! I •^ "0* This book is DUE on the last date stamped below I | 6 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIOLOGY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY An Analytical Reference Syllabus BY GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD, Ph. D. Head Professor of Political Science and Sociology PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 1910 H$3 PREFATORY NOTE. Among teachers of experience the conviction is deepening thai social psychology is by far the most practical, the most fruitful, division of sociological science. Social psychology is applied sociology at its best. Tn fact, the subject as presented in this outline, besides other matter, embraces in substance or in prin- ciple all that Professor Ward has discussed in his admirable Applied Sociology. Furthermore, the appearance within a twelve-month of Ross's Social Psychology, Davis's Psychological Interpretations, McDougalPs Social Psychology, and Oooley's Social Organisation has made comparatively easy the analysis of the materials for academic study. These works supplement one another in various ways. For instance, the books of Mc- Dougall and Ross have nothing in common except the title, since the former drops the subject where the latter takes it up; while neither of these writers, except in passing, touches the historical foundations with which in so helpful a way the mono- graph of Davis is concerned. The Social Psychology of Professor Ross possesses the well- known characteristics of the author's fascinating style and orig- inality of illustration. The point of view is essentially that of Tunic; for the subject-matter is restricted mainly to the general field of suggestion-imitation, lint Ross's analysis is more com plete, and, through his fertility in up-to-date examples, he deals far more effectively with the actualities of modern social life. Logically, it must be confessed, Dr. Ross has not covered the entire ground of social psychology. His definition hardly em- braces all the psychic phenomena of group-life. Nevertheless his narrower conception of the subject favors an economic di- vision of labor. A broader treatment might include much that necessarily is treated in "general sociology," which, of course, (3) 4 PREFATORY NOTE. is chiefly psychological in character. The more restricted treat- ment has at least the offsetting advantage of directing attention to the really practical part of social psychology. Still, when all is said, a well-balanced course of study must somewhat transcend the limits of Dr. Ross's book. Accordingly the first chapter of this syllabus, comprising six sections, deals with the "characteristics of social psychology," including ils his- torical development. Here Dr. Davis's important work has been of distinct service. The second chapter and part of the third, constituting sections YII to XVIII inclusive, closely follow Dr. boss's analysis, except that here and there supplementary topics have been introduced and fuller references supplied. Two rather elaborate outlines, sections XIX and XX, complete the text; for the great problems with which they deal are coming more and more to command the earnest attention of thoughtful men. It is hoped that the "Select Bibliography" may prove useful in organizing more intensive studies. George Elliott Howard. Lincoln, November 16, 1909. \ i.Y'i [CAL [NDEX. PAGES (II .I'TER I. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 7-25 I. Kise of Psychological Sociology: the Conception of Social Unity 7-10 II. Kise of Psychological Sociology: the Conception of Social Personality 10-12 III. The Problems of a Social .Mind 12-14 IV. Rise of Social Psychology as a Specialized Division of Psychological Sociology 14-18 1. Various Special Contributions 14-17 2. Systematic Works 17-18 V. The Theories of Gabriel Tarde 18-20 1. Biography and Bibliography 18-19 2. Davis's Analysis of the Elements of Tarde's System... 19 3. Suggestions for Critical Study 20 V I . The Province of Social Psychology :>]-::> Chapter II. suggestibility and Imitation 26-46 VII. Suggestion and its Variations 26-29 1 . What is Suggestion? 26-27 2. Variation of Suggestibility VIII. Mob Mind : Definitions of Crowd and Mob 29-31 IX. Mob Mind Continued 3] -34 1. Mob Characteristics Without Presence or Bodily Con- tagion 31-33 2. Forms of Assembly with Presence Differentiated from the Crowd and the Mob ::::-:: 1 X. Remedies and Preventives of Mob Mind .; l- ;.". XL Fashion 36-38 XII. Conventionality 38-41 XIII. Custom and Tradition 41-45 XIV. Rational Imitation 4.3-46 Chapter III. Opposition or Coin tek-Imitation; and Other As- pects of Social Mind and Ethics 47-62 XV. Interference and Conflict 47-49 1. Silent Conflict 47 2. Vocal Conflict or Discussion 47-49 X V ! . Union and Accumulation 4 '.» XVII. Compromise 49-50 XVIII. Public or Social Opinion 50-53 XIX. The Psychology of Race-Prejudice and the Problem of Potential Race-Equality .")3-5^ XX. The Hole of Great Men 58-62 1. The "Great Man" Interpretation of History 2. Potential Genius and Democracy 59-62 Select Bibliography 63-SS (5) SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. CHAPTER I. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Section I. Rise of Psychological Sociology: Tin: Concep- tion of Social Unity. I. The Forerunners: Genesis of the Idea of a Social Psychic Unity. 1. Auguste Comte (Davis, Psychological Interpretations, 15-21). a. His psychological law of the three states or stages in the history of the human mind (Comte, Philosophic positive, I, 2 ft'. ; idem, Martineau's ed., T, 2 ff. ; idem, Positive Polity, passim \ . b. His conception of psychology ("transcendental bi- ology") in his hierarchy of the sciences; and of the relation of sociology to psychology (Comte, Positive Philosophy, Martineau's ed., I, 15 ft., II, 93 it'.; idem, Positive Polity, II, 1851 ff. Cf. Davis, op. cit, 17-18). c. He recognizes the affective faculty, the feelings, as "the prime motives of the mind" (Davis. op. (it.. is L9; Comte, PMlosophie positive, -"itli ed., III. le<;on 45; idem, Positive Polity, I. 542-43, 550, III. 55 ft.. 57: .Mart mean. op. (it.. I. chap. vi). d. Real meaning of Comte's idea of "The Great Being" or social unity (Davis, op cit., 20-21). 2. Herbert Spencer. a. The need of a knowledge of psychology in social life accented in his Study of Sociology, chap. xv. I). Emphasis of factors of mind and environment in his Principles of Sociology, especially Part 1 (Ward, Dynamic Sociology, I, 206 ft.: Davis, op. cit.. 22-25). c. His doctrine of "correspondence": he "correlates social type with mental type, hut rarely psychic process with social process" (Davis, op. cit.. 24). cm 8 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 3. George Henry Lewes aiid the first clear conception of a "general mind" (Problems of Life and Mind, 3d series, I, 159-70, 1st series, I, 101 ff., 115 ff., 146 ff. Cf. Davis, op. cit., 25-26). 4. E. De Roberty: holds that the most important basis of psychology is sociological (La sociologie, 188, 201 ff. ; Davis, op. cit., 26-27). 5. Hegel and the doctrine of "imminent ideas" in the evolu- tion of peoples. 6. Moritz Lazarus and H. Steinhal and the first conception of Folk-Psychology (for their bibiography, see Davis, op. cit., 28 ff.). a. Earliest clear conception of a science of the "collective mind." o. Steinhal's analysis of psychology as a whole, 1887 (Davis, op. cit., 28-32). 1) General psychology: the science of the mechanism of ideas, feelings, and impulses. 2) Folk psychology: dealing with communal psychic life. 3) Individual psychology: science of the individual mind. c. Their conception of a "Volk" and of a "Volksgeist," 1860; abstract not experimental method (Zeitschrift fiir Volker-Psychologie, III, 385-486). II. The Modern Builders of Systematic Psychological Sociology. 1. Lester Frank Ward: his pioneer system of psychological sociology, 1883-1906 (on Ward, compare Dealey, Sociol- ogy, 78-80). a. His powerful influence in freeing sociology from the biological or "organicist" theory. b. Yet his sociology is sanely "dualistic," recognizing bi- ological and physical as well as psychic phenomena (on "dualism," see Ward, Pure Sociology, chaps, v, x; idem, Dynamic Sociology, I, chap, v; Dealey and Ward, Text-Book, chap, vii; Small, General So- ciology, 79-90; Giddings, Principles, 363-99; Ellwood, in A. J. 8., IV, 657-58) . c. Great importance of his psychology of the "social forces" or desires; of the feelings as the "dynamic CHARACTERISTICS. J agent" and of the intellect as the "directive agent" iu social achievement (see the detailed analysis of Wind's psychology of the social forces in Howard, General Sociology, '.',--:'>'>). !>. This last work is reviewed in The Nation, LXXXIX, 165-66. With Cooley, read Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, I, 364-75, on the genesis of the inter-relation of society and the social personal ity). a. Sociology is the science of personal intercourse. 1) Tn its primary aspects: the "individual." 2) In its secondary aspects: groups. b. Sociology must concern itself especially with man-to- man relations or associations (Oooley, Unman Nature and the Social Order, particularly 1-13, 70-101). 12 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 1) The social person is a "psychic fact"; a "group of sentiments attached to some symbol"; the "social self is simply an idea, or system of ideas, drawn from communicative life, that the mind cherishes as its own"; and "every cherished idea is a self" (Cooley, op. cit., 147, 185. Cf. Royce, World and Individual, II, 272; Sirnmel, Soziologie, 767; Davis, Interpretations, 59-60). 2) Society "in its immediate aspect is a relation among personal ideas" ; "social consciousness, or aware- ness of society, is inseparable from self-conscious- ness" (Cooley, Social Organization, 5). c. "Suggestion and choice." d. "Sociability and personal ideas." e. "Sympathy or communion as an aspect of society." /. "Primary groups" and "primary ideals" (Cooley, Social Organization, 23-57). g. "Communication" (Cooley, op. cit., 61-103). h. "The theory of public opinion" (Cooley, op. cit., 121 ff.). 3. William McDougalPs theory of the evolution of personal- ity, the self- regarding sentiment, and social idealism (Social Psychology, 174 ff., 209 ff.). 4. Benjamin Kidd (Individualism and, After, 1908). 5. E. F. B. Fell's theory of "personalism" (The Foundations of Liberty, 1908). Insists that man is not chiefly social; but his social nature and relations are subordi- nate to his extra-social or divine relations. 6. J. A. Leighton ("The Psychological Self and the Actual Personality," in Philosophical Review, XIV, 669-83; "Ethics, sociology, and personality," in ibid., XV, 494- 510). 7. Michael M. Davis's resulting analysis of the development of social units (Psychological Interpretations of Soci- ety, 61-64). Section III. The Problems of a Social Mind ("Social Con- sciousness," "Public Opinion," "General Will," "Social Will," "General Mind"). I. Two Extreme Views (Davis, Psychological Interpretations of Society, 65-66). CHAEAd ERISTICS. L3 1. That of fimile Durkheim: in effect he holds that the social-psychic phenomena which are called "social mind" "have an existence in themselves independently of their individual manifestations." 2. That of llernian Paul: he denies existence of "the mind of a community" (Principles of the History of Law guage, Eng. ed., 1888, p. xxxviiii. II. An Enlightening Debate. 1. Charles A. Ellwood holds that society is a psychic unity. a. Thus there is a social mind — social consciousness. 0. But not social self-consciousness; for "social conscious- ness" is a part of "individual consciousness** jusl as self-consciousness is ("Prolegomena to Social Psy- chology," in A. J. 8., IV, 656-65, 807-22, V. 98-109, 220- 27; idem, "Is Society a Psychical Unity?" in A. J. 8., X, 66G-71, replying to Romanzo Adams). 2. Romanzo Adams holds that the unity of society is "purely objective, and, hence, not psychic" ("The Nature of the Social Unity," in A. J. 8., X, 208-27). III. Franklin H. Giddings's Conception of Social Mind and Social Consciousness (Principles, 17. 132-52). See above, Sec- tion I, and the references there given. IV. George E. Vincent's View (Social Mind and lid mat ion, 1897. See Adams, op. cit., 223 ff.). V. Charles H. Cooley's Teaching {Soda! Organization, 3 ff., L07 ff.; idem, Human Nature and the Social Order, 17-2(1; espe- cially, "Social Consciousness," with discussion, in A. J. 8., XII, 1907, 675-94; or the same in American Sociological Soci- ety, Publications, I, 97-11G). VI. Wilhelm Wundt's Theory of the Social Mind or Volkseele i Vblikerpsychologie, I. 1 ff. Cf. Davis. Psychological Interpreta- tions, 42-44). VJI. Alfred Fouillee's Contributions. 1. "Every individual consciousness is ... a social conscious- ness" (La science sociale content porainc, 1S85. p. 226). 2. Tlis doctrine of "idea forces"; compare with Ward's doc- trine of the desires as social forces | Fouillee, La psychologic d<* idccs-forccs, 189"i; idem. L'< rolution- 14 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. nisme des i dees-forces, 1898. Cf. Davis, Interpreta- tions, 44-45). VI U. William McDougalls View (Social Psychology, 174 ff., I'D!) ff., passim? Cf. Section III, above). IX. The Ward- Schopenhauer Doctrine of the Will and its Con- sequences for the Conception of the Social Will (Ward, Psychic Factors, 59-62, 30-35, 50-58; Schopenhauer, Welt als Wille, I, 131, passim. Compare the conception of "volition" offered by McDougall, Social Psyclwlogy, 228 ff., 249 ff., 175 ff.). X. Davis's Analysis of the Social Mind (Psychological Interpre- tations, 67 ff.). PREFERENCES. Ellwood and Adams, as above cited ; Ward, Psychic Factors, 30-70. on "will," "soid." "eonative faculty." "philosophy of desire" ; idem. Pure Sociology, 119 ff., 136-44 ; Dealey and Ward, Text-Book of Sociology, 60-75 ; Giddings, Elements, 119-28; idem, Principles, 17. 