university] 
 California* 
 
CYNEWULFS CHRIST 
 
 i. i i 
 
 an dgl)t& Centurv Cngligty €ptc 
 
 EDITED, WITH A MODERN RENDERING, BY 
 
 ISRAEL GOLLANCZ, M.A.. 
 of Christ's College, Cambridge. 
 
 UfclVER! 
 
 London 
 
 Published by DAVID NUTT 
 
 in the Strand 
 
 i 892 
 
o 
 
 *£ W 
 
., to c 
 THE REV. PROF. W. W. SKEAT 
 Magistro Discipulus 
 
FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TEXT 
 
 TRANSLATION . 
 APPENDIX . 
 
 NOTES 
 
 EXCURSUS . 
 GLOSSARY . 
 
 DEDICATION 
 
 2 140 
 
 3— 141 
 145— 153 
 157— 170 
 173—184 
 187—216 
 
PREFACE 
 
iRecD aceal mon gecgan, 
 Eune toritan, 
 Lecfo gesingan, 
 lofes gearntan, 
 SDom arcccan, 
 IDeeges oncttan.' 
 
' // is but the cloudes gathered about our 
 owne judgement that makes us thinke all 
 other ages wrapt up in mistes, and the 
 great distance betwixt us that causes us 
 to imagine men sofarre off to be so little 
 in respect of ourselves ' 
 
 § I- 
 
 N the year 107 1 died Leofric, first Bishop 
 of Exeter, sometime Chancellor of 
 England, the friend and favourite of 
 Edward the Confessor, a distinguished 
 disciple of the Lotharingian schools. 
 Contemporary accounts have come 
 down to us describing the pomp which attended the 
 bishop's installation ; how, in the presence of the chief- 
 tains of the realm, supported by the king on his right 
 and by the noble Eadgitha on his left, he ascended his 
 episcopal throne in the ancient minster of St. Mary and 
 St. Peter the Apostle. The minster, when it came into 
 his possession, had been despoiled of its lands and of 
 nigh all its ecclesiastical appurtenances; 'of twenty-six 
 estates which the pious king Athelstane had conferred 
 upon it scarce one remained.' During the twenty years 
 
 xiii 
 
of his rule, Leofric's energies and wealth were devoted to 
 the restoration of its former fortunes, and when he died 
 he left it more richly endowed than it had ever been 
 before. But he bequeathed to his cathedral-church some- 
 thing besides a magnificent rent-roll, — something even 
 more precious. When he took office, the library at 
 Exeter was in a pitiable condition ; he found there 
 nothing but five worthless service-books ; at his death 
 it numbered no less than sixty volumes, — Bibles, service- 
 books, homiletic literature, theological commentaries, and 
 the chief classics of those days, to wit, the works of 
 Statius, Prudentius, Prosper, and Boethius. Leofric's 
 library at Exeter did not, it is true, number as many 
 volumes as some of the rich Anglo-Saxon libraries of 
 which we have record ; it certainly did not rival Arch- 
 deacon Egbert's famous collection at York, that called 
 forth Alcuin's enthusiastic praise : — 
 
 ' Illic invenies veterum vestigia patrum, 
 Quidquid habet pro se Latio Romanus in orbe, 
 Grsecia vel quidquid transmisit clara Latinis ; 
 Hebraicus vel quod populus bibit imbre superno ; ' 
 
 nevertheless, one item in the catalogue of Leofric's books 
 places him in the first rank of our early bibliophiles, and 
 has earned for him, or should earn for him, the undying 
 gratitude of his countrymen. In the catalogue, which 
 is extant, writ in choicest Anglo-Saxon, there is an 
 entry which runs as follows : — 
 
 ' i. mgeel ffinolisc boc be Gebtoilcum pincum on leofctofean cetoorbt ' ; 
 xiv 
 
i.e. 'A great English book on all sorts of subjects wrought 
 in verse.' Happily, we have not to bewail the loss of the 
 volume thus described. Exeter Cathedral still cherishes 
 the possession of this most glorious relic of pre-Conquest 
 literature. The ' Exeter Book,' the name by which it 
 should be known to Englishmen all over the world, may 
 well claim to be the noblest product of early Teutonic 
 genius. True, it cannot boast of great beauty of work- 
 manship,— it is not, like the 'Codex Argenteus,' written 
 on purple vellum in letters of silver and gold ; no won- 
 drous miniatures adorn its pages, like the ' Book of Kells,' 
 — ' Angles,' not ' Angels,' wrought it, — but its contents 
 claim for it a higher consideration than even the 
 supreme philological interest of the former and the 
 artistic glories of the latter. It has preserved for us a 
 whole library of national literature, that would otherwise 
 have been irrevocably lost ; it is in itself a ' bibliotheca ' 
 rather than a ' book.' 
 
 It is not my purpose on this occasion to dwell on the 
 contents of the volume ; a study of the ' Exeter Book ' 
 would practically amount to a survey of old English 
 poetry through all its varied vicissitudes, harking back 
 to the songs that glee-men sang before the legions of 
 imperial Rome surrendered Britain to its fatal conflict 
 with barbaric Teuton. Fierce and brutal as were these 
 pirate-hordes towards their foes, yet their harps were 
 
 xv 
 
attuned to tender strains as they sang their sailor-songs 
 of the dear ones left behind : — 
 
 ' To the Frisian wife 
 comes a dear welcome-guest ; 
 the keel is at rest ; 
 his vessel is come ; 
 her husband is home ; 
 her own cherished lord 
 she leads to the board ; 
 his wet weeds she wrings ; 
 dry garments she brings. 
 Ah ! happy is he, 
 whom safe from the sea 
 his true love awaits ! ' 1 
 
 But, for the most part, the Anglo-Saxons took to their 
 poetry very sadly. The prevailing note of the old 
 English lyric is elegiac ; intense melancholy, harmonis- 
 ing with the gloom of Northern sea and sky, with 
 the fatalism of their Pagan faith, is the one mood 
 reflected in the subjective poems of the ' Exeter 
 Book ' :— 
 
 ' Ah ! thou bright cup ! Ah, thou mailed warrior ! 
 Ah ! the glory of my lord ! Now has the time passed, 
 darkened 'neath the veil of night, as if it ne'er had been. 
 Where once loved warriors trod, now stands 
 a wall of wondrous height, worm-eaten, grim ; 
 the might of the spears, slaughter-loving weapons, 
 has swept away the chiefs, — theirs was a glorious fate, — 
 but storms lash the rocky slopes, 
 and falling snowdrift binds the earth, 
 and all the winter's terror, when the dark night falls 
 
 1 From the Gnomic Verses of the Exeter Book ; the rime is a mere accident 
 of the translation. 
 
with its black shadow, and summons from the north 
 
 fierce storms, to the grievance of mankind. 
 
 All the realm of earth is full of hardship, 
 
 the world 'nealh heaven is turned by fate's decree.' « 
 
 This turn for melancholy is an abiding element in 
 English poetry throughout its history ; there can be 
 little question that it is essentially an English char- 
 acteristic, despite Matthew Arnold's oft-quoted dictum 
 that it is altogether derived from Celtic source. But 
 while the note of the old English lyric is elegiac, as far 
 as its form is concerned it belongs to the epic, — the all- 
 absorbing art-form of our oldest poetry. Epic dignity 
 and distinction, not lyrical rapidity of movement, mark 
 even the shortest of Anglo-Saxon songs. 
 
 And what better instrument for the grand epic style 
 than the wondrous blank verse — the old alliterative line 
 — of these ancient poets. Critics of Elizabethan litera- 
 ture delight to dwell on ' the mighty line ' created by the 
 greatest of Shakespeare's predecessors ; but, ten centuries 
 before Marlowe's genius impressed itself on the English 
 drama, English poetry had already ' unlocked the secret 
 of blank verse,' and had played upon ' its hundred stops.' 
 The secret of Marlowe's great discovery lies in this, that 
 he Teutonised the ' versi sciolti ' imported from Italy, 
 and unconsciously imparted thereto the flexibility and 
 vigour that characterised the national metre used by the 
 oldest of English poets, whose work has come down to 
 
 1 From Tht Wanderer, ' Exeter Book.' 
 
us. The high seriousness and earnestness of old English 
 poetry ; its epic style, absorbing lyrical and even dramatic 
 elements ; its subjectivity and melancholy ; its subtle 
 power of thoroughly nationalising foreign materials ; its 
 rich vocabulary and phraseology ; the wonder of its vary- 
 ing verse, expressive of every shade of human emotion ; 
 its artistic consciousness ; its avoidance of anything 
 approaching mediaeval grotesqueness, — all these qualities 
 distinguish the remarkable poem which holds the first 
 place in the Codex Exoniensis. This poem, which is pro- 
 bably the oldest Christiad of modern Europe, is herewith 
 introduced to English readers, its text carefully studied 
 and interpreted. 
 
 §3- 
 The text is based on the editor's unpublished edition of 
 the Exeter MS., in preparation for the Early English Text 
 Society. The variations from the MS. will be found in 
 ' Critical Notes ' at the end of the volume. 1 The MS. has 
 been followed minutely, not merely in the matter of spell- 
 ing, but also as regards the divisions of the poem, — a 
 matter of special importance hitherto neglected. Though 
 there are no titles to the various passus, the scribe has 
 clearly indicated the beginning of each by means of a 
 
 1 The system of punctuation employed has no MS. authority, neither have 
 the capital letters at the beginning of the lines ; there is no break between 
 the lines in the MS. , where the poem is written throughout as if prose. 1 have 
 not marked the letters expanded ; the accents are reproduced from the MS. 
 
 xviii 
 
% 
 
 long flourish of capital letters, distinguishing carefully the 
 smaller sections from the main divisions. Thus, the MS. 
 makes it certain that Passus III. begins with words ' Donne 
 mid fere,' and does not include the previous section. 
 External evidence corroborates this view. Appendix II. 
 gives the source of Passus II. ; it is obvious that the final 
 section of the passus is directly due to the final section of 
 the homily. It is strange that Dietrich, who first called 
 attention to the unity of the poem, and to the chief source 
 of its second division, should have missed this point. 
 
 In Appendix I. I have printed fifty-eight lines hitherto 
 regarded as part of the present poem, but most assuredly, 
 if the original scribe may be credited, the opening lines 
 of the ' Legend of St. Guthlac ' ; there is absolutely no 
 break in the MS. between these lines and the passage 
 usually printed as the first section of the latter poem. I 
 make bold to suggest that the whole section is a pre- 
 lude to ' St. Guthlac,' with motives derived from the 
 concluding portion of the ' Christ.' Thorpe, the first 
 editor of the Exeter MS., is no doubt answerable for this 
 error, which even the ingenuity of Dietrich and Grein 
 did not detect. 1 
 
 1 Thorpe's Codex Exonicnsis appeared just fifty years ago. Unfortunately, 
 he failed to see the value of ' the first 106 pages ' of his book (i.e. the portion 
 containing the present poem); his comment ran as follows: — 'Though in- 
 teresting to the philologist, they possess little attraction for any other class of 
 readers. The pieces they contain are, no doubt, translations from the Latin ; 
 but their subject is not of a nature to stimulate many to search after the 
 originals, which, if discovered, would prove of little use in elucidating the 
 
Appendix III. is a valuable contribution made by 
 Professor Cook to the sources of the poem, and may be 
 regarded as affording external evidence in favour of the 
 theory propounded above concerning the limit of the 
 third passus. It remains but to point out that unfortun- 
 ately the first part of Passus I. is lost ; to give to the epic 
 the appearance of completeness a single word has been 
 omitted ; the capital letter at the beginning of the text 
 has no MS. authority. 1 The frontispiece has been added 
 to the volume as a specimen of Anglo-Saxon art, illustra- 
 tive of the subject of the second part of the poem ; it 
 belongs to the famous series of miniatures that adorn the 
 ' Benedictional of St. .rEthelwold.' 2 
 
 obscurities, or correcting the errors of a version, in this and all similar cases 
 yet known, too paraphrastic to admit of comparison. ' 
 
 In 1853 Dietrich called attention to the unity of the poems, but as he had 
 no opportunity of examining the MS., he did not perceive the real state of 
 affairs, though he and others might have inferred it from Wanlcy's descrip- 
 tion of the MS. (v. page 280), where ' Passus' I., II., III., are styled ' Liber' 
 I., II., III., though the connection of the ' I ibri ' was not noted. In 1857 
 Grein's Bibtiothck included the 'Christ,' which was based on Thorpe's text. 
 Grein accepted Dietrich's views on the subject of the poem, but printed it 
 unnecessarily as one long poem, with twenty-two sections. In 1S57 appeared 
 the same scholar's ' Dichlungcn der Angelsachsen stabreimend uebersebzt.' 
 Little has been done for the interpretation of the poem since Grein's monu- 
 mental work, though the need of a new edition has been long felt. It is a 
 strange fact that after 1 100 years and more the ' Christ ' now appears for 
 the first time as a separate volume. The translation which accompanies the 
 text is the first attempt that has been made to interpret the poem as a 
 piece of Knglish literature. 
 
 1 Cf. note 1. i. The initials at the commencement of Passus I., II., HI., are 
 taken from the Anglo-Saxon Codex Psalterii Vossimiis (liodleian Library), 
 as reproduced in Professor Westwood's Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic 
 Miniatw es. 
 
 4 Reproduced in reduced facsimile by Mr. Griggs, with kind permission, 
 from the last-named book, (v. page 132.) 
 
Long and patient search has failed to discover the 
 source of Passus I. ; this failure is especially to be deplored 
 as one would much wish to know from what original the 
 poet evolved the earliest dramatic scene in English litera- 
 ture, (v. page 1 8.) What a contrast an Anglo-Saxon 
 religious drama would have presented to the homely 
 miracles and mysteries of later centuries ! The original 
 of the greater part of Passus I. must, I think, have been a 
 Latin hymn-cycle, the 'Joseph and Mary' section being 
 derived from an undiscovered hymn arranged for recital 
 by half-choirs. The crude materials used for Passus II. 
 and III., printed at the end of the volume, attest in a 
 remarkable way the transforming power of the poet ; the 
 well-sustained simile that closes Passus II. owes its exist- 
 ence to the words in the last section of St. Gregory's 
 Homily, ' Quamvis adhuc rerum perturbationibus animus 
 fluctuet.' The passages in the Appendix form a valuable 
 commentary to the greater part of the text. 
 
 §4- 
 The Exeter MS. was written some time in the tenth 
 century, or early in the eleventh ; the bulk of its contents 
 is, however, at least two centuries older. Its dialect is 
 West- Saxon, or 'Anglo-Saxon,' as it is generally called, 
 but one is able to detect in a number of the poems the 
 fossil remains of another and an older dialect. Minute 
 philological criteria lead to the conclusion, supported 
 strongly by other evidence, that the first of the poems pre- 
 
served in the codex, and many more besides, are Saxon 
 {i.e. Southern) transcriptions of Anglian (i.e. Northern) 
 originals. Wessex merely preserved the poems, Nor- 
 thumbria produced them. Indeed at no time in its 
 history has Wessex been productive of poetical work ; 
 from the days of Alfred onward its special strength lay 
 in prose literature. Did not Chaucer recognise the fact 
 when he made his parson exclaim : — 
 
 ' Trusteth wel, J am a Sothertu man, 
 I cannot geste, rom, ram, ruf, by my letter, 
 And God wote, rime hold I but litel better, 
 And therefore if you list I wol not glose, 
 I wol you tell a litel tale in prose. ' 
 
 It seems almost certain then that the ' Christ ' is an 
 Anglian poem, written before Northumbria ceased to be 
 the great centre of poetical activity, i.e. before the begin- 
 ning of the ninth century, and critics are at one in placing 
 the 'floruit' of its poet during the second half of the 
 eighth century. The poet in question has bequeathed to 
 us his name by a strange device ; by means of mystic 
 runes Cynewulf worked a subtle spell whereby his author- 
 ship of this and of three other poems is incontestably 
 established. In an ' Excursus on Cynewulf Runes,' at the 
 end of the volume, I have considered the many questions 
 at issue concerning this important point. It remains but 
 to add that I am sceptical on the subject of the supposed 
 charade-character of the so-called ' First Riddle.' Inter- 
 esting attempts have been made to write the biography of 
 
the poet ;' it is not my purpose in this place to attempt a 
 similar task, which would involve a discussion of the whole 
 problem of Cynewulf's relation to the extant remains of 
 Anglo-Saxon poetry. In conclusion, I would apply to our 
 poet the commendation bestowed by an old historian on 
 one of Cynewulf's masters and predecessors, whose fame 
 rests solely on his Latin verse, though he too composed in 
 the vernacular : — 
 
 ' ©mnium poetarum sut temporis facile primus, tantee eloquentia; 
 majestatis ft crubitionis homo fuit, ut nunquam satis abmirari 
 possim untie illt in tarn barbara ac xuDi state facunbia accrebmt, 
 usque abco omnibus numcris trrsa, elegans, et rotunba, bcrsus 
 ebibit cum antiquitate be palma contenbentes.' 2 
 
 ' C(. Ten Brink, Early English Literature, pp. 51-59, and Appendix. 
 
 J Quoted by Samuel Daniel in his Defence of Rymc, concerning 'Aldelmus 
 Durotelmus, of whom we find this commendation registered ' ; the lines 
 occur in an interesting passage on the learning of Saxon England, whence, 
 too, the quotation that heads this Introduction. If only the old Elizabethans 
 had known of Cynewulf. 
 
CYNEWULFS CHRIST 
 
 
primus $a$0ii# tie $atiiritate. 
 i. 
 
 eart se weall-stan pe 'Sa wyrhtan iu 
 Wi'5-wurpon to weorce- Wei pe 
 
 geriseS 
 fcaet pu heafod sie healle maErre 
 And gesomnige side weallas 
 Fasste gefoge flint unbraxne 
 
 past geond eor^-bfyrijg eall eagna gesihpe 
 
 Wundrien to worlde wuldres ealdor- 
 
 Gesweotula nu purh searo-crasft pin sylfes weorc 
 
 SoS-faest sigor-beorht and sona forlast 
 
 Weall wiS wealle- Nu is pam weorce pearf ] 
 
 past se craeftga cume and se cyning sylfa 
 
 And ponne gebete nu gebrosnad is 
 
 Hus under hrofe- He past hra gescop 
 
 Leomo laemena nu sceal lif-frea 
 
 pone wergan heap wrapum ahreddan 
 
 Earme from egsan swa he oft dyde- 
 
 Eala pu reccend and pu riht cyning 
 
 Se pe locan healdeS lif ontyneS 
 
 Eadga us siges oprum forwyrned 
 
 Wlitigan wil-sipes gif his weorc ne deag- : 
 
 2 
 
part tfim. Clje fitatibity. 
 i. 
 
 • 'I ' HOU art the wall-stone that the workers once 
 
 rejected from the work.: It well beseemeth thee, 
 that thou shouldst be tJie head of this great hall, 
 and shouldst unite, with fastening secure, 
 the spacious walls of adamantine rock, 
 that throughout earth all things with sight endowed 
 may wonder evermore, O Prince of glory ! 
 Show now thy skill ! reveal thy handiwork 
 firm-set in sovran splendour ! yea, leave anon 
 the opposing walls erect ! The work lutth need now 
 that the Craftsman and the King Himself should come, 
 and should restore the house, which lieth waste 
 beneath the roof. He formed the body erst, 
 and the limbs of clay ; now shall He, Lord of life, • 
 deliver from their foes this abjet throng, 
 these wretclied ones from terror, as He oft did. 
 " O tliou Ruler, and thou righteous King ! ' 
 Tliou Keeper of the keys that open life ! ' 
 bless us with victory, with a bright career, 
 denied unto another, if his work be wortldess ! ' 
 
 3 
 
Huru we for pearfe pas word spreca 1 ? 
 [Nu gemasrsi] gia$ pone pe mon gescop 
 past he ne hete . . . ceose sprecan 
 Cearfulra ping pe we in carcerne 
 Sitta'S sorgende sunnan wil-srS- 
 Hwonne us lif-frea leoht ontyne 
 WeorSe ussum mode to mund-boran 
 And past tydre gewitt tire bewinde- 
 Gedo usic pass wyrSe pe he to wuldre forlet 
 Jpa we hean-lice hweorfan sceoldan 30 
 
 To pis enge lond eSle bescyrede- 
 Forpon secgan masg se 'Se soft spriccS 
 l?ast he ahredde pa for-hwyrfed wass 
 Frum-cyn fira- Wass seo fasmne geong 
 MasgS manes leas pe he him to meder geceas- 
 Jpaet wass geworden butan weres frigum 
 JPast purh bearnes gebyrd bryd eacen wearS- 
 Nasnig efenlic pam asr ne sippan 
 In worlde gewearS wifes gearnung- 
 t?ast degol wass dryhtnes geryne- 40 
 
 Eal giofu gasst-lic grund-sceat geond-spreot 
 J?asr wisna fela wearS inlihted 
 Lare long-sume purh lifes fruman 
 I?e asr under hoSman biholen lasgon 
 Witgena wtfS-song pa se waldend cwom 
 4 
 
Forsooth in very need zue speak these words ; 
 Him who created man we supplicate, 
 that He elect not to declare in hate 
 the doom of us who sad in prison here 
 sit yearning for the sun' s propitious course. 
 Wlien the Lord of life revealetk light to us, 
 , be He the guardian- angel of our souls, 
 and wreathe t/ie feeble mind with radiant grace. 
 May He glorify us thus, His favoured ones, 
 when zve must needs depart in abject plight 
 unto this narrow land, bereft of home. 
 
 Verily he may say it, who speaketh truth, 
 that when tlie race of man was all depraved, 
 He came and rescued it. Young was the maiden, 
 a damsel sinless, whom He chose as mother. 
 It came to pass without the love of man, 
 ttiat the bride was great by child-conception. 
 Never before or after in tlie "world 
 was any meed of woman like to that ; 
 it was a secret mystery of tlie Lord. 
 All glwstly grace o'er spread the realm of earth, 
 and many a thing became illumined then 
 through life's Creator, teachings of ancient day, 
 which lay concealed beneath the veil of night, 
 the sages' songs prophetic, ere the Ruler came, 
 
 5 
 
Sepe reorda gehwass ryne gemicla'S 
 
 Dara pe geneahhe noman scyppendes 
 
 frurh ho[r]scne had hergan willa'S- 
 
 Eala sibbe gesihS Sancta hierusalem 
 
 Cyne-stola cyst cristes burg-lond 50 
 
 Engla epel-stol and pa ane in pe 
 
 Saule so'S-facstra simle geresta'S 
 
 Wuldrum hremge- Naefre wommes tacn 
 
 In pam eard-gearde eawed weorpe'S 
 
 Ac pe firina gehwylc feor abugeS 
 
 WasrgLio and gewinnes- Bist to wuldre full 
 
 Halgan hyhtes swa pu gehaten eart- 
 
 Sioh nu sylfa pe geond pas sidan gesceaft 
 
 Swylce rodores hrof rume geond-wlitan 
 
 Ymb healfa gehwone hu pec heofones cyning 60 
 
 SrSe geseccS and sylf cymeS 
 
 NimcS eard in pe swa hit aer gefyrn 
 
 Witgan wis-faeste wordum saegdon 
 
 CySdon cristes gebyrd cwasdon pe to frofre 
 
 Burga bet-licast- Nu is past beam cymen 
 
 Awaecned to wyrpe weorcum ebrea- 
 
 BringeS blisse pe benda onlyse'S 
 
 Nipum geneSde nearo-pearfe conn 
 
 Hu se earma sceal are gebidan- 
 
who speedeth on its course their every prayer, 
 if mortals will but praise full earnestly 
 their Mater's name, as wisdom biddeth than. 
 
 O sight of peace ! holy ferusalem ! 
 choicest of royal thrones ! citadel of Christ ! 
 the native seat of angels and of the just, 
 the souls of wlwm alone rest in thee ever, 
 exulting in glory. No sign of aught unclean 
 s/iall ever be beheld in that abode, 
 but every sin shall flee afar from thee, 
 all curse and conflict ; thou art gloriously full 
 of holy promise, e'en as thou art named. 
 See now thyself how all the wide creation 
 and heaven's roof survey eth thee about, 
 on every side, and how the King of heaven 
 seeketh thee in His course, and cometh Himself, 
 and taketh His dwelling in thee, as in days of yore 
 soothsayers so wise declared in words ; 
 
 they made known Christ's birth ; they told it for thy comfort, 
 thou best of cities ! Nozv the Child is come, 
 awakened to destroy the Hebrews' works ; 
 He bringeth thee joy ; He loosen eth thy bonds ; 
 He hath adventured Him for men ; He knoweth their need, — 
 yea, how the wretched must await compassion. 
 
II. 
 
 ^gt^ALA wifa wynn geond wuldres prym- 70 
 
 \^s Fasmne freo-licast ofer ealne foldan sceat 
 
 pass pe aefre sund-buend secgan hyrdon- 
 
 Arece us paet geryne J>aet pe of roderum cwom 
 
 Hu pu eacnunge aefre onfenge 
 
 Bearnes purh gebyrde and pone gebed-scipe 
 
 ./Efter mon-wisan mod ne cU$es- 
 
 Ne we soS-lice swylc ne gefrugnan 
 
 In aer-dagum aefre gelimpan 
 
 faet Su in sundur-giefe swylce befenge 
 
 Ne we paere wyrde wenan purfon 80 
 
 Toweard in tide- Huru treow in pe 
 
 WeorS-licu wunade nu pu wuldres prym 
 
 Bosme gebaere and no gebrosnad wearS 
 
 Maeg'S-had se micla- Swa eal manna beam 
 
 Sorgum sawaS swa eft ripaS 
 
 Cenna'S to c weal me- CwaeS sio eadge maeg 
 
 Symle sigores full Sancta maria- 
 
 Hwaet is peos wundrung pe ge wafiaS 
 
 And geomrende gehpum maena'S 
 
 Sunu solimae somod his dohtor- 90 
 
 FricgaS purh fyrwet hu ic faemnan-had 
 
II. 
 
 ' O sovran Lady of t/ie blissful skies, ' 
 
 tliou noblest maid through all tlie realm of earth, 
 
 that tlie ocean-dwellers Jiave ever lieard tell of, 
 
 unfold tlie mystery that came to tltee from lieqven, 
 
 Jww tliou didst in some wise receive increase 
 
 by child-conception, and yet t/iou knewest not 
 
 communion after human fashion. 
 
 Truly we have not lieard that ever yet, 
 
 in days of yore, the like hath come to pass, 
 
 such as thou in special grace receivedst, 
 
 nor may we hope that it will ever chance 
 
 in future time. Lo, the faith that dwelt in thee 
 
 was worshipful, since t/wu didst in thy bosom bear 
 
 tlie flower of glory, and thy great maidenhood 
 
 was not destroyed. All the children of men 
 
 as they sow in sorrow, so afterwards they reap, 
 
 they bring forth for death' Spake tJie blessed maiden, 
 
 ever full of triumph, tlie holy Mary : — 
 
 ' What is this wonder which ye wonder at, 
 and grievously bemoan 'mid lamentations, 
 thou son and thou daughter of Salem ? 
 Ye ask full anxiously Iww I preserved 
 
 9 
 
Mund minne geheold and eac modor gewear'S 
 Msere meotudes suna- Forpan past monnum nis 
 Cu'S geryne ac crist onwrah 
 In dauides dyrre masgan 
 fast is euan scyld eal for-pynded 
 WasrgSa aworpen and gewuldrad is 
 Se heanra had- Hyht is onfangen 
 past nu bletsung mot baem gemasne 
 Werum and wifum a to worulde forS 
 In pam up-lican engla dreame 
 Mid soS-faeder symle wunian- 
 Eala earendel engla beorhtast 
 Ofer middan-geard monnum sended 
 And soS-fassta sunnan leoma 
 Torht ofer tunglas- pu tida gehwane 
 Of sylfum pe symle inlihtes- 
 Swa pu god of gode gearo acenned 
 Sunu sopan fasder swegles in wuldre 
 Butan anginne asfre waere 
 Swa pec nu for pearfum pin agen geweorc 
 BideS purh byldo paet pu pa beorhtan us 
 Sunnan onsende and pe sylf cyme 
 fast Su inleohte pa pe longe ser 
 prosme bepeahte and in peostrum her 
 Saston sin-neahtes synnum bifealdne. 
 10 
 
my maidenhood, ?ny troth, and yet became 
 
 great mother of the Creator's Son. Verify ~to men 
 
 the mystery is not known ; but Christ revealed 
 
 , in Davids kinswoman, beloved of Him, 
 that ttie guilt of Eve is all concluded now, 
 the curses overthrown, and the lowlier sex 
 is now made glorious. Hope is vouchsafed 
 that now for men and women equally 
 blessing may for evermore abide, 
 amid the liarmony of angels high above, 
 with the Father of truth, to all eternity.' 
 
 Hail, heavenly beam, brightest of angels thou, 
 sent unto men upon this middle-earth ! 
 T/iou art the true refulgence of the sun, 
 radiant above the stars, and from thyself 
 illumines t for ever all the tides of time. 
 And as thou, God indeed begotten of God, 
 
 i thou Son of the true Father, wast from aye, 
 without beginning, in the heavens glory, 
 so now thy handiwork in its sore need 
 
 prayeth t/iee boldly tliat thou send to us 
 the radiant sun, and that thou come thyself 
 to enlighten those who for so long a time 
 were wrapt around with darkness, and here in gloom 
 have sat the livelong night, shrouded in sin ; 
 
Deorc deaj?es sceadu dreogan sceoldan- 
 Nu we hyht-fulle haclo gelyfaS 
 t?urh J>ast word godes weorodum brungen 
 t?e on frynvSe was faxler admihtigum 120 
 
 Efen-ece mid god and nu eft geweafS 
 Flsesc firena leas ])xt seo fasmne gebasr 
 Geomrum to geoce- God waes mid us 
 Gesewen butan synnum somod eardedon 
 Mihtig meotudes beam and se monnes sunu 
 GeJ^wasre on J)Wde- We J?ass )?onc magon 
 Secgan sige-dryhtne symle bi gewyrhtum 
 pass Jje he hine sylfne us sendan wolde- 
 Eala gassta god hu f>u gleawlice 
 
 Mid noman ryhte nemned wasre ijo 
 
 Emmanuhel swa hit engel gecwas'S 
 iErest on ebresc Jwet is eft gereht 
 Rume bi gerynum nu is rodera weard 
 God sylfa mid us- Swa )?aet gomele gefyrn 
 Ealra cyninga cyning and ]?one clasnan eac 
 Sacerd soS-lice saegdon toweard- ^ 
 Swa se maere iu melchisedech 
 Gleaw in gasste god-J?rym on-wrah 
 Eces alwaldan- Se was as bringend 
 Lara lasdend Jram longe his 140 
 
 Hyhtan hider-cyme swa him gehaten waes 
 12 
 
death's dark shadow had they to endure. 
 Hopeful now, we trust in the salvation 
 brought to the hosts of men through Gods ozvn word, 
 which -was in the beginning co-eternal 
 with God, t/ie Almighty Father, and is now 
 flesh void of blemish, that tlie maiden bare 
 to help the wretclud. God was seen 'mong us 
 in all His sinlessness ; together they dwelt, 
 i the Creator's mighty Son and the son of man, 
 in peace on earth. Wherefore, as it is meet, 
 we may well tJuink the Lord of triumph aye, 
 that He vouchsafed to send to us Himself 
 O thou God of spirits ! how wisely thou 
 wast named, with name aright, Emmanuel ! s 
 as the angel spake the word in Hebrew first, 
 which in its secret meaning fully now 
 is thus interpreted: — ' The Guardian of the skies, 
 God's Self is now with us '; e'en as of yore 
 old men said truly that t/ie King of kings, 
 and eke the cleanly Priest, would come anon. 
 Thus long ago the great Melchisedek, 
 so wise of soul, revealed the majesty 
 of the eternal Ruler 1 ; he was the law-bringer ; 
 he gave them precepts, who had awaited long 
 His advent hit/ier, for it was promised t/iem, 
 
 13 
 
)Pa;tte sunu meotudes sylfa 
 
 Wolde gefaclsian foldan maeg<Se 
 
 Swylce grundas eac gasstes masgne 
 
 Sipe gesecan- Nu hie softe J?aes 
 
 Bidon in bendum hvvonne beam godes 
 
 Cwome to cearigum- Forpon cwadon swa 
 
 Suslum geslajhte- Nu pu sylfa cum 
 
 Heofones heah-cyning bring us haslo-lif 
 
 Werigum wite-peowum wope forcymenum 150 
 
 Bitrum bryne-tearum- Is seo bot gelong 
 
 Eal aot pe anum .... ofer-pearfum- 
 
 Hasftas hyge-geomre hider [gesece 
 
 Ne htt] pe behindan ponne pu heonan cyrre 
 
 Masnigo pus micle ac pu miltse on us 
 
 GecyS cyne-lice crist nergende- 
 
 Wuldres ajpeling ne laet awyrgde ofer us 
 
 Onwald agan- Laef us ecne gefean 
 
 Wuldres pines paet pec weorSien 
 
 Weoroda wuldor-cyning pa pu geworhtes asr 160 
 
 Hondum pinum- Jpu in hean-nissum 
 
 Wunast wide ferh mid waldend fasder. 
 
 H 
 
t/iat tlie Son Himself of tlie all-ruling Lord 
 
 would purify tlie nations of the earth, 
 
 and in His course would seek too tlie abyss, 
 
 by the might of His spirit. Patiently 
 
 Iiave tliey waited in their fetters, till Gods Child 
 
 s/iould come to tlie afflicted ; wherefore spake thus 
 
 tlwse cast in torments : — ' Come thou now thyself 
 
 Sovran of heaven ! bring us salvation, 
 
 weary thralls oppressed, worn out with weeping, 
 
 with bitter burning tears. With thee alone 
 
 resteth their cure for those in direst need. 
 
 Visit us here, captives so sad of mood, 
 
 nor leave behind thee, when thou turn' st from hence, 
 
 so great a throng ! but royally show forth 
 
 thy mercy unto us, O Saviour Christ ! 
 
 O Prince of glory ! let not the accursed 
 
 Iwld sway o'er us ; thy gloiy's endless joy 
 
 vouc/isafe to us, that those may worship thee, 
 
 great Lord of hosts, wlwm thou createdst erst 
 
 with thine own /tands. Thou in tlie heights above 
 
 dwellest for ever with the all-ruling Father.' 
 
 '5 
 
III. 
 
 ^gfrALA ioseph min iacobes beam 
 \^ Masg dauides maeran cyninges 
 Nu pu freode scealt fasste gedaslan 
 Alastan lufan mine- Ic lungre earn 
 Deope gedrefed dome bereafod 
 For'Son ic worn for pe worde hasbbe 
 Sidra sorga and sar-cwida 
 
 Hearmes gehyred and me hosp spreca'S 170 
 
 Torn-worda fela- Ic tearas sceal 
 Geotan geomor-mod- God eape masg 
 Gehaslan hyge-sorge heortan minre 
 Afrefran fea-sceaftne- Eala faemne geong 
 MasgS maria- Hwast bemurnest Su 
 Cleopast cearigende ne ic culpan in pe 
 Incan aenigne aefre onfunde 
 Womma geworhtra and pu pa word spricest 
 Swa pu sylfa sie synna gehwylcre 
 
 Firena gefylled- Ic to fela hasbbe 180 
 
 J?aes byrd-scypes bealwa onfongen- 
 Hu masg ic ladigan lapan spraece 
 Oppe andsware asnige findan 
 Wrapum to-wipere- Is past wide cu$ 
 \6 
 
III. 
 
 [MARY.] ' Alas ! now, Joseph mine, thou child of Jacob, ' 
 
 scion of David's stock, the glorious King, 
 
 must t/iou forthwith renounce thy plighted troth, 
 
 and leave my love f " [JOSEPH.] ' Too soon am I o 'erw/ielmed 
 
 with grievous care ; too soon bereft of honour. 
 
 Forsooth through thee have I lieard many a word, 
 
 many an agonising bitter taunt, 
 
 many an insult, and they revile me now 
 
 with words of bitter wrath. My soul is sad ; 
 
 I must shed tears. God may easily 
 
 lieal the grievous sorrow of my heart, 
 
 and comfort me, forlorn. Alas, young damsel, 
 
 Mary maiden ! ' [MARY.] ' Why bemoancst thou, 
 
 and cries t aloud lamenting ? AVer found I 
 
 a fault in thee, or any cause of blame 
 
 for evil done, and yet tJurn speak 'st such words, 
 
 as thou thyself wert filled with every sin 
 
 and all transgression.' [JOSEPH.] ' Too much misery 
 
 have I received from this conception. 
 
 How can I escape the hateful words, 
 
 or how can I find any answer now 
 
 against mine angry foes t ' Tis widely known, 
 
 B 17 
 
]}xt ic of pam torhtan temple dryhtnes 
 Onfeng freo-lice fasmnan clasne 
 Womma lease and nu gehwyrfed is 
 frurh nat-hwylces- Me nawper deag 
 Secge ne swige- Gif ic soft sprece 
 fronne sceal dauides dohtor sweltan 190 
 
 Stanum astyrfed- Gen strengre is 
 frast ic morpor hele scyle man-swara 
 Lap leoda gehwam lifgan sippan 
 FractfS in folcum- pa seo fasmne onwrah 
 Ryht-geryno and pus reordade- 
 StfS ic secge purh sunu meotudes 
 Gaesta geocend past ic gen ne conn 
 frurh gemasc-scipe monnes ower 
 iEnges on eor'San- Ac me eaden wearS 
 Geongre in geardum past me gabrihel 200 
 
 Heofones heag-engel haslo gebodade- 
 Sasgde soS-lice past me swegles gasst 
 Leoman onlyhte sceolde ic lifes prym 
 Geberan beorhtne sunu beam eacen godes 
 Torhtes tir-fruma[n]- Nu ic his tempel earn 
 Gefremed butan facne in me frofre gaest 
 Ge-eardode- Nu pu ealle forlst 
 Sare sorg-ceare saga ecne pone 
 Masrum meotodes sunu paet ic his modor geweafS 
 18 
 
that from the glorious temple of the Lord 
 I joyfully received a maiden pure, 
 immaculate ; and now all this is changed, 
 through whom I know not. Neither availeth me, 
 to speak or to be silent ; speak I the truth, 
 then must Davids daughter suffer death, 
 slain with stones ; yet 'tis a harder lot 
 to conceal the crime, and to be doomed to live 
 a perjurer, henceforth loathed by all t lie folk, 
 accursed 'mong men! Then did the maid unravel 
 the mystery so trite, and thus she spake : — 
 ' Truly I say, by the Son of the Creator, 
 the Saviour of souls, that yet I know not 
 in conjugal communion any man 
 anywhere on earth ; but it was granted me, 
 while still a damsel young and in my home, 
 that Gabriel, heaven's archangel, bade me hail, 
 and said in very truth, t/iat heaven's Spirit 
 should with His ray illume me, that I should bear 
 life's Glory, an illustrious Son, the mighty Child 
 of God, tlu bright Creator. Now, without guilt, 
 am I become His temple ; the Spirit of comfort 
 hath dwelt within me. Wherefore dismiss thou now 
 all sorry care, and say eternal thanks 
 to tlie Lord s great Son, tliat I became His mother, 
 
 19 
 
v^ 
 
 Fasmne foriS se-J?eah and }m fasder cweden 210 
 
 Woruld-cund bi wene sceolde witedom 
 In him sylfum beon sO$e gefylled- 
 Eala bu so$a and Jju sib-suma 
 Ealra cyninga cyning crist ael-mihtig 
 Hu bu aer waere eallum geworden 
 Worulde brymmum mid binne wuldor-fseder 
 Cild acenned burh his crajft and meaht- 
 Nis asnig nu eorl under lyfte 
 Secg searo-Jxmcol to )?aes swiSe gleaw 
 Jpe psdt asecgan masge sund buendum 220 
 
 Areccan mid ryhte hu be rodera weard 
 iEt frym'Se genom him to freo-bearne- 
 fast wass bara binga pt her beoda cynn 
 Gefrugnen mid folcum ast fruman asrest 
 Geworden under wolcnum bast witig god 
 Lifes ord-fruma leoht and J>ystro 
 Gedaslde dryhtlice and him waes domes geweald 
 And ba wisan abead weoroda ealdor- 
 Nu sie geworden forb a to widan feore 
 Leoht lixende gefea lifgendra gehwam 230 
 
 ]?e in cneorissum cende weor'Sen- 
 And pa sona gelomp pa. hit swa sceolde 
 Leoma leohtade leoda maegbum 
 Torht mid tunglum asfter bon tida bigong- 
 20 
 
nathless a maiden still, and thou, I ivcen, 
 
 art named His earthly father, should t/te prophecy 
 
 become fulfilled aright in Him Himself 
 
 thou true Sovran, and thou peaceful King, 
 ' thou King of all Kings, Christ Omnipotent ! 
 Iww wast thou, with thy glorious Father, aye 
 existent before all tfie world's estates, 
 a child begotten by His skill and might. 
 Tliere liveth not a mortal under heaven, 
 no man however wise, who is so wise, 
 tliat he can tell unto tlie ocean-dwellers 
 . and expound aright, how the Warden of the skies 
 took thee in the beginning for His noble child. 
 Of all tJie things tliat mankind hath e'er heard 
 here upon earth, this thing first came to pass 
 1 beneath the clouds, that God Omniscient, 
 tlie Source of life, parted in sovran will 
 tlie light from darkness, wielding His decree ; 
 and thus He, Lord of hosts, commanded then : — 
 
 ' Let tlure be light for ever and for ever, 
 a radiant joy for each of living men 
 wlio in their generations shall be born! 
 
 And so it came to pass, when 'twas ordained ; 
 a splendour shining bright amidst the stars 
 lighted, through tlie course of time, the tribes of men. 
 
Sylfa sette Jjast J?u sunu ware 
 Efen-eardigende mid ]?inne engan frean 
 JEr )?on oht pisses asfre gewurde- 
 Jpu eart seo snyttro ]?e Jjas sidan gesceaft 
 Mid \>\ waldende worhtes ealle- 
 
 Forjjon nis asnig Jjass horse ne |>ass hyge-crsftig 240 
 f e J>in from-cyn masge fira bearnum 
 Sweotule gesejjan- Cum nu sigores weard 
 Meotod mon-cynnes and ]?ine miltse her 
 Arfasst ywe us is eallum neod 
 pat we J?in medren-cynn motan cunnan 
 Ryht-geryno nu we areccan ne ma;gon 
 past fasdren-cynn fier owihte- 
 )2u ]?isne middan-geard milde geblissa 
 )?urh Sinne her-cyme haslende crist- 
 And J>a gyldnan geatu J?e in gear-dagum 250 
 
 Ful longe asr bilocen stodan 
 Heofona heah frea hat ontynan 
 And usic J?onne gesece ]>urh J?in sylfes gong 
 Ea"S-mod to eor)jan- Us is ]?inra arna )?earf 
 Hafa*5 se awyrgda wulf tostenced 
 Deor dasd-scua dryhten J?in eowde 
 Wide towrecene )>ast "Su waldend asr 
 Blode gebohtes }?aet se bealo-fulla 
 HyneS heard-lice and him on hasft nimeS 
 22 
 

 He had Himself ordained that thou, His Son, 
 shouldst be co-dwelling with thy only Lord, 
 ere aught of this had ever come to pass. 
 Lo, thou art Wisdom ; with l/ie Omnipotent 
 thou wroughtest all this wide creation ; 
 wJierefore is none so wise or so profound 
 tltat he can tell thy origin aright 
 
 ' to t/ie sons of men. Come now, Lord of triumph. 
 Creator of mankind, and graciously 
 show forth thy mercy here ; we all desire 
 that we may know aright thy mother-kin, 
 a mystery indeed ; we cannot understand 
 further in anywise thy kin paternal. 
 Bless thou benignly all this middle-earth 
 
 . by thy coming hither, O tlwu Saviour Christ, 
 and the golden gates that in the days of old, 
 through the long ages, stood so firmly locked, 
 do thou, high Lord of heaven, bid open now, 
 and visit us, coming thy very Self 
 humbly to earth ! we need thy gracious help ; 
 the accursed wolf, tJte beast of darkest deed, 
 hath scattered, Lord, thy flock, and far and wide 
 
 . dispersed it ; what thou, Omnipotent, of old 
 didst with thy blood redeem, the baleful one 
 oppresseth cruelly, and taketh it in bondage, 
 
 23 
 
Ofer usse nioda lust- Forpon we nergend pe 260 
 
 BiddaS georn-lice breost-gehygdum 
 
 J?a:t pu hraed-lice helpe gefremme 
 
 Wergum wreccan past se wites bona 
 
 In helle grund hean gedreose 
 
 And pin hond-geweorc hadepa scyppend 
 
 Mote arisan and on ryht cuman 
 
 To pam up-cundan aepelan rice 
 
 ]7onan us asr purh syn-lust se swearta gaest 
 
 Forteah and fortylde past we tires wone 
 
 A butan ende sculon ermpu dreogan 270 
 
 Butan pu usic pon ofost-licor ece dryhten 
 
 JEt pam leod-sceapan lifgende god 
 
 Helm alwihta hreddan wille- 
 
 IV. 
 
 €ALA pu masra middan-geardes 
 Seo clasneste cwen ofer eorpan 
 )para [p]e gewurde to widan feore 
 Hu pec mid ryhte ealle reord-berend 
 HataS and secgaS hadeS geond foldan 
 Blipe mode pset pu bryd sie 
 
 ftaes selestan swegles bryttan- 280 
 
 Swylce pa hyhstan on heofonum eac 
 Cristes pegnas cwepaS and singaS 
 24 
 
despite our anxious longing. Wherefore, Saviour, 
 we pray tlue earnestly, with all our tlwughts, 
 that speedily thou grant help unto us, 
 poor weary wretches, that the soul's destroyer 
 may fall precipitate to hell's abyss, 
 
 . and that thy fiandiwork, Creator of all men, 
 may tlien arise and come, as it is meet, 
 unto tliat noble realm in heaven above, 
 wlience tlte swart spirit, through our love of sin, 
 beguiled us erst ; wherefore inglorious 
 for aye must we this wretchedness endure, 
 
 i unless thou, Lord eternal, living God, 
 
 ■ Helm of all created things, e'en now 
 will free us speedily from mankind's bane. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Hail, thou glory of this middle-world, 
 y^ thou purest woman throughout all the earth, 
 of those tliat were from immemorial time, 
 /tow rightly art thou named by all endowed 
 with gift of speech ! All mortals throughout earth 
 declare, full blithe of /teart, that thou art bride 
 of Him t/tat ruleth the empyreal sphere. 
 So too the highest in ttie heavens above, 
 ttie tlianes of Christ, proclaim aloud and sing, 
 
 25 
 
past pu sie hlasfdige halgum meahtum 
 Wuldor-weorudes and worl[d]-cundra 
 Hada under heofonum and hel-wara 
 Forpon pu past ana ealra monna 
 Gepohtest prymlice prist-hycgende 
 past pu pinne masgS-had meotude brohtes 
 Sealdes butan synnum- Nan swylc ne cwom 
 iEnig oper ofer ealle men 290 
 
 Bryd beaga hroden pe pa beorhtan lac 
 To heofon-hame hlutre mode 
 Sippan sende- ForSon heht sigores fruma 
 His heah-bodan hider gefleogan 
 Of his masgen-prymme and J?e meahta sped 
 Snude cySan past pu sunu dryhtnes 
 purh clasne gebyrd cennan sceolde 
 Monnum to miltse and pe maria forS 
 Efne unwemme a gehealden- 
 
 Eac we past gefrugnon past gefyrn bi pe 300 
 
 So"S-fasst sasgde sum wo'S-bora 
 In eald-dagum esaias 
 
 past he wasre gelasded past he lifes gesteald 
 In pam ecan ham eal sceawode- 
 Wlat pa swa wis-fasst witga geond peod-land 
 Oppast he gestarode pasr gestapelad wass 
 iEpelic ingong- Eal wass gebunden 
 26 
 
that thou by might of holiness art queen 
 
 of the Jwsts of glory, of the ranks of men 
 
 on earth 'neath heaven, and of /tell' s habitants, 
 
 for t/iou alone of all t/te race of men 
 
 with noble aspiration didst resolve 
 
 to bring thy maidenltood unto the Lord, 
 
 to offer it in all thy sinlessness. 
 
