a THE BOSWORTH PSALTER PRINTED AT STANBROOK ABBEY WORCESTER THE BOSWORTH PSALTER AN ACCOUNT OF A MANUSCRIPT FORMERLY BELONGING TO O. TURVILLE-PETRE ESQ. OF BOSWORTH HALL NOW ADDIT. MS. 37517 AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM BY ABBOT GASQUET & EDMUND BISHOP WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE BIRTH-DATE OF SAINT DUNSTAN BY LESLIE A. StL. TOKE B. A. LONDON GEORGE BELL AND SONS 1908 TO THE READER Since the first portion of this tract has been in type the Bosworth Psalter has passed into the possession of the British Museum. It is now catalogued as Addit. MS. 37517. We desire to express our thanks to Dr. Warner and to Mr. S. C. Cockerell for suggestions and help. We are also grateful to the authorities of Salisbury Cathedral for allowing the ancient Psalter MS. 1 50 in their library to be sent up to the British Museum for consultation, and in particular to Mr. Maiden for so kindly arranging for the transit of the volume. ls 9£59l CONTENTS FASS Prefatory Note - - - - - - -i I The Psalter i. History and Description of the Volume 3 2. Contents of the Volume 5 3. The Psalms _______ £ 4. The Canticles of Lauds - - - - 1 1 5. The Hymnal - - - - - -12 6. The Canticles of the Third Nocturn - - 13 II The Calendar 1. The Glastonbury Calendar - - - ij 2. The Calendar or the Bosworth Psalter - - 21 3. The Changes at Canterbury under Lanfranc - 27 4. Christ Church or St. Augustine's? 34 Transitional: the three Calendars, Arundel 155, Arun- del 60, Vitellius E xviii 40 5. Of the Feasts of the Conception and Oblation of the B. V. M. - - - - - - 43 6. Of Feasts of Breton Saints 53 7. Relic Cults: Canterbury or Winchester? - - 57 8. The Extension of Feasts proper to Winchester 59 9. Summing up of the Enquiry 64 10. A Table of Canterbury Cathedral Calendars from the eleventh to the fifteenth Century - - 68 III Conclusions The Date of the Psalter - - - - 126 Appendix: Some Notes on the accepted Date of St. Dun- stan's Birth. By Leslie A. St. L. Toke, B. A. 131 Addenda ____---- 145 A. The Martyrological Element in the Anglo-Saxon Calendars - - - - - - 1 47 B. The Grouping of the Anglo-Saxon Calendars 158 Print of Calendar in Cotton MS. Nero A 11 165 C. The Calendar of St. Augustine's Canterbury - 171 Corrigenda - - - - - - - " 1 1S Indkx - - - - - - - - 1 8 1 LIST OF PLATES 1. Initial of psalm 51 2. Page of the Psalter 3. First page of the Hymnal 4. First page of the Calendar PREFATORY NOTE The recognition of an ancient English Psalter, hitherto unnoticed and undescribed, is of sufficient importance to call for some detailed account of so interesting a manuscript. A few months ago whilst on a brief visit to Mr. and Mrs. Turville Petre, at Bosworth Hall, Husbands-Bosworth, Leicestershire, I was asked to examine the library, and in particular the court rolls and MSS. in their possession. Amongst these latter there were two of considerable importance, one of which is the Psalter to be presently described. I had known of the existence of this singularly interesting volume from the slight account given of it in Nichols's History of Leicestershire 1 which was derived from a notice of the library furnished by Mr. D. Wells to 'The Gentleman s Magazine for 1789 (Vol. LX, p. 117). I was, however, wholly unprepared to see what at once appeared to me to be one of the most important MS. English Psalters in existence, and which, strange as it may seem, has up to the present time escaped notice by students and archaeologists. Recognizing the great interest of this precious volume, which the owner allowed me to take away, I immediately proposed to Mr. Edmund Bishop, my friend and fellow-worker during many years, that we should together make a joint study of the MS. In order to avoid delay, and for greater security in testing results, we made a preliminary division of the work between us. Mr. Bishop undertook the examination of the Calendar, and I of the Psalter generally. The third part of the following study has been carried out together, but the whole in all its parts has been examined by each, and each of us is responsible for the whole. F. A. GASQUET. Athenaeum Club. May 1, 1907. » 11. P . 464. THE BOSWORTH PSALTER I. THE PSALTER i. HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE VOLUME THE Bosworth Psalter consists of 137 folios (274 pages) of thick parchment, each i$ v 2 inches by io 5 / 6 inches, in gatherings of four sheets (8 leaves) bound in stout oak boards. The first two folios, slightly smaller in size and of somewhat finer vellum, are of a date somewhat later than the rest of the volume. They are occupied with a very important calendar, which will be dealt with at some length in the next section. Collation. A flyleaf, Calendar, 2fF., i 8 (lacks 1) 2 8 — 17 8 , a second flyleaf. On the first page of the calendar are the three signatures 1 Thomas Cantuarien', 'Arundel', and 'Lumley', so well known to students of the Royal Collection of MSS. in the British Museum as those of Thomas Cranmer, Henry Fitzalan 12th Earl of Arundel, and John, Lord Lumley, who died in 1609. Many of the manuscripts collected by Archbishop Cranmer under the exceptionally advantageous circumstances furnished by the disso- lution of the monasteries and the religious changes generally, were subsequently acquired by the Earl of Arundel. By him they were bequeathed to Lord Lumley, who was his son-in-law, and soon after the latter's death the whole collection was purchased by King James I. for his son Henry, Prince of Wales; and on his death they became part of the royal library, which ultimately was presented to the nation by George II. and is now in the British Museum. It seems certain that the Bosworth Psalter at one time formed part of this Royal Collection. Not only is the presence of the three names upon the first folio of the MS. an indication of this, but there can be little doubt that the following entry in the catalogue of the Lumley library (1607-9) refers to this volume: •Theologi. P. in folio — Psaiterium cum hymnis quibusdam pulchernme scriptum et paraphrastice ex parte glossatum'. As this accurately describes the Bosworth Psalter, it may be taken tor granted that this volume was purchased by James I. on the death of Lord Lumley in 1609. How it subsequently became separated from the Royal Collection it is of course impossible to conjecture. It may be said to have found its way into the library at Bosworth Hall from the family of Fortescue of Salden, in Buckinghamshire. The few other MSS. in the library certainly came to the present owner in that way and we know that in 1762 Elizabeth Fortescue was possessed of the principal manor of Husbands-Bosworth, which had previously been in possession of her grand-father, father and brother. She, dying in 1763, devised her estate to Francis Fortescue Turville, from whose descendant the present owner, Mr. Turville-Petre, lately inherited the estates. Although it is impossible to trace the post-Reformation history of the Bosworth Psalter beyond 1609, until 1798, when Nichols describes it as being at Husbands-Bosworth, an entry in an early catalogue of Christ Church, Canterbury, appears to refer to this volume at a very early date. The list of Christ Church books drawn up in the thirteenth century by Prior Henry of Estry, and printed by Dr. Montague James in his Ancient Libraries of Dover and Canterbury has as item 1776, the following: Psaiterium cum hympnario. In itself this may appear a rather indefinite description, but the existence of an early psalter with the full collection of Church hymns joined to it, so far as our present knowledge extends, is unique, and we may safely conjecture therefore that this MS. is the very volume here referred to. Each verse of the psalms has a red initial: and the first verses of the psalms have initial letters executed in soft colours and about four lines in height. The whole writing occupies rather more than 12 inches by 7 inches with twenty-five lines to the page. Where there are divisions to be made in the psalms, etc., for liturgical purposes, as will be subsequently explained, these are indicated by slightly larger initial letters. The hymnal and the canticles which PLATE I Ll mfinepiu! udniTirti't ESJWWQVITTm:^ .•-.- JU/fl , lDVCV/lT\M5BilT INITIAL OF 51 st PSALM (2) The Canticles used at Lauds with the psalms in the liturgical Office and the Benedicts, Magnificat and Nunc dimittis y Te Dam etc. commonly found at the end of such psalters. This portion of the MS. takes up 8 folios of the book. On folio ioo, there is a short litany, with prayers written at some date Liter than the rest *. (}) A complete Hymnal, comprising 101 hymns for the various canonical hours and seasons, occupies 24 folios, and on the reverse of folio 124 is a striking sketch of a Christ in Majesty, which was never finished; at some date or other, as it seems to us, this fine drawing has been gone over with a pencil. (4) The Canticles for the 3rd nocturn of the monastic Office arranged in sets of three and written in double columns. These occupy 7 more folios. (5)' The Preface and Canon of the Mass, written probably late in the eleventh century, take 3 folios, and these are followed by the Mass of the Blessed Trinity with neums of about the same date. It will be convenient to speak of each of these divisions of the Bosworth Psalter in their order. 3. THE PSALMS The version of the psalms is that known as the Roman, which in certain places has been corrected at some later period into the Gallican. St. Jerome in the first instance corrected the Latin version of the psalter then in common use in the churches, by the Septuagint, and this was at once commonly adopted in the churches of Rome and Italy and hence called the Roman. Later on he translated the Septuagint Greek version into Latin, bringing it into partial agreement with the Hebrew. To make it clear, where the version was not exactly literal he introduced into this second recension certain signs, stars, asterisks, and colons etc., to mark where the words or phrases were not to be found in the Hebrew or Septuagint, but had been introduced to amplify or explain the true meaning of the psalms. This second recension, 1 The following taints only ire named in this litany which it obviously no part of the original book: Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, John, Peter, Paul, Andrew, John, Stephen, Laurence, Ypolitut, Benedict, Martin, Cuthbert, Felicitai, Perpetua, Scolastica. PLATE II r ViiHiti tMiq- bwifOictfifbmiOicu yaupfyljw junijmbo vunify . c , aahdorfr mis induam nilurmu?-' fcf»n mir exulmnonp- pxubaibutrc . 1 LUc^uca copnu dauid- vujuiuituitynan^xpo meoT J Tiinucos nus induam coimmotn?-' sup iprum autfln flojipoiv rcipaino mm iiunii locunOum iW quarn boiuim ttcji liabicane- -cjas inunum- "cTai'v" imsiiftini incayitv.tjd o«?Sdn-»rc [libapbabqjttmaapon Quoo ^escfiiOir viopa iiesamlTiu auf'siarc ]ios htiimoTi an/ iapcaidrc nnnontvm sion ■ Qjn illic inuiKVuiir chis luMuOH'uoim'lcm^u.uvq-miTUTi. upa* ;.._.!,„-,; mil, HfT >pS»«n coe nunc IniuViucv diiYn-' aifi] - jlpm dill -Lrfn^InS on Up- >p.Unrn tnam, ',..,.... '■ , Qju sTirar m domo Otii- inarfuf* domaj oj np.i - Tn nocnt). fxrolhrv- muimy Mjuq- in jar 'ttbwuoicicvOjnij \ Ui-Hiy * '!• .-,.,I,tr.. „ ptnt ,»., nnnplmi ..rcyc. -\ !* r .K,.. A/BTINOWlNltv^ESERVD/^l adace OtTm quonm bmi^imy est:- pnill itv-nonnni etur anoiiuiiii simui] C5X. • CX»^i mcob ehsnc- '-ibi 3tfy-* q-pt MiVtf^PS&ionlJn sibi • ORDINARY INITIAL LETTERS AND LARGE HEADING OF NEW DAY'S PSALMS which is the one now known as the Vulgate, was adopted by the churches of Gaul for the divine Office and for this reason it became known as the * Gallican version \ The first corrected version of St. Jerome — the Roman — was still however said in Rome itself, as well as elsewhere in Italy. Gradually even in Italy the second recension — the Gallican, or version of the Vulgate — superseded the Roman except in St. Peter's itself, where its use is retained even to the present day. 1 On the conversion of England St. Augustine, coming from Rome itself, naturally brought into the country with him the recension then in use in the Eternal City; namely the Roman. Thus the celebrated Cotton MS. Psalter c Vespasian A i ' in the British Museum is almost certainly a very early copy, made in England, of the actual book of the psalms, which the apostle of our race is known to have brought to Canterbury. According to the description given by the monk Elmham this volume was kept on the high altar at St. Augustine's monastery, Canterbury, as a precious memorial of the saint. The version is the Roman throughout, and so too is that of another MS. Psalter in the British Museum (Royal MS. 2. B. v.), which has been attributed to Winchester and is supposed to have been written in the first half of the tenth century. It would seem probable that the use in the public recitation of the Church Office of the Roman version, thus introduced into England by the first missionaries, was maintained, except perhaps in isolated instances, until the Norman Conquest. 3 Quotations from the psalms in the homilies of St. Bede show that he made use of this Roman version at Jarrow, and we learn from the life of St. Wilfrid, that on coming to Canterbury he abandoned the use of the version of the psalms he had learnt from the Scottic missionaries and adopted the version he found in use there, which was of course the Roman. At the time of the Norman Conquest it became necessary to take steps to introduce into the public Church-service the use of 1 There was a third version made by St. Jerome from the Hebrew; with this we hare no concern here. * It is probable that if erer a really critical edition of the Raman Psalter is undertaken, it i* in England that the means for carrying it out must be sought. the Gallican version which by this time had become universal on the continent, except in Rome, and which the new masters who now controlled England used. It is obvious that the public recitation of both the versions was impossible, and it was only natural that the foreign conquerors should insist upon that to which they were accustomed in their own country. We know, in the case of Glastonbury, for example, that the change was not popular. In 1082 the first Norman abbot, Thurstin, was appointed to that monastery. Difficulties were soon caused by his ' letting fall many ancient and laudable customs of the monastery and changing some into those of his own country. . . Among other things, disliking the Gregorian song (used) in the church, he would compel the monks to leave off the same and to learn and sing the notes of one William of Fescamp. This they resented as being grown old in the use of this song and in their Office according to the use of the Roman Church.' Evidences of this change of version at this time appear on the face of several of the MSS. which have come down to us: the supposed Winchester MS. (Royal MS. 2. B. V.), which was written about the middle of the tenth century, is originally a MS. of the Roman version, but at some subsequent date it has been partially corrected into the Gallican. In the first psalm for instance the original word { fecerit ' has been changed into l faciet', and in the Cum invocarem (ps. 4.) the words distinctive of the Roman version have been scratched out, although the words of the Gallican have not been written in. So too Harl. MS. 603 is a curious example of this change of the old for the new. The MS. is attributed to some early period in the eleventh century. Each psalm is illustrated with fine large drawings obviously copied from those of the Utrecht Psalter. The version of the psalms in the original — the celebrated Utrecht Psalter — is the Gallican, and this is to be expected as it was doubdess written on the continent. In the case of the Harley Psalter, on the other hand, which was almost certainly made at Canterbury, although the pictures are copied, the version of the first part is Roman. Up to psalm 100 this version is always maintained, although the illustrations are not always in the same style and some pages have been left blank, the artist evidently not having been at work for some time and from some 8 cause or other. The psalms 98 and 99 are missing; from ps. 100 to ps. in the pictures are in the original and best style; but from ps. 100 the Gallican version is used, in place of the Roman. There are indications, however, that the scribe was not quite used to the new version. For instance, one blind mistake shows this and also that the scribe actually had before him the Utrecht Psalter: In ps. 101 (v. 4.) of the latter we read * Et ossa mea sicut gremium (for cremiwn) aruerunt ', the original scribe having added by mistake the short tail to the uncial ' C ' by which the uncial ' G ' was made. The scribe in the Harley Psalter has copied the mistake with a good Saxon ( G \ Other examples could be given of the way in which the old English Roman versions of the psalms were in the course of the eleventh century corrected into the Gallican version, to which alone the Norman conquerors were used, but sufficient has been said to explain what may now be set down about the psalms in the Bosworth Psalter. The version of the psalms in this Psalter is the Roman throughout. Some time in the twelfth or thirteenth century probably an attempt has been made to utilize the pages of this fine volume for the purpose of writing a glossed commentary. In order to do this it became necessary to change the old version into the version then in use — the Gallican, and in all places where the commentary has been written the version has been changed. This is the case with psalms 1 to 39, which occupy the first 22 folios and in other places some 10 folios. The corrections in the text are made in various ways: the word is erased altogether as the word * fuit ' in the large letters on folio 1, which is not in the Gallican version: the word to be deleted is underlined, as in the case of c fecerit ' (fol. 1. b.) and the word of the Gallican 'faciet' is written above. So in ps. 17, v. 21, the original has 'innocentiam' which is underlined and 'puritatem' set above it, and in verse 40 the word ' omnes ' is lined as indicating its deletion. The psalms 33 and 71 are good examples of the corrections necessary to alter the Roman into the Gallican. As these corrections occur only when the glossed commentary is written, it may be taken as granted that the changes were made for the purpose of the gloss. Of the rest of the psalms some 38 have an interlinear gloss in Anglo-Saxon; but no portion of the Psalter 9 A used for the glossed commentary has any Saxon translation. The very special — indeed unique — interest attaching to the Bosworth Psalter, is the fact that the psalms are written for the purpose of being used in the recitation of the Benedictine Office. On turning over the leaves of the volume the inquirer cannot f.iil to notice that certain psalms have large capitals for the first few words, and that verses in some special cases have larger initial letters with no very obvious reason to the ordinary student. But to any one acquainted with the monastic Office the meaning is plain. The beginning words of the 20th psalm Domine in virtute, for example, are in big letters because it is the first psalm of the Matins for Sunday. In the same way the 26th psalm shows by the large lettering that it is the first psalm of the second nocturn for the same and so too psalm 32 is noted with the same lettering as being the first psalm at Matins of Monday; psalm 45 as the first of Tuesday; psalm 68 as the first of Wednesday, and so on. Again in psalm 68, (Salvum me fac) there is, at a verse about half way through the psalm, an initial letter — an E — of consider- ably larger size than the rest. This is where the division of the psalm is made in the monastic Office of Matins for Wednesday. In the same way the division of the 77th psalm in the Matins of Thursday is indicated by a capital initial letter. So too psalms 138, 143, 144 are divided into two portions according to the direction in St. Benedict's Rule: ' Psalmi dividendi sunt, centesi- mus trigesimus octavus, et centesimus quadragesimus tertius et centesimus quadragesimus quartus.' 1 In regard to the last of these three the first word of the division in the Bosworth Psalter, ' Confiteantur ', is in large painted capitals, as it is the beginning of the vesper psalms for Saturday, which Office formed of course the beginning of the Sunday observance. At the division of the 143rd psalm in the Psalter are the words: c Divisio institutionis Benedict] ', that is, the division ordered in St. Benedict's Rule, as has been pointed out. It seems clear from all this that the Bosworth Psalter was expressly designed and made for the actual recitation of the Office according to the Rule of St. Benedict. That it has been 1 Cap. rriii. IO well used appears from the discoloured lower corners of the pages as contrasted with the upper ones. Certain marks for pauses in recitation and certain accents, to prevent mistakes in quantity or to assure the pronunciation of short syllables which might otherwise suffer elision, suggest, as does also the size of the volume, that this psalter was made for use in public recitation. This supposition is strengthened by the fact that in the Venite psalm, which forms the Invitatory of Matins, neums added possibly somewhat later, give the tone to which it was to be sung. Indeed the neums throughout the volume point to the same conclusion. 4. THE CANTICLES OF LAUDS The Canticles at Lauds in the Bosworth Psalter are the same as are ordinarily found in similar manuscripts. They are taken from various parts of the Old Testament and are used as one of the psalms at Lauds in the Office of the Roman Church. Saint Benedict adopted the practice and directed (cap. xiii.) { that the Canticle out of the Prophet be said, each on its own day, according to the practice of the Roman Church ' and of course they form part of the Benedictine Office at the present day. Thus the Psalter gives in order (1) Confitebor tibi Domine the canticle from Isaias (cap. xii.) for Lauds of Monday. (2) Ego dixi the canticle of Ezechias from Isaias (cap. xxxviii.) for Tuesday. (3) Exsultavit cor meum^ the canticle of Anna, the mother of Samuel, from the First Book of Kings (cap. ii.) for Wednesday. (4) Cantemus Domino , canticle of Moses from Exodus (cap. xv.) for Thursday. (5) Domine audivi auditum y the canticle of the prophet Habacuc (cap. iii.) for Friday. (6) Attende cesium et loquar, the canticle of Deuteronomy (cap. xxxii.) for Saturday, and (7) the Benedicite for Sunday. In regard to the canticle Attende cesium for Saturday, on account of its length St. Benedict directed that it should be divided and take the place of two psalms. Accordingly in the Bosworth Psalter, at the usual place of division there is the following rubric: l Divisio beati Benedicti.' The version used in the Bosworth Psalter is practically the same as that found in Vespasian A 1, and other early English manuscripts. It differs from the vulgate version and is most like that of the versio antiqua, II These canticles are followed in order by the Quicumque vult (the Athanasian Creed); the Te Deum; Magnificat; Benedictus and Nunc dmittiSy all with Anglo-Saxon interlinear glosses, and by a Litany of the Saints, written at a later period. 5. THE HYMNAL This section of the Bosworth MS. is unique in connection with an Anglo-Saxon psalter. It affords an additional proof that the volume was intended for use in the public recitation of the Divine Office. There are in this part about one hundred hymns for the canonical hours during the course of the year, and for fe.ists of Saints. They are practically the same as those in the Anglo-Saxju Hymnarium published by the Surtees Society (Vol. .) from MSS. of a considerably later date. The only hymn occurring in Bosworth and not in the Surtees volume is one for feasts of confessors, beginning ( Summe confessor sacer et sacer- dos,' which is found not only in the Mozarabic Breviary and the Mozarabic Psalter recently published by the Henry Bradshaw Society, but also in tenth century collections of hymns elsewhere on the continent. It is to be remarked that the Bosworth hymnal contains hymns for no English Saints. 1 Three of the hymns have musical notation written in fine neums. These are c Lucis Creator optime ' (Vespers of Sunday throughout the year), * Iste confessor' and 'Christe splendor glorie ' (both for feasts of confessors). The tones of the first and third have not yet been identified. The second, c Iste confessor ', agrees almost exactly with the melody of the same hymn in a Worcester MS. of the thirteenth century, 2 and, though the variants are here greater, with that given from a Sarum source in ' Plainsong Hymn Melodies \ 3 1 The following hymns for Saints' days printed in the Surtees volume are absent from Bosworth: St. Dunstan, St, Augustine of Canterbury, the Assumption, St. Gregory (a special verse in hymn for Apostles) and St. Edmund the king. ' Worcester Cathedral Library, MS. 160. •p. 17, No. 59. Published by the Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society. 12 PLATE III ubrrc libido Tortdl^unr FlH pnnnpjiie-iirair noxuiS j .. ■ ^nJ$*W~^\ I N PjWa rrc up! lubpittL- cojnyxisp n-jTi co-pwopis j-n^nuam aufpni i^ulntr ■... * MODIERVM ipri cpwnftmip ucpius O b/ioc pFOfiiiprt>p .cjutttutmir emmuin nuo munour iru ppntvpa tip a deliic;r e\xirc conoiois-' urge- -pipthnir commoba-- Utflauo pe&UjK$iy conoiron' notir bpiiKjmis ami-niar- no*, mono*- iiirni bkflifir- Qjio cnpinr ami exules- ) ulp]' pjiocul ro]iv>ojut>us- ^scn ip5i rpul>t?s * sup^omus omnfr ocius nx: pjierrolunnip cl]imu \ tfc noccv- aufjiaimts y i u hi • nipu>|- rananiur ^opip- * 1 < P perm pacfp pnrjiim 1 -- •i ^JSJ par v»]iae5 u<:auOitrc putpirnnp- compup imicp-- niammtP oexrpain pajiju<;ur ciiiii rpu pupaayxn- trcpxpiaror sop;>ikur- penally* ^oiinn*rainmn- ptftttrc: pployuini seoilutr- ^ ^ ^ 'y'liiniira'aini.Tn.rrnia.- Vrquic|ut?- racpcrapnino- mm bc^': xl^un 1 plpilanK>iuip lumis dm Tfhrporu?' \ ^^ _^ iiorcp-CtitfiitKtHiipti^r hopis cjmftis ppaflimur- ^ ft-ctrnpopil »>U5 rthipopa <>omr bvtcas munfjitfc^Vl f ux: iillwies caradiuTn- I ttm nunc ptn^itmclitpturr # p peco oiw mm saiwrc- ttp -pcfailaTnur arcanm • * nocns pporundp-mri^u FIRST PAGE OK THE HYMNAL Special interest attaches to this portion of the Bosworth MS., since it gives us the earliest known form of the Hymnal used in England. 6. THE CANTICLES FOR THE THIRD NOCTURN Saint Benedict in his Rule (cap. xi.) directs that when the Matins are said with three nocturns, after the close of the second nocturn lessons, ' three Canticles from the Prophets, such as the abbot shall appoint are to be sung.' The discretion thus left to the abbot was in practice soon abrogated in favour of fixed canticles for the third nocturn. These were apparently brought together and written at the end of the hymnals. Thus Aelfric in his letter to Eynesham (circa 1005) on the use of the Concordia Regu/aris 1 says that { three canticles proper to the time or festival ' are to be sung 'as they are set forth in the hymnals.' In two early hymnals in the British Museum (Julius A VI and Vesp. D XII) these selected canticles may be found following the hymns. It is doubtless because the hymnal is given in the Bosworth Psalter, that in accordance with this rule the Canticles for the third nocturn also appear there, and they complete the volume as a full liturgical book. As they are set forth in the MS. they are the following: I. De Dominicis per Annum. 1. Domine miserere nostri. (Is. cap. xxxviii.) 2. Audite qui longe estis. (Ejusdem.) 3. Miserere Domine plebi tuae (Ecclus. cap. xxxviii.) II. De Adventu Domini. 1. Confortate manus dissolutas. (Is. cap. xxxv.) 2. Consolamini, consolamini. (Ejusd. cap. xl.) 3. Juravit Dominus. (Ejusd. cap. lxii.) III. In Nativitate Domini nostri. 1. Populus qui sedebat. (Is. cap. ix.) 2. Laetare Hierusalem. (Ejusd. cap. lxvi.) 3. Urbs fortitudinis. (Ejusd. cap. xxvi.) 1 Printed in the Obedientiary Rolls of Winchetter % edited for the Hampshire Recora Sot. bf Detn Kitehin pp. 173-86. *3 IV. Cantica in Septuagesima. i. Deducant oculi mei. (Jer. cap. xiv.) 2. Recordare Domine. (Thren. v.) 3. Tollam vos de gentibus. (Ezech. cap. xxxvi.) V. De Resurrectione Domini. 1. Quis est iste qui venit. (Is. cap. lxiii.) 2. Venitc rcvertamur ad Dominum. (Osee, cap. vi.) 3. Expccta me dicit Dominus. (Soph. cap. iii.) VI. De omnibus Apostolis. 1. Qui sponte obtulistis de Israel. (Judic. cap. v.) 2. Qui propria voluntate optulistis. (Ejusdem.) 3. Vos sancti Domini vocabimini. (Is. lxi.) VII. Cantica (de Confessoribus.) 1. Benedictus vir qui confidit. (Jer. cap. xvii.) 2. Beatus vir qui inventus est. (Ecclus. cap. xxxi.) 3. Ecce servus meus suscipiam. (Is. cap. xlii. VIII. De Virginibus. 1. Audite me divini fructus. (Ecclus. cap. xxxix.) 