72, 132-52; idem, Descrip- tive and Historical Sociology, 124-85, 275 ff., 326 ff . ; Vincent, as cited; Bosanquet, "The Eeality of the General Will," in International Journal of Ethics, IV (1893). No. 3; Lewes. Problems of Life and Mind, 3d series, I. 159-70 ; Le Bon, The Crowd, 25 ff. ; Lloyd, "The Social Will," in A. J. S., VIII. 336-59; Cooley. Social Organization, 3 ff., 107 ff . ; idem. Human Na- ture and the Social Order, 17-20 (social will) ; Shepard, "Public Opinion," in A. J. S., XV, 32-60 ; Davis, "Public Opinion and Socialization," in Psychological Interpretations, 229-37; Coleman, Social Ethics. 111-71 ("social mind" and "social conscience"). Section IV. Rise op Social Psychology as a Specialized Division op Psychological Sociology. A. Various Special Contributions. I. Baldwin (J. M.). 1. Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Develop- ment (3d ed., N. Y., 1902). Reviewed by Caldwell (W), in A. J. S., V (1899-1900), 182-92; by Tufts, in Psychological Review (June, 1898) ; Dewey, in Philo- sophical Review (July, 1898) ; and these answered by Baldwin, Interpretations, 589 ff. A very important contribution to genetic social psychology, a field neg- lected by Tarde. This is supplemented by: 2. Mental Development in the Child and the Race (N. Y., 1895) ; and 3. Fragments in Philosophy and Science (N. Y., 1902), Essay IX. CHARACTERISTICS. 1.1 II. EllW00d (Charles A.). 1. "Prolegomena i<> Social Psychology," in .1. ■/. 8., IV i is:»s- is!)!)). 656-65, S07 -^li', V (1899^1900), 98-109, 22& 27. A strong discussion of the unit// of society. Should be read with Adams's article; and it is supplemented by Ellwood's reply to Adams in A. ■/. 8., X i 19(14-1905). 666-671. See Section III above. 2. "A Psychological Theory of Revolutions." in .1. ./. >S'.. XI (1905-1906), 49-59. 3. "The Theory of Imitation," in .1. ./. X.. VI (1900-1901), 721-41. Should be read with Tarde. III. Fogel (P. EL). "Metaphysical Elements in Sociology/' in A. J. 8., X (1904-1905), 354-81, 501-30. Discussed by Hayes (E. C), in A. d. 8., XI i 1!)()5-1906), 023-45. IV. Le Bon (Gnstave). Characteristics of his style and method; his exaggerations, his bias against socialism; his relation to Sighele and Tarde. 1. The Cioird. . I Slut}// of the Popular Mind (4th imp., London, 1903). 2. The Psychology of Peoples (X. Y., 1898). 3. The Psychology of Socialism (X. Y.. 1899). V. Sidis (Boris). The Psychology of Suggestion i N. V.. 1906). Compare on suggestion the works of Binet, Thomas, Ochoro- wiez, and Vigoroux and Juquelier cited below in Section VII. VI. Carpenter (W, B.). Mental Physiology (1875). His prin- ciple of "expectancy'' identical with "suggestion" (see Ward, in Science, X. S.. XXVIII, 54). VII. Michailovsky. The Heroes and the Crouod: Heroi i ToVpa (1882, 1890). An anticipation of Tarde's teachings (see Ward, in Science, N. S.. XXVIII. 54). VIII. Sumner (W. G.). Folkways (Boston, L907). A mass of facts and generalizations available for illustration in social psychology. IX. Tosti (Gustave). A disciple of Tarde. 1. "Social Psychology and Sociology." in Psychological Re- ricir, July. 1898. 16 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 2. "The Delusions of Durkheim's Sociological Objectivisms," in A. J. 8., IV (1898-1899), 171-77. X. Vincent (George E.). The Social Mind and Education (N. Y., 1897. Reviewed in A. J. 8., IV, 99). XI. Sighele (Scipio). Shares with Tarde the credit of develop- ing the psychology of the public as opposed to that of the crowd; and he anticipated Le Bon in crowd-psychology (Cf. Davis, Gabriel Tarde, 35-36, notes). 1. La foule criminelle (Paris, 1892; 2d ed., 1901). 2. Psi/cJiologie des sectes (Paris, 1898). XII. Simmel (Georg). One of the ablest and most scientific sociologists of Germany. 1. Ueber sociale Differ enzierung (Liepzig, 1890). 2. "Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology," in A. J. 8., II (1896-97), 167-89, 392-415. 3. "The Persistence of Social Groups," in A. J. 8., Ill (1897-1898), 622-98, 829-36, IV (1898-1899), 35-50. 4. "The Number of Members as Determining the Sociological Form of the Group," in A. J. 8., VIII (1902-1903), 1-46, 158-96. 5. Einleitung m die Moralicissenscliaft (1892). An impor- tant contribution to social ethics. 6. "The Sociology of Secrecy and Secret Societies," in A. J. 8., XI (1906), 441-98. 7. Soziologie: Untersuchungen iiber die Formen der Gesell- schaft (Leipzig, 1908). XIII. Thomas (W. I.). His excellent equipment, his originality. 1. "Province of Social Psychology," in Congress of Arts and Science, V, 860-68 ; also in A. J. 8., X, 445-55. One of the most suggestive discussions of the field which the future psychology of society may occupy. 2. "The Scope and the Method of Folk Psychology," in A. J. S., I (1895-1896), 434-45. 3. "Psychology of Modesty and Clothing," in A. J. S., V (1899-1900), 246-62; or in Sex and Society, 201-20. 4. "Psychology of Race-Prejudice," in A. J. S., IX (1903- 1904), 593-611. 5. "The Gaming Instinct," in A. J. S., VI, 750-63. 6. Sex and Society (Chicago, 1907). CHARACTERISTICS. 1 • XIV. Ross (Edward A.). Characteristics <>r ais Btyle and method; independence and originality of conception; fertility of illustrations. 1. Foundations of Sociology < X. V., L905), chaps, y, vi. viii, ix i in part). 2. Social Control (N. Y., 1901). Bighly original contribu- tion to the psychology of society. 3. "Recent Problems of Social Psychology," in Congress of Arts and Science, V, 869-82; or in A. J. S., X, 456-72. Best survey of the proper field of social psychology. 4. Sin and Society (Boston, 1907). A unique and luminous contribution to social ethics. XV. Other Writers. 1. The great importance of Tarde for social psychology is accented below in Section V. 2. For the contributions of Adams, Cooler, Durklieim. Fouillee, Giddings, Small, Ward. Wuudt. and others, see the preceding sections. B. Systematic Works. I. Davis (Michael M.). Psychological Interpretations of Soci- ety (N. Y., 1909). 1. "Section I: The Social Mind." An able historical and anal}'tic account of the rise of social psychology. 2. "Section II: Social Function." A reprint, with modifi- cations, of an earlier monograph on Gabriel Tarde (N. Y., 1906). An exceUent comparative study of Tarde's writings and theories. 3. "Section III : Applications." II. McDougall (William). An introduction to Social Psychol- ogy (Boston, 1909). An acute examination of the Mental Phenomena on which Social Psychology rests. Reviewed by Leuba, in Mind, XX (1909), 285-89. 1. Mistakes in the social sciences due to ignorance ol psy- chology (pp. 1-18). 2. "Section I: The Mental Characters of Man of Primary Importance for his Life in Society" (pp. 19-264). a. The instincts. 1). The sentiments and complex emotions; importance of the self-regarding sentiment. 2 IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. c. The growth of self-consciousness; of the self-regarding sentiment. d. The advance to the higher plane of social conduct. e. Volition or the doctrine of conation. 3. "Section II : The Operation of the Primary Tendencies of the Human Mind in the Life of Societies" (pp. 265- 351). III. Ross (Edward A.). Social Psychology: An Outline and Source Book (N. Y., 1908). 1. Character and scope of the work (see Section VI below). 2. Contents of the work (analyzed in detail in the following sections of this syllabus). Section V. The Theories op Gabriel Tarde (1843-1903). A. Biography and Bibliography. I. Biography, Scientific and Professional. 1. Born at Sarlat, Dodogne, 1843. For 18 years at Sarlat he was "juge d'instruction." 2. Began writing for Revue Philosophique, 1880 ; first studies of repetition and imitation in that journal (1882-1884) ; published La criminalite comparce (1886; 2d ed., 1890) ; and La philosophic penale (1890; 2d ed., 1891); and Les lois de V Imitation (1890). 3. Became head of Bureau of Statistics for Ministry of Justice at Paris, 1894-1900. 4. Lectures at College Libre des Sciences Sociales (1897) ; these published (1898) as Les lois sociales; and trans- lated (1899). 5. Professor of Modern Philosophy in College de France, 1900-1903. II. Tarde's writings. 1. The four principal books comprehending his system of sociology proper. a. Les lois de limitation (1890; 2d ed., 1895; 3d ed., 1900; Eng. trans., 1903). 6. La logique sociale (1895). c. Uopposition universelle (1897). d. Les lois sociales (1898; Eng. trans, 1899). CHARACTERISTICS. 19 2. Other works including at least 97 articles (see Davis, Gabriel Tarde, Lll-17). li. Davis's Analysis of the Elements of Tardus System (Got Uriel Tarde, 5-25, especially 17. Of. the Prefaces t<> Parsons's trans, of Lotos of Imitation). I. "The Source of Social Actions is in Individual Initiatives Expressed in New Ideas and Procedures Called I mentions." II. "The Essentially Social and Socializing Act is Imitation, By Which Inventions Become More or Less Socially Accepted and Socially Influential." III. The Origin of an Invention is Influenced by: 1. "The inherent difficulty of combining mentally the ideas whose combination is the invention.'' 2. "The grades of innate mental ability in society." 3. "The social conditions favoring mental alertness and the expression of ability." 4. Query: Does Tarde neglect the influence of prestige and social need in origin of inventions? (see Davis, Gabriel Tarde, 13-14, 17, note; idem. Psychological Interpreta- tions, 93-94, 97, note). IV. "The Imitation of an Invention is Affected by : 1. "The general law that imitations spread from their ini- tial center in geometrical progression, with regard to the number of persons affected.'' 2. "Physical and biological influences, including race char- acteristics; the general law being that 'imitations are refracted by their media.' " 3. "Social influences: a. "Logical: the agreement or disagreement of the new- invention with the inventions already more or less socially accepted (imitated)." b. "Extra-logical : 1) "Ideas are transmitted before means: imitation goes in Revue Int. de Sociologie, XII (1904), 397; Levasseur (E.) and others, in ibid., XII (1904), 527; Tosti (G.), "The Sociological Theories of Gabriel Tarde," in Pol. Sci. Quarterly, XII (1897), 490; idem, in Science, X. S., XV (1902), 551; Ward (L. F.), in Science, X. S., XI (1900), 260; idem, Pure Sociology, Index ; and the works cited by Davis, Gabriel Tarde, 116-17; idem, Psychological Interpretations, 259-60. II. Other Writers on Imitation. — Cournot (A.), V enchainment des indees fundamentals (2 vols., Paris, 1861) ; Bagehot (W.), Physics and Politics (1st ed., 1872). on "Xation-making" ; James (W.), "Great Men and Their Environment," in Atlantic (Aug. 1880) ; or the same in Will to Believe (X. Y., 1897) ; Royce (J.), "The Imitative Functions and Their Place in Human Nature," Century, XLVIII (1894), 137-45; Maine (H.), Dissertations on Early Laic and Custom (1883), 284-85; and other writers mentioned by Davis, Gabriel Tarde, chap. ii. See also Royce. "Social Automatism and the Imitation Theory." in Mind, XXIV (1890), 167-75; Baldwin, "Dr. Bosanquet on Imitation," in Psychological Review, IX (1902), 597; Bosanquet's article relating to "Imitation," in ibid., IX, 383; Elhvood, "The Theory of Imitation in Social Psychology." in A. J. S., VI, 721; Kovalevsky, in Annales de VInst. Intemat. de Sociologie, X (1903), 253; McDougalf. Social Psychology, 90-120, 325-51. CHARACTERISE 21 Section VI. The Province of Social Psychology. J. The Place of Social Psychology in Genera] Psychology 1. Individual psychology or intra-mental phenomena is the Itasis of social or inter-mental phenomena (Thomas, in .1. ,/. 8., X, 455 !V. ; Ellwood, in A. J. 8., IV. 656 if., V, 98 IT.). 2. Ross's analysis of human psychology (A. •/. 8., X, 456- 72). a. General psychology: dealing with thai which is com- mon to all minds. 1) Individual psychology: "concerned with mind as acted upon by things and experiences." 2) Intci-individual psychology: concerned with mind as acted upon by other minds. This belongs to social psychology. b. Special psychology: "dealing with differentia which mark oil* one category of minds from another." 1) One section '"determining the mental traits of an- thropic varieties, such as races, sexes, ages, tem- peraments, types." 2) One section determining the mental traits of "so- cietal varieties, such as nationalities, classes, cul- ture-grades,'' etc. This also belongs to social psychology; and inquires how a person is "affected by variations in work, reward, mode of life, or tradition." c. The resulting domain of social psychology. 1) The resulting problems of inter-individual psychol- ogy (A. J. 8., X. 457-68; or Congress of Art* and Science, V. S70-78). a) Problems connected with personal relationship. b) Problems connected with social groupings. 2) The resulting problems of ''societal varieties" (na- tionalities, classes, etc.). a) Those dealing with the differenticB of peoples (A. J. 8., X. tt')8-70; or Congress of Arts >m a complete view of social psychology requirt broader treatmenl of the psychic life of groups; bul the restriction favors an economic division of labor (see the "Prefatory Note" to this volume). REFERENCES. Ross, Foundations, 8, L82, 257 BE.; idem, "Present Pro oi Social Psychology," in .1. ./. 