister, C. I. L. IX., p. 35 sq. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 263 Lead sling-shot, found in Spain, used in the war waged by Julius Caesar against the son of Pompey. Cn. Mag(nus) tmp(erator). C. I. L. II. 4965. This refers to Gnaeus Pompeius Magni films, who is designated on coins Cn. Magnus imp. Lead Water Pipes l (Fistulae Plumbeae Aquariae). Information obtained from inscriptions found on lead water pipes has been most useful in determining the location and ownership of buildings, and in bringing to light many details bearing upon the water service in Home. The method of making these inscriptions was to cut raised letters on wooden stamps and to press these into the sand or clay of the mould, which in this case was a flat surface upon which the lead plates out of which the pipes were made were cast. The inscription thus produced would be in raised letters. These inscriptions range in date from the time of Augustus to the close of the third century. The earliest show merely the names of the emperors, while those of the second century regularly contain the name of the emperor, the name of a procurator, or of other officials such as tribuni aquarum, the name of the officinator (either in the nominative or in the genitive with ex qfficina), under whose general direction the pipe was made, or the name of the slave, who has made the pipe, in the nominative case followed by fecit. Water pipes of the municipal towns give the name of the municipality and the name of the public slave (plumbarius or fistulator) who had looked after the manufacture of the pipe. In particular cases the names of the owners of the houses to which the water was conducted are given, and in others the capacity of the pipe is indicated. 1 Lanciani, Silloge Epigrafica Aquaria. L. Renier, Rev. Arch. (2d series), vol. XXI., p. 328 sq. 264 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Vessels and Articles of Bronze, Silver, and Gold. This class includes inscriptions on bronze vases of different sizes and kinds, on cups and bowls, on mirrors, on strigils, on articles of jewelry such as fibulae and rings. The inscriptions which have been either engraved, scratched, or stamped upon the surface vary somewhat with the character of the article, but the elements most commonly found are the names of the owner or maker, sentences of dedication to a divinity, or of presentation to some individual, or, again, exclamatory phrases expressing a wish. Inscriptions on metal utensils of ordinary use are very well illustrated by that on the bronze patera shown on page 57. Of other articles containing inscriptions the following are of special interest : 1. The toilet cases and mirrors of Praeneste, which are orna- mented with drawings illustrative of Greek myths, to which are attached the names of divinities or heroes. Only two or three of these contain the name of the maker or owner. The most famous is the Cista Ficoroniana, which contains the well-known inscription : DINDIA . MACOI/NIA . FII/EAI . DEDIT NOVIOS - PLAVTIOS MED - ROMAI FECID C. /. L. XIV. 4112. 2. The four silver goblets 1 found at the Aquae Apollinares, the warm springs of Vicarello. These contain an itinerary from Gades to Eome, and were probably used by travelers visiting the springs. Of a similar character, but more brief, is the itinerarium inscribed on a bronze vase 2 which was found in England, where it is still preserved in Alnwick Castle. Jewelry. Some of the articles of jewelry which have been preserved contain brief inscriptions giving either the name of the owner, the weight, or phrases addressed to the owner. Cagnat refers to a bracelet of gold containing the inscription Corelia Ny(m)p(h)e ; auru(m), 1 C. /. L. XI., p. 496 sq. 2 a /. L. VII. 1291 ; Hiibner's Exempla, No. 911, INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJEC r p(ondo) XX. 1 , also to a ^6i/a of silver with the words utere felix, 2 and to & fibula of gold with the words constanti vivas. The gold, fibula from Praeneste contains probably the oldest Latin inscription extant, written in retrograde order. Fibula Praenestina. Manios med fhefhaked Numasioi. C. I. L. XIV. 4123. The retrograde order, the fh for /, the form fliefliaked for fecit, and the dative Numasioi for Numerio indicate that this is a very early inscription. 3 Kings, as well as the gems which they held, were often inscribed with names in the genitive or nominative case, or with initials of the owner's name, or, in very rare instances, the name of the maker. Some contain exclamatory phrases of a benevolent or erotic nature. Thus in a ring found at Este (Ateste), the inscription on the stone, existing now in a copy, was Q C L SEPTVMIAE P R I SC A E FIDES {Two hands joined) C. L L. V. 8125, 9. again on carnelian found at Aix (Aquae Sextiae) : BONAM AMOTE VITAM AMAME SERVA FIDEM c. I. L. xii. 5,8. i See p. 331. * C. L L. III. 6016, 6. 8 See Lindsay. Latin Language, p. 188. '266 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS also on the gold : A M T E C. I. L. XII. 5692, 6. and in letters of the second century on a gold ring in the British Museum : M A T R VI A * C ^ C * A E Matr(onis) ma(libus} C. C(ornelius) Ae(lianus). C. L L. VII. 1299. Stamps (Signacula). Seals or stamps with which stamped inscriptions were produced were made chiefly of bronze. They appear in various shapes, as of a fish, a heart, a circle, or a square, and contain letters in relief arranged in retrograde order. The inscription consists of the name, in the genitive or nominative case, of the owner of the article stamped, followed in some cases by the name of the slave engaged in the work, in the genitive or nominative case. It is difficult to determine the exact use of these signacula, for none have been found that match the impressions on the stamped articles. Without doubt, they were employed for a variety of purposes. Mommsen, 1 quoting Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 1, 26, nunc cibi quoque ac potus anulo vindicantur a rapina, has agreed, from the evidence of the stamped bread and its corresponding stamp found at Pompeii, that certain of these signacula were used to mark articles of consumption. The following were found at Pompeii : POTITI POPP . SABINI Potiti, Popp(aei) Sabini (servf). C. I. L. X. 8058, 71. SER VA N DVS Q LP ET CLP Servandus, Q. L . . . P . . . et C. L . . . P . . . (serous). C. I. L. X. 8059, 366. 1 C. /. L. X. p. 915. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 267 cELERIS - Q GRANI V E R I S E R Inscription impressed on bread found at Herculaneum. C. I. L. X. 8058, 18. Oculists' Stamps. A very curious and interesting class of signacula are those made of stone, which were employed by oculists for stamping the medica- ments, salve, etc., for treatment of the eyes. They are small rec- tangular tablets containing inscriptions on the four sides cut into the material, usually in two lines, rarely in one, giving the name, in the genitive case, of the physician who made or sold the preparation, the name of the remedy itself, the designation of the disease, in the accusative case preceded by the preposition ad, and, finally, the method of applying the remedy. 1 a D-GA3LUSI STJFRA Oculist's Stamp from Reims. Hubner's Eocempla, p. 435. D. Galli(i} Sesti [s]frag\is ad aspritudi(nes} D. Galli(i) Sest(i) sfra\gis ad impetum lippitudinis D. Cralli(i) Sest(i) pe \nicil (lum} le(ne) ad lipp(itudinem) D. Galli(i) 8est(i} \ dignu(m) ad asp(ritudines} 1 Eecueil des Cachets d 1 Oculistes Eomains. 6m Esp6randieu, in Rev. Arch. vol. XXI. 1893, p. 296 et sq. Cachets r]86v). The letters are generally raised (prominentes), though those pressed into the surface (cavae) sometimes occur. The shape of the letters is such as would be made by a marking stamp with rectangu- lar shaped furrow, and not wedge shaped as in cut inscriptions. The marking stamps, signacula, in the opinion of Dressel were made of hard wood. To establish this theory he refers to the marks on the bricks, evidently made by the cracks in the wooden stamp. 1 Stamp on a brick from Lyons. Bulletin itpiffraphigtU, vol. II., p. 88. Ex praedis domini no \ stri Augusti. The middle circle generally contained some figure, either a repre- sentation of some divinity or his insignia, or of a bird or other animal, or of a palm branch, or of leaves, stars, etc., probably merely 1 C. L. Visconti, Bull. Arch. Com. 1879, pp. 197 ff. and 217 ff., endeavors to show that the stamps were of bronze or lead, and that some of those preserved were used for this purpose. 272 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS ornamental. At times the names of the owners of the estates or kilns were thus portrayed, as, for example, a wolf is represented on the bricks from the kiln of M. Rutilius Lupus, a corona on those 0^ C. Julius Stephanus. The inscriptions of the first century were brief, consisting fre- quently of only the name of the owner of the estate or pottery, or the name of the superintendent or potter, and rarely the name of the kiln or pottery (Jiglina). After the beginning of the second century such formulae as opus doliare (illius) and names of the estates or of the figlinae, also names of the consuls, are more com- monly given. One or more of the following elements may appear in these in- scriptions : 1. The name of the owner of the estate whence the clay was obtained, or where the pottery was situated, or of the pottery itself. Asini Pollionis (first century) ; Ex praedis L. Mummi JRufi (after first century). 2. The name of the superintendent (officinator} . C. Cosconi (first century) ; Opus doliare L. Bruttidi Augustalis or L. Bruttidius Augustalis fecit. The name of the owner and that of the officinator orfiguhts (servus domini) may appear together thus: Frlicis Domiti Afri(servi) or Tegula C. Cosconi fig(uli) Asini Pollionis (first century). Ex praedis (J. Servili Pudentis, sub cura Hedy(ins) servi, 133 A.D. Opus doliare Aristi Thalli, ex praedis Plaetori Nepotis, 123 A.D. Opus doliare Statiae Primillae, ex figlinis Dnmitiae Lucillae. 3. The name of the pottery, or brick kiln, or estate, as in the following: Amoeni duorum Domitiorum Liicani et Tulli, ex figlinis Caninianis (first century). Ex figlinis Caepionianis Plotiae Isauricae, fornace Peculiaris servi (after first century). 4. The names of the consuls, an element which does not appear on bricks from the City or Latium before 110 A.D., nor after 104 A.D. 5. Exclamatory expressions such as valeat qui fecit, particularly on bricks from the potteries of the gens Domitia. Inscriptions of the first three centuries A.D. differ, in general, very slightly, although the name of the figlinae rarely appears in those of earlier date, and mention of the negotiator is not given until the close of the second century. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 273 The following abbreviations are common in these inscriptions : Opus doliare = 0, OP D, DO, DOL, DOLI, DOLIAR. Opus Jiylinum (rare) '= FG, FGL. Ex or de Praedis = EX or DE - P, PR, PRAE or PRE, PRO, PRAED. defigUnis = EX or DE F, Fl, FIG, FIGVL, FGL, FIGL, FIGLIN, FIGLINI. ma = EX OF, OFIC. III. There should also be mentioned here the bricks marked by legionary soldiers made to be used in building their quarters. These contain the name of the cohort, legion, or army. EXERC PANN INF Exerc(itus} Pann(oniae} Inferioris. Vessels of Clay 1 (Dolia, Amphorae, Lucernae). A large portion of the section in C. I. L. entitled Instrumentum is assigned to inscriptions which appear on vessels made of clay, the product of Roman potteries. These vary from the large, sometimes huge, dolia and medium sized amphorae to the small patellae and pelves of household use. With these are to be classed also the lamps (lucernae), which are made of like material and by similar methods. The inscriptions which appear on these vessels consist mainly of names denoting the maker, merchant, or owner, in the nominative or genitive case. In some cases the verb fecit, FEC, FE, F, is found. The words manu, MAN, MA, M, offidna, OF, OFF, orfiglma, FIGVL, FIG, may precede or follow the name in the genitive case of the maker or merchant. These trademarks were made by pressing a stamp upon the clay of the vessel or upon that of the mould, pro- ducing letters below the surface (cavae) or in relief (prominentes). The location of the inscription on the vessel was either the neck or handle, sometimes the bowl or inner flanges of wide-open vases, but most frequently, and regularly so in the lucernae, upon the base. 1 Schuermans, Sigles Figulins, Brussels, 1867 ; Froehner, Inscriptiones Terrae Coctae Vasorum intra Alpes, Tissam, Tamesin repertae, Gottingen, 1858. HIP. 18 274 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S The inscriptions which appear in relief involved with ornamenta- tion were most commonly made in the mould. They show a variety of statements appropriate to the device of the ornamentation, some- times of a dedicatory character, or, again, giving expression to good wishes. Other methods of marking these clay vessels were empi particularly in inscribing the dolia and amphorae of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Letters were cut in the clay before or after baking by means of a graphium, or painted in black, red, or white color, or marked by crayon. These inscriptions give the name of the maker or merchant in the nominative or genitive case, also the contents and measure of the amphorae. On the wine jars there were found the name of the wine, the names of the consuls of the year in which the wine was made, also the name of the maker or merchant. 1 Exclamatory expressions are also found; vivas, valeas, semper gaude, reple me } bibe vivas multis annis. Archaic inscription made with a stilus on a black colored vase found at Ardea. Eqo (= Ego} K(aeso) Anaios (= Annaeus). C. I. L. X. 8336. Compare with this the inscription found on the Esquiline, Eco C. Antonios, Ann. dell' 1st., 1880, p. 301. 1 H. Dressel, Ricerche sul Monte Testaccio, in Annali dell' 1st., 1878, p. 118- 192 ; C. /. L. IV., p. 171 ; Ephem. Ep. I., p. 160. DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 275 DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS TITULI SACRI 1. a) Aecetiai l pocolom. c) Salutes pocolom. ft) Fortunai pocolo. d) Volcani pocolom. a) C. I. L. I. 43. On a patera of black color found at Volci, Etruria, now in British Museum. 6) C. L L. IX. 258. On a vase of dark color, now in private house at Rome. c) C. L L. I. 49. On a black patera, now in Gregorian Museum at Rome. d) C. I. L. I. 50. On a black patera found at Tarquinii, now in Museum at Berlin. 1 Perhaps Aequitia or Aequitas. These inscriptions are assigned to the fifth century A.C.C. (350-250 B.C.). 2. a) Cesula l \ Atilia | dorm 2 | dat Diane. 3 b) Matre Matuta 4 dono dedro 5 | matrona. M' Curia | Pola Livia | deda. 6 c) Fide. d) Salute. C. L L I. a) 108, &) 177, c) 170, c?) 179. Inscribed on cippi, found in a sacred grove at Pisaurum, in Picenum, dating about 500/254-550/2017 1 Caesulla. 2 Note omission of final m. 3 Dianae. 4 a dative. 6 ded(e}- ro(nt}. 6 Some explain as dedant (like (j-)6rrai'Ti = &rTa], 2 restitupoe] s. p. q. B,. C. /. L. VI. 472. Found at Rome on the Capitoline, existing in a copy made before the ninth century. l The year 848 of the Catonian era corresponds to the year 96 A. D. 2 Sept. 18th, the day on which Nerva became emperor after the murder of Domitian. Pliny, Ep. 9. 13. 4, speaks of libertas reddita. Tac. Agric. 3. 22. Bassa Vitelli | [j)]ro Q. Vitellio Q. f. filio suo | [J^Jnoni Lucinae v. s. 1. m. C. L L. VI. 359. On a pedestal found in Rome near temple of luno Lucina, existing now in copy. Cf . Tac. Ann. II. 48. 23. Q. Coelius L. f. pr., | aed. pi. Cer., 1 | pro. pr. ex s. c., q. 2 | ex voto suscepto | pro incolumitate | Ti. Caesaris divi Aug. f. August! | pontific. maxim. Concordiae d. d. auri p. XXV. C. /. L. VI. 91. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found in the temple of Concord, now in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. l Cer(ealis). ' 2 q(uaestor). 24. pro salute | dominorum, Genio horreorum, | Saturninus et Suc- cessus horreari donum dederunt | Caesare Vespasiano VI | Tito Caesare imp. IIII | cos. C. L L. VI. 235. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in the Vatican Museum. Determine date from table, p. 129. 25. C[ere]ri sacrum \_D. 7%]nius luvenalis | [trib.] coh. [7] Del- matarum, | II [vir~\ quinq., flamen divi Vespasiani [ vovit dedicav[%]ue sua pec. C. I. L. X. 5382. Found above Aquino, near a place called Roccasecca on the river Melfi, existing in a copy of the eighteenth century. In the second century the cohors I Dalmatarum was stationed in Britain. For bearing of this inscription in history of the satirist Juvenal, see J. Diirr, Das Leben Juvenals, p. 21. 26. d. i. m. in honor, domus divin. 1 Eppius Arimi|nensis films. 280 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. III. 4799. Inscribed on a small altar found at Toltschach (Viru- num), Noricum, where it still exists. l This formula, often abbreviated i. h. d. d., is not found before the middle of the second century, but becomes very common after the time of Commodus (Wiiinanns). 27. I. 0. S. p. d. 1 | et lunoni sanctae Herae Castorib. et Apollini conservato|ribus, Thrysus pro salute patroni sui et sua suo- rumque | iussu numinis eorum | aram d., | salvis candidatis hums loci per C. Fabium Germanum. (On the left side.) Ded. VI idus [0]ct Peregrine et Aemiliano ] cos. 2 C. I. L. VI. 413. Inscribed on a marble altar found at Rome, now in Museum of Vatican, belonging to the temple of Jupiter Dolichenus on Aventine. l I(ovi) O(ptimo') S(pli) p(raestantissimo) d(igno). 2 244 A.D. 28. dis magnis, | Ulpius Egnatius Faventinus | v. c. 1 augur p. v. b. p. R. Q. 2 pater et hieroceryx d. S. i. M. 3 archibucolus del Liberi, | hierofanta Hecatae, sa|cerdos Isidis percepto | tauro- bolio criobolioq., idibus Augustis d. d. n. n. | Valente Aug. V. et Valentiniajno Aug. conss. 4 feliciter Vota Faventinus bis deni suscipit orbis Ut mactet repetens aurata fronte bicornes. C. L L. VI. 504. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Rome, ex- isting only in copy. l v(ir} c(larissimus~). 2 pub (lieu s) p(opuli} fi(omani) Q(uiritium). 3 d(ei) S(olis) i(nvicti) M(ithrae). 4 376 A.D. DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS IN VERSE Saturnian Metre 29. M. P. Vertuleieis C. f. 1 Quod re sua d[?/]eidens asper afleicta Parens timens | heic vovit, voto hoc solutfo De]cuma facta | poloucta 2 leibereis lube|tes 3 Donu danunt | Hercolei maxsume mereto. Semol te | orant, se [v]oti crebro | condemnes. DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 281 C. I. L. I. 1175, X. 5708. Found at Sora in Italy, now in the gardens of the church of S. Restituta. ^M(arcus} et P(ublius} Vertuleii G(ai) /(i7). ^poloiicta, cf. Cato, de R. R. 132 ; Plaut. Stick. 233 ; Varr. L. L. VI. 54. A lube(ii)tes. Ritschl places this in the early part of the seventh century A.U.C. (150-50 B.C.) The letters are archaic, and the Saturnian measure is indicated on the stone by intervals. Iambic Senarii* 30. Templum hoc sacratum her[oZms, qui] quod ger[im] August! nomen felix [illis] remaneat, Stirpis suae laetetur u[ regno] parens. Nam quom te, Caesar, tem[jms] exposcet deum Caeloque repetes sed[em, qua] mundum reges, Sint hei, tua quei sorte ter[rae] huic imperent R-egantque nos felicibu[s] voteis sueis (Written beneath) L. Aurelius L. f. Pal. Rufu[/] primopilaris \[eg~\ XVI militans st imp. Caesaris ..... C. L L. X. 3757. Inscribed on a stone found at Acerrae. Nissen. has suggested that Claudius, Nero, and Britannicus were referred to in line 1, but Mommsen assigns the inscription to the time of Augustus, and con- siders C. and L. Caesar as the heroes to whom the shrine was dedicated. Hexameter Numini aquae [ Alexandrianae | ] Hanc aram Nymphis extruxi, | nomine Laetus, 2 Cum gererem fasces patriae rumore secundo ; Plus tamen est mihi gratus j honos, quod fascibus annus Is nostri datus est, quo sane | to nomine dives Lambaesem largo perfu|dit flumine Nympha. C. I. L. VIII. 2662. Inscribed in the Nymphaeum at Lambaesis, Africa. 1 From Severus Alexander, the emperor who introduced water into Lambaesis in 226 A.D. Cf. the Aqua Alexandriana at Rome, thus named for a similar reason, Lampridius c. 25; cf. also C. I. L. VIII. 2658. The word was partially erased after his death in 235 A.D. ' 2 As duumvir at Lambaesis. For similar ending cf. Verg. Aen. VIII. 90. 282 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS TITCLI SEPULCRALES . 1. a) C. Turpleio C. f. c) C. Fouri M. f. 1 b) Q. Fourio A. f. d) Cn. Fourio C. I. L. XIV. 2750, 2700-2707. Four inscriptions on cinerary urns from the tomb of the Furii and Turpleii at Tusculum. They belong to the fifth century of the City, and show the names in the nom. case. l C. M(arci) 2. a) L. Anicio /) Anicia P. f. 6) Maio 1 Anicia C. f. g) Mino Cuinia L. f. c) L. Cupi L. f. A. n. h) Atlia A. 1. | Lais d) Maria Fabricia i) Tert. Coriaria e) Titoleiai M. f. j) P. Gessius P. f. | Vala C. L L. XIV. 3046-3310. These inscriptions are selected from those found in the sepulcretum at Praeneste, and date in the sixth and seventh centuries of the City. The cognomina are rare, but appear alike with names of men and women. Note also the praenomina with names of women. The gen. case is seen in e, but the others show the earlier form of the nom. case. l Maio(s) = Maior. 3. a) L. Aeli, 1 | a. d. Ill idus | Octob. b) Baebia Q. I., 2 a. d. IX k. Octobris. c) L. Caecilius, a. d. VI k. Quictilis. d) Aemiliai, a. d. Ill non. Fe. 2 e) P. Claudi M. 1. Philocratis, | a. d. Ill k. Novbri. 4 C. L L, VI. 8211-8397. Inscribed on sepulchral urns found in the vineyard of San Cesareo, near the Porta Capena, Rome. They date in the early part of the seventh century of the City (150-100 B.C.). 1 L. Aeli(s} \ a(nte') d(iem tertium) idus Octob(ris). 2 l(iberta). 3 Fe(bruarias) . 4. M. Aebutius M. 1. | Macedo pater, | M. Aebutius M. 1. Callistratus f., | v. 1 M. Aebutius M. 1. Eros, | v. lulia L. 1. Berenice f., | lulia L. 1. Hesuchiuni, | Pomponia L. 1. Selene, Clodia O. 2 1. Antiocis. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 283 C. I. L. VI. 10588. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in the Capitoline Museum. l v(ivit) or v(ivus). 2 G(aiae), i.e. mulieris l(iberta). 5. M. Aurelius M. 1. | Niceporus patronu. (sic), | Amelia M. 1. Trupher., M. Aurelius M. 1. Apollonius, | M. Aurelius M. 1. | [^l/]exsander M. Aureli ...... C. L L. VI. 13163. A sepulchral inscription engraved in archaic letters, on travertine, found at Rome, now in the Vatican. For so-called theta nigrum, see page 231. 6. P. Buxurius P. f. | Truentines. 1 quie. 2 | coinomn 3 Tracalo, arte tecta, 4 salve. C. L L. IX. 5279. Inscribed on a stone found near Monte Prandone, in east- ern Picenum, now in the curia at Ripatransone. l Truentine(n)s(is). 2 quie(scit). 3 coi(= quoi, cui) wom[e]n, or qui e\_sf] cocnomen Tracalo. 4 tecta = TfKTrjs for 7. M. Drusi M. 1. Philodami, | sibei et sueis, | veivont. C. /. L. IX. 752. Inscribed on a stone found at Larino (Larinum), in Apulia. 8. P. Critonius P. f. Polio. | Mater mea mihi | monumentum ; coera- vit, quae | me desiderat | vehementer, me | heice situm in- | mature. Vale, salve. C. L L. VI. 16606. Inscribed on travertine in archaic letters of the seventh century, found at Rome. 9. Ultuma suorum | Cupiennia L. f. Tertulla fuueit l quius lieic | relliquiae | suprema 2 manent. C. I. L. VI. 16614. Found at Rome, now existing in a copy. * fuueit probably = fult. ' 2 suprema (munera). 10. Sex. Caesius Sex. | lib. Cinnamus | Iiml vir Augustalis | h. s. e. | et tibi et tu. 1 C. L L. V. 552. Found at Trieste, where it exists to-day in the museum. 1 et tibi (bene sit) are the words of the passer-by ; et tu (vale) represents the reply of the dead. 284 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S 11. Q. Fabius Q.'f. Quirina | Fabianus Ilurconen|sis idem Patrici- en sis ann. XXXXIII pius | in suis h. s. e., s. t. t. 1. C. L L. II. 1200. Found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, where it exists to-day in the museum. 12. ave | Herennia Crocine cara sueis inclusa hoc tumulo. Crocine cara sueis. Vixi ego | et ante aliae vixere puellae. lam satis est. Lector discedens dicat, Crocine sit tibi terra | levis. Valete superi. C. L L. II. 1821. Found at Cadiz. 13. M. Aemilius Arterna | fecit f M. Licinio Successo fratri bene merenti et | Caeciliae Modestae coniugi | suae et sibi et suis libertis | libertabusq. posterisq. eorum, excepto Hermete lib. quern veto | propter delicta sua aditum ambitum ne | ullum accessum habeat in hoc monuinento. C. L L. VI. 11027. Found at Rome, existing now in copy. 14. P. Lucius Hilarus 1 Graecus sibi | et Pompeiae L. f . | v. 2 Ter- tullae et | P. Lucio Graeci 1. v. 2 Philadelpho et | Luciae Graeci L. 1. O 1 Lepidae. C. I. L. XII. 4957. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Narbonne (Narbo), existing in a copy. l The so-called theta nigrum is here placed before the cognomen. 2 v(ivit). vivit 15. P. Voltilius Eufio et Mamia Ter[>]lla. C. I. L. XII. 5255. Found at Narbonne (Narbo). 16. L. Cartorius P. f. Fab. | hie sepultus est, hie locus patet | in frdnt. p. XX et a media fos. | inp]ro vers. p. XXV. | Hunc locum monimentumque | diis manibus do legoque. (7. /. L. V. 2915. Found at Padua (Patavium), existing in copy. 17. C. Sentio Sat. cos. 1 k. Sextilib. dei manes | receperunt | Abulliam N. 1. Mgellam. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 285 C. /. L. II. 2255. Inscribed on a small cippus found at Cordova (Corduba), Spain, where it still exists. l He was consul without colleague in 735/19. 18. d. m. s., | P. Aelio P. f. | Crescentiano [ notario legati in officio Iuvena|lis praef. praetori | defuncto, vixit | annis viginti duo et militavit an. IIII, Aelia Processa mater filio | innocent!. C. L L. VIII. 2755. Found at Lambaesis, Africa. Flavius luvenalis was praefectus praetorio under lulianus and Severus. Cf . Vita Seven, c. 6 ; Vita Getae, 24 ; Hirschfeld, Horn. Verwalt., p. 230. 19. v. f. 1 | C. Novellius C. f. Ouf. Expectatus | dis deabus manibus nomine meo et Atiliae C. f. Crae | uxori pientiss[im]. (On the left) have. (On the right) vale. C. L L. V. 6053. Found at Milan (Mediolanum) , preserved in a copy. l v(ivus) f(ecit). 20. d. m. et memoriae | L. lul. Accepti qui | vixit ann. XV m. X | dies duos M. lul. Euplus et lulia Accepta parentes | fil. unico karissim. | et sibi vivi posuerunt. C. I. L. XII. 1964. Inscribed on a cippus found at Vienne (Vienna, Gallia Narbonensis), existing in a copy. 21. d. m. | et quieti aeternae Titiae Seiae defunctae | ann. XXII mens. V dier. XXV, | P. Seius Asclepiodotus pater | filiae incomparabili. C. /.' L. XII. 2013. Inscribed on a sarcophagus found at Vienne (Vienna, Gallia Narbonensis), existing now in copy, d and m are on the sides. 22. d. m. Titiae Catiae defunct. | annorum VIII m. V d. VIII. | Catia Bubate fil. pissimae | et sibi vivae posuit, | hoc sax. sub ascia l ded. 2 est. C. /. L. XII. 2012. Found at Vienne, existing in a copy. * sub ascia dedi- cavit (S A D) is generally understood to indicate a new tomb still in charge of the workmen. The object of the phrase or representation of the ascia was to indicate that the right of reopening the tomb without recourse to authority was retained. This is the opinion of Facciolali. See Forcellini, s. v. and A. de Barthe"lemy, Eecherches sur le formule "sub ascia" 2 ded(icatum} . d. and m. are on the sides. 286 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 23. d. m., Tertinio Max- jiian|o Verilla | coniugi | posuit | s. a. d. C. /. L. XII. 1715. Inscri *A on a cippus found at Eyzahut (Canton de Dieulefit), France, whe.e it still exists. 24. have, Naevi, | salvos sis quisquis | es, | Cn. Naevio [ Diadiimeno | venaliciario | grae[#]ario. (7. /. L. XII. 3349. Inscribed on a cippus found at Nismes (Nemausus), where it still exists. 25. d. m. ; lulius Eumenes vixit ann. XXII lulia Agrippina patron. 1 alumno et corporate | utriculariorum, quot tu nobis | debuisti facere, | et mater in|felicissirnae posuerunt. C. I. L. XII. 729. Inscribed on a cippus found at Trinquetaille, now in museum at Aries, France. 1 Join patron(a) and et mater infelicissimae posuerunt quo(d) tu nobis debuisti facere. 26. Sex. Nerianus | Komulus | fecit sibi et | Cordiae Helpidi | con- iugi karissimae et | libertis libertabusque posteris^ue eorum utriusque sexus | ex origine nostra. Si quis eum titul. adul- teravit alienigenum corp. aut ossa aut cineres | in hoc monum. inferre volens adhum. non haber. 1 et dare debeat a. p. R. 2 hfS L m. n., 3 | huic mon. dol. mal. abesto. C. L L. VI. 22915. Inscribed on a marble tablet in the church, S. Paolo fuori le Mura, at Rome. l Read aditum non haber (et}. 2 a(erario} p^opuli) H^omani}. 3 m(ilia) n(ummum). 27. have, Manila | Anthusa. | Bene sit tibi qui legis | et tibi qui praeteris mini qui hoc loco monument, feci et meis. C. L L. X. 6616. Found at Velletri (Velitrae), now in museum at Naples. 28. vivit Q. Caelius Sp. f. vivi 1 architectus navalis, vivit | uxor Camidia M. 1. | Aprhodisia. | Hospes. resiste et nisi m|olestust perlege, noli | stomacare, suadeo | caldum bibas, moriu|n[d]ust, vale. C. /. L. X. 5371. Found on the Liris between Interamna and Minturnae, existing in copy. 1 Probably a corrupt reading. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 287 29. d. m. s., | chaere 1 An|nonia Paula Uonjiunx rarissime 2 quae exemplo esses | feminarum, nisi } XXIII annorum erepta gravem | fletum viro | reliquisses, tu s. e. G. I. L. VIII. 8854. Found at Tiklat (Tupusuctu) Mauretania, Africa, existing in copy. 1 x^P e - 2 rarissima. 30. d. m., | M. Munatius | Victor | v. a. XXX, h. s. e., o. e. b. q. 1 C. I. L. VIII. 5682. Found between Celma (Calama) and Constantine (Cirta) Numidia, existing in copy. 1 o(ssa) e(i) b(ene') q(uiescant). 31. d. m. s., | lulia Curvia | vixit annis LXX | o. s. 1 1. b. n. 2 q., | fecit filius eius. C. I. L. VIII. 9128. Found at Sur Roslan (Auzia), Mauretania. l o(s)s(o). 32. d. m. s., | Q. lulius Lu|canus Medi|conis fil., ut hanc in patriam | pleims laetitia | pervenirem an nos LXXX certan|do vici, iam quietus | ego hie Medico | semper. C. L L. VIII. 79. Found at Hr. Nebhana, Africa, existing in a copy. 33. d. m. | L. Vibi Cres|centis vet. | coh. IIII pr.,-| hie s. e. s. 1. 1. L, [ Cara Salvidie. 1 | tatae 2 b. m. C. L L. XIV. 3632. Found at Tivoli (Tibur), inscribed on the wall of the cwn'a, where it now exists. l Salvidie(na). 2 tatae is a child's name for father. 34. d. m. Ulpiae | Epictesis, Ti. Claudius Abascantus | coniugi benemerenti | fecit. (On the right side) Locus adsignatus ab | Ti. Cl. Hilaro patrono | in f ronte p. f s. 1 in agro p. II s. 2 | acceptus k. Aprilibus | C. Bellicio Torquato Ti. Cl. Attico Herode cos. 3 O. /. L. VI. 29335. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in the Lateran Museum. * P(edes) quinque s(emissem). 2 p(edes) duo s(emissem). 3 143 A.D. 35. a. M. Statilius Mercuri|us fecit sibi et Liciniae | Yitali coniugi Karissimae et Statilio Geniali et Statiliae Primitivae | liber- tis meis et | librti l^b^rtp^usque meis | posterisque eoium | 288 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS introitum, exitum omnem|que rem possidere quod mini | con- cessum est a T. Flavio Rufino in parte dimidia intrantibus parte sinisteriore in f ronte pedes XXXIII in agro ped. XXX. b. Luphrosyno | et Hercliano | ser. C. n. 1 concessum eis ab Flavio Eufino | in monumento luniano quod est iuris mei intran|- tibus parte dexte[ra in triclinio | in quo pariete sunt ollae ossuaria | numero XIIII | et in triclia sarjcophaga n. Ill | quot cessi eco 2 | ambas partes et | Statilio Mercuric et nominibus s. s. 3 C. I. L. XIV. 1636. Found at Ostia, existing now in copy. A custom existed at Ostia of placing on tombs tablets which were divided into parts, according to the sharing of the rights of the tomb. The above is a tabula bipartita, containing on the right an inscription of Statilius Mercurius, and on the left that of two slaves of Caesar. 1 C(aesaris} n(ostri}. 2 The words are those of Flavius Rufinus. 3 nominibus s(upra) s(c,riptis). Note also the giving of introitus and exitus, as often in sepul- chral inscriptions ; thus the formula reads, ille illi locum ilium donavit cui itum ambitum dedit. 36. per deos superos | inferosque te rogo ne ossuaria velis violare, M. Calpurnius M. 1. Sulla, Calpurnia M. 1. Fausta liberta. C. L L. XIV. 2535. Found on the estate of a monastery at Grottaferrata, in the old ager Tusculanus, now in the Capitoline Museum. 37. d. [m.], | Clodia Domitia | fecit sibi et Terentio Regino coiugi suo | et Clodiae Eeginae | filiae suae et liber|tis libertabusque | posterisque eorum | h. m. e. h. n. s. C. L L. XIV. 848. Found at Ostia. 38. d. m., | C. Voltilius Cypaerus et Flavia Primilla fecerunt C. Voltilio Atimeto f. suo dulcissimo et pientissi|mo bene merenti vixit ann. XVII m. V | d. XX, quisquis huic sepulchro nocere | conatus fuerit manes eius eum exagitent. (7. /. L. VI. 29471. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in the Lateran Museum. 39. Longina Diliges (sic) fee. sibi et | L. Longinio Fortunato | patrono b. m. et Cassiae | Nice matri et filiae et Cassis Augustali patri SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 289 et filio et Florali filio | et lib. libertab. post, eor. 1 i. h. m. i. a. s. c. f., | in f. p. x, in a. p. x. (7. /. L. XIV. 1270. Found at Ostia, now in Lateran Museum, Rome. 1 post(eris) eor(um}. 2 i(n} h(oc) m(onumentum') i(tum) a(ditum) s(acroruni) c(aitsa) /(ecere). 40. Ti. Magio Caeciniano | trierarcho et | Alsiae Postumae uxori n. f., n. s., n. c. 1 C. L L. V. 1813. Inscribed on a cinerary box found at Gemona, Italy, now existing in copy. l n(ori) /(MI), n(on) s(wn), n(ori) c(wro). Cagnat refers to the Greek phrase, oik r/V"?", eyeriwv, OVK eo-oyucu, 01) /j.t\et JJLOI. 41. d. m., | P. Aelio Aug. lib. | Erasino dulcissimo et pientissimo, | Aemilia Helene coniunx et P. P. Aelii Aug. lib. | Musicus et Helenus fili | fecerunt et sibi et suis libertis liber|tabusque posterisque eorum, ita ne liceat liunc munimentum vendere | vel donare, quod si factuin fuerit | utrisque ark. pontificum I+SXXX in. 11. poenae nomine inferet, h. m. d. m. a. C. L L. VI. 1Q(582. Inscribed on a tablet found on the Janiculum, Rom- , now in the museum at Oxford. 42. d. m., L. Aurelio | Eufo | ann. XXVI Emer. 1 sepulto | Me sito, | Aurelia Prisca | fil. piissimo p. C. L L. II. 871. Found at Condeixa a Nova (Conimbriga, Lusitania), Spain, existing now in copy. l Emer(itae). Either Rufus was buried at Emerita and his mother brought his remains to Conimbriga, or his burial place was at Emerita while his tomb was at Conimbriga. 43. d. m., M. I ul. Serano | in itinere urb. 1 defuncto et sepulto, Coelia Komula mater filio piissimo | et Collegium | salu- tare f. c. C. I. L. II. 379. Found at Condeixa a Nova (Conimbriga, Lusitania), Spain, existing now in copy. l urfe(ano). 44. d. m., | Acutia Tyche luliae Arche f., vix. a. XXIIX, et in eo mon j itu act. amb. in|lat. mort. mort. | inferre coron. sacrif. sacrif. fac. | ei a. q. e. r. p. p. r. I. 1 , fil. pientissimae. In f. p. VII, in a. p. VI. LAX. INSCRIP. 19 290 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. VI. 10562. Found at Rome, now in Vatican Museum. l et in eo mon(umento) itu(m') act(um') amb(itum) inlat(ionem} mort(ui habere) mort(uum} inferre coron(are~) sacrif(icare} sacrif(icia} fac(ere) ei a(d) q(uem} e(a~) () p(ertinef) p(ertinebii) r(ecte) l(iceto}. The comment of Mommsen is, Formulae hae ut solent ita in compendium redactae sunt, ut parum cohaereant. 45. M. Lollius Arphocras | v. f. s. et Paelinae uxori v. et lib. liber- tab, post. q. eorum in. s. s. e. h. n. s. | neque ulli liquebit locationis causa in annis centum quan|doq. transvendere quod si qui adversus it fecerint | eorum bona pertinere | debebunt ad rem publicam Brundisinorum. C. L L. IX. 136. Found at Brindisi (Brundisium), now at Villanova only in a fragment. 46. Q. lulio [ Servando | Ilml vir Aug. | c. I. P. C. N. M./ Licinia Pallas | marito optimo inlatis arcae Illlll vir ob tuitionem statuae hf-S n. oo. | 1. d. d. Ilml yir. C. L L. XII. 4397. Inscribed in letters of the second century on a pedestal found at Narbo (Narbonne), Gallia Narbonensis, where it still exists. 1 C(oloniae~) I(uliae} P(aternae) C(laudiae) N(arbonis) M(artiC). 47. C. Catio C. f. Men. Balbo j Opetreiiae C. f. Paullae. Hds de- curiones fiinere | publico de foro e tribunali | efferendos et hie humandos cens. Fuficiae A. 1. Violae j C. Catius C. f. Men. Gallus pareiitibus et uxdrii. C. /. L. IX. 1783. Found at Benevento (Beneventum) , existing now in copy. 48. Crescens agit. | factionis ven., | natione Maurus, annorum XXII. | Quadriga primum vicit L. Vipstanio | Messalla cos. (i natale divi Nervae miss. 1 XXIIII equis his : Circio, Ac- cep|tore, Delicato, Cotyno. Ex Messala in Glabrionem cos. in natale | divi Claudi miss, ost. 2 gCLXXXVI vicit XXXXVII. \ Inter sing. 3 vie. XIX, binar \ XXIII, tern. V, praemiss. 4 I, | occup. VIII, eripuit XXXVIII, | secund. tulit CXXX, tert. CXI. ! Quaest. 5 ret. rfS ^V[ LVlTl CCCXXXXVI. (i SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 291 C. I. L. VI. 10050. Inscribed on a marble cippus, discovered in 1878 during the building of a sewer on the Via Pace in Rome. * miss(u). 2 miss(us) ost(io). s inter sing (ularum) vie (it). * prat"miss(u) sc. alius aurigae; Friedlander reads praemiss(it). 5 Quaest(nm) ret(ulit). 1,558,346 sesterces. See Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, II., 6 p. 517, and Momm. Ephem. Ep. IV. 247. Nov. 8, 115 A.D. 6 May 10, 124 A.D. 49. L. Afilano L. f. \ An. Provincial! equo p. ornat., \ luperco desig., huic ordo statu|am decrevit. | L. Afilanus Verecun|dus h. u. s. r., 1 1. d. d. d. C. I. L. XIV. 3442. Inscribed on a cippus found at Praeneste, where it still exists. l h(onore) u(sus) s(umptnm) r(emisit). 50. a) d. (Figure of an ascia) m., | Venuleia I Pelagia hie adq., fil. matr. piiss. b) M. Naevius M. f. Gal. Eestitutus mil. coh, X pr. h. aq. 1 | qui reliq. testam. coll. fabr. naval. Pis. 2 station! | vetustiss. et piiss. H-S II II | n % , 3 ex cuius reditu pa| rental, et rosar. quot- ann. at sepulchrum | suum celebrent. Quot si factum ab eis non | esset, tune ea ipsa con|dicione fabr. tig. Pis. 4 accept, pro poena a fabr. nav. H-S IIII ii. 5 ipsi | celebrare debebunt. C. L L. XI. 1436. Found at Pisa, existing now in copy. * 7i(?c) a(d}q(iii- escit). 2 coll(egio} fabr(iim} naval(ium) Pis(anorum). 3 (milid) n(ummum). 4 fabri tiy(narii') Pis^ani). 5 accept(is) (mili- bus} n(ummum~). 51. d. m. et memoriae aeternae Hylatis, | dymachaero sive assi- dario J p. VII. 2 ru I., 3 Ermais coniux | coniugi karissimo | p. c. et S. as. d ( Figure of an ascia). Boissieu, Inscr. de Lyon, p. 469. Found at Lyons, existing now in copy. iHylas was a dimachaerus and essedarius ; cf. Friedlander, Sittengesch. II., 6 p. 533. *p(ugnarum) VII. 3 Not understood. 52. d. m., | Muscloso a. f. r. 1 nat. Tuscus vie. pal. 2 DCLXXXII | a. 3 Ill p. 4 V. v. 5 II r. 6 DCLXXII, | Apuleia Vere|eunda con- iunx m. c. p. 7 C. I. L. VI. 10063. Found at Rome, where it still exists. l a(yitatori) f(actionis) r(nssatae^). ' 2 vie (if) pal (mas'). 3 a (Iba factions). *p(rasincf). 6 r(ussata). ~ m(arito) c(arissimo) p(osuit). 292 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 53. M. Aur. Mollicius Tatianus | natione verna qui vixit ann. XX mens. VIII diebus VII qui vie. palmas n. 1 CXXV, sic in rus|seo LXXXVIIII in prasino XXIIII | in veneto n. V in albo n". VII praemia XXXX il. 2 II. C. I. L. VI. 10049. Found on the Via Praenestina, Rome, now existing in copy. l n(umero}. 2 praemia (sestertium) XXXX (milium) n(umero). COLUMBARIA 54. a) d. m., | Blastus Aug. lib. tabul|arius fecit aediclas tres intrantibus dext [eric-re parte a parie te iunctas duas et terti a in qua titulus fixus est * s[i]bi et suis 1. libertabusq. posterisq. | eorum. b) L. Cornelius L. 1. Kegillus | ollam legavit | M. Valerio M. 1. Front oni. c) Q. Mudasenus I. 1. Eros emit de L. Aufidio | Apollonio iuris | monumenti. d) Quintiae | Crispinae ollae continuae II. e) L. Veturi Zophrus(?) 2 | L. Pinarius Rufus dedit ol. I quae fuit | L. Viriasi Lali. C. L L. VI. 4889, 4930, 4983, 5013, 5045. Inscriptions from columbaria of the Vigna Codini, between the Via Appia and Via Latina. l This inscription is in tertia, in qua titulus fixus est ; in the other two places the name Blastus was painted on the wall. 2 Zophrus has been sub- stituted after an erasure. Read L. Veturi(us) Zopyrus. 55. Iiilia Erdtis femina optima hie sitast Nullum doldrem ad inferds mecum tuli, Viro et patrdno placui et decessi prior. C. lulius Blastus C. lulius C. lulius Celadus divi Aug. 1. Messius. C. I. L. VI. 5254. From the columbaria in the Vigna Codini, between Via Appia and Via Latina. The inscription belongs to the days of Tiberius. Note the iambic senarii. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 293 56. Musico Ti. Caesaris August! | Scurrano disp. ad fiscum Gallicum | provinciae Lugdunensis, ex vicaris eius qui cum eo Romae cum decessit fuerunt bene merito, | Venustus negot. 1 Agathopus medic. Facilis pediseq. Decimianus sump. 2 Epaphra ab argent. Anthus ab arg. Dicaeus a manu Primio ab veste -Hedylus cubicu. Mutatus a manu Communis a cubic. Firmus cocus Creticus a manu Pothus pediseq. Secunda 3 Tiasus cocus C. I. L. VI. 5197. From the columbaria in the Vigna Codini, now in the Lateran Museum. It belongs to the time of Tiberius. l negotiator), 2 sump(tuarius). 3 Probably a contubernalis. LAUDATIO MURDIAE 57 Murdiae L. f. matris. | sed propriis viribus adlevent cetera, quo firmiora | probabilioraque sint. 1 | Omnes filios aeque fecit here- des, partitione filiae data. Amor maternus caritate liberum, aequalitate partium constat. Viro certam pecuniam legavit, ut ius dotis honore iudici augeretur. Milii, revocata memoria patris eaque in consilimn et fide sua ad|hibita, aestumatione facta - certas res testamento praelegavit, | neque ea mente, quo me fratribus meis quom eorum aliqua contunielia praeferret : sed, inemor liberalitatis patris mei, | reddenda mihi statuit, quae iudicio viri sui ex patrimonio | meo cepisset, ut ea lisu suo custodita proprietati meae resti|tuerentur. | Constitit ergo in hoc sibi ipsa, ut a parentibus dignis viris data matrimonia opsequio probitate retineret, nupta meriteis grajtior fieret, fide carior haberetur, iudicio ornatior relinquerejtur, post decessum consensii civium laudaretur, quoin discriptio partium habeat gratum fidumque animum in viros, aequalitajtem in liberos, iustitiam in veritate. | Quibus de causeis, quom omnium bona- runi feminaruin simplex simi|lisque esse laudatio soleat, quod naturalia bona propria custo|dia servata varietates verborum non desiderent, satisque sit | eadem omnes bona fama digna fecisse, et quia adquirere | novas laudes mulieri sit arduom, 994 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS quom minoribus varieta[tibus vita iactetur, necessario com- munia esse colenda, 3 ne quod | amissum ex iustis praecepteis cetera turpet. | Ed maiorem laudem omnium carissirna mihi mater meruit, quod modestia probitate pudicitia opsequio lanificio diligintia fide | par similisque cetereis probeis feminis fuit, neque ulli cessit vir|tutis laboris sapientiae periculorum praecipuam aiit certe. 