 No ring-adorned bride like unto thee 
 
 hath ever come again 'mong humankind, 
 
 to send with spirit pure the glorious gift 
 
 unto t/ie heavenly Iwme. Wherefore t/ie Lord triumphant 
 
 bade His chief messenger fly liitlierward 
 
 from His great glory, and anon to t/ue 
 
 reveal His might's avail, t/iat tlwu slwuldst bear 
 
 in purity t/te Son of the Supreme, 
 
 in mercy to mankind, and nat/Uess, Mary, 
 
 t/wu s/touldst be held immaculate for aye. 
 
 Eke /tave we tteard t/te words that long ago 
 the propliet truly spake concerning t/tee, 
 in distant days of old, to wit, Isaiah, 
 that he was led w/tere lie be/teld aright 
 life's dwelling-place in t/te eternal /tome ; 
 looked tlten the wise soot/tsayer o'er all t/te land, 
 till tltat lie saw w/iere stood immovable 
 a glorious portal ; bound all about 
 
 27 
 
Deoran since duru ormaete 
 Wundur-clommum bewri^en- Wende swi'Se 
 ]?aet aenig elda aefre meahte 310 
 
 Swa faestlice fore-scyttelsas 
 On ecnesse o in-hebba 
 0])])e Sass ceaster-hlides clustor onlucan 
 Mr him godes engel Jmrh glaedne ge]jonc 
 )Pa wisan onwrah and J?aet word acwaeS- 
 Ic J?e maeg secgan J?ast so$ geweafS 
 fraet Sas gyldnan gatu giet sume sij?e 
 God sylf wile gaestes maegne 
 Gefaelsian faeder asl-mihtig 
 
 And }>urh J>a faestan locu foldan neosan 320 
 
 And hio J?onne aefter him ece stondeS 
 Simle singales swa beclysed 
 ]?aet naenig oJ>er nym}>e nergend god 
 Hy aefre ma eft onluce'S- 
 Nu J»ast is gefylled }>aet se froda J>a 
 Mid eagum J>aer on-wlatade- 
 J?u eart J>aet weall-dor J>urh }?e waldend frea 
 JEne. on J>as eorSan ut-siSade 
 And efne swa J>ec gemette meahtum gehrodene 
 Claene and gecorene crist ael-mihtig 330 
 
 Swa 'Se aefter him engla J?eoden 
 Eft unmade aelces J>inges 
 28 
 
with precious metal was the door immense, 
 
 begirt with wondrous bands ; he pondered much 
 
 how any mortal man might e'er avail 
 
 to lift t/ie bolts and bars so firmly fixed. 
 
 yea, ever unto all eternity, 
 
 or ope the fastening of t/iat city-gate, 
 
 until God s angel joy fully to him 
 
 disclosed liow it would be, and spake these words : — 
 
 ' / may tell t/iee,' — truly it came to pass, 
 . ' that God Himself, Fattier Omnipotent, 
 in future time, yea, by His Spirit's might, 
 will glorify tliese golden gates withal, 
 and through t/use firm-set bolts will visit earth, 
 and after Him sliall tfiey remain for aye, 
 to all eternity, so firmly closed, 
 that no one else but He, t/ie Saviour God, 
 shall e'er avail to open them again.' 
 
 Now is the thing fulfilled tliat at tluxt time 
 the sage tliere with his eyes contemplated. 
 Tfwu art t/ie wall-door; through t/iee tlie Omnipotent, 
 the Ruler, once proceeded to this earth ; 
 and as He, Christ Almighty, found tliee then 
 adorned with all thy virtues, pure and choice, V 
 so He, the Prince of Angels, Lord of life, 
 closed thee, immaculate e'en as of yore, 
 
 29 
 
Liopu-ca?gan bileac lifes brytta- 
 Iowa us nu pa are pe se engel pe 
 Godes spel-boda gabriel brohte- 
 Huru pass biddaS burg-sittende 
 fast Su pa frofre fblcum cySe 
 l?inre sylfre sunu- Sippan we motan 
 An-modlice ealle hyhtan 
 
 Nu we on Jjast beam foran breostum stariaS- 340 
 
 Gepinga us nu pristum wordum 
 fast he us ne laete leng owihte 
 In pisse deaS-dene gedwolan hyran 
 Ac past he usic geferge in fasder-rice 
 jpaer we sorg-lease sippan motan 
 Wunigan in wuldre mid weoroda god- 
 Eala pu halga heofona dryhten 
 ])u mid fasder pinne gefyrn wsere 
 Efen-wesende in pam aepelan ham- 
 Nss aenig pa giet engel geworden 350 
 
 Ne pass miclan masgen-prymmes nan 
 De in roderum up rice biwitigaS 
 peodnes pryS-gesteald and his pegnunga 
 )}a pu aerest wa;re mid pone ecan frean 
 Sylf settende pas sidan gesceaft 
 Brade bryten-grundas- Bsm inc is gemasne 
 Heah-gasst hleofasst- We pe haslend crist 
 30 
 
lifter Him again, as with a wondrous key. 
 
 Sftoiu us now t/ie grace that God 's own messenger, 
 
 the angel Gabriel, brought unto t/iee ! 
 
 Forsooth we dwellers in earth's cities pray, 
 
 that thou reveal their comfort unto men, 
 
 thy very son. Hereafter we may all, 
 
 with one accord, look forward hopefully, 
 
 if now we see tlte Child upon thy breast. 
 
 Plead tlwu our cause for us with earnest words, 
 
 that He may suffer us no longer Jiere 
 
 to list to Error in this vale of death, 
 
 but that He lead us to t/ie Fal/ier's realm, 
 
 where sorrowless we may for evermore 
 
 abide in glory with the Lord of hosts. 
 
 Hail, thou Jioly One, thou Lord of heaven, 
 thou with thy Father wast from ancient time, 
 co-eval in that noble home on high. 
 As yet there was not any angel formed, 
 nor any of the mighty hierarchies, 
 tJuzt guard the kingdom in the skies above, 
 the palace of t/ie Prince and of His thanes, 
 w/icn thou together with the Lord eterne 
 wast first ordaining all this wide creation, 
 this broad expanse of earth. Ye twain have fellowship 
 with the protecting Spirit. Saviour Christ, 
 
 31 
 
purh ea'S-medu ealle biddaft 
 
 past pu gehyre hasfta stefne 
 
 pinra nied-piowa nergende god- 360 
 
 Hu we sind geswencte purh ure sylfra gewill- 
 
 HabbaS wra,'C-ma;cgas wergan gasstas 
 
 Hetlen hel-sceapa hearde genyrwad 
 
 Gebunden bealo-rapum- Is seo bot gelong 
 
 Eall ast pe anum ece dryhten- 
 
 Hreow-cearigum help past pin hider-cyme 
 
 Afrefre fea-sceafte peah we fashpo wiS pec 
 
 purh firena lust gefremed hasbben- 
 
 Ara nu onbehtum and usse yrm)?a gepenc 
 
 Hu we tealtriga'S tydran mode 370 
 
 Hwearfia'S heanlice- Cym nu haslepa cyning 
 
 Ne lata to lange- Us is lissa pearf 
 
 past pu us ahredde and us haelo-giefe 
 
 So'S-fasst sylle past we sippan for® 
 
 pa sellan ping symle moten 
 
 Gepeon on peode pinne willan- 
 
 eALA seo wlitige weorS-mynda full 
 Heah and halig heofon-cund j?rynes 
 Brade geblissad geond bryten-wongas 
 32 
 
in lowliness we all beseech thee now, 
 
 I hat thou may est hear the voice of these thy thralls. 
 
 thy captive bondmen here. O Saviour God, 
 
 how are we liarassed through our own desires ! 
 
 Us wretched exiles have the accursed sprites, 
 
 the hateful hell-fiends, cruelly constrained, 
 
 and bound with baleful bonds. With tliee alone 
 
 resteth redemption, O eternal Lord ! 
 
 Help thou tlie wretched, and let thine advent hither 
 
 comfort tlie forlorn, though through our lust of sin 
 
 we have engaged in feud e'en against Thee. 
 
 Pity thy servants ! Bethink thee of our woes, 
 
 Iww in our feebleness we stumble lure, 
 
 and zvander abjectly. \ Come noiv, King of men, 
 
 tarry not too long ; we need thy gentle grace ! 
 
 Deliver t/iou us and grant us verily 
 
 thy healing gift, so that from now henceforth 
 
 we may for evermore, while in this world, 
 
 attempt tlie better things, and work thy will. 
 
 V. 
 
 Hail, thou Glory, beauteous and worshipful, 
 high and holy, heavenly Trinity ! 
 blessed far and wide throughout the spacious world. 
 c 33 
 
f?a mid ryhte sculon reord-berende 380 
 
 Earme eofS-ware ealle masgene 
 Hergan healice nu us haslend god 
 Wasrf&st onwrah pa;t we hine witan motan- 
 Forpon hy dasd-hwaste dome geswiSde 
 |?aet soS-fa^ste seraphinnes cynn 
 Uppe mid englum a bremende 
 Unapreotendum prymmum singaS 
 Ful healice hludan stefne 
 Fa;gre feor and neah- Habbap folgopa 
 Cyst mid cyninge- Him past crist fbrgeaf 390 
 
 Jpast hy motan his ast-wiste eagum brucan 
 Simle singales swegle gehyrste 
 WeorSian waldend wide and side- 
 And mid hyra fiprum frean asl-mihtges 
 Onsyne weai^diaJS ecan dryhtnes 
 And ymb peoden-stol pringa'S georne 
 Hwylc hyra nehst maege ussum nergende 
 Flihte lacan frrS-geardum in- 
 LofiaS leof-licne and in leohte him 
 Da word cwepaS and wuldriaS 400 
 
 iEpelne ord-fruman ealra gesceafta- 
 Halig eart pu halig heah-engla brego 
 So§ sigores frea simle pu bist halig 
 Dryhtna dryhten a pin dom wunaS 
 34 
 
Tliee rightly must all men endowed with speech, 
 
 all earth 's poor mortals, praise with might and main, 
 
 for now the trusty Saviour hath revealed 
 God unto us, that we may know Him right. 
 IV/ierefore the luavenly race of Seraphim, 
 so true, so zealous, and zvith glory crowned, 
 doth sweetly sing amid the hosts above, 
 hymning ever with unwearying notes, 
 with rapture high, and with exalted strain, 
 afar and near. Theirs is the noblest office 
 in the service of the King. Christ granted tliem 
 that -with their eyes tluy may enjoy His being, 
 and ceaselessly from pole to pole adore 
 their Sovran Lord, wreathed with celestial light : 
 and with their zvings do they the presence guard 
 
 -of the Omnipotent, the eternal Lord, 
 and throng around the Prince's throne, all eager 
 -which one of them may nearest to our Saviour 
 disport inflight within the courts of peace ; 
 
 ' tluy praise Him, the Beloved, and in His light 
 these words they speak to Him, and glorify 
 
 - the noble Source of all created things : — 
 
 • ' Holy art thou, holy, Lord of archangels, 
 true Lord of triumph, ever art thou holy, 
 King of all kings, ever thy glory liicth 
 
 35 
 
Eoi^S-lic mid aeldum in adce tid 
 Wide geweorpad- )7u eart weoroda god 
 Forpon pu gefyldest foldan and rodoras 
 Wigendra hleo wuldres pines- 
 Helm al-wihta sie pe in heannessum 
 Ece haslo and in eorpan lof 410 
 
 Beorht mid beornum- J?u gebletsad leofa 
 De in dryhtnes noman dugepum cwome 
 Heanum to hropre- J?e in heahpum sie 
 A butan ende ece herenis- 
 Eala hwaet past is wrasc-lic wrixl in wera life 
 )2astte mon-cynnes milde scyppend 
 Onfeng ast fasmnan flassc unwemme 
 And sio weres friga wiht ne cupe 
 Ne purh sasd ne cwom sigores agend 
 Monnes ofer moldan ac past wass ma crasft 420 
 
 )?onne hit eorS-buend ealle cupan 
 Durh geryne hu he rodera prim 
 Heofona heah frea helpe gefremede 
 Monna cynne purh his modor hrif- 
 And swa forS gongende fblca nergend 
 His forgif-nesse gumum to helpe 
 DaeleS dogra gehwam dryhten weoroda- 
 Forpon we hine dom-hwate dasdum and wordum 
 Hergen hold-lice- frast is healic raed 
 36 
 
on earth 'vwng men, to all eternity, 
 
 praised far and wide. Thou art tlie Lord of lusts, 
 
 for with thy glory thou hast filled the earth 
 
 and all the skies, thou Shield of warriors ! 
 
 Helm of all things ! endless Hosanna be thine 
 
 in the heights abpve, and noble praise on earth, 
 
 among the hosts of wen. A bide thou blessed, 
 
 that in the Lord's name earnest unto men 
 
 to comfort the defected ! in the high heavens 
 
 eternal praise be thine, world without end ! ' 
 
 How wondrous is the change in mortal life, 
 
 since the benign Creator of mankind 
 
 took from a damsel flesh immaculate, 
 
 nor knew' she anything of human love, 
 
 nor came the Lord of triumph dozen to eqrth 
 
 through seed of man ; but it was greater craft 
 
 than earth's inhabitants might understand, 
 
 liow the Glory of t lie skies, through mystery, 
 
 the Sovran Lord of heaven, effected help 
 
 for all mankind, e'en through His mother's womb. 
 
 And aye, unceasingly, the Saviour of men 
 
 bestoweth His forgiveness unto folk, 
 
 each day, to help them, He the Lord of hosts. 
 
 For this should zve extol Him loyally, 
 
 zealous in deed and word. ' Tis a noble rede, 
 
 37 
 
Monna gehwylcum }>e gem)iid hafaiS 430 
 
 |3aet he symle oftost and inlocast 
 
 And georn-licost god weor^ige- 
 
 He him ]?aere lisse lean forgildcS 
 
 Se gehalgoda hadend sylfa 
 
 Efne in ]?am cSle pser he aer ne cwom 
 
 In lifgendra londes wynne 
 
 Daer he gesadig si]))?an eardaS 
 
 Ealne widan feorh wunaS butan ende- Amen- 
 
 ^>ecun&u0 pa$w# tic ^cenjsione. 
 1. 
 
 'U $11 geornlice gaest gerynum 
 
 Mon se masra mod-craefte sec 440 
 
 t?urh sefan snyttro )?aet bu soft wite 
 Hu ]>xt geeode )>z se ad-mihtiga 
 Acenned wear's Jmrh clasnne had 
 SiJ?}>an he marian maegSa weolman 
 Masrre meowlan mund-heals geceas 
 fraet pxr in hwitum hraeglum gewerede 
 Englas ne oSeowdun J?a se ae]?eling cwom 
 Beorn in betlem- Bodan wasron gearwe 
 l?a J>urh hleojjor-cwide hyrdum cySdon 
 38 
 
for every mortal mindful of ttic past, 
 that aye, most often and most inwardly, 
 and with all eagerness, he worship God. 
 He will be recompensed for his sweet loir. 
 "yea, by tlie /tallowed Saviour Himself, 
 e'en in that home where lie came ne'er before, 
 the happy land where the immortals are ; 
 tliere blessed shall he abide for evermore, 
 and dwell eternally, world without end. A men. 
 
 |&art ^econt). Cljc ascension. 
 
 ^eek earnestly, -with all thy secret lore, 
 
 with all thy faculties, thou mighty man, 
 with the wisdom of thy soul, that thou may'st know, 
 how it befell, when the Omnipotent 
 was born unto the world in purity, 
 when he had chosen Mary as protector, 
 glory of maidenhood, damsel renowned, 
 that there appeared not angels then arrayed 
 in robes of white, wheuas the noble Chief 
 came into Bethle/iem. Angels were ready. 
 for they revealed in accents clear and told 
 
 39 
 
Saegdon so'Sne gefean pa:tte sunu waere 450 
 
 In middan-geard meotudes acenned 
 In betleme- Hwarpre in bocum ne cwr<S 
 paet hy in hwitum paer hrasglum oSywden 
 In pa aspelan tid swa hie eft dydon 
 Da se brega msera to bethania 
 }?eoden prym-fajst his pegna gedrhyt 
 Gela'Sade leof weorud- Hy pass lareowes 
 On pam wil-dasge word ne gehyrwdon 
 Hyra sinc-giefan- Sona waeron gearwe 
 HasleS mid hlaford to pasre halgan byrg 460 
 
 parr him tacna fela tires brytta 
 Onwrah wuldres helm word-gerynum 
 iErpon up-stige an-cenned sunu 
 Efen-ece beam agnum faeder 
 )p£es ymb feowertig pe he of foldan asr 
 From deaSe aras dagena rimes- 
 Haefde pa gefylled swa xr biforan sungon 
 Witgena word geond woruld innan 
 Durh his prowinga- Degnas heredon 
 Lufedun leof-wendum lifes agend 470 
 
 Faeder frum-sceafta- He him fasgre pass 
 Leofum gesipum lean after geaf 
 And paet word acwasS waldend engla 
 Gefysed fre'a mihtig to faeder rice- 
 40 
 
to shepherds the sure Joy that there was born 
 upon this middle-earth, in Bethlehem, 
 the Son of the Creator ; yet in books it saith not 
 that they appeared then at tliat glorious tide 
 in robes of white, e'en as they did anon 
 when the great Leader in Betliania, 
 the Lord majestic, called His band of thanes, ■* 
 tlu host beloved; on tliat welcome day 
 they slighted not tlie word their Teacher spake, 
 their bounteous Dispenser. Soon were they dight, 
 men with their Master, for the holy burgh ; 
 ' there Splendour's Lord, the Helm of bliss, revealed 
 full many a sign to them in mystic words, 
 ere He ascended, only begotten Son, 
 the Child with His own Father co-eternal ; 
 tlien forty numbered days had run their course, 
 since He had risen first from earth, from death. 
 Tlien had He fulfilled tlie prophets' words, 
 as ttiey had sung before throughout the world, 
 yea, by His passion. His servants lauded Him, 
 tliey praised ail-lovingly tlie Source of life, 
 tlu Father of creation I Wherefore in after time 
 He nobly recompensed His comrades dear ; 
 and these words spake the angels' mighty Lord, 
 whilst hastening onward to His Father's realm : — 
 
 4i 
 
GefeoS ge on ferSSe nasfre ic from-hweorfe 
 Ac ic lufan symle lasste wiS eowic 
 And eow meant giefe and mid-wunige 
 Awo to ealdre pa?t eow aefre ne biS 
 l?urh gife mine godes onsien- 
 
 Para's nu geond ealne yrmenne grund 480 
 
 Geond wid-wegas weoredum cySaS 
 BodiaS and bremaS beorhtne geleafan 
 And fulwiaS folc under roderum 
 HweorfaS to heofonum hergas breotap 
 FyllaS and feogaS feond-scype dwajscaS 
 Sibbe sawaS on sefan manna 
 )?urh meahta sped- Ic eow mid-wunige 
 ForS on frofre and eow friSe healde 
 StrengSu stapol-faestre on stowa gehware- 
 Da wear® semninga sweg on lyfte 490 
 
 Hlud gehyred heofon-engla preat 
 Weorud wlite-scyne wuldres aras 
 Cwomun on corSre- Cyning ure gewat 
 )?urh pass temples hrof pasr hy to-segun 
 t?a pe leofes pa gen last weardedun 
 On pam ping-stede pegnas gecorene- 
 Gesegon hi on heahpu hlaford stigan 
 God-bearn of grundum- Him wss geomor sefa 
 Hat ast heortan hyge murnende 
 42 
 
' Rejoice ye in spirit ; ne'er will I turn away, 
 but I will show my love toward you still, 
 and grant you might, and will abide with you 
 to all eternity, and through my grace 
 ne'er shall ye know tlie want of sustenance. 
 Go now o'er all the spacious tract of eaptlt, 
 o'er the wide ways, announce it unto men, 
 preach and proclaim t/ie glorious belief, 
 and baptize folk beneath t/ie firmament ; 
 turn t/ten to heaven ; shatter heathen idols, 
 cast them down and spurn them ; extinguish enmity, 
 and sow ye peace within the minds of men, 
 by virtue of your gifts. I will abide with you 
 in solace, and will keep you aye in peace, 
 with sure unfailing strength in ever) 1 place' 
 
 Then suddenly a sound was heard on high, 
 loud in tlie air ; a band of heavenly angels, 
 a beauteous Jwst, the messengers of glory, 
 in legion came ; our King departed thence, 
 e'en through the temple's roof, where they beheld, 
 tluy wlto were watching still the Dear One's trad; 
 His chosen thanes, there in that meeting-place ; 
 they sazv their Lord, tlie Child divine, ascend 
 from earth into the heights ; sad were tlwir souls ; 
 tluir spirit's grief burned hot within their hearts, 
 
 43 
 
paes pe hi swa leofne leng ne mostun 500 
 
 Geseon under swegle- Song ahofun 
 
 Aras ufan-cunde adding heredun 
 
 Lofedun lif-fruman leohte gefegun 
 
 )3e of ]>s:s hadendes heafelan lixte 
 
 Gesegon hy sd-beorhte englas twegen 
 
 Faegre ymb past frum-bearn fraetwum blican 
 
 Cyninga wuldor- Cleopedon of heahjm 
 
 Wordum wra:t-licum ofer wera mengu 
 
 Beorhtan reorde- Hwast bida'S ge 
 
 Galilesce guman on hwearfte- 510 
 
 Nu ge sweotule geseoS soSne dryhten 
 
 On swegl faran sigores agend- 
 
 Wile up heonan eard gestigan 
 
 iEpelinga ord mid ]>as engla gedryht 
 
 Ealra folca fruma fasder epel-stoll- 
 
 II. 
 
 /J/l^E mid pyslice preate willaS 
 
 ofer heofona gehlidu hlaford fergan 
 To Jjaere beorhtan byrg mid pas bli'San gedryt- 
 Ealra sige-bearna past seleste 
 
 And aepeleste pe ge her onstaria'S 520 
 
 And in frofre geseoS fraetwum blican 
 44 
 
for noic they might no longer see 'math heaven 
 
 One so beloved as He. Then raised a song 
 
 the messengers celestial ; praisea they the Prince . 
 
 they lauded life's Creator ; Joyed they in the light 
 
 that gleamed so brightly from the Saviour's head ; 
 
 saw t/iey angels twain, resplendent, fair, 
 
 shining in splendour 'round that first-born Child, 
 
 t/ie Glory of all Kings ; tliey cried out from on high, 
 
 hi wondrous words, o'er all t/ie hosts of men, 
 
 with voices resonant: — ' Why bide ye here. 
 
 and stand about, ye Galilean men? 
 
 Now surely do ye see the Sovran true 
 
 wending triumphant to the empyreal sphere. 
 
 The Chief of princes with these angel-lwsts , 
 
 the Lord of all mankind, ascendeth hence 
 
 unto His native home, His fatherland.' 
 
 II. 
 
 ' Fain would we o'er the vaulted roof of Iteaven 
 conduct the Lord with all this company, 
 this Joyous throng, unto tlic shining burgh.' 
 
 ' He whom ye gaze on here so rapt, the best 
 and noblest of t/ie sons of victory, 
 He whom ye see in solace shine so fair, 
 
 45 
 
Wile eft swa-J^eah eor'San magSe 
 Sylfa gesecan side herge 
 And Jx>nne gedeman da-da gehwylce 
 frara Se gefremedon folc under roderum- 
 Da was wuldres weard wolcnum bifongen 
 Heah-engla cyning ofer hrofas upp 
 Haligra helm- Hyht was geniwad 
 Blis in burgum purh pas beornes cyme- 
 Gesast sige-hremig on pa swipran hand 530 
 
 Ece ead-fruma agnum fader- 
 Gewitan him pa gongan to hierusalem 
 Hale's hyge-rofe in Sa halgan burg 
 Geomor-mode ponan hy god nyhst 
 Up-stigende eagum segun 
 Hyra wil-gifan- )2ar was wopes hring 
 Tome bitolden- Was seo treow lufu 
 Hat at heortan hreSer innan weoll 
 Beorn breost-sefa- Bidon ealle par 
 fregnas prym-fulle peodnes gehata 540 
 
 In pare torhtan byrig tyn niht pa-gen 
 Swa him sylf bibead swegles agend 
 Mr pon up-stige ealles waldend 
 On heofona gehyld hwite cvvoman 
 Eorla ead-giefan englas to-geanes- 
 Dat is wel cweden swa gewritu secgaS 
 46 
 
will surely yet again with ample host 
 revisit all the races of the earth, 
 and then will He adjudge their every deed, 
 that mortals have achieved beneath the skies' 
 
 Tlien 7vas Glory's Guardian, the archangels' King, 
 the Helm of holy men, bewrapt in clouds, 
 high o'er t/ie roofs. Joy was renewed and bliss 
 in /leaven's cities at tlie Prince's coming ; 
 on His own Fatlier's right-hand sat He down 
 triumphant, the eternal Source of good. 
 
 Sad t/ien in spirit, went the valiant men 
 and journeyed to Jerusalem's holy burgh, 
 departing front t lie place where tliey so late 
 beheld with their owti eyes God rise aloft, 
 t/ieir hind Dispenser. T/tere was unbroken weeping, 
 their faithful love was overwhelmed with grief, 
 t/ieir liearts were hot, their bosoms surged within, 
 their thoughts were all a-glow. His glorious thanes 
 awaited there their Sovran Lord's behests, 
 within that noble burgh, ten nights withal, 
 as He Himself the Lord of heaven, bade, 
 e'er He ascended in omnipotence 
 to heaven's keeping, and white angels came 
 toward the bounteous Prince of warrior-men. 
 
 It is well spoken, as the Scripture saith, 
 
 47 
 
pxt him al-beorhte englas togeanes 
 In pa halgan tid heapum cwoman 
 Sigan on swegle pa wss symbla masst 
 Geworden in wuldre- Wei past gedafenaft 550 
 
 Daet to pasre blisse beorhte gewerede 
 In paes peodnes burg pegnas cwoman 
 Weorud wlite-scyne gesegon wil-cuman 
 On heah-setle heofones waldend 
 Folca feorh-giefan frastwum ealles waldend 
 Middan-geardes and masgen-prymmes- 
 HafaS nu se halga helle bireafod 
 Ealles pass gafoles pe hi gear-dagum 
 In past orlege unryhte swealg- 
 
 Nu sind forcumene and in cwic-susle 560 
 
 Gehynde and gehaefte in helle grund 
 Dugupum bidasled deofla cempan- 
 Ne meahtan wiper-brogan wige spowan 
 Waepna wyrpum sippan wuldres cyning 
 Heofon-rices helm hilde gefremede 
 Wip his eald-feondum anes meahtum- 
 t>asr he of ha?fte ahlod hupa masste 
 Of feonda byrig folces unrim 
 Jhsne ilcan preat pe ge her on-staria'5- 
 Wile nu gesecan sawla nergend 570 
 
 Gassta gief-stol godes agen beam 
 48 
 
that radiant angels at that holy tide, 
 descending in the cloftds, in legion came 
 to meet Him ; ttien in glorious heaven arose 
 the greatest jubilee. ' Twas well befitting 
 ' that His servants came to the Beatitude, 
 unto the Prince's city, brightly clad,, 
 a beauteous host ; tliey saw tlteir welcome Lord 
 on His exalted throne, Sovran of lieapen, 
 Source of men's life, ruling in splendour all, — 
 this middle-earth and tJie majestic host. 
 
 ' Now hath the Holy One despoiled hell 
 of all the tribute that in ancient days 
 it basely gorged within that home of strife. 
 Now are they quelled, the devil's champions, 
 in living torture humbled and held bound, 
 bereft of prowess, down in hell's abyss ; 
 the gruesome foes might not in battle speed 
 with weapon-thrusts, when He, the King of Glory, 
 the Helm of heaven's realm, waged warfare t/iere 
 against His ancient foes with His sole might. 
 Then drew He forth from durance tlie best spoil, 
 a folk unnumbered, from t/ie burgh of fiends, 
 this very band which ye here gaze upon. 
 Now will He seek the Spirit's throne of grace, 
 the proper Child of God, Saviour of souls, 
 
 D 49 
 
JEfter guS-plegan- Nu ge geare cunnon 
 Hwaet se hlaford is se pisne here laedeS- 
 Nu ge from-lice freondum to-geanes 
 Conga's glaed-mode- Geatu ontynaS- 
 Wile into eow ealles waldend 
 Cyning on ceastre corSre ne lytle 
 Fyrn-weorca fruma folc gelajdan 
 In dreama dream 'Se he on deoflum genom 
 }2urh his sylfes sygor- Sib sceal gemasne 580 
 
 Englum and aeldum a forS heonan 
 Wesan wide-ferh- Waer is ast-somne 
 Godes and monna ga;st-halig treow 
 Lufu lifes hyht and ealles leohtes gefea- 
 Hwaet we nu gehyrdan hu )>32t haelu-bearn 
 frurh his hyder-cyme hals eft forgeaf 
 Gefreode and gefreopade folc under wolcnum 
 Maere meotudes sunu paet nu monna gehwylc 
 Cwic pendan her wunat geceosan mot 
 Swa helle hienpu swa heofones masrpu- 590 
 
 Swa J>aet leohte leoht swa "Sa lapan niht- 
 Swa prymmes prsce swa prystra wraece- 
 Swa mid dryhten dream swa mid deoflum hream- 
 Swa wife mid wrapum swa wuldor mid arum- 
 Swa lif swa deaS swa him leofre biS 
 To gefremmanne penden flsesc and gaest 
 5o 
 
after tlie conflict. Now yc know right well 
 wliat Lord is He tliat leadeth all t/iis host ; 
 now boldly go ye forward to meet friends, 
 
 joyful in spirit. Open, O ye gates ! 
 
 " the Lord of all, t/ie King, creation's Source, 
 will lead through you unto the citadel, 
 unto the joy of joys, with host not small, 
 the folk which from the devils He hath reft 
 by His own victory. Peace shall be shared 
 by angels and by men hence evermore 
 to all eternity ; 'tivixt God and man 
 tliere is a covenant, a ghostly pledge, — 
 love, and life's hope, and joy of all the light.' 
 
 Lo ! we have heard now how the Saviour-Child 
 dispensed salvation by His advent hither, 
 
 ' how He, the Lord's great Son, freed and protected 
 folk 'neath tlie clouds, so that each mortal now, 
 while he is dwelling here alive, must choose, — 
 be it lull's base shame, or heaven's fair fame, 
 be it the shining light, or the loatlisome night, 
 be it majestic state, or the rash ones' hate, 
 be it song with tlie Lord, or with devils discord, 
 be it pain with the grim, or bliss with cherubim, 
 be it life or death, as it shall liefer be 
 for him to act while flesh and spirit dwell 
 
 51 
 
Wunia'S in worulde- Wuldor pa;s age 
 frynysse prym pone butan ende- 
 
 III. 
 
 >JET is pass wyrSe pa^tte wer-peode 
 
 Secgen dryhtne pone duguSa gehwylcre 600 
 ]7e us siS and a;r simle gefremede 
 J?urh monig-fealdra masgna geryno- 
 He us xt giefeS and ashta sped 
 Welan ofer wid-lond and weder lipe 
 Under swegles hleo sunne and mona 
 vEpelast tungla eallum scina'S 
 Heofon-condelle haslepum on eofSan- 
 Dreose'S deaw and ren duguSe weccap 
 To feorh-nere fira cynne 
 
 IecaS eor'S-welan- ]?ss we ealles sculon 610 
 
 Secgan pone and lof peodne ussum- 
 And huru pasre hselo pe he us to hyhte forgeaf 
 Da he }>a yrm'Su eft-oncyrde 
 JEt [h]is up-stige pe we asr drugon 
 And gepingade peod-buendum 
 Wici faeder swaesne fashpa masste 
 Cyning an-boren cwide eft-onhwearf 
 Saulum to sibbe se pe aer sungen 
 52 
 
within the world. Wlurcforc let glory be, 
 thanks endless, to t/ie noble Trinity. 
 
 III. 
 
 'Tis therefore fitting that t/ie tribes of men 
 give thanks unto t/ie Lord for every good 
 which late and early He liath rendered us, 
 through mystery of wonders manifold. 
 He giveth usfoo f d and fulness of possession, 
 wealth o'er t/ie spacious earth, and gentle weaflier 
 'neath tJu protecting Jieavens ; tlie sun and moon, 
 noblest of constellations, heaven's candles, 
 shine forth for all mankind on earth alike ; 
 dew falleth and raip ; they call abundance forth 
 to nourish life for all the race of man ; 
 earth's riches tliey increase. For all these gifts 
 must we give tlianks and praise unto our Lord, 
 yet first for our salvation, tlie hope vouchsafed, 
 when He at His ascension turned away 
 t/ie miseries which we had suffered long, 
 when He, tlie one-born King, on man's behalf, 
 compounded with His FatJier, tlie Beloved, 
 the greatest feud, averted tlie decree, 
 for our soid 's peace, which had been uttered erst 
 
 53 
 
|?urh yrne hyge asldum to sorge- 
 
 Ic pec ofer eofSan geworhte" on paere pu scealt 
 yrmpum lifgan 620 
 
 Wunian in gewinne and wrsce dreogan 
 Feondum to hropor fus-leo'S galan 
 And to pxre ilcan scealt eft geweorpan 
 Wyrmum aweallen ponan wites fyr 
 Of pasre eorSan scealt eft gesecan- 
 Hwast us pis se seeling ySre gefremede 
 Ipa. he leomum onfeng and lic-homan 
 Monnes magu-tudre sippan meotodes sunu 
 Engla epel upgestigan 
 
 Wolde weoroda god* Us se willa bicwom 630 
 
 Heanum to helpe on pa halgan tid- 
 Bi pon giedd awraec iob swa he cuSe 
 Herede helm wera haelend lofede 
 And mid sib-lufan sunu waldendes 
 Freo-noman cende and hine fugel nemde 
 frone iudeas ongietan ne meahtan- 
 In Sasre god-cundan ga?stes strengSu 
 Wags pass fugles flyht feondum on eorpan 
 Dyrne and degol pam pe deorc gewit 
 Haefdon on hrepre heortan stasnne- 640 
 
 Noldan hi pa torhtan tacen oncnawan 
 |7e him beforan fremede freo-bearn godes ? 
 
 54 
 
in angry wood/or mankinds tribulation : 
 
 '/ wrought tlue on earth, on it shalt thou live in 
 want, 
 shalt dwell in toil, and exile shalt endure, 
 shalt sing the death-song for thy foes' delight, 
 and shalt be turned again to that same earth 
 with worms overcharged, from whence thou shalt anon, 
 thereafter, seek the fire of punishment.' 
 
 Lo ! this the noble Prince assuaged for us, 
 when He took limb audflesldy covering 
 from child of man ; when He, the Makers Son, 
 tlie Lord of liosts, willed to ascend on high 
 unto the home of angels ; at that holy tide, 
 tlie wish arose to lulp us, the forlorn. 
 
 Of Him sang fob a song as he well could ; 
 he praised the Helm of men, lauded the Saviour, 
 and in his love devised a noble name 
 "for tlie Rulers Son, and named Him as a byd, 
 a name which Jews might no wise understand. 
 By virtue of tlie Spirit's strength divine, 
 hidden and secret from His foes on earth 
 was tliat birds flight, from those who in their breasts 
 had understanding dark, a stony heart ; 
 they would not recognise the glorious signs 
 which He, God's noble Child, had wrought fore them, 
 
 55 
 
Monig mis-lie geond middan-geard- 
 Swa se fasle fugel flyges cunnode 
 Hwilum engla eard up gesohte 
 Modig meahtum Strang pone maran ham 
 Hwilum he to eorpan eft gestylde 
 Durh gasstes giefe grund-sceat sohte 
 Wende to worulde- Bi pon se witga song- 
 He wass upp-hafen engla fas'Smum 650 
 In his pa miclan meahta spede 
 Heah and halig ofer heofona prym- 
 Ne meahtan pa pass fugles flyht gecnawan 
 J? e pass up-stiges and-sasc fremedon 
 And past ne gelyfdon pastte lif-fruma 
 In monnes hiw ofer masgna prym 
 Halig from hrusan ahafen wurde- 
 Da us geweor'Sade se pas world gescop 
 Godes gasst-sunu and us giefe sealde 
 Uppe mid englum ece stapelas 660 
 And eac monig-fealde modes snyttru 
 Seow and sette geond sefan monna- 
 Sumum word-Iape wise sendcS 
 On his modes gemynd purh his mupes gasst 
 jEpele andgiet- Se masg eal fela 
 Singan and secgan pam biS snyttru crasft 
 Bifolen on fer'Se. Sum masg fingrum wel 
 56 
 
various and manifold, on middle-earth. 
 
 E'en thus tlie noble Bird assayed his flight ; 
 
 'whilom He sought on high tlie angels land, 
 
 t/ie noble liome, so proud, so strong in might ; 
 
 whilom He came adown to earth again ; 
 
 He sought earth's region in His spirit's grace, 
 
 attd wended to tlie wprld. Of this the prophet sang : — 
 
 ' He was borne aloft embraced in angels' arms 
 unto the spacious glory of His might, 
 above the heavens splendour, high and holy' 
 
 Of tliat BirfTs flight they might no knowledge liave, 
 who made denial of tlie ascension, 
 and wlio believed not tliat tlie Source of life, 
 inform of man, all holy from the earth, 
 was raised aloft above tlie glorious hosts. 
 
 Tlien He wlio shaped tlie world, God's Spirit-Son, 
 ennobled us, and granted gifts to us, 
 eternal homes 'mid angels upon high ; 
 and wisdom, too, of soul, full manifold 
 He sowed and set within the minds of men. 
 To one He sendeth, unto memory's seat, 
 through spirit of tlie month, wise eloquence, 
 and noble understanding ; lie can sing ^ 
 
 and say full many a thing, within whose soul 
 is hidden wisdom's power. With fingers deft 
 
 57 
 
Hlude fore haslepum hearpan stirgan 
 
 Gleo-beam gretan- Sum msEg god-cunde 
 
 Reccan ryhte as- Sum masg ryne tungla 670 
 
 Secgan side gesceaft- Sum masg searolice 
 
 Word-cwide writan- Sumum wiges sped 
 
 Giefe'S ast gupe ponne gar-getrum 
 
 Ofer scild-hreadan sceotend sendaS 
 
 Flacor flan-geweorc- Sum masg fromlice 
 
 Ofer sealtne sas sund-wudu drifan 
 
 Hreran holm-prasce- Sum masg heanne beam 
 
 Staslgne gestigan- Sum masg styled sweord 
 
 Waspen gewyrcan- Sum con wonga bigong 
 
 Wegas wid-gielle- Swa se waldend us 680 
 
 God-bearn on grundum his giefe brytta'S- 
 
 Nyle he asngum anum ealle gesyllan 
 
 Gaestes snyttru py lass him gielp sceppe 
 
 Durh his anes crasft ofer opre for'S- 
 
 IV. 
 
 US god meahtig geofum un-hneawum 
 Cyning al-wihta crasftum weor'Sap 
 
 Eorpan tuddor swylce eadgum blasd 
 
 SeleS on swegle sibbe rasrep 
 
 Ece to ealdre engla and monna- 
 58 
 
fore warrior-bands one can awake the harp, 
 
 the minstrel's joy. One can interpret well 
 
 t/ie law divine, and one the planets' course 
 
 and wide creation. One cunningly can write 
 
 the spoken 'word. To one He grantcth skill, 
 
 when in the fight the archers swiftly send 
 
 tlu storm of darts, the winged javelin, 
 
 over the shields defence. Fearlessly another 
 
 can o'er the salt sea urge t/ie ocean-bark 
 
 and stir the surging depth. One can ascend 
 
 the lofty tree and steep. One can fashion well 
 
 steeled sword and weapon. One knoweth the plains' direction, 
 
 the wide ways. Thus the Ruler, Child divine, 
 
 dispenseth unto us His gifts on earth ; 
 
 He will not give to any one man all 
 
 the spirit's 'wisdom, lest pride injure him, 
 
 raised far above the rest by his sole might. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Thus God Almighty, King of created things, 
 ennoble th by unsparing gifts, by crafts, 
 the progeny of earth, and giveth joy 
 unto the blessed in heaven, and setteth peace 
 for angels and for men to all eternity. 
 
 59 
 
Swa he his weorc weorpaS- Bi pon se witga cwacS 690 
 past a-hasfen wasren halge gimmas 
 Haedre heofon-tungol healice upp 
 Sunne and mona- Hwast sindan pa 
 Gimmas swa scyne buton god sylfa- 
 He is se soS-fassta sunnan leoma 
 Englum and eorS-warum aspele scima- 
 Ofer middan-geard mona lixcS 
 Gaest-lic tungol swa seo godes circe 
 J?urh gesomninga soSes and ryhtes 
 Beorhte bliccS swa hit on bocum cwip 700 
 
 Sippan of grundum god-bearn a-stag 
 Cyning clasnra gehwass pa seo circe her 
 .ZE-fyllendra eaht-nysse bad 
 Under haspenra hyrda gewealdum- 
 J?asr 'Sa syn-scea'San sopes ne giemdon 
 Gaestes pearfe ac hi godes tempel 
 Braecan and baerndon blod-gyte worhtan 
 Feodan and fyldon- Hwaspre forS bicwom 
 purh gaestes giefe godes pegna blasd 
 iEfter up-stige ecan dryhtnes- 7 1 o 
 
 Bi pon Salomon song sunu dauipes 
 Giedda gearo-snottor gasst-gerynum 
 Waldend wer-peoda and past word acwaeS- 
 CirS past geweor'Se'S pastte cyning engla 
 60 
 
He honoureth His work, e'en as the prophet spake, 
 
 that Iwly gems were raised on high aloft, 
 
 the radiant constellations of the sky, 
 
 the sun and moon. Lo now, what arc these gems 
 
 that shine resplendent, but e'en God Himself? 
 
 He is tlic true refulgence of the sun, 
 
 a noble light for angels and for men. 
 
 O'er all t/ie middle-earth the moon doth shine, 
 
 a ghostly star, e'en as the Church of God 
 
 glisteneth bright, whene'er the True and fust 
 
 are linked together ; as it saith in books, 
 
 that wlien the Child divine, the King all pure, 
 
 had risen from the earth, then the Church Jure 
 
 of t/tc faithful ones endured oppression 
 
 beneath the tyranny of heathen rule ; 
 
 then did the sinful take no heed of truth, 
 
 nor of their spirits need, but brake and burned 
 
 God's temple ; they hated and destroyed, 
 
 and bloodshed wrought ; nathless through the Spirit's grace 
 
 tlie welfare of Gods servants was maintained, 
 
 after the ascension of the eternal Lord. 
 
 Thereof sang Solomon, the son of David, 
 
 all-wist in song and secrets spiritual, 
 
 the ruler of the nations, and these -words spake : — 
 
 • ' // shall be known once, that the angels' King, 
 
 6! 
 
Meotud meahtum swrS munt gestyllcS 
 GehleapcS hea-dune hyllas and cnollas 
 Bewri'S mid his wuldre woruld alyse<S 
 Ealle eofS-buend purh pone aspelan styll- 
 Wass se forma hlyp pa he on fasmnan astag 
 MasgcS un-masle and pasr mennisc hiw 
 Onfeng butan firenum past to frofre gewear'S 
 Eallum eorS-warum- Wass se oper stiell 
 Bearnes gebyrda pa he in binne wass 
 In cildes hiw clapum bewunden 
 Ealra prymma prym. Wats se pridda hlyp 
 Rodor-cyninges rass pa he on rode astag 
 Faeder frofre gasst- Wass se feorSa stiell 
 In byrgenne pa he pone beam ofgeaf 
 Fold-asrne fasst. Wass se fifta hlyp 
 pa he hell-warena heap forbygde 
 In cvvic-susle cyning inne gebond 
 Feonda fore-sprecan fyrnum teagum 
 Grom-hydigne pasr he gen ligeS 
 In carcerne clommum gefasstnad 
 Synnum gesasled- Wass se siexta hlyp 
 Haliges hyht-plega pa he to heofonum astag 
 On his eald-cySSe pa wass engla preat 
 On pa halgan tid hleahtre blipe 
 Wynnum geworden- Gesawan wuldres prym 
 62 
 
the Lord so strong in might, shall mount a /till, 
 shall leap the lofty downs, and hi{ls and knofls 
 shall wreathe with glory, and by that noble leap 
 shall free the world and all that dwell on earth! 
 
 The first leap was, 'when He came to the damsel, 
 the spotless maid, and sinlessly took t/iere 
 a human form, and was anon the solace 
 of all mankind. J T/te second leap was this, — 
 the Infants birth, w/ien He was in the manger, 
 the Glory of all Glories swathed in clothes, 
 in form of child. The heavenly King's career 
 was the third leap, when He, the Fattier' s Solace, 
 ascended on the rood. Into the sepulchre 
 was t lie fourth leap, when He had left the tree 
 and lay within that cave. The fifth leap was, 
 w/ien He bowed down t/te multitude of hell 
 in living torment, and bound their king within, 
 the devils' advocate, so grim of mood, 
 with fiery fetters, 'where he lie th yet, 
 fastened in prison t/iere with manacles, 
 and shackled with his sins. The sixth leap was 
 the revel of t/te Holy, when He rose 
 unto His ancient home ; t/te angelic host 
 was blit/te with sweetest laughter and with joy 
 on that holy tide ; they sazu the Crown of Glory, 
 
 63 
 
/Epelinga ord eples neosan 740 
 
 Beorhtra bolda- pa wearS burg-warum 
 Eadgum ece gefea aspelinges plega- 
 \) us her on grundum godes ece beam 
 Ofer heah hleopu hlypum stylde 
 Modig asfter muntum swa we men sculon 
 Heortan gehygdum hlypum styllan 
 Of masgne in masgen masrpum tilgan 
 J?ast we to pam hyhstan hrofe gestigan 
 Halgum weorcum paer is hyht and blis 
 Gepungen pegn-weorud- Is us pearf micel 750 
 
 )?aet we mid heortan haslo secen 
 )7asr we mid gasste georne gelyfaS 
 fast past haslo-bearn heonan up-stige 
 Mid usse lic-homan lifgende god- 
 Forpon we a sculon idle lustas 
 Syn-wunde forseon and pass sellran gefeon- 
 HabbaS we us to frofre fasder on roderum 
 iElmeahtigne- He his aras ponan 
 Halig of heahSu hider onsendeS 
 
 t>a us gescildap wrS sceppendra 760 
 
 Eglum earh-farum pi lass un-holdan 
 Wunde gewyrcen ponne wroht-bora 
 In folc godes forS onsendcS 
 Of his brasgd-bogan biterne strasl- 
 64 
 
t/te noble Chief, approach those bright abodes, 
 His Fatiierland. That revel of the Prince 
 brought endless joy to those blessed denizens. 
 