2. Lauda filia Sion. (Soph. cap. iii.) 3. Gaude et lastare filia Sion. (Zach. cap. ii.) It is necessary to add that these Canticles, as in the case of those used at Lauds, are not from the Vulgate version but are most like the Antiqua. The two remaining items of this important MS. do not require any notice here: the copy of the Preface, Canon of the Mass and the late Mass of the Holy Trinity with neums. We may be excused if we again emphasize the fact that the Bosworth Psalter is in more ways than one unique among similar English books, and that more than any other known early manuscript, it partakes of the character of a complete volume for the public recitation of the Divine Office by those who follow the Rule of St. Benedict. H II. THE CALENDAR OF the English calendars of the tenth and eleventh centuries one, that found in the so-called Leofric Missal, bears so close a resemblance to the calendar of the Bosworth Psalter, that there can be no doubt both are representatives of a common original. As this original is more faithfully- preserved in the calendar of the Leofric Missal, it is of importance for the present enquiry first of all to come to a clear understanding of the character of this latter document; and then we may be able to proceed, with such safety as acquired knowledge may reasonably promise, to a due appreciation of the calendar in the Bosworth Psalter. The editor of the Leofric Missal has rightly explained in his Introduction (see pp. xxvii, xliii-liv) that the calendar which he prints is really a calendar of Glastonbury and was written before the close of the tenth century. Hereafter then it will be designated as c G ' whilst the calendar contained in the Bosworth Psalter will be called * B '. i. THE GLASTONBURY CALENDAR A feature common to G and B is peculiar to them among the extant calendars of the Anglo-Saxon period; it is the presence of the letter ( F ' or { S ' prefixed to the names of certain saints. No time will be spent here in discussing, or guessing, the precise words which these letters are intended to represent; but it is of importance to recognize what it is they are meant to designate. As to this the explanation is simple and not open to doubt; they designate the contents of the Sanctorale — that is, the collection of proper masses of saints — of the mass-book for which the calendar was written. By * proper mass ' is meant a mass the prayers of which are special, and peculiar to a particular saint. To under- stand the case of the calendar G it is necessary to go higher up and start from the point to which all the mediaeval mass-books trace up their origin. When Charlemagne (about a. d. 800 or a few years before) introduced into, or imposed on, the churches of his dominions 15 the Sacramentary (or mass-book) then in use in Rome and now commonly called the Gregorianum, a Supplement was compiled under his directions or patronage, almost certainly by Alcuin, to facilitate the use and extension of this mass-book among his subjects. In that Supplement no addition whatever was made to the body of proper masses for saints contained in the Roman book. But very soon afterwards further proper masses for saints began to be added on the fly-leaves of the missals, or as an additional supplement. The selection, or collection, of these additional masses of saints varied from MS. to MS. or church to church, according to individual or local preferences. By the middle of the ninth century such additional masses began to be intercalated at their proper places according to the date of the feast, in the Sanctorale of the Gregorianum itself. With this preliminary explanation the symbols ' F ' and ' S ' become clear, and to the calendar entries marked with these symbols in G attention is for the present to be understood as restricted. (i) The entries marked with these symbols comprise in the first place the whole series of the masses of saints and masses for fixed feasts contained in the Sacramentary called the Gregorianum^ eighty-nine in number, with the nine exceptions detailed in the footnote. It is easy to see a reason for exception in nearly all of these nine cases. 2 The Gregorian Sanctorale^ or body of saints' masses, is thus the great basis of the calendar G and of the mass-book for which it was written. 1 By Gregorianum is meant that document only which is described and accounted for in an article in the Journal of Theological Studies Tol. iv. p. 4.1 1 seqq. * Eight names are omitted: 28 June St. Leo; 1 Aug. St. Peter's Chains; 14 Aug. the Vigil of the Assumption; 29 Aug. St. Sabina; 1 Not. St. Caesarius; 23 Not. St. Fclicitas; 29 Not. St. Saturninus; 25 Dec. St. Anastasia. St. Leo, the Vigil of the Assumption, St. Fclicitas, St. Saturninus and St. Anastasia are doubtless omitted because on these days there are two masses for different feasts in the Gregorianum and ' G ' has preferred to give only one. St. Sabina and St. Caesarius fall out on account of the newer feasts (both of a high grade) falling on their dayi Tii: All Saints and the Beheading of St. John Baptist. For the omission of St. Peter's Chains no explanation is necessary here further than this, that as a fact the feast is absent from several Anglo-Saxon calendars and the omission seems from an early date traditional. In regard to the ninth case, the Vigil of St. Laurence is entered at 9 Aug. but no letter ' S' is prefixed. 16 (2) Into this Gregorian Sanctorale have been introduced several masses drawn from mass-books in use in France before the time of Charlemagne. Such masses fall into two categories : (a) those found in the older Roman mass-book called the Gelasianum^ and introduced with that book from Rome into France at an early period; and {¥) those masses which in imitation of Roman models were written for feasts actually instituted in France in the course of the eighth (or in some cases indeed in the seventh) century. For the present purpose it is not necessary to distinguish between these two categories. The symbols ' F ' and ' S ' given in the calendar G shew that twenty-one of such masses were included in its mass-book. They are the following: 13 Jan. Octave of Epiphany 20 Sept. Vigil of St. Matthew 25 Conversion of St. Paul 22 Feb. Chair of St. Peter (at Antioch) 3 May Invention of Holy Cross 9 June SS. Primus & Felician 12 „ SS. Basilides etc. 25 July St. James Apostle 21 22 30 St. Matthew St. Maurice and Com- panions St. Jerome 17 Aug. Octave of St. Laurence 28 *5 29 9 Sept. St. Bartholomew Beheading of St. John Baptist St. Gorgonius 9 Oct. St. Denis and Com- panions 18 „ St. Luke 2 7 a Vigil of SS. Simon and Jude SS. Simon and Jude 7 Dec. Octave of St. Andrew 21 St. Thomas Apostle and perhaps, in addition 28 Aug. St. Augustine of Hippo. Proper masses for the foregoing occur in MSS. of the eighth century or earlier. To this class may be added St. Genovefa (3 Jan.), St. Matthias (24 Feb.), St. Benedict at 21 March, and All Saints (1 Nov.), proper masses for which feasts have not occurred in MSS. earlier than the first half of the ninth century, although doubtless these formulae themselves are of an earlier date. (3) A third and very small class comprises feasts which became generally current in missals only in the course of the *7 tenth and eleventh centuries, represented by three entries: 19 May St. Potentiana; 21 July St. Praxedes; 23 July Saints Vincent and Apollinaris. I do not know where to find the text of proper masses for these saints at so early a date as the tenth century. With this class must be counted 9 March The Forty Martyrs; and 14 May SS. Victor, Quartus and 404 martyrs. As to these (probably mere survivals from an earlier age) it is impossible to say anything without entering into full details as to the antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon church calendar for which this is not the place. (4) There remain the local, i.e. English, feasts noted with the symbol ' F ' or ' S '. They are seven in number: 20 Mar. St. Cuthbert bp. 24 Aug. St. Patrick the elder 1 1 Apr. St. Guthlac, anchorite 31 „ In Glaston St. Aidanbp. 24 „ St. Mellitus abp. 25 Sept. In Glaston St. Ceol- 26 May St. Augustine abp. frid abb. Of these the feasts of SS. Cuthbert, Guthlac and Augustine are noted with ' F ', the others with c S '. From the entries dealt with under (1) and (2) above it appears that ' F ' represents feasts of a higher grade, { S ' of a lower. Moreover as we can from the analogy of contemporary missals be practically certain that each one of the feasts belonging to these classes (1) and (2) had proper mass-prayers in the Glastonbury missal for which G was written, it is reasonably to be conjectured that the English saints belonging to at least this fourth class were also represented in that missal by proper masses. The entries noticed above under (1) (2) (3) (4) comprise the whole of those marked in G with the distinguishing letters 'F'and'S'. (5) The following further feasts of British, Irish, or English saints occur in the calendar G for which it is to be presumed no proper mass was given in its mass-book, the mass said being of the 'common' of martyrs, confessors, virgins: 12 Jan. Benet (Biscop) abb. 2 Mar. Chad bp. 29 „ Gildas the Wise 17 „ Patrick bp. 1 Feb. Bridget virg. 5 June Boniface bp. and m. 18 22 June Alban m. 10 Oct. Paulinus bp. of Ro- chester 23 „ Etheldreda virg. 1 1 „ Ethelburga virg. (of Barking) 19 Sept. Theodore abp. 12 „ Wilfrid bp. (6) The remainder of the very numerous entries to which *F' or *S' is not prefixed in the calendar G may be most conveniently designated as 'martyrological ' entries. These items of our ancient calendars seem to be commonly neglected or ignored; yet in fact they are the most important of all for ascertaining the real filiation or relationship of documents of this class. Thus, when two calendars present in common such a series of 'martyrological ' entries as G and B do in, for instance, the months of April and December, the closeness of their relationship is indubitable; as thus: 8 Apr. Successus and Solutor 5 Dec. Delfinus & Trofimus 16 „ Felix and Lucian 14 „ Spiridion 19 „ Gaius and Rufus 1 6 „ Victor and Victoria 3 Dec. Claudius and Felix 23 „ Sixtus and Apollinaris Any one of these entries, or a combination of two or three, might perhaps be found in other calendars; it is the large number of such 'martyrological ' entries common to both G and B that is so significant and constitutes such strong evidence of their common origin. This will appear in a clear light by a comparison with some other calendar of the Anglo-Saxon period. We may take as an example the two Winchester calendars of the first half, or middle, of the eleventh century printed in Hampson's Medii Mvi Kalendarium I 422 seqq., 435 seqq. Of the ' martyrological ' entries of April and December given above from G and B, not one occurs in the two Winchester calendars. In order further to illustrate the agreement and differences among themselves of these four calendars (G, B, Cotton MSS. Vitellius E xvi 1 1 of Winchester Cathedral and Titus D xxvn of the New Minster of Winchester) it will suffice in this place to give a table from the month of January as a specimen: 19 > to X 3 •-4- , j= CO D 4_> C— h o^ to 4-> >C C a ° H to c a 3 C PQ DQ w o to o •g o ~ 3 rt O H ^ ~ JH c rt >-* PQ -a c T3 O 3 3 4-> ^ ^ 3 UTj 2 o T3 c £ C ^ Cj _o s rr3 '+3 CO CO Cu o 4-1 J- t3 d CO « rt 3 CO rt '-B Z rt PQ £ d JH o h co < a u O 73. 'co c 4 > O c o d 4-1 u o 4-1 V c u PQ J* 3 „ Babilla: Three Child* 5 3 cJ fO Os cJ *-o ON ^i- O ►" ►* *H c< CO 20 PLATE IV v" «V" bo,, .-..'!■ r i .,<.-((. ^....If-.f'fiT*' ^ •Ji , **i.'v*lJd - ' - ■> — -■ ■ — «- ^ E^Ldci^eu : ^cr r ,fc U „ 5 . „ t * vi= W •sr-'nuerfo # F -" U -T 1 ' v, ."■ ft «. v kl 6 Ocroiuf I'm .mncaf H &cj> t*»XnuJifr««i?n.ic- fti Ihui.-viPihviwvii ■ <» J- iu *. $cjxfttxikupzf-uir*f / ^JM ^ * Vttl ID , <■ v„ .» U: v. »fv it a >" tut u. S.5c5cfSoLt/fcc*raiTt*cf«e'm -«v WL 5--: 'roliMpi-ciBvS'. ! ;::K fc. *fv H \ •ici.- c-pAH4.tr * friicititaf »vi * - v.n <;• *-irn v I vii > f\i|ii*jfc£lM*it.xl.in-I.V t v. - f viii L v ,. * nil - t»B»p» »WTI CUKOHi ]-Af t . V ,.. f - „„i ( f «Wao1ciii^iji ) «*ip.»p«- jra k-r •■■ &e»Jemmmt .,. ' LA,. IN «v !.,JfT Um vn DlES.vfRO-x.il. » 1 f*C ...... .. . Ap«i'* 1 • -f >.V»f J «tS H^t • IvMJsM. ->X1% *' 1 ApB... Jll W k H 1 n 1 ci uuolenct ccnftf mil , m ■iiiuriieoclofiic-uir^ *" m r ■ 1 n SfijnArofu ♦«*«rU)ULS.)i.iii5» l « tvHlt ,. < . ',„ A >c'ai:(uccc(7I Alfotiiirrtr fi <- ill '.r»F.6cifVt*l«W.W*ct»0B.ITJLf 6 ,k ^vi W Scifidictr-tuciani „.. , pmU. k- «i,i fcl Sciyw-.&rufi 3tu Lj y.11 kl Scbv.ntArceili.pccn- 1 A 1 yi let X J ti kl Scitcoiiifcpi 1% o ... 1^ flftociqyoTTj^i niAT" f » viii ;'.9-Sc\mv(ircTAfcyiJli,j)»v >v,i ^. C vii V. Set Tium aiuan^' ' cr»m, 1--1V v. H.P vi kl . * 5 f V 'ir'i Sciv^n'J'ii »ltil r f 1111 icl Sc'iur. lUfn^ir ... a.« in U e^-mopo'^-^'. »A.I U / iW&i.J FIRST PAGE OF THE CALENDAR Thus the month of January shows that there are present two distinct calendar traditions; and also, by the entries of the 24th and 30th, how each is beginning to affect the other. If the whole year be gone through in the same way it will be seen how the Glastonbury and Bosworth Psalter calendars agree together as against those of Winchester. Over and above the substantial identity of the two first named, B presents a particular item of evidence that it and G both derive from Glastonbury. Glastonbury itself is mentioned in two entries in both G and B, but only one such entry is common to the two MSS., viz: at 25 September: 'In Glaston St. Ceolfrid abbat '. G has also at 31 August: { In Glaston St. Aidan bishop ' where B has only c St. Aidan bishop ' ; G has at 24 August ' St. Patrick the elder ' only where B reads 1 St. Patrick the elder in Glaston '. It is certain then from all these considerations that the compiler of B had before him a Glastonbury calendar but not that which is now found in the Leofric Missal; and both G and B appear as independent derivatives from a common original. 2. THE CALENDAR OF THE BOSWORTH PSALTER Now that the relationship existing between G and B as against other calendars of the later Anglo-Saxon period has been pointed out and exemplified, and the nature of G has been explained, we are in a position to examine the variations of B from G. We may first consider the differences in the grading of feasts. In a certain number of cases where the significant ' F ' or ' S' is found in G, it is not given in B. These cases are: 3 Jan. Genovefa - class (2) in § 1 above 14 „ Felix in Pincis - 9 Mar. Passion of 40 martyrs 25 Apr. Letania maior ( c F ') 28 „ Vitalis m. 1 May Philip and James (' F ') 13 „ Ded. of the Church of St. Mary (the Pantheon) - 14 „ Victor, Quartus and 404 mm. 25 May Urban - 21 class (2) in § 1 .. (0 .» (3) ., .. CO ■ (1) .. (0 ! co » (3) » ,. (0 28 June Vigil of SS. Peter and Paul class (i) in § I above 20 Sept. Vigil of St. Matthew „ (2) „ 27 Oct. Vigil of SS. Simon and Jude „ (2) „ 29 Nov. Vigil of St. Andrew - - „ (1) „ With the exception of 9 March and 14 May these are all feasts for which proper masses are found in the mass-books of the eighth and ninth centuries. Are we to say that these proper masses were omitted in the missal which stands behind the calendar B ? Or are these omissions merely an instance of that kind of inexact- whieh is so often found on a comparison of derivative with original, or of derivatives whereof one is some steps further removed than the other from the original? Seeing that most of these days have a proper mass in the later mediaeval missals generally and in those of the tenth century universally, it seems safer to conclude that the omission of ' F ' or ' S ' in these cases is due merely to the inexactitude or carelessness of the scribe of B. On the other hand a certain number of feasts appear in B with the significant letter ' S ' or * F ' where it is wanting in G. These are: 10 Feb. Scholastica virg. 19 Sept. Theodore abp. 1 8 May Mark evang. 24 „ Conception of St. John 22 June Alban mart. Bapt. 23 „ Etheldreda virg. 31 Oct. Vigil of All Saints (? or 11 July Benedict abb. Quintin) 3 Aug. Finding of the Body 13 Nov. Brice of St. Stephen The reasonable presumption is that the insertion of ' S ' in these cases (or in the case of St. Alban c F ') indicates (however the case may be as regards a proper mass) some heightening of the grade of observance for these feasts in the church for which B was written. And it is important to note, for the history and popularity of cults in the later Anglo-Saxon Church that the significant ' F ' (used to indicate such feasts as the Epiphany, the four feasts of the Blessed Virgin, SS. Peter and Paul and the 22 the other Apostles) is found in both calendars before the entries of the following feasts: 12 Mar. St. Gregory 26 May St. Augustine 20 „ St. Cuthbert 11 Nov. St. Martin 21 „ St. Benedict 23 „ St. Clement 11 Apr. St. Guthlac No comment is necessary as regards St. Gregory and St. Augustine. The high grade assigned to the feast of St. Benedict in March, when taken in connection with the fact that the feast of the Translation in July was not specially marked in G at all and stood in the rank of a mere f martyrological ' entry, whilst in B it is raised only to the grade of ' S ', is of great significance in its bearing on the obscure questions concerning the early cult of St. Benedict at Fleury and Monte Cassino and is one of the very numerous items of evidence which go to shew that the early tradition of England consistently and exclusively connected the practical cult of St. Benedict with his death in March and burial at Monte Cassino, and not (as in Frankish lands) with the feast of July commemorating the translation of his relics to Fleury about the middle of the seventh century. The high grade assigned to the feasts of St. Cuthbert and St. Guthlac is interesting but is due not so much to local cult as to considerations concerning their mode of life, and in the tenth century may be rather viewed as a survival having its roots in the quite early history of English hagiological tradition. But special attention must be called to the inclusion of Saint Clement in these feasts of the higher grade. In the calendar of the psalter MS. 150 of the Salisbury Cathedral Library which cannot be much later than the middle of the tenth century, and in that of the so-called c Portiforium S. Oswaldi ' C. C. C. C. MS. 391 (a Worcester calendar commonly assigned to the year 1064) St. Clement's day is marked with a cross like the feasts of our Lord, the Blessed Virgin and the others of the highest consideration and observance. This distinction lasted for some time after the Conquest; in the calendars of Arundel MSS. 60 and 155 (to be considered later) the name of St. Clement is distinguished by capital letters, and in the first of these two also 2 3 by the cross distinguishing the feasts of highest grade. An explanation of the prominence given to St. Clement's day is afforded by the so-called Anglo-Saxon Poetical Menology of the tenth century. This piece professes to give the list of feasts the general observance of which was prescribed by royal authority, and among the very small number other than those of our Lord, the Blessed Virgin, and the Apostles, is the feast of St. Clement (Hickes, Thesaurus I. 207). Notwithstanding the opinion of lingard as to this document, the documentary evidence afforded by both calendars and collections of Anglo-Saxon homilies for the Church Year substantially bears out, so far as the feast of St. Clement is concerned, the statement of the author of the Poetical Menology. 1 We may now examine the changes, by addition or omission of names of saints, which the compiler of the calendar B, with a Glastonbury calendar like G before him, made in that model to adapt it to the requirements of the church for which the new calendar was to serve. First of all, the names of one hundred and forty-six saints have been omitted. Of these seven are the names of Frankish saints: 30 Jan. Aldegundis 6 Feb. Amandus Radegund 1 1 9 Sept. Audomarus Two are 'local' or insular: 17 Mar. St. Patrick 1 17 Sept. Lambert 1 Oct. Germanus 3 „ Leodegar 1 1 Oct. Saint Ethelburga (of Barking) 1 Lingard' J view (Anriquiries of the Anglo-Saxon Church, Ed. 1 845, I, 31411. 2) that the Menology 'is plainly from its contents the calendar of some monastery of Benedictine monks' it to be explained in some measure by defective knowledge, in some measure by certain well- understood and rooted prejudices of a kind commonly proper to trouble historical judgement. He had allowed his interests to become engaged as a partizan in the standing cause of 'secular Wtrtm regular', and he suffers accordingly. ' As first written B seems to have contained the name of St. Patrick. There is an erasure at 1- Mjrch, the two letters ' ep ' of 'episcopus' can still be traced; the erasure may have been made by the copyist of the calendar [I leave this note; for correction of it see £ 9]. *4 The remaining one hundred and thirty-seven names omitted 1 are all of the class designated above, § I (6), as * martyrological ' entries; and their omission results in a distinct modernizing of B as compared with G. For the investigation of the origin of B its additions to G must be reviewed in detail. They fall into five groups. (a) Six such additions are * martyrological ' : 8 Jan. Lucian and Julian; 20 Feb. Didimus and Gaius; 20 Apr. Marcellus, Peter; 16 May, Eugenia; 18 Nov. Barralus; 14 Dec. Spiridion. To these may be added 25 and 27 July, St. Christopher and the Seven Sleepers, perhaps borrowed from Winchester. (J?) Five feasts of the Gregorian Sacramentary omitted in G (see § 1 (1)) are restored: 28 June St. Leo, 1 Aug. St. Peter's Chains, 29 Aug. St. Sabina, 29 Nov. St. Saturninus, 25 Dec. St. Anastasia. Three feasts of Apostles of a different origin are inserted: 18 Jan. St. Peter's Chair, 11 June St. Barnabas, 3 July Translation of St. Thomas. (c) Certain modern saints are added of the region of Ponthieu: 16 Jan. St. Fursey, the Irish founder of the monastery of Peronne; 2 Apr. S. Valericus; Audomarus at 8 June; 26 June Salvius (Valenciennes) ; 1 6 July Bertin ; 20 July Wulfmar ; and one Norman saint, 22 July, Wandregisil the founder of Fontenelle.* (d) St. Ethelburga of Barking, except Etheldreda the only English woman saint in G, is omitted in B. B adds ten : 3 Feb. St. Werburgh of Chester. 10 „ St. Merwinna of Romsey. 13 „ St. Ermenilda of Ely. 23 „ St. Milburga of Wenlock. 1 Of these, 19 Jan. SS. Mary and Martha, 16 Sept. St. Euphemia, 11 Dec. St. Damasus with 2 Oct. St. Leodegar, have proper masses in mass-books earlier than the ninth century; but as the letter * S ' is not prefixed to theie entries in G it is improbable that the mass-book for which G was written contained such proper masses and the entries of these five names these would thus be merely 'martyrological'. ' It may be noticed in passing that this is a different series from the set of feasts of saints of the same region in the calendar of MS. Digby 63, assigned to the later part of the ninth century [Missal of Robert of Jumiegcs, Introduction, pp. xxxi-xxxii). The body of St. Wandregisil was the chief item in the famous translation of relics by Arnulf Count of Flanders in 944 to the monastery of Mont Blandin near Ghent where St. Dunstan spent his time of exile 956-957. 25 1 8 May St. Elgiva of Shaftesbury. 15 June St. Edburga of Winchester. 6 July St. Sexburga of Ely. 7 „ St. Ethelburga of Faremoutier. 8 „ St. Withburga of Dereham in Norfolk. translated to Ely in 974. 13 „ St. Mildred of Kent. Of these holy women only Ermenilda and Sexburga of Ely, Elgiva of Shaftesbury, and Edburga of Winchester appear in the Winchester calendars. Moreover at 30 Jan. Baltildis queen of France, abbess of Chelles, and a native of England is in B substituted for Aldegundis who stands at this date in G. From the list itself just given it clearly appears that the inclusion of these women saints in B is not determined by mere local considerations. (*) The following English saints complete the additions made by the compiler of B to the calendar G which he had for his model: 9 Jan. Adrian, abbat of St. Augustine's, Canterbury. 2 Feb. Laurence, archbishop of Canterbury. 19 May Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. 25 „ Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne. 17 June Botulf, abbat in South Lincolnshire. 2 July Swithun, bishop of Winchester, 8 „ Grimbald, abbat at Winchester. 1 5 „ Deusdedit, archbishop of Canterbury. 16 „ Translation of St. Swithun 17 „ Kenelm, of Mercia. 5 Aug. Oswald, king and martyr of Northumbria. 30 Sept. Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury. 1 7 Oct. Nothelm, archbishop of Canterbury. 2 Nov. Rumwald, of Buckingham. 10 „ Justus, archbishop of Canterbury. In this list Wessex, East England, Mercia, Northumbria, and the East Midlands are each represented by one saint; Winchester by two; Canterbury by seven. On an analysis of the additions made by B to the model calendar G it appears with unmistakable evidence that B is 26 a calendar, and represents a mass-book, of Canterbury. 1 The date of B will appear from the following considerations: it contains the feast of St. Dunstan but not that of St. Elphege. The cultus of St. Dunstan began almost immediately after his death in 988 and soon became general; St. Elphege was martyred in 10 1 2 and his relics were translated from London to Canterbury in 1023. The calendar accordingly falls between 988 and 1023; and, it is to be observed, may for anything that appears quite as probably have been written near the first of these years as near the second. In any case the calendar B is the only one at present known belonging to Canterbury which certainly dates from a period anterior to the Norman Conquest. 3. THE CHANGES AT CANTERBURY UNDER LAN- FRANC The British Museum possesses at least four calendars of Christ Church Canterbury of various dates ranging from about the middle of the thirteenth century to the fifteenth. 8 The differences of these calendars among themselves are slight and concern mostly the grading of feasts; and they all witness to a single and now fixed tradition. But when compared with B they are found to present a singular and extensive series of changes; and that, even less in regard to purely local names (though the change here too is radical) than in regard to those feasts called above in section 1, { mass-book ' and c martyrological ', which make the groundwork and are the substantial part of the calendar. This means that extensive changes have also been made in the mass- book and the breviary, of which books the calendar is in the later middle ages the indiculus, or, so to speak, the formal programme. In order to give an idea at once of the character and the 1 What has been said hitherto on the relation of calendar and mass-book is to be understood only of G and B and with limitation as above. 2 These are: Cotton MS. Tiberius B m ff. 2-7, which contain* the feast of the Translation of St. Thomas (1220), but not the feast of St. Edmund abp., and probably therefore is of about the middle of the thirteenth century; Egerton MS. 2867 ff. 423-424 of about the same date; Additional MS. 6160 ff. 2 b -8 a of about a century later; Sloane MS. 3887 ff. i3 a -20 b of the early part of the fifteenth century. The first and third are the most important and authentic of these document* for the history of the later calendar of Canterbury Cathedral. 2 7 extent of these changes it will be enough to take the month of January again as an example. The following entries found in B arc omitted in the Canterbury cathedral calendars of the thirteenth and following centuries: : l.in. Isidore. 17 J an - Antony monk 3 „ Genovefa. 18 „ St. Peter's Chair (at 5 ,, Simeon monk. Rome). 8 „ Lurian and Julian. 24 „ Babillas and the Three 9 10 12 Fortunatus. Children. hermit* 29 „ Gildas. Benet abb. 30 „ Baltildis. The entries in the four later calendars not found in B are: 2 Jan. Octave of St. Stephen. 15 Jan. Maurus. 3 „ Octave of St. John. 23 „ Emerentiana. 4 „ Oct. of Holy Innocents. 25 „ Prejectus. 13 „ Hilary. The same kind of revision, by omission and addition, is found throughout the year. When these changes are considered as a whole, only one conclusion is possible, viz: that the post- Conquest calendar of Canterbury cathedral has not been built up on, and is not a mere modification of, the pre-Conquest calendar B, but another calendar stands in its place, or has been substituted for it. How did this come about? The answer lies ready at hand in the calendar of the Arundel MS. 155, a psalter of the eleventh century. This MS. at the Dissolution belonged to Christ Church, Canterbury (the cathedral). Numerous different hands ranging from the fourteenth century up to the twelfth (or even perhaps the eleventh) have entered in the calendar as originally written by the first hand many additional feasts, thus gradually restoring one after another several of those ancient ones, and some of the local ones, that are found in the calendar B. Of these additions the earliest (with one exception to be mentioned later) seems to be that at 4 May which is carefully entered in red. This entry is as follows: " Dedicatio ecclesie Christi Cantuarie " ; and refers to the dedication of the cathedral in the year 11 30 which is 28 recorded by our annalists generally. On examination, the Arundel MS. 155 presents in regard to the calendar B the omissions and additions (except the feasts in italics) that have been pointed out in detail just above for the month of January as presented on a comparison of B with the later mediaeval calendar of Canterbury cathedral; and the case holds good through the year. In other words it becomes on full comparison evident that the calendar of Arundel MS. 155 as originally written offers the groundwork on which the later calendars of that cathedral have been built. Moreover this further fact appears: that the Canterbury cathedral calendar in the MS. Tiberius B in. of c. 1240-1250 is the calendar of Arundel MS. 155 plus additions made in that calendar by various hands as explained above. The calendar of Tiberius B in. omits indeed a certain number of feasts found in the calendar of Arundel MS. 155 as originally written, and gives a few entries not added by later hands in that MS. But these additions or omissions are not such, or so numerous, as to invalidate, or affect, the statement made above, as will appear from the following figures and details. (a) Tiberius B in. contains fifty-nine more entries of feasts than the original Arundel 155; of these fifty-nine, forty- nine are found as additions to this latter calendar in various hands. (b) Of the ten not so added three are archbishops of Canter- bury: 15 July Deusdedit; 30 Sept. Honorius and 16 Nov. Aelfric. 