8., X, 456-72; or the same in Congress of Arts and Science, \. 869-82; idem, "The Nature and Scope of Social Psychology," in A.. I. .s'., XIII, 577-83; Thomas, "Province of Social Psychology," in I. •/. Sf., x. 145-55; or the same in Congress of Arts nmi Sdei u-68; Ellwood, "Prolegomena to Social Psychology," in i. -/. 8., IN'. 6£ 807-22, Y. 98-109, 220-27; Hayes, "Sociology ami Psychology; Sociology and Geography," in .1. ./. 8., XIV. 371-407; Ward "Sociology and Psychology," in I. J. 8., I. iiis-:;:: ; idem, Dynamic Sociology, I. chap, v; Giddings, "The Psychology of Society." in Science, X. s.. IX (1899), in-:.'::-, idem, "A Theory of Social Causation." in American Economic Association, Publica- tions, 3d series, V, 383-443, with discusion by Small, Cooley. Ward, and others; Rondelet, Philosophie des sciences sociales: le psychisme sarin! i L894) ; Brinton. The Basis of Social Relations: I study in Ethnic Psychol- ogy (1902) : Crowell, The Logical Process of so,-inJ Development, MS98); Tarde, Psychologic 6conomique (2 vols., 1902) ; idem, Mude -88; and compare .1//'. Journal of Psychology, 11. 493) ; role of "mass-ap- perceptions"; of continuity and cooperation in mental functioning. -. Suggestions in normal as well as abnormal (hypnotic) subjects is related to imitation as is cause to effect : but there are other causes of social similarity; and the relative importance of suggestion as a factor in indi- vidual and social life is decreasing. a. The "crowd" is yielding to the "public" (see later syl- labus). 6. Role of public opinion; influences which produce criti- cism and discussion in its formation (Davis. Gabriel Tarde, S3-88; idem, Psychological Interpretations, L87-90). B. Variation of Suggestibility (See especially Ross, social Con- trol. L46-79; idem, Social Psychology, chap. ii). I. Species: in Solitary and in Gregarious Animals. II. Race: English, Slav. French. Irish, etc. III. Age: in Children; in Adults (Cooley, Hainan Nature end the Social Order, 14-44; Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpre 28 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. /a lions, 237 ff. ; idem, Mental Development, chap, vi ; Ross, Social Control, chap. xiv). IV. Temperament: Coe's Experiments (The Spiritual Life, 119 if.). V. Sex: Women More Subject to Suggestion Than Men (Ellis, Man and Woman, 258-90. chap, xii; Sidis, Psychology of Sug- gestion, 311-12, 362). VI. Mental Condition: 1. In normal condition; favored by distraction or absent mindedness (Sidis, 11-13, 18-19, 34, 46-4!)). 2. In hypnotic condition (Sidis, chaps, vii, viii, 255-57, 80-90; Moll, chaps, iii, v, on post-hypnotic memory and sug- gestion, and "retro-active suggestion"). 3. Hysteria heightens suggestibility; Nordau's theory of de- generacy in art and literature (Degeneration, 25-26, 32-44) ; the theory not wholly adequate. 4. Oriental juggling in part explained by suggestion (the mango tree trick: Bose, Hindu Civilization, II, 152-54). 5. Fasting increases suggestibility (see Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac, 164-65). VII. Suggestibility Varies According to the Source (Ross, Social Control, 275-78; Cooley, Human Nature and the Social Order, 283-325, on "Leadership or Personal Ascendancy"; Le Ron, The Crowd, 133-40) : role of Prestige; of Pomp and Splendor in Monarchies and Despotisms (Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, 227). VIII. Duration of Suggestion (illustrations in Mott, Evangel ization of the World, 93, 88, 99, 100). IX. Volume of Suggestion (Bagehot, Physics and Politics, 93-94; Bryce, American Commonwealth, II, chap, lxxxv, 344 ff., 348). REFERENCES. I. The Nature of Suggestion. — Davis, Gabriel Tarde, 65-88; idem. Psychological Interpretations, 164-90; McDougall, Social Psychology, 96 ff, ; Ross, Social Control, 146-79; Baldwin, Mental Development, 107, chaps, vi, ix-xii; idem, Handbook of Psychology, II, 297; idem, Social and Ethical Interpretations, 236-44, 497, 527-36; Sidis, Psychology Of Suggestion; Loewenfeld, HypnotismitS, 37; and the other works above cited. For more extended reading-, consult Schmidkunz, Psychologic der Suggestion; Ochorowicz, De la suggestion mentale; Binet, La suggestibility; Vigorous: and Juquelier, La contagion mentale; Souriau. La suggestion dans I'art; Guyau, Education et hcreditc; Thomas, La suggestion, son role dans SUGGESTIBILITY AND IMITATION. L".l V&ducation; Deahl, Imitation in Education; Lipmann, Die Wirkung von Sugge8tivfragen; Keatinge, Suggestion in Ed nation; Giddings, Descrip- tive and Historical Sociology, L45-54, L57-60, 319-22; Baldwin, "Imitation: A Chapter in the .Natural History of Consciousness," in Fragments, 168- 209; Bagehot, Physics and Politics, 30 ff., 'x: ff., LOO tr. II. Hypnotism. Jastrow, Fact and Fable in Psychology, L73 ff.; Moll, Hypnotism; Bernheim, Suggestive Therapeutics; Wundt, Hypnotismus and Suggestion; Binel and F6r6, Animal Magnetism; Lij>|i>. Suggestion una Hypnose; Loewenfeld, Hypnotismus; ami tin- article of Titchener, above cited. Section VIII. Mob .Mind. .1. Definitions of Croud and Mob. I. Characteristics of the Crowd (Ross. Foundations, LOO ff. ; idem, Social Psychology, chap. ii. Compare Le Bon, The Crowd, 25-38, passim; and Tarde, Uopwion et hi joule, 1 if.). 1. The "crowd" is a mass or agglomeration of individuals, either animals or men; and the ''mob" is but one of its varieties (see examples in Ross. Foundations, 101-102. Compare Le Bon, 25 ff.). 2. The effect of agglomeration or bodily contagion is to in- crease the effects of multiplied suggestion : is the feel- ing of spiritual activity in reality a "feeling of bodily activity''? (James, Principles of Psychology, I. :!(il i ; "intensity of personality is in inverse proportion to the number of aggregated men" (Sidis. Psychology of 8 /in- gestion, 299 ff. Compare Ross, Foundations, 103-105; and Le Bon, 39 ff.). '/. The suggestibility of the crowd is indirect and the dis- aggregation of consciousness unstable; in the mob, suggestibility is direct and the disaggregation of consciousness relatively stable (Sidis. 297-99. Of. Ross, op. cit., 101) : how, then, can the "mood" of the mob be tickle and unstable? (Ross. op. cit., 102 i. b. Monotony, inhibition, and expectancy favorable to the genesis of the crowd-mind i Sidis. 300-302. Compare Le Bon, 4(1 ff.). c. The criminal crowd is not necessarily a "'mob"; why men more than animals are "demoralized" by the "anonymity" of numbers t Koss. op. cit.. L01-102, 121. Compare Le Bon, 63 ff . ; and in general on criminal crowds, Le lion. 1S3-89: Sighele. La foule crim incite and Tarde, //opinion et la foule. L59 ff.). 30 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. II. Characteristics of the Mob (Ross, Foundations, 102-103. 104 ff. ; idem, Social Psychology, chap. ii. Compare Tarde and Le Bon). 1. Ross's definition : a mob, for the purposes of social psy- chology, is a "crowd of people showing an unanimity due to mental contagion" ; its one-mindedness is due to suggestion-imitation; are there other mob-traits not due to suggestion? (Foundations, 102-103). 2. The process of suggestion in the mob. «. Feeling acts more swiftly than ideas; the fanatical and impassioned are least affected (Ross, 120-21). 6. Association in a crowd renders every psychic mani- festation more intense (Ross. Foundations, 121-27) : but both the moral and intellectual character of the crowd, in general, is lower than that of its members (compare Le Bon, 34-38, 39-6G). c. Place and function of the crowd (mob) leader; role of fascination and prestige (Ross, Foundations, 104- 105, 126; Sidis, 297-98, 315-21; Le Bon, The Crowd, 133-59). ff*. The formation of a mob takes time: three results of the transmission of an emotion (Ross, Foundations, 104-105; idem, Social Psychology, 47-49). 1) Extension: communication to others by contagion (examples in Sidis, 305; Ellis, Man and Woman. 382). 2) Intension: feeling of each individual increased by perception of the feeling of all (Sidis, 303-304, 378-79). 3) Predisposition: unison begets further unison. 3. The unlimited domination or mastery of the individual selves by the crowd-self; the volume of suggestion; ex- amples. ff. The Kentucky revival, 1799-1800 (McMaster, History, II, 578-82;' Sidis, 350 ff.; Yandell, "Epidemic Con- vulsions," in Brain, Oct. 1881). 6. The "Great American Revival," 1832 (Sidis, 353 56; Rhodes, in Appleton's Journal, Dec. 11, 1875). c. Psychic phenomena in such religious assemblies (Coe, The Spiritual Life, 141-50; Starbuck, "A Study of Conversions," in Am. Journal of Psychology, VIII, SUGGESTIBILITY AM» IMITATION. ill 268 ff. ; idem, "Some Aspects of Religious Growth," in ibid, IX, To 11'.; idem. Psychology of Religion; Deuba, "Psychology <•(' Religions Phenomena," in Am. Journal of Psychology, VII, 309 ff.). REFERENCES. Koss, Foundations, 100-48; idem, Social Psychology, chap, ii; Le Bon, The Crowd, 13-175; Bidis, Psychology of Suggestion, 297 ff.; Sighele, La foule criminellej Coe, The Spiritual Life, 128-50, passim; Tarde, V opinion et la foule, 1 If.; the works of Starbuck. James, Rhodes, McMaster, Yandell, and Ellis above cited. For further reading, consult Trotter, "Sociological Application of the Psychology of Herd Instinct." in Sociological Bevii MO, I, 227-48, II, 30-54 ; Coe, "The .Mystical as a Psychological Concept," in Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, vi. ior-202; Lourie, Oroyance religieuse et croyance intellectuelle (Paris, 1908); Hayes, "An Historical Study of the Edwardean Revivals," in American Journal Of Psychology, Kill, 550-74; Davenport, ".Mental Traits of a Psychological 'Crowd,'" in Primitive Traits, 25-31; Lee, "The Dominance of the Crowd," in Atlantic, LXXXVI, 754-61; idem, "Making the Crowd Beautiful." in Atlantic, I. XXXVII, 240-53; Sidis, "A Study of the Mob," in Atlantic, LXXV, 188-97 ; idem, ".Mental Epidemics," in Century, LII, 849- 53; Koss, "Mob Mind." in Pop. Sc. Monthly, LI, 390-98; "La psicologia della folia," in Bivista Ital. di. Hoc., Ill (1899), 166-95. Consult especially the very enlightening investigation by Samuel W. Dike, "A Study of New England Revivals," in A. J. S., XV (1909), 361-78. Section IX. Mob Mind, Continued. B. Mob Characteristics Without "Presence" or Bodily Con- tagion (Ross, Foundations, 106-15; idem, Social Psychology, chap, iii; compare Davis, Gabriel Tarde, 83-88; and Tarde. L'opinion et la Foule). I. The City. 1. Why subject to the evils of mental contagion ( Ross, Foundations, 106-107; Jones, Economic Crises, 204-205). 2. Influences counteracting mob-tendencies in cities: effect of ''mental heterogeneity" (Giddings, in Forum, XXXV. 251-52 ) . II. The Public: Why it may develop Mob-Mind (Ross, Founda- tions, 107-109, 133-35; idem, Social Psychology, 63 ff . ; Tarde, L'Opinion et la foule, 1-02 ; ours an era of publics not of crowds (Ross, 134-35. Contrary view of Le Bon, 15-23i: the electorate and the referendum (see Le Bon, 201 ff.). III. The Craze. 1. Definition and characteristics (Ross. Foundations, 109-10; idem, Social Psychology, 65 ff.) : orientation by some event or incident. 32 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 2. Examples. a. The "Miller Mania," 1840; other cases (Sidis, 356-62). b. Mediaeval mental epidemics: Children's crusade, Flage- lants, dancing mania, tarantism, etc. (Sidis, 318-30. See Creighton, Epidemics in Britain, 2 vols., Cam- bridge, 1891-1894; Hecker, Epidemics of the Middle Ages; Ireland, "The Psychology of the Crusades," in Journal of Mental Science, LII, 745-55, LIII, 322-41). c. Witchcraft epidemics or demonophobia (Sidis, 331-42;. Upham, Salem Witchcraft; Kingsley, in Nebraska Hist. Society, Transactions, III, 44-68; Hildreth, Hist, of U. S., II, 144 ff. ; Doyle, English Colonies, III, 298 ff.). d. Financial crazes (Sidis, 343-49) : Mississippi Bubble^ South Sea Bubble. e. Harnack's ten tokens of the "Spirit and of Power" in the primative Christian Church (Expansion of Christianity, I, 251-52). 1) First cause: the subconscious. 2) Second cause: the social environment (Harnack, 1, 254-56). f. The "Great Fear" in France, 1789 (Stephens, French Revolution, I, 178-79). g. Spread of the war-spirit, 1861. 1) In the North (Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, IV, 85-87). 2) In the South. 3. Ross's Law of crazes. ff. "The craze takes time to develop to its height." Ex- ample: the panic of April to August, 1893; its psychic phenomena developed, 1894-1896. b. "The more extensive its ravages, the stronger the type of intellect that falls a prey to it" (see Sidis, 352, 327-29). c. "The greater its height, the more absurd the proposi- tions that will be believed or the actions that will be done." d. "The higher the craze, the sharper the reaction from it." e. "One craze is frequently succeeded by another exciting emotions of a different character" (examples in Jones, Economic Crises, 209-10). SUGGESTIBILITY AND [MITATION. 33 /. "A dynamic society is more craze-ridden than one mov- ing along the ruts of custom'*; examples: American susceptibility; rise of quacks, such as Cagliostro, in times of scientific awakening; theosophy, divine healing, second Elijahs, fortune telling, etc., in the 20th century. g. "Ethnic or mental homogeneity is favorable to the craze" (see Giddings, in Forum, XXXV, 251-52, quoted above on "city"). IV. The Fad (Ross, Foundations, 111-15; idem, Social Psychol- ogy, 65, 80-81). 