 Thus God's eternal Child, here upon earth, 
 sprang boldly o'er t/ie lofty hills, by leaps, 
 from mount to mount ; and e'en so must we men, 
 with our hearts' inmost thoughts, by such leaps, spring 
 from virtue unto virtue, and for glory strive, 
 so tluit through Jwly works zee may ascend 
 to the highest height, where there is joy and bliss 
 and ministering legions. Great is our need 
 to seek salvation there with all our liearts, 
 where earnestly in spirit we repose, 
 so that the Saviour-Child, the living God, 
 may with our bodies soar aloft from hence. 
 
 Wherefore we must contemn all idle lusts 
 and wounds of sin, and cherish goodlier things ; 
 we have our solace in tlie Omnipotent, 
 our Fat/ier in lieaven ; He, tJie Holy One, 
 will send His angels hither from on high 
 to shield us from the noxious arrow-shafts 
 of those that -work our bane, lest gruesome fiends 
 should deal us wounds, when as the Enemy, 
 the great Accuser, sendeth the bitter dart 
 among the folk of God from his drawn bow. 
 
 E 65 
 
ForJ?on we fasste sculon wiS J?am fasr-scyte 
 
 Symle warlice wearde healdan 
 
 fry laes se attres ord in gebuge 
 
 Biter bord-gelac under ban-locan 
 
 Feonda faer-searo- past bi<S frecne wund 
 
 Blatast benna- Utan us beorgan ]>a 770 
 
 frenden we on eorSan eard weardigen- 
 
 Utan us to fasder freojja wilnian- 
 
 Biddan beam godes and J>one bli'San gasst 
 
 frast he us gescilde wiS sceajjan waepnum 
 
 Lapra lyge-searwum se us lif forgeaf 
 
 Leomu lie and gsest- Si him lof symle 
 
 frurh woruld worulda wuldor on heofnum- 
 
 dl^E pearf him ondrasdan deofla straglas 
 ^i Jm 1 JEmg on eor'San a;lda cynnes 
 Gromra gar-fare gif hine god scildej? 780 
 
 DuguSa dryhten- Is pam dome neah 
 fraet we gelice sceolon leanum hleotan 
 Swa we wide feorh weorcum hlodun 
 Geond sidne grund- Us secgaS bee 
 Hvi a;t aerestan ead mod astag 
 In middan-geard masgna gold-hord 
 66 
 
Verily must zee keep constant watch, 
 and must beware, against the sudden shot, 
 lest the envenomed point, the bitter dart, 
 the fiends' pernicious artifice, should strike 
 beneath the bones' enclosure ; its wound is grievous, 
 tlte ghastliest of gaslies. May we guard us t/ien, 
 whilst we hold habitation upon earth ; 
 and be we "wishful for the Father's peace ; 
 pray we the Son of God, and tlie kindly Spirit, 
 that He protect us from t/ie spoilers' weapons, 
 t/te zviles of foes ; He gave us life and limb, 
 body and eke soul ; ever to Him be praise 
 and glory in t/te heavens, world without end! 
 
 V. 
 
 Not any of the race of men on earth 
 need ever dread him of the devils' sJiafts, 
 t/te fiends' spear-storm, if God, t/ie Lord of hosts, 
 protecteth him. T/te day of doom is nigh, 
 zv/ten each of us shall gain tlie recompense 
 that by our works zve have through life amassed 
 on this wide world. 'Tis told to us in books, 
 liow the Treasury of glory, Gods noble Son, 
 descended humbly to this middle-earth, 
 
 6 7 
 
In fasmnan fas'Sm freo beam godes 
 Halig of heahpu- Huru ic wene me 
 And eac ondrasde dom $y repran 
 
 Donne eft cymcS engla peoden 790 
 
 Jpe ic ne heold teala pset me haelend min 
 On bocum bibead- Ic paes brogan sceal 
 Geseon syn-wrasce pa;s pe ic soS talge 
 Dasr monig beo"S on gemot landed 
 Fore onsyne eces deman- 
 Donne • h • cwacaS gehyreS cyning mte'Slan 
 Rodera ryhtend sprecan repe word 
 Dam pe him asr in worulde wace hyrdon 
 Dendan • fft • and • + • ypast meahtan 
 Frofre findan- pasr sceal forht monig 800 
 
 On pam wong-stede werig bidan 
 Hwaet him sefter dasdum deman wille 
 Wrapra wita-' Bip se • P • scascen 
 Eorpan fraetwa • h • wass longe 
 h • flodum bilocen lif-wynna dad 
 p • on foldan ponne frastwe sculon 
 Byrnan on basle- Blac rasettcS 
 Recen reada leg repe scripeS 
 Geond woruld wide wongas hreosa'S 
 Burg-stede berstaS brond biS on tyhte 810 
 
 JEteft eald-gestreon unmurnlice 
 68 
 
into t/ie Virgin's womb, when He came first, 
 - holy from on high. Alas! my mind presage th ; 
 
 I fear that then 'twill be a sterner doom, 
 
 w/ien He, the Lord of hosts, cometh again, 
 for feebly kept I what my Saviour 
 
 bade in His books. Wherefore shall I see 
 
 terror and tribulation, I know full well, 
 
 when many to the synod shall be led, 
 
 into the presence of t/ie eternal fudge. 
 
 The fSieenest t/iere shall quake, when he Jieareth the Lord, 
 
 the lieavens Ruler, utter words of wrath 
 
 to those who in the world obeyed Him ill, 
 
 while they might solace find most easily 
 
 for t/ieir Reaming and their Sliced. Many afeard 
 
 stiall wearily await upon that plain 
 
 what penalty He will adjudge to them 
 
 for their deeds. T/ie ZSlinsomcness of earth/y gauds 
 
 shall then be c/ianged. In days of yore ZXnknown, 
 
 Hake-floods embraced tfie region of life's joy, 
 
 and all earths fortune ; then each precious thing 
 
 \ 
 shall be consumed in fire ; bright ami swift 
 
 tlie ruddy flame shall rage, and fiercely stride 
 
 o'er t/ie wide world ; the plains shall waste away ; 
 
 the citadels shall crash ; the fire shall speed; 
 
 uupityingly shall he, greediest of guests, 
 
 69 
 
Gaesta gifrast pxt geo guman heoldan 
 (penden him on eor]>an onmedla waes- 
 For]?on ic leofra gehwone lasran wille 
 paet he ne agaele gaestes )?earfe 
 Ne on gylp geote J?enden god wille 
 t?aet he her in worulde wunian mote 
 Somed simian sawel in lice 
 In J?am gasst-hofe- Scyle gumena gehwylc 
 On his gear-dagum georne bi})encan 820 
 
 J?aet us milde bicwom meahta waldend 
 JEt aerestan J>urh pxs engles word- 
 BrS nu eorneste Jionne eft cymeS 
 ReSe and ryhtwis- Rodor brS onhrered 
 And J?as miclan gemetu middan-geardes 
 Beheofia'S Jxmne beorht cyning leanaS 
 paes J?e hy on eor)?an eargum daedum 
 Lifdon leahtrum fa. fraes hi longe sculon 
 Fer'S-werige onfon in fyr-baSe 
 
 Waslmum biwrecene wraj>-lic and-lean- 830 
 
 )?onne maegna cyning on gemot cyme^ 
 prymma maeste ]?eod-egsa biS 
 Hlud gehyred bi heofon-woman 
 Cwaniendra cirm cerge reotaS 
 Fore onsyne eces deman 
 Ipa. )?e hyra weorcum wace truwiaS- 
 70 
 
consume the treasures which men prized of old, 
 
 whilst pride abode with tliem upon this earth. 
 
 Wlierefore would I instruct each well-beloved, 
 
 lest he be careless of his spirit's need, 
 
 or pour it forth in boasting, whilst God willeth 
 
 tliat he may Jure abide 'within the -world, 
 
 whilst soul with body, the guest-house it is in, 
 
 may journey on together. It behoveth each, 
 
 during his life-days, to remember well, 
 
 how all-benign was tlie Omnipotent 
 
 when He first came, e'en as the angel spake. 
 
 He will be stern then, when He cometh again, 
 
 wrathful and rigorous. The Jieavens sliall quail, 
 
 and all tlie great estates of middle-earth 
 
 sliall quake, when He, bright King, requite th them, 
 
 for tliat they lived on earth in wickedness, 
 
 stained with transgression ; wherefore they shall long, 
 
 weary of life, beset 'with flames, endure 
 
 dire retribution in a sea of fire, 
 
 when tlie great King in highest majesty 
 
 to tliat tribunal cometh ; then men's dismay, 
 
 the cry of anguish, sliall be heard aloud 
 
 amid tlie noises of tlie lieavens ; sadly 
 
 shall tliey bewail before tlie eternal fudge, 
 
 who liave but faint reliance in their works. 
 
Dasr bip o'S-ywed egsa mara 
 Donne from frum-gesceape gefrasgen wurde 
 JEfre on eorSan. pa;r biS aeghwylcum 
 Syn-wyrcendra on pa snudan tid 840 
 
 Leofra micle ponne eall peos laene gesceaft 
 pasr he hine sylfne on pam sige-preate 
 Behydan msege ponne herga fruma 
 iEpelinga ord eallum demeS 
 Leofum ge laSum lean asfter ryhte 
 peoda gehwylcre- Is us pearf micel 
 past we gaestes wlite asr pam gryre-brogan 
 On pas gassnan tid georne bipencen- 
 Nu is pon gelicost swa we on lagu-flode 
 Ofer cald waster ceolum IrSan 850 
 
 Geond sidne sa5 sund-hengestum 
 Flod-wudu fergen- Is past frecne stream 
 Y$a ofermaeta pe we her on lacaS 
 Geond pas wacan woruld windge holmas 
 Ofer deop gelad- Wass se drohta'S strong 
 JEr pon we to londe geliden hasfdon 
 Ofer hreone hrycg pa us help bicwom 
 Past us to haslo hype gelasdde 
 Godes gasst-sunu and us giefe sealde 
 past we oncnawan magun ofer ceoles bord 860 
 
 Hwasr we saslan sceolon sund-hengestas 
 72 
 
Then greater terror shall be manifest 
 
 than ever hath been heard of upon earth, 
 
 yea, front the first beginning; at that sudden time 
 
 each evil-doer will have liefer far 
 
 than all this transient creation 
 
 some place when, in that onward rush of triumph, 
 
 he may conceal him, when the Lord of hosts, 
 
 the Chief of Princes, sluill adjudge to all, 
 
 to friends and foes alike, to every man, 
 
 a righteous recompense. Great is our need, 
 
 t/iat in this barren time, ere that grim dread, 
 
 we should bethink us of our spirit's grace. 
 
 Noiv 'tis most like as if we fare in ships 
 on the ocean -flood, over the water cold, 
 driving our vessels through the spacious seas 
 with /torses of the deep. A perilous way is this 
 of boundless waves, and t/tese are stormy seas, 
 on which we toss here in this feeble world, 
 o'er t/te deep paths. Ours was a sorry plight, 
 until at last we sailed unto the laud, 
 over t/te troubled main. Help came to us, 
 that brought us to t/te /taven of solvation, 
 •Gods Spirit- Son, and granted grace to us, 
 that we might know, e'en from t/te vessel's deck, 
 w/tere we must bind with ancttorage secure 
 
Ealde y$-mearas ancrum fasste- 
 Utan us to pasre hy'Se hyht stapelian 
 Da us gerymde rodera waldend 
 Halge on heahpu pa he heofonum astag- 
 
 Certius Ipassus Be Die JuOicit. 
 i. 
 
 ONNE MID FERE fold-buende 
 Se micla daeg meahtan dryhtnes 
 JEt midre niht maegne bihlsme'S 
 
 Scire gesceafte swa oft scea$a fascne 
 
 fteof prist-lice pe on pystre fareS 870 
 
 On sweartre niht sorg-lease haele'S 
 
 Semninga for-feh'S slaope gebundne 
 
 Eorias ungearwe yfles genasgeS- 
 
 Swa on syne beorg somod up cymeS 
 
 Majgen-folc micel meotude getrywe 
 
 Beorht and blipe- Him weorpcS blasd gifen- 
 
 fonne from feowerum foldan sceatum 
 
 ]}am ytemestum eorpan rices 
 
 Englas sl-beorhte on ekn blawa'S 
 
 Byman on brehtme beofaS middan-geard 880 
 
 Hruse under haelepum- Hlyda'S tosomne 
 74 
 
our ocean-steeds, old stallions of t lie wooes. 
 O let us rest our Iwpc in that same port, 
 which t/ie Lord Celestial opened for us tliere, 
 Iwly on high, when He to Iieaven ascended I 
 
 #art €I)tttu %\)t Ww of 3!tiDgmcnt 
 i. 
 
 T/T 7" ITH sudden fear, at midnight, dire fully, 
 
 tlie great day of the Lord Omnipotent 
 s/uill overwlulm the denizens of earth 
 and bright creation, e'en as some wily robber, 
 some daring thief tliat prowleth in the dark, 
 in the swart night, surpriseth suddenly 
 careless mortals bound in happy sleep, 
 and basely cJiallengeth them unprepared. 
 Then unto Zion's hill a mighty /lost, 
 radiant and blissful, shall ascend together, 
 t/ie faithful of the Lord ; glory shall be theirs. 
 T/ien, too, from all four corners of the world, 
 from furt/iest regions of t/ie realm of earth, 
 resplendent angels shall with one accord 
 sound tlieir loud trumpets, and mid-earth shall quake 
 beneath the feet of men. Gloriously and long 
 
 75 
 
Trume and torhte wrS tungla gong 
 
 SingaS and swinsiap supan and norpan 
 
 Eastan and westan ofer ealle gesceaft 
 
 Wecca'S of deaSe dryht-gumena beam 
 
 Eall monna cynn to meotud-sceafte 
 
 Eges-lic of pasre ealdan moldan hataS hy upp-astandan 
 
 Sneome of slaepe py fasstan- J?asr mon masg sorgende 
 
 folc 
 Gehyran hyge-geomor hearde gefysed 
 Cearum cwipende cwicra gewyrhtu 890 
 
 Forhte a-fsrde- past brS fore-tacna masst 
 para pe asr oppe si$ asfre gewurde 
 Monnum op-ywed par gemengde beoS 
 Onhaslo gelac engla and deofla 
 Beorhtra and blacra. WeorpcS bega cyme 
 Hwitra and sweartra swa him is ham sceapen 
 Ungelice englum and deoflum- 
 ponne semninga on syne beorg 
 Supan eastan sunnan leoma 
 
 CymeS of scyppende scynan leohtor 900 
 
 ponne hit men masgen modum ahyegan 
 Beorhte blican ponne beam godes 
 J?urh heofona gehleodu hider oS-ywe'S- 
 CymeS wundorlic cristes onsyn 
 ^Epel-cyninges wlite eastan fram roderum 
 76 
 
shall they blow together toward tlie stars' career, 
 and sing Melodiously from south and north, 
 from east and ivest, o'er all creation's realm, 
 and wake from death unto the final doom, 
 aghast from tlie old earth, the sons of men 
 and all mankind, and bid them then arise 
 forthwith from their deep sleep. There shall one 
 
 hear 
 a sorrowing host and dismal, hard bestead, 
 sorely afeard, bewailing woefully 
 their deeds when living. Of all presaging signs, 
 which aye, erewhile or since, were shown to men, 
 this shall be greatest ; to wit, the hidden hosts 
 of angels and of devils, tlie bright and dark, 
 shall be commingled there ; yea, both sliall come, 
 the -white and black, e'en as a home is shaped 
 for angels and for devils all unlike. 
 
 T/ien unto Z ion's hill, full suddenly, 
 a sun-beam from south-east shall come anon 
 from the Creator, shining more brilliantly 
 titan mortals may conceive of in their minds, 
 gleaming full brightly ; tlien tlie Son of God 
 sliall hitherward appear o'er heaven's vaults ; 
 wondrous from tlie east of lieaven shall come 
 the aspect of the noble King, Christ's presence, 
 
 77 
 
On sefan swete sinum folce 
 Biter bealo-fullum gebleod wundrum 
 Eadgum and earmum ungelice- 
 He biS pam godum glasd-mod on gesihpe 
 Wlitig wynsumlic weorude )>am halgan 910 
 
 On gefean faeger freond and leoftasl- 
 Lufsum and Iipe leofum monnum 
 To sceawianne pone scynan wlite 
 WcSne mid willum waldendes cyme 
 Masgen-cyninges pam pe him on mode aer 
 Wordum and weorcum wel gecwemdun- 
 He biS ))am yflum eges-lic and grim-lie 
 To geseonne synnegum monnum 
 J?am pasr mid firenum cuma'S for® for-worhte- 
 )7aet masg wites to wearninga pam pe hafaS wisne 
 gepoht 920 
 
 past se him eallunga owiht ne ondrasdcS 
 Se for Saere onsyne egsan ne weorpeS 
 Forht on fer'Se ponne he frean gesihS 
 Ealra gesceafta andweardne faran 
 Mid masgen-wundrum mongum to pinge- 
 Ond him on healfa gehwone heofon-engla preat 
 Ymb-utan faraS aelbeorhtra scolu 
 Hergas haligra heapum geneahhe- 
 DyncS deop gesceaft and fore dryhtne faereS 
 78 
 
benign with sweetest grace for His own folk, 
 bitter for the baleful, marvellously visaged, 
 diversely for tlie blessed and the forlorn. 
 
 Unto tlie good, t/ie host of holy ones, 
 * His presence shall be winsome, beauteous, glad, 
 ' loving and gracious, fraught with fair delight. 
 Sweet s/tall it be and pleasant for His beloved 
 to gaze upon that aspect all so fair, 
 benign of will, tlie advent of tlieir Lord, 
 tlieir mighty Sovran, for informer days 
 their words and works were pleasing unto Hitn. 
 Unto the evil, unto sinful men, 
 grim shall He be and fearful to beliold ; 
 with tlieir sins t/iey come tlicre, damned eternally. 
 He that is wise of t/iought may well regard 
 it 
 as a sign tliat lie need be nowise adread, 
 if lie, afore that Presence, becometh not 
 dismayed with terror in his soul, when lie see'th 
 creation's Lord advance before him tliere, 
 with mighty wonders, to the doom of many, 
 while on each side of Him angelic hosts 
 fare round about, legions of radiant ones, 
 armies of saints, with numerous multitudes. 
 Then shall creation's depth resound ; o'er earth, 
 
 79 
 
Waslm-fyra masst ofer widne grund- 930 
 
 HlemmCS hata leg heofonas berstaS 
 Trume and torhte tungol of-hreosa»S 
 )3onne weorpeS sunne sweart gewended 
 On blodes hiw seo Se beorhte scan 
 Ofer aer-woruld xlda. bearnum- 
 Mona past sylfe pe aer mon-cynne 
 Nihtes lyhte niper gehreoseS 
 And steorran swa some streda'S of heofone 
 purh $a strongan lyft stormum abeatne- 
 Wile aslmihtig mid his engla gedryht 940 
 
 Mazgen-cyninga meotod on gemot cuman 
 prym-fasst peoden- BiS pasr his pegna eac 
 Hrep-eadig heap- Halge sawle 
 Mid hyra frean fara'S ponne folca weard 
 t?urh egsan prea eorSan ma;g$e 
 Sylfa geseceS- WeorpcS geond sidne grund 
 Hlud gehyred heofon-byman stefn 
 And on seofon healfa swogaS windas 
 BlawaS brecende bearhtma maeste 
 
 Wecca'S and woniaS woruld mid storme- 950 
 
 FyllaS mid feore foldan gesceafte- 
 Donne heard gebrec hlud un-maste 
 Swar and swrSlic- Sweg-dynna masst 
 .ZEldum eges-lic eawed weorpcS 
 80 
 
before the Lord, tlie fiercest fire shall rage ; 
 the burning flames shall roar; the heavens shall burst; 
 tlie planets, bright and steadfast, shall fall down, 
 and t/ie sun itself shall then be changed, all swart, 
 to the hue of blood, — the sun that shone so bright, 
 above the former world, for all mankind ; 
 likewise t/ie moon, that erewhile gave forth light 
 for mortals through the flight, shall fall adown, 
 and the stars shall fall from heaven precipitate, 
 tempest-driven through the stormy air. 
 
 Then to t/ic judgment, with His angel-host, 
 will come t/te Omnipotent, the King of Kings, 
 the Lord majestic, and eke a glorious band 
 shall be there of His own thanes ; yea, holy souls 
 shall journey with t/ieir Lord, when the Guardian of men 
 shall visit all the races of the earth 
 with direful penalty. From pole to pole 
 t/ie blast of heaven's trumpet shall be lieard, 
 and from all seven sides the winds shall moan, 
 and with tumultuous roar shall blow and break, 
 waking and wasting all tlie world with storm, 
 o'er throwing all creation with their breath; 
 a grievous crash shall l/ien be manifest, 
 loud and immeasurable ; of all fierce dins 
 this shall be fiercest, a terror unto folk. 
 
 F 8l 
 
ftasr maegen werge monna cynnes 
 
 Wornum hweorfa'S on widne leg 
 
 t?a paer cwice meteS cwelmende fyY 
 
 Sume up sume niper asides fulle- 
 
 ponne bi"5 untweo past pasr adames 
 
 C^n cearena full cwipe'S gesargad 960 
 
 Nales fore lytlum leode geomre 
 
 Ac fore pam masstan maegen-earfepum- 
 
 Donne eall preo on efen nimcS 
 
 Won fyres waelm wide tosomne 
 
 Se svvearta lig saes mid hyra fiscum 
 
 Eorpan mid hire beorgum and up-heofon 
 
 Torhtne mid his tunglum- Teon-leg somod 
 
 frrypum basrne'S preo eal on an 
 
 Grimme togaedre- Grorna'S gesargad 
 
 Eal middan-geard on pa masran tid- 970 
 
 II. 
 
 WA se gifra gaest grundas geond-sece$ 
 Hipende leg heah-getimbro 
 FylleS on fold-wong fyres egsan- 
 Wid-masre blaest woruld mid-ealle 
 Hat heoro-gifre- HreosaS geneahhe 
 To-brocene burg-weallas- Beorgas gemelta'S 
 82 
 
Then legions of the race of men, accursed, 
 shall throng unto tlic all-embracing flame, 
 and living feel tlie fire' s fatal touch, 
 some up, some down, with burning all fulfilled. 
 Small doubt tliat titer e t/ie cfieerless race of Adam 
 sliall utter lamentations, woebegone, 
 afflicted with no feeble tribulation, 
 but with great anguish, direfullest and worst ; 
 the livid surge of fire, tlie swarthy flame, 
 shall seize all tliere alike, at the same time, 
 afar and wide ; to wit, seas with their fish, 
 earth with her hills, and eke tlie heaven above 
 bright with its constellations ; tlie avenging flame 
 shall forthwith ravage all tlie regions three, 
 fiercely, with fearf id onset ; all middle-earth, 
 afflicted at that mighty time, shall mourn. 
 
 II. 
 
 E'en thus the greedy guest shall visit earth, 
 tlie ravaging flame shall hurl with fire's terror 
 t/ie loftiest piles adown unto tlie plain ; 
 tlie fierce-devouring, liot, wide-spreading blast 
 shall overthrow tlie world withal ; shattered 
 the city-walls shall fall : tlie hills shall melt 
 
 83 
 
And heah-cleofu pa wr5 holme aer 
 Faeste wiS flodum foldan scehdun 
 StiS and sta?S-fasst stapelas wtfS wasge 
 Wastre windendum- Jponne wihta gehwylce 980 
 
 Deora and fugla deafe-leg nimeS 
 FasreS asfter foldan fyr-swearta leg 
 Weallende wiga- Swa asr waster fleowan 
 Flodas afysde ponne on fyr-ba'Se 
 SwelaS sse-fiscas sundes getwasfde 
 Waeg-deora gehwylc werig sweltcS- 
 Byrne]? waster swa weax- fraer brS wundra ma 
 J?onne hit asnig on mode masge apencan 
 Hu past gestun and se storm and seo stronge lyft 
 Breca'S brade gesceaft- Beornas gretaS 990 
 
 Wepa'S wanende wergum sternum 
 Heane hyge geomre hreowum gedreahte- 
 ScopeS swearta leg synne on fordonum 
 And gold-frastwe gleda forswelga'3 
 Eall asr-gestreon epel-cyninga- 
 Daer br$ cirm and cearu and cwicra gewin 
 Gehreow and hlud wop bi heofon-woman 
 Earmlic aslda gedreag- ponan asnig ne masg 
 Firen-dasdum fah frVS gewinnan 
 
 Leg-bryne losian londes ower- 1000 
 
 Ac past fyr nimeS purh foldan gehwast 
 84 
 
and the high cliffs, that erewhile parted earth 
 stoutly and steadfastly from ocean, barriers 
 against t/te floods, bulwarks against the waves 
 and circling waters. Yea, the fatal flash 
 sliall seize each living creature, beast and bird ; 
 the swarthy flame sliall then bestride tlie world 
 like a raging warrior ; wJiere erst tlie waters flowed, 
 tlie rushing floods, a sea of fire shall burn 
 tliefislies of tlie deep ; reft of t/teir craft, 
 all ocean s monsters sliall a-weary die ; 
 water sliall burn as wax ; more wonders sliall be there 
 than any mortal may conceive in mind, 
 wlten the roar and the storm and tlie raging blast 
 shall shatter all creation ; men shall then wail, 
 with abject voices shall tftey weep and moan, 
 humbled, saddened, with penitence o'erwlielmed. 
 Those damned by sin shall surge in swarthy fire, 
 and gledes shall gorge tlie golden ornaments, 
 the ancient treasures of the kings of earth. 
 'Mid heavens roar a cry of woe sliall rise, 
 the anguish of tlie living, grief and lament, 
 the sorry plight of men. No mortal there, 
 with sinful deeds o'erslained, may peace achieve, 
 or anywhere escape tlie burning flame ; 
 forsooth tlie fire sliall seise each thing on earth, 
 
 85 
 
GraefcS grim-lice georne aseccS 
 Innan and utan eofSan sceatas 
 OJ?]?aet call hafaS aEldes leoma 
 Woruld-widles worn waelme forbaerned- 
 Donne mihtig god on Jxme maeran beorg 
 Mid ]>y maestan majgen-Jjrymme cymcS 
 Heofon-engla cyning halig scincS 
 Wuldorlic ofer weredum waldende god- 
 Ond hine ymb-utan as^el-dugirS betast 
 Halge here-feSan hlutre blica'S 
 Eadig engla gedryht in-geJ>oncum 
 Forhte beofiaS fore faeder egsan- 
 ForJ>on nis asnig wundor hu him woruld-monna 
 Seo unclaene gecynd cearum sorgende 
 Hearde ondrede 'Sonne sio halge gecynd 
 Hwit and heofon-beorht heag-engla masgen 
 For Sasre onsyne beoS egsan afyrhte 
 BidaS beofiende beorhte gesceafte 
 Dryhtnes domes- Daga eges-licast 
 WeorJ^eS in worulde J>onne wuldor-cyning 
 )2urh J?rym J^reaS }?eoda gehwylce 
 HateS a-risan reord-berende 
 Of fold-grafum folc anra gehwyle 
 Cuman to gemote mon-cynnes gehwone- 
 Jponne eall hraSe adames cynn 
 86 
 
shall fiercely delve, and eagerly shall search, 
 the tracts of earth within and eke without, 
 until the fire's glow fiath purged with lieat 
 each blemish of the world's pollution. 
 ' Then God Almighty, lieavenly angels' King, 
 with greatest majesty sfiall thitlier come 
 to tfiat noble hill ; glorious o'er His hosts, 
 the Sovran Lord in holiness shall shine ; 
 and, Him around, tlie goodliest chivalty, 
 tlie lioly warrior-band, blessed angel-troop, 
 shall brightly gleam ; in terror of tlie Fatlier, 
 t/ieir inmost thoughts af eared, e'en tliey shall quake. 
 Yea, 'tis no wonder that the race unclean 
 of worldly men should sorely be adread, 
 should direfully lament, witen tlie lioly race, 
 so white and lieavenly bright, tlie archangels' host, 
 before that Presence is with fear aghast; 
 trembling the radiant beings shall abide 
 t/ieir Sovran's doom. Most terrible of days 
 that day shall be, whenas tlie glorious King 
 shall mightily o'erw/ielm the nations all, 
 and bid each folk, creatures with speech endowed, 
 arise from out tlieir eartldy sepulchres, 
 and come each man to that assemblage there. 
 Full quickly tlien s/iall Adam's kin take flesh ; 
 
 87 
 
OnfehS flaesce weorJjcS fold-raeste 
 
 Eardes aet ende sceal ponne anra gehwylc 
 
 Fore cristes cyme cwic arisan 
 
 Leo'Sum onfon and lic-homan 1030 
 
 Ed-geong wesan hafa"S eall on him 
 
 frass pe he on foldan in fyrn-dagum 
 
 Godes oppe gales on his gasste gehlod 
 
 Geara gongum- Hafa$ aet-gsedre bu 
 
 Lie and sawle- Sceal on leoht cuman 
 
 Sinra weorca wlite and worda gemynd 
 
 And heortan gehygd fore heofona cyning- 
 
 Donne bip geyced and geedniwad 
 
 Mon-cyn purh meotud micel ariseS 
 
 Dryht-folc to dome sippan deapes bend 1040 
 
 To-lescS lif-fruma- Lyft brS onbasrned 
 
 Hreosaft heofon-steorran hypaS wide 
 
 Gifre glede gasstas hweorfa'S 
 
 On ecne eard opene weorpaS 
 
 Ofer middan-geard- Monna dasde 
 
 Ne magun hord wera heortan gepohtas 
 
 Fore waldende wihte bemipan- 
 
 Ne sindon him dasda dyrne ac paer brS dryhtne cirS 
 
 On pam miclan daege hu monna gehwylc 
 
 JEr earnode eces lifes 1050 
 
 And eall andweard past hi aer oppe siS 
 
their eart/dy rest and sojourning shall tfien 
 /lave end, for at Christ 's advent thitherward 
 each mortal quickened shall arise again, 
 and shall take limb and fleshly covering, 
 and shall be young again, possessed of all, 
 that he, while lure on earth, informer days, 
 in the course of years, did heap upon his soul, 
 of good or ill ; both shall be joined again, 
 body and soul ; t/ie image of his works, 
 the memory of his words, t/ie t/ioughts of his heart, 
 shall come to light before tlie heavenly King. 
 Mankind shall be increased t/ien and renewed 
 by its Creator ; a mighty multitude 
 
 i shall rise to judgment, when the Source of life 
 shall loose the bonds of death ; the sky shall glow, 
 the stars of heaven shall fall, t/te greedy flame 
 shall ravage far and wide ; spirits shall wend 
 to their eternal home ; tlu deeds of men 
 shall t/ien be manifest throughout mid-earth. 
 The treasure-hoard of men, their liearts' deep thoughts, 
 
 , nowise before the Sovran may be hid ; 
 deeds are not dark to Him ; on that great day 
 it shall be known unto tlie Lord how each 
 hath erewMle merited eternal life, 
 and all shall be revealed t/iat each hath wrought, 
 
 89 
 
Worhtun in worulde- Ne br$ )>aer wiht for-holen 
 Monna gehygda ac se maera daeg 
 HreJ»er-locena hord heortan gef»ohtas 
 Ealle aetyweS- JEr sceal gejjencan 
 Gasstes }?earfe se]?e gode myntcS 
 Bringan beorhtne wJite Jjonne bryne costal 
 Hat heoru gifre hu gchealdne sind 
 Sawle wi"$ synnum fore sige-deman- 
 Donne sio by man stefen and se beorhta segn 1060 
 
 And ])3£t hate fyr and seo hea dugirS 
 And se engla }>rym and se egsan J>rea 
 And se hearda daeg and seo hea rod 
 Ryht araered rices to beacne 
 Folc-dryht wera biforan bonnaS 
 Sawla gehwylce J^ara J>e stS oppe xr 
 On lic-homan leoj^um onfengen- 
 Donne weoroda maest fore waldende 
 Ece and ed-geong andweard gasS 
 
 Neode and nyde bi noman gehatne 1 070 
 
 Bera^ breosta hord fore beam godes 
 Feores fraetwe wile faeder eahtan 
 Hu gesunde suna sawle bringen 
 Of }>am eSle J>e hi on lifdon- 
 Donne beoS bealde J>a J?e beorhtne wlite 
 Meotude bringa® brS hyra meaht and gefea 
 90 
 
early or late, on earth ; nought shall be hid 
 of mortals' inmost thoughts, but that great day 
 shall there disclose the locked mind's treasury, 
 the meditations of men's hearts. Erewhile 
 must he bethink him of his spirit's need, 
 who fain would bring to God an aspect fair, 
 wlien t/iat devouring fire before the fudge 
 assayeth /low souls have been restrained from sin. 
 Lo, tften tlie trumpets voice, the standard bright, 
 tlie glowing fire, the glorious chivalry, 
 the noble throng of angels, the pang of terror, 
 t/ie day so stern, and tlie exalted rood, 
 rightwise raised up in sign of mastery, 
 shall summon forward all tlie fwsts of men, 
 tlie souls of all that from eternal time 
 took limb within the body's covering. 
 A mighty liost, deathless, with youth renewed, 
 shall pass before the Sovran's presence there 
 by dire compulsion forced, yea, called by name, 
 bearing before Gods Child their bosom's hoard, 
 t/ieir spirit's treasures ; then will tlie Fat/ier see 
 how all unmarred His sons may bring their souls 
 e'en from that land wherein they lived erewhile. 
 Tliey s/iall be bold tliat bring unto the Lord 
 an aspect fair ; blissful indeed shall be 
 
 91 
 
SwiSe gesaelig-lic sawlum to gielde 
 Wuldor-lean weorca- Wei is ]iam pe motun 
 On pa grimman tid gode lician- 
 
 III. 
 
 ji^R him sylfe geseoS sorga masste 1080 
 
 Syn-fa men sarig-fei^Se- 
 Ne brS him to are past pasr fore ell-peodum 
 Usses dryhtnes rod andweard stondcS 
 Beacna beorhtast blode bestemed 
 Heofon-cyninges hlutran dreore 
 Biseon mid swate past ofer side gesceaft 
 Scire scincS- Sceadu beoS bidyrned 
 J?asr se leohta beam leodum byrhte'S 
 past peah to teonum weor]?eS 
 
 feodum to prea pam pe pone gode 1090 
 
 Wom-wyrcende wita ne cupun 
 pass he on pone halgan beam ahongen wass 
 Fore mon-cynnes man-forwyrhtu- 
 pasr he leof-lice lifes ceapode 
 Jpeoden mon-cynne on )>am daege 
 Mid py weorSe pe no worn dyde 
 His lic-homa leahtra firena 
 Mid py usic alysde- pass he eft-lean wile 
 92 
 
their might and joy, t/ieir souls' great recompence, 
 the glorious guerdon of tlieir works. Happy t/iey, 
 who at that awful time are dear to God ! 
 
 IIL ' 
 
 But sin-stained mortals, sad in soul, shall see 
 their diref idlest affliction there in this, — 
 not for t/uir glory s/tall our Sovran's rood, 
 the brightest of all beacons, stand forth t/iere 
 fore all tlie tribes of earth, wet with the blood 
 of lieaven's King, bedewed with His pure gore, 
 o'erf owing with His sweat, gleaming effulgent 
 o'er wide creation. Shadow shall be scattered, 
 where'er the bright beam shine th forth for men ; 
 natldcss shall it discomfort and torment 
 all those who, erewhile working wickedness, 
 knew not tlie thanks that due were unto God, 
 for t/tat He hung upon the holy tree, 
 all for the base misdeeds of human kind. 
 • There He, tlie Prince, whose body wrought no sin, 
 nor guilty was of any wicked deed, 
 sold His life lovingly upon that day, 
 for mankind's sake, e'en for the self-same price 
 wlierewith He ransomed us. For all this grace 
 
 93 
 
Jpurh eorneste ealles genomian 
 
 Donne sio reade rod ofer ealle I ioo 
 
 Swegle scineS on paere sunnan gyld- 
 On pa forhtlice firenum fordone 
 Swearte syn-wyrcend sorgum wlita'S- 
 GeseoS him to bealwe past him betst bicwom 
 )?aer hy hit to gode ongietan woldan- 
 And eac pa ealdan wunde and pa openan dolg 
 On hyra dryhtne geseoS dreorig-ferSe 
 Swa him mid nasglum purh-drifan niS-hycgende 
 pa hwitan honda and pa halgan fet 
 And of his sidan swa some swat forletan 1 1 10 
 
 pasr blod and waeter butu aet-somne 
 Ut bicwoman fore eagna gesybS 
 Rinnan fore rincum pa he on rode wass- 
 Eall pis magon him sylfe geseon ponne 
 Open orgete past he for aelda lufan 
 Firen-fremmendra fela prowade- 
 Magun leoda beam leohte oncnawan 
 Hu hine lygnedon lease on geponcum 
 Hysptun hearm-cwidum and on his hleor somod 
 Hyra spatl speowdon sprascon him edwit 1120 
 
 And on pone eadgan andwlitan swa some 
 Hel-fuse men hondum slogun 
 Folmum areahtum and fystum eac 
 94 
 
sternly will He exact His payment tlien, 
 when t/ie blood-red rood in tlie etliereal sky 
 shall brightly shine, where once tlie sun was wont. 
 Fearful and sorrowful shall they look tJiereon, 
 dark sinners damned by base iniquity ; 
 the best thing in the world shall seem tlieir bane, 
 when t/iey would fain regard it as tlieir bliss. 
 With souls a- weary sluxll t/iey see withal 
 tlie ancient wounds and gashes on t/ie Lord, 
 e'en as tlie base contrivers pierced with nails 
 the hands so white and eke tlie holy feet, 
 and from His side, too, let tlie gore pour fortlu, 
 and blood and water both at once, commingled, 
 came gushing forth before tlie people there, 
 before their eyes, while He teas on the rood. 
 All this may they themselves there contemplate 
 open and manifest, how much He bore 
 for love of men, for wicked sinners' sake ; 
 the sons of men may easily perceive 
 liow tliey, false in their thoughts, belied Him then, 
 t/weked Him with insult, and upon His face 
 e'en spat tlieir spittle, spake to Him with taunt, 
 and on His blessed countenance withal 
 the liell-pronc miscreants struck Him with tlieir liands, 
 with tlieir outstretched palms, and with their fists, 
 
 95 
 
And ymb his heafod lieardne gebigdon 
 Beag pyrnenne blinde on geponcum 
 Dysge and gedwealde- Gesegun pa dumban gesceaft 
 Eor^an eal-grene and up-rodor 
 Forhte gefelan frean prowinga 
 And mid cearum cwrSdun peah hi cwice naeron 
 ]?a hyra scyppend sceapan onfengon 1 130 
 
 Syngum hondum- Sunne wearS adwassced 
 ]?ream aprysmed pa sio peod geseah 
 In hierusalem godwebba cyst 
 past aer 'Sam halgan huse sceolde 
 To weorpunga weorud sceawian 
 Ufan eall forbasrst past hit on eorpan lasg 
 On twam styccum pass temples segl 
 Wundor-bleom geworht to wlite pass huses 
 Sylf slat on tu swylce hit seaxes ecg 
 Scearp purh-wode- Scire burstan 11 40 
 
 Muras and stanas monge asfter foldan 
 And seo eorSe eac egsan myrde 
 Beofode on bearhtme and se brada sec 
 CySde crasftes meaht and of clomme braec 
 Up yrringa on eorpan fasSm- 
 Ge on stede scynum steorran forleton 
 Hyra swassne wlite- On pa sylfan tid 
 Heofon hluttre ongeat hwa hine healice 
 96 
 
and round about His head a cruel crown, 
 a crown of thorns they wreatlied, blind in their thoughts, 
 foolish and erring. They saw how dumb creation, 
 the earth all green, and tlie ethereal sky, 
 affrighted, felt tlie sufferings of the Lord ; 
 how sorely mounted they, though they were not quick, 
 when impious men with sinful hands did seize 
 their very Maker! Tlie sun became obscured, 
 darkened with misery ; and in ferusalem 
 the people saw the choicest of all webs, 
 tliat multitudes were wont to marvel at, 
 the glory of the holy house of God, 
 thej/t saw it rent, so that in pieces twain 
 it lay upon the earth ; the temple's veil, 
 with wondrous colours wrought to deck that hoifse, 
 was riven asunder, as a falchion s edge, 
 full sharp, had passed tliere-through. Stone walls a-many, 
 throughout earths tract, with Jieadlong ruin fell ; 
 and all the earth was troubled sore with fear, 
 and quaked with sudden shock ; the spacious sea 
 showed forth its mighty power, and burst its bonds, 
 and o'er earth's bosom dashed in angry mood ; 
 yea, in their radiant Jwmes tlie stars then lost 
 t/icir winsome beauty ; at that selfsame time 
 tlie heaven serene discerned who erst had made it 
 
 G 97 
 
Torhtne getremede tungol-gimmum- 
 
 Forpon he his bodan sende pa wass geboren asrest 1 1 50 
 
 Gesceafta scir-cyning- Hwa;t eac scyldge men 
 
 Gesegon to soSe py sylfan daege 
 
 )pe on prowade peod-wundor micel 
 
 pffitte eor3e ageaf pa hyre on lasgun- 
 
 Eft lifgende up astodan 
 
 Da pe heo aer faeste bifen ha?fde 
 
 Deade bibyrgde pe dryhtnes bibod 
 
 Heoldon on hrepre- Hell eac ongeat 
 
 Scyld-wreccende p£t se scyppend cwom 
 
 Waldende god pa heo pst weorud ageaf 1 1 60 
 
 Hlope of pam hatan hrepre hyge wearS mongum blissad 
 
 Sawlum sorge to-glidene- Hwaet eac s& cy'Sde 
 
 Hwa hine gesette on sidne grund 
 
 Tir-meahtig cyning forpon he hine tredne him 
 
 Ongean gyrede ponne god wolde 
 
 Ofer sine ySe gan eah-stream ne dorste 
 
 His frean fet flode bisencan- 
 
 Ge eac beamas onbudon hwa hy mid bledum sceop 
 
 Monge nales fea Sa mihtig god 
 
 On hira anne gestag pasr he earfepu 1 1 70 
 
 Gepolade fore pearfe peod-buendra 
 
 LaSlicne dea'S leodum to helpe- 
 
 Da wearS beam monig blodigum tearum 
 
■resplendent upon high with starry gems ; 
 forsooth it sent its heralds when was born 
 creation's noble King. E'en guilty men 
 beheld i?i very sooth on that same day, 
 whereon He suffered, a marvel passing great, — 
 to wit, earth yielded tlwse who in fier lay ; 
 then rose they up and living stood again, 
 whom she had erewhile luld with firmest grip, 
 tlu dead and buried, wlw had kept in mind 
 their Lord's commands. Eke sin-avenging hell 
 knew that the Maker and the ruling God 
 was come, when it surrendered up tfiat host 
 from her hot bosom ; blissful were many hearts, 
 grief vanished from their souls. Lo ! too, tJie sea 
 declared who set it on its spacious bed, — 
 the glorious King ; certes, it made a path 
 for Him to tread, when God desired to fare 
 o'er the ocean-waves ; the water durst not tlicn 
 submerge its Master's feet with flowing tide. 
 Yea, many a tree, not few, likewise proclaimed 
 who shaped them with their blossoms, when mighty God 
 ascended one of them, where for the need 
 of earth's inhabitants He suffered pain, 
 a loathsome death, to succour human kind. 
 Beneath its bark full many a tree was then 
 
 99 
 
Birunnen under rindum reade and Jjicce 
 
 Ssp wearS to swate- past asecgan ne magun 
 
 Fold-buende fmrh frod gewit 
 
 Hu fela J»a onfundun )?a gefelan ne magun 
 
 Dryhtnes J>rowinga deade gesceafte- 
 
 Da J>e a;J?elast sind eorSan gecynda 
 
 And heofones eac heah-getimbro 1 180 
 
 Eall fore ])zm anum unrot gewearS 
 
 Forht afongen- peah hi fefS-gewit 
 
 Of hyra ae)?elum aenig ne cu]?en 
 
 Wendon swa Jjeah wundrum ]>a hyra waldend for 
 
 Of lic-homan- Leode ne cu]>an 
 
 Mod-blinde men meotud oncnawan 
 
 Flintum heardran J>ast hi frea nerede 
 
 Fram hell-cwale halgum meahtum 
 
 Alwalda god )>xt aet serestan 
 
 Fore-Jjoncle men from fruman worulde 1 190 
 
 furh wis gewit witgan dryhtnes 
 
 Halge hige-gleawe haslejwm saegdon 
 
 Oft nales asne ymb J>aet ae)?ele beam 
 
 Dast se earcnan stan eallum sceolde 
 
 To hleo and to hroJ>er haelejja cynne 
 
 Weor'San in worulde wuldres agend 
 
 Eades ord-fruma J?urh ]?a aej>elan cwenn- 
 
suffused with tears of blood, all red and thick ; 
 their sap was turned to gore. Earth's denizens, 
 liowever wise they be, cannot declare 
 how many things which feel not, insensate things, 
 experienced tJien t/ie sufferings of tJieir Lord. 
 T/te noblest of t/te species of the earth, 
 and eke t/ie lofty structures upon high, 
 for tliat alone were seized with sudden fear, 
 and sad became ; in their inherent nature, 
 tliough tltey no mental understanding had, 
 yet wondrously they knew it, when their Lord 
 forth from His body fared. Benighted men, 
 liarder titan flints, would not acknowledge tlten 
 their Maker, lltat the Lord, Almighty God, 
 had saved them from the agonies of hell, 
 e'en by His holy might, nor that of yore, 
 in the world's beginning, the prophets of tlte Lord, 
 far-seeing men, Iwly and wise of mind, 
 Itad told to folk anent the noble Child, 
 oft-times, not once, by wisdom of tlieir souls, 
 that through the noble woman He should be 
 a precious Rock Itere in this 'world below, 
 the Refuge and t/te Help of all mankind, 
 the Lord of glory, tlte first Cause of bliss. 
 
IV. 
 
 WiES wene'S se pe mid gewitte nyle 
 Gemunan pa mildan meotudes lare 
 And eal Sa earfe'Su pe he fore addum adreag 1 200 
 
 Forpon pe he wolde past we wuldres eard 
 In ecnesse agan mosten- 
 Swa pam biS grorne on pam grimman deege 
 Domes pass miclan pam J>e dryhtnes sceal 
 DeaS-firenum forden dolg sceawian 
 Wunde and wite on werigum sefan- 
 GeseoS sorga masste hu se sylfa cyning 
 Mid sine lic-homan lysde of firenum 
 fturh milde mod past hy mostun man-weorca 
 Tome lifgan and tires blasd 12 10 
 
 Ecne agan- Hy pass e'Sles pone 
 Hyra waldende wita ne cupon- 
 Forpon pasr to teonum pa tacen geseoft 
 Orgeatu on gode ungesaelge 
 fronne crist siteS on his cyne-stole 
 On heah-setle heofon-masgna god 
 Fasder aelmihtig folca gehwylcum 
 Scyppend scinende scrifeS bi gewyrhtum 
 Eall asfter ryhte rodera waldend- 
 102 
 
IV. 
 