1 Thiee are, 2. 3, 4 Jan. the octaves of SS. Stephen, John and Innocents. The other four are : 5 Jan. St. Edward 1 This seems to be the earliest certain witness to the liturgical cult of archbishop Aelfric. In Arundel MS. 155 at 2 June is the entry ' Odonis arepi ' in faded yellow like the entry at 25 May of the octave of St. Dunstan, the characters being like those of the entry of the dedica- tion of 1 1 30. This is possibly an entry of Odo's feast not an obit, and so to be added under [a). The entry of Lanfranc's name in this and the later calendars at 28 May (sometimes as ' Transitu* Lanfranci ') is doubtless only to be taken as a specially honoured obit and not as a 'proof of cult'; the iii lc. at this day refers to Germanus bp. The entries in Tib. B in. of Basil (1 Jan.), Longi- nus (15 March), Mary of Egypt (2 April) and Nicodemus, Gamaliel and Abibon (3 Aug.) are not items of the practical calendar but rather due to scribal caprice. The same is to be said of e.g. 'Theophili' at 28 Feb. in Egerton MS. 2867. That Urn is 10 appears from a comparison of the other calendars still extant. 29 the Confessor, 17 June Botulf abbat, 25 July c et cucufatis ' (a commemoration), and 25 Dec. Anastasia. (<•) The feasts omitted are twenty-five in number, and can be for the most part probably explained as e.g. cults fallen out of fashion etc., not to dwell on the need of disburdening the existing calendar to accommodate it for the large number of additions that were made as detailed above. 1 The calendar of Arundel MS. 155 being thus identified as giving the original form from which the later Canterbury cathe- dral calendar was developed, the enquiry next suggests itself, what is the character, source, origin of the form in Arundel 155 ? We need not go far afield to find the answer. Simplified by several omissions, and a few additions, Arundel 155 is the post-Conquest calendar o( Winchester represented in a calendar of a MS. psalter now Arundel MS. 60; which last named calendar itself is sub- stantially the same as that in use before the Conquest as preserved to us in a MS. of about the middle of the eleventh century now Cotton MS. Vitellius E xvm. already mentioned above as printed by Hampson.* What is involved in the foregoing statement is this: that 1 The list of omissions is as follows: Genovefa, Paul the hermit, Antony monk, Mary and Martha, Ermenilda, Donatus hp. (i March), Edward king and m., Leo pope (n April), Guthlac anchorite, Eufemia (the duplicate feast of i 2 April), Erkcnwald bp., Athanasius bp., Potentiana v., Petronella v., Nicomedes m. (i June), Boniface bp., Medard bp., Translation of St. Swithun, Kenelm m.,Samson bp., Translation of SS. Birinus and Cuthbert, Lucia and Geminianus, Con- ception of St. John Baptist, Caesarius, Birinus bp., Translation of Benedict abbat (4 Dec). St. Potentiana seems to have been entered originally in Tib. B iii. at 19 May, St. Dunstan's day, and to have been erased. 1 The omissions of Ar. 155 as compared with Ar. 60 are fifty-one in number, whereof twenty- two are local (i.e. English) saints. The additions are sixteen; but it is important to observe that sevea of these though not occurring in the Winchester calendar of the later years of the eleventh century (Arundel 60) are found in the Winchester calendar Vitellius E xvm, of about the middle of the eleventh century; these seven feasts may thus not improbably have stood also in the calendar of inter- mediate date from which (as will be explained below) Arundel 155 derives. The remaining nine are real additions to the Winchester original; viz : 3 Jan. Genovefa; 25 Jan. Prejectus; 3 Feb. Blasiusbp.; 10 Feb. Austroberta; 2S May Germanus bp. (of Paris); 26 June (Salvius); 13 July Mildred; 1 Nov. Caisarius; 23 Nov. Felicitas. 30 during the archiepiscopate of Lanfranc, that great and strenuous prelate abolished the existing and traditional calendar of his church of Canterbury and substituted for it by his authority that of the church of the capital of his master's newly acquired kingdom, Winchester. The story of the discussion between archbishop Lanfranc and Anselm then recently elected abbat of Bee on the question whether St. Elphege was really a martyr and so entitled to liturgical cult has been repeated over and over again by our modern historians and biographers of Anselm. 1 That conversation took place in the spring, and apparently the early spring, of 1079. Here it will be in place to give the words by which Eadmer the Englishman introduces the story: £ What was done or said between the revered pontiff Lanfranc and the abbat Anselm in those days can be well understood by people who knew the life and dispositions of both of them. But those who were not personally acquainted with them may gather what they were from this (and herein I express my own opinion as well as that of many others) that no one in those days excelled Lanfranc in authority and manifold experience of affairs, and no one surpassed Anselm in holiness and godly wisdom. Lanfranc moreover was quasi rudis Anglus — had not got beyond the mere rudiments of Englishry — nor had he yet been able to accommo- date his mind to certain well-settled traditions which he found in England. Wherefore, whilst he changed many of them relying on grounds that were reasonable, some he changed by virtue solely of his great authority. And so whilst he was busy over these changes ' etc. . . . then follows the story as to St. Elphege so often repeated for us. 2 It was in this way, that 1 It may be needless to say (though it is here said pro majori cautela) that no question of 'canonization' was involved; this (after the method of the times) had been settled long since and the strictly liturgical cult of St. Elphege was already established, as the calendars &c. shew, throughout the country. The question which troubled the mind of Lanfranc was whether Elphege should be allowed to maintain his position or whether he should be turned out of the calendar, and his cult, so far as his own cathedral church of Canterbury was concerned, put an end to. ' ' Erat praeterea Lanfrancus quasi rudis Anglus; necdum sederant animo ejus quaedam institutiones quas reppererat in Anglia. Quapropter cum plures de illis magna fretus ratione turn quasdam mutavit sola auctoritatis suae deliberatione. Itaque dum illarum mutationi 3 1 is by sole virtue of his authority, that, against the wish of the English-minded of his community (if we may judge of them by Eadmcr) he summarily suppressed the now traditional English feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin and cast it out of the calendar and church books altogether. Again we have but to cast a glance at the list of feasts in his monastic statutes for Canterbury cathedral 1 to see that in regard to the feast of his own 'patriarch St. Benedict, and his own compatriot too in a sense, Lanfranc simply trampled under foot the old English tradition of honouring with high observance the feast of 21 March; this practice was derived, it is certain, if not from St. Augustine him- self direct, at least from the ' disciples of his disciples' as Bede calls them. But Lanfranc does not even include it among his third grade feasts; and puts instead of it in the place of honour, among the most * magnificent' feasts of the year, the Gallican feast of St. Benedict, the translation in July. The calendar of the Arundel MS. 155 as originally drawn up is a record of the primitive and 'rude' phase of Lanfranc's liturgical reformation in the ancient Church of which he was now archbishop. The names of only two of his predecessors occur in it, St. Augustine and St. Elphege; and this agrees with his statutes (Wilkins I. 343). Dunstan, the saint of ancient English days who, if any, commanded from the very time of his death profound religious veneration among his countrymen, whose liturgical cult was universal in the first half of the eleventh century, is conspicuous by his absence. As originally drawn up the calendar of Arundel MS. 155 too shewed at 19 May only the feast of St. Potentiana. To this entry has been added with capital letters 'et sancti Dunstani episcopi;' that this is an addition to the primitive entry seems to me evident, but from the hand- writing it must have been made at a very early date and is intenderet' uesricjs historijues (Jan. 1 897), after a review of the earlier liturgical books of the diocese of Rouen showed that there is no trace of the feast in Normandy earlier than the twelfth century. He also states: ' l'appellation de "Fete aux Normands" (for this Conception feast) ne semble pai remonter au dela du xiii e siecle' (none of these writers seem to notice Wace's poem published in 184.2 by Mancel and Tr£butien). (6) The approach of the Jubilee of the Dogmatic Definition by H. H. Pope Pius IX in 1 854 set several pens to work. The Month, the English literary organ of the Society of Jesus, in May 1904 printed, pp. 449-465, an article entitled 'The Irish origins of our Lady's Conception Feast' by the Rev. H. Thurston. On this some remarks will be found further on. (7) In the number of 20 September 1904 of the Paris Etudes religieuses, the French literary organ of the Society of Jesus, P. Augustin Noyon published an article ' Les Origines de la Fete de l'lmmaculee Conception (x e , xi*", xii'' siecles) '. The point of importance is this: that outside Normandy French liturgical MSS. do not mention the feast until the thirteenth century (pp. 27- 29 of the separate print). I have reason to think that at this time some considerable pains were taken to enquire into the state of the liturgical evidence and with negative results for the earlier period. (8) The same year, in conjunction with Fr. Thomas Slater S. J., Fr. Thurston printed (Freiburg, Herder) the most valuable of these Jubilee memorials under the title Eadmeri monachi Cantuariensis Tractatus de Conceptione Sanctae Mariae nunc primum integer ad codicum fidem editus 44 On 1 6th January 1127 died Richard de Belmeis bishop of London, a prelate who had had a dream of the pallium and of an archbishopric of London, but had been met by St. Anselm with an emphatic £ Never whilst I live'. Whatever may have been Richard's views, on the 8th December following his death West- minster Abbey initiated a novelty in the diocese and celebrated with a certain eclat a feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin. There was an outcry at once. ' It is simply ridiculous', said some; and 'such a thing was never heard of. These busy, or scan- adjectis quibusdam monumenth coaetaneis. To say the truth in this little volume I saw the accomplishment of a vaii I had for some years entertained but had been unable to fulfil, viz: the confrontation of the tract long since printed in the Appendix to St. Anselm's works (MigneP. L. 159. 301 seqq.) with the MS. C.C.CC. 371 p. 395 seqq., containing the Opuscula of Eadmer by whom alone I had come to believe this tract could have been penned. My interest however would have been confined to illustrating the passage translated in the text just below. But the print of F F. Thurston and Slater is an edition omnibus numeris absoluta; and is enriched with those theo- logical indications and elucidations so precious to a layman. (9) It remains to add one item more. Mere good fortune or happy chance has at length given me an opportunity of examining, but for a few minutes only, the MS. Bodl. Auct. D. 4. 18 [olim NE C. 4. 11.) which some fourteen years ago I had noted from Bernard's catalogue as containing the long lost tract on the feast of the Conception against St. Bernard by Nicholas of St. Albans. It seems almost certain Leland [de Scr. ed. Hall p. 186) had never actually seen this tract, but only one of the later pieces addressed to Peter of Celle who is evidently Leland's * abba3 Remigianus'; he must have made a mistake as to the abbat's name which he gives as ' Hugo'. The title in the Bodleian MS. is in a hand seemingly of the fourteenth century. The absence of a title in the MS. as originally written in the twelfth has alone perhaps saved this copy from destruction. I give here but one extract, the writer's account of the origin of the feast, and then readily hand over the whole for investigation to those who are interested in the subject. The text halts in grammar but runs as follows: 'Legimus enim quod quidam solitarius singulis annis, multo jam elapso tempore, signanter una vel die vel nocte notata, festivas angelorum voces in sublimi audisset, rogasse dominum attentius quare illo potius quam alio aliquo tempore angelorum concentum audiret; in responsisque accepisse quia illo die beata virgo et mater Dei Maria nata fuerit, et ideo angelos celeberrimi gaudii concentu diem ilium recolere. Legimus nihilominus quod cum abbas Elsinus' &c. (f. ioi a ). I do not remember to have read elsewhere this story of the solitary which the author gives (seemingly from some written source) as an alternative to the Helsin story. As among the directing and ruling classes in London in 1127-1128 so too here all knowledge of the old English pre-Conquest feast had died out; Eadmer must however have been only one of many then living who kept fresh and treasured their childhood's memories of the former state of things. This seems a pertinent instance how soon in matters of devotion knowledge of recent facts passes out of mind and how easily legend takes its place. 45 dalized, persons knew what to do and made straight for the back stairs leading up direct to the privacy of the greatest personage in the land. They went to Roger bishop of Salisbury, the king's most trusted counsellor and minister, and Bernard, bishop of St. David's, who had been chaplain of the late queen, the good Matilda. But there was a serious difficulty in the way. Henry, the king himself, had already some time before begged his friend and protege Hugh, abbat of his own foundation of Reading, to establish there the obnoxious feast; and at the prayer of so great and clerkly a founder this had been done. As time went on the outlook did not improve. In January 1128 Gilbert, surnamed from his learning 'the Universal', a great doctor and divine, was consecrated bishop of London. The innovating party now felt secure on the side of their diocesan also; for Osbert had found some means of sounding his ideas and had discovered he was *a most catholic-minded man and sufficiently well-instructed' in regard to the particular point at issue. But still there must have been cause for anxiety, and Osbert and his friends were particularly anxious to learn the practice and custom of Rome and to know whether any support of precedent could be obtained from thence in favour of 'the venerable Conception of the Mother of God.' This was a vain hope; Osbert was doubtless little versed in the Roman manner of mind. Still with the king and Gilbert on their side they were not discouraged, and determined to bring the matter to an issue in the council that met in London at Michaelmas 1129. The result is preserved to us only in a half legendary form in the Tewkes- bury Annals (Ann. Mon. 1. 45J thus rendered by Stowe under this year: 'by authoritie of the pope, the Feast of the Conception of our Ladie was confirmed.' The general history of the feast is sufficient to assure us that the first five words are without foun- dation unless in a complimentary sense; but it also assures us that the rest of the sentence is substantially true. Opposition in England is no more heard of, but only defence of the feast; and, as the later calendars shew, it soon became in this country practically universal. Westminster and Reading had had companions and forerunners in the work of instituting (or, as we shall now immediately see, 46 restoring) the feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin of 8 December. In fact the disputes and troubles in London in 1 1 27 — 1 129 had a long, if then commonly forgotten, story behind them. Strange as such a notion may appear to us to-day, to the innovators the observance of this feast was a revindication of ancient English piety, an assertion against new Norman lord- liness and learning of a despised and down-trodden Englishry. This is what Eadmar, a hearty and thoroughgoing if political and prudent partizan drawing on his own recollections has to say as to the feast of the Conception: ' In former days it was celebrated more commonly than now, * and by those chiefly in whom there dwelt a pure simplicity of ' soul and a humble devotion. But when learning of a wider ' range and an all-dominating tendency to enquire into the reasons 'of things had imbued and lifted up the minds of some, this ' new learning, contemptuous of the simpleness of the poor in * spirit, did away with this solemnity; and, banished it utterly * (redegit in nichiT) as wanting in reasonableness. And the view ' entertained by these persons had such irresistible force because ' they were pre-eminent in both Church and State, and were the * wealthy ones of the land. But when I considered within myself 'the simple-mindedness of the men of earlier days and the * eminent genius of the moderns . . . some strong and condem- natory, if Scriptural, reflections, occurred to Eadmer that need not be repeated here; any more than the reasons which he reports as adduced by those ' who say that there ought not to be any 'memory [by way of feast] of the Conception of the Virgin ' Mother in the Church'. He then continues: 'And thus ' those acute and able persons, in virtue of their position of ' authority on which they prided themselves, 1 did not scruple to 1 abolish what the simple and perfect love of our Lady, that had 'animated those of old time, had established; namely, the feast *of her Conception. Having thus seen the mode of proceeding c of the eminent persons who succeeded in doing away with the * feast of the Mother of God, let us cast a glance at the love of * the simple folk who lament over the loss of so great a gladness.' 1 'Sua ( ? suae), qua se pollere gloriabantur, auctoritatis ratione' ; cf. above p. 31 n. 2, 4 quasdam mutavit sola auctoritatis suae deliberatione*. 47 Eadmer proceeds to do this by endeavouring for their protection to meet in the rest of the tract reasoning or argument by- reasoning or argument. 1 The article 2 in the footnote p. 43 above gives a list of the pre-Conquest documents known in 1886 as evidencing the observance of the feast of the Conception in the older simpler England, the memories of which, the impressions of his childhood, Eadmer in his old age looked back upon with such affection. These documents were the Winchester calendars in the Cotton MSS. Yitellius E win and Titus D xxvn; the Benedictional of Canterbury cathedral Harl. MS. 2892; and another Benedictio- nal, Additional MS. 28188. 2 To the churches of Winchester, with Canterbury and Exeter borrowing from Winchester, it is now possible to add Worcester in, seemingly, the early days of St. Wulstan's episcopate. The calendar of the C. C. C. C. MS. 391, a venerable Worcester book which has received the name of 1 Portiforum S. Oswaldi' has this entry at 8 December: c Conceptio 1 Eadmer, De Conception Sanctae Mariae ed. Thurston pp 1-4 ; Migne P. L. 159. 301-303. * This episcopal Benedictional has been commonly called a Benedictional of Romsey Abbey the Hampshire nunnery; but also of Ramsey in Huntingdonshire. The reason seems to be this. In the second ind very brief litany of the rite of dedication of a church one virgin saint only is invoked, Ethelfleda of Romsey. The official cataloguist has on this fact concluded summarily that the book was a Romsey book. But the case is more complex; and of the two litanies the first seems to be the more distinctly indicative. On the invocations of SS. German and Patrick stress doubtless must not be laid; but the cult of St. Sativola is to my knowledge a local cult of Exeter •which does not extend beyond that diocese. Neither in litanies nor calendars have I been able to find trace of her cult elsewhere although the name has found its way into one or two late marty- rologics; e.g. the margin of the martyrology of Christ Church Dublin. Another invocation deserves attention in this longer litany, especially in an English MS. of so early a date, that of St. Olave. Exeter adopted this cult in a manner quite singular. The MS. of the eleventh century that has of recent years been called the 'Collectar of bishop Leofric', Harl. 2961, contains ff. I23 a -I26 b an office of St. Olave different from any of those printed in Storm's Monumenta historiae Norvegiae (Kristiania, 1S80, pp. 228-271). With one exception, the fragment of a gradual written about 1300, Storm knew of no liturgical material earlier than the printed breviaries. In regard to unaltered copies of Winchester formulae found in Harl. MS. 281S8 see ante p. 38 note 2. In view of oil the facts of the case the Romsey (or Ramsey) attribution of Harl. MS. 28 1 88 has to be reconsidered and should, I think, certainly be given up. 48 sancte Dei genitricis Mariae '.* The absence of the feast from what I may call the western group of Anglo-Saxon calendars, with their generally archaic and conservative character, is hardly less significant. I take advantage of the present occasion to indicate the reasons which induce me now to believe, counter to what I thought in 1886, that the feast of the Conception was in fact introduced into England from Southern Italy, or at least under South Italian influ- ences. This feast of 8 December has to be considered in connection with another found in the two Winchester calendars Vitellius E xviii and Titus D xxvn at 21 November thus: ' Oblatio sancte Marie in templo Domini cum esset trium annorum.' This entry might at first sight appear as if one of that class of c historical ' memoranda so well known in our ancient calendars, like c Adam creatus est ', ' Egressus Noe de area ' etc. But such an impression would be incorrect. In the Canterbury Benedictional Harl. MS. 2892 fol. i86 a is an episcopal benediction for this feast there entitled: l De Presentatione sancte Mariae \ 2 Twenty years ago the marble calendar of Naples assigned to the close of the ninth century was the only early western document outside England known to give the feast; 3 and it seemed loose method to knit up the commemorations in our eleventh century English books with it. A glance at the documents set forth pp. 84-85 of T. Toscani's Ad Typica Gr 6 > 7, 8 > IO > IJ 14, and 16. In these circumstances the presence of five local Winchester feasts (N us 4, 7, 9, 14, 16) in the calendar of MS. Arundel 155 is not of itself an argument that it is a calendar of the church of Winchester; especially as the calendar B of Canterbury cathedral of the early years seemingly of the eleventh century shews already four local Winchester feasts (N os 3, 4, 6, 7). It is the free adoption by other churches of local Winchester feasts in the eleventh century which is the cause in the past of the assignment to Winchester of calendars which, when fully con- sidered and examined in their various constituent elements, appear not only to be not calendars of Winchester but also to follow a different tradition and to rest on a different basis. So far as we may judge from the very few calendars of the Anglo-Saxon period that survive out of the great number that once existed, the spread of Winchester feasts seems to have begun in the later decades of the tenth century and to have been a consequence of that great awakening to a sense of national unity that marked king Edgar's days. G has no Winchester saint. The Salisbury MS. 150 has N°\ 1, 3, 4 (as a ' Translation '), 6 and 14 in the list; Nero A 11, N os . 6, 9 (but at Sept. 2), 14 and 16. These two calendars thus rank themselves with B and shew the stage reached about the year 1000; the three calendars reviewed above shew the state of things some two generations later. The feast of the Ordination of St. Swithun (N°. 12) is found (besides Vitellius E xviii) only in the calendar of the missal of Robert of Jumieges, and that of (who seems to have been bishop 992-1001) was abbat of Westminister in the obscure beginning* of that house; and those beginnings seem to have been connected with St. Dunstan who is reported to have been responsible for Wulfsy's appointment to the new foundation. We are dealing here with obscure memories and can reach them only through a haze of legend; but the Sherborne calendar of the 'Red Book of Derby' seems proper to shew that the story as told is not so very far orf from fact. 62 Bodleian MS. Junius 99 commonly assigned to Worcester under St. Wulstan. II. There remains the question whether there is reason to anticipate in a calendar drawn up for the cathedral church of Canterbury under Lanfranc the presence of many or of few Canterbury saints. Fortunately we are in a position to know what we are to think in this matter; and on authority no less than that of Lanfranc himself in the Constitutions which he drew up expressly for observance by his own community of the Canterbury cathe- dral monastery. 1 These Constitutions are also of interest as the first recorded, perhaps the first actual, attempt in England at drawing up a regular scheme of strictly graded feasts to each of which a value was assigned after the modern manner. Lanfranc's scheme of grading was as follows: principal feasts, five only in number (Christmas etc.); secondly about a score of feasts truly * magnificent 'but still not of such consideration as the supreme five; feasts of the third grade, sixteen in number and including the majority of the feasts of apostles. Then come feasts of 'twelve lessons', feasts of 'three lessons', and mere 'commemorations'; these inferior celebrations are not specified by name; but they embraced in fact (as we can gather from the lists of feasts of the first three grades) the bulk of the feasts designated above as 'sacra- mentary ' feasts, with a few ' martyrological ' and ' foreign ' and some that were locally 'principal' in other English churches 3 . In the enumeration of feasts thus prescribed by Lanfranc for celebration in his cathedral church of Canterbury we find the names of two only out of the many Canterbury saints whose cult had become traditional in the primatial church of the English people. These two are St. Augustine and St. Elphege. Of St. Dunstan, still after the martyrdom of St. Elphege the most 1 By a mischance these were printed by the first editor under the title ' Decreta Lanfranci pro Ordine S. Benedicti' (see Reyner'i Apostolatus Benedictinorum, part iii, p. 211); and our antiquariet etc. thus started on a wrong track have generally persevered therein until now (see e.g. the Dictionary of National Biography under ' Lanfranc '), although in the Concilia Wilkins pointed to the real state of the case which is indeed made clear in Lanfranc'i own preface. * Lanfranc's list of feasts will be found in 6 10 before the Table. 63 venerated perhaps of them all, 1 we find not a word. Viewed in the light of the facts the argument concluding to a Winchester origin from the presence in Arundel MS. 155 of five local Winchester and but two local Canterbury feasts is invalid. 9. CONCLUSION Other points of minor detail invite discussion; suchas the feasts of St. Audoen 2 and St. Bartholemew; the names of the saints entered in various MSS. by later hands but never admitted into the official calendar of Canterbury cathedral; or topics of more general concern, as, for instance, the difficulty and uncertainty attending the dating of MSS. of this period on paleographical grounds only to the neglect of internal evidence, which often does not yield up its secrets without some perhaps disproportion- ate expenditure of pains and use of what a master of modern historical criticism, the late Comte Riant, was wont to call a ctti knowledge. But, I am anxious if possible to keep the main lines of enquiry clear. And, behind the multiplicity of tech- nical, it might seem trivial, detail there lies a large and living question, the change in the tone and character of English piety induced by the Norman Conquest. 