Denison 
 
 Nauatl or Mexican in Aryan 
 Phonology 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
NAUATL OR MEXICAN 
 
 IN 
 
 ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 (NOT INCLUDING FORMATIVE SYLLABLES) 
 
 BY 
 
 T. S. DENISON 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 T. S. DENISON, PUBLISHER 
 163 RANDOLPH ST, 
 
NAUATL OR MEXICAN 
 
 IN 
 
 ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 (NOT INCLUDING FORMATIVE SYLLABLES) 
 
 BY 
 
 T. S. DENISON 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 T. S. DENISON, PUBLISHER 
 
 163 RANDOLPH ST. 
 
Copyright, 1907 
 By T. S. Denison 
 
 ,*• .• »«« 
 
 • • • • 
 
 • •:.. .. 
 
 • •• • - •" • 
 
 • .•_••-• 
 

 INTRODUCTION 
 
 On the plains of Anahuac there has been spoken for 
 centuries and is still spoken an Asiatic language of an 
 ancient type. {The vocabulary of this language is prac- 
 tically Sanskrit; its root-formation follows the laws of 
 Indo-Iranian phonetics. The people who speak this lan- 
 guage call it Nauatl (Nahuatl), "the sweet-sounding," 
 but since the most important tribe of the Nahua are called 
 Azteca or Mexica, Mexicans, I have adopted the latter 
 name as better known historically than Nauatl. 
 
 In the case of an important discovery it is seldom that 
 all the facts are correctly interpreted and all the details 
 precisely fitted at first. So there may be things in this 
 phonology subject to the verdict "not proven," but I think 
 they are few. Besides, few details in Comparative Phi- 
 lology can be proved absolutely as isolated facts. The 
 proofs rest in the aggregate. I should have preferred to 
 study the subject more exhaustively, but feel that I have 
 done already all that the state of my health permitted. 
 
 For a century an unwritten law of Comparative Phi- 
 lology has been that America is forbidden ground. He 
 who ventures thereon is "unsafe." Why ? Because there 
 can exist no connection between the Old World and the 
 New. This has been a deterrent and a clog. With 
 infinite labor I developed phonetic principles such as 
 r = i, u, only to find them later elsewhere. But, had I 
 known this at first, what would have been left to discover? 
 
 A more popular work of a comprehensive character is 
 now ready for the press, and its publication will depend 
 somewhat upon the reception which this analysis receives. 
 
 T. S. Denison 
 163 Randolph St., Chicago 
 September 7, 1907 
 
 3 
 
 2448 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Mexican Phonetics 5 
 
 II. The Cognate Languages (Mexican, Sanskrit, Greek, 
 
 Latin, Germanic) B 
 
 Percentages of Cognates 5 
 
 III. Vowels 6 
 
 1. Summary of Mexican Vowels with Times of Occur- 
 rence in Sanskrit 6 
 
 2. Table of Equivalence of Vowels in Mexican, Sanskrit, 
 Greek 6 
 
 3. Phonetic Decay, Shifting Sounds, Quantity . . 6 
 
 4. Antiquity of Mexican as Shown in Vowel -System . 7 
 Note: Vowel Harmony 8 
 
 5. Remarks on Diphthongs 8 
 
 IV. Consonants 9 
 
 1. Meanings 9 
 
 2. Labials, b, p 9 
 
 3. Gutturals 10 
 
 4. Eastern and Western Palatal-Gutturals . . .10 
 
 5. chi, dhi 11 
 
 6. L and R 11 
 
 7. Relation of r and i 12 
 
 —--8. Words in naua or nahua 12 
 
 9. Adjectives Ending uac and Homonyms ... 14 
 
 10. Disguised Forms 14 
 
 - — 11. Verb Endings 15 
 
 V. Comparative Tables (Mexican, Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, 
 
 Germanic) 17 
 
 Table A: Dentals 17 
 
 Table B: Labials 18 
 
 Table C: Palatals 19 
 
 Table D: The Pseudo-Labial U . . . . . .20 
 
 table E: Sibilants 21 
 
 Table F: R and L 22 
 
 Bibliography 24 
 
 4 
 
MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 I. Mexican Phonetics 1 
 
 The Mexican language is written in the Spanish pho- 
 netics of the sixteenth century. The system is arbi- 
 trary, clumsy, and confusing. Thus qua, to eat, is also 
 spelled cua; uei, large, is sometimes huei; Nauatl is also 
 spelled Nahuatl; chopini, to peck (as a bird) tzopini; q 
 represents s, but a late writer has discarded q for z uni- 
 formly, and s only is found in a MS of 1607. The sound 
 represented by x is also at times represented by ch, and 
 as this sound may be either of sibilant or guttural origin 
 the result makes analysis difficult. It is nearly four 
 hundred years since Molina reduced these sounds to 
 writing, but the "Metodo" of Chimalpopoca indicates no 
 phonetic change between 1520 and 1869 a. d. 
 