1. Depends mainly on the prestige of the novel, not on the volume of suggestion. -. Its place in progress. V. The Sect (Ross, Foundations, 135-38. See Sighele, Psychol ogie des scctes). VI. The Corporate Organization (Ross, Foundations, 138-47. Cf. Maitland, in Gierke's Political Theories of the Middle Ages, p. xxvii, on English group-life). C. Forms of Assembly or Agglomeration "With Presence" Which are Differentiated from the Crowd and the Mob (Ross, Foundations, 116-48, on "Properties of Group-Units" ; Tarde, I/Opinion et la foulc; Le Bon, The Crowd, 177 ff.), I. Principles. 1. Is the character of the crowd lower than that of its mem- bers? (see Cooley, Social Organization, 149-56; Sighele, La foulc crimineUej MeDougall, Social Psychology, 82- 88). 2. Is the whole (the crowd) a sum of its parts? 3. Difference in the moral and intellectual level of homo- geneous and heterogeneous crowds? 4. Do crowds ever socialize? (Ross, Foundations, 127). II. Forms of Assembly in Question (Ross, 128 ff.). 1. The mass meeting. 2. The deliberative assembly {cf. Le Bon, i!l i ff., on "Parlia- mentary Assemblies" a. Leadership. 3 34 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 6. Examples of these meetings. c. Value of parliamentary rules of order. 3. The representative assembly. III. Le Bon's Classification of Crowds {The Crowd, 177-82). 1. Heterogeneous crowds. a. Anonymous. b. Not anonymous. 2. Homogeneous crowds. a. Sects. b. Castes. c. Classes. Section X. Remedies and Preventives of Mob Mind. I. The Function of Education. 1. Education in general; the dangers of little knowledge. 2. Higher education. a. Value of the trained critical judgment as compared with the more receptive power which a limited edu- cation may afford. b. Relative need of state support of higher as compared with lower education. c. The triple safeguard : the studies most essential to the development of robust individuality. 1) Hygiene: value of physiology and physical training. 2) Psychology. 3) Sociology, including history and economics. d. Familiarity with the masters of prose and verse. 1) Value of "conservative boldness." 2) Value of the time-tested or universal as compared with the novel, sensational, and ephemeral. 3. Function of the true teacher. a. Intellectually: value of right method in developing in- dividuality. b. Ethically : value of relative or historical ethics. c. Dangers which threaten to lower the quality of teach- ing in America. 1) Social ignorance of "specialists." 2) Lack of humanism. 3) Cynicism. 4) Lack of zeal and idealism. 5) Lack of right method. SUGGESTIBILITY AND IMITATION. 35 4. Boss's pathology of "paragraphesis/ a. Evils of the "yellow" newspaper. b. The ideal newspaper; can it be realized? must it be endowed ? c. The magazine; its uses and abuses. d. The modern novel; its uses and abuses. I I . The Function of Environment. 1. Country life; its advantages and disadvantages; is Emer- son's teaching sound (essay on "Self Reliance")? 2. City life; advantages and disadvantages; what reforms will promote individuality and lessen the dangers of mental contagion? III. The Function of Institutions. 1. Property (cf. McDougall, Social Psychology, 322-24). a. Danger of over-emphasizing its relative social value; the 18th century teaching. b. Should private property be more widely diffused in order to secure conservatism and stability? c. Should collective ownership be extended to secure the same ends? 2. The family. a. The coercive family. 6. The family resting on persuasion ; how threatened by the present industrial system? c. How may the family be preserved as a true conservative force in the process of advancing socialization? i 3. Voluntary associations. a. Industrial. 6. Social. c. Religious and ethical. 1) Value of right ideals. 2) Knowledge the basis of sound morality: the trained mind is the best keeper of a clear conscience; self- respect is the basis of right action; danger of con- sanguine or family selfishness. 3) Vital religion; says Ross. "Let us avoid yellow re- ligion as well as yellow journalism" (see illustra- tions in Coe, Spiritual Life, 215-17; Taine, Regime Modeme, II, 144-40). In part this section is treated by Ross, Social Psycholgy, 83 ff. 36 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Section XI. Fashion. I. What is Fashion? 1. Ross's definition: "Fashion is a series of recurring changes in the choices of a group of people which though they may be accompanied by utility, are not determined by it." Differentiation of fashion from progress : a. Fashion is characterized by the processes of "Imitation and innovation, by alternate uniformity and change," but neither is primarily due to the desire for the useful. &. Progress is change for the better, and it never moves in a circle as does fashion. 2. Psychology of style: it is a uniformity due to a. Agreement of belief or feeling. 6. Domination of the individual by the mass: to the de- sire to be "stylish" or to avoid being conspicuous; but without approval; is this influence psychic? c. Veblen's analysis of the attractiveness of style (Theory of the Leisure Class, 111, 131. Cf. Tarde, Laws of Imitation, 164). 1) Because novel and so a release from the restraint of the old. 2) Because reputable; why style is arbitrary and trans- ient? 3) Is it due partly to its conformity to the prevailing standards of the beautiful? 3. Tarde's theory of imitation as applied to fashion (Laws of Imitation, chaps, vi, vii, especially pp. 164, 199, 212, 213 ff.). a. His three laws of imitation, and the examples cited. 6. The alternation of epochs of fashion with epochs of custom (see especially chap. vii). c. Validity of the illustrations given by him (critically examine them as cited in the Index at "Fashion"). II. Resulting Theory of Fashion : It is due to a Passion for Self Distinction or Self-Individualization. 1. Fondness for ornamentation on the part of barbarians and savages. 2. Theory of the "trophy" as a mark of personal prestige. SUGGESTIBILITY AND IMITATION'. ."IT :;. Rise of artificial embellishment. a. Attached l<> the person. I). Attached to i h< • dress. ». Why use of ornaments survives in civilization. a. By women as compared with men. b. By courtiers, military officers, etc. 5. The passion for inequality in America (Brooks, The social Unrest, 233-36). a. Explains some failures of communistic experiments. b. Craze for genealogy and heraldry. c. "Colonial Dames," "Daughters of the Revolution," and like societies. (I. Titles prevalent among fraternal orders. 6. The interaction of imitation and differentiation of fashion in society (compare Bryce, Am. Commonwealth, II, chap, cix, 744-5G). a. Imitation of the fashion of the superior to gain prestige. b. Differentiation of new fashions by the superior to pre- serve prestige. c: Cases of differentiation of the fashions of the superior and the inferior by law (Hearn, Japan: An Inter- pretation, 182-86).* 7. The stability and mobility of fashion. a. Stability in caste societies (Veblen, Leisure Class. L75). b. In feudal society prestige is gained by abstention from productive w r ork not from "conspicuous waste." c. In modern society the reverse is the case; hence fashion is becoming less and less stable ; and this tendency is enhanced by the facility of cheap imitations af- forded by modern technique and inventions (Som- bart, Das moderne Kapitalismus, II. 343 IV. ; Moss, in Atlantic, XCIV, 2G5). 8. Hence the resulting characteristics of modern as dis- tinguished from earlier fashion are: a. The vastly greater number of things comprehended. b. The extent to which uniformity prevails. C. The swiftness of change. 9. Theory that clothes and personal ornamentation in gen- eral originate in the motive of sex-attraction iWester- marck, Human Marriage, 240-77 ; Howard. Matrimonial Institutions, I. 203-208, and the authorities there cited). 38 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. III. Reform: Influences Tending to Break the Domination of Fashion. 1. Education ; increasing number of persons of independent judgment who refuse to conform to style without ap- proval : new measure of personal and social worth. 2. Reform associations. 3. The new position of woman. a. Competition with men in new callings. b. New athletic and other recreations and the modifica- tions of costume. c. Effect of democracy on the dress of men, and woman's advantage therefrom (Agnes Repplier). REFERENCES. Tarde, Laws of Imitation, chaps, vi, vii, especially 164, 199 ff., 212, 213 ff., 334, n. 2, 293. notes 1 and 2, and Index at "Fashion" ; Ross Foundations, 36-37, 347 ; idem, Social Control, 180-95 ; idem, Social Psychology, 94-109; Cooley, Social Organization, 336-41; the works of Brooks, Bryce, Veblen, Hearn, Sombart, Moss, above cited. Read also Thomas, "The Psychology of Woman's Dress," in American Magazine, LXVII, 66-72; Veblen. "The Economic Theory of Woman's Dress." in Pop. Sc. Monthly, XL VI (1894), 198-205; Simmel, "Fashion," in Interna- tional Quarterly, X (1904), 130-55; Sumner, Folkways, 184 ff., and Index; Spencer, in Principles of Sociology, II. Part IV, chap, xi, 210-1 5 : idem, "Manners and Fashion," in Essays, III, 1-51 ; Shaler. "The Law of Fashion," in Atlantic, LXI (1888), 386-98; Linton. "The Tyranny of Fashion," in Forum, III (1887), 59-68; Bigg-. "What is Fashion?*' in Nineteenth Century, XXXIII (1893), 235-48; Foley, "Fashion," in Economic Journal, III (1893), 458-74. Section XII. Conventionality. I. What is Conventionality? (Ross, Social Psychology, 110 ff. Cf. Cooley, Social Organization, 335 ff . ; Sumner, Folkways, Index at ''Conventions," '-Conventionalization"). 1. Ross's definition : "A psychic plane laid across society by the deliberate, non-competitive, non-rational imitation of contemporaries. The qualifying terms differentiate it respectively from mob-mind, fashion, rational imita- tion, and custom." a. In life it is far more stable and controlling than is fashion or mob-mind. b. Often it determines our beliefs, world views, and ideals, though we scarcely know why (James, The Will To Believe, 9; Balfour, Defence of Philosophic Doubt, 260-76, 154 ff.). SUGGESTIBILITY AND IMITATION. 39 2. Examples of beliefs determined by mere conventioD and not by reason. a. "That manual labor is degrading" (Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics, L95-96) : why this illusion obtains among workers as well as the leisure class? h. "That civic worth is measured by pecuniary succee In fixing conventional social values "money talks" (Addams, 257-58, L94) : what would be a rational standard of worth for the masses? For the cultured minority? c. "That pecuniary success is the only success" (Ross, "The Near Future of American Society," in The Independ- ent, .May 23, L905; Addams, 24-25). d. "That conservatism is good form, whereas radicalism is vulgar" (Veblen, Theory of (lie Leisure Class, L99- 200). c. "That things are beautiful in proportion as they are costly" (Veblen, 155-56, 1G9). f. "That consumption of stimulants or narcotics by women is unwomanly," even unnatural (Veblen, 71-72) : patriarchalism and the origin of man's monopoly of luxury. g. "The 'spirit of the age' is a plane established by imi- tation" (see Chesterton. Heretics, 302-303). h. "That one keeps a day holy by abstaining from pro- ductive employment and personal gratification" (Veblen, 309-10) : theory of vicarious performance of honorific leisure. II. Ross's Laws of Conventionality — Imitation (Social Psychol ogy, 121 ft.). 1. "Mental states differ in ease of propagation." a. Movements of the body readily imitated (see Sidis. Psychology of Suggestion, 325 ff., on tarantism, flagellation, etc.; and compare Fry, "Imitation as a Factor in Human Progress," in Contemporary Re- view, LV, 661). b. Marching rhythm especially infectious; also yawning. and stammering (Fry. op. cit., 664): the French shrug; accent (Fry, G63) ; language, origin of words (Fry, G68). 40 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. c. The appetites vary in infectiousness: hunger, thirst, sensuality (see Ross, Social Control, 156-62). d. "The feelings are more contagious than the appetites," probably because less influenced by the condition of the body at the moment: hope and terror, laziness, ambition, zeal, courage (Le Bon, 141-42, on De Les- seps) ; curiosity (Tarde, Imitation, 196-97; The In- dependent, LIV, 2930). e. "Emotions spread more rapidly than ideas" : the zeal of Don Quixote; the confession of the Marechal de Retz (Fry, op. cit., 674) ; "an ideal is a better relig- ious nucleus than a dogma" (Chesterton, Heretics, 250-51) ; ideals of success and excellence (Addams, 254-56) ; hero-worship; true and false ideals of female beauty of form (Veblen, 146-49; Ripley, Races of Europe, 202) ; volition, personal ascendancy (Ross, Social Control, 279-80) ; obedience; imitation gives power to the imitated. 2. "Imitation proceeds from within outward, from internals to externals" (Tarde, Laws of Imitation, 194 ff. ; The Outlook, LXXIV, 653-54, on American influence in Porto Rico; also many examples in Tarde, chap, vi) ; the explanation of "fossil" customs or "survivals" is in part explained by this law; the psychology of envy (Tarde, 201, 202) ; that of love and fear. From this law is derived No. 3. 3. "The imitation of ideas precedes the imitation of the arts which express them." 4. "The social superior is imitated by the social inferior" (Tarde, Laws of Imitation, 213-21). a. When the inferior refuses to follow (Addams, 3S-39, 44-46). o. When the social inferior is imitated by the superior. c. When there is reciprocal influence (Lummis, The Awak- ening of a Nation, chap, xlv, entitled "Borrowed from the Enemy"; Olive Schreiner, in Cosmopolitan, XXIX, 601-602; McMaster, Life of Houston; Eggles- ton, The Transit of Civilization, 233-36; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 253, on education as check to degrading influence of barbarism). SUGGESTIBILITY AND IMITATION. 