4 ...... C. /. L. VI. 10230. Inscribed in letters of the best period on a large marble slab found at Rome, where it still exists in the Palace of the Kondinini. Mominsen places this inscription in the Augustan age, not later, because of the orthography of quom, meriteis, arduom, not earlier, because of the use of apices, which not only mark the long vowels, but, placed between the letters, serve as punctuation marks. l Mommsen's comment is " Haec quo pertineant, parum perspicitur, nisi quod, cum tempore prae- senti scriptor utatur, agi videtur non de matris, sed de suo facto aliquo ; puta libertis maternis quiddam eum erogasse, quod ipsorum contributio- nibus ut augeatur desideret." 2 Rather eaque adhibita et fide facta. Mommsen understands thus, cum in consilium adhibuisset memoriam patris etfidem suam. 3 Supply intellegitur. 4 Mommsen suggests virtutis laboris sapientiae periculorum (id est periculorum, quibus virtutem labo- rem sapientiam comprobarit) praecipuam aut certe nulli secundam memo- riam sibi parans. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS IN VERSE Elogia of the Scipio Family 58. a) \_L. Corneli~\o On. f. Scipio 6) Cornelius Lucius Scipio Barbatus, Gnaivod patre prognatus, fortis vir sapiensque, Quoius forma virtutei parisuma fuit, Consol, censor, aidilis quei fuit apud vos, Taurasia Cisauna Samnio l cepit, Subigit omne Loucanam opsidesque abdoucit. C. L L. L 29, 30 = VI. 1284-5. See page 232. Inscribed on a sarcophagus of peperino found at Rome in 1780, outside of the Porta Capena, on the Via Appia, now in the Vatican Museum. The name of the dead (a) is SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 295 painted in red coloring (minium} on the lid, while the carmen (6) is cut on the main part of the sarcophagus. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio was consul 456/298, censor 464/290. Ritschl, Opusc. IV, p. 222, has shown that the carmen (6) is more recent than (a), and the inscription of the son, No. 60. The date is not later than 234 B.C. Another inscription which preceded this carmen has-been almost entirely erased, only C~\eso[r remaining. The metre is Saturnian, with verses marked by transverse lines cut in the stone. l Samnio, ablative, according to Lachmann, Mommsen and Wilmanns, but see other ablative in d] or accusative, according to Ritschl, but note other endings in us. Loucanam, sc. terram. See Cic. Tusc. I. 7, 13 ; Pro Arch. 9, 22 ; De Legg. II. 2, 27. Liv. XXXVIII. 56 ; XL. 38. Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 7, 122. 59. \_L.~] Cornelio L. f. Scipio [a]idiles, cosol, 1 cesor. 2 C. I. L. I. 31 = VI. 1286. inscription painted in red on a fragment of a sarcophagus of peperino, found at Rome in 1781, now in the Vatican Museum. 1 495/259. 2 496/258. 60. Hone oino ploirume cosentiont R[oma] * Duonoro optumo fuise viro, 2 Luciom Scipione. Filios 3 Barbati, Consol, censor, aidilis hie fuet &[pud vos.~\ Hec cepit Corsica Aleriaque urbe, 4 Dedet Tempestatebus aide mereto 5 C. /. L. I. 32 = VI. 1287. See page 236. Inscribed on a slab of peperino, broken on the right side, found at Rome in 1614, now in the Barberini Palace. L. Cornelius L. Barbati f. consul 495/259, censor 496/258, took Corsica, destroyed Aleria, and triumphed over the Sardinians, Corsicans, Phoenicians (Zonar. VIII. 11; Flor. I. 18, 10). 1 Eomae (Sinnond), Eomai (Ritschl) ; Rumani (Grotefend), Romane (Mommsen). 2 Ritschl. metri gratia, supplies viroro(m) after viro. 3 Wolfflin reads filiom for fllios. * Ritschl adds pugnandod. Wolfflin (Revue, de Philol. 1890) considers no addition necessary. 5 Grotefend adds lubenter, Ritschl reads meretod votam, Wolfflin objects to any addition. Ovid, Fasti, VI. 193, relates that a temple of the Tempestatcs was dedicated by a Scipio. 61. Quei apice insigne 1 Dialps./fjaminis gesistei, | Mors perfe[cft] tua ut essent omnia | brevia, Honos fama virtu sque gloria atque ingenium, Quibus sei | in longa licu[i]set tibe utier vita, | 296 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Facile facteis superases gloriam maiorum. Qua re lubens te in gremiu, | Scipio, recip[i]t Terra, Publi, prognatum Public, Cornell. C. I. L. I. 33 = VI. 1288. See page 240. Inscribed on the front of a sarcophagus of peperino found in 1780, now in the Vatican Museum. P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio, flamen Dialis, who died when a young man, has not been identified with certainty. He is believed by some to have been the son of Africanus Maior, adoptive fathei of Africanus Minor, who is referred to in Cic. Cato Maior, 2, 53 ; De Off. I. 33, 121 ; Brut. 19, 77. Veil. I. 10. 1 insigne is neuter. 2 Join tua omnia. 3 Cf . the Greek yata KO\TTOLS e5earo, Cic. De Legg. II. 60. Mommsen places the close of his life between 550/204 and 590/154. The double consonants in essent and terra, point to the latter part of sixth century A.U.C., although note gesistei, superases, licuiset- 62. L. Cornell. L. f. P.[n] [ Scipio, quaist., 1 tr. mil., annos | gnatus XXXIII | mortuos. Pater regem Antioco subegit. C. I. L. I. 33 = VI. 1296. Inscribed on a slab originally forming part of a sarcophagus of tufa, now in the Vatican Museum. * 587/167 (Livy, XLV. 44). 63. Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio Hispanus | pr., aid. cur., q., tr. mil. II, X vir si. iudik. | X vir sacr. fac. Virtutes generis mieis moribus accumulavi, Progeniem 1 genui, facta patris petiei. Maiorum optenui laudem, ut sibei me esse creatum, Laetentur; stirpem nobilitavit honor. C. /. L. I. 38 = VI. 1295. Inscribed on three tablets of peperino found at Rome in 1782. The first of these is now lost; the others are in the Vatican Museum. Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus, son of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispallus, cos. 578/176, was sent in 605/139 to receive the arms from the Carthaginians (Appian. Lib. 80), became praetor in 615/139 (Val. Max. I. 3. 3, where he is styled Hispallus). 1 On the stone after progeniem there is a line which Mommsen joined with the preceding letter and read progenie mi = progeniem mihi. Ritschl gives the above reading, Opusc. IV., p. 539. 64. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Scipio Magna sapientia | multasque virtutes SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 297 Aetate quom parva | posidet hoc saxsum. Quoiei vita defecit, non | honos honore. 1 Is hie situs quei nunquam | victus est virtutei. Annos gnatus XX is d[w]eis 2 m[a?i]datus Ne quairatis honore 3 | quei minus sit mand[a^]u[s]. C. I. L. I. 34, VI. 1289. See page 235. Inscribed on a tablet of peperino from a sarcophagus found at Rome, now in the Vatican Museum. Visconti, Mommsen, and Ritschl have conjectured that this Scipio was the grandson of Calvus, consul, 532/222 (Livy, XXI. 32), son of His- pallus, who died in the consulship 578/17(> (Livy, XLI. 20), and the younger brother of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus (No. 63). l honore, accusative according to Lachmann, Ritschl, Buecheler ; dative according to others. 2 Mommsen reads loceis = sepulcro, Ritschl, Diteist, Lach- mann leto est. 3 Visconti interprets honorem quern non acceperit ; Ritschl, cur minus honore sit mandatus. Lachmann (Lucr. , p. 245) expresses it thus, honore quei minus sit mactus, on the ground that the stone cutter has repeated mandatus instead of inscribing mactatus. Iambic Senarii 65. Hospes, quod deico, paullum est, asta ac pellege. Heic est sepulcrum hau pulcrum pulcrai feminae. Nomen parentes nominarunt Claudiam. .Suom mareitum corde deilexit souo. Gnatos duos creavit. Horunc alterum In terra linquit, alium 1 sub terra locat. Sermone lepido, turn autem incessu commodo. ' Domum servavit. Lanam fecit. Dixi. Abei. C. I. L. I. 1007 = VI. 1534G. Found at Rome, existing in copy. This carmen belongs probably to the Gracchan period. 1 The writer has avoided altrum. Buecheler's (Anthologia Latina, Car. Ep. 52) comment is par huic exemplum haud facile inveneris apiid antiques, nam differunt talia ex alio terrain status excipit alter (Lucret. V. 832, IV. """"" Choliambus 66. luenis l Sereni triste cernitis marmor, Pater supremis quod sacravit et frater 298 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Pietate mira perditum dolens fratrem, Quern flevit omuls planctibus novis turba, Quod interisset l forma, flos, pudor simplex. Dole meator, quisquis hoc legis carmen, 2 Et ut meretur anima, lacrimam accomoda. C. I. L. X. 1275. Found at Nola, preserved in copy. Above the verse is the inscription, M . St . . . o M. f. Pal(atincC) P . . . co Fisio Sereno liutilio Caesiano II viro auguri, vixit ann. XXXI mensib. XI diebus XVIII. written below, ipsiits pater miser rimus. The inscription dates no earlier than the time of Hadrian. 1 Others read invents and interis- sent. 2 The last line is iambic trimeter. Buecheler suggests that lacrimam adsperge would make a choliambus. Iambic Dimeter 67. Genitor lunonem dedicat Alteque Pompeiae locat. Levameii hoc doloribus Lacrimisque pausam credidit. At mine videndo iugiter Et fletum et gemitus integrat. C. 7. L. VII I. 251. Suppl. 11405. Inscribed on a stone found at Sbitla (Sufetula) Africa. Note the acrostic Gallae. Hexameter 68. Vidi pyramidas sine te dulcissime frater, Et tibi quod potui/ lacrimas hie maesta profudi Et nostri memorem luctus hanc sculpo querelam. 2 Sic nomen Decimi Gentiani pyramide alta Pontificis comitisque tuis, Traiane, triumphis Lustra[g^e] 3 sex intra censoris consulis exst[e]. 3 C. 7. L. III. 21 ; Suppl. 6625. Inscribed on a pyramid at Gize, Egypt, existing in a copy. l Catullus 68, 149. Ovid, Fasti, V. 472. 2 Horace, Carm. III. 11, 50. 3 These are conjectures of Buecheler. The second triumph of Trajan occurred in 106 A.D. HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 299 Elegiac Verse 69. Viva Philematium sum | Amelia nominitata, | Casta, pudens, volgei | nescia, feida viro | Vir conleibertus fuit | eidem, quo careo eheu ! | Ree fuit ee vero plus superaque parens. | Septem me naatam | annorum gremio ipse recepit ; Quadraginta | annos nata necis potior. |- Ille meo officio | adsiduo florebat ad omnis. C. I. L. VI. 9499. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine found on the old Via Nomentana, Rome, now in the British Museum. HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS F^LOUIA 1. a) L. Aem(j7]ius L. f. Paullus | co[s. //], cens., augur | tr[?']- umphavit ter. b) P. Cornelius Paulli f Scipio Africanus cos. II, cens., | augur triumphavit II. c) [Q] Fabius Q. f. Maxsumus | aed. cur. d) Q. Fabius Q. f. Maxsumus aed. cur. rest. C. L L. I. 2 xxiv., xxv., xxvi. ; d, vol. VI. 1303. Inscribed on blocks of travertine found in the Forum Romanum in 1546, but destroyed in the latter part of the sixteenth century, hence existing only in a copy. These inscriptions adorned the Arch of Fabius built by Q. Fabius Maxi- mus Allobrogicus, consul 633/121, and restored by Q. Fabius Maxinms, curule aedile about 698/56. This restitution is referred to by Cicero in Oratio in Vatiniutn 11. 28 : Nihil Maximus fecit alienum aut sua virtute aut iUis clarissimis Paullis, Maximis, Africanis, quorum gloriam huius virtute renovatum non modo speramus, verum etiam iam videmus. Paullus, cos. 572/182 and 586/178, was the father of Q. Fabius Maxi- mus Aemilianus, cos. 609/135, and ancestor of Maximus, who restored the arch. From his being saluted imperator three times, three triumphs are wrongly assigned to him instead of two, as here and in Velleius I. 9. Scipio Africanus Minor, cos. 607/147 and 620/134, was the son of Paullus, and brother of Fabius Maximus Aemilianus. 2. Ap. Claudius | q. urb., 1 | cos 2 cum P. | Servilio Prpsco]. 300 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. L L. I. 2 XXXI. Found at Rome, existing in copy. J Cf. Momm. Staatsr. II. 8 533. 2 259/495. 3. a) [P. Claudius Ap. f. P. n. Pulcher colono^s adscripsit Gales, cos. 1 cum | \_L. Porcio, III vir~\ coloniam deduxit Graviscam. 2 b) \_C. Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher'] q., Ill vir a. a. a. f. f., aed. cur., index q. veneficis, 3 pr: | repetundis, curator vis sternendis, cos. 4 cum M. Perperna. C. L L. I. 2 XXXII., XXXIII. Inscribed on a stone formerly used as a door- step of the Church of S. Martino ai Monti, Rome. Fragments of this stone, which are now in the Capitoline Museum, were found near the church in 1879. 1 570/184. 2 Cf. Livy, XL. 29. 3 Cf. Momm. Staatsr. II. 8 573. 4 662/92. 4. M. Valerius M. f. M'. [n.] | Messalla, pontife[af|, | tr. mil. II, q., pr. urb., co[s.], | V vir a. d. a. i., interr[e#] | III, censor. C. L L. I. 2 XL. Inscribed on travertine, found behind the Basilica of Constantine, now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori. It refers to M. Valerius Messalla, consul 693/61, quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis 695/59 (Cic. De Prov. Cons. 17, 41 ; Ad. Att. 2, 7, 4) ; interrex 699/55, 701/53, 702/52 ; censor 699/55-700/54. On the same stone appears M. n. | . . . inus, referring probably to his son, M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, consul 723/31. 5. C. Octavius C. f. C. n. C. pr[orc.] pater Augusti, | tr. mil. bis., q., aed. pi. cum C. Toranio, | iiidex quaestionum, | pr., pro cos., imperator appellatus ex provincia Macedonia. C. I. L. I. 2 XXIX. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing in a copy. The following remnant of another inscription given with the above may perhaps be assigned to C. lulius Caesar, father of the Dicta- tor, Caesar | i | ic. q. pr. | cos. in Asia. C. Octavius, father of Augustus, was praetor in 693/61 ; then obtained Macedonia as his province. On his return from his province he died (Suet. Aug. 4). This and the two following inscriptions Momm- sen believes to have belonged to a sacrarium of the domus Augustae, where the imagines of the imperial and allied families were exhibited. 6. C. lulius L. f. Caesar Strabo, | aed. cur., tr. mil. bis, X vir agr. dand. adtr. iud., pontif. HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 301 C. I. L. I. 2 XXVII. Found at Rome, where it is said by writers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries to have been inscribed on a wall near the Forum Augusti, existing in copy. Strabo was curule aedile in 064/90. He is often mentioned by Cicero. Cf. Teuffel-Schwabe-Warr, Hist, of Roman Literature, 153, 3. 7. M. Livius M. f. C. n. Drusus pontifex, tr. mil., X vir stlit. iudic., tr. pi., X vir a. d. a. lege sua et eodem anno V vir a. d. a. lege Saufe[i]a, in magistrate, occisus est. C. I L. I. 2 XXX. Found at Rome, existing in a copy of the sixteenth century. This refers to the famous tribune of the plebs of 663/91, in regard to whose laws see Liv. Ep. 71 ; Appian, B. C. I. 35 ; De Viris Illustrious, c. 66. ELOGIA OF THE FORUM OF AUGUSTUS 8. M'. Valerius | Volusi f. | Maximus, | dictator, 1 augur. Primus 2 quam ullum magistratum gereret, | dictator dictus est. Tri- umphavit | de Sabmis et Medullinis. Plebem de Sacro monte deduxit, gratiam | cum patribus reconciliavit ; faejnore gravi populum senatus, hoc | eius rei auctore, liberavit. Sellae | curulis locus ipsi posterisque | ad Murciae spectandi caussa datus est. Princeps in senatum semel | lectus est. C. 1. L. I. 2 V. = XI. 1826. Inscribed on a small marble base, in the upper part of which a bust was probably inserted; found at Arezzo (Arretium), where it exists in the public museum. 1 260/494 (Liv. II. 30). 2 For prius. V). Appius Claudius C. f. Caecus, | censor, cos. bis, diet., iiiterrex III, pr. II, aed. cur. II, q., tr. mil. III. Com|plura oppida de Samnitibus cepit ; | Sabinorum et Tuscorum e>jrci turn fudit ; pacem fieri cum [P]yrrho rege prohibuit. In censura viam | Appiam stravit et aquam in urbem adduxit ; aedem Bellonae | fecit. C. /. L. I. 2 X = XI. 1827. Inscribed on a small marble base found at Arezzo (Arretium), now in the museum at Florence. Fragments con- taining a few letters of the original of the above inscription were found in the Forum Augusti at Rome in 1889. They are a oppi, m et Tus , ri cu , 1 aq , ae fe . Cf . Lanciani, Bull. Comun. 1889, p. 77. Appius Claudius was censor in 442/312 and consul 417/307 and 458/21^ Ci r .ivy, X. 22 ; Cic. Brut. 14, 55. 302 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 10. C. Marius C. f. | cos. VII, pr., tr. pi., q., augur, 1 tr. mil. 2 | Extra sortem bellum cum lugurtha 3 rege Numid. 4 cos. gessit. Eum cepit | et triuniphan s in secundo consulatu ante currum suiun duci iussit. Tertium consul 5 apsens 6 creatus est. IIII cos. Teutonorum exercitum | delevit. V cos. Cimbros fugavit, 7 ex | ieis 8 et Teutonis iterum triumphavit. | Bern p. 9 turbatain seditionibus tr. pi. | et praetor., quei 10 - armati Capitolium occupaverunt, VI cos, vindicavit. | Post LXX annum patria per arma | civilia expulsus armis restitutus VII cos. factus est. De manubiis Cimbris et Teuton, aedem Honori | et Virtuti victor fecit. Veste | triumphali calceis patriciis [in senatum venit] . . . C. /. L. I., 2 p. 195, and XI. 1831. This inscription, found at Arezzo (Arretiuin), exists in a copy made in the fourteenth century. Part of the original inscription which once stood in the forum Augusti at Koine exists on small fragments of marble, one of which was found in the fifteenth century and is now at Naples (VI. 1315), the others were dis- covered in 1876 in the Villa Aldobrandini (Ephem. Ep. IV. 1817). The portions of the inscription which appear on the fragments found at Rome are indicated by the lines. The readings of the copy from Arretiuin differ from those given above, as follows : l aug., 2 tr. militum., 3 lugurta, 4 Numidiae, 5 cos., G absens, ~ fudit, 8 iJs, g pub., 10 qui. C. Marius was consul seven times, 647/107 /1G4-654/100 ; 668/86, praetor 639/115 (Cic. De Off. 3, 20, 19), t. _ u * piebis 635/119 (Plutarch, Mar. 4), tribunus militum a populo (Sail. Jug. 63), augur (Cic. Ad Brut. 1, 5, 3). For the vestis triumphalis cf. Liv. Ep. 67, Marius triumphali veste in senatum venit, quod nemo ante eum fecerat; Plut. Mar. 12. OTHER ELOGIA or EARLY ROMANS 11. Fert. Erresius, 1 | rex Aequeicolus. Is preimus ius fetiale paravit; inde p. K. | discipleinam excepit. C. I. L. I., 2 p. 202. Inscribed in letters of the first century on a little column of peperino found on the Palatine, now in the Baths of Diocletian. This is an inscription of the imperial period affecting archaic forms. l Mommsen believes that Fertor Eesius was intended. He is mentioned as the inventor of the ius fetiale in De Rm Illustribus 5, and in De Praenominibus, 1. HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 303 12. Lavinia Latini | filia Silvius Aeneas, Aeneae et Lavi|niae filius. C. L L. I., 2 p. 189 = XIV. 2067, 2068. Inscribed on two pedestals, dating probably in the second century A.D., found at Pratiea, ancient Lavinium. 13. Romulus Martis [/]ilius. Urbem Rdmam [co?idf)dit et regnayit annds duodequadraginta. Isque | primus dux duce hostium Acrone rege Caeninensium | interfecto spolia opi[wa] l | lovi Feretrio consecra[t^J receptusque in de- oru[?tt] numerum Quirinu[s] appellatu[s esf]. C. I. L. I., 2 p. 189 = X. 809. Inscribed on "a pedestal found at Pompeii, now in the public museum at Naples. l Livy, IV. 19. Propert. V. 10. Festus under opima, p. 186. Val. Max. III. 2, 3. 14. Quintus Hortensius. C. /. L. I., 2 p. 202 = VI. 1309. Inscribed on a small pedestal now in the Villa Albani. This inscription belongs to the first century A.D., or perhaps dates somewhat earlier. The praenomen written in full points to a Greek workman. 15. M. Cicero, an. LXIIII. C. L L. I., 2 p. 202 = VI. 1325. Inscrib d under a marble bust which is preserved at Madrid, Spain. ? " i^?rnoulli, Horn. Ikonographie, I., p. 135. This inscription dates about the time of Cicero, who was born Jan. 3, 648/106, and died Dec. 7, 711/43. ELOGIA OF THE FORUM OF TRAJAN 16. M. Claudio \_TL~\ f. Q[ta>.] | Fronton! cos., 1 leg. Aug. pr. pr. prdvinciarum Daciarum et super, simul leg. Aug. pr. pr. provincia. Daciar. leg. Augg. pr. pr. Moesiae super. Daciae Apulesis, 2 simul leg. Augg. pr. pr. pro vinciae Moesiae super., 3 comiti divi Veri | Aug., donato donis militarib. bello Ar meni- acd et Parthicd ab imperatore Antdnind Aug. et a divo Vero Aug. corona | mural! item vallari item classica item aurea item liastis puris IIII item v[e]xillis | IIII, 4 curator! operum 304 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS locdrumq. publicdr., misso ad iuventutem per Italiam legen-| dam, 5 leg. Augg. pr. pr. exercitus legidnarii | et auxilidr. 6 per Orientem in Armeniam et Osrhoenam et Anthemusiam 7 ducto-| rum, leg. Augg. legioni primae Minervi|ae in exspeditionem Parthicam deducen|dae, leg. divi Antonini Aug. leg, XI CL, prae|tdri, aedili curuli ab actis senatus, quae|stdri urbano, X viro stlitibus iudicandis. Huic senatus auctor[e] imperatore M. Aujrelid Antdnino | Aug. Armeniaco Medico | Parthico maximo, quod post aliquot se|cunda proelia adversum Ger- manos et lazyges ad postremum pro r. p. fortiter | pugnans ceciderit, 8 armatam statuam [poni'] \ in foro divi Traiani pecunia publica cenjswY]. C. I. L. VI. 1377. Found at Rome in the Forum of Trajan, existing only in copy. Claudius Fronto, according to Lucian, was mentioned in some history of the Parthian war of L. Verus. Another inscription found in Dacia, referring to him, is given in C. I. L. III. 1457. l He was consul suffectus in 166, or somewhat earlier. 2 There appears to be some con- fusion and discrepancy here. Mommsen has suggested as the reading on the stone, leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciarum Daciarum trium, prov. Daciae Maluensis, prov. Daciae Porolissensis, prov. Daciae Apulesis. For this triple division of the province of Dacia see Marquardt, Staatsv. I., 2 p. 309. 3 He appears to have been legatus of Dacia and Moesia Superior in 169 and 170. 4 The number of the dona militaria indicates that Fronto was consularis when he received them. 5 See Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 850, note 3. 6 This legatio was assigned extra ordinem. See Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 853. 7 Anthemusia is a district of Mesopotamia. 8 Borghesi declares that Fronto did not die before 170, but was killed in battle while he was in charge of the provinces of Dacia and Moesia. 17. \_Cl.~] Claudiani v. c. 1 | [C7a]udio Claudiano v. c. tri[&M]no et notario inter ceteras [de]centes artes praegloriosissimo | [po]etarum, licet ad memoriam sem|piternam carmina ab eodem scripta sufficiant, adtamen | testimonii gratia ob iudicii sui | [/]idem dd. nn. Arcadius et Honorius 2 | [/]eli- cissimi ac doctissimi imperatores, senatu petente, | statuam in foro divi Traiani | erigi collocarique iusserunt. /3ipyi\iOLo voov | KOL fjLovvav 'O/x^pov KAavSiavov ' e^ecrav. HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS (7. /. Z. VI. 1710. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in the museum of Naples. l v(iri) c(larissimi). 2 395-408. In elogia and honorary inscriptions of the later period there frequently appears above the inscriptions, or in some prominent position on the pedestal, the name of the person to whom the inscription refers. This may be simply a cognomen, or more rarely the fuller form of the name as here, and may be in the genitive or dative case, so here the first words are separate from the remainder of the inscription. The cognomen, if thus placed aside, is repeated in some cases or omitted in the repetition of the name which follows. TlTULI HONORARII 18. Italicei L. Cornelium Sc[/p]i[o>ie]m honoris caussa. (7. /. L. X. 7459. Found near Castel Tusa in the ruins of old Halaesa, existing in a copy. Mommsen believes this is L. Cornelius Scipio, after- wards termed Asiagenus, who was praetor in Sicily in 561/193. Livy, XXXIV. 54, 55; Cic. De Orat. II. 09, 280. This is then the oldest honorary inscription attached to a statue. It is in the Greek form. See page 243. 19. L. Manlius L. f. | Acidinus J triu. vir 2 Aquileiae coloniae | deducundae. C. L L. I. 538 = V. 873. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Padua, whither it had been carried from Aquileia, existing in two parts, of which the upper is now in the museum at Cattajo, near Padua, the lower at Vicenza. l The name appears in the Fasti, L. Manlius L. f. Acidinus Fulvianus (cos. 575/179). 2 In the year 573/181, together with P. Cor- nelius Scipio Nasica and C. Flaminius (Livy, XL. 34, cf. XXXIX. 55). The inscription probably dates not long after the founding of the colony, judging from the form of the name and the nom. case of the name of the one honored. 20. C. lulius Caesar pontif. 0. /. L. V. 4305. Inscribed on the epistylium of a column found at Brescia (Brixia), where it still exists, though broken into five pieces. As there is no trace of the abbreviation Max., Mommsen believes that Augustus is here referred to, and that the inscription, dating 710/44, was made immediately after his adoption by the dictator, for he was appointed pontifex in 706/48, after the battle of Pharsalia. LAT. INSCRIP. 20 306 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 21. L. Cornelio L. f. | Sullae Felici dictator!, | vicus laci Fund. 1 O. I. L. I. 584 = VI. 1297. Inscribed on a pedestal of travertine found at Rome on the Quirinal Hill, now in the museum at Naples. Coins and various writers inform us that an equestrian statue was erected in front of the rostra to Sulla the dictator in 674/80 or 675/79. Appian, B. C. 1.97; Cic. Phil. IX. 6. 13; Veil. II. 61; Suet. Caes. 75. 1 vicus laci Fund(anii). Another inscription (Henzen, 7272) refers to this lacus, M. Claudius Priscus redemptor a laco Fundani. 22. Cn. Pompeio Cn. f. | Magno | imper. iter. C. L L. XI. 2104. Inscribed on a pedestal of travertine found at Chiusi (Clusiuin),vwhere it exists to-day in the museum. 23. M. Acilio M. f. Canino | q. urb. | negotiatores ex area-| Saturni. C. L L. XIV. 153. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, now in the Vatican Museum. Mommsen has set the date as earlier than 726/28, in which year the cura aerarii Saturni was taken away from the quaestors. 24. P. Silio leg. pro | pr. patrono, | colonel. C. L L. II. 3414. Found at Carthagena, Spain, where it is still preserved in the public buildings. The reference is to P. Silius Nerva, consul 734/20. Cf. Velleius, II. 90. The brevity of the inscription, leg. pro pr., standing for leg. Aug. pro pr., the form of the letters, and the mention of the coloni, point to a date near that of his consulship. 25. L. Poplilio C. f. Flacco | poplice statuta. C. I. L. X. 5845. Found at Ferentino (Ferentinum), where it still exists. 26. C. Annio L. f . | Qnir. Flavo, luliobrigens. | ex gente Canta|brorum provincia Hispa|nia Citerior. ob causas utilita|tesque publicas fideliter et con|stanter defensas. C. I. L. II. 4192. Found at Tarragona (Tarraco), Spain, existing only in copy. 27. Aurelio Sym|phoro Aug. lib., oficiali veteri a memo|ria et a diplomatibus, exornato ornament. decurionalibus, | ordo splendidissim. | civi ob amorem et instantiam erga | patriam I civesque. C. I. L. X. 1727. Found at Pozzuoli (Puteoli), where it is preserved in the public museum. HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 307 28. L. Gabon! 1 Arunculeio Pacilio 2 Fab. Severe c. v, iurid. reg. Transpad., | pro cos. desig. prov. | Cypri, avunculo karissimo, suffragiis ems ad fisci | advocationes promotus | L. Valerius ) Marcellinus | 1. d., nepos, d. d. C. I. L. V. 4332. Found at Brescia (Brixia), existing now in copy. Cf. also V. 4333, an inscription of the father of Aranculeius. l The nom. case is Gabo. Wilmanns reads P. Acilio. 29. C. Vallio Maximiano | proc. provinciar. | Macedoniae Lusi|taniae Mauretan. Tingitanae, fortis|simo duel, res p. Italicens. ob | merita et quot | provinciam Baetic. | caesis hostibus | paci pristinae restituerit. | (On the right side) Dedicata anno | Licini victoris et | Fabi Aeliani II viror. pr. kal. lanuar. C. L L. II. 1120. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, where it is preserved in the museum. Hiibner believes Maximi- anus to have been procurator of Marcus and Verus, arid refers to the words of Capitolinus in Vita Marci, c. 21, cum Mauri Hispanias prope omnes vastarent res per legatos bene gestae sunt. Wilmanns, because of the form kal, which dates from the time of Commodus, also because of e. v., which occurs in another inscription of the same man (II. 2015), and dates after the time of the Antonines, places the inscription in the reign of Severus and Caracalla. 30. honor! 1 M. Gavi M. f. | Fob. Squilliani | eq. pub., IIII vir. i. d., IHIvir. a. p., v. b., 2 | curator!. 3 Vicetinor., apparitores et limocincti | tribunalis eius. C. I. L. V. 3401. Inscribed on a large bronze tablet found at Verona, where it still exists in the museum. l This form belongs to the third century. 2 quattuorvir a(edilicia) p(otestate), v(iro~) b(pno}. s curatoris. 31. Aster!!. 1 | L. Turcio Aproniano v. c., filio L. Turci Aproniani v. c. | praefecti urbi, 2 nepoti | L. Turci Secundi c. v. consulis, | quaestor!, praetor!, quindecem|viro sacris faciundis, correc|tori Tusciae et Umbriae, omni | virtute praestanti, statuam | ex aere ordo Spoletinorum | ad memoriam perpetui nominis | con- locavit, | curantibus Flavio Spe v. p. et Codonio Tauro iun. | Post Amanti et Albini cons. 3 308 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. VI. 1768. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Home, where it still exists. l For this form of inscription, which dates from the third century, and is common after time of Diocletian, see page 305, note. 2 praefectus urbi in 339 A.D. 3 The year 346 is referred to. 32. singularis integritatis et bonitatis exsimiae 1 M. Aur. Consio Quarto | Iimiori c. v. corrector! Flaminie et Piceni, 2 pontifici maiori, promagistro iterum, 3 j duodecim viro ; | Anconitani et Fanestres clientes | patrono. C. I. L. VI. 1700. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Rome, now in the Capitoline Museum. l From the latter part of the third century lauda- tory words were often placed before the name of the one honored. 2 Correctores Flaminiae et Piceni as viri clarissimi are found from 313 to about 350 ; afterwards they are termed consulares. The inscription, therefore, belongs to the former period. 3 promagister pontijicum; from the time of Aurelian they are termed pontijices maiores or Vestae. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 1. Q. Vibuleius L. f. L. Statins Sal. f. | duo vir. | balneas reficiund. | aquam per publicum ducendam d. d. s. coeravere. C. L L. XIV. 3013. P. L. M. E. LIII. B. Found at Praeneste, in the ruins of the baths. 2. Q. Lutatius Q. f. Q.[n]. Catulus cos. | substructionem et tabula- rium de s. s. faciuuduni coeravit [eijdemque pYO\[bavit~]. C. L L. VI. 1314. Found in the fifteenth century, in the building known as the Tabulariuin, on the Capitoline Hill. It is now lost. Lanciani (Bull. Arch. Mun. III., p. 165) suggests that the substructio was the great platform of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which temple Lutatius Catulus, cos. 676/78, dedicated. Tac. Hist. III. 72. See Jordan, Annali delV 1st. LIII. 1881, p. 60 ff., and Middleton's Remains of Ancient Home, Vol. I., pp. 366 and 372. 3. T. Aienus V. f. Med. 1 \_L\ Billucidius L. 1. Billo, | Q. Caesienus Q. f. Post. 2 C. Opsius C. f., | mag. [gi de v. s. f. c. i. q. p. 3 C. /. L. IX. 3521. Inscribed in archaic letters on blocks of stone, which probably formed the arch of an aqueduct near Barisciano (Furfo), Italy, still in existence. l Unknown cognomen. 2 Post(umus}. 2 mag(istri) pagi de v(ici) s(ententia) f(aciundum) c(urarunt} i(deiri)q(ue} pr(o- barunt}. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 309 4. L. Betilienus L. f. Vaarus | haec quae infera scripta sont de senatu sententia | facienda coiravit semitas | in oppido omnis, porticum qua | in arcem eitur, campum ubei | ludunt, horologium, macelum, | basilicam calecandam, seedes, [TJocimi balinearimn. lacum ad [p]ortam, aquam in opidum adou l (sic) \ arduom pedes CCCXd/ fornicesq. fecit, fistulas soledas fecit, ob hasce res censorem fecere bis | senatus filio stipendia mereta ese iousit populusque statuam | donavit Censorino. 2 C. I. L. X. 5807. Found at Alatri (Aletrium), Italy, where it exists to-day. The inscription dates before the passage of the Lex Julia de Cimtate of 664/90, since, if citizenship had been received, the local senate could not have granted immunity from military service to their fellow-citizen. The doubling of the vowels gives another date, see p. 30. 1 Kitschl sug- gests ad que (= et ad arduum in arcem) for this word which is net understood. 2 This word is due to his having held the censorship twice. 5. a) A. Hirtius A. f. M. Lollius C. f. Ces. fundamenta murosque af. solo faciunda coeravere eidemque probavere in terram funda- mentum est pedes altum XXXIII in terram ad idem exemplum quod supra terra[m silici\. b) M. Lollius C. f. A. Hirtius A. f. Ces. funda. | faciunda coera- verunt eidemque probavere. c) A. Hirtius A. f. M. Lollius C. f. Ces. fundamenta | fornices faciunda coeravere eidemque probavere. 0. /. L. X. a) 5838, 6) 5839, c) 5840. These inscriptions are in various parts of the old citadel of Ferentinum (Ferentino), where they may be seen to-day. The first inscription is repeated on another wall of the building. 6. M. Saufeius M. f. Eutilus | C. Saufeius C. f. Flacus | q. 1 | culinam f. d. s. s. c. 2 eisdem|q. locum emerunt de L. Tondeio L. f. publicum ; est longu p. CXvi VIIIS latum af . muro ad | L. Tondei vorsu p. XVI. C. I. L. XIV. 3002. Found at Praeneste, where it still exists. J q. is in the margin between lines 1 and 2. 2 q(uaestores) culinam f(aciundam} d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia) c(uraverunt). 310 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 7. Ansia Tarvi f. E/ufa ex d. d. circ. lucum macer. et nmrum et ianu. 1 | d. s. p. f. c. C. I. L. X. 292. Found at Diano (Tegianum) Lucania, Italy, existing in a copy. l ianu(am} or ianu(as). 8. s. c. balneum Clodianum | emptum cum suis aedificis ex pecunia Augustal. H-S t (J^ | Q. Minuti Ikari, | C. Aufilli Suavis, C. Aiscidi Lepotis (sic), \ N. Herenni Optati, | M. Caedi Chilonis, | M. Ovini Fausti. C. /. L. X. 4792. Found in the bell- tower of a building at Tiano (Teanum Sidicinum), where it still exists. The total of sixty thousand sesterces points to an individual payment of ten thousand sesterces. 9. M. Herennius M. f. Gallus | Q. Veserius Q. f. duo vir. quinq. [ d. d. s. f. c. eidemq. prob. 1 Arcitectus Hospes Appiai ser. C. I. L. X. 4587. Found in an old gateway at Cajazzo (Caiatia), Italy, where it still exists. 1 D(e) d(ecurionum) s(ententia) f^aciundum} c(urarunt} eidemq(ue') prob(arunt). 10. C. Aemilius C. f. Serg. Homullinus dec. col. Murs. ob hono- rem | flaminatus tabernas L cum porticibus duplicib. in quib. | mercatus ageretur pecunia | sua fecit. C. L L. III. 3288. Found at Eszeg (Mursa), Pannonia, existing now in copy. 11. a) M. Agrippa L. f. cos. tertium fecit. b) imp. Caes/L. Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Aug. Arabicus Adiabenicus Parthicus Maximus pontif. max., trib. potest. X, imp. XI, cos. Ill, p. p., procos. et | imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug. trib. potestat. V cos., procos. Pan- theum vetustate corruptum cum omni cultu restituerunt. C. L L. VI. 896. The first of these, dating 727/27, was originally inlaid in bronze in the frieze of the entablature of the Pantheon at Rome. The inscription can still be seen, as the sunken matrices remain. The second, in smaller characters, is inscribed on the architrave of the portico and dates 202 A.D. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 311 12. M. Holconius Rufus d. v. i. d. tert. | C. Egnatius Postumus d. v. i. d. iter 1 ex d. d. ius luminum 2 opstruendorum H-S oo | redemerunt parietemque privatiin col. Ven. Cor. 3 | usque at tegulas faciundum coerarunt. C. L L. X. 787. Inscribed on a block of tufa found at Pompeii, now in the museum at Naples. l Before 751/3. 2 Schoen has shown in Bull. Com. 1860, p. 11, that these lumina were the spaces between ten pillars by which the porticus of the temple of Venus was separated from the forum. These spaces are now filled in, so that a continuous wall thus takes the place of the row of pillars. 3 col(oniae) Ven(eriae} Cor(neliae). 13. Ti. Claudius Drusi f. Caesar Aug. Germanicus pontif. max., trib. potest. VI, cos. design. HIT, imp. XII, 1 p. p., | fossis ductis a Tiberi operis portu[s] 2 caussa emissisque in mare urbem | inundationis periculo liberavit. C. I. L. XIV. 85. Inscribed on a large marble tablet, in letters formerly filled with bronze, found at Porto (Portus Rom anus), Ostia, where it still exists. ! For date see page 126. 2 See C. L L. XIV., pp. 5, 6. Suet. Claud. 20. Plin. N. H. XVI. 40, 76. Quintilian, II. 21. 14. imp. Caesares M. Aurelius Antoninus et | L. Aurelius Commodus Aug. Germanici Sarmatici l f ortissimi amphitheatrum vetus- tate corruptum a solo resti|tuerunt per con. VI Commag. | a lulio Pompilio Pisone Laevillo leg. | Aug. pr. pr. curante Aelio Sereno praef. C. L L. VIII. 2488. Found at El Outhaia, in the Province of Numidia, Africa, where it still exists. Inscriptions describing the building or renew- ing of structures by legions, or cohorts, are very common. 1 177-180, see page 135. 15. pro sal. imp. Caesaris L. P. Septimi Severi Pertina|cis Aug. Pii cos. II, p. p. et M. Aur. Antonini Caesa., 1 Tib. Cl. Claudi- anus leg. Aug. pr. pr. praesidium vetustate | coll. mutato loco manu | milit. restitui iussit. C. I. L. III. 3387. Found at Erd, near Buda, Pannonia Inferior, now in library of the University at Pesth. * 195-197, for Severus was styled Pius from 195, and Caracalla became Augustus in 198. 312 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 16. forum populo Romano suo [dono dederunf] \ domini et principes nostri [imppp. Caesss.] Valentinianus et Valens et \_Gratianus Auggg~]] curante Flavio Eupraxi[o] l v. c., [praef. urbi~]. C. I. L. VI. 1177. Found at Rome, existing only in a copy in the Ms. Einsiedlensis. 1 Eupraxius was praefectus urbi in 374 ( Cod. Theod. XL 29, 5; XL 30, 36; XL 36, 21). 17. dd. nn. Arcadius et Honorius [invicti et] perpetui theatrum Pompei, \_collapso~] exteriore ambitu, magna etiam [ex parte~] interior [e] r[^en]te, convulsum, \_ruderibus~] sub- ductis et excitatis invice[m/a6n'cs novis, restituerunt]. C. L L. VI. 1191. Found at Rome, existing in a copy in Ms. Einsiedlensis. This inscription was set up between the year 395, in which Theodosius the elder died, and 402, in which Theodosius the younger was styled Augustus. 18. salvis ddd. nnn. Valentiniano Valente et Gratiano | victoriosis- simis semper Aug., dispositione luli v. c. com., 1 magistri equitum et peditum, fabrijcatus est burgus ex fundamento inano devo|tissimorum equitum VIIII Dalm., 2 s. c. Vahali trib., in consulatum d. n. Gratiani perpetui Aug. iterum | et Probi v. <. 3 C. L L. III. 88. Found at Umm-el-Djemal, in the Province of Arabia. l v(iro) c(larissimi), com(itis}. 2 equitum nono Dalm(atarutn) s(ub} c(wra). 3 371. AQUEDUCTS 19. a) imp. Caesar divi luli f. Augustus pontifex maximus, cos. XII, tribunic. potestat. XIX, 1 imp. XIIII | rivos aquarum omnium refecit. 6) imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug. Parth. max. Brit, maximus 2 pontifex maximus | aquam Marciam variis kasibus impeditam, purgato fonte, excisis et perforatis montibus, restituta forma, adquisito etiam fonte novo Antoni- niano, in sacram urbem suam perducendam curavit. c) imp. Titus Caesar divi f. Vespasian us Aug. pontif. max., | tribuniciae potestat. IX, imp. XV, cens., cos. VII desig. IIX, 3 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 313 p. p. rivom aquae Marciae vetustate dilapsum refecit | et aquam quae in usii esse desierat reduxit. C. I. L. VI. 1244-6. Inscribed on the arch of the Marcian aqueduct, over the ViaTiburtina. This arch, after the building of the walls of Aurelian, became a part of the Porta Tiburtina, now the Porta S. Lorenzo. l See table, p. 124. 2 212 or 213, since Geta, who died in 212, is not mentioned, and the cognomen Germanicus is missing, which was assigned to Cara- calla in 213. 3 s e e table, p. 129. 20. a) Ti. Claudius Drusi f. Caisar Augustus Germanicus pontif. maxim., | tribunicia potestate XII, 1 cos. V, imperator XXVII, 2 pater patriae, aquas Claudiam 3 ex fontibus, qui vocabuntur Caeruleus et Curtius a milliario XXXXV, | item Anienem Novam 3 a milliario LXII sua impensa in urbem perducendas curavit. 6) imp. Caesar Vespasianus August, pontif. max., trib. pot. II, imp. VI, cos. Ill, desig. IIII, 4 p. p., | aquas Curtiam et Caeru- leam perductas a divo Claudio et postea intermissas dilapsasque | per annos novem sua impensa urbi restituit. c) imp. T. Caesar divi f. Vespasianus Augustus pontifex maxi- mus, tribunic. | potestate X, 4 imperator XVII, pater patriae, censor, cos. VIII aquas Curtiam et Caeruleam perductas a divo Claudio et postea | a divo Vespasiano patre suo urbi resti- tutas, cum a capite aquarum a solo vetustate dilapsae essent, nova forma reducendas sua impensa curavit. C. I. L. VI. 1256-58. Inscribed on the double arch of the Aqua Claudia, above the Via Praenestina and Via Labicana. This arch, after the build- ing of the Aurelian walls, was used as the Porta Praenestina, now known as Porta Maggiore. 1 See page 126. 2 Claudius had the highest number of imperial salutations, with the exception of Constantius, son of Constan- tine. 3 See Frontinus, De Aquae, c. 13 ; Jordan, Topog. I., p. 473 ; Middle- ton's Remains of Ancient Rome, II. chap. X. '* See page 129. 21. Aquam Titulensem quam ante annos | plurimos Lambaesitana civitas in terverso ductu vi torrentis amiserat, | perforate monte institute etiam a solo novo ductu, Severinus Apro- nianus vp, pplST, 1 pat. col. restituit cur. Aelio Eufo v. e. fl. pp., cur. r. p. 2 314 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. L L. VIII. 2661. Found at Lambaesis, in the Province of Nuniidia, where it still exists in the Praetorium. A p(raeses} p(rovinciae) N(umi- diae) . 2 fl (amine} p (er~)p (etuo) . 22. M. M. Lartieni Sabini pater et films quinquennales aquam in fanum sua inpensa perduxerunt, Salien|tes quadrifaria suo loco restituerunt canales ve|tustate corruptos et dissupatos restituerunt, fistu|las omnes et sigilla ahenea posuerunt, tecta refe[c]e|ruiit, omnia sua inpensa fecerunt. C. /. L. IX. 4130. Found at Fiamignano, near Aequiculum, in the country of the Aequi, where it still exists in the monastery of the Capuchin monks. 23. Annia L. f. Victorina [06] | memoriam M. Fulvi Mo|derati mariti et M. Fulvi | Victorini f . aquam sua omni inpensa per- duxsit fac|tis pontibus et fistulis et lacus cum suis orna|men- tis dato epulo dedicavit. C. L L. II. 3240. Found at S. Esteban del Puerto (Hugo), Spain, where it still exists. Mommsen considers lacus. an error of the stone-cutter for lacubus or lacu. ROADS AND BRIDGES 24. L. V | cur. viar. | e lege Visellia 1 de conl. sent. 2 | Cn. Corneli, Q. Marci, L. Hostili, C. Antoni, C. Fundani, C. Popili, | M. Valerij C. Anti, Q. Caecili ; opus constat n. 4 A 0J_X.XII. C. L L. VI. 1299 = I. 593. P. L. M. E. LXXI A. Found on the Caelian Hill, Rome, now in the museum of Toulouse. Ritschl suggests L. Volcatius or L. Volceius. * For this Lex Visellia see Mommsen, Staatsr. II. 3 669. 2 de conl(egii} (tribunorum plebis) sent(entia). The curator viarum was chosen from a collegium of the tribunes of the plebs. The inscrip- tion dates 683/71, since three of the names here given appear in the index of the Lex Antonia de Termessibus of that year. 25. a) L. Fabricius C. f. cur. viar. | faciundum coeravit. * 6) Eidemque probaveit. c) M. Lollius M. f. Q. Lepi[cws M\ /.] cos. ex. s. c. probaverunt. 