3 1 The Benedictional Had. MS. 2892 has for the feast of St. Elphege (May 19) two bene- dictions, for his translation (June 8) three; for St. Dunstan (May 19) four, beside* (a unique distinction) one for the Vigil. ' But see note, on 24 and 25 Aug. of Table. In Eadmer's inedited tract on the relics of St. Audoen, C.C.C.C. MS. 371 p. 440 seqq. is a passage that may be given here, as it has a bearing on some things already said in the course of the present discussion. He narrates how 'cum post decessum superius nominati patris Lanfranci quadam die in claustro ex more sederem occupatus libro quern scribendo inter manus habebam, venit ad me nominatissimus ille cantor Osbernus nomine, et sedens ita cepit dicere: "Tempore suo felicis memoriae pater Lanfrancus, sicut fraternitas tua bene novit, sua sanctione precepit ut scrinea et capsas istius ecclesiae perscrutaremur et quid reliquiarum in eis habetur investigaremus. Quod quidem ex parte fecimus";' but one shrine, seized by a holy fear, Osbern could not make up his mind to open. 'Come and let us examine it now'. So said, so done. The formalities attending the verification, of interest to the ritualist, are described; the 'secretarii' — sacristy folk — take also due part; what was found therein; among the rest two 'cartulae', on one of which was written 'reliquiae sancti Gregorii papae', on the other 'reliquiae sancti Audoeni confessoris'. Osbern's fear, it will be observed, passes with the passing away of the terrible old man 'of happy memory'. 8 There is for instance a sharply cut distinction in regard to the feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin between the devotion of Anglo-Saxon times and the devotion as revived in the 64 One matter of detail must however be dealt with. At p 24 n. 2, mention is made of an erased entry in the calendar B at 17 March, and it is there said the letters c ep' were still distinguish- able. Here is an instance how a good photographic reproduction is not infrequently more useful for working purposes than the original manuscript itself. Since that note was in print, with the application of a chemical reagent, and with some pains it was possible to two pairs of eyes to recover this: * N. sci Eadwardi regis'. But without the original MS., without chemical reagent, and without other pains than is implied in seeing what is easily to be seen in a good photograph, the erased entry appeared as * F. Natale sci Eadwardi regis et (martyris)'. — This is the only entry in the calendar which prefixes the word 'Natale ' to the name of the saint, and combines the use (elsewhere wholly exceptional) of the Anglo- Saxon c w ' ' r ' and the letter c d ' with a stroke sharply curved to the left. l In the circumstances it seems hardly open to doubt this is an entry made later, although it is in the same sort of neat hand as the original script. The designation of the feast (at Canterbury) with the significant 'F ' and its total erasure would thus have a bearing on the probable date of the calendar itself. It must be remembered that we know nothing precisely as to the time or the places in which the cult of St. Edward the king and martyr began : but we do know that such cult in the beginning may, perhaps must, have had a political cast and probably was a party note. We may in the circumstances fairly hazard the conjecture that the high grad- ing of this feast and its total erasure in Canterbury point to a time when in regard to the murder of the son of Edgar, and other public matters also, party passions were high and divisions in the Anglo-Norman church of the twelfth century. In the earlier period it wa9 pure piety without doctrinal after-thought; in the later the doctrinal element is present if not predominant so that the feast has now become in fact if not in name the feast of the Immaculate Conception, even for Osbert de Clare and Eadmer (see the remarks of Fr. Slater, S. J., Eadmeri Tractatut de Concept- ion, pp. x-xix; and P. Aug. Noyon, S. J., ubi supra, p. 14 seqq.) P. Noyon (p. 24) also calls attention to the 'principe fecond de theologie mariale ' laid down by Nicholas of St. Albans, that ' chaque fois qu'une presomption est en faveur de Marie il la faut tenir pour fondee tant qu'elle n'est pas dimontree fauise'. 1 For instances of the use of these three forms see in the MS. the entry of St. Werburga at Feb. 3 and St. Ermenilda at 13 Feb. For the entry of the feast at March 17 (instead of 18) see footnote to the Table at that date. 65 body politic cut deep. It has been said above (p. 27) that the calendar was written between 988 and 1023; by the later date no difficulties would arise as to the celebration of the feast of St Edward; and all this tends to make it probable the calendar B was written nearer the earlier date than the later. With further questions of detail thus put aside, we can sum- marize and conclude on all that has been hitherto said. I. It was first shewn that the calendar of the Bosworth Psalter (B) has for basis a Glastonbury calendar, not identical with but akin to that found in the Leofric Missal (G) of the second half of the tenth century; that both go back to a common original (p. 21); that B is a calendar of Canterbury (pp. 26-27); and not of St. Augustine's but of the cathedral (p. 34 seqq.). II. Next, it has been pointed out (p. 27) that B is not the basis of the later mediaeval (post-Conquest) calendar of that cathe- dral; but as such basis a calendar or different origin and tradi- tion has been substituted for it; which calendar has been identified with the traditional calendar of the church of Winchester in its post-Conquest form represented by the calendar in Arundel MS. 60 (p. 30) and it was mentioned (p. 35) that such sort of Win- chester calendar was also the basis of the late mediaeval calendar of St. Augustine's. III. It was then stated (p. 30) that a calendar contained in the Arundel MS. 155 is an example or copy (for of course a church like Canterbury possessed more than one copy of its current calendar) of such Winchester calendar as adopted in, and adapted to the use of, Canterbury cathedral presumably (as all indications go to shew) in Lanfranc's time (p. 31-32). It was further pointed out (pp. 29-30) how this very interesting MS. is, by additions made at later times and by various hands, a record of the steps by which the calendar as originally drawn up developed into the Canterbury cathedral calendar as found with proper designations of the gradings of feasts in MSS. from the thirteenth century to the fifteenth. IV. It has also been shown (p. 57 seqq.) how the calendar in Arundel MS. 155, in a particular which in enquiries of this kind is of primary value, namely local relic cults, bears on the face of it evidence which unmistakably associates it with the special relic cults of Canterbury cathedral, and marks it off in this point 66 from the known calendars of all other churches. We therefore, quite apart from the considerations adduced in part L, are led by the mere facts relating a single item of detail, to the identification of the place to which this calendar would properly and exclu- sively belong. V. But, after all, the substitution of a Winchester calendar at Canterbury, if a violent measure in itself, was only the radical appli- cation of a process that in a tentative way and in a few exceptional cases had been going on during the whole course of the eleventh century, when church after church had already begun freely to adopt local Winchester feasts which, viewed in themselves, to those churches were not of concern or interest (p. 59 seqq.); and the presence of five specifically Winchester feasts in the calendar of Arundel MS. 155 is no objection to the identification of the latter as a Canterbury calendar. VI. Still less does the absence from Arundel 155 of the local Canterbury saints so numerous in B militate against the attribution of the former to Canterbury after the Norman Conquest. Indeed the state of things shewn in Arundel 155, viz: the reduction of Canterbury saints to two (St. Augustine and St. Elphege), exactly corresponds with Lanfranc's prescriptions for his cathedral church laid down in the Constitutions drawn up and promulgated by himself (pp. 31-32). VII. Two special items are dealt with as serving to show, by way of specimen, the sort of indications that may be looked for as differentiating calendars of the Anglo-Saxon and the early Norman periods respectively. One of these (certain feasts of the Blessed Virgin) concerns both Canterbury and Winchester(p. 43 seqq.), the other (Breton cults) Winchester alone (p. 53 seqq.); and they evidence how the presence or absence of such feasts would induce us prima facie to assign the calendar Vitellius E xviii to a date before, those of Arundel MSS. 60 and 155 to a date after, the Conquest. It would be easy to extend and multiply the more general lines of enquiry opened up in both parts of this * Consultatio ' or to reinforce this or that particular statement. But what has been said is, I trust, sufficient to show how (1) B is a calendar of Canterbury cathedral that was in use 67 before the Conquest, and that it goes back for its original on Glastonbury; (2) the calendar of Arundel MS. 155 is a calendar of Canterbury cathedral after the Conquest, and goes back for its original on Winchester. 10. TABLE OF CANTERBURY CALENDARS It remains to give a conspectus in the brief space of a Table of the contents of the calendars of Canterbury cathedral from the eleventh century to the fifteenth; together with a Winchester calendar serving as a specimen of that on which the Canterbury calendar at its revision after the Conquest was based. This will enable the reader the better to follow and in some measure control what has been said in the preceding pages. That it is possible to give such a Table at all is due to the kindness of Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell who has communicated to me copies of N 09 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11 of the list given below; of all which I had no knowledge when the first part of this tract on the calendar of the Bosworth Psalter was written. Mr. Cockerell has increased my personal obligation by also submitting the proofs of that part to an effective revision for which I am most grateful. The following is a list of the MSS. from which the calendars comprised in the Table are drawn. (1) The Bosworth Psalter, now B. M. Addit. MS. 37,517; a Canterbury cathedral calendar the date of which lies between 988 and 1023 (see p. 27, 65-66). (2) Arundel MS. 60; a Winchester calendar, after the Con- quest. All the calendars that follow are of Canterbury cathedral. (3) Arundel MS. 155; a calendar of the later years of the eleventh century; perhaps about the year 1080 (see p. 30 seqq., 39, and note on 19 May in the Table). (4) The well-known Eadwine Psalter at Trinity College, Cam- bridge; written before 11 70. (5) Paris B. N. Nouv. acq. Lat. 1670; a Psalter assigned to about the year 1200. (6) Paris B. N. Lat. 770. The calendar does not contain the feast of the Translation of St. Thomas; and is assigned to about 68 the year 1220. This interesting document is a genuine copy of a calendar of Canterbury cathedral, but with many foreign and especially Cluniac insertions. (7) Cotton MS. Tiberius B in; a calendar seemingly of about 1 240- 1 2 50. (8) Egerton MS. 2867 of about the same date; in the calendar at 19 October is entered the Dedication of St. Martin's Dover, a cell of Christ Church, Canterbury. (9) Canterbury Horae in the Nilrnberg Public Library; with Hours of St. Thomas of Canterbury after those of the B. V., and Hours of the Holy Trinity after those of the Holy Spirit; of the beginning of the 14th century; the calendar is in a different hand. (10) B. M. Addit. MS. 6160. In this calendar the feast of St. Thomas of Hereford (canonized in 1320) is added in another hand; as well as an octave for the Ordination of St. Dunstan; seemingly of a date not long before 1320. (11) MS. Bodl. D 2. 2. The feast of St. Thomas and the attempted octave, mentioned under (10), are written in this calen- dar by the original hand which is of the first half of the fourteenth century. (12) Lambeth MS. 558; a calendar of the fourteenth century. (13) B. M. Sloane MS. 3887; a calendar of the early part of the fifteenth century; the months of March, April, May and July are wanting. 1 N 08 1, 2 and 3 have each a special column in the Table; the 1 Besides the twelve above enumerated two other calendars of Canterbury cathedral have come to notice, the Bodl. MS. Add. C. 260 of the twelfth century, and a calendar in the Eton MS. 78 of the thirteenth. These are omitted from the Table that follows which therefore is incomplete and, as a piece of work, so far wanting in thoroughness. Of the calendar in the Eton MS. only the months of March, April, November and December remain; the litany contained in the volume is certainly a litany that could come only from Canterbury cathedral; the calendar- leaves give the names of Mellitus and Justus who had cult at St. Augustine's and not at the cathedral, and of St. Birinus who had cult at neither; but it appears that the entries in these leaves are in more than one hand. The interesting Bodleian MS. consists of a calendar only, which is complete, and at once shews itself as curiously irregular in its graphic features. Whilst some fifteen feasts of high grade, imong them the Epiphany, are entered in small letters in black, others, often for no obvious reason, are written in black capitals, others in red capitals, others in small letters red. A few are in varied colours and large capitals, but here the reasons seem more clearly to appear. Besides all 69 remaining ten calendars, referred to by their numbers, are included together in the fourth column; and the gradings of feasts are given in the fifth. Fixed commemorations (e. g. the Resurrection at 25 March, the First Pentecost at 15 May, etc.) and entries relating to the astronomical year are omitted as having no bearing on the present enquiry and merely encumbering the text. But the Table is so drawn up that the specifically church calendar of any manuscript included in it may be easily reconstructed there- from. To save space the descriptions are abridged ( c m. ' for ' mar. ', ■ c£ ' for ' conf. ' etc. etc.), and the regular designation ' Sci ', * Scae', is omitted; but any characteristic or abnormal form is pre- served as well as the orthography of the proper names; and for clearness a separate line is given to each different feast or name occurring in the thirteen calendars. When in the fourth column no name is given the numbers are to be understood as meaning that the calendars enumerated give the feast found in the third column, never the first or second. 1 Only the entries in the original hand of the various calendars find notice in the Table; but all the names of saints are given, including those which are due only to scribal caprice (cf. p. 29 n. 1) and never formed part of the official calendar of Canterbury cathedral. In footnotes at the end of each month are given: (a) a list of the Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892, as illustrating the Canterbury cathedral calendar between the date of B and the Conquest; (£) the variations from the calendar of Arundel MS. this there is free admixture of later entries in various hands. A mere photographic reproduction however excellent cannot render the real features of the MS. But, besides that I wish in this tract to keep on the firmer ground of more commonplace discussion, I must leave it to others, by dis- tinguishing original from non-original entries and assigning to these latter their respective measure of contemporaneousness or lateness, to reconstitute from the Bodleian MS. a calendar of Canterbury cathedral of the first half or middle of the twelfth century; a task in which a compa- rison with the later entries in Arundel MS. 155 would be found useful. For the purposes of the present tract the calendar of the Eadwine psalter, though of slightljr liter date, fully suffices, and it is not subject to drawbacks attaching to the Bodleian MS.; but I have endeavoured to notice below the items of this latter that seem interesting. 1 Where the letter S or F is given in the calendar of the Bosworth Psalter before an entry with the names of two feasts, these have been bracketed in the print although I do not think there m at any time real cause for doubt of the feasts to which the distinguishing letter relates. 60 of the Winchester missal of c. 1 120 1 as illustrating the history of the Winchester calendar in the half century after the Conquest; (£•) the complete series of additions made by various hands to the calendar of Arundel MS. 155 (seep. 28 seqq.); and (d) the en- tries made by later hands in N 03 7 and 10; and the foreign and Cluniac entries in N° 6. The gradings in the fifth column are by no means the least instructive part of the calendar. A complete set is found in one manuscript only, N° 7, the Cotton MS. Tiberius B in. But it has suffered from the fire; even where the margin is burnt the gradings can, I think, be still discerned with practical certainty except in two or three cases. The other MSS. available for gra- dings are N os 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13. No one of them is quite complete; each is curiously and capriciously defective in a few particulars especially in the case of mere commemorations: but these deficiencies are commonly different in each different manu- script, so that in practice there is no difficulty in following the variations from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. The gradings of the original hand only of each manuscript are given in this column, and no notice is taken of later additions or corrections which would only produce confusion. Such corrections and addi- tionsare very numerous in N° 3, and are also not uncommon in N os 7 and 10. But the corrections of grading in N 03 3 and 7 appear in the first hand in the later MSS., with a few exceptions given in the footnote. As these exceptions in N° 3 shew a heightening of the grade it is to be supposed that they are of a late date, and of the fifteenth century. 3 1 See a notice of this MS. by M. Leopold Delisle in Revue des Societes Sa-vantes, •/* sir. tome vi p. 33 seqq. M. Ch. Fierville has printed in Recueil des Publications de la Sorie'te Ha-vraist d'Etudes diverses (annees 1880-81) pp. 407-456 the prefaces in this missal with the title of the mattes -which have not a special preface. In M. Delisle's list St. Sexburga, 6 July, has by accident been omitted. ' Where the grading is given in the Notet to columns m and iv with, the name of the feast it is to be understood that the whole entry (feast and grading) is in one hand. One kind of alteration of grading by a later hand, found only in No. 10, must be noticed here. The twelve lessons on four- teen featts are reduced to eight, with a direction to 'sing' of a secondary feast, or (much more commonly) of a current octave; and the same direction is given also for one feast 'in cappis ', one in ' albis' and one of '3 R\ This seems to shew that in the fifteenth century there was a change of practice in Canterbury cathedral and a levelling up to the ways of modern times. We here 7* The abbreviations used to designate the gradings in column v, besides the ordinary twelve, eight, or three lessons and the com- memoration, are: 'in a. '= 'in albis'; 'in a. a. '='inalbis altis'; 'in a. s.'='in albis simplicibus'; 'in c.'='in cappis'; 'in c. a.'='in cappis altis'; ' in c. s. '=' in cappis simplicibus '; 'cc' or 'ct.'= 'cantic.'j'cc. ctl.' =' cantic. et lect. ' In our MSS. '3 R' is simply equivalent to the ordinary ' 3 lc' ; it is the form almost invariably used in N° 7 for feasts of three lessons, whilst its contemporary N° 8 favours the usual form '3 lc.'; the later MSS. usually have like N 7 € 3 R \ The following is Lanfranc's grading of feasts above twelve lessons as prescribed in his Statutes, which give the observance appropriate to each class in great detail, down to the putting out on feasts of the first and second classes only of best towels to over- lay the ordinary ones (super tersoria quotidiana sint extensa) and to be used exclusively at washing before the two meals of the day (nisi tantummodo ad refecHonem primam et sero ad cccnani). I. Quinque sunt praecipuae festivitates; id est, Natale Do- mini (25 Dec), Resurrectionis ejus, Pentecostes, Assumptio S. Genetricis Dei Mariae (15 Aug.), Festivitas loci. . . . II. Sunt aliae festivitates quae magnifice celebrantur, quamvis non aequaliter superioribus; sunt autem hae: Epiphania (6 Jan.), Purirkatio S. Mariae (2 Feb.), festivitas S. Gregorii (12 Mar.), Annunciatio Christi (25 Mar.), Octava dies paschalis solemnitatis, festivitas S. Alfegi martyris (19 Apr.), Ascensio Christi, festivitas S. Augustini Anglorum archiepiscopi (26 May), Octava Pente- costes dies, Nativitas S. Johannis Baptistae (24 June), Passio Apostolorum Petri et Pauli (29 June), Translatio S. Benedicti (11 July), Nativitas S. Mariae (8 Sept.), festivitas S. Michaelis assist at the promotion there of the hard rulei of the Pie, reiulting so often from the multiplica- tion of octaves on the one hand and on the other the disuse of the good old Roman simple plan of observing an octave by saying a prayer on the sole eighth day after the feast and that was all. The more modern plan had however been occupying the minds of Franco-German experts ag early at the ninth century. Whether in these seventeen cases four lessons were said or any, and what 'singing' was done — whether by the antiphons of Bcnedictus and Magnificat only, or other- wise — for the secondary feasts or octaves, must be questions reserved for those versed in the rubric* and current practice of the fifteenth century. In the same way I must leave it to others too to throw light on the nice questions involved in the distinctive use of certain vestures 'high' or •simple' that are raised by these Canterbury calendars. 72 (29 Sept.), festivitas Omnium Sanctorum (1 Nov.), festivitas S. Andreae (30 Nov.), Dedicatio ecclesiae. . . . III. Sunt aliae tertiae classis festivitates, quae non tantopere celebrantur; hae autem sunt: festivitas S. Vincentii (22 Jan.), Conversio S. Pauli (25 Jan.), Philippi et Jacobi (1 May), Inventio S. Crucis (3 May), Jacobi apostoli (25 July), S. Petri in Calendis Augusti (1 Aug.), Laurentii martyris (10 Aug.), Octava dies Assumptions S. Mariae (22 Aug.), Bartholomaei apostoli, 1 Au- 1 At the last moment, suppressing the few words intended to be said in note on 24 and 25 August of the Table (see p. 64 note 2), I add in this place some particular* as to the feasts of St. Audoen and St. Bartholomew which may save time and trouble, or give a fair start, to some more curious enquirer. I confine my attention to the calendars and leave the arrangements of the mass-books to others. St. Audoen died on 24 Aug. The abbey of St. Ouen at Rouen kept even seemingly up to the date of its suppression, the feast of its patron on the 24th; but elsewhere in the diocese of Rouen the feast was kept on the 26th the 24th being assigned to St. Bartholomew and the 25th to St. Louis. The old and genuine date of St. Bartholomew was 25 Aug.; but he was entered by Usuard and Florus in the ninth century in their martyrologies at the 24th, which is now generally observed as his day; the Vatican Basilica (according to the Breviary of 1674) still, however keeps the feast of St. Bartholomew on the 25 th. The calendar of the Athelstan Psalter Galba A xviii seems to be the earliest record of the 14th in England. The introduction of the feast of St. Audoen further complicated matters. The itate of the case in the hundred years before the Conquest is this: (a) G and B, Nero A 11 and the calendar in the missal of Robert of Jumieges have not admitted St. Audoen and have St Bartholomew at the 25th. (b) Winchester as represented by Titus D xxvn has St. Audoen at the 24th and St. Bar- tholomew at the 25th. This seems also to have been the original reading of Vitellius E xviii; though it has suffered from both erasures and fire, what remains shews that this calendar originally had an entry at each of these two days. With the Titus MS. originally agreed Salisbury MS. 150 the Sherborne calendar in the Red Book of Derby (if I rightly scan and divine the original entries of these two days), the so-called Worcester calendar in Bodl. MS. Junius 99, and the Douce MS. 296. (c) Both the Salisbury MS. 150 and the Sherborne calendar as corrected, the calendar in the Worcester Breviary C C C C. MS. 391, and the calendar in Vitellius A xviii have SS. Bartholo- mew and Audoen on the 24th. The Arundel MS. 60 agrees with the group (b) in assigning Audoen to the 24th and Bar- tholomew to the 25th. In Arundel MS. 155 there are erasures at these two days and a later hand has entered Bartholomew at the 24th and Audoen at the 25th, which is the arrangement found in the subsequent Canterbury cathedral calendars as shewn in the Table. What was the original arrangement in Arundel 155? The Benedictional Harl. MS. 2892 73 gustini doctoris (28 Aug.), Decollatio S. Johannis Baptistae (29 Aug.), Exaltatio S. Crucis (14 Sept.), Matthaei apostoli (21 Sept.), Simonis et Judae (28 Oct.), B. Martini (11 Nov.), Thomae apostoli (21 Dec), et si quae aliae festivitates ita celebrari insti- tuantur (a provision for the future, therefore). . . . Besides the foregoing Lanfranc mentions incidentally the great feasts of SS. Stephen, John Evangelist, the Innocents, and the Circumcision; but these are conceived of as part of the high octave of Christmas. does not give the datts of the feasti but the following is the order of the benedictions at this point: Assumption, St. Audoen, St. Bartholomew, St. Augustine. From an anecdote given in his Life of St. Dunstan (written seemingly about 1089) it appears that at some time within Osbern'i personal recollection St. Bartholomew and St. Audoen were at Canterbury cathedral both feasted on the same day (whether the 24th or 25th is not stated), and on this day was also kept what we should now call the feast of relics of that church (Memorials of St. Dunstan pp. 136, 137). Eadmer telling the same story some twenty years later changes Osbern's 'when we had begun' and 'we sang' into the impersonal 'cantaretur' but mentions only the concurrent feasts of St. Audoen and of relics assigning these expressly to the 24th, thus implying a change had been made since Os- bern's early days and that St. Bartholomew was now feasted on another day, and this could be only the 25th. If on Lanfranc's settlement of the Canterbury calendar these two feasts were so fixed, this would explain the erasures in Arundel MS. 155 and at the same time confirm the agreement of Arundel 155 as originally written with Arundel 60. The entry of Audoen on the 24th with Bartholomew, as well as on the 25th, in the calendar of the Eadwine Psalter of before 1 170 may be a chance survival of record of the arrangement that had been given up nearly a century earlier. 74 A TABLE OF CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS FROM THE ELEVENTH TO THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY JANUARY BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 1 F.ClRCLMCISIO D.N.J.C. 2 Isidori ep. 3 Genouefe v. 5 Simeonis mon. Circumcisio D.N.JC. * Oct. Stephani protomar. Oct. Johannis ev. Oct. Innocentum Simeonis mon. Circumcisio D. Genouefae v. Epiphania D. ^ Epiphania D. 6 F.EpiphaniaD. N. 8 Lucianietjuliani 9 F.Adriani abb. Furtunati Transl. Judoci cf. €B 10 Pauli primi herem. Pauli primi herem. 1 2 Dep. Benedicti abb. 13 S.Octavas Epiph. Oct. Epiphan. 14 Felicis inPincis 16 ~ J Marcelli pp. Fursei prb. Hilarii ' mar.' Felicis in Pincis Mauri abb. Marcelli pp. 17 Antonii mon. Antoni mon. 1 8 - ( Petri Cathedra *{ Prisce v. '9 Prisce v. * Marie et Marthe Paul primi herem. Oct. Epiphan. Hilarii ep. Felicis in Pincis Mauri abb. Marcelli pp. Antonii mon. Priscae v. Marii et Marthae 76 JANUARY CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XVC) DAY I 4-13 Basilii 7 Oct. Steph. 6-13 GRADING II. 7, 12; in c. 8, 11, 14. iii R 7, 8, 10-12; xii lc 13. Oct. Joh. ev. 6-13 4 Oct. Inn. 6-13 5 Simeonis mon. 5. Edwardi reg. 6-8, 10-13. Oct. Thome arep. 9, 11. 6 4-13. 8 Luciani soc.que 9. 9 Adriani abb. 4-8, 10-13. iii R 7, 8, 10, 11, 13. iii lc 8, 10-13 (7 illegible.). com 10, 11, 13. II. 7, 8, 10, 13; III. 12. xii lc 7, 8, 10, 13. 10 12 13 4, 6-13. 4, 5> 7-I3- 1 14 4, 5, 6-13. J 5 4-i3- 16 4, 6-13. Fursei pr. 4, 6-8, 10-13. 17 18 J 9 Sulpicii ep. 9. 4-13- xii lc 7, 8, 10-12; in a. 13. com 7, 10-13. ? xii lc 7, 8; 3 R 10, 11, 13. xii lc 7, 8, 10, 11, 13. cc. & 1 7; com 12: cc. 10, 13. xii lc 7,* 8, 10-13 (*3 a ^ so: quasi in a.). iii R 7, 8, 10-12; com 13. Wulstani ep. 9-13. xii lc 10, 12, 13; quasi in a. II. 1 In N° 6 Hilary is by mistake entered at 14th with Felix. 2 N° 7, after the entry 'Fursei ', has * viii lc' as well as xii lc; N° 10 has xii lc with ' viii lc* added by another hand. 77 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 20 S.Sebastiani et Fabiani m. 2 1 S.Agnetis v. 22 S.Uincentii m. 23 Fabiani et Sebasti- ani. Agnetis v. Uincentii m. Babilli ep. et 3 p. 24 Babilli ep. et 3 puerorum 25 S.ConversioPauliap. Conversio Pauli ap. 26 27 Policarpi ep. Joh. Crisostomi ep. Tr. Aethelflaede v. Fabiani et Sebast, Agnetis v. Uincentii levitae et m. Emerentianae et Macharii Conv. Pauli ap. Praejecti m. 28 S.Octavas Agnetis Oct. Agnetis v. Agnetis secundo Balthilde regin. 29 Gilde sapientis 30 Baltildis regin. Column I. The Pre-Conquest Benedictional of Canterbury cathe- dral Harl. MS. 2892 has (ft. I29 b -I32 b ) benedictions for SS. Sebastian and Fabian, Agnes, Vincent, Con version of St. Paul, and Octave of St. Agnes (but no benediction for St. Fursey). Column II. The Winchester Missal at Havre assigned to c. 1120 is imperfect for 1 to 6 Jan; it omits the feasts printed in italics; and adds at 25th Project! m. FEBRUARY BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY i Brigidae v. Brigide v. Brigide v. 78 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XVC) DAY 20 4-13. xii lc 7, 8, 10-13. 21 4-13. xii lc 7, 8, 10-13. 22 4-13. in a. 7, 8, 10-13. 23 Em. (only) 4, 6-13. iii R 7, 8, 10, 12, 13. 24 25 4-13. in a. 7, 8, 10, II, 13. 4, 6-8, 10-13. com 7> I2, 26 Policarpi ep. 6. 27 Jo. Crisostomi 6. Juliani ep. 4, 9-13. iii R 10-13. 28 4-13. iii R 7, 8, 10-13. Juliani ep. 5, 6, 8. 30 Baltildis regin. 9. Column III. Additions in later hands: 9th Adriani abb.; 16th Fursei conf.; 19th Wlstani ep. Columns IV. Later entries in N° 7 17th Antonii abb. quasi in alb. and V. Foreign entries in N° 6: 2nd Odilonis abb.; 17th Speusippi, Eleusippi & Melasippi; 28 th Johannis abb; 29th Oct. Vincentii. FEBRUARY CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY i 7-13. iiiR7,8,io,ii( t sianteIxx'), 13. 79 BOSWORTH DAY 2 /'Yppapanti F.j Domini (Laurentii arep. 3 Waerburge v. 5 S.Agathae v. 6 iOq (Scolasticae v. ■(Maerwynne ii 12 ARUNDEL 60 PuRIFICATIO S. Mariae © Agathc v. Uedasti et Amandi Scolastice v. Eulaliae v. Eormenhildae v. Eormenhilde v. (Ualentini Ualentini m. S '{Uitalis 16 Julianae v. Julianc v. 20 Didimi et Gagi 22 S.Cathedra Petri ap. Cath. Petri Ap. in Antiochia 23 Mildburgae v. 24 F.Mathiae ap. Mathiani ap. >{« 25 26 28 ARUNDEL 155 Purif. S. Mariae Blasii ep. et ra. Agathae v. Ued. et Amandi ep. Scolasticae v. Austroberte v. Eormenhilde v. Ualentini Julianae v. Cath. Petri ap. Mathiae Ap. Col. Col. Col. I. Benedictions in Harl MS. 2892 (ff. i32 b , 139* — 142*) for Purification, SS. Blase, Agatha, Vedast and Amandus, Austroberta, Scholastica, Peter's Chair, and Matthias. II. Missal of c. 1 1 20 adds Vigil of Purification. III. hater additions: 14th c Scae. Vallantini mar.'; 17th Sci. Silvini ep.; 25th Sci. Ethelberti regis. 80 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY 2 s-n- GRADING II. 7, 8, io, ii, 13. 5 6 10 11 12 J 3 14 16 20 22 23 24 25 26 28 4-i3- 4-i3- 4-i3- 4-i3- 4-8, 10-13. { Sci Ethelgari arep.' 13. Valentini 4-13. 4, s>i-n* Cecilie 13. 4-13- Milburge 4, 6. 4-13- in c. 7, 8, 10-13. (13 also: xii lc). xii lc 8, 10, 12, 13. iii R 7, 8, 10-13. cc. & 1 7, 10-12; cc. 13. xii lc 7, 8, 12; viii lc 10, 11, 13. iii R 7, 8, io, 11, 13. iii R 7, 8, 10, 13. xii lc 7, 8, 10, 13; quasi in a. 11, 13; Credo Prefac. 12. in a. 7, 8; in c. 10, 11, 13; Credo Prefac. 12. * Ethelberti reg.' 12. in c. 12. { Sci Ethelberti r. & cf? 13. xii lc 13. Theophili 8. Oswaldi r. & m. 13. Col. IV. Foreign entry in N° 6 : 1 st Ignatii. 81 MARCH [Wanting in N°_ 13] BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY I 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 F.Dep. B. Grego- rii PP. Leonis pp. Donati ep. Dep. Ceadde ep. Ceaddan ep. Albini ep. dccc mar. Perpetuae et Feli- Perp. et Felicit. citatis Passio xl mar. Gregorii pp. © Donati ep. 3 Perp. et Felicit. Gregorii pp. Longini qui latus Christi perforavit Patrici ep. Eaduuardi r. etM. Eaduuardi m. 16 Eugenie v. .7 18 *9 20 F.Cuthberhti pre- Cuthbbrhti ep. © Cuthberti ep. SULIS 21 F.Benedicti abb. Benedicti abb. © Benedicti abb. 25 F.AdnuntiatioS. Adnunt. S. Mar. © Annunt.S. Mar. Mariae v. 26 [Obitus Ailmae- ri mon.] ' 1 On the zjth. — In later hand (see p. 65 above) and erased, i» at 17th (xvi kal.) the entry *F. Natale Sci Eadwardi Regis et (mar)'. The proper feast day of St. Edward m. is the 18th which day in B is occupied with the entry (as in G) 'Primus dies seculi. Sol in (ariete)'. At the date number •xri* is a reference mark and in the inner margin (as appears from the photograph) are trace* of tome now erased characters. ' On tbt z6tb. — In a later hand. 1 On the lit. — Partly erased and altered by a later hand to 'David'. 82 MARCH CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY I Albini ep. 9. 2 3 4 6 Juliani 9. 7 4-12. 9 10 Agapite 5. 12 4-12. 15 Longini m. 7, 8. 16 Eugenie v. 5. 17 18 5, 9, 12. 19 Eaduuardi r. & m. 4. 20 4-12. 21 4-12. 25 4-12. 26 GRADING com 7; 3 R 10-12. II 7; in c. 8, 10, n; inc. a. 12, III 12. xii lc. 7, 10-12. II 7, 12; in c. 8, 10, 11. III 7, 8, 10 [«in xla. IT 10 alia manu\\ II 11. 83 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 29 Ordinatio Grego- rii pp. 30 Domnini Ordin. Greg. pp. Col. I. Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892 (ft. I42 b — 146 1 ) for SS. Gregory, Edward m., Cuthbert, Benedict, Annunciation. Col. II. Missal of ' c. 1120 omits feasts italicized. Col. III. Later additions: 1st Donati altered to David ep. & con. xii lc; 2nd Sci Cedde ep. xii lc; 14th Officium in con- ventu pro patribus et matribus. APRIL [Wanting in N°. 13] BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY I 2 Uualerici cf. Quintini m. 3 4 8 11 Theodosiae v. Ambrosii Successi et Solu- toris F.Guthlaci ana- choritab. 13 Eufemiae v. 14 S.Tiburtii Ualeria- ni et Maximi 16 Felicis. Luciani 18 Ambrosii ep. Leonis pp. Guthlaci cf. Tiburtii et Ualeri- ani Ambrosii ep. Leonis pp. Guthlaci Euphemiae v. Tyburtii et Ualeri- ani 19 Gagi et Rufi Aelfeachi arep. Aelfheahi arep. 84 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY 2 9 GRADING 3° Stephani 9. Coll. IV Later entries in N° 7: 1st S. David ep. et confess, xii and V. lc; 2nd S. Sedde ep. et confess, xii lc; 10th Obitus domini Johannis Bokynham ep. Lincoln.; 14th Anniver- sarius patrum et matrum nostrarum; 1 8th Sci Edwardi regis etmr. II. — In N° 10: 18th Passio S. Edwardi. — In N° 12: 4th Ob. Willi. Sellyng. APRIL CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS XII-XV C DAY I Marie Egyptiace 5. 2 Marie Egyptiace 7-9. 3 4 4, 6-1 2. l 8 GRADING xii lc 7, 8; in c. 10-12. 11 6,9. 13 5> 9- 14 4-12. 16 18 Vigilia 12. J 9 iii R 7, 8, 10, 12. * in hac vigilia dicitur Gla. in exc. ' 12. 4-12 III, 7, 8, 10, 12; ^rincip.'n. 1 On the \th, — In N° 5 Ambroie ii leemingly in miit»ke entered at 3rd. 85 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 1 DAY 20 Marcelli. Petri 21 22 Leonis ep. 23 S.Georgii m. Georgii m. Georgii m. 24 S.Melliti arep. An- glorum 2 5 26 "Marci euuangl.] 1 'Letania maior] 1 Marci ev. Letania Maiora Marci ev. Laetania maior 27 Germani 1 28 Uitalis m. Uitalis m. Vitalis m. 29 30 Erkenwoldi ep. Col. I. Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892 (ff. 147* — 148 15 ) for SS. Elphege and Mark evang. Col. II. Missal of c. 1120 omits feasts italicized; adds 13th Eufemia. Col. III. Later additions: 21st Anselmi archiep. in albis; 23rd a late grading l in capp.' found in no other MS. 1 On the zt,th and zjth. — These two entries at the 25th are in a different hand, or in the fame hand at another time; after the entry of Germanus »t the 27th there is an erasure. MAY [Wanting in iV? 13] BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY i Natal, ap. Philippi Ap. Phil, et Ja- Ap. Phil, et Ja- et Jacobi ' cobi © cobi 1 On the 1st. — To this entry was doubtless prefixed *S.' now to me illegible. 86 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XVC) DAY 20 21 Anselmi arep. 5, 7,8, 11, 12. in a. 7, 8, II, 12. 1 22 23 4-12. iii R 7, 8; xii lc 10, 12; quasi in a. 13. 24 Wulfridi arch. 9. 25 4-12. xii lc 7, 8, 12; in c. 10 11. 6, 7, 11. 26 Cleti 9. 27 28 4-7, 9-12. iii R 7, io, 11; xii lc 12. 29 Germani 9. 3° Quintini 9. Coll. IV Later entries in N° 7 : 9th Obitus Edwardi quarti a. d. and V. 1483; 27th Sithe virginis (at this day also an entry as to consecration of David bp. of St. Asaph and Milo bp. of Llandaff).— -/« N° 10: 18th 'canitur de S. Elphego iii lc' (i.e. a vigil); 21st Anselmi archiep. Cant. De reliquiis ecclesie in alb. — Foreign entry in N° 6: 23rd Felicis Fortunati et Achillei. 2 On tkezist. — In N° 4 St. Anselm has a mere obit: 'Ob. pie memorie Anselmus arch.'; in N 03 5 and 6 the entry is: 'Anselmi arch.'; in N os 7 and 8 the feast is certainly liturgical, with the grading 'in albis'; for N° 10 see note on coll. iv and v. MAY CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XVC) DAY i 4-12. in a. 7, 8; in c. io, n. 87 BOS WORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 2 Athanasii ep. 3 (Inuentio s. crucis Inu. s. cruris F.j Euentii Theodoli Alex. Euent. et ( et Alexandri Theodoli 4 Athanasii ep. Inu. s. crucis Alex. Eu. et Theodoli 6 S. Johannis ante port, latinam 7 8 Uictoris m. Johannis ap. a. p. 1. Joh. ap. a. p. 1. 10 S. Gordiani et Epi- Gordiani et Epim. Gordianiatq.Epim. machi 1 2 S. Nerei Achillei et Ner. Ach. et Pancr. Ner. Ach. et Pancr. Pancratii 13 Dedic. eccl. S. Mariae 1 4 Uictoris Quarti et 404 mar. 16 Eueeniae v. "s.; Marci ev. : Et scae Aelfgife' 'See Aelfgyfe regine 19 p (DUNSTANI AREP. DuNSTANI AREP. F. 22 Potentiane v. 1 Potentianae v. 3 1 On the zznJ. — In later hand 'Sci ./Ethelberhti mr'. » On the 19/A.— In Ar. 155 after St. Potentiana comes: ' Et Sci DUNSTANI EPI'. The iniertion of Dunitan in the second place after Potentiana in a calendar of the Cathedral must at once arrest attention; and on examination this entry shews quite exceptional graphic features as com- pared with the ordinary work of the scribe, — the use of capitals whilst capitals are not used for Augustine or Elphege, and the use of a cedille as sign of abbreviation over 'epi' instead of a straight stroke. The exceptional history of this feast at Canterbury cathedral (see pp. 32-33, 63-64, above) seems to explain these exceptional features; I consider, then, that the entry of Dunstan formed no part of the calendar of Arundel MS. 155 as it first left the hands of the scribe; and I am there- fore disposed to assign this calendar to the last years of Lanfranc. On the assumption that the 88 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY 2 3 4-12. in a. 7, 8, 10. 4, 6-8, 10-12. viii lc 7, 11; com 10 ['virile', alia manti\ 4 Quiriaci 5. Dedic. Eccl. Christi 4. 6 4-12. iii R 7 ; xii lc 10; quasi in a. 11. 7 Johis. de Beverlaco 9. 8 9 Transl. Nicolai arch. 9. 10 4-12. iii R 7, 8, 10-12. 12 5-12. xii lc 7, 10-12. 13 14 16 Eugeniae 5. 18 de sco Dunstano 11. iii R 11. 19 Dunstani arep. 4-12. Ill 7, 8, 10-12. 6, 8. 22 Helene 9. entry of Dunstan belonged to the scribe's first concept, the date of the calendar would be some- what later. Of the precise circumstances, steps, date, of the decline or eclipse of St. Dunstan's cult in Canterbury cathedral we know nothing. Nor is it likely that after its revival these would be recorded. Osbern and Eadmer have indeed much to say as to Lanfranc's supernatural relations with his holy predecessor; but these later narratives cannot do away with the formal testimony of Lanfranc's own Constitutions than which nothing can be more positive and authentic. It is to be remembered that in those days the jus liturgicum resided in the individual bishop; and Anselm by his mere fiat could restore to honour the liturgical cult of Dunstan which Lanfranc, as hi! Constitutions shew, had ignored if not suppressed, L 89 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 25 Urbani pp. Aldhclmi ep. 26 f. augustini arep. Anglor. primi Germani ep. Felicis pp. Petronellae v. 28 3° 3 1 Col. Urbani pp. Agustini arep. >B Petronelle v. Urbani pp. Augustini arep. Germani ep. Petronellae v. I. Benedictions in Harl MS. 2892 (ff. 149* — i54 b ) for SS. Philip and James, { St. James apostle brother of the Lord', St. Philip apostle, Finding of Holy Cross, Vigil of St. Dunstan, St. Dunstan, and St. Augustine. Col. II. Missal of c. 11 20 omits italicized feasts; and adds 3rd Juvenalis, (20th) Kthelbert k. and mart. Col. III. Later additions: 4th Dedicatio aecclesiae xpi. Cantuariae; 9th Translacio sci Andr. ap.; 12th Obiit bone memorie JUNE BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 1 S. Nicomedis m. Nicomedis m. Nicomedis m. 2 S. Marcellini et Petri Marcellini et P etri Marcellini et Petri 3 Herasmi m. 4 Petroci cf. 5 Bonifatii ep. Bonefacii m. 6 Amanti ep. et Luci 8 Medardi ep. Audomari Bonifacii ep. Medardi ep. 90 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY 25 4-8, IO-I2. GRADING com 7, 10, 12. Oct. S.Dunstani 6-8, 1 1-12. in a. 7, 8, 10, 11. 26 4-12. Ill (?)7; II 8, 10-12. 28 4-12. iii R 7, 8, 10-12. 30 Felicis pp. 6. 3 1 5> 6, 9. Theobaldus q° (i. e. probably * cocus ' ; the margin is cut); 19th etSci Dunstani ep. (see note 2 page 8 8); 22nd Obiit pie memorie Ricardus Ambianensis episcopus; 25th Octave Sci Dunstani. Coll. IV Later entries in N° 10: 1 8 th de sancto Dunstano 3 lc. (i. e. and V. a vigil). — Foreign entries in N° 6: 1st Andeoli; 5th Juvi- niani lectoris; nth Maioli abb.; 14th VictorisetCorone; 20th Austregisili ep. JUNE CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY 1 6, 9. Oct Augustini 6-8, 10-13. 2 4, 6-13. Odonis arep. 4-8, 10-13. GRADING xii lc 7, 8, 10, 12, 13. com 7, 8, 13. II 7; in c. 8, 10-13. Ordinat. Thome 13. 9 (B. soc. que.) 8 6 and 9 (M. & Gildardi). Transl. Elphegi 4-8, 10-13. II 7, 8, 10-13. 'Sci W. Ebor. ar.' 13. 9* BOS WORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 Day 9 S.Primi et Feliciani Primi et Feliciani Primi et Feliciani 10 Ded. eccl. S. Maria e 1 1 Barnabae ap. Barnabe ap. Barnabae ap. 12 S.BasilidisCiriniNa- Bas. Cir. Nab. ct Bas. Cyr. Nab. et boris et Nazari Naz. Naz. 14 Basilii ep. 1 5 S. Eadburge v. Eadburge v. © 16 Cirici et Julitte Uiti et Modesti 17 Botulfi abb. 1 8 S. Marci et Marcel- Marci et Marcelli- Marci et Marcelli- liani ani ani 19 S.Geruasi etProtasii Geruasi et Protasii Geru. et Prothasii 20 2 1 Leothfredi cf. 22 F.Albani m. Albani m. Albani m. 23 S.Aetheldrythe v. Aetheldrithe v. Aetheldrythae v. V(igilia) Vigil 1 a Vigilia 24 F.Nativ.Joh.Bapt. Nativ.Joh.Bapt. ^ Nativ. Joh. Bapt. 26 Q fjohannis et Pauli Johannis et Pauli Johannis et Pauli (Salui m. Salui ep. 28 Leonis pp. Leonis pp. Leonis pp. Vigilia aposto- Vigilia Vigilia LORUM. 92 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY 9 4-9, 11-13. com 7, n-13. Transl. Edmundi arep. 10- xii lc 10; ct 1 1; iii R 12. 13- 10 Vigilia 13. 11 4-13. xii lc 7, 8; inc. 10, 11, 13 (13 also: xii lc). 12 4-13- com 7, 12; iii lc 8, 10, II. 14 Basilii ep. et cf. 6, 9. Viti et Modesti 12. 4-1 1, 13. com. 7, 11, 13. Oct. Elphegi 7, 8. 10-13. xii lc. 7, 11-13; iii R 10. 16 Ciriciet Julitte4,6-9, 11-13. (?) iii lc. 7; iii lc 8; ct. 11; com. 12, 13. Transl. Ricardi 10, 12, 13. xii lc. 10, 12, 13. 17 Botulfi abb. 5-8, 13. 18 4-13. iii lc 7, 8, 10-13. 19 4-13. iiilc. 7, 8, 10-13. 20 Transl. Edwardi r. et m. 9, III 12. 12, 13. 21 Siburgis v. 13. 22 4-13. xii lc 7, 8, 10-12. 23 4-13- iiilc 7> IO > "• 7, 8, 10, 12, 13. 24 4-13. II 7, 8, 10-13. 26 4, 6-13. cc. et 1 7; iii R 12. 4-8, 10-13. xn k 7> I2 > m *' 8> l°> H> I3» 28 4-13- in R 7> 8 > 10 ~ l 3' 7, 8, 10-13. 93 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL *SS DAY 29 F.PassioPetri prin- Aplor. Pbtri et cins apostolor. Pauli ►£ 30 F.DecollatioPauli Pauli ap. © Aplor. Petri Pauli Pauli ap. IT Col. I. Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892 (ff. 156* — i6i b ) for Transl. of St. Elphege, SS. Barnabas, Etheldreda, Vigil and Nativity of St. John Bapt., Salvius bp. & m., Vigil and feast of SS. Peter and Paul, alia benedictio de S. Petro ap., Commemoration of St. Paul. Col. II. Missal of c. 1120 omits italicized feasts; adds 15th Vitus m. Col. III. Later additions: 1st Oct. Sci Augustini xii lc; 2nd Odo- nis arep. (see p. 29 n. 1; the Bodl. MS. Add. C. 260 has at 2 June in small letters, black: * Odonis archiepi. Marcellini et Petri.'); 8th Translatio Sci Aelfegi arep.; JULY \_Wanting in N° 13] BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY I 2 (Trocessi et Mar- Processi et Mar- Suuythuni ep. S. \ tiniani tiniani (Swithuni Swithuni ep. ^ Processi et Marti- niani 3 Transl. Thomaeap. 4 Transl. Martini Ordinat. et Tr. Mart. Ord. et Tr. Mart. 94 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XVC) DAY 29 4-I3. 3° 4-i3- GRADING II 7, 8, 10, 11, 1 3 ; Gla. Credo Pref. 12. in a. 7, 8, 10, 11, 13. 9th Translacio S. Edmundi; 15th Oct. Sci Aelfegi; 1 6th Cirici et Julite matris eius, Translacio S. Ricardi ep. xii lc; 20th Translacio Sci Eduuardi prin.; 25th Sci. Amphibali sociorumque eius; 30th Sci Marcialis ep. et conf. Coll. IV Later entries in N° 7 : 5th Obit of Leonellus Power, 1445; and V. 1 6th Tanslacio Sci Ricardi ep. xii lc. ; 20th Translacio Sci Edwardi regis et mart. — Foreign entries in N° 6 : 1 st Reve- riani et Pauli ; 1 2th ' et Celsi ' added to Basilides etc. ; 20th Florentie v.; 22nd Consortie v. (in a later hand cent. xin). JULY CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY GRADING I 2 Oct. Joh. Bapt 5-8, 10-12. 4, 6-8, 10-12. • 4, 6- ■12. xii lc 7, 8, 10, 11. viii lc 7; xii lc 8, 10, 12; quasi in a. 11. com 10, 12. 3 4 Tr. Martini 5, 8. 9- xii lc 8. Ord. Martini 4, 6, 7, 10-12. xii lc 7, 10, 1 1 ; iii R 12. Hyrenei soc. que eius 7, 8, iii R 7, 8, 10, 12; com 11. 10, 11, 12. Oct. Apost. 1 1 . 95 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 6 (Oct. Apostolor. s. (Sexburge v. 7 Marine Aethelburgc v. 8 Grimboldi mon. Wihtburge 10 S.vii fratrum ilS.Transl. Benedicti abb. 13 s (Mildrythe v. '{Serapionis 14 15 ~ JDeusdedit arep. "{Trans. Swithuni 16 Berhtini abb. 17 Kynelmi m. 18 Oct. Apost. Sexburge v. Haedde ep. Grimbaldi cf. *b vii fratrum Tr. Bened. abb. Tr. Swithuni Kenelmi m. Eadburge v. 8 [Oct. Apost.] Sexburge v. vii fratrum Tr. Bened. ab. Mildrythe v. Tr. Swythuni ep. Kenelmi m. 20 Margarete Wulfmari 2 1 S. Praxedis v. 22 Uuandregisili abb. Wulfmari cf. Margarete v. Praxedis v. Wulmari cf. Margaretae v. Praxedis v. 23 S.Uincentii et Apol- Apollonaris m. lonaris Apollonaris ep et m. 1 At the 22nd Ar. 60 has in a ilightly later hand: Marii Magd. Wandregisle cf. * At the 6th an erasure In Ar. 1555 the first letter was seemingly O; doubtless of Oct. Apoit* 96 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS {XII-XV C) DAY 6 Oct. Apost. 4, 6-10, 12. xii lc 7, 10, 11; Gla. Credo Pref. iii R 12. 5, 6, 8. iii lc 8. De S. Thoma 11. iii R de hystoria 1 1. 7 Transl. Thome 7-12. Ill 7, 8, 10-12. 8 Grimbaldi 4-8, 10-12. iii R 7; com 10. Transl. Witburge 9. 10 4-12. iii lc 7, 12. n 4-12. II 7, 8; in c. 10, 11; III 12. 13 4-8,10-12. xii lc 7, 10, 12; quasi in a. 11. 14 Oct. Thome 7, 8 10-12. in a. 7, 11, 12; xii lc 8, 10. 15 Deusdedit arep. 7. 9- 16 Divisio apostolorum 12. 17 9. 18 l Oct. Benedicti 6-8, 10-12. xii lc. 7, 8, 10-12. Arnulphi ep. et m. 9. 20 4, 6-8, 11, 12. com. 7, 12. 4-12. xiilc. 7, 8, 10, 12; quasi in a. 11. 21 4-12. iii lc. 7, 10, 11. Wandregisili abb. 8. 22 Marie Magd. 4-12. in a. 7, 8, 10, 12. Wandregisili cf. 4, 6, 7, com 7, 12. 11, 12. 23 4, 6-12. xii lc. 7; iii R 10-12. 1 From the 18th to the end of the month N° 8 by mistake enter* the feasts one day too early (e.g. Oct. S. Bened. at 17th). 97 M BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 24 25 p (Jacobi ap. (Cristophori m. 27 Septem dormien- tium 28 Samsonis 29S.Felicis Simplicii Faustini et Bea- tricis 3oS.Abdonis et Senilis 3 1 Germani cf". Col. Cristine v. Vigilia Jacobi ap. ^ Christophori m. vii dormientium Samsonis ep. Pantaleonis m. Fel. S. Faust. B. Abdon et Sennen Jacobi ap. Christophori m. vii dormientium Pantaleonis m. Samsonis ep. Fel. S. Faust, et B. Abdon et Sennes Germani ep. I. Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892 (ff. i62 a — 165") for St. Swithun, Oct. of SS. Peter and Paul, Translation of St. Benedict, SS. Mildred and James ap. Col. II. Missal of c. 1120 is defective from 17th to 22nd July; omits feasts italicized; adds 1st Vigil of St. Swithun, 31st Germanus cf. Col. III. Later additions: 1st Octave Sci Johannis; 3rd Translatio Sci Thome ap.; 5th Sci Yrenci sociorumque eius, Octave Apostolorum xii lc; 7th Translacio Sci Thome mar.; 8th Sci Grimbaldi conf.; 13th Silee apostoli; 14th Oct. Sci Thome; 1 8th Oct. Sci Benedicti (a later hand adds the grading 'in alb.' found in no other MS.); 22nd Mariae Magdalenae, Wandregisili abb; 24th Scae Chri- stine v. et mar. ; 3 1 st Sci Neoti abb. AUGUST BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 1 Passio Machabe- orum Ad uinc. S. Petri Ad uinc. S. Petri 98 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII -XV C) DAY 24 Cristine v. et m. 4- 12. Ic iii. 7, 10, 11. Vigilia 8, ] [O-12. 25 4-12. in a. 7, 8; in c. 10-12 et Cucufatis 4, 6- •9> 12. 1 com. 7, 12. 27 5-12. iii lc. 8, 12; com. 10. 28 4-12. 9 29 4, 6-12. iii lc. 7, 8, 10-12. iii lc. 7, 8, 10-12. 30 4-12. iii lc. 7, 8, 10-12. 31 4-12. iii lc. 7, 8, 10-12. Neoti abb. 4, 5, 7, 8, 10-12. com. 7. Coll. IV L«/f r entries in N° 7 : 1 6th Translatio S. Osmundi ep. and V. et conf., com.; 21st an entry as to the battle of Shrews- bury; 23rd Obitus dompni J. Sarysbury; 26th Anne matris Marie. — In N° 10: at 5th * iii R' is altered to f com. hie canitur de a ', at 6th 12 lc. of Oct. Apost. is altered to f canitur de S. Thoma'(=a Vigil. Thus, on the institution of a vigil for the Translation of St. Thomas, Oct. Apost. was transferred to the 5th and Irenaeus re- duced to a commemoration); 22nd Wandregisili abb.; 25th Cristofori et Cucufatis com. Foreign entries in N° 6: 2 1 st Victoris soc. que; 28th Nazarii et Celsi. 1 At the z$th in 11 by a later hand: 'Anne in cappis aids'. AUGUST CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY i 4-13. . in a. 7, 8, 10-13. 99 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY Petri ad 1 [uinc] Machabeorum Machabeorum Athelwoldi ep. 2 S. Stephani ep. Stephani pp. Stephani pp. 3S. Inuentio corporis Inu. Steph. protom. Inu. corporis Steph. Stephani protom. protom. 5 S. Osuualdi r. et m. Oswaldi r. et m. Osuualdi r. et m. 6 S. Syxti ep. Felicissi- Fel. Sixti et Agap. Syxti Fel. et Agap. mi et Agapiti 7 Donati ep. Donati ep. et m. 8 S. Cyriaci m. Ciriaci m. Cyriaci m. 9 Vigilia Vigilia Vigilia 10 F. Laurentii Ar- Laurentii m. >J< Laurentii archi- chi DlACONI diaconi 1 1 S. Tiburtii m. Tiburtii m. Tyburtii m. 13 S. Yppoliti m. He (Eusebii prb. ' (Vigilia Ypoliti m. Eusebii cf. Yppoliti m. Eusebii prb. Vigilia Vigilia 15 F.Assumptio San- Sanctae Mariae Assumptio San- CTAE MARIAE Assumptio >J« ctae Mariae 1 7 S. Octauas Laurentii Oct. Laurentii Oct. Laur. leuitae 18 S. Agapiti m. Agapiti m. Agapiti m. 19 Magni m. Magni m. 20 Ualentini 22 S.Timothei discipuli Pauli Tim. et Simphoriani Timoth. et Symph. 23 24 S. ( Sci Patricii seni- orisinGlaestonia' Audoeni cf. 1 On the 1st. — A piece of vellum has been pasted over the remainder of this entry. IOO CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY 7, 8, n-13. 2 4, 6-13. 3 4-*3- Nichod[emi] Gam [alielis] et Ab[ibon] 7. 5 4~9> "- x 3- 6 4) 6-13. 7 4-13- 8 4-13. 9 7i 8 > ".> I2 > l 3* Romani m. 9. 10 4-13. 11 4-12. 13 4-13- 14 4, 6-9, 1 1-12. 7> I2 > *3* *5 4-i3- 17 4, 6-13. 18 4-13. 19 4-i3- 20 22 4-8, 10-13. Oct. Mariae 4, 6-13. 23 Vigilia 7, 8, n-13. 1 Timothei 9. 24 Audoeni 4. * For the vigili of the 9th 14th and 23 rd in N° 10 see the note on Column IV. IOI com 7, 11-13. iiilc 7, 8, 10, 11, 13. xii lc 7, 8, 10, 12, 13; quasi in a. 11. xii lc 7, 8, 11-13. iii lc 7, 8, 10-13. iii lc 7, 8, 10-13. iii lc 7, 8, 10-13. in a. 7, 8, 10-12; in a. s. 13. iii lc 7, 8, 10-12. iii lc 7, 8, 10-13. com 7, 8, 11, 13. * iii lc iii R', 7. Ill 7, 8, 10-13. com 7, 10, 11, 13; iii lc 8, 1 2. com 8, 10-13; iii lc 8. com 7. 10-13; i" 1° 8. com 7, 12. in. a 7, 10; in a. a. 11, 13. BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 25 F.Bartholomei ap. 1 Bartholomei ap. 1 [Bartholomei ap.] 2 [Audoeni arep.] 26 27 Rufi m. Rufi m. Hermetis m. 3 28 S. Hermetis m. Agustini magni Augustini magni ep. Hermetis m. 29 (Dbcollatio Joh. Decolat. Joh. Bap. Decoll. Joh. Bapt. F.j Bapt. (Sabine Sabine v. Sabinae v. 30 S.Felicis et Adaucti Fel. et Adaucti Fel. et Adaucti 31 S.Aidani ep. Pauli ep. Col. I. Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892 (ff. 165* — I72 b ) for St. Peter's Chains, * Ben. eodem die natale sanctorum Machabeorum et sancti Aethelwoldi episcopi' (it hence appears that the feast of St. Ethelwold had been adopted before the Conquest at Canterbury cathedral, or at least some commemoration of this Winchester saint was made at Mass and doubtless at office), Invention of St. Stephen, Vigil of St. Laurence, Laurence, Vigil of Assumption, Assumption, Audoen, Bartholomew, Augustine, Be- heading of St. John Baptist. Col. II. Missal of ' c. 1120 omits italicized feasts. 1 On th* z$th. — The entry of Bartholomew in B is partially erased. ' On tht x\th and 25//;. — These two names in Ar. 155 are on erasures, the initial 'Sci' of the original scribe remaining in both entries. The case has been dealt with in some detail p. 73 a, x tupra. In calendar 4 'Audoeni' is found, as shewn in Column IV, at both the 24th and 25th. 8 On the 27th. — This is a displacement in Ar. 60; the 28th is the feast day of St. Hermes and to appears in the missal of c. 11 20 as well as in the two earlier Winchester calendars (Vitellius tnd Titut). 102 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY 4-13. II 7; in c. 8, 10-13. 4-8, 10-13. II 7; in c. 8, 10-12; in c. a. 13. 26 Sci Bregwini arep. 13. 27 4-13. iii R 7, 10, 12, 13. 28 4-13. II 7; in c. 8, 10, 12, 13; in c. s. 11. 4, 6-8, 10-13. com 7, 11. 29 4-13. in a. 7, 8, 10-12; in a. s. 13. 6-8, 12. com 7. 30 4-13. iiilc 7, 8, 10-13. Col. III. Later additions: 2nd Translatio Sci Albani mr.; 20th Bernardi abbatis Clarcuallensis; 2 2d Oct. S. Mariae in alb. Coll. IV Later entries in N° 10: 1st Machabeorum com.; 9th vig. and V. canitur ad mandatum; 14th vig. canitur de Sea Maria cum miserere; 23rd vigilia canitur ad mandatum (these are the Vigils of St. Laurence, Assumption, and St. Bartholomew). — Foreign entries in N°6: istEusebii; 6th Transfiguratio Domini; 8th Largi et Smaragdi; nth Taurini; 13th Oct. Transfigurationis, Radegundis re- ginae; 20th Philiberti abb.; 25th Genesii et Genesii Aredii; 27th Cesarii ep. 103 SEPTEMBER BOSWORTH DAY i Prisci m. ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 Prisci m. Prisci m. 2 3 4 Marcellini ep. Transl. Birini et Cuthberhti ep. 5 Berhtini cf. Berhtini abb. 8 [Nativitas San- Nativ. S. Mariae ►£« F.j ctae Mariae (Adriani m. 9 S.Gorgonii m. Gorgoni m. 10 Transl. Athelwoldi ep. 1 1 S. Proti et Jacinthi Proti et Jacincti 13 S. 14 fExaltatio Sanctae Exalt. S. Crucis Crucis Cornelii et Cipri- Corneli Cipriani ani 15 S.Nicomedis m. Nicomedis m. 1 6 S.Lucie 1 et Gemini- Eufemie ani Lucie et Geminiani 1 7 Landberhti m. i9S.Theodori arep. Anglorum 20 Vigilia Vigilia 1 On the \%th. — The 'i' of *Lucie' is interlined in B. Tr. Cuthberhti et Byrini ep. Bertini abb. Nativ. S. Mariae Gorgonii m. Proti et Jacincti m. Exalt. S. Crucis Corneli et Cypriani Nicomedis m. Euphemie Luce et Geminiani Landberhti ep.et m. Vigilia 104 SEPTEMBER CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY i 4, 5> 7, 8, 10-13. Egidii 4-13. 2 Antonini 9. 3 Ordinatio Gregorii 4-13. 4 Tr. Cuthberti 9. 5 4-13- 8 4-13. Adriani m. 4, 6-8, 10-13. 9 4-13. 10 GRADING com 7, 1 o, 1 2 ; 'cant, et lectio' 1 1 . xii lc 7,8,1 0,12; quasi in a. 11; xii lc. q. i. a. 13. Il7,8,i2;inc. io,n;inc.a. 13. xii lc 7, 8, 10-13. II 7, 8, 10, 12. com 7, 8, 10, 11, 13. com 7, 10,13; 'co.iii R' 12. xii lc 7, 8, 10-13. com 7. 10, 13. Oct. Gregorii 6-8, 10-13. 11 4-13. 13 Transl. Augustini 4-8, 10 xii lc 7, 8, 11-13. -13- H 4-13- 4, 6-8, 10-13. 15 4, 5> 7> 8, 10-13. Oct. Mariae 6-8, 10-13. 16 4-8, 10-13. in a. 7, 8, 10, 13; viii lc 12; xii lc 13. viii lc 7; com (?) 12; cc 13. com 7, 11-13. xii lc 7, 10, 11, 13. iii R 7, 8, 10-13. 17 4-13- iii R 7, 8, 10-13. 19 Theodori arep. 4-8, 10-13. x " k 7)8, 10,1 1,13; iii R 12. 20 7, 8, 11, 12. 1 1 On the zoth. — For this vigil in N° 10 ice the note on Col. IV. N 105 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 5 1 5 DAY 2 1 F. Mathei ap. et ev. Mathei ap. et ev. *fr Mathei ap. et ev. 22 S-Mauriciicumsociis Mauricii c. soc. suis vi milibus. DC. Ixvi 23 Tecle v. 24S.Conceptio Johan- Cone. J oh. B apt. nis Bapt. 25 S.'Sci Ceolfrithiabb. in Glaestonia' Firmini m. 2 6 c Sc or. Cipriani et set. Justine v.' 27 S- Cosme et Damiani Cosme et Damiani 29 F-DeDIC. BASILICAE MlCHAELIS ARCH- S. MlCHAELIS ANG. »J« ^Hieronimi prb. Hieronimi prb. Mauricii c. s. suis Cone. Joh. Bapt. 30 Col. Col. Col. Cosmae et Damiani MlCHAHELIS ARCH. Hieronimi prb. Honorii arep. Anglorum I. Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892 (ft. 173* — 179*) for Vigil and feast of Nativ. of B. V., Exaltation of Holy- Cross, Vigil and feast of St. Matthew, St. Michael archangel, and St. Jerome. II. Missal of c. 1 120 omits saints italicized; and adds 7th Vigil of Nativity of B. V. and 8th St. Adrian. III. Later additions: 1st Egidii conf.; 3rd Ordinatio Sci Gregorii pape; 8th Adriani mr.; 9th Sci Audomari ep. OCTOBER BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAT I Remedii 106 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY in a. 7, 8,; in c. 10, n, 13; Gla. Cr. Pref. 12. xii lc 7 (?), 8, 10, 12, 13; quasi in a. 11. 21 4-13- 22 4-13- 23 24 Tecle v. 9. 5- 25 26 Firmini ep. 9. Cipriane et Justine 9. 27 29 4-13- 4-13- 30 4-13- Honorii arep. 7. xii lc 7, 8, 10-13. 