41 d. When the influence of the superior repels rather than attracts (Boutmy, TJu English People, L01-102; Bryce, Transcaucasia and Annul, L50; Ross's review of Gurewitch, in Jour, of Pol. limn., Sept., L907). e. Prestige of rank in England (Granl Allen, in Cosmo- politan, XXX. 659 II'.); in Borne (Dill, /'"man Soci- ety from Nero to Marcus Aurelvus, 31-204). From law No. 4 in principle are derived laws ~> to 9 below. .'). 'The holder of power is imitated" (see an example in Taine, Ancient R4gwne, 43-46). Why nations tend to assimilate through the reciprocal Influence of aristoc- racies. <;. "The more successful is imitated by the less successful." Prestige of the aristocracies of brain and achievements. (Compare Taine. Ancient Regime. 311-15; Higginson, in Atlantic, XCIII, 510; Cooley, Human Sal arc a ad the Social Order, 309; Miinsterberg, The Americans, 000- G02). When is imitation "unilateral*' and when '"se- lective," "multilateral," or "rational"? 7. "The rich are imitated by the poor" (Pulitzer, Public Opinion, XXXVIII, 269; Watterson, Compromise of Life, 461, passim). 8. "The city is imitated by the country (Tarde. 220, on Paris; Mahaffy, Progress of Hellenism in Alexander's Empire. 122; Taine, Ancient I'egime, 45-49; Jastrow, in Congress of Arts and, Science, VII, 771-7:! i. 9. "In democracies majorities are imitated" (Bryce, Amer- ican Commonwealth, II. chap, lxxxv, 344 ff., 348; De Tocqueville, II, chap. ii). a. Role of the elite minority in a true democracy? b. Imitation of the social superior as a leveller of the latter's prestige (Tarde, 230-31; Mahan, Influence of the Sea Power upon History, 332-33). Section XIII. Custom and Tradition. I. What are Custom and Tradition? (Ross, Soci 2. "In the life-history of a society there arc alternating epochs of outlook and back-look, of 'our time' and 'our country.' " .:. "In times, in circles. ;hm1 in matters where custom- imitation rules new things try to appear old" (Jenks, History of Politics, 85-8G, 120; .Maine, Ancient Law, 25-2G, on English and Roman Legal Action; Bnrke, Re- flections on the French Revolution, 36-40; Tarde, Laws of Imitation, 361-63). 4. "In times, in circles, and in matters where conventional- ity dominates the old tries to appear new" | Fiske, A Century of Science, 345-46). EEFERENCES. Giddings, Principles, 74, 112, and Index at "Tradition"; Wundt, Ethics, I, chap, iii ; Hearn, Aryan Household, chap, on "Law and Custom," and on "Ancestor-Worship"; Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpretations. chap, ii ; Tarde, Laws of Imitation, chap, vii ; Maine, Ancient Law, chap. v; idem, Popular Government, chap, iii; Leslie Stephen, Science and Ethics; Grant Allen, "Eomance of the Race," in Pop. Sc. Mont lily, LI II. 511; Bagehot, Physics ami Politics; Leroy-Beanlim. Israel among the A at ions, chap, vi ; Fenton, Early Hebrew Life; Curr, Australian Race, I 54; "Custom," in Fort. Rev., L, 136; Tylor, Anthropology, 409; idem, Primitive Culture; Balfour, Essays ("Progress") ; Lyall, Asiatic Studies, 20; Lang, Custom and Myth; Lloyd Morgan, Habit and Instinct; Sheffield, "Chinese Civilization," in Forum. XXIX, 584-607; Morris. "War as a Factor in Civilization," in Pop. Sc. Monthly, XLYH, 823-34; Ferrero, "Criminal Festivals," in Pop. Sc. Monthly. XLI1I. 758-66; Fogg-Mead, "Place of Advertising in Modern Business," in Jo-ur. of Pol. Econ., IX. 21S-42; the works of Le Bon, Bryce, Fiske, Burke, Sharp, Jenks, Simons, Boss, and others cited above. Consult further, Howard, Matrimonial Institutions, I, chap, iv ; Mc- Doiigall. social Psychology, 102 ff . ; Cooley, Social Organization, 335 ff . ; Davis, Psychological Interpretations, 143, fE. ; Darmesteter, Selected Es- says, 155-77 (race and tradition); Bagehot. Physics and Politics, 30 ff. (imitation and the formation of national character), 92 ff.. 100 ff. (imitation); and especially Sumner, Folkways, Index at "Custom," "Conventions," "Conventionalization." Section XIV. Rational Imitation. What is Rational Imitation? (Ross, Social Psychology, 285 95; idem, in A. J. 8., XIII, 1908, 721-28). 1. To it is essential the freedom of the mind from the pres- tige of suggestion-imitation in all its varieties. The con- sequences of such mental emancipation are: a. Capacity for invention or origination. 1) Present extent. 46 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 2) Relatively may it be increased? b. Rational imitation. 2. Characteristics of rational imitation : "conservative rad- icalism." a. Depends not on prestige but on the perception of fit- ness, utility, or truth; and the changes wrought by it are equivalent to progress. 1) Utility and material progress. 2) Truth and intellectual progress. 3) Moral and aesthetic progress in part dependent on material and intellectual progress; example: the humanization of punishment (Ward, Pure Sociol- ogy, 453). b. Admits of reliance on authority when based on "past success." II. The Special Sphere of Rational Imitation. 1. Industrial arts ; causes : a. Competition. b. Possibility of exact measurement or determination of relative values. Why there are "schools" in the fine arts and not in the practical arts. 2. Science; causes: a. Truths of science attested by results in the practical arts. b. Its laws or principles are verifiable by experiments (examples in White, Warfare of Science, I, 131, note, 221, 402-404). Why in science there are no "schools" in the conventional sense. III. The Growth of Rational Imitation. 1. Extensive growth: role of education (Tarde, Laws of Imitation, 62-63). 2. Intensive growth; how exact science destroys credulity, tradition, and superstition (Tarde, op. cit., 197 ff. ; White, Warfore of Science, I, 348-50, II, 71-81, 87, 106-10, 118-19). How science is transforming the prac- tical arts; tenacity of superstitions (see Dresslar's experiments in "Superstition and Education," in Uni- versity of California, Publications, 1907). CHAPTER III. OPPOSITION OK COUNTER-IMITATION; AND OTHER ASPECTS OF SOCIAL MIX I) AND ETHICS. Section XV. Interference and Conflict (Ross, Social Psy- chology, 29G-323). A. Silent Conflict. I. Sometimes a Struggle of Prestiges. 1. In an hierarchical or stratified society. 2. In a democratic or progressive society : exists in nearly every phase of activity. II. Sometimes a Struggle of Prestige with Merit. 1. Of the new with the old; of modes and processes. 2. Of beliefs or practices. III. Sometimes a Struggle of Merit with Merit. IV. Means of Deciding Silent Struggle. 1. Authority : decision by the many ; by the autocrat ; ex- ample of Joseph IPs reforms. 2. Persecution: effects of forcible assimilation; "psychology of martyrdom." a. Example of Russia. b. White, on persecution of Roger Bacon (Warfare of Sci- ence, I, 390, II, 90). 3. Example, observation, trial. D. Vocal Conflict or Discussion. I. Tendency of the various Forms of Silent Conflict to pass into Discussion. II. Tendency of the Losing Side or of the Antisocial Forces to Stifle or Pervert Discussion; and of the Winning or Progress- ive Forces to Court it : for Discussion Hastens the Conclusion of a Struggle. The Rights Preservative of all Rights arc: 1. Free speech. 2. Free press. 3. Free assembly. (47) 48 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. III. Discussion is Favored by Modern Facilities of Communica- tion (Bagehot, Physics and Politics, on "The Age of Discus- sion"). 1. Growing copiousness of discussion. 2. "Talk is the great changer of opinion" (see Godkin. Problems of Modern Democracy, 221-24; Ross, op. cit., 310-11). IV. The Varying Conditions of Effective Discussion; the Need e of a Common Basis (Ross, op. cit., 311 ff.). 1. Its relative sterility in fields where feeling and instinct dominate. 2. Its relative efficiency in fields where there is agreement as to ends. 3. Its relative failure in socially isolated groups (U. 8. Bulletins of Labor, No. 56, Jan., 1905, 1-8, on "Influence of Trade Unions on Immigrants") ; this principle acted on in Russian and German attempts at assimilation (see Simons, Social Assimilation; America's Race Prob- lems, 115, 123-24, 128, 136-37, on assimilation of Ne- groes). 4. Examples of false arguments and methods in social and theological discussion; difference between discussion and wrangling; between argument and vituperation. 5. Three phases of conflict in discussion resulting from the varying relations of incompatible beliefs or desires (White, Warfare, I, 122-23, 126-27, 134, 140, 155, II, 62; Lecky, European Morals, I, 343; Tarde, Logique sociale, 138-41). 6. Evolution in discussion (Tarde, Social Laws, 125-32). V. The Results of Conflict (Ross, Social Psychology, 324-29). 1. The struggle may last indefinitely. a. When "there is a fundamental or inborn difference in men." 6. When "the struggle is between an illusion and a para- dox." 2. The struggle may terminate. a. Because one side is silenced or convinced. b. Because a middle ground is found upon which both parties can agree. OPPOSITION OB COUNTER-IMITATION. 49 c. lioeanse specialization lakes j)lace. 1) In silent conflicts. 2) In vocal conflicts. REFERENCES. In addition to the authors above cited, read Tarde, "The Opposition of Phenomena," in his Social Laws, 68 IV., L25 IV.; idem, UOpposition itui- verselle ; Giddings, Readings, 161, 162-69, 313-15; idem, Principles of Sociology, Index at "Conflict"; Cooley, Social Organization, 66 BE. (growth of co mnication) ; and the references to "Public Opinion." Section -Will, below. Section XVI. Union and Accumulation (Ross, Social Psy- chology, 330-37). I. When Accumulation without Conflict and resulting Substitu- tion may take Place; examples: 1. "No struggle between new and old can occur until some progress has been made." 2. "Early religious thinking issued in myths rather than dogmas." 3. "Early observations on natural phenomena dispelled darkness rather than disproved errors." II. "Every Fabric of Culture has Two Sides, one extensible, the other not." 1. Rigid and plastic sides of language. 2. Rigid and plastic sides of religion. 3. Rigid and plastic sides of science. 4. Rigid and plastic sides of law. III. Superiority of the Non-Accumulable Social Products. 1. Hence vast importance of the laws of conflict and sub- stitution. 2. "Advance on the plastic side much easier than on the rigid side." Section XVII. Compromise (Ross, Social Psychology, 338-45). I. The Role of Compromise ("Social Armistice") in Social Pro- cess (Small. General Sociology, 305 0'.. 238, 287-88; Ward, Dynamic Sociology, II, 108-19). 1. The "tri-partite organization of the slate" (Small, 300). 4 50 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 2. Political reasons for compromise. a. Limited or special interests usually unite upon "prin- ciples." b. General interests tend to unite upon a ''system." 3. " Subordinate reasons for compromise." 4. The interrelations of "faction" and "party" ; influence of the Zeitgeist (Small, 308-10). 5. Are parties necessary? Meaning in this regard of the "initiative and referendum"? II. The Field of Compromise. 1. Where compromise does not occur, but individual choice determines. 2. Compromise occurs where collective choice (action) is necessary; examples: woman suffrage; "saloon or no saloon" ; Australian ballot ; direct primary ; railway taxation, etc. 3. Progress by compromise or "installment of truth." a. The legislator or statesman as "register of the social will." b. The reformer or man of principle as the mainspring of progress. III. Differentiation of Societies as to the Use of Compromise. 1. The American method : tendency to maintain party as an end in itself. 2. The French method: tendency to sudden and complete change. 3. English "reform on the installment plan" (Macaulay, History, III, 63-09, on the "Toleration Act"; Dicey, Law and Opinion in England, 356-58, on compromise in ecclesiastical legislation). a. Its merits. b. Its vices. Section XVIII. Public or Social Opinion (Ross. Social Psy- chology, 346-54). I. Discussion as a Process of Forming Social Opinion (Bryce, American Commonwealth, II, Part IV. 247-362). 1. A "campaign" as social deliberation; its means and its OPPOSITION OR COUNTER-IMITATION. 5 1 variety of discussion (see Tarde, Lpwa of Imitation 165). «. Extenl of individual irresolution, and the r61e of per- suasion. of argument. b. The role of imitation in winning social allinity (Mark Twain, in North American Review, ). /. Effect of prestige on our feelings for the Japanese; case of the Chinese. g. Efficiency and common interest overcome race-preju- dice. 1) As in Austria-Hungary under the new constitution. 2) As in labor unions. III. Evidences of Potential Race-equality (Thomas. "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," in A. J. 8., XII, 435-69; or the same in his Sex and Society, 251-314). 1. Relative brain-weight. a. Average European brain weighs 3 per cent, of the body or 1300 grams. That of the orangutan is £ of 1 per cent, of body or 300 grams. b. Brain of the negro is 45 grains less, that of Chinese TO grains more, than the brain of the average European white. c. Brain of woman is smaller, finer, but larger in propor- tion to body, than that of man. ar\vin. C. Inhibition (Thomas. XII. 442 ff.). 