1 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 315 C. L L. VI. 1305. P. L. M. E. LXXXVII. These inscriptions are en- graved on the old Pons Fabricius, known in middle ages as Pons ludaeus, and to-day as Ponte dei Quattro Capi, which crosses from the Island to the left bank of the Tiber. It was built by L. Fabricius in 692/62 B.C. and consists of two semicircular arches with a smaller archway over the central pier for high water. It is built of peperino and tufa with facings of large blocks of travertine. Inscription a appears across two arches on each side. Inscription b is engraved over the middle arch on both sides. Inscription c is illegible now, but was engraved under a on one of the arches on each side. It is given in a copy by Ligorio. 1 The bridge was rebuilt in 733/21. For curatores viarum see Mommsen, Staatsr. II., 3 p. 669. For Pons Fabricius see Middleton's Remains of Ancient Home, II., p. 367. 26. honoris ] imp. Caesaris divi f. | Augusti pont. maxim., | patr. patriae l et municip. | Magistri Augustales | C. Egnatius M. 1. Glyco,. | C. Egnatius C. 1. Musicus, | C. lulius Caesar. 1. Iso- chrysus, Q. Floronius Q. 1. Princeps | viam Augustam ab via | Annia extra portam ad Cereris silice sternendam | curarunt pecunia sua | pro ludis. C. /. L. XI. 3083. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Civita Castellana (Falerii), existing now in copy. l After February 5th, 752/2, for on that date he was styled pater patriae. 27. ex auctoritate | imp. Caesaris Traiani Hadri|an. Aug. pontes | viae novae Rusi|cadensis r. p. Cir|tensium sua pecu|nia fecit Sex. lulio | Maiore leg. Aug. leg. Ill Aug. pr. pr. C. /. L. VIII. 10296. Found among the ruins of a bridge between Philippe- ville and Constantine, Africa. 28. imp. Caes. T. Aelio | Hadriano Antonino | Aug. Pio p. p. IIII et M. Aurelio Caesare II cos. 1 per Prastina Messalinum 2 leg. | Aug. pr. pr., vexil. leg. VI Ferr. 3 via | fecit. C. L L. VIII. 10230. Cut in the natural rock on the road over Mons Aurasius at Tiganimin, Africa. l 145. 2 For C. Trastina Messalinus see VIII. 2535 (144 A.D.), 2536 (145 A.D.). 3 vexil(latio) leg(ionis) VI Ferr(atae). 316 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS MILESTONES 29. a) M. Aemilius M. f. M. n. | Lepidus cos. 1 | CC_L XIIX. 2 (On the side) XV. b) [M] Aemilius M. f. M. n. | Lepid. 1 cos. | CCXXCVI. (On the side) XXI. c) M. Aemipms M. f. M. n.~\ \ Lepid. [cos.] CG . . . . C. I. L. I. 535-536. Three milestones of the Via Aemilia were found near Bologna (Bononia), where they are still preserved in the museum of the University. These cippi (a and 6) once stood on the Via Aemilia separated from each other by a distance of 18 miles. The numerals cut on the sides at a later period indicate distances on another road where these stones were afterwards set up. l 567/187. Mommsen doubts whether these miliaria are of the age indicated, since the letter P is closed ; Aemilius is for the earlier Aemilio, cos is for cowsoZ, and finally a cognomen is added ; the form of the cippi does not conform to that of other miliaria of the sixth century of the City. See Miliarium Popilianum, p. 251. 2 The number of miles from Rome ; later the miles were counted from Ariminum. 30. S. Postumius S. f. S. n. Albinus cos. 1 [<7]/X[77] Genua C[remonam] ///XXVII. C. I. L. I. 540 = V. 8045. Inscribed on a milestone of the Via Postumia, now at Verona. Borghesi has shown that this refers to the consul of 606/148. Postumius made a road from Genua to Cremona M P CXXII and from thence, i.e. from Cremona M P XXVII to the place where the cippus once stood. 31. T. Quinctius T. f. Flamininus cos. 1 Pisas XXXII. 2 C. L L. I. 559. Inscribed on a milestone found at Pietrafitta near Florence. 1 631/123. 2 The number is not legible and is known only from a copy. The miles are counted to the end of the road, not, as is customary, from the beginning, as in Italy from Rome. 32. L. Caecili Q. f. | Metel. cos. 1 | CXIX | Roma. C. L L. IX. 5953. Inscribed on a milestone of the Via Salaria found at S. Oinero, near Asculum, whero it still exists. The stone appears to be out of its original position, or the road running to the shore of the Adriatic once ended at Castrum Novuin or Hadria and not at Castrum Truentinum. 1 637/117. INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 317 33. C. Calvisius 0. f. | Sabinus cos. imp. J.XXVIII. 1 C. I. L. X. 6895. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Latina, found near Aquino (Aquinum), existing now in copy. 1 Miles from Rome. 34. XXXVIII. | imp. Nerva Caesar Augustus | pontifex maximus, | tribunicia | potestate, cos III/ | pater patriae curavit. faciendam C. /. L. IX. 5963. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Tiburtina or Valeria, found near Arsoli, where it still exists. l 97 A.D. 35. Ti. Claudius Drusi f. Caesar Aug. Germa|nicus pontifex maxu|mus, tribunicia potesta|te VI, cos. IV, 1 imp. XI, p. p., censor viam Claudiam Augustam quam Drusus | pater Alpi- bus bello pate|factis derex[e]rat munit. ab | Altino usque ad flumen Danuvium in. p. CCC_L C. I. L. V. 8002. Inscribed on a miliarium found six or seven miles from Feltre (Feltria), where it still exists. l 147 A.D. 36. a) X. imp. Caesar | divi Nervae | films Nerva | Traianus Aug. | Germanicus | Dacicus pontif. max., trib. pot. XIIII, 1 imj 1 . VI, cos. V, p. p. XVIIII silice sua pecunia | stravit. | LIII. \ b) ddd. nnn. FFF. 111. 2 Theodosio Arcadio et Honorio PPI FFF. 3 semper AAA. ggg. 4 c) Constantino. 5 bono reip. | natis. C. L L. X. 6839, 6840, 6841. Inscribed on a miliarium found at Terra cina, existing now in copy. * 110. 2 Fl(avii). A P(ii) F(elices) 4 A(ii}g(usti). 5 In inverted letters. 37. imp. Caesar divi Traiani Parthici f. divi | Nervae nepos ( Traianus Hadrianus Aug. pont. max., trib | pot. VII, cos III 1 | viam Appiam per amis'sam adiectis millia passus XV [)CCL longa | vetustate H-S |Xl) XL VII ad | hrS DLXIXC quae | possessores agro|rum contulerunt, fecit. C. L L. IX. 6075. Inscribed on two cippi found on the Via Appia at II Passo di Mirabella, near Beneventum, still in existence. J 123. 318 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS MILESTONES OF THE PROVINCES 38. M>. Aquillius M' ' f . | cos. CXXXI 1 | [M < CC CL Nl AVGG T GETAE CAESAR OFF T FLAVI TIRIDATIS LIB CQ CO LU h- LU i EX OFF EPICTETI LIB 2 .0 1 cc .s o <> X 1 Z. CD CC h o h- co LU CC Z CC CL CC m o o h- h- fi d 1 < CO =; X CL CQ A ~z_ LU o HO H CO LU E Zi Q K LU LU CO Ij 1 < CO CO oT PH 1C o 1 > z. CO Zi a fl E CC LU o N ^. >- h- Z . cc O CL > "^ JS h- o ed ^ > LU _ LU ^ 3 < 'C o cc CL . 1 K"*^ O $ w K5 CO > O cc cc -i H >- CO ' s h- co I LU y O o en CL KH 1 V CO CO CC O z. i r& LU cc CJ O CL m ? CO 1 SEVERI z: O ANTONIh VICTORIS 1 ctT CO LU ANTONIN i cc LU CL 1 d o o ^_ cc 1 Oi ^^ K rH CL LU CL h- LU cr * 5 O LU h- LU CC CL I-H CO LT ^ 05 ^ ' ^ cc ^ <; g. tr ~ ,-T _j cr LU o > CO CL CL o CO CL CL fr s i z. CL cc LU CC T* I ^ CO 5 o . v ^ LU CO O ^s 330 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 3. a) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM . XVI - COS 1 b) IVLI/E MAMI/E MATRIS AVG N c) FAVIA GLYCERA FEC 2 d) AVR - IRENE - FEC 2 e) CORNELIAE PRAETEXTATAE C F 3 /) PLVTIOR NICEFORI NICEFORIAN ET FILIORV 3 Lanciani, 'Comentarii di Frontino, Silloge Epigrafica Aquaria, Nos. 106, 324, 563, 131, 402, 505. Inscriptions on lead pipes found in various parts of Rome. J 93-4 A.D. 2 These women probably owned a plumber's officina, and hired slave labor. 3 These are the names of the owners of private houses who have water rights. 4. C - A/REL . AARlN - T . Q I - MERCAOR L 1 . F (7. I. L. XII. 5701, 26. Inscribed on a lead pipe found at De'cines in the De"p. de ITsere, France, now at Lyons. l L(ugduni). 5. COL- AVG NEM 1 TIBERINVS L . F- F- S - F C. I. L. XII. 5701, 58. Inscribed on a lead pipe found at Balaruc-les-Bains, now at Montpellier in the museum. 1 Col(oniae) Aug(ustae) Nem^au- sensiurti) L. F . . . F . . . s(enw) f(ecit). 6. a) REI PVB - SALON 6) REIPVBLICAE . MVNICIPIVM . CANVSINO SVB CVRA - L . EGGI MARVLLI c) FELIX PVBL- TERG - F Wilmanns, 2818. Inscribed on lead pipes found at (a) Salona, (b) Canosa (Canusium), (c) Trieste (Tergeste). INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 331 ARTICLES OF BRONZE, SILVER, AND GOLD 1. C E R F l (On handle, in raised letters.) B R I C N I S (Scratched with a stilus.-) C. I. L. XII. 5698, 4. On a bronze patera found at Forest St. Julien, France. 1 Cer(ialis} f(ecit). 2. . V R R AMOR E T V C. I. L. XII. 5698, 18. On a bronze fibula found at Geneva, where It is preserved in the museum. 3. CORIIKIA - NYPII . AVRV . hAIV 1 (sic) XX C. /. L. X. 8071, 1. Inscribed in litterae punctatae on the inside of a gold bracelet, in form of a serpent with three coils, found at Pompeii, now in the museum at Naples. Corelia Ny(m}p(h}e auru(m) p(ondo) .... XX. The bracelet weighs 170.85 gr. and XX Attic didrachma = 174.6 gr. i This word is unintelligible. 4. M . MASCAl . P . Vn 1 C. I. L. X. 8071, 12. Inscribed on a silver patera weighing 549.85 grams, found at Pompeii, now in the museum at Naples. 1 p(ondo) V semunciam (scriptulum) I or 1655 gr., so that three paterae were weighed at the same time. 5. CORNELIAS CHEliDONI C. I. L. X. 8071, 38. Stamped on both handles of a bronze urn found at Pompeii, now at Naples in the museum. 6 - IHOVWOOiN IdIO d SORS - MERCVRI C. I. L. III. 6017, 9. Inscribed on the handle of a large bronze vase found on the bed of the river Laibach. A similar" motto occurs on a vase found at Herculaneum. Bergk (Bull. deW Inst. 1859, p. 229) comment- ing on the phrase K\rjpos 'E/s/uoO states that among the Greeks it implied the best lot, so here means good luck to the purchaser. 332 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 7. TI-ROBILI-SI 1 C - EILI - HANN-ON C. I. L. III. 6017, 12. Inscribed on the handle of a large bronze vase, in letters of the best period, found near Teplitz, in Bohemia. The names probably indicate the maker and the owner. l Si(ta) . . . SlGNACULA OF BRONZE 1. SEXcsAEBVTI P Y T H I A E C. L L. XII. 5690, 5. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at St. Martin de Castillon, France. The letters are raised and run from right to left, as is common with these signacula. A palm branch is engraved on the handle. 2. E V M L P I 5D PCS CALPVRNI A T I L I A N I Os C. L L. XII. 5690, 4o. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at Ge'menos, France, now at Marseilles. A palm branch is engraved on the other side. 3. PAREGORVS COELI . AVIT/E 1 C. I. L. XII. 5690, 101. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at Toulouse, where it is preserved in the museum. l Coeli(ae') Avitae. 4. M A R C I A N I A V G N .a C. L L. X. 8059, 256. A bronze stamp found at Sassari, Sardinia, now in possession of Mr. ( )lcott, Columbia College, New York. The inscription given in C. I. L. is a copy and shows S as the last letter, but with com- ment postremum siynum corona videtur esse. The original shows a wreath and not a letter. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 333 OCULISTS' STAMPS 1. M IVL SATYRI DIASMYR|NS POST IMPET LIPPIT 1 M IVL SATYRI PENI CIL' 2 LENE EX OVO M IVL SATYRI DIA LEPIDOS AD ASPR 3 M IVL SATYRI DIALl|BANV 4 AD SVPPVRAT 5 Revue Archeologique, 3 Ser., 21, 1893, p. 306. Found in England, now in British Museum. l lippit(udinis}. ' 2 penicil(lum). 3 aspr(itudinem). 4 dialibanu(rti) . 5 suppurat(iones). 2. L CAEMI PATERNI . AVTHElMER 1 - LEN . EX . O 2 - ACR - EX AQ 3 L CAEMI PATERNI STAC|TON AD . C SC . ET . CL* L CAEMI . PATERNI CRO|COD 5 . AD - ASPRITVDIN L CAEMI PATERNI CHE|l_ID' 5 AD . GENAR CICA 7 Eemie Archeologique, 3 Ser., 22, 1893, p. 30. Found at Lyons, France, exist- ing in a copy. l authemer(um'). 2 o(vo). s acr(e~) ex aq(ua). 4 ad g(enas} sc(abras) et cl(aritatem'). b crocod(es). 6 chelid(onium). 'ad genar(um) cicatrices'). 3. ALBVCI CHELID AD CALIG GEN 1 SCABR ALBVCI DIAPOBALS' 2 | AD OMN . CALIG DELAC 8 ALBVCI MELIN DELAC EX . EM PVL 4 ALBVCI . TRIT 5 AD CLARITVD Revue Archenlogique, 3 Ser., 22, 1893, p. 145. Found at Naix (Meuse), now in museum at Bcsanon. 1 (et) gen(as). 2 dia(o)pobal8(amum). 3 de- lac (rimatorium} . 4 ex em(endato') pul(vere). b trit(icum). INSCRIPTIONS ON BLOCKS OF MARBLE 1. a) C C I I I C) N D C C X X I (On. one side) C R NH C fi. S 2 C (On other side) 6)NCDXCII 1 d)PVTEOLANI C/ 3 C. I. L. VIII. a) 14598, 6) 14599, c) 14590, d) 14593. On blocks of marble found near quarries at Hr. Schemtu (Simitthus), Africa. The numerals indicate the number of the block among those ready at the port to be shipped to Rome in a certain year. l n(umero). 2 Corinthi(i) Caes(aris) (servi). 3 C'a[^.s(om)] (servi) or 334 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 2. EX.M.N^CAESARIS-N.R.D.A-SVB.CVR.C-CERIALS-PR 3 SVBSEQ 4 .SERGIO.LONG0.7.LEG.XXII.PRIMIG-PROB CRESCENTE- LIB 5 N VMM (On one (tidt) N VMM (On another side painted in minium} CX X X N VMM Bruzza, Iscrizioni dei Marmi Grezzi (Annali dell' 1st. 1870), 1. On a block of Carystian marble found at the Emporium, Koine. * ex m(etaUo} n(ovo). 2 n(ostri~) r(ationis) d(ominicae) A(ugustae). 4 subseq(uente~). 5 prob(ante) Crescente lib (erto) . 3. IMP VESPASIANO VI (On the other face) EX RAJ- L/T SER TITO C/ES- Mil COS 1 N 3 LXXXV Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 147. On a block of Chian marble found at the Emporium, Rome. * 75 A.D. 2 ex ra(tiune). 3 n(umero). 4. a) C XVI COS 1 XV c) c/ARO II T SEVER COS 4 LOCO CCXXX B TERT 5 OFF PELA 6 d) M RAW III COS 2 XII - CXVICOS 3 ^ c xxxxv LARG T MeSSAL COS 7 LOCO XXXVII REPR 8 OFF ASIAT C. /. L. III. ) 7000, 6) 7011, c) 7025, cZ) 7027. On blocks of Phrygian marble found at Itschki Karahissar (Docimum), Phrygia. l C(aesare} XVI cos = 92 AD., i.e. Domitian. *[T]raiano III co(n~)s(ule} = 100 A.D. 3 C(aesare') XVI cos = 92, i.e. Domitian. Blocks marked with two consulates are common in Phrygia. 4 (Sfxto} (Erucio) [Cl~]aro II et Sever (o) co(n)s(ulibus}. 5 b(raccJihdn) tert(ium). 6 Pela(gii). 1 Larg(o) et Messal(a). 8 repr(obatum) ? OK r*t INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS\JD/r 5. AVGV^N - COS 1 (Ononeside) LXXXR L. LXXX ft 2 (On another side) N LXV N Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 6. On a block of Carystian marble found at the Emporium, Rome. l 132. 2 r(a}t(ionis}. As Z(oco) indicates the portion of a quarry, this block numbered 80 in the quarry, but 65 at the port. 6. L . AELIO CAESARE NUT BAL BIND COS 1 RATIONIS VRBICAE SVB CVR IRENAEI AVG LIB PROC CAESVRA TVLLI SATVRNINI V LEG XXII PRIM (On the lower part of shaft.) (On Vie middle part.} (On the tipper part.) LOCVS 2 N II CIA 3 OFF PA 4 N LXXXVI LOC XVI B 3 Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 258. Or a column of Synnadic marble found near the Tiber. x 137 A.D. 2 T jcus, as well as bracchium, indi- cates the section of the quarry ; in this case the section is numbered. 3 CIA and B thus far defy explanation. 4 Pa(piri). 7. N CCCV OF 1 GENII MONTIS IMP COMMODO AVG Till T VICTORINO [/]! COS CAESVRA MAXIMI PROC C. I. L. VIII. 14588. On a large block of marble found at Hr. Schemtu (Simitthus), Africa. l of(ficina). Date, 183 A.D. PIGS OF LEAD 1. M - P 1 - ROSCIEIS M F. MAIC 2 C. L L. II. 3439. More than thirty pigs of lead, with similar inscriptions, have been found in mines near Cartagena, Spain. 1 M(anius) (cO (tribu). 336 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 2. BRITANNIC; AVG Fi 1 V.ET-P S C. I. L. VII. 1202. Found near Blagdon, Somerset, England, now in British Museum. 1 f(ilii). ' 2 Probably V(eranio) et P(ompeio). Date, 49 A.D. 3. HEROES A/G EX K IA/ mi COS 1 BRt 2 (On upper face.) eXK IVL P M GS 3 (On one side.) EX ARGENT CAPASCAS 4 5> (On another side.) XXX C. /. L. VII. 1203. Found near Stockbridge, England : now in British Museum. Date, 59 A.D. l ex k(alendis) lan(uariis') HII co(n)s(ulis). 2 Bntannicum. 3 ex k(alendis) Iul(iis) p(ontificis') m(cm'wu') co(n)- s(ulis). 4 Unintelligible. 4. IM 3 VESP VM - T IM> - V COS 1 (On pp*rfac*) DE CEA 2 (On the side.) C. L L. VII. 1205. Found near Lichfield, England, now in British Museum. Date, 76 A.D. 1 co(n}s(idibus). 2 de Cea(ngis). 5. IMP CAES HADRIANI - AVG - MET - LVT 1 C. L L. VII. 1208. Found near Matlock, Derbyshire, England, now in British Museum. Date 117-138. l met(alloruiri) Lut(udensium ?). PIGS OF SILVER 1. E X F F L H N R I N I - C. L L. VII. 1196. Found in Tower of London together with coins of Arcadius and Honorius, now in British Museum, ex of(ficina) Fl(avii?\ 2. EX OF PA T R I C I C. I. L. VII. 1198. Found near Coleraine, Ireland, now in British Museum. 1. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 337 INSCRIPTIONS ON TILES AND BRICKS a) COS CN . OC C - SC 1 C- /W 2 &) L . NAEV 3 - | C08 - L COTT | L . MAN c) M COCCIO L . GELLIO COS 4 | L I/IAEVI - L F d) M . CRASSO CN LbJV COS 5 | L - N>VI FELIC C.L L. I a ) 777, 6) 784, c) 795, d} 797. Stamped inscriptions on bi found at Veleia, Italy, now in the museum at Parma. 1 co(n)s(iilibus) Cn. Oc(tavio) C. Sc(ribonio), 678/76. 2 C. M u . . . ., the name of the figulus who alone made stamps "with letters sunk beneath the surface while the others made inscriptions in relief. 8 L. Naevius figulus of 686/68-710/44. 4 718/36. 5 740/14. BRICKS FOUND IN ROME 1. ^ OP DOL EX PR AIACIA AR\L EPAGft 1 MAXIM ET AVIT COS 2 C. L L. XV. 9. Impressed on bricks found on the Esquiline, Via Latina, and elsewhere in and about Rome. l expr(aedis) Aiacia(nis) Arul(eni) Epagath(i}. 2 144. 2. ^ M R L 1 Q AQVILIO NIGRO M REBVLO APRONIANO COS 2 BRV 3 C. /. L. XV. 25. Impressed on bricks found in walls between the Pantheon and Baths of Agrippa. * M. E(utili) L(upi). 2 117. * Bru(tiana\ 3. O a) OP DOL EX PR C FVL PLAVT PR PR C V 1 COS II FIG BVCCONIA cm 6) L-NVMER IVSTVS - FEC C. 1. L. XV. 47. Impressed on bricks found in tearing down the church of S. Peter and Marcellinus, near the Lateran. l ex pr(aedis} C. Ful(vi) Plaut(iani) pr(aefecti) pr(aetorio) c(larissimi} v(iri). The date is between 203 and 205. b is on the same brick as a, but in a differently shaped stamp. LAT. IN8CRIP. 22 338 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 4. EX PRAEDI ANNI LIBO OPV I I SALA 1 EX OF ANNI DECEMB 2 SERVIANO III ET VARO C. I. L. XV. 512. Impressed on bricks found in the Gardens of Sallust and elsewhere in Home, also at Ostia. l opu(s) Sala(rese). 2 ex of(flcina) Anni Decemb(ris). The date is 134. 5. ^ EX - OFIC OP DOL . EX . PR CAES - "N Q - OPPI - PROCVLI 1 C. L L. XV. 364. Impressed on bricks found in many places in and about Rome, e.g. on the Esquiline, Via Appia. J op(us') dol(iare) ex pr(aedis) Caes(aris) n(ostri'), (ex officina) Q Oppi Proculi. 6. ^ OP - DOL . EX . PRAED AVG N FIG OCEANAS MAIORES C. L L. XV. 371. Impressed on bricks found oh the Esquiline, on the Via Ardeatina, Via Appia, etc. This dates in the time of Severus. 7. O EX . PRAEDIS HEREDVM CC VV PASSENI AE PETRONIAE . NEG - VAL - CATVLLO C F C. I. L. XV. 419. Impressed on bricks found, among other places in Rome on the banks and in the bed of the Tiber, in the cemetery of S. Peter and Marcellinus, also in the Stadium of Domitian, near the temple of Juppiter Stator. ex praedis heredum (duorum) c(larissimorum) v(ir- orum) Passeniae Petroniae c(larissimae) f(eminae}, neg (otiatore) Val- (erio) Catullo. This dates in the time of Commodus. 8. EXFIGDOMITIAE DOMITIANI SVLPICIANV 1 C. L L. XV. 550. Impressed in liUerae cavae on bricks found in the Forum Romanum near Basilica lulia, near the Baths of Diocletian, and elsewhere in and about Rome. J iSulpicianu(m) (opus). The date is about 123 A.D. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 339 9. ^ DE FIG PEDANIES QVINTILL> CONDV 1 C LABERIVS ZOSIMV G. L L. XV. 643. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine, and on the banks arid in the bed of the Tiber. This dates in the early part of the reign of Hadrian. l conductor or (quas) condu(xit). 10. ^ TEG TVN DOL 1 . EVTVCHVS SE IVLIAE PROCVL/E 2 C. L L. XV. 647. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine and Esquiline, also in and about the Tiber. 1 teg(ula) Tun(neiana) dol(iaris). 2 se(rvus) luliae Proculae (fecit). 11. ^ VALER NICE 1 EX "PR PL . AVG 2 OP . D P/TIN ET APRON SOO C. L L. XV. 692. Impressed on bricks found in extensive ruins perhaps of the baths of Agrippa or of the temple of Minerva, in the Gardens of Sallust, and elsewhere in Rome. The date is 123. l Valer(iae) Nice(nis). * Pl(otinae} Aug(ustae) or Aug(usti). 12. ^ OPVS DOL EX - PR AVRELI CAES T FAVS TINAE AVG VLPI - ANE CETIANI C. L L. XV. 719. Impressed on a brick now in museum at Paris. The date is about 100. 13. ^ DOL . ANTEROTIS SEVERI 1 CAESARIS N C. I L. XV. 811. Impressed on bricks from the Pantheon. * Severi(ani). 14. ^ EX - FIG - Q ASINI MARCELLI D OP F . C . NVNFORTVNA. 1 Q ART P> ET FRONA COS 340 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. XV. 847. Impressed on bricks found on the Falatine, in the Gardens of Sallust, on the Esquiline and elsewhere in Rome. 1 C. Nun(nidius} Fortuna(tus}. The date is 123. 15. OP DOL . EX . P DOM - LVC EX FIG - QVARTIONIS C. L L. XV. 1063. Impressed on a brick found on the Via Tiburtina. The date is about 140. 16. ^ VAL QVI - FEC 1 CN DON/f - AAANDI C. I. L. XV. 1097. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine. The date is about 75-108. l val(eat) quifec(it). 17. a) LEG II ADI P F b) LEG II ADI P F ANT 1 C. I. L. III. 3750. Impressed on bricks found in many places in Pannonia Inferior, principally at Buda and Se'te'ny. l Ant(oniniana}. 18. a) LEG X G P F b) LEG XIII GUM IV c) LEG XIII GE - R/FI 1 C. L L. III. a) 4659, 6) and c) 4660. Impressed on bricks found in Pannonia Superior. l The officer in charge of the manufacture of bricks. 19. a) LEG XXII P - P F 1 IVL PRIMVS - F 2 Brambach, /riser. Ehen. 1491. Impressed on bricks found in the neighbor- hood of Mainz. l p(rimigenia} p(ia) f(idelis'). . 2 /(ecft). That Julius Primus was figulus for this legion is shown by the frequent occurrence of his name on the bricks stamped XXII. 20. VEXIL 1 - LEGIONVM I VIII XI - Xllll . XXI Bull. Epigraph., Vol. IV. 1884, p. 66. Impressed on bricks found at Mirebeau. 1 vexil(lationes). INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 341 21. a) COM I . \LP . P 1 6) COM . VII BR AN 2 (7. /. L. III. 3756, 3757. Impressed on bricks found at Buda in Pannonia Inferior. l P(annoniorum?). ' 2 Br(eucorum) An(toniniana)* Dolia. 1. (Caduceus) VESSELS OF CLAY D . F 1 C CLVENTI * AMPLIATI > branch, /~rD I MT U\/C C C2 \ (Crescent, palm branch, hv ^ O I" I wreath) C. I. L. X. 8047, 7. Impressed on dolia found at Pompeii. x de f(iglinis) ? 2 s(ervus) f(ecit). 2. PHILEROS M.FVLVI-SER C. I. L. X. 8047, 15. Impressed on a dolium found at Pompeii. 3. S E R - A L-L 1 /EC I T C. L L. XII. 5684, 1. Impressed on a dolium found at Nismes. l Unknown women. Amphorae. 4. M . S A. N A N S A" 1 C. I. L. XII. 5683, 267. Stamped on an amphora found at Ste-Colombe, now at Lyons. J Sat(urnini'). 5. SAXOFERREO C. L L. XII. 5683, 272. Stamped on an amphora in the museum at Aries. 342 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 6. M . H CC I . L . F - "ft O 1 G A_ E N V S 2 G. L L. XII. 5683, 296. Stamped on an amphora found at Uzes (Ucetia), France, perhaps brought from Italy. l Tro(mentina). 2 Qaleon[i]s. 7. C POMPONiO C ANICIO COS EX FVNDO BADIANO BISF- ID AVQ BIMVM G. L L. IV. 2551. Painted in white coloring on the fragment of an amphora found at Pompeii, where it is still preserved. It is unknown to what year the consuls should be assigned. An Anicius Cerialis was consul in 65 A.D., and his colleague is not known, hence some assign the amphora to this date. The third line seems to indicate that the wine, already two years old, was placed in the amphora on the Ides of August. Cf. Hor. Car. III. 8, 9. BISF is inexplicable. Schoene suggests DIFF (usum). 8. F A V S T I C L A V D I MM COS L V I T E L L I Ml C. L L. IV. 2553. Painted in red on an amphora found in Pompeii, where it still remains. We know from Pliny, N. H. XIV. 62, that the Faus(ti- anum} vinum was the best kind of Falernian wine. The date is 47 A.D. 9. SV? R X X I VESPASIANO Ml ET-FILIO-C^S C. L L. IV. 2555. Painted on the neck of an amphora found at Pompeii, existing in copy. Since Vespasian was consul III in 71, with Cocceius Nerva as colleague, and Domitianus and Pedius Cascus were the suffecti of the same year, Mommsen suggests that II should stand in place of III. But in Pliny, JV. H. II. 57, we find imperatoribus Vcspasianis patre tertiumfilio II or iterum (Paris Ms. eius} consulibus. Henzen has INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 343 suggested that Pliny and the writer of the inscription carelessly named as colleagues those who, though consuls of the same year, did not hold office at the same time. In the quotation from Pliny, II or iterum must be rejected. 10. L I Q V A M E N P T I M V M C. /. L. IV. 2592. Painted in black coloring on a small pitcher found at Pompeii, now in museum at Naples. 11. PRESTA - Ml - SINCERV- SIC - TEAMET QVECVSTO- DIT ORTVVENVS C. L L. IV. 2776. Inscribed with a graphium in the clay before baking on the bowl of a vase found at Pompeii, now at Naples. Presta mi sin- ceru(m') ; sic te amet qn(a)e custodit (Ji)ortu(m} Venus. Cf. Varro, De 1$. E. I 1, 6. Item adveneror Minervam et Venerem quarum unius pro- curatio oliveti alterius hortorum. 12. G E N I P P V L I F E L I C I T E R C. L L. XII. 5687, 44. Stamped on the flange of a red earthen vase found at Vienne, France. Similar expressions are found on other vases, e.g. mihi et meis feliciter (46), Sequanis feliciter (50). On one side. (Marsyas stands playing on a double flute. Apollo, sitting, holds the lyre and plectrum. Gods and goddesses are gathered about.} 13. PALLADOS EN STVDIO DIDI CISTI MARSYAS CANV 1 DV MQVE TIBI TITVLVM QVAE RIS MALA POENA REMAS 2 On the other side. (Hercules ; Bacchus and Ariadne sitting on a couch ; two satyrs, Silenus, a Bacchanet ; on the right leg of Hercules is inscribed the following:) APOLLINAR 3 CERA 344 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS G. I. L. XII. 5687, 9. Stamped on a large flask which was probably found in the south of Gaul, now in + ,he museum of S. Germain. l Cantu(m). 2 rema(n)s(it). 3 Apollinar(is), the name of the artist. 14. (Onone*ide) OSPITA REPLE LAGONA CERVESA (On me other side) COPO CNODITV ABES EST REPLENDA Mowat, Inscriptions de Paris, p. 69. Painted on a vase found at Paris. (H)ospita, reple lagona(m) cerves(i)a! Copo, conditu(m) (h)abes, est replenda. Paterae. 15. a) SEX - | ANNI, SEX ANN, ANNVS etc. b) CN . ATEI, CNEEI, GN . /, ATEI, ATE etc. c) ATTICVS [ L* ANNI, OF ATICI, 7TTI etc. d) FELIX- F, FELICIS NAN, FELICIS M, FELIX FEC etc. Wilmanns, 2833. Stamped inscriptions found on paterae and other clay vessels, particularly throughout Spain and Italy. 16. a) ALBINVS, ALBINI, ALBINI MA, ALBINVS FE etc. b) OF CALVI c) GERMANVS, GERMAN F d) IVCVNDVS, OF IVCVND e) PRISCVS, PRISCI MAN Wilmanns, 2833. Stamped inscriptions found in general in Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Illyria. Pelves. 17. APOLLONI-ET (Palm branch) I S M A R I C N CN (Palm branch) DOMITIORVM C. I. L. X. 8048, 7. Stamped on a shallow bowl found at Pompeii. 18. CN-DOMITIVS sECVN DVS . FEC C. L L. X. 8048, 18. Stamped on the flange of a bowl found at Pompeii. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 345 Lamps. 19. a) C OPPI RES b) C COR VRS c) L CAE SAE d) FORTIS C. I. L. a) II. 4969, 41 ; 6) IX. 6081, 22 ; c) 6081, 13 ; d) 6081, 33. Stamped inscriptions on lamps found generally in Italy and Spain. They frequently exhibit the tria nomina. 20. a) FORTIS b) STROBILI c) ATIMETI d) COMVNIS e) CRESCE C. L L. XII. 5682. a) 50 ; 6) 110 ; c) 9 ; d) VII. 1330, 10 ; e) III. 12012, 6. Stamped inscriptions on lamps found generally in Britain, Gaul, and Illyricum. 21. B C I V I S S E R 1 (7. /. L. II. 4969, 2. Stamped inscription on a lamp found in Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain ; also found in Italy. l str(vatos). 22. A N N V M N V M FA/ ST V M F E L I C E M M I H H V C 1 (7. L L. II. 4969, 3. Stamped on lamps found frequently in Italy and Spain. l mih(i} hu(n)c. 23. EX Fl 1 VIC T OR I S C. L L. II. 4969, 54. Stamped in a circle on a lamp found at Tarragona (Tarraco), in Spain. * ofi(cina). 346 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Vascula Catena. 24. a) If CANol^EloS \i F - FECIT . CAl/ENoS b) C GABINIO/ / T N CALIINO c) RIITVS GABINIO C S CAHIBVS MIIC Til 1 d) RIITVS - GABINIO - C s CAI/EBVS - FECIT E e) L . GABINIVS L . F - FIICIT /) SIIRVIO QABINIO . T S - I'MCIT C. L L. X. 8054. These inscriptions are stamped with bas reliefs on the inside of the bowls or paterae found at Calvi (Gales in Campania), now in various museums at Rome, Paris, and St. Petersburg. The form of the letters points to a period prior to the second Punic war. J Perhaps fec(i) te(stam). THE DUENOS INSCRIPTION love Sat. deivos qoi med mitat, nei ted endo cosmis virco sied, asted, noisi Ope Toitesiai pakari vois. Duenos med feced en manom, einom dze noine med mano stated. An earthen vase found in 1880 at Rome on the Quirinal, now at Rome in the possession of H. Dressel. The purpose of the bowl and its inscription has been variously explained by scholars, but without satisfactory and conclusive results. See page 16. H. Dressel in Ann. delV 1st. 1880, p. 158. H. Jordan, Bull. delV 1st. 1881, p. 81; Hermes, XVI. 1881, p. 225; Vindidae Sermonis Latini Antiquissimi, Konigsberg, 1882. Fr. Buecheler, Rhein. Mus. XXXVI. 1881, p. 235. H. Ost- hoff, Rhein. Mus. XXXVI. 1881, p. 481. M. Breal, Gomptes-rendus des Seances de VAcademie des Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres, Paris, 1882, IV series, vol. X. p. 23 ; Revue Archeol VII. 1882, p. 82. C. Pauli, Altitalische Studien, I. Hannover, 1883. E. Baehrens, Neue lahrb. 129, 1885, p. 833. Comparetti, IS Iscrizione de Vaso Dressel, Museo Italiano I. Firenze, 1885. The various interpretations are as follows : qoi med mitat = qui me mittat Dressel, Buecheler, Osthoff, Jordan. mittat = optative, Dressel ; future, Buecheler ; potential = quisquis mittat, Jordan. INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 347 love Sat. deivos = lovi Sat(urno) deis, Dressel, Buecheler ; = lovei, Jordan ; Iove(m) Sat(urnom) deos, Osthoff ; loveis at deivos = Iiippiter aut deus ! Breal. nei ted endo cosmis virco sied = ne te intus comes virgo sit, Dressel, Bue- cheler ; ne in te comis virgo sit, Jordan ; netted endo cosmis vir cosied = nitat, i.e. nitatur (curet} intus comis vir consit, Osthoff ; nei ted endo cosmisu irco, sied, i.e. ne te endo, commissi ergo, sit, Br&il. asted noisi ope toitesiai pakari vois, i.e. adstet, nisi Opi Ttttesiae pacari vis, Dressel, Buecheler, Osthoff ; ast nisi, etc. = Jordan ; ast ted nois, io peto, ites iai pakari vois = ast te nobis, eo penso, Xtrcus Us, pacari vclis, Bre'al. Duenos med feced = Duenus me fecit, Dresstl, Buecheler, Jordan, Bre'al ; en manom, i.e. proper mortuum, Dressel, Buecheler ; ad manium sacrum, Jordan ; in bonum, Bre'al. einom dze noine med mano statod = et die nono me mortuo sistito, Dressel, Buecheler ; igitur die noni me mano sistito, Jordan ; einom duenoi ne med malo statod = nunc Dueno ne me malo sistito, Bre'al. Conway, in the American Journal of Philology, X. 1889, p. 445, regards the inscription as an exsecratio, and interprets thus : Io. Vei. Sat. deivos qoi med mitat nei ted endo cosmis virco sied. Asted noisi Ope Toitesiai pacari vois. Duenos med feced en Manom, einom Duenoi ne med malo statod. May the gods Jove, Vejove, Saturn (grant) that Proserpine, to whom they suffer this vase to be dispatched, show thee no favour. Unless thou, indeed, art willing to make thy peace with Ops Toitesia. Duenos made me (as a curse) against Maims, and let not evil fall to Duenos from me. CHAPTER VIII DOCUMENTS INSTKUMENTA EPIGRAPHIC material may be divided, as has been shown above, into two great classes. The first class, tituli, has been treated in what has just preceded. It now remains to consider the second class, instrumenta. These are documents which have been placed for publication and preservation on stone and metal, and which have an importance in themselves and in the information which they convey, apart from the objects upon which they appear. They are, however, of such a character, as to place them in the field of Eoman literature and law, rather than in the domain of epigraphy. Since, however, such documents have been preserved for us in inscriptions, as well as in the works of ancient writers, it belongs to the student of epigraphy to consider what documents have thus come down to us, their formal presentation as well as the principles which appear to have controlled their individual form and arrange- ment. LAWS AND PLEBISCITES (Leges et Plebi Scita) The word lex, originally a special term Denoting the enactments of the comitia centuriata, after the equalization of the legislative authority of the comitia tributa with that of the patrician comitia, and the recognition of plebi scita as leges through the passage of the Lex Hortensia, 467/287, became a generic term applicable alike to the enactments of both bodies. Hence we find in the Lex Latina Tabulae Bantinae, 1 (dating between 621/133-636/118), and the Lex Agraria, 2 (643/111), the phrase ex hace lege plebeive scito. 348 LAWS AND PLEBISCITES 349 Leges and plebi sdta are arranged in three divisions. I. Index or Praescriptio; II. Rogatio, the body of the law; III. Sanctio, the conclusion. I. The index or praescriptio sets forth in stereotyped form the name of the proposer (rogator) of the law, the office of the same, the place, the day of the month, and, finally, the name of the body (centuria, tribus) entitled to vote first, and the name of the man casting the first vote. As no complete praescriptio has been preserved for ns in the inscriptions, we obtain our knowledge of its form from that of the Lex Quinctia de Aquaeductibus l given by lulius Frontinus in c. 129. T. Quinctius Crispimis consul [_d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia}~\ populum iure rogavit populusque iure scivit in foro pro rostris aedis divi lulii pr(idie) [A:.] lulias. Tribus Sergio, principium fuit, pro tribu Sex. L. f. Virro [primus scivit~\. When the law, a plebi scitum, was proposed by a plebeian magis- trate, i.e. tribunus plebis, the expression in the praescriptio was plebem rogare. The first line of the praescriptio was written in larger letters than the body of the law. 2 II. Rogatio. The text of the law was divided into sections or chapters which were indicated either by spaces, after which, in some cases, the first word or a part of the first word of the paragraph extended into the margin (Lex Cornelia de XX Quaestoribus 3 ) or by numbers adjoining the spaces as in Lex Rtibria* The titles of the sections were in some instances introduced by the letter E- = rubrica, as in the municipal law known as Lex Malacitana (see p. 351). III. Sanctio. This is in reality the conclusion of the law, and contains provisions against its infraction, and states the penalties for those who transgress. The sanctio might also contain a declara- 1 Bruns, Fontes Juris Romani Antiqui? 1893. p. 115. 2 See Kitschl, P. L. M. E., for representations of bronze law plates. 8 O. 7. L. I. 202. Kitschl, P. L. M. E. tab. 29. * C. L L. I. 205 ; XL 1146 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 32. 350 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS tion annulling any previous act against which this particular statute was directed. 1 The lex was then termed perfecta, but if such a declaration were lacking it was termed imperfecta. Non-interference with previous enactments was denoted by the formula EX H L N R = ex h(ac) l(ege) n(ihiluni) r(ogatur). See Lex liubria, 2 XXI. 24. The principal laws and plebiscites which have come down to us in inscriptional form are : Lex Acilia Repetundarum, 631/123 or 632/122. This was engraved on a bronze plate and provided for the institution of a court where charges of extor- tion brought by the socii against Roman magistrates might be considered. C. L L. I. 98 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 23-25. Lex Agraria, 643/111. This is engraved on the reverse of the bronze tablet on which the Lex Acilia is preserved. It is the last of the three laws passed after the death of C Gracchus annulling his agrarian laws. C. I. L. I. 200 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 26-28. Lex Cornelia de XX Quaestoribus, 673/81. This law, engraved on a bronze tablet, was the eighth of the laws of Sulla and referred to the introduction of additional quaestors. C. /. L. I. 202 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 29. Lex Antonia de Termessibus, 683/71. A plebi scitum on a bronze tablet by which the autonomy of Termessus was confirmed. C. L L. I. 204 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 31. Lex Rubria de Cimtate Galliae Cisalpinae, 705/49. A bronze tablet found among the ruins of Veleia, near Piacenza. By means of this law. jurisdiction of municipal magistrates in Gallia Cisalpina was established. C. I. L. I. 205 = XL 1146 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 32. Lex lulia Municipals, 709/45. This law, commonly termed Tabula Hera- cleensis from the place of its discovery, Heraclea, is engraved upon a bronze tablet, on the opposite side of which is a Greek psephisma. It treats of the dis- tribution of corn, duties of aediles in Rome, and rules of municipal government. C. L L.I. 206 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 33 and 34. In the imperial period legislation was in the hands of the senate and emperor, so that the leges assumed the form of senatus consulta and constitution.es of the emperors. 1 Dig. XLVIII. 19, 41 Sanctio legum quae novissime poenam irrogat Us qui praeceptis legis non obtemperaverint. Cicero, Ad Att. III. 23. 2 Bruns, Fontes luris Romani, p. 101. LAWS AND PLEBISCITES 351 The Lex de Imperio Vespasiani (67 A.D.), a specimen of the leges de imperio which conferred the various powers of the principate upon the emperor on his accession to the throne, sets forth the decree of the senate as a senatus consultum and yet assumes in some respects the character of a lex. 1 The term lex was also applied to the constitutions given by those in authority to dvitates, based upon traditional principles once applied to the government of coloniae and municipia. They are similar to the leges which were given to the people of Campania when they became Roman citizens, by L. Furius, praetor 436/318 (Livy, IX. 20, 5). The following are of this character : Lex Coloniae Genetivae luliae sive Ursonensis, 710/44. A colony of Roman citizens, known as Colonia Genetiva Julia, was established by M. Antonius, under the direction of Julius Caesar, at Urso (now Osuna) in Spam. The lex given by Antonius to this colony originally consisted of no less than eight tabulae, of which only four remain, and those in a fragmentary state. C. 7. L. II. 5439; Ephem. Ep. II. 105, 221. Lex Municipalis Salpensana, 81-84 A.D. A portion of a lex municipalis given by the emperor Domitian to the municipium Salpensa, inscribed on a bronze tablet found near Malaga, Spain. C. I. L. II. 1963. Lex Municipalis Malacitana, 81-84 A.D. A similar law given by Domitian to the municipium Malaca, inscribed also on bronze and found in the same place. C. I. L. II. 1964. Lex Metalli Vipascensis. Given by one of the Flavian emperors as a con- stitution for a mining settlement in Portugal. Ephem. Ep. III. 165. X INI &I$ QVI NVNC-JVNT JTIAMX- JQ7" DnNCPS'lAj*lo-XAVMj apio.TTviRa A portion of the Lear Malacitana. R(ubrica) LII. De comitiis habendis. \ Ex II viris qui mine sunt, item ex is, qui | deinceps in eo municipio II viri erunt, \ uter maior natu erit ....... comitia II mr(is}, item aedilibus, item quaestoribus rogandis subrogandis h(ac) l(ege) habeto. 1 This is termed Senatus Consultum de Imperio Vespasiani in Bruns, Fontes luris Eomani. See Momm. Staatsr. 2 3 , 876-9, as to whether it is a lex or senatus consultum. C. L L. VI. 930. 352 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS DECREES OF THE SENATE (Senatus Consulta) These decrees of the senate of the Roman people, written down under the direction of the presiding officer in presence of witnesses, have been preserved for us in literature and in small numbers in a monumental form. They are arranged as follows : I. Introductory portion, consisting of the name of the relator with the phrase senatum consuluit, the date, i.e. day and month (not later, however, than 707/47), and place of assembly, names of witnesses with phrase scribundo adfuerunt. [Q]. Marcius L. /., S(p.) Postumius L. f. cos. senatum consoluerunt n(pnis) Octob. apud aedem Duelonai. Sc(ribundo) arf(uerunt) M. Claudius) M. /., L. Valerias) P. /., Q. M\nuci(s), C. f. (Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, 568/186 ; C. /. L. I. 196). II. The statement of the relatio, i.e. the question proposed, intro- duced by the formula quod (ille) consul verba fecit or quod verba facta sunt de ilia re. This formula verba fecit may be followed by an infinitive clause expressing the purpose of the relatio. The formulaic ending of this statement, quid de ea re fieri placeret, Q D E R F P, occurs first in decrees of the Augustan period. III. The sententia of the senate, introduced by the formula de ea re ita censuerunt, D E R I C. At the close of the consultum the word censuerunt (censuere) is repeated either in full or represented by the letter C. The same word occurs after each section when the vote was taken upon each article. The senatus consulta which had reference to Greek people were translated into that language, 1 and these are the oldest documents of this kind which have been preserved to our time. The earliest senatus consultum written in Latin which has been preserved is a fragment of the Latin version of the S. C de Asclepiade Clazomenio Sociisque, 676/78, of which the Greek translation has also been preserved. It refers to list of these documents see Bulletin de Correspondence Hellenique, 1887, p. 225 ; and for the formulae, the vol. of 1885, p. 455. Paul Viereck, Sermo Graecus quo S. P. Q. 72. usque ad Tiberii Caesaris aetatem in scriptis publicis usi sunt examinatur. Gottingen, 1888. IMPERIAL DOCUMENTS three Greek captains who, on account of their services to the state, are declared amid populi Romani. C. I. L. I. 203. Other senatas consulta date from the latter part of the first century B.C. Two fragments of these documents, referring to the ludi saeculares, are pre- served on marble tablets. They date May 23, 737/17. S.CC. de Ludis Saecularibus. Ephem. Ep. VIII. 225. See also C. I. L. VI. 877. 8. CC. de Aedificiis non Diruendis. Two decrees inscribed on the same tablet which refer to the destruction and rebuilding of houses in Rome, the first dating between 44-46 A.D., the second in the year 56. 0. /. L. X. 1401. 8.C. de Nundinis Saltus Beguensis, 138 A.D. Inscribed on two stones found at Henschir Begar, Africa, containing a permit for a market in the district Saltus Beguensis. C. 7. L. VIII. 270, and Sup. 11451. 8. C. de Cyzicenis, 138-160 A.D. Inscribed on a stone tablet found in the ruins of Cyzicus, now in the British Museum. C. L L. III., Sup. 7060. S.C. de Sumptibus Ludorum Gladiatorum Minuendis, 176-7 A.D. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found in 1888 near Italica, a city of Hispania Baetica. O. /. L. II., Sup. 6278 ; Momm. Ephem. Ep. VII. 388. The two documents familiarly known as S.C. de Bacchanalibus and S. C. de Tiburtibus are letters of magistrates written in the form of senatus consulta. See page 359. IMPERIAL DOCUMENTS (Instrumenta Imperatorum) Many state documents of imperial authorship, embodying the enactments of the Roman emperors when acting with legislative authority, form most valuable and interesting epigraphic remains. These documents assume several forms : Orationes. These were addresses before the senate made in per- son or by messenger, which formed the means whereby the emperor presented a bill or proposition to the senate as the legislative body, so that in the form of a senatus consultum it might become a law. Subsequently the oratio itself was recognized as a law when the empty formality of reference to the senate was appreciated. A certain form of oratio is seen in the speech of the Emperor Clau- dius in the senate, bearing upon the admission of Gallic citizens to the honores. This was engraved upon a bronze tablet, 1 a portion of 1 Boisseau, Inscriptions de Lyon, p. 136 ; Bulletin Epigraphique, vol. 2, 1882 ; Dessau, p. 52. LAT. INSCRIP. 23 354 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS which was discovered at Lyons, where it is still preserved. An abstract is given by Tacitus in Annales, XI. 23-25. A small portion of an oratio of Vespasian appears in the sepul- chral inscription of Ti. Plautius, upon whom the emperor proposes to confer triumphal honors. C. L L. XIV. 3608. Constitutiones. 1. Edicta. These were general directions of legislative force made on the analogy of the republican magisterial edicts. They were introduced by names and titles of the emperors, followed by dixit. Edictum Augusti de Aquaeductu Venafrano, giving water privileges to the colonia established by Augustus at Venafrum. This is inscribed on a marble tablet found at Venafrum, where it is still preserved. C. L L. X. 4842. Edictum Claudii de Civitate Anaunorum, 46 A.D. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found near Tridentum. C. L L. V. 5050. Edictum Diocletiani et Collegarum de Pretiis Eerum Venalium (301 A.D.) is written in Latin and Greek, and gives the prices of all kinds of merchandise throughout the Roman Empire. C. L L. III., p. 801 ; Ephem. Ep. V., p. 87 ff ; Hermes XXV. 1890, p. 17. 2. Deer eta. Decisions of the emperor in his judicial capacity. Decretum of Commodus relating 'to the colonists of the Saltus Burunitanus in Africa. C. I. L. VIII. 10570, Sup. 14464 ; Ephem. Ep. V. 470. Decretum M. Aurelii et Commodi (176-180) propter controversial quae inter mercatores ortae erant. Copies of this decree were probably placed at each one of the gates of Rome. The one found before the Porta Salaria has come down to us entire. C. L L. VI. 1016 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 787. 3. Rescripta. Provisional decisions on consultation with magis- trates or private persons. These take the form of epistulae, intro- duced by (ille) salutem ditit, and closing with valete. Epistula Vespasiani ad Vanacinos (72 A.D.). Inscribed on a bronze plate found in Corsica. It refers to a boundary dispute. C. I. L. X. 8038. Epistula Vespasiani ad Saborenses (78 A.D.). Inscribed on a bronze plate found in the town Cafiete, between Malaga and Sevilla, Spain. C. L L. II. 1423. Epistula Domitiani ad Falerienses (82 A.D). Addressed to the inhabitants of Falerii and referring to their difficulties with the Firmani. C. I. L. IX. 5420. MILITARY DIPLOMAS 355 Epistula Severi et Caracallae ad Tyranos (201 A.D.). A marble tablet found on the bank of the river Dniester, in Bessarabia, containing directions to the officials Heraclitus and Tertullus, and relating to the confirmation of privileges granted to the Tyrani, a people of Illyria. C. I. L. III. 781, and p. 1009. 4. Instruments Conferring Rights of Citizenship and Marriage upon Veteran Soldiers (Privilegia Militum Veteranorum de Civitate et Conubio). Among the constitutiones of the emperor should also be classed the documents familiarly known as diplomata militaria. These were formal documents issued upon completion of the term of service, conferring upon foreign soldiers the privileges of citizenship, and upon Roman citizens legal marriage even with foreign women. These constitutiones were engraved upon bronze tablets and set up at first on the Capitol, but after the time of Domitian on the Palatine. The names of the soldiers to whom the constitutio applied were written underneath. These bronze tablets l have perished, but special certified copies of many of them which were made for the individual soldiers have been preserved; they differed from the original in that they contained only the name of the soldier for whom the copy had been made. These copies were engraved on two tablets of bronze of oblong shape, about 4f inches by 6 inches, bound together into diptychs by bronze threads passing through two holes set in the edge. 2 Two other 1 Some fragments remain, because those who made the copies of constitutiones of the years 243 and 248 used the original tablets of earlier constitutiones which, though cut in pieces, still show traces of the earlier writing. Those diptychs which are extant are given in C. I. L. III. p. 844 seq. ; Ephem. Ep. II. p. 452-466 ; IV. p. 181-187, 495-515 ; V. p. 92-100, 610-617, 652, and C. L L. III. Sup. See also Arneth, Zwolf Eomische Militardiplome, Vienna, 1843, and Leo Renier, Eecueil de Diplomes Militaires, Paris, 1876. The fac-simile on p. 358 is from Cagnat's Cours d'Epigraphie, p. 269, origi- nally from Renier' s work just mentioned. 2 Paulus, Sent. V. 25, 6. Amplissimus ordo decrevit, eas tabulas, quae publici vel privati contractus scnpturam continent, adhibitis testibus ita signari, ut in summa marginis ad mediam partem perforatae triplici lino constnngantur, atque impositae supra linum cerae signa imprimantur, ut exteriori scripturae fidem interior servet ; aliter tabulae prolatae nihil momenti habent. 356 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS holes were used for fastening and sealing the diptych. Through these holes bronze threads of triple thickness were drawn, and fastened on the outside by the seals of seven Roman citizens whose names were engraved alongside of the seals. While the seals them- selves have perished, parts of the thread are still seen in the holes of some diptychs. This was the legal method of fastening these documents. The text of the constitutio was written both on the inside and outside of the diptych. On the outside of the second tablet the lines run in the direction of the shorter side, on the inside of both tablets, in the direction of the longer side. The outside of the first tablet held the names of the witnesses, the groove for the threads and seals dividing each name into two parts. Probably in the earliest diptychs only one copy of the constitutio was given, and that on the inside. One of these diptychs (Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae, 1994) is still in existence. The object of the repetition of the constitutio outside was the avoidance of the opening of the diptych. This custom seems to have resulted in the gradual neglect of the inner copy which in real- ity was the important part of the document, for some diptychs are found in which the inside inscription is scarcely legible. The largest number of these documents which remain to us are assigned to vet- erans from the alae and the auxiliary cohorts, a much smaller num- ber belong to the dassiarii, and still fewer relate to Roman citizens discharged from the praetorian and urban cohorts. No diplomata of this kind seem to have been given to the legionary soldiers if we except those of the two legions, Prima Adiutrix and Secunda Adiutrix, who were enrolled from the dassici. The formal arrangement of the constitutio was as follows : 1. The name and titles of the emperor. 2. The class of soldiers and the special body to whom the prwilegium was granted, also the department of service and the name of the commander-in-chief , i.e. the governor of the province. 3. The number of the years of service. The phrase item dimissis honesta missione emeritis stipendiis occurs in certain diplomata, thus extending the privilegium so as to include those who have been previously discharged honesta missione. After Trajan honesta missio is always MILITARY DIPLOMAS 357 Hi CKl If ST1 ABAS<:ANTI Fac-simile of military diploma of the year 98. See p. 355. 358 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS given before the bestowal of these primlegia, and hence the form becomes militibus qui militaverunt quints et vicenis pluribusve stipendiis emeritis dimissis honesta missione. 4. The formula quorum nomina subscripta sunt followed by the formal exten- sion of these privileges to their descendants, ipsis, liberis, posterisqu e eorum, a formula appearing before 145 A.D., and then not until 178. l When the primlegia were conferred upon soldiers of the praetorian or urban cohorts, the formula following the name of the emperor was nomina militum qui in praetorio meo militaverunt . , . subieci. 5. The privileges conferred civitas and conubium i.e. a legal Roman mar- riage upon those already married, or upon those who may marry. Civitatem dedit et conubium cum uxoribus quas tune habuissent cum est civitas us data aut, si qui caelibes essent, cum us quas postea duxissent, dumtaxat singuli singular The formula reads somewhat differently in the constitutiones of soldiers of the praetorian or urban cohorts, quibus, fortiter et pie militia functis, ius tribuo conubi dumtaxat cum singulis et primis uxoribus, ut etiam si peregrini iuris feminas matrimonio suo iunxerint proinde liberos tollant ac si ex duobus civibus Eomanis natos. The right of citizenship is not referred to, because the urban soldiers had already obtained ius civitatis before entering service. These cohorts were recruited mainly from the inhabitants of Italy. 6. The date day, month, year. 7. The name, in the dative case, of the soldier, together with the designation of his country. This name may be preceded by that of his cohort and that of his commander, cohort(is') Lusitanorum cui praeest C. Cisso C. f. Ste. Honoratus ; also by a phrase indicating the rank of the soldier, expedite, introduced thus by ex when the soldier has received honesta missio. 8. The formula, descriptum et recognitum ex tabula aenea quae Jixa est Romae in muro post tempi um dim Augusti ad Minervam or in Capitolio post aedem Fidei populi Uomani in muro. DECREES OF MAGISTRATES Decreta Magistratuum The instrumenta of magistrates, like the constitutiones of the emperors, assume the form of edicta, decreta, and rescripta. Edicta were voluntary statements of the rules which the magis- trate intended to follow in the interpretation of the law. Rescripta were replies to special requests. l Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 510 ff. DECREES OF MAGISTRATES 359 Decreta were the decisions of the magistrate in any particular case within his jurisdiction. The oldest document of this kind known is the decretum of L. Aemilius Paulus, the victor at Pydna, as proconsul of Hispania Ulterior. It is cut in a bronze plate which was found in Spain, at Alcala de los Gazules, near Cadiz, in ancient Baetica, and is now MY. VIE f ; QYl'HA5TN5r VM' NT Y57f D YAA-P op LYjf j'EWAT VJCXVE P.OM A N/V5- VE I IFF ACT f H C ASTRE ! I Decretum of L. Aemilius Paulas, 565/189. preserved in the Louvre, Paris. It belongs to the early life of Paulus, when he was praetor in Spain. The object of the decree is the setting free of the Lascutani of southern Spain from the control of their neighbors of Hasta. 1 With these instrumenta should also be classed the following : Epistula Consulum ad Teuranos de Bacchanalibus, familiarly known as Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, dating 568/186. This letter, engraved on a bronze plate according to directions found on line 26, contains the substance of a senatns consultum directed against the Bacchanales in Italy. It was sent by the consuls to the Teurani, a people of the Brutii. C. I. L. I. 196 ; X. 104. The epistitla of L. Cornelius the praetor, commonly known as the Senatus Consultum de Tiburtibus, was engraved upon a bronze tablet found at Tibur, but now lost. It dates 595/159. It was addressed to the people of Tibur, and referred to some suspicion under which they had fallen. C. I. L. I. 201, XIV. 3584. i Livy, XXXV. 24 ; XXXVI. 2 ; XXXVII. 2, and 46. 360 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS A number of these documents belong to the imperial period. Decretum Proconsulis Sardiniae, 69 A.D. This was the sententia of L. Helvius Agrippa, engraved on a bronze plate referring to a boundary dispute between two people of Sardinia. C. I. L. X. 7852. Epistula Praefectorum Praetorio, 168 A.D. This epistula was addressed to the magistrates of Saepinum and Boviaiium by the praefecti praetorio Bassaeus Rufus and Macrinus Vindex, for the purpose of preventing the ill treatment of the conductores gregum oviaricorum of the emperor. It is inscribed on a stone which is still to be found at Saepinum, near the gate leading to Bovianum, through which runs the sheep-path to-day. C. /. L. IX. 2438. We may add to these, the sententia of C. Avidius Nigrinus, the legatus Augusti propraetore of Trajan inscribed on a marble tablet, (7. /. L. III. 567 ; and the rescript of Claudius Quartinus inscribed on bronze, dating 119 A.D., addressed to the duoviri of Pompaelo, Spain, C. /. L. II. 2959. 1VDICEAKCAE-FERPLAR VIDVQSAC3RDOT R-SECTM-GRA/1TAT AD V I D^OVMVE-I NV RBM-WIT From an in.sc> iption giving the letters of Claudius Paulinus, propraetore of Lusitania, and Aediniiu lulianus, praefectu* praetorio, on a large marble pedestal found at Vieux in Aremoricae, now in the Castle Thorigny. Hubner's Exempla, p. 208. - adsedit etiam in provincia Lug\dunense M. Valeria Floro trib(uno) mil(itum) leg(ionis) III Aug(ustae) \ iudire arcae ferrar(iarum) \ tres prov(inci'te} (iall(iae} \ pr sua volunt(ate) posuerunt Sollemnem istum oriundum \ ex civitate Viduc(assiiim) sacerdot(em}, quern propter sectam gravitatem(que~) Sollemnis iste meus proposito eorum \ restitit. is certus honoris mei erga \ se ad videndum me in iirbem venit. Creuly in Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de France, 1876, p. 27 ff. PUBLIC AND SACRED DOCUMENTS 361 A number of formal letters, such as the above, and official state- ments of various authorities have been preserved in the inscriptions. The libellus of L. Septimius Adrastus with its accompanying exemplaria litterarum of the rationales of Severus relating to the erection of a building by Adrastus, inscribed on a marble cippus, dating 193 A.D., C. L L. VI. 1585; and the interlocutiones of the praefecti vigilum bearing upon the refusal of the collegium of fullones to pay either ground rent or more probably for water rights, inscribed on an altar of Hercules and dating 244 A.D,, C. L L. VI. 266. PUBLIC AND SACRED DOCUMENTS Acta Publica et Sacra It will be convenient and consistent as well to describe under this title all documents associated in a general way with public interests and related also, in however slight degree, to religion and religious worship. FASTI i The most important of these inscriptions are the fasti. This word, in its earliest sense restricted to the days upon which legal business could be transacted, was later applied to the lists of these days and finally denoted calendars and chronological records in general. These fasti are represented in the inscriptions by two great classes of records. Annual records and chronicles of events intended for the eyes of people in general, containing the names of the chief magistrates of the year, mainly the eponymous magistrates, and brief statements of the principal occurrences and events, are represented by the Fasti Consulares and Acta Triumphorum. The lists of days for legal business which became kalendaria, containing an enumeration of the days and months and festivals of the year as well as brief notices of a religious and historical char- acter, are represented to-day by the Fasti Anni luliani. 1 This subject is treated fully in C. I. L. vol. I. and in the edUio altera of the same volume published in 1893. 362 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Fasti Consulares and Acta Triumphorum The first of these give the names of consuls, dictators with their magistri equitum, the tribuni militares with consular power, and the censors with the lustrum which they completed. These data are arranged in chronological order accompanied by their dates (accord- ing to the Catonian era) at intervals of ten years. The Acta Triumphorum give the names of the triumpliatores with a statement of the people over whom they have triumphed and the date of triumph, and at times some brief description of the victory. These Fasti and Acta are arranged in (7. /. L. I. 2 in two sub- divisions. I) Fragmenta Quae Dicuntur Capitolina, II) Cetera Quae Supersunt Fragmenta. I. As early as the latter part of the fifteenth century a few frag- ments of these fasti were known to Italian scholars. In the year 1546, however, many fragments were discovered which were collected and arranged by Delphinius and other scholars under the direction of Cardinal Farnese, who transferred them from his own gardens to the Capitoline and placed them in the Palace of the Conservatori, where they remain to-day. This disposition of the fragments ac- counts for the name Fasti Capitolini, by which they have ever since been known. Other fragments were discovered in 1816-1818 while excavations were being made in the Forum under the direction of Carlo Fea, of the Kircherian Museum. Again, in the extensive and systematic investigations which were carried on between 1872-78 ten fragments were discovered, and finally in 1888 another frag- ment of the fasti tnumphales which referred to the years 567-569 was taken from the bed of the Tiber. These fasti of the magistrates and triumphatores were engraved on solid blocks of marble over a foot and a half in thickness, which had evidently formed part of the walls of some prominent building, in all probability of the Regia of the pontifex maximus. The date of the engraving of these fasti is set by Borghesi l between 718/36 and 724/30. Hirschfeld 2 believes that they were inscribed in 742/12, when Augustus assumed the office of pontifex 1 CEuv. IX. 1. p. 6. See C. L L. I. 2 , p. 10. 2 Hermes, IX., p. 93. FASTI CONSULARES 363 maximus. It is probable that the tabulae of the fasti consulares were engraved in 718/36, when Domitius Calvinus dedicated the new Regia, and that separate supplementa were added up to about the year 766 = A.D. 13. Although the fasti were disregarded in the City after this period, they were still maintained in the municipalities. The acta triumphalia, however, were set up in 742/12, when Augustus became pontifex maximus. The following is a portion of the fasti consulares running from 524/230-532/222. M.AIMILIVS-L.F.Q.N BARBVLA M-IVNIVS-D-F-D-N PERA CENS Q.FABIVS-Q.F.Q. N.MAXIM VERRVCOS.M.SEMPRONIVS-C.F.M.N.TVDITAN.L.F. L-POSTVMIVS-A.F.A.N ALBINVS-M CN-FVLVIVS-CN F-CN-N.CENTVMALVS SP.CARVILIVS.SP.F.C-N.MAXIMVS.lT Q.ftBIVS.Q>F-Q-N-MAXIM-VERRVCOSI P-VALERIVS-L-F.M.N FLACCVS M-ATILIVS-M-F-M-N REGVLVS M-VALERIVS-IW-F-M-N MESSALLA L-APVSTIVS-L.F ON FVLLO *. BELLVM-GALLICVM-CISALPlNVM L.AIMILIVS.Q.F-CN.N PAPVS C.ATILIVS.M-F-M.N REGVLVS CENS.C.CLAVDIVS-AP.F.C.N.CENTHO M-IVNIVS-D-F-D-N-PERA-L-F-XXXXII T.MANLIVS.T.F.T-N.TORQVATVS.M Q-FVLVIVS-M-F-Q-N FLACVS-N L.CAEC,L,VS.L.F.C.N.METELLVS DICT COM,T.HAB.CAVSSA N.FABIVS-M.F-M.N BVTEO MAG-EQ DXXX.C.FLAMINIVS-C.F.L NEPOS P.FVRIVS-SP-F.M-N PERILVS CN-CORNELIVS-L-F-L-N-SClPIO-CALV M-CLAVDIVS-M-F-M-N-MARCELLVS 524. M. Aimilius L. f(ilius) Q. n(epos) Barbula, M. lunius D. f(ilius) D. n(epos^) Pera Cens(ores} Q. Fabius Q. f(ilius) Q. n(epos~) Maxim(us) Verrucos(us'), M. Sempronius C.f(ilius) M. n(epos) Tuditan(us) l(ustruni) f(ecerunt) XLI. 525. L. Postumius A. f(ilius) A. n(epos') Albinus II, Cn. Fulmus Cn. f(ilius~) Cn. n(epos) Centumalus. 526. 8p. Carvilius Sp. f(ilius) C. n(epos}jMaximu8 H, Q. Fabius Q. f(ilius) Q. n(epos') Maxim(us) Verrucos(us) II. 527. P. Valerius L. f(ilius} M. n(epos) Flaccus, M. Atilius M. f (Urns') M. n(epos~) Regulus. 528. M. Valerius M\ f(iliu8) M. n(epos} Messalla, L. Apustius L. f(ilius) C. n(epos) Fullo. 364 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Bellum Gallicum Cisalpinum. 529. L. Aimilius Q. f(ilius} Cn. n(epos} Papus, C. Atilius M. f(ilius) M. n(epos) Eegulus. Censor(es) C. Claudius Ap. f(ilius) C. n(epos) Centho, M. lunius D. /(Hilts') D. n(epos) Pera l(ustrum)_f(ecerunt) XXXXII. 530. T. Manlius T. f(ilius} T. n(epos) Torquatus II, Q. Fulvius M. /(ilius) Q. n(epos) Flaccus II. L. Caecilius L. j(ilius) C. n(epos) Metellus, dict(ator}, N. Fabius M. /(ilius) M. n(epos) Buteo, mag(ister~) eq(uitum), comit(iorum) hab(endorum) caussa. 531. (Anno) ^XXX. C. Flamini[us C. /(ilius) L. n]epos, P. Furius Sp. f(ilius) M. n(epos') Perilus. 532. Cn. Cornelius L. f(ilius) L. n(epos) Sc]ipio Calv(us), M. Claudius M. f(ilius) M. n(epos) Marcellus. The following are portions of the Acta Triumphorum of the years 494, 495, and 632. VHBVS-DEq 494/260. C. Duilius M. f(ilius) M. n(epos) co(n)s(ul} primus navalem (triumphujYi} de Sicul(is) et classe Poenica egit, an(no} CDXCIII k(alendis) interkalar(ibus). 495/259. L. Cornelius L. f(ilius') Cn. n(epos") Scipio co(n)s(wZ), de Poeneis et Sardin(ia) Corsica, an(no) CDXCIV F id(us) Mart(ias). 632/122. L. Aurelius L. f. L. n. Orestes cos., ex Sardinia), pro an(no} DC [XXX I] VI idus Dec(embres). II. The second class of the fasti consulares and acta triumphorum includes the fragments of the fasti, which various priestly colleges and Italian municipalities framed for their own use, as a means of recording and dating public events. These are named from their origin or from circumstances associated with their discovery or preservation, e.g. Fasti Amiternini. FASTI ANNI IULIANI 365 BEUVMACTiESCLASS CVAAAAANTONIO IMfCAESARDlVIF (H UVMlWVyWJES5W.CORA/W A portion of the Fasti Consulares of Amiternuin. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 952. 723/31. Bellnm Actie(n)s(e) class (iarium) cum M. Antonio, Imp. Caesar divif. HI M. Valerius Messal(la) Corvin(us), suf. M. Titus L. f. Cn. Pompeius / Fasti Anni luliani These calendars, which, are essentially religious documents, repre- sent the early lists of days and festivals which were kept at first exclusively by the priests, but were afterward (450/304) published through the efforts of Cn. Flavius, who placed a copy of the calendar in the Forum. From this time the custom prevailed of exposing in a public place the list of days and festivals, which was determined by the priests. The municipalities and collegia adopted a similar custom, and set up in cities, temples, and even private houses, copies of the calen- dars, the originals of which were made by the pontifices at Rome. There are in existence to-day thirty of these calendars, engraved or painted on stone, and in a more or less fragmentary state, with the exception of the Kalendarium Maffeianum, which is almost com- plete. They are all of about the same age, arranged according to the Julian year, which brings the date later than 709/45. They were all made, however, in the time of the Julian and Claudian emperors, since the oldest belongs to the middle of the reign of Augustus, while the latest dates in 804 A.U.C., 51 A.D. The Koman calendars as they appear in these fasti consist of a series of columns of which the first indicates the eight days of the week by the litterae nundinales ABCDEFGH, which are repeated for the successive weeks. Certain days of the Eoman year have names which belong to themselves alone, while the remaining days are named from these and specialized by the addition of a numeral. The days thus named recur every month or year. Those recurring every month are the Kalends, (K); Nones, (NON) ; Ides, (EID). 366 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS LOEDJ-C LOED-CER-INl April 14, Loedi C(ercn') " 15, Ford(icidia}. Loedi C(ereri) " 16, " 17, " 18, " 19, Cer(ialid). Loedi Cer(eri) in 20, c(i'rco) R.OMA-COND FER-COR.OKATIS OM VENER.1 4 21, Parilia. Moma cond(ita) ' 22, Feriae coronatis om(iiibus) 23, Vein(alia). Veneri ' 24, ' 25, Eob(igalia} * 26, 27, * 28, Loedi Flor(ae). Fer(iae) q(uod} e(o) d(e) sig(num) \ Vest(ae) in domo P(alatina}\ dedic(atum) 29, Lo?d(0 F(lorae) ' 30, " u Fasti Caeretani. April. Hubner's Ea-empla. No. 976. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Caere, now in the Palazzo dei Conser- vator! at Rome. The date is about 34 A.D. The names of the days which recur yearly are the following : LOEDIFLOPc FER.-CXE-D5IQ Jan. 9 Agonalia " 11 Carmentalia " 15 Carmentalia Feb. 15 Lupercalia " 17 Quirinalia " 21 Feralia " 23 Terminalia " 24 Regifugium " 27 Equirria " Mar. 14 Equirria * u 17 Liberalia Agonalia " Mar. 19 Quinquatrus " 23 Tubilustrium Apr. 15 Fordicidia 19 Cerialia Apr. 21 Parilia " 23 Vinalia " 25 Robigalia May 9 Lemuria u 11 Lemuria " 13 Lemuria 21 Agonalia May 23 Tubilustrium June 9 Vestalia " 11 Matralia Quinct. 5 Poplifugium " 19 Lucaria " 21 Lucaria " 23 Neptunalia " 25 Furrinalia Sext. 17 Portunalia " 19 Vinalia " 21 Consualia FASTI ANNI IULIANI 367 Sext. 23 Volcanalia Oct. 13 Fontinalia Dec. 17 Saturnalia " 25 Opiconsiva " 19 Armilustrium " 19 Opalia " 27 Volturnalia Dec. 11 Agonalialn(ualiaP) " 21 Divalia Oct. 11 Meditrinalia " 15 Consualia " 23 Larentalia In addition to the litterae nundinales and the names of certain days the calendars contain letters indicating the ius et natura of the days. These are as follows : F = fastus, which marked the days on which the praetor might say the words do, dico, addico, and legal .business might be transacted. F P. This is of uncertain mean- ing, perhaps equal to f(astus) p(rincipio), i.e. fastus in the first part of the day. Q R C F = q(uandoc) r(ex) c(omitiavit), f(as), i.e. the day was fastus after the rex sacrificulus, had presided in the comitia calata called twice a year for the making of wills. These letters are attached to March 24th and May 24th. Q S T D F = q(uandoc) s(tercus) d(elatum) f(as), i.e. the day is fastus after the rubbish has been carried from the temple of Vesta. These letters are attached to June 15th. N = n(efastus). The courts are closed, hence no legal business may be transacted. NP in many fasti, but N 1 " in Fasti Pighiani. This also signifies nefastus, but these days are nefasti (hilares) because of some festival, and not nefasti (tristes) as the preceding, connected with religious observances. Mommsen explains NP as originating in an N of four strokes made, as /w for Manios, for the sake of differentiation. Some explain NF as equal to n(efastus) f(eriatus) or n(e)f(astus). EN = endotercisus or intercisus. 1 The day on which the victim for sacrifice was slain in the morning, and the exta offered in the evening, the intervening time was fastus. C = c(omitialis dies). 2 1 Varro L.L. 6, 31. Intercisi dies sunt, per quos mane et vesperi est we/as, medio tempore inter hostiam caesam et exta porrecta /as, a quo, quod fas turn intercedit aut eo est intercisum nefas, intercisum. 2 Macrob. Sat. 1, 16, 14. Comitiales sunt quibus cum populo agi licet, et fastis quidem lege agi potest, cum populo non potest, comitialibus utrumque potest. 368 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS EKlAVGVSTAE Fwir IIJI JN (H 1TI C ClIIMOREMVICiT H C ANONJAE 5 -VUl P . tVBllCXfl* A portion of the Fasti Vallenses. August. Hubner's Exempla, No. 9T3. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in the museum at Naples. The date is prior to 14 A.D. Aug. 1. k^alendae} Augustae. Spei ad forum holitorium. \ Natal(is) T.Claudii Germanici. " 2. Feriae quod hoc die imp(erator) Caesar Hispaniam citeriorem vicit. " 5. Nonae. Saluti in colle Quirinale sacrificium publicum. C. I. L. I., 2 p. 240. Menologia Rustica Another form of calendar is that which is represented to-day by the Menologium Rusticum Colotianum l and Menologium Rusticum Vallense. 1 They were prepared for the guidance of farmers, and therefore state facts of value to that particular class. The former of these was discovered in Koine, and is still preserved in the museum at Naples. The calendar is engraved on the sides of a cubical marble altar in twelve columns, each containing the list of days for the month. At the head of each column is a sign of the zodiac, underneath which is the name of the month, the number of days, the day of the nones, the hours of the day and night, the name of the sign through which the sun, the god of the month, passed, the agricultural labors appropriate to the month, and the principal festivals. See pp. 369, 370. i(7. LL. I. ,2 p. 282. MENOLOGIUM RUSTICUM LAT. INSCR1P. 24 370 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS SACRED DOCUMENTS 371 SACRED DOCUMENTS The documents relating to the consecration of temples and con- nected with objects of religious worship, such as altars and conse- crated treasures, form another class of acta. I. The first to be mentioned are the leges templorum, referring to the consecration of temples and altars, of which the following are examples. 1. The lex fani of the temple of Juppiter Liber at Furfo, a Sabine town, dating 090/58. 6'. /. L. I. 003 = IX. 3513. The introductory form is, L. Aienus L. /., Q. Baebatius Sex. f. aedem dedicarunt lovis Liberi Furfone a. d. Ill idus Quinctileis, L. Pisone A. Gabinio cos. K. I Ail JULV/IJTW JL fcCASSlOiDNGlNO NVMINI-/5VGV5TI VOTVM NENSWM. INPERPETVDM. Introductory portion of one of the Leges Arae Narlonensis dating 11 A.D. Hubner's Escempla, No. 1099. 2. The laws dedicating an altar at Narbo to the divinity of Augustus, prob- ably inscribed in the time of the Antonines, when the altar was rebuilt. C. /. L. XII. 4333. The first sentence of the lex on the front of the altar is given above. The Jex on the side is introduced as follows : [Plep]s Narbonesis a[ram~\ \ numinis Augusti de[di]cavit legibus Us q(uae~) i(nfra) s(criptae) s(unt}\ Numen Caesaris Aug(usti) p(atris} p(atriae), quando tibi hodie hanc aram dabo dedicaboque, his If gibus hisque regionibus dabo dedicaboque, quas hie hodie palam dixero, uti infimum solwn huiusque arae titnlorumque est. 3. A law dedicating an altar of Jupiter at Salona in Dalmatia, dating 137 A.D. C. L L. III. 1933. C. Domitius Valens II mr i(ure) d(icundo'), prae\ennte C. lulio Severo pon- tif(ice^),'] legem dixit in ea verba quae infra scripta sunt. 372 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS SVA-INPENSA-OM N 1 -EXOPlN ATVM Portion of a lex templi inscribed on a marble tablet found at Caere, dating 114 A.D. Hubner's Exempla, No. 1074. Vesbinus Aug(usti) l(ibertus) phetrium Augustalibus \ municipi Caeritum loco accepto a re p(ublica) \ sua inpensa omni exornatum donum dedit. \ De- scriptum recognition factum in pronao aedis Martis \ ex commentario quern iussit proferri Cuperius Hostilianus per T. Eustium Lysiponum \ scribam, in quo scriptum erat id quod infra scriptum est: \ L. Publilio Celso II C. Clodio Crispino co(n)s(ulibus') idibus Aprilib(us), \ M. Pontio Celso dictatore, C. Suetonio Claudiano aedile iuri dicundo, praef(ecto) aerari. Commentarium cottidianum municipi \ Caeritum, inde pagina XXVII kapite VI: \ M. Pontius Celsus dictator et C. Suetonius Claudianus decuriones in templo Divor(um) corrogaverunt . . . Act(iim) idib(us~) Tunis Q. Ninnio Hasta P. Manilio Vopisco co(n)s(idibus}.\ Dedicatum K(alendis) Aug(ustis) isdem co(n)s(ulibus). C. L L. XI. 3614. II. Enumeration of offerings or ornaments belonging to a sanctuary or attached to the statues of divinities. 1. An inscription on marble from the temple of Diana Nemorensis, giving the res traditae fanis, e.g. signa n(umero} XVII; caput Solis I; imagines argenteas IIII, etc. C. L L. XIV. 2215. 2. A list of ornaments on a statue of Isis, in Spain, e.g. in digito minima anuli duo gemmis adamant (ibus). C. L L. II. 3386. 3. Two marble tablets containing an inventory of the res sacrae of the people of Cirta. Synopsis lovis Victor argenteus in Kapitolio habens in capite coronam argenteam. C. I. L. VIII. 6981-82. 4. A list of offerings dedicated to the god Aesculapius, found at Kiez, in Gallia Narbonensis. C. L L. XII. 354. III. With these inscriptions belonging to sacred objects, we should also class the sortes x or lots supposed to be given by divini- i O. / L. L, p. 268 ff., and also XI. 1129 a-c. SACRED DOCUMENTS 373 ties, and serving as oracular responses in the practice of divination. These were little tablets of wood or bronze, upon which some proverb or wish was written, regarded as an omen when the tablet was properly drawn. Seventeen of these lamellae, made of bronze, oblong in shape, provided with a handle for carrying, were discov- ered at Padua, not far from Fons Aponus, a seat of divination. LAETVS LVBENS - PETiTO QVOD DABITVR GAVDEBIS SEMPER . I. L. I. 1448. IV. Monumentum Ancyranum. 1 This famous inscription, engraved upon the walls of a temple, but not in a religious sense associated with the sacred building, is, with difficulty, classed with any other inscription. Some 2 regard it as an epitaph, but Mommsen 3 likens it to the inscription on the tomb of Antiochus of Commagene on the Nimrud Dagh, in Mesopotamia. The Monumentum Ancyranum, as termed by Suetonius, an index rerum a se gestarum, is most valuable in giving information as to the history of the early Empire. It was originally cut on bronze tab- lets, so as to be placed in front of the mausoleum of Augustus in Rome, quern incidi vellet (Augustus) in aeneis tabulis quae ante Mausoleum statuerentur* and was reproduced in Latin on the inner wall of the vestibule, and in Greek on the outer wall of the temple of Augustus and Roma at Ancyra in Galatia, Asia Minor. This copy is still in great part in existence, so that the substance of the whole may be, with few exceptions, fully determined. Selections from the praescriptio and capita I and XIX are given below. 1 C. /. L. III., p. 769 ff. ; Mommsen, Res Gestae DM Augusti, 1883. 2 Bormann, Bemerkungen zum Schriftlichen Nachlasse des Kaisers Augustus, p. 15 ff. Philologus, 1885, p. 157 ff. ; p. 170 ff. Bullettino Comunale, 1889, p. 1 ff. ; p. 57 ff. 3 Historische Zeitschrift, 1887, p. 385. 4 Suet. Aug. 101 ; Dio Cass. LVI. 33. 374 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS SVB1EOT 'ETINrENSAKVMVAS From the Monumentum Ancyranum. Hubner's Exempla, No. 1090. PRAESCRIPTIO : Rerum gestarum divi Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum~\ imperio populi Eom{ani) \ subiecit et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populum- que Bo\_ma~\num fecit, incisarum \ in duabus aheneis pilis, quae su^n^t Romae positae, exemplar subiectum. CAPUT I: Annos undeviginti natus exercitum privato consilio et privata im- pensa \ comparavi, per quern . . . CAPUT XIX : Curiam et continens ei Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in \ Palatio cum porticibus .... feet V. Documents of the Collegia of Priests. The documents belonging to the various sacerdotal colleges are represented in the inscriptions by fragments which, with one excep- tion, namely, the acta of the Arval brotherhood, are of comparatively small account. 1 Acta Collegii Fratrum Arvalium. The corporation or brotherhood of the fratres arvales is believed to have been an ancient institution dating from the time of the kings, which, becoming obsolete, was revived by Augustus. It was a company of priests, twelve in number, whose original purpose appears to have been to offer sacrifices and prayers for the fertility of the fields. They presided at the festival of Dea Dia in May, for which function alone they were regarded as priests. 1 See Fasti, Acta, Tituli Sacerdotum Publicorum Populi Momani, G. I. L. VI., p. 439. MILITARY DOCUMENTS 375 The members of the brotherhood were chosen by cooptation and held position for life. Their place of worship was in luco Deae Diae ora Campana apud lapidem V. (C. I. L. VI. p. 575.) The acta of this priestly college have been preserved for us in a large number of inscriptions^wliTch--have been discovered in the Vigna Ceccarelli, near the fifth milestone from Rome, on the Via Portuensis. There are in existence to-day acta dating from the time of Augustus to the reign of Gordian, 241 A.D. These contain various details, e.g. the names of those attending, the date, place, method of procedure, etc., of various ceremonies associated with events in the lives of the reigning emperor and members of his family. They are of great value in the determination of dates. A number of these inscriptions were published at Rome in 1795 by Gaetano Marini in Atti e Monumenti de' Fratelli Arvali. The modern work 1 on this subject is Acta Fratrum Arvalium Quae Supersunt, W. Henzen, Berlin, 1874. In the account of the ceremonies as found in the acta of the year 218 A.D. of the reign of Elagabalus, there occurs the famous chant, 2 which has tested the ingenuity of many scholars. VI. Commentarium of the Secular Games. Among these instruments sacra there should also be mentioned the recently discovered acta of the Secular Games (commentarium ludorum saecularium), dating 737/17, and containing the famous reference to the poem of Horace, the Carmen Saeculare. 3 DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE ARMY* The most important documents associated in their origin with the Roman army are the lists of soldiers (latercula militum) which 1 See also C. I. L. VI. 202:1-2119 ; Bullet. Comunale, 1889, p. 116 ff.; Ephem. Ep. II., p. 211 ff. ; VIII. , p. 316. 2 C. L L. VI. 2104, 1. 32. C. L L. I. 28. 3 Monumenti Antichi of the Accad. Lincei, I., 1891, p. 3 ff. R. Lanciani, Pagan and Christian Rome, p. 73. 4 Latercula of soldiers stationed at Rome are given in C. I. L. VI. See also Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 315 ff. Kellerinan, Vigilum Romanorum Latercula Duo 376 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS appear often as additions to other inscriptions either dedicatory or honorary in their character. The names of the soldiers, accom- panied by the name of the tribus and native town, and in some cases by indications of rank, are arranged in sections according to centuries, with the name of the centurion in the genitive case, head- ing each section. Probably with the intention of making a docu- ment regular and orderly in appearance, the final letters of the nomen and cognomen, as well as of the indications of origin, are separated from these words. V MAXIMINI TORQVATO ET SEX BAEBIV S " TE88 C VASENV S T ENNIV S MO SEX PATVLCIVS T CALINIV S TVR C ARMINIV S C VALERIV S ATTICO COS SECVNDV S TICIN PROCVLV S VRVIN SEDATV S IADE R IVLIANV S PVTEO L MARCELLV S FANO FOR T PROBV S VOLATE R SECVNDV S VERO N C(enturia) Maximini Torquato et Attico co(ri)s(ulibus} (143 A.D.) Sex. Baebius Secundus Ticino Tess(erarius), C. Vasenus Proculus Urvino T. Ennius Sedatus lader M(edicus) 0(rdinarius) Sex. Patulcius lulianus Puteol(is} T. Calinius Marcellm Fano Fort(una) Tub(iceri) C. Arminius Probus Volater(ris} C. Valerius Secundus Veron(a) The above is a portion of a register of praetorian soldiers. It was inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Rome, now in the Vatican. C. L L. VI. 2379 6. Coelimontana, Rome, 1835. Lists of legionary soldiers have been found else- where, notably at Lambaesis, in Africa (C. L L. VIII., pp. 296-301) ; in Pan- nonia, Noricum, and Dacia, C. I. L. III. DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES 377 At the camp discovered at Lambaesis, in Africa, there have been found a number of interesting inscriptions connected with the army : l 1. Register of centurions of the legion III Augusta, dating 162 A.D. Ephem. Ep. V. 1276. 2. Address of Hadrian at the time of his visit in June or July, 128 A.D. This is extant in a fragmentary state. C. I. L. VIII. 2532. 3. Regulations of the collegia of under officers established in the camp of the legion III Augusta, dating in the time of Septimius Severus. C. I. L, VIII. 2552-2557. DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES I. Decrees of the Decuriones. The decrees of the municipal senate are closely related in their character to the senatus consulta of the general government at Rome, and hence are similar in form, giving the date, place of assembly, and the usual formulae, scribundo adfuere with names of wit- nesses, and q(uid) d(e) e(a) r(e)f(ieri) p(laceret), d(e) e(a) r(e) i(td) c(ensuere). A number of these documents have been preserved in the inscrip- tions, of which the following are examples : 1. The most ancient is the Lex Parieti Faciendo of Puteoli, dating 649/105, which, however, in its present form, is a restoration of the second century A.D. C. L L. X. 1781. See page 378. 2. Cenotaphia Pisana of 3 A.D. inscribed on a marble tablet. These are decrees of the Senate of Pisa relating to the honores given to Lucius and Gaius Caesar, the grandsons of Augustus. C. L L. XT. 1420. 3. The decree of the Senate of Gabii on a marble tablet dating 140 A.D. This refers to memorial honores given to Domitia, wife of Domitian. C. I. L. XIV. 2795. 4. The Decretum Tergestinum. This decree refers to L. Fabius Severus, quaestor nrbanus, who has rendered service to the decuriones and people of Tergeste. The date is 138-161. C. L L. V. 532. 1 Cagnat, ISArmee Eomaine cPAfrique. Mommsen, Bulletin des Antiquites Africaines, 1884, p. 282. 378 LATIX INSCRIPTIONS ill &sfe8i>isg^|i2lSol i^- ^ 7; t^T _-l *23 7S tt_i >=- ,^- - cSjSj^teg^S*^^ uD^^fe LU feo^'S ^' *- i ' ~. < *> Z_J ^> ^*O ^^i?' 1 !!!^"-'' - 1 ' *"*"" *"^*-' - **^ O * - F 1 *:'^ & i life i ! \; >^r; ^;'- .-^.^'^ <;< -< <--! v-^2^ W^^$. -< i ->? o ^"2 5 '5 S i 5 ^ ^ ; " : ^ > ^ fc HJ i^<5- 5 i *1S.<95* -P "Ill3|lilll,llglll afce^sa.^S^ J8pMfiL WK - jSlsMSggi||l|s|||||||;a| ' tS "g ..o! . II I ! e*$ * t --, FS^4 5 ^^3^^ ^2 ||8 II <^yo ^^^ ^8- ^S IS ^**-j ~TT 1^ l-ii -C X >^ -SL i-;-* T> ^ H- g? =5 *^ t> a^V. ^> --IO ^O V-&^ til ^ J^ Cl* tci 4^^?^ C- S'S'Xc^nEiSe^'W <<^y<^er-4 c 5r ss v$ <5; 04 oi M uj, Is! iSl ^ ^^ DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES 379 II. Registers of Decuriones. * There are also in existence two examples of the lists of municipal senators. 1. A bronze tablet from Canusium (Canosa), dating 223 A.D. C. I. L. IX. 338. L. Mario Maximo //, L. Eoscio Aeliano cos H viri quinquenn(ales} nomina decurionum in aere incidenda curaverunt. The names are classified as of patroni c. c. v. v., patroni e. e. q. q. H.H., quin- quennalicii, allecti inter quinq., II viralicii, aedilicii, quaestoricii, pedani, prae- textati. 2. The album ordinis Thamugadensis, dating in the last years of Constantine or in the time of Julian. C. I. L. VI II. 2403. The names are classified as of v. v. c. c , sacerdotales, curator, duo viri, ponti- fices, augures, ediles, quaestores, duoviralicii. III. Tabulae Patronatus. Mention has already been made of the customs associated with hospitium and the gift of tokens in portable form, tesserae hospitales, denoting such relation. Similar to this custom was that which led communities to present to distinguished persons whom they made their patroni, bronze tabulae patronatus et hospitii, which could be placed in the atrium of the house or in some public position. These inscriptions assume either the character of decrees or have a form peculiar to themselves. One class of the less formal of these documents, 1 in which senatus populusque or a similar phrase forms the subject of the verb, may be illustrated by the decree of the Pagus Gurzensium in Africa, by which L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, grand- father of Nero, is made patron. P. Sulpicio Quirinio Q. Valgio co(n}s(ulibus). Senatus populusque civita- tium stipendiariorum pago G-urzenses hospitium fecerunt quom L. Domitio Cn. f. L. n. Ahenobarbo proco(ii)s(ule} eumque . . . patronum co(o~)ptaverunt, isque eos . . . in Jidem clientelam suam recepit. Faciundum coeraverunt ille, ille, ille. C. L L. VIII. 68-69. In another class' 2 the name of the person honored is the subject of the phrase hospitium fecit. 