 What hope hath lie who wittingly disdaineth 
 to bear in mind his Master's gentle lore, 
 and all the miseries He endured for men, 
 wishful that we might possess on high, 
 to all eternity, the home of bliss ? 
 Grievous indeed shall be their lot, who damned 
 by deadly sins must on that awful day 
 of mighty doom behold with souls a-weary 
 tlu 'gashes, wounds, and torments of the Lord ; 
 greatest their woe to see /tow tliat tlu King 
 with His own body ransomed them from sin, 
 in meekness, so that tltey might live, devoid 
 of their ill-deeds, and have the endless bliss 
 of lieavenly glory. Tltey did not know the thanks 
 due to their Sovran for this lieritagc ; 
 wherefore, to their affliction, shall they see 
 signs unpropitious manifest in God, 
 when Christ shall sit there on His kingly throne, 
 on His high seat, while the Almighty Father. 
 the radiant Creator, Lord of the hosts 
 of heaven, prtscribeth righteously withal 
 for every man according to his deeds. 
 
 103 
 
fronne beoS gesomnad on pa swipran hond 1220 
 
 Pa clasnan folc criste sylfum 
 Gecorene bi cystum pa ser sinne cwide georne 
 Lustum lasstun on hyra lif-dagum- 
 Ond paer wom-sceapan on pone wyrsan dael 
 Fore scyppende scyrede weorpa'S- 
 HateS him gewitan on pa winstran hond 
 Sigora soS-cyning synfulra weorud- 
 paer hy arasade recta's and beofia'S 
 Fore frean forhte- Swa fule swa ga?t 
 Unsyfre folc arna ne wenaS- 1230 
 
 Donne biS gaesta dom fore gode sceaden 
 Wera cneorissum swa hi geworhtun aer 
 paer biS on eadgum eS gesyne 
 preo tacen somod pass pe hi hyra peodnes wel 
 Wordum and weorcum willan heoldon- 
 An is aerest orgeate pasr 
 paet hy fore leodum leohte blicap 
 Blasde and byrhte ofer burga gesetu- 
 Him onscinaS aer-gewyrhtu 
 
 On sylfra gehwam sunnan beorhtran- 1240 
 
 Oper is to-eacan andgete swa some 
 paet hy him in wuldre witon waldendes giefe 
 And onseoS eagum to wynne 
 fast hi on heofon-rice hlutru dreamas 
 104 
 
Then shall be gathered on the right-hand side 
 of Christ Himself tlie cleanly multitude, 
 chosen for t/ieir virtues ; in their life-days 
 joyfully had t/iey performed His word. 
 Workers of wickedness shall be disposed 
 before their Maker on the worser side ; 
 victory's true King shall bid t/ie throng 
 of sinful mortals wend unto His left ; 
 discovered, shall t/iey tliere bewail and quake, 
 af card before t/ie Lord; as foid as goats, 
 an impure folk, they may not hope for grace. 
 Wlicn the spirits' doom s/iall be decreed fore God 
 unto all generations as t/iey wrought, 
 three signs shall then be plainly visible 
 at once upon t/ie blessed, for they kept well 
 their Lord's be/iest, both by their words and works. 
 T/ie first sign matiifest shall be, to wit, 
 that they shall shine with light before tliefolk, 
 with bliss and brightness, throughout the homes on high ; 
 their former deeds shall shine upon tltem t/iere, 
 upon each of them, e'en brighter tlian the sun. 
 Likewise a second sign shall be revealed, — 
 in glory shall tliey know tlieir Sovran's grace, 
 and t/iey shall see t/teir eyes' delight therein, 
 that they, as saints, 'mid angels, are to own 
 
 105 
 
Eadge mid englum agan motun- 
 Donne bi'S J>ridde hu on Jjystra bealo 
 J?ast gesaelige weorud gesihS ]>xt fordone 
 Sar J>rowian synna to wite 
 Weallendne Iig and wyrma wlite 
 
 Bitrum ceaflum byrnendra scole- 1250 
 
 Of )?am him aweaxeS wynsum gefea 
 fronne hi J»ast yfel geseoS oSre dreogan 
 pset hy Jjurh miltse meotudes genaeson- 
 Donne hi J>y geornor gode Jroncia'S 
 Blasdes and blissa }?e hy bu geseoS 
 )2a;t he hy generede from nfS-cwale 
 And eac forgeaf ece dreamas- 
 BiS him hel bilocen heofon-rice agiefen- 
 Swa sceal gewrixled J?am pe sx wel heoldon 
 J?urh mod-lufan meotudes willan- 1260 
 
 Donne brS J>am oJ>rum ungelice 
 Willa geworden- Magon weana to fela 
 Geseon on him selfum synne genoge 
 Atol earfoSa aer gedenra- 
 J?asr him sorgendum sar o'Sclife'S 
 frroht fieod-bealu on J^reo healfa- 
 An is J>ara pset hy him yrm)?a to fela 
 Grim helle fyr gearo to wite 
 Andweard seo$ on ]>am hi awo sculon 
 106 
 
pure ecstasies in heaven's realm on high. 
 The third shall be, that in the baleful gloom 
 the blissful throng shall contemplate the da mm; ■■' 
 suffering in penance for their sins sore pain, 
 the surging flame and the bitter-biting Jaws 
 of luring serpents, — a shoal of burning things ; 
 thence winsome joy shall rise within their souls, 
 beholding other men endure the ills 
 that they escaped, through mercy of tlie Lord. 
 Then the more eagerly shall they thank God 
 for all their glory and delight, seeing 
 that He both saved them from these grievous pangs, 
 and granted unto them eternal joys ; 
 lull shall be locked for t/icm, heaven's realm vouclisafed. 
 This shall be their lot who erst kept well, 
 through tlieir souls' love, t/te will of the Creator. 
 
 But all unlike, forsooth, shall be the plight 
 of tfic others ; they shall see there in themselves 
 too many woes, a multitude of sins, 
 direst affliction for their former deeds ; 
 sorrowing there, sore pain shall cleave to them, 
 anguish and bale, rising from sources three. 
 The first shall be, that fore them they sliall see, 
 all ready for their torment, lull's grim fire, — 
 too base an ignominy ; outcast there, 
 
 107 
 
Wrax-winnende wasrgftu dreogan- i 2 70 
 
 ponne is him oper earfepu swa some 
 Scyldgum to sconde past hi paer scoma maeste 
 DreogaS fordone- On him dryhten gesihS 
 Nales feara sum firen-bealu laSlic 
 And past aell-beorhte eac sceawia'S 
 Heofon-engla here and hadepa beam 
 Ealle eor'S-buend and atol deofol 
 Mircne masgen-cra;ft man-womma gehwone- 
 Magon purh pa lic-homan leahtra firene 
 Geseon on pam sawlum- BeoS pa syngan flassc 12 80 
 Scandum purh-waden swa paet scire glass 
 t?aet mon ypaest masg eall purh-wlitan- 
 Donne br3 past pridde pearfendum sorg 
 Cwipende cearo past hy on pa clasnan seoS 
 Hu hi fore god-dasdum glade blissiaS 
 pa hy unsaslge a?r forhogdun 
 To donne ponne him dagas lasstun- 
 And be hyra weorcum wepende sar 
 (Past hi aer freolice fremedon unryht 
 GeseoS hi pa betran blaede scinan- 1290 
 
 Ne biS him hyra yrmSu an to wite 
 Ac para operra ead to sorgum 
 Jpaes pe hy swa fasgre gefean on fyrn-dagum 
 And swa asnlice an-forletun 
 108 
 
they shall endure damnation evermore. 
 
 Likewise a second woe shall put to shame 
 
 the guilty ; tJiey shall endure the greatest contumely, 
 
 undone by sin ; the Lord shall see in them 
 
 loathsome transgressions, nowise a few, 
 
 and the radiant throng, t/ie heavenly angel-lwst, 
 
 shall see the like, and eke t/ie sons of men ; 
 
 all earth's inhabitants, and the fell devil, 
 
 shall see their darksome craft and every stain ; 
 
 through t/ieir bodies they shall see upon tlieir souls 
 
 their shameful crimes ; abjectly the sinful flesh 
 
 shall be transparent, as it were clear glass, 
 
 that men most easily may see all through. 
 
 A third affliction shall t/ie wretc/ied know, 
 
 yea, dire lament, when they behold the pure, 
 
 how gladly t/iey rejoice in tlie good deeds, 
 
 that they, unhappy ones, despised to do 
 
 erewhile, when still t/ie days of life ran on ; 
 
 and weeping sore because of their own works 
 
 because they wrought unrighteousness before, 
 
 tliey shall behold their betters shine in glory. 
 
 Not merely their own misery shall be their bale ; 
 
 the bliss of those others shall increase t/ieir grief, 
 
 seeing how they informer days forsook ,> 
 
 delights so fair and so incomparable 
 
frurh leaslice lices wynne 
 Earges flassc-homan idelne lust- 
 )?aer hi ascamode scondum gedreahte 
 SwiciaS on swiman syn-byr)jenne 
 Firen-weorc beraS on ])xt J>a folc SCO'S- 
 Ware him J?on betre ]>xt hy bealo-dasde 1 300 
 
 iElces unryhtes a;r gescomeden 
 Fore anum men eargra weorca 
 Godes bodan saegdon J?ast hi to gyrne wiston 
 Firen-dasda on him- Ne maeg jpurh ]?aet flassc se scrift 
 Geseon on }>aere sawle hwaejjer him mon soS }>e lyge 
 SagaS on hine sylfne }>onne he J>a synne bigaeS- 
 Masg mon swa )?eah gelacnigan Jeahtra gehwylcne 
 Yfel unclasne gif he hit anum gesegS 
 And nasnig bihelan mssg on }>am heardan daege 
 Worn unbeted Saer hit J?a weorud geseo'S- 13 10 
 
 Eala bser we nu magon wrajje firene 
 Geseon on ussum sawlum synna wunde 
 Mid lic-homan leahtra gehygdu 
 Eagum unclasne in-ge]:>oncas- 
 Ne Jjast aenig ma a g oJ>rum gesecgan 
 Mid hu micle elne asghwylc wille 
 )?urh ealle list lifes tiligan 
 Feores forhtlice forS a'Solian 
 Syn-rust ]?wean and hine sylfne ]?rean 
 1 10 
 
for the body's vain and all-dclusivcjoy, 
 and for the idle lust of the vile flesh. 
 
 There they abashed, o'erwhelmed with ignominy, 
 shall wander giddily, bearing their evil deeds, 
 the burden of their sins, whilst all folk gaze ; 
 'twere better for tlient had tltey erst felt shame 
 for each base deed and each transgression, 
 for all their evil works, before one man, 
 telling God's servant that too well they knew 
 ill-deeds within them. Tlie confessor cannot look 
 through tlu flesh unto the soul, whether a man 
 telleth truth or lie, when he his sins avoweth ; 
 nathless a wight can heal each noxious ill, 
 each unclean sin, if he tell it but to one ; 
 and none may there conceal, on that stem day, 
 guilt unamended ; multitudes shall see it. 
 
 Verily, we shall then, with bodily sight, 
 behold the wounds of sin upon our souls, 
 our base iniquities, our inmost thoughts 
 of wickedness, our unclean cogitations. 
 Not any man may tell it to another, 
 with how great zeal, by every artifice, 
 each mortal striveth to attain life's goal, 
 anxious to protract existence forth, 
 to wash sin's rust away, afflicting himself, 
 
And )xet worn asrran wunde haelan 1320 
 
 t?one lytlan fyrst J?e her lifes sy 
 
 )3aet he maege fore eagum eor"S-buendra 
 
 Unscomiende eSles mid monnum 
 
 Brucan bysmerleas Jjendan bu somod 
 
 Lie and sawle lifgan mote. 
 
 & 
 
 .V we sceolon georne gleawlice Jjurh-seon 
 Usse hreJ>er-cofan heortan eagum 
 Innan uncyste. We mid J>am o'Srum ne magun 
 Heafod-gimmum hyge-J>onces fer'S 
 Eagum Jmrh-wlitan a;nge j?inga 1330 
 
 Hwaejjer him yfel )?e god under wunige 
 Jpaet he on J>a grimman tid gode licie 
 t'onne he ofer weoruda gehwyle wuldre scincS 
 Of his heah-setle hlutran lege- 
 Jpasr he fore englum and fore el]?eodum 
 To J?am eadgestum a;rest mas'Sle'S 
 And him swasslice sibbe gehateS 
 Heofona heah-cyning halgan reorde 
 FrefreS he fasgre and him fr\p beode'S 
 HateS hy gesunde and gesenade 1340 
 
 On e)?el faran engla dreames 
 112 
 
to heal tlie blemish of some former wound, 
 during the little span of life on earth, 
 so tJiat before the eyes of all the world, 
 he may enjoy his Jwme in the midst of men, 
 blameless and unabas/ied, as long as fiere 
 body and soul may both togetJier dwell. 
 
 V. 
 
 Now, with the minds eye, it behoveth us, 
 with wisdom, fain to pierce the bosom's case 
 unto the sin within, — with our other eyes, 
 thejeivels of the head, we may no whit 
 survey the hidden home of inmost thought, 
 w/iether good or ill abide tliere in those depths, — 
 so that at that dread time God may be pleased, 
 w/ien,from His lofty throne, with flame all-pure, 
 He shall shine in glory o'er the multitudes ; 
 and before angels and before all folks 
 He shall speak first unto tlie happiest tliere, 
 and lovingly shall promise them His grace ; 
 yea, with His holy voice, the Heavens high King 
 shall gently comfort them, and grant them peace, 
 and He s/iall bid them then, all safe and blessed, 
 fare to the home of angels' harmony, 
 
 II 113 
 
And }>xs to widan feore willum neotan- 
 
 OnfoS nu mid freondum mines fsder rice 
 
 past eow waes asr woruldum wynlice gearo 
 
 Blasd mid blissum beorht eSles wlite 
 
 Hwonne ge pa. lif-welan mid )>am leor[s]tum 
 
 Swase swegl-dreamas geseon mosten- 
 
 Ge J?ass earnedon J>a ge earme men 
 
 Woruld-f^earfende willum onfengun 
 
 On mildum sefan- Donne hyhim }jurh minne noman 1 350 
 
 EaSmode to eow arna baedun 
 
 ponne ge hyra hulpon and him hleoS gefon 
 
 Hingrendum hlaf and hraegl nace dum 
 
 And pa. J>e on sare seoce lagun 
 
 iEf[n]don unsofte adle gebundne 
 
 To }?am ge holdlice hyge staj^eladon 
 
 Mid modes myne. Eall ge J?aet me dydon- 
 
 Donne ge hy mid sibbum sohtun and hyra sefan try- 
 
 medon 
 ForS on frofre- J?aes ge faegre sceolon 
 Lean mid leofum lange brucan- 1360 
 
 OnginncS )x>nne to J>am yflum ungelice 
 Wordum msSlan pe him biS on pa wynstran hond 
 ]7urh egsan }>rea alwalda god- 
 Ne )?urfon hi }?onne to meotude miltse gewenan 
 Lifes ne lissa ac J>asr lean cuma'S 
 114 
 
and joyously possess it evermore : — 
 
 'deceive ye now, 'mid friends, My Father's realm, 
 the blissful glories and the beauteous home, 
 dight winsomely for you, ere 'worlds were wrought, — 
 yours, 'when ye might behold, with the best beloved, 
 life's true 'wealth, tlte sweet delights of heaven. 
 This meed ye merited, 'when gladsomely, 
 with gentle cheer, ye welcomed needy men, 
 tlie wretched of t 'lie world ; w/ien in My name 
 they humbly prayed you for compassion, 
 t/ten helped ye them, and gave them sheltering, 
 bread to the hungry, garments to the naked, 
 and those that lay sick and in sorry pain, 
 suffering grievously, bound by disease, 
 their spirits ye sustained in kindly wise, 
 'with loving hearts. All this ye did for Me, 
 when ye in friendship sought them, and with comfort 
 ye stayed their souls ; wherefore ye shall in 
 
 bliss 
 longtime enjoy reward 'with My beloved.' 
 
 Then will Almighty God, with other words, 
 'with fearful threatening, begin to speak 
 unto the wicked, those upon His left. 
 T/tey may not hope for pity from the Lord, 
 nor life nor grace ; reward for words and deeds 
 
 US 
 
Werum bi gewyrhtum worda and daeda 
 
 Reord-berendum sceolon pone ryhtan dom 
 
 JEnne geaefnan egsan fulne- 
 
 BiS pasr seo miccle milts afyrred 
 
 Peod-buendum on )>am dasge I 37° 
 
 pass aelmihtigan ponne he yrringa 
 
 On past fraste folc firene staeleS 
 
 Lapum wordum hatcS hyra lifes riht 
 
 Andweard ywan past he him asr forgeaf 
 
 Syngum to saslum- OnginneS sylf cwcSan 
 
 Swa he to anum sprece and hwaspre ealle maencS 
 
 Firen-synnig folc frea aslmihtig- 
 
 Hwast ic pec mon minum hondum 
 
 .ZErest geworhte and pe andgiet sealde 
 
 Of lame ic pe leope gesette geaf ic Se lifgendne gasst 1 380 
 
 Arode pe ofer ealle gesceafte gedyde ic past pu onsyn 
 
 hasfdest 
 Masg-wlite me gelicne geaf ic pe eac meahta sped 
 Welan ofer wid-londa gehwylc nysses pu wean asnigne 
 
 dasl 
 Dystra past pu polian sceolde pu pass pone ne wisses- 
 t?a ic Se swa scienne gesceapen haefde 
 Wynlicne geworht and pe welan forgyfen 
 past Su mostes wealdan worulde gesceaftum . 
 Da ic pe on pa faegran foldan gesette 
 116 
 
shall come to all men there, creatures 0/ speech, 
 according to their works ; they shall endure 
 the only righteous, though an awful, doom. 
 On that day then t/te great compassion 
 of the Omnipotent shall be afar 
 from earth's inlcabitants, when wrathfully, 
 in angry words, He ct target h their misdeeds 
 on impious folk, and biddcth them there present 
 their life's account before Him, which erst He gave 
 to t/tem, base sinners, for their bliss. The Sovran Lord 
 Himself sltall speak as if He spake to one, 
 and nathless shall He mean all sinning folk : — 
 
 ' Lo, man ! with Mine own hands I fashioned thee 
 in the beginning, and wisdom granted thee ; 
 I formed thy limbs of clay ; I gave thee living soul ; 
 I Iwnoured thee o'er all created things ; I 
 
 wrought 
 thine aspect like to Mine ; I gave thee might, 
 wealth o'er each land ; of woe thou knewest 
 
 nought, 
 nought of t/te gloom to come ; yet thankless thou. 
 Wlten I had shapen thee thus beauteously, 
 had made thee comely, and had given thee power, 
 that thou mightst rule the creatures of the world, 
 when I had set thee in tltat fair domain, 
 
 117 
 
To neotenne neorxna wonges 
 
 Beorhtne blasd-welan bleom scinende 1390 
 
 Da pu lifes word lagstan noldes 
 Ac min bibod braece be pines bonan worde 
 Fascnum feonde fur)x>r hyrdes 
 Sceppendum sceapan ponne pinum scyppende- 
 Nu ic Sa ealdan race anforlaete 
 Hu pu ast asrestan yfle gehogdes 
 Firen-weorcum forlure paet ic Se to fremum sealde 
 ]7a ic pe goda swa fela forgiefen hasfde 
 And pe on pam eallum eades to lyt 
 Mode puhte gif pu meahte sped 1400 
 
 Efen-micle gode agan ne moste- 
 Da pu of pan gefean fremde wurde 
 Feondum to willan feor aworpen 
 Neorxna wonges wlite nyde sceoldes 
 Agiefan geomor-mod gassta epel 
 Earg and unrot eallum bidasled 
 Dugepum and dreamum and pa bidrifen wurde 
 On pas peostran weoruld paer pu polades sippan 
 Maegen-earfepu micle stunde 
 
 Sar and swar gewin and sweartne deaS 14 1 
 
 And aefter [hjingonge hreosan sceoldes 
 Hean in helle helpendra leas- 
 Da mec ongon hreowan past min hond-geweorc 
 118 
 
the bright and blissful riches to enjoy 
 
 of Paradise, resplendent with its hues, 
 
 then wouldst thou not fulfil the word of Life, 
 
 but, at the word of thy Bane, didst break My bidding ; 
 
 a treac/ierous foe, a mischievous destroyer, 
 
 didst thou obey, rather than thy Creator. 
 
 Now will I let that ancient story pass, 
 
 /tow at the first thou didst so ill devise, 
 
 and didst lose by sin the grace I granted tJiee ; 
 
 when I had given thee all these goodly things, 
 
 natldess it seemed iinto thy mind withal 
 
 too little bliss, if thou mights t not possess 
 
 fulness of power equally with God ; 
 
 then thou bccamest, to thy foes' delight, 
 
 an alien to that joy, cast out afar ; 
 
 perforce then Jtadst thou sadly to forego 
 
 the c/iarm of Paradise, the spirits' home, — 
 
 a craven wight and wretc/ied, cut off from all 
 
 its blessings and its mirths ; then wast thou driven 
 
 into this gloomy world, where thou hast suffered, 
 
 from that time forth, so lotig, dire miseries, 
 
 pain and heavy toil and swarthy death, 
 
 doomed, after thy going Iience, abased to fall 
 
 down into hell, with none to lend thee help. 
 
 T/ien did it rue Me t/iat Mine handiwork 
 
 119 
 
On feonda geweald feran sceolde 
 
 Mon-cy nnes tuddor man-cwealm seon 
 
 Sceolde uncirSne eard cunnian 
 
 Sare s'ipas f>a ic sylf gestag 
 
 Maga in modor J?eah wa°s hyre masgden-had 
 
 iEghwass onwalg- WeafS ic ana. geboren 
 
 Folcum to frofre mec mon folmum biwond 1420 
 
 Bi}?eahte mid }?earfan wasdum and mec J>a on )?eostre 
 
 alegde 
 Biwundenne mid wonnum clajmm hwast ic Jjaet for 
 
 worulde ge)?olade 
 Lytel ]?uhte ic leoda bearnum lasg ic on heardum stane 
 Cild geong on crybbe mid ]?y ic pe wolde cwealm afyr- 
 
 ran 
 Hat helle bealu Jjaet ]>u moste halig scinan 
 Eadig on pam ecan life for'Son ic pxt earfe)?e wonn- 
 
 # 
 
 VI. 
 
 ,iES me for mode ac ic on magu-geogu'Se 
 Yrmfrn geasfnde arleas lic-sar 
 ]?aet ic Jjurh pa wasre }>e gelic 
 
 And )?u meahte minum weor}?an H3° 
 
 Masg-wlite gelic mane bidasled- 
 And fore monna lufan min Jjrowade 
 120 
 
should pass into the power of the fiends, 
 
 that mankind's progeny should see dire pangs, 
 
 and should experience a loveless home, 
 
 sorry vicissitudes ; then I descended 
 
 as a son unto his mother, yet was her maidenhood 
 
 wholly inviolate. I was born alone 
 
 for mankind's solace ; with their hands they swathed Me, 
 
 wrapped Me in a poor man's weeds, laid Me in 
 
 darkness, 
 swaddled in dusky clothes. Lo ! this for the world I 
 
 suffered; 
 little seemed I to the sons of men ; on the hard stone I lay, 
 a young child in its crib, for that I would remove from 
 
 thee 
 hell's torture and hot bale ; that thou mightst shine as saint, 
 blessed in tJie life eternal, therefore I bore that pain. 
 
 VI. 
 
 'Twas not for pride that in My youth I bore 
 such wretchedness, such ignominious pain, 
 but tluit I might thereby be like to thee, 
 and that thou, freed from sin, mightst thus become 
 like to that human form of Mine so fair ; 
 yea, for my love of men my head and face 
 
Heafod hearm-slege hleor gepolade- 
 Oft and-Iata arleasra spatl 
 Of muSe onfeng man-fremmendra- 
 Swylce hi me geblendon bittre tosomne 
 Unswetne drync ecedes and geallan- 
 Donne ic fore folce onfeng feonda geni'Slan 
 Fylgdon me mid firenum fashpe ne rohtun 
 And mid svveopum slogun- Ic paet sar for 'Se 1440 
 purh eaSmedu eall gepolade 
 Hosp and heard cwide- pa hi hwassne beag 
 Ymb min heafod heardne gebygdon 
 pream biprycton se wass of pornum geworht- 
 Da ic waes ahongen on heanne beam 
 Rode gefaestnad "Sa hi ricene 
 Mid spere of minre sidan swat ut-gotun 
 Dreor to foldan- past pu of deofles purh past 
 Nyd-gewalde genered wurde 
 
 Da ic womma leas wite polade 1450 
 
 Yfel earfepu oppast ic anne forlet 
 Of minum lic-homan lifgendne gaest- 
 GeseoS nu pa feorh-dolg pe gefremedun asr 
 On minum folmum and on fotum swa some 
 purh pa ic hongade hearde gefasstnad 
 Meaht her eac geseon orgete nu gen 
 On minre sidan swatge wunde- 
 122 
 
endured the suffering of tlieir baleful strokes ; 
 oft on My visage spittle fell from mout/is 
 of impious workers of iniquity ; 
 they mingled, too, for Me full bitterly 
 an unszveet drink of vinegar and gall ; 
 for mankind bore I then the wrath of foes ; 
 they followed Me with torments ; reckless in hate, 
 they struck Me with their scourges, — all that pain, 
 tJieir scorn and cruel gibes, in humbleness 
 I bore for thee, — and round about My head 
 a bitter-biting crown t/iey bent anon, 
 fiercely they pressed it on, — 'twas wrought of thorns. 
 Then was I hanged upon a lofty tree, 
 and fastened to a rood ; with a spear there 
 from my side they poured out on to earth 
 My blood and gore. That thou tliereby should st be 
 delivered from the dcvirs tyranny, 
 all sinless suffered I this punishment, 
 this sore affliction, till from my body 
 t/te living spirit sent I forth alone. 
 See now the fatal wounds they made of yore 
 upon My palms and eke upon My feet, 
 by which I hung full firmly fastened there ; 
 here may est thou see, too, manifest e'en yet, 
 the gory wound, the gash upon My side. 
 
 123 
 
Hu pasr wass unefen racu unc gemasne- 
 Ic onfeng J>in sar past pu moste gesaslig 
 Mines epel-rices eadig neotan 1460 
 
 And pe mine deaSe deore gebohte 
 past longe lif past pu on leohte sippan 
 Wlitig womma leas wunian mostes- 
 Lasg min flaesc-homa in foldan bigrafen 
 Nipre gehyded se Se nasngum scod 
 In byrgenne past pu meahte beorhte uppe 
 On roderum wesan rice mid englum- 
 Forhwon forlete pu lif past scyne 
 past ic pe for lufan mid mine lic-homan 
 Heanum to helpe hold gecypte- J 47° 
 
 Wurde pu pass gewitleas past pu waldende 
 finre alysnesse pone ne wisses- 
 Ne ascige ic nu owiht bi pam bitran 
 Dea'Se minum pe ic adreag fore pe- 
 Ac forgield me pin lif pass pe ic iu pe min 
 purh woruld-wite weor'S gesealde- 
 Dass lifes ic manige pe pu mid leahtrum hafast 
 Ofslegen synlice sylfum to sconde- 
 Forhwan pu past sele-gescot past ic me swass on pe 
 Gehalgode hus to wynne 1480 
 
 fturh firen-lustas fule synne 
 Unsyfre bismite sylfes willum- 
 124 
 
How unequal was the reckoning 'twixt us two ! 
 
 I tliere received thy pain that thou in bliss 
 
 miglitst happily enjoy My native realm ; 
 
 and dearly by My death I bought for thee 
 
 long life, that thou mightst tlienceforth evermore 
 
 dwell in the light, beauteous, void of sin. 
 
 My body 's flesh, the which had harmed no man, 
 
 lay buried in t/ie earth, hidden deep beneath, 
 
 down in its sepulchre, that thou mightst shine 
 
 mighty 'mid angels, in the shies above. 
 
 Wherefore didst thou forsake the beauteous life, 
 
 which graciously I bought for thee, in love, 
 
 with Mine own body, to help thee in thy plight? 
 
 So witless wast t/iou, that thou didst not show 
 
 thanks to thy Lord for thy redemption. 
 
 Nought claim I now for that sore death of Mine, 
 
 so bitter, which I tliere endured for thee, 
 
 but render Me thy life, for which, in martyrdom, 
 
 I gave thee formerly Mine own as price. 
 
 I claim of thee the life thou liast so sinfully 
 
 destroyed to thine own shame, with base transgression. 
 
 Why hast thou 'wittingly with filth defied, 
 through wicked lust and through foul sinfulness, 
 the tabernacle I sanctified in thee, 
 to be tlie cherisJied home of My delight ? 
 
 125 
 
Ge )?u Jjone lic-homan J>e ic alysde me 
 
 Feondum of fa?8me and )?a him firene forbead 
 
 Scyld-wyrcende scondum gewemdest- 
 
 Forhwon ahenge J>u mec hefgor on Jpinra honda rode 
 
 Jponne iu hongade- Hwa?t me )?eos heardra JjynccS- 
 
 Nu is swasrra mid mec Jjinra synna rod 
 
 ]?e ic unwillum on beom gefasstnad 
 
 )?onne seo oJ>er wass J>e ic azr gestag 149° 
 
 Willum minum pa. mec p'm wea swij^ast 
 
 JEt heortan gehreaw J>a ic J?ec from helle ateah 
 
 paer J?u hit wolde sylfa sijjjjan gehealdan- 
 
 Ic wass on worulde weadla J?aet 'Su wurde welig in 
 
 heofonum 
 Earm ic waes on e$le Jjinum J>ast Jju wurde eadig on 
 
 minum- 
 t?a 'Su ]?a2s ealles aenigne Jwic 
 Jpinum nergende nysses on mode- 
 Bibead ic eow )?a2t ge broj^or mine 
 In woruld-rice wel aretten 
 
 Of j^am aehtum J>e ic eow on eorSan geaf 1500 
 
 Earmra hulpen earge ge }>aet lasstun- 
 )?earfum forwyrndon J>aet hi under eowrum J?aece mosten 
 In-gebugan and him asghwaes oftugon 
 frurh heardne hyge hraegles nacedum 
 Moses mete-leasum ]?eah hy him Jmrh minne noman 
 126 
 
Yea, thou didst shamefully pollute with guilt 
 that body which I ransomed for Myself 
 from the grasp of foes, and then forbade it sin. 
 Why hast t/wu hanged Me worse on thy hands' cross 
 titan when of old I hung? Methinks this harder ; 
 thy sins' cross is now heavier for Me, 
 on which I am bound fast, unwillingly, 
 tlian was that other which I erst ascended, 
 with Mine own -will, whenas thy misery 
 nted Me so much at heart, when I drew tltee from hell, 
 w/iere thou thyself wouldst afterwards abide. 
 I in the world was poor, that thou in heaven mightst be 
 
 rich, 
 wretclted was I in thy world, t/iat tlwu in Mine mightst 
 
 blissful be. 
 But for all this t/iou knewest not in thy heart 
 tlie gratitude due to thy Saviour. 
 I bade tliat ye should cherish tenderly 
 My brethren throughout all tJte world's domain ; 
 with the wealth which I had granted you on earth 
 tliat ye should Jtelp the poor ; ill have ye done so ; 
 ye forbade the poor to enter 'neath your roof, 
 and ye withlield from them full everything, 
 in your hard hearts, — raiment from the naked, 
 food from t/ic foodless ; though weary and infirm, 
 
 127 
 
Werge wonhale wastan bffidan 
 
 Drynces gedreahte dugupa lease 
 
 Durste gepegede ge him J>riste oftugon- 
 
 Sarge ge ne sohton ne him swasslic word 
 
 Frofre gespra:con pa;t hy py freoran hyge 1510 
 
 Mode gefengen- Eall ge J>ast me dydan 
 
 To hynpum heofon-cyninge- fraes ge sceolon hearde 
 
 adreogan 
 Wite to widan ealdre wrasc mid deoflum gepolian- 
 Donne pasr ofer ealle egeslicne cwide 
 Sylf sigora weard sares fulne 
 Ofer past fasge folc forS forlasteS- 
 CwiS to para synfulra sawla fepan- 
 FaraS nu awyrgde willum biscyrede- 
 Engla dreames on ece fir 
 
 paet wass satane and his gesipum mid 1520 
 
 Deofle gegearwad and pasre deorcan scole 
 Hat and heoro-grim on past ge hreosan sceolan- 
 Ne magon hi ponne gehynan heofon-cyninges bibod 
 Rasdum birofene sceolon rape feallan 
 On grimne grund pa aer wip gode wunnon- 
 Br$ ponne rices weard repe and meahtig 
 Yrre and egesful. Andvveard ne masg 
 On pissum fold-wege feond gebidan- 
 
 128 
 
void of all sustenance, yearning for drink, 
 
 yea, parched with thirst, for water they entreated 
 
 in My name, yet harshly ye denied it them. 
 
 The sick ye sought not, nor spake a kindly -word 
 
 of comfort unto tltem, that their hearts might win 
 
 a cheerful spirit. All this ye did in scorn 
 
 of Me, heaven's King ; wherefore ye shall 
 
 endure 
 torment for evermore, exile 'mid devils.' 
 
 Then over all of them, over that fated folk, 
 tJie Lord of triumph shall Himself send forth 
 a dreadful edict, full of tribulation, 
 and to that host of sinful souls shall say : — 
 ' Go now accursed, wilfully cut off 
 from angels' joy, into eternal fire, 
 which, hot and fiercely grim, was dight of yore 
 for the devil, Satan, and his comrades eke, 
 and all that swarthy shoal ; therein shall ye fall.' 
 
 They may not then deride, bereft of rede, 
 tlie King's command ; tJiey who erst warred 'gainst God 
 shall quickly fall into the grim abyss. 
 Tlie Lord of empire shall be stern and mighty, 
 angry and fearful ; upon this track of earth 
 no foe may then abide before His face. 
 
 129 
 
VII. 
 
 WAPED sige-mece mid paere swi[^]ran hond 
 Jpaet on past deope dasl deofol gefeallaS 1530 
 In sweartne leg synfulra here 
 Under foldan sceat fasge gasstas 
 On wrapra wic womfulra scolu 
 Werge to forwyrde on wite-hus 
 DeaS-sele deofles- Nales dryhtnes gemynd 
 Sippan gesecaS synne ne aspringaS 
 J?aer hi leahtrum fa lege gebundne 
 Swylt prowia'S brS him syn-wracu 
 Andweard undyrne past is ece cwealm- 
 Ne masg past hate dasl of heoloS-cynne 1540 
 
 In sin-nehte synne forbasrnan 
 To widan feore worn of pasre sawle- 
 Ac paer se deopa seaS dreorge fedeS 
 Grundleas giemeS gassta on peostre 
 iEleS hy mid py ealdan lige and mid py egsan forste 
 Wrapum wyrmum and mid wita fela 
 Frecnum feorh-gomum folcum scende'S- 
 paet we magon eahtan and on an cweSan 
 So'Se secgan past se sawle weard 
 
 Lifes wisdom forloren hasbbe !550 
 
 Se pe nu ne giemcS hwasper his gasst sie 
 130 
 
VII. 
 
 ' He shall sweep the victor-sword with His right hand, 
 that the devils shall fall down the deep abyss 
 into swart flame ; the bands of sinful ones 
 into earth's realm beneath ; the fated spirits 
 into the camp of foes ; the guilty shoal, 
 damned to perdition, into the prison-house, 
 tlie devil's death-hall. Ne'er shall they seek again 
 remembrance of tlie Lord, nor 'scape their sins, 
 but, crime-stained, tliey shall tliere, bewrapt with flame 
 endure destruction ; vengeance for their sins 
 sliall they see revealed ; that is eternal death ; 
 through all the livelong night tlie fiery gulf 
 may ne'er avail to purge their sins away 
 from that lull-race, the stain from off their soul. 
 
 But tlie deep pit fecdeth still tlie weary ones ; 
 
 bottomless it keepeth the spirits in its gloom ; 
 
 with its old flame it burnetii them ; and with terrors chill, 
 
 with hateful serpents, and with torments many, 
 
 with s/uirp and deadly jaws, it scathe th folk. 
 
 Wherefore we may believe and aye declare, 
 
 sootldy affirm, that that souTs guardian 
 
 hath wfiolly lost tlie wisdom of this life, 
 
 wlio luedeth not now w/iether his spirit sliall be 
 
 131 
 
Earm pe eadig paer he ece sceal 
 
 /Efter hin-gonge hamfasst wesan- 
 
 Ne bisorga'S he synne to fremman 
 
 Wonhydig mon ne he wihte hafaS 
 
 Hreowe on mode past him halig gaest 
 
 Losige purh leahtras on pas lasnan tid- 
 
 Donne man-sceaSa fore meotude forht 
 
 Deorc on pam dome standcS and deaSe fah 
 
 Wommum awyrged br$ se wasr-loga 1560 
 
 Fyres afylled feores unwyr'Se 
 
 Egsan gepread andweard gode- 
 
 Won and wliteleas hafaS werges bleo 
 
 Facen-tacen feores- Donne firena beam 
 
 Tearum geota<S ponne pass tid ne b»ij> 
 
 Synne cwipaS ac hy to si$ doS 
 
 Gasstum helpe Sonne pass giman nele 
 
 Weoruda waldend hu pa wom-sceapan 
 
 Hyra eald-gestreon on pa openan tid 
 
 Sare greten- Ne bip past sorga tid '57° 
 
 Leodum alyfed past pasr laecedom 
 
 Findan mote se pe nu his feore nyle 
 
 Haslo strynan penden her leofaS- 
 
 Ne biS pasr asngum godum gnorn astywed 
 
 Ne nasngum yflum wel ac pasr asghwasper 
 
 Anfealde gewyrht andweard wigeS- 
 
wretched or happy, where, after its going hence, 
 it s/iall be resident eternally. 
 He dreadeth nozuise sin to perpetrate, 
 thoughtless man ! nor hath he aught of ruth 
 within his heart, e'en though his holy spirit 
 perish, in this fading time, through guilt. 
 When the evil-doer, afeared before his Maker, 
 at the judgment standeth, black and foul with death, 
 accursed with crime, tlien shall tJie treacherous wight 
 of life unworthy, be fulfilled of fire, 
 and overwJielmed with terror before God ; 
 sightless and swart, he shall have a felon s hue, 
 the token of a life of perfidy. The sons of men 
 s/iall t/ien s/ied tears and shall bewail tlieir sins, 
 when time availeth not ; too late shall they devise 
 help for t/ieir spirits, when the Lord of hosts 
 will not give lued how base transgressors tliere. 
 so sorely, at that all-disclosing time, 
 deplore wliat erst they cherislud ; that time of sorrowing 
 will not avail tliat he who will not nozu 
 gain life's salvation, 'while he liveth here, 
 may tliere find out t/ie Iiealing remedy. 
 No grief to any good man shall there be known, 
 nor joy to any evil ; but there each one 
 sliall bear before God's sight his own desert. 
 
 133 
 
FofSon sceal onettan se pe agan wile 
 Lif aEt meotude f^enden him leoht and gaest 
 Somod-fasst seon- He his sawle wlite 
 Georne bigonge on godes willan i 580 
 
 And f>asr weorSe worda and dasda 
 peawa and ge])onca f>enden him jieos woruld 
 Sceadum scrijjende scinan mote 
 past he ne forleose on }>as laenan tid 
 His dreames blasd and his dagena rim 
 And his weorces wlite and wuldres lean 
 pastte heofones cyning on }?a halgan tid 
 SoSfasst syle'S to sigor-leanum 
 pam J>e him on gaestum georne hyra'S- 
 ponne heofon and hel hade)?a bearnum 1 590 
 
 Fira feorum fylde weorJje'S 
 Grundas swelgaS godes andsacan 
 Lacende leg laSwende men 
 preaft J?eod-sceaJ>an and no )>onan lastaS 
 On gefean faran to feorh-nere- 
 Ac se bryne bindeS bid-faestne here 
 FeoS firena beam- Frecne me }>ince$ 
 past J?as gaest-berend giman nella'S 
 Men on mode ]?onne man hwast 
 
 Him se waldend to wrace gesette 1600 
 
 Lajmm leodum- ponne lif and deaS 
 134 
 
Lo, eager must he be, while light and life 
 
 holdfast together, -who wisheth to possess 
 
 life from his Maker ; let him foster zealously 
 
 the beauty of his soul, after God's will ; 
 
 let him be wary in his words and works, 
 
 his habits and his thoughts, while this world here, 
 
 speeding with mystic shadows, may still shine for him, 
 
 so that lie lose not in this fading time 
 
 the blossom of his Joy, the number of his days, 
 
 the beauty of his work, and glory s recompense, 
 
 'which heaven's righteous King dispensetli then, 
 
 at that Iwly time, as tlie rewards of victory, 
 
 to those who fain, with all t/ieir soul, obey Him. 
 
 All heaven and hell shall then become fulfilled 
 
 with the sons of men, with the souls of mortal men ; 
 
 the abyss shall gorge the adversaries of God ; 
 
 tlie flickering flame shall harass erring folk, 
 
 workers of injury, and shall not let them thence 
 
 depart in joy unto security ; 
 
 the fire s/tall keep tliat host immovable ; 
 
 it shall vex mankind. Foolhardy me thinketh it, 
 
 that men, creatures with soul endowed, will not 
 
 be Jieedful in their minds, since that their Sovran 
 
 may put, in vengeance, upon hateful folk 
 
 any evil whatsoe'er. When life and death 
 
 135 
 
Sawlum swelgaS bi<S susla hus 
 Open and oSeawed a<S-logum ongean 
 Daet sceolon fyllan firen-georne men 
 Sweartum sawlum- fonne synna wracu 
 Scyldigra scolu ascyred weorpe'S 
 Heane from halgum on hearm-cwale- 
 Dasr sceolan peofas and peod-sceapan 
 Lease and forlegene lifes ne wenan 
 And man-sworan mo[r]por-lean seon t6io 
 
 Heard and heoro-grim ponne hel nimeS 
 Wasrleasra weorud and hi waldend giefeS 
 Feondum in forwyrd fa prowia'S 
 Ealdor-bealu egeslic earm biS se pe wile 
 Firenum gewyrcan past he fah scyle 
 From his scyppende ascyred weorSan 
 JEt dom-dasge to deafte niper 
 Under helle cinn in past hate fyr 
 Under liges locan pasr hy leomu rasca'S 
 To bindenne and to basrnenne 1620 
 
 And to swingenne synna to wite- 
 Donne halig gasst helle biluccS 
 Morper-husa masst purh meaht godes 
 Fyres fulle and feonda here 
 Cyninges worde- Se bip cwealma masst 
 Deofla and monna- past is dreamleas hus- 
 136 
 
sliall gain their share of souls, the house of torment 
 shall be full manifest to perjurers' sight ; 
 sin-loving men, with swarthy souls, shall fill it. 
 T/ien, in retribution for t/ieir sins, 
 tlie shoal of guilty ones shall be disparted, 
 the base from tlie holy, unto pernicious death ; 
 there thieves, and such as wrought cruel injury, 
 liars and adulterers, shall have ?io hope of life ; 
 and the forsworn s/iall see their crimes' reward, 
 grievous and fiercely grim ; then hell shall take 
 tlie host of faithless ones ; the Lord shall give them 
 in perdition to tlie fiends ; sinners shall endure 
 dire racking agony ; wretched shall he be 
 who fain doth wickedly ; as a guilty ivretch 
 upon that judgment-day shall he be severed 
 from his Creator, doomed to the death below, 
 among hell's race, adown in the hot fire, 
 'neath the barriers of flame ; there shall men stretch 
 their limbs, to be bound and to be burnt anon, 
 and to be scourged, in punishment for sin. 
 
 Then the Holy Spirit, through the might of God, 
 at the King's command, shall lock the gates of hell, 
 the worst of torture-houses, full of fire, 
 with the host of fiends therein ; for devils and for men 
 this torment sliall be direst. That is a joyless home ; 
 
 137 
 
Daer aenig ne masg ower losian 
 Caldan clommum hy braecon cyninges word 
 Beorht boca bibod forjpon hy abidan sceolon 
 In sin-nehte sar ende-leas 1630 
 
 Firen-dasdum fa forS J^rowian 
 Da J?e her [for-]hogdun heofon-rices )?rym- 
 ftonne ]?a gecorenan fore crist beraS 
 Beorhte frsetwe hyra blasd leofaS 
 jEt dom-dasge agan dream mid gode 
 Li])es lifes J^aes J>e alyfed bij? 
 Haligra gehwam on heofon-rice- 
 Daet is se ej>el )?e no geendad weorJjcS 
 Ac )>aer symle forc> synna lease 
 
 Dream weardiaS dryhten lofiaS 1640 
 
 Leofne lifes weard leohte biwundne 
 Sibbum biswcSede sorgum biwerede 
 Dreamum gedyrde dryhtne gelyfde 
 Awa to ealdre engla gemanan 
 BrucaS mid blisse beorhte mid lisse 
 FreogaS folces weard fasder ealra 
 Geweald hafaS and healdeS haligra weorud- 
 Dasr is engla song eadigra blis 
 Jpasr is seo dyre dryhtnes onsien 
 
 Eallum J?am gesaelgum sunnan leohtra 1650 
 
 Dasr is leofra lufu lif butan ende-dea'Se 
 138 
 
no one may evermore escape from thence, 
 
 from those cold bonds ; they broke their King's command, 
 
 the Scriptures' bright behests ; they must abide 
 
 the livelong night, and, stained with wicked deeds, 
 
 thenceforth must they endure pain without etui, 
 
 who here despised the bliss of heaven's realm. 
 
 Then shall the chosen carry before Christ 
 resplendent treasures ; tlieir happiness shall live ; 
 with God, at doomsday, sliall they have the joy 
 of life serene, for it shall be vouc/isafed 
 to every holy man in heaven's realm. 
 That is the home that never shall know end, 
 but there the sinless lienceforth evermore 
 shall hold their joyous mirth, and praise the Lord, 
 their life's dear Guardian ; there, begirt with light, 
 bewrapt in peace, shielded from sorrowing, 
 glorified by joy, endeared unto the Lord, 
 radiant with grace, shall they for evermore 
 enjoy in bliss tlie angels' fellowship, 
 and cherish mankind's Guardian, Fatlier of all, 
 Sovran Preserver of the holy liosts. 
 