56 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 1) Our proverb: "Hungry belly has no ears." 2) Queensland native's mark on unripe zamia fruit is a police safeguard. 3) Eskimo will starve rather than eat the sacred seal. 4) Blood-kinship and forbidden degrees in marriage among low races. 5) Inhibition of the Indian; of the dog. 6) Meaning of the alleged evidence of lack of inhibi- tion; examples: a) Fuigian killed child who dropped fish. b) Australian does not throw back small fish. c) Civilized Americans waste national resources. d. Abstraction. 1) What is abstraction : how the power depends on degree of complexity of life; on practice. 2) African proverbs: proverbs originate with the peo- ple, not the educated elite; like the ballad and slang (see examples in Thomas, op. cit. } XII, 445- 46; taken from Ellis, The Yoruba- Speaking People of the Slave Coast of West Africa, 218 ff.). e. Other illustrations. 1) Eelative stimuli of death and separation (Thomas, XII, 447-48). 2) Laws of Kafirs and those of Hebrews. /. Eastern ideals conservative: the enthusiasm for change is comparatively rare and extremely modern (Maine, Pop. Government, 132; Thomas, op. cit., XII, 454). g. Invention ; relative power of the bow and of the air-gun ; Aztik and European inventive powers compared. IV. The Resulting Argument for the Theory of Potential Race Equality. 1. Race-prejudice has concealed the truth and led to the misrepresentation or the ignoring of the facts. 2. Present race-inequality in civilization, in mental and social achievement, is due mainly to institutions, en- vironment, and opportunity. a. Proofs from the awakening of Japan. b. Proofs from the awakening of China. c. Significance of the awakening of Turks, Persians, and Hindus. OPPOSITION OB COUNTER-IMITATION. 57 d. Is the black race an exception to the rule of potential race-equality? .'!. We have not understood the true rdle of intellect as the directive agent; nor of knowledge and opportunity as compared with that of heredity (see Section XX, be- low). 4. We must give up the cherished belief in a few chosen peoples, nature's elite, to whom the higher functions of civilization have been especially committed. 5. Rece-prejudice is the most hateful and the most harmful of human sentiments. '/. It has incited and excused cannibalism, warfare, and slavery. It. It has justified religious persecution and economic ex- ploitation. c. It has fostered tyranny, cruelty, and the merciless waste of human life. d. It has bred the spirit of caste; and it has done most to create the sweat-shop and the slum. e. It is the archenemy of social peace throughout the world. f. From Mississippi to China and the Congo everywhere it is a sinister factor in world politics. g. Only through its removal shall we ever realize the vis- ion of the dreamer — the brotherhood of man. REFERENCES. I. Race and Heredity. — Jherin£\ Evolution of the Aryan, 69-70, 148-49, passim; Vacher de Lapouge, ISAryen: son role social (1899); Pearson, National Life and Character, chap, i; Lippert, Kulturgeschichte, I. :;r tT.. 43 IV. (active and passive races) ; Maine, Ancient Law, chap, ii (progres- sive and non-progressive races); Darmesteter, Selected essays, 155-77; Reid, Principles of Heredity, 2S9-300 (race mental trails mainly ac- quired. The \ Lew that psychic race-characteristics are chiefly heredi- tary is held by Michaelis, Prinzipien der natiirlichen und sozialen Ent- wicklungsgeschichte, V. 57-S7; and by Closson, "Hierarchy of the Euro- pean Races," in .1. •/. S., Ill, 314-27. With these compare Bagehot, Physics and Politics, 07-70, 83-87; Le Bon. The Crowd, 43, 91-92; Greef, in 1. •/. 8., Vlir. 779-811; Ripley, Races' of Europe; Schultz, Race or Mongrel (race-strength depends on race-purity); Gobineau, Essai swr Vinegualiti des nice* humaines (2 vols., 1853-5). TT. Potential Race-Equality. Ward. Vpplied Sociology, 95 ff., kit BE., 156 ff., 236; Ripley, Races of Europe. 513-90; Gulick, Evolution of the Japanese, 21, 425-26, and throughout the book: Buckley, "The Japanese as Peers of Western Peoples," in I. •/. S., XI. 326-35; Thomas. "Province of Social Psychology," in t. •/. 8., X. 445-55; or the same in Congress of Arts and Science, V, 363-68; Idem, "Psychology of Race Prejudice," in 58 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. A. J. S., IX, 593-611; idem, "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," in A. J. S., XII, 435-69; or the same in Sex and Society, 251-314; Barton, Semitic Origins, 1-29 (desires influenced by environment among the Arabs) ; Reid, as above cited; Morse, "The Psychology of Prejudice," in Tnterriat. Jr. of Ethics, XVII, 490-506; Reinsch, "The Negro Race and European Civilization," in A. J. S., XI, 145-67 (accents economic causes) ; Bryce, "The Relation of History and Geography-" in Contemporary Re- view, XLIX, 426-43; idem, Studies in Hist, and Jurisprudence, I, 308, 265- 68 ; Demolins, Comment la route crie le type; Babington, Fallacies of Race Theories as Applied to National Characteristics (1895) ; reviewed by Cliffe-Leslie, in Fortnightly Review, XVI, 753; Simons, "Social Assim- ilation," in A. J. S., VI, VII; Hill, "Race Progress and Race Degen- eracy," in Sociological Review, II, 140-51, 250-59. Consult further the references in Howard, General Sociology: An Analytical Reference Syllabus, 40-43 (on evolution of desires), 43-46 (on environment as a factor in social phenomena), 48-50 (on assimilation by external influences). Section XX, below, and the accompanying citations bear on race-equality. Section XX. The Role of Great Men. A. The "Great Man" Interpretation of History. I. Personality and leadership in Early Society (Ross, Social Control, 275-90. Consult the monograph of Mumford, The Origins of Leadership). II. Tarde's Theory of Invention and Imitation (Laws of Imita- tion, pp. xiv-xv, xviii-xix, 2-3, 92, 170-73, 343, 346-47). III. Hero-Worship: The Doctrine of Carlyle; Its Fallacy. 1. Overlooks the indebtedness of the great man to his en- vironment. 2. Ascribes the result of cumulative progress to the influence or genius of one man. IV. The Modern Evolutional Interpretation of History: Great Men are the Product of the Forces which produce the Crisis or Movement in which they Appear; Who is the "Social Hero"? 1. Men are a part of the environment. 2. The influence of heredity. 3. The importance of opportunity. 4. Society is the product of the collective work of all its members. REFERENCES. Spencer, Study of Sociology, 30-37; Tarde, Laws of Imitation, Index; idem, L'Oppoxition universelle, chap, vii, sec. ii ; Carlyle, Heroes and Hero-Worship; James, The Will to Believe; Lloyd, The Will to Doubt; OPPOSITION OR COtJNTEB-IMITATION. 59 Mallock, Aristocracy 1 3) Educational environment: of 827 men of talent (1300-1825) 811 had good and L6 poor education; hut of the L6 only three had a bad ciiviroinnt'iii. Eence only L-10 of 1 per cent were without special opportunity. 4) Local environment: influence of the cities; of the chateaux. Light on the question of relative ability of the sexes, c. General result: the equalization of opportunity may raise the world's fecundity in men and women of talent from the present ratio of 1 in DO, 000 to 1 at least in 250 of the population; besides increasing the efficiency of all minds in the lower psychic groups. (L Results of the investigations of Cooley and Robertson (see the articles below cited). VI. Therefore the Future Mission of Democracy is the Spiritual (Psychic) Liberation of All Men. 1. It is its function to set free the latent ability, the psychic force, of the partially submerged four-fifths of human kind; to abolish spiritual privilege. 2. To socialize or equalize education, that is. opportunity; to liberate the entire mental and moral capital of soci- ety. 3. It is its privilege to glorify ideals of social reform and regeneration; for all class-distinctions arc wholly arti- ficial; and bad environment, perverted institutions. unequal enjoyment of nature's goods, clog, choke, re- press four-fifths of the talents of men. On the other hand leisure, short hours of toil, means oppor- tunity for creative thought; for under past and present condi- tions the mental powers of the toiling masses are always "run down": like the underfed orphan at "Do-the-Boys Hall" or the underfed mother who sang the ''Song of the Shirt"; Cray's in- sight : "But knowledge to their eyes tier ample page, Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll; Chill penury repressed their m >i >1 < • rage, And froze the genial current <>f the soul. "Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast The little tyrant of his fields withstood, Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest. Some Cromwell guiltless <>f ids country's blood." 62 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. SELECT EEFEREXCES. I. Iir< pressiJile Genius. — (Hilton. "Hereditary Talent and Character," in Macmillan's Magazine (1865), XII, 157-66, '.318-27; idem, Hereditary Genius (1869, 1892); idem, English Men of Science (1874); idem, many articles in magazines. Compare Ribot, L'Heredite psychologique (1873, 1882, 1887; Eng. trans., London, 1875); James, "Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the Environment," in Atlantic, XLVI (1880), and in Essays (1897); Joly, Psychologie des grands hom-mes (1883, 1891); Lombroso, UUomo tli geuio (1888; Eng. trans., London, 1*91); idem, Gehio e follia (1882) ; idem, 11 delitto politico (1890) ; lleibmayr, Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Talentes mid Genics (2 vols., 1908) ; re- viewed by Havelock Ellis, in Sociological Review, II, 191-93. Galton founded the new science of "Eugenics," having for its purpose the better breeding of men and women through wiser selection. See his Natural Inheritance (1899) ; idem, "Possible Improvement of the Human Breed," in Smithsonian Institution, Report (1901), 523-38; idem, "Eugenics," in A. J. 8., X, 1-25, XI, 11-25; idem, Probability the Founda- tion of Eugenics (Oxford, 1907) ; idem, Eugenics (London). The literature of Eugenics is rapidly growing. For example, consult Thomas, "Eugenics : The Science of Breeding Men," in American Maga- zine, LXVIII (1909), 190-97; Keller, "Eugenics: The Science of Rearing Human Thoroughbreds," in Yale Review, XVII, 127 ff. ; Pearson, "The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics," in Popular Science Monthly, LXXI, 3S5-42; the books of Saleeby, Tenney, Thorndike, GaUon and Schuster, and the articles of Hunt, Taylor, Trotter, and Saleeby mentioned in the "Select Bibliography." II. Potential Genius. — Helvetius, De Vhomme, etc. (2 vols., London, 1773) ; Odin, Genese des grands hommes (2 vols., 1895) ; Ward, Applied Sociology (1906), publishing Odin's tables with modifications; idem, Dynamic Sociology (2 vols., 1883, 1897) ; idem, Psychic Factors (1893) ; idem. Pure Sociology (1903), Index at "Genius"; idem, "Broadening the Way to Success," in Forum (1886), II, 340-50; Candolle, Histoire des sciences et des savants (2d ed., 1885) ; Cooley, "Genius, Fame, and the Comparison of Races," in Annals (1897), IX, 317-58; idem, Social Organ- ization, 214, 317, 348, 378; idem, Human Nature and the Social Order. Index at "Genius" and "Leadership"; Robertson, "The Economics of Genius," in Forum (1898), XXV, 178-90; Fiske, "Sociology and Hero- Worship," in Atlantic, XLVII, 75-84 (replying to James) ; Allen, "Genesis of Genius," in Atlantic (1881), XLVII, 371-81 (replying to James); Jacoby, Etudes sur la selections (1881, 1904). On mental egalitarian- ism, see Ward, Applied, Sociology, 95 ff. ; Thomas, "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," in A. J. S., XII (1907), 435-69; idem, "The Ad- ventitious Character of Woman," in A. J. S., XII, 32-44, both articles reprinted in his Se.r and Society (1907) ; Gulick, Evolution of the Jap- anese ; and the literature cited in Section XIX, above. Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpretations, 163-93, in part agreeing with James as above cited, regards genius as a "variation," produced however not without "social" influence. With this view compare Ross, Foundations. Index at "Genius"; idem, Social Control, 83, 356-59; idem. Social Psychology, 41, 175, 360. Contrast the view of Bourdeau, Uhistoire et lex hisloricnx (1888), who, rejecting the great man or hero theory, ascribes social achievement to the nameless many; with that of Lacombe. L'histoire consiilcrce coninie science C1894), who exalts the function of the individual. In this connection should be studied the psychological analysis of greatness by Davis. Psychological Interpretations, 239-53. OPPOSITION OB COUNTER-IMITATION. <».". Compare Mallock, Aristocracy and Evolution (1898) : Idem, Social Equal- ity (1882); Mach, "On the Part Played by Accident in [nvention and Discovery," in Vonist, VI (1896), 161-7.".; Flamingo, "Individual Deter- minism and Social Science," in Annate, VD (1x96), 270-s:, : Bagehot, Physics and Politics, 90 ff. (on leadership). SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. A satisfactory bibliography of social psychology has not yet appeared. The list of works on "Individual and Social Psy- chology" compiled by Benjamin Band in James M. Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, III, Part II, 974-87, is useful; and even more helpful is The Psychological Index; A Bibliography of Psychology and Cognate Subjects, now 15 num- bers, appended to the respective volumes of the Psychological Review. Valuable "lists of authors" are contained in Lester F. Ward's Psychic Factors and his Applied Sociology. Particularly serviceable are the footnotes and the "Bibliography of the Sociological Writings of Gabriel Tarde" presented in Michael M. Davis's Gabriel Tarde and his Psychological Interpretations. In the following list are included only such works on general sociology as are of distinct service for the study of social psy- chology. On the other hand, the list contains the more impor- tant miscellaneous books drawn upon for examples and illustra- tions. It may be supplemented by the "Select Bibliography" published in the writer's General Sociology: An Analytical Reference Syllabus, published by the University of Nebraska in 1907. I. Texts and Outlines. 1. Books Recommended for Continuous Reading to Supplement the Lecture Course on the "Syllabus." Cooley, Charles Horton. Social Organization. A Study of thr Larger Mind. New York, 1909. Ross, Edward Alsworth. Social Psychology. An Outline and Source Book. New York, 1908. Ward, Frank Lester. Applied Sociology. A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society. Boston, 1906. 2. Other Works Recommended for Class Use. Baldwin, James Mark. Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental De- velopment. 3d ed. New York and London, 1902 ; 4th ed., 1906. Davis, Michael M. Psychological Interpretations of Society. New York, 1909. (64) BBLBCT BIBLIOGRAPHY. 05 McD.HiL'aii. William. i« Introduction to social Psychology. Boston, L909. Edward Alsworth. Sooial Control. New York, 1901. sidis, Boris. The Psychology of Suggestion. I Research into the Bub- conscious Nature of Man and Society. With an Introduction by Professor William -lames. New York, 1906. II. Serial Publications. American Academy of Political and Social Science. Annals, 1890-1909. 34 vols. Philadelphia, 1890-1909. American .Journal Of Psychology. Edited by G. Stanley Ball. 20 vols. Worcester, 1887-1909. American Journal of Sociology. 15 vols. Chicago and New York, 1895- 1909. American Sociological Society. Publications, I-III. Chicago and New York, 1907-1909. Annee Sociologique. Published under the direction of fimile Durkheim. 10 vols. Paris, 1898-1907. Bureau of Labor, Department of Commerce and Labor. Bulletins, Num- bers 1-81 (to March, 1909). Washington, 1909. Eugenics Review. Published by the Eugenics Education Society. London. 1909. International Journal of Ethics. 19 vols. Philadelphia, 1891-1909. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, c, vols. New York, 1904-1909. Journal of Mental Si 'unci . 55 vols. London, 1855-1909. Mind. A Quarterly Journal of Psychology and Philosophy. New Scries. 18 vols. London, 1876-1909. Philosophical Review. Edited by J. G. Schurman, J. E. Creighton. ami James Seth. 18 vols. New Y T ork, 1892-1909. Psychological Review. Edited by John Mark Baldwin, Howard ('. War- ren, and Charles H. Judd. 16 vols. Lancaster and Baltimore. 1894- 1909. Psychological Bulletin. Edited by John Mark Baldwin, Howard C. War- ren, and Charles H. Judd. 6 vols. Lancaster and Baltimore, 1904- 1909. Revue International de Sociologie, 1893-1909. Edited by Rene Worms. 17 vols. Paris, 1893-1909. Revue de Philosophic. E. Peillaube, Director. 9 vols. Paris, 1901-1909. Revue Philosophique de la France et de V£t ranger. Edited by Th. Ribot. 66 vols. Paris, 1876-1909. (JC. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Revue dr Psychologic Sociale. Paris, 1907 — . Sociological Society, London. Sociological Papers. 3 vols. London and New York, 1905-1907. Sociological Society, London. The Sociological Review. Vols. I-II. Lon- don, 1908-1909. Zeitschrift fur Vblker-Psychologie mid Sprach-Wissenschaft. Edited by Moritz Lazarus and H. Steinhal. 20 vols. Berlin, 1859-90. III. Works on Sociology. 1. Books. Adams, Brooks. The Law of Civilization and. Decay. London and New York, 1895. Addams, Jane. Democracy and Social Ethics. New York and London, 1902. Mercer Ideals of Peace. New York and London, 1907. Alsberg, M. Erbliche Entartung oedingt durch soziale Einfliisse. Cassel and Leipzig, 1903. America's Race Problems. New York, 1901. Ames, Hugo. The Position of Woman and the Problems of Sex. London, 1909. Amnion, Otto. Natiirlich Auslese beim Menschen. Jena, 1893. Aubry. La contagion du meurtre. 1887, 1894. Avenarius, Bichard. Der menschliche Weltbegriff. Babington, W. D. Fallacies of Race Theories as Applied to National Characteristics. London, 1895. Bagehot, Walter. Physics and Politics, New York, 1871, 1902. Baldwin, James Mark. Mental Development in the Child and the Race. New York, 1895. Fragments in Philosophy and Science. New York, 1902. Handbook of Psychology. 2 vols. New York, 1889, 1891. Balfour, A. J. Defense of Philosophic Doubt. London, 1879. The Foundations of Belief. New York, 1895. Barth, Paul. Die Philosophie der Geschichte als Sociologie. Erster Teil. Leipzig, 1S97. Barton, G. A. A Sketch of Semitic Origins. New York. 1902. Batten, Samuel Z. The Christian State. Boston and New York, 1909. Bauer. Arthur. Essai sur les revolutions. Paris, 1908. Les classes socialcs. Paris, 1902. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. i'h Bechterew, \v. Die Be&eutwng d< r Suggestion im soci&len Leben, Wi<- - baden, 1905. r.ciiiin'iiii. ii. Suggestive Therapeuttos. New fork, it Etudes nouvelles sur I'hypnotisme. Paris, 1891. Bianchi, R. L'etica e la psicologia sociale. Turin. L901. Binet, Alfred. La avggesHMUte'. P.inet, Allied. ;iik1 Fer6, Charles. Animal Magnetism. New York, 1890. Bordier, A. La vie des societcs. Paris. 1887. Bose, P. N. Hindu Civilization during BritisJi Rule, -i vols. Londi a, 1894-0. Bougie, ('. beg sciences soclitles en Mlcitififine. Paris. 1896. lies ill cls. New Fork, 1870. Candolle, A. de. Histoire des sciences et des savants. 2d ed. Paris, 1885. Carlyle, Thomas. Heroes and Hero-Worship. Carpenter. William Benjamin. Principles <>f \hntai Physiology. 41 h ed., New York, 1900. Chesterton. Gilbert K. Heretics. New York. 190.".. Coe, <;. A. The Spiritual Life. Chicago, L903. Coleman, J. M. Social Vthic*. New York, 1903. Comte. Aueuste. Cours de philosophic i>ositive. t vols. Paris. 1830-42; 5th ed., 1892 ff. 68 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Positive Philosophy. Trans, and condensed by Harriet Martineau. 3d ed., 3 vols. London, 1893. — Positive Polity. Translated under the direction of E. S. Beesley. 4 vols. London, 1875-7. Cooley, Charles Morton. Human Nature and the Social Order. New York, 1902. Coste, A. Les principes d'une sociologie objective. Paris, 1899. ^experience des peuples. Paris, 1900. Cournot, Augustin. U enchainments des idees fondamentales dans les sciences et dans Vhistoire. 2 vols. Paris, 1861. Crowell, J. F. The Logical Process of Social Development. 1898. Curr, E. C. The Australian Race. 4 vols. Melbourne, 1886. Cutten, G. B. The Psychological Phenomena of Christianity. New York. 1908. Darmesteter, J. Selected Essays. Trans, by M. Jastrow. Boston, 1898. Davenport, F. M. Primitive Traits in Religious Revivals. New York, 1905. Davis, Michael M. Gabriel Tarde. An Essay in Sociological Theory. New York, 1906. Deahl, J. N. Imitation in Education. New York, 1900. Dealey, J. Q. Sociology: its Simpler Teachings and Applications. New York, Boston, Chicago, 1909. Demolins, E. Les Francais d'aujourd'hui. Paris, 1898. Comment la route crie le type. Paris, 1901. Anglo-Saxon Superiority. London, 1898. Despine, Prosper. De la contagion morale. Paris, 1870. De limitation consideree au point de vue des differents principes qui la determinent. Paris, 1871. Dewey, John; and Tufts, J. H. Ethics. New York, 1908. Dicey, A. V. Law and Opinion in England. Dickens, Charles. American Notes. 1842. Dill, S. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire. London, 1898. Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius. London, 1905. Dobschiitz, E. von. Christian Life in the Primitive Church. Trans, by E. Bremner. London, 1904. Dole, Charles F. The Ethics of Progress. New York, 1909. Dorman, R. M. Origin of Primitive Superstitions. Philadelphia, 1881. [Duff, W.]. An Essay on Original Gentiis and its Various Modes of Ex- ertion in Philosophy and the Fine Arts, Particularly in Poetry. London, 1767. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. Durkheim, fiiaile. Dc la division du travail social. Paris, 1893. Les regies de la m&hode sooiologique. 3d ed. Paris, h»04. Le -suiriiir. Paris, 1897. Edgar, A. P. How to Advertise a Retail Store. New York, 1908. Egg-leston, Edward. The Transit of Civilization. New York, 1901. Elderton, Ethel M. The Relative Strength of Nurture and Nature. Eu- genics Lab. Lect. Series, III. London, 1909. Ellis, A. B. The Yoruba-Speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa. London, 1894. Ellis. Havelock. Man and Woman: A Study of Human Secondary Chnrnr- ters. London, 1896. Essay on Capacity and Genius; to prove that there is no Original Mental Superiority between the most Illiterate and the most Learned. Lon- don, 1820. Everett, C. C. The Psychological Elements of Religious Faith. New York, 1902. Fell, E. F. R. The Foundations of Liberty. London, 1908. Fenton, John. Early Hebrew Life: A Study in Sociology. London, 1880. Finat, Jean. Race Prejudice. Trans, by Florence Wade-Evans. London, 1906. Fiske, John. A Century of Science. Boston, 1899. Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy. 2 vols. Boston, 1890. Forrest, J. D. Development of Western Civilisation. Chicago, 1907. Fox, John W. The Kentuckians. 1898. Fouille>, Alfred. Psychologie du peuple francais. 2d ed. Paris, 1898. Esquisse psychologique des peuples europcens. 2d ed. Paris. 1903. La science sociale contemporainc. Paris, 1885; 2d ed., 1895. La psychologie des idees-forces. Paris, 1893. Uevolutionisme des idees-forces. Paris, 1898. Temp&rement et caractere selon les Individus, les sexes et les races. 2d ed. Paris, 1895. Le mouvement positiviste et la conception sociologiqitc du mondr. Paris, 1896. Galton, Francis. Hereditary Genius. London, 1869, 1892. English Men of Science. London, 1874. Inquiry into Human Faculty. London, 1883. Natural Inheritance. London, 1889. Probability the Foundation of Eugenics. Oxford, 1907. 70 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Galtort, Francis; and Schuster, Edgar. Noteworthy Families (Eugenics). London, 1908. Gerard, Alexander. An Essay on Genius. London, 1774. Giddings, Franklin IT. Principles of Sociology. New York, 1896; 3d ed., 1905. Elements of Sociology. New York, 1898; reprinted, 1904. Readings in Descriptive and Historical Sociology. New York, 1906. Sociology. New York, 1898. Gobineau, Joseph A de. Essai sur I'inequalite des races humaines. 2 vols. Paris, 1853-5. Godkin, E. L. Problems of Modern Democracy. 3d ed. New York, 1898. Grasset. Uhypnotisme et la suggestion. Paris, 1904. Green, T. H. Prolegomena to Ethics. Oxford, 1883. Gulick, S. L. Evolution of the Japanese. New York, 1903. Guyau, Marie Jean. Education and Heredity. New York, 1891. Uart de la point de rue sociologique. Paris, 1909. Hansen, Georg. Die drei BevdlJcerungsstufen. Munich, 1889, 1895. Harnack, A. The Expansion of Christianity in the first Three Centuri"*. Trans, by J. Moffatt. 2 vols. London and New York, 1904. Hayden, E. A. The Social Will. Lancaster, 1909. Hearn, Lefcadio. Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation. New York and London, 1904. Hearn, W. E. The Aryan Household. London, 1879. Helvetius, C. A. De Vhomme, des set facultes intellectuelles et de son education. Ouvrage posthume. 2 vols. London, 1773. Hill, G. C. Heredity and Selection in Sociology. New York, 1907. Hirsch, William. Genius and Degeneration. Trans, from 2d German ed. New York, 1896. Hobhouse, L. T. Morals in Evolution. 2 vols. New York, 1906. Howard, George Elliott. A History of Matrimonial Institutions chiefly in England and the United States. 3 vols. Chicago and London, 1904. General Sociology: An Analytical Reference Syllabus. University of Nebraska, 1907. Hozumi, N. Ancestor-Worship and Japanese Laic. Tokio, 1901. Jacoby, Paul. Etudes sur la selection. Paris. 1881, 1904. James, William. The Will to Believe. New York, 1897. Varieties of Religious Experiences. New York, London, and Bombay, 1902. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. 71 Pragmatism. New York, 1907. Janet. L'automatigme psychotogique. Paris, i^ v '». Jastrow, Joseph. Faet and Fable (a Psychology. Huston, tjoo. The Subconscious. Boston, 1006. Jenks. Edward. I.u\r and Politics in the Middle Ayes. New Fork, Jhering, R. von. Evolution of the Aryan. Trans, by A. Drucket. London. 1897. Joly, II. Psychologic des grands hommes. Paris, 1883, 1891. Psychologic des sai)its. Paris, 1897; English trans., 1898. Jones, E. D. Economic Crises. New York, 1900. Joyau, E. Dc Vinvention dans les arts, dans Us science*, ei duns in pratique de la virtue. Paris, 1879. Keatinge, M. W. Suggestion in Education. London, 1907. Keller, A. G. Homeric Society. .New York, 1902. Kidd, Benjamin. Social Evolution. New York and London, 1895. Western Civilization. New York and London, 1902. Individualism and After. Oxford, 1908. Kistiakowski, T. Qesellschaft und Einzelivcsen. Berlin, 1889. Koch, E. Die Psychologic in der Religionsicissenschaft. Freiberg, i. B., 1896. Krauskopf, Joseph. Prejudice: Its Genesis and Exodus. New York. 1909. Kiilpe, O. Outlines of Psyeholgy. London, 1895. Lacombe, P. La psychologic des iudividus et des socichs. Paris, 1906. Uhistoire consideree com me science. Paris, 1894. Lagorgette, Jean. La rdle de la guerre. Paris, 1906. Lang, Andrew. Custom and Myth. New ed., New York. 1904. Lapouge, G. V. de. Les selections soeiales. Paris, 1896. UArycn, son rdle social. Paris, 1899. Le Bon, Gustave. The Crowd: a Study of the Popular Mind. New ed.. 190.1. The Psychology of Peoples. New York, 1898. The Psychology of Socialism. New York, 1899. Lehmann, Alfred. Die Hypnose. Leipzig, 1890. Leroy-Beaulieu, H. Israel among the Xations. New fork, 1900. Lewes. George Henry. Problems of Life and Mind. :;<1 Scrirs. I. Boston, 1879. Lipmann, Otto. Die Wirkung von Sugyestivfragen. Leipzig. 