1 Of this character are the tabulae patronatus found at Rome, C. L L. VI. 1685-1687 ; at Brixia, V. 4919, 4922 ; in Sardinia, X. 7845. 2 C. L L. VIII. 8837 ; II. 1343. 380 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. Pomponiu[s . . . .] | hospitium tesseram[que ..... hospitalem quom~] \ senatu populoque Cur\_ubitano .... fecit eidemque] \ eius studio beni- ficieis [...-.. devincti publice] preivatimque C. Pompon[ium . . . posteros- que] eius patronum sibei po[sterisq(ue) sueis cooptaverumt decretumque ?] \ quom hospitale tessera [. . . attulerunt legati . . . f] | Himilconis f(ilius} Zentuc(. . . .) [......] | suffetes Muthunilim Hi\_ ...... ] | Milcatonis f(ilius) Baric(. . . .) lf[ ..... ] | Ammicaris /(Urns') Zecenor. Ammi- caris f(ilius) Lilva(. . . .), Mi\_ ...... ] | act(a) d(ie} K(alendas) C. Caesar[e ..... ] co(w Inscribed on a bronze tablet, dating 693/61 or 706/48 or 708/46. C. I. L. VIII. 10525. DOCUMENTS OF THE COLLEGIA 1 The instrumenta of the collegia recall the documents of the munici- palities which they resemble in character and form. The most im- portant of these acta are the following : I. Registers of Members. 1. A register (album) of the ordo corporatorum lenuncularior(uiii) tabulariorum auxiliariorum Ostiensium is inscribed on marble tablets which date 152-192 A.D. C. I. L. XIV. 250, 251. The names are arranged in classes as in the album of the decuriones, e.g. patroni, quinquennales, plebs. 2. A register of a collegium of Herculaneum. C. L L. X. 1403. 3. A register of the dendrophori dating 251 A.D. C. L L. X. 3699. 4. A roll of &familia of gladiators of C. Salvius Capito lanista, arranged in categories according to the classes of gladiators, e.g. equites, Thraeces, murmillones, retiarii, sagittarii. C. I. L. IX. 465-466. II. Decrees. 1. Lex Collegii Aesculapi et Hygiae, of the year 153. C. I. L. VI. 10234. 2. Decretum of the dendrophori of Puteoli, of 196 A.D. (7. /. L. X. 1786. 1 W. Liebenam, Decrete der Collegien, Leipzig, 1890. DOCUMENTS OF THE COLLEGIA jWf OfriCV/A^AG^HAmRE FIClEND A1W VN IAM-C OMSV^AERENTEX LECt PAG&N> ITR A1V C N-L AETQ ELI CN FtMAC ISTRP AVEVSTIV5 b'L-STB, ATQ-G ANTO Nl VS NV L IG CN/^/tV ( TCN'l:^CATHOCl-SGB.aos NIG A^LP TSYL PICI vsr A-rvt. PHILIM CA/ liORDEONIVSCN^EV^Hf M. r O roLLivsrt Zea; Pagana of Herculaneum. 660/94. Eitschl's P. Z. Jf. ^ Tab. LXV. Pagus Pferculaneus scivit a. [d]. X Termina[lia~], \ conlegium, seive magistrei lovei Compagei [sunt], utei in porticum paganam reficiendam \ pequniam consumerent ex lege pagana, \ arbitratu Cn. Laetori Cn. f. magistrei \ pctg\_ei], uteiqne ei conlegio, seive magistri \ sunt lovei Compagei, locus in teatro \ esset tarn quasei sei lu[d]os fecissent. C. L L. I. 571 = X. 3772. This is a decree of the magistri pagi directing the officers of the collegium of libertini, named from Juppiter Compagus, the god of brotherhood, to spend money in public improvements rather than on games. 382 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS PRIVATE DOCUMENTS Epigraphic remains of this character are comparatively rare be- cause of the absence of the necessity of preservation and publication which naturally belonged to documents of a public character. Hence whatever has been preserved to us of any importance has been asso- ciated with other inscriptions such as tituli honomrii or tituli sepul- crales. The acta ad sepulcrales spectantia mentioned above and given in C. L L. vol. VI. are examples of such inscriptions. Wax Tablets. There still remain to us, however, very interesting inscriptions of a private nature on the wax tablets of Dacia and Pompeii. As early as 1786 and also in more recent years there have been dis- covered in the mining regions of Dacia, at modern Verespatak, wax tablets which extend in date over a period of forty years, 131-167 A.D. These are preserved to-day in the Museum of Pesth. 1 Other wax tablets have also been found at Pompeii in the house of L. Caecilius lucundus, the banker. 2 These wax tablets, similar in form to the bronze tablets mentioned above, with the exception that most of the former are triptychs, i.e. of three tablets, while the latter are diptychs, are made of wood with inner sides covered with black wax and sunk below the surface. The rim or border of each tablet is pierced with holes for binding purposes. Across the middle of the second page of the second tablet, i.e. the fourth of the triptych, a groove is cut parallel to the shorter edge. At the ends of the groove holes are pierced, through which triple strings were drawn which were fastened in the groove. The third tablet was not fastened, in order that an abstract of the deed, which in Dacian tablets appeared on the fifth and a part of the fourth page, but in the Pompeian triptychs only on the fifth, 1 C. I. L. TIL, p. 921, Instrumenta Dacica in Tabulis Ceratls Conscripta. 2 G. de Petra, Le Tavole Cerate Pompei in Atti dell' Academia del Lincei, vol. III. 1870. Mommsen, Hermes, XII. 1377, p. 88. Overbeck, Pompeii, 4th ed. by Mau, 1884, pp. 489 ff. Notizie degli Scam, 1887, pp. 415-420. PRIVATE DOCUMENTS 383 Inner face of the first tabula of a Dacian triptych. The second tabula is shown on pages 384, 385; the third has disappeared. Maximus Batonis puellam nomine \ Passiam, sive ea quo alio nomine est, an\norum, circiter p(lus) m(inus^) sex, empta sportellaria, 1 \ emit manci- pioque accepit \ de Dasio Verzonis Pirusta ex Kaviereti[o'] \ X, ducentis quinque \ lam puellam sanam esse a furtis noxisque \ solutam, fugitium erronem non esse, \ praestari. Quot si quis e[a~\m puellam \ partemve quam ex eo l quis evicerit, \ quominus Maximum Batonis quo\ve ea res pertinebit, habere possi\dereque recte liceat, turn quanti \ ea puella empta est, [tan]tam pecuni[a]m. C. I. L. III. p. 937. This is a cautio de puella empta, dating March 17, 139 A.D., now in the museum at Pesth. 1 Mommsen believes that the words empta sportellaria imply that the girl was, sportulae causa, given with her mother without additional charge, sportula having the meaning of gratuity- 384 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS might be seen without disturbing the seals. The Dacian tablets have wax surfaces on all but the first and sixth pages, which were not used. In the Pompeian tablets the first, fourth, and sixth pages Inner face of second tabula of the Dacian triptych shown on p. 383. Et alterum tantum dari, fide rogavit \ Maximus Batonis, fide promisit Dasius \ Verzonis, Pirusta ex Kaviereti[o~\. \ Proque ea puella, qiiae s(upra) s(cripta) est, 3 ducen\tos quinque accepisse et habere \ se dixit Dasius Verzonis a Maximo Batonis. \ Actnm Karto XVI k. Apriles, \ Tito Aelio Caesare Antonino Pio II et Bruttio \ Praesente II cos. are plain wooden surfaces, so that the names of the witnesses which are written in both cases on the fourth page are cut in the wooden surface of the Pompeian triptychs. These tablets are inscribed in cursive letters and contain business documents of various kinds. PRIVATE DOCUMENTS 385 Devotiones. We may also class with these private documents the devotiones or defixiones which contain phrases of ill wishing directed against Outer face of the second tabula of the Dacian triptych shown on pp. :i>8, :-!S4. Maximi Ve\ncti princi\pis |, Masuri Messi \ dec(urionis') \ Anneses An\dunoc- netis, \ Plani Verzo\nis Sclaietis |, Liccai Epicadi \ Marciniesi], Epicadi Plaren\tis qui et Mico \ Dasi Verzonis \ ipsius vendiltoris. The abstract of the deed in the above is the same as the deed on the first tabula except that it is not completed, running only to ea res ; et is inserted in line 9, earn takes the place of iam, and a is omitted in line 10, noxaque appears for noxisque, fiigitivam IOT fugitium, earn for em. personal enemies or those guilty of some offence. They consist of formulaic expressions consigning the one disliked to some sinister deity to whom the defixio is addressed. Most of these devotiones LAT. INSCRIP. 25 386 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS are written in a rude cursive style on tablets of lead or bronze which were placed in sanctuaries or tombs. A few of them are in monumental form, as e.g. one 1 found in Spain addressed to Dea Ataecina, Dea Ataecina Turibrig(ensis), Proserpina, per tuam maies- tatem te rogo oro obsecro, uti vindices quot mihi furti factum est. H ) A\ M Ai B _ -IOSTA VQ^G/y^O C A VQ^ [ 1 V O I Defixio inscribed on a lead tablet found at Bath, England. The words, with few exceptions, are in retrograde order. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 947. Q(ui) mihi ma(ri)teliu(ni) in\v]olavit, \ sic liquat (c) com aqua \ ella m[u~\ta, ni q(ui) earn [sa]lv\avit Anniu(s} vel exs\uper e(i*)us [V~\erianus, Se\verinus, A(u)gustalis^ Com\itianus, Catusminianus, \ Germanilla, lomna See also Zangemeister, Hermes, XV., p. 588. WALL INSCRIPTIONS Inscriptiones Parietariae It is difficult to classify either as tituli or instrumenta the inscrip- tions which appear upon walls of buildings such as those of Pompeii and, in less number, those of Rome ; for in reality they partake of the nature of both, so diverse is their character and purpose. The inscriptions which are painted or scratched with a graphium upon the clay walls of the houses of Pompeii are edited by C. Zangemeister in C. I. L. vol. IV. and Ephem. Ep. I. 49, 177 ff. C. /. L. II. 462. WALL INSCRIPTIONS 387 The earliest of these Pompeian inscriptions belonging to the pre- Augustan period are those painted in red on the tufa walls of the houses, and consist mainly of recommendations for election of candidates for municipal offices. N BARCHA . II . V V BO VFITA V BEIS . VENVS . POMP SACRA N(umerium) Barcha(m) II v(irum) v(irum~) 6(onww) o(ro) v(os~) f(aciatis), ita v\_o]beis Venus Pomp(eiana) sacra [sancta propitia sit]. C. I. L. IV. 26. Some of these are advertisements of various kinds, e.g. for a vase that has been stolen (No. 64), and again others give lists of officers, as the magistri vici et compiti (No. 60, 707/47). The painted inscriptions of a later date (Nos. 84-1176) contain information of a similar character to those just mentioned. A large number of these wall inscriptions are announcements of gladiatorial games (Nos. 1176-1204). They are introduced at times by some formula &spro salute domus Aitgustae, giving the alleged cause for the holding of the contests. This statement is followed by the name of the man to whom the familia gladia- toria belongs, the number of pairs matched, the place, time, other events, and additional attractions, as sparsiones, vela, etc. Lii[creti]i Valentis flaminis Neronis Aug(usti) f(ilii) perpetui, D. Lucreti(i} Valentis fili(i'), [fam(ilia) glad(iatoria) pugn(abit) Pompeis~\ V k(alendas) April (es) ; venatio et vela erunt, p. colonia ... C. I. L. IV. 1185. The inscriptions scratched with a graphium on the walls of the houses are mainly of a private character. XII k(alendas} Maias tun(icatii) pal(lunn}, nonis Mais fas (dam}, VIII idus Ma(ia)s tunicas duas (lavandas dedi or accept}. C. /. L. IV. 1393. Others illustrated by the following contain verses from well-known poets. G. L L. IV. 1895-6. 388 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 1. Quid pote tan durum saxso aut quid mollius unda Dura tamen molli saxsa cavantur aqua. Ovid. A. A. I. 475. The Ms. reading is quid magis est saxo durum, quid mollius unda ? 2. Ubi perna cocta est si convivae apponitur Non gust at pernam lingit ollam aut caccabum. Plautus, Persa I. 3, 25. . 7. Z. IV. 1891-93-94. Littera Theorianis semper dictura salutem Nomine mine dextri tempus in omne manet Surda sit oranti tua ianua laxa ferenti Audiat exclusi verba receptus [ffm]a[?is]. Ovid. A. A. I. 8, 77. lanitor ad dantis vigilet, si pulsat inanis Surdus in obductam somniet usq\_ue~] seram. Propert. V. 5, 47. CONSULAR DiPTTcns 1 (Diptycha Consularia) In the later empire it became the custom for consuls when entering upon their official duties to present to senators and other prominent persons, carved ivory tablets. These contained representations of the spectacles which marked their entrance to office, together with the names and portraits of the consuls. They were in all probability a sort of invitation to the initiatory festivals. The oldest of these diptychs dates 406 A.D. and the latest 541. 1 C. I. L. V. 6836, 8120 ; XII. 133. W. Meyer, Zwei Antike Elfenbein- tafeln, Abhandlung der K. Bayer, Akad. L, cl., vol. XV., Munich, 1879. He"ron de Villefosse, Feuille de Diptyque Consulaire Conservee au Louvre in Gazette Archeologique, 1884. DOCUMENTS 389 DOCUMENTS Lex Antonia de Termessibus de Termesi(bus) Pisid(is) mai(oribus). C. Antonius M. f., Cn. Corne[7ms] | C. Fundanius C. f. tr(ibunei) pl(ebei), de s(enatus) s(ententia) plebem premius scivit. | Quei Thermeses maiores Peisidae fuerunt, queique | eorum legibus Thermesium maiorum Pisidarum | ante k. April., quae fuerunt L. Gellio Cn. Lentulo cos., 1 Thermeses maiores Pisidae factei sunt, queique ab ieis prognati sunt erunt, iei omnes postereique eorum Thermeses maiores Peisidae leiberei amicei socieique populi Roman! sunto, eique legibus sueis ita utunto, itaque ieis omnibus sueis legibus Thermensis maioribus | Pisideis utei liceto, quod advorsus hanc legem 11011 fiat. | Quei agrei quae loca aedificia publica preivatave | Thermensiun maiorum Pisidarum intra fineis eorum sunt fueruntve L. Marcio Sex. lulio cos., 2 quaeque insulae eorum sunt fueruntve | ieis consolibus, quei supra scriptei sunt, quodque earum rerum ieis consulibus iei habuerunt | possederunt us[ei fruct- eique~\ sunt, quae de ieis rebus locata non s[?m, utei antea habeant possideant; gjuaeque | de ieis rebu[s agreis loceis aedificieis locata sw]nt ac ne | locentur [sancitum est sanctione, enific(um} o(ro) v(os). 3 Either imp. Caesaris Augusti or imp. Ti. Caesaris Augusti. 4 Suettius probably gave gladia- torial exhibitions under the direction of Nero between 54-59 A.D. Engraved with a Stilus 8. Nucerinis | infelicia. 1 9. Ill idus Aprilis | tunica 2 2 I | IIIi 10. Amianthus, Epaphra, Tertius ludant 3 ; cum Hedysto lucundus Nolanus petat; nu[m]ere[n]t Citus et Acus, Amianth[]. C. I. L. IV. 1329, 1392, 1936. l Tac. Ann. XIV. 17. 2 tunica (lauta) denario uno. 3 The reference is to a game of ball (trigon}. Cf. Seneca, Ep. 3(5, 1, si vero pilicrepus supervenit et numerare coepit pilas, actum est. Cf. Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 822. CONSULAR DIPTYCHS 1. Fl. Felicis 1 v. c., com. ac mag. utrq. mil., patr. et cos. ord. 2. Fl. Astyrius 2 v. c. et inl. com., ex mag. utriusq. mil., cons. ord. 3. Nar. Manl. Boethius 3 v. c. et inl. ex p. p., p. u. sec., 4 cons. ord. et patric. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 1298, 1300, 1301 = C. I. L. V. 8120. 1. Inscribed on ivory diptychs on which are also drawn the figures of consuls. 1 Felix, consul ordinarius in 428 A.D. 2 Consul of 449 A.D. mentioned by Sidonius Ep. VIII. 6, 5. 3 Consul ordinarius of 487. 4 ex p(raefert<:) p(raetorio), p(raefectus) u(rbi) CHAPTER IX RESTORATION AND DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS ABBREVIATIONS Restoration of Defective Inscriptions. An account of the science of Latin Epigraphy would be incom- plete if no attention were paid to the renewal of inscriptions which remain to us in imperfect form, for it is a fact readily understood that epigraphic material consists, in a very large degree, of frag- ments which would be of little service and value were it not possible for scholars to make restorations more or less satisfactory, and which in many cases have been shown, by subsequent discoveries, to be correct. It would be manifestly impossible to suggest a method of treat- ment which would be useful in every case, since this depends almost absolutely upon the character of the individual inscription itself. Nevertheless, certain general principles may be stated which will be of assistance in this most important and most interesting side of epigraphic study. It is a cardinal principle that nothing associated in any way with a fragmentary inscription is so insignificant as to be unworthy of consideration in the task of supplying portions that are lost. It is, therefore, imperative that the most exact copy attainable should be within reach of the student. 1 This has resulted in the use of the so-called "paper squeezes," which are made by moistening sheets of stout white paper and pressing them into the indentations of an inscription by means of a brush with short stiff bristles. Reproductions of inscriptions of this form have been found very satisfactory in their exactness. In the case of small articles, wax impressions are more convenient. 1 See Uber Mechanische Copieen von Inschriften. E. Hiibner. Berlin, 1880. 399 400 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS The study of an inscription must involve both an internal and external consideration of all that is associated with the same. It must include an examination of the method of engraving, the forms of the letters and words, and of the character of the subject matter, but it must also be turned to the circumstances of the discovery, the location, and the association with other inscriptions. The form of an incomplete letter, supplemented by a knowledge of what the normal letter in its complete shape would be, often determines the word which has disappeared. A knowledge of the numerous ligatures is very useful, particularly in the inscriptions found in Africa. In supplementing defective words, much attention should be given to the subject of abbreviations, for it must be remembered that certain words are regularly given in abbreviated form, but others very rarely. The most common injuries exhibited by stones are such as destroy the beginning or end of the lines. It is, therefore, necessary to determine the original length of the line, so as to calculate the num- ber of letters required to make it complete. This knowledge may be obtained from the general outline of the inscription, and from a comparison of the lengths of the remaining lines. We may say, in a general way, that a number of the lines in an inscription are of the same length. The first and last lines are regularly shorter than the others, because of the character of their subject matter, but they are proportionate in length to the other lines, and their middle points correspond with the middle points of the others. By knowl- edge thus obtained, the determination of the number of letters to be supplied may be accomplished with a fair degree of exact- ness. The next important step is the consideration of the class of inscriptions to which the one in question belongs. This is necessary in order that a knowledge of the formulae likely to occur may be obtained, and comparison with other inscriptions made possible. Other important data are, the natural succession of honores in the various cursus honorum, the imperial names and titles, and the customary order of the same, the history of the legions, their enrollment, location, and length of service. RESTORATION OF INSCRIPTIONS 401 The following example, originally given by Renier l as illustrating the scientific restoration of a defective inscription is also used in like manner by Cagnat 2 who regards it as a perfect model of its kind. R - EQVIT -ROM I'V T X V I R LITIB . IVDIC-QVAES R - PROVINCIAE RETAE-ET-CYRENAR MP-VESPASIANI AESARIS AVG LEG X FRETEN D N I S M I L I B . IMP . VESPASIANO CAESAR T CAESARE . AVG F ELLO IVDAICO . CORONA . MVRALI . VALLARI AVREA HASTlS . PVRIS EXILLIS DVOBVS TR PL . PR . LEG . PROVING . PONTI - ET . BITHYNIAE AECINIA . A . F . LARGA VXOR . ET RCIA - A . F . PRISCILLA . FILIA . FECERVNT It is evident that the inscription is honorary in character and that it has been set up perhaps at his tomb by the wife and daughter of the person whose name has disappeared. The honorex are given in the ascending order. Before the quaestorship which appears in the second line we would look for the military service and the vigintivirate. The latter may be readily supplied thus, XVIR stfLITIB IVDIC ; the former is shown by IVT which is part of the name Ad IVT rix. There were two legions thus named, Prima Adiutrix and Secunda Adiutrix. Although it is uncertain which legion is here indicated, Renier has shown from the inscription itself that the person referred to was made a quaestor under Vespasian and since he was tribunus militum about two years before this time, and the legion // Adiutrix was formed under Vespasian, it is probable that the first legion is the one named. Following the usual form we may supply then, trib. mil. leg. I Ad\VT. The honorary title which was often given to those who had riot yet attained the quaestorship readily suggests itself for the first part of this line, so that we read : seviR EQVIT -ROM. The quaestorship was either of the city, which would give simply QVAEST., or provincial, which would give QVAESJ. pr. pr. = quaestori pro praetore. In the former case the following function would naturally be leg(ato} pr. pr(aetore), but for this there is evidently no room ; hence the line may be completed thus : QVAESi pr. pR. After the quaestorship a person might become legatus of a proconsul in a senatorial province of the praetorian grade, or hold the next 1 Explication et Restitution d'une Inscription Decouverte a Nettuno. L. Renier in Mem. de VAcad. des Jnscr., 1867, p. 269. 2 Cours d" 1 Epigraphie Latine, p. 337. LAT. INSCRIP. 26 402 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS magistracy, the tribunate of the plebs or the aedileship. In this case, however, the function following the quaestorship is evidently that of legatus of a legion, so that we may supply legatus iMP VESPASIANI cAESARIS . AVG - LEG X . FRETENsis. The words donis militaribus would naturally be preceded by donato, hence read donato DONIS M \\-\taribtis. The next line refers to the two emperors who conducted the Jewish war, and we may read B IMP VESPASI- ANO CAESARe Aug et T - CAESARE . AVG . F 6ELLO - IVDAICO. At the beginning of the seventh line the number of the vexilla has dis- appeared, but according to the rules 1 controlling military decorations two vexilla would be assigned to a man of quaestorian grade. Inasmuch as the legati of praetorian grade alone have the right to three vexilla, three hastae purae, and three coronae, it is evident that duab(us) is needed here. The cursus honorum is now complete with the remaining functions tribunus plebis, praetor, legatus provinciae Ponti et Bithyniae. The first word of the next line is the nomen of the wife who has thus honored her husband. The remnant aecinia would suggest (7AECINIA, but rAECINIA is possible. The nomen Graecinia, taken from Graecinus, is hardly admissible for the wife of a senator in the time of Vespasian. Still further, the father, a Graecinius or Caecina, is named A(ulus), as A -filia shows, but we do not know of a Graecinius with the praenomen A(ulus), and it must be remembered that in a family of rank the range of praenomina and cognomina was limited to a certain number. We do not know of a cognomen Largus with a Graecinius, hence we naturally select CAECINIA. We know also of two consuls, A. Caecina (13 A.D.) and A. Caecina Largus (42 A.D.), which fact confirms- the selection. The nomen of the daughter may be either PoRCIA, 3/aRCIA, or ZaRCIA. Aulus, however, is not found with Porcius, and is rare with Martins, but is common with Larcius. We find still further in this family, if not a Priscillus, at least a Priscus, so that the name of the daughter is Z,aRCIA PRISCILLA, and of her father, A. Larcius. Eenier has pointed out that the legatus of the legion X Fretensis at the time of the capture of Jerusalem is spoken of in Josephus (Bel. lucl, VI. 4) as A. Larcius Lepidus. From this we can conclude that the inscription is in honor of this man, and the first line must contain his name. Between the nomen and cognomen we would expect the indication of descent and the tribus. The first of these is uncertain, since we do not know the praenomen of the father, although we may conjecture that it is the same as that of the son. The inscrip- tion was found at Nettuno, hence we would expect Quirina, a tribus which actually appears in an inscription 2 of an A. Larcius Priscus, legatus of Numidia, found recently at the same place and referring probably to the father of the person honored in the inscription before us. 1 See page 193 note. 2 Ephem. Ep. V. 696. K. Cagnat, Bulletin fipigr. 1884, p. 12. RESTORATION OF INSCRIPTIONS 403 The completed inscription is as follows : a - I a r c i o a / i I q u i r i n a I e p i d o s e v iR EQVIT ROM trib. mil leg. . ad\V T XVIR sZLITIB . IVDIC . QUAESZ pr pR . PROVINCIAE cRETAE ET . CYRENARww leg iMP-VESPASIANI cAESARIS AVG LEG . X . FRETENs donato DONIS . M\L\taribus aB IMP . VESPASIANO . CAESARe august o et T CAESARE . AVG . F &ELLO . IVDAICO . CORONA - MVRALI . VALLARI . AVREA HASTIS . PVRIS dtta&vEXILLIS.DVOBVS-TR-PL.PR LEG PROVING PONTI . ET BITHYNIAE c A E C I N I A A- F. LARGA- V X R ET ZaRCIA A F PRISCILLA - FILIA - FECERVNT SPECIMENS OF IMPERFECT INSCRIPTIONS MEMORIAE IANI - F TORQVATI-NOVELLI.P.F A I A N i ATT! C I . X . VI Rl STL IT I VD i C I - N E P MIL LEG T TRIB . VEXILLAR NERVAE . PRONEP VATTVOR . T . V XX . XXI . Q . AED O.HADRIANO AD- HAST . CVR LOG PVBLIC ONINO-AVG-PIO D CENS ACCIP ET DILECT ET MAXIMO- TRIBVN S-PROVINCIAE-NARBON AT TT . COS IT . P . P VS- HONORIS- FINE VS POPVLVSQVE . AGENS - XXXXII.I VlNVS - VETERES O-IVLll-DECESSIT 1. C. I. L. XIV. 2100. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Civita Lavinia (Lanuvium), existing now in copy. The date may be obtained from the table, p. 133. The inscription began thus : imp. Caesari. 2. C. I. L. XIV. 3602. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Tivoli (Tibur), existing in a copy. Torquatus was tribune of the mxillarii of four legions. In line nine read in cuius honoris. Borghesi assigns this inscription to Novellius Torquatns of about the time of Tiberius, and refers to Pliny Nat. Hist. XIV. 22, 144, who testifies to his being praetor and proconsul. 404 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS PATER PATRIAE IMP . CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS PONT IMVS COS GNATVS XT TRIBVNI VIII IVS DECVRIONA HONOR AEDILI X HS I I M DCXXXXII N" ISSET ADI ECTA AM SE PECVNIA FECIT IDEMQ VIT DD ET AM PLIVS VL POPVLO DEDIT 1. C.I. L. XII. 5488. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Amelia, between Aix and Aries, existing in a copy. The restitution has been verified from simi- lar stones of the same locality. The date is 751/3. 2. C. L L. VIII. 14296. On a marble pedestal found at Hr. Schuegi, Africa. In second line supply ob honorem; in line eight ep]ul[iim], others suggest sport]ul[as. The first line may be cum pater e~]ius or [cum pater eius . . . .] atus. ANO FIL SVO VIXIT ANN . XVII BVS . DIEB XXIII . ET POSTERISQV IN FRONTE . PED . VIII IIA . PRIMA DONAVIT . P HADRIANI AN AUG.PII -P.P. CORPUS PISTO COLONIAE PORTUS VTR1V I M - M VRELI ANTONIN AVGVSTORVM LEG XXTf. PRIMIG . ivssvs CVM AEDIF 1. G. L L. XIV. 1509 a. Found at Ostia. In line 6 IIA is all that remains of the women of Prima. 2. C. I. L. XIV. 101. Found at Civitavecchia, now existing in a copy. C. /. L. gives in the first line M. Aelio Aurelio, in the second Caesari, in third the beginning of the name of his father. The corpus pistorum Ostiensium et Portuensium is referred to. DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS 405 3. C. I. L. XL 596. Found at Forli (Forum Livi), where it still exists. The second line begins probably with pro salute or ob reditum. The third line may have contained formerly the name of Geta. Supply visu before iussus. Mommsen thinks it probable that Caracalla and Geta returning to Italy after the death of their father visited the camp of the twenty-second legion at Moguntiacum. D M P.VIC AE QV AN N IS M.X-D.XIII A VG E N D FILIAE IN CEN SEX IVLIO SE VOL VERINO MINI AEDILI M NERARIO . PAT TRIVM DECVR NVM CVM FIL VIVS SINI FECIT D POM A D I VIX . ANN III POM VS MES R . AM A Tl SS I M PATRI 1. C. L L. VIII. 4458. Inscribed on a cippus found at Ksar Scheddi, Africa. 2. C.LL. XII. 522. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Aix, existing in a copy. 3. C. /. L. VIII. 4459. Inscribed on a cippus found at Ksar Scheddi, Africa. Dating of Inscriptions. The determination of the date or period of inscriptions demands in many cases the consideration and study of inscriptions from every point of view. Constant reference has therefore been made in what precedes to the various indications of date which the occurrence of certain usages belonging to well-defined periods provides. The various suggestions leading to the determination of date may be classified as obtained either from an external or formal consider- ation of an inscription or from an internal or material view of the same. The first of these implies : 1) A study of the object upon which the inscription appears, its size, ornamentation, circumstances of discovery, such as the depth beneath the surface and proximity to other inscriptions. Such data may be useful in identifying in its n ^ ' 406 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS date the inscription in question with others which admit of assign- ment to certain periods ; 2) a consideration of the inscription itself, the nature of the engraving, the morphology of the letters, the orthography and the grammatical formation and interrelation of the words. The second class of suggestions leading to the determination of date is concerned with the subject matter of the inscriptions. We have already seen on page 123 how inscriptions of the im- perial period may be dated from the titles and salutations of the emperor. If an inscription contains the names of consuls, it is possible in most cases to assign a date by reference to the Fasti Consulares. It is necessary to be cautious in thus depending on consular names, since those who acted as substitutes, consules suffecti, as well . as those who received the consulana ornamenta, are fre- quently named as consuls. It must be remembered also that the title cos., followed by a numeral of iteration, accompanied the name of the emperor even when he was not actually holding office. Augustus was consul for the second time in 748/6, and was con- tinually designated thus until 18 A.D., when he became consul for the third time. Any inscription containing simply the name of Augustus with cos. II may be assigned to any year between 748/6 and 18 A.D. Names of distinguished personages and officials are often of much importance in this respect. Such are the names of the high officers at Rome and in the provinces, also of associates and friends of the emperor. The date of the official career of prominent men may often be learned from historical sources, and the period of inscrip- tions may thus be determined. A very important source of chronological information is found in the history of the various legions, which may be compiled from historical writings and from a comparison with dated inscriptions, and particularly from the military diplomas which contain certain exact dates. The following tables will be of use in determining the date of inscriptions. TABLE OF IMPERIAL RELATIONSHIPS 411 THE MEMBERS or THE IMPERIAL FAMILY The following list includes all the members of the Imperial Family, from Augustus to Constantine, whose names appear in inscriptions. Those that were honored after death with the title Divvs, DIVA are marked with *. Those whose memory was execrated, and whose names are erased from the monuments, are designated by f. For names of the Emperors themselves see Chronological Table, p. 123. *AVGVSTVS 1. OCTA VIA, sister of Aug.; wife (1) of M. Antonius, (2) of C. Mar- cellus. 2. ANTONIA (MINOR), daughter of M. Antonius and Octavia ; wife of Drusus (16). 3. MARCELLA (MAIOR), daughter of C. Marcellus and Octavia. 4. MARCELLA (MINOR), daughter of C. Marcellus and Octavia. 5. SCRIBONIA, first wife of Aug. 6. IVLIA, daughter of Aug. and Scri- bonia ; wife (1) of M. Marcellus, (2) of M. Agrippa, (3) of Ti- berius (15). 7. M. VIPSANIVS AGRIPPA, second husband- of Julia ; son-in-law of Aug. 8. *LiviA DKVSILLA (also called IVLIA AVGVSTA), wife (1) of Ti. Claudius Nero, (2) of Aug. 9. M. LIVIVS DRVSVS CLAVDIANVS, father of Li via. 10. ALFIDIA, mother of Livia. 11. C. CAESAR, son of M. Agrippa and Julia ; grandson of Aug. 12. L. CAESAR, son of M. Agrippa and Julia ; grandson of Aug. 13. AGRIPPINA L, daughter of M. Agrippa and Julia ; wife of Germanicus (18). 14. M. AGRIPPA (POSTVMVS) (also called PVPVS AGRIPPA and AGRIPPA IVLIVS), son of M. Agrippa and lulia. 15. TIBERIVS, son of Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia ; adopted son of Aug. ; husband (1) of Vipsania Agrippina, (2) of Julia (6). 16. NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS, son of Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia ; husband of Antonia Minor (2). 17. DRVSVS IVLIVS, son of Tiberius and Vipsania Agrippina ; hus- band of Livia, the sister of Ger- manicus and Claudius. 18. GERMANICVS CAESAR, son of Dru- sus ( 16) and Antonia Minor (2) ; husband of Agrippina (13). 19. *CLAVI)IVS, son of Drusus (16) and Antonia Minor (2). 20. C. CAESAR, infant son of Germa- nicus (18) and Agrippina (13). 21. Ti. CAESAR, infant son of Ger- manicus (18) and Agrippina (13). 22. CAESAR, infant son of Germa- nicus (18) and Agrippina (13). 23. NERO CAESAR, son of Germanicus (18) and Agrippina (13). 24. IVNIA, daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus ; bride of Nero Caesar. 412 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 25. DRVSVS CAESAR, son of Germani- cus (18) and Agrippina (13). 26. tCALIGVLA, son of Germanicus (18) and Agrippina (13). 27. t AGRIPPINA II., daughter of Ger- manicus (18) and Agrippina (13) ; fourth wife of Claudius.. 28. *!VLIA DRVSILLA, daughter of Germanicus (18) and Agrippina (13). 29. IVLIA LIVILLA, daughter of Ger- manicus (18) and Agrippina (13). 30. MEDVLLINA, bride of Claudius. 31. DRVSVS, infant son of Claudius and Plautia Urgulanilla. 32. ANTONIA, daughter of Claudius and Aelia Petina. 33. I-VALERIA MESSALINA, third wife of Claudius. 34. OCTAVIA, daughter of Claudius and Messalina ; first wife of Nero . 35. Ti. CLAVDIVS CAESAR BRITANNI- cvs, son of Claudius and Mes- salina. 36. tNERO, son of Cn. Domitius Ahen-. obarbus and Agrippina II. (27), 37. *POPPAEA SABINA, second wife of Nero. 38. CN. DOMITIVS AHENOBARBVS, hus- band of Agrippina II. (27) ; father of Nero. 39. *VESPASIANVS 40. FLAVIA DOMITILLA, wife of Ves- pasian. 41. *TITV$, son of Vespasian and Domitilla. 42. fDOMITIANVS, son of Vespasian and Domitilla. 43. *FLAVIA DOMITILLA II., daughter of Vespasian and Domitilla; wife of Flavius Sabinus. 44. FLAVIA DOMITILLA III., daughter of Flavius Sabinus and Domi- tilla II. ; grandchild of Vesp. 45. *!VLIA AVGVSTA, daughter of Titus. 46. DOMITIA LONGINA, daughter of Cn. Domitius Corbulo ; wife of Domitian. 47. CN. DOMITIVS CORBVLO, father of Domitia Longina. 48. *NERVA 49. SERGIA PLAVTILLA, daughter of Sergius Laenas ; mother of Nerva. 50. *TRAIANVS 51. *M. VLPIVS TRAIANVS, father of Trajan. 52. *PLOTINA, wife of Trajan. 53. *MARCIANA, sister of Trajan. 54. *MATIDIA (MAIOR), daughter of Marciana ; niece of Trajan. 55. *VIBIA SABINA, daughter of L. Vibius and Matidia Maior; wife of Hadrian. 56. MATIDIA (MINOR), daughter of L. Vibius and Matidia Maior. 57. *HADRIANVS 58. DOMITIA PAVLINA, sister of Ha- drian. 59. L. AELIVS CAESAR, adopted son of Hadrian. 60. CEIONIA PLAVTIA, daughter of Aelius Caesar. 61. *ANTONINVS PIVS 62. ARRIA FADILLA, mother of An- toninus Pius. 63. *ANNIA GALERIA FAVSTINA (MA- JOR), sister of L. Aelius Caesar ; wife of Antoninus Pius. 64. M. AVRELIVS FVLVVS ANTONINVS, infant son of Antoninus Pius and Faustina. TABLE OF IMPERIAL RELATIONSHIPS 413 65. M. GALERIVS AVRELIVS ANTONI- J 84. NVS, infant son of Antoninus Pius and Faustina. 66. AVRELIA FADILLA, daughter of 85. Antoninus Pius and Faustina. 67. *ANNIAFAVSTlNA(MlNOR),daUgh- ter of Antoninus Pius and Fau- stina ; wife of M. Aurelius. 68. *M. AVRELIVS 87. 69. ANNIVS VERVS, father of M. Aurelius. 70. DOMITIA LVCILLA, mother of M. Aurelius. 71. T. AVRELIVS ANTONINVS, infant 89. son of M. Aurelius and Faus- 90. tina Minor. 72. T. AELIVS AVRELIVS, infant son 91. of M. Aurelius and Faustina 92. Minor. 73. DOMITIA FAVSTINA, daughter 93. of M. Aurelius and Faustina Minor. 94. 74. M. ANNIVS VERVS, son of M. Aurelius and Faustina Minor. 75. VIBIA AVRELIA SABINA, daugh- 95. ter of M. Aurelius and Fau- stina Minor. 96. 76. *L. VERVS, son of Aelius Caesar (59); adopted son of Antoni- 97. nus Pius. 77. ANNIA LVCILLA, daughter of M. Aurelius and Faustina Minor; 98. wife of L. Verus. 78. *tCOMMODVS, son of M. Aure- lius and Faustina Minor. 99. 79. BRVTTIA CRISPINA, wife of Com- 100. modus. 80. *PERTINAX 101. 81. tCLODIVS ALBINVS 82. *SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS 102. 83. PACCIA MARCIANA, first wife of 103. Septimius Severus. *!VLIA DOMNA, second wife of Septimius Severus ; aunt of Julia Soaemias (93). *CARACALLA, son of Sep- timius Severus and Julia Domna. tGETA, son of Septimius Sev- erus and Julia Domna. tFvLviA PLAVTILLA, daughter of C. Fulvius Plautianus ; wife of Caracalla. tC. FVLVIVS PLAVTIANVS, father of Fulvia Plautilla. tMACRINVS tDIADVMENIANVS, son of Macrinus. tELAGABALVS SEX. VARIVS MARCELLVS, father of Elagabalus. tlvLiA SOAEMIAS BASSIANA, mother of Elagabalus. *f!vLiA MAESA, mother of Julia Soaemias ; sister of Julia Domna (84). IVLIA CORNELIA PAVLA, wife of Elagabalus. tSEVERVS ALEXANDER, cousin of Elagabalus. tlvLiA AVITA MAMMAEA, sister of Julia Soaemias ; mother of Severus Alexander. GNEIA SEIA HERENNIA SALLVS- TIA BARBIA ORBIANA, wife of Severus Alexander. tMAXIMINVS *CAECILIA PAVLINA, wife of Maximinus. tMAXIMVS, son of Maximinus and Paulina. *GORDIANVS I. *GORDLANVS II., son of Gor- dian I. 414 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 104. *fGORI)IANVS III., grandson of Gordian I.; nephew of Gor- dian II. 105. FVRIA SABINIA TRANQVILLINA, wife of Gordian III. 106. tPHILIPPVS I. 107. IMARCIA OTACILIA SEVERA, wife of Philip I. 108. tPHILIPPVS II., son of Philip I. and Otacilia Severa. 109. tTRAIANVS DECIVS 110. HERENNIA CVPRESSENIA ETRV- SCILLA, wife of Trajan Deems. 111. tHERENNivs ETRVSCVS, son of Trajan Decius and Herennia Etruscilla. 112. tHosriLiANvs, son of Trajan Decius and Herennia Etru- scilla. 113. GALLVS 114. AFINIAGEMINABAEBIANA,wife of Gallus. 115. VOLVSIANVS, son of Gallus. 116. *VALERIANVS I. 117. *tGALLIENVS,sonofValerianI. 118. tVALERiANvs II., son of Vale- rian I. 119. CORNELIA SALONINA, wife of Gallien. 120. tSALONiNvs, son of Gallien and Salonina. 121. t*VALERiANvs III., son of Gal- lien and Salonina. 122. *CLAVDIVS II. 123. QVINTILLVS, brother of Clau- dius II. 124. *tAVRELIANVS 125. VLPIA SEVERINA, wife of Aure- lian. 126. tPROBVS 127. tCARVS 128. tCARINVS, son of Cams. 129. fNvMERiANvs, son of Carus. 130. MAGKIA VRBICA, wife of Cari- nus. 131. *NIGRINIANVS, son of Carinus and Magnia Vrbica. 132. tDIOCLETIANVS 133. *tMAXIMIANVS I. 134. *CONSTANTIVS (CHLORVS), adopted by Maxim ian. 135. FLAVIA IVLIA HELENA, wife of Constantius Chlorus. 136. *tGALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS, adopted by Diocletian. 137. tFLAvivs VALERIVS SEVERVS, adopted by Maximian. 138. IGALERIVS VALERIVS MAXI- MINVS (DAZA), adopted by Diocletian. 139. fMAXENTivs, son of Maximian I. 140. VALERIA MAXIMILLA, wife of Maxentius. 141. *VALERIVS ROMVLVS, son of Maxentius and Maximilla. 142. t VALERIVS LICINIANVS LICINIVS I., brother-in-law of Constan- tine the Great. 143. (FLAVIA CONSTANTIA, sister of Constantino the Great ; wife of Licinius I.) 144. VALERIVS LICINIANVS LICINIVS II, son of Licinius I and Con- stantia. 145. *CONSTANTINVS I. (MAG- NVS), son of Constantius (134) and Helena (135). 146. IFLAVIVS IVLIVS CRISPVS, son of Constantine the Great and his first wife Minervina. 147. FLAVIA MAXIMA FAVSTA, sec- ond wife of Constantine the Great. ABBREVIATIONS 148. FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTAN- TINVS (IVNIOR), SOn Of CON- stantine the Great and Fausta. 149. fFLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANS, SOU of Constantine the Great and Fausta. 150. FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANTIVS II., son of Constantine the Great and Fausta. 151. FLAVIVS DELMATIVS, nephew of Constantine the Great. Abbreviations (Notae, later Sigla). It has already been seen from what has preceded that initial let- ters and various other abbreviations of words enter very largely into the language of the inscriptions, and that consequently a familiarity with the most common of these forms is essential to facility in reading. The student is referred to the very complete table given on p. 417 ff., which has been obtained from the Cours d'JZpigmphie Latine of Professor Kene Cagnat. Certain general principles * will be found of advantage in the interpretation of abbreviations. 1. Words written in abbreviated form consist either of the initial letter (si(n)g(u)la) or of a continuous group of letters more or less restricted in number. In the latter case the final letter of the abbreviation is the first consonant of a syllable, but this is not an exact rule. 1= Titus; T I B = Tiberius ; CLAVD, CLAV, CLA = Claudia; QVIR, QVI, Q = Quirina. 2. If a word is composed of several members, the above rule applies either to the word treated as a whole or to each of the com- ponent parts regarded as individual words. Thus signifer may be abbreviated synthetically SIG or SIGN, or analytically SIGF for signum and fer, so BENEFlC, BENEF, B, or again B F = bene- ficiarius, DVMTAX or D T = dum taaxxt, Q Q V = quoquoversns, P Q = populusque. This in theory is the system of abbreviations up to the end of the third century A.D. When a disregard of these principles first made itself felt in the formation of abbreviations cannot be exactly determined, but it is probable that ignorance or a misunderstanding of the second rule, 1 R. Mowat, Sigles et Autres Abreviations in Bulletin Epiyraphique, IV., p. 127. 416 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS combined with a lack of knowledge of the component parts of words as determining the abbreviated forms, led to the violation of the principle of continuity of the letters, so, that we find PD = pedes, MN = minus, PBL = publicus, LG = legio, VT = vixit, MM = me- moriae, DPS = depositus, etc. 3. Again, we find in the inscriptions a peculiar form of abbrevia- tion 1 occasioned by the repetition of the terminating consonant. This probably arose from the collocation of several praenomina, as in the designations of the patrons of liberti. This system appeared in Rome about the beginning of the Christian era, and was limited in the first century to the initial letters of praenomina. COSS for consules appears for the first time in two Christian inscriptions of the year 107 and 111. a) This form indicates two, three or four individuals, the exact number being defined by the number of repeated letters. AVGG = duo Augusti, CCC = Gaii tres, DDDD NNNN = domini nostri quat- tuor,N\ VI R AVGG = sewri Augustales duo, FLL P P = flamines perpetuo duo. b) The doubling of the last letter, however, may denote simply the plural number. PROCC = procurator es, PONTIFF = pontifices, CAESS = Caesar es, HERR = heredes. In some instances other letters have been doubled, and the follow- ing forms are the result : N NOBB = nobilissimi duo, AAVVRR = Aurelii, EEQQRR = equites Romani. It is necessary to mention here also certain special signs which are used to mark abbreviations and to distinguish them from other letters in the inscriptions. 