 The Mexican alphabet consists of sixteen letters: a, c, 
 e, h, ?', Z, m, n, o, p, q, g (s), f, u, x, y, z (s). H is only 
 a breathing; qu represents a /c-sound, but Pimentel uses 
 a parasitic v, which would indicate a to-sound and suggests 
 an examination of the git-sound, as in Latin. This exam- 
 ination I have been unable to make conclusively. In cut, 
 u — t and should be pronounced. Nasals are rare. The 
 nicer phases of phonetic change due to neighboring 
 sounds I have not taken up. 
 
 II. The Cognate Languages 
 
 Mexican 
 
 Sanskrit 
 
 Greek 
 
 Latin 
 
 Germanic 
 
 170 words 
 
 148 cognates 
 85.7 per cent 
 
 90 cognates 
 52.8 per cent 
 
 88 cognates 
 51.5 per cent 
 
 83 cognates 
 44 per cent 
 
 1 All references by number are to numbers under Consonants. 
 
 5 
 
6 
 
 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 III. Vowels 
 
 1. Analysis of Mexican vowels as they occur in San- 
 skrit, 120 words: 
 
 Sanskrit a, 58 times: becomes Mexican a, 38 times; 
 e, 12 times; i, 6 times; o, 2 times. 
 
 Sanskrit t, 20 times: becomes Mexican i, 17 times; 
 e, 2 times; a, 1 time. 
 
 Sanskrit u, 22 times: Mexican o, 11 times; iu, 7 times; 
 iwi, 2 times; ao, 1 time; a 1 time. 
 
 Remainder diphthongs or doubtful cognates. 2 
 
 2. Equivalence of vowels and diphthongs. — 
 
 Mexican . 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 i 
 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 i, a 
 
 U, V 
 
 v,u 
 
 
 Greek.. . . 
 
 a, e, tj 
 
 e, a, t; 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 F 
 
 
 Mexican . 
 
 iu, yu, yo 
 
 u% 
 
 ua 
 
 iui (u) 
 
 at 
 
 eo, eu 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 u, yu 
 
 vi, va 
 
 va,(r)a,(b)a 
 
 u, (vi), iv 
 
 e 
 
 au, a(p) 
 
 Greek 
 
 V, *jv, fr 
 
 fOl, fl, VI, V, U) 
 
 fa-a 
 
 VI, *JVL, f"U 
 
 at 
 
 €V 
 
 Mexican e = Greek n in metztli — M V7 1\ Grreek a, in 
 ten-tli, rdv-v-fiac (Horn.) ; Mexican o = Greek e, in conetl, 
 child, ye'v-os. For b, p = u, cf. Sansk., abhi; Zend, aiwi. 
 
 3. Phonetic decay, shifting sounds, quantity. — Many 
 Mexican words have been so changed by phonetic decay 
 that out of a total of about 200 words considered only 170 
 were employed in figuring percentages of cognates and, 
 from these, 120 were selected for vowel comparison. 
 These 120 words furnished only 62 Greek cognates, and 
 the Greek depends upon that number. There is a con- 
 fusion between o and u in Mexican; thus teotl or teutl, 
 
 2 Whitney states that a = twice all other vowel elements in Sanskrit 
 (Gram., sees. 22, 75). Hence it might appear that my work is deficient in 
 Sanskrit a. But apparently Whitney's estimate does not apply to roots. 
 My own count of one hundred pages of a Sanskrit vocabulary indicates, in 
 fact, that the total of i- and it-roots about equals the total of a-roots. To 
 be precise, the ratio is : a is to i and u as 5.9 to 5.4. 
 
MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 7 
 
 god ; tlaolli or tlaiilli, corn. Usually Mexican o = San- 
 skrit u, Greek v. Col-\i, ancestor; kUl-a; itzo-mia, sew, 
 fcacr-o-v-co. Mexican u = Sanskrit v; Greek f. Uel-iti, 
 to be able, vr; ^peX-ap, el\-ap. Ui = co, iluiz, I/mb?. Vi, 
 bird; tu-tzilin; omovos, *o-fL<o-v-o<;. 
 
 I have ignored quantity entirely. There is no Mexican 
 poetry extant, so far as I am aware, except the poems of 
 Nezaualcoyotl, the poet-king of Tezcuco, and no adequate 
 scientific examination of the meter of these poems has 
 fallen under my notice. Hence I have no data for deter- 
 mining quantities in roots. 
 
 4. Antiquity of Mexican as shown in vowel-system. — 
 As may be seen by the "Analysis of Vowels," Mexican 
 appears to be more ancient than Sanskrit. It resolves the 
 vowel a into: a, e, i, o. Again with reference to the pala- 
 talizing of a guttural, indicating a to be an original, I.-E., 
 e, it does not go so far as Sanskrit. Thus, conetl, child; 
 Greek, 7eV-o?, Latin, gen-us; Sanskrit, jana. We should 
 expect xonetl (shonetl), for conetl, just as we find xonexca, 
 Greek, yiyvaxrfcco, Latin, nosco, *g e nosco; Sanskrit jna 
 (see sec. 4). 3 In tentli, edge, temi, extend, the Mexican e 
 is primitive, from ten, Latin, tendo, while Greek has a in 
 rdv-v-ixai (TetV-w), and Sanskrit has a in tandti; han, to 
 kill, becomes cuen (ken) Mexican, as cuen-chiua, to wound. 
 
 The percentages in the devolution of Sanskrit a into 
 Mexican a, e, i, o, are: a, 65.5 per cent. ; e, 20.7 per cent. \ 
 i, 10.3 per cent.; o, 3.4 per cent. In the same comparison 
 between Greco-Italic and Sanskrit, Curtius found the per- 
 centages to be: a, 40 per cent.; e, 38 per cent.; o, 20.5. 
 Thus a stands: Sanskrit, 100 per cent.; Mexican, 65.5 
 per cent. ; Greek, 40 per cent. Hence if primitive Aryan 
 was an a-language the order of approximation to it was: 
 
 3 Sk here appears to be the same as sk in Greek and Latin inceptives, as 
 mati, to think ; machtia, to teach ; but cf . Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar,. 
 sec. 608. 
 
8 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 Sanskrit, Mexican, Greco-Italic; but if the Old Aryan 
 vowel system was a, e, o, the order is: Greco-Italic, Mexi- 
 can, Sanskrit. In either case Mexican occupies an inter- 
 mediate position both as to voivels and consonants. This 
 is not necessarily a clue to absolute age. We may com- 
 pare Mexican of today phonetically, in important respects, 
 with Zend as it existed 3,000 years ago.* 
 
 Note. — Vowel harmony. — A cursory examination seems to indicate the 
 existence in Mexican of vowel harmony, a feature of Ural-Altaic Languages. 
 Thus tepetl, mountain ; Greek, rdcpos, hill ; Turkish, tepe. But roots in com- 
 pounds retain their proper vowels hence only prosthetic and thematic vowels 
 would be affected. A few examples are : acatl, acana, alaua, apana, azcatl. 
 aztatl, cacatl, camatl, cana, chocolatl, cocho, coloa, colotl, cotona, coyotl, 
 The vowels a, e, o, u, appear to be thus affected though this result may be 
 only a legacy of the influence which made Sanskrit an a-language. Appar- 
 ently i is not affected, and the same treatment of this vowel prevails in Tura- 
 nian languages {Encyclopaedia Britannica, art. u Turkey"). This feature 
 of Mexican, though not prominent, may possibly, in connection with the 
 postpositive system, indicate Turanian contact. 
 
 Vowel harmony may be illustrated by Turkish sev, love. Mek (mak) is 
 the infinitive sign ; hence by agglutination, sevderehmemek, not to be able 
 to cause to love. 
 
 5. Remarks on diphthongs. — While the Mexican lan- 
 guage is apparently very rich in diphthongs it is really 
 poor, since most of them involve u or arise from phonetic 
 decay resulting in u (see Table D). The diphthongs ei, 
 oi, do not exist and ai, en, scarcely furnish enough examples 
 to prove their identity : eo, oa, ia, occur, and an is usually 
 Sanskrit av, or a-\-a labial. The table of diphthongs is 
 not absolute. Umlauts, spirants, and elision at times 
 appear arbitrary. Ua and ui deserve more particular 
 notice since Sanskrit v is always a vowel, u, in Mexican. 
 
 Qvas, Sanskrit, snort ; ecuxoa, sneeze, Mexican. 
 
 Vdstu, Sanskrit, house; uastli, house, Mexican. 
 
 4 For a brief statement of primitive a-theory see Professor A. S. Wilkins, 
 " Greek Language," Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. XI, p. 127. For the 
 primitive-a, e, o theory see Professor E. Sievers, "Comparative Philology 
 of Aryan Languages," op. cit., Vol. XVIII, p. 788. 
 
MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 9 
 
 Vi, bird -|- svar, hum, Sanskrit ; uitzilin, humming- 
 bird, Mexican. 5 
 
 Vie, dwell, Sanskrit; uie, vicinity, Mexican; vlcus, 
 Latin; wic, A.-S. 
 
 Vagh, to carry, Sanskrit; idea, Mexican ; Greek, o%eo). 
 
 Qvan, dog; itzcuintli, Mexican; Greek, kov, kikov. 
 
 Vr, "the chosen "-{-varj," enclosed " = ualyolcatl, Mex- 
 ican, kindred; vr = ual, but varj = yol, *jul. 
 
 Vr in uipilli ( we-pilli) , *uilpilli, tunic — ui. Cf . <j>e\-6vrj<;. 
 
 A-yot-l, Mexican, tortoise; Greek vhpa, *jv8-pa. 
 
 Tocaitl, name, Sanskrit, tit, power -\-ketu, appearance, 
 influence; Eng. "hood." 
 
 Teocihui, hungry, Latin, daps, a meal; Greek, 8a7rra>; 
 cf . Sanskrit, dayd -f- su; Greek, Sals. 
 
 IV. Consonants 
 
 1. Meanings. — Only roots are given and these are de- 
 fined, in the tables, once under "Mexican." Philologists 
 will understand that the meanings may vary materially in 
 the cognate languages. I have supported derivations by 
 Mexican cognates in all possible cases. For example, tla- 
 pal-fo'c, strong: bhr, <f>ep-<o, fero, bear; the Mexican cog- 
 nates are: ic-p&l-li, chair; tzon-ic-p&l-li, pillow; xo-pal- 
 euac, summer — fruit-bearing season; i-pal nemoani, god, 
 literally, the stay of the living; tex-ipal-li, the lips. 
 
 2. Labials, b, p, are frequently dropped or become u. 
 Tla-hnana, drunk ; Sanskrit, tr -\-pana, drinking, from pa; 
 grabh, seize, cui (see r, I); eleuia, *e-leub-ia, Sanskrit, 
 lubh, desire, love; xillantli, belly, Sanskrit, si -+- lamb, 
 to hang down; English, lap, lop-ear; coatl, serpent, gubh, 
 to be beautiful, to glide; (Qaetzaleoatl, "the Fair God," 
 
 6 It will of course be understood that I am not deriving Mexican words 
 from Sanskrit directly, but merely employing that language as the nearest 
 cognate. 
 
10 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 answers to both definitions); auh, also; Sanskrit, api, 
 also; panauia, excel, 'pan + dp ?, to "get in evidence." 6 
 
 3. Final guttural dropped. — Cepa-yauitl, snow, *cega- 
 yauitlf Let us notice how cognate languages have treated 
 that universal word snow. Mexican has gone farther than 
 any other; it has simply cep (sneg not allowable), the gut- 
 tural being lost or labialized ; 7 German is close with Schnee; 
 English with snow; Latin drops the initial sibilant, but 
 retains the guttural in nigs (ma?) ; Lithuanian retains the 
 full form snegis; Russian, snieg; Irish, sneachd; Welsh, 
 nyf; Greek, vifyds. 
 
 In consonance with this treatment of ce, Mexican eta 
 or cea, say, speak, appears to be German, sag-en, to say. 
 The final palatal is frequently dropped without resulting 
 phonetic changes, as itzcalpatic or itzcalpactic, cold; 
 uapaua, to get rigid, uapactic, rigid. Initial guttural is 
 also dropped as uentli, from *ghu (see Table D). 
 
 4. Eastern and western palatal- gutturals. — The 7c, 
 kh, g, gh, sounds which remain k-g sounds in the west 
 of Europe follow the East and become generally s-j sounds 
 in Mexican. But sibilization does not appear to have 
 gone so far as in Sanskrit. 8 Thus, Sanskrit, gvan, dog, 
 is itzcuintli in Mexican; gvas, sneeze, ecuxoa; conetl, 
 child horn, jna, to beget; colli, house, gala; Greek tcaXid? 
 (perhaps, orig. *skal) ; cantli, cheek, Greek, yevvs; Latin, 
 gena; Anglo-Saxon, cin; English, chin; Sanskrit, hanti( ?) 
 ^janti; ualyolcatl, kinship; vr-\-varj [j — k)\ tlapic, 
 false, Sanskrit, pig-una, Greek, Tri/c-pos; cot-o-na, cut, 
 Sanskrit, gat. It appears at first sight that g, j are k, g 
 
 6 Compare, Hind., nawab. nabob, and Greek, \aas *\a/ras, stone. 
 
 7 1 hesitate to call this true labialization because I can find no other in- 
 stance in the language. 
 
 8 Sanskrit verbs of the J-class also exhibit a lack of uniformity in final of 
 root. Cf . Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar, sec. 219. 
 
MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 11 
 
 before a, e, o, u. 9 But we have, xana, to adorn, Latin, 
 color (see Table D and sec. 8); xaua-ni, run (liquids), 
 Sanskrit, jala, water (gal); xalli, sand; Latin, cal-x, 
 pebbles; xonexca, to counsel; Sanskrit, jfta, *j e nask-o; 
 Greek, yt-yvco-a/c-co; Latin, nosco, *g e nosco; English, 
 know; German, ken-nen; xaua-ni, drip; Latin, col-um. 
 
 Rule: g, j are soft before i, t, and in verb endings. 
 
 But even the rule regarding / finds at least one excep- 
 tion in tlapic, false ; tlapictli, one who is false. TeZ-poch- 
 tli, a youth, also has tel-poc-atl where the original is g. 
 
 5. Chi is oftenest of dental origin. Though Chi- 
 malli, a shield, may be: jV+x, dhr-\-x, pi + x, s/ + x. 
 But chi-mal-titlan means, "where prayer-sticks were set 
 up" (Hand Book of Indians, Vol. I), from Sanskrit, dhi y 
 devotion. The Chichimeca, it is said, were so called in 
 reproach because the name meant "dogs" (chichi), but 
 they readily accepted the term and evidently understood 
 by it the pious or brave people. Quau-chimal is a monkey, 
 and Ozomatli, "the divine monkey," was one of the "Sta- 
 tions" of the Aztecs in their wanderings. Cf. gydmd. 
 
 6. L and r. — L is never initial in Mexican and I have 
 discussed r and I as everywhere convertible, without going 
 into the question which was the primitive. 
 
 a) Medial r causes no radical changes (Table F). 
 
 b) Initial r is: (1) dropped as in ocotl, light, Sanskrit, 
 rue; yectli, right, Sanskrit, rj; (2) it is introduced by 
 a prosthetic vowel as ilhuicatl, heaven; Sanskrit, rocand. 
 The prosthetic vowel is usually i and I is followed in most 
 such cases by ui, as ilhuia, to call. Cf. Sanskrit, rindkti; 
 Zend, irindkhti, to leave. 
 
 9 This analysis both of vowels and consonants seems to indicate that 
 Mexican is nearer to the primitive Aryan than Sanskrit is. The vowel in- 
 fluence in these changes requires further study. Thus in conetl, the o may 
 be eastern a or I.-E., e; Greek, e. 
 
12 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 c) With palatal- guttural, r becomes: (1) i, as, lev = 
 /a; ghr — ki; mrg = mik; (dhr = chi). Sanskrit, grabh, 
 seize; Mexican, cui; Sanskrit, hr, becomes ui; (2) palatal 
 dropped and r retained as ilhuia, speak; Sanskrit, gr 
 (or rut) (3) prosthetic vowel and elision of guttural and 
 r: Ihiotia, to shine; Sanskrit, hari, harit; Greek, %Xc6-/3- 
 o? ? x°^V > Goth, gul-p; A. S., geolo; Eng., gol-d. Ihiotl, 
 breath; Latin, /izo; Greek, %«&>; Sanskrit, ghra? Eng., 
 yawn? Ihia, to hate; Greek, e%-#-o?; id-pbs? (see Table F). 
 
 d) Double consonants with r as one member are not 
 allowable as: sr, rs (si, Is), kr, ks, pr, sir. One letter of 
 the compound is dropped or a vowel separates them, as 
 citlallin, star. But tl occurs constantly as a termination 
 and in the prefix tla = tr, trans. 
 
 7. Relation of r and i. — The vowel i seems everywhere 
 to be concerned in the changes caused by r, sometimes 
 doubly so, as when the combination i-l-u-i, occurs. But 
 in eleuia, desire, the prosthetic vowel is e and the following 
 diphthong, eu; in alaua, glide, from *raiigh, it is a-l-a. 
 These latter may really be reduplications with the first r 
 dropped. 10 Eua, rise, flee, is irregular. Cf. cognate 
 developments of r: 6rior, ira, artus; op-vv/M, wp-ro, ep- 
 ko/jlcli, iX-Oelv. Sanskrit, vr, to turn, keep back, becomes 
 il in iloti, revolve, turn, Greek, iWco, *ft,Xk(o, to turn, 
 to tie; also il-pia to tie; il-caua, to leave, forget, turn 
 from = vr -\- caua from gam, ga, go, come, be in a 
 condition; or car, to wander. 
 
 8. Words in naua or nahua. There is a considerable 
 number of words beginning naua with very divergent 
 meanings. Some of these involve r, others do not. 
 
 a) Involving r: Nauatl, the language, nal, clear; 
 Nahua, Nuhua, Nohoa, Noa, names of the people, all from 
 
 10 Alaua may be from Latin, lapso, slide, glide. Cf. German laufen. 
 
MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 13 
 
 Sanskrit, nara, nala, man; root nr; Greek, avrjp; Latin, 
 Nero. 
 
 Naua-laua, to ridicule, Sanskrit, war-man, fun + m, 
 give (make) ; cf. German Narr, fool. 
 
 Nana, to dance, Sanskrit, nrt, to dance; Hindustani, 
 nautch (girl). 
 
 Nauaiia, to command, nara, manly, bold; or nam, 
 obeisance + vacl, to order, the latter most probable. 
 
 b) Words not involving r: Naualli, *nacualli, a sor- 
 cerer (astrologer) ; Sanskrit, ndkta, night ; Greek, vvt; ; Latin, 
 nox -f- vara {vr), time or turn of a planet. 11 But cf. four 
 as a "sacred number" in magic. 
 
 Naual-cui, steal, naualli + grabh (sec. 6, (c) (1)). 
 
 Na-nauatl, a boil, bubo, redup. nabh, to burst. (Mr. 
 Brinton and others apparently confound this word with 
 Nanauatzin, the moon-god.) 
 
 Naui, four, chica naui, nine, Sanskrit, nava. 
 
 Nanauatzin, the moon-god, Nana-\-vas, to stop, 
 dwell, Greek, ^fdarv; A.-S., wes-an; Eng., was. His 
 pyramid (tzaqualli), "stopping-place," lies 27 miles 
 northeast of Mexico. 12 
 
 Nauac, near; A-nahuac, "near the water;" Sanskrit, 
 nahus, neighbor + c, locative particle, or adjective ending; 
 a, prefix, from ail, water. 
 
 11 Since 4 was a significant number naualli may be naui + vr. The Aztecs 
 had constant recourse to astrology. Prescott, Conquest of Mexico, Vol. I, 
 p. 104. 
 