1908. Lippert. Julius. Kitltiirgeschiehte. '2 vols. Stuttgart, 1St8(>-7. 72 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Lloyd, Alfred H. The Will to Doubt. London, 1907. Lloyd, H. D. Man the Social Creator. New York, 1907. Lombroso, Cesare. Oenio e follia. Eome and Turin, 1882. Uuomo di gcnio. 6th ed., Turin, 1894. Trans, as The Man of Genius. London and New York, 1891. Lombroso, Cesare ; and Laschi, P. II delitto politico. Turin, 1890. Lourie, O. Croyance religieuse et croyance intellectuelle. Paris, 1908. Lowell, A. L. Public Opinion and Popular Government. New York, 1907. Loewenfeld. Der Hypnotismus. Wiesbaden, 1901. Lucas, Prosper. Be Vimitation contagieuse ou de la propagation sym- pathetique des ncvroses et des monomanies. Paris, 1833. MacGahan, J. A. Campaigning on the Oxus. London, 1874 ; 4th ed., 1876. McKeever, W. A. Some Aspects of Social Sensitiveness. University of Chicago, 1904. McKim, W. D. Heredity and Human Progress. London and New York, 1900. Mahaffy, J. P. Progress of Hellenism in Alexander's Empire. Chicago. 1905. Maine, Henry. Ancient Law. New York, 1878. Early History of Institutions. New York, 1875. Dissertations on Early Law and Custom. New York, 1880. Popular Government. New York, 1886. Mallock, W. H. Social Equality. New. York, 1882. Aristocracy and Evolution. London, 1898. Matteuzi. Les facteurs de revolution des peuples. 1900. Michaelis, C. Prinzipien der natiirlichen und sozialen Entwicklungs- geschichte des Menschen: Natur und Statt, V. Jena, 1904. Michailovsky. The Heroes and the Crowd: Heroi i Tolpa. St. Peters- burg, 1896. Moll, Albrecht. Hypnotism. New York, 1893; 4th ed., 1898. Moreau de Tours. De la contagion du crime. Paris, 1889. De la contagion de suicide d propos de Vcpidemic actuelle. Paris, 1875. Morgan, Lloyd. Habit and Instinct. Moses, Josiah. Pathological Aspects of Religion. New York, 1906. Mott, John E. The Evangelization of the World in this Generation. New York, 1900. Mourisier. Les maladies du sentiment religieux. Paris, 1901. Mugeolle. Les problems d'histoire. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. JB Muiiif ord, Eben. Tht Origins of Leadership. Chicago. Miinsterberg, Hugo. The Americans. i'.»04. Natives of south Africa. Published by the South African Nativi B Committee. London, L901. •, .1. V. The Insanity of Genius. London, L891, L900. Nordau, Max. Entartung. 1892. Trans. Degeneration. 3d ed., New York, 1900. Psycho-Physiologie du genie et du talent. 2d ed., Paris, 1898. Novicow, J. Conscience et volonte sociales. Paris, 1897. Ochorowiez, Julijan. De la suggestion mentale. Paris, 1877. Odin, Alfred. Gcncse des grands hommes. Gens de lettres franeais mo- dernes. 2 vols. Paris, 1895. Orano. Psicologia sociale. Bari, Lacerta, 1901. O'Shea, M. V. Social Development and Education. Boston, 1900. Patten, Simon N. The Theory of the Social Forces. Supplement to Annuls, January, 1906. Philadelphia, 1906. Development of English Thought. New York, L899. Theory of Prosperity. New York and London, 1902. The New Basis of Civilization. New York, 1908. Heredity and Social Progress. New York, 1903. Paul, Herman. Principles of the History of Language. London, 1888. Paulhan, F. Psychologic de I'imitation. Paris, 1901. Pearson, C. EL National Life and Character: A Forecast. London. 1894. Pearson, Karl. The Chances of Death. New York, 1897. The Groundwork of Eugenics. Eugenics Lab. Led. Series, II. London, 1909. Problems of Practical Eugenics. Eugenics Lab. Led. Series, v. London, 1909. Scope and Importance to the state of the Science of National Eugenics. Eugenics Lab. Led. Series, I. London, 1909. Pratt, J. B. Psychology of Religious Belief. New York, 1907. Quetelet, Adolphe. Sur Vhomme et le ddveloppement de ses faculU - sociales, ou essai de physique sociale. Paris, 1835. Reclus, E. Les croyances populaires. Paris, 1908. Redfield, Cooper L. Control of Heredity. Chicago, 1903. Reibmayr, Albert. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Talentes urid Genies. 2 vols. Munich, 1908. Reid, G. A. Principles of Heredity. New York, 1905. Rentoul, R. R. Race Culture: or, Race Suicide. London. 1906. 6 74 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Ribot, Theodore. Llicrvditc psychologique. Paris, 1873, 1882, 1887. Ripley, W. Z. Races of Europe. New York, 1899. Rogers, James E. The American Newspaper. Chicago, 1909. Rondelet, A. PhilosopMe des sciences sociales: Le psychismc social. Paris, 1894. Ross, Edward Alsworth. Foundations of Sociology. New York, 1905. Sin and Society. Boston, 1907. For his other works, see above. Rossy, P. Les suggesteurs de la foule; psychologie des meneurs. Paris, 1907. Rostand, Edmond. Cyrano de Bergerac. New York, 1898. Royee, Josiah. The World and the Individual. 2d Series. New York and London, 1901. Saleeby, C. W. Parenthood and Race Culture. An Outline of Eugenics. New York and London, 1908. Schallmayer, W. Vererbung itnd Auslese im Lebenslauf der Vblker: Natur und Staat, III. Jena, 1903. Schmidkunz H. Psychologie der Suggestion. Stuttgart, 1892. Der Eypnotismus. Stuttgart, 1892. Schopenhauer, Arthur. Die Welt als Willc und YorsteUung. 2 vols. 3d ed., Leipzig, 1859. Ueber den Willen in der Natur. Leipzig, 1878. Schultz, Alfred P. Race or Mongrel. Boston, 1908. Scott, C. A. Social Education. Boston, 1908. Scott, Walter Dill. The Psychology of Advertising. Boston, 1908. Theory of Advertising. Boston, 1898. The Psychology of Public Speaking. Philadelphia, 1906. Shaler, N. S. The Individual. New York, 1900. The Neighbor. Boston and New York, 1904. The Citizen. New York, 1904. The United States of America. 2 vols. New York, 1897. Sharp, Frank Chapman. A Study of the Influence of Custom on the Moral Judgment: Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, No. 236. Mad- ison, 1908. Sidis, Boris. The Psychology of Suggestion. New York, 1897. Psychopathological Researches: Studies in Mental Dissociation. New York, 1902. Sighele, S. Psychologic des sectes. Paris, 1898. — La foule crimincllc. 2d ed., Paris, 1901. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. i ." Bimmel, Georg. Ober sociale Differemierung. Leipzig, 1890. Soziologie: Unterauohungen iiber die Formen der Gesellschaft. Leipzig, 1908. Small, Albion W. General Sociology. Chicago and London. L905. Bombart, W. Der modcrne Kapitalismus. Leipzig, 1902. Souriau, Paul. La suggestion dans fart. Paris, 1893. Spencer, Herbert. The Study of Sociology. New York, is?:;; reprinted, 1904. The Principles Of Sociology. New York, L876; 3d ed., 3 vols.. 1885, 1906. Starbuek, Edwin Diller. Psychology of Religion. London. 1903. Stephen, Leslie. Science and Ethics. New York, 1882. Stoll. Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Ybllcer psychologic. Leipzig, 1904. Stone. Alfred Holt. Studies in the American Race Problem. With an Introduction and Three Papers by Walter F. Willcox. New Fork, 1908. Sumner, W. G. Folkways. Boston, 1907. Sutherland, A. Social Sympathy in Mankind. 2 vols. London, New York. and Bombay. Origin arid Groictli of the Moral Instinct. 2 vols. London, 1898. Taine, H. A. Ancient Regime. Trans, by J. Durand. New York, 1876. Talbot, Eugene S. Degeneracy, its Causes, Signs, tu>d Results. London and New Y'ork, 1898. Tarde, Gabriel. Laws of Imitation. Trans, by E. C. Parsons. New Y T ork, 1903. Social Laws. Trans, by H. C. Warren. New York, 1899. L'oppositidn universelle. Paris, 1897. Le logique sociale. Paris, 1894. Lcs transformations du droit. 4th ed., Paris, 1903. Essais ct melanges SOCiologiques. Lyons and Paris. L895. Inter-Psychology. The Inter-Play of Human Minds. Trans, by C. H. Payn. Columbia University. Etude de psychologic sociale. Paris, 1898. For a full bibliography of Tarde, see the works of Michael M. Davis, elsewhere cited. Tamon, L. L' evolution du droit et la conscience sociale. Paris, 1900. Taylor, Isaac. Origins of the Aryans. 2d ed., London, 1895. Tenney, Alvan. Social Democracy and Population. New York, 1908. 76 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Thomas, W. I. Sex and Society. Chicago, 1907. Source Book for Social Origins,. Chicago, 1909. Thomas. La suggestion, son role dans Vcducation. Paris, 1895. Thorndike, E. L. An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements (Eugenics). New York, 1908. Tierens-Gevaert, H. Psychologie d'unc ville. Paris, 1901. Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. 1835 ; or a later edition. Tolman, W. H. Social Engineering. New York, 1908. Tylor, E. B. Anthropology. New York, 1881. Primitive Culture. 4th ed. 2 vols. London, 1903. Veblen, T. Theory of the Leisure Class. New York, 1899. Theory of Business Enterprise. New York, 1904. Vigoroux et Juquelier. La contagion mentale. Paris, 1905. Vincent, George E. The Social Mind and Education. New York, 1897. Ward, Lester Frank. Dynamic Sociology. 2 vols. New York, 1883 ; 2d ed., 1902. Psychic Factors in Civilization. Boston, 1893 ; reprinted, 1901. Pure Sociology. New York, 1903. — ■ Applied Sociology. Boston, 1906. Watterson, Henry. Compromises of Life. New York, 1903. Westermarck, E. Origin and Growth of Moral Ideas. 2 vols. London. 1906-8. White, Andrew Dixon. History of The Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. 2 vols. New York, 1897. Wundt, Wilhelm. Volkerpsychologie. I. Die Sprachc. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1902. Outlines of Psychology. Leipzig, 1902. J. Articles. Adams, Eomanzo. "The Nature of the Social Unity." A. J. &., 208-27. Chicago, 1904. Adler, Felix. "The Moral Effects of Gambling." Elliiral Addresses, No. 16, Sept. 1, 1908. Allen, Grant. "The British Aristocracy." Cosmopolitan, XXX, 657-62. Irvington-on-the-Hudson, 1901. "Eomance of the Race." Popular Science Monthly, LIII, 511-21. New York, 189S. "Nation Making." Popular Science Monthly, supplement, De- cember, 1878. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. i t "( ,: Genin ." Atlantic Monthly, Xi.vn. 371-81. Bo 1881. Arthur. "The Basis ol Sociality." I. J. 8., VIII, 75-84. I hi L902. Axnaud, J. R. "l&tude psychologique but la notion ■ pies Musulmans." Revue International de Sociologie, ill. - Paris, 1895. rin, James Mark. ■•Imitation: A Chapter in the Natural Hi of Consciousness." Fragments In Philosophy and 8oi vp. ix. 168-209. New York, 1902. Also in Mind, London and Xew York, 1894. "Dr. Bosanquet on Imitation." Psychological Review, 'X. 597- 603. Lancaster and Baltimore, 1902. "The Social and the Extra-Social." A. J. 8., TV, 649-55. Ch : 1899. "The Genius and his Environment." Popular Science Monthly, XI. I X. :; 12-20, 522-34. New York, 1896. Barnes, Earl. "The Child as a Social Factor." Studies in Education. Philadelphia, 1897-1902. Batten. Samuel Z. "The Redemption of the Unfit." A. J. B„ XIV. 2 Chicago and New York, 190S. Bigg, A. TL "What is Fashion?" Nineteenth Century, XXXITT, 235-48. New York and London, 1893. Bolton, Thaddeus L. "Some Social Laws of Personal Growth." Journal of Pedagogy, 1907, XIX. No. 1. A Genetic Study of Make-Believe." Journal of Philosophy, Psy- chology, and Scientific Methods, Y. 281-88. Lancaster and New York, 1908. Bosanquet, Bernard. "Relation of Sociology to Philosophy." Mind, New Series, VI. London, 1897. "The Reality of the General Will." International Journal of Ethics, IV, No. 3, April, 1893. "Imitation." Psychological Review, IX. 383-89. Lancaster and London, 1902. "The Psychology of Social Progress." International Journal Of Ethics, VII, 265-80. Philadelphia, 1897. Bryce, James. "The Relations of History and Geography." Contemporary Review, XLIV, 426-43. Xew York and London. is86. "The Migrations o± Men Considered Historically." Contemporary Review, XLII. L28-49. London, 1892. Buckley. Edmund. "The Japanese as Peers of Western Peoples." -l. •'• S., XI, 326-35. Chicago and New York. 1905. 78 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Caldwell, W. "Philosophy and the Newer Sociology." Contemporary Re- view, LXXIV, 411-25. New York and London, 1898. "Social and Ethical Interpretations of Mental Development" (on Baldwin). A. J. 8., V, 182-92. Chicago, 1899. Chabot, Charles. "Morale individuelle et morale sociale." Revue Peda- gogique, XII, 539-48. 1908. Champness, E. I. "Heredity versus the Power of Thought." West- minster Review, CLXVIII, July, 1907, 59-63. New York, 1907. Closson, C. C.'"The Hierarchy of European Paces." A. J. S., Ill, 314-27. Chicago, 1897. Cockerell, T. D. A. "Biology and Human Progress." Atlantic Month I//. CI, 728-37. Boston, 1908. Coe, G. A. "The Mystical as a Psychological Concept." Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, VI, 197-202. New York, 1909. Conway, Martin. "Is Parliament a Mere Crowd?" Nineteenth Century. LVII, 898-911. New York and London, 1905. Cooley, Charles H. "Social Consciousness." A. J. S., XII, 675-94 ; or Am. Soc. Society, Publications, I, 97-116. Chicago and New York, 1907. "Genius, Fame, and the Comparison of Paces." Annals of the American Academy, IX, 317-58. Philadelphia, 1897. "A Study of the Early Use of Self-Words by a Child." Psy- chological Review, XV, 339-57. Lancaster and Baltimore, 1908. Crackenthorpe, M. "Eugenics as a Social Force." Nineteenth Century. LILT, 962-72. 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