2 1) A line of differentiation is placed over the letter or group of letters 3 ; e.g. AVG = Augustus, D N = dominus noster, N =natione, QQ = quinquennalis, V C = vir darissimus, COS = consul. Sometimes the line crosses the letter ; e.g. B = benefidarius, B = dicit, or dies, or domo, kn = menses, O = obiit or obitus, H = nummum. 1 C. Jullian, Des Lettres Redoublees in Bulletin tfpigraphique, IV., p. 170. 2 E. Htibner, Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae, p. Ixxii. 8 This custom becomes prevalent from the beginning of the second century. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 417 2) The bar may be replaced by an apex or circumflex, a custom common from the third century on; e.g. D M = diis manibus, FF = felix fidelis, T 6 M lovi Optimo Maximo, A E D = aedilis, COM PR = cohors praetoria. 3) Some letters serving as abbreviations are reversed ; e.g. = Gaia, standing for mulier, S = puella, = caput(?), or conductor, or contra, or corona(?). TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS ABN, ABNEP abuepos ABVIN abvineis A absolve, absolvito A BYB a bibliotheca, bibliothecis A accipiet A'C absolve condemno A actum, actarius AC actarius A aedilis A'C acre collate A aeternus, aeterna A'C armorum custos A Africa. Afer A CAD a caducis A ala ACC accipiet, accepit, acceperunt, acci- A anniculus ? piendus etc. A annona A CENS a censibus A annus, anno, annum, annos, annis ACOGNIT a cognitionibus A Antoninus A COM, COMM, COMMENT a commentariis A Aprilis A COM'COS a commentariis consularis A ara A COMMENT- a commentariis custodiarum A armatura CVST A as, assibus A CORIN (procurator) a Corinthiis A augur ? A C'PR a commentariis praefecti A Augustus, Augusta ACT actarius, actor, actus, actum A Aulus ACT'AMB actu ambitu A Aurelius, Aurelia ACT'LEG actarius legionis A auro ACT'PVB, PVBL actor publicus A-A Aponus ? Augustus ? A CVBIC a cubiculo A-A Aquae Aponi AD Adintrix (legio) A-A Auli duo AD adlectus A-A-A-F-F acre argento auro flando feriundo A-D ante diem AAAGGG Augusti (tres) A'D'A agris dandis adsignandis A-A-C agri accept! Cirtensium A'D'A"! agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis AAGG Augusti (duo) AD AVGVST ad Augusti templum comproba- AAVVGG Augusti (duo) TEM'C-P turn pondus l A B a balneis AD B ad balneas A-B amicus bonus AD B'DAMNATORVM ad bona damnatorum A BA a balneis ADF adfinis AB AEG ab aegris AD FAL'VE- (procurator) ad Falernas (vites) ABAL a balneis GET 2 vegetandas A BIB a bibliotheca ADI adiutor, Adiutrix (legio) AB EPIST ab epistulis ADIABEN Adiabenicus A.-B-F-8-S-S amico bene (merenti) fecit sepul- ADI-P-F adiutrix pia fidelis (legio) crum supra scriptum ADIVT'PRAEF, adiutor praefecti, procurato- AB INST, INSTRVM ab instrumentis PROC, TABVL ris, tabulariorum A'B-M amico bene merenti, amicis bene merentibus i Orelli, 784. C. L L. II. 2029. LAT. INSCRIP. - 27 418 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS ADrVI'P' Adiutrix sextum pia sextum fidelis VI'F (legio) ADL adlectus ADL'AER, AEEA adlectus aerario ADLEC adlectus ADLEC'IN-DEC, adlectus in decurias, in quin- IN'V'D, DEC que decurias ADN, ADNEP adnepos ADOP adoptivus AD'P-F Adiutrix pia fidelis (legio) ADQ adquiescit AD QS ad quaestiones A'D'S ager divisus Sigensibus ADSOE 1 adsessor ADVOC-PVB, PVBL advocatus publicus A'E actum esse AE Aelius AEG, AECVR, Aecorna, Aecurna (dea) AEQVOR AED aedes AED aedilis AED aedituus AED-CER aedilis cerialis A ED 'COL aedilis coloniae AED-CVR aedilis curulis AEDD aediles (duo) AEDD'QQ aediles quinquennales AED'EQ aedilitas equestris AED-ET-PR-SAC- aedilis et praetor sacris Vol- VOLK'FAC cano faciundis AED-HAB-IVR- aedilis habens jurisdictionem DIC'Q'PRO' quaestoris pro praetore PRAET AEDIC aedicula AED'I-D aedilis jure dicundo AEDIF aedificavit AEDIT aedituus AED-IVR-DIC aedilis jure dicundo AED-LVSTR aedilis lustralis AED-P aedilicia potestate AED-PL aedilis plebi AED-PL'CER aedilis plebis cerialis AED'PRO'Q aedilis pro quaestore AED'Q'P aedilis quaestoriciae potestatis AED-VA-8-P- aedilem viis aedibus ? sacris? P'VB-D-R- publicis ? procurandis ? virum P-O'V'F bonuin dignura republica ora- mus ut faciatis AED'POT aedilicia potestate AEG Aegyptus AEL Aelius, Aelia AEM Aeinilia (tribus et regio) AEMI, AEMIL, AEMILI Aemilia (tribus) AE-PI-F'FI aeterna pia felix fidelis AER aera AER aerarium 1 C. I. L. VIII. 2TT7. AER aereus AER aerum (= stipendiorum) AER'COLL aere collate AER-MIL aerarium militare AER'S, SAT aerarium Saturni AEST aestimatus AET ae tern us, aeterna AEV 2 evocatus AF, AFR Africa A FRVM a frumento A FRVM'CVB a frumento cubiculariorum AG ager AG Agonalia AGIT agitator AGO, AGON Agonalia AGONOTH agonotheta AGR agraria AGR-DAND- agris dandis adtribuendis iudi- ADTR'IVD candis A'G'T augustus AG'V'P'P agens vices praefectorum praetorio A'G-IV'C'P arborum genera quattuor cetera privata A'H'N'P ad heredem non pertinet A'I'A-- agris iudicandis adsignandis AID aidilis AID-CVR aedilis curulis AID-PL aedilis plebis AID'SEN'COP aedilis senator cooptatus A'lN'C area in circuitu ? A'L actarius legati A'L (et si qui) alii liberti (erunt) A'L'F animo libens fecit A'L Augusti, Augustae libertus, liberta A'L-XXXIII area lata (pedes) xxxni ALA MANN Alamannicus ALB'VET album veteranorum A-L'F animo libente fecit A LIB a libris ALIM alimenta ALIMENT alimentarius ALLECT-ARK allector arcae ALLEC'IN V allectus in quinque decurias DECVR ALP Alpini (conors) A'L'P animo libente posuit ALT altus ALV-TIB-ET-RIP- (curator) alvei Tiberis et ri- ET'CLOAC'VRB parum et cloacarum urbis AM'B'M amico bene merenti A'M'C amicis memoriae causa A MIL a militiis AMP amphora AN annus, anno, annum, annorum, annis, annos AN Aniensis (tribus) 2 C. L L. VIII. 4197. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 419 AN Annius AN'D ante diem ANI, ANIE, ANIEN, Aniensis (tribus) ANIENS, ANIES ANN Aniensis (tribus) ANN annona ANNI Aniensis (tribus) ANN'FR annona frumentaria ANN'V'R annona urbis Romae AN'P anno provinciae ANT Antonius ANTESIGN antesignanus AN'XV'PR annorum quindecim progressus H'O'C'S hostem occidit civem servavit A'O ainico optimo A'O'F'C amico optimo faciundum curavit A'P aedilicia potestate A'P animo pio ? A'P anno provinciae AP Apollinaris (legio) AP Apollo A P (tribunus militurn) a populo AP Appius AP Aprilis A'P area publica A'P argenti pondo A'P'C ager publicus Cirtensium A'PL'M'IVG agri plus minus iugera APOL, APOLLIN Apollinaris (legio) A POP (tribunus militum) a populo APP appellationes APP Appius A'P'R aerarium populi Romani APR Aprilis A'P'R'C anno post Romam conditam A'PV argento publico AQ aqua, aquarius A Q a quaestionibus AQ'CO aquarius cohortis A Q'P, PR a quaestionibus praefecti AQ'STA Aquae Statiellae AQV aquilifer AQY, AQVA aquarius A Q'E'R'P' (ei) ad quern ea res pertinet, perti- PR'L nebit recte licet AQVIL aquilifer AQVIT Aquitani (cohors) A R a rationibus AR arietes AR Arnensis (tribus) AR artifex AR Aruns ARAB Arabicus A RAT, A RATION a rationibus ARB, ARBITR arbitratu ARC area, arcarius ARC archimimus ARC architectus ARCHIG archigallus ARCHIG archigyberaes ARC HIT architectus ARC'MVST archimista ARG argentarius ARG argenteus ARG argentum ARG'P argenti pondo ARG'PVB argento publico ARG'P V' argenti p(ondo) V pecunia sua P'S'P posuit ARK area, arcarius ARM armamentarium ARM armatura ARM * armatus or armiger (Mars) ARM Armenia ARM armilustrium ARMATV armatura ARM armorum (=armorum custos) ARM'CVST'armorum custos ARMEN, ARMENIAC Armeniacus ARMO armorum (custos) ARN, ARNE, ARNEN, Arnensis (tribus) ARNEN8 ARNI, ARNIEN, ARNN Arniensis (tribus) ARV Arvalis A'SA ala Sabiniana AS a sacris AS a senatu AS a solo A8C ascia ASC Asclepiades A S'F, F'C a solo fecit, fecerunt, faciendum curavit, curaverunt ASP aspritudines AST (h)astatus (prior, posterior) AST Astures (ala) A SVBSCR a subscriptionibus ATR, ATRI atriensis, atriarius AT Atta or Attus A'V aediles vici A'V argenti unciae A'V ave or ave vale AV Augustus, Augusta AV Aulus AV Aurelius AVCT auctoritate A'V'F'O'D' aediles vici Furfensis opus de vici V'S'C scitucuraruntz AVG augur AVG augustalis AVG Augustus, Augusta AVGG Augusti (duo) 1 Brambach, 00 fi. 2 Wilmanns (Earem-pla, p. 712) thinks this is corrupted from the earlier M{ngistri) v(ici) f(aciundum) c(urarunt) d(e) v(ici) 420 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS AVGGG August! (tres) AVGG NN August! nostri (duo) AVG'L August! libertus AVG'MAX' augur maxim us augur um (Cirta AVG and Cuicul) AVG'N Augustus noster AVG'P'AN Augusta Pannoniorum Antonini- ana (ala) AVG'P'F Augusta pia fidelis (legio) AVG'P-F'CO Augusta pia fidelis Oomraoda AVG'PP augustalis perpetuus AVG'PVB' augur publicus populi romani Qui- P'R'Q ritium AVGVS Augustus (mensis) AVGVST augustalis, augustalitas AVGVST Augustalis (sodalis) Claudialis CLAVDIAL AVGVST-PERP augustalis perpetuus A'V'L agens vices legati AVN 1 avunculus A'V'P agens vices praesidis AVR aurariae AYR Aurelius AVR Auriana (ala) AVRR Aurelii (duo) AVTHEM authemerum AYG 2 Aegyptus B B Badius B beneficiarius B Belinus B 3 beteranus = veteranus B bixit = vixit B bonus, a B bos B brachium (secundum, tertium) etc.* B beneficiarius BAD badius BAL . balneator B'A'S ; B'AVG'S Bacaci Augusto sacrum BASIL, BA8SIL basilica BB beneficiarii B'B bonis bene B'B'ET'MAL'B bonis bene et malis bene BB-FF beneficiarii B'B'M'B bonis bene, malis bene B'B'M'M bonis bene, malis male BB'MM bene merenti BB'VV boni viri BB'VV'QQ boni viri quinquennales && beneficiarii B'COS, CONS beneficiarius consularis Ephem. Ep. III. 158. C. I.L.X. 749. 2 C. I. L. III. 35. * See page 334. B'D Bona dea B'D-M bene de (se) merenti ? B'D'S'M bene de se merenti BE beneficiarius BE'DE'S'M bene de se merenti BEL Belgae (cohors) BE'ME benemerenti B-E-M'M-FECl bene merenti memoriam fecit BENE'D'S'M bene de se merenti BENEF beneficium BENEM benemerenti BENIF benificiarius = benoficiarius BE'ME'DE bene merenti de (se) BE'ME'DE'S bene merenti de se BE'ME'FEC bene merenti fecit BENEFIC, BENIF 5 beneficiarius BEN'M benemerenti BEN'MER bene merenti BEN'M'M'F bene merenti memoriam fecit BE'TR beneficiarius tribuni B'F, BF beneficiarius, beneficiatus B'F Bona Fortuna B'F bonum factum ? B'F bos femina &F, 8F beneficiarius B'F'A'IVNCT boves feminae auro junctae BF'COS beneficiarius consularis BF'LEG'LEG beneficiarius legati legionis BF'SEXM beneficiarius (tribuni) semestris BIB bibes BIP bipedalis BIS bisellarius BIS F bis'fusum (vinum) BIS'VI'AVG bisellarius sevir Augustalis BIX'PRI bixellarius ( = vexillarius) princi- palis B'K'M beteranus classis Misenensis B'M bene merenti B'M bona mens B'M bonae memoriae, or bene memo- rius B'M bos mas B'M'D bene merenti de (se) B'M'D'S bene merenti de se B'M'D'S'F bene merenti de se fecerunt B'M'F bene merenti fecit B'M'F bonae memoriae femina B'M'F'C bene merenti faciundum curavit or curaverunt B'M'F'D'S bene merenti fecerunt de suo B'M'FEC bene merenti fecit B'M'FF bene merenti fecerunt B'M'M'P bene merenti memoriam posuit B'M'P bene merenti posuit B'M'P bonae memoriae puella B'M'P'C bene merenti ponendum curavit 6 C. I. L. III. 1956. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 421 B'M'R bonae memoriae religiosa B'M'S bonae memoriae sacrum B'M'V bonae memoriae vir BN bene B'N'M bene merenti B'N'M bonae memoriae B'OPIF bona opifera B'P bonus puer (deus) B'PR beneficiarius praefecti B'PR'PR beneficiarius praefectorum prae- torio B'Q bene quiescat or quiescant BR Breuci (cohors), Britones (cohors) BR Britannia BRAC Bracaraugustani (cohors) BRITO Britones (numerus) BRIT Bruttium BRITT Britones (numerus) B'R'N bono rei publicae natus B'R-P'N bono rei publicae natus B'S bonus suis ? B'S, SEC brachium secundum B'SPR beneficiarius subpraefccti B'TR beneficiarius tribuni B'V bene vale BV, BVC, BVCC BVCIN buccinator BVL buleuta BV-SIG . bucranium siguavit B-VIX bene vixit BV SV buccinator supra (numerum) B-VV balnea, vina, Venus C cacus, capsarius C Caesar C Gains C Kalendae C candidatus C castrum, castra C cedit C, C 1 centurio C censuere C cicatrices C cineres C circiter C circus, circenses (ludi) C citra C civis, civitas C claritas C classiarius C Claudius, Claudia (tribus) (QVN) C- (VINSIN)2 (cum) co (vixi) C codicillarius C cohors C colonia, colonus 1 See page 183. C. I. L. IX. 2892. C comitialis (dies) C communis (hora) C compos (voti) C coudemno, condemnato C condidit C congius C coniux (m. or /.) C consule, consuh'bus C con stan s (legio) C crocodes C cuneus C curator, curavit or curaverunt, curante or curantibus C curia caput ? 3- centurio 0, 7, s Gaia = femina conductor 7 contra (legem, retiarius, etc.) 0, 7 contrascriptor 7 conventus coronarum in inscriptions of gladi- ators CA candidatus CA carcerarius CA carissimo C'A curam agens or curam egit C'A custos armoruin C'A'A'A colonia Aelia Augusta Aeclanum C'A'AQ colonia Aurelia Aquensium C'A'D'A'I colonis agroruin dandorum adsi- gnandorum jus CAEL, CAELT Caelestis (dea) CAES Caesar CAES caesura CAE3ARIBB Caesaribus (duobus) CAES-N Caesar noster C' AGENT curam agente CAL Calabria CAL caligo CALAB Calabria CALC calciator CAM Camilia (tribus) CAMD campidoctor CAMIL Camilia (tribus) CAMP Campania CAMP campestris (cohors) CAMPED 3 campidoctor CAN canabae, canabenses CAN Canatheni (cohors) C'A'N colonia Augusta Nemausus CAND, CANDID candidatus CANN Canninefates (ala) CAP, CAPIT capitalis C'AQ civis Aquensis CAR carcerarius 3 C. I. L. V. 8773. 422 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS CAR Carmentalia CAR Carpicus CAR'M Carpicus maximus CARC carcerarius 'CAS castra, castris (oriitndus) CATER Caterenses = Cattherenses (nume- rus) CATTHR Cattharenses (numerus) C'B colonia Beneventana C'B compos boti? C'B coniux bona^ C'BEL civis Bellova6us C'B'F coniugi bonae fecit C'B'M conjugi bene merenti C'B'M'F conjugi bene merenti fecit C'B'M'P coniugi bene merenti posuit CC Caesares (duo) CC Gaii duo C'C censuerunt cuncti C-C certa constans (legio) C C cives C... C'C collegium cento nariorum C'C colonia Claudia C'C coloni coloniae C'C constans Commoda C'C (agens) curam carceris , , 3 Gaiae (= feminae) duae CCA Caesaribus (duobus) C'C'A colonia Caesaraugusta C'C'A'A'A coloni coloniae Augusta Alexan- drianae Abellinatium C'C'C coire convocari cogi C'C'C colonia Copia Claudia C'C'C tres Gaii C'C'C cum consilio collocutus DOO Gaiae (= feminae) tres C'C'C'AVG' colonia Claudia Copia Augusta LVG Lugudunum C'C'C'D cum consilio collocutus dixit C'C'C'IVL coloni coloniae Claritatis luliae C'CENT collegium centonariorum C'C'I'K coloni coloniae luliae Karthaginis C'C'I'V'C' coloni coloniae luliae Veneriae S'N Cirtae Siccae nostrae C'C'N coloni Castri Novani CC'NN Caesares nostri C'C'R curator civium Romanorum C'C'R'CON' curator civium Romanorum con- HE ventus He[lvetici] CC'SS consulibus CC'VV, C'C'V'V clarissimi viri 00 EXSERC centuriones (duo) exercitatores C'D compos dat C'D consulto decurionum C'D'D creatus decreto decurionum C'E curarn egit C'E'B'Q cineres eius bene quiescant GEL cells CEN CEN centurio CENS censitor CENS censor, censores CENS censuit, censuerunt CENS'ACC (legatus August!) censibus acci- piendis CENT centenarius CENT centonarii CENT centurio CENTO centonarii C'E'Q cineres ei quiescant or curam egit, Quintus CER Cerealia CES censor, censores C'F clarissima femina C'F clarissimus films C'F coniux fecit C'F'C censores faciundum curarunt C'F'C'C . collegium fabrum centonariorum Coinensium C'F'C coniux faciendum curavit C'F'F carissimae h'liae fecit C'F'N conductor ferrariarum Noricarum 7 FR centurio frumentariorum C'G civis gratissimus ? C'G'P'F cohortes germanicae piae fideles CH c(o)hors CHELID chelidonium CHO,CHORc(o)hors C'l clarissimus iuvenis C'l colonia lulia C'I'A'A colonia lulia Augusta Apollinaris C'I'C colonia lulia Carcaso CIC, CICA cicatrices CICATRI'V cicatrices veteres C'I'F'S colonia lulia Felix Sinope C'I'K colonia lulia Karthago C'I'P'C'N'M colonia lulia Paterna Claudia Narbo Martius C'I'P'A colonia lulia Paterna Arelate CIRT Cirtenses (cohors) C'l'S colonia lulia secundanorum CIV civis, civitas, civitate (oriundus) CIV-AQV civis Aquensis CIVI'SVMA civitate Sumalocenna CIVIT civitas C-IVL'N colonia lulia Numidica (Simitthus) C'K coniux karissima C'K'F coniugi karissimae fecit C'L Gaii libertus, liberta C'L cives Latini ? CL clarissimus, claritas CL classis CL Claudius. Claudia, Claudialis CL Clustumina (tribus) C'L colonia Lambaesitana C'L conliberti ? TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 423 0*L mulieris libertus, liberta L'O mulieris liberta CLA Claudia (tribus) CLA-BRI classis Britannica CL-ALIS Claudialis ? CLA claritas CLAE clarissimus, clarissima CLAR'ET clarissima et inlustris femina INL-FEM CLARI claritas CLAS-BRIT classis Britannica CLAS'PR classis praetoria CLASS classicus CLAV, CLAVD Claudia (tribus) CLAVD Claudialis (flamen) CL'BR, CL-BRIT classis Britannica CL'G'P'F classis Germanica pia fidelis CL'PR classis praetoria CL'PR-M, MIS classis praetoria Misenensis CL'PR 'RAV, classis praetoria Ravennas RAVEN CL'V clarissimus vir CLV, CLVS, CLVST Clustumina (tribus) C'M civitas Mattiacorum C'M collegium or corpus mensorum C'M'F clarissimae memoriae femina C'M'P; C'M'V clarissimae memoriae puer, vir C'N Caesar noster CN Gnaeus C'C civitas or colonia Nemausensium CN consulatus CNAT natus CNS consulatus CNTA cognata ? CO codicillarius CO cohors CO coniux C'O coniugi optimo CO Coventina (dea) CO'CA coniugi carissimo COD codicillarius COD'TR codicillarius tribuni COER coeravit = curavit COGN'SACR cognitiones sacrae COII cohors COHERR coheredes COHH cohortes COirrC:R cohors I civium Romanorum COH'EQ'oo cohors equitata miliaria COH-I'F-PED cohors I Flavia peditata COH-I-FL- coh. I Flavia miliaria equitata coEQ'SAG sagittariorum COH'TP'C cohors I pia constans COH- . . PR cohors praetoria COH- .. VIG cohors vigilum COHTVLP cohors I Ulpia...Antoniniana .. ANT COH'VRB cohors urbana COINQ coinquendi COIR coirarunt = curarunt COL collegium, collega COL Collina (tribus) COL colonia, coloni, colonicus? COL columbarium COL'BEN colonia Beneventum COL'CENT collegium centonariorum COL -COL coloni coloniae COL'CONC- colonia ConcordiaUlpia(Hadrume- VLP turn) COL'FAB collegiu^ fabrum COL-F'I-A- colonia Faventia lulia Augusta P-BARC Pia (Barcino) COL-FL-AVG colonia Flavia Augusta COL'HORR coloniae horrearius COL'IVL-G colonia lulia Gemina COL'I-V-T colonia lulia Victrix Triumphalis COL'KAL collocatum Kalendis.,. COLL collapsum COLL collegium COLL coloniae COLLIB collibertus COL-LIB coloniae libertus COLL'AER collegium aerariorum COLL'CENT collegium centonariorum COLL'DENDR collegium dendrophorum COLL'FAB, FABR collegium fabrum COLL'FAB- collegium fabrum et centonario- ET'CENT rum COLLIN Collina (tribus) COL'L, LIB coloniae libertus, liberta COLL'S'S" collegium suprascriptum COLON-G- colonia Gallieniana (?) Augusta Fe- A-F-MED lix Mediolanum COL'SARN-MIL colonia Sarniensis Milev COL'SEP colonia Septimia COL'SER coloniae servus COL'VAL colonia Valentia COL'VEN colonia Veneria COL'VEN-COR colonia Veneria Cornelia COL'VLP colonia Ulpia COM Commageni (cohors) COM comes COM commanipularis COM commentariensis COM commune C'O'M cum omnibus meis COM'AVG comes Augusti COM'L commentariorum loco COMM, COM- commentaria, commentariensis MEN COMMIL commilito COM-S'B-M commilitoni suo bene merenti COM'S'C comes sacri consistorii COMTAR commutare CON coniux. ^ CON coustat 424 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS CON consul CON contubernalis CON-B'M coniugi bene merenti CON'CELL contubernalis cellarius COND conductor CON-FEE' conductor ferrariarum Norici, N-P-D Pannoniae, Daciae? COND'P'P conductor publici portorii COND-P-P'ILL- conductor publici portorii 111- YRIC'ET R-T yrici et ripae Thraciae CONDVC conductor COND-IIII' conductor qaatuor publicorum Af- P-AFR ricae CON'FER- conductor ferrariarum Noricarum N'P-D partis? dimidiae ? CONG coniugi CON'KAR coniugi carissimo CONL conlatus CONL conlegium CON'M'F coniugi merenti or memoriam fecit CONNSS consulibus CON'R'F'C coniugi rarissimo faciundum cura- vit CONS consensu CONS consensus CONS consistens CONS Consualia CONS consul, consulibus, consularis, con- sulatus CONS'MEM'V consularis memoriae vir CONS'ORD consul ordinarius CONS'P consularis provinciae CONS-P-S consularis provinciae Siciliae CONSS consules CONS-S-S consulibus supra scriptis CONT contarii (ala) CONVEC convectio CONV convenerunt COOPT cooptatus CO'P coniugi pientissimae COR cohors COR Cornelia (tribus) COR cornicen, cornicularius COR corpus, corpora ti COR curavit COR corona CO-RA-FE coniugi rarissimo fecit COR'ANAL corona analempsiaca COR'AVR corona aurea COR-CLASS corona classica COR'FAB corpus fabrum COR'MVR corona muralis CORN, CORN 1C cornicen, cornicularius CORP'CVST corporis dittos CORPOR corporati, corporis CORPOR'C corporatus Caesariensis CORP-N'RHO corpus nautarum Rhodanicorum COR-PR cornicularius praefecti CORR corrector COR'S PR cornicularius subpraefecti COR'T, TRIE cornicularius tribuni COR'VALL corona vallaris COS , consul, consules, consularis COS'A-A-S- consules alter ambove si eis vide- E'V retur COS-AD LEG consistentes ad legionem COS'AMPL consul amplissimus COSE consensu COSOB'CVR'EGI consobrinus curam egit COS'ORD consul ordinarius COSS consules CO'TR codicillarius tribuni COVET Coventina (dea) CO'VTCE-P cohors sexta, centuria prima C'P'C cacus praefecti cohortiuin C'P Castor (et) Pollux C'P castra praetoria C'P censoria potestate C'P clarissitnus puer C-P, C'-D datum de decreto decurionum ? D-D-D-D donum dat dicat dedicat D-D-D-D- donum dat dicat dedicat libens L'M merito D-D'D'E'S dare damnas damnates esto sunto D-D-D-L donum dat dedicat libens ? D'D'D-N datus decreto decurionum Nemau- sensium DDDNNN domini nostri tres DDT) NNN- domini nostri Flavii (tres) LLL dare damnas esto de delectorum sententia D-D-irc decreto decurionum hie consacra- vit dis deabus immortalibus ? donum dedit libens? L-D- dono dedit or dedit dedicavit loco dato decreto decurionum donum dedit libens merito F decreto decurionum municipii Celeiani facta 1 C. I. L. X. 7017. DD-MM Diis Manibus D-D-N-N, DD-NN domini nostri (duo) DD'NN-NOBB- domini nostri (duo) nobilissiuii CAESS Caesares D'D'O dis deabus omnibus D'D-O donum dato o ? . . D'D'P decurionum decreto publice D-D-PEC" decreto decurionum pecunia pub- PVB lica D'D'P-P decreto decurionum pecunia pub lica D-D'P-P'P decreto decurionum pecunia pub- lica posuerunt D'D-Q dedicavit que D'D-8 de decurionum sententia D-D-S-F-C de decurionum sententia faciun- dum curavit, curaverunt DDS dedit or dederunt de suo D-D'S-P dedit de sua pecunia ? D'D'S'S deus dominus sanctissimus Sa- turnus D'D'V'L dono dedit votum laetus liben? L'M merito D-D-V-S-L" dono dato votum solvit libens L'M laetus merito DE dea DE decem DE December (mensis) D'E decurio DE devotus DEC December DEC decemiugis DEC decessit DEC Decimus DEC decretum DEC decurio, decuriones, decurionatus ; decuria, decurialis DECC decuriones (duo) DEC'C'A decurio coloniae Agrippinensis DEC'COS" decuria consularis et praetoria ET-PR DEC'DEC decurialis decuriae DEC'DEC, decurionum decreto DECK DEC-N-M-M decurio numeri militum M.. DE CONL-SENT de conlegii sententia DEC'POP-Q decuriones populus que DECK decretum, decrevit DECK 'DEC decreto decurionum DE C'S de consilii sententia DECV decurio DEC'VIAT decuria viatorum DED dedit or dedicavit, dedicatus DED deductus DEDC dedicatus DE"D'D'L Deanae ? donum dat libens DED'XX-P- deducta vigesima populi Roma R-D dedit TABLE OF ABBKEVIATIONS 427 DEF defunctus DEF'ANN defunctus annorum (tot) D'E'F'VL decuriones et fainilia villae Lucul- lanae ? DEIOT Deiotariana (legio) DEL delator DELIC deliciaris DELM Dalmatae (cohors) ^END, DENDR dendrophori >ENDROPHORR dendrophori DEP depositus DE PAG'SEN de pagi sententia DE PAG- SEN' de pagi sententia faciundum FAC'COER coerarunt DE PEQ'POB de pequnia poblica DE PVB de publico )'EQ discens equitem D'E'R de ea re )'E'R'I'C de ea re ita censuere D-E'R-Q'D-R-A de ea re qua de re agetur )ES designatus DESCR descriptum DE-SEN-SENT de senatus sententia DESIG, DESIGN designatus )E S'P de sua pecunia )E S'S, DE S'SEN, DE SEN' de senatus sen- SENT, DE SENA-SEN tentia DEST destinatus )E 8VA PEQ, DE de sua pecunia SYA PECVN DESVLT desultores )EV'N'M- devotus numini maiestatique eius Q-EIV8 DE V-S, DE VPS, DE VIC'S de vici scito >E V DEC de quinque decuriis >'F dare facere >'F decima facta >'F de figlinis >'F defunctus 'F duplarius frumentarius? i-F dulcissimae filiae >-F'P dare facere praestare )-F-P'EFFE- (hunc) decuriones funere pub- RVNDVM lico efferundum censuerunt CENS >I dimachaerus IA. diatheses )IABSOR diabsoricum )IACHO diacholes )IAGLA diaglaucen HALKP dialepidos HAPSOR-OPO (liapsoricum opobalsamatum HAZMYR diazmyrnes 1C dictator C-N-M-Q- dicatus numini maiestatique eius SIVS iCT dictator 'IE S die solis DIFF diffusor DIG dignus D-I-I-M deus invictus, invictus ? Mithras DTM deus invictus Mithras DIM dimidia D-I-M dis inferis Manibus DI-MA Di(is) Manibus or D(iis) i(nferis) Manibus DI'N dierum numerus D'lNV-M deus invictus Mithras DIS dispensator DIS dispunctor DIS-I-MA Diis inferis Manibus DIS-M, MA, MAN, MANI Diis Manibus DIS-MAN-MEM Diis Manibus memoriae DISP dispensator DISP dispunctor (particularly in Mauretania) DISPEN, DISPES dispensator DISP-P-S dispensator provinciae Sardiniae DISP-RAT'COP- dispensator rationis copiarum EXPED'FEL- expeditionum felicium Ger- GERM manicarum DISP-REIP dispunctor rei publicae DISSIGN dissignator D-L dedit libens D-L-M dedit lubens merito D-L deus Liber D'L die Lunae D'M dea inagna or deum mater D-M deus Mithras D'M decurio municipii D'M devotae memoriae ? D-M Diis Manibus D'M divino mandatu D'M dolus mains D'M'A-E- dolus malus abesto et ius civile or I'C iurisconsultus D'M'E devotus maiestati eius D-M'ET M Diis Manibus et memoriae D'M'I dea magna Idaea D'M'I Dis Manibus inferis D'M'ID dea magna Idaea or (mater) deum magna Idaea D-M-IN Dis Manibus inferis D'M'S deo Mithrae sacrum D'M'S diis Manibus sacrum D-M-VF diis Manibus vivus fecit D'N Dea Nehallenia D'N dominus noster D'N-M'E devotus numini maiestatique eius D'N-M'Q devotus numini maiestatique D'N'M'Q'E devotus numini maiestatique eius D'N'P'E devotus numini pietatique ? eius D'O dari oportet DO domino DO donum, donatus ? DO'AF domo Africa 428 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS DOC'EQ'AC P 1 doctor equitum ac peditum jDO L doliaris DOL Dolichenus D'O' M 2 deo optimo maximo ? DOM'NOSTK dominus noster DON donavit DON'POS donum posuit D'P de proprio D'P deus patrius D'P diis Parentibus D'P donum posuit D'PAG'S de pagi scitu or sententia D'P'D de proprio dedit D'P'D'M* Diti patri, Diis Manibus D'P'E devotus pietati eius D'P'P dii Penates publici D'P'P de pecunia publica D'P'S de pagi scitu or sententia D'P'S de pecunia sua, or de parcimonio suo, or de peculio suo, or de proprio suo D'P'S'D de pecunia sua dedit D'P'S'D'D de pecunia sua dono dedit or dedit dedicavit D'P'S'D'L' de pecunia sua dedit } loco dato D'P publice D'P'S'F de pecunia sua fecit D'P'S'F'D de pecunia sua factum (factam) dedit D'p.g'P ^g p ecun i a sua posuit D'Q'F 3 Decimi quondam ? filia ? D'Q decurio quaestor D'Q' A de qua agatur D'Q'L'STT'L die qui legis : sit tibi terra levis D'R'P dignum republica D'R'S deae Romae sacrum D'S de suo D'S deus sanctus, dea sancta D'S deus Saturnus D'S deus Silvanus D'S discens signiferum D'S (Silvano) domestico sacrum D'SANCT'SATVR dominus sanctus Saturnus D'S'B'M de se bene meritus D'S'D de sententia decurionum D'S'D de suo dedit (dat) D'S'D'D de suo donum dedit or dedicavit D'S'EX'V'P de suo ex voto posuerunt D'S'F de suo fecit D'S'F'C de suo faciendum curavit D'S'I'IMP deus Sol invictus imperator D'S' I'M deus sol invictus Mithras D'S'L'L'M de suo laetus libens merito 1 C. I. L. IX. 952. 8 C. I. L. XII. 1069. Not a Christian inscrip- tion. Orelli, 1470. D'S'L'M de suo libens merito D'S'M de se meritus D'S'M Diis sacrum Manibus D'S'P de sua pecunia or de suo posuit D'S'P'C de suo ponendum curavit D'S'P'D de sua pecunia dedit D'S'P'D'D de sua pecunia dono dedit D'S'P'EX' de sua pecunia ex decreto decuri- D'D onum D'S'P'F de sua pecunia fecit D'S'P'F'C de sua pecunia faciendum curavit D'S'P'L'D' de suo posuit loco dato decreto D'D decurionum D'S'P'P de sua pecunia posuit D'S'P'R de sua pecunia restituit D'S'P'R'C de sua pecunia reflciendum curavit D'S'R de suo restituit D'S'S de senatus sententia D'S'S desuosibi? D'S'S'C'F de suo sibi coniugi films ? D'S'S'F'C de senatus sententia faciendum curavit D'S'V decreto senatus Vocontiorum D'S'V'L de suo vivus libens D'T dumtaxat D'T de thesauro D'T'S dii te servent D'V duovir, duumvir D'V'V'A'S' duumvir viis aedibus sacris pub-| P'P licis procurandis? (from Pom- peii) DVC ducenarius DVC'DVC duce ducenario ? D'V'I'D duum vir iure dicundo D'V'L'M dedit ? or Dianae ? votum ? libem merito DVM'T, TAX dum taxat DVPL duplarius. duplicarius DVPLI, DVPLIC duplicarius D'V'S de vici scitu D'V'S'F'C' de vici scitu faciundum curarui I'Q'P idemque probarunt D'X'PRIM' duplarius decem primus p. P'P p.... D'XX'P'E deducta vigesima populi Romani pub- E E E E E E'A'CA E'A'E K'C ECD ED E eius (h)eres est evocatus exsculpsit exactum r eques ahte e eius causa? ecdicus (a)ediculam TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 429 EE'QQ equites E'E'Q'Q'E'E equites Roman! EE'VV egregiiviri EE'VV, EE'MM'VV eminentissimi viri CG'M'V egregiae memoriae vir MI'L'IVS' ex hac lege ius potestasque esto POT E-H-L'N'E eius hace lege nihilum rogato E'l eius index EID eidus EIQ eique EIS'Q'I'S'S eis quae infra scriptae sunt E'L'P e lege Papiria, Petronia EM emeritus E'M ex monitu EM'B emeritus beneflciarius E'M'D'S'P'F e monitu de sua pecunia fecit 1 E'M'V egregiue memoriae vir EM'V eminentissimus vir EX endotercisus (dies) E'O'B'Q ei ossa bene quiescant EP Eppius EPIP epiphorae EQ eques, equestris, equitata EQ Equirria EQ'CATAF equites cataphractarii EQ'C'E equitata civium Eomanorum (co- hors) E'Q'D'D eademque dedicavit EQ'EX'N eques ex numero EQ'G equitum gradus 2 EQ'P equo publico EQ'P'EXOE equo publico exornatus EQ'PVB, PVBL equo publico EQQ equites eques Romanus | EQ'R'E'M' eques Romanus egregiae memoriae V vir [EQ'R'E'P, eques Romanus equo publico EQ'PVBL JEQ'R'F equitis Eomani filius ;'S (SING) D'N eques singularis domini nostri Ml ca res IE (h)eres R'P e re publica I'P ex imperio posuit R'P'V e re publica videri R'A ea res agitur (cum) ea res consuletur R'P e re publica LR'TKSTAME (h)eredes testamento S'C'E'C e senatus consulto renciendum curavit 3'S'F'S'F'L ei sine fraude sua facere liceto * Orelli, 246T. 2 From the theatre at Orange (C. I. L. XII. U). ESQ, ESQVIL Esquilina (tribus) E'S'R exemplum sacri re scrip ti? ESS, ESSE essedarius ESSE'LIB essedarius liberatus E'T ex testamento E'T'F ex testamento fecit E'V egregius vir, more rarely eminen- tissimus vir EV evocatus E'V'L-M-P ex voto libens merito posuit EVOC, EVOK evocatus EVOC'AVG evocatus Augusti E'V'S ex voto suscepto EX exceptor EXAC exactor, exactus EX A - C ex acre conlato EX 'A (AD) CAS, CAST exactum ad Castoris EX A'P ex argento publico EXAE exarchus EXARG ex argento EX AVC, AVCT ex auctoritate EXC exceptor EXC'PR, T exceptor praefecti, tribuni EX C'C ex conscriptorum consulto EX CC ex ducenario EX CCC ex trecenario EX COM'DOM ex comite domesticorum EX CONS ex consensu or consulto EX D ex devotione EX D'D ex decreto decurionum EX D'D' ex decreto decurionum ex pecunia EX P-P publica EX D'D'P' ex decreto decurionum pecunia P publica EX DEC'C' ex decreto centum virorum pe- PEC'SEV cunia Severiana EX DEC'DECUET ex decurionum decreto EX D'ORD ex decreto ordinis EX D'P'A ex decreto provinciae Africae EXEli'PAN'INF exercitus Pannoniae Inferioris EX KKC exercitator EXERC exercitus EX F'B ex fide bona EX FIG, FIGL ex figlinis EX'G(GER) INF exercitus Germaniae Inferioris EX H-L-EX- ex hac lege, exve decreto decuri- VE'D'D onum EX H'L'N'E ex hace lege nihilum rogato EX IMP-IPS ex imperio ipsius EX IV, IVS ex iussu EX IVS'IPSA ex iussu ipsarum EX IVSS'E ex iussu eius EX IVV'S- ex iussu votum solvit libens merito L-M EX N ex nomine EXO exodiarius EX O ex ovo EX OF, OFF ex offlcina 430 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS EX PAGPD ex pagi decreto EX P'D ex pagi decreto EX PEQ'PVB ex pecunia public EX PL exemplum EX P'L ex pecunia legata EXPLIC explicarius EX P'D ex parte dimidia ? EXPL'BAT exploratores Batavi EX P'P ex pecunia publica EX P'P'F'C ex pecunia publica faciunduin curavit EX PE ex praediis EX PE exceptor praefecti EX PE'C'C' ex praediis coloniae copiae Clau- C'C diae curatum ? EXPVEG expurgatio EX E ex ratione EX E'P ex response posuit EX E'VEB ex ratione urbica EX S'C ex senatus consulto EXSEEC' exercens artem cretariam AET-CKET EX S'P'F'C ex sua pecunia faciendum curavit EXS TEST'F exs testamento fecit EX S'VOTO ex suscepto voto or exs voto EX'T, EXC'TE exceptor tribuni EXT exterus EX T ex testamento EX T'F'I'C ex testamento fieri iussit, facitin- dum curavit EX T'P ex testamento posuit EX TE ex tributario EX T'T'F' ex testamento titulum fieri iussit ; I'H'F'C heres faciundum curavit EX V ex voto EX VIK ex vicario EX V'L'M ex voto libens rnerito EX V'L'S* ex voto libenter suscepto solvit S'M merito EX VO (VOT) L-POS ex voto libens posuit EX V'P ex voto posuit EX V'P'L' ex voto posuit libens laetus merito L'M EX V'S'L'A ex voto solvit libens animo EX V DEC ex quinque decuriis fabri faciunt, fecit, fecerunt, factus, ciendum Falerna (tribus) fanum ? fastus (dies) feliciter feriae fida fidelis (legio) F figlinae F filius, filia F fines F fiscus F fiunt F flamen F Flavius, Flavia (legio) Flaviensis F Fortuna F Fretensis (legio) F functus F fund us E filia. femina FAB Fabia (tribus) FAB fubrica FAB fabri, fabrum (praefectus) FAB'COS, PE (praefectus) fabrum consularis, (PEAET) praetorius FABE'CENT fabri centonarii FABRTIG, TIGN fabri tignarii FAC ' faciebat FAC'COEE'EIDEMQ' faciundum coerarunt ei- PEOB demque probarunt FAC'CVE ; FACIV' faciundum curavit, cura- CVE runt FAC'LOCAE'EIDEMQ- faciunduin locarunt PEOB eidemque probarunt FACT factio FAL Falerna (tribus) FAL, FAL A Falernae (vites) FALC Falcidia (lex) FALE, FALL Falerna (tribus) FAM familia FAM'GLAD familia gladiatoria F'A'PEEP flamen August! perpetuus FAEMAC'PVBLIC farmacopola publicus FAS fascia FAVS Faustianum'(viniun) F'B'F filio bono fecerunt F'B'M filio, filiae bene merenti F'C faciendum curavit or curaverunt FC fecit or fecerunt F'C fisci curator F'C frumenti curator ? F'C'A Forum Claudii Angtisti FCC faciundum curaverunt? F'C'EIDQ'PEO, faciundum curarunt eidemque PEOB probarunt F'C-I'P faciendum curavit idem probavit F'C'I'Q'P faciundum curarunt idemque pro- barunt F'COIP faciendum coiravit or coiraverunt F'C'P fulpur conditum publice FCT fecit F'D fecit dedicavit F'D filio dulcissimo or filiae dulcissimad FD fundus ? F'D'EX- (praefectus) frumenti dandi S'C senatus cousulto TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 431 F'D'F flliae dulcissimae fecerunt FD'IVB fide iubere F-DvN feliciter domino nostro ? F'D'Q fecit dedicavitque F'D'S fecerunt de suo F'D'S'S'C faciunduin de ?enatus sententia curaverunt FE Februarius (mensis) FE fecit FE feliciter FEB Februarius FE-B-B feliciter bonis bene FEBR Februarius (mensis) FEC fecit, fecerunt FECE fecerunt FEL felLx (legio) FELIC felicitas FEE Feralia FEE LAT feriae Latinae FEEE ferrariae FEEE Ferrata (legio) FEET Fertor F'ET'D fecit et dedicavit F-ET-F filii et filiae F'EX S'C' feriae ex senatus consulto quod eo Q-E-D die, etc. FF fecerunt or fecit ? F-F fecit feliciter ? F-F felix fidelis F-F fieri fecit ? FF filii F'F fili us or (filia) fecit or filii fecerunt F-F fiscus frumentarius F'F Flavia felix firma fidelis (legio) F-F (viam) Flaviam fecit F-F-B'M filii fecerunt bene merenti FF DD fundi? FFLL Flavii FF'PP flamen perpetuus F'F-P-P-P fidelis frater? pro pietate po- suit (??) FI filius F'l fieri iussit FID fidelis (legio) FID fidicen FIG, FIGL figulinae, figlinae FIL-K-F filius ktirissimus fecit or filio ka- rissimo fecit FIL'PAT filius patroni ? FIE'IVL- (colonia) firma lulia Secundano- SECVND rum | FISC'STAT- fiscus stationis hereditatium HEEEDITATI IF-IVS fieri iussit F-K filio karissimo F'K-F filio karissimo fecit IFL flamen, flaminica, fiamonium FL, FLA Flavius, Flavia FLAM flamen, flaminica, flatnonium FLAM-AVG flaminica Augustae FLAM'CLAVD flamen Claudialis FLAM-DIALIS Flamen Dialis FLAM-MAET flamen Martialis FLAM-PEEP flamen perpetuus FLAM'P, PE flamen provinciae FLAM-QVIR flamen Quirinalis FLAM'EOM- flamen Eomae et Augusti ET AVG FL-F Flavia felix, firma, fidelis FL'FEL Flavia felix (legio) FLL flamines F'LOC faciundum locarunt FL'P flamen perpetuus F'LIB'ET PEC fiscus libertatis et peculiorum F'L'P funus, locum publice FL'PP flamen perpetuus or flamonium perpetuum FL'SACE-PVB flamen sacrorum publicorum F'L'S'P' funus locum statuam or sepultu- D'D rae publice decuriones decre- verunt F'M fllio merenti or filio mater F ' M ' F fllio m ater fecit F'M-P filius matri posuit FO Fortuna FOED Fordicidia FOET Fortenses FORT'HOEE Fortuna horreoruin F P ? (See p. 367.) F'P filio piissimo or filio posuit or posuerunt F'P filii posuerunt F-P filius pientissimus F'P flamen perpetuus F'P Fortuna Praenestina or Primige- nia F'P frumentum publicum F'P funus publicum F'P'A'D-X- frumentum publicum accipit d... TCXL K-C X, t... CXL, k... C F'P'C filius ponendum curavit F'P'D-D Fortunae Primigeniae d.mum clant F-P-D-M'P filius patri dulcissimo matri ]>iissi- mae or filius parentioiis de (se) merentibus posuit F'P-F fili piror patri fecerunt F-P-F filius patri fecit F'P'M'F filii pientissimi or patri merenti fecerunt F-P'P fecit pro pietate F-P'P filia patri piissimo or filio piissimo posuit F'P'P fratri pio or frater pius posuit F'P'P'M filii posuerunt patri merenti F'P-PE Fortuna Primigenia Praenestina F'P'VET fundus possessoris veteris 432 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS F'N fuerunt or fiunt numero F'Q faciundum curavit F'Q'E'E'V tideque ei esse videbitur FR frater FR Fretensis (legio) FR frumentarius FRA frater FRANC Francicus FR'ARV frater A rvalis FRAT'O'P fratri optimo posuit FRET Fretensis (legio) FR'D' fronte dextra FR'KA fratres karissimi FRONT Frontoniana (ala) FR'S fronte sinistra FRT fronte or fratri FRV frumentarius, frumentum FRV'EMV (ad) frumentum emundum FRVM frumentarius, frumentum FRVMENT frumentarius FRVMM frumentarii F'S filii sui, filio suo F'S fecit sibi F'S femina sanctissima? F'S Fortunae sacrum F'S 'A Flavia singular! um Autoniniana (ala) F'S'ET'S fecit sibi et suis F'S'ET'S'L' fecit sibi et suis libertis libertatus L'P'Q'E posterisque eorum F'S'S fiunt supra script! (ae, a) F'V'L familia villae Lucullanae FVL'CON'P fulgur conditum publice FVLM'FVL Fulminator Fulgurator FVLM, Fulminata certa constacs (legio) FVLMI-C'C 1 F'V'P filiae vivus posuit F'M'P'P filii inatri piae posuerunt G G Gaius G Galeria (tribus) G Galli (cohors) G Gallica (legio) G Gallienus, Galliena G garum G Gemina (legio) G gener G Genius G gens (in Africa) G centuria 2 GA Galeria (tribus) GAL Galatia GAL Galeria (tribus) * Ephem. Ep. V. p. 32, n. 61. a C. I. L. XIV. 2278. GAL Gallia, Gallica (legio) GALER Galeria (tribus) GALL Gallica (legio) GAR'CAST garum castum G'C'D Genius collegii dendrophororum G'C'N Genius Gaii nostri G'D Genius domus ? G'D'A'S Genio D Augusto sacrum G'D'N Genius Decani nostri G'D'N Genius dornini nostri G'D'S Germanicus Dacicus Sarmaticus GE Gemina (legio, cohors) GE genitura 8 GEM Gemina (legio) GEM'P'F Gemina pia fidelis GEM'SEV Gemina Severiana GEN'ET'HON Genius et Honor GEN genitrix GEN gentilis GENAR'CICA genarum cicatrices GER, GERM, Germania, Germanicus GERM A GER, GERM' Germania Inferior or Superior INF or SVP GKRM'SVP Germania Superior G'F garum factum G'F Gemina felix (legio) G'H'L Genius huius loci GIL gilvus G'L Genius loci GL gladiatores GLAD gladiarius, gladiator, gladiatorius GLA'PRIM' gladiatores primi Campaniae CAMP G'M gens M G'M Genius municipii G'M'S Genius municipii Satafensis G'M'V gemina Martia victrix (legio) GN Gnaeus GN gnatus GOR Gordianus GOT, GOTHIC Gotbicus G'P'AVG Genius patriae Augustus G'P'A'S Genio pagi A. ..sacrum G'P'F Gemina pia fidelis (legio) G'P'R Genius populi Roman! G'P'R'F Genio populi Roman! feliciter G'Q'N Genius Quinti nostri G'R Gallica rapax (legio) 4 G'R German! Raeti GRAMM grammaticus GRAN granatum or granianum (vinum) 6 GRAT gratuitus GREG'VRB gregis urbani G'S Germania Superior * C. I. L. V. 5020. * Orelli, 441. 5 C. I. L. IV. 2565. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 433 G'T-N Genius Titi nostri GYBER, GYBEKN gybernator H H habens, habet H hie, haec H hastatus H haustum H Hercules H heres H hie H Hispana (legio), Hispani (cohors) H homo, homines H horrearius H hora H Horatia (tribus) H'A Herculaneus Augustalis HAB habens H'A'B'Q hie a... bene quiescat HABT habeant HAD Adiutrix (legio) H-ADQ hie adquiescit HADR Hadrianus H'A'H'N'S haec ara heredem non sequetur H'A'l'R honore accepto impensam remisit H'AQ hie adquiescit HAR haruspex HARM 1 armorurn (custos) HARN Arnensis (tribus) HAR'PRIM' haruspex primus de sexaginta DE'LX H'P hastatus prior H'A'S'A'H' habet aedes Salutis Augustae hoc L'L'Q'D' loco leges quas Dianae Romae in R-IN'A Aventino H'A'S'F'C heres a se faciundum curavit HAS hastatus HAS'P, PR, PRI ; hastatus prior, posterior PO, POST HAST hastatus HAST'POST, POSTER hastatus posterior HAST'P, PR, PR! hastatus prior H'B homo bonus H'B'C hie bene cubet H'B'F homini bono fecit H'B'M'F heres bene merenti fecit H'B-Q hie bene quiescat H'C hie conditus or hie cubat H-C Hispania Citerior H'C honoris causa H'C honore contentus H'C horrearius cohortis H-C'D'D honoris causa dedit dedicavit H'C'D'N'S honoris causa Dianae Nemorensi sacrum ? C. I. L. X. 3395. LAT. INSCRIP. 28 H'C'E hie conditus est orcrematus? est H'C'E'C'E' hie conditus est; cineres ei bene B'Q quiescant H'C'I'R honore contentus impensam remi- sit H'C'P heres curavit ponendum ? H'C'S'P'P honore contentus sua pecunia po- suit HD Hadrianus H-D'S heredes de suo H'D'S'P heres de suo posuit HE herus ? H'E hie est H'E'B'P hie est bene positus ? H'E'B'Q hie est ; bene quiescat HE'ES heic est H'E'F heres ejus fecit or heredes ejus fe- cerunt HEL Helvetia HELIOP Heliopolitanus HELV helvetia HEM, HEMAES, HEMES Hemeseni (cohors) H'E'N'H heredem exterum non habebit H'E'N'S heredem exterum non sequetur H'E'P hie est positus H'E'P'C heres ejus ponendum curavit HER heres, hereditates HER Herius HER'BEN'MER heres bene merenti HERC'SAX, SAXAN Hercules Saxanus HERC'V Hercules Victor HERED, HEREDIT hereditates HERED'NON'SEQ heredes non sequetur HER'FIDVC heres flduciarius HER'PON'C heredes ponendum curaverunt HER'POS heres posuit HERR heredes HERVC Herucina (Venus) H'E'S hie est situs, sita or sepultus, sepulta HE'S'EST' heic? situs est; ossa bene quie- OS'B'Q scant H'E'T heredes ex testamento H'E'T'F heres ex testamento fecit H'E'T'F'C heres ex testamento faciendum curavit H'E'V'O hie est ; volo ? ossa H'EX T, TT heredes ex testamento H'F heres fecit or heredes fecerunt H'F honestissima femina H'F honore functus H'F'C heres faciendum curavit, heredes faciendum curaverunt HH heredes H'H'F homini honestissimo fecerunt ? H'H'M'NON'S heredem hoc monumentum non sequetur H'H'P'R homines hostes populi Romani ? 