 Tliere is angels' song ; the bliss of the happy ; 
 there is the gracious presence of the Lord, 
 brighter titan the sun, for all tlie blessed ones ; 
 tliere is the love of tlie beloved ; life witJwut death's end ; 
 
 139 
 
Glasd gumena weorud gioguS butan ylde 
 
 Heofon-dugu'Sa )>rym haslu butan sare 
 
 Ryht-fremmendum rsst butan gewinne 
 
 D6m-eadigra daeg butan }>eostrum 
 
 Beorht blaedes full blis butan sorgum 
 
 FriS freondum bitweon forS butan asfestum 
 
 Gesaslgum on swegle sib butan ni]?e 
 
 Halgum on gemonge- Nis Jjasr hungor ne }>urst 
 
 Slagp ne swar leger ne sunnan bryne 1660 
 
 Ne cyle ne cearo ac Jjasr cyninges giefe 
 
 Awo bruca'S eadigra gedryht 
 
 Weoruda wlite-scynast wuldres mid dryhten- 
 
a gladsome host of men ; youth without age ; 
 
 the glory of the heavenly chivalry ; health without pain 
 
 for righteous workers ; and for souls sublime 
 
 rest without toil ; there is day without dark gloom, 
 
 ever gloriously bright ; bliss without bale ; 
 
 friendship 'twixt friends for ever without feud ; 
 
 peace witlwut enmity for the blest in heaven, 
 
 in the communion of saints. Hunger is not there nor thirst, 
 
 sleep, nor grievous sickness ; nor sun's /teat, 
 
 nor cold, nor care ; but there that blissful band, 
 
 the fairest of all hosts, shall aye enjoy 
 
 their Sovran's grace, and glory with their King. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
I. SAINT GUTHLAC. 
 
 [? Christ, 11. 1 664-1 691.] 
 
 E BID GEFEANA FjEGRAST )>onne hy 
 
 aet frynvSe gemetaS 
 engel and seo eadge sawl ofgiefej? hio pas 
 
 eor}?an wynne 
 forlaete'S jms laenan dreamas and hio wi}? ham lice 
 
 gedadcS- 
 Donne cwiS se engel hafaS yldran had 
 greteS gasst ojjerne abeodeS him godes asrende- 
 Nu J?u most feran Jjider J>u fundadest 
 longe and gelome- Ic J>ec lasdan sceal- 
 wegas J>e sindon we]?e and wuldres leoht 
 torht ontyned- Eart nu tid-fara 
 
 to J>am halgan ham ]pasr nasfre hreow cymeS 10 
 
 eder-gong fore yrmjmm ac J>asr bi]? engla dream 
 sib and gesaslignes and sawla rasst 
 and }?aer a to feore gefeon motun 
 dryman mid dryhten ]>a. J>e his domas her 
 sfnaS on eorf>an- He him ece lean 
 healdeS on heofonum J?aer se hyhsta ealra 
 144 
 
I. SAINT GUTHLAC. 
 
 That s/uzll be tlie fairest of joys, when they at first shall 
 
 meet, 
 the angel and the liappy soul,wlien it resigneth t lie joys of earth, 
 forsake th these frail delights, and from tfie body shall depart. 
 Then shall t/ie angel speak, (his the more exalted state,) 
 one spirit s/iall greet t/ie ot/ier, and announce to it Gods 
 
 errand : — 
 
 'Now thou mayst depart whither t/wu wast yearning 
 longtime and often ; I am to lead thee ; 
 the ways sliall be pleasant for i/iee, and the glory's bright light 
 shall be revealed ; tlioii art now a traveller 
 unto tliat holy Iwme where sorrow never cometli. 
 the refuge from affliction ; but there is angels' liarmony, 
 goodwill and happiness and souls' repose ; 
 and tliere for evermore may tliey rejoice 
 and revel with the Lord, who liere, on earth, 
 fulfil his judgments ; He lioldethfor tliem, in heaven, 
 eternal recompense ; over the cities tliere, 
 
 K 145 
 
yni nga cyning ceastrum wealdcS- 
 
 Daet sind pa getimbru pe no tydria'S 
 
 ne pam fore yrmpum pe pasr in-wunia'S 
 
 Hf aspringeS ac him biS lenge hu sel 20 
 
 geogupe bruca'S and godes miltsa- 
 
 j?ider soSfaestra sawla motun 
 
 cuman asfter cwealme pa pe asr cristes as 
 
 lasraS and lassta^ and his lof rasraS- 
 
 oferwinna'S pa awyrgdan gasstas bigytaS him wuldres 
 
 raeste 
 hwider sceal pass monnes mod astigan 
 aer oppe aefter ponne he his asnne her 
 gasst bigonge past se gode mote 30 
 
 womma clasne in geweald cuman- 
 
 146 
 
the most high, the King of kings, hohieth sway. 
 
 These are the structures which do not decay, 
 
 nor, through misery, shall life fail those 
 
 who dwell therein, but the longer the better it shall be for 
 
 them ; 
 youth shall t/tey enjoy and the grace of God. 
 Thither, after death, the souls of righteous men 
 may come, wlio ercivhilc teach and do 
 the law of Christ and raise on high His praise ; 
 they shall o'ercome the cursed sprites and gain that glorious 
 
 rest, 
 whither, sooner or later, the spirit of each man 
 shall rise, whenas he cherisheth 
 his one soul here, that it may come 
 to God's dominion, clean of blemishes' 
 
 147 
 
II. HOMILIA IN ASCENSIONE DOMINI. 
 (Cp. passus sccundus.) 
 
 (§ 9.) Hoc autem nobis primum quasrendum est, quidnam fit 
 quod nato Domino apparuerunt Angeli, et tamen non leguntur 
 in albis vestibus apparuisse : ascendente autem Domino missi 
 Angeli in albis leguntur vestibus apparuisse. Sic etenim scriptum 
 est : Videntibus Mis elevatus est, et nubes suscepit eum ab oculis 
 eorum. Cumque intuercntur in axlum euntem ilium, ecce duo 
 viri steteriait juxta illos in vestibus albis. In albis autem vestibus 
 gaudium et solemnitas mentis ostenditur. Quid est ergo quod 
 nato Domino, non in albis vestibus ; ascendente autem Domino, 
 in albis vestibus Angeli apparent : nisi quod tunc magna solem- 
 nitas Angelis facta est, cum ccelum Deus homo penetravit? 
 Quia nascente Domino videbatur divinitas humiliata : ascendente 
 vero Domino, est humanitas exaltata. Albas etenim vestes exal- 
 tationi magis congruunt quam humiliationi. In assumtione ergo 
 ejus Angeli in albis vestibus videri debuerunt : quia qui in 
 nativitate sua apparuit Deus humilis, in Ascensione sua ostensus 
 est homo sublimis. 
 
 (§ 10.) Sed hoc nobis magnopere, fratres carissimi, in hac 
 solemnitate pensandum est : quia deletum est hodierna die 
 chirographum damnationis nostras, mutata est sententia cor- 
 ruptions nostras. Ilia enim natura cui dictum est : Terra es, et 
 in terrain ibis, hodie in ccelum ivit. Pro hac ipsa namque carnis 
 nostras sublevatione per figuram beatus Job Dominum avem 
 vocat. Quia enim Ascensionis ejus mysterium Judasam non 
 intelligere conspexit, de infidelitate ejus sententiam protulit, 
 dicens : Semitam ignoravit avis. Avis enim recte appelatus est 
 148 
 
Dominus ; quia corpus carneum ad sethera libravit. Cujus avis 
 semitam ignoravit quisquis eum ad ccelum ascendisse non 
 credidit De hac solemnitate per Psalmistam dicitur : Elevaia Psa'- v >>>- a- 
 est magnificentia tua super ccelos. De hac rursus ait: Ascendit Psal. xlvi. 6. 
 Deus in jubilatione, et Dominus in voce tuba. De hac iterum 
 dicit : Ascendens in allutn, captivam duxit caplivitatem, dedit dona Psal. lxvii. 19. 
 hominibus. Ascendens quippe in altuni, captivam duxit captivi- 
 tatem : quia corruptionem nostram virtute suae incorruptionis 
 absorbuit. Dedit vero dona hominibus ; quia misso desuper 
 Spiritu, alii sermonem sapientiae, alii sermonem scientiaj, alii 1 Cor. xii. 8. 
 gratiam virtutum, alii gratiam curationum, alii genera linguarum, 
 alii interpretationem tribuit sermonum. Dedit ergo dona hom- 
 inibus. De hac Ascensionis ejus gloria etiam Habacuc ait : 
 Elevatus est sol, luna stetit in ordine suo. Quis enim solis nomine Habac. iii u. 
 nisi Dominus, et quae lunae nomine nisi ecclesia designatur? 
 Quousque enim Dominus ascendit ad caelos, sancta ejus Ecclesia 
 adversa mundi omnimodo formidavit : at postquam ejus Ascen- 
 sione roborata est, aperte praedicavit, quod occulte credidit 
 Elevatus est ergo sol, et luna stetit in ordine suo : quia cum 
 Dominus ccelum petiit, sancta ejus Ecclesia in auctoritate 
 praedicationis excrevit. Hinc ejusdem Ecclesiae voce per 
 Salomonem dicitur : Ecce iste vettit saliens in montibus, et tran- Cant. ii. 8. 
 siliens colles. Consideravit namque tantorum operum culmina, 
 et ait : Ecce iste venit saliens in montibus. Veniendo quippe ad 
 redemtionem nostram, quosdam, ut ita dixerim, saltus dedit 
 Vultis, fratres carissimi, ipsos ejus saltus agnoscere? De ccelo 
 venit in uterum, de utero venit in praesepe, de praesepe venit in 
 crucem, de cruce venit in sepulcrum, de sepulcro rediit in 
 ccelum. Ecce ut nos post se currere faceret, quosdam pro nobis 
 
 149 
 
Psal. xviii. 6. saltus manifestata per carnem Veritas dedit : quia exultavit ut 
 gigas ad currciidam viam suam, ut nos ei diceremus ex corde : 
 Cant. i. 3. Trahe nos post te, curremus in odorem unguentorum tuorum. 
 
 Dominum (s n.) Unde, fratres carissimi, oportet ut illuc sequamur 
 
 ascendentem in 
 
 caslum sequi corde, ubi eum corpore ascendisse credimus. Desideria terrena 
 
 fcstinemus. 
 
 fugiamus, nihil nos jam delectet in infimis, qui patrem habemus 
 in ccelis. Et hoc nobis est magnopere perpendendum : quia is 
 qui placidus ascendit, terribilis redibit : et quidquid nobis cum 
 mansuetudine prsecepit, hoc a nobis cum districtione exiget. 
 Nemo ergo indulta poenitentise tempora parvipendat : nemo 
 curam sui, dum valet, agere negligat : quia Redemtor noster 
 tanto tunc in judicium districtior veniet, quanto nobis ante 
 judicium magnam patientiam praerogavit. Hsec itaque vobiscum, 
 fratres, agite : hsec in mente sedula cogitatione versate. Quamvis 
 adhuc rerum perturbationibus animus fluctuet : jam tamen spei 
 vestrse anchoram in seternam patriam figite, intentionem mentis 
 in vera luce solidate. Ecce ad ccelum ascendisse Dominum 
 audivimus. Hoc ergo servemus in meditatione, quod credimus. 
 Et si adhuc hie tenemur infirmitate corporis, sequamur tamen 
 eum passibus amoris. Non autem deserit desiderium nostrum 
 ipse qui dedit, Jesus Christus Dominus noster, qui vivit et 
 regnat cum Deo Patre in unitate Spiritus Sancti Deus, per omnia 
 secula seculorum. Amen. 
 
 [Sancti Gregorii Magni xl Homiliarum in 
 Evangelia Lib. 11., Homil. xxix.] 
 
 150 
 
III. HYMNUS DE DIE IUDICII. 
 (Cf. Passus Ter thts.) 
 Apparebit repentina dies magna domini, 
 Fur obscura velut nocte improvisos occupans. 
 
 Brevis totus turn parebit prisci luxus saeculi, 
 Totum simul cum clarebit praeterisse saeculum. 
 
 Clangor tubae per quaternas terrae plagas concinens, 
 Vivos una mortuosque Christo ciet obviam. 
 
 De coelesti iudex arce, maiestate fulgidus 
 Claris angelorum choris comitatus aderit : 
 
 Embescet orbis lunae, sol et obscurabitur, 
 Stellae cadent pallescentes, mundi tremet ambitus 
 
 Flamma, ignis anteibit iusti vultum iudicis, 
 Coelos, terras et profundi fluctus ponti decorans. 
 
 Gloriosus in sublimi rex sedebit solio, 
 Angelorum tremebunda circumstabunt agmina. 
 
 Huius omnes ad electi colligentur dexteram, 
 Pravi pavent a sinistris hoedi velut foetidi : 
 
 Ite, dixit rex ad dextros, regnum coeli sumite, 
 Pater vobis quod paravit ante omne saeculum : 
 
 Karitate qui fraterna me iuvistis pauperem, 
 Karitatis nunc mercedem reportate divites. 
 
 151 
 
Laeti dicent : quando, Christe, pauperem te vidimus, 
 Te, rex magne, vel egentem miserati iuvimus : 
 
 Magnus illis dicet iudex : cum iuvistis pauperes, 
 Panem, domum, vestem dantes, me iuvistis humiles. 
 
 Nee tardabit et sinistris loqui iustus arbiter : 
 In gehennae maledicti flammas hinc discedite ; 
 
 Obsecrantem me audire despexistis mendicum, 
 Nudo vestem non dedistis, neglexistis languidum. 
 
 Peccatores dicent : Christe, quando te vel pauperem, 
 Te, rex magne, vel infirmum contemnentes sprevimus. 
 
 Quibus contra iudex altus : mendicanti quamdiu 
 Opem ferre despexistis, me sprevistis improbi. 
 
 Retro ruent turn iniusti ignes in perpetuos, 
 
 Vermis quorum non morietur, flamma nee restinguitur, 
 
 Satan atro cum ministris quo tenetur carcere, 
 Fletus ubi mugitusque, strident omnes dentibus. 
 
 Tunc fideles ad coelestem sustollentur patriam, 
 Choros inter angelorum regni petent gaudia, 
 
 Urbis summae Hirusalem introibunt gloriam 
 Vera lucis atque pacis in qua fulget visio. 
 
 Xpm. regem iam patema claritate splendidum 
 Ubi celsa beatorum contemplantur agmina — 
 152 
 
Ydri fraudes ergo cave, infirmentes subleva, 
 Aurum temne, fuge luxus si vis astra petere. 
 
 Zona clara castitatis lumbos nunc praecingere, 
 In occursum magni regis fer ardentes lampades. 
 
 IV. HOMILIA IN DIE EPIPHANDE. 
 
 (Cf. 11. 1 1 26 — 1 190.) 
 
 (§ 2.) Omnia quippe elementa auctorem suum venisse testata 
 sunt. Ut enim de eis quiddam usu humano loquar : Deum hunc 
 caeli esse cognoverunt, quia sub plantis ejus se calcabile praebuit. 
 Terra cognovit, quia eo moriente contremuit. Sol cognovit, 
 quia lucis suae radios abscondit. Saxa et parietes cognoverunt, 
 quia tempore mortis ejus scissa sunt. Infemus agnovit, quia hos 
 quos tenebat mortuos, reddidit. Et tamen hunc, quern Domi- 
 num omnia insensiblia elementa senserunt, adhuc infidelium 
 Judaeorum corda Deum esse minime cognoscunt, et duriora saxis, 
 scindi, ad pcenitendum nolunt : eumque confiteri abnegant, quern 
 elementa, ut diximus, aut signis aut scissionibus Deum clama- 
 bant — (In Evang. Lib. I. Homilia x.) 
 
 153 
 
CRITICAL NOTES 
 
CRITICAL NOTES. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 i. It must be borne in mind that the 'Christ' is a fragment ; 
 the beginning of the poem is lost ; of the missing part a single 
 word still remains, viz., cyninge (i.e. ' to the king ') ; this is the 
 first word in the Exeter MS. ; I have purposely omitted it, so as 
 to give the appearance of completeness to the poem, but there 
 is no authority for the capital letters. The first words of the 
 MS. run as follows : — 
 
 cyninge • tS« eart se weall Stan, etc. 
 
 1-4. cf. Matthew xxi. 42 ; Ephes. ii. 20-22 ; iv. 15, etc. 
 
 3. hea/od, MS. heqfffS. 
 
 6. o[yri]g, the g is just visible in the MS. ; after b there is 
 what I take to be the upper part of a curved y still traceable, 
 resembling in shape an (certainly not u) ; the letters ri are 
 conjectural. 
 
 eagna, originally -nan ; the erased n is still visible. 
 
 9. forlat, MS. forlet. 
 
 it. craftga, MS. crccstga. 
 
 12-14. C P- Amos ix. n ; Acts xv. 16. 
 
 13. hra can hardly be read, owing to the action of some liquid, 
 which has almost obliterated a number of words on this and the 
 next page of the MS. 
 
 15. cp. Luke i. 71. 
 
 17. \u reccend, MS. \>a. 
 
 19. eadga, after ga, which comes at the end of the line in the 
 MS., a small piece of parchment has been cut out ; one letter at 
 
 157 
 
most could have been written on it ; I am inclined to think that 
 cadga is what the poet wrote ; Grein reads — 
 
 ' eadga'S us sigcs, <(§rum forwymeS, 
 wlitigatt wilsFScs . . .' 
 
 20. wi/sifes, the last two letters can scarcely be read, the whole 
 word is barely visible. 
 
 22. [Nu gemczrsi]giai>, five or six letters are obliterated before 
 -giafS ; the reading in the text is purely conjectural ; Gr. suggests 
 [nwdgeomre ha/si]gia$, but the space in the MS. renders the 
 reading impossible. 
 
 23. hete . . . ceose, two or three letters are obliterated before 
 ceose; the first of the missing letters was probably h, judging by 
 the alliterative requirements of the line ; her (i.e. ' here,' or ' now ') 
 should, perhaps, be supplied. Gr., ignoring the fact that the 
 want of an alliterative word in the second half of the line is due 
 to the obliteration of letters before ceose, suggested hcose for ceose, 
 formulating an A. S. hcosan, 'festinare'; later (Germania, 1865), 
 he withdrew this suggestion in favour of \hed\fe (i.e. 'with 
 lamentation '). 
 
 I cannot detect, as Schipper seems to have been able to do in 
 1870, (v. Germania, 1874,) any trace of the reading to hofe be- 
 fore «<w; he adds, 'das MS. ist hier jedoch schwer leserlich.' 
 
 25. wil-s'tS, l-s almost obliterated in MS. but *'"5 quite legible; 
 Grein's suggestion wyrnde, (Germania, 1865,) is therefore unten- 
 able; it would be best, perhaps, to take hwonne as directly 
 dependent on sorgende, ' yearning for the time when.' 
 
 29. \e he to wuldre forlet, ' whom he hath admitted to glory.' 
 
 30. ?ve, MS. })«. 32. se ]>e, hardly legible in MS. 
 41. geond-spreot, so MS. ; Gr. geondspreat. 
 
 46. ryne gemic/aV, lit. ' enlargeth the course,' i.e. 'hasteneth 
 the progress.' 48. ho\r\scne, MS. hoscne. 
 
 68. genetide, so MS. ; Gr. genedde (i.e. pp. of gencdan) ; but the 
 MS. reading is obviously correct ; genCSan = ' to venture,' ' to 
 strive.' Thorpe was similarly troubled by the line, and suggested 
 that a leaf was wanting after nearo. 
 
 69. hu, so MS. ; Gr. nu. 
 
 76. mod, so MS. ; Gr. emends to mot; but mod was often used 
 158 
 
in A. S. with special reference to human passions and desires, 
 and might well be rendered by ' desire ' in this passage. 
 
 90. solimce, MS. solime. 
 
 92. mund minne, so MS. ; Th. inne. 
 
 mund : cp. Icel. mundr, ' the money paid by the bridegroom to 
 the father of the bride,' also ' the bridegroom's gift to the bride ' ; 
 this is seemingly the only recorded instance of the word in A. S. 
 literature, here evidently used metaphorically. It must be care- 
 fully distinguished from mund, 'hand,' 'protection,' which is 
 feminine, though ultimately the words may be connected. 
 
 97. wargSa, so MS. ; Gr. wargSu. 
 
 103. earendel, it is difficult to translate the word adequately; 
 some bright star is evidently meant, probably the same as 
 Orvandels-td, ' Orwendel's toe,' mentioned in the Edda. Thor 
 carried Orwendel from Jotunheim in a basket on his back ; 
 Orwendel's toe stuck out of the basket, and got frozen; Thor 
 broke it off, and flung it at the sky, and made a star of it, which 
 is called Orvandels-td ; (v. Grimm's Deutscfie Myth). That the 
 story of Orwendel was Christianised in mediaeval times is attested 
 by the German story of Orendtl in the Heldenbuch, where the 
 hero wins ' the seamless coat ' of his master. ' Earendel ' does 
 not occur elsewhere in A. S. poetry as a poetical designation of 
 Christ; the word is interpreted in the Epinal glossary by 'jubar.' 
 
 The spelling in the Erfurt Gloss ' oerendil ' is noteworthy. It 
 seems probable that ' Earendel' = Orion,' the constellation 
 brightest at winter-time, and 6rvandels-ta' = ' Rigel,' the chief 
 star of the constellation. 
 
 Cp. the opening lines of Paradise Lost, Book iii. : — 
 
 ' Hail, holy light, offspring of Heaven first-born ! 
 Or of the Eternal co-eternal beam,' etc. 
 Cf. John i. 4, 9. 
 
 107. inlihtes, so MS. ; Gr. inlihtest. 
 112. by/do, corrected in MS. from hyldo. 
 
 117. sceadu, corrected in MS. from sceaiSu. 
 
 118. cf. John i. 1-5, 14. 
 
 127. bi gavyrhtum, ' accordingly to his deeds,' i.e. 'deservedly.' 
 132. eft, MS. est. 
 
 1 59 
 
142- Read ' \<zttc sunu meotudes sylfa U'o/de.' 
 
 152. anum . . . ofer-\earfum, about five letters obliterated ; 
 Gr. anum ofer\earfum, ignoring the missing word. 
 
 153. Haftas hyge-geomre hider [gesece Ne Ucl\ \e behindan \07inc 
 \u heonan cyrre. About ten letters are obliterated after hider ; 
 the bracketed words are purely conjectural ; Gr. 'hider [gesohtest] : 
 [ne] ]>e behindan nu Icet'; this is obviously untenable, and was, no 
 doubt, due to Thorpe's erroneous reading of the MS., ' hider . . . 
 \e behindan . . . es nu leaf.' 
 
 161. heannissum, so MS. ; Gr. heahnissum. 
 
 162. fork, so MS. ; Gr./ertS. 
 
 168. worde, so MS.; probably a scribal error for worda, 
 dependent on worn, unless the word must be construed with 
 ' hatbbe gehyrcd,' 'I have heard in word,' i.e. 'I have heard 
 spoken.' 
 
 187. gehwyrfcd, so MS. ; Gr. grwyrped. 
 
 188. nat-hwylces, so MS. ; Gr. nat-hwylces [searo] ; \urh nat- 
 hwylces may, perhaps, be explained as a confusion of two con- 
 structions ; — \11rh n&t-hwylcne (the accusative after ]>urh), and 
 ndt hwylces, (the gen. after ndt; cp. ndt he \ara goda, Beow. 682.) 
 
 189. sprece, so MS. ; Gr. sprcece. 
 
 20i. heag-engel, so MS. ; Gr. heah-engel. 
 205. tir-frti ma\ti\, MS. tir-fruma. 
 209. sunu, so MS. ; Gr. suna. 
 
 228. weoroda, so MS. ; Gr. iveroda. 
 
 229. for]> a, so MS. ; Th.for]>a (i.e. for\am) ; Gr. fur\um. 
 238. Cp. Prov. viii. 22-31. 
 
 243. tni/tse, MS. milstse. 
 
 246. magon, so MS. ; Gr. magon. 
 
 256. eowde, d corrected from S in MS. 
 
 274. ma:ra. Th. suggested that the word was due to an error 
 of the scribe, and should properly be maria ; there is no evidence 
 for this view, but it is probable that the poet used mara because 
 of its likeness to maria, — the sort of popular etymology that the 
 old homilists delighted in. 
 
 276. \ara []>~\e gewurde, MS. \ara ege wurde ; a letter erased 
 before ege. 
 160 
 
280. se/esten, so MS. ; Gr. sekstan. 
 284. wor/[d\cundra, MS. worlcundra. 
 
 299. gehealden, this form is either the infinitive ( = gehealdan), 
 ' and thou shalt hold thyself immaculate,' dependent on ]>u sceolde, 
 or it may, perhaps, be better construed as a past part., dependent 
 on }>k sceolde (wesan); cp. sceal getvrixled (wesan), \. 1259; in this 
 case \e must be rendered as an accusative of regard, ' as for thee, 
 Mary, thou shalt be held immaculate for aye.' 
 
 302. Esaias, an error for Ezekiel ; cp. Ezek. xliv. 1-3. 
 
 309. Wende s'wi^e ]\<7 it nig clda afre rncahte; one would expect 
 ne before mcahle, i.e. ' he felt sure that mortal might not,' etc. ; 
 the emendation may be unnecessary, if wende \at = wende hu )w/, 
 wende having almost the force of wundrade. 
 
 312. in-hebba, MS. in hebba ; Gr. inhebban ; the prefix evidently 
 has the force of O. H. G. int, ent, ' to heave up ' (O. H. G. 
 inthefferi); cp. in-bindan, 'to unbind,' e.g. an sceal in-bindan 
 forstes fetre, ' one shall unbind the fetters of frost,' Gnomic 
 Verses (Exeter Bk.), 75 ; both forms are hapaxlegomena. 
 
 321. stondeS, so MS. ; Gr. stonddS. 
 
 333. lioyu-emgan, lit. 'a limb-key.' 
 
 338. motan, MS. motam. 
 
 360. nied, MS. med. 
 
 370. we, MS. ])<?. 
 
 395. wear[dia]S, MS. wearS. 
 
 398. flihte, so MS. j Gr. fly hte. 
 
 409. heannessum, so MS. ; Gr. heahnessum. 
 
 418. wihi, MS. niht (= uiht — wiht). 
 
 422. \rim. so MS. ; Gr. \rym. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 The poet has made very free use of Gregory's 29th Homily, 
 sects. 9-1 1, in the second part of his poem. For convenience 
 of reference, the text is printed in the appendix. Cynewulfs 
 true poetical talent loses nothing by comparison with his 
 original. 
 
 L 161 
 
445- "iii/id-hca/s, a hapaxlegomenon ; (?) = mund-htals, (cp. 
 hials-bbc), ' salus tutelae,' i.e. ' the safety which comes from the 
 protection (munrf) afforded by another'; but cp. tnund, 1. 92, and 
 the special use of heals in such compounds as heals-mecgeS, Gen. 
 2155; hea/s-gebedda, Beow. 63; mund-heals may have had a 
 similar meaning, ' beloved maiden.' 
 
 455. brega, so MS. ; Gr. brego. 
 
 493. ewemun, so MS. ; Gr. cwomon. 
 
 495. weardedun, MS. weardedum. 
 
 502. heredun, MS. heredum. 
 
 515. .rAV/, so MS. ; Gr. stbl. 
 
 516-518. I take these lines to be the reply of Galileans; 
 another interesting instance of the dramatic bent of Cynewulfs 
 genius. Grein takes 11. 509-525 as one long speech. The MS. 
 is in favour of my view of the passage, as a new section begins 
 with 1. 516. 
 
 518. gedryt, so MS. ; Gr. gedryht. 
 
 526. bifengun, a scribal error for bifangen, due probably to the 
 Northern bifen of the archetype (cp. 1. 1156). 
 
 536. mopes hring, 'a ring of weeping.' This phrase occurs 
 four times in A. S. poetry, an instance occurring in each of the 
 four poems, Elene, Guthlac, Andreas, and Christ ; its peculiar 
 force is somewhat doubtful ; Grimm explains it asf/eius intensis- 
 simus quasi circulatim erumpens ; Grein connects hring with 
 hringan, 'sonare'; I render the phrase by 'unbroken weeping,' 
 taking ' hring' in its literal sense of ' ring,' the symbol of continuity. 
 
 538. hreSer, MS. hreder. 
 
 539. beorn, MS. born; bidon, MS. bidan. 
 
 547. al-beorhte, MS cel-beorhte. 
 
 557. bireafod, so MS. ; Gr. bereafod. 
 
 558. hi, fern. sing, referring to helle (f.). 
 
 559. or/ege, lit. 'war, strife, hostility,' also 'a place where hos- 
 tility is shown,' as in this passage ; cp. ' Cweedon Beet hi on Sam 
 beorge byrnan sceolde . . . gif he monna dream of tSam or/ege eft 
 ne wolde sy/fa gesecan, Guth. 167 ; also Guth. 426; 'oriege' in 
 both passages = the place which Guthlac had selected for his 
 dwelling, wresting it from the evil spirits. 
 
 162 
 
563. nemeahian, MS. ne,ahtan. 
 585. gthyrdan, so MS. ; Gr. gehyrdon. 
 589. wunat, so MS. ; Gr. wuna\. 
 
 589-596. Note the rhyme and assonance, used to give special 
 point to the passage. 
 
 613. jrmSu, so MS. ; Gr. yrmXSa. 
 
 614. [A]is, MS. is. 
 
 618. [a*?/], evidently omitted by the scribe after sungen. 
 634. sunu, so MS. ; Gr. suna. 
 
 6 S $.Jlyht,yiS./Iyt. 
 
 658-664. This digression on 'the arts and crafts' is a free 
 paraphrase of the lines in Gregory's Homily, (see Appendix 
 ii.,) ' dedit vero dona hominibus ; quia misso desuper Spiritu, alii 
 sermonem sapientise, alii sermonem sciential, alii gratiam virtutum, 
 alii gratiam curationum, alii genera linguarum, alii interpre- 
 tationem tribuit sermonum. Dedit ergo dona hominibus.' In 
 comparing the Anglo-Saxon and Latin two points are note- 
 worthy ; in the first place, the amplification of the theme, so as to 
 include secular as well as spiritual gifts ; in the second place, the 
 addition of God's motive in not giving all His gifts to any 
 one man ; this is not in the original. It is clear that the 
 poet, when he came to the passage in Gregory's Homily, was 
 reminded of a poem, written, in all probability by himself, at 
 an earlier period, preserved in the Exeter MS. and known as 
 ' Manna Craeftas.' A comparison of the lines under discussion 
 and the poem brings out a large number of parallelisms of 
 expression. I am inclined to think that Gregory's Commentary 
 on Job, xxxviii. 4-5, was the original of the poem. Here we have 
 the motive, which is not in the Homily. At the same time 
 I should not be surprised to find a passage in Gregory's works 
 even nearer to the Anglo-Saxon. The original of 11. 682-4 
 should be words to this effect : — 
 
 ' Non enim uni dantur omnia, ne in superbiam elatus cadat.' 
 
 (Cp. Gregory, Lib. I, Homilia x. sect. 32, on Ezekiel iii. 13, 
 with marginal note, ' cur divisiones gratiarum sint.') 
 
 672. sumum, MS. sum". 
 
 163 
 
677- hcanne, so MS. ; Gr. hcahnc. 
 683. him, MS. hi; Th. Gr. 'MS. hi.' 
 697. h'xdS, MS. //ro/. 
 
 708. feodan, between o and *f a letter erased in MS. 
 
 709. bleed, MS. MriS. 
 
 711. daui\es, so MS. ; Gr. dauides. 
 
 718. eo/fe, so MS. ; Th. Gr. 'MS. ra//." 
 
 723. gebyrda, so MS., either the nom. plural, or a scribal 
 error for gebyrdu. 
 
 730. hell-warena ; MS. hell-werena ; cp. Juliana, 322, //«//- 
 warena cyning. 
 
 739- gesawan, so MS. ; Gr. gesawon. 
 
 742. eadgum, so MS. ; Th. Gr. ' MS. eadgu.' 
 
 756. sellran, MS. «#£». 
 761. cglum, MS. en glum. 
 765. fccr-scyte, MS. fier,s(yte. 
 
 776. «', MS. /. 
 
 783. hleotan, h added by a later hand. 
 
 789. My re f ran, MS. dyre]>ran ; Th. emended to 5y re)>ttz«. 
 
 795. ferferf, MS. &&/<rtS. 803. scacen, so MS. 
 
 799-806. £>. ' Excursus on the Runes.' 
 
 805. bilocen, so MS., (misprinted bilocan, Gr.) 
 
 807. War raseffeij, MS. Macro, setttft ; Kemble, Mif rasett& ; 
 Ettm. bide rascctti ; Gr. blac raseftefi ; cp. ]>al fyr mealue read 
 rdsettan, Boethius, Metre 9, (quoted by Grein with wrong 
 reference, 11, 14;) in this latter passage, too, the editors read 
 readra settan ; Gr. rightly corrects to read rasettan. 
 
 808. recen reada, Th. recen-reada, 'the smoke red'; Gr. recen 
 reada ; leg, so MS. ; Th. Gr. Kg. 
 
 810. on tyhte; Th. ontyhte, 'kindled.' 
 
 812. gcesta, 'of guests,' so Th. ; Gr. geesta, 'of spirits.' 
 
 819. gcest-kofe, so MS. ; Gr. gast-hofe. 
 
 820. on, so MS. ; Gr. in. 
 
 826. beheofialS, so MS.; Gr. beojiclS ; cp. Heora madenu ne 
 synt beheofode, 'virgines eorum ne sunt lamentatee,' (Lambeth 
 Psalter, 77, 63). 
 
 829. bafte, MS. bade. 
 1 64 
 
832. mas/a, so MS. ; Th. Gr. maste. 
 
 834. rivaniendra, MS. avanendra. cerge, so MS. ; Ettm. Gr. 
 cearge. 
 
 841. leofra, so MS. ; Gr. leofrc ; the change to the neuter is, 
 perhaps, unnecessary, as the word probably anticipated a mas- 
 culine noun, \ar = sum stede hwar. call, so MS., Gr. eal. 
 
 865. lieah\u, so MS. ; Th. Iuah\u ; Gr. hea/iSum. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 The source of the third part of the poem is, undoubtedly, the 
 hymn ' De die Judicii,' (see Appendix in.,) as shown by Professor 
 A. S. Cook, (Modern Language Notes, June 1889.) Special 
 interest attaches to this hymn. It is certainly as old as the 
 seventh century, for Bede refers to it in his work, De Metris. 
 Daniel says of it: 'Juvat carmen fere totum e Scriptura sacra 
 depromptum comparare cum celebratissimo illo extremi judicii 
 prasconio, Dies ira, dies ilia, quo majestate et terroribus, non 
 sancta simplicitate et fide, superatur.' 
 
 873- genageS, ' assaulteth ' ; genagan, with accus. of person, 
 and gen. or instr. of thing ; cp. ' we ]>ec niSa genagaOS, Guth. 261. 
 
 874-876. These lines do not paraphrase any words of the 
 Latin hymn; they were, perhaps, vaguely suggested by the 
 second couplet, 'brevis totus . . . saeculum.' 
 
 884. ealle, MS. healle. 
 
 894. onhalo gelac, 'the hidden hosts'; Gr. renders on/idle = 
 'entire'; no other instance occurs of ' onhale' in the sense of 
 'whole'; the usual frequent usage is 'secret,' 'hidden'; cp. wid 
 is \>es westen, wracsetla fela, eardas onhale earmra gees fa, Guth. 
 268. Th. renders, 'an unsound assemblage'; Toller, 'the 
 entire hosts.' 
 
 907. gebleod, cp. Da wyrta gr'eowon mid menigfealdum blostmum 
 mis/ice gebleode, ' the plants grew diversely coloured with manifold 
 blossoms,' (the Anglo-Saxon version of the Hexameron rf St. 
 Basil, ed. Norman, 10, 36.) 
 
 920. Jvc/ mag wites to ivearnunga (sc. wesan), 'that may be 
 for the soul's warning.' 
 
 .65 
 
923. \onne, so MS., not \on as Th. 
 926. gehwone, MS. gehwore. 
 
 933-937; the poet has missed the point of the original: — 
 ' erubescet orbis lunne sol et obscurabitur.' 
 
 959. untweo, so Gr. ; MS. untreo, an obvious scribal error, 
 due, perhaps, to the rare use of untweo ; no other instance of the 
 word is recorded, but cp. untiveofeald, ' unhveofealde trtowa,' 
 (Bcethius, Metre, n, 95.) 
 
 adames, the first and second a in this word, as written in the 
 MS., resemble the rounded Celtic a, and are different from the 
 ordinary letter employed by the scribe. 
 
 960. gesargad, MS. gesargad ; cp. gesargad, 1. 969, where d 
 was originally 8, the erased stroke is still visible. 
 
 977. ]'a, MS. Jw. 
 
 978. scehdun, so MS., probably = scedun, past tense of 
 sceadan, 'to separate'; Gr. suggests schidun, 'von einem sccnan, 
 verwandt mit ahd. sco/wn, parcere ? oder fur see/dun = scildun 
 schirmten?' 
 
 985. sundes getweefde, 'bereft of swimming-craft'; Th., Gr., 
 Toller, render sund, 'ocean,' 'cut off from the ocean.' I think 
 the abstract use of the word in the sense of 'natatio' is prefer- 
 able here ; cp. l he \e at sunde oferfldt,' Beow. 517. 
 
 1025. adames, cp. 1. 959. 
 
 1041. liffruma, MS. liffruman. 
 
 1046. wera, so MS. ; Th. Gr. read weras, making it subj. of 
 magon ; the change seems unnecessary, if demipan is construed 
 intransitively. 
 
 1078. motun, MS. motum. 
 
 1087. MS. bydyrned. 
 
 1089. The line is evidently defective ; Gr. suggests [gcteod] 
 weor^ed. 
 
 1091. wita ne cufufF, 'they did not know'; wita = witan ; 
 cu\un used as auxiliary ; Gr. construes wita as gen. plur. of 
 wife, 'punishment'; cp. 1. 1212, wita tie cu]>on, which Gr. treats 
 similarly ; the omission of the infinitive n in the phrase is, pro- 
 bably, due to the northern archetype. 
 
 1093. man-fonvyrhtu, so MS. Th. fonvyrhtit (i.e. urn). 
 166 
 
io99- genomian, so MS. ; Gr. gemonian. 
 
 1104. Lit. 'They shall see as their bane that which came to 
 them best.' 
 
 1 1 26, etc. , cp. Appendix iv. ; the same passage was paraphrased 
 by Aelfric, (see Homilies, ed. Thorpe, p. 108.) 
 
 1 1 29. cwice, so MS. ; not cwico, as Th. Gr. 
 
 1 130. \a hyra ; MS. ]>a ]>e hyra. 
 
 1 133. The alliteration is wanting ; Gr. reads [////] in hierusalcm, 
 etc. ; it is noteworthy that the chief initial letters in the line //, g. 
 c approximate to alliterative effect, (? cp. 1. 23.) 
 
 1 156. bifin, Xorthern or Mercian form of p.p. of bifin; cp. 
 gedenra, 1264. 
 
 1 157. bibyrgde, MS. bibyrgede (i.e. bibyrgde), not bibyrgede, as 
 Th., Gr. 
 
 1 167. frean, MS. /ream; Gr. by a curious error has misread 
 Th.'s note ' sream,' and taken it to refer to eah-stream. 
 
 1 1 74. rindum, so MS. ; Th. Gr. roderum, (a remarkable error.) 
 
 1 1 75. magun, MS. magutn. 
 
 1207. hu, so MS. ; Gr. suggests Ay. 
 
 1212. Cp. note, I. 1 09 1. 
 
 1230. wendS, MS. weneaS, (i.e. wendS.) 
 
 1245. motun, MS. motum. 
 
 1249. wlite, so MS. ; Th. Gr. slite. 
 
 1 264. atol, neut. subst., or, perhaps, one should read atol-earfrida. 
 
 1269. pa, so MS. ; Th. Gr. \am (po). 
 
 1282. y\iest, so MS. ; Gr. y)>ast. 
 
 1293. ge/eati, MS. gefeon. 
 
 1300. ]W7, so MS. ; Th. Gr. \onne. 
 
 1301. gescomcden, so MS.; Gr. gescomedon. 
 
 1306. bigceS, I feel sure that here we have an instance of bigdn 
 in the sense of ' to confess,' (cp. M. H. G. bigehan,) though no 
 instance is recorded in Anglo-Saxon lexicons. The more usual 
 usage of the word is ' to commit '; Th. ' when they commit sins '; 
 similarly, Gr. Toller. 
 
 1310. unbelcd, MS. S, corrected to d. 
 
 131 7. li/es tiligan, 'to strive for life'; cp. 'Sonne he at hilde 
 sceall wiS /dS werud li/es liligan,' (Salomon and Saturn, 1. 159). 
 
 167 
 
1318. dSolian, 'to endure.' I can see nothing against this 
 straightforward way of rendering the word ; Grein's view that it 
 is O. H. G. adaljan, M. H. G. ede/en, nobilitare, is untenable ; 
 the sense of the whole passage has, I think, escaped both Th. 
 and Gr. The rendering of the former is quite meaningless. Gr. 
 takes wille as equivalent to scy/e, so that the lines, according to 
 him, imply man's duty ' lifes tiligan syn-rust ]>zuean,' etc. 
 
 131 9. syn-rust \wean, so. MS.; Gr. \rean. 
 1328. innan, M.S. mnan; magi/ri, MS. magum. 
 1336. maS/t'3, MS. ma'd/eft. 
 
 1346. hwonne, so MS.; Gr. pontic ; the former reading is 
 altogether preferable, hwonne depending on gearo, ' ready for the 
 day when'; leofstum, MS. koftum. 
 
 1349. onfengun, MS. onfengum. 
 
 1355. afndon, MS. a/don; the insertion of the n is, perhaps, 
 unnecessary, as n is occasionally lost in consonantal-«a« verbs, 
 e.g. nemde, past tense of nemnan ; but cp. geafnde, 1. 1428. 
 
 1369. MS. tniccle. 
 
 1374. ywan, 'to show,' MS. ySan, 'to flow,' (probably due to 
 an earlier error y\an.) 
 
 1380. leo\e, so MS. ; Gr. kdSo (for /eo]>e). 
 
 1389. neorxnaivang, the etymology of this Old English equi- 
 valent of the Latin paradisus has been satisfactorily solved by 
 Mr. Henry Bradley (Acad. No. 911, p. 254); its Gothic repre- 
 sentative would be nawi-rohsne waggs, and its full form in 
 Anglo-Saxon nco-rohsna ivang, 'field of the palaces of the dead.' 
 There is, as yet, no evidence as to whether the word was of 
 pagan or Christian origin ; probably the former, being perhaps 
 the Saxon equivalent of the Scandinavian odainsakr. 
 
 1397. fremum, so MS. ; x\o\.firenum, as Th. Gr. 
 
 sealde, MS. salde. 
 141 1. \K\ingonge, MS. ingonge. 
 142 1. bi\eahte mid, so MS. ; Gr. be\eahte mec mid. 
 1429. ware \e gelic ; MS. ware wege lie. 
 
 1434. oft and-lata, Th. oft and lata; Gr. ' and/ata (?) man 
 erwartet die Bedeutung Backenstreiche oder Beschimpfung'; he 
 punctuates accordingly : — 
 168 
 
' and fore monna lufan min )>rowade 
 heafod hearmslege ; hleor geMade 
 oft and-Iata.' . . . 
 
 1445. heanne, MS. hean'" ; Gr. heahne. 
 
 1447. utgotun, so MS.; Gr. ut-guton. 
 
 1450. mite, corrected in MS. from wi/a. 
 
 1453. geseoS, Gr. suggests that this word may be from geseon, 
 ' percolare,' comparing biscon, 1. 1087, but eac geseon, 1. 1456, 
 makes it clear that this view is untenable. 
 
 gefremedun, so MS. : Gr. gefremedon. 
 
 i486, mec, so MS. ; Th. Gr. me. 
 
 1487. heardra. Gr. heardre. 
 
 148S. swarra, Gr. swcerre. 
 
 1489. gefastnad, corrected in the MS. from gefastna§. 
 
 1494. in heofonum, Th. Gr. on keofonum. 
 
 1495. wurde, MS. zvorde, an evident scribal error; cp. the 
 previous line. 
 
 1508. ge]>egede, I take this word to be the weak past participle 
 oige^icgan, ' to take '; hence ' taken by thirst ' ; similarly, a\elinga 
 bearn ecgum qfyegde, Gen. 2002 ; Th. suggests gepregede, 
 ' oppressed'; Gr. derives it from ge-\ecgan, ' consumere,' suggesting, 
 too, a possible connection with ge\ewan (geseon), i.e. ge\egde = 
 ge^ewde; Toller follows Grein. It does not seem to have occurred 
 to lexicographers to bring the word in connection with yicgan, 
 the past participle of which verb seems to be singularly rare. 
 
 15 11. dydan, so MS. ; Gr. dydon. 
 
 1525. grimne, originally grimme, corrected in MS. 
 
 1529 s7vi[S]ran, MS. swiran. 
 
 1532. sceat, MS. S(at. 
 
 1535. deofles, Th. Gr. deofoles; but MS. deofoles (i.e. deofies). 
 1541. sinnehte, so MS. ; Gr. sin-nihte. 
 1573. nangum, so MS. ; Gr. angum. 
 
 1578. leoht and gas/, so MS.; Gr. lie and gast ' ; but cp. leoht 
 and lif, (Widsith, 142 ) 
 
 1594. Ae/atS, so MS. ; Gr. la/eh. 
 1596. bid, MS. btS. 
 
 169 
 
1599- Gr. \onne mdti [fremmaij] 
 
 Hwcet him se waldend to wrace gesette. 
 1610. mo[r]]>or, MS. mo\or. 
 
 1620. bindenne, over the first n there is a badly-formed m, or 
 three strokes resembling tn. 
 
 1627. ower, MS. <?)w; Th. o]>erne (?) ; Gr. «wr. 
 1 630. sin-nekte, so MS. ; Gr. sin-nihte. 
 
 1632. [/tfr-]/w^(f««, MS. hogdun, evidently an error for for- 
 hogdun, or ne hogdun. 
 
 1633. ieratS beorhte frcetwe, these words evidently render the 
 Latin ' regni petent gaudia'; perhaps the poet read ' regni fere nt 
 gaudia.' 
 
 1645. beorhte, so MS. ; Th. Gr. beorht. 
 
 1646. Gr. freogd6fotces weard : fader ealra geweald 
 
 hafdS and hca/de'S haligra weorud. 
 I take 1. 1647 as merely a poetical periphrasis for \one wealdendne 
 and healdendne haligra weoruda. 
 
 1649. Jxsr, MS. ]>/zs. 
 
 1650. leohtra, so MS.; Gr. leohtre. 
 
 1 66 1. giefe, MS. gief after which there is an erasure. 
 
 1663. wlite scynast, Gr. wlite-scynast. dryhten, in the MS., is 
 followed by : — : 7, and a blank space of some three lines 
 indicates the close of the poem. The next section of the MS. 
 begins on the following page with a long flourish of capital 
 letters. 
 
 170 
 
AN EXCURSUS 
 
 THE CYNEWULF RUNES. 
 
' Her mjEg findan forebances gleaw 
 Se Se hine lysteft leoSgiddunga 
 Hwa J>as fitte fegde.' 
 
THE CYNEWULF RUNES. 
 
 CHRIST, 796—806. 
 
 The Runes in this passage stand for the letters Cynwulf, and 
 together form the name of the author. A similar artifice is 
 found in three other poems — 'Elene,' 'Juliana,' and 'The Fates 
 of the Apostles.' 'Christ' and 'Juliana' are both in the Exeter 
 Codex ; ' Elene ' and ' The Fates of the Apostles ' in the Ver- 
 celli Codex; the latter poem consists of little more than 100 
 lines ; it is certainly no very meritorious piece of work, and 
 it seems strange that the poet should have been so anxious to 
 attest his authorship thereof by a long Runic passage. In the 
 MS. the poem immediately follows the 'Legend of Andreas,' and 
 I am more and more inclined to regard it as a mere epilogue to 
 this more ambitious epic, standing in exactly the same relation- 
 ship therefore to it that the tenth passus of ' Elene ' does to the 
 whole poem. Its relationship is, perhaps, even closer, for, 
 whereas the ninth passus of ' Elene' ends with 'Jinit,' there is no 
 such indication of the ending of the poem in the case of 'Andreas.' 
 At the present moment I can see nothing that militates against 
 this view of the Cynewulfian authorship of this latter poem, and 
 further investigation will enable us, I think, to claim that Cyne- 
 wulf inserted his name in his four most important works — the 
 epics on ' Christ,' ' Elene,' 'Juliana,' and 'Andreas.' The dis- 
 covery of the runic passage at the end of 'The Fates of the 
 Apostles ' was made by Professor Napier some three years ago, 
 
 173 
 
and a transcript of the half-obliterated text was published by him 
 in the Zeitschrift fur deutsches Alterthum, vol. xxxm. The four 
 runic passages may be divided into two divisions ; the first, in 
 which the Runes stand merely for the letters of the poet's name ; 
 the second, in which the Runes discharge a two-fold function, 
 representing not merely the letters of the poet's name, but also 
 the words that the letters suggest, the names of the letters or 
 homonyms. To the first class belongs the passage in 'Juliana'; 
 to the second, the other three passages. The interpretation of 
 the Runes in these latter passages is one of difficulty ; in the first 
 place, the lines in which they occur are by their very nature 
 intended to puzzle the reader or the hearer, being almost riddles ; 
 in the second, several of the Runes bore different names at dif- 
 ferent periods, and we have not as much information on the sub- 
 ject as we need. Our chief sources of knowledge are the Runic 
 alphabets, which, in many cases, have the names of the letters 
 assigned throughout, and in some cases an interpretation of these 
 names, and the ' Rune Poem,' printed by Hickes from a MS. 
 now lost ; in this poem each Rune is followed by its name, 
 together with a short poetical interpretation of its meaning. The 
 explanation of a Rune in any one of these passages should, I 
 think, hold good when applied to the corresponding Rune in the 
 other passages. For convenience of reference I print the four 
 passages, substituting Roman letters for the Runes, and number- 
 ing each line. 
 
 A. CHRIST, [796—806] 
 
 1. fonne ■ C ' cwaca'5 gehyreS cyning maeSlan 
 
 2. rodera ryhtend sprecan re]>e word 
 
 3. Jam pe him a;r in worulde wace hyrdon 
 
 4. pendan ■ Y ' and ■ N ' yfast meahtan 
 
 5. frofre findan ■ ]>aer sceal forht monig 
 
 6. on ]>am wong-stede werig bidan 
 
 7. hwaet him refter daedum deman wille 
 
 8. wrafra wita. Bi]> se ■ "W ' scaecen 
 
 9. eorfan fraetwa - U ' was longe 
 '74 
 
io. • L • flodum bilocen lif-wynna dael 
 ii. ■ P • on foldan fonne fnetwe sculon 
 1 2. byrnan on baele. 
 
 B. ELEXE, [1257— 1271] 
 
 1. A waes saecc o5 <5aet 
 
 2. cynnessed cearwelmum ■ C ' drusende 
 
 3. }>eah he in medohealle maSmas }>ege 
 
 4. seplede gold ■ Y ' gnornode 
 5- ' N ' gefera nearusorge dreah 
 
 6. enge rune paer him ■ E " fore 
 
 7. milpa5as maet modig praegde 
 
 8. wirum gewlenced ■ W^ " is geswiorad 
 
 9. gomen aefter gearum geogoo" is gecyrred 
 
 10. aid onmedla ■ U ' waes geara 
 
 11. geogotShades glaem nu synt geardagas 
 
 12. aefter fyrstmearce for3 gewitene 
 
 13. lifwynne geliden swa • L ' toglideS 
 
 14. flodas gefysde ■ F ' aeghwam bio* 
 
 15. laene under lyfte landes fraetwe 
 
 16. gewitaf under wolcnum winde geliccost. 
 
 C FATA APOSTOLORUM, [96—106] 
 
 1. Her maeg findan forepances gleaw 
 
 2. se Se hine lysleS leoSgiddunga 
 
 3. hwa J>as fitte fegde ■ F ' paer on ende standee" 
 
 4. eorlas paes on eorSan br[u]cap ne moton hie awa J aetsomne 
 
 5. woruldwunigende ■ "W ' sceal gedreosan 
 
 6. • U ' on eSle aefter lo-h[reosan] ' 
 
 7. laene lices fraetewa efne swa ■ L * toglideS 
 
 1 Napier reads awa earJian, but there is no space in MS. ; I follow Sievers' 
 arrangement; v. Anglia, xiii. pp. I -25. 
 * Napier, to-hreosab. 
 
 175 
 
8. [fonne] l • C ' [and ■ Y •] cneftes neosaS - 
 
 9. nihtes nearowe on him [• N " lige<5] :! 
 
 10. [cyjninges feodom . nu Bu cunnan miht 
 
 ii. hwa on ]>aem wordum wses werum oncySig. 
 
 D. JULIANA, [704—711]. 
 
 1 . Geomor hweorfeft 
 
 2. - C " Y ' and • N " cyning bij> re|>e 
 
 3. sigora syllend fonne synnum fall 
 4- • E " W ' and ■ U " acle bida'3 
 
 5. hwa;t him refter dredum deman wille 
 
 6. lifes to leane • L ' F ' beofa5 
 
 7. seoma'3 sorgcearig sar eal genom 
 
 8. synna wunde J>e ic si'S oSOe xr 
 
 9. geworhte in vvorulde. 
 
 1. C-Rune; the name of the rune in all the Runic alphabets 
 is cen, i.e. 'a torch,' literally 'a pine'; the word is rare in A. S. ; 
 its sole use seems to have been as the runic-name; no other 
 instance is recorded. In passage A, B, C, the poet is evidently 
 using the rune to suggest to his hearers the adjective cen(e), i.e. 
 'keen,' 'bold,' 'active.' In passage B the temptation is strong 
 to regard C-drusende as equivalent to 'a drooping torch,' but in 
 order to obtain this meaning, it is necessary to emend the MS., 
 changing sacc, ' discontent,' into secg, ' man ' ; moreover drusian 
 is specially used in the sense of ' to become inactive ' (by reason 
 of old age) ; cp. Phoenix, 368, he drusende dea]i ne disorgaS. 
 Cene drusende, i.e. ' the ageing warrior,' is, to my mind, the sub- 
 ject of the whole passage, and is added as explanatory of the 
 words d was sacc d5 'Sat. I much doubt whether the words con- 
 veyed any other meaning to Cynewulf's hearers. I differ, too, 
 from previous commentators in constructing \eah in direct con- 
 nection with the first half-line, regarding cnysscd . . . drusende as 
 a parenthesis. 
 
 1 Napier, swa ; Sievers, )>onne(?). - MS. ncotaS ■ Sievers, iieosaS. 
 
 3 N • lige$, Sievers' suggestion. 
 176 
 
The C-Rune in passage C is, as will be seen below, capable 
 of similar interpretation. 
 
 2. FRune. Its name in the A. S. alphabets is yr; in the 
 ' Rune Poem ' yr is described in words that lead one to render it 
 as ' a bow ' : — 
 
 ' yr bij> :e)>elinga and eorla gehwaes 
 wyn and wyr^mynd, by)> on wicge foger, 
 frestlic on fcrelde fyrdgeatewa sum.' 
 
 Yet, in spite of the Rune poem.^r cannot have meant 'a bow ' 
 in A. S. ; yr is the old Norse equivalent of the A. S. eow, ' yew,' 
 which latter word is actually the name of another rune in the 
 Rune-Poem ; it is therefore a fair inference that the interpreta- 
 tion of the KRune as a ' bow ' in this one place is due to 
 Scandinavian influence on the writer of the passage in question, 
 seeing also that in the Scandinavian Runic alphabet the letter 
 bears the same name yr, constantly glossed ' arms ' ; probably 
 the whole idea of the Rune-Poem was suggested by similar 
 Scandinavian poems, and the writer did not recognise that the 
 Norse yr, in the sense of ' bow,' was identical with the A. S. eow. 
 ' yew-tree ' ; as a modern poet has it : — 
 
 ' Dark down the windy vale I grow, 
 The father of the fateful Bow.' ' 
 
 In my opinion, no ordinary Anglo-Saxon would have been able 
 to give any meaning at all to/r as the name of the Krune, and if 
 told by a scholar that it meant ' a bow,' he would have failed to 
 see any reason for the name; the shape of the rune in A. S. ffj 
 certainly does not suggest 'a bow,' though the name applies 
 excellently to the Scandinavian ,|v The J'-Rune must have 
 been a fairly late creation in A. S., and its symbol is rightly 
 nothing but a modification of the C/-Rune, h ; similarly the 
 name of the rune, ie.yr, is, I take it, merely due to the umlauted 
 form of the name of the d/-Rune, i.e. ur ; the rune and its name 
 probably passed from England to Scandinavia, and there it was 
 naturally interpreted to meaner, 'a bow.' 
 
 How then is the rune to be interpreted, as used by Cynewulf ? 
 
 1 W. Morris : Pirns by the Way : Tapestry Trees ; The Yew. 
 M 177 
 
In passage A, it seemingly might stand for yrmlSo, ' misery' : and 
 this view has been held by most scholars — Thorpe, Kemble, 
 Grein ; several points might be urged against the interpretation, 
 and however plausible the suggestion seems, it is, I now think, 
 quite untenable. Apart from other tests, the interpretation will 
 not hold good for passage B. Grimm, Grein, Zupitza, etc., con- 
 strue the rune in this latter passage as ' bow ' ; Leo suggests that 
 it is equivalent to the A. S. rune ea, and = edr, i.e. 'earth,' 'the 
 grave,' here = ' verfall der krafte ' ; Reiger would substitute the 
 rune <t, and read aftil (=A. S. eSel) ; similarly in passage A he 
 would substitute Northumbrian ccdil =A. S. vcedl, ' mendicitas.' 
 
 In passage C, the words represented by the C-Rune and 
 K-Rune, which are co-ordinated, must evidently be the same part 
 of speech ; if C=cene, ' the bold warrior,' in the same sense as 
 in the other passages, one would expect Y to stand for an adjec- 
 tive or substantive, in any case of masculine gender; but in 
 passage A the F-Rune is co-ordinated with the A 7 - Rune ; con- 
 cerning the meaning of this latter rune there is no doubt ; it 
 represents the abstract noun nyd, ' necessity ' ; therefore the 
 F-Rune in this latter passage must, I think, stand for some similar 
 abstract noun. Judging by A and C, the F-Rune represents 
 a^-word that can discharge the two-fold functions of a masculine 
 adjective (or noun) and of an abstract noun. The only Anglo- 
 Saxon word that satisfies these requirements \syfel={i) wretched; 
 (2) affliction ; and there is, I venture to think, strong reasons for 
 favouring this interpretation of the F-Rune in the three passages. 
 In passage A, yfel and nyd= 'affliction and distress '; in passage 
 B, yfel gnornode nydgefera = ' afflicted, mourned the companion 
 of sorrow ' ; in passage C, cene and yfel= ' the bold warrior and 
 the afflicted wretch.' 
 
 May not the name yfel have been suggested by the name of 
 the JF-Rune, i.e. wynn, 'joy,' being a sort of antithesis to it? 
 The letter y would probably at first have followed id immediately 
 in Runic alphabets arranged in the order of the Roman letters, 
 before a special symbol was found for the double letter x. In 
 Scandinavian alphabets no separate sign occurs for this latter 
 sound, which is represented by the runes for As. 
 178 
 
3- A 7 "- Rune. The interpretation of this rune is simple. As 
 regards passage A, N = nyd = 'necessity, hardship,' Y and 
 N being the subject of meahtan. As regards B, the authorities 
 vary on the question of the continuation of nyd and gefera ; 
 Grimm reads N gefera nearu serge dreah; Ettmuller, N gefera, 
 tiearusorge dreah ; Kemble, N gefere, nearu sorge dreah ; Grein, 
 Zupitza, etc., nydgefera, etc. The point of the expression nyd- 
 gefera is, I think, that it serves the purpose of a double entendre ; 
 the poet uses it not merely to express its literal meaning ' the 
 companion of sorrow ; ' 'yfel' {i.e. the K-Rune) may well be 
 described as nyd gefera, i.e. 'the companion of the A^-Rune' in the 
 poet's name, (cp. gefera as a technical word in ^Elfric's Grammar, 
 wordes gefera = an adverb.) 
 
 A similar double entendre occurs, I think, in the next line ; 
 enge rune = (i) nearu-sorge, 'a constraining sorrow'; (2) a 
 description of the A^-Rune, 'the narrow rune,' "f« ; in 'Cynewulf 
 this ' narrow rune ' comes between two especially wide ones ; 
 hence, perhaps, the special point of the words. 
 
 In C, ' N ligtS' is the excellent reading suggested by Sievers ; 
 the letters are obliterated in the MS. 
 
 4. .E-Rune. In A and C this rune does not occur, and it 
 would seem that the poet styled himself in these passages 
 'Cynwulf,' and not ' Cynewulf (on the philological aspect of the 
 form ' Cynwulf,' see Sievers' remarks, Anglia xiii.). Thorpe noted 
 concerning A that the absence of the rune E, and the want of 
 connection in the sense, proved the loss of a couplet between 
 wrapra wita and dip se ; Grein similarly suggested the insertion 
 of a line containing an E-Rune, 
 
 ' hwdt him after dttdum dtman viille 
 [on \>am E-fullan dagt ertgla dryhttri\ 
 wrarra wita,' 
 
 interpreting ' E. full ' = ehfull, = egefull, ' terribilis,' (usually E 
 = eh, ' equus '). But the passage makes perfect sense without 
 any interpolation, and the discovery of passage C corroborates 
 this view ; the space between nearowe and \cy\ninges peodotn 
 would not suffice for more than the words containing the 
 
 179 
 
iV-Rune, as Sievers has pointed out in the article referred to 
 above. Professor Napier was originally of opinion that the 
 obliterated passage might have contained the .C-Rune as well 
 as the jV-Runc. 1 
 
 In A, wrapra wita is, of course, the partitive genitive after 
 hwat; the subject of willc is clear in both A and D ; the identity 
 of expression in the two passages is remarkable. 
 
 The is-Rune in B = eh, 'horse'; the word fore that follows 
 the rune has been variously interpreted — (i) as an adverb for- 
 merly; (2) as a preposition governing him; (3)= fore, 'on the 
 journey.' I prefer (2) 'before him'; the poet, I take it, was 
 filled with grief when he watched the hunt, but could not join in 
 it; otherwise the passage must mean, 'where once he had joined 
 in the delights of the hunt, he now wandered sorrow-laden.' 
 
 5. W-Rune. The proper name of this rune = wyn, i.e. 
 'joy'; this name of the letter is given in the Salzburg Runic 
 Alphabet, and an interesting piece of additional evidence exists, 
 in the fact Xhzljubilitate is glossed f> sumiap, i.e. wynsumia]> in 
 the Ninety-ninth Psalm of the Oxford Interlinear Version, MS. 
 Junius 27, (as pointed out by Professor Logeman ;) uuinne is 
 also the name of the Gothic letter in the Salzburg MS. A dia- 
 lectical variety of wyn = we/in, which was probably identified 
 with wen, i.e. ' hope ' ; hence the latter interpretation of the 
 name of the rune. In the Runic poem the lines on W run as 
 follows : — 
 
 ' va (wen) tu bruce\>, Se can wcatia Ijrt, 
 sores and sorgc,' etc. 
 
 If the rune is interpreted as wen = 'hope' in this passage, i; 
 is impossible to understand the lines ; but wen tie = wenne — 
 wynne, genitive of wyn, after brucep. Similarly in the Rhyme 
 Poem, 1. 76 : — 
 
 1 I may as well point out that I had printed the lines in Christ without 
 the interpretation of the if-Rune, interpreting it as it stands in my text, 
 before the discovery of the Fata Apos . fragment ; I had noted, tou, the value 
 of the discovery as corroboration of the form 'Cynwulf,' before the appear- 
 ance of Sievers 1 notable article ; the same is true of my interpretation of the 
 W- Rune as wyn (not wen. as previous editors). 
 ISO 
 
' bonne lichoma /» feS • lima wyrtn friteV 
 at him wen ne gcwigcS,' etc. 
 
 there, too, wen ne = wenne = wynne. 
 
 In passage A, B, C, the rune is clearly to be interpreted wynn ; 
 Grein renders it wen in A, wen = wynn in B, Napier interpreted 
 the rune in C as wen, Sievers as wynn (see Anglia xiii.). The 
 letters of the alphabet in Anglo-Saxon are masculine ; hence se 
 W., although wynn is feminine. 
 
 £7-Rune. The name of the rune in the Runic Alphabets = 
 ur, interpreted to mean 'a bull,' cp. Runic Poem, 1. 4 : — 
 
 U [ur) bi\> anmod and ofcr-hyrncd, 
 'the bull is fierce with horns above his head.' 
 
 The rune in A, B, and C, has baffled the ingenuity of commenta- 
 tors. As regards A, Kemble, Thorpe, and Grein, take the letter 
 to represent ur, formerly ; but the adverb does not occur in 
 Anglo-Saxon ; its equivalent, or, is used only as a prefix ; and 
 although at first sight it seems that some adverb must be under- 
 stood in this place, the objections against ur are insurmountable ; 
 I had thought it possible that perhaps iu, ' formerly,' might have 
 stood, but I retract this view now. As regards the rune in B, 
 Grimm takes it merely as the letter U, and makes it represent 
 the whole name of the poet — ' Cynewulf war ehemals die wonne 
 der jugend ' ; Kemble, ' U (I was of old) a gleam of youth ' ; 
 Leo, ur—br, 'sonst war gold der jugendzeit wonneglanz' ; Grein 
 interprets B in the same way as A, ' olim ' ; Zupitza, ur— 
 • auerochse ' ; the scholars that interpret the rune as equivalent 
 to ur, ' bull,' take it to mean ' property ' in general, comparing 
 the use oifeoh, but there is absolutely no evidence in favour of 
 this view, and Sievers' interpretation of U on e?>U in C, 'das gut 
 im erbsitze,' seems to me untenable. The only Anglo-Saxon 
 word that will satisfy the three passages seems to be the posses- 
 sive pronoun ur, ' our ' ; Dr. Cosijn (in ' Verslagen en mededeelin- 
 gen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling 
 Letterkunde,' pp. 54-64) suggested the possibility of this inter- 
 pretation, noting that ur is a frequent form of the pronoun in 
 the Vespasian Psalter ; but more important evidence in favour of 
 the view exists in the fact that in a Runic Alphabet (Domilian, 
 
 ■ 
 
A, 9) the rune is actually glossed ' nosier.' It is strange that 
 this point has not been noticed ; it confirms the probability. 
 The alphabet in question is printed in Hicke's, p. 136. Finally, 
 therefore, A=ur . . . lifwynna dcel; B=2tr . . . geogoShades 
 glam; C = iir wynn on eSle. In A ' longe' ='\or\g ago'; cp. 
 Ex. 557, 'wile nu gelaslan, \at he lange gehet.' I take it that 
 the words in A refer to the Deluge. With the phrase wynn on 
 &le in C, cp. Rune Poem. 1. 38 — 
 
 eoh by\> . . . wyn on e\>le. 
 
 7, 8. L and F call for no special comment ; the name of the 
 former, lagu, and of the latter, /<W^, fit the passages in which they 
 occur. 
 
 In the following rendering of the passages in question I have 
 attempted to bring out the peculiar force of the original. In 
 A, B, C, the Runic letters {i.e. their Roman equivalents) CYNE 
 WULF stand respectively for the following words : — C6n(e), 
 yfel, nyd, eh, wynn, lir, lagu, feoh ; their English equivalents are 
 printed in italics. 
 
 C' Then the Keen shall quake ; he shall hear the Lord, 
 the heaven's Ruler, utter words of wrath 
 to those who in the world obeyed Him ill, 
 Y'N' while affliction and distress most easily 
 might find solace. There many afeared 
 shall wearily await upon that plain 
 what dire penalty He will adjudge to them, 
 "W' according to their deeds. The winsomeness of earthy 
 
 gauds 
 U' shall then be changed. Long time ago our portion of 
 
 life's joys 
 1/ was all encompassed by Tuater-ftoods, 
 F' yea, all our possessions upon earth ; then each precious 
 thing 
 shall be consumed in fire. 
 182 
 
B. 
 
 Till then was nought but discontent, — 
 C' a bold warrior, drooping with age, buffeted by waves of 
 care,- — 
 
 yea, though in the mead-hall he received precious gifts, 
 Y'N" apple-shaped gold. In his affliction, sorrow's comrade 
 
 murmured ; grief, the narrowing rune, 
 E' constrained him, when he beheld the horse 
 
 measuring the mile-paths, rushing proudly on, 
 'W' decked with adornments. Joy is now lessened, 
 
 and delight, after many a year ; youth is gone, 
 U' the pride of old. Ours was once 
 
 youth's glorious radiance ; now, at appointed time, 
 
 those days of yore have passed away, 
 Ij- life's joy hath departed, as the waters ebb, 
 
 the rushing floods. Transitory 'neath heaven 
 F' is the wealth of every man. 
 
 A man of cunning thought may here discover, 
 
 if he taketh pleasure in song, 
 p • who wrought this lay. Wealth cometh last, 
 
 the friend of man on earth, while he dwelleth in the 
 world, 
 
 but they cannot keep together always. 
 U'"W'<2»r earthly joy shall fade, and the frail gauds of the flesh 
 L • shall afterwards decay, even as water glideth away. 
 C'Y' Bold warrior and afflicted wretch shall then crave help, 
 N ' in the anxious watches of the night ; but Destiny o'errules, 
 
 the King exacts their service. Now thou canst know, 
 
 who was revealed to men in these words. 
 
 I8 3 
 
D. 
 
 Sad shall depart 
 C " Y ' and N ' ; the King will be stern, 
 the Bestower of victory, when, sin-stained, 
 E ' "W ' and TJ ' trembling shall await 
 what He will adjudge to them, according to their deeds, 
 as life's reward ; L ' P ' shall quake, 
 and linger sorrowful. All the pain I shall remember, 
 the wounds of the sins, which I, early or late, 
 wrought in the world. 
 
 184 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 \, ever, 386. 
 abeatan, to beat, 939. 
 dbeodan, to command, 
 
 228. 
 dbi'dan, to abide, 1629. 
 dbiigan, to -withdraw, 
 
 retire, 55. 
 dcennan, to beget, 217, 
 
 443, 451- 
 acweSan, to speak, 315, 
 
 473, 713- 
 idl, disease, 1355. 
 ddreogan, to suffer, 
 
 1200, 1474, 1 5 12. 
 ddwasscan, to quench, 
 
 1131. 
 a>fest, enmity, 1657. 
 ;efnan, to perform, to 
 
 endure, 1355, 1368. 
 ajfre, ever, 324. 
 a'fyllende, following 
 
 thclaw,faithful,yo2- 
 ;eghwoes, altogether, 
 
 entirely, 14 19. 
 aeht, possession, 603, 
 
 1500. 
 alan, to set on fire, 
 
 Si 1, 1545- 
 al-beorht, resplendent, 
 
 5°5, 547,927, i=75- 
 aelc, each, 332, 1301. 
 aside, men, 581, 619, 
 
 998, 1 1 15, 1200. 
 
 ;cled, fire, conflagra- 
 tion, 958, 1004. 
 
 almihtig, almighty, 
 120, 214, 319, 330, 
 394,442,758, 12 17, 
 ^ 1371, 1377- 
 
 ;ene, once, 328, 1193. 
 
 ;cnig, any, 310, 350, 
 1183, 1315, 1330, 
 1383, 1496, 1574, 
 f 1627. 
 
 anlic, excellent, noble, 
 1294. 
 
 aer, before, (conf.), 314; 
 (prep.), 215, 847, 
 1344; [adv.) 62, 251, 
 1050, 1051, 1066, 
 1 134, 1 1 56, 1264, 
 t 1374- 
 
 air-dagas, former 
 
 days, 78. 
 
 arest (adv.), first, 354. 
 
 arest (adj.), first, 785, 
 822, 1 1 89, 1396. 
 
 ar-gestre"on, ancient 
 treasure, 995. 
 
 ar-gewyrht, former 
 work, 1239. 
 
 xrra, former, 1320. 
 
 ar-woruld, former 
 world, 935. 
 
 at, a/, 499, 614 ; 
 against, 272. 
 
 xt,food, 603. 
 atgadre, together, 
 
 1034. 
 atsomne, together, 
 
 1 1 1 1. 
 aet-wist, existence, 
 
 presence, 391. 
 atywan, /<? reveal, 
 
 1055, 1574- 
 afel-dugu?S, a ;w^/c 
 
 attendance, 10 10. 
 a)>ele, nature, 1 1 83. 
 a]>ele, »0<V<?, 267, 349, 
 
 401, 454, 520, 665, 
 
 696,718, 1 179, 1 193, 
 
 1 197. 
 afelic, noble, 307. 
 a?l»eling, noble, prince, 
 
 157, 447, 5°2, 514, 
 
 626, 740, 742, 844. 
 dfaran, /0 terrify, 
 
 891. 
 dfon, to www, 11 82. 
 dfrefran, /<? console, 
 
 367- 
 dfyllan, to///, 1561. 
 dfyrhtan, to frighten, 
 
 1018. 
 dfyrran, to remove, 
 
 1369, 1424. 
 dfysan, to hasten, 
 
 984. 
 dgalan, /o be careless, 
 
 187 
 
to hinder, neglect, 
 
 815. 
 dgan, to possess, 158, 
 
 1202, 121 1, 1245, 
 
 1401, 1577, 1635- 
 dgend, Lord, 419, 470, 
 
 512, 542, 1 196. 
 dgiefan, to restore, 
 
 give up, 1154, 1 1 60, 
 
 1258, 1405. 
 dhebban, to raise, 501, 
 
 657,691. 
 dhladan, to draw out, 
 
 567. 
 dhon, to hang, 1092, 
 
 1445, i486, 
 dhreddan, to deliver, 
 
 rescue, 15, 33, 373. 
 dhyegan, to conceive, 
 
 901. 
 dlakan, to renounce, 
 
 166. 
 dlecgan, to lay down, 
 
 1421. 
 alwealda (ahvalda), 
 
 Almighty, 1 39, 1 1 89, 
 
 1363- 
 a\v/ihia,all beings,273, 
 
 409, 686. 
 dlyfan, to allow,grant, 
 
 1571, 1636. 
 dlysan, to let loose, to 
 
 ransom, 717, 1098. 
 dlysnes, redemption, 
 
 1472. 
 dn, one, 1236, 1302, 
 
 1376. 
 ana, sole, alone, 556, 
 
 1419, 1451. 
 ■in-boren,one bom,6i7 . 
 dn-cenned, only be- 
 gotten, 463. 
 
 188 
 
 ancor, an anchor, 862. 
 and-gete, manifest, 
 
 1241. 
 and-giet, w««, wisdom, 
 
 665, 1379- 
 andldan, retribution, 
 
 830. 
 andsaca, adversary, 
 
 1592. 
 andsrec, denial, 654. 
 andswaru, answer, 
 
 183. 
 andweard, present, 
 
 924, 105 1, 1069, 
 
 1083, 1269, 1374, 
 
 1576. 
 andwlita, countenance, 
 
 1121. 
 dnfeald, single, 1576. 
 dn-forlaetan, to /or- 
 
 .fafe, to/ /««, 1 294, 
 
 1395- 
 dn-modh'ce, unani- 
 mously, 339. 
 dr, w^ro', 69, 254, 334, 
 
 1230, 1 35 1 ; glory, 
 
 1082. 
 dr, a messenger, 492, 
 
 758 ; a»^/, 594. 
 drajran, to raz'j« «/, 
 
 1064. 
 Frisian, to discover, 
 
 1228. 
 dreccan, to expound, 
 
 stretch out, 71, 221, 
 
 246. 
 dretan, to c/;«r, 1499. 
 drfajst, merciful, 244. 
 drian, to honour, 1381 ; 
 
 to pity, 369. 
 drfsan, to anV^, 266, 
 
 1023, 1029. 
 
 drkfas, shameful, 1428, 
 
 '434- 
 dscamian, to &• 
 
 ashamed, 1 297. 
 dscyrian, to /dr/, 
 
 sever, 1606, 161 6. 
 dsecan, to search out, 
 
 1002. 
 dsecgan, to to//, ask, 
 
 220, 1 175, 1473. 
 dspringan, to escape 
 
 from, 1536. 
 dstandan, to stand, 
 
 1155. 
 dstfgan, to proceed, de- 
 scend, arise, 701, 
 
 719, 726, 736, 785. 
 dstyrfan, to slay, 191. 
 d-te6n, to </raw ok/, 
 
 1492. 
 atol, <#«•, terrible, 
 
 1277 ; terror, 1264. 
 dpencan, to think, 
 
 988. 
 dfolian, to sustain, 
 
 protract, draw out, 
 
 1318. 
 d]>rysman, to j/z/fc, 
 
 1 132. 
 dS-loga, breaker of 
 
 oath, perjurer, 1603. 
 dttor, poison, 767. 
 dwaecnan, to awake, 
 
 to be born, 66. 
 dweallan, to stream 
 
 forth, swarm, 624. 
 dweaxan, to grow, 
 
 wax, 1251. 
 dweorpan, to ra.f/ 
 
 down, overthrow, 
 
 97, 1403. 
 dwiht, «/ a//, 342. 
 
dwrecan, to relate, 632. 
 dwyrgian, to curse, 
 
 157, 255. '5i8, 
 
 1560. 
 
 BA, (v. begen). 
 bx\,fire, 807. 
 basman, to set on fire, 
 
 burn up, 707, 96S, 
 
 1620. 
 bana, (v. bona), 
 banloca, bone-enclo- 
 sure, 768. 
 be, by, according to, at, 
 
 1288, 1392. 
 beacen, a sign, 1064, 
 
 10S4. 
 be"ag, ring, crown,2gi , 
 
 1 125, 1442. 
 beald, bold, 1075. 
 bealofull, baleful, 258, 
 
 907. 
 bealu, injur}', bale, 
 
 181, 1 104; bealo, 
 
 1246. 
 bealu-daed, evil-deed, 
 
 1300. 
 bealu-rdp, baleful- 
 cord, 364. 
 beam, a beam, tree, 
 
 rood, 677, 728, 1088, 
 
 1092, 1 168, 1 173, 
 
 1445- 
 bea.Thlm,cla»iour, cry, 
 
 949. 1*43- 
 beam, child, son, 
 
 {Christ), 2,7, 65, 75, 
 
 84, 125, 146, 163, 
 
 204, 241, 340, 411, 
 
 464, 571, 723. 
 beclysan, to shut in, 
 
 322. 
 
 bedaelan, to deprive, 
 
 562, (v. bidaMan). 
 bef6n, to receive, 79. 
 begen, both, 356. 
 beheofian, to bewail, 
 
 826. 
 behindan, behind, 1 54. 
 behydan, to hide, S43. 
 bemiSan, to conceal, 
 
 1047. 
 bemurnan, to bemoan, 
 
 175- 
 bend, bond, chain, 67, 
 
 146, 1040. 
 benn, a wound, 770. 
 bdodan, to announce, 
 
 482, 1339. 
 beofian, to tremble, 
 
 88o, 1013, 1019, 
 
 1 143, 1228. 
 beorg, mount, hill, 
 
 874, 898, 966, 976, 
 
 1006. 
 beorgan, to defend, 
 
 77o. 
 beorht, bright, radi- 
 ant, 204, 291, 411, 
 
 482, 509, 518, 741, 
 
 826, 876, 895, 1019, 
 
 1629, 1656. 
 beorhte, brightly, 
 
 551, 700, 902, 
 
 1466. 
 beorn, chief, 448, 529, 
 
 990. 
 beornan (byrnan), to 
 
 be on fire, 537, 807, 
 
 987, 1250. 
 beran, to bear, 1071, 
 
 1299, 1633. 
 berdafian, to bereave, 
 plunder, 167, 557. 
 
 berstan, to resound, to 
 
 burst, 810, 931, 
 
 1 1 40. 
 bescyrian, to deprive, 
 
 31- 
 besteman, to bedew, 
 
 make wet, 1084. 
 beth'c, excellent, 65. 
 befeccan, to cover, \ 15, 
 
 {v. bi^eccan). 
 bewindan, to wind 
 
 round, to wreathe, 
 
 28, 724, 1420, 1422, 
 
 1641. 
 bewn'l'an, to bind 
 
 round, 309, 717. 
 bibeodan, to bid, 542, 
 
 1498. 
 bibod, command, 1157, 
 
 1392, 1523, 1629. 
 bibyrgan, to bury, 
 
 II57- 
 bicuman, to become, 
 
 happen, 1 104, 1 1 12. 
 bidalan, to deprive of, 
 
 to sever, 1406, 
 
 1431. 
 bidan, to await, en- 
 dure, 146, 509, 703, 
 
 801, 1019. 
 biddan, to ask, pray, 
 
 112, 261, 336, 358, 
 
 773, I3SI. J 5°6- 
 bfd-faest, stationary, 
 
 firm, 1596. 
 bidyrnan, to conceal, 
 
 1087. 
 bifealdan, to inwrap, 
 
 enfold, 116. 
 bifeolan, to commit, 
 
 667. 
 bifon, to grasp, sur- 
 
 189 
 
round, encircle, 526, 
 
 1 1 56. 
 bigan, to avow, 1306. 
 bigangan, to practise, 
 
 1580. 
 bigong, course, way, 
 
 234, 679- 
 bigrafan,/<? bury, 1464. 
 bihelian, to conceal, 
 
 44, 1309. 
 bihkeman, to over- 
 whelm, 868. 
 bilucan, to lock up, 
 
 251. 333, S05, 1258, 
 
 1622. 
 bindan, to bi?id, 307, 
 
 364,872, 1596, 1620. 
 binn, manger, 723. 
 bireofan, to bereave, 
 
 deprive, 1524. 
 birinnan, to bedew, 
 
 1 174. 
 bisceran, to cut off, 
 
 1 5 18. 
 bisencan, to submerge, 
 
 1 167. 
 biseon, to percolate, 
 
 1086. 
 h\smiia.r\,todeJile, 1482. 
 bisorgian,fofizr£, 1 554. 
 bisweSian, to -wind 
 
 round, bind,inwrap, 
 
 1642. 
 biteldan, to over- 
 whelm, 537. 
 biter, bitter, 151, 764, 
 
 768,907, 1250, 1436, 
 
 1473- 
 
 bij>eccan, to cover, 
 1421. 
 
 bifencan, to remem- 
 ber, 820, 848. 
 
 190 
 
 bi|>ryccan, to press 
 
 on, 1444. 
 biwerian, to defend, 
 
 protect, 1642. 
 biwitian, to observe, 
 
 352. 
 biwrecan,/<? surround, 
 
 830. 
 blac, /We, livid, 807, 
 
 895. 
 bbed, glory, 687, 709, 
 
 876, 1210, 1238, 
 
 1255, 1290, 1345, 
 
 1585, 1634, 1656. 
 bked-wela, fruitful 
 
 riches, 1390. 
 bla-st, blast, 974. 
 blat, ghastly, 770. 
 blawan, /tf <V<?Tf, 879, 
 
 949- 
 We'd, flower, fruit, 
 
 1 168. 
 bleo, colour, hue, 1 563, 
 
 i39°- 
 bli'can, /<? shine, 506, 
 
 521, 700, 902, ion, 
 
 1237- 
 blind, blind, 1 125. 
 bliss, Wjjj, joy, 551, 
 
 1255, I34S> 164S. 
 
 1648, 1656. 
 blissian, to gladden, 
 
 1161, 1285. 
 blf[>e, blithe, 279, 518, 
 
 73$, 773, 876. 
 blod, blood, 258, 10S4, 
 
 1 in. 
 blod-gyte, bloodshed, 
 
 707. 
 blodig, bloody, 11 73. 
 boc, &?<?£, 452, 700, 
 
 784, 792, 1629. 
 
 boda, a messenger, 
 
 1 1 50, 1303. 
 bold, house, 741. 
 bona, slayer, destroyer, 
 
 devil, 263, 1392. 
 bonnan, to summon, 
 
 call together, 1065. 
 bord - gelac, missile, 
 
 768. 
 b6t, remedy, redemp- 
 tion, 151, 364. 
 brad, ^raw', 356, 379, 
 
 99o, II43- 
 bra;gd-boga, a drawn 
 
 bow, 764. 
 brecan, to break, 707, 
 
 949,99°, "44. 1392, 
 
 1628. 
 brego, prince, 402, 
 
 455- 
 brehtm, sound, 880. 
 breman, to celebrate, 
 
 to announce, 386, 
 
 482. 
 breost, breast, 340, 
 
 1071. 
 brdost-gehygd, breast- 
 thoughts, 261. 
 breost-sefa, thoughts 
 
 of the breast, 539. 
 breotan, to break, 484. 
 bringan, to bring, 1 19. 
 broga, terror, 792. 
 brond,yf>v, 810. 
 bro&'or, brother, 149S. 
 brucan, to enjoy, 391, 
 
 1324, 1360, 1645, 
 
 1662. 
 bryne, burning, 1057, 
 
 1596, 1660. 
 bryne-tear, hot tear, 
 
 151. 
 
bTyten-gnmd,sf>aaous 
 
 earth, 356. 
 bryten-wong, spacious 
 
 plain, the world, 
 
 379- 
 brytta, Lord, 2S0, 333, 
 
 461. 
 bryttan, to dispense, 
 
 681. 
 bmg,city, 65, 460, 518, 
 
 529. 533, 541. 55 2 . 
 
 56S, 123S. 
 burg-lond, citadel, 50. 
 burg-sittende, city 
 
 dwellers, citizens, 
 
 336. 
 burg-stede, citadel, 
 
 810. 
 burg-waru, citizens, 
 
 741- 
 burg-weall, city-wall, 
 
 976. 
 butan, without, (con/.), 
 
 271, 691 ; (prep.), 
 
 270, 721. 
 byme, a trumpet, 880, 
 
 1060. 
 byrd, bride, 279, 291. 
 byrd-scipe, child-bear- 
 ing, 1 8 1. 
 byrgen, tomb, 728, 
 
 1466. 
 byrhtan, to shine, 
 
 1088. 
 byrhtu, brightness, 
 
 1238. 
 bysmerleas, spotless, 
 
 stainless, 1324. 
 
 CALD, cold,8$o, 1628. 
 carcem, prison, 24, 
 734- 
 
 ceafl, bill, jaw, 1250. 
 ceapian, /c bargain, 
 
 1094. 
 cearful, troubled, sad, 
 
 24. 
 cearian, /<? fe anxious, 
 
 176. 
 cearig, sorrowful, 147, 
 
 ("'■ cerg). 
 cearu, core, S90, 996, 
 
 1015, 1 129, 12S4, 
 
 1661. 
 ceaster, citadel, 577. 
 ceaster-hlid, gate of 
 
 the city, 313. 
 cempa, a champion, 
 
 562. 
 cennan, to bring forth, 
 
 create, So, 231, 297, 
 
 635. 
 ceol, ship, 850, 860. 
 ce'osan, to choose, 23, 
 
 33°- 
 cerg ( = cearge), 834. 
 cierran, to turn, 154. 
 cild, child, 217. 
 cild-geong, a. young 
 
 child, 1424. 
 cinn, kind, race, 161S. 
 circe, church, 698, 702. 
 cirm, j/wk/, uproar, 
 
 834, 996- 
 clrcne, clean, pure, 
 
 135, 186, 275, 297, 
 
 33°. 443. 702, 1 22 1, 
 
 12S4. 
 cldj>, cloth, 724, 1422. 
 cleopian, to exclaim, 
 
 call, 176, 507. 
 clomm, a bond, chain, 
 
 734, 1 144, 1628. 
 cluster, lock, 313. 
 
 cneornis*, generation, 
 
 231, 1232. 
 cnoll, a knoll, 7 1 6. 
 corner, band, company, 
 
 493, 577 
 
 costian, /<? fty, prove, 
 1057. 
 
 craft, strength, craft, 
 skill, 217, 420, 666, 
 686, 1 144. 
 
 craiftgUfCraftsman, 1 1. 
 
 crist, Christ, r2 1 5, 
 1221, 1633. 
 
 cryb, a crib, 14:4. 
 
 culpa, a fault, 176. 
 
 cuman, A? «w, 11, 
 45, 61, 65, 73, 113, 
 147, 148, 242, 266, 
 289, 371, 412, 419- 
 435, 493, 544. 54S 
 552, 790, 823, 1007, 
 1025, 1035, 1 1 59, 
 1365- 
 
 cunnan, to know, to 
 have power, to be 
 able, 68, 76, 94, 184, 
 197, 245, 572, 714, 
 1048, 1091, 1 185, 
 1212. 
 
 cunnian, to proz-e, 
 have experience of, 
 1416. 
 
 cwanian, to bewail, 
 834. 
 
 c wealm , death, torture, 
 86, 1424, 1539, 1625. 
 
 cweccan, to move, 
 shake, 796. 
 
 cwelman, to destroy, 
 957- 
 
 cwen, woman, queen, 
 275, II97- 
 
 ICH 
 
cweoan, to say, to 
 speak, 64, 86, 147, 
 210, 282, 400, 452, 
 546, 690, 700, (v. 
 gecweo'an). 
 
 cwic, alive, 589, 890, 
 957, 996, 1029, 
 1129. 
 
 cwic - susl, living 
 punishment, 560, 
 
 731- 
 
 cwide, will, decree, 
 1222, 1514. 
 
 cwi'San, to lament, be- 
 wail, 890, 1 129,1284, 
 1566. 
 
 cyle, cold, 1661. 
 
 cyme, coming, advent, 
 529, 1029. 
 
 cyne-h'c, royal, 156. 
 
 cyne-st6I, royal throne, 
 50, 1215. 
 
 cyning, king, (God, 
 Christ,) II, 60, 135, 
 '64, 214, 371, 390, 
 493, 507, 527, 577, 
 617, 686, 702, 714, 
 73 1 , 796, 831, 1008, 
 1037, 1 164, 1207, 
 1587, 1625, 162S, 
 1661. 
 
 cynn, race, 223, 385, 
 960, 1026, 1 195. 
 
 cyst, choice, excellent, 
 50, 390, 1 1 33; ex- 
 cellence, 1222. 
 
 cySan, to make known, 
 to reveal, 64, 296, 
 337,449, 481, 1 144, 
 1 162, (v. gecySan). 
 
 dmd, deed, 428, 524, 
 192 
 
 802, 827, 1045, 1048, 
 
 1366, 1581. 
 daid - hwaet, active, 
 
 zealous, 384, 428. 
 da?d-scua, one who 
 
 acts in the dark, 
 
 256. 
 da:g, day, 466, 867, 
 
 1049, 1053, 1063, 
 
 1095, 1 152, 1203, 
 
 1309, 1370, 1655. 
 dael, part, region, side, 
 
 805, 1224, 1383. 
 dselan, to deal, 427. 
 d6ad,dead, 1157, 1178. 
 dea'3, death, 466, 595, 
 
 885, 1040, 1 172, 
 
 1410, 1461, 1474, 
 
 1559, 1601, 1617. 
 deaS-denu, valley of 
 
 death, 343. 
 de"a5-firen, deadly sin, 
 
 1205. 
 dea'5-ldg, deadly flame, 
 
 981. 
 deaS-sele, death's hall, 
 
 1535- 
 deaw, dew, 608. 
 d£go\,unknou>n, secret, 
 
 4°, 639. 
 de'ma, Judge, 795,835. 
 ddman, to judge, 802, 
 
 835, 844. 
 de"ofol, devil, 562, 579, 
 
 593, 897, 1277, 1448, 
 
 1513, 1521, 1530, 
 
 1535, 1626. 
 de"op, deep, 855, 1530, 
 
 1543- 
 deope, deeply, 167. 
 ddor, wild beast, 256, 
 
 deorc, dark, swarthy, 
 
 1 52 1, 1559. 
 deore, beloved, pre- 
 cious, 308 [v. dyre). 
 ddore, dearly, 1461. 
 d6gor, day, 427. 
 dohtor, daughter, 90, 
 
 190. 
 dolg, wound, 1 106, 
 
 1205. 
 ddm, honour, decree, 
 
 doom, 167, 227, 384, 
 
 404, 781, 789, 1020. 
 d6m-da:g, doomsday, 
 
 1617, 1635. 
 dom • eadig, blessed 
 
 with power, 1655. 
 dom-hwaet, zealous, 
 
 428. 
 don, to do, 16, 454, 
 
 1096, 1287, 1357, 
 
 1 51 1, 1566. 
 dream, joyous sound, 
 
 joy, 101, 579, 593, 
 
 1244, 1257, 1341, 
 
 1407, 1519, 1585, 
 
 1635, 1640, 1643. 
 dreamless, joyless, 
 
 1626. 
 dre"ogan, to endure, 
 
 suffer, 117, 270, 614, 
 
 621, 1252, 1270, 
 
 1273- 
 dreor, blood, 1085, 
 
 144S. 
 dreorig, sad, 1543. 
 drdorig-fer5, sad in 
 
 soul, 1 107. 
 drdosan, to fall, 608. 
 dri'fan, to drive, 676. 
 drohtao", way, path, 
 
 855. 
 
dryhten, lord, 40, 
 
 185, 271, 296, 347- 
 dryht-folc,<i multitude, 
 
 1040. 
 dryht-guma, man,war- 
 
 rior, 885. 
 dryhth'ce, majestically, 
 
 in a lordly manner, 
 
 drync, drink, 1437, 
 1507. 
 
 dugan, to be worth, to 
 avail, 20, 188. 
 
 6\i%\^&,manhood,troop, 
 prowess, good, 412, 
 562, 600, 608, 781. 
 
 dumb, dumb, 1 1 26. 
 
 dun, a down, 716. 
 
 durran, to dare, 1166. 
 
 duru, door, 30S. 
 
 dwa?scan, to ex- 
 tinguish, 485. 
 
 dynnan, to din, 929. 
 
 dvre, dear, beloved, 
 95, 1649, (v. deore). 
 
 dyrne,^tr t V,6j9, 1048. 
 
 dysig, foolish, 1126. 
 
 £\C, also, 135, 144, 
 
 281, 300. 
 eaca, an increase, 
 
 addition j 
 to eacan, besides, 
 
 1 241. 
 eacen, strong, great, 
 
 204 ; increased, yj. 
 facnung, increase, 74. 
 dad, prosperity, 1 197, 
 
 1292 ; happiness, 
 
 •399- 
 laden, given, granted, 
 199. 
 
 fad-fruma, source of 
 
 good, 531. 
 fad-giefa, giver of 
 
 happiness, 545. 
 fadig, blessed, 86, 687, 
 
 908, IOI2, 1 121, 
 
 1233, 1245, 1336, 
 
 1426, 1460, 1495, 
 
 1552, 1648. 
 eadgian, to bless, 19. 
 fad-mod, humble, 254, 
 
 785, 1351- 
 fage, eye, 6, 326, 391, 
 
 535, 1112, 1243, 
 
 1314, 1322, 1327, 
 
 i33°- 
 fah - strfam, water 
 
 stream, 1166. 
 eahtan, to observe, 
 
 judge, 1072, 1548. 
 eahtnyss, persecution, 
 
 703. 
 eal£,/0.' alas! 17,49, 
 
 70, 163. 
 eald,o/rf, ancient, 1 106, 
 
 1395. '545- 
 eald-cy<5, the old 
 
 country, 737. 
 eald - dagas, days of 
 
 yore, 302. 
 eald-feond, enemy of 
 
 old, 566. 
 eald-gestreon, ancient 
 
 treasure, Si 1, 1569. 
 ealdor, life ; to ealdre, 
 
 for ever, 478. 
 ealdor, prince, 7, 228. 
 ealdor-bfalu, deadly, 
 
 bale, 161 4. 
 eal-grene, all green, 
 
 1 127. 
 eall, all, 215, 244, 1 1 14, 
 
 1 iS t, 1200, 1219, 
 
 1277, 12S2, 1317, 
 
 1357, 1376, 1381. 
 eallunga, wholly, 921. 
 earcnan-stdn, precious 
 
 stone, gem, 1 194. 
 eard, dwelling, heme, 
 
 62, 513, 645, 771, 
 
 1028, 1044, 1 201, 
 
 1416. 
 eard-geard, dwelling- 
 place, 54. 
 eardian, to dwell, 124, 
 
 437- 
 earendel, ray, beam, 
 
 103. 
 ea.rfei)e,hardship, woe, 
 
 1 170, 1200, 1271, 
 
 1426, 1451. 
 
 earfoi5, 1 264. 
 
 earg, wretched, vile, 
 
 S27, 1296, 1302, 
 
 1406. 
 earge, badly, 1501. 
 earh-faru, a flight of 
 
 arrows, 761. 
 earm, wretched, poor, 
 
 16, 69, 381, 908, 
 
 1348, 1495, » 5°'. 
 
 1552, 1614. 
 earmh'c, wretched, 998. 
 earnian, to earn, 1050, 
 eastan, from the east, 
 
 884. 
 €&\^,easily,\-ji,{v.<j\€). 
 eaS-me'du, reverence, 
 
 humility, 358, 1 44 1, 
 fawan, to manifest, 54, 
 (-'. yvvan). 
 ebreas,lhe/febrews,66. 
 ebreisc, Hebrew, 132. 
 e'ee, eternal, endless, 
 
 193 
 
139, 27i. 3°4, 321, 
 53i. 795. 1044,1426, 
 1552. 
 
 eced, vinegar, 1437. 
 
 ecg, edge , 1 1 39. 
 
 denis, eternity, 312, 
 1202. 
 
 ed - geong, growing 
 young again, 1031, 
 1069. 
 
 edwft, scorn, con- 
 tumely, 1 120. 
 
 efen, even, alike, 299, 
 
 329, 963- 
 
 efen-eardigend, co- 
 dwelling, 236. 
 
 efen-ece, co-eternal, 
 HI, 464. 
 
 efenli'c, equal, 38. 
 
 efen-micel, equally 
 great, 1401. 
 
 efen-wesende, co-cval, 
 
 349- 
 eft, again, afterwards, 
 
 132, 324. 332, 
 
 1155. 
 eft-lean, recompense, 
 
 1098. 
 egesful, terrible, 1527. 
 egeslic, fearful, 917, 
 
 954, 1020, 1514. 
 
 1614. 
 egle, troublesome, 
 
 hateful, 761. 
 egsa, terror, fear, 16, 
 
 837,922, 945, io'3, 
 
 1363, 1368, 1562. 
 ellen, zeal, prowess, 
 
 1316. 
 ell - feod, foreign 
 
 people, 1082. 
 ende, end, 1028 
 
 194 
 
 ende-ded^yfr/u/ death, 
 1651. 
 
 ende-ldas, endless, 
 1630. 
 
 enga, j<?/t?, 236. 
 
 enge, narrow, 31. 
 
 engel, a»fc-/, 131, 314, 
 331, 334, 350, 386, 
 447, 473, 505, 514, 
 545, 547, 581, 629, 
 
 645, 660, 822, IOI2, 
 I062, 1245, I335, 
 1341, I467, 1519, 
 1644. 
 
 eorl, man, earl, 218, 
 545, 873- 
 
 eornest, earnestness, 
 1099. 
 
 eorneste, stern, 823. 
 
 eor'5-buend, an earth- 
 dweller, 421, 718, 
 1277, 1322. 
 
 eor3-burg, earth, 6. 
 
 eor&'e, earth, 199, 328, 
 620, 625, 813, 827, 
 1 127, 1 136, 1 179. 
 
 eorfil'iCf'/crrestrial^o-i. 
 
 eorS - waru, earth- 
 dwellers, 381, 696, 
 722. 
 
 eor'3 - wela, earth's 
 wealth, 610. 
 
 eowod, flock, herd, 
 256. 
 
 ermfu, misery, 270, 
 (v. yrmpu). 
 
 dSel, country, home, 
 31, 435, 629, 740, 
 1074, 1323, 1341, 
 1345. H05, 1495, 
 1638 ; {heritage, 
 
 e"l'el-cyning, king of 
 earth, 995. 
 
 e|>el-rice, native- 
 
 realm, 1460. 
 
 eSel-stol, native seat, 
 
 51, 5'5- 
 e5-gesyne, visible, 
 
 1233- 
 
 fAcen, guilt, crime, 206. 
 
 facen-tacen, sign of 
 crime, 1564. 
 
 faecne, wicked, deceit- 
 ful, 869, 1393. 
 
 freder, father, 162, 
 210, 319, 464, 515, 
 1013, 1217, 1646. 
 
 fasder-rice, father's 
 realm, 344. 
 
 fiedren-cynn, father- 
 kin, 247. 
 
 frege, doomed to death, 
 1516, 1532. 
 
 (xger,fair, 911, 1293, 
 1388. 
 
 fregre, beautifully, 389, 
 471, 506. • 
 
 faehS, feud, hostility, 
 616, 1439. 
 
 fcela, good, noble, 644. 
 
 {xmne,virgin,maidcn, 
 34,71, 122,174, 186, 
 194, 210, 417, 719, 
 787. 
 
 fa:mnan -Md, maiden- 
 hood, 91. 
 
 fsr-scyte, sudden shot, 
 765. 
 
 fa;r-searo, pernicious- 
 artifice, 769. 
 
 frest, firm, secure, 5, 
 165, 320. 
 
fieste, securely, 978, 
 
 1 1 56. 
 {xst\ice,firm, 311. 
 f;c5m, embrace, 650, 
 
 787, 1 145. '4*4- 
 fah, stained, 1559; 
 
 V guilty), 82S, 999, 
 
 1537, 1631. 
 fah, g uilty, 1 613. 
 faran, to go, 480, 5 1 2, 
 
 870, 924, 927, 944, 
 
 982, 1341, 1414. 
 (6a, few, 1 169, 1274. 
 feallan, to fall, 
 
 1524. 
 fea-sceaft, destitute, 
 
 miserable, 1 74, 
 
 367. 
 fedan, to feed, 1543. 
 fela, many, much, 
 
 171, 180, 1 1 16, 1 177, 
 
 1262, 1267, 1398, 
 
 1546. 
 feogan, to hate, 485, 
 
 708, 1597. 
 feond, enemy, 56s, 622, 
 
 638, 732, 769, 1393, 
 
 1403, 14 14, 1438, 
 
 1484, 1528, 1613, 
 
 1624. 
 feond-scipe, enmity, 
 
 485. 
 Hot, far, 389. 
 feorh, life, spirit, 1072, 
 
 1318, 1561, 1564, 
 
 1572, 1591 ; to wi- 
 
 dan feorh, for ever, 
 
 276. 
 feorh-dolg, deadly 
 
 wound, 1453. 
 feorh-gifa, giver of 
 
 !<fe, 555- 
 
 feorh-gdma, deadly 
 jaw, 1547. 
 
 feorh-ner, life's salva- 
 tion, 1595. 
 
 feorh-naru, life's 
 
 nourishment, 609. 
 
 feowertig, forty, 465. 
 
 i€x,fear, terror, 866. 
 
 ferh.1S,heart,spirit,475. 
 
 ferian, fergan, to drive, 
 852, to conduct, 517. 
 
 fer5, soul, spirit, 667, 
 1329- 
 
 fer8-ge wi t, mental wit, 
 1 182. 
 
 ferS-werig, weary of 
 life, 829. 
 
 fe3a, troop, 1 5 1 7. 
 
 findan, to find, 183, 
 1572. 
 
 finger, finger, 667. 
 
 firas, mankind, 34, 
 241. 1564, 1597. 
 
 firen, crime, sin, 55, 
 122. 180, 368, 721, 
 1097, 1 102, 1208, 
 1279, 131 1, 1372, 
 1484, 1615. 
 
 firen-bealu, transgres- 
 sion, 1274. 
 
 firen-dajd, sinful deed, 
 crime, 999, 1304, 
 1631. 
 
 firen-fremmende, com- 
 mitting crimes, 
 1 1 16. 
 
 firen-georn, sin-loving, 
 1604. 
 
 firen-lust, sinful lust, 
 1481. 
 
 firen-synnig, sinful, 
 1377- 
 
 firen-weorc, evil deed, 
 1299, 1397. 
 
 rise, fish, 965. 
 
 fijiere, a wing, 394. 
 
 flacor, flickering, 675. 
 
 t\xsc,/iesh, 1 22,4 1 7, 596, 
 1027, 1280, 1304. 
 
 fteesc-homa, flesh- 
 covering, body, 
 1296, 1464. 
 
 flan-geweorc, arrow- 
 work, by-,. 
 
 flint, flint, rock, 11S7. 
 
 Add, flood, water, 
 tide, S05, 97S, 984, 
 1 167. 
 
 fldd-wudu, vessel, 852. 
 
 fldwan, to flow, 983. 
 
 flyht, J?/^/, 398, 638, 
 653. 
 
 folc, people, 194, 224, 
 337, 425, 568, 578. 
 
 folc-dryht, multitude, 
 1065. 
 
 fold, earth, 71, 143, 
 278, 320, 806, 877, 
 982, 1001, 1032, 
 1141, 1388, 1448, 
 1464, 1532. 
 
 fold-aern, earth-cave, 
 729. 
 
 fold-biiend, earth- 
 dwellers, 866, 1 1 76. 
 
 fold-graef, earth-grave, 
 sepulchre, 1024. 
 
 fold-ra:st, earthly rest, 
 1027. 
 
 fold-weg, earth-way, 
 track of earth, 
 
 I5 28. 
 
 fold-wong, earth- 
 
 plain, 973. 
 
 195 
 
folgian, to follow, 
 
 H39- 
 folgofi, office, 389. 
 Mm, hand, 11 23, 1420. 
 f6t, foot, 1 109, 1 167, 
 
 1454- 
 forb;ernan, to burn 
 
 up, 1005, 1 541. 
 forbdodan, to forbid, 
 
 14S4. 
 forberstan, to burst 
 
 asunder, 1 1 36. 
 forbygan, to Iiumi- 
 
 liate, bend down, 
 
 730. 
 forcuman, to overcome, 
 
 150, 560. 
 fordon, to destroy, 
 
 damn, 993, 1 102, 
 
 1205, 1273. 
 fore-scyttels, forebolt, 
 
 bar, 311. 
 fore-spreca, mediator, 
 
 73=- 
 foretdcen, presage, 
 
 sign, 891. 
 fore-^oncol, prudent, 
 
 1 1 90. 
 forfon, to surprise, 
 
 872. 
 forgiefan, to grant, 
 
 390, 586, 775, 1257, 
 
 1374, 1386, 1398. 
 forgieldan, to requite, 
 
 433, I47S- 
 forhogian, to despise, 
 
 1:86, (?) 1632. 
 forht, afraid, 800, 891, 
 
 923, 1013, 1 128. 
 ior\H-\\c, fearful, 1 102. 
 forht-lfce, fearfully, 
 
 1318. 
 
 I96 
 
 forhwyrfan, to turn 
 
 aside, to be depraved, 
 
 33- 
 forketan, to leave, send 
 forth, let ge, 9, 29, 
 
 207, mo, 1 146. 
 forlegen, adulterate, 
 
 1609. 
 forleosan, to lose, 
 
 1397, 1550, 1584- 
 forpyndan, to turn 
 
 away, 96. 
 forseon, to despise, 
 
 756. 
 forst, frost, 1545. 
 forswelgan, to devour, 
 
 994- 
 fortedn, to betray, 269. 
 fortyllan, to seduce, 
 
 269. 
 forj'on, wherefore, 
 
 therefore, 240. 
 forwyrcan, to ruin, 
 
 919. 
 forwyrd, destruction, 
 
 1534, 1613. 
 forwyrnan, to refuse, 
 
 prevent, 19, 1502. 
 fracod, bad, accursed, 
 
 194. 
 fraet, proud, obstinate, 
 
 1372. 
 frastwe, ornament, 
 
 506, 521, 555, 804, 
 
 806, 1072, 1634. 
 frda, lord, 236, 327, 
 
 354, 394, 403, 474, 
 
 923,944, 1128,1167, 
 
 1 187, 1229, 1377. 
 
 frdene, da?igerous, 
 
 foolhardy, 769, 852, 
 
 1547, 1597- 
 
 frefran, to comfort, 
 
 "339- 
 
 fremde, alien, 1402. 
 
 fremman, to do, accom- 
 plish, 368, 642, 654, 
 1289, 1554. 
 
 fremu, benefit, 1397. 
 
 freo, free, joyful, 1 5 10. 
 
 freo-bearn, noble child, 
 222, 642, 787. 
 
 freod, affection, 165. 
 
 freogan, to honour, 
 love, 1646. 
 
 freo-lic, noble, 71. 
 
 freo-h'ce, joyfully, 186, 
 1289. 
 
 frdond, friend, 574, 
 •343, 1657. 
 
 freo-noma, surname, 
 635. 
 
 frdo'c5u, peace, 772. 
 
 fricgan, to aj£, 91. 
 
 frigu, affection, love, 
 36, 41S. 
 
 fn'5, peace, 488, 999, 
 1339, 1657. 
 
 frf'3-geard, dwelling 
 of peace, 398. 
 
 frdd, wise, 325, 11 76. 
 
 frofor, consolation, 64, 
 206, 337, 488, 521, 
 721, 727, 757, 800, 
 1359, 1420, 1 5 10. 
 
 from-h'ce, boldly, fear- 
 lessly, 574, 675. 
 
 fruma, creator, begin- 
 ning, 43, 224, 293, 
 515, 578, 843, "9°- 
 
 frum-bearn, first-born 
 child, 506. 
 
 frum-cyn, race, 34, 
 241. 
 
frum-gesceap, first 
 
 creation, 838. 
 frum-sceaft.yfrj/ crea- 
 tion, 471. 
 frym\ beginning, 222. 
 fugol, a bird, 635, 638, 
 
 644, 653, 981. 
 ta\,foul, 1229, 1481. 
 full,/////, 958. 
 fullian, to baptize, 483. 
 fus-leo5, death-song, 
 
 622. 
 fyllan, to fill, 1591, 
 
 1604. 
 fyllan, to/ell, 485, 708, 
 
 973- 
 fyr, fire, 957, 964, 973. 
 
 1001, 1061, 1561, 
 
 1618, 1624, [fir, 
 
 I5I9]- 
 fyr-ba5, bath of fire, 
 
 829, 984. 
 fym-dagas, days of 
 
 yore, 1032, 1293. 
 fyrn-weorc, an ancient 
 
 work, the creation, 
 
 578. 
 fyrst, a space of time, 
 
 1321. 
 fyr-sweart, fire-swart, 
 
 982. 
 fyrwet, curiosity, 91. 
 fyst, fist, 1 123. 
 
 GjESNE, barren, 848. 
 
 gacst, spirit, soul, 129, 
 202, 268, 318, 362, 
 596, 637, 648, 706, 
 776, 815, 847, 1033, 
 1043, M5-. '55'. 
 1622. 
 
 gxst, guest, 812, 971. 
 
 gabt-berend, spirit- 
 endowed, 1598. 
 
 gKSt-geryne, mystery 
 of the mind, 439, 
 712. 
 
 ga;st - hilig, holy in 
 spirit, 583. 
 
 gaest-hof, guest dwell- 
 ing, 819. 
 
 gsesth'c, ghostly, 41, 
 698. 
 
 gaest-sunu, spirit-son, 
 659, 859. 
 
 %sX,goat, 1229. 
 
 gafol, tribute, 558. 
 
 gdl, light, pleasant, 
 
 i°33- 
 
 galan, to sing, £>iz. 
 gan, gangan, to go, 
 
 425, 1069, 1 166. 
 gdr-faru, armed band, 
 
 780. 
 gar-getrum, storm of 
 
 darts, 673. 
 ge, and also, 845. 
 
 ge eac, 1 168. 
 
 ge-aefhan, to endure, 
 
 1428. 
 gealla, gall, 1437. 
 gear,_y^ar, 1034. 
 geard, dwelling, 200. 
 gear-dagas, <£z)v </ 
 
 yore, 250, 558, 
 
 820. 
 geamung,fl!?.w/, meed, 
 
 39- 
 gearo, ready, 448, 459, 
 
 1268, 1344. 
 gearo - snottor, very 
 
 wise, 712. 
 geat, gate, 250, 317, 
 
 575- 
 
 gebed - scip, com- 
 munion, 75. 
 gebeodan, to bid, 201. 
 geberan, to bear, bring 
 forth, 83, 122, 204, 
 
 1 150, 1419. 
 gebetan, to restore, 12. 
 gebidan, to await, 
 
 abide, 69, 1 528. 
 gebigan./tf twist, bend, 
 
 1 124, 1443. 
 gebindan, to bind, 731, 
 
 1355, 1537- 
 gebleod, of different 
 
 colours, 907. 
 geblandan, to mix, 
 
 1436. 
 gebletsian,/<?W«i',4l 1. 
 geblissian, to bless, 
 
 make happy, 248, 
 
 379- 
 gebrosnian, to lay 
 waste, destroy, 1 2, 
 
 83- 
 
 gebugan, tobend, 1503. 
 
 gebyegan, A? buy, re- 
 deem, 258, 1461. 
 
 gebyrd, birth, 37, 64, 
 
 75. 297. 
 geceosan, to choose, 
 
 445. 496, 589- 
 
 gecnawan, to under- 
 stand, 653. 
 
 gecweSan, to speak, 
 
 I3>- 
 gecweman, to please, 
 
 916. 
 ge-cynd, offspring, 
 
 1015, 1016, 1 179. 
 gecypan, to buy, 1470. 
 gecySan, to reveal, 
 
 156. 
 
 197 
 
ged;L'lan, to part, di- 
 vide, 165, 227, 427. 
 
 gedafenian, to be be- 
 coming, 550. 
 
 gedon, to do, cause, 
 29, 1264, 1381. 
 
 gedrreg, tumult, 998. 
 
 gedreccan, to afflict, 
 oppress, 992, 1297, 
 1507. 
 
 gedrefan, to trouble, 
 167. 
 
 gedrcosan, to fall, 264. 
 
 gedryht, band, host, 
 456, 514, 518, 940, 
 1012, 1662. 
 
 gedwellan, to lead as- 
 tray, 1 1 26. 
 
 gedwola, error, 343. 
 
 gedyran, to glorify, 
 1643. 
 
 ge-eardian, to dwell, 
 207. 
 
 ge-edniwian, to renew, 
 1038. 
 
 ge-endian, /<?£«</, 1638. 
 
 gefa»lsian, to cleanse, 
 purify, 143, 319. 
 
 ge-fasstnian, to fasten, 
 734, H46, 1455, 
 1489. 
 
 gefea, joy, gladness, 
 
 158, 230, 450, 584, 
 
 742, 1076, 1251, 
 
 1293, 1402, 1595. 
 
 gefelan, to feel, 1128, 
 
 H77- 
 gefeon, to rejoice, 475, 
 
 5°3, 756. 
 geferian, to lead, 
 
 carry, 344. 
 gefteogan, to fly, 294. 
 
 198 
 
 gefog, a joining, joint, 
 
 5- 
 
 gef6n, to give, seise, 
 receive, 1352, 151 1. 
 
 gefrcon, to free, 587. 
 
 gefremman, to finish, 
 accomplish, afford, 
 206, 262, 423, 565, 
 596, 601, 626, 
 1453- 
 
 yefreoSian, to protect, 
 587. 
 
 gefrignan, to ask, 
 learn, hear, 77, 224, 
 300. 
 
 gefyllan, to fill, fulfil, 
 180, 212, 325, 407, 
 467. 
 
 gefyrn, long ago, for- 
 merly, 62, 134, 300, 
 
 gefy sari, to make ready, 
 to cause to hasten, 
 474, 8S9. 
 
 gegan, to go, 442. 
 
 gegearwian, to pre- 
 pare, 1521. 
 
 gehaeftan, to take cap- 
 tive, 561. 
 
 gehslan, to heal, 173. 
 
 geMlgian, to hallow, 
 434, 1480. 
 
 gehit, promise, 540. 
 
 gehatan, to promise, 
 command, call, 57, 
 141, 1070, 1337. 
 
 gehealdan, to hold, 
 preserve, guard, 299, 
 1058, 1493. 
 
 gehladan, to load, 
 
 1033- 
 gehleapan, to leap, 
 716. 
 
 gehlid, covering, roof, 
 enclosure, vault, 517, 
 
 903- 
 gehogian, to devise, 
 
 1396. 
 gehreosan, to fall 
 
 down, 937. 
 gehrdoSan, to adorn, 
 
 329. 
 gchrcow, a lamenting, 
 
 997- 
 ge-hrdowan, to rue, 
 
 1492. 
 geh<5o,care, anxiety, 89. 
 gehwS, each, 193, 230. 
 gehwyrfan, to change, 
 
 187. 
 gehydan, to hide, 1465. 
 gehygd, thought, 746, 
 
 1037, 1053, 13 13. 
 gehyld, keeping, 544. 
 gehynan, to scorn, 
 
 h umble, oppress, 561, 
 
 I523- 
 gehyran, to hear, 170, 
 
 491, 585, 833- 
 gehyrstan, to adorn, 
 
 392- 
 
 gehyrwan, to despise, 
 458. 
 
 gelac, ' tumultus,' as- 
 sembly, 894. 
 
 gc\Acn\an,tocurc,heal, 
 1307- 
 
 gz\&d,path, 855. 
 
 gelajdan, to lead, 303, 
 858. 
 
 geleafa, belief, 482. 
 
 geli'c, like, 1382, 1429, 
 
 I43I- 
 
 gelfce, alike, 782. 
 gelimpan, to happen, 
 
come to pass, 78, 
 232. 
 
 geliSan, to sail, 856. 
 
 gelong, belonging, de- 
 pending, 151, 364. 
 
 gelyfan, to believe, 655, 
 
 752- 
 gelyfan, to make dear, 
 
 1643- 
 
 gemaec-scip, commu- 
 nion, 198. 
 
 gemxne, common,y-fo, 
 580, 145S. 
 
 gemaersian, to suppli- 
 cate, ::. 
 
 gemanan. fellowship, 
 1644. 
 
 gemeltan, /o w*//, 976. 
 
 gemengan, to mingle, 
 393- 
 
 gemet, measure, bound- 
 ary, 825. 
 
 gemetan, to meet, 329. 
 
 gemiclian, /<? enlarge, 
 46. 
 
 gemong, company, 
 throng, 1659. 
 
 gem(5t, assembly, 794, 
 831,941, 1025. 
 
 gemunan, /<? i^ar f'« 
 mind, 1 199. 
 
 gemynd, memory, 664, 
 1036, 1535. 
 
 genaegan, /<? approach, 
 assault, 873. 
 
 geneahhe,^wwfA,£<zr- 
 nestly, suddenly, 47, 
 
 975- 
 
 generian, /o sav e, 1256. 
 
 genesan, to be pre- 
 served, escape from, 
 1253. 
 
 geneSan. to venture, 
 68. 
 
 geniman, to take from, 
 222, 579- 
 
 geni'Sle, enmity, hate, 
 1438. 
 
 geniwian, to renew, 
 528. 
 
 genog, enough, 1263. 
 
 genomian, to «nw, 
 point out, 1099. 
 
 genynvian, to oppress, 
 363- 
 
 geoc, A^, 123. 
 
 geocend, saiiour, 197. 
 
 gdomor, j»/, mourn- 
 ful, 123, 498, 961. 
 
 geomor-mod, .rart' of 
 wW, 172, 5 34, 1405- 
 
 geomrian, to bemoan, 
 89. 
 
 geond, throughout, 6, 
 58, 70, 278, 305, 379, 
 468, 480, 481, 784, 
 809, 851, 854. 
 
 geond-secan, to per- 
 vade, 971. 
 
 geond-spreotan, to per- 
 vade, 41. 
 
 geond-wli'tan, to look 
 around. 
 
 geong, young, 34, 174, 
 200. 
 
 georn, eager, 396. 
 
 georne, eagerly, 752, 
 820,848, 1002, 1222, 
 12; 4. 1326, 1580, 
 1589. 
 
 geornlfce, eagerly, 26 1 , 
 
 432. 439- 
 geotan, to pour out, 
 172,816, 1447, 1565. 
 
 gereccan, to explain, 
 interpret, 132. 
 
 gerestan, to rest, 52. 
 
 gerisan, to befit, be- 
 seem, 2. 
 
 geryman, to open up, 
 864. 
 
 geryne, mystery, 40, 
 
 73. 94, 133. 422, 
 
 602. 
 gesa&lan, to bind, 861. 
 gesx\\g,blessed,happy, 
 
 437, 1247, 1459, 
 
 1650, 1658. 
 gesaelig-h'c, blessed, 
 
 1077. 
 gesdrgian, to afflict, 
 
 960, 969. 
 gesceaft, created 
 
 things, creation, 58, 
 
 238, 401, 671, 869, 
 
 990, 1019, 1 126, 
 
 1381. 
 gesceppan, to make, 
 
 form, create, 13, 22, 
 
 658, 1385. 
 gescieldan, to shield, 
 
 760, 774. 
 gescomian, to be 
 
 ashamed, 1301. 
 gesdean, to seel; visit, 
 
 61, 145. S23. 570, 
 
 625, 645, 1536. 
 gesecgan, to tell, 1308, 
 
 i3'S- 
 gesellan, to give, 1476. 
 gesenian, to sign, bless, 
 
 1340. 
 gesdon, to see, 497, 
 
 501, 505, 51 1, 521, 
 
 553,793,923, "04, 
 1 1 14, 1 126, 1 132, 
 
 199 
 
1280, 1290, 1305, 
 
 1310, 1312, 1347, 
 1453, 1456. 
 
 geset, habitation, 
 
 home, 1238. 
 
 geseSan, to declare, 
 prove, 242. 
 
 gesettan, to set, estab- 
 lish, create, 1163, 
 1380, 1388. 
 
 gesihS, sight, 6, 49, 
 909, 1 1 1 2. 
 
 gesi)>, companion, com- 
 pany, 472, 1520. 
 
 gesittan, to sit, 530. 
 
 geslean,/^ strike down, 
 148. 
 
 gesomnian, to unite, 
 collect, 4, 1220. 
 
 gesprecan, to speak, 
 1 5 10. 
 
 gestarian, to gaze, 306. 
 
 gestaf'elian, to estab- 
 lish, 306. 
 
 gesteald, a dwelling, 
 
 3°3- 
 
 gestfgan, to ascend, 
 to descend, 513, 67S, 
 748, 1 170, 1417, 
 1490. 
 
 gestun, noise, whirl- 
 wind, 989. 
 
 gestyllan, to move ra- 
 pidly,^, 715. 
 
 gesund, sound, un- 
 hurt, 1073, 1340. 
 
 gesweotolian, to dis- 
 play, 8. 
 
 geswiSan, to strength- 
 en, 384. 
 
 gesyllan, to give, 
 682, (v. gesellan). 
 
 200 
 
 gepencan, to consider, 
 
 to think about, 287, 
 369, 1055- 
 
 Ke]>6on,/operform,3y6. 
 
 gej'icgan, to lake, 
 1508. 
 
 gel'ingian, to inter- 
 cede, make terms, 
 341,615. 
 
 ge)'oht, thought, 1046, 
 1054. 
 
 gej'olian, to suffer, 
 1171, 1422, 1433, 
 1441, 1513. 
 
 geponc, thought, mind, 
 314, Iii8, 1 125, 
 1582. 
 
 gejrean, to afflict, op- 
 press, 1562. 
 
 gt1>wxre,peaceful, 1 26. 
 
 getremman, to estab- 
 lish, 1 149. 
 
 getrywe, honest, faith- 
 ful,875- 
 
 getwaefan, to separate, 
 deprive, 9S5. 
 
 geweald, power, 227, 
 704, 1414, 1647. 
 
 gewemman, to defile, 
 1485. 
 
 gewenan, to hope, ex- 
 pect, 1364. 
 
 gewendan, to turn, 
 
 933- 
 geweorSan, to become, 
 
 to come to pass, to 
 
 be, 36, 92, 121, 209, 
 
 237. 316, 35°, 
 geweorSian, to honour, 
 
 406, 658. 
 gewerian, to array, 
 
 446,551. 
 
 gewill, will, 361. 
 gewin, strife, anguish, 
 
 trouble, 56, 996, 
 
 14 10, 1654. 
 gewinnan, to gain, 
 
 999- 
 gewi'tan, to depart, 
 
 493, 532, 1226. 
 ge\vitlt*as, witless, 
 
 1471. 
 gewitt, understanding, 
 
 28, 639, 1176, 1 191, 
 
 1 198. 
 gewrit, scripture, 546. 
 gewrixlan, to give in 
 
 exchange, grant, 
 
 1259. 
 gewuldrian, to glorify, 
 
 97- 
 gewyrcan, to make, 
 
 160, 178, 239, 679, 
 
 762, 1 1 38, 1232, 
 
 1379, 1386, 1444, 
 
 1615. 
 gewyrht, work, deed, 
 
 desert, 127, 890, 
 
 1218, 1366, 1576. 
 ge-ycan, to increase, 
 
 103S. 
 giedd, a song, 632, 
 
 712. 
 giefan, to give, 472, 
 
 603, 1380, 1500, 
 
 1612. 
 gief-stol, gift-stool, 
 
 throne, 571. 
 giefu, grace, 479, 648, 
 
 659, 681, 709, 1242, 
 
 1 66 1 (v. giofu). 
 gield, a recompense, 
 
 1077, (v. gyldj. 
 gielp, pride, 683. 
 
gieman, to care for, 
 7°5. (v. gyman.) 
 
 gitt,yet, 317, 350. 
 
 gihe,greedy, 8 1 2, 97 1 , 
 1043. 
 
 gimm, a gem, 691, 
 694. 
 
 giofu, gift, grace, 41, 
 {v. giefu.) 
 
 gioguf, youth, 1652. 
 
 gl«ed, benign, glad. 
 314, 1285, 1652. 
 
 gted-mod, glad of 
 mood, 575, 909. 
 
 g\xs, glass, 1 28 1. 
 
 gleaw, wise, 138, 219. 
 
 gleawlice, wisely, pru- 
 dently, 129, 1326. 
 
 gl£d, burning coal, 
 
 994, i°43- 
 gl£o-beam, glee wood, 
 
 669. 
 gnorn, anguish, 1 574. 
 god,sustenance,(goods,) 
 
 479- 
 g6d, good, 10 10, 1 104. 
 
 1331, 1574- 
 god, <W, 323. 
 god-bearn, divine 
 
 child, 498, 701. 
 god-cunde, divine, 
 
 669. 
 god -died, ^tforf //«rf, 
 
 1285. 
 god-f>rym, divine 
 
 majesty, 138. 
 gold-fraetwe, gold or- 
 naments, 994. 
 gold-hord, treasure, 
 
 786. 
 gold - webb, golden 
 
 tapestry, 1 1 33. 
 
 O 
 
 gomel, old man, 134. 
 g° n g, g°'"gi journey, 
 
 = 53, >°34- 
 gongan, to go, pass, 
 
 575. {v. gangan.) 
 grafan, to delve, 1002. 
 greotan, to weep, 990, 
 
 1570. 
 gretan, to greet, 669. 
 grim, grim, 969, 1079, 
 
 1203, 1268, 1332, 
 
 1525. 
 grimli'c, grim, 917. 
 grimh'ce, grimly, 1002. 
 grom, grim, angry, 
 
 780. 
 grom - hydig, fierce- 
 minded, 733. 
 grorn, grief sadness, 
 
 1203. 
 grornian, to mourn, 
 
 969. ' 
 grund, bottom, abyss, 
 
 earth, 144, 480, 561, 
 
 681, 784, 971, 1 163. 
 grundleas, bottomless, 
 
 1544- 
 grund-sceat, region of 
 
 earth, 41, 648. 
 gryre-broga, terror, 
 
 847- 
 guma, a man, 426, 
 
 510, 812, 1652. 
 gu'o', £<>///«, 673. 
 gu5-plega, war-play, 
 
 battle, 572. 
 gyld, substitute, stead, 
 
 1101. 
 gylden, golden, 250, 
 
 3'7- 
 gylp, pride, arrogance, 
 
 816. 
 
 gyman, to to-£< Awrf 
 of 1544- '55'- '567, 
 1598. 
 
 gyrnan, to desire, 1165. 
 
 gyrne, earnestly, 1303. 
 
 HABBAN,to/jair, 180, 
 
 =55 
 
 hdd, condition, rank, 
 285. 
 
 hidor, resplendent, 692. 
 
 hseSen, heathen, 704. 
 
 haft, a captive, ser- 
 vant, 153, 359. 
 
 hxft, bondage, im- 
 prisonment, 259, 
 567. 
 
 hajlan, to foa/, 1 320. 
 
 hxlend, Saviour, 249, 
 357, 382. 434. 5°4, 
 633, 791- 
 hoele]>, »ia«,5265, 278, 
 371, 460, 533, 6o7, 
 668, 871, 881, 1 192, 
 1 195, 1276, 1590. 
 
 haelo, hffilu, salvation, 
 health, 11S, 201, 
 410, 751, S58, 1573, 
 •653. 
 
 haclo-bearn, saviour- 
 child, 585, 753. 
 
 haelo-lif, salvation, 
 149. 
 
 h;61u-giefu, healing 
 grace, 373. 
 
 hafcla, head, 504. 
 
 hilig, holy, 57, 283, 
 347, 402, 528, 631. 
 736, 1008, 1 109, 
 1338, 1425, 1587, 
 1607. 
 
 hdls, salvation, 586. 
 
 20I 
 
ham, /tome, 304, 349, 
 
 646. 
 hamfacst, resident, 
 
 1553- 
 
 hangian, to hang, be 
 suspended, 1 45 5, 
 1487. 
 
 hat, hot, 499, 5 38, 931, 
 975, 1058, 1 [61, 
 1425, 1522. 1540, 
 1618. 
 
 hatan, to command, 
 252, 278, 293, 1023, 
 1226, 1340, 1373. 
 
 hea, high, 1061, 1063. 
 
 heafod, head, 3, 1 1 24, 
 
 ■433- '443- 
 h eafod-gim , headrgt m, 
 
 1329. 
 hdag-engel, archangel, 
 
 201, (v. heah-engel.) 
 
 heah. high, 281, 378, 
 652, 677. 
 
 heah-boda, chief-mes- 
 senger, 294. 
 
 heah-clif, lofty cliff, 
 977- 
 
 heah-cyrring, high 
 
 king, 149, 133S. 
 
 heah-engel, archan- 
 gel, 402, 527. 
 
 heah-frea, high lord, 
 sovran, 423. 
 
 heah-gaest, great 
 
 spirit, 357. 
 
 heah-getimbro, a lofty 
 building, 972, 1 180. 
 
 heah-setl, high seat, 
 throne, 554, 12 16, 
 1334- 
 
 h^'ahpu, height, 497, 
 507, 759, 788, 865. 
 202 
 
 healdan. to keep, hold, 
 
 18,92,488,766, 791, 
 
 812, 1158, 1235, 
 
 1259, 1647- 
 healf, side, 60, 
 
 1266. 
 healic, noble, 429. 
 hea-lfce, on high, 
 
 excellently, 382", 388, 
 
 692, 1 148. 
 heall, hall, 3. 
 hean, abject, poor, 
 
 mean, 98, 264, 413, 
 
 631, 992, 1412, 1470, 
 
 1607. 
 heanlfce, ignomini- 
 
 ously, 371. 
 heanness, height, 
 
 161, 409. 
 heap, band, throng, 
 
 15. 548, 73o. 928, 
 
 943- 
 heard, severe, stern, 
 
 hard, 1063, 1124, 
 
 1 187, 1309, 1423, 
 
 1443, H87. <5°4, 
 
 1611. 
 heard-cuide, reproach, 
 
 1442. 
 hearde, cruelly, sorely, 
 
 363, 1016, 1455, 
 
 1512. 
 heard-h'ce, hardly, 
 
 cruelly, 259. 
 hearg, a heathen 
 
 temple, an idol, 484. 
 hearm, injury, 1 70. 
 hearm-cwalu, perni- 
 cious death, 1607. 
 hearm-cwide, abusive 
 
 speech, blasphemy, 
 
 1 1 19. 
 
 hearm-slege, a griev- 
 ous blow, 1 433. 
 
 hearpe, harp, 668. 
 
 hefige, grievously, 
 i486. 
 
 helan, to hide, 192. 
 
 hel-fus, hell - prom, 
 1 122. 
 
 hell, hell, 264, 557, 
 561, 590, 1158, 1258. 
 
 helle-bealu, the tor- 
 ment of hell, 1425. 
 
 hell-cwalu, hell - tor- 
 ment, 1 1 88. 
 
 he\\e-(<r,licllfre,i26&. 
 
 helm, helm, top, cover- 
 ing, 409, 462, 528, 
 
 565, 633- 
 help, help, 262, 631, 
 
 857, 1 1 72, 1470, 
 
 1567. 
 helpan, to help, aid, 
 
 1501. 
 helpend, a helper, 
 
 1412. 
 hel-scea)'a, hell-fiend, 
 
 363. 
 hel-waru, hell-dwell- 
 ers, 285, 730. 
 heofon, heaven, 60, 
 
 149, 201, 252. 
 heofon-beorht, hea- 
 venly bright, 1017. 
 heofon-bvma, heaven's 
 
 trumpet, 947. 
 heofon-condel, hea- 
 ven's candle, 607. 
 heofon-cund, heavenly, 
 
 celestial, 378. 
 heofon-cyning, king 
 
 of heaven, 1085, 
 
 1512, 1523. 
 
heofon-duguo, hea- 
 venly host, 1653. 
 
 heofon-engel, hea- 
 venly angel, 491, 
 926, iooS, 1276. 
 
 heofon-ham, hea- 
 
 venly home, 292. 
 
 heofon-mrcgen, hea- 
 venly host, 1 2 16. 
 
 heofon-rfce, kingdom 
 of heaven, 565, 1244, 
 1258, 1632, 1637. 
 
 heofon-steorra, star of 
 heaven, 1042. 
 
 heofon-tungol. star of 
 heaven, 692. 
 
 heofon-woma, hea- 
 venly sound, 833, 
 997- 
 
 heolo'5-cyn, hell race, 
 1540. 
 
 heonan, hence, 1 54, 
 
 513, 58i,753- 
 
 heorte, heart, i 73, 499, 
 538, 640, 746, 751, 
 1037, 1046, 1054, 
 1327, 1492. 
 
 heoro-gffre, eager to 
 destroy, greedy, 975, 
 1058. 
 
 heoro-grim, fiercely- 
 grim, 1522, 161 1. 
 
 her, here, 1456, 1573. 
 
 he'r-cyme, advent, 
 249. 
 
 here, multitude, host, 
 
 484, 5 2 3, 573, 843, 
 
 928, 1276, 1531, 
 
 1596, 1624. 
 here-fdSa, a martial 
 
 band, 1011. 
 herenis. praise, 414- 
 
 hergan, (henan,) to 
 
 praise, 4S, 382, 429, 
 
 469, 502, 633. 
 hetol, malignant, 363. 
 hider-cyme, advent, 
 
 hither, 141, 366. 
 hierusalem, ferusa- 
 
 lem, 1 133. 
 hige-gleaw, prudent, 
 
 wise, 1 192. 
 hild, war, 565. 
 hingong, hence going, 
 
 Mil, "553- 
 hiv/,form, colour, 656, 
 
 720, 724, 934. 
 hladan, to load, 783. 
 hlaefdige, lady, queen, 
 
 2S3. 
 hlaf, bread, 1353. 
 hlaford, lord, master, 
 
 46o,497, 5'7, 573- 
 hleahtor, laughter, 
 
 738. 
 hlemman, to roar, 
 
 resound, clash, 
 
 931- 
 
 hleo, refuge, protec- 
 tion, 408,605, 1 195. 
 
 hleo-fxst, protecting, 
 357- 
 
 hleor, face, cheek, 1 1 19, 
 
 1433- 
 hleotan, to get by lot, 
 
 to share, 782. 
 hleoS, shelter, 1352. 
 hleopor-cwide, speech, 
 
 utterance, 449. 
 hlij\ a hill, 744. 
 hl65, band, troop, 
 
 1161. 
 hliid, loud, 388, 491, 
 
 668, 833, 997. 
 
 hlutor, pure, bright, 
 
 292, 101 1, 1085. 
 hlutrc, serenely, 1 1 50. 
 hlydan, to sound, 881. 
 hlyp, leap, jump, 719, 
 
 725, 729, 735, 744, 
 
 746. 
 hold, gracious, 1470. 
 hold-lice, graciously, 
 
 429, 1356- 
 holm, the deep, ocean, 
 
 854, 977- 
 
 holm-fracu, tossing of 
 the waves, 677. 
 
 hond, hand, 161, 1 109, 
 1122, 1131, 1220, 
 1226, 1362, 1378, 
 i486, 1529. 
 
 hond-geweorc, handi- 
 work, 265, 1 41 3. 
 
 hord, treasure, 1046, 
 1054, 1071. 
 
 horse, wise, prudent, 
 48, 240. 
 
 hosp, insult, contu- 
 mely, 170, 1442. 
 
 ho3ma, a covering, 
 darkness, 44. 
 
 hrd, body, 1 3. 
 
 hraedlice, soon, speed- 
 ily, 262. 
 
 hraegel, dress, robe, 
 446,453,1353,1504- 
 
 hrafie, quickly, 1026. 
 
 hream, clamour, 593. 
 
 hreddan, to rescue, 
 
 273- 
 hrdmig, exulting, 53. 
 hreoh, rough, 857. 
 hreosan, to fall, 809, 
 
 975, 1042, 141 1, 
 
 1522. 
 
 203 
 
hreoiian, to adorn, 
 291. 
 
 Xvciovi, grief, ytyi, 1 556. 
 
 hrdowan, to repent, 
 rue, 1 41 3. 
 
 hreow-cearig, afflicted 
 with sad cares, 366. 
 
 hreVan, to stir, 677. 
 
 hrdp-eadig, glorious, 
 noble, 943. 
 
 hreder, heart, 538, 640, 
 1 1 58, 1 161. 
 
 hre]>er-c6fa, breast, 
 1327. 
 
 hrel'er-loca, the breast, 
 1054. 
 
 hrif, womb, 424. 
 
 hring, (?) ring, 536. 
 
 hrof, roof, 13, 59, 494, 
 527, 748. 
 
 hr6|>or, solace, plea- 
 sure, 413,622, 1 195. 
 
 hruse, earth, 657, 881. 
 
 hrycg, back, ridge, 
 857. 
 
 hum, certainly, for- 
 sooth, 21, 81, 336. 
 
 hwaes, sharp, keen, 
 1442. 
 
 hwearfian, to wander, 
 
 371- 
 
 hweorfan, to depart, 
 
 go, 3°, 475. 484, 956, 
 
 1043. 
 hwi't, white, 446, 453, 
 
 544, 896, 1017, 1 109. 
 hungor, hunger, 1659. 
 hiis, house, 11 34, 1138, 
 
 1480, 1602, 1626. 
 hii)>, spoil, 567. 
 hyegan, to consider, 
 
 1632 (? = forhycgan). 
 
 204 
 
 hyder-cyme, coming 
 hither, 586. 
 
 hyge, mind, heart, 
 499. 1356, 1504, 
 1510. 
 
 hyge-cra.'ftig, power- 
 ful in mind, pro- 
 found, 240. 
 
 hyge-geomor, sad at 
 heart, 1 53, 889, 992. 
 
 hyge-rof, strong of 
 mind, 533. 
 
 hyge-sorg, heart's sor- 
 row, 173. 
 
 hyge- fane, heart's 
 thought, 1329. 
 
 hyht, joy, hope, 57, 98, 
 528, 584, 863. 
 
 hyhtan, to hope, 141, 
 
 339- 
 hyht-ful, hopeful, 118. 
 hyht-plega, joyous 
 
 play, sport, 736. 
 hyll, a hill, 716. 
 hynan, to oppress, 
 
 2S9- 
 hyngrian, to hunger, 
 
 •353- 
 hyni>, (hyn)'o, hien)'o,) 
 
 contempt, disgrace, 
 
 590, 1 5 12. 
 hyran, to hear, obey, 
 
 72, 343, 359, 798, 
 
 1589. 
 hyrde, shepherd. 449, 
 
 704. 
 hyspan, to mock, scorn, 
 
 1 1 19. 
 hy]>an, (hf|>an,) to lay 
 
 waste, 972, 1042. 
 hy3e, hythe, haven. 
 
 858, 863. 
 
 fDEL, idle, empty, 
 1296. 
 
 fecan, to increase, 
 610. 
 
 inca, cause of com- 
 plaint, 177. 
 
 ingeponc, thought, 
 1012, 1314. 
 
 ingong, entrance, por- 
 tal, 307. 
 
 in-hebban, to raise, 
 312. 
 
 inlice, inwardly, 431. 
 
 inlihtan, to illumine, 
 42, 107, 114, 
 
 innan, within, inside, 
 1003, 1328. 
 
 iowan, to show, 334. 
 
 fu, once, formerly, 1. 
 
 lac, gift, 291. 
 
 lacan, to play, sport, 
 398,853, 1593. 
 
 Iadian, (ladigan,) to 
 clear from blame, to 
 clear one's-self of a 
 charge, 182. 
 
 lakedom, cure, re- 
 medy, 1 571. 
 
 laidan, to lead, bring, 
 HO, 573,794- 
 
 lsefan, to leave, 1 58. 
 
 lawmen, made of clay, 
 14. 
 
 la-ne, transitory, 841, 
 1557, 1584- 
 
 laeran, to instruct, 
 814. 
 
 la-stan, to follow, to 
 do service, to do, 
 476, 1223, 1287, 
 1 39 1. 
 
1st an, leave behind, 
 allow, let go, 154, 
 157,342, 1594- 
 
 lagu-flod, water, flood, 
 849. 
 
 lam, day, 1380. 
 
 lange, long, 136c. 
 
 lar, a learning, teach- 
 ing, lore, 43, 140, 
 1 199. 
 
 lareow, teacher, 457. 
 
 last, track, footprint, 
 
 495- 
 laS, hostile, hateful to, 
 
 loathsome, 182, 1 93, 
 
 591,845, 1373,1601. 
 lajilic, hateful, 1 1 72, 
 
 1274. 
 laSwende, evilly dis- 
 posed, 1593. 
 latian, to delay, 372. 
 leahtor, crime, sin, 
 
 828, 1097, 1279, 
 
 *3°7, i3'3, '477, 
 
 1537, 1557. 
 lean, reward, 433, 472, 
 
 782, 845, 1360, 1365, 
 
 1586. 
 Ieanian,/V> requite, 826. 
 leas, void of, 1412, 
 
 1450, 1463, 1507, 
 
 1639. 
 \ia.s, false, 11 18. 
 leaslfc,7'<w>;,y>'z'?'0/0tt.s, 
 
 1295. 
 leg, flame, 808, 956, 
 
 972,982,993, 1334, 
 
 •53', >537, I593- 
 
 {v. lfg.) 
 leg-bryne, burning 
 
 flame, 1000. 
 leger. sickness, 1660. 
 
 leod, people, 1088, 
 1 1 17, 1172, 1 1 85, 
 1237, 1423, 1571, 
 1601. 
 
 leod-sceapa, injurer 
 of the people, a pub- 
 lic enemy, the devil, 
 272. 
 
 leof, dear, 457, 495, 
 500, 595, 814, 845, 
 1346, 1360, 1641, 
 1651. 
 
 leofian,/o/;Vc,44 1,1634. 
 
 leof-li'c, lovable, dear, 
 
 399- 
 
 \eof-\\ce,lovingly, 1094. 
 leof-tael, dear, loving, 
 
 911. 
 leof-wende, pleasing, 
 
 gracious, 470. 
 leoht, light, 26, 226. 
 leoht, bright, 1088. 
 leohtan, to give light, 
 
 233- 
 leohte, clearly, 11 17, 
 
 1237. 
 leoma, light, ray, 105, 
 
 203, 233, 695, 776, 
 
 899, 1004, 161 9. 
 libban, lifgan, to live, 
 
 436, 828, 1155, 1210, 
 
 1325, '452, (cp. leo- 
 
 fian). 
 lfc, body, 776, 818, 
 
 1035, 1295, 1325. 
 licgan, to lie, 44, 733, 
 
 1136,1154,1423,1464. 
 h'c-homa, body, 627, 
 
 754, 1030, 1067, 
 
 1097, 11S5, 1208, 
 
 •279, >3>3, >452, 
 
 1469, 1483. 
 
 lfcian, to please, 1079, 
 
 1332. 
 lfc-sar, pain of body, 
 
 1428. 
 Iff, life, 226, 333, 1050, 
 
 1094. 
 lif-dasg, day of life, 
 
 1223. 
 lif-frea, lord of life, 
 
 14, 26. 
 h'f-fruma, life's Crea- 
 tor, Author of life, 
 
 503, 655, 1041. 
 Iff-wela, the wealth of 
 
 this world, 1346. 
 lff-wyn, life's joy, S05. 
 Kg, flame, 1249, 161 9, 
 
 (v.\6g.) 
 lim, joint, limb, 14. 
 liopu-caege, limb-key, 
 
 333- 
 liss, favour, love, 
 
 grace, 372,433, '365. 
 
 1645. 
 list, artifice, 1317. 
 Ii5, joint, limb, 1030, 
 
 1067, 1380. 
 lf'San, to go, sail, 850. 
 li'Se, gentle, 604, 912, 
 
 1636/ 
 li'xan, to shine, glitter, 
 
 230, 697. 
 loca, key, enclosure, 18, 
 
 320, 16 1 9. 
 lof, praise, 410, 611, 
 
 776. 
 lofian, to praise, 503, 
 
 399, 1640. 
 lond, land, 1000. 
 long, long, 342. 
 losian, to perish, be 
 
 lost, 1 556 ; to stray, 
 
 205 
 
escape from, iooo, 
 
 1627. 
 lufe, love, 476, 1 1 15, 
 
 1432. 
 lufsum, pleasant, 912. 
 lufu, love, 584, 165 1, 
 
 (v. lufe.) 
 langre,forlhwith, 166. 
 lust, desire, lust, 260, 
 
 1296 ; lustum, joy- 
 fully, 1223. 
 lyft, heaven, air, 218, 
 
 490, 989, 1041. 
 lyge, a lie, 1305. 
 lyge-searu.ar/(/ztf,775. 
 lygnian, /V> rti.vy, 11 18. 
 lysan, to release, re- 
 deem, 1208. 
 lyt, little, 1399. 
 lytel, little, 961, 132 1. 
 
 ma, more, greater, 
 420, 987. 
 
 maeg, kinsman, off- 
 spring, 164. 
 
 masg, maiden, 86. 
 
 msegden-had, maiden- 
 hood, 14 1 8. 
 
 majge, kinswoman, 95. 
 
 m»gen, strength, 
 
 power, might, 144, 
 318, 602, 747, 831 ; 
 « military force, 
 legion, band, 955, 
 1017. 
 
 maegen-craeft, mighty 
 power, 1278. 
 
 maegen-cyning, mighty 
 king, 9i5,94i- 
 
 m.egen carfepe, great 
 hardship, labour, 
 962, 1409. 
 
 -06 
 
 majgen-folc, a mighty 
 
 people, 875. 
 ma)gen-|>rym, greht 
 
 glory, mighty 
 
 strength, 295, 351, 
 
 556, 1007. 
 maegen - wundor, a 
 
 mighty wonder, 
 
 925. 
 mceg5,(m;ege3,) maid, 
 
 virgin, 35, 175,444, 
 
 720. 
 ivuL-gS, tribe, nation, 
 
 143, 233- 
 ma;g3-had, maiden- 
 hood, S4, 288. 
 mrcg-wlite, appearance, 
 form, 1382, 1 43 1, 
 mainan, to complain, 
 
 89. 
 ma.- nan, to tell of, 
 
 mean, 1376. 
 maenigo, multitude, 
 
 155, {v. mengu.) 
 msere, great, famous, 
 
 glorious, 3, 93, 137, 
 
 164, 209, 274, 440, 
 
 455, 588, 970, 1006. 
 mreSlan, to speak, 
 
 1336, 1362. 
 msrfu,/iraf, 590, 747. 
 maga, son, 141 S. 
 magan, to be able, 126^ 
 
 172, 182, 220, 241. 
 magu-geoguS, youth, 
 
 1427. 
 magu-tudor, offspring, 
 
 628. 
 man, crime, guilt, evil, 
 
 35, 1431, 1599- 
 man-cwealm, dire tor- 
 ment, 1415. 
 
 m;in-fremmende, do 
 
 ingenil, 1435. 
 mdn-forwyrht, sin, 
 
 crime, 1093. 
 manig, monig, many, 
 
 1141, iiiii, 1169, 
 
 1173- 
 manian, to admonish, 
 
 to claim what is due. 
 
 1477- 
 manig-feald, manifold, 
 
 661 ; monig-feald, 
 
 602. 
 mdn-sceaSa, evil-doer, 
 
 1558. 
 man-swara, a per- 
 jurer, 192 ; m£n- 
 
 swora, 16 10. 
 man - weorc, crime, 
 
 1209. 
 mdn-womm, guilty 
 
 stain, 1278. 
 meant, might, 217, 
 
 283, 295, 329, 477, 
 
 487, 566, 715, 821, 
 
 1076, 1 144, 1 1 88. 
 meant, mighty, 867. 
 meahtig, mighty, 1526, 
 
 (v. mihtig.) 
 mengu, multitude, 
 
 508, (v. lruenigo.) 
 mennisc, human, 
 
 720. 
 meotud, file, destiny, 
 
 the Creator, Cod, 
 
 93, 125, '42, 196, 
 
 209, 288. 
 meotud-scealt, decree 
 
 of fate, doom, 886. 
 meowle, 7/irgin, 445. 
 mete-Idas, food/ess, 
 
 1505. 
 
micel, great, 155, 351, 
 
 750, 846. 
 middan-geard, middle 
 
 earth, 24S, 274, 556, 
 
 697, 786, 825, 8S0, 
 
 970, 1045. 
 mihti;,', mighty, 474, 
 
 1 169, {v. meahtig.) 
 milde, merciful,gentle, 
 
 821,1 199,1209,1350. 
 milde, mercifully, 248. 
 milts, mercy, 243, 29^, 
 
 1253. «364. 1369- 
 mirce, dark, 127S. 
 misli'c, various, 643. 
 m6d, mind, manner, 27. 
 
 279. 292, 9« 5.988- 
 m<Sd-blind, un discern- 
 ing, 1 186. 
 mdd-cr.xft, mental 
 
 power, 440. 
 mddig, bold, 745. 
 mdd-lufe, soul's love, 
 
 1260. 
 modor, mother, 92, 
 
 424, 14 1 8. 
 molde, earth, 420, 887. 
 mon, man, 440. 
 m6na, moon, 605, 697, 
 
 936. 
 monig, (v. manig.) 
 monn-cynn, mankind, 
 
 243,416, 1025, 1039, 
 
 1093, 1095, 1415- 
 mon-wi'se, human 
 
 fashion, way, 76. 
 morpor, crime, 192. 
 morfior-hiis, house of 
 
 torment, 1623. 
 morJ>or-Iean, reward 
 
 of crime, 1610. 
 m6s,food, 1505. 
 
 motan, to be allowed, 
 
 245- 345, 391, 589- 
 mund, (?) troth, 92. 
 mund-bora, protector, 
 
 guardian-angel, 27. 
 mund-heals, (?) safety, 
 
 445- 
 munt, mountain. 715, 
 
 745- 
 mur, a wall, 1141. 
 murnan, tomourn, 499. 
 muS, mouth, 664, 
 
 1435- 
 my n tan, to intend, 1056. 
 myrran, to stumble, 
 
 err, to be troubled, 
 
 1142. 
 
 NACOD, naked. 1353. 
 
 1504. 
 najgel, nail, 1 108. 
 menig, none, 1309. 
 nales, not at all, 961, 
 
 1 169, 1 193, 1274, 
 
 1535- 
 
 nat-hwylc, ' nescio- 
 
 quis,' 188. 
 nawper, neither, 188. 
 neah, «£<jr, 389. 
 nearo-J'earf, pressing 
 
 need, 68. 
 nemnan, to name, 130, 
 
 635- 
 
 neod, desire, earnest- 
 »«j,244; nfod, 260; 
 ndode, earnestly, 
 ' neode and nyde,' 
 ' by our own desire 
 and by compulsion] 
 1070 (v. nyd). 
 
 neorxna-wong, Para- 
 dise, 1389, 1404. 
 
 neosan, to visit, 320, 
 
 740. 
 neotan, to enjoy, 1342, 
 
 1389, 1460. 
 nergend, Saviour, 1 56, 
 
 260, 323, 360, 397, 
 
 425. 
 nerian, to save, 1 187, 
 
 1449- 
 nied-]>\ow,slave,lhrall, 
 
 360. 
 niht, night, 541. 591, 
 
 868,871. 
 niman, to take, 62, 
 
 259, 963, 981, 1001, 
 
 1611. 
 niS, envy, 1658. 
 ni'5-cwalu. grievous 
 
 destruction, 1256. 
 niper, down, 958, 161 7, 
 
 1465. 
 m'3-hycgende, having 
 
 malice in heart, ma- 
 licious one, 1 108. 
 noma, name. 47, 130, 
 
 1350, 1505. 
 norS, northwards, 
 
 883. 
 nyd, necessity, 1070. 
 
 1404 {v. ndod). 
 nyd-gewald, tyranny. 
 
 1449- 
 nymj>e, unless, 323. 
 
 OVERilX.TEjm»ieasur- 
 
 <*5/*, 853. 
 oferfearf, extreme 
 
 need, 152. 
 ofgiefan, /o give up, 
 
 leave, 728. 
 ofhreosan, to fall 
 
 down, 932. 
 
 207 
 
ofost - licor, more 
 
 quickly, TJX. 
 
 ofslean, to slay, 1478. 
 
 oftdon, to withhold, 
 1503, 1508. 
 
 6ht, aught, 237 (v. 
 awiht, 6wiht). 
 
 onbaernan, to kindle, 
 1041. 
 
 onbeht, servant, 369. 
 
 onbeodan, to proclaim, 
 1 168. 
 
 oncndwan, to under- 
 stand, know, 641, 
 860, 1 117, 1 1 86. 
 
 ondraedan, to fear, 
 778, 789, 921, 1016. 
 
 onettan, to hasten, 
 be diligent, 1577. 
 
 onfindan, to detect, 
 perceive, 177, 11 77. 
 
 onfon, to receive, take, 
 74, 98, 181, 417, 
 627, 1067, 1 130. 
 
 ongietan, to see, per- 
 ceive, 1 105, 1 148, 
 1 158. 
 
 onginnan, to begin, 
 
 •36i, 1375- I4'3- 
 onhaele, hidden, (? 
 
 entire,) 894. 
 onhre'ran, to stir, 
 
 824. 
 onbweorfan, to turn 
 
 away, 617. 
 onliican, to unlock, 
 
 313, 324- 
 onlyhtan, to enlighten, 
 
 illuminate, 203. 
 onlysan, to loosen, 
 
 67. 
 onmedla, pride, 813. 
 
 208 
 
 onscinan, to shine 
 upon, 1239. 
 
 onsendan, to send, 
 "3,759.763. 
 
 onseon, to look upon, 
 1243. 
 
 onsi'en, lack, 479. 
 
 onstarian, to gaze 
 upon, 520, 569. 
 
 onsyn, presence, 395, 
 795, 835, 904, 922, 
 1018 ; onsi'en, 1649. 
 
 ontynan, to open, re- 
 veal, 18, 26, 252, 
 
 575- 
 
 onwald, power, 158. 
 
 onwalg, uncorrupted, 
 14 1 9. 
 
 onwh'tan, to look upon, 
 326. 
 
 onwreon, uncover, re- 
 veal, 94, 138, 194, 
 315,383,462. * 
 
 open, evident, open, 
 1044, 1 106, 1 1 15, 
 1569, 1603. 
 
 ord, chief, point, 740, 
 767, 844. 
 
 ord-fruma, source, ori- 
 gin, 226, 401, 1 197. 
 
 orgete, manifest, 1 1 1 5, 
 1456; orgeate, 1214, 
 1236. 
 
 orlege, war, strife, 
 559- 
 
 ormaete, immense, 308. 
 
 6S-clffan, to cleave to, 
 1265. 
 
 6o'ywan,(dawan,eowan, 
 to show, appear, 447, 
 453, 837, 893, 1603. 
 
 ower, anywliere, 198. 
 
 owihte, at all, 247. 
 
 PLEGA, play, sport, 
 revel, 742. 
 
 RACU, account, 1395, 
 
 1458. 
 ra:can, to reach forth, 
 
 stretch, 16 19. 
 raed, advice, counsel, 
 429, 1524. 
 raeran, to raise, 688. 
 raes, a rush, 726. 
 nest, rest, repose, 1654. 
 reisettan, to rage, 807. 
 raSe, quickly, 1524. 
 read, red, 80S, 1 ioo, 
 
 1174- 
 recan, to care, reck, 
 
 '439- 
 
 reccan, interpret, 670. 
 
 reccend, ruler, 17. 
 
 recen, swift, S08. 
 
 ren, rain, 608. 
 
 reord, speech, prayer, 
 46, 5°9, 1338. 
 
 reord-berend, en- 
 
 dowed with speech, 
 277, 380, 1023, 1367. 
 
 reordian, to speak, 
 
 195- 
 
 reotan, to weep, 834, 
 
 1228. 
 reSe, fierce, 797, 808, 
 
 824, 1526. 
 rice, power, dominion, 
 
 empire, kingdom, 
 
 267, 352, 474, 1064, 
 ) 1343, 1526. 
 rice, mighty, 1467. 
 ricene, forthwith, 
 
 1446. 
 
riht, account, reckon- 
 ing, 1373- 
 
 riht, righteous, true, 
 17 {v. ryht). 
 
 rim,numoer,466, 1585. 
 
 rinc, a man, 1 1 13. 
 
 rind, rind, 1 1 74. 
 
 rinnan, to run, n 13. 
 
 ripan, to reap, 85. 
 
 rod, rood, cross, 726, 
 1083, 1 100, 1 1 13, 
 1446, i486, 1488. 
 
 rodor, sky, heai'ens, 
 59, 73, *33, 221, 
 352, 407. 
 
 rodor-cyning, heaven- 
 ly &*g, 726. 
 
 rume, far and wide, 
 
 clearly, 59, 133. 
 ryht, right, just, 1367, 
 ered, erect, 1064, 
 
 (za riht). 
 ryht, justice, 699, 1219, 
 
 (v. riht). 
 ryhte, rightly, 1 30, 670. 
 ryhtend, a ruler, 797. 
 ryht - fremmend, a 
 
 righteous -worker, 
 
 1654. 
 ryht-geryne, mystery, 
 
 195, 246. 
 ryhtwis, righteous, 824. 
 ryne, a course, 46, 670. 
 
 SACERD, priest, 136. 
 safe, J*<J, 676, 851, 965, 
 
 1 143, 1 162. 
 siL-d, seed, 419. 
 sae-fisc, seajish, 985. 
 sari, h.xppiness, bliss, 
 
 1375- 
 
 silan. to Htui, 861. 
 
 samod.somod, together, 
 
 1 119, »=34, 1324. 
 sxp, ja/, 1 175. 
 sdr, /<»'«, sorrow, 
 
 1265, 1354, 1440, 
 
 1459, 1515, 1630, 
 
 1653. 
 sa>, grievous, sore, 
 
 208, 1417. 
 s.ire, sorely, 1570. 
 sar-cwide, a bitter 
 
 speech, 169. 
 s;irig, sorrowful, 1 509. 
 sarig-fero", ja</ ;« 
 
 heart, 1 08 1, 
 satan, satan, 1 520. 
 sawan, /<? ww, S5, 
 
 486, 662. 
 sdwel, sawl, saul, soul, 
 
 570, 618, 818, 1035. 
 
 1059. 
 scacan, to shake, S03. 
 sceadan, to separate, 
 
 (?) 978, to decide, 
 
 1231. 
 sceadu, shadow, 1087, 
 
 1583. 
 scearp, sharp, 11 40. 
 sc6at, corner, region, 
 
 71, 877, 1003, 
 
 1532. • 
 scea)>a, spoiler, in- 
 
 jurer, 774, 869, 
 
 1 1 30, 1394. 
 scdawian, to see, be- 
 hold, 304, 913, 1 135, 
 
 1205, 1275. 
 scendan, to injure, 
 
 scathe, 1547. 
 sccotend, shooter, 674. 
 scefl'an, to injure, 
 
 683,760, 1394,1465. 
 
 scieldan, to shield, 
 780. 
 
 sciene, beautiful, 
 
 1385 ; scyne, 1468. 
 
 scieppan, to shape, 
 896, 1 168. 
 
 scild-hreada, shield- 
 defence, 674. 
 
 scfma, ray, light, 
 696. 
 
 sci'nan, scynan, to 
 shine, 606, 900, 
 1008, 1290. 
 
 sci'r, bright, 869, 12S1. 
 
 sci'r-cyning, bright 
 king, 1 151. 
 
 sci're, brightly, 1087. 
 
 jA«r, 1140. 
 
 scirian, to appoint, 
 assign, 1225. 
 
 scolu, shoal, 927, 1250, 
 1521, 1533, 1606. 
 
 scomu, shame, 1 272. 
 
 scond, scand, disgrace, 
 1272, 1281, 1297, 
 1478, 1485. 
 
 scri'fan, to judge, 12 18. 
 
 scrift, confessor, 1304. 
 
 scriSan, to stride, 
 wander, 808, 1583. 
 
 sculan, jAa//, must, 
 30, 69, 16;, 171, 
 190, 203, 211, 232, 
 270, 297, 380, 580, 
 610, 620, 625, 745, 
 755, 765, 800, 
 828. 
 
 scyld, guilt, sin, 96. 
 
 scyldig, guilty, 1 1 5 1, 
 1272, 1606. 
 
 scyld-wreccende, sin- 
 avenging, 1 1 59. 
 
 209 
 
scyld-wyrcende, per- 
 petrating guilt, 
 i486. 
 
 scyppend, Creator, 47, 
 265, 416, 900, 1130, 
 1159, 1218, 1225, 
 1394, 1616. 
 
 sealt, salt, 676. 
 
 searo-j'oncol, cunning 
 of thought, wise, 
 219. 
 
 searo-crseft, skill, 
 
 handiwork, 8. 
 
 searolice, cunningly, 
 671- „ 
 
 s6aiS,pit, 1543. 
 
 seax, sword, 1 1 39. 
 
 sdcan, to seek, 440, 
 648, 751, 135S, 
 1509. 
 
 secg, a man, 219. 
 
 secgan, to tell, say, 32, 
 63, 72, 127, 136, 
 1S9, 196, 202, 208, 
 450, 1192, 1303. 
 
 sefa, heart, 441, 486, 
 49S, 662, 906, 1206, 
 1350, 1358. 
 
 segel, veil, 1137. 
 
 segn, standard, 1060. 
 
 se\, good, 280, 519. 
 
 sele-gescot, tabernacle, 
 
 1479- 
 sellan, to give, 289, 
 
 374, 659, 688, 1379, 
 
 1397, 1588. 
 semninga, suddenly, 
 
 490, 872, 898. 
 sendan, to send, 104, 
 
 128, 293, 663, 674, 
 
 1 1 50. 
 se'oc, sick, 1354. 
 
 2IO 
 
 seon, to see, 58, 494, 
 1284, 1299, 141 5, 
 1610. 
 
 seoo'an, to seethe, 993. 
 
 settan, to appoint, set 
 down, place, 235, 
 662. 
 
 sib, peace, 49, 486, 
 580,618,688, 1337. 
 
 sib-lufa, kindly love, 
 634- 
 
 sibsum, peaceful, 
 
 213. 
 
 si'd, wide, 4, 58, 238, 
 784. 
 
 side, side, 1 1 10, 1447. 
 
 sigan, to descend, 549. 
 
 sige, victory, 19. 
 
 sige-bearn, son ef vic- 
 tory, 519. 
 
 sige-dema, victorious 
 judge, 1059. 
 
 sige-dryhten, Lord of 
 triumph, 127. 
 
 sige-mece, victor- 
 sword, 1529. 
 
 sige-preat, rush of 
 triumph, 842. 
 
 sige-hremig, vic- 
 
 torious, 530. 
 
 sigor, sygor, victory, 
 87, 242, 293, 419, 
 580, 1227, 1515. 
 
 sigor-beorht, beauty, 
 sovran splendour, 
 
 9- 
 sigor-le'an, reward of 
 
 victory, 1588. 
 simle, always, 52, 
 
 322, 392, 403, 601, 
 
 (cp. symle). 
 sine, gold, 308. 
 
 sinc-giefa, giver of 
 
 treasure, 459. 
 singales, continually, 
 
 322, 392. 
 singan, to sing, 282, 
 
 467, 618, 666, 
 
 883. 
 sin-neaht, perpetual 
 
 night, 116, 1 541, 
 
 1630. 
 sittan, to sit, 25, 116, 
 
 1215. 
 siS, journey, course, 
 
 145 ; vicissitude, 
 
 1417; occasion, 317. 
 siS, later, 892 ; late, 
 
 1566. 
 siSian, to journey, 
 
 328. 
 si)']>an, henceforth, 
 
 374- 
 sleep, sleep, 872, 888, 
 
 1660. 
 sldan, to strike, 1122, 
 
 1440. 
 sh'tan, to slit, 1139. 
 sneome, quickly, 888. 
 sniid, sudden, 840. 
 sniide, quickly, 296. 
 snyttru, wisdom, 441, 
 
 661, 666, 683. 
 snyttru-craft, 666. 
 softe, softly, patiently, 
 
 145. 
 somod-fxst, fast to- 
 gether, 1579. 
 sdna, soon, anon, 9, 
 
 232. 
 song, song, 501, 1648. 
 sorg, sorrow, 169, 
 
 1080, 1207, 1283, 
 
 1570. 
 
sorg-cearu, sorrow, 
 
 care, 208. 
 sorgian, to sorrow, 
 
 25, 1015, 1265. 
 sorg-leas, sorrow/ess, 
 
 careless, 345, 871. 
 s63, true, 213, 403, 
 
 45°. 5". 793- 
 s<53, truth, 32, 189, 
 
 699, 705, 1 1 52. 
 
 1305. 
 s65-cyning, true king, 
 
 1227. 
 s63e, truly, 212. 
 soS-fceder, //;<• /r;^ 
 
 Father, 102. 
 soiN-fost, firmset, true. 
 
 9, 52, 105, 695. 
 SoS-lfce, truly, indeed. 
 
 136, 202. 
 spatl, spittle. 1 1 20. 
 
 U34. 
 sped, success, 2^j. 
 
 603, 672, r382, 
 
 1400. 
 spel-boda, messenger, 
 
 335- 
 
 speowian, to spit. 
 
 1 1 20. 
 spere, a spear, 1447. 
 spowan, /<; succeed. 
 
 563- 
 spralc, speech, 182. 
 sprecan, /<? speak, 21, 
 
 23, 32, 170, 178, 
 
 189, 797, 1120. 
 
 1376. 
 stxdfcst, steadfast, 
 
 979- 
 
 sUt-lan, /o charge, im- 
 pute to, 1372. 
 
 st.clg, j/<f^, 678. 
 
 st.ijne, stony, 640. 
 Stan, fftflf, 191, 1 141, 
 
 1423. 
 standan, to stand. 251. 
 
 321, 10S3, 1559. 
 starian, to gaze, 340. 
 stad'elian, to comfort, 
 
 sustain, 863, 1356. 
 staSol, station, 660, 
 
 979- 
 staJ'ol-fa-'St, firm 
 
 foundation, 489. 
 stede, place, 1146. 
 stefn, voice, 359, 388, 
 
 947, 991, 1060. 
 steorra, star. 938, 
 
 1 146. 
 stigan, to ascend. 497. 
 sti'rgan, to touch, 
 
 668. 
 stft, strong, 979. 
 storm, storm, 939, 
 
 9S9. 
 stow, place, 489. 
 stnel. arrow, 764, 
 
 77S. 
 stream, stream, 852. 
 stredan, to fall, 938. 
 strengre, stronger. 
 
 harder, 191. 
 streng5u, strength, 
 
 489. 
 strong, powerful, 989. 
 strynan, /<? £a/«, 1 573. 
 stund, period, time, 
 
 1409. 
 styece, ^;>«y, 1 137. 
 styled, steeled, 678. 
 styll, /*a/>, 718, 722, 
 
 727- 
 styllan, /o spring, 746. 
 sund, ocean, 985. 
 
 sund-buend, ocean 
 dweller, 72, 220. 
 
 sundhengest, Aorj^ <y 
 the deep, 851, 861. 
 
 sundur-gifu, special 
 grace, 79. 
 
 sund-wudu, ocean- 
 wood, ship, 676. 
 
 sunne, jk«, 1650. 
 
 sunu, nm, 90, 125 
 142. 196, 204, 209. 
 
 siisl, torment, 148, 
 1602. 
 
 siijian, southwards, 
 S83. 
 
 swa, .50, a.f, 849. 
 
 swses, beloved, win- 
 some, 616, 1 146, 
 1347, 1479- 
 
 swujslic, kind, 1509. 
 
 sxvxs\ice,lovingly, 1 337. 
 
 sw£pan,/o sweep, 1529. 
 
 swar, heavy, grievous, 
 953, 1410, 1660. 
 
 Swdt, MW, 1086, 
 
 mo, 1 175, 1447. 
 swatig, bloody, 1457. 
 sweart, swarthy, dark, 
 
 268, 871, 896, 965, 
 
 993, 1103. 
 sweg, a sound, 490. 
 sweg-dynn, a loud 
 
 sound, 953. 
 swegel, sky, heaven, 
 
 109, 202, 280, 392, 
 
 501, 512, 542, 549, 
 
 605,688, noi, 1658. 
 swegl-dream, heavenly 
 
 joy, 1347- 
 swelan, to burn, 985. 
 swelgan, to swallow, 
 
 559, 1602. 
 
 21 I 
 
sweltan. to die, 190, 
 
 986. 
 swencan, tostrike,^b\. 
 sweord, sword, 678. 
 sweotule, clearly, 242, 
 
 511. 
 swete, sweet, 906. 
 swician, to wander, 
 
 1298. 
 swi'gan, to be silent, 
 
 189. 
 swima, giddiness, 
 
 1298. 
 swingan, to scourge, 
 
 1621. 
 swinsian, to sound, 
 
 883. 
 swip, a scourge, 1440. 
 swf 6, strong, 715; seo 
 
 swio're hond, the 
 
 right hand, 1529. 
 swi'Se, exceedingly, 
 
 219, 309, 1077. 
 swiSh'c, excessive, 
 
 953- 
 swogan, to roar, 948. 
 swylce, w too, 281. 
 swylt, death, 1538. 
 symbel, r^f«/, 549. 
 symle, <??v/-, always, 
 
 375, 43'- 
 syn, «"«, 116, 2S9, 
 
 993> i°59> 1248, 
 
 1263, 1306, 1312, 
 syn-byr3en, burden of 
 
 sin, 1298. 
 syn-fdh, sin-stained, 
 
 1081. 
 synful, sinful, 1227, 
 
 1517, 153'- 
 synig, (synnig,) sinful, 
 918, 1131, 1280. 
 
 212 
 
 synlice, sinfully, 1478. 
 syn-lust, love of sin, 
 
 268. 
 syn-rust, sin's rust, 
 
 1319- 
 syn-scea'6'a, sinful 
 
 one, 705. 
 syn-wracu, vengeance 
 
 for sin, 1538. 
 syn-wund, wound of 
 
 sin, 756. 
 syn-wyrcend, worker 
 
 of sin, 1 103. 
 
 tacen, .Kg?*, 53, 461, 
 641, 1213, 1234. 
 
 talian, to allege, 793. 
 
 teag, a bond, 732. 
 
 teala, w*//, 791. 
 
 tealtrian, to stumble, 
 370. 
 
 tear, a tear, 151, 171, 
 
 1 173, I565- 
 tempel, temple, 185, 
 
 205, 1 137. 
 teona, discomfort, 
 
 1089, 1213. 
 teon-leg, avenging 
 
 flame, 967. 
 tid, /i«f, 234, 405, 
 
 1079,' 1 147, 1332, 
 
 IS57- 
 tilgan, tiligan, to strive 
 
 for, 747, 13 17. 
 tir, glory, grace, 28, 
 
 269, 461, 1210. 
 tir-fruma, author of 
 
 glory, 205. 
 tfr-meahtig, glorious- 
 ly powerful, 1 164. 
 tobrecan, to break to 
 
 pieces, 976. 
 
 toglidan, to vanish, 
 1162, 
 
 tolesan, to loosen, 
 1041. 
 
 t6me, _/«« from, de- 
 void, 1 2 10. 
 
 torht, bright, beauti- 
 ful, 106, 185, 205, 
 
 234, 541- 
 torn, grief, 537. 
 torn-word, grievous 
 
 word, 171. 
 to-somne, together 
 
 1436. 
 to-stencan, A? disperse, 
 
 255- 
 towi^ere, against, 184. 
 towrecan, /<? disperse, 
 
 257. 
 tredan, A? /raza', 1164. 
 treow, /azV/j, 81, 
 
 583- 
 treow-lufu, true-love, 
 
 537- 
 trum, strong, 882, 
 
 932. 
 tniwian, fo /?-«j'/, 836. 
 trymian, to encourage, 
 
 1358. 
 tuddor, progeny, 687, 
 
 1415. 
 tungol, a star, 106, 
 
 234, 606, 670, 698. 
 tungol-gim, a star- 
 gem, 1 149. 
 tydre, tender, frail, 
 
 28. 
 tyht, course, 810. 
 
 f^EC, ray, 1502. 
 pearf, need, 10, 21, 
 111,254, 372. 
 
pearfa, a poor man, 
 
 1 421. 
 pearfende, needy, 1283. 
 l>eaw, custom, habit, 
 
 1582. 
 |>egn, Maw, 282, 456. 
 }>egnung, service, 353. 
 pegn-weorud, host of 
 
 thanes, 750. 
 |>eod, people, nation, 
 
 126, 223, 376, 846, 
 
 1022, 1090, 1 132. 
 {■eod-bealu, terrible 
 
 bale, 1266. 
 |>eod-buende, dwellers 
 
 among the nations, 
 
 people, 615, 1171, 
 
 1370. 
 peod-egesa, men's dis- 
 may, S32. 
 |>eoden, prince, 331, 
 
 353. 456, 54°- 
 |>eoden-stol, prince's 
 
 throne, 396. 
 ^6od-\z.nA,region, 305. 
 t'e'od-sceaSa, injurer 
 
 of the people, 1 594, 
 
 1608. 
 |>e'od-wundor, marvel 
 
 exceeding great, 1 1 53. 
 peof, thief, 870, 1608. 
 pe'ostor (|>eostru, J>y- 
 
 stor), darkness, 1 1 5, 
 
 226, 870, 1246. 
 |>eostre, dark, 1408. 
 piece, thick, 1174. 
 |>ing, doom, 925. 
 
 Miflf, 223, 1330. 
 
 I'ing-stede, meeting- 
 place, 496. 
 I'olian, /o J«^t-r, 1 384, 
 
 1408, 1450. 
 
 |>onc, thanks, 1 26, 20S, 
 
 598, 600, 611. 
 I'oncian, to thank, 1254. 
 |>om, a thorn, 1444. 
 |>racu, n/j-//, 592. 
 |>r£a, misery, 945, 
 
 1062, 1090, 1 132, 
 
 ■363- 
 l>rean, to afflict, 1319, 
 
 1594- 
 preat, « ^<i>M r , troop, 
 
 49'. 516, 569, 737, 
 
 926. 
 t'ringan, tothrong,3<)6. 
 I'rist, *o/</, 341, 592. 
 priste. boldly, harshly, 
 
 1508. 
 |>rist-hycgende, stout- 
 hearted, 287. 
 t>rist-lice, boldly, 870. 
 J>roht, anguish, 1226. 
 prosm, vapour, smoke, 
 
 115. 
 I'rowian, to suffer, 
 
 1 1 16, 1 1 53, 1248, 
 
 H32- 
 growing, suffering, 
 
 469, 1128, 1 1 78. 
 t>rym, |>rim, m 'ght K 
 
 glory, 70, 82, 203, 
 
 387, 422, 592, 725. 
 l>rym-ficst, majestic, 
 
 456, 942. 
 I'rym-full, glorious, 
 
 540. 
 Irymlfce, gloriously, 
 
 287. 
 |>rynes, (|>r>'nyss,) 
 
 Trinity, 378, 598. 
 |>ry.\ strength, 968. 
 JryS-gesteald, //eww 0/" 
 
 .f/ory, palace, 353. 
 
 t>urfan, to »«</, 80. 
 
 purh-dn'fan, to pierce 
 through, 1 108. 
 
 I'urh-seon, to see 
 through,pierce, 1 326. 
 
 tmrh-wadan, to pene- 
 trate, 1 1 40, 1281. 
 
 t'urh-wli'tan, to look 
 through, 1282, 1330. 
 
 ^urst, thirst, 1508, 1659. 
 
 l>wean, to ■wash, 1319. 
 
 |>yncan, to seem, ap- 
 pear, 1400, 1423, 
 
 I487> 1597- 
 I'yrnen, thorny, 1125. 
 pyslic, such, 516. 
 
 UFAN-CUND, celestial, 
 
 502. 
 unapre'otend, un 
 
 wearying, 387. 
 unb^ted, unamended, 
 
 1 3 10. 
 unbrcece, adamantine, 
 
 5- 
 unclxne, unclean, 
 
 1015, 1308, 1314. 
 uncuS, unknown, un- 
 couth, evil, 1 416. 
 uncyst, vice, 1328. 
 undyrne, clear, 1539. 
 unefen, uneven, 1458. 
 ungearu, unready, S73. 
 ungeli'ce^/w///^, 897, 
 
 908, 1261, 1361. 
 un-hn<!aw, unsparing. 
 
 685. 
 un-holda, monster, 761. 
 unm.i'le, immaculate. 
 
 iV, 720. 
 unm.ite, immeasur 
 
 aHe, 952. 
 
 213 
 
unmurnlice, unpity- 
 ingly, 8 1 1 . 
 
 unrfm, countless, 568. 
 
 unrot, sad, 1181, 1406. 
 
 unryht, wrongs injus- 
 tice, 559, 1289, 
 1501. 
 
 unsalig, unhappy, un- 
 propitious, 1 2 86. 
 
 ungesajlig, 
 
 1214. 
 
 unscomiende. un- 
 
 ashamed, 1323. 
 
 unsofte, severely, 1355. 
 
 unswdte, unswect, 
 H37- 
 
 unsyfre, unclean. 1 230, 
 1482. 
 
 untweo, indubitable, 
 
 959- 
 unwemme, tmdefiled, 
 
 299,417. 
 unwillum, unwill- 
 ingly, 1489. 
 unwyrSe, unworthy, 
 
 1561. 
 up-astandan, to arise. 
 
 887. 
 up-cund, /izj//, 267. 
 up-heofon, heaven 
 
 above, 966. 
 up-r6dor, firmament, 
 
 1 129. 
 up, upwards, 463, 535, 
 
 543, 629, 753- 
 uppe, above, 386. 
 up-stige, ascension, 
 614, 654. 
 / ure, oar, 493. 
 
 utan, outside, 1003. 
 
 WAC, weak, faint. 854. 
 214 
 
 wdce, weakly, feebly, 
 798,836. 
 
 waed, weeds, dress, 
 1421. 
 
 wa?g, wave, 979. 
 
 w;cg-deor, ocean-mon- 
 ster, 986. 
 
 wa'Im, surge, 830, 964, 
 1005. 
 
 wselm-fyr, surging fire, 
 930. 
 
 waepen, weapon, 564. 
 
 wser, compact, 582. 
 
 wajrfa;st, trusty, 383. 
 
 waergtSu, curse, damn- 
 ation, 56,97, 1270. 
 
 w;erleas, perfidious, 
 1612. 
 
 waerlfce, warily, 766. 
 
 war-loga, traitor, 
 1560. 
 
 waka, moisture, 1506. 
 
 waster, water, 850, 
 980, 987. 
 
 wafian, to -wave, vacil- 
 late, be agitated, 88. 
 
 waldend,//;(?/?«/(fr,45, 
 162,239,257,327. 
 
 wanian, /o wane, les- 
 sen, 991. 
 
 wea, ow, 1262, 1383. 
 
 weadla, a /oor mm, 
 1494. 
 
 wealdan, to >7/&-, 1009, 
 1 160, 1387. 
 
 weall, wall, 4, 10. 
 
 weallan, /o surge, 
 rage, 538, 983, 1249. 
 
 weall-dor, wall-door, 
 
 weall-stan. wallstone, 
 
 weard, guardian, 133, 
 221, 242, 526, 766, 
 944- 
 
 weardian, to guard, 
 
 395, 495- 
 wearning, 'warning, 
 
 920. 
 weax, wax, 987. 
 weccan, to awake, call 
 forth, 608, 885, 950. 
 weder, weather, 604. 
 weg, way, 680. 
 wegan, /o bear, carry, 
 
 1576. 
 wel, a/c//, 1078, 1234, 
 
 1259, 1575- 
 wela, wealth, power, 
 
 604, 1383, 1386. 
 welig, rich, wealthy, 
 
 I494- 
 wenan, to hope, ween, 
 
 think, 80, 211, 309, 
 
 788. 
 wendan, to turn, 649. 
 weolme, choice, (subs.) 
 
 444. 
 weorc, work, 2, 8, 10, 
 
 20, 66. 
 weorod, weorud, wered, 
 
 troop, men, host, 
 
 160, 227, 481, 1009, 
 
 1068. 
 weor'6', worth, price, 
 
 1096, 1476. 
 weorSan, to become, 
 
 to be, 27, 37, 42, 54, 
 
 83, 199, 231, 443, 
 
 490. 
 weor&'ian, to honour, 
 
 159, 393, 432, 686, 
 
 690. 
 weor&'-Ifc, worthy, 82. 
 
weorS-mynd, honour, 
 
 glory, m. 
 weorSung, honour, 
 
 "35- 
 wepan, to weep, 991, 
 
 1288. 
 wer, a man, husband, 
 
 36, 415, 418, 50S, 
 
 633, 1046. 
 weYig, weary, hapless, 
 
 wretched, 955, 9S6, 
 
 1563. 
 wer-J>eod,»;««,599,7 1 3. 
 wesan, to be, 212, 215, 
 
 235, 238, 279, 3°3, 
 
 459- 
 we3e, sweet, 914. 
 wic, camp, 1 533. 
 wfd, wide, 257, 809, 
 
 930, 956, 964, 1042. 
 wide ferh, for 
 
 ever, 162. 
 
 to widanfeore, 229. 
 
 wide, widely, 184, 257. 
 wfd-gielle, extensive, 
 
 680. 
 wid-lond, wide earth, 
 
 spacious land, 604, 
 
 I383- 
 
 wid - mx-re, far 
 
 famous, 974. 
 wid-weg, wide way, 
 
 481. 
 wff, woman, 39, 70. 
 wig, war, by 2. 
 wfga, a warrior, 983. 
 wi'gend, warrior, 408. 
 wiht, creature, thing, 
 
 418,980, 1047, 1052, 
 
 '555- 
 wil-cuma, a welcome 
 person, 553. 
 
 wil-daeg, day of jov, 
 
 458. 
 wil-giefa, giver of 
 
 good, 536. 
 willa, will, desire, 
 
 pleasure, 376, 1260, 
 
 1262. 
 willan, to wish, desire, 
 
 48, 143, 273, 5'6, 
 
 522. 
 wilnian, to desire, 
 
 772. 
 wil-siiS, propitious 
 
 course, career, 20, 
 
 23. 
 windan, to wind, 980. 
 windig, windy, 854. 
 winnan, to fight, war, 
 
 1525, 
 \v\x\s\.tr,bad, left-hand, 
 
 1226; wynster, 1362. 
 wisdom, wisdom, 1 550. 
 wis, wise, 920. 
 wise, manner, 228. 
 wfs-fest, very wise, 
 
 63- 
 
 wit, spirit, soul, 263. 
 
 witan, to know, 383, 
 441, 1303, 1384, 
 1472. 
 
 wi'te, punishment, tor- 
 ment, 594, 624, S03. 
 1091. 
 
 witedom, prophecy, 
 211. 
 
 wi'te-hus, house of tor- 
 ment, 1534. 
 
 wfte-t'co, a tortured 
 thrall, 150. 
 
 witga, a prophet, 63, 
 690, 1 191. 
 
 witig, wise, 225. 
 
 wiSer-broga, adver- 
 
 sa ry, 563- 
 
 wiS-weorpan, to cast 
 away, reject, 2. 
 
 wlatian, to behold, 
 gaze at, 326. 
 
 wli'tan, to see, look, 
 1 103. 
 
 wlite, grace, beauty, 
 glory, 847,905,913, 
 1036, 1057, 1663. 
 
 wliteleas, ugly, sight- 
 less, 1563. 
 
 wlite-scyne, beauteous , 
 
 492, 553- 
 
 wlitig, beautiful, 
 
 bright, 20, 377, 910, 
 1463. 
 
 wolcen, cloud. 22;, 
 587. 
 
 worn, blemish, sin, 
 53, 178, 187, 1005, 
 1096, 1 310, 1320, 
 1450. 
 
 womful, malignant, 
 
 '533- 
 worn - sceafa, sin- 
 
 stained foe, 1224. 
 
 1568. 
 wom-wyrcende, work- 
 ing wickedness, 
 
 1091. 
 won, lack, 269. 
 won, livid, 964, 1563, 
 
 1422. 
 wong, plain, 679, 
 
 809. 
 wong - stede, plain, 
 
 801. 
 wonhdl, infirm, 1 506. 
 wonhydig, thoughtless, 
 
 '555- 
 
woman, to lay waste, 
 
 950. 
 w6p, weeping, 1 50, 
 
 536, 997- 
 word, word, 178, 341, 
 
 428, 458, 468, 473, 
 
 508, 1036. 
 word - cwide, speech, 
 
 672. 
 word - geryne, mystic 
 
 word, 462. 
 word-la&'u, eloquence, 
 
 663. 
 worn, great number, 
 
 168, 956. 
 woruld, world, 597, 
 
 649. 777, 798; to 
 
 worulde, evermore, 
 
 loo. 
 woruld-cund, worldly, 
 
 earthly, 211, 284. 
 woruld-mann, worldly 
 
 man, 1014. 
 woruld-rice, world's 
 
 kingdom, 1499. 
 woruld-t>earfende, tin- 
 needy of the world, 
 
 1349- 
 
 woruld-widl, world's 
 pollution, 1005. 
 
 woruld-wite, martyr- 
 dom, 1476. 
 
 v/68-bora,prophel,30 1 . 
 
 wo'5-song, prophetic 
 song, 45. 
 
 wracu, persecution, 
 exile, misery, 592, 
 621, 1513, 1600, 
 1605. 
 
 wraec-maecg, e vile, 362. 
 wr;cc-lfc, strange, 
 
 wondrous, 415. 
 wraet-lfc, wondrous, 
 
 508. 
 wra5, hostile, angry, 
 
 15. 594, 803, 1311, 
 
 1533, 1546. 
 wraMic, grievous, se- 
 vere, 830. 
 wrecca, wretch, 263. 
 wn'tan, /<? write, 672. 
 wrixl, change, 415. 
 wroht-bora, Me aeea- 
 
 wr, Me devil, 762. 
 wuldor, glory, 7, 29, 
 
 53, 5 6 , 7o, 82, 109. 
 wuldor-cyning, King 
 
 of Glory, 160, 1 02 1, 
 wuldor-ldan, glorious 
 
 reward, 107S. 
 wuldorlic, glorious, 
 
 1009. 
 wuldor - weorod, host 
 
 of glory, 284. 
 wuldrian, to glorify, 
 
 400. 
 wulf, ««>//j 255. 
 wund, a wound, 762, 
 
 769, 1 106, 1206. 
 wundor, a marvel, 907, 
 
 987, 1014, 1 184. 
 wundor - clom, won- 
 drous bond, 309. 
 wundorlfc, wondrous, 
 
 904. 
 wundrian, to wonder, 
 
 7- 
 wundrung, marvel, 88. 
 
 wunian, to dwell, 82, 
 102, 162, 346, 404. 
 
 wynlice, pleasantly, 
 comely, 1344, 1386. 
 
 wynn, joy, 70, 436, 
 
 739, 1243, "295, 
 
 1480. 
 wynsum, pleasant, 
 
 winsome, 1251. 
 wynsumh'c, winsome, 
 
 910. 
 wyrcan, to work, 707, 
 
 1052. 
 wyrd, event, 80. 
 wyrhta, worker, I. 
 wyrm, a worm, ser- 
 
 pent, 624, 1249, 1546. 
 wyrp, overthrow, 
 
 thrust, change, 66, 
 
 564. 
 \\yr'St,worthy, honour- 
 ed, 29, 599. 
 
 yfel, «///, bad, 917. 
 yfel, a» 2'//, 873, 1252, 
 
 yld, «£?, 1652. 
 
 yrmen, whole, 480. 
 
 yrmSu, misery, 369, 
 613, 620, 1267, 1291. 
 
 yrra, angry, 1527. 
 
 yrringa, angrily, 1 145, 
 '371- 
 
 ytemest, ulter//iost,Syg. 
 
 y5, a wave, 853, 11 66, 
 
 yS-meare, sea-horse, 
 862. 
 
 ywan, /<? disclose, pre- 
 sent, 1374. 
 
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