117,8,10-13 (later hand III 13). xii lc 7, 8, 10, 12; in c.s. 11; in c. xii lc 13. Teruannensis; 10th Oct. S. Gregorii; 13 th Translatio Sci Augustini; 15th Oct. S. Mariae; 19th Theodori archiep.; 25th Sci Firmini Ambianensis ep. et martiris. Coll. IV Later entries in N° 10: 7th canitur de S. Maria (=a and V. vigil); 20th canitur ad mandatum(= for vigil). — Foreign entries in N° 6\ 4thMarcellim.; 7thEvurtiiep.; 9thDoro- thei; 16th Valerii, Nichomedis; 24th Andochii Tyrsi etFelicis; 28thExuperi ep. etc.; 30th Victoris et Ursi. OCTOBER CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY I IO7 BOSWORTH DAY ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 Germani Remigii Uedasti Remigii Ved.Gcrm. 2 Eleutherii Quirilli 3 Uictoris 4 6 Leodegari m. Lcodegarii ep ct m. 7 S. Marci pp. Marci pp. Marci pp. 9& 10 11 12 13 14S. r 5 16 17 18 S. 19 Iwigii cf. Dionisii Rustici ct Dionis. Rust, ct El. Dionisii ep. Rust. Eleutherii prb. et Eleutherii diac. Paulini hrofensis Paulini ep. ep. Uuilfrithi ep. Uuilfridi ep. Calesti pp. Kalesti pp. Nothelmi arep. Lucae ev. Aetheldrithe v. Luce ev. Justi m. Calisti pp. Lucae cv. 108 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL CALENDARS {XII-XV C) DAY Germ. Rem. Ved. 6. GRADING Germ. Remig. 4, 5, 7-9. Remig. Germ. 10-13. 4, 6-13. Thome Heref. ep. 11- 13. Francisci cf. 9, Fidis v. et m. 4-13. Transl. Hugonis ep. 10-13. 4j 6-8, 10, 12, 13. Marci et Marcelli 9. Osithe v. 4-8, 10-13. 4-13- 10 Paulini ep. 4-8, 10-13. 11 Nicasii soc.que 4, 6-13. 12 Wilfridi ep. 4-13. 13 Transl. Edwardi reg. 10-13. 14 4-13- 15 Wulfranni 9. 16 Michaelis archang. 4. 17 18 4-13. iii R 7. iii R 10, 11, 13. iii R 7,8, 10; 'cant' 1 1 ; com 12. xii lc 12, 13. iii R 7, 8; viii lc 1 1 ; com 12. xii lc io, 12; quasi in a. 1 1. cc 7; cc et lc 10, 12. xii lc 7, 8; viii lc 10, 11. xiilc7, 8, io j I2 ) J 3; quasi in a, 11. xii lc 7, 8, 10-13. iii R 7, 8, 10-13. II 7;inc.8,io,n,i3;inc.a. 12. III 10-13. iii R 7, 8, 10-13. xii lc 7, 8, 10; in c. s. 11; in c. 12; in c. xii lc 13. 19 Dedic. Eccl. S. Martini de Dovore 8. 109 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 21 Hilarionis cf. 22 Philippiet Eusebii 2 4 25 Crispini et Crispi- Crisp, tt Crispiniani Crisp, et Crispini- niani ani 26 27 Gagi Vigilia Vigilia Vigilia 28 F.Passio Aplor. Si- Ap. Simonis et Ju- Ap. Symonis et MONIS ET JUDAE DE j% JuDAE 30 Januarii • 31 S.Passio Quintini m. Quintini m. Quintini m. Vigilia Vigilia Col. 1. Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892 (ff. i79 b — 183^) for SS. Denis and Companions, Luke ev., Vigil and feast of SS. Simon and Jude, St. Jude, and Vigil of All Saints. Col. II. Missal of c. 11 20 omits italicized feasts; adds at 7th Marcellus and Apuleius to Mark, at 8 th Vigil of St. Denis etc., and at 16th Octave of St. Denis etc. Col. III. Later additions: 2nd Sci Thome ep. xii lc; 6th See Fidis v. et mr., Translacio Sci Hugonis ep. xii lc; 7th Osythae v. et mr.; 10th Paulini ep. et cf.; nth Nicasii socio- rumque eius; 12th Sci Wilfridi ep. et cf.; 21st Ordi- natio Sci Dunstani arep. no CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XVC) DAY 21 Ordinate S. Dunstani 4-8, II 7, 8 10-13. 10-13. 22 xi milium virg. 9. 23 Romani arep. 9. 24 Felicis ep. 9. 25 4) 6-13. in R 7, 10-13. 26 Cuthberti arep. 5. Celebratio Oct. S. Dunstani 11. 27 28 7, 8, 11, 12. 4-13. 30 3 1 4-13- 7, 8, 10-13. in a. 7, 8; in c. 10, 11, 13. iii R 7, 8, 10 11, 13. Coll. IV Later entries in N° 7 : 2nd Sci Thome Herefordens. x [ii and V. lc] ; 6th Translacio Sci Hugonis x [ii lc] ; 13th Trans- lacio S. Edwardi reg. et confess.; 19th S. Frideswyde virginis xii lc quasi in albis. — In N° 10: Sci Tho. ep. et confess, viii lc; 26th Oct. Sci Dunstani; 27th Vigilia. — Foreign entries in N° 6: 7th Sergi et Bachi; i3thGeraldi; 19th Aquilini; 20th xi mil. virg.; 23rd Leothadii ep. et cf., Theodorici m.; 29th Teuderii cf. Ill NOVEMBER BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY i F.Celebratio Om- Sollempnitas nium Sanctorum Omn. SS. fj< 2 Rumwaldi cf. Omnium Sancto- rum Cesarii m. Eustachii cum soc. Eustachii soc. que eius Rumwaldi cf. Byrnstani ep. 4 Pcrpetuae v. 6 8 S.iiii Coronatorum Quattuor Coron. 9 S.Theodori m. Theodori m. ioS.Justi arep. Anglo- rum 11 p (Martini ep. Martini ep. £< '(Menne m. Menne m. 13 S- Bricii ep. Bricii ep. 15 Secundi Mahloni cf. 16 Augustini Quinque Corona- torum Theodori m. Martini ep. Mennae m. Bricii ep. 112 NOVEMBER CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XV C) DAY i 4-13. II 7, 8; III 10-13. 2 4-8, 10-13. i" R 7> 8> 10-13. Commem. fidelium 10. Commem. animarum 9, 13. 3 Vulganii cf. 4-8, 10-13. xii lc 7, 8, 10, 12; quasi, in a. 4 11; xii lc quasi in a. 13. 6 Leonardi 4-8, 10-13. xii lc 7, 10, 12; quasi ina. 11; xii lc. quasi in a. 13. 8 (Quatuor) 4-13. iii R 7, 8, 10-13. iii R 7, 8, 10-13. II 7; inc. 8,11,13; xiilc 10,12. com 7, 11, 12. xii lc 7,8,10,12,13; viii lc 11. 16 Ordinatio Elphegi 4-8, in a. 7, 10-13. 10-13. Aeluriciarep.etcf. 6^7,8, 12. com 7. 1 OntheiGtb. — In N° 6 the entry is 'i^Elfrici anchor.' It is probable that the writer of the calendar here made some confusion between the archbishop and /Elfric the hermit of Haselbur/ Bryan in Dorsetshire who in the second half of the twelfth century seems to have enjoyed a more than local repute. He died about half a century before the calendar was written. But there can be no doubt that the archbishop, not the anchorite, is intended to be designated at this day whatever be the mistake of the scribe. "3 9 IO 4-i3- ii *5 4-13- 4, 6-8, 10-13. 4-8, 10-13. Macuti ep. 9. BOSWORTH DAY 1 8 Romani m. et Ba- rali pueri 20 21 Gelasii pp. ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 Aniani ep. Oct. Martini Eadmundi reg. et m. Eadmundi reg. et m. 22 S. Ceciliae v. Cecilie v. 23 F. Clementis pape Clementis M. >J| 24 S. Crisogoni m. 2 5 Crisogoni m. 26 29 IO > I2 > quasi in a. 11, 13- 20 4-7, 1 9-13. xii lc 7, 10-13. 21 Oblatio S. Marie 4, 6-8, 11 in c. 11, 12; 'in c. iii R' 13; -13- (7, 10 illegible) 22 4-8, 10-13. xii lc 7, 8, 10-13. 23 4-9, 11-13. xii lc 7,8,12; quasi in a. 11,13. 4, 6-8, 13. com 7. 24 4-I3-. iii R 7, 10-13. 25 Katerine v. et m. 4-13. xiilc 7, 8, 10, 12; quasi in a. n; 'xii lc al.' 13. 26 Lini 9, 13. 29 4-13- 7, 8, 10-13. iii R 7, 11, 13. 30 4-13- II 7, 8, 11-13; III 10. 19th Ronani ep. et conf.; 21st Oblacio See Marie; 25th Katerinae virg. (and in a yet later hand 'in capp.') :«•' Coll. IV Later entry in N° 7: 25th a later grading 'in capp.' is and V. given for St. Catherine, found elsewhere only in a late addition to N° 3. — Foreign entries in N° 6: Lantini ab., Cesarii Benigni Valentini et Hylarii ep.; 7 th Austre- - monii ep. et cf.; 8th Oct. Omnium SS.; 16th Eucherii ep.; 17th Gregorii cf.; 19th Odilonis ab.; 26th Petri ep. et m.; 27th Vitalis et Agricolae. 1 On the 20th. — In N° 8 there it a displacement of the entriei of the 20th to the 25th; Edmund k. and m. it omitted and the feaits of the zi»t to the 25th are entered at the 20th to the 24th. "5 DECEMBER [1-19 Dec. wanting in N° 10] BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY i Candidac v. Crisanti et Darie v. 2 3 4 5 6 7 S. Oct. Andreae ap. Oct. Andree 8 Claudii Felicis Delfini Trofimi Dep. Birini ep. Benedicti abb. NlCOLAI EP. Byrini ep. Transl. Bened. abb. Oct. Andreae ap. 10 1 1 13 S.Luciae v. Oct. Birini Damasi pp. Lucie v. Judoci cf. © 14 Spiridionis ep. 1 6 Uictoris et Uicto- riae Maximi prb. Damasi pp. Luciae v. Judoci 20 Vigilia 2 1 F.PassioThomae ap. Thome ap. © Thomab ap. 23 Syxti et Apollona- ris 24 Vigilia Dni. nri. Vigilia Vigilia NATALIS 116 DECEMBER CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL GRADING CALENDARS (XII-XVC) DAY I Crisanti et Dariae 6. Regressio S. Thomac n. in a. a. n. 2 Regressio S. Thomae de e- in c. a. 12; in c. 13, xilio 12, 13. 4 6. 5 6 Nicolai ep. 4-9, 11-13. 1 A. 6-Q. I I.-I1. in i.s. II, 13. ._ a. 7, 8, 12; in a. 7 4, 6-9, 11-13. xiilc 7, 8, 12. 8 Conceptio S. Marie 4, 7, 9, in c. 11; * in c. a. iii R' 13. 11-13. 10 Eulaliae 9. 11 4> 5> 7-9> H-I3- 13 4-9, 11-13. 4, 7, 8, 11, 12. Eadburge 4, 7, 8, 11-13. 14 15 16 Barbare v. 5-9, 11- 13. 20 7, 8, 10-13. 21 4-13. 23 24 7, 8, 10-13. com 7, 12; iii R 11 13. xii lc 7, 8, 11, 12. com 7, 11, 12. com 7, n-13. com 7, 13; iii R 12. II 7; in c. 10, 11, 13. 1 17 BOSWORTH ARUNDEL 60 ARUNDEL 155 DAY 25 (F.) JNativitasDni. Nativ. D. n. J. C.»5< Nativ. Dni. JAnastasiae 1 26 F. Stephani protom. Stephani protom.© Stephani protom. 27 'A' 3 JOHANNIS EV. ^ JOHANNIS AP. ET EV. 28F.Necatio Infan- Innocentum »i< Innocentum TIUM 3 ' 29 31 S.Siluestri pp. Siluestri pp. Col. I. Benedictions in Harl. MS. 2892 (ff. i89 a — 190*, 126* — 1 29 s1 ) for St. Birinus. (see what is said as to St. Ethelwold at 1 Aug. above), Conception of B. V. ,Lucy, Thomas ap., Stephen, John ap. et ev., Innocents, Silvester. A later hand has added in the margin at f. 129 s : * Benedictio de sanctoThoma [that is, the archbp.] sumatur de sancto Aelfego que est post Annuntiationem Dominicam.' Col. II. Missal of c. 1120 is imperfect for 24th to 28th; omits italicized feasts; adds 8th 'Conceptio sanctae Mariae', 31st Silvester. — Before the mass of ' Dep. S. Byrini ' is 1 On the 2$th.— Possibly in another hand. ' On the 2jth. — The feast of St. John has been erased in B; the letter 'A* with which the entry began alone remains with (as at 25th) a trace of the feast designation *F\ 3 On the $oth. — In Ar. 155 this £r«patC c& Mjplb rynu. *£*" ^ 7 ^ b ^ tn marginalia, when revived by a chemical re-agent, lead quite clearly as given here. Of course it is to be unde;\-tood thai this diagram anJ those given below are only intended to show the arrangement of the entries in the MSS., and are in no sense facsimiles thereof, !39 Wulfelm entry are interpolations by a second hand; the Latin Dunstan entry at the foot of the page is added by yet a third hand. There is an erasure under the words 'hie ob', at the beginning of the last line of the page, in which the scribe who wrote the Anglo-Saxon marginalia has written the Latin version of the part relating to Wulfelm. The script erased was in red ink, and appears to have been a date, of which the figures ' xx ' are still decipher- able. If we turn the leaf the next page (f. 56 B.) begins with two year-indications on the same line, written thus: — * dcccc[xx]yj. 1 dccccxxvij.', and at this entry of two years are to be found the items referring to Gudhfridh and to Wulfelm that appear in only one other MS., and then under the year 927 alone. 3 In view, then, of the date of even the original script and of the presence of these interpolations, Text F. cannot be relied on as independent evidence of the birth of St. Dunstan, for the information it gives might have been derived from the scribe's fellow-monk of Christ Church, Osbern himself. There remains only the ' ancient Anglo-Saxon Paschal Table, preserved in the Cotton MS., Caligula A. 15', fF. i32 b -i 33*. This was also a MS. of Christ Church, Canterbury. The Paschal Table stretches across both pages,(f. I32 b andf. I33 a )and chronicle- notes have been entered in a blank column on the right-hand page a (f. 1 33 a )- It begins with the year of St. Dunstan's death, a. d. 988, and in the blank column on the right-hand page the first chronicle entry is ' Her fordhferde See Dunstan arceb. ' 4 Up to a. d. 1076 the ordinary chronicle-notes are all in one hand, and as far as a. d. 1058 are all written d'un seuljet. The scribe deals almost exclusively with the succession of Archbishops of Canterbury and their journeys to Rome, and with the accessions of the kings of England. The entry, recording at a. d. 925 the birth of St. Dunstan is not part of the regular chronicle-entries 3 and is in a hand which does not elsewhere appear. It runs in 1 The 'xx' in the MS. was omitted and is written in above the rest of the text. » i.e. in Text E. [MS. Bodl. Laud. 636J. In text D. [Cott. Tiber. B. iv.] there is a long list of events ascribed to the year 926 only. Cf. Thorpe; op. cit.\ vol. i. p. 199. 3 Liebermann; (op. cit, p. 3, note a.) has already pointed out that ' Diese Eintragung steht Uber dem Schema.' 4 The second word is 'fordhferde' as here given. By an oversight, not discovered until the plate had been made, the 't' was omitted in the diagram. I4O a curving Fine along the top margins of ff. 132* and 133* and straight down the edge of the right-hand margin of f. 133% regardless of the symmetry of the book, but following in irregu- lar fashion the arrangement of the calendar columns. Part of the entry has been cut off by the binder; what remains is arranged 'as follows : — On folio 132 b , fa btccc^v. #< H- — l i ._ ti ,_ iu. ccT>cur. ** '*• ""• "i- ■I - ■ . . 1 1 . 7711 On folio 133 *, 'V pa/ch * v hI. 7»M \Ov ptjonjeope pat./ /$, 'bvn/ra^jdyien.7 M H«p pop$»i»*«. 5** ^"Jto-n cipceb 9 4 -3 J The handwriting of this notice of birth is about contemporary with the original hand, i. e. between 1053 and 1076. But the whole entry is obviously a mere jotting, suggested perhaps by the 141 regular chronicle-notes, but certainly not part of the original scheme. It may have been more immediately suggested by the notice which is the first chronicle-note on the page. It is possible that it was made between a. d. 1060 and a. d. 1070, but it is just as possible it may be much later. At any rate it is unlike any other chronicle-note before 1053, is quite obviously an interpolation by some one other than the original scribe, and is made without regard to the character of the original work. The 'accepted date', then, for St. Dunstan's birth is accepted by modern writers chiefly on the authority of Bishop Stubbs. He found 'the first year of King ^Ethelstan' first fixed upon in Os- bern's Vita Sancti DuttStani, and reconciled its preciseness with the vagueness of the priest B. by assuming that both B. and Florence of Worcester meant 'was born' when they wrote 'oritur'; an un- warranted assumption. He sought for further support for his conclusions in 'two MSS. of the Chronicle' and in 'an ancient Anglo-Saxon Paschal Table.' But, when these last are examined, it is found that all three MSS. proceed from Osbern's monastic home at Christ Church, Canterbury, and that in all three the notices of St. Dunstan's birth are interpolations and no part of the original works in which they appear. Moreover, they date, one at least a century, 1 the others probably a century and a half after the event supposed to be recorded; and these interpolations were made not earlier than the time when Osbern was producing his Vita Sancti Dunstani^ the first life in which any precise date of birth is indicated. Osbern himself gives three divergent indications of the date of his hero's birth, only one of which agrees with that given unanimously in the three MSS. Finally Eadmer, another monk of Christ Church, known as a professed and careful historian, undertakes the writing of a life of St. Dunstan with the express purpose of correcting the errors of earlier biographers. Yet, though having Osbern particularly in view, he deliberately passes over the whole ques- 1 i. e. in Text A. It must be remembered how great is the difficulty of assigning even an approximate date to a piece of writing like this interpolation apart from any external indications. It is quite possible that the interpolation into A. may not date from the first half but, like the other two, may have been made in the second half of the eleventh century. 142 tion of the date of St. Dunstan's birth, which was, as we have seen, recorded in at least three MSS., besides Osbern's treatise,in the library of his own house. It would seem, then, that the objections to the date 925 as the year of St. Dunstan's birth, expressed by Mabillon and by Lingard for other reasons, find full justification in the very evi- dence which has been recently adduced in its support. It will appear, therefore, that there are no solid grounds for our accept- ance of the year 925 as that of the saint's birth, whilst, as I have already pointed out, it obviously involves us in a tangle of improbabilities. And, high as the authority of Bishop Stubbs justly stands as historian and critic, it is necessary to revise a judgement which has apparently misled later writers and to revert to the view of Mabillon that, c longe ante nunc annum' [925] ' Dunstanus in lucem editus erat'. When, exactly, he was born we have no positive evidence; 1 but, as he was ordained priest before a. d. 940, and by the Canon Law of the period that could not take place till he was at least thirty years old, the presumption is that his birth-date must be placed at least as early as a. d. 910. One point at least is certain. Unless the view of Bishop Stubbs on this matter be revised, the life of St. Dunstan must remain simply unintelligible to us. If this single difficulty, which is apparently due to the historians and not to the facts, be removed, the story of his life can be seen to be both rational and consistent with itself and with common-sense. 1 I do not propose to eater into the question, whether the sources of Osbern's statement were the entries in Caligula A. 15, or in Text A. or Text F., or whether any of these may have been due to Osbern himself, or indeed into the relations of these ' sources ' to one another. For I am of opinion that these questions can only be dealt with by way of conjecture that cannot be tested or verified. Such discussions must, in the present state of the evidence, end in a confession of ignorance, and can only divert our attention from the one question that is of importance, namely, what is the extent and character of the evidence that St. Dunstan was born in A. D. 925? LESLIE A. StL. TOKE H3 ADDENDA The tract on the calendar of the Bosworth Psalter has grown to be three or four times as long as the simple 'Consultatio' originally designed; and branches out into discussions that were not contemplated. It is therefore necessarily form- less; observations or details really connex are scattered here or there. It is hoped that the Index may in some measure remedy this defect. But there is a deficiency an index cannot make good. Now that the formal conclusion has been drawn in regard to the immediate subject of enquiry 'What is B?', and that the Table of Canterbury calendars is fixed, on looking over the completed tract I feel there might be just cause for exception, on perhaps more than one ground, did I not also make here an essay in dealing with that 'martyrological' element of our Anglo- Saxon calendars which has been more than once pointed to as the key of their history. I would gladly be content to refer to something sufficient already in print; but this is a matter which seems to have escaped the researches of those who have dealt with the antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church: and as I have made some progress in the enquiry for the purpose of the tract printed above, it seems a pity now to leave it to some one else in the future to go through all the same initial drudgery again in investigating this peculiarly dreary (sometimes, indeed, dazing) class of document. The subject will be dealt with here in as brief and statistical a manner as I can command. Such addition is a mere after-thought and has had to be penned, if I may so speak, in a rush; this is not satisfactory; but the need of going over the same ground again and again, as each document was again and again examined in its different aspects, has, I am led to hope, reduced the risk of at least serious error to a minimum. Moreover, since the greater part of the tract on the calendar of the Bosworth Psalter was in type, Dr. M. R. James has kindly sent full details as to the fragment of calendar in the Eton MS. 78 (see p. 69 n. i); and both Dr. James and Mr. S. C. Cockerell additional calendars of St. Augustine's. I do not know how to thank them better than by utilizing these communications at once. The subject-matter of these Addenda will thus be: A. The Martyrological Element in the Anglo-Saxon calendars; B. The Grouping of those of the tenth and eleventh centuries; C. The Calendar of St. Augustine's. The various martyrologies and calendars referred to are cited under the signs given in the following list. The dates are no more than an approximation. S H5 B= the calendar in theBosworth Psalter. Bc = Henschen-Papebroch's large type in their edition of the ' Martyrology of Bede', A A. SS. Boll. Mar. ii (the print used is that in the Praefationes etc. vol. i, Venet i 7+9). ' D= calendar in Bodl. MS. Digby 63 [end of cent. ix]. Do= calendar in Bodl. MS. Douce 296 [late cent. xi]. G as the Glastonbury calendar in TheLeo- fric Missal (Oxf. 1883) pp. 23-34. Ga = the metrical calendar in Cotton MS. Galba A xvm (' Athelstan's Psalter') ed. in R. T. Hampson, Mcdii Aevi Ka- lendarium I pp. 397-420 [compiled seemingly early cent. x]. Gell= the ' Martyrologium Gellonense' in d'Achery's Spkilegium; 1st ed. xm p. 388 seqq.; 2nd ed. 11 p. 25 seqq. [cent, viii.] J = calendar in Bodl. MS. Junius 29; a greatly abridged calendar used only for characteristic entries [' temp. Athel- stani' Wanley]. Ju= calendar in Bodl. MS. Junius 99 [la- ter part of cent. xi]. MH = the Martyrologium Hieronymi- anum edd. de Rossi and Duchesne, in A A. SZ. Bell. Nov. II; the three texts cited separately as Ept (St. Willibrord's MS.) early viii cent.; Wiss of the year 772; Bern late cent. viii. N= calendar in Cotton MS. Nero A 11 [? about 1 020-30; or earlier?] OEM=0/N)« 2 ) •* k. Feb. et trhtm juerorunt (companions of Babillus): — in MH; — in B, Be, Ga, Ju, Oeng, R, S, Sh, WV. 3) xi k. Mar. Policroni ep. et m.\ — a 'Policro- nus' at xiii k. in Eft (< nly); — in N at xi k ' Pollicarpi*. 4) iii id. Mar. Cyriaci diac.:— not in M H; — in Wo. 5) v id. Apr. Transitu: Mariae JEgyptiacae: — not in MH; — in D, Ju, R, S, Sh, Wo. 6) ii k. Maii et Sophiae: — not in M H; — in no other English calendar. 7) iii k. Jun. Felicis pp.:— not in M H;— in B, Do, Ju, R, S, V, Wo, N ? (see Lib. Pontif. ed Duchesne I, 154 n. 4). 8) iii non. Jun. Herasmi: — in M H Ept 'Erasmi'; Win, Bern 'Nerasmi'; — in Will ('Erasmi mar.'), B. 9) non. Jul. Marinae v.: — in Ept (only); — in B, Do, Ju, N, OEM, R. 10) id. Jul. et Florentii: — in M H;— in Ga. 11) xv k. Aug. Margaretae a 'modern' cult, which early gained popularity in England: — at 13 k. in B, Do. I48 of twenty items it will appear that only five (or perhaps six) are found in M H, whilst two occur in Ept (St. Willibrord's manuscript) only, but that several are found in one or other of our own earliest hagiographical records (Be, Ga, OEM, Oeng, Will, Y; or not infrequently N which although of late date is among the most archaic of the pre-Conquest calendars). We thus seem to get a glimpse of a possible insular tradition independent of the continental texts of M H, in addition to those Campanian elements special to Ept so conveniently brought into prominence by Mgr. Duchesne in the Prolegomena to M H p. ix. [b) THE CALENDAR OF SALISBURY MS. 150 (S) On perusing this calendar we are at once struck by the dissimilarity of its set of martyrological items from that of G; of the 179 in S. 45 only are found in G. And yet the two documents seemingly have their origin in the same region — South Somerset and North Dorset or South Wilts — and were drawn up in places not many miles distant from each other. They make quite a different start at 2 and 3 January: G with ' Isidori, 1 Macharii, Genovefae'; S with ' Sindani, 1 An- theri, Genovefae '. Of the martyrologies or calendars that have like S ' Sindani, Antheri ', the so-called ' Libellus annalis domni Bedae presbyteri ' (edited by Martene and Durand Thes. anecd. Ill 637 seqq. from a St. Maximin's MS.), seem- ingly a Treves compilation of the early years of the ninth century, covers, so far as I can find, a larger number of the items in S than any other, viz. 74, thus leaving a residue of 105 unaccounted for. But when S is confronted with the Breviate Gell this latter is found to cover 122 items whilst the full MH covers but 1 16. This raises a presumption that, different as S and G are in appearance so far as their mar- tyrological element is concerned, both may really derive from the same source, viz. the Breviate Gell. Ju, R, S, V, Wo. 12) vi id. Aug. Affrae: — at viii id. in M H and in Ept and Bern at vii id. also; — in OEM. 13) x k. Oct. 6666 companions of Maurice: — so M H Ept and Bern t andN; 6585 fViss; 5585 Gell; 6600 OEM; 666 Band S. 14) iii^non. Oct. Cristinacv.: — ■ not in M H; in D ('ini'), Ju, N, R, S, Sh. 15) iii non. Oct. et Sauinae: — not in M H; in no other English calendar. 16) xii k. Nov. Hilarionh anachor,: — not in M H; — in B, D, Do, Ga, Ju, N, OEM, S, WT, WV. 17) ii non. Nov. Perpetue v.: — [? as to M H — the name undistinguished in a list]; — Oeng ('conjux Petri'); — in B, D, N, S, Sh, V. 18) non. Nov, Felicis: — not in M H; — 'Felix prb. et Euseb. man.' Be; 'Euseb. mon.' Ga; 'Felicis et Eusebii' N, S. 20) non. Dec. Delfini: — not in M H; — in B. 1 These are both corruptions. The genuine reading, 'Antiochiae Syriae Doni', is preserved in one MS. only (Vat. Reg. 435, de Rossi's MS. N°. 35; see Prolegom. p. xxxvi). In Ept this becomes 'isiridoni', in Whs and Bern 'siridoni'. That common pitfall to continental scribes in the eighth century, the insular 'r', is the causa causans of both the 'Sindanus' and 'Isidore' of the martyrologies and calendars. At a much later date the same operating cause, this time at the hands of an insular scribe, produces in S at 1 Nov. 'cerani mar.' (i.e. the 'sacramentary' saint 'cesarius'). 149 A detailed scrutiny of the 57 martyrological items of S not found in Gell results in greatly diminishing, if not wholly removing, any difficulty in this respect. For it is found as follows: (1) Nine items are N os 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17 of the Residue of G examined above (sec p. 148 n. 2). (2) Eight arc cither ' Inventions' etc. not likely to be derived from any ordi- nary martyrology (22 Apr. Inv. of St. Denis, cf. de Rossi-Duchesne Prokgom. p. xv; 7 May, Inv. of the Holy Nails; 8 July Inv. of the body of St. Quintin (cf. Dom Quen'tin,p. 134); 24 Oct. 'sanctorum conciliorum et aliorum mille'; and ' 144,000' as the number of the Holy Innocents 28 Dec); or more or less obvious corruptions (7 June' Julianus' for 'Lucianus'; 9 June a 'Beatrix' added after Faustinus in imitation of the ' sacramentary ' feast of 28 July; 10 Sept. ' Gordiane ' for the Gorgonius of the 'sacramentary' feast of 9 Sept.) (3) The calendar of the Bodl. MS. Digby 63 (D), to be dealt with imme- diatclv, must here come into account as a ' source ' of martyrological entries in S. Eight such items occur in D and S alone among our English documents, and of these eight none are found in Gell and but one in MH. Of the connection, direct or indirect, of S with D there can therefore be no doubt. In addition,jftr items common to D and S, but occurring also in some one or other of our old English calendars probably came like the preceding eight into S from D. These are N os 1,9, 11, 12 and 14 of the ' Residue of D ', p. 151 n. 2 below. This would leave 27 items to be examined as the Residue of S, particulars of which are given in the footnote. Many items in the list are found in MH, and in this point the Residue of S stands in contrast to the Residue of G; but if this latter left doubt as to the existence of the 'independent insular tradition' spoken of above, the following examination of the Residue of S will, I think, tend to dispel it. ' 1 Residue of S. 1) iv non. Jan. Sindani (see above p. 149 n. 1). 2) iii id. Jan. Salui: — in MH; — in Be. 3) ix k. Feb. Sauine: — in Be ('Sabinae'; in M H a 'Sabin(i)us' at 8 and 7 k. Feb., and 'Sauini' at 7 k. in Gell). 4) vi k. Feb. '■Juliani fir.'; — in M H (' Julianae'); — in Ga ('Julianus'). 5) xiii k. Mar. Siluani: — in M H at 1 J and 12 k.; — in Oeng and Ga at 12 k. 6) v non. Mar. Floriani: — in M H; — in Oeng. 7) xv k. Apr. Timothei: — in M H; — in Oeng. 8) xii k. Maii Marcelli: — not in M H; — in B. 9) vi non. Maii Athanasii: — not in M H; —in Be, OEM;— in Ju, WT, WV. 10) kal. Jun, Teclae i\:— in M H;— in Will (in a hand later but seemingly of first half of cent, viii), Oeng, Ga (so the MS.; Hampson has 'Tutela'). 11) 6 k. Jul. Salui: — not in M H; — in B (see pp. 36-37 above). 12) 5 k. Jul. Simphorose cum i-iifiliis: — not in M H; (Oeng has 'seven brothers in Rome'); — in N. 13) ix k. Aug. Ixxxii mar: — in M H (lxxxiii; Ept reads ' Victoris et alior. lxxxiii'; Ga at this day has 'Victor miles'). 14, 15) iii non. Sept. Faterni et Feliciani: — not in M H; — in OEM with ' Aristomc (tec the editor's remark p. xi). 16) xi k. Nov. Flauiani: — in N (in M H the name occurs at ix and viii k.). 17, 18) x k. Nov. Crisanti et Daric. 19, 20) iii k. Nov. 'see Maxime et NicomcJu' . 21, 22) non. Nov. Felicis et Eutebii : — both at viii id. in M H Ept and If'iss, and in Bern 'Felix' only; — in Be 'Felix prb. Euseb. mon.', in Ga 'Euseb. mon.', in I50 (<:) THE CALENDAR OF BODLEIAN MS. DIGBY 63 (D) It is unnecessary at this point to consider the place or time in which this calendar had its origin. It is enough to say that the actual manuscript seems of a date earlier by at least two generations than that of the calendar in Salisbury MS. 150. The ' martyrological ' element alone of D concerns us at present. This consists of 88 items; 57 of them are found in the Breviate Gell but only 50 in the great original compilation M H. Of the 3 1 items not in Gell (1) Six are N 03 1, 2, 5, 14, 16, 17 of the Residue of G (see p. 148 note 2. above). (2) The following are the eight items mentioned above as occurring in D and S alone among our English documents, and (with one exception as regards M H) neither in MH nor Gell: v id. Mar. ' Gurdiani m.' (perhaps a corruption of ' Gorgonius' in MH and Gell at vi id.); ii id. Mar. Hilarii; 10 k. Apr. Albini; ii id. Jul. Dionisi et Hilarii; xvi k. Aug. 'Mariae v.' ('Marine' S); xvii k. Nov. cclxx M (this is the item in MH); and xv k. Nov. Justiniane. 1 This leaves 1 7 items to be accounted for as the Residue of D. On examina- tion the list given below 2 will be found only to confirm what has been said above N as S. 23) xvii k. Dec. Donati: — in M H. 24) xi k. Dec. Felicitatis m.\ — in M H at 16, 15, 9 k. (Felicitas is with Clement, a 'sacramentary' saint at ix k. Nov.; in M H, and in Oeng, Clement, but without Felicitas, is given at xi k. as well as at the true date ix k.). 25) xiv k. Jan. Secundi: — in M H Ept and Whs (not in Bern). 26) xiii k. Jan. Ignatii ep, etmx — in Ept (only) 'rom. depos. Zephirini epi et ignati mar.'; — in Oeng, Sh. 27) x k. Jan. Urbani: — in M H. 1 This full entry is 'iusti et iustiniane'; in S the second name is somewhat indistinctly given, but with D before us there can be no doubt what is meant, though it is possible the compiler of S may have had also before him at this point the entry 'Justi mart. Januarii' as in Gell. * Residue of D. 1, 2) vi k. Feb. Saturnini et aliorum xxx: — not in M H; — in N (but •xxii'), S ('Saturnini' only.) 3) ivk. Feb. Sauincv.: — not in M H ; — 'Sabine' at v k. in N. 4) iv id. Feb. et aliorum xxx (added to 'Alexandri, Ammonis') :— this can come seemingly only from a text of MH that is like Ept. 5) xvii k. Apr. Ciriaci:— in M H (in Whs and Bern 'iacae'); — in Be,Ga. 6,7) xvi k. Apr. 'Pancrati' and kal. Apr. i Venati' :— I cannot find either ('Pancrati* is probably a misreading for 'Patrici' which D by mistake gives at xvii k. Apr.) 8) xii k. Maii Petri diaconi:— -in M H at 15 k (so too in Oeng, G, Wo);— in Ju, R. 9) xvii k. Jun. Eugeniac:— not in M H ;— in B, Ju, N, S, Sh, Wo. 10) xiv k, Aug. Cristine v.:— in the Saint Gall MS. 915 of Gell (see M H edd. de R. and Duch. p. 93) ;— in Oeng, Ju, R. 15 1 in regard to the ' Residues ' of the two calendars already reviewed, and as to evidence of an early and independent insular hagiological tradition. (rf) THE CALENDAR IN COTTON MS. NERO D II As this calendar will be printed below detail may be spared here. But it is well to observe at once that, though of the eleventh century, it is full of archaisms and frequently associates itself (as the foregoing lists of 'Residues' shew) with the group above described as forming our earliest extant hagiological records. This is easily explained. It comes not merely from the most remote but from the most Celtic, backward, part of the country — the furthermost Wessex; and gives probably the type of calendar existing in Devonshire before Leofric, with his foreign education, took the Church of these parts in hand. And I see no sufficient reason for assigning it to that yet more Celtic land west of the Tamar Cornwall. Even the Glastonbury calendar (G) shews an advance in modernity and polish over S; but the calendar in the Nero MS. is of the old world indeed. Moreover, from the mere statistical point of view it differentiates itself also from G, S, D; its ' martyrological ' items are 138 in number, but of these only 68, that is less than half, are found in Gell, and in M H hardly more, 72; thus leaving (on our usual basis of Gell) 70 items to be accounted for. The print given below will afford means for further investigation to any one to whom such matters may appeal; but there are at all events two items to which attention ought to be called here. They occur in N only among our English documents and in the Epternach (St. Willibrord's) MS. of MH and its accompanying calendar (Will). These items are: ii id. Feb. ' Castrenensis m.' (at iii id Feb. in Ept * in vulturno castrensis '; in Will 'castrensi mar'), and iii k. Nov. ' Maximiani ' (in Ept * in comsa maximi'). Both belong to those Campanian items to which Duchesne (Prokgom. p. ix) has called attention as special to Ept. But the Epternach Martyrology, with its accompanying calendar, is the most ancient and venerable monument of our English hagiological tradition, in many particulars (and those not merely Cam- panian) independent of the Gallic. And thus this insignificant looking calendar of the last days of the Anglo-Saxon Church brings us across the centuries into direct touch with those documents and literary stores brought to this island in the seventh century by Benet Biscop and by Hadrian, a notable survival whereof is that Neapolitan calendar or Gospel Capitular of the seventh century which now 11) xi k. Aug. Marie Magdalene: — not in M H; — in Be, Ga, OEM, Oeng ; and in all the later English calendars except B, G, N (and Wo?) 12) vii k. Oct. Firmini: — not in M H ; — in Ju, N, R, S. 13) vi k. Oct. Cipriani: — not in M H ; — in Be and N 'Cypr. et Justinae'; in OEM 'Justina and Cypr.'; in Ga 'Justina' only. 14) iii id. Oct. Anastasii ep.: — in M H and Gell as 'Athanasius' (of Alexandria) but Ept reads 'Anathasi' ; — in N 'Anattati', in S 4 Anastasii.' 15) xvi k. Nov. Florenci ep.\ — (a 'Florentius' in M H and Gell at vi k.) 16) xvi k. Jan. Ignatii ep. et m.: — not in M H; — in Be, Ga, N, V, (and in the 'Calendarium Floriacense', see above p. 147 n. t) 17) x k. J»n. Victorice (corr. *ie')i — not in M H; — in Be ('Victoriae '). 152 many years since I identified, fixed in its place among our earliest ecclesiastical memorials, and handed to Dom Morin for publication. ( >> agne . u . iii >M Genofefe . u . xi » » uincentii . m viii id. Epiphania Dni x » >> emerentiane . u et m v „ sci aethelmodi . c 1 ix » >> babilli epi et m » ,t benedicti . abb viii >> »> Convertio pauli id. Ocb . Epiphania vii >9 5J policarpi . m xix kal. Feb. Felicis . epi vi J> »> saturnini . cuw xxu . xviii „ >> Calesti pape mar et mauri abb V » >> Sabine . u . xvii „ >> Marcelli pape [et agnetis . u] 2 xvi „ » antoni . monachi iv W >> Gylde .c 3 XV „ jf Prisce . u . iii >> 5> Balthildis . regine xiv „ » Marie et marthe 1 Unique (this word as used in these notes =an entry not occurring in any other of our English calendars before the Conquest so far as known to me). Mr. W. G. Searle's Otiomasticon mentions nineteen persons of this name. Probably ^Ethelmod, bishop of Sherborne c. 772-781 {of. cit. p. 43; the same writer's Bishops etc. pp. 76, 226) is the saint commemorated. The longer litany in the burnt Cotton MS. Galba A xiv (see p. 56 above) has (fol. 93 b col. 1 lines 8-io) after Guthlac these three invocations: aethelmod, eatferth, hemma(then: pachomi, 'frontoni'i columbane, etc.). The >flEthelmod of the litany can be no other than the ^Ethelmod at v id. Jatu in N (for Eatferth and Hemma see viii k. Jun. and vii k. Nov. below). 3 Seems in the same hand; but ? added later (in fainter ink). 3 See iv kal. Oct. below. FEBRUARY Kal. brigide . u ii id. Castrenensis . m 8 iv non. Purificatione S marie id. [ Iuliani m] 3 iii „ waerburge . u . xvi kal. Mar, , ualentini . m ii » [an erasure] XV „ ?> Iouite . u . 4 non. Agathe . u . xiv „ 5> Iuliane . u . vi id. cuthmanni . c 1 et uitalis . m v „ Alaxandri . xiii „ 5> Donati . m iv „ Scolastice . u . xii „ » Martialis iii » Eulalie . u . xi „ ?> pollicarpi . epi et m 1 See above p. 160. 2 See above p. 152. 3 Added by a later hand. 4 Unique: the martyr of Brescia (with Faustinus) at xiiii kal. in M H; at xv kal. in th« Reichenau Martyrology Zurich MS. 28 [Rich) which hat an 'insular' strain (see M. H. p. 21). 165 FEBRUARY x kal. Mar. Calesti pape 4 et Gagii . epi ix ,, „ uictoris . m viii „ „ Cathedra petri' vii „ „ Milburge . u . vi kal. Mar. Mathie apli 7 v „ „ Inuentio capitis pauli iv „ „ Cipriani et alaxandri . iii „ „ Inuentio caput Ioh bap 8 5 The name of the cemetery in M H Win and Bern (not in Epi) 'in cimiterio Caleiti depot. Gagi ep.' taken at the name of a person. * In red. - i 7 In red; originally 'thei', 8 In Oengus (p. 63, cf. the Felire p. 78). Kal. Donati . epi . m et dcawig . epi ' vi non. Adriani . m V » Albini . epi et felicis iv >> Uictoris . cu/« . iii »> Eusebii . et saturnini . viii id. Candide . u . vii >> xl milituw MARCH vi non. martiani et gorgoni . m iv id. Gregorii pape 8 xvii kal. Apr. Eugenie . u . xvi „ „ patrici . epi dccx . mar xv „ „ Eadweardi . m xiv „ „ theodoli epi xiii „ „ Cuthberhti . epi xii „ „ Benedicti abb viii „ „ Adnuntiatio see Mar. vii „ „ eulalie . u . 1 In Sh.; entered by a later hand in the calendar of the Leofric Miisal. ' In red; and in larger characters. APRIL Kal, ualentini . c xviii kal. Maii Tiburti et ualerij iii non. theodocie . u ix » »> Georgi . m ii » ambrosi . epi et c viii >> >> melliti . epi vi id. machari . psb et wilfridi epi ' V >» uil • uirginuw . vii >> >» letania maiore iv >> theodori . c V » » anastasi . epi iii >» cuthlaci . c et leonis iv » >> uitalis . m et cristofori . m et hilari ii » ft Erconwaldi . epi id. Eufemie . u . 1 See p. 159 above. 166 MAY Kal. philippi et Iacobi . vi non. Inue 1 v „ Inuentio see cruris ii „ Ioh apli ante porta« lati[nam] non. Ioh epi viii id. uictoris . m vii „ transl and[re]ae* vi „ Gordiani et epimathi . m vii v „ Mamerti . epi iv „ Nerei et achilei et vi pancrati . m iv XI x viii xiv kal. Jun. potentiane . u . et dunstani xiii „ „ aethelbrihti . m et nicomedis „ helene . u . „ petrocii . c 4 „ urbani . m . et hasmma . abb . s „ agustini . epi et bede . presb „ Germani . epi „ Felicis . m et pape . „ Felicitatis . m . „ petronelle filia petri ii „ Machuti.cuOT.ccccim.mar 3 iii „ xvii kal. Jun. eugenie . u . ii „ 1 The entry of the next day seems to have been begun by mistake at vi non. * See p. 1 60 above. This is a record of the receipt at Milan of the relics used for the dedi- cation of the Basilica at the Porta Romana, a decisive act for the future of the cult of relics in the West (I do not understand Mgr, Duchesne, Christian Worship p. 402 n. 1). 3 'Machuti' is intended seemingly for 'Maximi' 'Maximini' (see M H and Gell). 4 Unique. — St. Petrock's day is now 4 June; in England a date spreading probably from Win- chester; so too in the Breton calendars. In view of the general character, and probable local origin, of N, this calendar (which knows nothing of the feast of 4 June) may preserve here the original (Cornish) day. 5 This 'haemma abbot' of the calendar is doubtless the same person as the 'hemraa' of the litany in Cotton MS. Galba A xiv (see note on v id. Jan. above); not in Searle Onomasticon (pp. 290-291). Furtuna et audomari Pauli et fursei 2 Erasmus is at iv non. in Oeng and JUNE Kal. nicomedis . m viii id. iv non. marcelli et petri ' et erasmi . m 1 vii „ non. Bonefatii . m et pape . apollonaris m 1 The 'sacramentary ' feast of Marcellinu* and Peter. OEM; at iii non. in G and B. 2 Unique. I do not find a commemoration of St. Fursey at this day elsewhere. It is diffi- cult to see how any event (e. g. the translation after four years) mentioned in the last two chapters of the early Life (M. G. SS. rer. Mtroving. m 439-440) can have found (unique) record in tuch a calendar as N; the date of death (16 Jan.) seems well authenticated, but this feast of 16 Jan. is found only in Oeng, OEM, B, and Do. Possibly the present entry is after all only a corruption of ' Pauli, Fortunati' at this day in M H and Gell. 167 xiv leal. Jul. Marci et marcelliani . mar „ Geruasi et protasi . m Leodfrithi . epi et c 4 „ aetheldrythe . u . „ Nativitas . ioh „ ioh et pauli et salui 5 „ simforose . cum . un . filiis „ uig/lw . et leonis . pape ,, petri et pauli 6 „ pauli 3 In Oeng, OEM, Ga, WV. 4 Is this only St. I.eothfridus, Leufroy, abbot? (but ice also Leuferth etc. in Searle Onoma- tticon p. 337, Bishops, p. 238). s See above pp. 36-37. 6 A cross at this feast. vi id. Medardi et gildardi xiv v „ primi et feliciani xiii et colluwcylle . c 3 xi iii „ Barnabe . apli ix ii » basilidis . cirini na- viii boris nazari . m vi xviii kal. Jul . aniani . epi xvii „ >> Uiti . modesti . et cres- V cente . m iv xvi „ >> Ciriaci et iuliani . cuw xl . milia iii xv „ » botulfi . epi ii JULY Kal. VI iv iii non. viii vii vi id. Timothei v i id. Benedicti abb et agapiti . iii »» Mildrythe . u . oc ioh 1 et margarete . [u] processi et martiniani id. Cirici . pueri et iulite trawl sci martini matnV eius oc aplor xvi leal. Aug. , Kenelmi . m et sexburge . u . viii » » Iacobi . apli marine . u . vi » » un . do[r]mientiuw et sci ercenwaldi 2 V » >i Saturnini . epi et m Grimbaldi . c iv >> >> Felicis et simplici . et quintini iii »> >» Abdon et senen . m anatholie . u . ii » >> [Sci germani epi . un hatrum et felici- et Sci neoti prbri .] 3 tatis . m 1 The octave of St. John Bapt. in this calendar seems noteworthy; in WV only (Wo in later hand). The Oct. of SS. Peter and Paul just below dates at least from the seventh century. * Unique (B at this day has 'Ethelburga'). 3 In another hand seemingly not earlier than late cent. xi. For Neot see at xiii kal. Nov. Kal. iv non. iii „ non. AUGUST Machabeor . un viii stephani epi et m iv Inuentio corpus stephani ii Oswaldi regis et m id. 168 id. Sixti . epi et m Sci Laurenti . m Eupli . m ypoliti . m AUGUST xviii kal. Sept. Assumtione see marie 1 xii kal. Sept. iulii et iuliani . xiv „ „ magni . m 2 simforiani 2 et helene . u 3 viii „ „ bartholomei . apli 1 xiii „ „ ualentini iv „ „ Decolatio ioh bap 1 et maximiani 1 A cross follows this entry. * The entries of xiv-xii kal. in a different hand. 3 In R is 'scae elenae reg.'. This is now the day of St. Helena empress; in codd Whs and Bern of M H (not in Ept) is 'Apparition of the Holy Cross at Jerusalem' at this day; there ii (as appears from Dom Quentin's book) no 'Helena' in the historical martyrologies up to the time of Ado inclusive, or in the documents reviewed by him generally. SEPTEMBER Kal. prisce . u . et m iv non. iustini . epi [ ? ivor iii] et birini 1 iii „ bonefacii . epi et m et marcelli . non. berhtini abb vi id. Natiuitas see marie v „ Gorgoni . m iii „ proti et iacincti . m xviii kal. Oct. Exultatio see crucis . xvii „ „ nicomedis . m et iuliani . xvi „ „ Eufemie . u . et m et lucie . u . xv „ ,, landberhti e[pi] 1 See p. 159 above as to the feast of Birinus in September which in all other calendars is at 4 Sept. This entry 'et birini' is in the line of 2 Sept. but is so written that it may be a conti- nuation of the entry of 3 Sept. Wo is the only other calendar that has Birinus alone; 'Transl. Birini et Cuthberti' in Ju, R, Sh, WV, WT; 'et Cuthberti translatio' in later hand in Wo. 2 So MS.; intended for 6666 (see p. 148 n. 2 N° 13). 3 St. Ceolfrid is at this day in OEM, G, B, Sh, and V. 4 The feast of St. Gildas is (universally) 29 Jan., at which day also it is found in this calendar. The present feast is unique. A manuscript missal of Vannei of the fifteenth century has a feast of St. Gildas at v id. Maii (see abbe F. Duine's Brewaires et Missels des iglises et abbayes Bretonnes, Rennes, Eug. Prost, 1905, p. 141). But in view of the ease with which, I think, we too commonly accord credit for antiquity to Breton or Welsh or Irish, in a word Celtic, traditions' as compared with what is merely English, it may be well to observe that the oldest extant Breton calendar — one of Landevenec of the eleventh (so M. Delisle) or at the earliest of the late tenth century (Duine pp. 148-15 1) — seems to give clear evidence (apart from St. Cuthbert at 20 March, and St. Augustine at 26 May) that it goes back on an English original. The feast of St. Gildas of 28 September is therefore not to be summarily dismissed as only a blunder (cf. note on k kal. Jun. above). IO9 xiv kal. Oct , Meliti . epi xiii >» >> theodori . epi xii >> >> Uig/lw xi » V Mathei apl et eugl x »> »> maurici . cu« . ui . dclxui . mar 3 ix »> >> tecle . u . et m . viii » »> Conceptio . ioh vii » >> sci firmini . m et sceollfridi ab 3 vi >> V Cipriani et iustine . u . V >> » Cosme et damiani . mar iv >> >> Gylde . con . 4 iii >> »> Dedicatio ecle michaelis ii >> JJ Germani . epi et c OCTOBER xvi kal. Nov . aetheldrythe . u . XV >> » luce eugl xiii a »> Neoti . psbi 4 xii >> » hilarionis . c relli xi >> >> flauiani . et filippi X >> >> thodorici . mar ix >> >> felicis et audacti . mar viii >> ?> crispini et crispiniani . m vii >> >> sci eadfridi . conf 6 vi » »> uigilia V >> >> simonis et iude 6 iv >> j> sci iacincti . mar iii » >» Maximiani . ii >> >> quintini . mar . trig/ltd Kal. remegi et uedasti . vi non. leodgari epi v „ Marci et marcelliani iii „ cristine . u . non. marci . pape et marcelli viii id. richari . c ' et faustini et iwi . c * vii „ Dionisi . rustici et e leutheri . m vi „ paulini . epi et c v „ aethelburge . u 3 et firmini . epi iii „ anastati . epi ii „ Calesti . epi et m et furtunati . epi xvii kal. Nov. luciani . et maximiani . 1 A Ponthieu saint; in D and S only (see p. 159 n. 1 as to Terouanne saints). » In the two Winchester calendars, WT and WV, only. 3 In OEM, G, S, Sh. 4 Also in Sh; the late mediaeval feast of St. Neot is 31 July; see what is said as to St. Petrock and St. Gildas in notes to x kal. Jun. and iv kal. Oct. above. 6 Perhaps bishop Eadfrith of Lindisfarne (698-721). An 'eatferth' is invoked in the longer litany of Galba A xn (see note to v id. Jun. above); other persons of this name in Searle Ono- masticon p. 179. 6 A cross follows the names. NOVEMBER bricii epi xvii kal. Dec. Machuti . epi et c „ romani et barali . pu- eri . m 3 „ Colu/Tzbani . c „ Cecilie . u . „ Clementis . pape et m „ Grisogori . m „ lini pape „ saturnini . m uig[ilia] „ Passio andree apli 1 Rumwald is at iv non. in B; in S at iii non. as N. 1 In B; in S 'Deposs dfii iustini archiepi' (i. e. Justus of Canterbury). 1 So too B; G had Msici' (the other companion in martyrdom of Romanus). 170 . Kal. Omniu/w scor id. iv non. eustachi . m xvii iii >> rumwaldi ' et germani . ep xiv ii non. >> p^rpetue . u . felicis et eusebi xiii X viii id. winnoci . epi ix vi yy . 1111 . coronator . viii v » theodori . m vi iv >> iusti . epi . ! iii iii »» martini epi et menne . m ii DECEMBER Kal. candide . u . xix kal. Jan . uictoris et uictoi iii non. birini epi xvii: ' „ ■>■> Maximiani epi ii » trl benedicti abb xvi » »> Ignati epi et m viii id. Nicolai epi et c ! xiii » ■>■> Iuliani et bassi- vii >> Oc andree lisce . u iv » Eulalie . u . xii » » Thomas iii »> Damasci . pape 2 viii >> » Natiuitas . Dni 3 ii >> Donati epi et c vii » >> Stephani . m 3 id. lucie . u vi » » Iohis eugl 3 et iudoci V >> >> Innocentiu/w ii » >> siluest/7 pape 4 1 This seems the earliest authentication in an English calendar of the feast of St. Nicholas. * 'c' is erased. 3 ^ cr03S f n ow , tn i s entry. 4 In another hand seemingly not earlier than late cent, xi : 'et sci eguini epi'. C. THE CALENDAR OF SAINT AUGUSTINE'S A comparison of the two leaves of calendar in the Eton MS. 78 (a copy of which, discriminating its various handwritings, has been kindly sent to me by Dr. M. R. James) with the foregoing Table of Canterbury cathedral calendars and with three calendars of St. Augustine's now in my hands solves at once the difficulties this frag- ment presents. It is part (February and March, November and December) of a calendar of St. Augustine's of (seemingly the first half of) the thirteenth century. At a later period this St. Augustine's calendar passed to the cathedral; and at some time early in the fifteenth century was more or less adapted to the use of this latter church. This adaptation was effected by the insertion of the two recently decreed 'synodal' feasts, St. David and St. Chad, 1 and 2 March; by the substitution at 16 Nov. of the Ordination of St. Elphege for the Ordination of St. Augustine (see p. 1 2 2 n. i); and by the addition of gradings to (most of) such feasts of St. Augustine's as were also kept at the cathedral. Apart from palaeographical considerations the date of this entry of gradings may be inferred from that of 6 Nov., St. Leonard, which is given as 'quasi in albis xii lc'. From the Table printed above it appears that this is a designation peculiar to No. 1 3, a manuscript of the early part of the fifteenth century. The gradings of the Eton MS. will be given in full below among the Corrigenda. 1 It is neither to be expected nor desired that the subject of the St. Augustine's calendar should be discussed here; but notice must be taken of some items that concern matters already touched on in this extended tract. 1 Three items which I do not understand are mentioned here for record: 9 Mar. 'Scorum xl milium' {so); 2 Dec. 'Sci Birini epi.'; 7 Dec. 'Ignacii epi'; to each of these is added the grading 'iii lc'; but these three items do not appear in the Canterbury Cathedral calendars. The '40 mil.' occurs in MS. 'AC and Ignatius in MS. 'AA' (for these signs see the next footnote). I 7 I (i) One or other of the three St. Augustine's calendars mentioned above as in hand 1 shews items of the calendar in the Bosworth Psalter (B) that have fallen out of the later calendars of Canterbury cathedral. These are: 17 ]an. Antonii mon. 1 2 Feb. Eulalie v. 23 „ Milburge 9 Mar. Passio scor. xl millium (so). 6 July Sexburge v. n AA, AC. n AC; not in AA. n AC; not in AA, AB. n AC; not in A A, AB. n AA, AC; not in AB. Of these five items the first, second and fourth occur also in the Glastonbury calendar of the tenth century (G). But four other items, unfamiliar in the later mediasval calendars generally, also suggest enquiry; viz. 6 Mar. * sci victoris' in AA, AC. 7 Apr. ' sci timothei' in AC only. 9 „ 'see Marie egyptiace' in AC only. 1 1 Oct. 'see ethelburge v. iii lc' in AA, AC, AB. Whence come these four? They are not in B. But they all occur in the ca- lendar G; and I know of no third document in which they occur together.* (2) It was said above p. 35 n. 1 that, in addition to the names of the six archbishops whose relics were translated in 1091, there are found in the St. Augus- tine's calendar of c. 1252-1273 (AC) two others, Tathwin and Jambert. Both names are absent from the Ashmole MS. (AA) which may date about half a century earlier. The two brief lists just given shew five other items found in AC but not in AA. This is the case also with three more: 17 Oct. Etheldredi et Etheldruthi in AC, AB. 12 Nov. sci Liwini epi et m. in AC ('com'), AB ('iii lc'). 21 „ Oblacio See Marie v. 11 in AC only. All this seems to indicate that at some time in the first half of the thirteenth 1 These are: Ashmole MS. 1525, early cent, xiii, here called AA; that in the Canterbury cathedral MS. E 19 (c. 1252-1273), here called AC; and a calendar of early cent, xiv in a Psalter of St. Augustine's now in the collection of Mr. C. W. Dyson Perrins, here called AB (the monthi of January and February are wanting). The first and third were communicated to me by Mr S. C. Cockerell. The two calendars at the British Museum mentioned above (p. 125) as containing St. Augustine's material are in Cotton MSS. Julius D vn and Vespasian A 11 (see Fr. R. Stanton's Menology p. 677). 2 As regards the pre-Conquest calendars: Victor (6 Mar.) is found in G alone; Timothy (7 Apr.) is in G, Sh, Wo; for St. Mary of Egypt see above p. 148 n. 2 N° 5 ; Ethelburga (1 1 Oct.) is in OEM, G, S, Sh and N. Doubtless this last named feast is found in several late mediaeval calendars; but a consideration of the place of origin of those referred to in Father Richard Stan- ton's Menology p. 486, will, I think, shew that St. Ethelburga is not on that account to be eliminated from the list in the text. 172 century the calendar of St. Augustine's was submitted to some kind of recon- sideration or revision. (3) A notable feature of the post-Conquest calendars of both Canterbury cathedral and St. Augustine's in the form of their final settlement is the almost entire absence of feasts of Norman saints. The calendar, for instance, of Exeter of the later years of the twelfth century (Hampson Med. aevi Kalendar. I 449- 460) shews about a dozen. Besides St. Austroberta and St. Audoen whose cult in the particular case was due to relics and dated from before the Conquest, the calendar of Canterbury cathedral shews the introduction of but one Norman saint, St. Nicasius of Rouen (1 1 Oct.). The St. Augustine's calendar has at 21 June St. Leutfridus and at 24 Aug. St. Audoen; but both of these were well-established and wide-spread feasts in England before 1066. There remains 27 Feb. St. Hono- rina as the solitary record in the St. Augustine's calendar of Norman influence like St. Nicasius at the cathedral. 1 (4) One further point concerning the calendar of St. Augustine's may be usefully noticed here. The famous translation of the relics of St. Thomas in 1 220 by archbishop Stephen Langton, one of the most renowned pageants of the thirteenth century, almost immediately found recognition in other and even some- what distant Churches. But the ancient and dignified community only a few furlongs away were by no means so ready or so complaisant. The calendar of the Ashmole MS. may very well date from a time before the solemnity; but this Translation was still not recognized at St. Augustine's when the calendar in the Canterbury MS. E 19 was written (between 1252 and 1273); when entered later by another hand it does not receive a grading; and in the fourteenth century (as shewn by AB) has the quite inferior one of twelve lessons. It has not infrequently happened that great ecclesiastical corporations placed quite near each other are by no means disposed to adopt soon or easily new feasts of their immediate neighbours, — a point it is sometimes well to remember when assigning approximate dates to calendars on internal evidence. (5) In the calendar of the Canterbury MS. E 19, besides the obits of abbats and a few friends or domestic worthies, are some fifteen of very great personages. Seven of these are of Anglo-Saxon times: Harold and Stigand; of an earlier day, Canute, queen Emma and archbishop Eadsige. Two remain. The first, at xiii kal. Feb., is the obit, as ' Eadbaldus rex Anglo- rum ', 2 of Eadbald, Ethelbert's successor as king of Kent (616-640), whose death- date inscribed in some Paschal Table was sixty or seventy years later carried over to the continent by some English missioner to survive for us as a historical record 1 Though the relics of St. Honorina were actually preserved at Conflans (Oise) her tomb at Graville in the pays de Caux and diocese of Rouen was the centre of her cult and object of pilgri- mage (Cochet, Le tombeau dt Sainte Honorine a Graville pres le Havre, Rouen, E. Cagniard, 1867). Dom Morinhas in the Semaine religieuse of Bayeux restored St. Honorina to her primitive origin in the diocese of Bayeux (Potthast, Bibl. hist. Ed. 2. p. 1377); but this restitution has no bearing on what is said here, either in text or note. 1 Repeated at xi kal. as 'Eadbaldus rex' only, *73 only in the meagre earliest annals of distant Salzburg. But this death-date of Eadbald survived, too, some six or seven hundred years after as an obit in his father's own foundation of St. Augustine's. The second, at viii kal. Sept., ' Eadgiua regina ', is that of the ' noble queen Edyva' whose name at all events was kept fresh in memory at Christ Church down to the Suppression (p. 125 n. 1). This can be no other than that ' Eadgifu evax ', as she loved to call herself, widow of king Edward the Elder, Alfred's son, mother, and grandmother, of two kings, Edmund and Edred, Edwy and Edgar. In view of the recorded incidents in the life of this great lady, who played such a part in the English history of the tenth century, and lived to see Edgar's accession, we cannot be far wrong in tracing back the inscription of her name in the obit- books of Canterbury cathedral and St. Augustine's directly to St. Dunstan himself. J 74 CORRIGENDA p. 6 1. 1 5. It would be perhaps now not proper to pass over without notice a name occurring in this Canon of the Mass added by a later hand. The list of Saints in the 'Nobis quoque peccatoribus' after 'Anastasia' has ' Euphemia'. This is rare. The same insertion is, however, found in the Canon of a Roman Ordo of about the year 1032 written for the church of Seez in Normandy seen by Menard (Preface to his Gregorian Sacramentary, Paris, 1642 pp. 9-10, and Notes p. 21 ; in Migne P. L. 78, 20-21, 281 n. 78). This MS. also contained the Annals now commonly known from the name of its possessor as 'Annales Tiliani', and another set of Annals to a. d. 1032, both first printed by Duchesne (Scr. rer. Franc. II 11, III 356). It seems to be now lost. But the presence of this singular feature of the Seez MS. in the copy of the Canon added to the Bosworth Psalter at Canterbury towards the close (as it would seem) of the eleventh century deserves attention and might be a starting point for further enquiry. p. 25 I 4. A footnote should be added as follows: A difference between B and G that does not afreet the figures deserves notice. G has 'Sci Thomae apost. ' as well as Erasmus at 3 June; the 'Translatio thomae apli' at 3 July in B is not in G. B here follows the tradition of M H, also found in other English documents; but G, by exception, has adopted a tradition found in Rich and evidently interpolated into the M H text of Bern (see ed. of de Rossi and Duchesne p. 74). p. 25 1. 9 read Baralus. p. 25 1. 19. The origin of the cult of St. Fursey at Canterbury cathedral is here referred to the continent not to Ireland as it was due to relics (p. 57 seqq.). p. 27 n. 1 For knowledge of the calendar in the Egerton MS. I have to thank Mr. J. P. Gilson who put it into my hands. When writing this first part of the tract I had forgotten the calendar in the Lambeth MS. 443 (No. 12 of the Table) which I had copied out some three and twenty years before. p. 30 1. 