434 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS H'H'Q heres heredesque H'l Hercules invictus HI Hispani (cohors) HIEROF hierofanta H'l'E'S hie intus est situs ? H'INNOC homo innocens HIS Hispania, Hispanus, Hispani HI'SP hie sepultus HISP Hispania, Hispanus, Hispani HIST Histria H'L haec lex H'L hie locus H'L'A'N hunc locum alienari nolo ? H'L'D'M'A huic loco dolus malus abesto H'L'ET'M' hie locus et monumentum heredem H'N'S non sequentur H'L'H'N'S hie locus heredem non sequetur H'L'I'R'Q hac lege ius ratumque (esto) H'L'O (uti) hac lege oportebit H'L'R (ante) hanc legem rogatam H'L'S'E hoc loco sepultus est H'L'S'H'N' hie locus sepulturae heredem non S sequetur H'L'T'C'S hunc locum tessellavit cum suis H'M hoc monumentum H'M homo mereus H'M (dimissis) honesta missione H'M honeste missus H'M'A'H'N' hoc monumentum ad heredem non P pertinet H'M'A'M'R hoc monumentum apud meos re- manebit ? H'M'C'P (nihil ultra crudelius) hoc monu- mento cernere potes ? H'M'D'M'A huic monumento dolus malus abesto H'M'D'M'A' huic monumento dolus malus abe- B'M'M'C sto ; bene merenti memoriae causa H'M'E'H'N' hoc monumentum exterum here- 8 dem non sequetur H'M'E'N'S hoc monumentum (h)eredem or exterum (heredem) non seque- tur H'M'ET L' hoc monumentum et locus here- H'N'S dem non sequentur H'M'ET L' hoc monumentum et locus sepul- S'H'N'S turae heredem non sequentur H'M'F honestae memoriae femina H'M'F'C'ET hoc monumentum faciundum cu- S'A'D ravit et sub ascia dodicavit H'M'H'E'N' hoc monumentum heredem exte- 8 rum non sequetur H'M'HER' hoc monumentum heredem fiduci- FIDVCI- arium non sequetur AR'N'8 H'M'irir hoc monumentum heredes heredis (non sequetur) H'M'H'M' hoc monumentum heredem meum N'S non sequetur H'M'H'N'C hoc monumentum heredi non cedit II'M'H'N'S hoc monumentum heredem non sequetur H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentum heredem non N'H'H sequetur nee heredes heredis H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentum heredem non NEQ'LIB' sequetur neque libertos [eius EROS neque post] eros H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentum heredem nou N'L'S sequetur nee locus sepulturae H'M'H'S hoc monumentum heredes seque- tur H'M'I'A huic monumento itus actus H'M'L'S'AB huic monumento, loco sepulturae, abesto (dolus malus)? H'M'M honesta missione missus H'M'M honor magisterii Mercurialium H'M'N'S heredem monumentum non seque- tur H'M'S'D'M hoc monumentum sine dolo malo H'M'S'L'H' hoc monumentum sive locus here- N'S dem non sequetur H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum F'C est faciendum curaverunt H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum H'H'N'S est heredes non sequetur H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum H'M'N'S est heredem meum non sequetur. H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum H'N'S est heredem non sequetur. H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum N'N'S est n ? non sequetur H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum N'S est non sequetur H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum H'EX'N'S hoc heredem exterum non se- quetur H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum M'N'S heredem ? meum non sequetur H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum N'S heredem non sequetur H'M'S'S' hoc monumentum sive sepulcri VSTRIN ustrinum H'M'S'V'L' hoc monumentum sive locus non N'S'Q sequetur H'M'S'V'S' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum E'H'N'S est heredem non sequetur H'M'V honestae memoriae vir H'N'S heredem non sequetur H'N'C Hispania Nova Citerior H'N'S -N' heredem non sequetur nee libertos L'S suos HO horrearius H'O'B'Q hie ossa bene quiescant HOC MON' hoc monumentum sive hoc se- TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 435 SI'HO'SE 1 pulcrum heredem non sequetur HR-NO'SEQ H'O'E'B hie ossa ei bene HON honor HON honoratus HON'F honoribus functus IION'M honesta matrona HOPL hoplomachus HOR hora HOR Horatia (tribus) HOR horrea HOROL horologium HORB horrearius H'O'S hie ossa sita H-O-T-B-Q hie ossa tibi bene quiescant H'O'V'B'Q hie ossa volo or vobis bene quies- cant H'P heres posuit H'P hie positus or heredes posuerunt H'P homo probus ? H'P'C heres ponendum curavit H'P'D Herculi? Primigenio? dedit? H'PR hastatus prior H'P'R hostes populi Romani H'Q hie quiescat H'Q'B hie quiescat bene HRD heredes H'R'I'R honore recepto impensam remisit H'S hie situs, sita; sepultus, sepulta H'S'A hie situs a.... H'S'B'P'E hie situs bene positus ? est H'S'B'Q hie situs bene quiescat H'S'D'M'A huic sepulcro dolus malus abesto H'S'E hie situs, sita est or hie sepultus, sepulta est H'S'E'B'Q hie situs est; bene quiescat H'S'E'H'EX hie situs est ; heres ex testamento T'F'C faciundum curavit H'S'E'H'F hie situs est ; heres fecit H'S'E'H'P hie situs est ; heredes posuerunt H'S'E'O'T' hie situs est ; ossa tua bene quies- B'Q eant H'S'E'O'V' hie situs est ; ossa volo bene qui- B'Q escant H'S'E'ST'T'L hie situs est; sit tibi terra levis H'S E'T'F' hie situs est ; titulum fieri iussit ; I'H'F'C heres faciundum curavit H'S'E'T'F'I'hic situs est; titulum fieri iussit; H'P heres posuit H'S % EX 8 heres secundus ex semisse ? H-S'H hie situs, heredes ? H'S'H'A' hoc sepulcrum heredibus abalie- N'L nare non licet H'S'H'E hie situs, heredes eius H'S'H'N'S hoc sepulcrum heredem non se- quitur H'S'L'P '.hoc sepulcrum libens posuit ? H'S'N'S heredem secundum non sequetur H'S'O'B hie situs ; ossa bene H'S-O-T hie situs ; ossa tibi H'SP hie sepultus ? H'SP-E hie sepultus est H'S'Q hie situs ; quiescat H'S'S hie siti or sepulti sunt H'S'S-H'T-B 1 hie situs sepultus; hie tibi bene Q'H'E'S quiescat; heredes? eius? s... H-S'S'S-V-T-L hie siti sunt. Volo terra levis H-S'T hie situs ; tibi H-S'T-F-I hie situs ; testamento fieri iussit H'T hie tu HT'B hie tu bene H-T'B-C hie tu bene cubes ? H'T'B'Q hie tu bene quiescas ; or tumula- tus bene quiescas H'f'F'C heredes testamento fieri curave- runt H'T'H'N'S hie tumulus? heredem non seque- tur II'T'O-B-Q hie tibi ossa bene quiescant H'T'V'P heres testamento vivus posuit H'V Hercules victor H'Y honore usus H-VF heres vivus fecit H'V'I'R honore usus impensam remisit H'V'O'B'Q hie volo ossa bene quiescant H'V'S'R honore usus sumptum remisit H'V-S'R-L- honore usus snmptus remisit; D'D'D' loco dato decreto decurionum H'VV-S Herculi victori votum solvit I I I I I I-A I lanuarius (mensis) invictus (Mithras) itur lulius, lulia iunior in agro I A, IAN lanuariae I'A'P in agro pedes PC in Capitolio I'C'A ius civile (or iuris consultus) abesto ID-IAN Idus lanuariae I'D invictus deus I'D lupiter Dolichenus I-D iure dicundo IDE Idibus I-D-D'D lovi Dolicheno dono dedit ID E id est I'D'P iure dicundo praeesse I-D-Q-C'P iure dicundo quinquennalis cen- soriae potestatis I'D'Q'Q iure dicundo quinquennalis IDQ'P iidemque probaverunt ID-QVOT-D-F idem quotannis divisio fiat 436 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS TE iudex esto TE'V'Q'I' in ea verba quae infra scripta sunt s-s I'F in fronte I'F'P in fronte pedes THER invictus Hercules I-H-MTA- in hoc monumentum itum aditum S'C'F sacrorum causa facere IIMMPP'CC- (duobus) imperatoribus Caesari- AAEE8S bus PL'H ius liberorum habena ILL illustris IM imaginifer IM imperator I'M invictus Mithras IMA imaginifer I MAG imaginifer IM'C imaginifer cohortis IMM immolaverunt IMM immunis IMMAG 1 imaginifer IMMV immunis IMP imperator, imperatum ?, imperium IMP impetus IMP'D'N imperator dominus noster IMPE imperator IMPER imperator IMPET-LIPPIT impetus lippitudinis IMP'N imperator noster IM'PP immunis perpetuus IMPP imperatores (duo) IMPP'CC imperatores Caesares (duo) IMPP-DD'NN imperatores (duo) domini nostri IMP'P'Q'R imperium populusque Romanus IMP'S impensa sna IN (pater) infelicissimus IN A, IN AG, IN AGR in agro IN CAL in caliga IN C'D'C'D in cujus dedicatione cenam dedit ? INC-FR-PVBL incisus frumento publico INCOMP incomparabilis IND indictio IN E'V'Q' in ea verba quae infra scripta sunt 1-8-8 IN F, FR in fronta INF-S-S infra subscript! or scripti sunt ING ingenua IN H'D'D in honorem domus divinae IN HO in honorem IN K'S in capita singula INL inlustris INPP imperatoribus (duobus) INP'S inpensa sua IN QVINQ in quinquennium IN R in retro IN T in tergo *a I. L. III. 1583. INS instante, instantia IN SING-H in singulos homines IN'S'S infra scripti or scripta sunt INSTA instante, instantia INST'TAB instrumentinn tabulariorum IN SVO CONST, E in suo constituit, erexit INTER interrex INT intulit INV, IN VI invictus IN V-R-P'VE in urbe Roma propius ve mbi V'R'P'M Romae passus mille I'O'C lupiter optimus Capitolinus I'O'D lupiter optimus Dolichenus I'O'D'E lupiter optimus Dolichenus E ... I'O'M lupiter optimus maximus I'O'M'A'D lupiter optimus maximus Au- gustus Dolichenus I'O'M'B lupiter optimus maximus Balma-r- codes I'O'M'C lupiter optimus maximus conser- vator I'O'M'C'O' lupiter optimus maximus cete- D'l rique omnes dii immortales I'O'M'CVL lupiter optimus maximus culmi- nalis I'O'M'D lupiter optimus maximus depulsor I'O'M'D lupiter optimus maximus Doli- chenus I'O'M'F lupiter optimus maximus fulmi- nator I'O'M'F'F lupiter optimus maximus fulrni- nator fulgurator I'O'M'H lupiter optimus maximus Ileli- opolitanus I'O'M'H'A lupiter optimus maximus Ileli- opolitanus Augustus rO'M'I'R' lupiter optimus maximus luno M'T'M regina, Minerva, Terra mater I'O'M'S lupiter optimus maximus. Surs.Mi- lanus IOVR-DIC iure dicundo I-O'S'INVI lupiter optimus Sol invictus... ...R'N rupe natus rO-S'P'D lupiter optimus Sol praestantissi- mus dignus I-p iter prohibitum I'P'AVG lanus pater Augustus I'P-QVE ius potestasque (esto) I-Q'S'S'S ii qui supra scripti sunt I'Q'P Wemque probavit I'R luno Regina I'S infra scriptus I-S'E (h)Ic situs est I'S'M'R luno sospes magna regina I'S'P impensis suis posuit ISPEC 2 (i)speculator 2 C.LL.\lll. ': TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 437 ISTAN instante, instantia ISTR (i)strator rS'V'P in suo vivi posuerunt IT item IT iterum ITAL Italica (legio) rT'M'F'C idem testamento monumentum fa- ciendum curavit IT-V-S-M ita votum solvam meritis ? IVD iudicans, iudicandus, iudex IVD-DEC; IVD- index decuriae, iudex de DE VDEC quinque decuriis rV'E'E'R' ita utei eis e re publica fideve sua P-F'S-V'E videbitur esse IVG iugera IVL lulius, lulia IVL-TEP-MAR lulia Tepula Marcia IVN iunior IVN'REG luno regina IVR iuridicus IVR-DIC iure dicundo ; iuris dictio IVRID iuridicus IVS'SA iussione sacra IVV iuvenes (collegium iuvenum) K K Kaeso K kalendae 2 K kalendarium K calumnia K candidatus K caput K castellum, castellani, castrum, cas- tra K coniux K cardo K carissimus, carissima K casa K corpus ? X castra KAL kalendae KANAL canaliclarius KANJ), KANDID candidatus KAR carissimus, carissima KARC carcerarius KARM Carmentalia KAS, KAST castra KAST'PER castra peregrina K'K calumniae causa KK castra K'L caput legis KLM3 dementis 1 C.LL.VIII. 2957. 2 Wilmanns remarks (Exempla, p. 723) that this abbreviation is very common before 180 A.D. anil rare after. We find then generally KAL. 3 C. L L. XIV. 3088. K-0 K'Q KRS KR8MAE K-S KVR L L L L L L L L L L L L L L'A LA'B LAC cannophori Ostienses Kalendae quinctiles carissimus, carissima carissimae carus suis Cyrenai'ca (legio) latuin legio leuga lex liberatus libertus, liberta librarius ligatum 4 lippitudo locus, loculus longum Lucius luna libens animo laudabilis bonus ? lacus L'A'D libens animo dedit L'A'D'D libens animo donum dat, dede- runt, dedicat LANIS lanista LAP lapis LAPID lapidarius LAR Larentinalia L'AR'E librarius arcarii evocatus ? LAR'ET IMAG Lares et imagines LAR-MIL Lares militares LAT laticlavius LAT'FVER Latinae fuere LARG largus L'A-SOL libens animo soMt LATIC, LATICL laticlavius LAV'LAV Laurens Lavinas LAVR'LAV Laurens Lavinas L'B libertus bonus L'B'S libens solvit L-C laticlavius L'C librarius capsarius ? L-C liber condicione ? L'C librarius cohortis ? L'C locus concessus LC Lucius L-C-D-D locus concessus decreto decurio- num L'O'IX liberatus coronarum novem L'D (votum) libens dat L'D libero damno L'D locum dedit, loco dato, locus da- tus, locum donavit * C. L L. V. 6414. 438 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS L'D'A EEP locus datus a re publics L'D'D libens donum dedit L'D'D'C locus datus decreto collegii L'D-D-C'F'C locus datus decreto collegii fabrum centonariorum L'D'D'C'V locus datus decreto centumvirum L'D'D'CRE'C locus datus decreto centumvi- rum L'D'D'D locus datus decreto decurionum L'D'D'D'D'D loco dato decreto decurionum, dono dederunt L'D'D'D'P locus datus decreto decurionum publice L'D'DEC'N'R loco dato decreto nautarum Rho- danicoruin L'D'D'P' loco dato decreto pagi Condatium COND L'D'D'PA locus datus decreto paganorurn L'D'D'S'V locus datus decreto senatus Vo- contiorum L'D'D 'V locus datus decreto utriclariorum vicanorum L'D'EX D'D locus datus ex decreto decurionum L'D'EX D'PAG locus datus ex decreto pagi L'D'G legio decima Gemina L'D'P locus datus publice L'D'P'C locus datus permissu collegii L'D'P'D'D locus datus publice decreto decu- rionum L'D'P'P' locus datus pecunia publica, de- D'D creto decurionum L'D'PVB' locus datus publice decreto decu- D'D rionum L'D'S'C locus datus senatus consulto LE lene LE'A'L lene ad lippitudinem LEG legatus LEG legavit LEG legio LEG'AVG legatus Augusti LEG'AVG'CENS' legatus Augusti censibus ac- ACC cipiendis LEG'AVGG' legatus Augustorum duorum pro PR-PR praetore LEG'AVG'P'P legatus Augusti pro praetore LEG'AVG' legatus Augusti pro pratore PR-PR, PRAE LEG'COR lege Cornelia LEG'IVR legatus iuridicus LEG-LEG legatus legionis LEG'PL'VE* leges plebeive scitum senatusve SC'S-VE-C consultum LEG'PROCOS legatus proconsulis LEG'PRO'Q legatus pro quaestore LEG'S'C legatus senatus consulto LEMO, LEMON Lemonia (tribus) LEM Lemonia (tribus) LEM Lemuria L'ET F'D'D libertis, or Laribus et familiae do- num dederunt L-ET L liberti et libertae LEV leucoma L'F Latinae fuerunt L'F laudabilis femina L'F liberti fecerunt L'F librarius fisci ? L'F'D'D Laribus familiaribus donum dede- runt L'F'D'D ludos fecerunt decurionum decreto LG legio L'H'N'S locus heredem non sequitur LI libertus ? LIB libellus LIB liber LIB liberatus, LIB liber, liberalitas LIB libertus, liberta LIB librae LIB librarius LIB liburna LIB Libya LIB'AGON Liberalia Agonalia LIB-AN libens animo L1BB liberti LIB-COS librarius consularis ? LIBEL libella LIBER libertas (dea) LIBER libertus LIB-LIBERTABVSQ- libertis libertabusque SVIS'P'E suis posterisque eorum LIB-LIB-Q'P(POST)- libertis libertabusque po- EOR sterisque eorum LIBR libertus LIBR, LIBRA librarius LIBR-COMM ST' librarius commentarioruin HER-T'K stationis hereditatium ta- bularii? kastrensis? LIBTIS libertatis LIC licet LI-E-P-OP'N liberti eius patrono optimo nostro LTF-PIIII' locus in fronte pedes IIII ; retro R'P'IIII pedes IIII LIG Liguria LI'M-V'S'L libens merito votum solvit laetus L-IN-CIR ludi in circo L'IN'LA locus in latitudinem LINT lintiarius LIP, LIPP lippitudo LIQV liquamen L'L Laurens Lavinas L'L legatus legionis L'L libens laetus L'L liberti libertae L'L librarius legati or legionis L'L Lucii (duo) L'LIB locus libertorum ? TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 439 L'LIBERT'POSTE- libertis libertabusque po- RIS Q'EOR sterisque eorum L'L'L'L'L'M 1 laeti libentes ? merito L'L'P'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo- rum L'L'L'P'O' libertis libertabusque... posteris- M'S que omnibus monumentum sta- tuit? L'L'M laetus libens merito L'L'P'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo- ruin L'L'P D laetus libens p... dedit L'L'P'Q'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo- rum L'L'P'S libertis libertabus posterisque suis L'L'Q libertis libertabusque L'L'T librarius (tribuni) laticlavii L'L'V'S laetus libens votum solvit L'M libens merito L'M libertus meus L'M locus monumenti L'M'A'P locus monument! ante? pedes (XX) L'M ludus inagnus L-M-D libens merito dedit L'M'F libens merito fecit L'MIL Lares militares L'M'P libens merito posuit L'M'S libens merito solvit L'N Lucius noster LO locus LOO locator LOC'ACCEP' loco accepto decreto decurionum D-D LOC'ACCEP-DED loco accepto dedit LOC'D locus datus LOC'D AT'D'D locus datus decreto decurionum LOC'EMPT locus emptus LOC'EMP locus emptus LOO'H'S'P loco hoc sibi permisso senatus 1 S'C'P'S consulto pecunia sua 2 LOC-LIB locus libertorum ? LOC'MONVM locus monument! LOC'P'P locorum publicorum persequendo- rum LOC'PVB loco publico LOC'PVBL' locorum publicorum persequendo- PERSEQ rum LOC'SEP locus sepulturae LON longus L'P lex Petronia ? L-P locus pedum, or latus (longus) pedes L'P Liber pater L'P libertus patrono L'P libens or libertus posuit i Brambach, 1315. * Orelli, 1450 = 471?. L'P'D'A'P lege Papiria de acre publico ? L'P'D'D'D locus publice datus decreto decu- rionum L'P'I libens poni iussit (?) L'P 'IT legio prim a Italica L'P'M legio prima Minervia L'P'P locorum publicorum persequendo- rum L'P'P'P loco publico pecunia publica L'P'Q locus pedum quadratorum L'Q locus quadratus L'P'S libertis posterisque suis ? L'K'P legas rogo praeteriens L'S libentes solverunt L'S locus sepulturae L'S'D locum sibi dante ? L'S'D' locus sepulturae datus decurionum D'D decreto L'SE'H locus sepulturae heredem non se- N'S quetur L'S'M locus sepulturae monumentique ? L'S 'PR librarius subpraefecti LT laticlavius L'T, L'TR librarius tribuni LV Lucius LVB'MER lubens merito LVC Lycia LVD'F ludos fecit LVD'MAT ludus matutinus LVN'VET Lunense vetus LVP, LVPERC Lupercalia, Lupercus L'V'S libens votum solvit LVSTR'MON'SAC lustratio inontis sacri LYC Lycaonia L'V luna quinta M M Macedonica (legio) M magister M maiestas M maiora M 8 manipularis M Manes M manu M Marcus M marmora M Martia (legio) M mas (bos) M maritus M Mars M mater M Matres or Matronae M Mauretania (Caesariensis, Siti- fensis) M maximus *C.I.L.X. 3595. 440 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS M memoria M mensis, menses, mensibus M Mercurius M merens, meritus M metalla M (votum solvit bona) mente ? M miles, militavit M mille, milia M Minervia (legio) M Minerva M minus M missus (ex legione) M modius M moneta M monumentum M mortuus M muliebris M municipium , M murmillo M menses M/ Manius A mortuus ? MA manu M'A Mercurius Augustus M'A militavit annos M'A municipium Atria M'A'A municipium Aurelium Apulum MAC, MACEI) Macedonia; Macedonica (legio) MACH machinarii M- AD M- magister ad Martem Praenestinum PKAEN MAE, MAEC Maecia (tribus) MA'ET PA mater et pater MAG magister, magistri, magisterium, magistratus MAG'AVG magister Augustalis MAG'C'D magister c... dedit MAG'COL magister collegii MAG'EQ magister equitum MAG-FIG magister figulorum MAGG magistri, magistratus MAG'FAB magister fabrum MAGN magnarius MAG'PAG magistri pagi Augusti felicis su- AVG'F'S- burbani pro iudis ex decreto PRO LVD' decurionum 1 EX D-D MAG'P, PERP, PP magister perpetuus MAG 'PR magister primus MAG-PR magister privatae MAG-PRIVAT- magister privatae Aegypti et AEG'ET LIB Libyae MAG-PROVE magistratus prove magistratu MAG'P'R populi Romani MAG'QQ magister quinquennalis MAG'QVIN magister quinquennalis i C. I. L. X. 853. M'A'G'S memor animo grato solvit MAG'VIC magister vici MAG'IIII F magister quartum factus MAI Maius (mensis) MAI, MA 1C Maecia (tribus) MAIES-D majestas divina MAM Mamercus MAN manipularis MANC maneipium MAN'ET CIN Manibus et cineribus ? MANI Manibus MANIP, MANI PL, MANP* manipularis MAR Marcia (aqua) MAR margaritarius MAR marinus MAR maritus MARG margaritarius MARM marmoreus MART Martius (mensis), Martia (legio) MART-VIC, VICT Martia victrix (legio) MANB s manibus (see page 273) MANIPLR manipularis MAR marsus MAT mater MAT Matres or Matronae MAT'B mater bona MATER-D' Mater deum magna Idaea Dindy- M-I-D mena?* MAT'F-F'CAR mater fecit filio carissimo MATR Matres or Matronae MAV Mavortius MAV Mauri (cohors) MAVR'CAES Mauretania Caesarieusis or Siti- or SITIF or fensis or Tingitana TINGIT MAVRET Mauretania MAX maximus M-B municipium Bergomatium M-B-M-F maritus bene merenti fecit M'B'D-D-D magistrae Bonae Deae donum de- derunt ? M'C mater castrorum M'C Mauretania Caesariensis M-C memoriae causa M.CA Mauretania Caesariensis M-C'D'S momentum condiderunt ? de suo M'C'F memoriae causa fecit MCP municipium M'C'P'M miles classis praetoriae Misenatis M'CL'PR miles classis praetoriae M-C-P-S-I Mithras Cautus Pater Sol invictus ? M'C-T'R'N memoriae causa titulumrenovavit ? M-D Manibus Diis? M'D . .iiiii,er deum M'D mater dulcissima 2 C. I. L. X. 3535. ' C. I.L. VII. 1336, 585 Boissieu, In-ftc. de Lyon, p. 24. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 441 M'D municipium Dianensium M'D'A'N metalla doinini August! nostri M'D'M Mater deuin magna M'D'M'A monumento dolus inalus abesto M'D'M I Mater deum magna Idaea ME, MEG Maecia (tribus) M'E inerita eius ME Mesogites (vinum) MED Medicus MED medicus MED Meditrinalia M ED 'LVD -MAT medicus ludi matutina MED'ORD medicus ordinarius MED'TVC* Medixtuticus MEM memoria MEM'COL (ad) memoriam colendam MEN Menenia (tribus) MEN men sis MEN mensor MENEN Menenia (tribus) MENS'AGRAR, mensor agrarius, agrorum AGROR MENSS menses M-E& miliaria equitata (cohors) MER Mercurius MER meridianus (gladiator) MER merita, inerens, meritus MERC Mercurialis MERC-CAN Mercurius Canetonensis MERK mercatus MER'S Mercurio sacrum MES mensis ME3 mensor MES Mesogites (vinum) MESOP Mesopotamia MET metalla METR, METROP metropolis M'F magister fani M'F mater fecit M'F monumentum fecit or memoriam fecit M'F miles factus M'F munere functus M'F (omnibus honoribus) municipali- bus functus M'F'A municipium Flavium Arvense M'FE'SV memoriam fecit suis M'F'F'M mater fecit filio merenti or memo- riam fecit, etc. M'F'L'A magister fani Larum Augustorum M'F'V municipium Fabrateria vetus M'H'F'C memoriam or monumentum heres faciendum curavit M-H (HON)' M (M ISS) mlssus-uonesta missione M'H'N'S monumentum heredem non te- 1 Orelli, 3804. M'l MI MI MIL MIL MILL MILT magna Idaea (Mater) Maecia (tribus) Mithras miles, militavit, militia milia, miliaria inilia militavit MILTS militis MIL-P milia passuum MIL-PETIT militiae petitor MIN Minatius or Minius MIN Minervia (legio) MIN Minicia MIN minister, ministri MIN minor MINER Minerva (legio) MINER-MEM Minerva meinor* MINIS minister MIS missio, missicius, missus MISS'HON'M missus honesta missione M'K mater castrorum M'L miles legionis ML miles M'L municipium Lambiriditanum W, W\, /W, $'L mulierislibertus, liberta M'M magister Mercurialis M'M malis male MM Marci duo M'M Mater magna MM memoriae M'M inunicipes municipii M'M'F marito monumentum fecit M'M'F memoriam fecit M'M'F'A municipes municipii Flavii Ar- vensis M'M'I Mater magna Idaea M'M'P'OR magister militiae per Orientem M'M-P'F marito merenti pia fecit MMR memoria M'M'V municeps municipii Vicetiae M'N Mars Nabelcus M'N metalla nova M'N milia nummum MN minus M'N municipium Novaria M'O matri optimae MO Montani (cohors), Montanae (deae) MO monumentum MOL mulier MOLIN molinarius MON monetalis MON monumentum MONEM monumentum MON'H'M' monumentum heredem meum non N'S sequetur MONIM monumentum 2 Orelli, 1427. 442 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS MON'SAC monitor sacroram MONT'P'C Montanorum pia constans(cohors) MONT monumentum M'N municipium Novensium M'P magister pagl M'P maior pars M'P mater posuit M'P memoriain posuit M'P mille passus, milia passuum M'P municipium Placentia M'P (PO)' monumentum positum Diis Mani- D'M bus M'P'F Minervia pia fldelis (legio) M'P'P matri piissimae posuit or maritus pius posuit M'P'VL Marci, Publii, Vibii libertus M K merens M'S Moesia superior M'S Mars suus MS mensis M'S merito solvit M'SEP'APVL municipium Septimium Apulum M'S'P maritus sua pecunia M'S'S Mithrae Soli sacrum M'S'S'E'H' monumentum sive sepulcrum est N_'S heredem non sequetur M'T municipium Thibilitanum M'T'F memoriae titulum fecit M'TRIVMPH municipium Triumphale M'V municipium Verulanum MV Murtites (vinum) M'V'F monumentum vivus fecit, or uxori fecit, or maritus uxori fecit M'YIC municipium Vicetia MVL mulier MV'L municipium Lamasba MVL'LIB mulieris libertus or liberta MVL'XX multis (votis) vicennalibus MVN municipium MVNER munerarius MVN'NAP municipium Napoca MVN'SEPT municipium Septimium Apulum APVL M'V'P'P maritus uxori piissimae posuit MVR murmillo MVR'SCAEV murmillo scaeva M'V'S metnor voti solvit M'VX'P maritus uxori posuit N natalis natione naturalis ? natus navarchus, nauta nefastus (tristis) Nemesis ? nepos Neronianus niger nomine Nonae Noricum noster t novus, novicius noxia (hora) numeral Numerius numero, numerus Numidia numen N, N or H nummi N Nymphae NA naturalis (pater) NA natione, natus N'A nauta Araricus NAOFYL nauphylax N'ARARIC nautae Ararici NARB Narbonensis N'A'S numini Augusti sacrum NAT natione N'ATR nautae Atr... NAV navicularius, nauta NAVF nauphylax N'AVG numen Augusti NAVIC navicularius NAV'LIG- nautae Ligerenses N'BRIT numerus Britonum N'C Numidia Constantina N'C'INFER... ne cui? inferre (liceat?) N'D numen deorum N'D'A'N'M nullum dolorem accepit nisi morte NEi nemini NE Neronianus NEG negotiator NEG'FRV negotiator frumentarius NEGOT negotiator NEG'PAENVL negotiator paenularius NEG'STIP'ARG negotiator stipis argentarii NEP nepos NER Neronianus N'E'S'D numini eius semper devotus N'EXPLOR'BREM numerus exploratorum or BREMEN Bremeuiensium NF nefastus (hilaris) N'F'F'N'S'N'C non fui, fui, non sum, non euro N'F'N'S'N'C non fui, non sum, non euro N'l natione Itala N'LIC non licet N'M numerus militum N'M'Q numini maiestatique N'M'Q'E'D numini maiestatique eius dicatissi- mus N'M Noricum mediterraneum i Ephem. Ep. IV. 236. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 443 N'M'V nobilis memoriae vir N N nostri (duo) N'N numewis'noster NNOBB'CAESS 1 nobilissimi Caesares (duo) NNNOOOBBB' nobilissimi Caesares (tres) CAE88S NO nobilissimus NO . Novius NOB'CAES nobilissimus Caesar NOB'FEM nobilissima femina NOB l . November NOBB'CAESS nobilissimi Caesares NOMI nomine NON Nonae NONAGEN nonagenarius NOEICO Noricorum (ala) NOT notarius NOV November NOV Novius N'P natione Pannonius ? Ponticus ? NP nefastus (hilaris) N P Neptunus N P nobilissimus puer N'P 2 (si fato meliore Mas) non pepe- rissent N'E natione Eaetus ? N'E, EHOD nauta Ehodanicus NEIS nostris N'S nomine suo N'S '8 'I'M numen sanctum Solis invicti Mi- thrae N'STAT numerus statorum N'T'M numerus ? tegularum minorum s N'V ~ nobilissimus vir NVB numinibus NVM numerarius, numerus, numero NVM nummum NVM'AVG numen Augusti NVM'BAT'SEN numerus Batavorum seniorum NVM'DAL' numerus Dalmatarum Diviten- DIVIT sium NVMM, NVMMVL nummularius, nummularia N'VBSAEIEN numerus Ursariensium NYMP nymphaeum O O Olus O officina O hoplomachus O optio O, P horae O _ ovum O, O, e, 9, obiit, obitus O'B optio balnearii 1 Boissieu, Insc. de, Lyon, p. 597. 2 C. I. L. V. 2956. 8 Brambach, Inse. Rhen. 112. 0-B OB OB O-B'C ossa bene obiit or obitus obiit or obitus ossa bene cubent ? OB H, HON ob honorem OB M'E ob merita eius, inemoriam eius .O'B'Q ossa bene quiescant O'B'Q'T ossa bene quiescant tibi OBE obrysuin O'C opus constat O'C'S ob cives servatos OCT octogenarius OCT, OCTO, OCTOB October O'D opus doliare O-D-D-F-D- opus doliare de figlinis Domitiae I/F Lucillae; flglinae O'D'S'M optime de se merito O'E'B ossa ei bene O'E'B'Q ossa ei bene quiescant OF Oufentina (tribus) OF officina OF'AVR officina Aureliana OFE, OFEN, OFENT, Oufentina (tribus) OFENTIN OFF Oufentina (tribus) OFF officina, officinator OFF officium OFF'COEN officium corniculariorum OFFENT Oufentina (tribus) OFFI, OFFIC officina OFF-PA, PAPI officina Papiri OFF'PEAETEE, officium praeteritorum, rati- EAT onum OFF'S'E officina summae rei or summarum rationum OPI, OFIC officina O'H ossa hie? O'H'F omnibus honoribus functus O'H'Q'^5 ossa hie quiescant bene O'H'S ossa hie sita O'H'S'S ossa hie sita sunt OIA omnia 4 OL olla OLL'D or D'S'D ollas dedit or de suo dedit OL-PO'V olei pondo V O'L'S'T opto levis sit terra O'L'T opto levem terram O'M ob memoriam O'M optime meritus O'M optimus maximus O'M'C'P'F- oppidum municipium colonia prae V'C'C'T fectura forum vicus conciliabu lum castellum territorinm O'M'D'S optime meritus de se O'M'V ordo municipii V ... O'N'F omnium nomine faciundum * Orelli, 6041. 444 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS O'O'D ornatus ornamentis decurionalibus P OP optimus P pagina OP optio P pagus OP'A, ARK optio arcarii P Pannonii (cohors) OP'B optio balnearii P Papiria, Pollia (tribus) OP'C, CA optio carceris P parentes OP'CO optio cohortis P pars OPAL Opalia P passus OP'C, CA optio carceris P pater O'P-C ollain Publius dedit ? P patria OP'CO, COH optio cohortis P patrimonium OP-D, OP-DO, OP-DOL opus doliare P patronus, patrona OPER'PVB opera publica P pausarii ? OP'EQ optio equitum P peregrina ? l OPETR, OPI Opiter P Parthica (legio) OPIC Opiconsiva P pecunia OPL hoplomachus P pedatura?, pedes OPO opobalsamatuin P per OP-PEC'S-F opus pecunia sua fecit P periit OP-PR, PRI optio principis P pius or pie, piissimus pientissimus O'P'Q ordo populusque P (lex) Plautia ? Papiria ? Pornpeia ? OPSON opsonator P pondo OPT optimus, optima P populus OPT optio P posuit or posuerunt OPT'B optio balnearii P posteri OPT'C optio carceris P praefectus OPT'COH optio cohortis P praeses OPT'PR optio principis P praetor OP'VAL optio valetudinarii P praetoria (cohors) OR A, OR AT Horatia (tribus) P Primigenia (legio) ORD ordinarius P primus, prima ORD'N ordo noster P princeps O'REST orbis restitutor P pro ORN ornatus, ornamenta P probum ORN'DEC ornamenta decurionalia P proconsul OR'P hora priina P procurator O-S ossa sita P provincia OS'B'C ossa bene cubent ? P Proxumae (deae) OS'B'Q ossa bene quiescant P publicus, publica OS-TIB-B-Q'S ossa tibi bene quiescant P Publius OS'T-B Q ossa tibi or tua bene quiescant P pugnarum OS'T-B-N-Q ossa tibi bene quiescant q puella 0-S-T-T-L opto sit tibi terra levis PA pagani O-T'B ossa tibi bene PA Palatina, Papiria (tribus) O'T-B'C ossa tibi bene cubent ? PA pater O'T-B Q ossa tibi bene quiescant PA patronus O-TIB ossa tibi P-A pondo argenti O'T-Q ossa tibi quiescant P-A provincia Africa OV Ovius P-A publicutn argentum O'V oro vos PAC Pacuius O'V ornatus vir PA'ET MA pater et mater O-V-B-C ossa volo bene cubent PA'FECE parentes fecerunt O'V'B'Q ossa volo bene quiescant PAG pagus, pagani OVF Oufentina (tribus) PAG pagina O'VF oro vos faciatis P-AG piisimus Augustus O'V'F'D'R- oro vos faciatis, dignum re publica, PAL Palatina P-O'V'F oro vos faciatis OVFENT, OVFF Oufentina (tribus) 1 Brambach, 163. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 445 PAL palatium PAL pallium PAL Palmyreni (numerus) PALAT, Palatinus (Salius), Palatina (tri- PALATIN bus) PAN-INF Pannonia inferior PANN Pannonia, Pannonii (cohors) PANNO Pannonii (cohors) PAP Papiria PAPHLAG Paphlagonia PAQ Paquius PAE parentes PAK Parilia PAPER, PAPI. PAPIR Papiria (tribus) P'AREL pausarius Arelatensis PARENT Parentalia PAR'M Parthicus maximus PART, PARTH Parthicus, Parthica (legio) PASS l passiva (venatio) PAT pater PAT patricius PAT patronus PAT'COL patronus coloniae PAT'ET CVR patronus et curator PAT'F'P'P pater flliae piisimae posuit PAT'MVN patronus municipii PATR patronus, patronatus PATR'C patronus centuriae PATR'COL patronus coloniae PATR'COL' patronus coloniae rei publicae R'P-R Riciniensis PATRIM patriinonium PATR'MVN patronus municipii PATRN patronus P'A'V provincia Africa vetus PAVIMEN pavimentarius P'B'F (filii) patri bono fecerunt ? PEL publicus P'B'M parentes bene merenti P'B'M patrono bene merenti P'B P, P'B'PR principalis beneficiarius praefecti P'BR'S plumbum Britannicum signatum or publicani Britanniae sanctae ? P'C patres conscripti P'C patronus civitatis, coloniae, col- legii, corporis PC pecunia P'C pia constans (legio cohors) P'C pietatis causa P'C ponendum curavit P'C . post consulatum P'C potestate censoria P'C'ET S'A (AS, ponendum curavit et sub ASC)'D ascia dedicavit 1 C. I. L. X. 3704, where it is wrongly ex- plained as Pass(erum). The word is found in full in Notizle Degli Scavi, 1888, p. 237. P'C'N patronus collegii (corporis) nostri P'C'O publicum coloniae Ostiensis P'COL patronus coloniae P'COND pagus Condatium PCS post consulatum P'D posuit dedicavitque P'DAT'D'D publice datum decurionum decreto P'D'D posuit dedicavitque P'D'D publice decreto decurionum P'D'D'E populo dare damnas esto P-D'D'P'P posuerunt decreto decurionum pe- cunia publica P'D'NON'F (misellas in) perpetuum dolorem non funerassent 2 PE Percennius or Pescennius PEC pecunia, pecuniosus PEC pequarius PED pedatura, pedes PED pedites, peditata (cohors) PEDIS, PEDISEQ, PEDISQ' pedisequus PED -SING pedes singularis PEL pellis PEQ p3cunia P'EQ'R'M patronus eques Romanus muni- cipii PER Percennius PER peregrinus (praetor) PER permissu PERP perpetuus P'E'S'C publice e senatus consulto PET Petriana (ala) P'ET H patronus et heres PERS Persicus PESO Pescennius PET Petro P'F pater fecit or parentes fecerunt P'F pater filio P'F pia femina ? P'F pia fidelis P'F pius felix PF praefectus P'F (in kalendas Februarias quae) prox- imae fuerunt P'F'C'R pia fidelis civium Romanorum (cohors) P'FE'FILIE parenti (or parentibus) fecerunt filiae P'FEL pius felix P'F'F parentibus fili fecerunt ? P'F'F pia felix ffdelis (legio) p-F'F'AET pia felix fidelis aeterna (legio) P'F'K'F pater filio karissimo fecit P-F-P, P-FI-P parentibus filii posuerunt ? P'F'V pius felix victor PG Primigenia P'G'D Petra genetrix domini 2 C. L L. V. 2956. C. I. L. X. 446 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS P'G'N provincia Gallia Narbonensis P'G'S provincia Gerraania Superior PHAL phalerae P'H'C provincia Hispania Citerior P'H'O'ADQ placere huic ordini atque e re pu- E'R'P'V blica videri PI plus P-I poni iussit PIC Picenum P'l'D, PR'I'D praefectus iuri dicundo PI-F'F pia felix fidelis PIL'PR, POST pilus prior, posterior P'l'S pius in suos P'K praetor candidatus P'L patrono libertus or patronus li- berto PL placuit PL Plancus PL Plautus ? PL plebs, plebis (aedilis, tribunus) PL plumbum P-L provincia Lugdunensis PLA Plancus PLA Plautus PLAT'DEXT'E'N 1 platea dextra eunti Nidam PLB plumbarius PL'C plebs collegii PL'CER plebis Cerialis (aedilis) P'L'L posuit laetus libens P'L'L 2 pro ludis luminibus PL'M plus minus P'L'M ' posuit libens merito PL'MIN plus minus P'L'P patrono liberti posuerunt P'L'P praefecti lege Petronia ? P'L'S'F patronus liberto suo fecit ? PLS'MINS plus minus PL'SC plebi scitum PL'VE'SC plebive scita P'M patronus municipii P'M patronus municipii P'M plus minus P'M pontifex maior P'M pontifex maxiinus P'M (et) post mortem (nihil) P'M pro meritis P'M'C provincia Mauretania Caesariensis P'MIS parentes miserrimi P'M'F patri merenti fecit P'M'V patronus municipii Verulani P'N (conservator!) patrimonii nostri P'N praeses noster or Numidiae P'N provincia Numidia P'N'C provincia Numidia Constantina PO Poblilia (tribus) i Brambach, 1311 et 1312. * C. 1. L. X. 856 ; cf. 855 et 857. PO P'O PO PO P'O POB P'O'C POL POL P'O'M Poblius = Publius post obitum posuit praetorio princeps optimus Poblilia (tribus) primi ordinis comes polio Pollia (tribus) patrono optime merito POM, POM EN, FOMENT, Pomptina (tribus) POMI, POMP POMP Pompeius POMT Pomptina (tribus) PON'CENS 'ponendum censuerunt PON'CVR ponendum curavit PONDER ponderarius PONT Pomptina (tribus) PONT, PONTIF pontifex PONTIFF pontifices PO NT-MAX pontifex maximus PONT'M'M pontifex municipum municipii POP Pompo or Popidius POP Poblilia (tribus) POP Popinia (tribus) POPIN populus POPLIF Poplifugium POR, POROL Porolissensis (Dacia) POR'PVBLIC portorium publicum POS Postumus PORT porticus PORT Portunalia POS posuit POS'AED'CAS post aedem Castoris POS 'CONS post consulatum POS'D'S posuerunt de suo POSE poseit = posuit POS'P'P posita (statua) pecunia publica POST Postumus POST CONS, CON, COL, CNS postconsulatinn POST H'L'ROG post nance legem rogatam POSV posuit P'P pater patriae P'P pater patrum (Cult of Mithras) P'P pater posuit P'P pater piissimus P'P parentes pientissimi P'P patronus pientissimus P'P patronus perpetuus P'P pecunia posuit P'P pecunia publica P P Penates publici ? P'P pendens pondo P'P permissu proconsulis 3 P'P perpetuus P'P pius or pia posuit 3 Very uncertain, occurs in Africa alone. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 447 P-P piiesimo, piissimae, posuit or po- suerunt P'P populo postulante P'P populus Pannensis P-P portorium publicum P'P praepositus P-P praeses provinciae P'P primus pilus or primipilaris P-P pro parte P'P pro pietate P-P propria pecunia PP proprio P-P (acre) proprio posuerunt P'P provincia Pannonia P'P publicani provinciae P'P publice positus P'P'A'A'VV'G'G perpetui Augusti (duo) P'P'ANN praepositus annonae P'P'AVGG perpetuis Augustis (duobus) P'P'BKI' publicani provinciae Britanniae LON Londinienses P'P'C pientissimo ponendum curavit P'P'D'D pecunia publica decreto decurio- num P'P'F patri piissimo fecerunt P'P'F Primigenia pia fidelis (legio) P'P'F'C pecunia publica faciundum curavit P-P-F'D'D pecunia publica fecerunt dedi- carunt P'P'FL' praeses provinciae Flaviae Vien- VIEN nensis P'PI i primipilus P'P'INFER provincia Pannonia inferior P'P'K praepositus kastris P'P'L Publiorum duoruin libertus P'P'M'S praeses provinciae Mauretaniae Sitifensis P'P'N NVM praeses provinciae Numidiae P'P'O posuit patrono optimo PPO praefectus praetorio P'P'P pater phis posuit or parentes pii posuerunt P'P'P patri piissimo posuit or posuerunt P'P'P proconsul pater patriae P'P'P pro pietate posuit P'P'P propria pecunia posuit or posue- runt P'P'P'C primipilaris patronus coloniae P'P'P'F (filii) pii patri pio or patri pro pietate fuerunt PPP'FFF' Pii Felices August! (tres) AAA'GGG P'P'R praeses provinciae Raetiae P'P'R (forma) publica populi Romani P'PR'BR publicani provinciae Britanniae P'PR'LON publicani provinciae Londinienses i C. 1. L. XII. 2210. P'P'R'Q Penates populi Romani Quiritum PP'RROM pontifices Romani P'P'S posuit pecunia sua P'P'S pro parte sua ? P'P'S provincia Pannonia superior P'P'STAT praepositus stationis P'P'S pro pecunia sua PP'VV perfectissimi viri P'P ii ^ pro parte tertia P'Q pedes quadrati PQ pequarius P'Q (petitio) persecutio que (esto) P'Q populusque P'QVOQVE VERS pedes quoque versus P'Q'Q'V pedes quoquoversus P'Q'R populusque Romanus P'Q'S posterisque suis PR parentes P'R populus Romanus P'R post reditum ? or pro reditu ? PR praedium ? PR praefectus PR praetor, praetorium, praetorius PR praepositus ? PR pridie PR Primigenia (legio) PR Primus (praenomen) PR primus, prior PR princeps, principalis PR privata (ratio) PR pro PR probante PR Proculus PR procurator PR promotus PR pronepos PR provincia PR provinciae (anno provinciae, in Mauretania) P'R provincia Raetia P'R publice restituit PRAE, PRAEF praefectus PRAEF'AEDIL prafeectus aedilicia potestate POT PRAEF'AER praefectus aerarii PRAEF'AER'SAT praefectus aerarii Saturni PRAEF 'COH praefectus cohorti PRAEF'C'A'V 2 praefectus centuriae accenso- rum velatorum PR A EFEC praefectus PRAEF'EQ praefectus equitum PRAEFF praefeeti PRAEFF'PR' praefeeti praetorio PRAEF'F'D praefectus frumenti dandi PRAEF'I'D, praefectus iure dicundo IVR'DIC 2 C. L L. VI. 9219. 448 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS PRAEF-MIN praefectus Miniciae PRAEF'NVM praefectus nuineri PRAEF'P- praefectus puerorum pedisequo- PEDISIC rum PRAEF'PRAET praefectus praetorio PRAEF'TIR praefectus tironum PRAEF'TVR praefectus turmarum ? PRAEF'VEX, VEXIL praefectus vexillationi PRAE'N'H* praepositus numero Herculis An- ANT toniniano PRAEP praepositus PRAEPO l praepositus PRAEP'P' praepositus publici frumenti or FRVM pecuniae frumeutariae PR'AER praefectus aerarii PRAES praesentes PRAET praetor, praetorius PRAETT praetoriae (cohortes) PR-BR'LONprovinciaeBritanniaeLondinienses P'R'C'ANN post Roinam conditam anno PR-CER'1'D, praetor cerialis iure dicundo IVR-DIC PR'C'R praetoria civium Romanorum (cohors) PREC precario PREF praefectus P'R'F 2 praefectus PR-GER'SVP provincia Gerinania Superior PR'G'N princeps gentis Numidarum PR'H'O'C'S progressus hostem occidit civem servavit PRI pridie PRI Primus (praenomen) PRI princeps PRI primus, prima PRTD praefectus or praetor iure dicundo PRID pridie PRIM primarius PRIM-IN-C (Fortunae) Primigeniae in colle PRIM, PRIMIG Primigenia (legio) PRIMOP8 primipilus PRIMO'V priino (dative) unquam PRIN princeps PRINC princeps, principalis PRIN'COL princeps coloniae PRINC-PEREG princeps peregrinorum PRINC'PRAET princeps praetorii PR-IN PED principales in pedatura PR 'IV princeps iuventutis PR-IVV praetor iuventutis PR-IVVEN princeps iuventutis PR'K praetor candidatus PR'K'TVT praetor candidatus tutelaria PR-LVLV- pro ludis luminibus i Ephem. Ep. VII. 362. * C. 1. L. VII. 45C. C. I. L. VIII. 9045. PR-L'V'P'F praetor ludos Victoriae primus fecit P-R-N patrimonium ? regni Norici PRO proconsul PRO procurator PRO proficisceretur PRO pronepos PRO protector PRO provincia PROB probavit, probaverunt, probante, probatus PROG proconsul PROG procurator PROG 'AD B procurator ad bona PROC'AVG procurator Augusti PROC'AVG' procurator Augusti quadragesi- XXXX mae (Galliaruin) PROCC procuratores PROG 'C A- procurator capiendorum vectiga- PIEND-VEC lium PROC'K procurator kastrensis PROC'M'N procurator rnarinorum novorum PROC'VECT procurator vectigalis (Illyrici) PROG 'III I procurator quattuor publicoruin P'AFR Africae PROCO proconsul PROCONSS proconsulatus PRO'COS, PROCOS pro consule, proconsule PROCOSS proconsul, proconsulatus PRO'D provincia Dacia PRO DOM protector domesticus PRO LVD'LVM pro ludis luminibus PRO'M processum meritus PROM promotus PRO MAG promagister PRON, PRONEP pronepos PROP'P'C propria peciinia curavit PRO PR pro praetore PRO PR' pro praetore ex senatus consuko EX S-C PRO Q pro quaestore PROR proreta PRO S pro salute PRO S'D'N pro salute domini nostri PROT protector PROV provincia PROV provocator PROX proximus (ration um, tabulario- rum) PROX'CIPP proximus cippus PR'M praepositus militum PRM-FEL- Primani Felices lustiniani (nu- IVST merus) PROV provincia PRP propriis PR'PER j)raetor peregrinus PR'P'F Piim'f^nip pn fldelis (legio) PR'POS, POST princeps posterior TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 449 PE'PE praefectus praetorio PE'PE praeses provinciae PE'PB pro praetore PE'PEAET princeps praetorii PE'POST, PE princeps posterior, prior PE'P'V praetoria pia vindex (cohors) P'E'Q populus Eomanus Quiritium PE'EEL 1 praepositus reliquationis P-E'S procurator rationum summarum ? PE'S profecturus sit PE'SAC praetor sacrorum PE'SAC'VOLK' praetor sacris Volcano faci- FAC endis PE'SEN'CONS praetor senatum consuluit PE'S'P'S pro salute posuit PE'STA praepositus stationis PR'VIG praefectus vigilum PE'VEB praefectus urbi or praetor ur- banus PE'II VIE praetor duo vir PE'XX LIB procurator vigesimae libertatis "P'S Pannonia Superior P'S Parthica Severiana (legio II) P'S pater sacrorum P'S pecunia sua P'S pius, pia suis ? PS posuerunt P'S praeses Samnii P'S proprio sumptu P'S pro salute P'S proxumis suis P'S'D'D pro salute domus divinae P'S'D'N pro salute domini nostri P'S'F pecunia sua fecit P'S'F'C pecunia sua faciundum curavit P'S 'I pro salute imperii P'S'P pecunia sua posuit P'S'P'D pecunia sua posuit dedicavit P'S'P'L'L pecunia sua posuerunt laeti liben- tes P'S'P-L'L pro saluke posuit laetus libens ? P'S'E pecunia sua restituit P'S'E procurator summarum rationum P-S -8 2 Pannonia Secunda Savia P'S'S pro salute sua p.g.g.p p ro sa i u te sua posuit or posue- runt P'S'S'S pro salute sua suorumque ? P'ST posuit PST CONSLTO post consulatum P'S'V parentibus suis vivis PT pater P'T posuit testamento ? P'T'M posuit titulum memoriae PTE~ patron us 1 Ephem. Ep. III. p. 311. 