 12 Nanauatzin may also be analyzed: (1) Nana+va, to blow, + tzin, 
 honorific, "Nana, the reverend wind god;" (2) Nana + vad + tzin, to speak, 
 foretell, "Nana, the forecaster;" (3) Nana + vas, to shine, "Nana who illu- 
 mines." With (1) cf. Germanic Wuotan, Wodin, Odin. With all of them 
 cf . Algonquian Nane-paush-adt or Manabozho, son of the grand-daughter of 
 the moon and the West- wind. Also Na, Nana, Ana the Accado-Babylonian 
 "god of heaven." The relation of sm, Assyrian, moon, to the Mexican tzin 
 (if any) would require too much space to admit of adequate discussion here. 
 Cf. *dagh-Ana, 8d<pvrj, "she who burns." 
 
14 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 9. Adjectives ending "uac" and homonyms. — Hom- 
 onyms are common in Mexican, usually resulting, as in 
 other languages, from phonetic decay, as already seen in 
 nana. A few adjectives end in uac, and it might appear 
 that they all had a common affix. But such is not the case. 
 
 Tomauac, fat; Sanskrit, tum-ra, fat. 13 
 
 Patlauac, broad, flat (tortillas) ; Latin, pat-ul-us, broad. 
 
 Chicauac, strong, dhr -f- caua (sec. 5). 
 
 Chipauac, clean, dhi-\-pahua (Table D). u 
 
 Melauac, direct, straight, ma-\-rj (rjUf) 
 
 Pitzauac, small, slender (rope) ; Sanskrit, pis -\- ra, 
 *pitzlauac, or thematic, pitzra -f- uac; cf . Latin, pinso. 
 
 Xopaleuac, * xocpaleuac, green (summer) ; Latin, su- 
 cus, sugo; Eng. suck -\- pal -\- eua-\- c; succulent, "fruit- 
 bearing time." Here the thematic adjective may be xoc -\- 
 pal, a postpositive, 'with juice'; or xoc-\-pal, from bhr, to 
 bear. 
 
 A striking case of homonyms is found in quechtli, neck ; 
 ma-quech-t\i, wrist, from krc, slender; and quech-coa.il, 
 rattlesnake, from khaj, to shake; Eng., shake?. 
 
 10. Disguised forms ui, iui, oui, uiui, uip, uian are 
 very puzzling and difficult to determine positively. 
 
 Uipilli, a tunic, shirt, ui -\- pilli; Sanskrit, var-man, 
 a coat, from vr, to envelop. 
 
 Uiuixca, to tremble (with debility), redup., Sanskrit r 
 vij, move suddenly, *viska; A.-S., ivac, weak; O. H. G., 
 weih; Eng., weak. 
 
 Uelitic, powerful, Sanskrit, vr + vid, get, take. 
 
 13 These adjectives may be derived in three ways: (1) Tu is the root, 
 tuma, a stem; toma-c-lli, noun, means fat, large; toma + ua, possessive 
 sign + c, gives tomauac; (2) tuma-ra + c also gives tomauac; (3) by affixing 
 Sanskrit, vahqa, *vac, lineage, "kind," as patla + uac, "flat-kind," cf. 
 English expression "kind o' flat." But see 11 (c). 
 
 14 Dhi properly means pertaining to religion and pahua to make pure, 
 or to cook. 
 
MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 15 
 
 No-uian, around us ; no, possessive pronoun, + San- 
 skrit, vya, around. 
 
 Iui, in the same way; Sanskrit, iva, as. 
 
 Iuiui (pronounce yu-yti-i), difficult; Sanskrit, yuf, to 
 repel, keep off (Vedic). 
 
 Iuian, softly, perhaps, Sanskrit, ram, be quiet, but yhuitl 
 is down, feathers, from vi, bird, and both may be the same. 
 
 Out difficult, dangerous, Sanskrit, bin, to fear, bhimd, 
 fearful; O. H. G., bi-be-t; A.-S., beofad. O in this and 
 ouitic may be termed an "irrational vowel," 11 (c). 
 
 Ouitic, bad, sick, unfortunate ; Sanskrit, bilid, to harm, 
 beat; Latin, fi(n)do; German, beissen; Eng., bite, bit; 
 Eng. slang, "bitten" is close to Mexican. 
 
 Uiptla, day after tomorrow; Sanskrit, vip, to waver 
 (back and forth) -\-tri, tres, three. 
 
 Uiptlati, to remain three days or return in three days, 
 the same. 
 
 11. Verb-endings. — While this brief treatise does not 
 include formative syllables, there are certain verbs which 
 require mention in order to determine precisely what ele- 
 ment is mere ending and what may be the disguised frag- 
 ment of a member of a compound word. The regular 
 endings of verbs are: a, ia, i, o (ua) (oa). The puzzling 
 combinations are, ui, uia, iui. 
 
 a) Influence of a: In the endings of Mexican verbs 
 it seems to be a rule that u shall follow a, as iztatl, salt, 
 iztauia, to salt; auia, to be pleasant; panauia, to excel. 
 Sanskrit cognates throw much light on Mexican phonetics, 
 as in auia, from Sanskrit av, to be pleased with ; mayaui, 
 to repulse, push away, from, maitl, hand -+- Sanskrit, 
 yam, aya-ta, extend. 
 
 b) Influence of / (r) : As has been seen before (sec. 
 6, 6) ui usually follows I, as ilhuicatl, heaven, Sanskrit 
 
16 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 rocand, but there are exceptions, without apparent reason, 
 as, poliui, destroy, from Sanskrit, para?; Latin, per-ire. 
 In cuitlahuia, to care for, we have a compound cit -\- tra, 
 where uia follows a. 
 
 c) The root or stem. Mexican, like Sanskrit, is prone 
 to indulge in a variety of forms for the same word or root. 
 Consequently much uncertainty exists. Panauia, to excel, 
 may be derived in three ways: (1) pana, thematic noun, 
 evident, plain, with the termination uia, as above ; (2) pan, 
 as a root + «i>, get (aul-a, sec. 2); (3) pa?i-\-hr, get, 
 have, hold. 
 
 In pachiui, to spy, from Sanskrit, pag, the s/i-sound of 
 the root possibly fixes iui for u (see xiuitl, Table E) . But 
 a thematic noun in Sanskrit from this root might end in 
 u, as pagu, cattle. Hence the form is really pachu-a 
 (pachoa) and this last gives us pachoa, to bend, from 
 bhuj . But this is arbitrary and is no more to be explained 
 (at least further study is required) than are the arbi- 
 trary, inexplicable things in other languages. The reasons 
 must be sought in Iranian or Sanskrit, rather than in 
 Mexican. Nal means clear, but to become clear, is 
 naliui. Tepzutli, is iron, iepuzuia, to chop. It is perhaps 
 best to call all these endings non-significant variations for 
 the present. Cf. Zend " irrational vowels " and triphthongs. 
 
 In tla-piuia, to grow, from Sanskrit pi, pivan, fat; 
 Greek, ttlco-v, we have the Sanskrit theme, piv -f- ia. 
 Ceuia means to repose, assist another, cool, put out fire. 
 Here are irreconcilable meanings. Ceua, means to freeze. 
 Sanskrit unravels this tangle. 
 
 The root gi, means to lie down, repose; the root, 
 gi or gya, means to freeze. Here is an evident min- 
 gling of forms with a directness of meaning that leaves 
 no doubt that gi, gya, ceua, ceuia are all cognates. 
 
MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 17 
 
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18 
 
 MEXICAN IN AKYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 P< 
 
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 spah 
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 leof, 
 love, 
 liebe 
 
 
 <£ to .2 
 
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 8SP8. 
 
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 £ ® S 
 
 Pl*£ Pi 
 
 
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MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 19 
 
 oi 
 
 03 £ 
 
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 be p 
 
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 cin, A. S. 
 hale, Eng. 
 which, Eng. 
 
 
 
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 dags, Goth, 
 taihsva + x, Goth, 
 daigs, Goth, 
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 dough, Eng. 
 
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 crac-entes 0. L. 
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 i »= 
 
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 v 2 3 
 
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 hanu ? 
 
 kalya 
 
 kis 
 
 kesara 
 
 kr, karu 
 
 kre 
 
 kim, ka 
 
 dhl 
 
 di, dina 
 
 dah, *dagh 
 
 daks -+- pinda 
 
 dih 
 
 55 
 
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 l, good, fair 
 
 interrog. particle 
 
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 •2 5© "to r^ 
 
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 CP 0) . 
 
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 o a a; 
 
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 7-, N 
 
20 
 
 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 .2 § B 
 
 
 
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 ed 
 
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 cc 
 
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 ^^^ CD 
 
 
 ftp 
 
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 yoke, Eng. 
 steig-en, Ger. 
 coc, A. S., *skoko? 
 
 Tochter, Ger. 
 rack? (gait), Eng. 
 leof, A. S.; love, Eng. 
 geoton, A. S. 
 Gerste, Ger. 
 
 bjo 
 
 P 
 
 pP 
 
 be 
 
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 bb 
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 lubet, libet 
 fu-t-is, fons 
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 c^ 
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 l<c? 
 
 
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 + .Sf 
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 pac 
 
 duhitr 
 
 rarih, laghu 
 
 lubh 
 
 hu, *ghu 
 
 hrs 
 
 bo 
 
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MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 21 
 
 ^ 
 
 "1 
 
 
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 l\ 
 
 u 
 
 fl 
 
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 cfi 
 
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 £ 
 
 CD 
 
 +j 
 
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 q 
 
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 1-1 
 
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 a-fl to 
 ft« fl 
 
 r^ CdH 
 S ^^ 
 
 o «* 
 
 -s _S -^ 
 
 §!;§ 
 
 2^ fl 
 GO £#} 
 
 • P 3 
 
 
 co co .w 
 
 ol^* 3 
 
 3 § a a .a 
 a a 2 8 s 
 
 t> w 8 GO CD 
 
 2 p « 2 
 
 CD -uj>P3 »-i 
 
 cq "8 *£%3 p 
 J IS- 5 
 
 -• o t ° fl 
 
 ^ & b M cd 
 
 if ft d«fi 
 ff §*'» I 
 
 '! ^ cd .2 o 
 
 -«-T^ cd£ O 
 
 £° 
 
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 CO CD £ 
 P 3 
 
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 tf „ 
 
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 CO fl 
 
 O § co 
 co CD 
 
 §^ 
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 CD C3 ^ ct! CD 
 
 -fl _. -M p^r 
 
 ^ aa- a 
 
 fl O co 
 cd cd O cd 
 
 be 
 fl 
 H 
 
 cd" bb 
 <v fl 
 
 be 
 fl 
 
 tt_SH 
 
 . CD 
 
 ■< _-fl be cd o 
 
 w so 
 
 CD „ 
 ~ cd 
 
 Q fl © 
 
 <d £_Ej ^ fl «h P 
 
 co rfl'-O CD fl CO •{=! 
 
 cd 
 
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 iO 
 
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 cd 
 
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 M 2 & 
 
 CD P CD 
 
 £ § a 
 
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 b § 
 
 
 .2£- 
 
 co O- 
 
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 J_ co _i_ cd P 
 T Hcd n^-M-|cd 
 
 -2' P *CO -r—s P 
 
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 • r-T cd 
 
 -s'S 
 
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 CD § 
 
 S'53 rj-s^'3 s 
 
 CD -__< rj 'i-i 'i-i r-i 
 CD CD ^ fl M M fl 
 
 hund, Ger. 
 scur, A. S. 
 shake, Eng. 
 
 
 H C5 
 
 r>«4H 
 
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 O-fl 
 
 .^ o 
 
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 cd r£ 
 
 -fl CD 
 
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 co .S 
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 cd o 
 
 O CO 
 
 
 co 
 
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 CO P 
 
 
 3 
 
 * b 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 cd 
 > 
 
 khaj 
 
 upa + ksi 
 skand (gala?) 
 uks (*ug) 
 chaga 
 
 c 
 
 ^^ 
 P3^ 
 
 'fl c 
 
 CJ^t 
 N ! 
 
 £ C 
 
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 si 
 
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22 
 
 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 H 
 OS 
 
 w 
 
 welle, Ger. 
 ver-gehen, Ger. 
 thole, Eng. 
 x -fmc-enta? A. S. 
 
 
 coil? Eng. 
 wrinkle, warp, wrap, 
 
 Eng. 
 
 bi) 
 H 
 
 la 
 o 
 
 
 be 
 
 a 
 
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 bb 
 d 
 
 d 
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 < 
 
 to 
 *-£ 
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 CD 
 
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 CD ^ 3 d ?h 
 O .£ +3 co'+i'H O g 
 
 'o ^3 0^^ 3 + 
 
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 ca 
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 t> -^ -*j 
 
 © o M 
 
 i— i f-i o3 
 
 14 
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 pa 
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 CTJ 
 
MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 23 
 
 a 
 
 as 
 
 w 
 
 
 bh 
 d 
 H 
 
 # bc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 geolo, A. S. 
 yellow, gold, Eng. 
 right, Eng. 
 recht, Ger. 
 
 o 
 
 OS 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 ■ fH i— H 
 
 
 
 
 
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 o| ° 1 
 
 
 
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 ^ 2 : 
 
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 d o 
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 3. 
 
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 8 
 
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 so 
 
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 cd O !« tH 
 
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24 MEXICAN IN ARYAN PHONOLOGY 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Owing to its great length it would be impracticable to 
 insert here the bibliography which was prepared in the 
 course of my extended investigations. But a few works 
 will be named here for the guidance of those who may 
 wish to take up the study of Nauatl. 
 
 Nauatl-Spanish, Spanish-Nauatl Dictionary, by Alonzo 
 de Molina. Mexico, Y/ftt-l/ll. Keprint, Ed., J. 
 Platzmann. Pub., Teubner, Leipsic, 1880. 
 
 Nauatl- French Dictionary, by Rene Simeon. Contains 
 brief Grammar in French. Paris, 1885. 
 
 Arte (Grammar) of Nauatl, by Andre de Olmos; edited 
 by Rene Simeon. Paris, 1875. 
 
 Metodo, Idioma Nauatl 6 Mexicano, Grammar and Dia- 
 logues by Faustino Chimalpopoca ; Spanish text, O. P. 
 Mexico, 1869. 
 
 Annals of Chimalpahin Qauhtlehuanitzin, Nauatl, with 
 French in parallel columns. Ed. Rene Simeon. Paris. 
 
 Ar°enas, Dialog ues, Mexican-Spanish-French. Paris, 1862. 
 
 Gospel of Luke, Nauatl. Methodist Episcopal print. 
 Mexico, 1889. 
 
 The last two are unfit for beginners because of bad 
 printing. Arenas is invaluable because of its idioms. The 
 Grammar of Olmos contains "Address of a Father to His 
 Son," which is very valuable as an example of primitive 
 style. A bibliography of Nauatl literature is found in 
 "Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico" by Francisco Pimentel, 
 Vol. I, pp. 160-164; also a valuable sketch of the Nauatl 
 language with much grammatical material. 
 
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