4 read and with a few. p. 31 1. 10 read took place during Anselm's visit to Lanfranc at Canterbury in the spring, and p 33 n. I last linear age read date • p. 45 (9) in footnote, 1. 12 read quod cum quidam p. 47 1. 8 read Eadmer p. 49 1. 22 read the feast of 8 December p. 50 1. 4 read Constantinopolitan p. 5 1 n. 2 1. 3 read our p. 5 3 1. 1 5 for Metrical read Poetical p. 53 n. 1 last line: Fasti l 7S p. 54 11. 3-4. The tract on the Resting Places of English Saints gives an early and authentic notice of these relics thus: 'sancte Brangwalatoris heafod, bis- copes, and sancte Samsoncs carm, biscopes, and his cricc '(F. Liebermann, Die Heiligen England* p. 19). p. 54 n. 1 1. 3 read distinguished. p. 55 1. 2 from bottom of text cancel quotation mark at the beginning. p. 61 n. 1 11. 14-15 'There is no mention by the original hand of St. Aldhelm'. This is too categorical; I notice some differences of script in the entry of St. Aldhelm (25 May) as well as in about a half a dozen names in Decem- ber, and on this account make my reserves. But others on inspecting the MS. might have no such scruples and would consider these entries part of the calendar as originally written. p. 64 1. 11 read palasographical. p. 64 11. 16, 17 cancel the two commas. p. 65 1 12 'the only entry in the calendar'. — This is incorrect; the word 'Natal' also occurs in B at I May (see the Table). Note 1 at p. 82 is of course to be read in connection with what is said at p. 65 as to this entry of St. Edward k. and m. That it is by a later hand seems not open to doubt. p. 72 11. 7-8 read almost invariably used in No. 7 (except in June, July and August) for feasts p. 73 n. 1 1. 14. As Dom Quentin (Les Martyrologes historiques p. 129) would seem to imply that the feast of St. Bartholomew may have been assigned in England to both the 24th and 25th Aug. in the first half of the eighth century, it may be as well to state the facts of the case. From the details given p. 73 n. 1 above it appears that with two exceptions the 24th is not found in our English calendars as the feast of St. Bartholomew until the second half of the eleventh century. These two exceptions are: the metrical calendar in Galba A xvin and J. In sending me a copy of J, Abbot Gasquet pointed out that its metrical entries are also found in the Galba calendar; moreover, both have the obits of Alfred and Ealhswith; both date from the early part of the tenth century; and both do not influence later English tradition. As regards English documents of a date earlier than c. 900 Will, Y, Oeng, OEM, D covering the seventh to the tenth century have St. Bartholomew at the 25th. As regards the Hieronymian Martyrology: his name is at the 25th in Ept; it is not mentioned in Wiss\ but is in Bern at the 24th. The origin of the 24th is to be sought in France. St. Bartholomew was one of the saints whose feast the Franco-Gallic compiler of the Qelas. saec. z'iii was the first to furnish with a proper mass (see p. 154 above), and he assigned it to the 24th Aug.; the same date is found also in the Martyrologium Gellonense, and in the calendar written for Charlemagne between 781 and 783 (see F. Piper, Kar/s d. Gr. Kalendarium, pp. 14, 27). This seems to show that 24th Aug. had in France been commonly substituted for the 25th as early as the first half of the eighth century. It would be interesting to know which, if any, of the Gallic calendars of I76 the eighth and ninth centuries still shew St. Bartholomew at the 25th. The Calendarium Floriacense certainly does so; but this is doubtless due to the fact that it goes back on an English original (see p. 14 n. 1 above). It would appear then that if St. Bartholomew is found in MSS. of ' Bede's Martyrology ' at the 24th Aug., this is due either to a change of day made to suit continental usage, or to the fact that the name was not inserted by Bede in his work but was added later in France. j6 col. 3 at 10th: read Pauli 82 footnote 1 for 27th read 17th 83 seqq. and 113 seqq. The following are the gradings in the Eton MS. 78 (see p. 1 7 1 above) added in the fifteenth century after the calendar came to the cathedral: 7 Mar. (Perp. et Felicit.) iii lc 9 „ ('scorum xl milium') iii lc I 2 „ (Greg, pp.) in c 18 „ (Edw. k. and m.) Ill 20 „ (Cuthb.) ? xii lc 21 „ (Bened.) II 25 „ (Annunc.) II 4 Apr. (Ambros.) in c 19 „ (Elphege) III •23 „ (George) in c 25 „ (Mark) in c 28 „ (Vitalis) iii lc 6 Nov. (Leonard) quasi in a. xii lc I I „ (Martin) in c. 13 „ (Brice) xii lc 16 „ (Ordin. Elph.) in a. 1 8 „ (Oct. Mart.) xii lc 20 Nov. (Edm. k.) x[ii lc] 30 „ (Andr.) II 2 Dec. (' Sci Birini epi ') iii lc 6 „ (Nichol.) in a. 7 „ (Oct. Andr.) xii lc 8 „ (Cone. Mar.) in c. 1 1 „ (Damas.) iii lc 1 3 „ (Lucy) xii lc 16 „ (Barb.) iii lc 17 „ (' Ignacii epi') iii lc 2 1 „* (Thomas ap.) in c. 25 „ (Christmas) III 26 „ (Steph.) in c. 27 „ (John ev.) II 28 „ (Innoc.) in c. 29 ,, (Thomas abp.) Ill 31 „ (Silvester) xii lc p. 87 at 23rd: cancel ' quasi in a. 13'. p. 95 1. 1 o for Tanslacio read Translacio p. 2Z3 n. 1 for Bryan read Plucknett p. 1 1 8 read 1 1 8 for 8 1 1 at foot of page pp. 121-122. Perhaps I ought to have mentioned the alternatives. Besides three other Ronans, Oengus has at 1 8 Nov. ' royal Ronan ' (different from 'bishop Ronan the royal' of 9 Feb.; see the genealogies pp. 73, 243). In the Drummond calendar at 1 8 Nov. along with Romanus of Antioch is ' natale confessoris Ronain ' (p. 37). There is cult of a St. Ronan in Brittany particularly in the diocese of Saint-Pol-de-Leon (see Duine, oj>. cit. pp. 155-156, 167; cf. Haddan and Stubbs, Councils II 87). St. Rumon of the Lizard and Tavistock is also sometimes called Ronan. Having explained in the text what seems to me the more likely origin of the Canterbury feast, I must leave it to others to evidence the introduction of the cult of 177 an Irish, Breton, or Cornish Ronan at Canterbury as has been done above for Brendan at Evesham, p. l 2 5 1. 4 read calendar. •Residue of G' (p. 148 n. 2): N° 2 add D „ 5 after D add (at iv non. Apr.). „ S read thus: At iv non. in M H Eft 'herasmi'; Win and Bern 'Nerasmi'; — in Will ('erasmi mar.'), Oeng, OEM. — In B at iii non. at in G. „ 9 add in Wo 'see Marie virg.' „ij add Sh 6006, Will 6660 •Residue of S' (p. 150 n. 1) — N° 11 add Ju, N. „ 26 add Will Y. •Residue of D' (p. 151 n. 2): — N° 2 for xxii read xxv. N° 4 add (in M H at v id.) „ 7 add But see Quentin, Martyrol. hiit. p, 696 (Venantius). „ 8*/,/(?B). „ 10 read thus: in OEM, Ju, R (? erased in Wo; in Oeng at xv kal.) p. 150 11. 8-9: The two items of 7 May and 24 Oct. are interesting; but no notice hat been taken of them because they raite new and distinct questions. p. 152 1. 24 add: It is possible that the 'ice maxime' of N° 19 in the Residue of S (p. 150 n. 1) may be another late reflection of the entry in Eft. p. 154 1. 18 for Gallican read Gallic p. 156 1. 3 from bottom after Grenoble read: The Breviates of Gell itself, the so-called 'Labbea- num' (MS. Phillipps 1667 at Berlin) and the recently edited 'Treverense', Nos 26 and 37 of de Rossi's Prolegomena, both MSS. of the later years of the eighth century, also bear witness to the vogue of Gell. p. 162 n. 2 1. 5 read 31 July. p. 158 1. 16 for calendar of the church of York read metrical York calendar p. 159 1. 25 for metrical calendar of the church of York read metrical York calendar 178 INDEX The footnotes are referred to by brackets ( ). Amiens, feasts and obit of bishop Richard of Gerberoy 1.22- 123; designation of gradings at 123. See Calendars. Anselm (St.), and Canterbury cathedral calendar 31, 33 (1); and cult of St. Dunstan 3 3(1), 89 footnote. See Feasts. Anselm the younger (abbot of St. Ed- mundsbury), and feast of Conception of B. V. 43 (i),5o(2). Benedicti, 'divisio institutions ' 10, 128 (1); 'divisio beati' 1 1 ; 'institutio' 128. Benedictine Office : Bosworth Psalter written for recitation of 1 o ; at Canter- bury cathedral in the tenth century 129. Benedictional: of Canterbury cathedral (Harl. MS. 2892) 36-37, 48, 49 (2), . 57-58, 59,64(1), 70, 73(1), list of its contents for Proper of Saints in notes on col. 1 of the Table 78 seqq.; of Exeter (Addit. MS. 28148) 48 (2). Bosworth Psalter: account of, by Mr D. Wells I; history of the MS. 3-4; its ornamentation 4-5, 6, 10, 1 29-1 30; contents 6-7; later additions to 5, 6, 14; peculiarity in the added Canon of the Mass 175; the added litany 6 (1), 1 2 ; the psalms 5-10 (see also ' Psalter') ; canticles of lauds 11-12; hymnal 6, 12-13; canticles for the third nocturn 13-14; its unique character 14; the psalms partly corrected from ' Roman ' to 'Gallican' version 9; interlined Anglo-Saxon translation 9; partly glos- sed in the twelfth or thirteenth cen- tury 9-10; written for recitation of the Benedictine Office 10-11, 14, 126; accents 1 1 ; neums 11, 1 2 ; cal endar 1 5 seqq.; date of calendar 27, 65-66, cf. p. 176; print of calendar 76 seqq. (cf. 70); the copy in the Bosworth Psalter the earliest of the Anglo-Saxon hym- nals 12, 13; the hymn 'Summe con- fessor' not in other A. S. hymnals 12; no hymns of English Saints 12; sum- mary of results obtained by examina- tion of the MS. 126; the sort of person for whom it is likely such a book might be written 126; the date of the MS. 1 26-1 30; the palaeographical question 127; the question of the monastic Office 128-129; opinion expressed as to probable date and origin 130. Breton feasts in England 53-57; Breton cults at Winchester 56; earliest Breton calendar 169 (4). Calendars, origins of the mediaeval church 147 (1); calendars and mass-books 27 (1). Calendars: — Amiens, calendar in Sacramentary of 156 (1). Canterbury Cathedral. B. M. Addit. MS. 6160 [No 10 of the Table p. 76 seqq.]. — 27 (2), 36, 69, 121 (1). B. M. Addit. MS. 37517 the Bos- worth Psalter [No 1 of the Table] ('B').— 21-27, 34, 34(0,59,65- 66, 68, 73 (1), 120, 121, 121 (0, 179 i+8(2), 150(1), 151(2), 176,178. B. M. Arundel MS. 1 5 5 [No 3 of the Table].— 23, 28-30, 32-3+, 3+ (1) 36, 39, 4 ! -4 2 . 53, 59, 68, 7 1 * 73 (i),88 (2), 122. B. M. Cotton MS. Tiberius B iii [No 7 of the Table]. — 27 (2), 29-30, 3+, 36, 69, 71. B. M. Egerton MS. 2867 [No 8 of the Table].— 27 (2), 29 (1), 3+, 36, 69, 175. B. M. Sloane MS. 3887 [No 13 of the Table].— 27 (2), 3+, 36, 37, 69. Bodleian MS. Add. C. 260.— 53 (1), 59,69(1), 120, III, 121 (1), 12+. Bodleian MS. D. 2. [No 1 1 of the Table].— 69. Cambridge Trinity College, the Ead- wine Psalter [No + of the Table]. —S3 (0, 59 (0, 68, 7° (in f °uL- note), 7+, 1 20, 1 21 (2). Eton MS. 78. — 69(1), 1+5,171,177. Lambeth MS. 558 [No 12 of the Table]. — 69, 175. Niirnberg, Canterbury Horae at [No 9 of the Table]. — 69. Paris B. N. MS. Lat. 770 [No 6 of the Table].— 68. Paris B. N. Nouv. acq. Lat. 1 670 [No 5 of the Table]. — 68, 120. Canterbury St. Augustine's. B. M. Cotton MS. Julius D xi. — 172 CO- B. M. Cotton MS. Vespasian A li. — 172 (1). Bodleian MS. Ashmole 1525. — 122 (1), 171 (1), 172. Canterbury Cathedral Library MS. E IQ -— 34, 35, 59, I 7 I (0, K 2 - Eton MS. 78. — See above under Can- terbury Cathedral. Psalter in the collection of Mr. C. W. Dyson Perrins. — 172. Charlemagne's calendar. — 176. l8o Evesham. Bodleian MS. Junius 99 ('Ju'). — 3 + (i)>+9(0»73(0>14 8 (2). 15°(0. 151 ( 2 ), 159 (0, 160-162, 178. 1 Fen-Country' Bodleian MS. Douce 296 (< Do ')— 3+(0>62, 73(0,1+7(1), 148(2) 159 (0, 160, 161, 167 June (2). Fleury. in Martene and Durand Ampl. Coll. vi 650-652.-1+7(0,151 (2), 176. Glastonbury in the Leofric Missal (Oxf. 1883) pp. 23-3+ ('G').— 15-21, 3+ (1), 62, 73, 111, 122 (0, 1+8-1+9, 151 (2), 160, 163, 172. Luxeuil. Paris B. N. MS. Lat. 1+086, printed in Martene and Durand Thes. anecd. 1591-159+.— 1+7 (1). Metrical calendar in Athelstan's Psalter Cotton MS. Galba A xviii, printed with variants from two later MSS. in R. T. Hampson Med. aevi Ka- lendarium I, 397-+20 ('Ga'). — 51 (2), 53,56, 56(0.73(0, 1+8(2), 150 (0, 151 ( 2 ), 153, 176. A breviate calendar ' temp. Athelstani* Bodleian MS. Junius 29, in part extracted from the foregoing Metri- cal Calendar (< J *).— 146, 1+8 (2), 176. Poetical Menology (Anglo-Saxon). — 2+, i+7 (»)■ Saint Edmundsbury MS. Vatic. Reg. 12.- — 60 (0, i+7- Saint J r aast, calendar in a Sacramentary of. — 156. Senlis, calendar in a Sacramentary of. — 155-156. Sherborne C.C.C.C. MS. +22 the ' Red Book of Derby' (« Sh')— 3+ (0, 56 (1), 60, 61, 73 (1), 148 (2), 150 (0, 151(2), I59(0,i6o, 1 70 Oct. (3) (+), 176 (St. Aldhelm), 178. Wells B. M. Cotton MS. Vitellius A xviii ('V'). — 31 (1), 61 (in footnote), 73 (0, 148(2), »59(0» 160, 161, 162 (1), 162-164, ! ^9 Sept. n. 3. ' West-Country' (see also Evesham, Wor- cester). B. M. Cotton MS. Nero A ii (< N '). —34 (0» 37 (0» 6l ( in footnote), 73 (0,148 (2), 150 (1), 151 (2), *5 2 , x 59 (0, l6o > l6l > l6z ( 2 ), 164, 178; print of, 165 — 171. Calendar in Missal of Robert of Jumi- eges, H. B. Soc. xi, 1896, pp. 9-20 ( 55, 56(0,6i (in footnote), 73 (0, 148(2), I 49- I 5°, J5 1 ( 2 ), 159 (0, 160, 161, 170 Nov. n. 2, 172(2), 178. Westminster. — 125. Willibrord's calendar. 446 ( ! 7 2 - Babillus and Three Children 20, 28, 148 (2). Baltildis 20, 26, 28. Baralus 25, 170 Nov. n. 2. Bardo abp. of Mainz, cult at Exeter 162-163. Barnabas ap. 25. Barontus monk 160, 160 (1). Bartholomew ap. 17, 64, 73-74, 102 (0, 158 (0, 176-177- Basil (1 Jan.) 29 (1). Basilides etc. 17. Beatrix (9 June) 150. Benedict abb. (21 Mar.) 17, 22, 23, 32,61 (1), 158(1). Benedict abb. (n July) 22, 23, 32, 61 (1) 72. Benedict abb. (4 Dec.) 161. Benet Biscop 18, 20, 28. Bertin abb. depos. 159 (1). Bertin abb. transl. (16 July) 159 (1). Birinusbp. 30(1), 41 (2), 60,62,69(1), 171 (1). Birinus bp. octave 60. „ „ transl. 30 (1), 41 (2), 60, 62, 69 (1), 169 Sept. n. 1. Birnstan bp. 60. Blase 30 (2), 58-59, 124. Boniface abp. and m. 18, 30 (1). Botulf abb. 26, 30. Branwalator 20,53-54,57 in footnote, 176. Bregwin abp. 34, 103, 124. Brendan 1 61-162. Brice 22. Bridget 18. Caesarius 16 (2), 30 (1), 30 (2) 149 (1). 'Calesti pape' (20 Feb.) 165 Feb. n. 5. 'Castrenensis m' 'Castrensis m'. 152, 165. Celnoth abp. 124. Ceolfrid abb. 18, 21, 169 Sept. n. 3. „ „ transl. 161. Chad bp. 18. Christopher 25. Ciprianus (26 Sept.) 151 (2). Ciriacus (16 Mar.) 151 (2). Clement m. 23-24, 61 (1), 121 (1), 150 (1), 158 (1). Collumcyll 168 June n. 3. Conception B. V. M. See B. V. M. * Conciliorum et aliorum mille' 150 cf. 178. Congar 164. Credan abb. 162 (2). Crisantus and Daria (23 Oct.) 250(1). Cristina(i9 July) 151 (2) cf. 178, 160. „ (5 Oct.) 148 (2). Cross, Invention of Holy 17. Cucufas 30. Cuthbert abp. Ill, 124. Cuthbert bp. 18, 23, 61 (1), 158. „ transl. 30 (1), 41 (2); 60, 62, 158, 159., 169 n. 1. Cuthman 160. Damasus 25 (1). David ('deawig') 166 Mar. n. 1. Dedication of Church of St. Mary (Pantheon, 13 May) 21. Delfinus 148 (2). Denis and Companions 17. Denis, Invention of St. 150. Deusdedit abp. 26, 29, 34, 97. Didimus and Gaius 25. Dionisius and Hilarius (14 July) 151. Donatus bp. (1 Mar.) 30 (1). Donatus (15 Nov.) 150 (1). Dunstan 26, 27, 32-33, 33 (1), 61 (0,63-64, 64 (1), 88 (2). Dunstan octave 29 (1), 32, 33, 88(2). „ ordination 33, 61 (1). „ vigil 64 (1). Eadfridusc. 170 Oct. n. 5. Eatferth 1 65 Jan. n. 1 , 1 70 Oct. n. 5. Edburga (of Winchester) 26, 60, 62. „ transl. (18 July) 41, 60 (2). Edith 61 (1). 'Edocus cf.' (=Judoc) 56 (1). Edward k. and cf. 29. Edward k. and m. 30 (1), 61(1), 65- 66, 82 (1), 121 (2), 176. Edwold anchorite, transl. (12 Aug.) 61 (1). Egwin bp. 161, 162 (2), 162 (3) cf. 178, 1 71 Dec. n. 4. Egwin bp. transl. (13 Sept.) 161. „ „ andOthulf transl. (10 Oct.) 161. Elena regina ( 1 8 Aug.) 1615(19 Aug.) 169 Aug. n. 3. Elgiva (of Shaftesbury) 26. Elphege abp. 27, 31, 32, 61 (0,63, 64 (1), 72. Elphege abp. ordination 33, 122(1). „ „ transl. 64 (1). Elphege bp. 60, 159. Emerentiana 28. Epiphany octave of 17. Erasmus m. 148 (2) cf. 178, 167 June n. 1 . Ercenwald (7 July) 168 Jul. n. 2. 183 Erkenwald bp. 30 (1). Ermenilda 25, 26, 30 (1). Ethelbert k. and c. 80, 81. Ethelbert k. and m. 88 (1) Ethelburga of Barking (11 Oct.) 19, 24, 25, 1 70 Oct. n. 3,172,172 (2). Ethelburga of Faremoutier (7 July) 26. Etheldreda 19, 22, 25. Etheldredus and Etheldruthus 172. Ethclfleda 48 (2), 60 (2). Ethelgar abp. 34, 81, 124. Ethelwold bp. 60, 62; feast at Can- terbury 102. Ethelwold bp. transl. 60, 62. Eugenia (16 May) 25, 151 (2). Eulalia (of Barcelona, 12 Feb.) 172. Eulalia (of Merida, 10 Dec.) 153. Euphemia (12 Apr.) 30 (1). „ (16 Sept.) 25 (1). Euphemia (in 'Nobis quoque pecca- toribus') 175. Eusebius; see Felix. Faith 33. Felician, see Paternus. Felicitas (23 Nov.) 16 (2), 30 (2); (21 Nov.) 150 (1). Felix (5 Nov.) 148 (2). Felix and Eusebius (5 Nov.) 150(1). Felix in Pincis 21. Felix pope (30 May) 148 (2). Feologild abp. 1 24. Ferreol and Ferrucio 154. Firminus bp. (of Amiens) 122. Firminus (25 Sept.) 151 (2). Flavianus 150 (1). Florentius (15 July) 148 (2). Florentius (16 Oct.) 151 (2). Florianus 1 50 (1). Folquinus bp. 122. Fortunatus (9 Jan.) 20, 28. Francis 120. Fursey 25 cf. 1 75, 58-59.59(0,78,79; (7 June 167 n. 2.) Genovefa 1 7, 20, 2 1, 28, 30(1), 30 (2). George 61 (1). Germanus of Auxerre: 1 54; (3 1 July) 162 (2) cf. 178; (1 Oct.) 24. 184 Germanus of Paris (28 May) 30 (2). Gildas (29 Jan.) 18, 28. „ (28 Sept.) 169 Sept. n. 4. 1 Gordiana ' 1 50. Gorgonius (9 Sept.) 17, 150. Gorgonius (10 Mar.) 151. Gregory 23, 61 (1), 72, 158 (1). Gregory, ordination of, 33, 34 (1). Grimbald 26, 60, 61 (1), 62. 'Gurdianus' 151. Guthlac 18, 23, 30 (1). Hedda bp. 60, 62. Hcemma abb. 165 Jan. n. 1 , 1 67 May n. 5. Hilarion anchorite 148 (2). Hilarius (14 Mar.) 151. Hilarius (14 July) see Dionisius. Hilary of Poitiers 28, 154. Honorina 173. Honorius abp. 26, 29, 107. Ignatius bp. & m. (17 Dec.) 151 (2), l 7 1 0)L/^ r< 7 Dec' read* ij']; (20 Dec.) 150 (1) cf. 178. Innocents, number of 150. „ octave 28, 29. Irenaeus 99. Isicus 170 Nov. n. 3. Isidore (2 Jan.) 20, 28, 149 (1). Iwi c. 1 70 Oct. n. 2. Jambert abp. 35 (2), 172. James ap. (25 July) 17, 158 (1). Jerome 17. John Bapt., Beheading of 16 (2), 17. „ ,, Conception ot 22, 30 (1). „ „ Invention of Head of 160. „ „ octave 168 Jul. n. 1. John ev. octave 20, 28, 29. „ „ before the Latin Gate 153. John of Beverley bp. 158, 160. Joseph, Spouse of B. V., 160. Jovita 165 Feb. n. 4. Judoc (9 Jan. & 13 Dec.) 20,41 (2), 53, 56 (1), 60, 61 (1), 62. Cf. ' Edocus '. Julian see Lucian. Julian (of Le Mans) bp. 1 2 1 (2),cf. 79. Juliana v. (or Julianus,]27 Jan.) 1 50(1). 'Julianus' (7 June) 150. Justiniana 151. Justus abp. 26, 69 (i),('Justini') 170 Nov. n. 2. Justus m. 41 (3), 60, 62. Justus & Justiniana (18 Oct.) 151 (1). Katherine 33. Kenelm 26, 30 (1). Lambert 24. Laurence abp. 26. Laurence m. octave 17. „ vigil 16 (2). Leo I (1 1 Apr.) 30 (1), 163. „ „ (28 June) 30 (1). Leo IX ( 1 9 Apr.) cult at Exeter 1 62- 163. Leodegar 24, 25 (1). Leodfrithus bp. 168 June n. 4. Leonard 33. Lethardus bp. 35. Liwinus bp. m. 172. Longinus 29 (1). Lucia and Geminianus 30 (1). Lucian and Julian (8 Jan.) 25, 28. Luke ev. 17. Maccabees 120. 'Machutus' (14 May, ?= Maximus) 167 May n. 3. Machutus (Maclovius, 'Machlonus', St. Malo) 53, 56. Marcellus (20 Apr.) 150 (1); Mar- cellus Peter 25. Margaret 148 (2) cf. 178. Marina (7 July) 148 (2) cf. 178. Marina (17 July) 148 (2). Mark ev. (18 May) 22. Martin (n Nov.) 23, 158 (1). Martyrs, Eighty-Six (24 Aug.) 150(1). „ Forty (9 Mar.) 18, 21, 'mi- lium' 171 (1), 'millium' 172. Martyrs, Hundred and Seventy (16 Oct.) 151. 'Mary' & Martha 20, 25 (1), 30 (1). Mary of Egypt 29 (1), 85, 148 (2) cf. 178, 172. Mary Magdalen 33, 158 (1). Z* Matthew ap. 17. „ vigil 17, 22. Matthias ap. 17, 158 (1). Maucannus 162 (3). Maurice 17; Companions of 148 (2) cf. 178, 169 Sept. n. 2. Maurus abb. 20, 28. Maxima and Nicomedes (30 Oct.) 150 (1) cf. 178. Maximianus (29 Oct.) 152 cf. 178 Medardus 30 (1). Mellitus abp. 18, 69 (1), 159. Merwinna 25. Milburga 25, 121 (2), 172. Mildred 26, 30 (2). Mummolinus bp. 159 (1). Nails, Invention of the Holy 150 cf. 178. Neot(3i July) 162 (2)cf. 178, 162(3). Neot (20 Oct.) 170 Oct n. 4. Nereus Achilleus etc. 1 20. Nicasius (of Rheims) 120. Nicasius (of Rouen) 173. Nicholas bp. c. 171 Dec. n. 1. Nicodemus Gamaliel and Abibon 29 .(I)- Nicomedes (1 June) 30 (1). Nicomedes. See Maxima. Nothelm abp. 26, 34-35, 125- Oblation of B. V. M. See B. V. M. Octave of Apostles Peter & Paul 99. Odo abp. 29 (1) 34. Odulph abp. 161. Olavem. 48 (2), 61 (1), 162 (3). Omer (St.). See Audomarus. Oswald abp. 161. „ „ transl.( 16 Apr., 8 Oct.) 161. Oswald k. and m. 158. Othulf. See Egwin. 'Pancratus' 151 (2). Paternus and Felician (3 Sept.) 150(1) Patrick bp. 18, 24, ? 48 (2), 65, 151 (2), 160. Patrick the elder 1 8, 21, 24,^)48 (2). Paul, Conversion of St. 17. 185 Paul hermit 28, 30 (1), 148 (2). Paulinus of Rochester bp. 19, 33. Perpetua (4 Nov.) 148 (2). Peter. See Marcellus. Peter and Paul, vigil 22. Peter's Chair at Antioch (22 Feb.) 1 7. Peter's Chairat Rome (18 Jan.) 25, 28. Peter's Chains 16 (2), 25. Peter deacon 151 (2) cf. 178,160. Petrock (2 June.) 53, 56. Petrock (23 May) 167 May n. 4. Petronella 30 (1). Philip and James ap. 21. Pinnosa 163 (2). Plegmund abp. 124. Policronus bp. & m. (19 Feb.) 148 (2). Pollicarpus (19 Feb.) 148 (2). Potentiana 18, 30 (1), 32, 88 (2). Praxedes 18. Prejectus 28, 30 (2). Primus and Felician 1 7. Quintin 22. „ Invention of St. 150. Radegund 24, 166. Relics, feast of at Canterbury cathe- dral 74. Richarius 170 Oct. n. I. Romanus m. (of Antioch) 121-122. Ronan at Canterbury cathedral 121- 122, 177-178. Rumwald 26, 1 70 Nov. n. I. Sabina (29 Aug.) 16 (2), 25. Saints of Europe, feast of the 5 1 (2) cf. 158(1). Salvius (26 June) 25, 30 (2), 36-37, 37 (1) [in last line for first read se- cond], 58,59, 124, 150 (1) cf. 178. Salvus (1 1 Jan.) 150 (1). Samson bp. 30 (1), 53, 176. Sativola 48 (2), 162 (3). Saturninus and Thirty Companions (27 Jan.) 151 (2) cf. 178. Saturninus of Rome 16 (2), 25. Saturninus of Toulouse 153. Sauina (24 Jan.) 150 (1). Sauina (29 Jan.) 151 (2). l86 Sauina (5 Oct.) 1 48 (2). Scholastica 22. Secundus (19 Dec.) 150 (1). Seven Sleepers 25. Sexburga 26, 71 (1), 172. Siburgis 93, 1 24. Silas ap. 1 22. Silvanus 1 50 (1). Simeon monk 28. Simon and Jude ap. vigil 17, 22. Simon hermit at Treves 162, 163. 'Sindanus' 149 (1), 150 (1). Siric abp. I 24. Sophia 148 (2). Spiridion 25. Stephen, Invention of St. 22. Stephen, octave of St. 20, 28, 29. Swithun bp. 26, 41 (2), 60, 61 (i), 62, 120, 159. Swithun bp. ordination 60,62-63,1 61. „ ,, translation 26, 30 (1), 41 (2), 60, 62, 159. Symphorian 153. Symphorosa & Seven sons 150 (1). Tathwin abp. 35 (2), 172. Tecla (1 June) 150 (1). Theodore abp. 19, 22, 33. Theophilus 29 (1). Thomas ap. 17. „ „ transl. (3 June, 3 July) 175- Thomas of Canterbury, 'Regressio* of 117, 1 19. Thomas of Canterbury, transl. 173. Tibba 38 (1). Tiburtius (11 Aug.) 121 (1). Timothy (18 Mar.) 150 (1). Timothy (7 Apr.) 172, 172 (2). Timothy & Apollinaris(2 3 Aug.)l6l. Torpes m. 161-162. Tova 162 (3). Urban (25 May) 21 Urban (23 Dec.) 150 (1). Valericus 25. 'Venatus' 151 (2), 178. Victor (6 Mar.) 172, 172 (2). Victor Quartus & 404 mm. 18, 21. Victoria (23 Dec.) 151 (2). Vincent & Appollinaris 18. Vitalis m. (28 Apr.) 21. Vulganius 1 13, 124. Wandregisil 25. Welvela 162 (3). Werburga 25. Wilfrid bp. 19, 33, 158, 159; cor- ruption of tradition as to his feasts 160. Winnoc 159 (1). Wistan m. 161, 162 (2). Withburga 26. Wulfelm abp. 124. Wulfmar 25, 1 59 (1). Wulfred abp. 1 24. Wulfsin bp. (8 Jan.) 61 (1). „ transl. (27 Apr.) 61 (1). Feasts: Breton feasts in England 53-57; local Evesham feasts 161, 162 (1); of the region of Ponthieu and Terouanne in England 25, 159(1), i7oOct.n. I; list of local Winchester feasts 60, 60(2); extension of Winchester feasts to other churches 60-62; of foreign saints in calendar of Vitellius A xviii 163 (3). Fleury. See Calendars. Gelasianum, Sanctorale of 16-17, 25. 'Gelas. sac. vl'iV, Sanctorale of 1 54, 176; origin of the Sacramentary 154 (1). Ghent, St. Dunstan at 25 (2); relics of St. Wandregisil at 25 (2). Giso bishop of Wells, 162, 163-164. Glastonbury: cults of SS. Aidan, Ceol- frid and Patrick the elder at 18, 21; English feasts in Glastonbury calendars 18-19; Winchester feasts and 62; Glas- tonbury calendar as source of calendar in Bosworth Psalter 15, 19-21, 126; as source of Sherborne calendar 61 ( 1 ). See Calendars, Grading. Godfrey of Cambray, prior of Winches- ter, liturgical reforms of 1 2 1 . Grading of feasts: indicated by *F' and 63-64, I 20; and feasts of St. Benedict 3 2 ; and feast of Conception of B. V.M. 32, 47; ignores feast of St. Dunstan 32, 63, 88 (2); and Canterbury relics 64 (2); and relics of St. Salvius 36; his Statutes for Canterbury cathedral 32, 63-64, 6j, 72-74, 89 (footnote); his cult 29(1), 125 (1). Leofric bishop of Exeter: theLeofric Mis- sal 15, 38 (2); psalter written under his direction 162-163. See Exeter. Lessons: of St. Dunstan 33 (1); of St. Sal- vius 37. Lobbes, Gospel book of, given by Athel- stan to Canterbury cathedral 61 (1). 'Lorrainer' bishops and English calen- dars 61 (1), 162-164. Luxeuil. See Calendars. Martyrological element in English calen- dars 19-21, 25, 145-164. Martyrologies : — Bede's 146, 148(1), 150(1), 151(2). 187 'Bede's Poetical Martyrology.' See Calendars, York. Drummond Missal, brief Mart, in: its use for practice 156; 162, i __ . Dublin Christ Church: 48 (2). Exeter: 61 (1), 164. Gellonense: 146, 1 48-1 i^passim, I 55, 176; its diffusion & its introduction into England 156-157; two Brev- iatcs of 1 78. Hieronymianum: 146, 148-1 57 pas- sim. 'Libellus annalis domni Bedae presbi- teri:' 149. Oengus the Culdee: 51 (1), 122 (1), 146, 148(1), 150(1), 151(2), 153 (1), 158 (1), 160(1). Old English Martyrology: 146, 148 (1), 150 (1), 151 (2). Rheims MS. of Godelgaudus: 155, 155(0- Reichenau {Rich) in Zurich MS. Hist. 28: 165 Feb. n. 4, 175. Rheinau MS. 30: 155, 160.(1) Naples calendar (Gospel capitular) of the seventh century 152-153. Newminster. See Calendars Winchester. Nicholas of St. Albans: his tract on the feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin 45, No 9 in footnote & cf. 175; on the prerogatives of the Blessed Virgin 64(3). Norman Conquest, changes in liturgy, piety, etc. consequent on : 7-8, 38-39, 5 2 "53> 57, 64 (3), 120-121. See Lanfranc. Obits in the St. Augustine's calendar Canterbury MS. E 19: 173-174. Odo, abp., his monastic profession 129. See Feasts. Oengus the Culdee, edition of his Marty- rology by Dr. Whitley Stokes 157 (1). See Martyrologies. Osbern, the cantor, of Canterbury cathe- dral : & relics of St. Audoen 64(2) ; and feasts of SS. Bartholomew, Audoen, and "Relics 74 (in footnote); his Life of St. Dunstan 136, 140, 142, 143 (1). Psalter: ' Gallican' (Vulgate) 5: 'Roman' 6-7,39; the obeli & asterisks of the Gal- lican Psalter 6 ; persistence ofuse of Ro- man Psalter in England 7; changes in the eleventh century 7-9; examples of correction to Gallican version in Eng- lish MSS. 8-9; the Psalter of the Bos- worth MS. 9-1 o; HarleianMS. 863 a Psalter of bishop Leofric of Exeter 162-163. ' Red Book of Derby.' See Calendars, Sherborne. Relics: — St. Audoen 57, 64 (2). St. Austroberta 57. St. Blase 58. St. Branwalator 54, 176. 'Ediva regina' 125 (1). St. Egwin 161. St. Fursey 57, 59 (1), 176. St. Gregory the Great 64 (2). St. Justus m. 41 (3). St. Salvius 36, 58. St. Samson 54, 176. St. Swithun 57. St. Wandregisil 25 (2). St. Wilfrid 57. Relics and relic cults at Canterbury cathe- dra! 57-59, 66-67, I2 +> l 2 5 (0- Relics, feast of, at Canterbury cathedral. See Feasts. Robert of Jumieges, missal of. See Ca- lendars, 'West-Country.' Saints. See Feasts and Cults, Relics. Saints, common masses of: origins of the Commune Sanctorum, and its use in Gaul, 153-155; in the Drummond 188 Missal 156. Saints, proper masses of: ijseqq., 147(2); Sanctorale of mass-books of Gallic ori- gin 153-154; Sanctorale of the eighth century Gallic recension of the Gelasi- anum 154. Sherborne. See Calendars, Feasts (Aethel- mod, Wulfsin). Stubbs, bishop: his treatment of the early life of St. Dunstan 127-129; treatment of the question of the date of birth of St. Dunstan 133-143. Wells. See Calendars. 'West-country' See Calendars. Westminster adopts Canterbury cathe- dral calendar in the second half of the twelfth century 125; its foundation 61 (1). Wilfrid, St., date of his death 1 59. Willibrord, St.: See Calendars. Winchester: adoption by other churhe9 of special Winchester cults before the Conquest 59-64, 161 ; extension to other churches of Winchester liturgi- cal formulae 38 (2); adoption of Win- chester calendar by other churches af- ter the Conquest 38-39; character of calendar revision at Winchester after the Conquest 120-12 1 ; Breton cults at 53, 56. See Calendars. Worcester: cathedral community (1096- 1 1 12) and Irish influences there 162. See Calendars. Wulfred, abp., his charter for Christ Church Canterbury 129. Wulfsin, abbat of Westminster and bish- op of Sherborne 61 (1). York. See Calendars. ADDITIONAL CORRECTIONS In 'List of Contents ' for page 18 1 read See in Index corrections under 'Feasts': 179 Aelfric hermit, Ignatius, Salvius; and p. 175 1. zj for 443 read 558 under Babillus etc. add 178 p. 180 col. 2 1. 20 before 1 591 insert III 189 D ooo ooe University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. NOV ■ 1988 NOV IV 1988 JAN 1 5 an? UN l |z|Z0fc3