2 Ephem. Ep. II. 884. LA r. ] \SC KIP. 29 P'V perfectissimus vir P-V pia vindex (legio) P'V portus uterque P'V praefectus urbi P'V provincia utraque PV publice VI pupilla P'V'A pius vixit annos or annis PVB publicus, publica, publice PVB Publilia (tribus) PVBCO publico PVB 'FAG publice factum PVBL publicus, publica, publice PVBL publicanus PVBL'COL publicum coloniae PVBLI, PVBLIL Publilia (tribus) PVBL'MVN publicum municipii P'V'B'P'E-Q publicus populi Eomani Quiritium PVG pugnarum PVP Pupinia (tribus) PVP pupillus PVP Pupus PVPI, PVPIN Pupinia (tribus) P'V 'PHILIP pia vindex Philippiana (legio) , PV'PO publice positus PV'PV'L duorum puporum libertus, liberta PVE purpureus P'V'S posuit volo soluto Q quaestiones Q quaestor, quaestoricius Q quando Q que Q qui, quae, quod Q Quinquatria Q quinquennalis Q Quintus Q Quirina (tribus) Q, <5 quondam Q'A quaestor aerarii Q'A quot annis Q'AEE'P quaestor aerarii public! Q'AL, ALIM quaestor alimentorum Q'A'V qui annos or annis vjxit... Q B 3 quaestor beneflciarius ? ? Q'B-F'F quod bonum faustum felix (sit) Q'C'A quorum curam age bat Q'C'C'E'M quaestor curator civium Komano- NEG'MOG' rum Mogontiaci, negotiator Mo- C'T * gontiacensis, civis Taunensis Q'CONT qui continet Q'C'P quinquennalis censoria potestate Q'C'E quei cives Eomani (erunt) Q'C'V quaestor coloniae Viennae 3 Brambach. '24. * Brambach, 756. 450 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS Q'D quaestor designators Q'D quondam Q'D'A quo, qua or quibus de agitur Q'D-E'R'F'P' quid de ea re fieri placeret, de D'E'RTC ea re ita censuerunt Q-D'R qua de re Q'D'R'A qua de re agitur Q'E qui, quae, quod est Q'E'C'F (votum libens anirao posuit) quo- ius eum compotem fecit Q'E'D quod eo die Q'F qui, quae, quod fuit or qui faciunt or quod factum or quo facto Q'F'P'D'E' quid fieri placeret, de ea re ita cen- R'l'C suerunt Q'F'IVG quod facit iugeruin Q'H'C'I'R quo honore contentus impensam remisit Q'HH'S'S qui heredes scripti sunt Q'H'N'S quod heredem non sequetur Q'l'D'P qui iure dicundo praeerit Q'INF'S'S qui (quae) infra scripti (scripta) sunt QIQE * quinque QIR Quirina (tribus) QTS'S qui (quae) infra scripti (scripta) sunt Q'K quaestor kandidatus Q'L'S'V'T'L (dicite) qui legitis sit vobis terra levis Q'M qui militavit Q'M quo minus Q'M'C qui militare coeperunt Q'MIL qui militavit Q'N'S'S'S quorum nomina supra scripta sunt Q'P quaestoria potestate Q'P quadrati pedes Q'P'A quaestor pecuniae alimentariae Q'P'A'P quaestor pecuniae alimentorum publicorum Q'P'F qui primi fuerunt Q'P'P quaestor pecuniae publicae Q'PR'PR quaestor pro praetore Q'Q quaestores Q'Q quicquid - Q'Q quinquennalis Q'Q Quinti duo Q'Q'C'F' quinquennalis corporis fabrum na- NAV valium Q'Q'C'P quinquennalis censoria potestate Q'Q'P quoquoversus pedes Q'Q'PER, Q' quinquennalis perpetuus or quin- Q'P'P quennales perpetui Q-P'P-C-M quinquennalis perpetuus corporis mensorum Q'Q'S'S'S quam qui supra scripti sunt QQ'TT quaestores 1 Boissieu, Insc. de Lyon, p. 598, LXV. Q'Q'V quoquoversus Q'Q'V'L'P quoquoversus locus pedum... Q-Q-VP quoquoversus pedes... Q'Q'V'P'Q quoquoversus pedes quadratos... Q'R'C'F quando rex comitiavit fas, or quando rex comitio fugit (see page 367) QR Quirina (tribus) Q'R'P quaestor rei publicae Q-R-P'A quaesturam rei publicae agens ? Q-R-S-H-F- ? H-T-T'V 2 QS quiescant ? Q'S qui, quae, quod supra Q'SAC'P' quaestor sacrae pecuniae alimenta- ALIM riae Q'S'F'E quod supra factum est Q.g.p.p.g qu j sacris pubiicig praesto sunt Q'S'S'S qui ( quae) supra scripti (scripta) sunt Q'ST'D'F quando stercus delatum fas (see page 367) QT quot Q'V quoquoversus QV quinque QV Quintus QV Quirina (tribus) Q'V qui vixit Q'V qui vocatur Q'V'A qui vixit annis or annos QVAD quadrans QVADR quadrigae QVAE, QV^ztES quaestor QVAESIT'IVD quae'sitor index QVAES'RET quaestum rettulit QVAEST'SAC quaestor sacrae pecuniae ali- P'ALIM mentariae QVAIST quaestor (archaic) QVANTI E' quanti ea res erit tan tarn pecuniam R'E'T'P QVAR Quartus (praenomen) Q'V'F'STO quod verba facta sunt in ordine QVI Quinctilis QVI 8 Quintana? (ara) QVI Quirina (tribus) QVTB-EX' quibus ex senatus consulto coire S'C'C'P permissum (est) QVI'I'D'P qui iure dicundo praeest QVIN Quinquatria QVIN quinquennalis QVINCT Quinctilis QVINQ quinquennalis QVINQ qiiinquies 2 Gruter, 886, 3, explains : Qui retro scripti heredes fecernnt hnnc, IHulnw. Titulo usi. It is probable that the abbreviations have not been correctly copied. s Hramb. 1446. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 451 QVIR Quirina (tribus) REST, RESTIT restituit, restituerunt QVIR Quirinalia RET retiarius QVIR Quirinalis (flamen) RET rettulit QVIRI, QVIRIN Quirina (tribus) REVOC revocatus Q-VIX qui, quae vixit RHOD Rhodanici (nautae) QVO F quo facto R'lN C redactus in colonicum ? QVOT quotannis R'L recte licet, licebit Q'V'P quoquoversus pedes R'M'F reverentissimae memoriae femina ? Q'V'P'Q quoquoversus pedes quadratos R'N regnum Noricum Q'VR, VRB quaestor urbanus ROB Robigalia QVR Quirina (tribus) ROM Romanus ROM, ROMIL, ROMVL Romilia (tribus) ROS rosalia R'P ratio- private R Raetia, Raeti (cohors) R'P res publica, rei publicae, re publica R Rapax (legio) R'P'B res publica Bovillensium R ratio R'P'C rei publicae constituendae R recessus R'P'C res publica Carsiolorum R regnum R'P'C'A rei publicae caussa abesse R restituit R'P'C'L res publica coloniae Lambaesitanae R retiarius R'P'D rei publicae dedit R retro R'P'M'D res publica municipii Dianensium R Retus (praenomen) U-P-N res publica nostra R revocatus R'P'P res publica Philippensium R Romanus R'P'P'D'D res publica Phuensium decreto R rubrica, rubrum decurionum R Rufus R'P'R res publica Reatinorum R ratio, Romanus (eques), rubrica R'P'R res publica Ricinensis RAP Rapax (legio) R'P'R res publica restituit RAS 1 rarissimo R'P'RS'RTA 3 re publica Romanis restitute RAT rationalis R'P'S'S res publica suprascripta RAT'CASTR ratio castrensis RR rarissimae ? RAT'PRIV ratio private R'R'PROX* recto rigore proximo cippo RAT'S'R rationalis sacrarum remuneratio- CIP'P pedes... num ? 2 R'T ripa Thraciae R'C reficiendum curaverunt R'T, TIB ripa Tiberis R'D'A ratio dominica Augusta RV'I rudis prima RE Regina RVSS Russate (factio) REG reciperator, reciperatorius RECT'PROV rector provinciae RED'IN C redactus in colonicum ? RED'AB AER redemptor ab aerario S sacerdos REF, REFE, refecit, refecerunt, refectus S Servius REFEC 8 servus REFIC'COER reficienda coerarunt (archaic) S sestertium REFIC'D' reficiendas de conscriptorum sen- S Severiana (legio or cohors) C'S'C tentia curaverunt S Severus REG Regina S sextarius REG regio S Sextus REIP, REIPVB rei publicae S si RE'P rei publicae S Sicilia REP reparari S sacerdos, sacrum REPLET repletio S saeculum RES restituit S saltus RES P'C' res publica coloniae Lambaesitanae S salve or salutem L'F fecit S Saturnus * C. I. L. VIII. 403T. * Orelli, 1090. C. I. L. VIII. 10293. 452 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS 8 scriba, scripsit. scriptus 8 se, sibi 8 secundae 8 secutor S semis 8 sententia S sepultura S signavit, signator 8 singuli S Silvan us S singuli, singularis 8 situs or sepultus 8 sol? 8 solvit S soror ? S Spurius S stipendia S studiosus l 8 sunt 8 suus, sui 8 suppurationes 8 quinarius S servus, Sextus, 2 scriba ? 3 SA sacerdos S'A (procurator) saltuum Apulorum ? SA salve or salutem SA Salvins S'A Salus Augusta? S'A Severiana Alexandriana (legio co- hors) S'A Silvanus Augustus S'A somnus aeternalis SAB, SABATI, SABATIN Sabatina (tribus) SAC sacer, sacrum, sacerdos, sacerdo- talis, sacravit SAGC sacerdotes S'AC'D sub ascia dedicavit SACER sacerdos SACERD'CER sacerdos Cereris S'M'D'XV sacerdos inatris Deum quindecim- V viralis SAC'P sacerdos publicus SAC'P'A'A sacerdos provinciae Africae anni... .SAC'PHKYG' sacerdos Phrygius maximus MAX SACK sacrum SACR'FAC sacris faciundis SAC'SVP sacerdos superior ? SAC'VRB sacerdos urbis S'A'D,D'D sub ascia dedicavft 1 C. I. L. III. 4876. 2 The explanation " Secutor'''' suggested by Hubner (Exempl. script, epigr. p. Ixxlii), for n os 2441 and 2547 of the VI volume of the Corpus appears to Cagnat very doubtful. We ^an in these two cases interpret as, Sextus. Mull, fipigr. 1886, p, 94. S'A'F Saturnus Augustus Frugifer SAG sagittarii (cohors) SAL Salius SAL Salvius SAL salve or salutem S'AL Severiana Alexandriana (legio or cohors) SALA salararius SALARI'SOC salarius sociorum SAM Samnis SAR Sarmaticus SAR Sardinia S'ARK servus arcarius SARM, 8ARMAT Sarmaticus S'A '8 Saturno or Silvano Augusto sa- crum SA'SAT sacerdos Saturni S'AS'D sub ascia dedicavit SAT'AVG Saturnus Augustus SATVR Saturnus SB'P'Q'S sibi posterisque suis SB'D sub die SC 4 sacerdotium S'C sacra cognoscens SC scaenicus S'C senatum consuluerunt S'C senatus consulto SC (plebi) scitum S'C singularis consularis S'C scribendum (curaverunt) S'C sub cura S'C'F'C senatus consulto faciendum cura- vit SCA scabillarii SC'ADF scribendo adfuerunt SCAP, SCAPT Scaptia (tribus) SCAPTINS Scaptiensis (of the tribus Scaptia) SCAT Scaptia (tribus) S'C'C senatus consulto curavit, curave- runt S'C'D'D socii cultores domus divinae S'C'D'D' s... creatus decreto decurionum SC'D'M sciens dolo malo S'C'D'T senatus consulto de thesauro S'C'E servo conserva eius ? SCEN scaenicus S'C'F'C senatus consulto faciundum cu- raverunt SC'HR secundus heres S'C'P sacerdos Cererum publica S'C'P'R senatus consultum populi Romani S'C'Q'ANN sui cuiusque anni SCR scriba, scripsit SCR'ADF scribendo adfuerunt S'C'R'C senatus consulto restituendum cu- raverunt C. I. L. VI. 736. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 453 SCRI scriba, scripsit SCRIB'ADF scribundo adfuerunt SCRIB'LIBR-Q scriba librarius quaestorius SCRIB-Q'VI PR scriba quaestorius sexprimus SCRIB'R-P scriba rei publicae S'CltrVLL sine crimine ullo 8CRP scripuli SCR'CER scriptus cerarii SCRVT scrutarius 80S sacerdos SCVR scurra SCVT Scutata (cohors) SCYT, SCYTH Scythica (legio) S'D sancta dea S-D Serapis? deus S'D Silvanus deus S'D sinistra decumanum S-D Sol deus S-D-L'S-D sacerdos dei Liberi, sacerdos deae S'D-M sacrum Diis Manibus S'D'M sine dolo malo S'D-N (pro) salute domini nostri S'DO-M sine dolo malo S'D'S Saturno deo or domino sacrum S'D'S Silvano domestico sacrum S'D'S'D Silvano deo sancto domestico ? SE secutor SE secunda SE sestertius S'E situs est SEE Sebasteni (ala) SEBAC sebaciaria SEC secundae SEC secutor SEC'H secundus heres SEC'TR secutor tribuni, trierarchi SEI VE sei videatur eis SEIVG seiuge SEM semel SEM, SEMEN, SEMENS semestris SEN senatus SEN senior SEN-SEN senatus sententia SEP September SEP Septimius SEP sepultura SEPT September SEPT Septimius SEQ Sequana (dea) SEQ secutor SER Sergia (tribus) SER Servius SER servus, serva SER-AEQ'MONET servus aequator monetae SERG Sergia (tribus) SERT Sertor SER-7SC servus contrascriptor SER-VIL servus vilicus SER-V-LIBER-V servus vovit, liber solvit S-E-S-F sibi et suis fecit SESQ, SESQVIPL sesquiplicarius SE-TR secutor tribuni S-ET S sibi et suis S-ET S-L-L-P-Q-E, sibi et suis libertis, liberta- or LIB-LIB-POST- bus posterisque eorum Q-EOR SEV-AVG sevir Augustalis SEX sexmestris (tribunus) SEX sextilis SEX Sextus SEXM sexmestris (tribunus) SEXTIL Sextilis (mensis) S'F sacris faciundis S'F'S sine fraude sua S'H secundus heres ? S'H semihora S"H signum Herculis ? S'H sita hie ? S'H summa honoraria S'H'F'C secundus heres faciendum curavit S'l stlitibus iudicandis STD Sol invictus deus SI'E situs est SIF sifonarius SIG signifer 8IGF signifer SIGN signator, signavit SIGN signum, signifer SIGNF signifer SIL-SILV Silvano silvestri S-I-M Sol invictus Mithras SING singularis, singuli SING'COS singularis consularis SINGVL singularis S-I-N-M Sol invictus n . . . Mithras 8'IV sanctissimus iuvenis ? SL-IVDIK stlitibus iudicandis S-L'L-M solvit laetus libens merito S'L-M solvit libens merito S'L-P sibi libertis posterisque S'L'R (votum) suscepturn libens reddidit S-L-R-rC'Q- sireinps lex res ius caussaque omni- O'O'R'E bus omnium rerum esto S'L'V'S-P suo loco vivus sua pecunia ? S'M sanctae memoriae S'M secundum mancipium S'M Sol Mithras S-M solvit merito S'M submedicus S'M'D sacrum matri Deum S'M'V sacra moneta Urbis S'N sestertii nummi S'N'P si non paret SOC socius, socii SOC'S sociorum servus SOD sodalis 454 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS SOD'AVG, AVGVST sodalis Augustalis SOL solvit SOL'L'M solvit libens merito g.Q.p.p sunt omn j s pedaturae pedes . . . SP semper S'P servus publicus or serva publica SP spectavit SP Spurius S^P stolata puella ? S'P sua pecunia or suo peculio or sumptu proprio or sumptu pu- blico S'P sub praefectus SPAER sphaerista S'P'B singulares pedites Britannici? S'P'C'P'S sua pecunia posuerunt S'P'D'D sua pecunia dono dedit S'P'D'D'D sua pecunia dono dedit dedicavit SPE spectavit SPEC, SPECVL' speculator, speculariarius SPECLAK 8PECTAT NVM 1 spectator numerator SP'F spectabilis femina SP'F Spurii filius S'P'F sua pecunia fecit S'P'F'C sua pecunia faciendum curavit S -P'FE soror pia fecit ? S'P-F'E'S' sua pecunia fecit et sibi vivus VP posuit? SPHAER sphaerista S'P'L senatus populusque Lavininus SPL splendidus, splendidissimus SPL'EQ'K splendidus eques Eomanus S'PL'R sacra publica Romana S'P'M'A senatus populusque municipii An- tinatium SPP spectabiles S'P'P sua pecunia posuit g.p.p.Q gua p ecun j a ponendum curavit S-P-P'L'D' sua pecunia posuit, loco dato de- D'D creto decurionum S'P'P'S sacris publicis praesto sunt S-P'P'S'F solo publico (or private?) pecunia sua fecit S'P'Q senatus populusque S'P'Q'A senatus populusque Albensis S'P'Q'C senatus populusque Corsiolanus S'P'Q'L senatus populusque Lavininus S'P'Q'R senatus populusque Romanus S'P'Q'S sibi posterisque suis S'P'Q'T senatus populusque Tiburs S'PR sine pretio S'P'R sua pecunia restituerunt SPR subpraefectus S'P'S'F sibi posterisque suis fecit S'P'S'P sibi posterisque suis posuit. 1 C. I. L. XII. 5695. (See page 2(k>/. S'Q'H'A'P* si quis hanc arcam post excessum E'S'S'A' suprascriptorutn aperire volu- V'D'F erit, dabit fisco S'QVE'ME'F suisque merentibus fecit SR Sergia (tribus) 8"R, RAT summae rationes SR'D'S'F'C soror de suo faciendum curavit S-RES'LEX'IVS' siremps res, lex, ius caussa- CAVSSAQVE' que omnibus omnium re- O'O'R'ESTO rum esto S'R-P'F' sumptibus rei publicae fecit et ET D dedicavit SS sanctissimae ? S'S (Silvano) sancto sacrum 8 '8 scrip ti or scrip ta sunt S'S semper scriptus S'S senatus sententia SS sestertius S'S siti sunt SS solverunt (ambo) S'S subscriptus sumptu suo S'S supra scriptus, scrip ta susceptum solvit SS sestertii, sextarii SS'DD'NN salvis dominis nostris (duobus) S'S'F sibi suisque fecit S'SI supra scripti S'S'L'L'M (votum) susceptum solvit libens laetus merito S'ST'^EOR ibi suis posterisque eorum S'S'Q'P'P sibi suisque posterisque posuerunt S'S'S sicut supra scripti, scripta S'S'S summa supra scripta S'S'S supra scripti, scripta sunt S'T secutor tribuni ST statera ST Statins ST Stellatina (tribus) ST stipendia STA stamen STA Statius STAT statio, stationarius STAT statua STAT'HER statio hereditatium STAT'Q- statio quadragesimae civitatis Me- C'M diomatricorum STE, STEL, STELL, Stellatina (tribus) STELLA, STELLAT STI, STIP stipendia ST'F stolata femina ST'HER statio hereditatium STIP stipendia STL Stellatina (tribus) S'T'L sit terra levis STL, STLIT IVDk; stlitibus iudicandis S'TR secutor tribuni STR strator TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 455 STEIG striganus ? T STP stipendiorum T STRA strator T S'T-T-L sit tibi terra levis T S'T-T-L'D sit tibi terra levis die Ti STVP stupidus T-A S'V senatus Vocontiorum TAB S'V se vivo TAB S'V spectavit victor TAB SVB subheres TABEL, T 8VB Suburana (tribus) TABVL SVB A (ASC)'D sub ascia dedicavit TAMP SVB CVR sub curator TAVR SVBHE subheredes T'BAT S\ T BPR, SVBPRAE, SVB- subpraefectus T'B-C PRAEF T-B'Q SVBPROC subprocurator T-C SVBSEQ subsequens T'D'VS SVBVIL subvilicus TEC SVBVNG subunctor TEGVL SVC Suburana (tribus) TEM S'C, CV sub cura TER S'VE C senatusve consulto TER S-V'F sibi vivus fuit TER SVF sufes TERET, T SVF suffectus TERM'CV SVF suffragia TERR S'V'L-A solvit votum libens animo TERR SVLP Sulpicia (ala) TES S'V'L'M solvit votum libens merito TESM SVL'M Sulevae montanae TESS, TES SVM surnma TEST-LEG SVM Suramanus T'F SVMP sumptuarius T'F'C SVM'SVM sumina summarum SVPP suppositicii (gladiatores) T-F-I S'V'Q sine ulla querela T-F-rs SVS'VOT suscepto voto T'F-R S'V'T'L sit vobis terra levis THER SX Sextus T-H'E'S SYR Syriacus, Syriaca (classis) THR TI T TIB TI-F T tabula, tabularius TIGN T Tampiana (ala) TIR T te TIT T templum ? TIT-DE-C- T tergum s-s T terra TIT-P T territorium T'K T tesseraritis T-L T testamentum T-L-H-F-C T tiro T titulus T'M T Titus T transvecturarius 1 The T so T tribunus in the form Tripolitana Tromentina (tribus) tumulus turma prima taurus auratus tabularius taberna tabula, tabularius, tabulatio ^.BELL tabellarius tabularius, tabularium Tampiana (ala) taurobolium Transrhenanus Batavus tubicen ? tu bene quiescas titulum curavit Telluri deae votum solvit ? tector tegularius templum Teretina (tribus) terminus, terminalia tertius, tertia IRETIN Teretina (tribus) L terminandum curaverunt territorium terruncius tessera, tesserarius testamentum 3E, TESSER tesserarius testamento legavit testamentum fecit testamento or titulum faciendum curavit testamento or titulum fieri iussit testamento fieri iussit sibi testamento fieri rogavit thermarius tumulo hoc (?) est sepultus Thracia, Threx Tiberius Tiberius titulum fecit tignarius Tirrus titulus titulum dedicaverunt cum supra scriptis titulum posuit tabularium castrense testamento legavit testamento legavit; heres faciun- dum curavit Threx murmillo 1 The I sometimes appears on the monuments 456 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS T'M'P titulum memoriae posuit TR'LAT tribunus laticlavius T'M-Q'F'E-REV tene me quia fugi et revoca TR'M tribunus militum T'N'C'II'F'C 1 testamento non cavit ; heres TR'M tritici inodius faciundum curavit ??? TR'MIL tribuuus militum T'O'B'Q tibi ossa bene quiescant TR'MIL'A P tribunus militum a populo TOG togatus ( = advocatus) TR'MIL'L, LEG tribunus militum legionis TON tonsor TRO (legio) Troana (Trajana) TOP topiarius TRO, TROM, TROMENT, Tromentina (tribus) TORQ torques, torquata (ala or cohors) TROMENTIN TORQ'ARMIL- (donatus) torquibus, ariuillis, T-R-P-D'S' te rogo praeteriens dicas sit tibi PHAL phaleris T'T'L terra levis TOT Totates? (Mars) TR'PL tribunus plebis T'P tanta pecunia TR'POT tribunicia potestate T'P tertiae partis ? T'S tataesuo 2 T'P testamento or titulum posuit T-S'F-I testamento suo fieri iussit T'P tribunicia potestate T'S'T'L terra sit tibi levis T'P'I testamento or titulum poni iussit T'T tibi terram T'P'M titulum posuit memoriae T-T-L'S tibi terra levis sit T'PO'L'I/M titulum posuit libens laetus merito T'V titulo usus T'Q'D totiusque domus T'V ture vino TR Traianus, Traiana (legio) TVB tubicen TR Transpadana TVB, TVBIL tubilustrium TR Trebius TVB'SAC' tubicen sacrorum popuh' Romani TR Threx P'R-Q Quiritium TR tribunus T'V'F titulum ? vivus fecit TR trierarcha T'V'F ture vino fecerunt TR trieris TVL Tullus TR triurnphator TVM tumulus TR Tromentina (tribus) TVN, TVNG Tungri (cohors) TRA Traianus, Traiana TVR turma TR'A trierarcha Augusti TVT'AVG Tutela Augusta TRAI Traianus, Traiana TVTEL tutelarius TRAM tramare T'T Teretina tribus TRA, TRAN, TRANSPAD Transpadana T-T-L-S terra tibi le\ns sit TR'AVGG tricliniarcha Augustorum T'T'L'V terra tibi levis volo ? TRE trecenarius TRE Treveri (ala) TREB Trebius V TREC trecenarius V vale TR'ET NAV transvectuarius et navicularius V Valentia (dea) TREV Treveri (ala) V Valerius TR'FOR Traiana fortis (legio) V vene = bene TRI trierarcha V veteranus TRIE tribunus V Venus TRIB'ET NOT tribunus et notarius V verna TRIB-LAT, LATIC, tribunus laticlavius V veteranus LATICL V via TKIIJ-MIL tribunus militum V Vibius TRIB-MIL'A tribunus militum a popnlo V vicit P, A POP V Victoria TRIB-P tribunicia potestate V victrix (legio) TRIB'P tribunus plebis V villa TRIB'POT, PT tribunicia potestate V vir TRIB'SVC tribus Succusana V Virtus (dea) TRIPL Tripolitana V urbs TRIVMF, TRIVMP triumphator, triumphatrix V vivus, viva, vivit, vixit i Brambach, 1156. 2 0. L L. X. 1949. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 457 V Voltinia (tribus) V votum, vovit V utere V uti V uxor VA vale V'A vices agens V'A vixit annos or annis VAL Valerius, Valeria (legio) VAL valetudinarius, valetudinarium V'A'L vices agens legati VAL'BYZ Valeria Byzacena (provincia) VAL'VICT Valeria victrix (legio) V'A'S'L'M votum aniino solvit libens merito V'A'S'P-P viis aedibus sacris publicis procu- randis ? VB Ubii (cohors) V'B vir bonus V'B'D'R'P vir bonus dignus re publica V'B'M'P voto bene merenti posuit V'B'O'V'F virum bonum oro vos faciatis V'B'S vir bonus sanctus V'C vir clarissimus VC unctori V'C'A'V'P vir clarissimus agens vices prae- sidis V'C'CONS' vir clarissimus consularis provin- P'N ciae Numidiae V'C'D'D vir clarissimus dedit dedicavit V'C'ET INL vir clarissimus et inlustris V'C'L'M voti compos libens merito V'C'P'P vir clarissimus pater patrum V'C'Q'K vir clarissimus quaestor candidatus V'C'R voluntarii cives Romani V'D vir devotus V'D'D Veneri? donum dat V'D'P'R'L'P unde de piano recte legi possit V'D'P'T' vir devotissimus protector lateris L'D dominici 2 V'D'S vovit? de suo VE Velina (tribus) VE veteranus VE 3 vetus ? VE vir egregius V'E'A'V'P vir egregius agens vices praesidis VEC vectigal, vectura VECT, VECTIG vectigal V'E'D'F 4 vir egregius decurio factus V'E'EQ'R vir egregius eques Eomanus VEHIC vehicula VEL velarius VEL veles VEL, VELIN, VELL Velina (tribus) lOrelli, 3471. 2 Bullett. Comunale, 1873, p. 51. C. I. L. IX. 2585. * C. L L. VI. 2010. VEN venatio, venator VEN Veneta (factio) VEN Venetia V'E'PP vir egregius priinipilaris VER (Frisii) Verlutionenses (cuneus) VER verna VERB verbex VESTIGr vestigator VET Voturia (tribus) VET, VETER veteranus VEX, VEXI, VEXIL, vexillarius, vexilla VEXILL V'F verba fecit or fecerunt V'F Viennae fecit V'F vivus, viva fecit VFEN Oufentina (tribus) V'F'ET L'E vivi fecerunt et locum emerunt V-F-I vivae fieri iussit ? V'F'S verba facta sunt V-F-9 vivus fecit sibi VF'S-ET S vivus fecit sibi et suis V'F'T vivus fecit titulum ? V'H vir honestissimus V'H'A vlxit honeste ? annis VI Vibius VI vineae ? V'l vir inlustris VI vixit VIAT viator, viatorium VIAT'TR viator tribuni VIAT-TR'PL viator tribuni plebis VI -A V Victoria Augusta VIB Vibius VIC vicit VIC victimarius VIC victoria VIC vicus, vicani VIC victoriatus VIC victor, victrix (legio) VIC-AVG Victoria Augusta VICE'S'C vice sacra cognoscena VICIM vicimagister VIC'LOP vicus Lopodunensis VIC'N victoriati nuinmi VIC'POR Vicani Portuenses VIC'S vici scito VICT victimarius VICT Victorienses (collegium)? VICT, VICTR victrix (legio) VIG vigiles VIK vicani ? VIL vilicus VIL'BR vilicus Brundisinorum VILC (vigesimae libertatis) vilicus V-ILL vir illustris VILLA villatici VIL-PVB villa publica VIL'R'S vilicus ripae superioris 458 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS VIN Vinalia VIND, VINDEL Vindelici (cohors) VINL vir inlustris VINL'COM vir inlustris comes VIN'VEB'ET OST vinarii urbani et Ostienses VI'P'AN vixit pia annos, or annis VIEB Virbialis VPS verba infra scripta VI'S vici scitu VL (sine fraude) vel laesione ? VL verna libertus ? VL veteranus legionis VL vir laudabilis VL'A'S votum libens animo soMt VL'LIB'M voto laetus libens merito VL'L'M'S votum libens laetus merito solvit VL'M votum libens merito VL'M-S votum libens merito solvit V'LOC'F vivus locum fecit VL'P votuin libens posuit VLPN Ulpius, Ulpia (legio) VL'P'k votum libens posuit merito VL'E votum libens reddidit VL'S votum libens solvit or libentes solverunt V'L'S 'M voto libens solvit merito VM'F vene ( = bene) merenti fecerunt V'M'L'P votum merito libens posuit VM'L'8 votum merito libens solvit \N vene = bene VNC, VNCT unctor V'O vir optimus ? VO Vopiscus VOC Vocontii (ala) VOL Volcanus VOL Voltinia (tribus) VOL voluntarii (cohors) VOLC Volcanalia VOL'C'E voluntarii cives Eomani (cohors) VOLT, VOLTI, VOLTIN Voltinia (tribus) VL, VLT Voltinia (tribus) VOLVNT voluntarii (cohors) V'O'P viro optimo posuit (coniux) VO'P'L'S votum pater ? libens solvit VOE Vordenses (ala) VO'S-L'M votum o... solvit libens merito VOT Voturia (tribus) VOT'FEL'SVCC ?' votuin feliciter susceperunt LIBEN libentes VOT'X, XX vota decennalia, vicennalia VOT'D votum dedit VOT'FEC, votum fecit, solvit libens merito SOL'L'M VOT'M'F votum merito fecerunt VOT... M'S'L votum... merito solvit libena VOT-EED'L votum reddit libens VOT'S'L'A votum solvit libens an'jao r, votum so]" u IaUu 1; hens VP vir perfectissimus V'P vivus posuit V'P votum posuit V'P uxori pientissimae ? V'P'A vixit pius annis VP'A'VP vir perfectissimus agens vices praesidis VP'D vir perfectissimus dux V'P'F uxor piissima fecit or uxori piissi- mae fecit V'P'L'M votum posuit libens merito V'P'M votum posuit merito V'P'P'P'H vir perfectissimus prases provin- ciae Hispaniae y.p.p.p. YJJ. p er f ec tissimus praeses provin- MAVE' ciae Mauretaniae Sitifensis SITIF V'P'P'P'N vir perfectissimus praeses provin- ciae Numidiae V'P'P'P'E vir perfectissimus praeses provin- ciae Kaetiae V'Q viator quaestorius V'Q'F valeat qui fecit V'QVE (sine) ulla querella VQ'E'F'E'V uti quod recte factum esse volet V'Q'E'F'E' uti quod recte factum esse volet V'8'D'M sine dolo malo V'K vir religiosus V'E votum reddidit VE urbs Eoma VE urbicus VEB urbanus, urbana (cohors) VEBS urbis VEL vir religiosus VE'L'M votum reddidit libens merito V8 vici scitu VS votum solvit, voto soluto VS vir spectabilis V8 tlrbs sacra V'S'A'L votum solvit anhno libens V'S'C vice sacra cognoscens V'S'D'N'F- votum solverunt Dianae Nemo- E'l'M rensi... V'SE vini sextarius ? V'8'F vivus or viva sibi fecit, vivi sibi fecerunt VS'F votum solvit feliciter VS'I vice sacra iudicans V'S'L votum solvit libens V'S'L'A votum solvit libens animo V'S'L'A'D votum solvit libens animo dat ? V'8'L'A'F votum solvit libens animo feliciter V'S'L'A'P'C votum solvit libens anirao p... c... V'S'L'A-S votum solvit libens auimo suo ? V'S'L'H votum solvit libens H... V e- ~ votum solvit libens laetus VS'L'L'B' votum solvit laetus libens benc *"' T> merito TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 459 V'S'I/L'M votum solvit laetus libens merito V'S'L'P votum solvit libens posuit V'S'M votum solvit merito V'S'M'L votum solvit merito libens V'S-M'L'M'S votum solvit merito libens, Mer- curio sacrum ? VSP vir spectabilis VS-P vivus sibi posuit V'S'P'S'S votum susceptum pecunia sua sol- vit V'SS'L'A votum solverunt libentes animo V'S'S'LV'M votum susceptum solvit lubens merito VST ustrina YTEI IN H- utei in hac lege scriptum est L'SC'EST VT'F utere felix VT'S'L'M votum solvit libens merito V'V Valeria or Ulpia victrix (legio) V'V Venus victrix VV viri VV vivi or vivunt V'V vivus vivae VV vir venerabilis ? V'V virgo Vestalis V'V uti voverant V'V'C'C viri clarissimi V'V'E'E viri egregii V'V'F vivus vivae fecit VVLTIN Voltinia (tribus) V'V'P vivus posuit or vivus vivo posuit VV-M Virgo Vestalis Maxima WPP viri perfectissiini W'S'FECER vivi sibi fecerunt Y'V'S'L'M ut voverat solvit libens merito V'V'S'S'F dvis supra scriptis fecit V'V'V vale, vale, vale ! VX vixit, uxor VX'DVL uxor dulcissima VXT vixit Z * centurio Z zeta = diaeta Z'T'L mulieris (et) Titi libertus ? * G. I. L. VIII. 9910. HS sestertius ^ sestertius 4 dupondius t_ as 1 1 duumvir IIS, H-S sestertius II SIL duobus Silanis (consulibus) II V, II VIR duumvir, duumviratus IIVIR AB AER duumvir ab aerario II VIR'C'P' duumvir censoria potestate quin- Q quennalis II'VIR'I'D duumvir iure dicundo IIVIR Q, Q'Q, QVINQ duumvir quinquennalis III tertium III trieris III O'L trium mulierum libertus, liberta III PR, PROV tres provinciae (Galliae) III VIR triumvir III VIR'A' triumvir agris dandis adsigfnandis D-A III VIR CAP, triumvir capitalis KA, KAP, CAPIT, KA- PIT III VIR MON = triumvir monetalis = auro ar- A'A'A'F'F gento aere flando feriundo II 1 1 quadrieris IIII quattuorvir IJII P'AFR quattuor publica Africae IIII VIR quattuorvir, quattuorvir" fiic IIII VIR'I'D quattuor vir iure dicund IIII VIR'PR quattuor vir praefectus IIII'VIR Q, Q'Q, quattuorvir quinqufi.nalis QVINQ IIII VIR'V' quattuorvir viarum curairdarum CVR V penteris V quinarius V VIR'A'D' quinquevir agris dandis ndsignan- A dis VI hexeris Iiml sevir Ilml VIR sevir, seviratus Iiiul VIR AVG sevir Augustalis VI VIR EQ'R sevir equitum Romaaorum VII VIR EPVL septemvir epulonunr X denarius X decemvir XVIR'A'D- decemvir agris dandis a. - A' I judicandis XVIR SACR'FAC decemvir sacris fsdundis X V(VIR)'S (SL, decemvir stlitibus judican- STL, STLIT)' dis I(IVD,IVDIC, IVDIK) XI F .. und^ciin primus X 7 *" quiiulocimvir XV VIR'S'l quindecimvir sacris faci 460 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS XVIIII decennovium (The Pomptine Marshes) XX LIB vigesima libertatis XX HER, HE11E, HEKED, vigesima heredita- HEREDIT tium XX P'R'M vigesima populi Roman! minus XXXX, XL G quadragesima Galliarum C centenarius C centesima C centumviri C V centumviri centesima 3, >, Y, 3> ). z i z > \ centurio, centuria sextarius ) conventus (JC ducenarius DO L duarum mulierum libertus CCC trecenarius Cf, 58. Edict a, 35 \. Emperors^, names, 114; titles, 117; chronologi- t, 123 ; inscriptions of, 148. hisiuse of V for Greek Y, 28 ; doublfrcon- sonants introduced .by, 29. >quo publico, 172. ;-ian order, inscriptions of, 200. ,', preliminary civil service of, 174; in- 'ft, 178; raised to senatorial rank, 178. J F, forms of, 59. scriptions, determination of, 10, 47 ; their in'tjhe Corpus, 8. 17, 54, 361 ; consulares, 362 ; anni n i, 365. svl68. Praenestina, 21, 25, 27, 33, 60, 62, 86, 26f>. e fplumbeae, inscribed, 57, 263 ; ex- ampl-s df, 329. I; 168. o Vase, 18, 22, 23. is, 76. Arvales, 168, 374. 'men, names of, 100, 101, 102. Functions, senatorial, list of, 169. G, forms of, 59 ; history of, 25. Gladiators, , sepulchral inscriptions of, 237. v plumbeae, inscribed, 57, 64, 262 ; ex- amples, 327. Glass vessels, inscribed, 57. Graffiti (sffe, Inscriptiones Parietariae). H, forms of,' 60. Hederae distinguentes, 70. I, forms of, 60 ; history of, 26. ate children, names of, 97. '-or, aspraenomen, 89, 115; as title, 118. Imperial family, titles of, 120 ; inscriptions of, 148. Inscription es Parietariae, 50, 70 ; examples of, 386, 397. Inscriptions, methods of making, 45 ; on silver, 51, 264; on lead, 51 ; written, 50; stamped in relief, 56; painted, 47, 48; cursive, 43, 50; uncial, 43 ; illustrating form of Roman name, 103; classification and description of, 223; dedicatory 225, examples 275; sepulchral 230, examples 282; honorary, 243 ; on public build- ings and structures 247, examples 308; on mile and boundary stones 251, examples 316; on movable objects 256, examples 325; from quarries and mines, 268 ; on pigs of metal, 268 ; on bricks, and tiles, 269 ; on vessels of clay, 273; of aqueducts, 312; of roads and bridges, 314; restoration of, 399; dating of, 405. Tnslrumenta, 348; imperatorum, 353. .Inxtrumentum domesticum, 9, 56, 62, 256. J, origin of the form, 26. Jewelry, inscribed, 264. K, forms of, 61 ; history of, 2T. Kalendaria, 54. L, forms of, 61. Laminae, inscribed, 49. Lamps, inscribed, 56. Laudatio Mnrdiae, 293. Leges, 48, 71 ; order of arrangement, 348; list of, in inscriptions, 350. legions, table of, 408. Letters, documentary form of, 41 ; form influ- enced by material, 31, 41 ; form influenced by subject matter, 41 ; individual forms discussed, 57 ; instruments used in making, 47 ; cut in stone, 47 ; cut in metal, 48 ; in clay, 51 ; stamped in relief, 56, 57 ; painted, 47 ; made with points, 49. Lex Acilia Tiepetundarum, 47, 75, 92 ; An- tonio, de Termessibus, 389; Rubria, 71, 73. Ligatures, 67. Litterae incruslatae or caelatae, 48 ; rubri- catae, 48. Long vowels, methods of indicating, 69. Lupercus, 168. M, forms of, 62. Jfagisler, 184. Magistracies, senatorial, table of, 167 : of eoloniae and municipia, 184, 185. Maniuti, abbreviation for, 62, 63. Measures, of surface, 81 ; of value, 77 ; of weight, 81. INDEX 463 Menologia rustica, 368. Mesha (Moabite) stone, 19. Metal, pigs of, inscribed, 268. Methods of presentation of inscriptions in the Corpus, 12. Miliaria, 54 ; inscriptions of, 251 ; examples, 316. Militiae equestres, 173 (with note). Mines, inscriptions from, 268. Monumentum Ancyranum, 69, 3T3. Municipes, classes of, 184. Municipia, magistrates of, 184; religious offi- cials of, 187 ; inscriptions of, 216. N, forms of, 63. Name, the Koman, 82 ; its history, 82 ; con- stituents of, 83 ; reduplication of, 94 ; addi- tional elements of, 95. Names, of women, 94; of illegitimate children, 97 ; of adopted persons, 98 ; of slaves, 99 ; of freedmen, 100 ; of naturalized citizens, 102 ; of emperors, 114; substitutions and erasures of, 122. Nationality or birthplace, expressed in inscrip- tions, 97. Naturalized citizens, names of, 102. Naval officers, inscriptions of, 215. Nicknames, 95 ; as cognomina, 93. Nomen, history and terminations of, 90 ; as praenomen, 89 ; formed from cognomen, 91 ; of Greek origin, 91 ; how given in inscriptions, 91 ; of emperors, 115. Non-Phoenician letters in Greek, 20. Numerals, 72 ; Mommsen's rules governing them, 74. O, forms of, 63. Official titles, 164. Oldest Latin inscription (see Fibula Prae- nestina). Order of letters, how known, 17. Ordo decurionum, 184 ; Augustalium, 185. P, forms of, 64. Palamedes, tradition concerning, 17. Pater Patriae, as imperial title, 119. Pisaurian Dedications, 33, 89, 226. Plebeian officials, inscriptions of, 207. Plebft, in municipia, 184. Pontifex, 168; Maximus, 168; as imperial title, 117. Praefecti, of senatorial rank, 170 ; of equestrian rank, 172, 176; praetorio, inscriptions of, 200; Aegypti, Annonae, Vigilum, in- scriptions of, 201. Praefectus cohort, 173 ; alae, 173 ; cas- trorum, 173 ; legionis, 173 ; iure dicundo, 184. Praeneste, archaic inscriptions of, 33, 90, 94, 230, 264. Praenomen, when conferred, 84. Praenomina, list of, 85; rare and foreign, 87; of special families, 86; of women, 89. Praetor, 166, 167, 184, 185. Priesthoods, of senatorial order, 168 ; of eques- trian order, 176. Primipilus, 173. Princeps luventutis, 121. Proconsul, as imperial title, 120. Procurator es, 172, 174 ; classes of, 175 ; inscrip- tions of, 202. Punctuation, 69. Pupus as praenomen, its significance, 84. Q, forms of, 64. Quaestor, 166, 167, 184, 185. Quaexitor index, 191 n. Quarries, inscriptions from, 268. Quattuorvir viarum curandarum, 166 ; quinquennalis, 184; iure dicundo, 184. Quirt decimvir sacris faciundis, 168. R, forms of, 64. Rescripta, 854. S, forms of, 65. SriUiM, 168. San Cesareo, archaic inscriptions from, 84, 94. Scipio family, epitaphs of, 26, 35, 48, 71, 233, 294 if. Scriptura quadrata or lapidaria, 37 ; monumentalis, 37; actuaria, 41, 42; vulgaris, 43, 52, 58, 59. Secular games, commentarium of, 375. Semitic sibilants in the Greek alphabet, 19. Senate, decrees of the, 352. Senatorial order, inscriptions of, 189. Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, 26, 27 ; de Nundinis Saltus Beguensis, 391. Septemvir Epulonum, 168. Semri Augustales, 185, 187. Sexagenarii, 176. Sicilicus, 30, 69. Signa, 95. Simonides, tradition concerning, 17. Sodalis AuguKtalifs, etc., 168. Sortes, 372 ; examples of, 393. Spurius, indicating illegitimacy of birth, 98. Stamps or seals, 266 ; oculists', 267. T, forms of, 65. Tabulae patronatus, 379 ; examples of, 395. Tesserae, 49, 57, 64, 257 ; frumentariae, 257 : thealralea, 258 ; hoftpitales, 259 ; ff India toriae, 259, examples of, 326; con- vivialen, 261. 464 INDEX Tiles, inscribed, 51, 57. Titles, official, 164 ; of honor : senatorial, 168 ; equestrian, 176. TituliSepulcrales, 47, 56, 282 ; sacri, 225,275. Trecenarii, 175. Tribunicia Potestas, 118, 128, 148 n. Tribunus legionis, 173 ; militwm laticla- vius, 166 ; plebis, 166, 167, 185. Tribus, 96. Triumvir capitalist 165; monetalis, 166. V, forms of, 66 ; history of, 27. Valid inscriptions, determination of, 10. Vases, inscribed, 59, 273. Yerrett as nomen, 91. Verrius Flaccus, his attempt to introduce a new letter, 28. Vigintimri, 165. Virgo Vest a Us, 168. Wax tablets, 41, 67, 75, 382. Weights and measures, inscribed, 257 ; ex- amples of, 325. Writing, early use of, by the Eomans, 31. X, forms of, 66 ; history of, 27. Y, forms of, 66 ; history of, 27. Z, forms of, 66 ; history of, 28. TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. I. 34 38 41 43 49 50 110 168 170 17T 179 204 258 530 535 536 538 540 541 547 548 552 554 559 583 584 593 620 641 642 685 700 720 736 774 indicates the nun iber of the inscription in C. 7. L. ; the second indicates the page in this book on which it is given.] PAGE C. I. L. I PAGE C. I. L. II. PAGE C. I. Z. III. PAGE 294 777 337 1064 105 2972 114 294 784 337 1120 807 3202 158 295 795 337 1169 156 3288 310 295 797 337 1200 111, 284 3387 311 296 814 275 1423 392 3750 340 297 818 396 1821 284 3756 341 296 1007 297 2029 205 3757 341 276 1076 113 2093 104 4500 109 275 1168 106 2132 218 4659 340 275 1175 280 2167 149 4660 340 275 1351 111 2255 284 4799 279 277 1438 393 2610 212 5708 160 275 1439 393 2916 324 5733 115 275 1440 393 3235 210 5810 162 275 1442 394 3240 314 6017 331 275 1444 394 3414 306 60'24 114 390 1454 394 3439 335 6070 114 275 276 1503 276 4192 4211 306 218 6077 6223 210 10Q 316 C. I. L. I. 2 4506 162 6625 (Suppl.) luy 298 316 V 301 4509 195 6741 (Suppl.) 153 805 X 301 4701 318 6993 (Suppl.) 154 316 XXIV 299 4716 152 7009 334 277 XXV 299 4721 155 7011 334 320 XXVI 299 4956 318 7025 334 820 XXVII 800 49621 325 7027 334 319 XXIX 300 4962* 325 7123 (Suppl.) 156 319 XXX 301 4969 2 845 7160 (Suppl.) 190 316 XXXI 299 49693 345 7183 818 820 XXXII 300 4969 345 120126 845 806 XXXIII 300 496964 345 p. 850 893 314 XL 300 p. 853 893 148 p. 25 105 C. I. L. III. Diploma XIII. 114 277 p. 189 303 21 298 189 p. 195 802 88 312 C. I. L. IV. 189 p. 202 302 348 210 26 387 097 AKK 1Qfl 29 397 OL t 328 C. /. L. II *oo 783 iyu 113 61 897 328 34 219 944 396 171 897 827 371 289 1741 191 597 397 327 879 289 2014 108 813 398 327 1038 110 2883 324 1180 398 LAT. INSCRIP. 30 465 466 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. IV. PAGE C. I. L. VI. 1185 1 1 QQ 387 OQQ 358 OMQ Hoi? 1329 oyo 398 ooy 413 1392 398 456 1393 387 472 1886 110 475 1S91 388 504 1893 ' 388 701 1894 388 816 1895 387 886 1896 387 896 1936 398 910 2551 342 913 2553 342 915 2355 342 918 '2592 343 929 2776 343 931 C. I. L. V. 944 960 552 283 967 628 110 1016 a 86T 178, 202 10:33 8T3 305 1035 950 111 1088 1813 289 1096 1838 202 1104 2491 320 1106 2492 320 1130 2523 106 1139 2915 284 1177 3401 307 1191 4305 305 1232 4332 307 1233 4355 107 1234 4919 395 1235/ 502T 148 1236 i 5262 194 1239 a 5832 214 1244 6053 285 1245 6416 149 1246 7213 211 1249 c 7989 160 1251 a 8002 317 1253 b 8045 316 1256 8120 1 398 1257 8659 205 1258 1 OAO C. L L. VI. 1 _t>J 1263 68 277 1281 91 279 1284 96 275 1285 143 278 1286 167 277 1287 235 279 1288 284 276 1289 331 277 1295 197 1296 PAGE C. I. L. VI. 278 1297 279 1299 280 1303 278 1305 279 1309 276 1314 280 1325 148 1333 209 1360 151 1364 310 1365 151 1377 151 1403 152 1460 152 1599 154 1620 154 16256 154 1636 155 1700 155 1710 157 1717 158 1739 159 1751 161 1761 161 1768 161 1808 162 1847 163 1869 163 1925 312 1944 312 2041 321 2051 321 2755 321 2977 322 3939 322 4226 322 4889 312 4930 312 4983 312 5013 323 5045 323 5197 323 5254 313 7593 313 7778 313 8211 321 8253 321 8265 276 8453 294 8614 294 8950 295 8978 295 9499 296 10049 297 10050 296 10063 296 10230 PAGE C. I. L. VI. 306 10302 314 10562 299 10588 314 10682 303 10957 308 11027 303 11206 196 11484 190 11595 191 13163 198 13661 303 15346 104 16606 189 16614 200 22915 202 28021 177 29335 203 29471 308 304 181 C. L L. VII. 180 1196 199 1198 199 1203 307 1205 207 1208 208 1212 208 133010 209 209 r. /. L. vin. 394 50 394 79 213 110 214 217 104 251 110 980 292 1595 292 2488 292 2661 292 2662 292 2747 293 2755 292 2888 105 3664 111 4406 282 4458 107 4459 107 5682 211 7804 105 8300 211 8369 211 8439 299 S837 292 8854 291 9128 291 9663 298 9990 TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS 467 a i. L. vni. PAGE C. I. L. X. PAGE c. i. L. x. PAGE a i. L. xii. PAGE 10230 315 49 217 80477 341 3361 110 10242 318 292 310 8047 341 4364 109 10296 315 787 311 80487 344 4397 290 10327 319 791 103 804818 344 4957 284 10381 319 809 803 8054 346 5255 284 10644 109 826 113 8067* 326 5471 152 11451 392 858 103 8067 6 326 5488 403 11813 205 924 105 80676 326 56829 345 13188 109 1018 324 8067 9 325 568260 345 14296 403 1275 298 8067 11 825 5682"0 345 14588 335 1422 155 8067" 825 5683267 341 1614 108 8068* 325 5683 272 341 C. I. L. IX. 1695 199 80711 331 5683296 341 19 215 1727 306 8071 331 56841 341 136 290 1795 204 807 1 38 331 5687 9 343 762 283 2426 112 8215 215 5687" 343 1024 319 2872 113 8249 397 5698* 331 1125 201 3406 216 5098" 331 1160 106 3494 216 5701 28 330 1415 217 3732 198 C. 1. L. XI. 5701 68 330 1419 217 3757 281 395 214 5842 200 1582 202 3825 823 596 405 1617 213 3861 319 826 162 1783 290 3884 107 1331 153 C. I. L. XIV. 2142 148 4134 110 1436 291 85 311 2334 103 4587 310 1438 213 98 156 2443 151 4792 310 1826 301 101 405 2457 170 4843 823 1827 301 153 306 2563 148 5012 111 1831 302 170 206 2710 107 5182 192 1836 201 172 206 190 5336 207 2104 306 309 220 190 5371 286 2779 276 373 216 218 5382 279 3083 315 409 220 218 5500 112 3365 171 848 288 191 5708 280 3612 211 1204 103 308 5807 309 3653 108 1270 288 112 5824 158 3663 108 1509 a 405 314 5827 160 4170 278 1636 287 112 5838 309 5210 192 1976 329 . 106 5839 309 5211 193 1981 329 2 S3 203 5840 5845 309 306 C. I. L. XII. 1982 1996 329 329 220 5917 208 191 112 2045 210 108 5947 107 257 215 2067 303 212 0006 195 522 405 2068 303 212 6087 189 537 106 2088 156 316 6616 286 i 729 286 2100 404 317 6657 203 1659 110 2258 161 317 6704 106 1715 286 2264 189 345 6824 155 1964 285 2464 189 345 6839 317 2012 ..,. 285 2535 288 345 6840 317 2018 285 2602 189 328 6841 317 2021 112 2700 282 :. x. 6895 7265 317 275 2464 3325 109 108 2750 2863 282 275 108 7459 305 3349 286 2892 276 157 7501 150 3360 110 29^2 21? 468 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS C. I. L. XIV. PAGE C. I. L. XIV. PAGE C. I. L. XIV. PAGE C. I. L. XV. PAGE 3002 809 3227 109 41242 326 512 888 3013 308 3442 290 4242 195 550 888 3046 282 3453 3068 103 3602 109 404 643 C. I. L. XV. 647 889 339 3083 109 360T 192 9 337 692 339 3115 108 3609 197 25 337 719 339 3143 108 3614 198 47 337 811 339 3156 108 3632 287 364 338 847 339 3178 108 3955 217 371 338 1063 840 3197 109 41241 326 419 338 1097 840 FROM OTHER SOURCES PAGE PAGE Annali, 1870 ; Bruzza, 1 334 Ephem. Ep., V. 1174 160 6 336 " VI. p. 59 828 147 334 " VII. 353 159 " 258 335 " VII. 395 198 Boissieu, Inscr. de Lyon, p. 469 291 " VII. 757 159 Brambach, Inscr. Ehen. 1491 340 " VIII. 370 209 " 1931 318 Lanciani, Comm. di Frontino, 106, 134, Bull. Com., 1888, p. 228 148 324, 402, 505, 563 330 1889, p. 165 322 Mittheilungen, 1890, p. 297 276 Bull, del 1st., 1884, p. 27 160 Mowat, Inscr. de Paris, p. 69 344 Bull. Epigraph. IV. (1884), p. 66 340 Musee de Lyon, I. p. 162 204 Dessau, Inscr. Lat., 1298, 1299, 1301 " 2081 398 212 Notizie degli Scam, 1885, p. 475 * " " " 1886, p. 420' 820 207 Epkem. Ep., II. 522 153 1887, p. 536 200 " ' " III. p. 203 326 1889, p. 9 207 " " V. 640 150 Wilmanns, Exempla, 2811, 2812 828 " V. 989 216 2818 830 " " V. 1043 215 2838 844 TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & Co., NORWOOD, MASS., U.S.A. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 'Dec 481 12Dec5EEl DEC 81953LU * lOec 1 28A|>r'59RH| m BEC.CIB. JUN15 19J2 DEC 01 1993 LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 LIBRARY VC 00467 U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY